KlSiiilisiiiiiiiili;

J I^^^-'.-^XO

/

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY,

^m

u

SERIES A: AGRICULTURAL.

VOL VIII.

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
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1920.

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Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, CLE., F.R.S., Assistant Director,

Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major E. E. Austen D.S.O., Entomological Department, British Museum

(Natural History).
♦ Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman ot the

Governing Body, Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C F. Fryer, Entomologist to the :\Iinistry of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Sir Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum (Natural

History) .
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and Technology.
The Hon. Sir E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Austraha.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, "Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

, Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in

Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical

Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Hon. N. C Rothschild.

Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.
Sir Arthur E. Shipley, G.B.E., F.R.S., Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C Sperling, C.M.G., Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye.
Mr. C Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is ex officio a member of the Committee.

GENERAL SECRETARY.

Mr. A. C C Parkinson (Colonial Office).

DIRECTOR AND EDITOR.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, C.M.G.

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR.

Dr. S. A. Neave.

Head Office. — British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.7.
Publication Office.— A\, Queen's Gate, London, S,W.7.

ni.

Page

ERRATA.

2 line

18 for

" Psylla " read

' Psila "

26 „

19 & :

21 for " subnitidus " ,, '

' suhnitida "

30 „

23 for

" Aphis pom"

' Aphis pomi

32 „

30 ,,

" pine "

' pin "

34 „

36 „

" Pogonocheriis " ,, '

' Pogonochaenis "

49 „

19 „

" Sitrodrcpa " ,, '

' Sitodrepa "

52 „

16 „

" Lagochirits "

' Lagocheinis "

52 „

25 ,,

" San Vicente " ,, '

' St. Vincent "

55 „

21 ,,

" Callotropis"

' Calotropis "

60 „

51 ,,

" Quercus ilatata " ,, '

' Quercus dilatata

61 „

13 „

" Lagaeus " ,, '

' Logaeus "

70 ,,

32 ,,

" Newkl " ,, '

' Newell "

106 ,,

34 „

" soUilialis " ,, '

' solstitialis "

119 „

19 „

" Crcmaiogastcr " ,, '

' Cremastogaster "

121 „

30 „

" unipundata " ,, '

' unipuncta "

124 „

22

" Perrisopteriis " ,, '

' Perissopterus "

127 „

41 ",.

" Dryocoeius " ,, '

' Dryocoeies

127 ,,

48 ,.

" tenebriodes " ,, '

' ienebrioides "

141 „

16 „

" Vannessa " ,, '

'' Vanessa "

142 „

39 „

" Calocasia " ,, '

' Colocasia "

149 ,,

22

" lapsiligni " ,, '

' lapisligni "

156 ,,

40 W

" Eitthirrhinus" ,, *

' Enthyrrhinus "

161 ,,

14 ,,

" Derostemiis " ,, '

" Derostenus "

163 „

17 „

" melonella " ,, '

" mellonella "

175 ,,

35 „

" Friedrichs "

" Friederichs "

194 .,

42 „

"sagligna"

" saligna "

198 „

11 ,,

" Teinotachyum " ,, '

" Teinostachymn "

214 ,,

33 „

" thoantides " ,, '

" thoantiades "

244 „

6 ,,

" Cyrtacanthfis " ,, '

' Cyrfacanthacris "

248 „

5 &

14 for " ROSEWELL "

" ROSEWALL "

258 „

10 for

" Spaiiilicmspida"

" Spatulicraspeda "

260 ,,

40 ,,

' ' {Laemophloeiis fcrruginens

:) " omit brackets

262 ,,

28 ,,

" Wahl (R.) " read '

' Wahl (B) "

278 ,,

1 after" Burke (H. E.) " insert '

' & Herbert (F. B.

283 „

23 „

" Singapore " ,, '

' ii, no. 7 '

286 ,.

45 for

" Aphalura " read

" Aphalara "

318 ,,

18 & 33 for " krauhniae "

" kraunhiae "

328 ,,

30 for

" melonella "

" mellonella "

330 „

1 ,,

" Mcllissoblaptes"

" Melissoblaptes "

334 „

21 „

" Crematogaster "

" Cremastogaster "

335 „

34 „

" Ptergogramnia " ,,

" Ptervgogramma "

341 „

21 „

" Phylloryctes "

" Phyllorycter "

351 ,,

42 „

" Ceathorrhynchus "

" Ceuthorrhynchus '

356 ,,

28 „

" padellus"

" cognatellus "

370 ,,

50 ,,

"and"

" had "

373 ,,

38 „

" ainslei "

" ainsliei "

411 „

29 „

"349"

" 249 "

425 „

45 ,,

" BURCKHARDT "

" Burkhardt "

439 ,,

3 „

" avellana " ,,

" avellanae "

IV.

Errata. — cont.

Page 450 line 7 for '

„ 464 ,

, 31 „ '

„ 473 ,

, 12 „ '

„ 493 ,

, 19 „ '

.. 494 ,

, 9 „ '

„ 499 ,

, 39 ,, '

„ 520 ,

, 25 „ '

„ 541 ,

, 35 „ '

,, 542 ,

, 1 „ '

' ainslei "

' Colamagrostis "

' Pachidiplosis "

' ostentahis "

' Liagryllus "

' Echnidnophaga "

'fimbria "

' vittula "

' Fredericks "

read

ainsliei "

Calamagrostis
" P achy di ptosis '

ostentans "
" Liogryllus "

Echidnophaga

craspeda "
" cruciferae "

Friederichs '

Keg'tterea az tne a.f.u, rof iransmiaaion lo uanaaa ana newjounaiana oy Maga^iina roat.

VOL. VIII. Ser. A, Part 1.— pp, 1-40. JANUARY. 1920.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

SERIES a: agricultural.

' FEB2li92oN

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VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau,
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S,, Director, British Museum (Natural

History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Hon. E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town,
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S. , Director,

Roval Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Bead, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C. Sperling, C.M.G., Foreign Office.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of
England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions
is an ex officio member of the Committee.

©encral Secretary.
Capt, A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

director anO E&itor.
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

Bsststant Director.
Dr. S. a. Neave.

flead Office, — British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W. 7.
Publication Office. — 88, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

REVIEW

OF

APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY.

Series A.

Vol. VIII.] [1920.

Morris (F.). Report on Insects for the Year ; Division no. 5,
Peterborough District.— ^5^7^ Atm. Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario
1918 ; Toronto, 1919, pp. 17-19. [Received 28th October 1919.]

This report deals chiefly with Cerambycids as in the previous year
[A.E.R., A, vii, 26].

Noble (J. W.). Report on Insects for the Year ; Division no. 6,
'Essex District.— 4.9^/i Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario 1918;
Toronto, 1919, pp. 19-20. [Received 28th October 1919.]

Grasshoppers and crickets appeared in greater abundance than in
previous years ; the numbers of cutworms in certain areas necessitated
the replanting of tobacco. A number of the usual fruit and vegetable
pests are recorded.

Ross (W. A.). & Caesar (L.). Insects of the Season in Ontario.—
49th Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario; 1918 Toronto, 1919, pp.
23-27. [Received 28th October 1919.]

The pests recorded include Aspidiotiis perniciosus (San Jose scale),
which was destroyed in large numbers by the severe winter of 1917-18 ;
Aphis pomi (green apple aphis), which was kept under control by the
dry weather and insect enemies; Hemerocampa leucostigma (white-
marked tussock moth), which was very abundant but was also heavily
parasitised ; Eriocampoides limacina {Caliroa cerasi) (pear and cherry
slug), which caused severe damage to pear and plum trees, but was
heavily parasitised by Trichogramma minutum, RUey ; Psylla pyricola
(pear psylla) ; Tortrix argijrospila (fruit-tree leaf -roller) ; RJmgolelis
cingulata and R. fausta (cherry fruit-flies), the Braconid parasite,
Opius ferrugineus, Gahan, being found ovipositing in maggot-infested

(633) Wt.P 1921/144 1,500. 1.20. B.&F.Ltd. Gp. 11/14. A

cherries ; Eucosma {Tmetocera) ocellana (bud moth) ; OxygrapJm
{Acleris) minuta (lesser apple leaf-roller) ; Schizura concinna (red-
humped apple worm) ; Datana ministra (yellow-necked apple cater-
pillar) ; Hyphantria cunea (fall webworm) ; Taeniothrips inconsequens
(pear thrips), which is recorded for the first time in Ontario. Fennsa
(Metallvs) bethimei or F. (M.) ruhi (blackberry leaf-miner) was very
abundant, but all attempted remedial measures failed. Anthononms
signatus (strawberry weevil) caused the destruction of 30 to 50% of
the crop ; in certain districts it was checked by a heavy application
of a dust consisting of 80 parts of sulphur, 10 parts lead arsenate and
10 parts of some diluent. Ancylis comptana (strawberry leaf-roller)
and Tetranychus telarius (red spider) were also abundant.

Insects recorded as injurious to vegetable crops include : PJiorhia
{Chortophila) brassicae (cabbage root-maggot) on cabbage, cauliflower,
radishes and turnips ; P. fusciceps (seed corn maggot) ; P. vicina (beet
leaf- miner) ; Hylemyia antiqua (onion maggot) ; Pieris [Pontia) ravae
(cabbage worm), which was unusually abundant ; Depressaria
lieracleana (parsnip webworm) ; Psylla rosae (carrot rust fly) and cut-
worms. Pests of field crops were not numerous, those recorded
including : Thecodiplosis mosellana, Gehin (wheat midge) ; Mayetiola
destmctor (Hessian fly) ; Isosoma tritici (wheat joint-worm) and a
wireworm, Agriotes mancus. Other miscellaneous pests include :
Neocerata (Dasyneura) rhodophaga (rose midge) ; Tortrix (Cacoecia)
rosaceana (rose leaf-roller) ; undetermined Nematodes on cyclamen ;
Chermes ahietis and C. similis causing galls on spruce trees ; and Lyctus
striatns (powder post beetle), which was found seriously damaging oak
floors and furniture.

Maheux (G.). Insects of the Season in Quebec District, 1918.—

49th Ann. Repi. Entom. Soc. Ontario 1918; Toronto, 1919, pp. 27-28.
[Received 28th October 1919.]

During the year under review the most serious damage was caused by
Epitrix ci(cumeris (potato flea-beetle) to potatoes and tomatoes, and
Pieris rapae, L. (cabbage worm) to cabbages. Other insects recorded
are : Phorbia brassicae, Bch., (cabbage maggot) ; Lachnosterna sp. on
potatoes ; C er arnica picta, Harr. (zebra caterpillar) ; Phorbia fusciceps,
Zett. (com maggot) ; Bruchus pisorum, L. (pea Bruchid) ; Pteronus
ribesii. Scop, (currant worm) on currant and gooseberry bushes ;
Myzus ribis, L. (currant aphis) ; Datana tninistra, Dru. ; Schizura
concinna, S. & A. ; Hemerocampa leucostigma, S. & A. ; and Vanessa
cmtiop)a.

Baker (A. C). Aphids ; their Human Interest.- 49th Ann. Rept.
Entom. Soc. Ontario 1918 ; Toronto, 1919, pp. 28-32. [Received
28th October 1919.]

A popular account is given of the economic value of Aphids as gall-
makers and their importance as agricultural pests. The species dealt
with include Melaphis chinensis, the galls of which are used in the
manufacture of ink and dyes. The factors controlling the appearance
of alate and apterous generations, as well as studies on the pre-
determination of sex, are discussed.

Criddle (N.). Some Insect Problems in the Prairie Provinces.—
49th Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario 1918; Toronto, 1919,
pp. 32-35. [Received 28th October 1919.]

It is frequently erroneously thought that the life-cycle of an insect
is similar in the different areas in which it occurs. Owing to this
tendency the Western wheat-stem sawfiy, Cephas cinctus, was originally
confused with the European C. pygmaeus, and the remedial measures
for the latter were in consequence applied to the former. Tiger
beetles {Cicindela), wireworms and the Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor]
are examples of insects that exhibit variations in their habits and life-
cycle in different localities. These variations depend chiefly on climatic
and meteorological changes, which in the Prairie Provinces as a rule
tend to prolong the life-cycle, although in the case of the Colorado potato
beetle [Leptitiotarsa decemlineata] the lack of snow has been responsible
for the extinction of the species. Other noxious 'insects dealt with
as regards variations in their life-cycle include : Meromyza americana
(greater wheat-stem maggot), Oscinella {Oscinis) frit (frit-fly) and
Mektnoplus atlantis (lesser migratory locust).

ToTHiLL (J. D.) & McLaine (L. S.). The Recovery in Canada of the
Brown-tail Moth Parasite, Compsihira concinnata (Diptera,
Tachinidae).— t^M Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario 1918 ;
Toronto, 1919, pp. 35-39, 3 figs. [Received 28th October 1919.]

The process of the establishment of Compsilura concinnata in Canada,
here described, has been very slow. This Tachinid parasite was first
liberated about seven years ago from material collected in Massa-
chusetts ; since this time several fresh colonies have been liberated
amounting to a total of about 30,000 flies. Recent observations show
that it has at last become definitely established in New Brunswick and
exercises a valuable check on the numbers of the brown-tail moth
[Nygmia phaeorrhoea\ gipsy moth [Lymantria dispar] and white-
marked tussock moth [Hemerocampa leucostigma].

Davis (J. J.). Present Day Problems in Entomology.— ^M Ann.
Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario 1918; Toronto, 1919, pp. 47-59, 9 figs.
[Received 28th October 1919.]

As a result of the War and the eft'ort for increased production of
cereals the present conditions offer every advantage to the increase
of insect pests. In certain districts where the growing of spring wheat
was discontinued some years ago owing to the ravages of insect enemies
it has now been resumed, thus making insect control more difficult.
In many cases where successful remedial measures have been worked
out their application is prevented owing to the necessitated expenditure
or shortage of labour. Attention is drawn to the necessity of a
publication in a popular and concise form to meet the requirements
of county agents, and certain suggestions for this are made. To prevent
infestation from neighbouring farms and orchards, where the owners
have disregarded the recognised remedial measures, it is suggested
that legal powers should be taken or the farmer supplied from State or
county funds with the necessary materials for combating insect
outbreaks. The importance of co-ordination of workers in related
branches of science is emphasised.

(633) a2

Caesar (L.). Insects as Agents in the Dissemination of Plant Diseases.
—49th Ann. Repl. Entom. Soc. Oniario 1918; Toronto, 1919,
pp. 60-66. [Received 28th October 1919.]

Many fungus, bacterial and physiological diseases are disseminated
by insects ; those here discussed include ergot of rye {Claviceps
jmrpurea) transmitted by flies ; downy mildew of lima beans
{PhyfopJitkora phaseoli) by bees ; chestnut blight {Endothia parasitica)
by the Cerambycid, Leptostylus macula; white pine blister ru^t
{Cronartium rihicola) by gipsy moth [Lymantria dispar] larvae ;
gooseberry twig disease, which enters through the wounds apparently
made by a cambium miner, Opostega nonstrigeUa ; canker on apples
{Leptosphaeria coniothyrium), encouraged by attacks of Oecanthus
niveus, the same fungus being introduced into raspberry canes by
0. nigricornis. Plagionotus speciosus (maple borer) causes wounds
tlirough which heart-rot enters ; the weevil, Crypforrhynchus lapathi,
transmits European poplar canker {Dothichiza populnea). Although
brown rot of fruits {Sclerotmia cinerea) is not directly insect-borne, fruit
attacked by the plum curculio [Conotrachelus nenuphar] and cherry
fruit- flies [Rhagoletis] are more susceptible to it.

The insect-borne bacterial diseases include : cucumber wilt {Bacillus
tracheiphilus), transmitted by Diahrotica vittata (striped cucumber
beetle) and D. duodecimpunctata ; and pear blight {B. amylovorus),
probably disseminated by ants.

Other diseases include the mosaic diseases of sweet peas, tobacco,
and cucumber transmitted by Aphids ; curly top of sugar-beets
spread by Eutettix tenella (beet leaf-hopper), and spinach blight by
Macrosiphum solanifolii, Myzus [Rhopalosiphum) persicae and Lygus
pratensis (tarnished plant-bug).

HucKETT (H. C). The Cabbage Root Maggot {Chortophila brassicae).—
49th Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario 1918; Toronto, 1919,
pp. 67-69. [Received 28th October 1919.]

Recent experiments with regard to the control of the cabbage root
maggot, Phorhia {Chortophila) brassicae, show that the application of
corrosive sublimate is more efficacious than the use of tarred felt discs.
This poison should be applied directly to the roots by means of a
watering can at a strength of 1 part to 1,000 parts of water or 1 oz.
to 50 pints of water. The first application was given four days after
the plants were set out and this was followed by three more at intervals
of seven days. It has not yet been tested for radishes, and further
investigations are necessary to determine the best time for applications
and the strength which should be used for this crop.

LocHHEAD (W.). Some Chapters of the early History of Entomology.

—49th Ann. Rep. Entom. Soc. Ontario 1918 ; Toronto, 1919,
pp. 69-81. [Received 28th October ] 919.]

The evolution of entomological knowledge from the earliest days is
reviewed. Mention is made of the great iiisect ecologists and system-
atists, and the earlier systems of classification of insects are described.
The beginnings of parasitic work and natural methods of control are
also dealt Avith.

Ross (VV. A.). The Pear Psylla in Ontario.— 4M Ann. Rept. Entom.
Soc. Ontario 1918 ; Toronto, 1919, pp. 81-90, 9 figs. [Received
28tli October 1919].

The life-history of the pear psylla {Psylla pyricola) is reviewed atid
tlie various stages are described, together with recommendations for
control [A.E.R.^A, vii, 129].

CoNRADi (A. F.). Report of the Entomology Division. — 31st Ann.
Rept. South Carolina Exp. Sta., Clemson College, S.C., November
1918, pp. 27-33. [Received 14th October, 1919.]

The investigations on the life-cycle of the wireworm [Melanotus
sp.] that had been begun three years previously have besn continued.
The principal food-plant is maize, but many other crops, a list of
which is given, have been attacked under laboratory conditions.

The chief injury is caused by the larvae boring into the seed, which
is frequently completely gnawed out ; the young stalks and larger
roots may also be attacked. The eggs are probably deposited during
July and August, the beetles being most numerous and active at
this time. The larvae burrow into the soil to the depth of about
6 to 8 inches, where they remain until about March and then return
to maize as soon as it is planted. Oats planted on infested areas in
1916 were not attacked. The larvae moult at irregular intervals,
the average period between moults under laboratory conditions
being about 50 days. The number of instars has not yet been deter-
mined. Pupation occurs in an earthen cell and extends over an
average period of about fourteen days under cage conditions. The
adults emerge towards the end of June. Porous black clay soils are
most heavily infested, especially if filled with decayed vegetable
matter to a depth of six to eight inches and having a stifE blue clay
subsoil which cracks during drought. These soils are very acid.
High-lying sandy soils are rarely infested.

Owing to the acidity of the soil liming was tried as a remedial measure,
but the result was a failure. The various repellents with which the
seed was treated before planting also proved useless. The infested
area has now been drained by means of tiles placed 100 feet below the
surface [sic], but the effect of this has not yet been ascertained.

HuKKiNEN (Yrjo). Om Rapsbaggen (Meligethes aeneus, Fabr.) och
dess Avvarjande. [On Meligethes aeneus, ¥., and Control Measures
against it.] — Meddelanden till Landtmdn no. 58 fran AgrikuUur-
ekonomiska Forsoksanstalten i Finland, Entom. avdeln., Helsingfors,
8 pp., 6 figs., 1919.

Meligethes aeneus is the worst enemy of cruciferous plants grown
for seed in Finland, and since 1897 it has been mentioned almost
every year in the annual reports on noxious insects. The beetles
hibernate when full-grown, and appear very early in spring, gnawing
holes in the flower-buds of cruciferous plants and devouring the
stamens and pistils. The eggs are afterwards deposited in any buds
left uninjured by the adults and the larvae in the course of their
development completely destroy the young ovaries. At the beginning
of July the larvae are kill-grown and enter the ground in which they

pupate. The beetles of the new generation appear in a fortnight
and attack late-flowering cruciferous plants diu-ing the rest of the
summer. Whether in favourable circumstances two generations a
year occur in Finland is not yet settled.

As a remedial measure spraying the plants with arsenical sprays
as soon as the beetles appear is suggested. It is also easy to collect
the larvae and the beetles in various ways. Collection must be carried
out during warm and sunny weather, when the beetles are active,
and can be effected either with nets or with a funnel made of sheet-
iron with a bag tied at the bottom. A useful apparatus consists of
4 or 5 wooden boards attached by sticks 12-16 inches long to a pol4
about 6 ft. 6 ins. long ; the boards are covered with tar and a wire is
fastened in front of the pole. The pole is carried through the fields
by two men, so that the boards are drawn between the rows of plants,
and the larvae and beetles, disturbed by the wire touching the plants,
drop and are caught on the boards. The destruction of cruciferous
w^eeds is also a very important measure against this beetle, and the
keeping of bees has proved very eflective, since the bees disturb the
beetles when visiting the flowers, often dislodging them and thus
lessening the damage done by them to a considerable degree.

TuLLGREN (A.). Axsugaren {Miris dolabratus, L.) ett hittills foga
beaktat Skadedjur pa Sadesslagen och Grasen. [The Meadow
Plant Bug, a Pest of Cereals and Grasses hitherto overlooked.^ —
Cenfralanstalten for Fdrsoksvdsendet pa J ordhruksomradet, Lin-
loping, Medd. 182, Entom. Avdeln., no. 33, 19 pp., 18 text-figs.
[With a German summary.]

A detailed account is given of the external morphology of this bug,
with special reference to the genital armature and the developmental
stages. In the summer of 1917 M. dolabratus occurred in great
numbers on cereals and grasses in many parts of Sweden. The leaves
and stalks become white as a result of attack and the spikes fail to
develop normally. The bugs were so numerous in many places that
about 200 individuals could be collected on an area of about 11 square
feet. They were found from May to July ; at the end of
June they were full-grown and oviposition then took place. The
females produce about 50 eggs, which are inserted by means of the
saw-shaped ovipositor into the stalks at the lowest joints. The eggs
hibernate and probably hatch at the beginning of May. There are
five nymphal instars and development is comj)leted in about six
weeks. The bugs mainly attack the borders of cornfields, since they
migrate from the meadows and the grasses growing along the ditches.
Numerous Nabids occurred in company with Miris dolabratus,
especially Nabis flavomarginatus, Scholtz, and N. ferus, L., and the
author believes them to be predaceous on it.

Ploughing the attacked fields in order to destroy the eggs is suggested
as a remedial measure.

Marie (P.). Service d'Entomologie Agricole. A propos de I'Echenil-
lage. — Bidl. Soc. Agric. France, Paris, October, 1919, pp. 246-247.

Attention is drawn to the necessity of adopting systematic control
measures owing to the increased number of larvae of Nygmia

phaeorrJioea {Liparis chrysorrhoea) (brown-tail moth) present on fruit
trees in the environs of Paris. The winter collection of nests is advo-
cated as the best means of dealing with this pest.

Marshall (G. A. K.). On the Genus Aorus, Schh. (Coleoptera,
Curculionidae). — Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, iv, no. 23,
November 1919, pp. 338-343.

The species dealt wnth include : Aorus castaneus, Gerst., on grass
in Northern Rhodesia, and A. ferrugineus, Boh., on ears of rice in
Tonkin. Two new species are described from Africa, and a key to
the eight species of the genus is given.

Pink Boll Worm and Cotton Stem Weevil and their Attacks upon
Cambodia Cotton. — Trop. Agriculturist, Peradeniga, liii, no. 3,
September 1919, pp. 197-199'

The rise in the price of cotton during the War has induced growers
of Cambodia cotton to leave their crop in the ground for two or even
three years instead of practising the usual rotation of crops. The
result has been that the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella,
has increased enormously, in some fields over 80 per cent, of the
cotton bolls being attacked. As the maximum length of the life-cycle
is 34 days, by clearing infested land of cotton for two or three months
the damage can be reduced to a minimum.

Pemjjheres affinis (cotton stem weevil) is another dangerous menace
to the cotton industry of South India, 70 or even 100% of the cotton
in some fields being attacked.

The only means of keeping these two pests in check is by clearing the
land of cotton for a definite period of the year and by pulHng up and
destroying their food-plants over wide areas. It is to enforce these
measures that the Madras Pest Act [R. A. E., A, vii, 360] has been
passed.

A Useful Combined Spray.— .4(/fic. Gaz. N.S.W., Sydneg, xxx, no. 9,
2nd September 1919, p. 624.

In experiments with various arsenates for the control of codUng moth
[Cydia pomonella] it has been found essential in hot dry seasons to add
some form of spreader to the mixture. Flour paste is unsatisfactory,
but soft-soap has given very good results, the lead arsenate being spread
out like a thick bloom on the fruit.

The formula used was 8 lb. soft-soap, I pint tobacco extract, with
4 lb. lead arsenate, to 80 gals, water. Of fruit so sprayed only 4-8%
was affected by codling moth, and woolly aphis [Eriosoma lanigerum]
and scale-insects were killed by the same treatment.

Froggatt (W. W.). The Lantana Fly {Agromyza lantanae). — Agric.
Gaz. N.S.W., Sydney, xxx, no. 9, 2nd September 1919, pp.
665-668. 6 figs.

Whenever lantana flies have been introduced into a new country with
a suitable cUmate they have spread with great rapidity over all open
land or areas that have been neglected and become over-run with weeds

8

and slirubs. This lias occurred in Hawaii, Fiji, New Caledonia and
the coastal districts of New South Wales and Queensland. During
the last ten years many residents in lantana-infested areas on the
Tweed and Richmond Rivers have requested the Department of
Agriculture to distribute lantana flies in New South Wales. It is
recognised, however, that insects introduced into a different climate
with a new and varied fauna may desert their original food-plant for
allied vegetation, useful or otherwise, and therefore the introduction
was not carried out, especially as this fly would not exterminate the
existing lantana scrub, even if it destroyed a large percentage of the
seeds.

Although there is no record of the lantana fly ever having been
introduced artificially into New South Wales, early in May 1919 the
existence of the true lantana fly or of a closely alhed species was
recorded, and it is now found to be checking the spread of the plant in
many localities. Eggs are laid in the immature berries and the larvae
feed on the pulp, afterwards eating out the seed and pupating in the
seed cavity or in the pulp, and thus destroying the fertility of the seed.

The New South Wales species has not been compared with that
occurring in Hawaii and therefore its determination is doubtful, but
from a superficial examination it agrees with the fly originally
described as Agromyza lantanae.

Davis (J. J.). Miscellaneous Aphid Notes. 1. — Canad. Entom., London,
'Ont. li, no. 10, October 1919, pp. 228-234, 1 plate, 5 figs.

The species dealt with include : Aphis setariae, Thos., for which a
new genus, Heferoneura, is erected, found on maize, sugar-cane, Eragros-
tis sp., Sorghastrum nutans, Panicum capillare, Paspalmn dilatatum
and Bermuda grass {Cynodon dactylon) in various States in America.
Aphis scofti, Sand., A. prunicoleus, Ashm., and A. bituberculata, Wils.,
are synonyms of this species. It is suggested that the name
A. heradeUa should be substituted for A. heradii, Cowen, preoccupied
by A. heracJei, Koch. A. rociadae, CklL, which is redescribed, is
recorded on Delphinium tricorne in Indiana, and on larkspur in
Montana.

The new species described include : A. cuscutae taken on dodder
(Cuscuta epithymum) growing among lucerne in Utah, Lysiphlehus
(Aphidius) testaceipes, Cress., and Syrphus opinotor, 0. S., being reared
from it ; Macrosiphum ribiellum, previously erroneously recorded as
M. cynosbati, Oestl, taken on Ribes, the latter being taken on flowering
currant (Ribes aureum).

A. houghtonensis is probably a synonym of A. cynosbati, but further
observations are necessary to determine this question. Examination
of the type of Siphonophora achyrantes, Mon., shows this species to be
identical with Myzus persicae, Sulz.

Davidson (W. M.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Notes on AUograjM fracta,
O.S. (Diptera: Syrphidae). — Canad. Entom., London, Ont. li, no. 10,
October 1919, pp. 235-239, 1 fig.

The Syrphids collected in the Imperial Valley of Southern California
include : Mewgrapta geminata. Say ; M. marginata, Say ; Ceria sp.

9

found breeding in wounds in trunks and limbs of cotton-wood (Populus
fremon(ii) ; Eupodes vohicris, 0. S. ; Syrphus americanus, Wied. ;
Lasioplitliicm {Catahomba) pyrastri, L. ; AUograpta obliqua, Say ; and
A.fracta,t\ie last-named being the most abundant species from February
to July. Owing to the mild winter adults were observed as early as the
3rd January. During June they were very abundant in barley and
maize fields and were apparently responsible for the almost total
destruction of the Aphids present.

The larvae of A.fmcta exercise an undoubted check on Aphis nvddis,
Fitch. About 25% of the infested heads of grain showed the presence
of larvae destroying the Aphids. As experiments indicate that a
larva can destroy all the Aphids on from 3 to 4 heads in an average
infestation, it may be concluded that 75% to 100% of the Aphids
infesting a field \vill be Idlled in due course, provided that A.fmcta is
found over a quarter of the area. This Syrphid has only been bred from
Aphis maidis, and one larva was found attacking Aphis jyseudo-
brassicae, Davis. Examination of colonies of Aphis bmssicae, L.,
Myzus persicae, Sulz., and Acyrthosiphon (Macrosiphum) jjisi, Kalt.,
yielded negative results.

The various stages of this Syrphid are described in detail. Eggs
deposited on the 22nd March hatched in from 2 to 3 days. After about
11 days the larvae pupate and the adults emerge in from 5 to 12 days.
The average daily temperature during these observations ranged from
a minimum of 58^ F. to a maximum of 86° F.

From puparia collected in the field imagines of a Pteromalid,
Pa^hyneuron sp., and some Ichneumonids, of which the majority were
Diplazon laetatorius, F., were bred.

Patterson (W. H.). Report of the Entomologist. — Gold Coast Rept.
Agric. Dept. WIS ; Accra, 1919, pp. 20-21.

No important change in the general position of cacao pests during
1918 is recorded, though in certain locahties, SaJilbergella singular is,
Hagl., and S. theobromae, Dist., were controlled by handpicking. The
cacao mosquito, Helopeltis bergrothi. Rent., was very abundant on
nursery plants. Glenea sp. was less common than usual. Another
cacao pest, Homoeocerus sp. [R. A. E., A. vi, 133] also caused serious
damage to avocado pears and was noticed breeding upon shoots and
fruits of Jatropha ynuUifida.

A Hispid beetle [Coelaenomenodera eJaeidis, Maulik] caused serious
.damage to oil palms. Remedial measures against this pest are
extremely difficult to carry out as the larvae infest the leaflets,
of which they destroy the tissue between the upper and lower surface.
Owing to the marked increase of Arclwn centauras, Burm. (rhinoceros
beetle) in certain coconut plantations the advisability of legislative
measures against it is suggested.

Other pests include : Rhynchophorus phoenicis (African palm weevil) ;
the moths, Othreis fullonica and Achaea obvia, on citrus fruit ; and
Sesamia sp. on maize, which may be controlled by the early removal of
all small infested plants. Stored maize for seed may be preserved from
weevils by mixing it wath dry wood ashes. A bug, Riptortus sp., infests
peas, beans and other Leguminous crops, including Tephrosia vogeli.

10

•

Champion (G. C). Some Indian Coleoptera. — Entomologist's Mtlily.
Mag., London, nos. 58 & 59, October & November 1919, pp.
236-246.

The insects dealt witli include the following new species : Teredolae-
mus major found under bark of Pinus longifolia and probably
predaceous on beetle larvae ; Mycetojyiiagus bifasciatus in a hard
Polyporus on an old pine stump ; Cnopus pinicola found by beating
Pinus longifolia ; Bruchus caeruleus bred from pods of Lespedeza.
stenocarpa, a parasitic Chalcid, Entedus sp. ?, having been bred from the
same pods ; and B. maculi2}yga bred in July from seeds of Acacia
gagiana.

Spessivtsev (P.). New Bark-Beetles from the Neighbourhood of
Vladivostok (East Siberia). — Entomologist's Mthly. Mag., London^
no. 59, November 1919, pp. 246-251, 2 plates.

The following new species are described : Scolytus {Eccoptogaster}
jacobsoni and S. (E.) semenovi in Ulmus sp. ; Hylesinus eos in Fraxinvs
manslmrica and Juglans manshurica ; Xylechinus bergeri in branches
of Phcllodendron amurense ; Myelophilus pilifer in Pinus koraiensis ;
and Hylastinus {] Hylastinoides, subgen. n.) alni in xilnus sp.

Hewitt (C. G.). The Use of the Aeroplane in Entomological Work.—

Agric. Gaz. Canada, Ottawa, vi, no. 10, October 1919, p. 877, 1 fig.

It is pointed out that aeroplanes can be used with great advantage
in carrying out surveys of mosquito breeding places, and the difhculty
of mapping out swampy areas and other haunts quickly and accurately
is solved by aeroplane photographic .surveys. In forest protection
work also aircraft should be useful in making surveys of timber that
is being killed or has already been destroyed by forest insects ; this
at present is often a very arduous and lengthy task.

Morrill (A. W.). Insect Pests of Interest to Arizona Cotton Growers.

— Univ. Arizona Agric. Expt. S(a., Tucson, Bull. 87, December
1918, pp. 173-205, 1 plate, 29 figs. [Received 10th November,
1919.]

This bulletin has been compiled with the object of presenting in
concise form general information concerning the principal cotton
pests, including those already occurring in Arizona and those that
have not yet been introduced. The general appearance and methods
of attack of the commoner species are described.

The indigenous pests dealt with include : — Lepidoptera, Heliothis
obsoleta, F., Alabama argillacea, Hb., Estigmene acraea, Dru., and
Bucculatrix tliurberiella, Busck (cotton leaf-perforator) ; Rhynchota,
Lygus elisus hesperus. Knight, and L. pratensis oblineatus. Say (cotton
square daubers), Dysdercus albidiventris, Stal, and Euschistus impicti-
ventris. Say ; and a thrips, Thrips arizonensis, Morg.

Quarantine Order no. 15 directed against the introduction of
Antlwnomus grandis and PcctinopJiora gossypiella into Arizona is
quoted in full.

11

Herbert (F. B.). U.S. Bur. Entom. A New Species of Matsiicoccus
from Pines in California (Hemip.-Homop.). — Proc. Entom. Soc.
Washington, D.C., xxi, no. 7, October 1919, pp. 157-161, 2 plates.

Matsucoccus fasciculensis, sp. n., is described from the needles of
digger pine {Pinus sahiniana) in various localities in California. Other
examples have also been taken from yellow pine (P. ponderosa). This
Coccid is closely related to M. matsumurae, Kuw., and is the first
representative of the genus recorded from America. The scales
are usually found on needles that are one or two years old. Judging
from the appearance of cast skins found, there are probably two
larval stages preceding the apodous form,

Gahan (A. B.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Descriptions of Seven New
Species of Opius (Hymenoptera-Braconidae). — Pwc. Entom. Soc.
Washington, B.C., xxi, no. 7, October 1919, pp. 161-170.

The new species described include Opius cupidus, collected on beet
and parasitic on Pegomyia hyoscyami, Panz. ; 0. turneri, reared from
a Dipterous leaf-miner on cowpeas ; 0. downesi, from pupae of Rhago-
lefis pomonelJa ; 0. richmondi and 0. lectus, swept from blueberry
barrens, where they occur in company with 0. melleus, Gah., and may
have the same host, viz., Rhagoletis jjomonella.

In addition to the above species from North America, 0. trinidadensis
and 0. cereus are described as parasitic on the fruit-flies, Anastrepha
striata, Schin., and A. serpentina, Wied., in Trinidad ; the former
may be only a geographical race of 0. craivfordi, Vier,

Takahashi (R.). Notes on some Japanese Aphididae. — Proc. Entom.
Soc. Washington, B.C., xxi, no. 7, October 1919, pp. 173-176, 1 fig.

Myzocallis zelkoivae, sp. n., is described from the winged viviparous
female, the sexuales not having been found. This Aphid is common
on the underside of the leaves of Zelkowa keaJci in Tokyo and also on
cultivated beans. Greenidea kuwanae, Perg., is frequently found on
young shoots of Quercus from May until the end of summer.

Nippolachmis piri, Mats., is one of the most injurious pear Aphids
in Japan, occurring on the underside of the leaves. Most of the
Aphids of this group have no alternate food-plants and are found on
the branches or stems of trees, but N. piri spends the winter and spring
on Eriobotrya japonica and the summer and early autumn on pear
trees.

ChaitophorinelJa acerifoliae, Tak., is common on the leaves of Acer
palmatnm in spring and is also found on A. carpinifolium and
Aesculus sp. C. koelreuteriae, Tak., occurs on Koelreuteria macroculata.
C. kuwanai, n. n., previously recorded as Chaitophonis japonica,
Essig & Kuw., is found on Acer pictum.

Stomaphis yanonis, Tak., occurs on Celtis sinensis. In S. quercus,
L., winged females appear three times in a year, but in S. yanonis
only a few individuals of the second generation are usually winged.

Rhopalosiphum sambucicola, Tak., is closely related to R. magnoliae,
Essig & Kuw. The winter and early spring generations occur on
Sanibucus racemosa and the summer ones on Dioscorea japonica,
Lagerstroemia indica, Celastrus articulatus and Citrus sp.

12

Maklatt (C. L.). The Federal Plant Quarantine Act. — Mthly. Bull.
Cat. State Dept. Agric, Sacramento, viii, no. 8, August 1919,
pp. 439-443. [Received 12th November 1919.]

The conditions that necessitated the formation of a federal quarantine
in the United States and eventually resulted in the inauguration of
the Federal Plant Quarantine Act, which was passed by Congress in
1912, are discussed. This Act has enabled the Federal Horticultural
Board to prohibit the introduction of many noxious pests and to
minimise the danger caused by those that have been inadvertently
admitted. Further quarantine measures are now being considered,
directed against the Oriental peach moth [Cydia molesta] and the
Japanese beetle [Popillia japonica], and for the possible extermination
of the European corn borer [Pyrausta tiubilalis, Wo.], which will entail
an expenditure of about £100,000.

Henderson (W. W.). Interstate Quarantine on Alfalfa Weevil. —

Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Dept. Agric, Sacramento, viii, no. 8,
August 1919, pp. 461-469. [Received r2th November 1919.]

As the quarantine laws directed against territory infested with the
.alfalfa weevil, Hypera variabilis (postica), have proved inimical to
commercial interests without resulting in a proportionate benefit to
the States formulating them, an appeal is made for a general revision
and modification of these laws.

The various quarantines enacted since 1912 are reviewed. One
of the underlying factors of most of these was apparently the hypo-
thetical conclusion that the weevils spread by fhght. To test this
a series of flight experiments were made, details of which are given.
These show that from the 25th March to the 22nd November only
an average of 3*95 weevils were caught per square foot on the exposed
screens.

As it is now considered evident that contact is the only means of
contamination and that by this means the weevils spread very slowly
at the rate of about ten miles a year, unconditional quarantine is only
justifiable in the case of lucerne hay and should not be enforced
against the numerous other commodities listed, unless, as in the case
of potatoes, these have been packed in, or have been otherwise in
direct contact with weevil-infested lucerne.

Hagan (H. R.). Alfalfa Weevil Control in Utsih.— Mthly. Bull. Cal
State Dept. Agric, Sacramento, viii, no. 8, " August 1919,
pp. 469-477. [Received 12th November 1919.]

The bulk of the information here given on Hypera variabilis has
been noticed previously [R.A.E., A, vi, 339]. Experiments having
shown that spraying with lead arsenate is comparable with cultural
methods in effectiveness and cost, this measure is to be tried in several
cases in Utah in 1919. The introduction of the parasite, Bathyplectes
curculionis, the eggs of which are inserted into the body of the larval
host, has also given satisfactory results.

13

In the discussion following this paper it was stated that in Colorado
spring cultivation cannot be considered to have any remedial effect ;
although a better crop of lucerne is produced owing to stimulation
of the growth early in the season, the number of weevils and larvae
present equal those found on control plots. Sprays directed against
the overwintering adults are of little value, later ones being more
effective.

Marlatt (C. L.). The Pink Bollworm.— M//«i^. Bull Ccd. State
Dept. Agric,., Sacramento, viii, no. 8, August 1919, pp. 478-485.
• [Received r2th November 1919.]

Although the pink bollworm [Pecfinopkora gossi/piella] was originally
introduced into America from Egypt, Mexico is apparently the chief
source of danger of infestation in Texas. The general situation in
this State and the drastic measures taken there are reviewed
[R.A.E., A, vi, 544]. The infested area was examined in 1918, but
not a single pink bollworm was found. Owing to the success of this
extermination work, permission has been granted to grow cotton under
Ucence for the 1920 crop in the districts where it had previously been
prohibited.

Maskew (F.). Report for the Month of July, 1919.^Mthly. Bull
Cal State Dept. Agric, Sacramento., viii, no. 8, August 1919,
pp. 495-496. [Received 12th November 1919.]

The insect pests intercepted during July included : from Central
America, Pseudococcus sp., Aspidiotus sp. and A. cyanopkylli on
bananas ; Briickus obtectus in beans : from Mexico, Coleopterous and
Lepidopterous larvae in guamuchil seeds ; Lepidosajdies beckii^ on
limes : from Arizona, Heliothis {Chloridea) obsoleta in green maize :
from Iowa, Pseudococcus sp.. Coccus hesperidum and Hemichionaspis
aspidistrae on Boston fern : from Peru, larvae of an undetermined
weevil in potatoes : from Hawaii, Diaspis bromeUae and Pseudococcus
bromeliae on pineapples ; an undetermined weevil in seed pods and
larvae of Dacus (Bactrocera) cucurbitae in cucumbers : from Tahiti,
Lepidosaphes beckii on oranges ; Pseudococcus sp. on croton plants :
from Japan, Lepidopterous larvae in peanuts and beans.

RoAEK (R. C.) & Keenan (G. L.). The Adulteration of Insect Powder
with Powdered Daisy Flowers {Chrysanthemum leucanthemum,,
L.)._[7.>S. Dept. Agric. Washington, D.C., Bull. 795, 28th July
1919, 12 pp, 2 plates, 1 fig. [Received 13th November 1919.]

Insect powder is frequently adulterated with a great variety of
substances. Flowers of other plants of the family Compositae naturally
suggest themselves for this purpose, particularly Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum (ox-eye daisy) and other species of this genus that
resemHe C. cinerariacfoUum. Chemical analysis is insufficient
to show adulteration of insect powder with daisy flowers, but this
can be definitely determined by microscopic examination. Powdered
daisy flowers are distinguishable by the irregular, dark red fragments
of the achene, and the pahsade-hke cells comprising the costal tissue
of the achene.

14

Welch (P. S.). The Aquatic Adaptations of Pymusta jienitalis, Grt.
(Lepidoptera). — Ann. Entom. Soc. America, Columbus, Ohio, xii,
no. 3, September 1919, pp. 213-226.

The 'PjTa\id,Pyrausta penitalis, Grt., is a moth that presents aquatic
adaptations, showing transition from terrestrial to aquatic habits and
also developing certain physiological adaptations parallel to those of
other unrelated Lepidoptera. The insect occurs abundantly in certain
protected situations about Lake Erie where its favourite food-plant,
Nelumbo lutea, grows. The life-cycle is imperfectly known ; eggs have
recently been found for the first time in a mass on the upper side of
a leaf of N. lutea. Differing from previous writers, who record stalks
of maize and raspberry canes as hibernating quarters, the author
inclines to the belief that P. penitalis has at least two generations and
that hibernation may occur in connection with aquatic food-plants.
While this species thrives in aquatic surroundings, no structural
features of aquatic importance have appeared, its adaptations to
water being largely, if not entirely, physiological.

In the Sandusky Bay region P. genitalis was found on Nelumbo
lutea only, but other writers have reported it on Polygonum incarnaium,
P. hydropiperoides, Eupatorium sp. and Nelumbo nucifera (Egyptian
lotus). The larvae feed first on the surface of the leaf and the
•chlorophyll-bearing tissue, weaving a silken webbing which protects
them from the water and from being washed off by waves. Whether
this period is confined to certain instars has not been determined.
After a time the larva begins to tunnel lengthwise into the upper
end of the petiole, boring through from the upper surface, and, having
constructed a burrow, uses this as a shelter whence it emerges for
feeding. Larvae removed from these tunnels and dropped lightly
on the water remain supported on the surface, and swim actively
about. The larva, however, remains a typical air-breather and
requires direct exposure to the atmosphere. All the burrows examined
seemed remarkably free from water, although at least a part of each
of them is below the water-level. When fully grown, the larva
'Constructs a closely-woven silken cap or plug at the upper end of the
tunnel, completely closing it, and pupation occurs within this.

HuKTER (S. J.). Report of State Entomologist. ^Rept. Kansas Entom.
Commiss., 1917-1918, Topeka, 1919, pp. 12-19. [Received 13th
November 1919.]

The federal quarantine law of 1912, requiring the inspection of
nursery stock admitted into the southern part of Kansas, has resulted
in the interception of Aleurodes sp., Lejndosaphes ulmi, and some
Oniscids (woodlice) in packing. The control of San Jose scale [Aspi-
diotus ferniciosus] has been left largely to fruit-growers owing to lack
of funds. Native grasshoppers were abundant in some orchards on the
eastern side of the State and were controlled by poison bran mash.
Bagworms were frequently injurious to evergreens and lawns, and were
removed by hand-picking and destruction of the bags. Leaf-hoppers
were troublesome on young beans, but did no permanent injury.

In 1916-1917 the greatest problem was that of the spring canker
worm [Palaeaaita vemata, Peck], which has been the subject of a

15

special bulletin [R.A.E., A, vi, 546]. In the following year the state
Entomologist, acting under the Entomological Commission Law,
ordered a general banding of all trees in public places, and of all
susceptible trees on private properties. The result was that no trees
within the city were defoliated, while many in adjoining woods were
stripped of their leaves.

Laws, Rules and Regulations. — Rept. Kansas Enlom. Commiss., 1917-
1918 ; Topeka, 1919, pp. 45-67. [Received 13th November 1919.]

The enactments passed in 1907 providing for the creation of the State
Entomological Commission and making an appropriation for that
purpose are given in full, and certain rules and regulations governing
its activities are appended. The Apiary Inspection Law of 1911,
creating the office of bee inspector, defining his duties, and making an
appropriation for his work is also quoted.

A synopsis of laws regulating nursery shipments, compiled under
the name of each State, is given.

Parks (T. H.) & Stover (W. G.). The Control of Garden Insects
and Diseases.— 0/^io Sta. Univ. Agric. Coll. Columbus, Exten.
Bull, xiv, no. 9, 1918-19, 32 pp., 2 figs. [Received 15th Novem-
ber 1919.]

This bulletin has been prepared chiefly for the use of amateur
gardeners, in order to prevent much of the waste that occurs from
insect pests and plant diseases. The garden crops are arranged in
alphabetical order, and under each is given a list and short description
of" the insects and diseases most liable to attack it, with instructions
for using the most efficient remedies that can be conveniently prepared
at small cost, A brief account of spraying equipment and materials
is given, with a table and formulae for seed di .^infection and standard
formulae for spraying potatoes.

Weiss (H. B.). Tinea cloacella, Haworth, bred from Fungi (Lepid.).—

Entom. News, PhiladeljjJiia, xxx, no. 9, November 1919, pp.
251-252.

While there has been some doubt about previous records of Tinea
cloacella, Haw., in the United States, larvae of this moth have now been
found in a fungus, Pohjporus suljjJiureus, taken from a telegraph pole
in New Jersey. From these larvae adult moths were reared ; they
have also been obtained from P. tsugae in the same State. This species
hibernates as a larva and pupates in the spring within the fungus.
P. tsugae occurs on or about stumps and trunks of hemlock and pine ;
P. sul^jJmreus is found on both deciduous and coniferous trees, including
oak, chestnut, maple, black walnut, butternut, alder, locust, apple and
pear, and is widely distributed throughout the United States and
Canada and most of the forest regions of Europe. Descriptions are
given of the full-grown larva, pupa and adult of T. cloacella.

IG

HowAED (L. 0.). On the Hymenopterous Parasites of Kermes (Homop.,
Coccidae). — Entom. Neas, Philadelphia, xxx, no. 9, November
1919, pp. 255-259.

Reference is made to a previous paper giving much information on
Ev.clemensia bassettella, Clemens, a parasite of Kermes [R.A.E., A,
vji, 263]. The following list is given of Hymenopterous parasites of
Kertnes, compiled from the records and bred specimens in the Bureau
of Entomology and the National Museum and from the literature, the
localities being from the United States unless otherwise stated :
Aenasioidea Icermicola, Timb., from Kermes gallifonms, Riley, and
K. essigi, King ; A. latiscajyus, Gir., from K. 2)ubescens ; Aenasioidea
(A]]hycvs) jndchella, How. ; A. tenuicornis, Timb., from A', miyasakii^
Kuw., in Japan ; Blastothrix longipennnis, How., from K. pubescens,
Bogue, in Canada ; Chiloneurus lineascapus, Gah., C. dubius, How.,
and C. cushmani, Cwfd.; Comys, sp. n., from K. nigroputictatus, V>^hiit. ;
Corny s sp. (probably fusca) ; Cristatithorax pulcJier, Gir., from
K. ]mbescens ; Enajrtus sp. ; Microterys speciosissimus, Gir., and
M. cincticornis, Ashm., from K. pubescens; Coccophagus, sp. n., from
/{. quercus {undulaia) ; C. scutatus, How., from K. nigropundatus ;
Myioaiema cotnperei, Ashm., from K. acaciae, Mask., in New South
Wales ; Prosp)alteUa citrella, How., from K. quercus ; Gyrolasia sp.^
and (?) Pachyneuron micans, How., from K. pubescens.

A list is also given of rearings by Giraud published in 1877, in which
the identification of the hosts as Kertnes is open to doubt, judging from
the food-plants on which they occurred. True species of Kermes are
found only upon oak, whereas the plants in the French list include a
variety of genera.

A note by Mr. Harold Morrison is appended in which the probable
identity of the dift'erent scale-insects classed as Kermes in Giraud's
list is given.

Colorado's Amended Horticultural Inspection Lav/. —Office of State
Entomologist, Fort Collins, Col, Circ. 22, May 1917, '8 pp.
[Received 15th November 1919.]

This Act as constituted in 1909 and amended in 1917 is given ver-
batim. It provides for the prevention of the introduction and spread
of injurious insects and plant diseases in Colorado and their extermina-
tion when found in the State. A Cjuarantine is provided for nursery
stock, potatoes, etc., infested with insect pests or plant diseases occur-
ring within the State. The act also empoAvers the State Entomologist
to deal with such matters.

Matheson (R.). A Study of the Plant Lice injuring the Foliage and
Fruit of the Apple. — Cornell Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., Ithaca N.Y.,
Mem. 24, June 1919, pp. 683-762, 23 plates, 10 figs. [Received
17th November 1919.]

The three apple-infesting Aphids dealt with in this paper are Aphis
pomi, DeG. {)nali, F.) (green apple aphis), A. sorbi, Kalt. (rosy apple
aphis) and Siphonaphis j^adi, L. {A. avenae, F.) (grain, oat, or apple-
bud aphis).

17

A. pomi is the most abundant and widespread species, causing much
injury every year in bearing orchards and in nurseries, and remaining
upon apple throughout the season, without migration to other hosts.
The characteristics distinguishing the three species are detailed. To
avoid confusion in the identity of A. pomi, the synonymy is discussed
at length and a useful bibliography is given. The view is expressed
that this species had been imported into America prior to 1854.

A summary of the life-history of A. pomi has been given previously
[R.A.E., A, iv, 484]. Brittain has reported that in Nova Scotia on
different varieties of apple the eggs hatch at the time when the buds
on such varieties are showing green. Whether this will prove correct
for other parts of the country remains to be seen. It is known that
a very large percentage of the eggs do not hatch, so that predictions as
to outbreaks cannot be made from any examination during the dormant
season. Factors that are generally considered to hinder the eggs from
hatching are climatic conditions, such as sudden drops in temperature
or periods of cold rain, predaceous birds and insects, and non-fertilisa-
tion of the eggs. It is doubtful whether non-fertilised eggs of this
species will survive the winter and hatch in the following sprrug. The
activities and reproductive capacity of the various generations is
discussed and recorded in a series of tables, reproduction in the stem-
mother being found to extend from the beginning of the blossoming
period almost up to the beghining of the normal June fruit-dropping
period. The various nymphal stages are described. From early June
onwards there are 14 viviparous generations following in rapid suc-
cession and requiring from 8 to 12 days to reach maturity, the maximum
period being for the 8th generation at the end of July and the 10th
generation in the latter half of August. The third and later generations
are the most injurious, congregating not only on the leaves and causing
them to curl, but also on the rapidly growing shoots, the fruit stems
and the fruit. The young shoots become stunted or die, and the young
fruit is dwarfed and gnarled, though the rosy aphis {A. sorbi) is the
more seriously injurious in these respects.

The maximum productive period (31 "6 days) is for the stem-mothers,
the next being 30-2 days for the 13th generation. The minimum
productive period (13*7 days) is for winged females of the second
generation. The productive period varied considerably for the other
generations, though it was in general shorter during the warmer part of
the summer. The average daily production increased from 1 '85 in the
case of stem- mothers to 4-13 for the 5th generation and then gradually
declined to 1-77 for the 13th generation. In the rearing cages the
14th generation produced the sexual forms, the males however con-
stituting scarcely 1 per cent, of the sexual generation. In the case of
A. po?ni, the production of winged forms is for the purpose of distri-
bution only and not for migration to different food-plants. In the
rearing-cage work practically every generation produced a few
winged forms, though the earlier generations give rise to the highest
proportion in order to ensure widespread distribution. Although
the factor of crowding was eliminated in the author's rearing work,
the percentage of winged forms for any one generation did not seem
to vary. This question of the production of winged forms requires
further study and the results may prove of great economic importance.

(G33) B

18

A. sorbi, Kalt. (rosy apple aphis) is dealt with on the basis of
extensive rearing experiments carried out in Ithaca in 1914-1916. The
synonomy of the species is discussed, the author differing from the
view expressed by Baker and Turner that the American species
is distinct and should be known as A. malifoliae. [R.A.E., A, v, 49.]
He considers the correct synonomy to be as follows : — A. sorbi, Kalt.
{A. pyri, Boyer of Koch, not A. pyri, Boyer ; A. malifoliae, Fitch ;
A. Jcochii, Schout., of Theobald, not A. kochii, Schout. ; A. pyri,
Boyer of Gillette & Taylor).

The preferred, if not essential, sunmier food-plant of A. sorbi is the
thin-leaved plantain, Plantago lanceolata, there being a remarkable
parallel between the introduction and spread of this plant and the
spread and increasing destructiveness of the Aphid. The life-
history and the severe curling of the foliage caused by this species
have previously been described [R.A.E. A, iv, 484.]. The repro-
ductive capacity of the various generations is shown in a table^
the maximum period for the stem-mother being during the last
week in May and the first week in June. A description of aU
stages of the insect is given. At Ithaca the migratory forms of
A. sorbi may consist of the winged females of the second, third or
fourth generation. The author did not succeed in rearing more than
four generations on the apple, though in some years there are
undoubtedly more. In Nova Scotia the migratory forms have been
found to be adults of the third generation- The factors that influence
the early or late production of migratory forms have not been
sufficiently studied ; the necessity for investigating the influence of
climatic factors is urgent, as it has a large bearing upon problems of
insect control.

It has been reported that A. sorbi has been reared throiighout the
season upon apple in Ontario, and the offspring of migratory forms on
plantain have been transferred to apple and have there produced
another generation. The ability of the species to maintain itself
on apple alone has not however been confirmed ; if this proves to be
the case it may become a pest of the greatest importance.

The longevity and reproductive capacity of the spring and autumn
migrants, as well as the true summer forms on Plantago lanceolata, are
illustrated by charts. It is noticeable that the spring migrant has a
shorter life and greater reproductive capacity than the spring forms
on apple. It has been supposed that as the summer winged forms
are produced in such relatively small numbers, they cannot be
of great importance in the life-history of the species. The author does
not consider a single season's work to be conclusive evidence on this
Bubject, and points out that the greater numbers of enemies encountered
on plantain necessitates a high productive capacity and also ability
to spread to more distant food-plants.

The autumn migrants begin to return to the apple in Ithaca in late
September, the winged females developing first. The males begia
to appear somewhat later and continue migrating to the apple well into
November. Descriptions are given of these forms. The oviparous
females which are the immediate descendants of the autumn migrants
infest the smaller twigs and branches, where mating takes place.
The eggs, which average about six for each female, are deposited around
the base of buds, under small pieces of bark, or in any sheltered position. .

19

In the case of Siphonaphis padi, L. {Aphis avenae, F.) (apple-bud
or oat aphis) the author does not follow Baker [R.A.E., A, vi, 47] in
treating the insect infesting apple in North America as a distinct
species, A. prunifoliae, Fitch. Its life- history and habits in relation
to apple are discussed [R.A.E., A, iv, 484] and the various forms and
stages of each form are described. Tins species is not seriously
injurious to apple.

The effects of attacks of Aphids on the apple tree and its fruit are
discussed [R.A.E., A, vii, 494]. The latter part of June is always
the most serious period for Aphid infestation, especially if temperature
and moisture conditions are favourable. During that time the stem-
mothers probably cease reproducing and most of them die. The
second and third generations are reproducing at their maximum rate,
and the fourth generation reaches its maximum about the last days
of June. After that time, the number of Aphids gradually decreases,
in spite of the fact that the young of A. pomi are being produced with
great rapidity. Weather conditions are however more favourable
for parasitic and predaceous enemies and these are then able to gain
the upper hand.

Jardine (N. K.). The Tea Tortrix {Homona coffearia, Nietner).—
Spolia Zeylanica, Colotnbo, xi, no. 41, October 1919, pp. 191-192.

The tea tortrix, Homona coffearia, is redescribed in this note.

DE MoNCHAUx (D.). Dc I'lnnuencB des Migrations et des Introduc-
tions aceidentelles.— 5i<ZZ. Soc. Nat. Acclimat. France, Paris, Ixvii,
no. 10, October 1919, pp. 308-316.
Attention is drawn to the influence that insect migrations exercise
on the distribution of plant pests and diseases. The importance of
this question is increased by the fact that migration is frequently
the result of changes in environment. Many examples to illustrate
this, as well as the adaptation of insects to new surroundings, are
quoted.

Gahan (A. B.). Report on a small Collection of Indian Parasitio

Hymenoptera.— Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Washington, D. C, 1919,

Ivi, no. 2299, pp. 513-524. [Received 20th November 1919.]

The new species described include : the Eurytomids, Bruchophagus

mellipes, reared from galls in daincha [Sesbania] pods and pods of

Vigna sinensis (red gram), Eurytoma parasae, parasitic on Parasa

lepidaand Thosea sp., and E. denticoxa, from maize seeds ; a Chalcid,

Stomoceras ayyari, from cocoons of Parasa lepida ; an Encjrrtid,

Aphycus fiiscidorsum, parasitic on scale-insects on lab-lab, probably

Dolichos sp. ; and a Pteromalid, Eupteromalus parnarae, parasitic on

the Hesperid, Parnara mathias, on rice.

Pkmberton (C. E.). Leafhopper Investigations on Havvm.^Hawaiian
Planters' Record, Honolulu, xxi, no. 4, October, 1919, pp. 194-221,
10 figs.
This is a preliminary report of investigations during June and July
on the sugar-cane leaf-hopper in Hawaii [Perhinsiella saccharicida],
with particular reference to its parasites and the causes of its con-
tinued abundance in spite of remedial measures.

(633) ^2

20

It is evident that P. saccharicida may attack and live upon plants
other than sugar-cane. During the present investigations eggs have
been found in seven different kinds of grasses and three species of sedge-
like plants in Hawaii. These plants have been submitted for deter-
mination. Some of the grasses in question are very common, probably
over most of the lowland portions of the Islands. Many of the eggs
in these grasses were found to be parasitised by Paranagrus optabilis
and a few by Ootetrasticlius formosanus. Examinations of the grasses
in many localities have been made and the numbers of hoppers and
parasites bred from them are recorded. The presence of parasites in the
grasses explains how these can survive in the vicinity of harvested
fields where no cane may be present for some time and where no hopper
c^'gs or parasites would exist without the grass. Only those fields
adjoining cane- fields, or in their immediate vicinity, have as yet been
examined ; it remains to determine the extent to which the eggs occur
in the various grasses at gradually increasing distances from canefields.
It is expected that as the distance is lengthened between the grasses and
the cane-fields a rapid decrease will be found in the number of hoppers
present, and a zone will soon be reached where no hoppers occur.

An important enemy of leaf-hopper parasites has been discovered,
namely, a large black earwig, Chelisoches morio, very abundant in the
cane -fields of the rainy belt in Hawaii. This earwig feeds readily on
adults of P. optabilis and the indications are that it prefers this food
to the leaf -hopper, although it certainly devours the latter to some
extent and has always been regarded as beneficial. Another enemy
of P. optabilis is a green Chrysopid. This has not been observed to any
extent, but one larva of the fly was seen within five minutes to capture
and suck the body fluids of four adults of P. optabilis. If these enemies
of the parasite are proved to be of serious importance, the burning of
trash should help to rid the fields of the earwig. Excessive rainfall is
also very detrimental to the parasites of the leaf-hopper,destroying very
many adults of P. optabilis and preventing their oviposition, while the
leaf- hopper shows a decided ability to seek protection under the leaves
and is far better able to resist heavy rain.

The question of contamination of young sugar-cane by hoppers from
older, adjoining cane is discussed. The isolation of fields and the prac-
tice of harvesting all the cane at one time seems decidedly advantageous.
A typical flight or migration of P. saccharicida is described. The adults
fly low and slowly and alight upon cane or grasses near by. This
migration shows that a centre of dispersion, such as a half-grown field
of heavily infested cane, may provide all adjacent territory with leaf-
hoppers. The hoppers fly on fine, still evenings and no particular
direction is taken. Since they are nearly always flying at dusk in one
locality or another, it is considered that such predators as bats and
swallows would be of great benefit if introduced. Poorly cultivated
fields are frequently less infested with leaf-hoppers than well-cared-for
plantations ; this is probably because the cane has not grown so rapidly
and the leaves are not so tender, and also because Xiphidiimi varipenne,
the green grasshopper that oviposits on various grasses and feeds on
hoppers, becomes much more numerous where the grass is not so con-
sistently kept down. The subject of preference for various types of
cane shown by P. saccharicida will be further investigated. As the

21

question of the effect of volcano fumes upon Paranagrus optabilis has
frequently been discussed, experiments in this connection were under-
taken, and indicate that it is entirely unaffected by these fumes.

The practice of stripping off the low green leaves of infested cane
and allowing them to remain on the ground, with a view to reducing
the number of hoppers without destroying the parasites, is undoubtedly
beneficial in localities where the rainfall and humidity are low, but is
useless in the upper fields in localities where rain is frequent and
humidity high, as the leaves remain in a soft condition and allow both
hoppers and parasites to hatch. The distance and rapidity of dissem-
ination of P. optabilis have not yet been accurately determined, but
are being ascertained by experiment.

In the examination of 5,361 individuals of the leaf -hopper, only
27 '7% were males; no infertile eggs have, however, been found in cane,
though the species is not parthenogenetic. Only 43 of these 5,361
individuals were parasitised by flies of the genus Pipunculus ; no
Dryinid parasites were found among them and Ootetmstichusformosanus
was rare.

Remedial measures against the leaf -hopper include the use of contact
sprays ; while these have never been tried to any extent, it is felt that
there are possibilities in the application of a good spray where hoppers
are abundant and within reach of such treatment. Descriptions and
illustrations are given of suitable parasite hatcheries and field shed
boxes for use in the distribution of parasites, which are considered to be
the chief factor in the reduction of leaf-hoppers. They are particularly
successful in fields where the hoppers have not had time to become
numerous, where there are few eggs and, in consequence, few parasites.
By liberating parasites in such fields the percentage of parasitism is
quickly raised and the leaf-hopper infestation reduced to a minimum.
It is pointed out that the distribution of parasites as a measure for
hopper control is of little use unless carried out on a large scale.
When boxes containing leaf midribs infested with parasitised eggs are
used in fields of young cane, one box for every two acres is considered
sufficient. Each box should contain from 2,000 to 4,000 midribs and
these should be frequently replaced, the work being continued for
at least three months.

Haswell (W. a.). Wheat, Weevils and Bulk-Handling.— /Sciewce
and Industry, Melbourne, i, no. 5, September 1919, pp. 304-307.

Attention is drawn to the increased dahger of weevil infestation in
wheat handled in bulk in Australia. Even when stored wheat is
apparently shielded from rain and damp soil, it is able during certain
stages in maturing to absorb moisture from the air, thus becoming a
more favourable medium for the increase of grain weevils such as
Calandra granaria and C. oryzae. The remedial measure advocated is
airtight storage [R. A. E.,A, vii, 94, 529].

Hinds (W. E.). Report of Entomologist.— 5i5^ Ann. Rept. Alabama
Agric. Expt. Sia., Auburn, January 1919, pp. 27-29. [Received
20th November 1919.]

The use of trap-crops for concentrating the first generation of
Calandra and other species, so that they may be destroyed while still

22

in the grain, thus safeguarding the later-maturing maize, has
proved successful. Damage to stored maize by weevils has been
considerably reduced, partly owing to the exceptionally severe winter
and partly to the cultivation of the more resistant varieties of maize.
Experiments with lead arsenate and other poisons in dust form
against the boll weevil [Anthonomvs grandis] on cotton are being
continued. Other experiments show that soil fumigation 'v\ith sodium
cyanide at the rate of 1 oz. in 8 U. S. gals, of water is a successful
remedial measure against various soil-infesting insects, including white
grubs [Lachnosterna], termites, etc. This quantity proved sufficient
for about 10 to 12J sq. ft. of ground. Fumigation of sweet potatoes
W'ith carbon bisulphide against the sweet potato root-borer [Cylas
Jormicarius] failed to kill all stages of this weevil and increased the
tendency of the potatoes to rot.

Troop (J.). Entomology. — 31st Ann. Rept.for the Year ending SOth
June 1918, Purdue Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., Lafayette, Ind., 1st
November 1918, pp. 30-31. [Received 20th November 1919.]

The noxious insects reported for the year under review include :
Papaipema nehris {nitela) (stalk borer) ; Phorbia fusciceps, Zett.
{AniJiomyia zeae, Eil.) (seed-corn maggot) ; an Aphid, Geoica squamosa,
which caused considerable damage to barley and rye ; cutworms,
against which the substitution of sawdust for bran mash proved
successful ; Hessian fly [31ayetiola destructor], which was less abundant
but is expected to increase in the near future ; the wheat joint- worm
[Isosoma tritici] and the wheat midge [Cmitarinia tritici] which
were very destructive ; and a Membracid which was found damaging
beans by attacking the stem below the surface of the soil.

Paddock (F. B.). The Beemoth or Waxvtorm.— -Texas Agric. Expt.
Sta., College Station, Bull. 231, June 1918, 38 pp. [Received
22nd November 1919.]

The bulk of this information on Galleria mellonella has been noticed
-elsewhere \R.A.E., A, i, 453 ; ii, 379]. The incubation period of the
egg varies with the brood and climate. Under laboratory conditions
the duration was from 7 to 22 days, when kept at an irregular tempera-
ture averaging about 80° F. The average duration of the larval
stages of different generations under laboratory conditions is 49 days
in spring at a normal temperature. Under the same conditions in
autumn the average was 35 days, and during winter with artificial
heat it was 110 days. The pupal stage is longest during the autumn
and winter ; its average length is 50 days during January and March
without artificial heat, about 7| days during August at a normal
temperature, and from 18 to 35| days during October to December
with normal artificial heat. The average length of life of the adult
female is 12 days, that of the male 21 days.

Ehrhorn (E. M.). Division of Plant Inspection. — Haivaiian Forester
and Agriculturist, Honolulu, xvi, nos. 8 and 9, August and Septem-
ber 1919, pp. 205-206 and 233-234.

The pests intercepted during July and August included : mites on
seeds of Rubus and mango from Mani^.a ; Aphis sp. on bulbs of Gladiolus

23

from the United States and on castor beans from India ; Bruchus
pisonim in peas and Lepidopterous larvae in cucumber seeds from
Japan ; codling moth [Cydia pomonella] on crab-apples from San
Francisco.

Rane (F. W.). Fifteenth Annual Report of the State Forester, 1918.—

Massachusetts State Forester, Boston, Public Document no. 73,
1919, 54 pp., 4 plates. [Received 25th November 1919.]

The campaign against the gipsy moth [Porthetria dispar] has been
continued successfully and included thinning and spraying operations.
In districts where the moth has spread from the forest to the cranberry
bogs work has been carried out in cooperation with the Cape Cod
Cranberry Growers Association and has consisted mainly in the removal
of trees from the land immediately adjacent to these bogs.

Jegen (G.). Die Schadlingsbekampfung im Winter. [Winter Work
against Insect Vests.]^Schweiz. Zeitschr. Obst- u. Weinbau,
Frauenfeld, xxviii, no. 23, 31st October 1919, pp. 380-383.

From an agricultural point of view work done in winter against
iosect pests has obvious advantages. The insects amenable to winter
treatment include Eriosoma lanigerum and other Aphids, Chevnatobia
brumata in the egg-stage, Anthonomus pomorum, Cydia pomonella in
the larval and pupal stages, and various plant-bugs. The trees must
be scraped, all the debris being burnt, and then sprayed with a 5 per
cent, solution of soft-soap.

Nashi-hime-shinkui, [Smaller Pear Boiei, Laspeyresia molesta, Busek].—
Assoc, for Pear Protection, KasJiima Village, ShizuoJca Prefecture,
July 1919, 18 pp., 1 plate.

Cydia (Laspeyresia) molesta, Busck, known as the Oriental peach
moth in the United States and commonly called the smaller pear-borer
in Japan, is one of the most destructive insects in the latter part of the
world. It occurs in nearly all the Provinces of the Empire, and where
it is most numerous 80% or 90% of the pear crop may be destroyed
by it. Unfortunately no effective measures have as yet been found for
dealing with it. There are four— or according to the most recent
observations — five generations in a year, the time of appearance
varpng with the climate of the locality. It passes the winter in the
larval state within cracks in the bark, etc., and pupates at the end of
March. The newly emerged moth of the first generation lays its eggs
singly on the shoots of peach or flowering cherry. It is a remarkable
fact that if there are plantations of peach or cherry trees in the neigh-
bourhood of pear orchards, the eggs of the first and second generations
are invariably laid on the shoots of these plants in preference to those
of pears. The eggs of the third generation however are laid on the
fruit of pear, the shoots of peach and cherry having at this time become
less tender. If however the pear orchard has no peach or cherry trees
in its vicinity, the insect may breed entirely on pear trees from the
first generation onwards. The insect always migrates to the youngest
shoots, especially in rainy weather or after rain.

24

As regards remedial measures, winter shelters such as bands and
ties on the trunks, cracks in the bark, etc., should be examined and
cleaned. In spring and summer infested fruits and injured twigs
should be removed. Kerosene emulsion with insect powder is a useful
remedy and should be sprayed thrice in May, July and August and
twice in June. Various methods of protecting the fruit, such as
covering them with paper bags, are considered, but are not recom-
mended on account of their cost.

Kajitani (K.). Soju no Gaichu Chimadara-yokobai ni genin suru
Sanji no Koku-han. [Black Patches on Silkworms caused by a
Mulberry-infesting Leaf-hopper, Zygina mori, Mats.] — Dainihon
Sanshi-Kwaiho [Jl. Japan Silk Assoc.,] Tokyo, xxviii, nos. 333
and 334, 1st October and 1st November, 1919, pp. 712-715 &
794-798.

The fact that black patches occur on silkworms owing to the attacks
of various enemies has already been recorded [R.A.E., A. vi, 502 ; vii,
152]. Somewhat similar symptoms are caused by a leaf-hopper,
Zygina mori, Mats., which is a common pest of mulberries. The
Chinese race of sikworms is more liable to attack than the indigenous
Japanese one, but the pupa is not affected.

The black patch produced by this insect is characterised by being
circular or elliptical in shape with a jagged edge and is usually of a
lighter colour in the centre. It can be distinguished from similar
symptoms caused by other organisms in the following points. The
patches caused by pebrine are irregular, or polyhedral in shape and are
usually darkest in the centre ; those caused by the gold-tail moth
[Ardornis chrysorrJioea] have smooth edges ; those caused by the mite
(Pedicnloides) are larger and rather irregular, and are found usually on
the ventral surface.

Yagi (N.). Sanyo ni mii daseru Shishu no Dani. [Four Species of
Mites found on the Silkworm Pupa.] — Dainihon Sanshi-Kwaiho
[Jl. Japan Silk Assoc], Tokyo, xxviii, no, 334., 1st November,
1919, pp. 787-790, 1 plate.

The mites recorded on silkworm pupae, in addition to Pediouloides
are : — Tyroglyphus sp., a Canistrinid, Gamasus sp., and Cheyletus sp.

Amari (S.). Pedicvloides-Dsini ni yoru Sanji, Sangyo, Sanga no Hanten
ni tsuite (Yoho). [On the black Patch in Silkworms caused by a
Mite, Pediculoides (Preliminary Report)]. — Dainihon Sanshi-
Kwaiho [Jl. Japan Silk Assoc], Tokyo, xxviii, no. 334, 1st
November, 1919, pp. 790-792.

The author has observed that all stages of Bombyx mori, when
infested by a mite {P edict doides) [R.A.E., A, vii, 152] exhibit black
patches on the body. In 1917, the experiment of placing the mites
on healthy silkworms proved negative, although the hosts died. In
1919, the experiment was repeated with silkworms that were about
to moult, with the result that black patches made their appearance.
The development of these symptoms seems to be independent of tem-
perature pnd may be produced at any time of year. They may also

25

occur in any stage, though in the adult moth they are not readily seen
owing to their being concealed by the scales and hairs. These patches
seem to be caused partly by the mechanical sucking action of the mite
and partly by the poisonous nature of the injected fluid,which is weakly
acid.

Bezzi (M.). a new Australian Species of Rioxa, with a remarkable
Life-habit. (Dipt. Trypaneidae.)— £«iL Entom. Research, London,
X, no. 1, November, 1919, pp. 1-5, 1 fig.
Rioxa musae, Froggatt, is recorded from bananas brought to Aus-
tralia from the New Hebrides, and has subsequently been found breeding
in both cultivated and native fruits in Queensland and New South Wales.
R. termitoxena, sp. n., is described from North Australia, where it
has been bred from the galleries of a termite, Mastotermes sp., in tree-
trunks.

Veitch (R.). Notes on the More Important Insects in Sugar-cane
Plantations in Fiji. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, x, no. 1,
November 1919, pp. 21-39, 8 figs.

Sugar-cane in Fiji is generally grown on comparatively small and
isolated blocks of land, frequently in narrow strips along the coast or
the banks of rivers, large compact areas such as exist in Hawaii being
practically unknown. The cultivated soils are of various kinds,
including alluvial flats, which are the most profitable for sugar-cane,
red hill-soils, sand, stiff clay and reclaimed salt-marshes. The most
destructive pest of sugar-cane on the island is Rhabdocnemis obscura,
Boisd. (cane beetle borer) [R.A.E., A, v, 52-54, etc.]. The life-
history and habits of this weevil are described. The percentage of
stalks damaged by the borer found in the Fiji mills in 1917 was 14, a
high figure when it is remembered that the injury materially reduces
the sugar content of the untunnelled portions of infested stalks.
Injured stalks are also liable to fall to the ground, where they quickly
rot. Remedial measures that have proved of great assistance m
Fiji include the use, for seed purposes, of uninfested cane only, the
burning of trash on badly-infested fields immediately after cuttmg,
the ploughing of fields to be replanted as soon as possible after harvest-
ing, and the collection of beetles by means of traps of split canes.
For four years attempts have been made to introduce into Fiji the
Tachinid parasite, Ceromasia sphenojjhori, VilL, which has proved
so successful in Hawaii, but these attempts have been unexpectedly
disappointing, the colonies gradually dying out as soon as the breed-
ing cages were removed. It is thought probable that the large junip-
ing spiders and the small brown ants, combined with peculiarities
in agricultural methods and in the habits of growth of the leading
variety of cane are responsible for this failure.

A less important sugar-cane pest is another weevil, Trochorrhopalus
strangulatus, Gyl., which is much smaller than R. obscura and not very
seriously destructive, as it apparently never attacks perfectly sound
cane, but generally breeds in rotten or weak stalks. The remedial
measures described above would also be useful against this species.

White grubs that attack cane on an extensive scale are the larvae
of Rhopaea vestita, Arrow, and R. subnitida. Arrow, both of which are
natives of Fiji. These beetles never occur together; R. vestita is

26

the more destructive and is found only in sandy soils ; R. suhiitida
occurs in small numbers in allu^^al soils, and is sometimes very in-
jurious in red hill-soils. E. vestita deposits from 20 to 30 eggs singly
in June and July at a depth of 15 to 20 inches and the grubs emerge in
28 to 34 days and begin feeding on humus and lirmg vegetable matter,
being most destructive from January to March. When full-grovm
they pupate in April or May in earthen cells at a depth of 6 to 18
inches, the adults emerging after 31 days and remaining on the ground
for another week or two. Sugar-cane of all ages is attacked ; fields
replanted from January to March suffer severely. Enemies of these
grubs are a wireworm, Monocrepidius pallipes, Esch., and a Scoliid
parasite, Discolia ovalanensis, Sauss. ]\lites attack the grubs in con-
siderable numbers in capti\ity, but apparently do not exercise much
control in the field. Cane should not be planted in infested fields until
April ; it will then be free from serious infestation until December or
January, when it "u-ill be well established and better able to resist
attack. Beetles and grubs should be collected by hand when possible,
and the frequent ploughing of infested fields will expose many of the
grubs to destruction by niinah birds. R. subnitidm is very similar
in life-history, seasonal occurrence and habits. As the reproductive
powers of both species are similar, the relative scarcity of R. subiiitidus
is worthy of further investigation ; it is probably due to some enemy
peculiar to this species that has escaped attention, or to some factor
in the soils frequented by the grub. The remedial measures for both
are similar.

Adoretus versutus, Har. (rose beetle) is not generally regarded as a
pest of sngar-cane, but has been found attacking the germinating eyes
of recently planted canes. The grubs occur in all types of soil, usually
within G inches of the surface, and the beetles are found throughout
the year. Only slight damage is done to sugar-cane.

Scolia manilae. Ashm., the parasite introduced to control white
grubs in Hawaii with so much success, has been imported into Fiji and
liberated. While the success of this experiment cannot yet be deter-
mined, grubs of R. vestita and A. versutus have undoubtedly been
attacked by the parasite and adults were subsequently reared.

Wireworms occurring in Fiji cane-fields include Simodactylus cin-
namomeus, Boisd., Zflco>i strict icollis, Fairm. and Mo)iocrepidius poUipes,
Esch. The first two species are very destructive to young cane, while
the third is beneficial, as it is a formidable enemy of R. vestita.
S. cinnamo7n€Us is by far the most abundant species, being found in
all types of soU, but reaching its maximum numbers in rich low-lying
flats. Its life-history and habits have been described [R.A.E., A, v,
182]. While this beetle is very difiicult to control, beneficial results
have been obtained by continuous planting of a certain proportion of
the rows, transplanting being done only in wet weather. Cane on
allu\'ial flats should be second ratooned, as by this means the annual
planting area is reduced ; drainage should be improved wherever
possible and the importance of clean cultivation cannot be over-
estimated. L. striciicoUis is neither so abundant nor so voracious ;
its feeding habits are similar and remedial measures identical.
M. paJlipes ^ found only in sandy soils, and has never been known
to attack cane.

27

Cirphis unipuncta, Haw. (sugar-cane army worm) causes considerable
damage to young crops, the caterpillars being most abundant during
the cooler months ; the damage in Fiji has never yet been serious. The
caterpillars feed at dusk on the tips of the leaves, feeding at first on
tender grasses until they are able to attack the harder tissues of cane
leaves. The larval stage lasts three weeks, pupation occurring in the
soil and lasting 10 or 11 days. Enemies include the minah bird, a
hornet, Polistes macaensis, F., a Tachinid, Sturmia himaculata, Htg.,
a Braconid, Apanteles sp., and certain Carabids. These enemies
generally hold the pest in check, but, if necessary, poison-sprays
could be used with good effect. Cirphis loreiji, Dup., is occasionally
destructive to cane, but its attacks are seldom serious. Prodenia
lihira, F. (Mauritius-bean army-worm) is present in most plantations,
Mauritius beans being used as a covering crop about once in four
years, and ploughed in as green manure. The usual food is tobacco
[R.A.E., A, vi, 379]. Remedial measures are seldom necessary,
enemies, including the brown ant, Pheidole megacephala, F., destroying
large numbers of the eggs. Drachyphtijs pacificus, Dall. (Mauritius
bean bug) is another pest of Mauritius beans and the weeds of cane-
fields and is largely controlled by an egg-parasite, Ooencyrtus jMcificus,
and a species of Isaria fungas. Trachycentra cUorogramma, Me}T., is
chiefly injurious in the low-lying reclaimed swamps which frequently
contain a considerable proportion of sickly canes ; apparently healthy
stalks of Badila cane are also attacked. The damage by this moth
is similar to that caused by R. obscura, but the tunnels are wider and
shorter, and are frequently abandoned and a new one begun in the
same or another stalk. The larva drags about with it a case in which
it can quickly seek protection and pupation occurs in a very tough
case made of cane fibre, generally within the larval tunnel. The
burning of trash after harvesting and the exposure of tunnelled stalks
to the heat of the sun will largely check the increase of this insect.

A new species of Cosmopteryx (cane leaf-miner) tunnels in the
mid-ribs of cane, especially in young plants. It is kept down to a
considerable extent by parasites.

A leaf-hopper, Perkinsiella vitiensis, Kirk., in its young stages feeds
on the cane, sucking the sap and excreting honey-dew, on which a
black fungus grows ; the injury is, however, shght, the hoppers being
controlled by the egg-parasites, Ootetrasticlms, Paranagrus, and
Anagrus. A Stylopid, Elenchus tenuicornis, Curt., also attacks both
the young and adult stages. Aleurodes comata, Mask., is occasionally
very numerous on the under-surface of cane leaves, but is never an
important pest and is largely controlled by a Syrphid larva which
feeds on all stages, and is an unidentified species of Xanthogr anuria.
Pseudococcus bromeliae, Bch. (cane mealy-bug) is a minor pest of cane.
The locusts, Locusta danica, L., and CyrtacantJiacris guttulosa, Wlk.,
are sometimes numerous along the edges of cane-fields where they strip
the cane leaves to the mid-ribs. The minah bird is a very effective
check on these locusts, which constitute its chief food.

The hornet, Polistes macaensis, F., has only occurred in Fiji for the
last 15 years or so, but is already one of the commonest insects in the
islands. The fertilised females, after hibernating durmg August and
September, begin nest-building in October. The first generation

28

requires 30 to 40 days for its life-cycle, and by April the nest may be
about 12 inches in diameter. Towards the end of April both males and
females appear and mating takes place in June and July. These
hornets act as a check on many pests in Fiji, and should be regarded
as beneficial, though their sting is very painful to man and necessitates
the expense of canvas suits, gloves and veils for the workers that in
certain districts are obliged to enter the fields and destroy the nests
before the cane can be thrashed. In most localities, however, the cane
is cut during the hibernating period so that this difficulty does not
arise.

Distant (W. L.). A new Lygaeid Bug found among Stored Rice in
Java. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, x, no. 1, November 1919,
p. 41, 1 fig.

Atnpera mtrusa, gen. et sp. n., from stored rice in Java is figured
and described.

Cleaee (L. D.). a Useful Breeding Cage. — Bull. Entom. Research,
London, x, no. 1, November 1919, pp. 43-44, 1 fig.

A useful, easily constructed and portable breeding cage is des-
cribed and illustrated. It consists of cylinders of brass mosquito-
proof wire netting, 20 meshes to the inch, held together by brass
paper-fasteners. Covers for the top and bottom may consist of glass
petri dishes, 8 to 10 inches in diameter or galvanised iron pans may
be used. These could be packed in nests and the wire carried in rolls.
These cages have the advantage of being rat-proof. Where earth is
necessary for pupation, the cylinder may be fitted outside the bottom
and this facilitates lifting oft" to replace the food-plant. When used
for tick-breediii^ experiments the cages were placed in larger dishes
containing water and kerosene, to prevent their escape ; this ako
renders them ant-proof.

Baker (A. C). U.S. Bur. Entom. Neotoxoptera violae, Theo., and
its Allies. — Bidl. Entom. Research, London, x, no. 1, November
1919, pp. 45-46, 1 plate.

The Aphid discussed in this paper was recorded by Theobald on
violets in Africa and was described by him as Neotoxoptera violae
[R.A.E., A, iii, 749]. Investigation shows this species to be only an
aberration of Rhopalosiphmn violae, Perg., which occurs in green-
houses in the United States and Canada.

This species and Macrosiphum Jcirkaldyi, Full., for which del Guercio
erected the genus Fullawayella, are closely related and undoubtedly
belong to the same genus ; they should therefore both be placed in
Fullawayella. The genus Micromyzus, which was erected by Van
der Goot for M. nigrum, which is evidently closely related to
F. hirkaldyi and is congeneric with it, must also become a synonym of
Fullawayella. Another allied genus is Microparsus, with M. variabilis,
Patch, as its type.

A key is given to these genera and to the species contained in them.

29

HoDGKiss (H. E.). Control of Green Apple Aphis in Bearing Orchards.

—New York Agric. Expt. Sta., Geneva, N.Y., Bull. 461, June
1919, pp. 97-134, 10 plates. [Received 20th November 1919.]

The author's conclusions are as follows :— The green apple aphis
[AiiMs pomi] lives on apple trees throughout the year. On ac<;ount
of a late spring migration of winged forms and the later breeding of
the insect, the pest is difficult to control by a single spraying in the
season. If control measures are unduly delayed the insect's activities
may result in severe injuries, such as curling of leaves or deforming of
fruits. Curled foliage and the stems of fruits, as well as the clusters
of apples, afford hiding places for the Aphids, which are difficult to
reach with the spraying mixture unless it is applied generously and
with considerable force. Applications of coarse sprays in liberal
quantities are necessary to wet the leaves and the insects thoroughly.
Such treatments often reach Aphids that escape mist sprays, and by
thorough and timely spraying the summer broods can be controlled
even on trees of considerable size. The delayed dormant spray, by
protecting the trees from early infestations, diminishes the oppor-
tunities for serious reinfestations from the late spring migrations.
A nicotine sulphate and soap spray is a very satisfactory aphidicide
on account of its rapidity in killing, ease of application, and its spread-
ing and adhesive properties.

Nicotine sulphate and lime is especially advantageous on trees of
medium size with large amounts of succulent growiih, because' of its
deterrent influence on the insects in addition to its immediate
killing properties. In plaiming spraying operations against
the green apple aphis, chief dependence should be placed on the
nicotine sulphate-soap spray for trees of unusual height. With plant-
ings of younger trees or those newly set, especially where succulent
fc,tems are likely to be seriously injured, an application of nicotine
sulphate and lime will prove an efficient and satisfactory treatment.

The following formulae are given for the above sprays.

Nicotine sulphate-soap solution :— Nicotine sulphate (Blackleaf 40)
I U.S. pint (1 pint in severe attacks) and soap 4 lb, to 100 U.S.
gals, water.

Nicotine sulphate- lime wash :— Stone or hydratei lime 60 lb.,
copper sulphate 2-4 lb. and nicotine sulphate | U.S. pint (1 pint hi
severe attacks) to 100 U.S. gals, water.

WoGLUM (R. S.). U.S. Bur. Entom. A Dosage Schedule for Citrus
Fumigation with liquid Hydrocyanic Acid.— JZ. Econ. Entotn.
Concord, N.H. xii, no. 5, October 1919, pp. 357-363.
Further experiments have been made with regard to the comparative
efficacy of liquid hydrocyanic acid and pot-generated gas which
confirm previous observations [R.A.E., A. vii, 228]. The present
experiments were conducted chiefly against black scale [Saissetia oleae],
purple scale [Lepidosafhes beckii] and red scale [Chrysomphcdus aurantii].
A dosage schedule based on field experience is given according to which
the smaU trees are practically dosed in proportion to their cubic con-
tents, whereas larger ones approximate to the ratio of surface area of a
domeshaped figure to its cubic content. The experiments against
Lepidosaphes beckii with liquid hydrocyanic acid at the rate of 16-56
c.c. as equivalent to 1 ounce of sodium cyanide show better results

30

at the bottom of the trees than with pot-generated gas, whereas the
reverse was found to be the case at the top of the tree. The total
result for the whole tree is slightly favourable to the pot treatment
showing that the above amount of liquid hydrocyanic acid is insufficient,
to produce results equivalent to one ounce of sodium cyanide in pot-
generation.

The experiments were conducted on medium-sized trees at a tem-
perature of from 65° to 70° F. In experiments performed under
similar conditions but at higher temperatures of fumigation and with
the use in some cases of 21 to 22 c.c. of liquid hydrocyanic acid as
ec^uivalent to the ounce of sodium cyanide, the mortality averaged
above 99 per cent. It is apparent that from 16 '56 to 21 c.c. of the
liquid are required to produce results similar to those secured by pot
generation, 18 c.c. being the average equivalent of one ounce of sodium
cyanide on average-sized trees at the ordinary temperatures of treat-
ment. A table is given of the results of experiments against
Chrysom'phalus aurantii on small trees, which show that the liquid
hydrocyanic acid is less efficient in this case.

At low temperatures, such as 40°F., it is necessary to increase
the dosage of liquid hydrocyanic acid, as its superiority to pot-generated
gas is less marked than at higher temperatures of fumigation.

Peterson (A.). Response of the Eggs of Aphis avenue, Fab., and
Aphis pom , DeG., to various Sprays, particularly concentrated
Lime-Sulphur and Substitutes, Season of 1918-1919. — Jl Econ.
Entom. Concord, N.H., xii, no. 5, October 1919, pp. 363-386.

"With a view to determining the most efficient insecticide to be used
against the eggs of Aphis*avenae, F., A. pomi, DeG., and A. sorbi,
Kalb., experiments were carried out during the season under review
the results of which are almost identical with previous ones,
[R.A.E.,A.,Yi, 110].

The present observat ons were made on a larger scale and special
precautions were taken to avoid possible errors. In a footnote
(presumably by the Editor) it is stated that the species referred to as
A. avenae is apparently A. prunifoliae, Fitch, and as A. sorbi is
A. yncdifoliae, Fitch [see also R.A.E., A, vi, 47, 298 ; viii, 18, 19].

It was noticed that although A. avenaewas very abundant, compara-
tively few leaves were curled when this was the only species on the
tree, but if A. pomi or A.sorhi were present, even in very small numbers,
the leaves were badly curled and stunted. All three species were
present on the petioles of flowers in the pink bud and flower stage
and they probably injure the set of the fruit. So far as is knovNTi,
A. avenae does not cause small distorted fruit as does A. sorbi. The
latter lives on the apple plant for 3 or 4 generations and does not
migrate until the end of June, whereas A. potni remains throughout
the year on the apple ; the stem-mothers of A. avenae give rise to
nymphs the majority of which develop wings and migrate to other
plants, completely disappearing by the end of May. The damage
caused by A. avenae is so slight that, unless it is accompanied by
other species, its presence may be completely ignored. As A. pomi
and A. sorbi hatch 10 to 14 days after A. avenae, their presence may
be determined by this means; but in districts where A. pomi and A. sorbi
hatch too late for a dormant spray of lime-sulphur and nicotine to

31

be applied with safety, the question of their presence must depend
on the determination of adults in the autumn.

The insects used for the experiments were kept out of doors and
exposed to all changes of weather. A. avenae was sprayed on 7th
December, 9th January, 10th February, and 1st, 10th and 21st
March ; A. pomi on 18th February, 3rd, 12th and 21st March.
Sprays cannot be applied with safety after the buds show green.
A list of the many insecticides tested is given with comparative tables
of the results obtained ; from these it is evident that concentrated
liquid lime-sulphur (1-9) is superior to all other sprays when used at
their respective recommended strengths and killed 92 to 94% of all
the eggs of A. avenae and 89 to 96% of all those of A. pomi. Used at
a strength of 1-6 it is slightly more efficacious, but does not even then
effect a complete destruction. The addition of 1 gm. per 100 cc. of casein
lime, composed of 50% casein (lactic) and 50% hydrated lime, greatly
increased the effectiveness of this spray. Dry lime-sulphur is less
effective. At a strength of 15 lb. to 50 U.S. gals, only 78%, of the
eggs of A. avenae were killed. Used as a dust it proved even less
effective. Barium sulphur at the rate of 15 lb. to 50 U.S. gals, was
somewhat superior to coarse dry lime-sulphur, but very inferior to
concentrated liquid lime-sulphur. The most effective spray after
concentrated liquid lime-sulphur was sodium-sulphur (commercially
known as soluble sulphur, and largely consisting of sodium poly-
sulphide) at the rate of 15 lb. to 50 U.S. gals. The addition of nicotine
(1-500) increased the efficacy of all sprays. A combination of fish
oil soap (1 gm. per 50 cc.) and nicotine (1-500) killed 99 per cent, of the
eggs of A. avenae when applied on 21st March, but was decidedly
less effective when applied earlier. Nicotine (1-500) added to sodium
sulpho-carbonate (1-9) gave almost complete control and may prove
as effective as concentrated liquid lime-sulphur, though further observa-
tions are necessary, as its effect upon the plants is not known. The
addition of ordinary laundry soap at the rate of 1 gm. per 200 cc. to
sodium sulpho-carbonate apparently made no difference, whereas
the addition of fish oil soap in the var}ang strengths of 1 gm.-50 cc,
1 gm.-lOO cc, and 1 gm.-200 cc, materially reduced its efficacy. Other
insecticides tested included hydrated lime, the toxicity of which never
exceeded 81 per cent. This was slightly increased by the addition
of casein-lime. Experiments with the miscible oil, " scalecide,"
were not successful.

The most important reaction of all insecticides is their toxic effect
on the embryo. The period of maximum susceptibility of the eggs
is when they commence to hatch. Contrary to previous experiment*
[loc. ciL], the susceptibility of the eggs of A. avenae and A. pomi to
various sprays are approximately the same.

Crosby (C. R.) & Leonard (M. D,). An injurious Leaf-miner of
the Honeysuckle. — Jl. Econ. Entom. Concord, N.H., xii, no. 5,
October 1919, pp. 389-392, 6 figs.

A serious outbreak of Phyllorycter (LithocoUetis) fragilella, Frey
& Boll, was noticed in 1917 in New York State on Belgica honey-
suckle. The damage caused necessitated the substitution of hard
wood instead of green-cuttings for propagation.

32

All the stages of this moth are described. The eggs are laid singly
on the underside of the leaves. The emerging larva forms a linear
mine which gradually widens and extends along a vein for about
I of an inch, after which it enlarges into a blotch about | an inch in
diameter. As a rule there is only one larva in each mine, though
there may be several mines in one leaf. In the penultimate stage
the larva lines the mine with silk and folds the leaf and puckers the
surface of the mine. At this time it eats holes in the upper paren-
chjTua around the edges of the mine, and these may be seen as a
series of pale spots. This process continues in the last stage, during
which the leaf is frequently doubled over. The cocoon in which
pupation occurs is attached closely to the upper lining of the mine
and loosely to the lower. When about to emerge, the pupa works its
way partly out of the mine. All stages were present on plants out
of doors on 26th August.

MosHER (E.). Notes on the Pupae of the European Corn Borer,
Pyraiista mihihlis, and the closely related Species, P. jjenitalis.—
Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 5, October 1919, pp. 387 -
389., 6 figs.

The pupae of the closely related moths, Pymusta nuhilalis and
P. penitalis, are more easily distinguished than the larvae. The chief
points of differentiation are therefore here described and illustrated
in detail.

Fink (D. E.). Hibernating Habits of two Species of Ladybirds.—

Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 5, October 1919, pp. 393-
395, 1 plate.

During late autumn, although Aphids were still present on spinach,
kale and cabbage, Megilla macidata, De G., was noticed seeking shelter
elsewhere. The beetles were apparently attracted by different species
of trees, as colonies were found hib^nating on pine oak {Querciis
fcdustris), hard maple {Acer saccharum), red mulberry {Morus rubra)
and red cedar {Juniferus virginiana). The beetles arrive singly
and in couples, settling on the ground at the base of the tree, after-
wards crawling up the trunk and seeking shelter in cracks and crevices
of the bark. At first groups may be found all over the tree, but as the
frost increases only the areas facing the south and east are occupied.
At no time during the winter are the beetles entirely dormant. In
the early spring they migrate from the trees to the surrounding
fields.

Many theories have been propounded concerning the return of
CoccinelUd beetles in successive years to the same trees. In view of
various experiments here described it is concluded that hibernation on
the same trees is purely accidental. The hibernating habits of
Ejpilachna borecdis, F., a pest of watermelons, are very similar to those of
Megdla macidaia. They differ only in that E. borealis does not utilise
the same trees each year. This may be accounted for by the fact
that their food-plants are often shifted, crop rotation being a common
practice in watermelon culture.

Wellhouse (W. H.). Xanthoma villosula. Melsh,, injuring Forest
Trees (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). — Jl. Econ. Enfom., Concord,
N.H., xii, no. 5, October 1919, pp. 396-397.

During the smnmcr of 1918 the Chrysomelid beetle, Xanthoma
villosula, Melsh., was found causing serious damage in forests near
Ithaca. Small trees with foliage near the ground were nearly defoliated
and larger trees had most of the leaves perforated by the characteristic
chain of small holes. Hornbeam {Carpinus caroliniana) and ironwood
(Ostrya virginiana) were the trees chiefly attacked.

The adults were found feeding from 27th June to 2nd Augast.
They drop cpiickly to the ground when disturbed and may readily
be beaten down into a net. The eggs are laid in moist earth below
the surface of the ground, as many as 19 having been found glued
together in a mass. The larvae have not yet been found, but probably
feed upon roots of plants.

De Ong (E. R.). An Imported Feeder on Stored Peanuts.— J/. Econ.
Enfom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 5, October 1919, pp. 407.

A moth, resembling Ephestia kuhniella, and subsequently identified
as Aphomia {Paralipsa, Melissoblaptes) gularis, Z., has been found
infesting peanuts imported into the United States from China. In bags
that were piled about ten deep, only the two or three upper layers
appear to have been infested. Pupation occurred in the sacks or
on the walls and ceiling of the store. Caterpillars that pupated in
October emerged in the laboratory in the firot part of April. This
is apparently the first record of this Galleriid moth in the United States.

Frost (S. W.). The imported Red Spider {Paratetranychiis pilosus,
Can. & Fanz.) attacking Apple Foliage. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Con-
cord, N.H., xii, no. 5, October 1919, pp. 407-408.
The red spider, Paratetranyclms jiilosus, Can. & Fanz., is recorded
for the first time in the United States ;* it has been found on apple,
sour cherry, pear, peach, hawthorn, mountain ash, rose and European
plum in Canada and on apple in Pennsylvania. The plum seems to
be its preferred food-plant.

Felt (E. P.). European Corn Borer [Pyrausta nidyilalis, Hubn.). —
JL Econ. Entom., Concord, N. H., xii, no. 5, October 1919, p. 408.

Attention is drawn to the discovery of Pyrausta nnhlialis, Hb.,
in Erie County, an area that is three hundred miles west of any other
known infestation. This suggests the possibility of the moths having
been carried by railway trains. In certain areas of New York State
only one generation of the pest is predicted for 1920.

Blackman (M. W.). Notes on Several Species of Pityophthonis
breeding in the Limbs and Twigs of White Pine. — Psyche, Boston,
Mass., xxvi, no. 5, October 1919, pp. 134-142. 3 plates.
Pityophthonis cariniceps, Lee, is a large Scolytid found in spruce

and white pine in the eastern States. Observations were made on

*[ll has h 'en reported previously from New Jersey {R.A.E., A, iii,
5UG). — El).]

(033) g

^4

adults starting burrows on 24th April in small, storm-broken limbs
and twigs of white pine, nearly always beginning near the axil of a
smaller branch. The male invariably started the burrow. One
burrow examined 9 days after its commencement was found to have
already three egg-galleries radiating from the nuptial chamber, with
eggs in the niches along each side. Adults of a second generation
emerged in the following month and were numerous in early July.
It is therefore evident that several generations may occur during a
single season, and it seems probable that two generations a year are
usual in central New York. This however depends largely upon
temperature and moisture conditions, in cool, shady situations only
1 or 1| generations being produced in a season. The brood burrows
are excavated almost entirely in the sap-wood, though the larvae at
j&rst feed chiefly on the bark.

P. canadensis, Swaine, was taken in New York State on 20th June,
from white pine. This species both in appearance and type of injury
closely resembles P. cariniceps. P. granulatus, Swaine, is commonly
found in thin-barked white pine in central New York, especially in
small, suppressed trees. The burrows are unusually long and fine, and
can be distinguished by their being full of frass. It is probable that
one generation occurs in a year. Since the species almost always
attacks dying trees it can scarely be considered injurious. P. nudns,
Swaine, breeds in white spruce and is very similar in structure and
habits to P. granulatus, with which it is frequently associated. The
galleries, however, are shorter. P. puberulus, Lee, found in the
eastern portion of the United States and Canada, breeds in pine
and balsam fir. Small terminal twigs of diseased trees, or limbs
freshly broken from the trees, are attacked for preference. This
species eats out the imier bark and a good deal of the wood, sometimes
continuing the burrow into the pith. It is peculiar in that it makes
no effort to avoid any pitch it encounters, but on the contrary devours
it, apparently with rehsh. It also rarely attacks perfectly healthy
twigs and is therefore not nearly so injurious as it would otherwise be.

Other beetles found in company of the above-named, chiefly in
suppressed or d}'ing trees, include Pilyogenes hopkinsi, Swaine,
Chrysobothris femorata, F., C. dentipes, Germ., Pogonocherus niixtus,
Hald., Leptostylus sexguttatus, Say, the Clerid, Phyllobaemis dislocatus,
Say, and, in the case of Pityophthorus granulatus, a predator, Hypo-
phloeus tenuis, Lee. Cocoons of a small Hymenopterous parasite have
been also found at the ends of the larval burrows of P. granulatus,
but have not been reared.

Notes in connexion with Insect Pests. — Repf. Ayric. Dept., British
Virgin Islands 1918-1919, Barbados, 1919, pp. 7-8. [Received
27th November, 1919.]

As certain cotton pests, and notably Eriophyes gossypii (leaf-blister
mite), are responsible for a great reduction in the cotton crop, serious
consideration has been given to the question of introducing legislation
to enforce a close time for cotton, that is, a period when no hviug
cotton plants would be allowed to exist. It was decided to postpouB
the introduction of legislation and attempt to attain this object by
voluntary co-operation, but probably recourse will have to be made

3'V

to legislation in the near future. Alabama airjiUucea (cotton worm
appeared in large numbers late in the season. Little is done by the
peasants to check the pest. Tlie "Jack Spaniard" wasp [Pofistes],
which is a valuable enemy ot the cotton worm, has not been seen
in Tortola since the cyclone of 191G.

A large Longicom beetle, Batocera rubus,v:a,ii introduced into Tortola
about 1914, ])robably from the eastern tropics, and has attacked and
killed nearly all the native fig-trees. It will attack almost any plant
having a thick bark or possessing laticiferous vessels. Diaprepes
abbreviat'us was not quite as abundant as in some seasons ; this weevil
is a serious pest of citrus and bay trees and also attacks many useful
and ornamental plants, including cassava and Andira inermis. A
bird, Tyranniis dominicensis, feeds on the adults to some extent. The
sweet potato caterpillar, Protoparce cingulata, was abundant late in
the year in several districts ; few measures are taken against this
pest, though domestic fowls eat numbers of the larvae.

Ross (W. A.). Aphids injurious to Fruit Trees in Ontario. — Ontario
Fruit Growers' Assoc, 50th Ann. Rept. 1918, Toronto, 1919,
pp. 19-20.

A brief and popular account is given of the chief injurious Aphids
in Ontario including the green apple aphis [Aphis pomi], rosy apple
aphis [A. sorbi^, oat aphis [Siphonaphis padi], woolly aphis [Eriosoma
lanigerum], black cherry aphis [Myz^(s cerasi] and the mealy plum
aphis [Hyalopterus arundinis]. The life-histories of these species
are briefly described and the usual remedial measures for them are
discussed.

Froggatt (W.W.) a new Species of Wax Scale (Ceroplastes murrayi)
from New Guinea. — Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Sydney, xliv,
part 2, no. 174, 2nd October 1919, pp. 439-440, 1 plate.

Ceroplastes murrayi, sp. n. (wild mango wax scale), of which all
stages are described, has been found in abundance on branches of wild
mango in the forest of British New Guinea.

Chimenti (E.). La Cochenille du Figuier en Calabre.— 5i/W.

bimens. Off. Gouv. Gen. Alger., Paris, xxv, no. 10, 15th October
1919, p. 159.

The fig scale [Lepidosaphes ficus] does con'^iderable damage in
Italy by sucking the sap of fig trees and secreting a sticky substance
that gives rise to a sooty fungus on the leaves, branches and flowers,
greatly inhibiting their development. The natural enemies of this
scale, which include predaceous Coleoptera, are not in themselves
sufficient to etlect control. A hme-sulphur mixture of 13 gals, of
water and 10 lb. of Cjuick lime, to which 20 lb. of sifted sulphur have
been added and the whole continually stirred and boiled for one
hour, is the best spray against the young larvae in May. This should
be diluted at the rate of 4 to 8 parts to 100 of water and applied in
the spring and summer at intervals of about a fortnight.

?AiLLOT (A.)- La Karyokinetose ; Fails nouveaux et Considerations
g6n6ra!es. -C.7?. hebdom. Acad. Sri., Pam, clxix, no. 17, 27th
October 1919, pp. 740-742.

Karyokinetosis, a reaction of immunity, has been noticed in addi-
tional species [R.A.E. A, vii, 486] especially in Lepidopterous pests
of cabbages belonging to the genus Mamestra. All entomophytous
organisms experimented with gave the same result, even the most
pathogenic coccobacilli such . as Bacillus melohnthae Uquefacicns a ,
and B. lymantriae adiposus.

Karyokinetosis may be considered to be a direct microbic reaction
on the nucleocytes of the blood and is a phenomenon independent
of phagocytosis. It has not been actually observed in the cockchafer
[MeloJmitha] and its larvae or the caterpillars of Vanessa urticae,
Eriogaster lanestris, Pieris brassicae and P. rajxte. Phagocytosis
is more or less active in these species, especially in respect of certain
microbes such as Bacillus liparis ; in spite of this, mortality is con-
siderable amongst inoculated caterpillars. In caterpillars of greater
resistance, such as Lymantria dispar, immunity is incomplete. Certain
caterpillars iiicluding those belonging to the genus Lymantria proved
absolutely immune to a Coccobacillus isolated from a cockchafer,
although this organism is no more phagocytised than is B. liparis. It
also gives rise to more intense karyokinetosis than any other organism.

DE Faria (D.). Os Inimigos dos nossos Livros. [Enemies ^f our
Books.]— Servigo Sanit. do Estado de Sao Paulo, S. Paulo, N.S.
no. 4, 1919, 40 pp., 5 plates.

This paper describes measures against insects that destroy books
in the Brazilian State of S. Paulo. The only Coleoptera are two
Anobiids, Catorama Jierharium and Dorcatoma hihliopTiagum brasiliense.
The damage they do is very extensive, Lepisma and other book pests
being of little importance. D. kibliophagum appears to be exclusively
a book pest, while C. herbccrium attacks furniture and other woods
as well. They are crepuscular or nocturnal in habit and in hot summer
evenings have been seen at nightfall to issue from books and go to
the windows. The eggs are laid on the binding or on the edges of the
leaves. The larvae hatch in 5-6 days and burrow in search of pasted
portions ; when their mandibles become stronger they begin to feed on
the binding and continue to do so until the pupal stage. They then
return to the external surface, which in the case of books on library
shelves is the backs. Here they increase the size of the mine and cover
it with a roof of excreta and paper. The adult emerges through a
hole in the thin wall of the chamber and the perforations seen on
the backs of books are these exit-holes. These may subsequently
be used for oviposition, though the primary infestation is due to
larvae that have hatched on the surface of the books into which
they burrow through minute holes. As a general rule the develop-
ment of these beetles in S. Paulo takes place from October to December.
Different stages occur at the same time. Eggs have not been found,
nor was the act of oviposition observed.

To be effective against these beetles an insecticide must destroy
all stages from egg to adult, and sulphurous anhydride is recommended
for this purpose. The pressure necessary for all parts of the books to

^7

be niisijifoctcd is attaiiiod wluui the luiiii^aiioji, (■lianilxT coniaius
12 por cent, of the gas as measured by a densitouiel-i^r placed in the
uppermost zone. Fumigation must be continued for 30 minutes
at 12 per cent, strength, and a longer period is unnecessary. The
books must first be removed from their shelves and their leaves separ-
ated ; they must be brushed and then replaced in such a manner
as to allow the gas free access to all portions. To facilitate this an
apparatus is reconunended by means of which a book may be slung
on wires from the top and bottom of its back, which is then upper-
most. To prevent discolouration of the pages a very necessary pre-
caution must be taken before fumigating books standing on shelves.
This consists in covering the top of the book with a sheet of paper
projecting on all sides. Sulphurous anhydride must not be used for
very damp books or rooms, since in the presence of water it produces
sulphuric acid, which is destructive to paper.

Staeger (R.). Aus dem Leben der Larve von Pontania vesicator,
Bremi. [Notes on the Larva of Pontania vesicator.'] — Rev.
Suisse ZooL, Geneva, xxvii, no. 9, October 1919, pp. 333-346.

A description is given of the process of feeding in the galls and the
formation of the cocoons of Pontania vesicator, Bremi, which infests
leaves of Salix daphnoides in the vicinity of Berne. This sawfly
pupates in the ground.

LiCHTENSTEiN (J. L.). Notes biologiques sur les Hym6nopt6res
m6diterran6ens. 2e ^ote. -Bull. Soc. Entom, France, Paris,
1919, no. 15, 8th October 1919, pp. 270-275.

This list includes the Ichneumonids, Xylononius jyropinquus, Tschek.,
the presence of which in Herault has been confirmed by its being found
in Hesperophayies griseus, F., from fig-trees, and Ischnocerus rusticus,
Fourcr. {flicornis, Kriechb.), which has been recorded from various
Cerambycid hosts and which the author has bred from larvae of Rhagiutn
mordax, DeG. Chalcidids include the Torymid, Philotrypesis caricae,
Hass., found for the first time in France in Ficus carica, L., though
this species may have existed for a long time in wild figs, as does
Blast ophaga psenes, L. Torymus tipulariarum, Zett., is a parasite of
Cecidomyids, found in dipterous galls on willow and in the deforma-
tions caused by Asphondylia verhasci on Verhascum sinuatum. Indi-
viduals from Salix alba were obtained in April and from Verhascum
in October ; perhaps this denotes a change in seasonal occurrence
due to the absence of one of the hosts. T. viridis, Forst., has been
taken in Montpellier from galls of Rhodites eglanteriae, Hart., from
which it emerges in April ; T. artemisiae, Mayr, was taken from galls
of Cecidomyia artemisiae, Lw. ; T. viridissimus. Boh., was bred from
oak-galls produced by Bio rrhiza pallida, 01. ; Cleonymus depressus, F.,
emerges in October from branches of nut trees containing larvae of
Gracilia minuta, F. ; Eupelmella degeeri, Dalm., has a number of
hosts and was taken in Montpellier from larvae of a Trypetid
{Myopites 1) ; Pseudocatolaccus asphondyliae, Masi, was taken in
October from flowers of Verbascum deformed by Asphondylia verbasci,
Vallot ; and Stenomesius rufescens (Rossi) Th., is parasitic upon
flemerophila (Simaethis) nemorana, Hb., in fig-trees.

38

Degrully (L.). Centre la Cochylis et VEud^mls —Progres Agric.
Vitk., Moptpellkr, Ixxi, no. 7, 16th February 1919, pp. 146-149,
10 figs. [Received 4th December 19lU]

The usual treatments against Clysia anihigudla and Polychrosis
hotrava are reviewed, and descriptions are given with illustrations of
suitable implements for the various processes advocated for scraping,
brushing, etc. of the bark.

EoNET.(J.). Centre la Cochylis, TOidium, etc. Le Chaulage des
Grappes, etc.—Progres. Agric Vitic, Montpellier, Ixxi, no. 9,
2nd March 1919, pp. 200-202. [Received 4th December 1919.]

The dates for dusting with quick lime against the vine moths [Clysia
amhigueUa and Polychrosis hotrana] [R.A.E., A, vii, 46] should be
regulated by those of emergence of the young larvae in the district
under observation.

Owing to the abundance of Sparganothis pilleriana, 1 lb. of lead
arsenate dissolved in water was added to every 9 gals, of Bordeaux
mixture used for spring spra^ang. This treatment was repeated at an
interval of ten days, after which no larvae were seen and no scorching
was noticed.

Degrully (L.). Traitements insecticides de Printemps : Altise,
Cigarier, Pyrale, Cochylis, Eud^mis.— Progres Acjric. Vitic,
Montpellier, Ixxi, no, 13, 30th March 1919, pp. 292-295.

The principal insecticides in common use against vine pests are
reviewed and formulae given for their preparation.

Bertrand (Ct). Sur la haute Toxicity de la Chloropicrine vis-a-vis
de certains Animaux inf^rieurs et sur la Possibility d'Emploi
de cette Substance comme Parasiticide.— Pro^f res Agric. Vitic,
Montpellier, Ixxi, no. 16, 20th April 1919, pp. 376-378.
[Received 4th December 1919.]

The larvae of Sparganothis pilleriana, Polychrosis hotrana, the
poplar sawfly and Aphids on Japanese spindlewood [Enonymus']
were used in the experiments here described. From 10 to 20 parts
per 1000 of chloropicrin were found sufficient to kill all larvae and
Aphids after an exposure of from 5 to 10 minutes. Used at half this
strength it proved equally efifective against the larvae, all of which
died within 24 to 48 hours after exposure.

TiiERY (A.). Un Ennemi de la Vigne au Maroc. — Progres Agric
Vitic, Montpellier, Ixxi, no. 23, 3rd June 1919, pp. 544-545,
2 figs. [Received 4th December 1919.]

The Longicorn, Cyrtognathus fornicatiis, L., has been recorded as
attacking vines in Morocco during 1918. The injury is caused by
the larvae attacking the roots two or three inches below the surface
of the ground, and they are able to cut through vines of a diameter
of ? to I of an inch. The adults appear in July, but are seldom seen.
The native food-plant of this beetle is a dwarf palm, and it probably
{ittacks vines only when there is a scarcity of this plant.

As the larvae live for several years, infestation can only be prevented
by planting vines at a distance from these palms, or in cases where
this is impossible careful and systematic collection of the larvae
should be made.

The distribution of this beetle is not well known, but in the localitv
in question it is found in very light sandy soil and only in the vicinity
of palms.

CouLANGEs (— ). Les Enneniis des Plantations de Tabacs indigenes.—
Progres Agric. Vitic, MontpelUer, Ixxi, no. 21, 25th May 1919,
pp. 491-493. [Received 4th December 1919.]

The pests of tobacco plants include wireworms, which are success-
fully kept iii check by the use of baits consisting of potato scraps ;
mole-crickets [Gryllotalpa sp.], which may be destroyed by pouring
oil suspended in water into their galleries ; and Noctuid caterpillar.^,
the ravages of which can only be prevented by hardening the ground,
various methods of which are suggested.

Rives (L.). Observations sur les Moeurs de la Pyrals du Mais et
ses Degats dans le Pays Toulousan. -Pjv»r//-e5 Agric. Vitic,
MontpelUer Ixxi, no. 26, 29th June 1919, pp. GlO-611. [Received
4th December 1919.]

Pgrausta {Botgs) nubilaUs has been very destructive during the past
two years in the environs of Toulouse. The excessively dry summers
were probably responsible for the increase of this moth in maize fields.
Two generations have been observed in the locahty under review.
The moths of the first generation appear in June. The young cater-
pillars on hatching bore into the stalk. The second generation appears
in August. Hibernation takes place in the larval stage. A Tachinid
parasite infests both generations of the caterpillars and in 1918
destroyed more than 20 per cent, in some districts.

Antoniadis (P.). Recherches sur la Pyrale. -Pro(//-e5 Agric. Vitic.,
MontpelUer, Ixxii, no. 28, 13th July 1919, pp. 31-33. [Received
4th December 1919.]

Recent observations on the vine Pyralid [Sparganothiti pilleriana]
confirm those made previously [R.A.E., A, vi, 140] and show that
the hot water treatment is most efficacious provided it is conscien-
tiously and systematically carried out. On all the branches examined
the only living insects were found where the jet had not penetrated
sufficiently, i.e., the cracks at the junction of the branches with the
main stem or on the under surface of their branches which the water
had not reached directly and had therefore lost its heat.

Chaine (J.). Protection des Plantes contre les Termites, par
Traitement interne.— Pro(//rs Agric ViUc, MontpelUer, Ixxii,
no. 29, 20th July 1919, pp. 61-67. [Received 4th December
1919.]

An account is given of experiments that were interrupted by the
War and which have led to no very definite conclusions. In Lower
Charente all kinds of vegetation are liable to attack by termites

'46

some of them being regularly infested, such as young elms and
pelargoniums, and others only occasionally. Both the upper and
underground portions of the plants are attacked and even the fruits.
Generally it is the underground portions only that sufier, but if the
branches are weakened or damaged in any way infestation frequently
occurs in such spots.

After many preliminary trials with plants in pots, four substances
were selected for trial upon trees ; these were mercury bichloride and
sea-salt, potassium ferricyanide, potassium ferrocyanide and sodium
hyposulphite. These were used in a 3 per cent, solution of the liquids
applied in the preliminary trials. A trench was dug round each tree
large enough to take 40 to 60 gals, of water in which 3 per cent, of one
of the solutions had previously been mixed. This application was
repeated two or three times at two days' interval ; the hole was then
filled up. ' In 1911 a spring and autumn treatment was given, in
1912 a winter treatment was added. The results showed that at
least two years' treatment was necessary to make any very appreciable
difference to the trees. The sodium hyposulphite proved useless,
the trees showing no change after treatment. After two years, trees
treated with bichloride of mercury or ferrocyanide of potassium showed
no trace of termites ; those treated with ferricyanide of potassium
showed a decided improvement in their general condition.

Another series of experiments was conducted with plants used for
food, such as potatoes, oats, etc., the same solutions at suitable strength
being used and applied to the soil only, never to the leaves. As
many as ten applications were made, and about 10 days after the
last one the plants were taken up and chemically examined. The
results of this analysis on potatoes, oats and wallflowers are given
and also of a similar experiment with cabbage, beans and potatoes.
The plants thus analysed showed distinct traces of the substances
with which they had been treated; their vitality with regard to
germination was, however, in no way impaired. Cabbages treated
with each of the three solutions were after 4 days given to rabbits
which had previously been fasting for 12 hours, apparently without
any harmful results. These experiments would have been continued
in the field during 1914 if the War had not intervened.

RoEPKE (W.). Het Orchideeen-Blauwtje {Chliaria dendrobii). [The
Orchid Lycaenid, C. dendrobii.] — Teijsmannia, Batavia, xxx,
no. 3, 1919, pp. 115-121, 1 plate.

At the end of 1917 a Lycaenid caterpillar was observed destroying
the flowers of an orchid, Dendrobium jjhalaenopsis, and it is here
described as Chliaria dendrobii, sp. n. These butterflies are often
seen near orchids on the flower-clusters and stalks of which the eggs
are laid, the buds of SjMthoglotti^ being especially preferred.
The young caterpillars immediately bore into the buds and feed in
the interior. The open flowers of Spathogloltis seem unsuitable and
the majoritv of young caterpillars found in them perish. The orchids
attacked include Dendrobimn spp., Phalaenop.sis spp., and Arimdina
spp. To combat this pest the captur*^ of the adults is advised, or the
eggs may be collected from the plants.

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
ttieir publications witli those of the Bureau, are requested to com-
municate with the Assistant Director.

The annual Subscription in advance to the Review, Series A
(Agricultural) is 12s. per annum, post free ; Series B (Medical and
Veterinary), 6s. per annum.

Orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 88, Queen's Gate, London,
S.W.7, or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

America, North : Notes on the Classification of Aphids . . . . s

Australia: Experiments with Sprays against Oi/timj'omowcWo .. "

Australia : Notes on a Lantana Fly in N.S.W. . . . . . . 7

Australia : Weevils infesting Stored Wheat 2 i

Australia : A New Species of Bioxa found in Termite Galleries . . 25

Brazil ; Insects destructive to Books . . . . . . . . 'Si\

Canada ; Insect Pests in Ontario and Quebec in 1918 . . 1, 2, 3, .".

Canada : The Establishment of Oompsilura eondnnata . . . . ;■

Canada : Measures against Pkorbia brassicae . . . . . . i

Canada : The Use of Aeroplanes in Entomological Work , , , . i ■

Canada: Aphids injurious to Fruit Trees in Ontario .. .. :>.^

Ceylon : A Re -description of the Tea, Tortrix . . . . . . IV

Fiji : Pests of Sugar-cane . . . . . , , . . . , . 2 ':

Finland : Measures against MeUgethes aeneus infesting Crucifer.s . , .>

France : An Outbreak of the Brown-tail Moth near Paris , . , . (;

France : Experiments with Bacteria on Lepidopterous Larvae . . 30

France : Notes on parasitic and other Hymenoptera . . . . 37

France : Measures against Vine Pests . . , . . . . . 38, Si*

France : Notes on Tobacco Pests . . . . . . . . . . 30

France : An Outbreak of Pyrcmsta nuhilalis , . . . . . 30

France : Measures against Termites . . , . . . . . 30

Gold Coast: Insect Pests in 1918 . . , . . . . , . , 0

Hawaii: Leafhopper Investigations.. .. .. .. .. 1.'

Hawaii : Insect Pests intercepted in Quarantine . . . . . . 22

India : Notes on Cotton Pests , . . . , . . , , . 7

India : New Forest Coleoptera . . . . . . . , 10

India : New Parasitic Hymenoptera . . , . . . . . . . 10

Italy : Measures against the Fig Scale . . . . . . . . ?>:>

Japan : Notes on New Aphids . . , . , . . . . . l!

Japan: C;Vf^^» woZesf a infesting Pears, and its Control .. .. 2?

Japan : Natural Enemies of Silkworms . . . . . . . . 2 !

Java : A New Lygaeid Bug found among Stored Rice , . . . 2 s

Java: A New Butterfly infesting Orchids .... 40

Morocco : A Longicom Beetle infesting Vineyards 3;>

New Guinea : A New Scale Insect infesting Mango 31

Siberia : New Bark Beetles 3 ' »

SwTEDEN : The Bionomics of Miris dolahratus infesting \^eit ai^ , . n

Switzerland: Winter Work against Orchard Pests .. .. 2;

Switzerland : Notes on the Larva of Pontcmia vesiccxof . , . . 37

Trinidad : New Species of Opius . . . . . . . . . . 11

L^.S.A. : Measures against Wireworms in South Carolina . . . . a

U.S.A.; Notes on ^Ho.7rap<a./racto in California ,. .. •• •'>

U.S.A.: Cotton Pests in Arizona .. ,. ,. .. .. K'

CONTENTS— con(.

U.S.A. : A New Matsuecocus on Piues in California. .

U.S.A.: New Species of O^it/s . .

U.S.A. : The Importance of Federal Quarantine Measures.

U.S.A. ; Interstate Quarantine against the Alfalfa Weevil .

U.S.A. : Measures against the Alfalfa Weevil in Utah

U.S.A. : The Successful Extermination of Pectinophora gossypiella

in Texas
U.S.A. : Pests intercepted in Quarantine in California
U.S.A. : The Bionomics of Pyrmista penitalis infesting Water-lilies
U.S.A. : Insect Pests in 1917-18 in Kansas . .
U.S.A. : Plant Pest Legislation in Kansas . .
U.S.A.: Garden Pests in Ohio . .
U.S.A. : Tinea cloacella bred from Fungi
U.S.A. : The Hymenopterous Parasites of Kermes
U.S.A. : Legislation against Plant Pests in Colorado
U.S.A. : The Bionomics and Synonomy of the Aphids infesting

Apple
U.S.A. : Insect Pests in 1918 in Alabama , .
U.S.A. : Insect Pests in 1918 in Indiana
U.S.A. : The Bionomics of Galleria mellonella in Texas . .
U.S.A. : Measures against the Gipsy Moth in Massachusetts
U.S.A. : Sprays for Aphis pomi in New York
U.S.A. ; Experiments m destroying Aphid Eggs
U.S.A. : An Injurious Leaf-miner of Honeysuckle . .
U.S.A. ; Notes on the P\ipae of Pyrawsta nubilalis and P. penitalis
U.S.A. : The Hibernation of Cooomellids
U.S.A. : Xanthoma villosula injuring Forest Trees in New York
U.S.A. : An imported Moth infesting Stored Peanuts
U.S.A. : Paratetranychus pilosus attacking Apple Foliage. .
U.S.A. : The Spread of Pyransta nubilalis . .
U.S.A. : Notes on Bark-beetles of the Genus Pityophthorus
West Indies ; Insect Pests in the Virgin Islands m 1918-19
The Economic Importance of Aphids . .
Present Day Problems in Entomology. .
The Transmission of Plant Diseases by Insects
The Early History of Entomology
Notes on Weevils of the Genus Aorus , .
The Adulteration of Insect Powder with Powdered Daisy Flowers .
The Influence of Migration on the Distribution of Insect Pests
A Useful Breeding Cage. ,
Notes on the Classification of Aphids . .
Citrus Fumigation with Liquid Hydrocyanic Acid . ,

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Registered at the G.P.O. for TrMsmtsalon to Canada and Newfoundland by Magazine Post,

VOL. VIII. Sep. A. Part 2»— pp. 41-80. FEBRUARY, 1920.

r t n r>

THE REVIEW

OF APPLIED ^^

ENTOMOLOGY

SERIES a: agricultural.

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF SNTOMOLOaT.

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THE IMPER'AL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,
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IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY

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VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman.
Lieutenant-Ck)lonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Musemn (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Beadford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., P.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Director, British Museum (Natural

History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Hon. E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Austraha.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

]Sldinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Ojfice

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S. , Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, ]Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C. Sperling, C.M.G., Foreign Office.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C, Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

(Bcneral Sccretac^.
Capt. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

2)lrectot anD JEt>ftor.
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

Bssidtant Directoc.
Dr. S. a. Neave.

Head Office, — ^British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W. 7.
Publication Office. — 88, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7.

MAR 17 t92o

41

KicoLLE (C), Blanc (G.) & Caillon (L.)/^feaia^iSar®lfe' Bact6ries
du Groupe Coccobacillus acridioruni (d'H6relIe).— ^rcA. Inst.
Pasteur, Tunis, xi, no. 2, October 1919, pp. 81-93. '

The experiments described in this paper have led to the following
conclusions. The organism of d'Herelle {Coccobacillus acridiomm)
belongs to a group of saprophytic bacteria from which it can be
separated by agglutinating reaction alone, just as this reaction dis-
tinguishes one from another all the other intestinal bacteria of the
same group that have been studied by the authors. Excepting for
the effect of this reaction the original Mexican sample of d'Herelle
has no character specifically distinguishing it from allied Afiican
species. In the case of intestinal contents the method of passage
from insect to insect does not, on re-inoculation, give (regularly, at
least) the microbe that was inoculated, but often yields the ordinary
saprophyte of the intestine of the locust experimented with. The
black diarrhoea of locusts is not specific to inoculation, for it occurred
in uncontaminated individuals. These conclusions do not therefore
prove the efficacy of d'Herelle's method, but on the other hand tliey
do not prove it to be inactive. It is quite possible that under favourable
conditions virulence may be acquired and epizootics caused. It is
also possible that in the Mexican epidemic the causal agent may have
been some other bacterium of the same group or even one of the
invisible micro-organisms which scientific men suggest as a causal
agent in cases that otherwise appear incapable of explanation.

Beguet (M.). Etude des Caract6ristiques des Coceobacilles d'Acridiens
isoI6s en Alg6rie de 1913 a \^\%.^Arch. Inst. Pasteur, Tunis, xi,
no. 2, October 1919, pp. 94-lOG.

The cultural characters and agglutinary reactions of coccobacilli
isolated from excreta of healthy and diseased locusts have been
studied, and it is found that they possess the same general characteristics
as given by d'Herelle for Coccobacillus acridiorum. They form a grou]>
with many common characters and often can be distinguished only
by agglutination. Their virulence is independent of the characters
shown by agglutination or culture. All of them that were passed
through locusts were increased in virulence in the same conditions
as typical C. acridiorum.

Ballou (H. a.). Insect Pests in British Guiana. — Agric. News,
Barbados, xviii, no. 457, 1st November 1919, pp. 346-347.

These notes are taken from the report of Mr. H. W. B. Moore on
sugar-cane pests in 1918, some of those mentioned in the report for
1917 being also dealt with. Castnia licus (large moth borer) was
abundant on certain estates. Large numbers of both adults and
caterpillars were collected by hand. The practice of flooding sugar-
cane plantations is of tw^o kinds : long flooding, when land is kept
under water for from six months to a year, and short flooding, when the
flood is maintained only long enough to kill C. licus and other insect-^.
Fields intended for immediate planting might be flooded ; this would

(646) Wt.P1921/l4t. 1,500. 2.20. B.&F.Ltd. Gil. A

42

kill many of the insects and plant material in the soil and would also
prevent the growth of cane sprouts and other vegetation that would
be Uable to infestation.

The small moth borers continued to be the most injurious pests of
sugar-cane. Diatraea canella is generally the dominant species from
January to September, except during periods of long and severe
drought, when D. saccharalis increases in numbers and D. canella
decreases. It is thought that D. canella is the more vigorous
species and is able to check or prevent the development of D. saccharalis
under normal conditions. While collection of egg-clusters is some
check agaiast D. saccharalis, it is useless against D. canella. The
best method of dealing with the latter species is by repeated, systematic
cutting out of the borers as soon as the stools start to sprout and until
growth is too far advanced. A new small moth borer recorded in 1917
has been identified as Elasmopalpus lignosellus. This has been
numerous on a few estates only, causing severe local damage. It
has made its heaviest attacks only in dry weather, but appears to have
possibihties as a serious pest.

Dyscinetvs hidentatus (small black hard-back) is usually observed
during the rainy season (May to August) ; in 1917 it was particularly
severe and rather less so in 1918. D. geminatus (larger black hard-back)
did severe damage on one estate, the grubs boring into the cane tops
and kilhng large numbers. It is stated that the grubs came from
decaying vegetable matter and rank grasses in the field prior to
planting.

The locust, Schistocerca paranensis, appeared in great numbers in
1917. Many were driven against sheets smeared with molasses and
tar and others into a canal ; miUions of eggs were also collected.

.Froghoppers occurred only on certain widely separated estates.
It is remarked in connection with this pest that while direct methods
of control are undoubtedly beneficial, it is of the utmost importance,
particularly during the rainy season, that clay soils should be kept
open so that they do not become cold and water-logged ; the
formation of an environment that will produce healthy and vigorous
cane by this means is the best safeguard against attack.

Headlee (T. J.). Reports of the Department of Entomology, 1916

and 1917. — New Jersey Agric. Exjpt. Sta., New Brunswick,
NJ., 1917, pp. 465-511, 4 plates, 3 figs., & 1918, pp. 425-479,
1 plate. [Received 2nd December 1919.]

The insects dealt with include Malacosoma americana, Harr., which
was present to some extent throughout the State in 1917, but was
most injurious in the north-eastern section. Anisota senatoria,
S. & A. (oak worm) was abundant on scrub oak in scattered locahties
in the autumn of 1917 ; birch was apparently the only other tree
attacked.

Aphids were abundant on vegetables, the most injurious species
being Myzus persicae, Sulz. (green peach aphis) on cabbage, potato,
tomato, and egg-plant, and Aphis pseudobrassicae on beans. The
last-named had not previously been taken in New Jersey, but evidence
indicates that it has occurred undetected for some years. The remedie

43

advocated against it in an earlier paper [R.A.E., A, iv, 440] are quoted.
Experiments in a badly-infested turnip field showed that an orchard
sprayer used an excessive amount of spray material. An apparatus
was therefore devised which could be attached to a traction sprayer
for lifting the foliage in such a manner as to expose the underside of
the turnip leaves to the mist delivered by the nozzles of a potato
sprayer. Maintenance of high pressure is essential to success with
this apparatus.

Many experiments have been concerned with the most injurious
orchard Aphids, the results of which have been discussed elsewhere
[R.A.E., A, viii, 30]. During 1918, no serious harm was done by any
of these species in orchards that were properly sprayed.

The plum curculio [Conotrachelus nenuphar] was more seriously
injurious than at any time during the previous five years, the infestation
showing conclusively that the mere following out of a spraying schedule
is not sufficient protection against this pest. Clean cultivation early
in the season, followed by a cover crop not producing a dense sod,
the removal of stumps and the clearing of overgrown hedges will
destroy the hibernating quarters of this weevil and greatly reduce its
numbers. The potato flea-beetle [Epitrix cucumeris], cabbage cater-
pillars and June bugs were all more than usually abundant. The
rose-bug [MacrodactyUts subspinosus] appeared in such numbers
that the self-boiled lime-sulphur spray recently used against it in
apple orchards was in 1917 extended to grape, peach and cherry with
satisfactory results. The three tussock moths, Hemerocampa leucos-
tigrna, S. & A., Halisidota caryae, Harr., and H. tessellaris, S. & A.,
attacked the foliage of elm, maple and other shade trees to an alarming
extent from August to October.

In greenhouses Diarthronomyia hypogaea (chrysanthemum midge)
was found to have become estabhshed in many locaUties. The
small brown leaf-beetle, Typophorus canellus, F., var. quadrinotatus,
Say, was discovered riddling the foUage of roses under glass. Fumiga-
tion with hydrocyanic acid gas nearly exterminated it in August,
but it reappeared in October.

One of the most important developments was the discovery of a
serious infestation of Popillia japonica, recently introduced from Japan.
It is expected that the State Department of Agriculture will undertake
a campaign for the eradication of this pest [R.A.E., A, vii, 511].
Trioza alacris, a European PsylHd introduced into New Jersey,
apparently from Belgium, several years previously, attacks the foliage
of bay trees both under glass and in the open. There are two
generations in the field during the summer, the eggs being laid on the
underside of the leaves near the margins. Hibernation occurs on the
tree in the adult stage, the insects again becoming active when the
trees are removed from cold storage and placed outside. Fumigation
with hydrocyanic acid gas or tobacco during the winter destroys
the insects. " The infestation of Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa described in
the report for 1915 [R.A.E., A, v, 322] is still present, but does not
seem to have extended. The nests are searched for and destroyed
during June and July. The importance of scouting operations as
a means of preventing such infestations is emphasised.

Experiments have been undertaken to determine the effect of
atmospheric humidity on the Angoumois grain moth.[S itotroga cerealella]

(G4G)

a2

44

and the bean weevil [Bruchus obtectus]. The results of the work of
1916 and 1917 show that for both of these widely different pests an
increase in atmospheric humidity means an increase in the rate of
metabolismas measured by the length of the life-cycle. The optimum
percentage of atmospheric humidity is the highest that will not
encourage a heavy growth of fungi. An atmospheric humidity of
100 per cent, destroys by encouraging the growth of fungi, while low
atmospheric moisture destroys directly, probably by the abstraction
of water. The egg-stage, at least in the case of the bean Bruchid^
is most sensitive to the efEect of low atmospheric humidity, though
all stages are unfavourably affected. It is thought that this fact
might be utilised against certain other species of insects infesting stored
grain.

The study of remedial measures against the pear psylla [Psylla
jpyricola] [ R.A.E., A, v, 321] has been continued and extended on
a,ccount of the contradictory results reported by growers. Experience
indicates that while the numbers destroyed by the treatments at
present advocated may be sufficient to prevent staining of the fruit,
damage is likely to occur to the fohage and under certain conditions
to the fruit also. It is possible that spraying just before the blossoms
open with commercial lime-sulphur (1 to 9), to which nicotine has been
added at the rate of | pint to 50 U.S. gals., would destroy both the
eggs and surviving adults and thus form an efficient remedy. What
effect this mixture would have on the opening blossoms is not known.
Work on the control of the strawberry weevil [Anthonomus signatus]
has been previously described [R.A.E., A, vii, 256].

Bean seeds have been mined before the plants were above ground
by a maggot, presumably the seed corn maggot, Pegomyia fusciceps,
Zett. An early spring generation of flies oviposits in the soil upon
or near the bean seed, and the larvae enter the seed and destroy it.
Experiments described in this report indicate the value of a continuous,
wide band of tarred sand or a strip of tarred paper around the plots.

Some study has been made of the use of hydrocyanic acid gas for
greenhouse fumigation. It is recognised that its use is greatly limited
by fear of damaging the plants and that the dosage or time of exposure
or both should vary with the species of plant and its state of develop-
ment, the construction of the house, and possibly with temperature
and moisture. The variation in results in different houses lies
primarily in the distribution and density of the gas atmosphere,
and some way of determining tliis density must be devised before
much progress with fumigation can be made. An apparatus for this
purpose is described. The evidence gathered from the tests indicated
that the gas reached its maximum general concentration within eight
minutes or less of the time when fumigation began. There was first
a swift up-rush of the gas that produced a heavy concentration entirely
above the plants ; the gas then distributed outwards and downwards
until the maximum general concentration was reached. After that
concentration gradually decreased until it fell below the minimum
dosage for insects. Irregularities in distribution occurred which are
at present without adequate explanation, and such irregularities may
be sufficient to damage the plants if concentration is markedly greater,
or to fail to kill the insects if the converse occurs. These irregularities
may be partly overcome by increasing the number of generators.

45

Peterson (A.). Peach Tree Borer. Some Experiments on the Adults
and Eggs and other Notes. — Rept. Dept. Entom. J917, New Jersey
Agric. Expt. Sta., New Brunswick, N. J., 1918, pp. 449-463, 1 plate.
[Received 2nd December 1919.]

Observations are recorded on the peach-tree borer [Aegeria exitiosa]
during the summer of 1917, a series of experiments having been con-
ducted under two large screen cages in a severely infested orchard.
As the adult moths were never seen to feed or to show any desire for
food, the use of poison -baits or sprays against this stage is evidently
useless. The results of the experiments were largely negative as far
as remedial measures are concerned. Certain chemicals had a
partially repellent effect on the female while ovipositing, and certain
sprays resulted in partial destruction of the eggs. Various chemical and
mechanical tree protectors are now being tested, but their value is not
yet determined. In the author's opinion the question of controlling
A. exitiosa will be solved by a mechanical or chemical barrier that
will kill the larva or otherwise prevent it from entering the tree.
It is not considered advisable to attempt to kill the larva once it has
done so.

Peterson (A.). Soil-infesting Insect Investigations. — Rejyt. Depf.
Entom. 1917, Neiv Jersey Agric. Expt. Sta., New Brunswick, N, J.,
1918, pp. 469-479. [Received 2nd December 1919.]

Laboratory and field experiments with sodium cyanide and other
chemicals such as lime-sulphur, sodium sulphocarbonate, pyridine
and a commercial product known as carbol-sul, which is composed of
40 per cent, to 50 per cent, carbon bisulphide, have shown that wire-
worms in the soil can be killed with large quantities of sodium cyanide,
but the amount necessary to ensure efficient control renders the treat-
ment too expensive for ordinary use in the field. A system of crop
rotation designed to meet the problem of wireworm control has been
worked out and will be tested during the coming season.

Peterson (A.). Some Studies on the Eggs of Important Apple Plant
Lice. — New Jersey Agric. Expt. Sta., New Brunswick, Bull. 332,
[n.d.] 63 pp., 2 plates. [Received 2nd December 1919.]

Recent investigations on the structure, behaviour and susceptibility
of the eggs of Aphis avenae, ¥., A. pomi, DeG., and A. sorhi, Kalt.,
in connexion with the results obtained in 1916-17 [R.A.E.,k,Vi,\10]
are discussed. A morphological study of the eggs of three apple
Aphids, A. avenae, A. pomi and A. sorhi, shows the presence of two
distinct layers in the egg-shell, an outer semi-transparent one that is
soft and glutinous when the egg is deposited, but hardens and becomes
somewhat tough and impervious upon long exposure to weather, and
an inner soft, elastic, membranous, black layer. A third layer, thin
and membranous, may be seen about the nymph when it starts to
.emerge. __This skin is probably the first exuvium, since it is shed by

46

the nympli as it emerges. Under out-of-door conditions the outer
layer of the egg usually splits along the dorso-mesal line a number of
days (2 to 30 or more for A. avenae) before the nymph emerges. So
far as observed under greenhouse conditions, the eggs of all three
species split their outer covering at least a few hours before the pig-
mented layer is severed. In 1918 the first eggs of A. avenae with
split outer coverings were seen on 15th February, and when the first
nymphs emerged, on 21st March, approximately 95 per cent, of the
normal living eggs (45-50 per cent, of the eggs were dead) had split
their outer semi-transparent covering.

These observations on the morphology and behaviour of the egg
coverings show conclusively that the egg is not a hard resistant body,
and that it goes through a critical change previous to the emergence
of the nymph. It is in the midst of this critical period that the egg
is most susceptible to evaporating factors and certain contact
insecticides.

The outer semi-transparent layer of the egg is somewhat impervious
to water ; consequently, the water content of the embryo does not
undergo very much evaporation in moist weather, or in other words,
when low evaporating factors exist, such as high humidity, low
temperature and probably small wind velocity. The outer layer,
however, is not entirely impervious, for extreme drought will cause the
vast majority of the eggs to shrivel and fail to hatch. In other words,
low humidity, high temperature and probably air velocity undoubtedly
bring about a greater evaporation of the water content of the embryo,
and thus destroy the hving form.

,iThe inner pigmented (black) layer of the egg is not an efficient
protector against evaporation. Numerous and varied experiments
in the laboratory and observations made on the percentage of hatched
eggs of A. avenae during the past two totally different seasons, 1917
and 1918, show conclusively the pervious nature of this layer.

The eggs are most susceptible to evaporating factors and contact
insecticides during the latter part of March, or in other words, when,
the greatest number show a spht outer layer, and this occurs when
the first nymphs start to emerge.

Experiments conducted in the laboratory under controlled percen-
tages of moisture and also experiments where similar eggs of
A. are^ae were kept out-of-doors during the critical period 15th February
to 31st March, and the especially important period 15th March to 31st
March, which was wet in 1917 and dry in 1918, show quite conclusively
that the percentage of hatched eggs is much higher in a low evaporating
environment than in a high evaporating medium.

Contact insecticides probably prevent in several ways the eggs
from hatching. Substances such as lime-sulphur tend to harden the
outer layer so that the nymphs cannot emerge ; the same hardening
may occur through desiccation. Crude carbolic acid and cresols
soften and disintegrate the outer impervious layer and thus expose
the inner layer to evaporating factors. It is probable however that
the toxic effect upon the embryo is of greater importance. No
technique has at present been discovered for determining the pene-
trative ability of the various chemicals used. The best insecticides
and the suitable dates for their application are discussed.
[R.A.E., A, viii, 30].

47

Headlee (T. J.). Vegetable Plant Lice. — New Jersey Agric. Expt.
Sta.,New Brunswick, N.J., Circ. 107, 26th February 1919, 21 pp.
14 figs. [Received 2nd December 1919.]

This circular has been prepared to meet the need that has been
experienced during the last few years for a publication that will bring
together in concise form a knowledge of the different Aphids that
injure vegetables crops in New Jersey, with some account of their
habits and directions for insecticide sprays.

The species dealt with include : — Macrosiphum solanifolii, Ashm.
(pink and green potato aphis), Myzus persicae, Sulz. (green peach aphis),
Acyrthosiphon {Macrosiphum) pisi, Kalt. (green pea aphis). Aphis
rumicis, L. (bean aphis), Brevicoryne {Aphis) hrassicae (cabbage aphis),
A. pseudobrassicae (false cabbage aphis) and A. gossypii (melon aphis).
The life-histories of these species are briefly described and illustrated.

The weather is largely the determining factor in Aphid outbreaks.
Clean cultivation is very necessary in order to destroy the plants
and vegetable refuse on which the Aphids pass the winter. As soon
as the beginning of infestation is noted a spray should promptly be'
ap})lied, using 1 part 40 per cent, nicotine to 500 parts water, with
the addition of 2 to 5 lb. (according to hardness of the water) of soap
to 50 U.S. gals, water. Suitable apparatus and machinery for use
on garden and field crops are described and illustrated.

Urbahns (T. D.). U.S. Bur. Entora. Grasshoppers and Control
Measures. — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Dept. Agric, Sacramento, viii, no.
9, September 1919, pp. 518-528, 8 figs.

Although agriculture and cultivation have extended over vast areas
of the western States, there are still large stretches of land west of the
Sierra Nevada Mountains where the breeding grounds of grasshoppers
remain practically unchanged. In addition to this, many of the species
have become adapted to lucerne and other cultivated fields, so that the
source of a destructive grasshopper outbreak is not necessarily from
the hills and dry lands as generally supposed, but severe annual
losses are experienced in fields and orchards from swarms of the pest
that have bred in the near vicinity.

The most destructive species occurring in California are Melanoplus
differentialis, Thom., which apparently prefers lucerne to any other
food-plant, but frequently also attacks orchards and gardens ;
M. atlantis, Riley (lesser migratory grasshopper), which breeds freely in
lucerne and other grass-lands and also feeds on melons, beans and many
other plants ; Camnula pellucida, Scud, (yellow-winged grasshopper),
which breeds chiefly on grasslands and is destructive to native meadows,
maize, oats, beans, and in young orchards and gardens ; Melanoplus
marginatiis, which breeds in lucerne fields, foothills and grasslands,
and is injurious to lucerne and in orchards and gardens ; Oedaleus
enigma, which breeds in large numbers in dry grasslands and is des-
tructive in lucerne and young orchards ; Melanoplus devastator. Scud.,
which breeds on dry lands and lucerne fields and is destructive to
lucerne and in vineyards, orchards, gardens and bean fields ; and
Schistocerca venusta, which breeds in lucerne fields of the Imperial
and San Joaquin valleys and frequently flies in swarms in maize fields.
Each of these species is figured and briefly described. '

48

III the majority of cases a recurrence of the enormous losses caused
by grasshoppers could be prevented by sufficiently energetic co-
operation between individuals and communities. The conditions
peculiar to each infested locality should be considered independently,
and a thorough knowledge of the breeding- places, habits and control
measures should be acquired by every farmer. The species that prefer
grass-covered slopes in the hills for their breeding-grounds hatch in
early spring, feed upon the green grasses for a time and then migrate
down the gulches, where they at first accumulate in great hordes.
They can then be most effectively poisoned before they are able to
reach the valuable crops and orchards in the cultivated areas.
Grasshoppers can sometimes be driven into definite areas and con-
centrated for more effective control by herding a large drove of sheep
slowly around the infested area. A farming community threatened
with grasshoppers working their way in from range lands should
co-operate and by burning a strip of grassland one-fourth of a mile
wide along the edge of the cultivated area may save their land from
further infestation. When waste areas and fence lines are burned to
destroy the pest every precaution should be taken to ensure that the
insects will not be driven ahead of the flames, and burning should
preferably be done at night. In young orchards every effort should
be made to keep the grasshoppers out of the trees. Clean cultivation
of orchards, fence lines and roadsides will keep the pest in check, but
if the grasshoppers are already in the trees poison bran should be spread
broadcast between the rows (not at the base of the trees). The insects
should be regularly brushed out of the trees so that they will hop to
the ground and pick up the poison. Hopperdozers have been used
for many years and have caught immense numbers of grasshoppers,
but the author considers poisoned bran mixtures the more practical
for general use.

Grasshoppers that breed on irrigated lands first appear in May and
early June along the higher ridges such as ditch banks, fence lines, etc.
Poisoning should begin as soon as they have hatched and before they
spread over entire fields. A formula that has been found very effective
against grasshoppers consists of 1 lb. Paris green or white arsenic
and 2 quarts cheap molasses stirred into 4 U.S. gals, of water. Half
a dozen chopped lemons are added and the mixture slowly poured
over 25 lb. wheat bran or lucerne meal. If the latter material is
substituted an extra gallon of water should be used. This is sufficient
for five acres. When the area to be covered is too great to spread
by hand, an end-gate grain-seeder attached to the rear of a farm wagon
and geared from one of the rear wheels should be used. The poison
should be spread as finely as possible and should be used while fresh.
It should be appUed in the afternoon, shortly before the hoppers seek
their evening meal, and shortly before rather than after irrigation,
and before cutting lucerne rather than when the field is bare. Two
or three days later the grasshoppers generally begin to collect in the
crowns of plants and other shaded spots and die in numbers, the dead
insects being frequently destroyed by beetles, ants and other insects.
It is considered that there is no danger to livestock from the poison,
but it should not be left where it can be eaten in large quantities by
domestic birds or animals.

49

JMaskew (F.). Reports for the Months of August and September
1919. — Mtlily. Bull. Col. State Dept. Agric, Sacramento, viii, no.
9, September 1919, pp. 544-547.

Insect pests intercepted during August and September included : —
From Belgium, Coccus hesperidum and Aspidiotus hritannicus on bay
trees : from Central America, Pseudococcus sp., Aspidiotus cyanophylli
and undetermined ants on bananas : from China, Lepidopterous
larvae in shelled peanuts and yams ; Calandra oryzae and Tenebroides
rnauritanicus in maize ; undetermined weevils in seeds : from France,
undetermined mites on lily bulbs : from Hawaii, Diaspis bromeUae and
Pseudoccoccus bromeliae on pineapples ; Dacus cucurbitaeingTeen peppers
and cucumbers ; larvae of an undetermined Trypetid in tomatoes ;
Coccus longulus on betel leaves and Cylas fornncarius in sweet
potatoes : from Japan, Lepidopterous larvae in herbs and roots and in
di-ied fruit ; larvae of borers in filberts ; and an undetermined ant
on dry roots : from Jerusalem, Chrysomphalus sp. and Pseudococcus
citri on citron : from Mexico, Tribolium ferrugineum and an ant
in maize meal ; an undetermined ant in Guamuchil seed ; and
Ischnaspis longirostris on mangoes : from New York, Sitrodrepa
panicca in coriander seed and Padatoria pergandei on a citrus tree :
from Michigan, Cydia {Laspeyresia) pomonella in apples and pears :
from Nevada, Heterodera radicicola in potatoes : from Oregon,
Tetranychus sp, on pears, and Aspidiotus perniciosus and Cydia pom-
onella on apples and pears : from Rhode Island, Diaspis boisduvali,
Aspidiotus hederae and Cerataphis lataniae on orchids : from Utah,
Cydia pomonella on pears : from Washington, Aspidiotus perniciosus
and Cydia ])omo7iella on pears : from Papeete, Pseudococcus sp. on
coconuts : from Tahiti, Lepidosaphes beckii on oranges and limes.

Kemner (N. a.). Studier over Jordlopporna. I. Allmanna eller
bla Jordloppan {Haltica oleracea, L.). Ett landtbruksentomo-
logiskt Misstag. [Studies on Flea-beetles. I. The Common or
Blue Flea-beetle. An agricultural-entomological Error.] —
Meddelande no. 185 fran Centralonstalten for Fdrsoksvdsendet pa
Jordbruksomradet, Entom. Avdel. no. 34, Linkoping, 1919,
17 pp., 12 figs.

Haltica oleracea, L., hitlierto commonly regarded as one of the
noxious flea-beetles, is quite a harmless species, as already pointed
out in 1912 by Heikertinger in Austria. Its food-plant is Epilobium
(ingustifolium, on which it is very common in Sweden. Earlier records
of its occurrence on hazel and oak are due to a confusion with
//. brevicoUis, Foudr., and H. saliceti, Weise. On cruciferous plants
this species will not feed even in captivity, all earlier records of injury
to these plants being erroneous. Of more than 200 records of injuries
caused by flea-beetles during 1917-1918 and accompanied by samples
of the beetles, H. oleracea was not found in a single case. Meligethes
aeneus on the other hand was often mistaken for a flea-beetle and sent
in as such.

At the beginning of June the eggs are found on the underside of
the leaves of Epilobium angustifolium ; at the end of July the larvae
are full grown and descend to the ground, where they pupate, the

50

imagines making their appearance at the end of the summer and
hibernating.

The error of treating H. oleracea, L., as a noxious species originated
with Linnaeus, who in Fauna Suecica Ed. II. 1761, says " Habitat in
oleribus frequens," a statement afterwards quoted both by De Geer
and Goeze, Linnaeus, however, apparently included several species
of flea-beetles under the name oleracea.

Kemner (N. a.). De svenska Arterna af Slaktet Haltica. [The
Swedish Species of the Genus Haltica]. — Entom. Tidshrift, UpsaJa,
xl, no. 3-4, 1919, pp. 143-165, 10 figs.

The species of Haltica that have been recorded in Sweden are : —
H. oleracea, L., H. lythri, Aube, and H. tamaricis, Schrank {consobrina,
Duft.). The species hitherto called lythri, Aube, is however identical
with H. brevicollis, Foudr., and H. tamaricis, Schr., does not occur in
Scandinavia, the specimens identified with it being found by the author
to be partly small specimens of H. oleracea, partly a species new to
Scandinavia, H. palustris, Weise, and partly H. engstromi, Sahib.
In addition to these the author has found H. saliceti, Weise, and a new
species, H. sandini.

The food-plant of H. palustris is not yet known, but it is generally
found in swamjjs and marshes. H. brevicollis feeds on young hazel,
the imagines gnawing circular holes in the leaves and the damage
done by the larvae being confined to one side of the leaf. The eggs
are yellow and placed 4-8 together on the underside of the leaves.
The young larvae are at first yellow with two pairs of black spots at
the sides of the meso- and metathorax, but turn black after a few hours.
H. saliceti is found on oaks in Southern Sweden. Both the larvae
and the imagines skeletonise the leaves. The larvae are found on
oak from July to September ; when full grown, they descend to the
ground to pupate.

Kemner (N. A.). Notizen uber Schwedische Borkenkafer. — [Notes
on Swedish Bark-beetles]. — Entom. Tidshrift, Upsala, xl, no. 3-4,
1919, pp. 170-176, 4 figs.

Scolytus laevis. Chap,, occurs in the smaller branches of elm trees
as far north as the vicinity of Stockholm. It has not been previously
recorded north of Denmark.

S. loevendali, Eggerts, is not specifically distinct from S. laevis, which
has also been found attacking shoots of young cherry-trees in Sweden.
Scolytus ratzeburgi, Jans., in Dalecarlia has attacked birch trees
previously defoliated by ColeopJiora fuscedinella, Zell. Pityophthoriis
glabratus, Eich., is recorded for the first time in Sweden.

CuNLiPFE (R. S.) & VAN HERMANN (H. A.). EI Cultivo de las Plantas
Citricas en Cuba. Insectos y Enfermedades. — Estacion Expt.
Agron, Santiago, de las Vegas, Cuba, Bol. 32, September 1916, pp.,,
32-37 2 plates. [Received 3rd December 1919.]

Although a number of insects and diseases of citrus trees occur in
Cuba, they do not often attain the dimensions of a serious infestation.
One of the commonest insect pests is the ant, Atta insidaris, various

51

machines for fumigating the nests of which are described and
illustrated. Another ant, Soknopsis geminata, may cause con-
siderable damage by constructing covered galleries on the trunks a,nd
larger branches ; sometimes these pests also make a circular incision
in the tree and injure the young leaves, shoots and fruit. The only
remedy is to clean the trunks periodically and sprinkle the base of the
tree and the surrounding soil surface with a strong solution of soap
or 5 per cent, creoline. Pachnaeus litus oviposits on the leaves. The
larvae drop to the ground and descend to the roots, and, if sufficiently
numerous, may kill the tree. The damage is particularly severe m
well cultivated orchards, as the beetles concentrate on the trees mstead
of ovipositing on grasses, etc. The adults injure the ripening fruit
and leave scars that reduce their market value. The larvae can be
treated with 5 per cent, creoline solutions but this is a dangerous
remedy as the trees may be killed by excessive doses. The adults
can be sprayed with poison while they are feeding, but this remedy
is useless in rainy weather. Fowls and birds will destroy many of the
beetles, and others can be shaken into a cloth stretched below the tree
during the early morning while the dew is still on the leaves. The
same remedies can be applied to June bugs, which are also the cause
of scarred and deformed fruit.

Whiteflies and scale-insects should be treated with copious sprays
of whale-oil soap, given every 20 days. The black fly, Aleurocanthios
icoglumi, has recently been discovered infesting a small area, but as
this area has promptly been isolated and energetic measures taken
to combat the pest it is hoped that it will soon be exterminated. A
minute mite is responsible for mottling and discolouring the rind of
the orange and thus lowering its value, without however afiecting
the quality of the fruit. The remedy is to dust the tress with sulphur
every 30 days, or sprinkle them with flour and sulphur or with a lime-
sulphur solution. Thrips, if present on the trees, should be treated
with a tobacco solution, once when the trees are in bloom and once
or twice while the fruit is small.

RoiG (J. T.) & FoRTUN (G. M.). Las Variedades Cubanas de Boniato.

[Sweet Potato].— ^'stacion Exp. Acjron., Santiago de las Ve^fas,
Cuba, Bol. 33, November 1916, 76 pp., 31 plates. [Received 3rd
December 1919.]

The most destructive insect pest of sweet potato in Cuba is Cylas
formicarius (sweet potato weevil). No efficient remedial measure
against this species has been found, the introduction of insect enemies
having proved inadequate. Tubers planted from August to October
are least likely to suffer, if the crop is gathered not more than six
months later. The damage is also minimised by digging the furrows
very deep. Only healthy sets should be sown and two successive
crops should not be sown in the same ground.

Minor insect pests include a leaf-miner, Agromijza jucnnda, Wulp,
a mite, Eriophyes ipomaea, Cook, and two species of whiteflies,
one being Aleurodestrachoides, Bacg., and the other being imidentifieci
A Lepidopterous caterpillar has been found devouring the leaves,
but without causing serious injury.

52

CuNLiFFE (R. S.). Yuca. Insectos y Enfermedades. — Estacion Expt.
Agron., Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, Bol. 34, July 1916, pp. 56-
59. [Eeceived 3rd December 1919.]

A section of this bulletin upon the cultivation of cassava {Manihot
idilissima and M. aipi), its starch content and usefulness, deals with
a description of the insects and diseases that attack it. The insect
pests include a Sphingid, Erinnyis (Dilophonota) ello, which is most
abundant from March to May and from October to December. Eggs
are laid on the upper surface of the leaves and hatch after five days.
The larvae pass through five stages, and pupation occurs in the ground.
Various parasites attack this moth, including Microgaster flaviventris.
If these are not a sufficient check, the plants should be sprayed with
Paris green or lead arsenate, using 1 lb. of the former to 50 gals, of
water, or 1 lb. of the latter to 15 to 25 gals, of water. As the eggs are
conspicuous they can be collected by hand when labour is cheap.
The larvae of a Longicorn, Lagochirus obsoletus, cause considerable
damage, as in the other countries where cassava is grown. The insects
are present throughout the year, but chiefly in the spring and summer
months, when the adult beetles oviposit in the trunks and branches.
The larvae construct galleries in the stems, lowering the vitality of
the tree and decreasing the crop. As the adults eat the foliage,
spraying as for E. ello will check their numbers, but all infested stems
should be cut away and burnt during February, March and April.
Another borer, Cryptorrhynchus sp., has been found in the Isle of
San Vicente, for which the same treatment should be given. Lonchaea
chalybea does serious damage, particularly to the young shoots, the
flies being most common from April to December. The eggs are
laid under the young leaves and the young larvae bore into the terminal
shoots, causing the formation of a gummy secretion which renders
poison-sprays useless. The only remedy is to cut out and burn all
infested shoots. Minor pests are a scale, Lepidosaphes alba, which
is generally controlled by a parasite, and a mite, Tetranychus telarius
(bimaculatus), both of which attack the leaves ; these pests may be
checked by spraying with whale-oil soap or lime-sulphur while the dew
is on the leaves. A Longicorn, Leptostylus biustus, mines the shoots
and stems. The larvae of Pachnaeus litus, which is generally a pest of
citrus fruits, attacks the roots of cassava. Hand collection of the
beetles in the morning is recommended, as well as turning fowls
among the trees, while good cultivation should be practised. The
plants are also frequently attacked by a leaf-cutting ant, Atta insularis,
the nests of which should be destroyed.

Johnston (J. E.) Sc Bruner (S. C). Enfermedades del Naranjo y
otras Plantas Citricas. [Diseases of the Orange and other Citrus
Plants.] — Estacion Expt. Agron., Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, Bol.
38, August 1918, 54 pp., 15 plates. [Received 3rd December
1919.]

One of the commonest blemishes in citrus fruits is the mottling
caused by the mite, Eriophyes oleivorus. The fruit may be attacked
at any time after the petals have fallen, but the damage is always
more severe during periods of dry weather. The Acarids known as
red spiders are also important enemies of citrus fruit. Tetranychus

53

telarius, L. {sexmaculatus, Kiley) is apparently the commonest in Cuba.
The principal damage is to the leaves, but the fruit also is occasionally
attacked ; the discoloration however is not serious. Schizotetram/chus
(T.) mytilaspidis, Riley, damages both leaves and fruit, producing
light, discoloured patches, but the climate of Cuba does not seem to
encourage heavy infestations of this mite. Tenuipaljms calif orniciis,
Banks, is a less abundant species and the injury caused by it i&
unimportant. Tarsonemiis latus, Banks, has as yet been found only
on lemons and citrons ; should it become very abundant, it would be
a very serious pest. These species can be controlled by the same
remedies as other mites. The oil emulsions employed against Coccids
are also effective against them.

Barreto (B. T.). La Bibijagua y Modes de Combatirla. [Atta
insularis, Guer., and its Control.] — Eslacion Exp. Agron., Santiago
de las Vegas, Cuba, Bol. 42, August 1919, 23 pp., 8 figs. [Received
3rd December 1919.]

The leaf -cutting ant, Atta insularis, Guer., is one of the most
destructive pests in Cuba, other species being A. octospinosa and
A. borinquenensis. These ants eat holes in the edges of leaves of
oranges and other plants and also cultivate a fungus on which they
feed. Small colonies can be destroyed by carbon bisulphide, but
for large ones injections of arsenious acid and sulphur anhydride,
produced by burning 85 parts of white arsenic with 15 parts sulphur,
are necessary. These fumes kill the larvae and adults but not the
eggs, and therefore a second treatment should be given a fortnight
later. The only known enemy of A. insularis is another ant, Pheidole
inegacephala. It is hoped to make further investigations regarding
the economic value of this species.

Calvino (M.). La Cotorrita de Australia. [Crgptolaemus mon-
trouzieri.] — Rept. 1917-1918, EstacionExpt. Agron., Safifiago de las
Vegas, Cuba, 1919, pp. 50-51, 1 fig. [Received 3rd December
1919.]

The Coccinellid, Cryptolaemus ynonirouzieri, has recently been
introduced into Cuba and has become established as a check on the
numbers of mealy bugs [Pseudococcus^ that attack cane, plantain,
pines and many cultivated plants.

Calvino (M.). El Tetuan del Boniato. [Cylas formicarius]. — RepL
1917-1918, Estacion Expt. Agron., Santiago de las Vegas, Cubuy
1919, pp. 137-140. [Received 3rd December 1919.]

Much of the information here given concerning Cylas formicarius
(sweet potato weevil) in sw^eet potatoes has been noticed elsewhere.
The rotation of crops recommended for Cuba is maize (May-August),
sweet potato (September-February) and French beans (February-
May). Infestation can also be avoided by planting seedlings. The
simplest insecticide solution for seedlings consists of lib. yellow soap
dissolved in 1 gal. water ; they should be steeped in this for half an
hour before sowing.

54

A system of cultivation that is adopted in Mexico has proved verj
successful on Cuban estates. Heaps about 20 inches high are made
about 1 yard apart, and manure can be placed between them. The
seedlings are planted one on each side of each heap, about half-way
up the sides, which are made very steep. When the shoots are
sufficiently grown they are entv^dned with those on the other side of
the heap and remain interlaced over the crest. The tops of the heaps
thus always remain dry and do not encourage the plants to send out
roots even when they touch the earth. The plant has thus only one
main root and matures very quickly, large tubers forming in about
lialf the usual time required, and the tubers remain free from infestation
by C. formicarius, because although the plants above-ground may
show signs of attack, they are too far below the surface to be reached
by the weevils. Moreover the larvae, being unable to reach the
tubers, remain exposed to the attacks of predaceous enemies such as ants.

Oalvino (M.). Fruta Bomba (Carica papaya). — Rept. 1917-1918,
Estacion Expt. Agron., Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, 1919, pp. 402-
414, 5 figs. [Received 3rd December 1919.]

Carica papaya (papaw), which is cultivated for its fruit in Cuba,
has a number of enemies that may spoil the entire crop. The larva
of a Sphingid, Erinnyis {Dilophonota) alope, attacks the leaves, but
is largely controlled by a parasite, Microgaster flaviventris, Cress., which
attacks the larva. A Microlepidopteron, Eucardinia caricae, damages
the bark, but the most injurious pest is the larva of a fruit-fly, Toxotry-
pana curvicauda, Gerst., which oviposits in the fruit before it is ripe,
the larvae on hatching devouring the young seeds and causing the
falling and decay of the fruit. As a protection against this pest the
fruits should be enclosed, as soon as they are fertilised, in bags of double
cheesecloth.

Cardin (P.). Departamento de Entomologfa y Patologia Vegetal.
Informe Annal. — Rept. 1917-1918, Estacion Expt. Agron., Santiago
de las Vegas, Cuba, 1919, pp. 458-465. [Ueceived 3rd December
1919.]

Studies have been carried out on the life-history of Aleurocanthus
woglumi. The life-cycle during summer and autumn is found to
occupy an average of 65 days. It follows therefore that insecticide
treatments must be repeated within a minimum of 60 days to destroy
all stages of the insect. The Hymenopterous parasites of white-
flies have been studied and many additional species found ; these do
not however give adequate control. The enemies of textile and
oleaginous plants have received attention. On Higuereta, which is
valuable for the motor oil extracted from it, a destructive species of
Coi-ytJmca occurs ; this can be controlled by soapy insecticides, but
substances are being sought for that will be both cheap and effective.
Studies have been made on the life-history of Anastrepha sp., which
injures mangos and other fruit. The late varieties are those
most generally attacked. The best remedy is to clear away the
infested fruit from under the new growth, and burn it. The foliage
below the new shoots and the undergrowth around should be sprayed
with a sweetened poison solution.

55

Carie (P.). L'Oeuvre de la Direction de I'Agriculture k I'lle Maurice.—

Bull. Soc. Nat. AcclimaL, France, Paris, Ixvii, no. 10, October
1919, pp. 317-326, 1 fig.

The work of the Department of Agriculture of Mauritius is reviewed
since its establishment a few years ago, particularly with respect to
the discovery in the island of the sugar-cane pest, Phytalus smithi,
Arrow, and to the introduction of its parasite, TijpJiia parallela. Smith
[R.A.E., A, V, 502 etc.].

Other sugar-cane pests studied in the island include Oryctes tarandus,
against which the Scoliid parasites, Scolia oryctophaga, S. viridicolor,
S. cajfra, Elis pfeifferi, E. rotnandi and E. thoracica have been intro-
duced, and the Lepidoptera.. Sesamia vuteria, Stoll, Diatraea venosata,
Walk, {striatalis, Snell), Argyroploce (Grapholitha) schistaceana, Van
Dev., and Alucita sacchari, Bojer.

VAN DER GooT (P.). Notcs OH Somc Indian Aphides. — Records Indian
Museum, Calcutta, xiii, no. 4, August 1917, pp. 175-183. 6 figs.
[Received 3rd December 1919.]

The new Aphids from India here described are Macrosiphum gravelyi,
EJiopalosiphum vagans, Trichosiphum dubium, T. montanum, Lachnus
himalayensis and L. similis, the food-plants being unknown.

Aphis nerii, Boyer (asclepiadis, Pass.) is recorded on Callotroj)is
gigantea and Tylophora asiatica ? ; SipJionaphis maidis, Fitch, on
maize ; and S. 7iymphaeae, L., on water- hyacinth.

Bodkin (G. E.). Notes on the Coleoptera of British Guiana.—

Entom. Mtlily. Mag., London y 3rd Series nos, 58, 59 & 60,
October, November and December 1919, pp. 217-219, 264,
265-272.

This list which is a continuation of one previously noticed [R.A.E.,
A, vii, 484] includes : Oxyligyrus zoilus, Oliv., which bores into fully-
grown tubers of tannias {Colocasia xanthosoma) ; Macraspis chrysis,
L., which attacks mangoes, roses, etc. ; a Buprestid, Stenogaster linearis,
L., on black sage {Cordia auhletti) ; an Elaterid, Eudactylus interruptus,
Oliv., taken from the leaf -base of coconut palm affected with bud-rot ;
a Ptinid, Lasioderma serricorne, vSteph. , in stored grain, and also attacking
leather, tobacco in all forms, books, paper, biscuits and other dried
foodstuffs ; the Curculionids, Rhynchophorus palmarum, L., the larvae
of which are found in decaying or diseased coconut palms and sugar-
cane ; Metamasius hemipterus, L., which breeds in sugar-cane and Avill
attack the cane " tops " when placed in the soil, thus destroying the
eyes of the cane ; and Calandra oryzae, L.; the Cerambycids, Macrodontia
cervicornis, L., which has been bred in a decaying trunk of coconut
palm; Chlorida f estiva, L., sometimes injuring Hevea rubber;
Orthomegas cinnamoneus, L., found boring into dead and dry stems of
Hevea rubber; Trachyderes succinctus, L., on Para grass; Stirastoma
depressum, L., which is not so dangerous to cacao as it is inTrinidad ;
Oncideres repandator, F., on mango trees ; and 0. albomarginata, Th.,
destroying the bark of the kola nut tree ; the Bruchids, Pachymerus
{Gary chorus) nucleorum, F., attacking various palm seeds including
those of Bactris major, Elaeis guineensis (West African oil palm) and

56

Maximiliana regia (cokerite palm) ; and Spermophagus subfnsciatus ^
Boh., in beans ; the Chrysomelids, Myochrous armatus, Baly, whick.
damages the immature foliage of sugar-cane by gnawing into the shoot ;
Colaspis hypochlora, Lef ., on rose trees ; C.flavicornis, ¥., on solanaceou:^
plants ; and Rhabdopterus limbaUs, Lef., on young cacao leaves,

Laing (F,). Two Species of British Aphides. — Entom. Mthly Mag.y
London, 3rd Series no. 60, December 1919, pp. 272-274,
2 figs.

MacrosipJioniella asteris, Wlk., and Aphis tripolii, sp. n., from Shoe-
buryness on Aster tripolium are described.

Waterston (J.). A New Sycophagine (Agaonidae, Chalcidoidea)
Genus and Species from the Gold Coast. — Entom. Mthly. Mag.,
London, 3rd Series, no. 60, December 1919, pp. 27'l-277.

Seres armipes, gen. et sp. n., is described from the Gold Coast.

Spessivtsev (P.). New Bark-Beetles from Vladivostok : a Correction,

— Entom. Mthly. Mag., Jjondon, 3rd Series, no. 60, December 191^.
p. 279.

It is noted that the author's subgenus, Hylastinoides [R.A.E., A,
viii, 10] is synonymous with Alniphagus, Swaine.

Harwood, (B. S.). Sarothrus areolatus, Htg., bred. — Entom Mthly.
Mag., London, 3rd Series, no. 60. December 1919, p. 280.

Attention is drawn to Sarothrus areolatus, a Cynipid parasite
of Phorhia lactucae. The adult parasites are found on flower-heads
of lettuce in June and July. Both the host-flies and their parasites
remain in the puparium throughout the winter, emerging in June of
the following year.

Eennie (J.) & Harvey (E. J.). Nosema apis in Hive Bees. — Scottish
Jl. Agric. ii, no. 4, October 1919, pp. 15-36.

Observations have been made to ascertain the covirse of Nosema
apis in artificially infected and naturally infected stock, as well
as its relation to Isle-of- Wight disease and mode of transmission.
Nosetna apis does not destroy bee colonies in the rapid and virulent
manner common in cases of Isle-of- Wight disease, but the yield of
honey is considerably diminished. During the summer the presence of
the disease will not cause great loss, provided that the queen is healthy
and normal reproduction is continued ; should the queen become
infected the disease may be expected to spread steadily within the
colony as long as she survives, but the frequency with which death of
the queen occurs is in striking contrast to her survival in Isle-of -Wight
disease. The survival of stock infested with Nosema apis does not
imply immunity against Isle-of- Wight disease.

The chief point about Nosema apis is its weakening effect on the
colonv, and should conditions favourable to the development of
dysentery arise, it may become seriously pathogenic to bee stocks.

57

Johnson (W. F.). Rhyssa persuasoria in the Counties of Down
and Fermanagh. — Irish Naturalist. Dublin, xxviii, no. 10, October
1919, pp. 115-118.

The Ichneumonid, Rhyssa persuasoria, L., is recorded as boring into
the bark of silver fir, the wood attacked being dead, but not rotten.
In close proximity to the part attacked holes of Sirex gigas were
usually found, into which the parasite was seen to insert its ovipositor,
and investigations revealed larvae of Sirex gigas immediately beneath
the part of bark selected for oviposition.

Gatenby (J. B.). Notes on the Bionomics, Embryology and Anatomy
of certain Hymenoptera Parasitica, especially of Microgaster
connexus, Nees. — Linn.. Soc. Jl., Zoology, London, xxxiii,
June 1919, pp. 387-416, 3 plates, 15 figs. [Received 8th
December 1919.]

Previous work on the modus operandi of the parasitic larvae of
Apanteles and Microgaster is reviewed. Although the parasites of
the larvae of Arcfornis chrysorrhoea {Porthesia similis) and Pieris
brassicae include Chalcids, Ichneumonids and Tachinids, the majority
are Braconids.

Microga^er connexus, Nees, lays on an average about 30 eggs in the
body of small caterpillars of A. chrysorrhoea, and in some cases as many
as sixty parasites have been bred from one individual. The parasitic
larvae emerge from the' body of the host just about the time the latter
is ready to pupate. Soon after emergence they commence spinning
cocoons, which may be attached to the body of the host. Hibernation
usually occurs in this stage. M. connexus is itself parasitised by an
Ichneumonid, Mesochorus pallidus, Brisch., the eggs of which are
probably laid upon M. connexus while the latter is still within its
larval host. This hyperparasite does not kill the parasite until the
latter has spun its cocoon, which the hyperparasite utilises. Mesochorus
pallidus has not been bred from Apanteles glomeratus, but another
Ichneumonid apparently stands in the same relation to it as does
M. pallidus to Microgaster connexus.

The majority of Chalcidids and Cynipids associated with Aphids
are probably hyperparasites, the Cynipid, Allotria flavicornis, having
been proved to be so.

Trabut ( — .). La Defense contre les Cochenilles par les Coccinelles. —
Rev. Hortic. de VAlgerie, Algiers, xxiii, no. 8-10, August-October
1919, pp. 293-296, 3 figs. [Received 8th December 1919.]

Owing to the abimdance of Pulvinaria psidii on Ficus the predaceous
CoccineUid, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, has been imported from the
United States against it. All stages have been liberated, but it has not
yet become estabUshed Imder natural conditions, so that laboratory-
bred colonies must be relied upon for insect control. It has also been
liberated in orange groves, where it is hoped it will attack Pseudococcus
adonidum. It may also prove useful against P. vitis.

(646) ^

58

Bertrand (G.), Brocq-Rousseu & Dassonville. Destruction du
Charangon par la Chloropicrine. — C. R. hebdom. Acad. Sci., Paris,
clxix, no. 19, 10th November 1919, pp. 880-882.

Experiments here described show that chloropicrin is a valuable
agent in the destruction of Calandra oryzae, L., in stored grain. The
method of application recommended is to spray the bags of grain with
I to f oz. of chloropicrin, after which they should be left in a closed
place for about 20 hours at a temperature of from 50° to 55° F. After
this treatment the dead insects may easily be eliminated by means
of a winnowing machine and the grain fed to animals. This method
also insures destruction of the weevils that have migrated from the
grain to the floor, walls, etc.

Bertrand (G.), Brocq-Eousseu & Dassonville. Influence de la
Temperature et d'autres Agents physiques sur le Pouvoir insecti-
cide de la Chloropicrine. — C.R. hebdom. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxix,
no. 22, 1st December 1919, pp. 1059-1061.

The insects used for these experiments were chiefly grain pests.
The observations described show that the insecticidal properties of
chloropicrin are accelerated by a rise in temperature though the
humidity of the atmosphere and the presence or absence of light do
not influence its insecticidal powers in any way.

The Pine Tree Aphis {Chermes pini). — Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., Sydney,
XXX, no. 10, October 1919, p. 742.

Chermes pini, Koch, is reported on Pinus insignis from the north
coast of New South Wales, and attention is therefore drawn to the
necessity of dipping young trees in kerosene emulsion before they are
planted out.

Jackson (Miss D. J.). Notes on the Aphides of Ross-shire, with
Descriptions of two Species new to Science. — Scottish Naturalist,
Edinburgh, April 1918, pp. 81-91, 1 plate, 2 figs. [Received 12th
December 1919.]

The species dealt with include : Macrosiphum jaceae, L., on thistle
{Carduus sp.) in August ;• M. scabiosae, Schr., on scabious in August ;
M. hieracii, Kalt., on hawkweed (Hieracium sp.) in August ;
M. sonchi, L., on sowthistle in August ; M. kaltenbachi, Schout., and
M. lactucae, Schr., on endive in August, the latter being attacked by
Cecidomyid larvae and a fungus, Empusa aphidis ; M. dirhodum, Wlk.,
on oats in August ; Amphorophora viciae, Kalt., on broad bean and
Vicia sativa in July ; Rhopalosiphum dianthi, Schr., on cabbage,
turnips and swedes in August ; R. lactucae, Kalt., on sowthistle in
August ; Cavariella capreae, F., on willow in August ; Brevicorym
(Siphocoryne) brassicae, L., on turnips and swedes in August ;
is. xylostei, Schr., on honeysuckle (Lonicera) in August ; Hyalopterus
pruni, F., on leaves of plum trees in July, being parasitised by a Chalcid
and preyed upon by Cecidomyid larvae ; Aphis idaeus, v.d.Goot,
on raspberry shoots in July ; A. kochi, Schout., on apple leaves in
July ; A. hederae, Kalt., on ivy in July ; A. chaerophylli, Koch, on
Chaerophyllum in August ; Siphonaphis (A.) padi, L., on leaves of

59

bird cherry {Prunus padus) in October ; Myzus whitei, Theo., on.
currant and fir trees in August ; M. cerasi, ¥., on wall cherries from
end of July to September, being preyed upon by Cecidomyid larvae ;
M. rosarum, Kalt., on rose leaves in October ; Callipterus nigritarsis
on birch in August ; Eucalli])terus tiliae, L., on lime (Tilia) in August ;
Phyllaphis fagi, L., on beech in October ; Eriosoma lanigermn, Haus.,
on apple and elm in August, individuals on elm being attacked by
larvae of Syrphus vitripennis, Meig. ; Pemphigus bursarius, L. {lactu-
carius, Pass.) on lettuce roots in October ; Chermes abietis, L., galls
of which were found on spruce in July ; C. piceae, Ratz., on the bark
of silver fir (Abies pectinata) in October ; Chermes {Cnaphalodes)
strobilobius, Kalt., on larch twigs and needles in October.

The new species described are Pemphigus glebae found in October,
the food-plant being unknown, and Macrosiphum allii on leeks (Allium
porrum) in August. This species has been recorded by Lichtenstein
as Aphis allii on Allium, but has not been previously described. Other
species dealt with have been recorded elsewhere. [R.A.E., A, vii,
542.]

MoREiRA (C). Gurgulhos do Milho, do Feijao, do Arroz e do Cafe.

[Weevils infesting Maize, Beans, Rice and Coffee.] — Chacaras
e Quintaes, S. Paulo, xix, no. 4, 15th April 1919, pp. 281-284,
5 figs. [Received 10th December 1919.]

A popular account is given of beetles infesting stored grain, etc.,
including Calandra oryzae, C. granaria, Araecerus fasciculatus and
Bruchus obtectus. The last-named is said to have 8 generations a
year in the State of Rio de Janeiro. The methods of storing grain
in metal silos and of fumigating it with carbon bisulphide are described.

Bezzi (M.). Nota sul Genere Cryptochaetum (Dipt.) con Descrizione
di una nuova Specie delle Filippine. — Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat.,
Pavia, Iviii, 1919, pp. 237-252. [Received 13th December 1919.]

The fijst part of this paper is a historical review of the Agromyzid
genus Cryptochaetum, and a key is given to the known species.
Cryptochaetum fastidiosum, sp. n., is described from the Philippines,
where it is reported to be a pest owing to its habit of flying into the
human eye.

The larvae of Cryptochaetum are distinctly beneficial in that
they destroy the injurious Coccids of the sub-family Monophlebinae
belonging to the genera Monophlebus, Drosicha, Walkeriana and
Icerya [R.A.E. A, v, 11, 289] Their usefulness against Icerya has
been obscured by the success of Novius cardinalis, but it is of marked
value.

Lima Mindello (J. F. de). The Damage done by Pectinophora
gossypiella in the Brazilian State of Parahyba. — A Lavoura,
Rio de Janeiro, xxii, no. 9-12, 1918, p. 664. [Received 18th
December 1919.]

It is stated that in 1917 the cotton crop in the State of Parahyba
was reduced by 80 per cent, owing to attack by the pink boUworm
{Pectinophora gossypiella).

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60

RosTRUP (Sofie). Raevehalemyggens {Oligotrophus alopecuri) Optrae-
den i Danmark og Forseg med Midler til dens Beltaempelse.

[The Distribution of the Foxtail Midge in Denmark and Experi-
ments in Methods for its Destruction.] — 133 Beretning Statens
Forsogsvirhs. i Plantekultur ; Tidsskr. Planteavl., Copenhagen,
xxvi, 1919, pp. 37-51.

The English summary of this paper states that in almost all the
specimens of meadow-foxtail seed sent in to the State Seed-testing
Station, more or less severe attacks of the larvae of the foxtail midge
{Oligotrophus alopecuri) are observed. Only in localities where
meadow-foxtail [Alopecurus pratensis] has not previously been grown
for seed, and where there is but little of this plant, is the seed crop
able to escape attack to some extent. Continued cultivation of
foxtail for seed increases the attack.

The larvae of the foxtail midge hibernate in the seed, where a large
percentage survives the various processes of threshing, cleansing and
drying, to which the seed is subjected from the time it leaves the
field until it is again sown.

In order to prevent infestation through the seed, various experiments
were made in 1912 and 1913 that aimed at killing the larvae without
destroying the germinating power of the seed.

The following methods may be adopted : — (1) Dry heating for
35 minutes to a temperature of 59°-60° C. (2) Treatment with carbon
bisulphide (1 gm. CS2 per litre air) in a sealed room for 9 hoiu*s.

As the midges hatch out during the first year, and the germinating
power of the seed does not diminish appreciably by being kept over
for a year, infestation may be avoided by using seed from the
preceding year.

Beeson (C. F. C). Notes on the Larvae and Life-Histories of
Prionine Beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Prionini). — Indian
Forest Records, Calcutta, vii, pt. v, 1919, 23 pp, 2 plates. [Received
12th December 1919.]

The Coleoptera boring in sundri (Heritiera fomes) include an
Anthribid, Ozontomerus maculosus, Perr. ; a Bostrychid, Schistoceros
malayanus, Lesne ; a Lamiid, Glenea sp. ; the Cerambycids, Ceresium
zeylanicum. White, Derolus discicollis, Gahan, Diorthus cinereus.
White, Gelonaetha hirta, Fairm., and Macrotoma plagiata, Waterh. ;
the Scolytids, Progenius riehlii, Eichh., Xylehorus schlichi, Steb.,
Crossotarsus squamulatus, Chap., C. saundersi, Chap., and Platypus
uncinatus, Bldfd., var. nov. ; and a Buprestid, Chrysobothris sp. In
the majority of cases the tree is attacked subsequent to its death
or when it is in a diseased condition.

The life-cycle of Macrotoma plagiata varies from 1 to 5 years.
The larval galleries in Heritiera fomes run irregularly through the
heartwood, both across and with the grain, and frequently reach a
diameter of f of an inch. The pupal chamber is a simple expansion
of this gallery. The galleries are tightly packed with fibres and
wood dust. This pest is recorded from North India and Bengal,
and its early stages and those of the following are discussed in detail.

Macrotoma crenata, F., has been reported in Bombax malaharicum,
Tamarix articulata and Quercus ilatata, the larvae being found in dead

61

and dry trees. The galleries run irregularly, deep in the core, with
a diameter of from f to l^ inches. They are packed with fibres.
The pupal chamber measures about 4 inches by If inches and the
exit tunnel runs almost horizontally to the side. It has been
recorded from India, Burma and Ceylon.

Another I.ongicorn, Remphmi hopei, has been found in the heart-
wood of Dipterocarpus turbinatus. The galleries run transversely and
are much deeper than wide, measuring from 2| to 4f inches by | to
1 inch. It has a wide distribution, extending from India to Siam
and Borneo. Other larvae described include those of : — Acanthophorus
serraticornis, 01 iv., or an allied species, in Shorea robusta and Dalbergia
sissoo ; Lophonternus hUgeli, Redt., or an allied species, in Querent
incana ; and Lagaeus subopacus, Waterh.

Lloyd (L.). The Glasshouse Tomato Moth and its ConiToX.—MtUy.

Girc, Lea Valley and Dist. Nurserymen's and Growers' Assoc. Ltd.,
i, no. 4, December 1919, 10 pp.

Unless special remedial measures are adopted against the glass-
house tomato moth Polia (Hadena) oleracea, the annual loss from
this pest in the Lea Valley will amount to from £5 to £10 or more
per acre. Early spraying is most essential and should be done just
after planting out and repeated about 4 weeks before the first fruit
is picked. The plants should be sprayed from above with a solution
containing 2 oz. of lead arsenate to 2 gals, of water or 6 lb. to 100
gals. Saponin at the rate of a small half-teaspoonful in two gallons
or 2 oz. in 100 gals, should be added to the water before the lead
arsenate paste to ensure its even distribution. The plants should
not be watered again until the day after spraying. Experiments are
being carried out with sprays that are non-poisonous to man and may
be safely used on older plants. This spraying, although essential,
cannot be relied on without subsequent trapping of the caterpillars
and moths and destruction of the pupae. The caterpillars may be
trapped by means of old sacks loosely folded and placed under the
gutters on the pipes or on the lower wires. These sacks should be
collected on the 21st day and dipped for half a minute in boiling water
after which all dead insects may be shaken out and the sacks replaced.
The moths can be trapped by means of preserving jars, which should
be fairly deep in proportion to their width, have a pronounced shoulder
and a mouth-opening at least 1^ inches across. Each jar should
contain an inch of fluid consisting of one part of thick brown treacle
to two parts of ale and sodium fluoride 1 per cent. The treacle and
ale should be well mixed and the sodium fluoride added to each jar
at the rate of as much as can be picked up on a sixpence to 3 oz. of
fluid. At least 6 jars should be used for each 200 ft. house and these
should be emptied and rebaited at the end of 4 weeks. The traps
should be placed in each block as the heat is put into it and should
remain in use throughout the year. If possible the houses should
be drenched with boiling water before the mulch is removed to destroy
the pupae. Boiling water is more effective than carbolic acid for this
purpose. Some of the pupae collected from various parts of the house
after it has been drenched should be kept in earth for 3 or 4 weeks,
and if then found to be still alive, a second drenching will be necessary.

62

The pupae in the crevices of wood- work, etc., may be killed by passing
the flame of a painter's blow-lamp over all suspected corners. The
market baskets and strikes should never be allowed in the glass-
houses, and these, as well as those used for picking, should be dipped
from time to time in boUing water as they frequently contain pupae.
All weeds should be removed inside as well as in the neighbourhood
of the houses, as this moth thrives better on weeds such as Chenopodium
and Polygonum than on tomato leaves only.

Jarvis (E.). Insects attacking Peanuts in Queensland. — Queensland
Agric. Jl., Brisbane, xii, no. 4, October 1919, pp. 200-204, 1 plate.

Most of the injury to peanuts in Queensland is caused by a species
of Pseudococcus closely resembling P. trifolii, Forbes, which has been
recorded on Trifolium pratense in South America. This mealy bug
was found on the roots and underground portions of the plants at a
depth of from 1 to 4 inches, as well as on the nuts, where all stages were
found simultaneously. The larva and summer female are described
and illustrated.

Other insect pests of this plant are a Pyralid, probably a species of
Glyphodes, which feeds on the young shoots in March and of which the
pupal stage occupies about 2 weeks ; a Liparid, Laelia sp., larvae
of which were found devouring the foliage in February, pupation
commencing on 3rd February and the imago emerging 12 days later ;
the Noctuids, Heliothis (Chloridea) assiilia, Gn., of which the larvae
bore into the ends of the stems, pupation occurring in March and lasting
about 2 months, and H. obsoleta on young leaves ; the grasshoppers,
Atractomorpha crenaticeps, Blanch., and Cyrtacanthacris sp. ; and a
Dynastid beetle, Isodon puncticolle, which cuts the stalks about 2 inches
beneath the surface.

Insects attacking stored peanuts include a Phycitid moth,
Homoeosoma vageUa, Z., a Tenebrionid, Triholium ferrugineum, F.,
and a Nitidulid, Carpophilus sp.

Illingwoetpi (J. F.). Cane Grub Investigation. — Queensland Agric.
Jl, Brisbane, xii, no. 4, October 1919, pp. 204-207.

Experiments with soluble arsenic as a means of killing the trees
on which sugar-cane beetles [Lepidiota] feed, show that the best results
are obtained by ringing them as close to the ground as possible. The
cut surfaces of the wound should then be thoroughly wetted with
a solution consisting of one pound of arsenic, two pounds of washing
soda and one gallon of water. Suckers from old stumps may easily
be destroyed by cutting into the live wood and applying a small
quantity of the poison.

Attention is drawn to the continued efficacy of the Agromyzid fly
introduced in 1917 from Hawaii for the destruction of the weed
Lantana camara.

Miller (D.). The Economic Bearing of Hymenopterous Insects. —

N.Z. Jl. Agric, Wellmgton, xix, no. 4, 20th October 1919, pp. 201-
208, 11 figs.
The beneficial insects discussed include : Paniscus productus, which
parasitises the army worm, CirpAis unipuncta, and the New Zealand flax

63

grub, Xanthorhoe praefectata ; Mesostenus albopictus, a parasite of
C. unipuncta ; Lissopimpla semipunctata, a parasite of C. unipuncta and
Porina servinala ; Rhyssus fractinervis parasitising wood-boring beetles ;
and Entedon epigonus and Platygaster minutus, which have been
responsible for the control of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola (Phytophaga)
destructor, Say, in New Zealand.

Predators of economic value include : Pompilus fugax and Polistes
tasmanicus.

Injurious Hymenoptera include : the pear and cherry slug, Eriocamp-
oides limacina (cerasi), Sirex juvencus, which bores into conifer stems,
and Xiphydria accepta, the larvae of which burrow in living and dead
timber.

Compatibility of Spray Mixtures. — N.Z. Jl. Agric, Wellington, xix,
no. 4, 20th October 1919, pp. 244-245.

This is a summary of a paper by W. C. Morris, presented to the New
Zealand Institute Science Congress. Much of the information given
has previously been noticed [R.A.E., A., ii, 662]. Incompatibility of
sprays also refers to the order in which they are appUed to the trees,
thus lime-sulphur followed by lead arsenate has proved more effective
than when applied in the reverse order. Attention is drawn to the
danger of using second-hand casks from which the previous spraying
mixture has not been entirely eliminated.

Davidson (W. M.). U.S. Bur. Entom. New Aphids from Oaks. —
Canad. Entom., London, Ont., li, no. 11, November 1919, pp. 245-
248, 1 plate.

The new species, Vacuna californica on Quercus lohata and
Q. tnacrocarpa, Myzocallis quercifolii on Quercus douglasi (blue oak),
and Myzocallis californicus, Baker, var pallidus, n., on Quercus
dumosa are described from California.

A key is given to the species of the genus Myzocallis.

Fekris (G. F.). Notes on Coccidae — iv. (Hemiptera). — Canad.
Entom., London, Ont., li. no. 11, November 1919, pp. 249-253,
3 figs.

The species dealt with in this continued list [R.A.E. , A. vii, 336]
include : Sphaerococcus casuarinae, Mask., on Casuarina quadrivalvus
in Australia ; Amorphococcus leptospermi, Mask., in a gall on Lep-
tospermum sp, in Austraha ; Kuwanina obscurata, Mask., of which
the penultimate and first stages are described from Eucalyptus in
New South Wales ; and Eremococcus, gen. n., erected for E. pirogallis.
Mask.

Davis (J. J.). Correction (Aphididae). — Canad. Entom., London, Ont.,
li, no. 11, November 1919, p. 263.

As it has been brought to the author's notice that the genus
Heteroneura [R.A.E. A, viii, 8], suggested for the reception of Aphis
setariae, Thos., is preoccupied, the name Hysteroneura is proposed
in place of it.

64

Fernald (H. T.). Notes on the Larch Case-bearer {Coleophora
laricella, Hbn.) — Canad. Entom., London, Ont., li, no. 11, November
1919, p. 264.

During 1919 Coleophora laricella, Hb., caused great damage to
larches in Massachusetts. The work of this moth had apparently
ceased by the middle of June, but on the 18tli July eggs and newly
batched larvae were found in abundance. A description of the egg
is given. It is usually placed on the upper side of the leaf, but may
appear on either side. The emerging larvae enter the leaf and form
mines along one edge of it.

Coleman (L. C.) & Kunhi Kannan (K.). Ground Beetles attacking
Crops in Mysore. — Mysore State Dept. Agric, Bangalore, Entom.
Ser. Bull. 5, 1918, 16 pp., 1 plate, 7 figs. [Received 19th
December 1919.]

The Tenebrionid ground beetles, Gonocephalum [Opatriim) hoffmann-
seggi and G. depressum, occur in Mysore, but as yet only the former
species has been Imown to do any damage of importance, though the
latter might become a serious pest under favourable conditions.
The life-histories of both are similar. The eggs of G. lioffmannseggi
are laid loose in the soil or in excavations made in the plant attacked.
The larvae hatch in two or three days, and usually attack the roots of
grasses and also of ragi (Eleusine coracana), gnawing through the
seedling plants just beneath the surface of the soil, much in the manner
of cutworms. When potatoes are attacked, the beetles seem to do
the greatest amount of damage, gnawing into and tunnelling the stems
until the plants are seriously weakened or killed outright. Shallow
excavations may also be made in the tubers.

The number of moults may vary from 8 to 16, the larval stage
varying much in length. Pupation occurs in the soil, the adults
emerging in less than a week. The beetles are nocturnal in habit and
when disturbed exude a secretion that acts as a violent repellent.
Under normal conditions there is probably only one generation a year.
Several species of birds devour the adults of G. depressum and probably
of G. hoffmannseggi also. Other enemies are a species of Acarid and
two Hymenopterous parasites, but these do not constitute an efficient
check.

Eleusine coracana is attacked only in regions of deficient rainfall
when the rains are delayed after sowing and the larvae have not
sufficient moisture to pupate. A second generation is possible in
years when the first heavy showers are followed by a drought of two
or three months. Remedial measures are difficult to apply. The
area to be treated is too large for the use of gaseous or liquid poison
by the natives. Tobacco dust and other repellents are impracticable
and seem to have no effect on the larvae. Remedies must therefore
be directed against the adult stage. The best bait has proved to be
fresh weeds pulled up by their roots and spread along the bunds an
hour or so before sunset. The beetles should be collected soon after
nightfall, when they emerge from hiding and begin to feed. When
potatoes are attacked, the best bait consists of chopped grass, with

65

which 1 lb. sodium arsenite dissolved with 8 lb. jaggery [palm sugar]
or molasses in 10 gals, water, is mixed. Such collection and destruc-
tion should be carried out systematically for three or four years, whether
the pest is numerous or not. Once this has been done the infestation
will not be severe even in seasons of uncertain rainfall.

KuNHi Kannan (K.). Pulse Beetles (Store Forms).— Mysore State
Dept. Agric, Bangalore, Entom. Ser. Bull. 6, 1919, 31 pp. 18 figs.
[Received 19th December 1919.]

Almost all pulse crops, such as gram, lablab, peas and beans, are
liable to infestation by Bruchids. The commonest species found in
stores in Mysore is Bruchus (Pachymerus) chinensis. Since the life-
history of all the species concerned is very similar, this one only is
described in detail. The eggs are laid on the seed, to which they
are firmly attached by an adhesive substance. The larva hatches
in from 4 to 7 days, according to the season. A remarkable feature
of this stage is the presence of a curved, H-shaped, chitinous plate,
situated dorsally on the first thoracic segment. The larva upon
hatching enters the seed and before beginning excavation, the
H-shaped plate is fixed against the egg-shell as a support, the angle
at which it is fixed determining the inclination of the head and
consequently the part of the hole that the larva works on at a particular
moment. Soon after entering the seed the larva casts its skin and
is no longer provided mth the chitinous process. It pupates near
the seed surface, in which the beetles cut out circular holes for emerg-
ence. The life-cycle varies from 19 days to a month and 21 days,
the longest period being during the coldest weather. The adults
apparently take no food, but mate and oviposit soon after emergence.
They have a very marked instinct to reach the surface of stored
seeds, whither they arrive from any part of the receptacle, and where
they mate, ovipositing only on the top layers of seeds. An experi-
ment is described proving that the reason for this upward migration
is to get relief from the weight of seed above them. Apparently
the survival of the pest from year to year is carried on by a few adults ;
these have been captured near stored seeds and also in the field before
the crops that they attack are ripe.

Hymenopterous parasites have been observed to bore through
seeds to reach the insect within them ; these include Bncchocida
orientalis, Crawf., Bruchobius colemani, Crawf., and an undetermined
species. Another enemy is a mite, probably Pediculoides ventricosus,
Newp. None of these enemies is an efficient check, however, and
it is essential that all seeds should be dried in the sun for three days
before storage.

The remedy usually suggested for infested seed is fumigation before
storage or whenever it is found to be attacked. The dose required
is 2 lb. carbon bisulphide per thousand cubic feet of space, though in
small chambers of a few cubic feet it is usually doubled. If hydrocyanic
acid gas is used, the dose for 100 cub. ft. is 1 oz. of 98 per cent, grade
potassium cyanide in 1 oz. of sulphuric acid diluted with 3 oz. of water.
As neither of these methods is safe for the natives to use, investigations
have been made as to the most suitable methods of storage. Since

66

only the top layers are infested, it is obvious that a receptacle that is
large and wide at the bottom and very narrow at the top is advanta-
geous. The natives do, in fact, use such a receptacle, made of plaited
straw, the seed being taken out of a hole just large enough for the
hand to pass through. The top layers of seeds are further protected
by castor oil smeared over them. This prevents the adherence of
the egg to the seed, and fails to furnish the larva with the necessary
support for boring into it. For small quantities of seed, a little
mercury placed in the receptacle is quite effective and does not
affect germination.

Pulse crops may also be stored imder a layer of several inches of
grains of Eleusine coracana (ragi) or Panicum frumentaceum (savai),
which are not attacked by these beetles. A flat paper disc, closely
adjusted to the surface of the seeds and in which semicircular cuts, large
enough for the beetles to pass through, have been punched from
below, will prevent their return to the seeds, but needs most careful
adjustment. The best remedy discovered was to use a narrow-
necked receptacle and to cover the seeds with a layer of sand some
tw^o inches deep. The seeds should be left for at least a month before
any are withdrawn, to allow time for any adults emerging from
infested seeds to come to the top and die.

This latter remedy probably has a wider application, for the same
instinct to seek the top surface has been found in such widely differing
species as Tribolium castaneum, Lasioderma serricorne, Calandra
oryzae, Gibhium scotias and RJdzopertha dominica, though whether
the sand layer would be effective against them has not been tested.

Other beetles infesting stored pulses in Mysore are Bruchus analis,
which attacks cow-peas for preference, B. quadrimaculatus, which
has been taken in the field in seeds of lablab [Dolichos lablab] in open
pods, and multiplies in the stores, but only under moist conditions,
and an unidentified species that also infests stored lablab. The
identification of these species should be regarded as provisional.

NowELL (W.). The Red Ring or Root Disease of Coconut Palms. —

West Indian Bull., Barbados, xvii, no. 4, 1919, pp. 189-202,
9 plates. [Eeceived 19th December 1919.]

Red ring or root disease of coconut palms is believed to be caused
by a Nematode, the reason for this belief being that the worms are
invariably associated with the initial stages of the disease. They
breed in the zone of the stem known as the red ring, and infest the
leaf-petioles, and are also associated with a discoloured condition
of the roots. The red zone is most developed at the base of the stem
and diminishes in intensity towards the apex where it is represented
by scattered red dots containing Nematodes and their eggs. It is
thought that the disease can be communicated from one tree to
another. It is advisable not to plant nuts that have been lying on
the ground in the neighbourhood of infested trees and to destroy
promptly all infested palms, especially those in the early stages of
the disease. Suggestions are also made for detecting infested trees
and for protecting young trees in the field.

67

Cobb (N. A.). A Newly discovered Nematode {Aphelenchus cocophilus^
sp. n.) connected with a serious Disease of the Coconut Palm.—

West Indian Bull., Barbados, xvii, no. 4, 1919, pp. 203-210,
5 figs. [Received 19th December 1919.]

The new Nematode, Aphelenchus cocophilus, here described was
taken from the roots of coconut palms in Grenada. The genus
Aphelenchus is closely allied to Tylenchus and Heterodera, and includes
some 30 or 40 species, of which a considerable number are serious
agricultural pests. The two sexes were found in about equal numbers
in the roots, the tissues being softened and discoloured.

Suggestions for remedial measures are based upon these investiga-
tions and include attention to drainage. It is pointed out that
drainage currents are capable of distributing the worms. Many
plant and soil-infesting Nematodes can be drowned by flooding and
it is advisable to determine what the palm roots can stand in this
respect and what the effect of salt-water on them would be. The
destruction of all diseased material by fire or some other inexpensive
method is strongly recommended. Where legal means exist, plant
quarantines should be established to prevent the spread of the disease
from one locality to another. The worms are most abundant about
half-way between the outer surface of the root and the central strand.

Certain points which it is desirable to elucidate include the resistance
to drought shown by the Nematode, the possibiUty of artificial
infestation of healthy roots, the length of life of Nematodes within
the roots, and the possibility of their having other food-plants.

Ballou (H. a.). Cotton and the Pink Bollworm in Egypt. — West
Indian Bull, Barbados, xvii, no. 4, 1919, pp. 237-292, 13 figs.
[Received 19th December 1919.]

A general review is given of the development of the cotton industry
in Egypt and of the falling rate of yield, for which several reasons
are assigned.

The jDrincij^al insect pests of cotton in Egypt are Prodenia litura
(cotton worm), Earias insulana (bollworm), Oxycarenus hyalinipennis
( cotton- stainer) and Pectinophora {Gelechia) gossypiella (pink bollworm).
These do not seem to have had any influence in reducing the average
yields of cotton, with the exception of P. gossypiella, which has
certainly caused serious losses since 1912.

0. hyalinipennis has been known in Egypt since about 1860, and
there seems to be no record of the exact nature and extent of the
injury caused by it. It occurs in great numbers every season and
is believed to give rise to some injury and loss in the cotton crops.
Legislation has for some years past enforced the collection of the
eggs of P. litura, but in spite of this the average yield of cotton has
steadily become smaller.

The native habitat and distribution of P. gossypiella are discussed ;
the moth is described and an account given of its life-history and
habits. The most important characteristic of the life-history is the
ability of certain of the larvae to enter into a resting stage. Normally
when they are fully fed, they pupate and adults emerge within a
short time, so that there are several generations during the cotton

68

growing season, of four to five weeks each. A small proportion of
the larvae, however, spin a particularly tough cocoon within the
seed in which they have been feeding or within a double seed, and enter
into a resting stage in which they may remain during two winters
and the intervening summer, and perhaps much longer. There is
apparently no difference between the short-cycle larvae and those
that will enter the resting stage, and it is not known what factors
give rise to this condition ; temperature and moisture do not seem
to determine it. It is during the resting period that remedial measures
can be most easily appUed.

The nature of the damage caused by P. gossypiella and its effect
upon the yield of cotton is discussed [E.A.E., A, vii, 489]. The
first infestation of the season results from the moths developing
from larvae that have passed the winter in the resting stage, and the
attack generally begins in May or early June, and increases rapidly
throughout the season.

Various opinions are quoted regarding the attraction of the moths
to light. It has been the author's experience that the pink bollworm
is attracted to lights in Egypt, both in the field and in storage. The
moths are evidently crepuscular, their activities being greatest shortly
after sunset. Experiments in the insectary indicate that they probably
do not come to light on the first night of their adult existence, but
that their impulse on emerging is to make for the open field. The
relative abundance of E. insulana and P. gossypiella in recent years
is discussed \loc. cit.'].

Several natural enemies of P. gossypiella exist, but either through
lack of numbers or owing to the time of their occurrence they exercise
very little control. The most important of these is Pediculoides
ventricosus. This mite attacks and destroys large numbers, but its
attacks come very late in the season. Moreover it also attacks
human beings, producing great irritation of the skin. Several
Hymenopterous parasites also occur, but are inefficient checks. It
is only late in the season when there are many open bolls exposing
the bollworms that the parasites have much opportunity of attack.
It is hoped that an egg-parasite may be discovered.

The most important consideration in attempting to exterminate
the pink bollworm in Egypt is the destruction of the larvae at the
end of the season, both those left in bolls in the field and those
removed with the crop. It is essential that all infested material left
in the field should be collected and disposed of, and this is provided
for by law. The cotton sticks are all inspected before being taken
into the villages and any old cotton left on them is carefully cleaned
off. Various methods of cleaning the sticks are described. A
machine for this purpose has been devised and is very promising ;
moreover it provides for conserving all the waste materials removed
from the sticks, which can be used as fuel.

The most successful treatment for infested cotton seed is found
to be heat [R.A.E., A, vi, 42]. Seed cotton or cotton seed may be
stored in Egypt only in licensed warehouses, the doors and windows
of which are protected so as to prevent the emergence of moths that
develop from larvae in the seeds. Early ripening varieties of cotton
are a great advantage in minimising pink bollworm attacks. Early
ripening can to a certain extent be induced by withholding irrigation

69

after a certain date and also bv removing tlie tips of the shoots,
which prevents the formation of new bolls and flowers. Sheep and
goats can be advantageously grazed in standing cotton after the crop
is off and will destroy many of the old bolls left in the field.

GuNN (D.). The Fig and Willow Borer {Phryneta spinator). —
Union of South Africa, Dept. Agric, Pretoria. Bull. 6, 13th June
1919, 22 pp., 16 figs. [Received 20th December, 1919.]

The Longicorn beetle, Phryneta spinator, has for several years
caused serious damage to fig trees in the four Provinces of the TJnion,
as well as in Rhodesia, British East Africa, Nyasaland and the Belgian
Congo. A willow, Salix capensis, is probably its native food-plant,
but it also attacks apple, apricot, nectarine, peach, pear and plum,
as well as grape-vines, Melia azedarach, Cupresmis lusitanica and
C. horizontal is.

The various stages are described. The female searches for a suitable
position on the bark of the stem, usually from about ^ an inch below
to 12 inches above the soil surface, on which she proceeds to make
a transverse, vertical or T-shaped slit. Below this a cavity is made
into which the eggs are inserted and covered with a gelatinous
substance. Usually only one egg is laid in each cavity, but if several
are deposited, the strongest larva generally develops cannibal habits
and devours the others. Under natural conditions in Pretoria,
oviposition occurs from the middle of November to about the middle
of March, each female depositing from 18 to 34 eggs.

The eggs hatch in from 10 to 18 days. The emerging larvae feed
on the tissues surrounding the egg-slit. The chief damage is caused
by the subsequent borings of the larvae in the soft tissue, and these
by the end of the first summer have become a broad irregular, semi-
circular gallery beneath the bark. The presence of the pest is indicated
by the appearance of a yellowish brown dust and sticky exudation
at intervals on the stem of the tree. Trees may become completely
girdled and die, or if the injury is not sufficient to kill the tree, the
crop of figs gradually diminishes.

The larvae are less active during the winter months than in the
summer. At the end of the first year the tunnels penetrate the hard
wood and usually are continued in a downward direction. The burrows
examined in 1917 varied from 1| to nearly 3 feet in length, 1 to Ih
inches in diameter and from 1 to If inches in depth. About June
the pupal cells are excavated, the process occupying from 3 to 4
months. After the completion of the pupal ceU 2 or 3 weeks may
elapse before pupation occurs. The larval period lasts about 32
to 34 months and the pupal stage from 8 to 21 Aveeks. The adult
remains for several days in the pupal cell before boring its way to the
exterior. The beetles seldom fly any distance from their native tree ;
they enaerge from the middle of November to the end of February
and gradually begin disappearing in March. In cage- experiments
the life of individuals varied from 172 to 207 days. The ratio of
females to males is thought to be about 3 to 1. The fig trees used
for these observations varied in age from about 6 to 15 years, and
it was noticed that the larval period is slightly shorter in the younger
trees.

70

In willow trees the slits made for oviposition are found in different
parts of the trunk and even in the branches. If severely infested,
growth is retarded and the tree may die, and many trees are killed
by the entrance of parasitic fungi through the burrows. The work
of the larvae in willow is similar to that in fig trees, except that the
burrows do not penetrate so deeply and are not so long. The adults
emerge from willow trees by means of round exit-holes, giving the tree
the appearance of being riddled with bullet holes. These holes have
not been noticed in fig trees. Owing to the position of the eggs in
young fig trees there is not much chance of parasitic infestation.
But from December to February the beetles suffer from a disease caused
by a fungus, Isaria sp., although no rehance can be placed on this
as a means of control, as it only appears in the summer months when
the rainfall is heavy.

Various remedial measures are discussed. Insecticides have proved
practically useless. Red oxide and white lead paint apparently
prevent infestation, but also cause injury to the bark of fig trees. The
measures advocated include the growing of trees on a single stem, the
clearing away of undergrowth that affords protection for the beetle and
planting as far away from willows as possible. The larvae should be
cut out, but if they cannot be reached with a pointed knife or wire
they may be destroyed in their burrows by injecting 3 ounces of paraffin
or 2 ounces of carbon bisulphide and plugging the hole with cotton wool
or moist clay to prevent the fumes escaping. The wounds made in
cutting out the larvae should be painted to prevent fungus and bacterial
infection. For this purpose lead paint may be used, provided that it
does not contain turpentine. To prevent reinfestation the trees
should be protected by means of wire netting placed round the base.
This may be removed during the winter, from April to November, as
oviposition only occurs during the summer months. All heavily
infested material should be destroyed.

Newel (W.). The European Corn Borer. — Qtrly. Bull, Florida State
Plant Bd., Gainesville, iv, no. 1, October 1919, pp. 1-9, 4 figs.

Owing to the rapid spread of the European corn borer, Pyrausta
nubilalis, Hb., in various States there is every reason to fear its intro-
duction into Florida. In the south there would probably be three or
four generations a year and the range of food-plants would possibly
extend and might include sugar-cane. At present the shipment of
nursery plants which are known to be attacked by this moth is pro-
hibited, but the pest may easily be introduced in packing, etc.
At the next meeting of the State Plant Board quarantine rules are to be
adopted for the elimination of this danger, but the co-operation of all
citizens is required to keep the pest out of Florida.

Report of Quarantine Inspection Department for the Quarter ending
30th September 1919. — Qrtly. Bull, Florida State Plant Bd.,
Gainesville, iv, no. 1, October 1919, pp. 15-16.

The pests intercepted during the period under review include :
Aleurocanthus woglumi (black fly) on Spanish lime from the Bahamas ;
Asjndiotus cocotiphagus and A. orientalis on palm from Cuba ;

71

A. sacchari on sugar-cane, Pseudischnaspis alienus on guava and
palms, and Vinsonia stellifera on sapodilla from Cuba ; Aspidiotus
destructor on palms from Cuba and the Isle of Pines ; and the seed-
infesting Hymenopteron, Bephrata cubensis, in soursop from Cuba.

Blair (K. G.). Pests of Almond Trees in Palestine. —Entom. Mthly.
Mag., London, 3rd Ser. vi, no. 61, January 1920, p. 13.

A Buprestid, Capnodis carbonaria, Klug, a Scolytid, Scolytus
amygdali, Guer., and an Aphid, Tuberodryobius persicae, Cholodk.,
are reported as injuring almond trees in Palestine. Nearly full grown
larvae of C. carbonaria have been found boring between the inner bark
and the wood of the stem undergrowth and in the roots. In many
cases the stems were completely girdled. Pupae were found in an
enlarged hollow of the boring about two inches below the surface.

In an editorial footnote it is stated that Capnodis tenebrionis, L.,
and ChalcopJwra stig)natica,"Da\m., have been reported from Salonika
on apricot and other fruit trees.

Cotton (R. T.). Insectos que atacan las Hortalizas en Puerto Rico.

[Insects attacking Garden Plants in Porto Rico.]— -Key. Agric.
Puerto Rico, San Juan, i, no. 3, June 1918, pp. 119-131, 8 figs.
[Received 27th December 1919.]

It is considered that no less than 20 per cent, of the vegetable-
garden crops of Porto Rico are destroyed by insects. The present
paper has been issued to give in popular form the necessary information
about them, and the remedial measures against them [R.A.E.,A, vii,
248]. Instructions are given for the making and use of the usual
insecticides.

Smyth (E. G.). Como combatir el Gorgojo de la Batata. [Measures
against the Sweet Potato Weevil] — Rev. Agric. Puerto Rico,
San Juan, i, no. 3, June 1918, pp. 136-139. [Received 27th
December 1919.]

Cylas formicarius (sweet potato weevil) destroys sometimes more
than 75 per cent, of the sweet potato crop in Porto Rico, and in many
instances a crop so damaged is allowed to rot in the ground, thus
forming an ideal breeding-place for large colonies of the pest. In
order to ensure a clean crop, the same land should not be sown with
potatoes at less than two years' interval, and any old plants should be
removed from the ground at least one month before the potatoes are
sown. Potatoes that are quite free from infestation should be bought
for seed, or if the best of a previous crop are used they should be fumi-
gated with 2 or 3 oz. of carbon bisulphide per bushel for 24 hours.
When a large area is found to be infested the only remedy is to gather
the whole crop as soon as the infestation is discovered. The crop
should then be divided into three classes, namely, those fit for sale,
which should be despatched at once and the few kept for seed imme-
diately fumigated; those without commercial value, which should be
boiled and then given to stock; and those that are too bitter to be
given to animals, which should be burned or buried more than
1 ft. deep. The tubers in the ground should then be turned up with

72

a rake or li arrow and cattle or pigs allowed access to them. Turning-
pigs loose in the fields after only the marketable tubers have been
gathered is useless as they will not eat the badly infested tubers and
thus the principal danger remains.

Agee (H. p.) & SwEZEY (0. H.). Director's Report. — Rep. Com-
mittee in Charge Expt. Sta., Hawaiian Sugar Plant. Assoc., for
Year ending 30th September 1919, Honolulu, 1919, pp. 7-49.

The reduction in the numbers of the leaf-hopper [Perkinsiella
saccharicida] noticed during 1918 [R.A.E., A, vii, 412] has continued
except for a few scattered outbreaks. In the upper lands at Olaa
the pest has persisted throughout the summer, probably owino; to
the excessively heavy rains in the winter which destroyed its parasites
in great numbers and allowed it to gain an ascendency that it main-
tains for a long period. The Formosan species of Ootetrastichus,
introduced as a parasite in 1916, has become very generally established
throughout the Islands.

A visit was made early in 1919 to North Queensland to study the
leaf-hopper parasites there, and a number of beneficial insects have
been brought to Hawaii in good condition. These include 136
individuals of Drypta spp., including D. australis, and allied beetles
that should be of great importance when they have become sufficiently
numerous, and 31 Staphylinid beetles, which should increase with
even greater rapidity. These are all predaceous on the leaf-hoppers.
Other insects imported were beetles of the genus Chlaenius predaceous
on army- worms ; Coccinella arcudta and C. repanda predaceous on
Aphids ; and Syrphid flies, that were liberated in Aphid-infested
sugar-cane, together with Hemerobiids that were reared en route.

Anomala orientalis is now fully controlled by the Philippine wasp,
Scolia manilae, which was first introduced into the Islands in 1915-
1916. This is considered a remarkable example of the control of
an insect pest by an introduced parasite. The parasites maintain
their existence in regions previously infested by Anomala by breeding
on Adoretus umbrosus (Japanese rose beetle). The distribution of
this parasite is discussed. The cane-borer [Rhabdocnemis obscura]
continues to be controlled by the imported Tachinid [Ceromasia
sphenophort].

BovELL (J. R.) & d'Albuquekque (J. p.). Parts i and ii. Manurial
Experiments with Sugar Cane. — Barbados Dept. Agric, Rept.
Sugar-Cane Expts., 1917-1919; 1919, pp. 4-19.

In the course of manurial experiments with sugar-cane in Barbados,
some statistics have been gathered regarding the numbers of Diaprepes
abbreviatus, L. (root-borer) and Phy talus smithi, Arrow (brown hard-
back), on sugar-cane and the losses caused by these beetles. On
one estate examined the loss from these two beetles was 4*36 tons
of canes per acre, the minimum monetary loss being nearly £8 per
acre. From a series of experiments on three estates the loss due to
Diatraea saccharalis, F. (moth borer) was found to be an average of
6*25 tons of canes per acre with a monetary loss of about £12 106',
per acre, while in the factory the loss was reckoned at an average
of 585 lb. of saccharose per acre with an equivalent value of £6 5s.

73

d'Emmerez de Charmoy (D.). Division of Biology. — Mauritius
Dept. Agric. Ann. Rej^t. for 1918, pp. 10-12. [Received 19tli
December 1919.]

Investigations on the root disease of sugar-cane liave resulted in
the discovery of the eel-worm, TylcncJms sacchari, which has been
detected wherever root-disease is reported, and which may be
responsible to a great extent for the disease in Mauritius. Further
investigations are being carried out.

Lepidopterous pests have damaged pigeon-pea pods to such an
extent as to cause in some cases total destruction of the crop.
Lampides {Polyommalus) baeticus, Pyrausta {Botys) sp. and an
undetermined Tortrix were the most injurious, both to the pods and
flower-buds. Spraying with lead arsenate was not very effective
owing to windy weather at the time of flowering, continuous flowering
of the plant which would necessitate repeated spraying, insufficient
adherence of the poison, and the sensitiveness of the plant to arsenical
comjjounds. Citrus trees were badly infested with black aj)his {Aphis
tavaresi '^.], which was controlled by the commercial preparation
" Katakilla." Peaches were seriously attacked by Cydia pomonella,
especially early in the season. No poison-sprays could be used as the
fruits are infested when nearly mature. Nectarines, guavas and
granadillas are increasingly damaged by the fruit-fly, Ceratitis catoiri.
The importation of Scolia oryctophaga against Oryctes tarandus has
been successful and it has now become established. TipJiia parallela
has been recovered from Phytalus larvae far away from its original
centre of liberation. The campaign against Phytalus has been extended,
the number of beetles destroyed being 49,006,813.

WiLLCOCKS (F. C). Collembola or Springtails injuring Cotton. —
Bull. Soc. Entom. Egypte, Cairo, 1918, no. 1 & 2, January-
June, pp. 34-35. [Received 29th December 1919.]

A number of young cotton plants from Gizeh were found to be
injured by springtails or Collembolar the foUage being small and
crinkled or malformed and in some cases showing holes. The soil
in the field where these plants had grown was low-lying and moist,
poorly tilled and swarming with springtails. This is thought to be
the first record of injury to a field crop by these insects in Egypt,
though damage has been noticed in seedling flowering plants such
as Cineraria, Antirrhinum, etc., for some years past.

GouGH (L. H.). Further Notes on Ephestia, an Insect injurious to
Stored Dates in Khargeh Oasis. — Bull. Soc. Entom. Egypte,
Cairo, 1918, no. 3, July-August, pp. 68-75. [Received 29th
December 1919.]

It was found during investigations in 1917 [R.A.E., A, vi, 462]
that the date worm found in the Khargeh Oasis, and now identified
as Ephestia calidella, Gn., does not attack the Saidi date until it
has fallen off the fruiting stem. It was therefore suggested that
dates for export should be graded into two qualities, the first to be

(646) o

u

packed immediately, and the second to be made into pressed dates.
Tests were then made injumigating both grades. The method of
fumigation for the purpose of experimentation is described. Sulphur
fumes were used and the receptacle closed for about 12 hours. Two
weeks later the fumigated material was examined and compared
with unfumigated dates from the same lot. The superiority of
selected dates over the second grade was great, and fumigation
greatly improved both grades. The first quahty dates after fumigation
were practically free from worms. A single worm in a package,
however destroys several dates. The cost of fumigation is practically
nil, and this process does not affect the colour, texture or flavour
of the dates.

One modification of the existing practice would be necessary.
The bunches would have to be cut when about one-third are still
yellow, instead of waiting until all have fully ripened. Most of the
yellow ones will ripen after packing. There is no doubt that eggs
are laid on the hanging as well as the fallen fruit.

Attention is drawn to the resemblance between the life-history
of E. calidella and that of the pink bollworm [Pectinophora gossypiella];
in both species some of the larvae enter upon a resting stage which
carries the insect over from one year to another. The former moth
is the more suitable for experiment and may be the means of solving
this puzzling phase in the life-history of both insects.

GouGH (L. H.). Preliminary Note on the Infestation of Hibiscus
esculentus Pods by the Pink Boll Worm. — Bull. Soc. Entom.
Egypte, Cairo, 1918, no. 4, September-December, pp. 79-82.
[Received 29th December 1919. ]

While it has been stated in America that cotton is the only known
food-plant of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora (Gelechia) gossypiella,
it has long been known in Egypt that other plants are attacked. In
particular. Hibiscus esculentus and H. cannabinus are known to be
food-plants in Egypt, and while the fact has httle economic impor-
tance in that country, it is significant in view of the American
legislation which prohibits the growing of cotton in a known area of
bollworm infestation, but does not prohibit the growing of okra
(Hibiscus), which is cultivated as a vegetable in the Southern United
States. Material has therefore been collected and examined for the
percentage of infestation of this plant and the results prove that
both species of Hibiscus are naturally largely infested and are
sufficiently important food-plants to render legislation against cotton
alone a defective measure.

Pemberton (C. E.). Artificial Distribution of Beneficial Ladybirds
in California by the Ton. — Hawaiian Planters' Record, Honolulu,
xxi, no. 5, November 1919, pp. 260-262,

The method of collecting and distributing aphidivorous Coccinellids,
especially Hippodamia convergens, in California is described. During
1913, 75,000,000 individuals of this beetle were distributed and

75

immense numbers have been handled each year since. The possibility
of introducing this species into Hawaii in large quantities has been
considered and some attempts have already been made to do so, but
apparently it has not become established. There are difficulties
connected with the transportation ; storage for ten weeks or more
after removal from the natural hibernation quarters causes a high
mortality among the Coccinellids ; moreover they are not a tropical
species and might not survive in Hawaii. In view of the importance
of its activites in California, however, it is thought that further
attempts should be made to add it to the beneficial species that have
already been introduced into Hawaii with very great advantage.

Fernald (H. T.) & Bourne (A. I.). Department of Entomology.—
31st Ann. Rcpf. MassaclmscUs Agric. Exjpt. Sta., Boston, Mass.,
Parts i and ii, Pub. Doc. 31, January 1919, pp. 39a-43a.
[Received 29tb December 1919.]

Tests of standard insecticides to determine their action and the
causes of burning of foliage have been continued. Pure materials
have previously been tested and commercial brands are now being
tried in the same way. Calcium arsenite cannot be recommended
for ordinary use as too many precautions are necessary for safety ;
the study of calcium arsenate to replace it has therefore been under-
taken.

Several proprietary insecticides have been tested during the year.
The most successful of these was " Plant Lice Killer " for use
against Aphids. The oily nature of this mixture makes it difficult
to prepare, but when properly mixed and maintained it is effective,
1 part to 15 or 20 of water killing practically all the insects reached
and 1 to 30 killing about 90 per cent, of them. At a strength of
1 : 15 only the most delicate foliage was injured ; with 1 : 20, no
injury was noticed.

Bordeaux mixture, Pyrox and Insecto were tested during the
summer of 1918 to determine their value against potato pests, nicotine
sulphate 40 per cent, in 1 to 800 dilution being added to each. The
last-named had rather poor suspension qualities, giving poor
distribution and clogging the nozzle. Home-made Bordeaux gave
the best distribution and Pyrox was nearly as good. Flea-beetles
were well controlled by all three materials, the nicotine sulphate
combining with them without difficulty.

E* The work on digger wasps as parasites has progressed, but no results
can as yet be reported. Eemedies against the onion maggot
[Hylemyia antiqua] were practically limited in 1918 to tests of traps
for the adult flies. Six traps placed in an area of about one-fourth
of an acre captured about 48,000 ffies, of which about 4,500 were
those of H. antiqua during May and June. These experiments will
be continued.

With regard to the codling moth [Cydia pomonella] it had been
decided that no second brood is present in Massachusetts except for
a few scattered individuals. A second brood of considerable size was
noticed however in 1918 and it has been decided to carry the
investigations further.

76

Larrimer (W. H.) & Ford (A. L.). U.S. Bur. Entom. The
Migration of HarmoUta grandis Form minutum : an important
Factor in its Control. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N. H., xii, no. 6,
December 1919, pp. 417-425, 1 plate, 3 figs.

Recent observations show that the first generation of the wheat
pest, HarmoUta grandis, which is wingless, does not travel very far
from its place of hibernation in standing stubble. Infestation by
this Chalcid in fields adjacent to such stubble was found to vary
from 12'1 per cent, at the edge to OlO per cent, at a distance of 90
yards. As the infestation is practically negligible beyond a radius
of 30 yards, wheat planted at this distance from stubble or self-sown
wheat will be fairly safe from attack. If the first generation is thus
deprived of its natural breeding-places it will obviously mean great
reduction in the amount of infestation later in the season. All self-
sown wheat, especially that growing in stubble, should be destroyed
as it provides a breeding-place from which the second generation,
which can fly strongly, will infest the adjacent and neighbouring fields,
such infestation amounting to 6 '4 per cent, having been noticed at a
distance of 150 yards.

MozNETTE (G. F.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Notes on the Bronze Apple-
Tree Weevil. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N. H., xii, no. 6,
December 1919, pp. 426-429, 1 plate.

The bronze apple-tree weevil, Magdalis aenescens, Lee, has been
very prevalent in Oregon. It was found on apple, Crataegus and
Italian prune trees, but all trees attacked were either devitalised
or dying. The roughened portion of the bark is chosen by the female
for oviposition in preference to the smooth parts. Eggs were deposited
about 26th April in cavities excavated under the bark and the cavity was
sealed with frass. These eggs hatched on 14th and 15th May. The
larvae burrow immediately into the bark in any direction, and may
include a little of the wood in their tunnel. The tunnels are very small,
measuring about | mm. at first and about 2 mm. when completed.
The larvae continue feeding on the bark and surface-wood during
the winter, and in the spring an oval cell is excavated at the end of
the burrow between the bark and wood in which pupation occurs
about the beginning of April. The larval period lasts ten to eleven
months. The duration of the pupal stage depends on weather con-
ditions. The adults usually emerge about five days after pupation
and feed on the foliage, especially the upper surface of the leaves,
into Avhich they eat peculiar round holes. The adult life is brief.

About 50 per cent, of this pest was apparently attacked by
parasites, including Tetrastichus sp. and a Braconid, Calyptus sp.

Robinson (R. H.). The Beneficial Action of Lime in Lime Sulfur
and Lead Arsenate Combination Spray. — Jl. Econ. Entom.,
Concord, N. H., xii, no. 6, December 1919, pp. 429-433.

Experiments made with combined sprays show that greater decom-
position takes place when lime-sulphur is mixed with lead hydrogen
arsenate than with neutral arsenate. The efficiency of the spray is
decreased by about 35 per cent, and severe scorching may occur

77

owing to the presence of arsenic as a soluble salt. The addition of
lime at the rate of about 10 lb. to 100 U.S. gals, of lime-sulphur, before
the lead arsenate is added, prevents this reaction to a certain extent,
and this combination after two days showed 75 per cent, of the lime-
sulphur to be unchanged, whereas the mixture without the addition
of lime in the same length of time completely transformed to lead
sulphide or thiosulphate.

Baker (A. C). U.S. Bur. Entom. The Houghton Gooseberry
Aphis.— JZ. Econ. Entom., Concord, N. H., xii, no. 6, December
1919, pp. 43a-437.

The eggs of ApJiis houghtmiensis are laid as early as the first week
in October in confinement upon the bark or under the loose bark
of the twigs of gooseberry bushes and occasionally about the bases
of the buds and upon the thorns. They hatch about the middle
of April and the young stem-mothers feed on the opening leaves
and are found either on the under-surface of the leaves or on the
petioles. The leaves curl and completely hide the stem-mother as
well as the young, which may remain enclosed in the leaf or migrate
to new leaves. Alate viviparous forms occurred in every generation
in which specimens were reared from the second onward. Part of
the offspring of the stem-mothers thus became winged, but all
individuals of this form died without reproducing when placed on
gooseberry, thus indicating that for certain individuals at least an
alternate food-plant is necessary. The summer apterous forms first
appeared on the 9th May and commenced feeding on the leaves,
causing the same curling as the stem-mothers ; they also attacked
the tender shoots. The sexes, both of which are apterous, appear
in September and October. The various stages are described.

Weiss (H. B.) & Dickerson (E. L.). The Life History and early
Stages of Macropsis virescens var. graminea (Fabr.), a Poplar
Leaf Hopper in New Jersey (Horn.). — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord,
N. H., xii, no. 6, December 1919, pp. 437-440.

The eggs of Macropsis virescens var. graminea are laid during the
end of June and beginning of July beneath the bark tissue of
Lombardy poplars, the bark over the egg being slightly raised. During
the first week in May the nymphs emerge and may be found on the
unfolding leaves and leaf-petioles ; sometimes as many as 3 or 4
occur on one leaf. They gradually disperse to the stems and rest in
the axils of the leaves or occasionally on the petioles. There are
5 nymphal stages, their total duration being about one month. The
adults appear from the beginning of June to July. Hibernation
takes place in the egg-stage. All stages are described.

Wellhouse (W. H.). Lace Bug on Hawthorn, Corijthucha bellida,
Gibson (Tingididae, Hemiptera).— J^. Econ. Entom., Concord,
N. H., xii, no. 6, December 1919, pp. 441-446, 2 figs.

The lace bug, Corythuca belMa, Gibs., is recorded^ from several
localities in New York round Ithaca. The only previous record is
apparently from Ohio. The food-plants include Crataegus neojiuvialis,

78

C. albicans and C. punctata, and these are probably preferred owing
to the abundance of pubescence along the veins on the lower sides
of the leaves.

The eggs are laid in groups of from 18 to 20 on the under-surface
of the leaf in the axil formed by the midrib and its lateral branches.
The egg-laying period extends over several weeks, so that all stages
may be found together during July and August. There are two
generations in Ithaca. The first brood hatches in July from eggs
laid in May and June and the second in August and September from
eggs laid in July and August. During the cooler weather of June
the eggs hatch in about 37 days, but in August the nymphs emerge
after 18 days. They feed in colonies on the under-surface of the
leaves, sucking the sap and causing the leaves to turn brown and
fall off. The nymphs moult five times and feed from 3 to 4 days
between the earlier moults and 5 to 6 in the later stages requiring
a total of from 20 to 25 days. The adults also feed on the leaves
and those of the second brood which emerge in September continue
feeding until the leaves fall. They hibernate in this stage in the
crevices of the bark or on the leaves with which they have fallen.
The hibernating adults recommence feeding towards the end of May,
but as comparatively few of them survive the winter the first brood
causes little injury. Many of the last stage nymphs are preyed
upon by spiders. Should the nymphs of the second brood become too
numerous they may be controlled by one of the nicotine sprays in
use against leaf -bugs on apple. The spray should be directed upwards
so as to ensure reaching the under-surface of the leaves. The nymphal
stages are described.

Frost (S. W.). The Function of the Anal Comb of certain Lepi-
dopterous Larvae. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N. H., xii, no. 6,
December 1919, pp. 446-447, 1 fig.

Hitherto the anal comb of certain Lepidopterous larvae such as
Cydia (Laspeyresia) molesta, Busck, C. (L.) prunivora, Walsh, and
G. (L.) pomonella, Clem., has been a useful character in separating
such closely allied species, but no definite function has been attributed
to it. Whilst examining a larva of Sparganothis indoeusaJis, Wlk.,
it was noticed that this organ is instrumental in disposing of the
frass, which it removes from the neighbourhood of the body. It
was further noticed only in some external feeders and it is wanting
in case-bearers, leaf-miners and borers such as Mineola indiginella, Z.,
Eucosma (Tmetocera) ocellana, Schiff., Tischeria malifoliella, Clem.,
Phyllorycter (LitJiocolletis) blancardella, P., and Parornix (Ornix)
geminatella, Pack., which would have no use for such a structure
owing to their habits.

HoLLOWAY (T. E.) & LoFTiN (U. C). U.S. Bur. Entom.^ Insects
attacking Sugar Cane in the United j States. — //. Econ. Entom.,
Concord, N. H., xii, no. 6, December 1919, pp. 448-450.

This list of sugar-cane pests in the United States includes : Diatraea
saccJiaralis crairthidoides, Grote, parasitised by Trichogramma minutum,
Riley, Ufens niger, Ashmead, and Euzenilliopsis diatraeae. Towns. ;

79

Diatraea lineolata, Wlk. ; Pseudococcus calceolariae, Mask. ; P. calceo-
lariae minor, Mask. ; Ligyrus rugiceps, Lee. ; Lachnosterna antenyiata ;
L. burmeisteri ; L. crassissinia ; L. congrua ; Cyclocephala villosa,
Burm. ; Dyscinetus trachypygus, Burm. ; SpJwnophorus cariosus,
Oliv. ; Limnoharis sp. ; Draeculacephala moUipes, Say, parasitised
by Abdella acuminata, Ashm., and Gonatocerus koebelei, Perk. ;
D. mollipes minor, Wlk. ; Tomaspis bicincta. Say ; Ap)his bituberculata,
Wilson ; Siplia flava, Forbes ; and Leucotermes flavipes, Kollar.

Other insects and mites that rarely cause much damage, but are
included in this list, are : Frankliniella gossypii, Morg. ; Uropoda sp. ;
Tetranyclms ynodestus, Bnks. ; Bryobia pratewsw, Garm. ; Galumna
rob'usta, Bnks. ; Hypoaspis sp. ; and Laphygma frugiperda, S. & A.

Illtngworth (J. F.). Investigation of Control Measures for White
Grubs affecting Sugar Cane in Queensland. — Jl. Econ. Entom.,
Concord, N. H., xii, no. 6, December 1919, pp. 451-455.

Tremendous losses are sustained in the sugar-cane growing districts
of Queensland owing to the ravages of white grubs [Lepidiota sp.].
Two years' investigation shows that the most important remedial
measures consist in stimulating the vigour of the plant, destroying
the eggs by cultivation, application of poison and removal of feeding
trees. [R.A.E., A., vi, 526 ; vii, 200, 411 ; viii, 02.]

Illingworth (J. F.). A Successful Method of Breeding Parasites
of White Grubs. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Coticord, N. H. xii, no. 6,
December 1919, pp. 455-457, 1 plate.

During observations on the breeding of Campsomeris tasmaniensis
and C.formosus under laboratory conditions it was noticed that when
several white grubs [Lepidiota] were placed in the jar with these
wasps they were all immediately paralysed by them, although
eggs were never deposited on more than one individual. The
method of breeding the parasites is discussed. [R.A.E., A. vi, 495.]

Illingworth (J. F.). The Sugar Cane Beetle Borer Parasite
{Ceromasia sphenophori) in Queensland. — Jl. Econ. Entom.,
Concord, N. H., xii, no. 6, December 1919, pp. 457-459.

In certain districts in Queensland the sugar-cane beetle borer,
Rhabdocnemis obscura, is no longer a serious pest owing to the
estabUshment of its Tachinid parasite, Ceromasia sphenopliori, which
is responsible for the destruction of about 90 per cent, of the grubs
[R.A.E., A, vii, 167]. Attempts are being made to extend the
distribution of this parasite over a wider area.

Smith (R. H.). A Preliminary Note concerning a serious Nematode
Disease of Red Clover in the North Western States. — Jl. Econ.
Entom., Concord, N. H., xii, no. 6, December 1919, pp. 460-462.

Tylenchus dipsaci, Kiihn {devastatrix,Kuhn) has been found to be
the cause of severe losses amongst red clover in Idaho. At present
red clover is the chief food-plant of this Nematode and it has only
occasionally been recorded on alsike and white clover. The limited

80

range of food- plants may probably be explained by the theory of
the existence of different biological strains [R.A.E., A, v, 441 ; vii, 356].
The Nematodes apparently enter the plants at the surface of the
ground, at first attacking the stipules of the leaves and later the stems.
Malformations of the plant are the result, and these are most marked
in the autumn and early winter. The death of the plants is usually
hastened by secondary agents, including a mite, Rhizoglyphus
rhizophagus, Bnks., a Mycetophilid, Sciara trifolii, Pett., and a
weevil, Silones hispidulus, Germ. The chief injury is caused during
the second year after seeding, when both Nematodes and other insects
are most abundant.

Brooks (F. E.). U.S. Bur. Entom. A migrating Army of Millepedes.
— Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N. H. xii, no. 6, December 1919,
pp. 4G2-464.

Attention is drawn to the sudden appearance of a great army of
millipedes, Fontaria virginiensis, Drury, in West Virginia. The
army, estimated to consist of over 65 million individuals, had probably
migrated to a farm from the neighbouring woodland and covered
at least 75 acres of land. The water in the infested district was
contaminated, the springs being filled to a depth of from 6 to 8 inches
with drowned millipedes. The invasion passed in a southerly direction,
but stumps, posts, rails and decaying boards all bore evidence of
its passage, as they were gnawed white in many places and covered
with excrement. Previous invasions of Fontaria brunnea In straw-
berry beds, where it feeds on the over-ripe fruit, are also recorded.

Zetek (J.), The Cocoanut Butterfly, Brassolis isikmia, on Banana. —
Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N. H. xii, no. 6, December 1919,
p. 465.

Attention is drawn to the readiness with which larvae of Brassolis
isthmia, Bates, will attack banana leaves in the Panama Canal Zone,
though this butterfly is principally a pest of coconut plams.

Remedial measures advocated include burning of the nests in the
palms and the use of an arsenical spray.

LEGISLATION.

Per la Dlfesa deU'Agricoltura algerina. [In Defence of Algerian
Agriculture.] — L'Agric. Colon., Florence, xiii, no. 11, 30th November
1919, pp. 483-485.

On 14th August 1919 the existing Algerian law against Phylloxera
was modified. One clause of the new law places the importation into
Algeria of vines or other material on which the insect might be
introduced under the authority of the Governor General, who may,
on the advice of the Minister for Agriculture, prohibit the importation
or order the destruction of such material.

NOTICES.

Secretaries ol Societies and Editors of Journals willing to excliange
their publications with those of the Bureau* are requested to com-
municate with the Assistant Director.

The annual Subscription in advance to the Review, Series A
(Agricultural) Is 12s. per annum, post free ; Series B (Medical and
Veterinary), 6s. per annum.

Orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 88, Queen's Gate> London,
S.W. 7, or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

Africa, South : The Bionomics of the Fig and Willow Borer

(Phryneta spinaior)
Algeria: The Introduction of Coccinellids against Scale Insects
Algeria : Legislation against Phylloxera

Australia : The Presence of Chermes pint in New South Wales
Australia : Insects attacking Peanuts in Queensland
Australia : Sugar-cane Grub Investigations in Queensland
AusTRALixV : Notes on Coccids

Australia : Measures against Sugar-cane Pests in Queensland
Brazil : Coleopterous Pests of Stored Grain
Brazil : The Damage done by Pectinophora gossypiella . .
British Guiana : Insect Pests of Sugar-cane in 1917-18, .
British Guiana : Notes on Coleopterous Pests
British Isles : New Species of Aphids
British Isles : A Cynipid Parasite of Phorbia
British Isles : Nosema apis in Hive Bees . .
British Isles: Bhyssa persuasoria parasitising Sirex gigas

Ireland
British Isles : Notes on the Bionomics, Embryology and Anatomy

of certain Parasitic Hymenoptera
British Isles : Notes on the Aphids of Ross-sliire
British Isles : Measures against the Glasshouse Tomato Moth

ui

Insect Pests of Citrus . .
Insect Pests of Sweet Potato , .
Notes on Pests of Cassava
Measures against Leaf-cutting Ants . .
The Successful Introduction of Cryptolaenws montrouzieri
Insect Pests of Papaw
Miscellaneous Pests
Denmark : Measures against the Meadow-foxtail Midge . .
Egypt : The Pink BoUworm Problem
Collembola injuring Cotton
Measures 'against Pests of Dates

Infestation of Hibiscus esculentus by the Pink BoUworm
The Use of Chloropicrin against Grain Posts
Gold Coast : A New Sycophagine Chalcid . .
Hawaii : The Value of imported Parasites . .

Attempts to import Hippodamia convergaiv
Notes on New Aphids . . . . . . . . • •

Notes on the Larvae and Life Histories of Prionine Beetles
Ground Beetles attacking Crops in Mysore. .
Bruchids infesting Stored Beans, etc., i" ATvRnr.^ , ,

Cuba
Cuba
Cuba
Cuba
Cuba
Cuba
Cuba

Egypt :
Egypt :
Egypt :
France

Hawaii

Il>DIA 1

India;
India :
India

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53
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CONTENTS— conr.

Mauritius : Measures agaiuBt Sugar-cane Pests

Mauritius : Insect Posts in 1918

New Zealand : Hymenoptera of Economic Importance

Palestine : Pests of Almond Trees . .

PanaivL*^: The Coconut Butterfly, Braseolis isthmia, attacking
Banana

Porto Rico : Insect Pests of Vegetables

Porto Pdco : Measures against the Sweet Potato WeeTil

Siberia : The Nomenclature of Bark-beetles

Sweden : Notes on Plea-beetles

Sweden : Notes on Bark-beetles . . . .

Tunis : Studies of Goccobacillus acridiorum in Locusts
Insect Pests in New Jersey in 1917-18
Measures against AegerM exitiosa in New Jersey
Experiments against Wireworms in New Jersey^
Studies on the Eggs of Important Apple Aphids in New
Jersey. . ,. . . . • . • . • . •

U.S.A. : Measures against Aphids infesting Vegetables in New
Jersey. . . . . . • •

U.S.A. : Measiires against Grasshoppers in California
Pests intercepted in Quarantine in California
New Aphids on Oaks in California . ,
Notes on Coleophora laricellain Massachusetts
The Danger of the Introduction of Pyrausta nubiltdis
into Florida . . . • . . . . . . . .

U.S.A. : Pests intercepted in Florida

Insect Pests m Massachusetts in 1918

Notes on Harmolita grandis infesting "VMieat

Notes on the Bronze Apple Tree Weevil . .

The Bionomics of Ajpliis hougMonensis on Gooseberry

The Life- History of Macropsis virescens var. graminea . .

A Lace Biig on Hawthorn m New York . . . . . .

A List of Sugar-cane Pests

A Nematode iufesting Red Clover . .

A Migrating Army of Millepedes

West Indies : A Disease of Coconuts caused by a Neraatod(}

West Indies ; The Loss due to Sugar-oane Pests in Barbados

Notes -on Agramyzid Flies of the Genus Cryptochaetuni

The Compatibility of Spray Mixtures . . . , . . ' . .

A Correction in Aphid Nomenclature

The Beneficial Action of Lime in Lime- Sulphur and Lead Arsenate

The Function of the Anal Comb of Certain Lepidopterous Larvae

U.S.A.
U.S-A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.

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U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.

U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.

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Registered at the G.P.O. for Transmisifoi to Canada and N<ii'.ifou>Klland by MwjiUine Post,

VOL. Vlll. Ser. A. Part 3,--pp. 81-136. MARCH, i&20.

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VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W, Alcock, CJ.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O,, Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G,, Dkector, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Beadford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Beuce, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fbyer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F, Harmer, F.R.S., Director, British Museum (Natural

History).
Professor H. TiIaxwell Lefeoy, Imperial College of Science and
Technology.
',>n. E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia,
i . R. Stewart MaoDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,
Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFapyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrice Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge,
■"rofessor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S,, Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
mutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Pr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C. Sperling, C.M.G. , Foreign Office,
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr, F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, "Wye.
Mr, C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of
England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee,

(Benecal Sccretarig.

Capt. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

Director an& EMtor.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall,

assistant Director.
Dr. S. a. Neave.

■ end O^cc— British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W. 7.
Publication Office.— SS, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7.

81 APR i i) ym;

Haseman (L.). Swarms of Cotton Worm Moths visit Missouri.

Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N. H. xii, no. 6, December^' l^i
p. 467.

The appearance in September and October 1919 of great numbers
of the cotton-worm moth, Alabama argillacea, Hb., in Missouri
is recorded. Great injury was caused to ripe fruit.

Morrison (H.). U.S. Bur. Entom. A new Genus and Species of
Coccid from Loranthus. (Hem.-Hom.). — Proc. Entom. Soc.
Washington, D. C, xxi, no. 9, December 1919, pp. 197-203,
1 plate.

Macrocepicoccus loranthi, gen. et sp. nov., is described from
Loranthus sp., a parasitic plant related to mistletoe, growing in the
present case on Anona fnuricata in the Botanic Gardens at Georgetown,
British Guiana. Only one colony was observed, though many plants
were examined.

Olsen (C. E.). Kermes kingii, Cockerell, parasitised by a Micro-
lepidopteron. — Bull. Brooklyn Entom. Soc, Brooklyn, N.Y.,
xiv, nos. 4 and 5, October-December 1919, pp. 141-142.

Examples of the gall-making scale, Kermes kingi, Ckll., collected
on red oak, were found a few weeks later to be accompanied by a
micro-lepidopterous parasite, identified as Euclemensia bassetteUa,
Clem. [R.A.E., A, vii. 263.]

Laing (F.). Insects damaging Lead. — Entom. Mthly. Ma^., London,
3rd Series, nos. 60 & 61, December 1919 and January 1920,
pp. 278-279 & 12.

The insects recorded as damaging lead include : Moyiochamus
{Monohammus) confusor, Kirby, which bored tlirough a lead pipe
2| inches thick ; Hylotrupes bajulus, L. ; Tefropium gabrieli, Weise,
perforating the lead lining of wooden vats ; Bup-estis japonensis,
Saund. ; Lyctus sp. ; Anobium sp. ; Ptinus sexjyunctatus , Pz. ;
Sinoxylon ruficorne, Thr., in lead-covered, aerial cables in South
Africa ;* Bostrychopsis jesuita, F., and Xylopertha sp., in Queensland ;
Xylothrips gibbicoUis ; Scobicia pustulata in Europe ; Sirex gigas, L.,
in the South of France ; Bostrychus capucinus, L. ; Callidium
sanguineum, L. ; Sirex juvencus, L. ; Cetonia aurata, L. ; and
C. opaca, F.

Scott (H.). Insects damaging Lead and other Metal Work.—

Entom. Mthly. Mag., London, 3rd Series, no. 61, January 1920,
pp. 10-12.

The insects recorded include : Lyctus canaliculatus piercing thick
lead pipe in Tasmania ; Sirex gigas boring through tin and h inch
steel plates in Austria. Perforations found in lead from the roof of
a disused bakery are thought to have been made by Tenebrio molitor,
living larvae and pupae of which were found in close proximity.

[* Similar injury in California has been done by Xylopertha {Sinoxylon)
declive, Lee. identified by Dr. E. C. van Dyke. — Ed.]

(654^ Wt. P 1921/144. 1,500. 3.20. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.l3. A

82

Olsen (C. E.). Idiocerus cognatus, Fieber, established in North
America. — Jl. N. Y. Entom. Soc, Lancaster, Pa., xxvii, no. 2-3,
June-September 1919, pp. 126-128, 1 plate.

Attention is drawn to the establishment of a species of Idiocerus

on white poplar (Populus alba) in North America. Until further

. comparisons have been made with European forihs, this leaf-hopper

is provisionally identified as Idiocerus cognatus, Fieb. {distinguendus,

Kirschb.). A description of the adults is given.

DiCKERSON (E. L.) & Weiss (H. B.). Notes on the Early Stages and
Life History of Idiocerus cognatus, Fieb., in New Jersey. — Jl.
N.Y. Entom. Soc, Lancaster, Pa., xxvii, no. 2-3, June-September
1919, pp. 129-132. [Received 30th December 1919.]

The eggs of Idiocerus cognatus, Fieb., which are generally deposited
singly during the middle or end of July under the bark of the new
growth and terminal twigs of Populus alba, hatch about the end of
May. The emerging nymphs are usually found on the upper surface
of the unfolding leaves, but moulting always takes place on the lower
leaf-surface. The nymphal stages, of which there are five, require
from 3 to 6 days each, making a total of about one month. The
adults appear towards the end of June and beginning of Jidy and
have been found as late as October. There is only one generation
a year. No appreciable damage is caused to the food-plant by the
feeding nymphs, but should they be very abundant a slight malforma-
tion and whitening due to the abstraction of sap is noticed on the
young leaves. The egg and nymphal stages are described.

TiMBERLAKE (P. H.). Notes OH the North American Species of
Hippodamia (Coleoptera). — Jl. N.Y. Entom. Soc, Lancaster, Pa.,
xxvii, no. 2-3, June-September 1919, pp. 162-174.

The work of previous authors is reviewed and the synonymy of
these Coccinellids, as well as points of differentiation of thirteen species
of Hippodamia, are discussed. These include : Hippodamia parenthesis.
Say, H. convergens, Guer., and H. glacialis, F.

NicoLAY (A. S.) & Weiss (H. B.). Additions and Corrections to
the Review of the Genus Buprestis in North America. — Jl. N.Y.

Entom. Soc, Lancaster, Pa., xxvii, no. 2-3, June-September 1919,
p. 241. [Received 30th December 1919.]

Buprestis viridisuturalis [R.A.E., A, vii, 157] has been found
breeding in cotton wood and alder. It occurs at less than 1,000 feet
elevation and in certain valleys in the interior at 4,500 feet.

MusY (M.). Les Chenilles du Chou, leurs Ennemis et les Moyens
de les combattre. — Bidl. Soc. Fribourgeoise Sci. Nat., Fribourg,
xxiv, 1916-1918, pp. 120-122.

Attention is drawn to the increased abundance of Pieris spp. on
cabbages in the vicinity of Fribourg, Switzerland ; this may probably

83

be accounted for by the exceptional scarcity of sparrows. It was
also noticed that cabbages planted in the immediate neighbourhood
of tomatoes apparently suffered less from these pests than those
further off. The probability of the odour of tomatoes acting as a
repellent is suggested as an explanation of this fact [R.A.E., A, iii,
340]. The Braconid parasite, Apanteles (Microgaster) glomeratus, was
noticed ovipositing on the caterpillars and its mode of attack is
discussed. The protection of bird life during the winter is advocated
as a remedial measure.

II " Daco," Mosca distruttice delle Olive. [The Olive ¥]y.}—L'Agric.
Colon., Florence, xiii, no. 11, 30th November 1919, pp. 501-502.

In September and October 1919 the olive fly [Dacus oleae] appeared
in the Menzel bou Zelfa district of Tunisia and attacked the large,
mature " October " olives. None of the usual methods against it
being feasible, recourse was had to the immediate harvesting of these
fruits. Their removal will deprive the pest of its food-supply, and
if the weather has become cool by the time that others are mature,
it may disappear altogether.

Fletcher (T. B.). Report of the Imperial Entomologist.— ^cfew«.
Rejyts. Agric. Research Inst., Pusa, 1918-19, Calcutta, 1919,
pp. 86-103, 3 plates. [Received 30th December 1919.]

The determination of the relative immunity of varieties of cotton
to boUworm attack was greatly hampered by the infestation of the
plants with Pseudococcus corymbatus, Phenacoccus hirsutus and a
mite, Eriophyes sp. , probably E. gossypii. The appearance of P. corym-
batus was traced to an adjoining plot of soy beans. A Bethylid,
? Parasierola sp., was found in cotton bolls containing larvae of
Pectinophora (Platyedra) gossypiella.

Thespesia populnea is apparently not an alternative food-plant
of P. gossypiella, but larvae of a Phycitid were found boring in the
pods. A Gracilariid, Acrocercops sp., is recorded for the first time on
cotton. The larvae mine under the bark, causing it to peel off even
from the leaf- stalks.

The work connected with borers infesting rice has been continued.
These include Schoenobius incertellus {bipunctifer), Sesamia inferens,
Chilo sp. and a Halticid beetle, the grub of which bores into the
•stems of rice and millet seedlings from the outside, giving rise to a
dead heart.

Investigations with regard to the degree of parasitism of the indigo
Psyllid, Arytaina isitis, have been continued, and show that it is
at its highest at the end of May and September after which date
it gradually declines and reaches its minimum in February.

It has been definitely ascertained that the mulberry disease
" tukra " is caused by a' mealy-bug, Phenacoccus hirsutus, which is
found in company with Pseudococcus virgatus. P. hirsutus completes
ten generations during the year and is also known to attack cotton,
guava fruits, grape vines and Tecoma grandiflora. Its numbers are
reduced by three Chalcids, as well as by a butterfly, Spalgis epius,
a Noctuid moth, Eublemma quadrilineata, and a Cecidomyiid.

(654) ^2

84

With the exception of Scirpophcu/a xanthogastrella, which bores in
the top shoots, the borers occurring in Pusa do comparatively little
damage to grown sugar-cane. The cutting out of " dead hearts,"
especially in the case of the young crop, has proved useless and also
injurious by interfering with proper tillering. The species previously
referred to as Chilo sp. in rice and Diatraea sp. in sugar-cane [R.A.E.,
A, vii, 132] have since been identified as Argyria tumidicostalis. In
addition to sugar-cane, Saccharum spontaneum and S. arundinaceum,
S. fuscum is recorded as a food-plant of Scirpophaga xantJiogastrella.
Great damage was caused to sugar-cane by the Dynastine beetles,
Alissonotum impressicolle, A. piceurn and Heteronychus suhlaevis.
These beetles breed among the roots of various wild grasses. The
severe infestation by them of sugar-cane in April 1919 was probably
due to the retarded emergence of the adults owing to the drought.
Parasitism of the Aleurodid, Aleurolobus barodensis, destructive to
sugar-cane, was found to be highest at the end of November 1918,
reaching a maximum of 98 per cent., after which both host and
parasite rapidly diminished.

New fruit pests include several weevils. The eggs of Alcides mali,
Mshl., are deposited in holes made in the tender shoots of apple trees.
The larvae tunnel in the stem, in which they remain for pupation.
The adults should be collected and the affected twigs cut off. Aclees
cribratus, Gyl., was found boring in the main stems of fig trees, Ficus
carica, in June and July. The beetles may be collected on the stems
by day. Another weevil belonging to a new genus, Deiradolcus,
was found in June and July on mulberry, apple, pear and other fruit
trees. Dyscerus malignus, Mshl., oviposits in small excavations
made in the apple fruits and fruits of Prunus nepalensis. All stages
complete their development within the fruit. D. fletcheri, Mshl.,
also infests apple and has a similar life-history. A Lamiid, Linda
nigroscutata, Fairm., damages apple trees by girdling the twigs and
depositing eggs under the bark. The larvae bore into the twigs,
causing them to die off. The only remedy is hand collection of the
adults and the removal of attacked twigs. A Cerambycid, Cheli-
donium cinctum, Guer., was found depositing eggs in June in the
axils of young living twigs of orange trees. The larvae bore in the
twig and cause its death and eventually bore into the main branches,
making tunnels about one inch in diameter. Hand collection and
removal of affected twigs are advocated.

A Sphingid, Oxyambulyx sericeipennis, Butl., occurred in July
on walnut, and Theretra gnoma, P., on grape vines ; another species,
probably Langia zeuzeroides, occurred on apples and pears. Other
Lepidopterous pests included the Saturniids, Adias selene, Hb., on
apple, pear, walnut, Betula alnoides and Odina wodier, etc., and
Antheraea roylei, on apple and pear ; a Pyralid, Heterographis bengalella,
Rag., on custard apple ; a Carposinid, Meridarchis reprobata, Meyr.,
on olives and Eugenia jambolana ; an unidentified Eucosmid on apple
causing injury similar to that caused by Cydia pomonella ; and a
Gracillariid, Acrocercops ? hierocosma, Meyr., infesting litchi fruits in
May.

Insects reared during the year included : a weevil, Sternochetits
(Cryptorrhynchus) gravis, which deposits its eggs in mango fruits, the
shortest period for completion of the life-cycle being about 3 weeks ;

85

a butterfly, Virachola isocrates, on peach fruit in May ; Eariasfabia and
E. insulana in flower buds of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ; and larvae of
Heliothis peltigera on leaves of Carthamus tinctorius.

Zetek (J.). El Gusano danino de las Palmas in Panama. [The
Larva of Brassolis isthmia in Panama.] — Revista La Salle,
Panama, October 1919, pp. 6-8.

This information concerning the life-history and habits of Brassolis
isthmia, which is the most injurious pest of coconut palms in Panama,
has been taken largely from a previously pubUshed paper [R.A.E.,
A, vi, p. 19]. Of especial importance in Panama is the fact that the
larvae have recently been found to attack banana leaves [R.A.E.,
A, viii, 80] and it is possible that it may prove an injurious pest of
plantain in that region. The formula and instructions for making
a suitable arsenical spray are given with directions for the kind of
spraying machinery suitable against this butterfly.

Smith (R. E.), Essig (E. 0.) & Gray (G. P.). Handbook of Plant
Disease and Pest Control. — Univ. California, Agric. Expt. Sta.,
Berkeley, Circ. no. 204, August 1918, 36 pp. [Received 30th
December 1919.]

The insect pests, under their popular names, of varied crops are
briefly noted, together with the usual remedial measures. Formulae
and instructions for the preparation of various insecticides and poison
baits are appended.

Patten (A. J.) & O'Meara (P.). The Probable Cause of Injury
reported from the Use of Calcium and Magnesium Arsenates.—

Michigan Agric. Expt. Sta. Qtrly. Bull., East Lansing, ii,
no. 2, November 1919, pp. 83-84.

Reports of injury to foliage from the use of calcium and magnesium
arsenates have been steadily increasing. Experiments here described
show that the large quantities of carbon dioxide liberated by the
leaves during the night are the probable cause of injury, owing to the
solubility of calcium and magnesium arsenates in carbon dioxide.
The addition of lime to these sprays may possibly lessen the danger of
injury, but further investigations are necessary to confirm this.

Schumacher (F.). Der gegenwartige Stand unserer Kenntnis von der
Homopteren-Fauna der Insel Formosa. [Our present Knowledge
of the Homoptera of Formosa.]— Mi«. Zool. Mus., Berlin, viii,
no. 1, September 1915, pp. 73-134.

This hst of Homoptera includes a Cicadid, Mogannia hebes, Wlk.,
which is a pest of sugar-cane.

Cercopids: Cosmoscarta uchidae, Mats., found in large numbers
under the leaves of wild bananas ; C. bispecularis, White, very harmful

86

to mulberry trees ; Poophilus costalis, Wlk., damaging sugar-cane
and rice, and very widely distributed throughout India and Africa.
Jassids: Tettigonia viridis, L., damaging shrubs and fruit trees
by laying its eggs in the young branches ; T. suhvirescens, Stal,
damaging sugar-cane and also found in the Philippines, Assam, India
and Java ; T. spectra, Dist., harmful to sugar-cane and widely
distributed ; Kolla albomarginata, Sign., destructive to various
cultivated plants, particularly sugar-cane, and widely distributed
from eastern Siberia to New South Wales ; Penihimia ilieae, Mats.,
on tea ; Nirvana 'pallida, Mel., destructive to sugar-cane and grasses ;
N. snturalis, Mel., attacking sugar-cane and also found in Ceylon
and Burma ; Parabolocratus okinawensis, Mats., found on tea ;
Parabolopona guttata, Uhl., on camphor, and also occurring in Japan ;
Strongyloceplialus agrestis, Fall., attacking sugar-cane and rice, and
widely distributed ; Tartessus ferrugineus, Wlk., on figs and oranges,
and found in India, China, Japan, etc. ; Pediopsis apicalis, Mats.,
on Quercus in China and Japan ; Idiocerus niveosparsus, Leth.,
doing great damage in India to mangos, and attacking the same plant
in Formosa, as also does I. dypealis, Leth. ; Deltocephalus dorsalis,
Motch., known in India, Ceylon, Borneo and Japan, where it attacks
rice and grasses, and rice in Formosa ; D. orgzae, Mats., very harmful
in Japan to rice, wheat, oats, rye, etc. ; Nephotettix apicalis, Motch.,
very injurious to rice in Formosa and other parts of tropical Asia,
and also found in Africa ; Cicadida sexnotata. Fall., destructive to
sugar-cane in Formosa, to rice, wheat, rye, oats, etc., in Japan, and
to cereals and meadow grass, etc., in Europe and North America ;

C. warioni, Leth., attacking rice and sugar-cane in Formosa ;
BalclutJia viridis, Mats., and B.pallidula, Mats., harmful to sugar-cane ;
Chlorita flavescens, F., a persistent tea pest in India and other Oriental
regions ; Zygina subrvfa, Motch., very harmful to rice and sugar-
cane ; Z. fvmosa, Motch., in large numbers on grasses, etc., and
known also in Ceylon ; Z. circumscripta, Mats., and Z. maculifrons,
Motch., infesting sugar-cane.

Fulgorids: OrtJiopagus helios, Mel., attacking sugar-cane; Dictyo-
pTiora sinica, Wlk., attacking rice and sugar-cane, as also does

D. patruelis, Stal ; Oliarus oryzae. Mats., on sugar-cane ; 0. mori.
Mats., numerous everywhere on mulberry trees ; Kirbyana pagana,
Mel., harmful to sugar-cane in Formosa and found also in India,
Ceylon, China and the Sunda Islands ; Mesepora onukii, Mats., on
Citrus ; Vekunta nigrolineata, Muir, V. stigmata. Mats., and Kamendaka
saccliarivora, Mats., attacking sugar-cane ; Diostrombus politus, Uhler,
destructive to rice, Panicum frumentaceum. and sugar-cane ; Phenice
moesta, Westw., widely distributed and harmful to sugar-cane in
Formosa ; Hisia atrovenosa, Leth., on sugar-cane and rice in Formosa ;
Ricania simulans, Wlk., var. jajjonica, Mel., on mulberry and
tea ; R. taeniaia, Stal, on sugar-cane and also found in the
Philippines and in Japan ; Purohita cervina, Dist., and P. taiwanensis
Muir, on bamboo ; Tropidocephala saccJiarivoreUa, Mats., T.formosana,
Mats., DelpJiacodes vastatrix, Bredd., Stenocranus sacchari. Mats.,
Delphax graminicola. Mats., and D. propinqtia, Fieb., all attacking
sugar-cane ; D. furcifera, Horv., destructive to rice in Japan and to
sugar-cane in Formosa ; and Dicranotropis fumosa, Mats., infesting
sugar-cane.

87

Carsner (E.). Susceptibility of various Plants to Curly-top of Sugar

Beet,— Phytopathology, Baltimore, ix, no. 9, September 1919,
pp. 413-421, 7 figs.

Various experiments have been made to determine from whence
the leaf-hopper, Eutettix tenella, Baker, obtains the virus of curly-top
disease of sugar-beet in the spring. Although the insect has been
known to retain the virus for 58 days when fed on non-susceptible
plants, it cannot retain it during the whole winter. Observations
show that the red stem filaree, Erodium cicutarium, which appears
soon after the winter rains, is accessible to the leaf- hopper as food and
for breeding. The disease apparently overwinters in this plant, from
which it IS transmitted to beet in the spring.

Snell (W. H.). Observations on the Relation of Insects to the Dis-
semination of Cronartium ribicola. — Phytopathology, Baltimore,
ix, no. 10, October 1919, pp. 451-464.

These observations show that although the spread of Cronartium
ribicola by means of insects from pines to Ribes and vice versa is
comparatively rare and accidental, the spread of the uredinial stages
upon Ribe^ probably occurs with some regularity. A beetle, Serica
sericea, feeding on a red currant bush was found to have aeciospores
on its body, and the sawfly, Neodiprion pinetum, has been found
on Ribes and is known to feed upon Pinus strobus.

Stone (R. E.). Kerosene Injury to Shade Trees.— Phytopathology,
Baltimore, ix, no. 10, October 1919, pp. 476-477.

Between 1917 and 1918 many shade-trees, especially maple, were
dying from an apparently imknown cause. Subsequent investigations
showed that three years previously in order to prevent the caterpillars
of the tussock moth [Hemerocampa] from crawling up the tree- trunks
bands of cotton wool had been placed round them and saturated on
several occasions with kerosene, the surplus oil being allowed to run
down the trunl^s. It is considered evident that this was the cause
of the damage.

Hopkins (A. D.). The Bioclimatic Law as applied to Entomological
Research and Farm Practice.— Separate from Scientific Monthly
l^ne loco], June 1919, pp. 496-513, 3 figs.

The bioclimatic law is founded on the determined country- wide
average rate of variation in the time at which periodical events occur
in the seasonal development and habits of plants and animals at
different geographical positions within the range of their distribution.
Other things being equal, this variation is at the rate of 4 days for
each degree of latitude, 5 degrees of longitude and 400 feet of altitude.
Owing however to topographical variations, as well as those of soil
conditions and weather, etc., a greater or less departure of the actual
from the computed date of a periodical event for a given place is
often found. The amount of this is in direct proportion to the
intensity of the controlling influences, which can therefore be measured
in terms of days or the equivalent in degrees of latitude or feet of

88

altitude with the computed date as a constant. Thus from the
date of a periodical event or practice at an established base in any
given season a corresponding date constant of the event for any other
place within the range of the species or periodical practice involved,
may be estimated by means of the time constants of the law and their
equivalents in latitude, longitude and altitude. The possible
geographical range in which the species under its other environmental
requirements would survive and thrive might be similarly determined.

With regard to the application of this law to economic entomology
the following species are dealt with.

The most destructive enemy of southern pine timber is the southern
pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, Zimm., the normal distribution
of which corresponds to that of the long-leaf and loblolly pines and
the greater part of the range of the short-leaf eastern yellow pine
south of Virginia and West Virginia. Under favourable climatic
conditions it may extend and become temporarily established in the
spruce areas of North CaroUna, West Virginia and the pine areas of
southern Pennsylvania. In the northern and highest limits of
distribution two complete generations occur annually, but in the
more southern regions as many as 5 or more generations occur with
a most complex overlapping of the broods of several generations
from the late spring to the early autumn months. Remedial measures
must be carried out during the period beginning at the end of the
flight of the beetles in the autumn and ending before flight begins
in the spring. This will vary according to latitude and altitude,
beginning in September in the north and higher altitudes and farther
south towards sea-level in December, and ending from February along
the Gulf coast to the middle of May at the northern or highest limit.
Knowing the location of an infested area, the beginning and ending
of control operations may be recommended through the application
of the bioclimatic law without preliminary investigation.

The distribution of Dendroctonus brevicomis, Lee. (western pine
beetle) throughout the Pacific Slope and the .drainage area of the
Columbia River eastward to central Montana and Wyoming, south-
ward into Utah and Nevada and northward into British Columbia.,
is represented by the latitude and altitude range of its food-plant,
the western yellow pine, Pinus ponderosa. Towards the highest
altitude limits one complete and a partial second generation occur;
the latter may be completed at lower altitudes. Remedial measures
should be applied as for D. frontalis, beginning at the end of the flight
season in the autumn and ending in the spring before general flight
begins. As the lower altitude limit of the western yellow pine rises
southward at the general average rate of about 400 feet to each degree
of latitude, the influence of latitude is balanced by the influence of
altitude, and the application of the law to the determination of the
time constants for different localities relates almost entirely to the
variation in altitude. The variation in the time for the beginning
and ending of the critical period of control between the lowest and
highest altitude limits in any latitude is 30 to 40 days or more. That
this species is extremely sensitive to local influences aflecting the
temperature is evident from the results of an experiment which shows
that larvae placed on the south side of a tree developed into pupae
in 20 days, the first adult emerging 35 days before those placed

89

simultaneously on the north side. This fact must be taken into
consideration in connection with the study of departures from the
computed constant in the seasonal events of this species.

The range of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae,
Hopk., extends throughout the pine zones of the Pacific Slope and mto
Wyoming, Montana and British Columbia, with a range of altitude
from near sea-level on the shores of Puget Sound to near timber
line in the northern Rocky Mountains and Cascades, and to 10,000 feet
or more in the southern Sierra Nevadas. Food-plants include
western white pine, lodgepole pine, sugar pine and western yellow
pine. Normally only one generation a year occurs, but towards the
southern and lowest altitude range a partial second generation
occasionally follows; whilst towards the highest altitude from 2 to 3
years are sometimes required for the development from the first
eggs to the last beetle of one generation, in which case, owing to the
overlapping of the broods of one, two and three year generations,
no choice is left as to taking advantage of a critical period in which
control operations can be carried on.

In the case of Chermes (Pineus) strobi, Htg. (pine bark louse or
spruce gall louse), which requires two food-plants for its development,
and allied species, remedial measures such as contact insecticides
should be applied, during the critical period of activity, which is always
coincident with the beginning of new growth on the infested pine and
the opening of the buds on the spruce. As this is the only reliable
guide to the time for spraying, departures due to local influences
need not be considered.

With regard to the gall-making species of Chermes on blue and
Engelmann spruces there is a close relation between the opening of
the buds and the hatching of the eggs, the number of days departure
from the constant not being sufficient to indicate that they are due
to local influences.

The critical period in the seasonal history of the Hessian fly
[Mayetiola destructor] is the period of its emergence in the autumn,
and it has been found that if wheat is sown at the close of the general
flight period of the fly, the danger of serious injury will have passed
by the time the wheat is above ground and exposed to attack. The
time of emergence is controlled primarily by climatic conditions and
secondarily by weather, local soil and topographical influences. A
fly-free date for different localities and for an average season may
thus be determined by the application of the biocHmatic law, by which
also farm practice in general may be adjusted to geographical require-
ments with a view to producing the best results.

QuAYLE (H. J.), i. Fumigation with Liquid Hydrocyanic Acid.

Gray (G. P.) & Hulbirt (E. R.). ii. Physical and Chemical Properties
of Liquid Hydrocyanic Acid.— Univ. Cal. Agric. Expt. Sta.
Berkeley, Cal, Bull. 308, June 1919, pp. 393-428, 4 figs. [Received
30th December 1919.]

Liquid hydrocyanic acid, which was first used as a fumigant on
a commercial basis in 1917, has rapidly come into favour as an insec-
ticide. Under a tent the most marked killing-effect with the liquid

90

form is at the bottom of the tree, while with the pot or portable
generator the greatest toxicity is at the top. Besides scale- insects,
75,000 Cocinellids have been used to obtain the index of results.
The greatest possible peld is 108 lb. or 18-56 U.S. gals, of anhydrous
liquid hydrocyanic acid from 200 lb. sodium cyanide (51-52 per cent,
cyanogen). The amount of liquid hydrocyanic acid (95-98 per cent.)
that has been recovered during the past year has been about 78 per
cent, of the total available. The amount of gas evolved by the pot
or portable generator is estimated at 90 per cent, of the total available
gas. During 1918, 75 per cent, of the gas from a given amount of
cyanide in the liquid form was made to cover the same ground as
90 per cent, from the same amount by the ordinary methods of
generation. Thus, while there has been a discrepancy of 10 or 15 per
cent, in the actual amount of gas used through the liquid method,
the results in the field have not indicated any important difference
on the scale-insects experimented with. In the present tests, exami-
nations were made of the whole tree including the top. If the results
at the centre and bottom only were considered, as is usual in
fumigation tests, there was practically no difference between the
hquid and the pot methods, and this is confirmed by results in the
field. When the centre and top only are considered, the pot method
proved more efficient than the liquid. In considering the whole
tree, it is found necessary to use about 20 c.c. of liquid hydrocyanic
acid (96 or 98 per cent.) to equal 1 oz. of sodium cyanide as given
in the schedules of dosage now in practical use. The atomising
machines should therefore be graduated to deliver 20 c.c. for each
oz. required by the schedules.

In discussing the physical and chemical properties of Hquid
hydrocyanic acid, it is stated that material of 95 per cent, or greater
purity is considered a satisfactory grade. As the necessary informa-
tion is accumulated it is confidently anticipated that the yield in the
future will be equal to or even greater than that now obtained
from portable generators. The adoption of the weight basis for
commercial transactions in preference to the volume basis is strongly
urged. A table is included showing the weights and corresponding
volumes of various grades of commercial liquid and the quantities
corresponding to various percentages of the maximum yield. The
acid is miscible with water in aU proportions and will not stratify
upon standing. Hydrocyanic acid evaporates more rapidly than
water from dilute mixtures of the two.

Eeference tables appended to this bulletin, containing data on the
specific gravity of commercial Uquid hydrocyanic acid and on the
extent of variation of hydrometer readings as affected by temperature,
make it possible to determine in a moment the quality of a given
Hquid by the use of a hydrometer graduated either in specific gravity
or Baume degrees. A cyanometer, i.e., a hydrometer graduated
directly in percentages of hydrocyanic acid and provided with a
simple table of temperature corrections has been constructed for
this purpose. The development of any colour (usually yeUow) or
an odour of ammonia indicates incipient decomposition of the Hquid.
Factors favouring decomposition are the presence of more than 5 per
cent, of water, high temperature, residue from a decomposed Hquid,

91

all alkalies, nitric acid, sodium cyanide, soap, or contact with lead,
commercial tin, impure zinc, solder, cast iron or steel. Aluminium,
brass, block tin, piu-e zinc, nickel, silver and copper are all highly
resistant to the acid and the first-named is recommended for the
construction of dehvery drums, brass fittings being permissible.

EssiG (E. 0.). The Olive Insects of California. — Univ. California
Agric. Expt. Sta., Berkeley/, Cal, Bull. 283, September 1917,
pp. 43-64, 21 figs. [Received 30th December 1919.J

Among the more important olive pests in California are Saissetia
oleae, Bern, (black scale), Aspidiotus hederae, Vail, (ivy or oleander scale),
Polycaon confertus, Lee. (olive twig borer) and Luperisinus calif ornicus ,
Swaine (olive bark-beetle). The last-named is a comparatively little-
known insect, but may possibly become a serious pest. This beetle
resembles the fruit-tree bark-beetle, Scolytus (Eccoptogaster) rugulosus,
Ratz., in appearance and also in its manner of constructing small
burrows through the cambium layer, sometimes girdling the infested
portions of the trees. The beetles apparently prefer sickly or dying
trees and breed abundantly in them as well as in dead prunings.
They have, however, been found attacking healthy olive-trees in
proximity to their breeding-places, especially if an entrance can be
made through a sunburned or wounded spot. The distribution of
the species is not well known, and no other food-plants than olives
have been recorded. Adults were first taken in 1909 in sweepings
from Fresno County at an elevation of 3,000 feet and the species was
described in 1916 [R.A.E., A, iv, 384]. The first essential in avoiding
attacks is to maintain a healthy condition of the trees and to prevent
sunburn and injuries that encourage infestation. Prunings should
be immediately burnt. All infested limbs or trees should be cut
out and burnt. A Hymenopterous parasite, Ecphylus sp. (probably
E. schwarzi, Roh.) attacks the immature stages in the burrows, but
is not an effective agent in control.

Minor olive pests in California include Scirtothrips cilri, Moult, (citrus
thrips), Heliothrips fasciatus, Perg. (bean thrips), Platypedia areolata,
Uhl. {net-wmged cicada,), Prociphilus fi-axinidipetalae, Essig (mountain
ash aphis), Chrysomphalus aurantii, Mask, (red scale), LepidosapJies
beckii, Newm. (purple scale), Aspidiotus rapax, Comst. (camelliae,
Sign.) (greedy scale), and a Geometrid, Sabulodes caherata, Gn.

Some of the principal insects attacking olive trees in other States
and countries are also figured and briefly described.

HousER (J. S.). The European Corn Borer. [A new Insect Pest
attacking many Farm Crops.] — Ohio Agric. Expt. Sta., Mtlily. Bidl.y
Wooster, iv, no. 6, June 1919, pp. 185-190, 7 figs. [Received 30th
December 1919.]

Attention is drawn to the necessity of maintaining a constant
vigilance against the possible introduction of the European corn
borer [Pyrausta nubilalis] into Ohio. The life-history and control
measures are discussed [R.A.E., A., vii, 224, 411]. Any suspected
material should be at once forwarded for identification.

92

GuYTON (T. L.). Controlling Asparagus Beetles. — Ohio Agric. Expt.
Sta., Mthly. Bull, Wooster, iv, no. 6, June 1919, pp. 197-199,
2 figs. [Received 30th December 1919.]

The asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi, emerges from hibernation
under rubbish, etc., at the time that the first asparagus buds come
through the ground. The eggs are deposited on the young shoots
and hatch in from 3 to 8 days. The larvae are full-grown in from
10 to 14 days and feed on the developing shoots. When mature
they enter the ground to a depth of about 1 inch for pupation which
lasts about 8 days, the total hfe-cycle from egg to adult lasting about
30 days. There are three generations a year, the second appearing
in July and the third in August ; the adults of the latter hibernate.
Their natural enemies include predaceous insects and birds. The
remedial measures suggested include hand-picking for small areas and
the application of fresh air-slaked lime as a dust early in the morning
before the dew is off the plants. Plants should be allowed to grow at
intervals as traps and dusted once a week with arsenicals, but such
plants must not be used for food. In very hot weather brushing the
larvae on to the hot ground will kill them.

A dust consisting of a mixture of 4 lb. of powdered lead arsenate
and 1 barrel of air-slaked hme or a spray of 2 lb. of powdered lead
arsenate, 50 U.S. gals, of water or Bordeaux mixture and 2 lb. of soap,
are effective in destroying both the larvae and adult beetles.

Crioceris duodecimpunctata, which is less common in Ohio, may be
controlled in the same manner.

Cotton (E. C). Wheat Insect Survey for 1919.— Mthly. Bull. Ohio
Agric. Expt. Sta., Wooster, iv, no. 8, August 1919, pp. 241-245,
1 map, [Received 30th December 1919.]

The wheat survey of 1919 in Ohio followed the fines of that of the
previous year [R.A.E., A, vu, p. 80]. A number of fields under
about average conditions were examined in each of the 39 counties.
The joint- worm [Harmolita] was again the most important insect
damaging wheat, the injury reaching an average of 31*4 per cent.,
and rising to a maximum of 89 per cent. The greatest losses occurred
in the western half of the State. No cultural or other method of
control has been devised ; early and late planting do not yield consistent
results either in neighbouring fields in the same year or in consecutive
years in the same field. The eggs are usually laid from late April
to early June in the highest joint of the wheat stems. Owing to
favourable growing conditions the young wheat in 1919 made such
vigorous growth that most of the galls formed by the larvae were
high up on the stalk and therefore most of the insects were removed
in the straw instead of being left in the stubble as is usually the case.
The infestation in 1920 should therefore be materially reduced.
Any fallen wheat is liable to be infested either with Harmolita or Hessian
fly [Mayetiola destructor] ; this should all be raked up thoroughly,
preferably when wet with dew or light rain, when the straws are
tough and have a tendency to wrap round the teeth of the rake and
be pulled up by the roots. These rakings should be run through a
separator if possible, as many of the larvae are killed by this process.

93

Frequently also the portion of the straw enclosing the gall passes out
with the grain because of its weight. These galls, which contain
the larvae, should therefore be passed through a sieve and burned m
the mill, if not before. There seems to be little danger of infestation
of wheat by the insects emerging from the straws in stacks. If the
straw is trampled under by livestock or enters commercial channels
the adults upon emerging are not likely to find wheat on which to
oviposit.

While the Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor] infestation in 1918 was
heaviest in the north-western portion of the State, in 1919 the greatest
damage was further east, the average infestation for the State being
14-4 per cent. There has been a distinct increase of this pest in Ohio
as a whole since 1918, and the recommended dates for wheat planting
as shown on a map should be closely followed, even though late-sown
wheat may be threatened with unfavourable weather. The object of
the late planting is to delay until most of the adult flies have died
without depositing any of their eggs. Examination of experimental
plots in Miami county on 30th November 1918 showed the " fly free ''
date to be somewhere between 23rd and 30th September, probably
about the 25th. As the maximum yield was secured from plots
sown between these dates there is every reason for following the
recommendation. The ever-growing demand during recent years
for more wheat has compelled the farmer to plant part of his acreage
very early and continue sowing as late as possible, while avoiding
winter injury. Increasing losses from Hessian fly are, however,
unavoidable if the fly-free dates are not adhered to. Close co-operation
amongst farmers is of course essential in this respect. Miami county,
after suffering severe losses for several successive seasons, was cleared
of the pest in a single one by this co-operative procedure. If wheat
is obviously likely to suffer from either fly or weather the substitution
of some other crop is advisable.

Damage by the wheat midge [Contarinia tritici] was almost negligible :
the chinch bug [Blissus leucoptenis] was present in moderate numbers.

Howard (L. 0.). Report of the Entomologist.— C/./S. Dept. Agric,
Bur. Entom., Washington, D.C., 14th August 1919, 27 pp.
[Received 30th December 1919.]

The European corn borer [Pyrmista nubilalis] was recorded in the
previous report [R.A.E., A, vii, p. 100] as being estabhshed in Eastern
Massachusetts throughout some 500 square miles. Much good work
was done in preventing its extension under State appropriations,
but in 1919 the requisite Federal appropriation was not granted,
with the result that by Augast the moth had spread over an area of
1,000 square miles. A great deal of information regarding this pest
has been published during the year [R.A.E., A, vii, 224, 411, etc.],
and a large number of entomologists are now studying the possibihties
of its control. The Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor] is rapidly
increasing in many localities, and wheat-growers have been advised
of the most suitable dates for planting in the autumn of 1919. The
true army worm [Girphis unipuncta] appeared in numbers, the usual
remedies proving successful. It has recently been found that the
southern corn rootworm [Diabrotica duodecimpiinctata] does not attack

94

maize in Georgia, or North and South Carolina, if planted before 31st
March or after 10th May ; the coastal region from Virginia to Florida
does not, however, seem to come under any definite regulation of
planting. A successful and inexpensive method of spraying lucerne
as a remedy for the alfalfa weevil [Hypera variabilis] has been devised,
and successful treatments have been given against grasshoppers,
jointworms [Harmoliia], alfalfa seed Chalcid [BruchojyJiagus funebris]
and coulee cricket [Peranabrus scabricoUis].

In investigations on insects affecting stored products, fumigation
has given good results, and tests are being made with electricity for
deahng with insects in cereals in package form. The latter treatment
is promising, and should result in great saving to both producers and
consumers. The value of cold storage has already been proved and
detailed data regarding this method are being secured. The frequent
iospections of Army food and clothing supphes that were carried out
by the Bureau during the war proved so satisfactory that they have
remained in force and are being extended to other food depots of
both Army and Navy.

Studies of fruit insects have revealed much new information
regarding the codling moth [Cydia 'pomonella], which has caused a
loss to the apple industry in one State of about £400,000. In Oregon
a basis of data for a spraying schedule has been obtained ; in the
Ozark region of Arkansas it seems that dusting cannot be substituted
for spraying. There are three full generations in this region and a
partial fourth ; a spraying schedule will shortly be prepared. Apple
Aphids have been studied, particularly with a view to the exact
determination of alternate food-plants and the identity of certain
forms.

Grape pests under observation include the grape-berry moth
[Polychrosis viteana], which can apparently be controlled by two
applications of lead arsenate spray ; eventually, when there are no
badly infested vineyards, a single spraying should be sufficient. For
the grape mealybug [Pseudococcus bakeri], fumigation with sodium
cyanide and with sulphur fumes, particularly the latter, has been
satisfactory in the dormant season at night, January being the best
month for treatment. Spraying proved less effective than fumigation.
A survey has been made to determine the influence of the physical
nature of soils on the degree of infestation of vineyards by Phylloxera.
The grape sphinx moth [Pholus achemon] appeared in numbers in
Tulare County, California, and at an outlay of about £2,400 for labour,
spraying, materials and machinery, the grape crop, valued at about
£36,000 was saved. Against pecan insects arsenical dusts and sprays
Are being tried ; in some groves 90 per cent, of the nut crop was
lost in 1918 owing to insect injury.

The investigations on cranberry insects have been continued.
On bogs badly infested with the blackhead fireworm [Rhopobota
vacciniana] satisfactory' results have been obtained from three
applications at intervals of from 17 to 21 days between 1st May and
1st July of nicotine sulphate containing 40 per cent, nicotine at 1 : 800,
with the addition of 2 lb. fish-oil soap to each 50 U.S. gals, of spray.
Life-history studies of this insect and of the cranberry root weevil
[Rhabdopterus picipes] are being completed. The latter can be
.controlled by spraying the foliage during May and June with 2 lb.

95

lead arsenate to 50 U.S. gals. Bordeaux mixture. Against the peach
borer [Aegeria exitiosa] tests with paradichlorobenzene have been
continued throughout the past three years. It is found that | oz.
to 1 oz. of the chemical appHed to each tree in the autumn after
oviposition will destroy about 95 per cent, of the larvae. Trees of
6 years or older are uninjured by this treatment, but younger trees,
on account of their thinner bark, have sometimes been damaged.
For plum curcuho [Conotrachelus nenuphar] and certain peach diseases
the dusting method seems to compare favourably with spraying,
even under the worst conditions. Measures against the Japanese
beetle [Popillia japonica], recently introduced from Japan into New
Jersey, are discussed [R.A.E., A, vii, 511].

Investigations into the value of various insecticides have been made,
including a study of the material known as derris [R.A.E., A, vii,
496]. Additional experiments have confirmed the conclusion that
calcium arsenate may always be substituted for Paris green, and that
for pomaceous fruits it forms a good substitute for lead arsenate when
used with hme or fungicides containing lime. Studies of insect-
destroying fungi have been continued, especially regarding a fungous
disease of cutworms and an obscure disease of the periodical cicada
[Tibicen septemdecim].

The conditions in regard to the sweet potato weevil [Cylasformicarius]
in various locaHties are discussed and the method of dealing with the
pest in each, under a fiscal grant of about £10,000, is outhned. Other
vegetable pests include the potato aphis [Macrosiphum solanifolii],
which was unexpectedly abundant and was controlled by strong
nicotine sprays. The bean ladybird [Epilachna corrupta] has been
controlled by lead arsenate and zinc arsenite sprays. The great
increase in bean-growing, owing to War conditions, has resulted in a
corresponding increase in the numbers of the com earworm [Heliothis
obsoleta], which seriously injured the crop, and with the reduction
of the bean acreage this season serious damage is Ukely to result
from the abundance of the pest. The pea moth \Cydia nigricana'l]
is increasing to a serious extent, having been imported from Canada into
Wisconsin. It has been demonstrated that the celery leaf-tier [Pionea
ferrugalis] can be controlled by spraying with 1 lb. lead arsenate to
50 U.S. gals, of water, the first treatment being made when the eggs
are hatching and being repeated every two weeks. The cost of this
treatment, which was continued until the insects had disappeared,
was about 8s. per acre.

Exhaustive studies have been made of insects aSecting forest trees
and much new information has been gained. The inter-relations of
forest fires and insects have been studied on an area of about 8,000
acres in southern Oregon. This area had been under observation
since 1914 and the fire had burned over it in 1918. Records show
that previous to the fire the insects had killed 485,000 board feet
of timber. The fire killed 170,000 feet and subsequently the slightly-
fire-injured as well as the uninjured trees in the burned area were
killed by beetles attracted from the surrounding areas. Infestation
in the burned area increased more than 1,000 per cent., but decreased
in the surrounding areas. The broods of the beetles in the fire-
scorched trees did not increase to any appreciable extent. The
fire therefore, contrary to expectations, did not contribute to an

96

increase of the beetles in the general area or to the starting or extension
of an epidemic of beetles. On an area of about 48,000 acres of badly-
infested pine forest, a count of young and matured beetles that
developed in an average foot of bark, and of the exit-holes, showed
that there is a notable decrease in numbers during the development
of the broods each year on account of the increase of natural enemies
and other disturbing factors. This offers some explanation of the
epidemics of beetles that rise and fall within a limited period, and why
the western yellow pine forests are naturally protected from total
destruction. While many beetles die in their earlier stages, normally
an average of 150 beetles to the square foot of bark develop into
adults in a case of average infestation, and since it requires an average
of about 10 beetles to the square foot to kill a vigorous, healthy tree,
it is obvious that all the pine timber of the western forests would soon
be destroyed if it were not for natural and artificial control. Destruc-
tion of timber by insects can largely be prevented by cutting the
trees in late autumn and early winter and piling the wood loosely
until it is thoroughly dry. Damage to posts can be prevented by
laying them on the ground where they will receive the full force of
the sun, and turning them occasionally so that the young stages of
the borers will be killed by the heat. Attention has lately been drawn
to several instances of beetles damaging lead [see also R.A.E. , A, viii, 81],
A particularly serious instance occurs in California, where a wood-
boring species is able to throw hundreds of telephones out of order
by boring holes in the cables through which water can enter, rendering
the connections useless. It has been found that for the control of
wood-boring insects chemical substances are very seldom as effective as
management in logging and manufacture to render the bark and
wood unfavourable to attack. For example, one of the most destruc-
tive species of termites cannot live if deprived of moisture in ground
or foundation timber.

The work for the suppression of the gipsy moth [Porthelria dispar]
and brown-tail moth [Nygmia phaeorrhoea] during the year is reviewed
[R.A.E. , A, vii, 60, 103, 104, 176, 341]. Investigations into the spread
of the parasites showed that Schedkis huvanae could not survive the
winter in New Hampshire, and was scarce in Massachusetts ; Anastatus
bifasciatus showed better results ; large colonies of each have been
liberated in the autumn. The situation with regard to the parasites,
Compsilura concinnata, Blepharipa scutellata, Apanfeles melanoscelis
and Calosoma sycophanta is discussed, no remarkable change having
occurred in their status since the previous report. Nygmia
phaeorrhoea, while confined to a smaller area, increased slightly in
numbers in the Eastern part of the territory. Apanteles lacteicolor
was present in small numbers in about 10,000 larvae examined ;
Meteorus versicolor was much less abundant. The commonest parasite
found in these collections was Zygobothria nidicola, about 20 per cent,
of the caterpillars being parasitised by it.

The extension and demonstration work carried out during the year
is described. The use of powdered lead arsenate or calcium arsenate
against the cotton boll weevil [Anthonomus grandis\ which was
advocated in last year's report, is being greatly extended with
promising results, but care is required in its application and instructions
are being distributed for this purpose. As a remedy against the moth

97

borer of sugar-cane [Diatmea sacclmralis crambidoides] every eSort is
being made to establish parasites introduced from Cuba [R.A.E.,
A, vii, 280, 408]. The tobacco flea-beetle [Epitrix parvula] has been
successfully controlled in Florida by insecticides and serious losses
have been averted. For tobacco thrips [Frankliitiella fasca] 14 oz.
nicotine sulphate, with 3 lb. soap to 50 U.S. gals, water, has proved
a successful spray if apphed properly once a week during the emergency
period. The time of application is important.

Apiary work during the year is described. The demand for bee-
keepers'" supplies and hterature is greater than ever before m the
country.

A general summary is given of the War activities of the Bureau of
Entomology.

Proceedings of the Conference on the European Corn Borer held by
National Association of Commissioners of Agriculture. —>Stote of

New York Dept. Farms and Markets, Div. Agric, Albany, N.Y.y 6s
Boston, Mass., Bull. 123, August 1919, 74 pp., 11 plates.
[Received 30th December 1919.]

The object of the conference held at Albany and Boston on the
28th and 29th August 1919 was to bring forward all information
relative to the possible damage that might occur if stringent measure -i
Avere not resorted to for tiie extermination of the European corn
stalk borer, Ptjrausta nubilalis, and this bulletin collates the addresses
dehvered by the various speakers present.

The plan of action suggested by Dr. L. 0. Howard includes a
thorough survey of suspected regions for the purpose of determining
as definitely as possible the exact hmits of infested areas, the adequate
enforcement of inter-State quarantine regalations to prevent artificial
distribution of P. nubilalis and control or repressive measures
embracing every practicable means of destroying the pest. Such a
scheme would require a supplementary appropriation of about
£100,000 in addition to the £50,000 already granted. A detailed
statement showing the proposed allocation of the funds is appended.
In this no provision has been made for an emergency fund for use in
the event of the discovery of additional infested areas, for which
purpose not less than £20,000 would be needed.

Dr. E. P. Felt considered the extermination of the pest in New
York to be reasonably possible, provided that there is an organisation
capable of maintaining a high standard of efficiency, and that
there be sufficient funds available to use at all times. As there are
at present no satisfactory remedial methods adapted to field conditions,
experiments and field tests will have to be conducted on a large scale
and duplicated under varied conditions, so as to eliminate every
possibility of wrong interpretation or to avoid a really effective method
being overlooked. Owing to the rapid spread of the borer immediate
action is necessary, and the work would be comparatively easy in
New York, as apparently maize is the only plant attacked there.
Investigations show that individual moths may five more than 30
days and deposit as many as 1,200 eggs, the descendants of one moth
being estimated at from 100,000 to 300,000 individuals in the course
of a season.

(654) B

According to Mr. G. G. Atwood the distribution of P. nuhilalis
in New York embraces 1,954 square miles within four counties,
the actual infested area covering about 400 square miles. The only
way to control this pest is to destroy the plant containing the larvae
and pupae. Various suggestions relative to remedial measures are
submitted for consideration. The maize maturing before ] st September
should at once be cut and used for food or placed in silos ; the stubble
should be ploughed under, after which the land should be heavily
rolled, and the subsequent harrowing should not briag the stubble to
the surface. No stubble within the quarantined area should be
ploughed after 1st September. Maize maturing after 1st September
should be cut very close to the ground and placed in silos or cured
and saved as fodder, in which case the portions not used by the 1st May
must be burned. All dry maize stalks, as well as those mixed with
manure, must be destroyed. No maize on the cob, on the ear or any
part of the plant susceptible to injury as well as weeds dry or green
should be taken out of the quarantined area for any purpose. All
maize should be shelled prior to 1st May and the cobs burned. Maize
should be grown in hills rather than in drills to facilitate cleaning up
processes, and more extensive use should be made of silos in infested
areas. A further suggestion is made for the limiting of the planting
of maize within the infested area, excepting such as is permitted for
trap-plots. The quarantine referred to is that placed on the four
counties m. which infested maize stalks were found.

Mr. W. Wheeler ia reviewing the situation in Massachusetts stated
that P. nuhilalis is known to exist in 93 towns, as well as in 3 towns
in New Hampshire, comprising an area of over 1,200 square miles.

Points regarding the life-history of P. nuhilalis were dealt with
by Mr. D. J. Cafirey. Adults have been reared from 48 varieties of
plants, of which the following are additional to those previously
noticed [R.A.E., A, vii, 224], tomato, geranium, oats, purslane
(Portulaca), turnips, sunflower, cabbage, asparagus, chicory, rhubarb,
Hungarian millet, buckwheat, sow-thistle (Sonchvs) and asters.
Probably, within certain limits, the species of plant selected depends
more upon its location with reference to other badly infested plants
or its accessibihty to the ovipositing females than upon its character
as a plant. Individual females have been observed to make single
fhghts for a maximum of 287 yards up to a height of 50 feet, after
which they were lost to view. Marked females were recovered at a
maximum distance of 600 yards from the point of liberation. In
confinement their life averaged about 19 days, with a maximum of
33 days, a period that would allow them to travel considerable
distances in a series of flights. During May and June the average
number of eggs deposited by one female was 386, with a maximum
of 1,192, these being laid in separate clusters containing on an average
17 eggs. The moths of the second brood are apparently able to
exceed these numbers. The adults are not attracted to any extent to
stationary hghts of any colour or candle-power, and the poison-baits
in common use for Lepidopterous insects have not proved attractive
to them. In captivity they readily feed on the decaying juices of
tomato and pear. Experiments with regard to the ploughing under
of infested material show that the depth does not greatly influence
mortality, but no adults emerged from material buried 12 inches

99

deep. The burying of material containing pupae gave similar results
and although many larvae and pupae are thus destroyed, it cannot
be considered as a possible means of extermination. A comparison
of treated and control plants does not reveal any marked protection
due to the application of arsenicals. A Hymenopterous parasite,
Tricliogramrna minuium, Riley, was found parasitising about 30 per
cent, of the eggs of the second generation and is apparently widely
distributed. Of the six Dipterous and six Hymenopterous parasites
known, Compsilura concinnata, Meig., is the only imported species.

A resolution was passed that most energetic efforts on the part of the
Federal and State agencies should be made to control and if possible
exterminate the pest, including vigorous quarantines to prevent its
distribution. It is urged that Congress should make an appropriation
of £4,000,000 for the year 1920 to carry out this work, and for this
purpose a committee representing the Commissioners of Agriculture,
official Entomologists and the Plant Pest Committee should be
appointed.

This bulletin ends with a paper by Mr. C. L. Marlatt explaining that
the action of federal quarantine has so far been withheld pending
recommendations which shall result from the conference. It is apparent
that any quarantine covering merely known invaded areas would
not be worth while or practicable ; to be efficient it must cover New
England and New York as a whole. The restrictions should cover
all articles of general commerce for food purposes which have been
shown capable of carrying the pest. The regulations could be modified
to allow of movement by inspection and certification in the uninfested
territory.

Fletcher (T. B.) & others. Second Hundred Notes on Indian Insects.

—Agric. Research Inst., Pusa, Bull. 89, 1919, 102 pp., 58 figs.
[Received 30th December 1919.]

In this continuation of a previous list [R.A.E., A, iv, 438] some of
the information given has been noticed elsewhere [R.A.E., A, iv, 96,
387 ; V, 359].

The insects dealt with include : — Pentodon bengalense, Arr., which
is probably widely distributed over India, but is only reported from
Peshawar as a pest. The adults begin tunelling at the soil surface
in sugar-cane until they reach the base, causing a dead heart and often
eating right through the base. Larvae collected on 20th May 1906
and 1st May 1909 pupated on 24th June and 2nd July respectively,
the adults emerging on the 3rd and 12th July. Larvae of Anomala
hengalensis were also found attacking sugar-cane underground. They
hibernate in the larval stage, pupation occurring about the end of
March and the adults emerging about the middle of April. Consider-
able damage is caused to bael trees {Aegle tnarmelos) in June and July
by a Chrysomelid beetle, Clitea picta, of which the larva is described.
The larvae burrow in the midribs of leaves, tender shoots, spines,
axils of branches and young setting fruit, whilst the adults eat holes
in the leaves. Pupation occurs in the larval burrow or in the soil
and lasts 5 or 6 days. The fruit-flies, Dacus (Chaetodacus) diversus,
infesting plantains in Burma, and Stictaspis cemtitina and S. striata

(654) b2

100

attacking young bamboo shoots, are recorded. Eublemma ditnidialis, F.
{hemirhoda, Wlk.) sometimes causes serious damage to Phaseolus
mungo, usually in association with other Lepidopterous larvae such as
Catochrysops cnejus, Eucosma melanaula and Anarsia ephippias.
The larvae bore into the flower-buds, flowers and seed-pods, eating out
their contents. Several flowers are tied together with silk, thus
concealing the working larva. Pupation occurs in a cocoon in any
convenient shelter and lasts from 7 to 1 1 days.

The PyraUd, Polyocha saccharella, Ddgn., the larva of which bores
in sugar-cane, is noted as being identical with Papua depressella,
Swinh., which is now placed by Hampson in the genus Emmalocera.
Another sugar-cane pest, Anerastia ahlutella, Z. [R.A.E., A, i, 169],
is now placed in the genus Raphimetopus, Hmp., and A. bimacidella,
Rag., is a synonym of it. The pests of red gram recorded as Laspeyresia
trichocrossa [R.A.E., A, iv, 439] and Eucosma ludicra, Meyr., are now
considered to be synonyms of Eucosma critica, Meyr.

The predaceous insects recorded include an Elaterid, Agrypnus
fuscipes ; the larva, which is redescribed, lives under the soil surface
and is predaceous on cockchafer grubs. In confinement it feeds
readily on the caterpillars of Prodenia litura, Utetheisa puIcJiella,
Papilio demoleus, Bomhyx mori, etc., Lepidopterous pupae and even
dead moths such as Agrotis ypsilon. The adults also feed on cater-
pillars and pupae in confinement. The normal life-cycle is thought
to extend over 2 or 3 years, depending probably on the amount of food
available. The adults apparently emerge about May or June. A
Coccinellid beetle, Sumnius renardi, has been found preying on Mono-
phlehus stebbingi octocaudatus. The larva and its method of feeding
are described. Pupation occurred in April and lasted from 8 to 9
days. Another Coccinellid, Brumus suturalis, F., was reared from
larvae found feeding on Phenacoccus insoUtus on leaves of Sida spinosa
in July and in February from a larva found in an egg-mass of Pseudo-
coccus sp. on cotton. Pupation in July lasts about seven days and
occurs on a leaf amongst the larval prey. It is parasitised by a small
black Hymenopteron.

Both larvae and adults of a Carabid, Calosoma indica, Hope,
were found feeding freely on caterpillars of Cirphis unipuncta in
wheat and oat fields in April. In October they were also noticed in
a field of Phaseolus aconitifolius preying on caterpillars of Phyfometra
{Plusia), Remigia and Thertnesia. Pupation lasts from 4 to 6 days.
In confinement the larvae are cannibalistic. The early stages of
Broscus punctatus, Klug, are not known, but the adults, which live
from about March to June, are predaceous on the larvae of Agrotis
ypsilon, Prodenia litura, Pieris brassicae and Chilo simplex.

A list of the hosts of 18 species of Indian Ichneumonids by Mr,
G. R. Dutt is included in these notes.

Mr. Y. Ramachandra Rao describes the damage caused to mulberry
trees by a Longicorn, Sthenias grisator, in Uecember. The eggs
are inserted imder the bark and hatch in about 9 days ; the emerging
larvae at once bore into and feed on the woody tissue. Pupation
occurs in the tunnel. Under natural conditions the hfe-cycle occupies
4 to 5 months. Cosmopteryx 'phaeogastra, sp. n., the larvae of which
were found mining the leaves of beans, and C. bambusae mining the
leaves of bamboo are described by Mr. MejTick.

101

Mr. E. Ballard notes a Capsid, Megacoelnm stramineum, Wlk., as
probably occurring all over India. The chief food-plant is Andropogon
sorghum (cholam), of which the variety harvested in January and
February suffers most; various other crops are attacked such as
groundnut and gingelly. This bug is usually associated with Calocoris
angustatus, supplementing the work of the latter by depositing its
eggs in the ripening grains. About 150 to 200 eggs are laid by one
female in March and hatch in from 5 to 6 days. The nymphs mature
in 10 to 11 days, during which time 5 moults take place. The different
instars are described.

Notes by Mr. Ramakrishna Ayyar deal with the weevil, Apodems
iravquebaricus, ¥., a pest of mango fruit, the usual food-plant being the
native almond tree, Tenninalia catappa. The bulk of the information
concerning Contheyla rotunda, Hmp., a Limacodid pest of coconuts,
has been noticed elsewhere [R.A.E., A, vi, 47]. The Hesperid, Parata
■alexis, F., caused very serious damage to the foHage of Pongamia
glabra trees in November. Each larva folds the leaf in the form of a
tube in which after feeding on the leaf-tissue it pupates ; the adult
emerges after from 9 to 10 days. Notes are also given on 56 new or
previously unrecorded species of Indian Coccids. These include
Phenacoccus ballardi, Green, and Lecanium adersi, Newst., on mango.
[See also R.A.E., A, vii, 402.]

Beeson (C. F. C). The Construction of Calcareous Opercula by
Longicorn Larvae of the Group Ceramhycini (Coleoptera,
Cerambycidae).— i^oresi Res. Inst., Dehra Dun. UP., Forest Bull.
38, 1919, 10 pp., 1 plate. [Received 31st December 1919.]

Attention is drawn to the power possessed by certain species of
Longicorn beetles of economic importance of secreting hme in large
quantities during the larval stage while feeding in the bark and sap-
wood of the food-plants.

Before pupation the larva regargitates the hme secreted during the
larv^al development, and this, mixed with a variable proportion of
gammy or silkv matter, forms a plastic material which is moulded
by the larva to a design constant for each species and exhibiting
generic, if not specific, characters. The remains of this operculum
in timber thus afford valuable means of identification.

The species in which this habit is described include Aeolesthes
holosericea, F., Hoplocerambgx spinicornis, Newm., Diorthus cinereus,
¥., Duileges pauper, Base, Plocaederus obesus, Gah., Pachjdissus sp.,
and Derolus spp.

Investigations on the function of this calcareous operculum at tne
entrance to the pupal chamber in Aeolesthes, Hoplocerambgx, Derolus
and Pachgdissus, in which a simple cap-shaped operculum is formed,
show that, being impermeable, it prevents excessive loss of moisture
through the prepupal gallery, which is in direct communication with
the outer air.

In Plocaederus, Diorthus and Dialeges, which prepare a complete
egg-shell-hke hning to the pupal chamber, the object is to prevent
desiccation and to maintain a constant degree of humidity in the
pupal cell.

102

A list of the food-plants of the respective beetles concerned is given,
and from this it is shown that those in the first category hve mainly
in trees "v^dth a hard heart-wood, while the food-plants of the second
comprise soft-woods or timbers with a very broad sapwood, in which
the pupal chamber is formed. It is therefore concluded that the
simple type of operculum has been evolved by species normally
breeding in hardwoods which do not lose or absorb large quantities
of water from the heart-wood, and that the complete egg-shell type
is found in species that breed in soft-woods which are hable to rapid
desiccation and greater extremes of moisture conditions.

ZviEREzoMB-ZuBovsKY (E). Smmhah BopbBa ctj BpeAMTejiflMM B-b
Cafly. [Winter Control of Garden Pests.]— flOHCKOe Bwpo nO

5opb6"b ctj BpeAMTejiflMM CejibCKO-XosfliiCTBeH. PacTeniM,

HOBOMepKacCK"b. [Don Bureau for Control of Pests of Agricultural
Plants, Novotcherkasst] Leaflet no. 1, 4 pp., 4 figs. [Received
1st January 1920.]

Special attention is called to the necessity of winter treatment of
orchard trees, since all insecticides required for later treatment are
practically unobtainable in the south of Russia in present circum-
stances. The remedial measures advocated include the destruction
of winter nests of Aforia crataegi, L., and of the gold-tail moth [Arctornis
chrysorrhoea, L.], as well as the egg-masses of the lackey moth [3Iala-
cosoma neustria, L.] and the gipsy moth [Porthetria dispar, L.]. All
overwintering larvae, such as those of Cydia, should be removed from
cracks, etc., in the bark and burned, the bark being painted with a
mixture of 4 lb. of freshly slaked and sifted hme, and half a glass
full of clay to 1 bucket of water. The soil in orchards should be well
dug over so as to destroy any pests hibernating in it.

ZviEREzoMB-ZuBovsKY (E.). OHepeflHbifl PaSoTbi no BopbSt CI*
BpeAMienflHM B1» noni. [Routine Work for the Control of
Pests in the Field.]— flOHCKOe Biopo nO BopbOt CI, BpeAMTejiflMM
CenbCKO-XoaflMCTBeH. PaCTeHlM, HoBOMepKaCCKl,. {Don Bureau
for Control of Pests of Agricultural Plants, NovotcherkassL]
Leaflet no. 2, 3 pp., 3 figs. [Received 1st January 1920.]

The necessity for the collection and burning of all stubble of maize
and sunflower plants in the early spring to ensure the destruction
of the hibernating larvae of the European corn borer [Pyrausta nubilalis,
Hb.], [MordelUstena p)arvula, Clyll.] and the Longicorn [Agapanthia
dahlii, Richt.], is emphasised.

ZviEREzoMB-ZuBovsKY (E.). OnepeAHbifl PaSoTbi no BopbSt ci>
BpeAMTejiflMM BT, AwSapt. [Routine Work for the Control
of Pests in Storage] floHCKOe Biopo no Bopb6t CTj BpeAMTenflMM
CejlbCK0-X03flMCTBeH. PaCTeHJM, HoBOMepKaCCKT,. [Don Bureau
for Control of Pests of Agricultural Plan ts, Novotchcrkassk. ] Leaflet
no. 3, June 1918, 3pp. [Received 1st January 1920.]

This bulletin deals in a popular form with methods of cleaning out
barns and other storage places in summer in preparation for storing

103

the harvest. All floors should be taken up and any grain that has
fallen between the boards should be cleared out, and the foundation
as well as the walls should be washed with 4 lb. of freshly slaked hme
to a bucket of water. The wooden parts of the building may be
washed with soda and hme. Pots containing a liquid consisting of
barium chloride ancj water (in the proportion of | lb. to one bucket of
water) should be placed in the buildings during hot weather as traps
[R.A.E., A, V, 299J.

ZVIEREZOMB-ZUBOVSKY (E.). HepBMBOCTb BmUCHb M B0pb5-b CTj
Heif. [The Cherry Maggot and its Control.]— floHCKOe Biopo HO

Bopb6t cij BpeflMTenflMM CenbCKO-XoaniiCTBeH. PacTeH'm,

HOBOMepKacCTj. [Bon Bureau for Control of Pests of Agricultural
Plants, NovotcherkassL] Leaflet no. 4, 2 pp., 4 figs. [Received
1st January 1920.]

Great damage is caused to cherries in south Russia by the larvae of
the cherry fruit-fly [Rhagoletis cerasi, L.]. The eggs are inserted into
the fruit when it begins to ripen and the larvae feed on the flesh.
When mature they drop to the ground, which they enter to a depth
of about one inch for pupation, the adults emerging the following
spring. The chief remedial measure is the destruction of the hiberna-
ting larvae by digging over the ground in the autumn. .

ZVIEREZOMB-ZUBOVSKY (E.). KpaiKJIl 0T4eT"b 0 fltflTeJlbHOCTM

AoHCKoro Biopo no Bopb6t ci* BpeflMTennMii Ceji.-Xo3.
PacTeHJM BT, 1917 r. m OQsop-b BparoBi, CejibCKaro XoanftCTBa

flOHCKOM OOnaCTM. [Brief Report on the Work of the Don
Bureau for the Control of Pests of Agricultural Plants for 1917,
and Review of the Pests of Agriculture in the Don Province.]
Rosioff, 1918, 36 pp., 10 figs. [Received 1st January 1920.]

The work of investigation into the hfe-histories of agricultural
pests was very hmited during 1917. This was the first year of existence
of the Bureau and the equipment required, including microscopes and
various laboratory requisites, was obtained with great difficulty.

A provisional list has been drawn up of all pests found in the Don
Province. These include :— the Acarids, Eriopkjes tiliae, Pag., var.
liosoma, Nal, on hmes ; Tetranyckus telarius, L., on apple trees ;
Tyroglyphus farinae, Koch ; Tyroglyphus sp. in flour ; Eriophyes
{Phytoptus) vitis, Land., for which the chief remedial measure is the
collection and destruction by fire of all fallen \nne leaves ; Damaeus
mdiciphagns, Dement., causing the abandonment of viticulture in
some districts ; Hoploderma elipsoidalis, Dement., on vines.

The Orthoptera include •.— Locusta (Pachyfylus) migratoria, L. ;
I. (P.) danica, L. ; CaUiptdmus italicus, L. ; Oedaleus mgrofasciatns,
DeG. ; Oecanthvs pellucens, Scop. ; Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, L.

Thysanoptera:— ^a^?o«Arij95 tritici, Kurdj., in early June on rye,
wheat and also on late wheat.

Rhynchota -.—EurygaMer integriceps, Put., on wheat, this bug being
parasitised by Telenomus semistriatns, Nees, and T. rufiventris.

104

Mayr ; E. manra, L. ; Aelia acuminata, parasitised by PJiasia ? ;
A. furcula, Fieb. ; Enrydema omatimi, L., on cabbage ; Stephanitis
jyyri, ¥., on pears ; Adelphocoris lineolatus, Goeze, on lucerne ; Poe-
ciloscytus cognatus, Fieb., on beet ; Tngonotylus rvficornis, Geoff.,
of wiuch adults were found on maize in July ; Eriosoma {Schizoneura)
lanvginosum, Hrt. ; E. {S.) vlmi, L. ; Tetraneura vlmi, DeG., in
colonies on the roots of maize in June, the galls on ehns appearing
at the end of April ; Brevicoryne {Aphis) brassicae, L., recorded for
the first time and present in great numbers ; A. hburni, Kalt., on
white acacia ; Myziis ribis, L., on red currant in May ; Phylloxera
vastatnx,'P\anch., against which all infested vine-cuttings were destroyed
in the presence of a special commission ; Lepidosaphes idmi, L.
{Mytilaspis pomorum, Bch.), on apples ; Evlecaniwn (Lecanium)
bitubercvhtvm, Targ. ; Pulvinaria vitis, L.

Lepidoptera : — Tinea granella, L., in stored grain; T. misella, Z. ;
Tineola biselliella, Humm., appearing at end of January ; Phyllorycter
(Lithocolletis) popvlifoliella, Fr.,on poplars in June, pupation occurring
about 16th June and lasting about 8 days ; Lyonetia sp. on apples ;
Hemerophila (Simaethis) pariana, CI., on apples at the end of
September ; Eucosma {Tmetocera) oceUana, F., in June ; Argyropiloce
(Olefhrevtes) rariegana, Hb., on apples, the adult moths appearing
at the beginning of May ; Sivamnierdamia i^v/reMo, Vil., on apples ;
Hyponomeuta maliiieUKS, Z., on apples, pupation being observed
en the 22nd May and lasting until 2nd June ; H. variabilis, Z., adults
appearing in great numbers in June ; H. padi, Z.; H. euonymeUus,
Scop. ; Phtella maci'lipennis, Curt, {cruciferarum, Z.), which has
three generations ; Sitotroga cerealella, 01., in stored and growing
wheat ; Clysia {Conchylis) ambigvella, Hb. ; Sparganothis {Tortrix)
pilleriana, SchiiT. ; T. rosana, L. {laeirigafta, Schiff.) ; T. viridana, L. ;
T. (Pandemis) ribeana, Hb., and T. (P.) heparana, Schiff., in May ;
Cydia pomo^jella, L., the first adults appearing about 11th May and
hibernation commencing at the beginning of August ; Paranthrene
(Sciapteron) tabaniforme, Eott., on poplars in company with Trochilivm
apiforme, CI., and Aegeria (Sesia) cidiciforniis, L., hibernation occurring
in the larval stage ; Cossiis cossus, L., larvae of which were found in
May, July and August and are parasitised by a Tachinid ; Zeuzera
pyrina, L., on ash and hlac, as well as on many fruit and ornamental
trees ; Pyralis faritwlis, L. ; Aglossa pii'nguinalis, L., in barns ;
Loxostege siicticalis, L. ; Pyravsta mibilalis, Hb. ; Evergestis extmialis,
So. ; Cledeobia moldavica, Esp., in June ; Dioryctria abietella, F. ;
Acrobasis obtusella, Hb. ; E])hesfia liihniella, Z. ; E. elutella, Hb. ;
Plodia interfimctella, Hb. ; Etiella zi'nckenella, Tr., the adult moths
appearing in May and August ; Hotnoeosoina nebulella, Hb., with
H. nimbella, Z., on sunflowers ; Galleria mellonella, L., adults seen
in May ; Co-ambus luteelliis, Schiff,, on wheat ; C. jucundellus, H.S. ;
Aporia crataegi, L. ; Pieris brassicae, L., the caterpillars appearing
on 25th June, pupation occurring on 9th July and adults on 21st
July ; P. rapae, L., on cabbages ; P. dajilidicc, L., the adult butterflies
being found in April, June, July and September ; Vanessa piohjchloros,
L., on elms in May, the adults appearing in June ; Melitaea matvroia,
L., Lasiocampa lanestris, L., and L. quercus, L., on roses and lilac ;
L. -nev stria, L., on fruit trees and poplars, pupation beginning in May
and adults appearing in the middle of June ; Gastropiacha quercifolia, L.,

105

on apples in June ; Cilix glaumta, ^c, on young apple trees, pupation
occurring on 29th September, in which stage hibernation takes place,
there being two generations ; Dicranura vinula, L., on poplars
{Pojyulus suaveolens and P. treinula) ; Exaereta ulmi, Schiff., on elms,
adults being seen in April, the larvae from 1st to 2Gth May, and there
being one generation a year ; Pygaera anachoreta, F., on poplars on
9th July, pupation occurring on 20th July, adults 26th July, and the
first caterpillars of the next generation on 4th August, being parasitised
by Tachinids ; Phalera bucephala, L., of which there are two
generations ; P. bucephaloides, 0., on oak ; Acherontia atropos, L.,
on potatoes in September ; Sphinx ligustri, L., on lilac ; Smerinthus
oceUaUis, L., on apples in July ; Ainphidasys hetularia, L., in April
and May ; Abraxas grossnlariala, L., on gooseberries in May and June ;
Anisopienjx aescularia, Schifi'., on elm, adults appearing in March,
larvae in April and pupation occurring about 23rd May ; Porlhetria
{Ocneria) dispar, L. ; Stilpnotia salicis, L., on poplars ; Nygmia
phaeorrhoea, Don. {Euproctis chrysorrhoea, L.), both oak and apple
trees being attacked by the caterpillars, which are heavily parasitised
by Tachina fera, L. ; Arctornis chrysorrhoea, L. [E. similis, Fuessl.) ;
Orgyia antiqua, L. ; Dasychira pudihunda, L. ; Calocasia coryli, L.,
on maples in April ; Cymatophora octogesima, Hb., on poplars ;
Catocala nupta, L., on poplars ; Phytometra confiisa, Steph.
{Plusia gutta, Gn.) ; Phytometra gamma, L. ; Acronycta psi, L., of
wliich there are two generations ; A. tridens, Schiff., on apples ;
A. aceris, L., on maple, being parasitised by ? Euplecfrus and Tachinids ;
A. rumicis, L., on fruit trees, roses and lilac, hibernation occurring
in the pupal stage ; A. megacephala, F., on poplars ; Trachea
(Hadena) basilinea, F., on cut and standing wheat ; Trachea atriplicis,
L. ; Oria muscidosa, Hb., on wheat and oats, there being two genera-
tions a year ; Cahjmnia trapezina, L. ; Brotolomia meticulosa, L. ;
Laphygma {Caradrina) exigua, Hb. ; Athetis clavipalpis (C. qiiadri-
punctata, F.) ; Heliothis dipsacea, L. ; H. scutosa, Schiif, ; Euxoa
(Agrotis) segetnm, Schiff., of which there are two generations a year ;
A. ravida, Schiff. {obscura, Brh.) ; A. pronuba, L. ; A. c-nigrum, L. ;
A. plecta, L. ; Feltia {A.) exclamationis, L. ; Euxoa (A.) tritici var.
aquilina, Hb. ; A. ypsilon, Rott. ; Euxoa (A.) vestigialis, Rott. ;
Barathra [Mam.estra) brassicae, L., on beets; Polia {M.) oleracea, L.,
on apples, hibernation occurring in the pupal state ; P. {M.)persicariae,
L. ; Scotogramma (M.) trifolii, Rott. ; Polia suasa, Schiff.
{M. dissimilis, Knoch.) ; Charaeas graminis, L. ; and Hylophila
prasinana, L., on oak.

Coleoptera include :— Ophonus calceatus, Duf.; Tenebroides (Trogosita)
mauritanicxis, L. ; Laemophloeus ferrugineus, Steph. ; Sylvanus
{Oryzaephilus) surinamensis, L. ; Agrilus sp. on raspberries ; Agriotes
lineatus, L., on potatoes : Xylonites retusns, Oliv., on elm ; Sitodrepa
panicea, L., and Ptinus fur, L., in flour ; Lytta vesicatoria, L., on ash ;
Mylabris sp. on potatoes, lucerne, mustard, flax, etc. ; Mordellislena
parvida, Gyll., of which about 18 adults were found in one sunflower
stalk ; Ojjatrum sabulosiim, Bjevk. ; Tenebrio ))iolitor, h., and T. obscurus,
F., in flour ; Alphitobius piceus, Oliv. ; Triboli^im castaneum, Hbst.,
{ferrugineum,, F.), first record ; Palorus {Caenocorse) depressa, F., all
stages being found at once in stored flour, and both adults and larvae
hibernating ; Stromaliu))i vnicolor, 01. ; Pyrrhidium sanguineum, L.,

10 ;

in oak timber, pupation occurring in the spring and there being only
one generation ; Plagionotus arcuatus, L., on elm, oviposition occurring
in May and pupation in early spring ; Dorcadion carinatum, Pall. ;
Agapanthia dahlii, Richt., on sunflowers ; Mesosa niyops, Dalm., in
old dead oaks ; Leina ynelanojja, L., and L. cyanella, L., on oats ;
Crioceris duodecimpunctata, L., on asparagus ; Labidostomis sp.
causing great damage to young grape plants ; Colaphus hoefti, Men.,
on mustard ; Entomoscelis adonidis. Pall., on rape in May ; Melasoma
tremulae, F., M. popidi, L., and M. saliceti, Wse., on poplars ;
Galerucella luteola, Miill., apparently having two generations a year
in April and September and feeding on elm ; Chaetocnema aridula,
Gyll. ; Haltica quercetorum, Foudr., on oak ; Phyllotreta vittula,
Rdtb. ; P. nemorum, L., on flax ; Apliiliona euphorbiae, Schr. ;
Cassida nehiilosa, L. ; Bruchus pisorum, L. {pisi, L.) ; B. lentis. Boh. ;
Sciaphobus squalidus, Scop. ; Bothynoderes punctiventris, Germ., on
beet ; Ceuthorrhynchus macula-alba, Hbst. ; Calandra granaria, L. ;
AntJionomus pomorum,lj. ; Magdalimtsaterrimus,h. ; Apion pomonae,
L. ; BTiijncJiites aequatus, L., in May ; R. auratus, Scop. ; R.
bacchus, L. ; R. pauxillus, L. ; Byctiscus betidae {R. betuleti, F.),
on grapes ; Gasterocerciis depressirostris, F., on oak ; Scolytus
{Eccoptogaster) scolytus, F., in birch and elm, in which it has two
generations ; S. (E.) pygmaeus, F., with two generations a year ;
S. (E.) niultistfiatus. Marsh., with two generations a year, except in
elm in which only one occurs ; S. {E.) kirschi, Skal, in elm and birch ;
S. (E.) ensifer, Eich. ; S. (E.) intricatus, Koch ; >S. {E.) rugulosus,
Koch, with two generations and hibernating in the larval stage ;
Phloeoiribus caucasicus, Reitt., in ash ; Hylesinus crenatus, F., in
ash ; H. oleiperda, F. ; H. fraxini, Panz., doing very serious damage
to ash, necessitating the planting of trap-trees ; Pteleobius viffatus, F.,
in elm, with one generation and hibernating in the adult stage ;
P. hraatzi, Eichh. ; Ernoporus tiliae, Panz., in Hme ; Xyleborus
motwgraphvs, Rtzb., in oak ; Xyleborus (Anisandrus) dispar, F. ;
Lethrus apterus, Laxm., on grapes ; Rhizotrogus aequinoctialis, Hbst. ;
Amphunallus sollitialis, L. ; Polyphylla fullo, L. ; Anoxia pilosa, F. ;
Anisoplia austriaca, Hbst., on oats and rye ; A. cyathigera, Scop. ;
A. zwicJcii, Fisch. ; A. segetum, Hbst. ; A. deserticola, Fisch. ;
Pentodon monodon, F., on maize, the adults hibernating ; Epicometis
(Tropinota) hirta, Poda, on rye and mustard ; and Oxythyrea funesia,
Poda.

Diptera include : — Mayetiola destructor, Say, on wheat, parasitised
by Merisus destructor, Say, and Polygnotus minutus, Lind. ; Rhagoletis
(Spilographa) cerasi, L., on cherries ; Chlorops taeniopus, Meig. ;
Oscinella frit, L., on wheat; Hydrellia griseola, Fall., on oats.

Hymenoptera include : — Hylotoma rosae, L. on roses ; Trichiocampus
idmi, L. {Cladius uncinatus, Hart.), on birch and elm, with two or
three generations a year and hibernating in the larval stage, the eggs
being laid in the second half of April in the central vein of the leaves ;
Cladius sp. on poplars ; Atlialia colibri {spinarum, F.), on rape and
mustard ; Macrophya punctum-albmri, L., on ash ; Eriocampoides
limacina, L. {Eriocampa adumbrata, Kl.), on cherries and pears ;
Xyphidria longicollis, Geof5r. {annulafa, Jur.), on oak ; and Cephvs
])ygmae}is, L., on wheat.

107

ZviEREZOMB-ZuBOVSKY (E.). OSsop'b BpeflMTeneM. fReviewofthe
Pests of Agriculture] OTseTis 0 fltflienbHOCTM floHCKoro Biopo
no Bopb5t cb BpeflMTenfliviii CenbCKoxo3flHCTBeHHbixi> PacTeHiti

3a 1918 fOAlj. [RejHvi on the Work <)f the Don Bumru for the
Control of Pests of Agricultural Phints for 1918], Rostoff, 1919,
pp. 8-29, 15 figi. [Received 1st January 1920.J

Owing to adverse circumstances as a result of general conditions
in the Don district the experimental work planned for the year under
review had to be abandoned and the general activities of the Bureau
very much reduced.

The hst of noxious insects has been augmented and contains a number
of new ones in addition to most of these in the previous one [see
preceding paper].

Acarids include : — Eriophyes pyri, Pgst., on pears.

Rhynchota : — Stephmiitis pyri, P., on apples, pears and hawthorn ;
Aphis gossypii, Glov., on melons and pumpkins ; Aleurodes sp. causing
serious damage to geraniums in hot-houses, there being about 10
generations a year and the life-cycle occupying about 36 days (this
white-fly may also migrate to roses under laboratory conditions).

Lepidoptera : — Tortrix (Cacoecia) rosana, L., on elm, ash, maple, lilac
and rose ; T. (C.) xylosteana, L., on ash and raspberry ; T. {Pandemis)
heparana, Schiff., on pears, plums, cherries and apricots ; Cydia
(Grapholitha) dorsana, F., on peas ; Enarmonia (Semasia) minutana,
Hb., on poplars : TrochUiiim apiforme, CI. ; Aegeria (Sesia) myopae-
formis, Bkh., in June and July ; Plodia inter punctella, Hb., in dried
cherries ; Pieris napi, L., on the wing from March to May, from
mid- June to the end of July and end of August to about 20th of October ;
Eriogaster lanestris, L., on cherry leaves ; Pygaera •'urtula, L., on
])oplars in June ; Biston hirtarius, CI. ; Demas coryli, L. ; and Agrotis
saucia, Hb., in July.

Coleoptera include : — Sylvanus {Oryzaephilus) surinmnensis, L. ;
in dried cherries and grain Crioceris asparagi, L., and C. quatuor-
decimpunctata, Scop. ; Rhynchifes giganteus, Kryn., causing great
damage to winter pears in May ; Myelophilus pi^iipierda, L., in pine
trees ; Rhizotrogus aestivus, Oliv. ; Melolontha hippocastani, F., on
pines.

Diptera, Scenopinus sp. in flour.

Hymenoptera :• — Lyda sp. on common pine, but not attacking Austrian
pine ; Trachelus tabidus, F., attacking rye, both mnter and spring wheat
and oats.

ZviEREzoMB-ZuBovsKY (0). Ki, BionorJM M Mop(J)onoriM Maepw-
TaHCKOil KoSflBKM. [On the Biology and Morpliology of Tenehroides
mauritunicus, L ]— OiHeTTj 0 A'^flTejibHOCTM floHCKoro Biopo no
Bopb6t Cb BpeAMTenflMM Ce/ibCKOxosflJicTBeHHbix'b PacreHiM 3a

1918 fOfllj. [Report on the Work of the Don Bureau for the Control
of Pests of Agricultural Plants for 1918], Rostojf, 1919, pp. 1-8,
10 figs. [Received 1st January 1920.]

The adult beetles of Tenehroides mauritanicus, L., have been found to
be predaceous on the larvae of various bark-eating insects, but in
captivity they have been reared entirely on flour. The first adults
were noticed in store-houses at the beginning of April. Oviposition

108

began about the 20tli April in the super icial layer of the flour. The
eggs are laid in batches of from 18 to 27 at intervals of from 7 to 14
days, and hatch in from 7 to 24 days. The larvae moult after about
27 to 31 days, the subsequent 3 moults occurring at intervals of from
9 to 10, 10 to 14, and 20 to 23 days respectively. About 22 to 27
days after the fourth moult the last skin is shed and the larva is ready
to pupate, the prepupal stage lasting about 10 days under normal
temperature, which is about 68° F. The pupal stage lasts from 8 to 30
days and the females commence oviposition about 5 to 7 days after
emergence in the spring and summer whereas later individuals hibernate
and begin laying the following spring. The exact length of adult
life has not been determined, but individuals emerging in the autumn
are thought to live from 9 to 10 months. There is only one generation
a year, but owing to the prolonged period of oviposition extending from
April to September all stages may be found simultaneously. The
larvae emerging in the autumn hibernate in this stage.

Stored products should be kept at a low temperature, as apparently
these larvae cannot withstand cold. All remedial measures in use
against other pests of stored grain may be equally applied to
T. mauritanicus.

ZviEREzoMB-ZuBovsKY (E.). Ktj Bonpocy 0 MeTOflMKt AHannaa
3epHa Ha SapaweHie ero BpeflMiejiflMM. [On the Method of

Analysing Grain for Insect-infestation.] — Circular of Don Bureau
for Control of Pests of Agricultural Plants, Novotcherkassk,
8 pp. [Received 1st January 1920.]

The bulk of the information contained in this paper has been pre-
viously noticed [R.A.E., A, v, 299, 455].

ZVIEREZOMB-ZUBOVSKY (E). MCTOpHHeCKift OMepKlj B03HMKH0BeHifl

AoHCKoro Elopo no 5opb6t Cb BpeAMTe/ifiMn Ce/ibCKo-
xosflMCTBeHHbix-b PacTeHiM, ero SaAanii, HywAbi m CoepeMeHHoe

CoCTOflHie. [Historical Outline of the Inauguration of the Don
Bureau for the Control of Pests of Agricultural Plants, its Problems,
Requirements and Present Condition.] — Olfl. OtTMCKT* M3"b
HlypHana K)ro Boctohhum Xosamhii, Poctobtj Ha AohY- [Separate
from the Jo oyuil of South- Eastern Husbandry], Rostojf, no. 1-4,
1918, 15 pp. [Received 1st January 1920.]

The contents of this paper are indicated by the title.

Ballou (H. a.). The Toad in the West Indies.— ^^nc. News,
Barbados, xviii, no. 459, 29th November 1919, pp. 378-379.

It is suggested that it w^ould be advantageous to increase the number
of toads in the West Indies, as they are well known insect-feeders.
The common species are Bufo marinus and B. agua. It is supposed
that their numbers have decreased omng to the gradual drainage of
ponds, planting of pasture-land and the clearing of ravines and gullies.
To restore their numbers individuals could be brought from some
part of the islands where they are more abundant, or egg-masses
might be imported from the United States or Mexico.

109

Madan Mohan Lal. Report of the Assistant Professor of Entomology.

— Re})t. Dept. Agric. Punjab, Year ended ^Oth June 1917, Lahore,
1917, [Appendix iv, pp. ix-x]. [Received 5th January 1920.]

The pests recorded include : — Earias insulana, Boisd., and E. fabia,
Stoll (cotton boll worms), the damage by which has been reduced
from 20 per cent, to 4 or 5 per cent, owing to the parasite Rhogas sp. ;
Myllocerus blandus, Fst., reported for the first time as a serious pest
of cotton, confines itself to maize when this is used as a trap-crop ;
Oxyc-arenits laetus, Kirby (dusky cotton-stainer) and Dijsdercus
cingulatus, F. (red cotton-stainer) on cotton. A scale-insect, Mono-
phlebus stebbingi, Green, and Jassids, Idiojerus spp., infested mangoes,
remedial measures against the latter insects being the thinning out of the
groves and the breaking up of the soil surface round the roots to increase
the vitality of the trees ; five sprayings of 1 lb. of fish-oil resin soap
to 15 gals, of water applied from February to March ensures the setting
of the fruit. Date palms were attacked by Rhyncliophornsfernigineus,
OJiv., during September and October. Various remedial measures
were tried ; of these the erection of mud enclosures filled with water
round the infested trunks proved the most successful. Spraying
with \ pint of crude oil in 4 gals, of water proved effective against a
Psyllid, Euphalerus citri, on Citrus. The food-plants of Euproctisflava,
F., include castor- oil plants, cotton, peaches, pomegranates and roses.
A powerful water spray proved the most effective remedial measure
against these caterpillars.

Madan Mohan Lal. Report of the Assistant Professor of Entomology.- -

Rept. Dept. Agric. Punjab, Year ended 30ih June 1918, Lahore^
1918. [Appendix iv, p. viii.] [Received 5th January 1920.]

Owing to the presence of the parasite Rhogas sp. the damage done
by Earias insulana, Boisd., and E. fabia, Stoll, to cotton has greatly
diminished. New parasites of these bollworms that have been dis-
covered are a Tacliinid fly parasitising the larvae and a Braconid
and a black Chalcid infesting the pupae. Bands of well-carded cotton-
wool with the fluffy side outwards and grease bands of crude vasehne
or rape oil appHed to the trunks proved most effective in preventing
Monophlebus sp. from reaching the blossoms of mango trees.

Spraying in March and June with crude oil and tobacco decoction
was successfully tried against the Psyllid, Euphalerus citri, which has
been causing great damage to Citrus.

Jardine (X. K.). Tortrix Flight Breaks. Field Experiments with
Anti-Tortrix Fluids. — Ceylon Dept. Agric., Peradeniya, Bulls. 45
& 46, September & November 1919, 4 pp., 1 plate, & 23 pp.^
4 plates. [Received 5th January 1920.]

Details are given of the experimental work of the investigation
dealing with the control of tea tortrix [Honiona coffearia] in Ceylon.
The results of these investigations have previously been noticed
[R.A.E., A, vii, 113 & 404].

no

Speyer (E. R.). Recommendations for the Control of Shot-hole
Borer of Tea. — Trop. Agriculturist, Peradeniya, liii, no. 1, July
1919, pp. 36-37. [Received 5th January 1920.]

Young tea plants are seldom attacked by the shot-hole borer beetle
[Xyleborus fornicatus], and if they are not left more than 18 months
in the nurseries and are cut down to six inches before planting out,
thfe danger of introducing the borer into new, isolated clearings is
minimised. After cutting down, the upper portions should be
immediately burned. In new clearings, when " centering," the
branches of each bush in the clearing should be bent down and all
that break owing to borer infestation should be cut from the base
and burned. When bringing the tea into bearing, all slashing should
be avoided and the bushes should be allowed to grow for an extra
period and then pruned down as low as required. The prunings should
be burnt or the leaves and small twigs cut off and buried and the
larger wood burnt. If the tea, or the surrounding fields, are badly
infested, the bushes should be painted immediately after pruning,
with a paint composed of 10 lb. bar soap, shced up and heated until
it melts, and five pounds of fir resin added and stirred in ; this
should be allowed to boil at an even temperature, over-boiling being
avoided, until all the water in the soap is boiled of! and a dark amber-
coloured liquid results, into which 1 gal. of crude fish-oil is poured. This
liquid is allowed to cool and set, and is cut into bars. For application,
6 lb. of the emulsion is squeezed with the hand into 2 gals, warm
water, and the thick white liquid, which must be kept stirred, can
then be put on the bushes, by hand for preference. If this paint
cannot be procured, all branches that do not put out new shoots after
pruning should be cut off and burned within 2 months at elevations
of 100 to 2,000 feet ; within 3 months at elevations of 2,000 feet to
4,000 feet; and within 4 months at elevations of 4,000 feet and
upwards. Tea in the flush should be cut as described when
" centering," within 9 months after pruning, or, at high elevations
when pruning is done at more than two years' interval, once within
the first 12 months after pruning and once again between the 16th
and 24th months after pruning. The only economic method of dealing
with tea prunings is to slash off the leaves and small twigs from the
branches after they have been cut from the bushes. The latter are
buried in holes or forked into the soil and the thicker wood
immediately burned. Prunings, whether left on the ground or buried,
allow the beetle to escape. Good cultivation is essential, and insoluble
manures such as cattle bulk, and such green manure plants as dadap,
are recommended. Dadap (Erythrina), Tephrosia, Crotalaria and
Albizzia are all attacked by X. fornicatus, and should be kept under
control. Castor-oil plants are favourite food-plants, and should not
be grown near tea. They are not recommended as traps.

HuTSON (J. C). Progress Report of the Entomologist for Quarter,

July-September, 1919. — Trop. Agriculturist, Peradeniya, liii, no. 5,

November 1919, p. 341. [Received 8th January 1920.]

Xyleborus fornicatus is reported from several estates previously

uninfested. Other pests of tea include a termite, probably Calotermes

militaris, which apparently enters the bush high up and works up and

Ill

down the branches and into the main stem, causing the tops of trees
to die back. All dead wood must be cut out and the wounds tarred.
Saissetia Jiemisphaerica and a bag-worm, probably Psyche albipes, are
also reported.

Miscellaneous pests include : Leptocorisa acuta (rice bug) ; Orgyia
postica (tussock moth) on dadap ; Terias silhetana on Albizzia ; a
Hesperid, Parnara sp., on coconuts ; Melolonthid beetles on roses ;
and cutworms, Agrotis ypsilon.

DuPORT (L.). Rapport h Monsieur le President de la Chambre d'Agri-
culture du Tonkin et du Nord-Annam sur quelques nouvelles
Observations effectuees a la Station Entomologique de Cho-Ganh. —

Supplement to Bull. 122, Chambre d' Agric. Tonkin & Nonl-Annam,
no. 4, April-I\Iay 1919, 10 pp. [Received 5th January 1920.]

From investigations on the coffee borer [Xylofrechus quadripes,
Chevr.] that have been continued since the publication of the last
report [R.A.E., vii, 2G9] it is evident that the life-history of the beetle
varies considerably according to circumstances, so much so, in fact,
as to render research very difficult. It has been proved that repellent
washes on the trunks and the treatment of diseased bushes are futile
and that more knowledge must be acquired as to the habits of the
borer before remedial measures can be successful. Investigations
and cage experiments have revealed several new food-plants, some
of which are chosen by the borer for oviposition in preference to
coffee. Among these is Oroxylon indicum, the fruit of which is edible
and the wood useful for making sabots. This tree is common and,
although both wood and bark are very different from coffee, it is
frequently preferred to the latter for oviposition ; it does not appear
however to be well adapted to the development of the insect as the
larvae obtained from it were as a rule rather small. Examples were
reared on this plant in 5| months after the date of oviposition. Eggs
deposited upon Canarium sp., of wliich the bark is almost smooth,
on 20th December, produced insects from 21st to 30th May. From
two stems of Randia dumetorum with smooth bark and many spines,
chosen for oviposition, adults have emerged after five months. An
adult has also emerged from Rhus sp. Several other native food-
plants are mentioned, and others will doubtless be found. Oviposition
on dry bamboo seems to be accidental, any larvae that hatched dying
almost immediately. From bamboo stems riddled by galleries
resembhng those of X. quadripes only Chlorophorus annularis, Fairm.
(bamboo borer) was bred, the adults emerging ten months after the
stems were placed in the cages. The hfe-cycle of this borer is therefore
considerably longer than that of X. quadripes.

The factors that influence the females of X. quadripes in oviposition
are complex and not yet understood, for the insects do not show
consistent habits, even on coffee. The Hfe-cycle obviously Varies,
not only with the season of oviposition but also with the individual,
the plant on which it is living and the particular conditions under
which the larval and nymphal stages are passed. On the cut branches
of plants other than coffee the life-cycle has been found to vary from
4 to 6 months ; on coffee the variation is from 4 to 8 months at least.
Further attempts to infest coffee with the bamboo borer, Chlorophorus
annularis, have given negative results.

112

For the first time in the course of these investigations, begun in
1914, infested coffee branches have produced a Hymenopterous
parasite, an Ichneumonid of which three larvae have been found
living as parasites of the borer. Unfortunately, it has not yet been
possible to breed this. Similar parasites have emerged from teak
infested with X. quadripes. From dry bamboo stems, kept in the
laboratory for rearing C. annularis, some 50 individuals of a somewhat
similar Ichneumonid were bred. Observations showed that this
parasite will not attack well-grown larvae of C. annularis, but seeks
out the oviposition marks of this borer and deposits eggs upon the
mature eggs or young larvae. In cages this species also- parasitised
the young larvae of X. quadripes on coffee ; further investigation^^
will be made to determine whether this parasite can be utilised as
an important factor in control. Meantime, it is being sent away
for identification.

Recent observations indicate that Coffea robusta and C. liberica,
of which the susceptibility to attack by X. quadripes has been in
doubt [R.A.E., A, vii, 51], are highly resistant to attack, particularly
the former ; this variety of coffee, although infested by the borer,
did not produce any adults or apparently suffer in vitality.

On coffee plantations the attacks of the borer are still severe. It
is possible in the course of working on the bushes to capture a number
of the insects when just ready to emerge or after emergence, and a
reward might be offered for any taken in this way. None of the
toxic substances applied to the infested bushes has given any success
or hindered the emergence of the adults.

Rice of the 5th month harvest in the neighbourhood of Cho-ganh
has suffered somewhat from caterpillars perforating the stems, but
this crop generally suffers less than that of the 10th month harvest.
On one area the infested stems have been cut out and burned. The
larvae of Schoenobius incertellus, Wlk., have been much less abundant
in the rice stems than in the previous year at the same season. The
caterpillars of several other moths that are under observation have
damaged the stems, and prevented formation of the grain.

Froggatt (W. W.). The Black Banana Stem Weevil (Cosmopolites
sordidus, Germ.) — Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., Sydney, xxx, no. 11,
November 1919, pp. 815-818, 6 figs.

Cosmopolites sordidus, Germ, (black banana borer) is now recorded
from several localities in New South Wales, and, although at present
not widely distributed or increasing very rapidly, it may at any
time become a very serious banana pest. The appearance, life-
history and habits of this weevil are described and banana growers
are asked to be on the watch for its occurrence.

Ferris (G. F.). A New Species of Pseudodiaspis (Hemiptera;
Coccidae). — Entom. News, Philadelphia, xxx, no. 10, December
1919, pp. 275-276, 1 fig.

Pseudodiaspis 7nuUipora, sp. n., is described, this genus being
represented only in the south-western part of the United States and
Mexico. The scale was taken from a herbarium specimen of Phora-
dendron flavescens from oak in California,

113

NouGARET (R. L.). The Achemon Sphinx Moth {Pholus achemon,
Drury). — Mthly. Bull. Cal. Deft. Agric. Sacramento, viii, no. 10,
October 1919, pp. 560-584, 17 figs.

Pholus achemon, Drury (grape-vine sphinx moth) occurs in all
parts of the United States and Canada where grapes are grown, but
outbreaks of tliis pest have not been reported outside California,
Several cases of sudden severe infestations are described, in which
grape-vines were completely defoliated. During these attacks
attention Was entirely given to controlling the pest until the larv^ae
were completely killed off, so that there was little possibility of
investigations into the life-history. It is now known that the eggs
are deposited singly on the upper surface of fully-developed leaves,
never on the tender growing leaves of the shoots. The number
of eggs laid by one female and the period of incubation have not been
discovered. There are three larval stages, lasting on an average
7| days, 7 days and 9 days respectively. During the whole larval
period feeding continues voraciously, the leaves being entirely skele-
tonised. The vine frequently puts forth a fresh growth of leaves
within about a week or 10 days, and this new growth can be hastened
by irrigation, but in the meantime the development of the fruit has
been arrested and the berries may shrivel and drop so that the crop
is a total loss, and in any case they do not attain perfect maturity.
When the larva is fully grown, it ceases feeding and drops or descends
to the ground. It then buriows into the soil and after 5 or 6 days
of this pre-pupal period, pupation begins. Apparently some moths
emergj about one month later, but the majority remain in the
gro. nd until the following spring. There is therefore only one real
generation in a year with a partial second. It also seems probable
that a partial generation may precede the true one, from a few over-
wintering pupae. The larvae are of two distinct colours, and examina-
tion indicates that reddish-tinted larvae develop into male moths,
while green ones give rise to females ; this point requires further
investigation.

Many of the larvae are attacked by disease in the pre-pupal period
and shrivel up. Many others are parasitised by a Tachinid, Sturmia
distirivta, Wied., which oviposits on them. Severe infestations occur
so suddenly that time is an essential factor in successful control.
An efiective remedy devised by the author consists of 11 lb. lead
arsenate paste, with 24 lb. atomic sulphur, 1 lb. ground glue, 1| U.S.
pints Black-leaf 40 and 200 U.S. gals, of water. This is most efiective
if applied a few days before the larvae are fully grown. The spray
should be applied with a spray gun. In one severely infested vine-
yard, the treatment of which is described, an average of five outfits
of two spray guns each were kept working for 17 days from 23rd May
to 9th June, during which time 165,000 U.S. gallons of the spray were
used. The cost of the materiah, apparatus and labour amounted to
about £2,200. As the crop saved was estimated by the owner to
be worth about £60,000, the control work cost less than 4 per cent,
of the net returns. Caterpillars of the first and second instars were
very susceptible to the spray and died almost immediately after
contact. After 48 hours all individuals on the vines were either
dead or dying.

(654) o

114

In infested vineyards where pupation had already taken place,
turkeys were turned into them after a shallow cultivation of the soil ;
the birds ate numbers of the pupae, but the tough shell was responsible
for the death of many of the birds, so the measure cannot be recom-
mended. Ploughing was started early the following spring while
the ground was still quite moist, and, although only a small proportion
of pupae were destroyed by this means, very many were eaten by
large numbers of crows that followed the plough. It was observed
that these birds did not eat the tough pupal shell, but only the
contents.

Maskew (F.). Report for the Month of October, 1919.— Mthly. Bull.
Col. State Depf. Agric, Sacramento, viii, no. 10, October 1919,
pp. 610-612.

The pests intercepted during October include :— From China,
Araecerus fasciculatus in dried yams, and Lepidopterous larvae in
dry roots and tea. From Hawaii, Ripersia palmarutn, Hemichionaspis
minor and Chionaspis inday on coconuts ; Howardia hidavis, Pseudao-
nidia clavigera, Coccns elongatus, Saissetia nigra, Pseudococcus fila-
mentosus and an undetermined Tetranychid on Hibiscus ; Aspidiotus
lataniae, A. cyanophylli and Pseudococcus sp. on bulbs ; Diaspis
bromeliae and Pseudococcus bronieliae on pineapples ; Coccus elongatus
on betel leaves. From India, Aspidiotus lataniae on green coconuts
and Dipterous larvae in peppers. From Japan, Bruchus chinensis
in peas ; Calandra oryzae in maize ; Lepidopterous larvae in seed
pods and in onion sets ; and an undetermined weevil in beans. From
Manila, Solenopsis geminata var. rufa in packing ; Lepidopterous
larvae and an undetermined weevil in chick-peas. From Central
America, Aspidiotus cyanophylli, Pseudococcus sp. and Icerya purchasi
on bananas. From Mexico, Lepidosaphes beckii on limes and Aspidiotus
perniciosus on apples. From Arizona, Cydia (Laspeyresia) pomonella
in pears. From Arkansas, Aspidiotus perniciosus and Lepidosaphes
ulnii on apples. From Connecticut, Eriosoma lanigerum and Aspi-
diotus perniciosus on apples. From Florida, Phomopsis citri, Lepido-
saphes beckii and Parlatoria jjergandei on grapefruit. From Idaho
and Iowa, Cydia pomonella on apples. From Illinois, Pseudococcus
sp. and an undetermined mite on bulbs. From Massachusetts,
Lepidosaphes ulmi on apples. From Michigan, Cydia pomonella on
apples. From Nevada, C. pomonella on apples and Heterodera
radicicola in potatoes. From Oregon, C. pomonella on apples. From
Ohio, Tetranychus inytilaspidis on roses. From Pennsylvania, Pseudo-
coccus sp. and Coccus hesperidum on crotons and an undetermined
mite and Aphid on ornamental plants and grasses. From Washington,
C. pomonella, Tetranychus sp., and Lepidosaphes ulmi on apples.

WoGLUM (R. S.) & Borden (A. D.). Comprehensive Demonstration
of Argentine Ant Control. — Separate from California Citrograph,
Los Angeles, April 1919, 1 p., 3 figs. [Received 6th January
1920.]

The earliest infestation of Califomian orchards by the Argentine
ant [Iridomyrmex humilis] was recorded in 1908, and the rapid spread

115

of this pest in a climate that is eminently suited to its development
signifies the probability of its distribution throughout the State within
a few years' time if adequate measures are not taken to cope with it.
While the ant has been known to injure blossoms, its chief importance
in citrus groves is due to the fact that mealy-bugs, scale-insects and
Aphids become much more abundant as a result of its presence.
Extensive experiments have proved conclusively the direct relation
of the Argentine and certain other ants to the control of the mealy-bugo
on citrus trees. Banding and the use of various ant-traps have been
tried during recent years, but the only satisfactory measure found
by the authors of the present paper was the use of a modified form of
the poison syrup known as " Barber formula." For Californian use
the poison s^Tup used consisted of 12 lb. granulated sugar, 10 U.S. pints
of distilled water and J oz. crystallised tartaric acid ; these are boiled
for 30 mins. and then allowed to cool, distilled water being added to
allow for evaporation. Sodium arsenite (C. P. only) is then dissolved
in hot, distilled water using f oz. to 1 U.S. pint. This when cool should
be added to the poison solution and stirred in well ; 2 lb. strained
honey is then added and mixed thoroughly. Only the purest ingredi-
ents will give success. The original " Barber formula " was found
to be so concentrated as to produce rapid crystallisation in the dry
Californian atmosphere, but if modified as described, it should retain
its hquid form for several months.

The best containers are 2 oz. spice tins or \ lb. paraffined paper
sacks for orchard use, the tin being preferable because of its greater
resistance to weather and ease in filling. Before use a | inch hole is
punched near the top to hang it up by and it is then dipped completely
into molten paraffin to prevent leaking and rusting. About a dozen
long strands of excelsior are placed in each tin or sack, 1 to 1^ inches
of syrup added and the covers adjusted ; they are then ready for distri-
bution. One tin or sack should be attached to each tree, usually
on the trunk near the main branches or on a main branch near its base.
The spot is chosen with regard to the main trail of ants and on
exposed trunks away from direct sunlight. Each tree should be
inspected every month or six weeks and the container refilled where
necessary.

Ant control about buildings and ornamental grounds is more difficult,
and requires the liberal use of containers on the buildings, plants
and on the ground and wherever there are heavy trails, and these
should be constantly moved as new trails appear. Insecticide treat-
ments should also be given when the infestation is bad and compost
or rubbish pileg likely to harbour strong colonies should be removed
or treated. The best seasons for ant control are during the spring,
when scales and other soft-bodied insects are not abundant, and
during autumn, when cold nights interfere with the ants' foraging
habits. The cost of this method is less than fumigation or spraying,
not exceeding 2d. per tree including materials and labour, plus
subsequent inspection and refills not exceeding Id. per tree.

Particulars are given of the efficiency of this method where 150
acres have been treated, resulting in total eradication of the pest.
A further area of about 550 acres is now under treatment.

(664) at

116

Heinrich (C). U.S. Bur. Entom. Note on the European Corn Borer

{Pyrausta nubilalis, HObner) and its nearest American Allies,

with Description of Larvae, Pupae and one New Species.— JZ.

Agric. Research, Washington D.C., xviii, no. 3, 1st November 1919,

pp. 171-178, 5 plates. [Received 7th January 1920.]

This paper is written with the object of enabling the positive
identification and separation of Pyrausta nubilalis, Hb., from its
nearest American allies [see also R.A.E., A, vii, 395]. The new species
described is Pyrausta ainsliei, the food-plants of which include maize.
Polygonum, Ambrosia, Xanthium and Ewpatorium.

Baker (A. C.) & Turner (W. F.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Apple-Grain
Aphis.— JZ. Agric. Research, Washington, D.C., xviii, no. 6, 15th
December 1919, pp. 311-324, 1 fig.

When the studies on the apple-grain aphis recorded in this paper
were made in Virginia during 1914-1916, opinions were divided as
to whether migration was annual or biennial. At that time also the
species was known as Aphis avenae, ¥., but it is now considered that
the species concerned is Rhopalosiphum prunifoliae. Fitch.

A number of species that have very similar summer forms on grain
have in the past been confused. These include R. prunifoliae, Fitch,
which winters on apple and migrates to grains and grasses, and has
been incorrectly recorded as Aphis avenae, F. ; R. padi, L., which is
abundant in Europe upon bird-cherry and migrates to grasses in the
summer, and of which A. avenae, F., is a synonym and also probably
A. pseudoavenae. Patch ; and A. cerasifoliae, Fitch, which is common
on choke-cherries and in its summer forms on grass, is almost indis-
tinguishable from the two former species. A number of other species
with very similar summer forms occur, but these are either undescribed
or their life- histories are not fully known.

R. prunifoliae, with which the present paper deals exclusively,
deposits its winter eggs mainly on the small branches of the lower
portions of apple trees, generally on the fruit spurs, in scars, or exposed
on the twigs and small branches. A few of these eggs hatch during
March or earlier, but the young nymphs are usually killed off by cold.
The main period of hatching is from 3rd to 10th April. The average
duration of the nymphal period is 13 days, the total life of the stem-
mothers varying from 23 to 49 days. The average number of young
produced by seven stem^mothers examined was 99. By the time the
young stem-mothers were feeding the majority of the buds had begun
to open and the insects clustered upon the terminal buds, the leaves of
which had completely expanded by the time they wer^ adult. Their
young migrated, almost immediately after birth, to the under-surface
of the leaf. In 1915, four generations after the stem-mother were
bred on apple. Each of these was partly apterous and partly alate
but under normal conditions it seems as though the 4th generation
is invariably winged. The average length of Ufe of the spring apterous
form was 31 days ; the average nymphal life of the spring migrant
forms varied from 8 to 12 days, the variation being closely connected
with variations in the mean temperature. The spring migration
lasted from about 1st May to 7th June. No general migration occurred

117

with this species either in 1914 or 1915 ; alate insects left the apple-
trees singly a day or two after becoming adults. No attenjpt was made
to determine the species of Graminaceae upon which the insect spends
the summer ; in experiments it lived readily on both oats and wheat.
The average number of young produced was 13, the length of life
averaging 27 days. The majority of the summer forms found on oats
are apterous, and congregate chiefly on the stema and lower portions
of the leaves. The apterous insects frequently wander from plant to
plant, though the summer migration is carried on mainly by alate
individuals. The immature stages of the summer apterous form
covered periods varying from 6 to 12 days, according to temperature
condit'ons. A chart illustrates the effect of temperature on the length
of the larval period.

Apterous vivipara and autumn migrants are produced promis-
cuously, just as are the summer forms earlier in the season. Migration,
as with the spring forms, does not occur en masse but is distributed
over a period of 3 to 4 weeks, the insects collecting always on the leaves
and not on the twigs. The autumn migrants require 14 to 17 days,
or three or four days more than the apterous forms, to attain maturity ;
this may be due to the lower temperatures prevailing in the autumn.
An average of 6 young were produced by each female, the longevity
apparently being about 33 days. The insects hve for some days
after the reproductive period is over, as do the autumn migrants of
Anuraphis malifoliae, Fitch.

The oviparous form matures very slowly in comparison with earlier
forms, requiring IG to 20 days to reach maturity. The males leave the
cummer host soon after becoming mature and fly to apple trees, where
they wait the appearance of the oviparous females. Mating usually
occurs on the twigs. The females may lay from 1 to 7 eggs and
generally die soon after depositing the last one. While the stem-
mothers and spring forms on apple prefer tender, succulent foliage
on which to feed, the ovipara need hard, matured leaves.

Brain (C. K.). The Coccidae of South Africa.-IV.— 5i4L Entom.
Research, London, x, no. 2, January 1920, pp. 95-128, 8 plates.

The genera dealt with in this paper, which is the fourth of the
series [R.A.E., A, iv, 134 ; vii, 138, 242] are Chionaspis (continued),
Lepidosa plies, Ischnaspis, Asterolecanium, Lecaniodiaspis, Cerococcus,
Tachardia, Hah'mococcus and a new genus, Baccacoccus.

The new species described are :— Chionaspis scutiae, on Scutia
indica ; C. cajfra on Acacia sp. ; C. ambiguus on Hlac ; C. leucadendri
on Leucadendron argenteum ; G. (Pkenacaspis) launsburyi var. eJce-
bergiae, n., on Ekebergia sp. ; C. (Dinaspis) imbricafa on Euclea
nalalensis ; C. (D.) diosmae on Diosrna crenata ; Asterolecanium
brevispinum on veld bush ; A. borboniae on leaves of gorse {Borbonia
cordata) ; A. conspicuum on Acacia spp. ; A. stentae on Caralluma
caudata, Huernia transvaalensis and Siapelia sp. ; Lecaniodiaspis
natalensis on Hibiscus ; L. magna on a native bush ; Ij. brabei on
wild almond {Brabeivm stellatifolium) ; Cerococcus passerimie on
Passerina ericoides ; C. royetiae on Royena pallens ; Tachardia minor
*ind T. karroo on Elytropappus rhinocerotis ; T. affluens on Euclea

118

sp. and other native plants ; Baccacoccus elytropappi, gen. et sp. n.,
on Elytropappits rhinocerotis.

Keys are given to the South African species of Aster olecanium,
Lecaniodiaspis, Cerococcvs and Tachardm.

MuiR (F). On some African Delphacidae (Homoptera). — Bull.
Entom. Research, London, x, no. 2, January 1920, pp. 139-144,
8 figs.

A number of Delphacids are recorded from sweepings from grasses
and reeds at Ibadan, Nigeria. These inchide the following new
species, which are described : — Drlvhacodcs nigeriensis, D. bridwelli,
Dicrnnotropis bridu'elli, D. ibadanensis, Megamelus furcijer var.
nigerrevsis, nov., M. Jlavolineaius and Phyllodinus badius.

Mansfield- Aders (W.). Insects injurious to Economic Crops in
the Zanzibar Protectorate. — B>dl. Entnin. Research, London, x,
no. 2, January 1920, pp. 145-155, 3 plates.

A short account is given of the various insects injurious to the
economic crops of the Zanzibar Protectorate, which have been the
subject of investigations during the last few years. The crops dealt
with include cloves and coconuts (the two chief economic products
of the Islands of Zanzibar and Pemba), cotton, cereals, vegetables,
fruit and shade-trees and timber, miscellaneous plants and stored
products.

Especial attention is devoted to the rhinoceros beetles {Onjctes
rhitioceros and 0. boas), which seriously infest coconuts. Young
trees from 2| to 3 years old are most usually attacked, many being
killed and others partly delayed in reaching maturity. The most
useful preventive measi.re is the trapping of the larvae in pits filled
with rotting coconut and other vegetable debris and a little manure.

No definite pests of the clove tree {Eugenia caryophyllata) have
been discovered, though the bark of unhealthy trees is attacked by
termites {Termes bellieosus) and the dead branches are infested by
Bostrychid beetles. A large Tenebrionid. Pycnocerus passerinii,
Bertol., is found under the dead bark, but probably does not do any
actual damage.

Tragardh (Ivar). On the Use of Experimental Plots when studying
Forest Insects. — BuU. Entom. Research, Loyidon, x, no. 2, Januarv
1920, pp. 157-160, 2 figs.

The method adopted of investigating experimental plots in studying
an outbreak of Bi'palus piniarius, L. (pine-tree looper) in Sweden
in 1916-1917 is described [R.A.E., A, vii, 423]. It seems Hkely
that if other outbreaks are studied in the same way, it will be
possible in time to prognosticate after the first year the fate ol forests
attacked by this pest.

Maulik (S.). A new Hispid Beetle injurious to the Oil Palm in the
Gold Coast. — Bidl. Entom. Research, London, x, no. 2, January
1920, pp. 171-174, 3 figs.

The Hispid, Coehenomenodera el/ieidis, sp. n., here described is
injurious to oil palms {Elaeis guineensis) in the Gold Coast, and is

119

reported to have destroyed all the expanded foliage of many thousand
palms in one district. A similar outbreak occurred in 1909, but the
insects disappeared during the follovxing rainy season and have not
agam occurred in injurious numbers until the present time. The larvae
evidently mine into the young shoots and the adults defoliate the
young leaves.

Newstead (R.). Observations on Scale-Insects (Coccidae).-VI. —

Bull. Enlom. Research, London, x, no. 2, January 1920, pp. 175-
207, 1 plate, 27 figs.

The CoccTDVE dealt with in this paper, which forms one of a series,
[K.A.E , i, 258 ; ii, 276 ; v, 456, 500 ; vi, 85] include Clypeococcus
hempeli, Ckll, from San Paulo, Brazil, on an unknown tree {Mimosa ?);
Aspidoproctus goivdeyi, sp. n., from Uganda on plumbago and rose ;
Walkeriana digitifrons, sp. n., from Uganda on Baiken emini ; Pseudo-
coccus inquilwus, sp. n., from British Guiana on an unknown
plant and enclosed by ants {Acromyrmex sp.) in small paper nests ;
Pseudococcus perniclosus, Newst. & Willcocks, var., from British East
Africa on coffee ; Pseudophilippm inquilinu, sp. u., from Jamaica
on an unknown tree beneath a nest of Crematogaster brevispinosa,
Mayr, var. tumuli f era, For. ; Antonina water stoni, sp. n., from
Macedonia, beneath the leaf-sheaths of Arundo phragmites ; Pseudo-
kermes marginatus, sp. n., from British Guiana on Nectandra ; Pulvi-
naria hrevicornis, sp. n., from British Guiana on Avicenma
nitida ; P. hroadwayi var. echinopsidis, from British Guiana on
Echinopsis lutiflora ; Lecanium suhacvtum, sp. n., from Uganda on
Cqffea robusta ; Eucalymnatus decemplex, sp. n., from British Guiana
on leaves of Lecythis sp. ; Lecanium inquilinum, sp. n., from British
Guiana, enclosed by ants {Acromyrmex sp.) in paper nests ; Eidecanium
deformosum, sp. n., in the same habitat ; Saissetia nigra var, nitida, n.,
from Uganda on Luzibarziba ; Platy saissetia montrichardiae, sp. n.,
from British Guiana on Montrichardia aculeiita ; Aspidiotus longi-
spifius, Morg., from British Guiana on papaw ; Chrysomphalus
apicatus, sp, n., from British Guiana on Avicennia nitidjjb ; C. umboni-
ferus, sp. n., from British Guiana on Lecythis sp. ; Selenaspidus
articulatus var. magnospinus, u., from Uganda, on an unknown plant ;
Odonaspis rhizophilus, sp. n., from British East Africa on roots of
Chloris incompleta ; Aspidiotus fiorineides, sp, n., from Uganda on
Cqffea robusta ; Chionaspis madiunensis, Zehnt., from Uganda on
sugar-cane ; C. tenuidisculus, sp. n., from Uganda on a creeper with
large fleshy leaves in forest ; C. praelonga, C. auratilis, and C. dura,
spp, n., from Uganda on unknown plants ; C. laniger, sp. n., from
Uganda on Loranthus entebbiensis.

Chittenden (F. H.). The Bean Ladybird and its Control. — U.S. Dept.
Agric. Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. 1074, November 1919,
7 pp., 3 figs. [Received 9th January 1920,]

The bulk of this information concerning Epilachna corrupta, Muls.,
ban been noticed elsewhere [R.A.E., A, vi, 299], The eggs of this
beetle are destroyed by three other predaceous Coccinellids, Hippodamia
quinquesignata, Kby., H. convergens, Guer., and Coccinella trans-
versoguttata, F, The only other Coccinelhd in the United States

120

that attacks vegetation is Epilachna bormlis, F. (squash ladybird).
Remedial measures recommended include spraying with zinc ar3enit,e
ae calcium arsenate at the rate of 1^ lb. to 50 U.S. gals, of water.

Okamoto (H.). On the Life History of the Apple Fruit Miner,

Argyresthia covjugelh, Zell. — Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc,
[sineloco] Japan, vi, no. 3, January 1917, pp. 213-217. [Received
8th January 1920.]

The average number of eggs laid by one female of Argyresthia
conjugella, Z., is about 27, oviposition commencing from 2 to 7 days
after the emergence of the moth. The eggs are usually depoited
on the young apples, but may occasionally be found on leaves, in which
case the young larvae, wliich appear in from 7 to 8 days under nat' ral
conditions, are forced to feed on the leaf-tissue until they can find
the fruit. This they enter at once, tunnelling in all directions for
about 50 days. When mature, should the fruit be still on the tree,
they descend to the ground by means of a silken thread and enter the
soil to spin the cocoon in which they hibernate. Pupation occurs in
the following spring.

Lesne (P.). Un Longicorne Indo-Malais nouvellement introduit a
La Reunion.— 5;//L Soc. Entom., France, Paris, no. 17, 1919,
pp. 301-302. [Received 12th January 1920.]

Although the Longicom beetle, Coelosterna scabrata, F., has a wide
distribution in British India it is recorded for the first time from
the island of Reunion, where it has apparently been recently introduced
and caused serious damage to young Casuarina trees {Casuarina
equisetifolia).

VuiLLET (A.). Les Parasites de Pyrausta mihilalis, Hb., en France.
—Bull. Soc. Entom. France, Paris, no. 17, 1919, pp. 308-309.
[Received ]2th January 1920.]

Investigations in France have revealed the following Tachinid
parasites of Pyrausta nubilalis, Hb. : — Paraphorocera senilis, Rond.,
and Hydella stahulans, Mg. It is thought that these flies could be
readily acclimatised in America and thus become valuable agents
in the destruction of this pest. Other parasites include unidentified
Ichneumonids.

Gautier (C.) & RiEL (P.). Description d'un Apanteles (Hym.
Braconidae) Parasite de Pionea forficalis (Lep. Pyralidae).^ — Bull.
Soc. Entom. France, Paris, no. 17, 1919, pp. 309-312. [Received
12th January 1920.]

Pionea forficalis, L., caused great damage to cabbages during the
summer of 1919 in the vicinity of Lyons. It was heavily parasitised
by Apanteles gabrielis, sp. n., here described. The parasitic larvae
emerge from the body of the host in June and July and in September
and October, from 2 to 12 being bred from one individual.

121

LicHTENSTEiN (J. L.). Note pr^liiTiinaire au Sujet de Philotrypesis

caricae, Hass. (Hym. Chalcididae).-J5M^L Soc. Entom. France,

Paris, no. 17, 1919, pp. 313-316, 3 figs. [Received 12th

January 1920.]

The method of oviposition and emergence of Philotrypesis caricae

Hass., from the wild fig is discussed and compared with that of

Blastophaga psenes, L. It has not yet been elucidated whether

P. caricae is a parasite of Blastophaga or whether it hves on the ovaries

of the figs as does the latter. It is hoped that further investigation

will decide this question.

PouTiERs(R.). }fote smProspaltelhberlesei, How. (Hym. Chalcididae)
Parasite de Diaspis pentagona, TskTg.—Bull. Soc. Entom. France,
Paris, no. 18, 1919, pp. 334-335.

Observations on Aulacaspis {Diaspis) pentagona, Targ., recently
introduced into France [R.A.E., A, vii, 123] show that it is closely
followed and kept in check by its parasite, Prospaltella berlesev, How.

Vayssiere (P.). Les Insectes nuisibles aux Cultures du Maroc (16re

note).— Bull. Soc. Entom. France, Paris, no. 18, 1919, pp. 340-
342.

This list of noxious insects of Morocco includes :—Orthoptera :
Schistocerca tatarica, L. ; Dociostaurus maroccanus, Thunb. ; Gryllo-
talpa gryllotalpa, L. {vulgaris, L.).

Coleoptera: Tropinota crinita, Charp., on beans, iris and roses;
Cassida viridis, L., on artichokes ; Colaspidema atrum, 01., on lucerne ;
Labidostomis hordei, ¥., on vine shoots ; Capnodis tenebricosa, 01.,
in nurseries on peach and cherry trees ; Bruchus {Laria) pisoriim, L.,
on peas ; Larinns afer, Gyll, and L. flavescens. Germ., mining m
artichokes ; Lixus scabricollis. Boh., on beet ; Xyleborus dispar, F.

Lepidoptera: Zeuzera pijrina, L., on fruit trees ; Cirphis {Leucania)
unipunctata, Hw., attacking especially graminaceous plants; Sesamia
mderia {nonagrioides, Steph.), on young sugar-cane; Phthorimaea
opercnlella, Z., on potatoes ; Phycita diaphana, Stgr., on castor-oil
plants; Earias insulana, Gn., on cotton; and PhtJwrimaea {Lita)
ocellatella, Boyd, on beet.

Delamarre de Monchaux. Surveillance des Arrivages de Pommes
de Terre infest6es par la Teigne.— 5«7L Soc. Nat. d'Acclimat.,
Paris, Ixvi, no. 12, December 1919, pp. 376-377, 3 figs.

Attention is drawn to the danger of extending the ravages of
Phthorimaea opercnlella, Z., by the transportation of diseased potato
tubers. The characteristic appearance of infested material is illus-
trated to enable quick recognition of this moth.

Savastano (L.). La Ginestra etnea e la comune, I'lceria e il Novius.

[Mount Etna Broom and Spanish Broom, Icerya purchasi and
N. cardinalis.y-U. Staz. Speriment. Agrmn. Fnittic, Acireale,
Boll. 37, 1919, pp. 1-4. [Received 13th January 1920.]

The Coccinellid, Novius cardinalis, is well-known as the most
important natural enemy of Icerya purchasi, and wherever it becomes

122

established the scale disa;ppears. In Sicily however the author has
observed that I. purchasi is not attacked by it when on Genista
aetnensis (Mount Etna broom). In fact it sometimes increases to
such a degree as to kill this plant. Examination showed that
N. cardinalis occurred on Rhamnus growing quite close to the broom,
but never on the broom itself. This was found to be due to the
fact that N. cardinalis deposits its eggs in positions protected from
the sun. Such protection is not afforded by the few small leaves of
broom, but is very necessary to this beetle in hot regions where the
sun temperature rises to 122"' F. (50° C.) as in Sicily. Spartium
juncenm (Spanish broom) is infested by /. purchasi in the same way.
Neither insecticides nor fire are of practical use in Sicily in destroying
the scale and it is suggested that on the coast Opuntia ficus-indicus
should be substituted for the comparatively few plants of Genista
there, as serious loss will result if the scale spreads inland where
broom occurs on large areas and is used for fuel, etc.

De Stefani (T.). Di taluni Insetti delle Carrube. [Some Insects
infesting Carob Pods.]— E. Staz. Speriment. Agrimi. Fruttic.,
Acireale, Boll. 37, 1919, pp. 5-6. [Received 13th January

1920.]

The Pyralids, Myelois ceratoniae, Z., and Ephestia calidella, Gn.,
were obtained in Sicily from carob pods [Ceratonia siliqua] from the
end of April up to about September. M. ceratoniae has been previously
recorded from dates, dried figs, raisins and the fruits of Cydaniajaponica.,
and Prof. De Joannis of Paris states that the larva has been found
feeding on dried insects. This moth occurs on the Mediterranean
coasts, in Africa, Madagascar and the Antilles. E. calidella has
been found in dried figs, raisins and cork, and also attacks dried insects.
It has been observed in France, England, Spain, Austria, Dalmatia,
Germany and Asia Minor.

SiLVESTEi (F.). Contribuzioni alia Conoscenza degli Insetti dannosi

e dei loro Simbionti. iv. La Cocciniglia del Prugno {Sphaero-

lecaniimi pntnastri, Fonsc). [Contributions to the Knowledge

of injurious Insects and of their Associates, iv. The Prune Scale,

S. prunastri. Boy.]— jBoZ?. Lah. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Scuola

Sup. Agric, Portici, xiii, 1919, pp. 70-126, 38 figs. [Received

17th January 1920.]

A full description with synonymy is given of Sphaerolecanium

pninastri, Boy., which occurs in France, Bohemia, Italy, North

America and Japan. Prunus spinosa appears to be the preferred

food-plant, then the cultivated prune and, according to some authors,

the peach.

The larva of this scale hatches very soon after the egg is laid, which
takes place from June to August. At an altitude of about 3,300 feet
in south Italy the first adult females appear at the end of April and
the first adult males early in June. There is thus one annual genera-
tion, but at lower altitudes of 800-1,600 feet a second generation
was observed in September. S. prunastri is injurious because it
sucks the plant-juices and produces a sugary secretion favourable
to fungi.

123

~ The Coccinellids, Exochonms quadripustulntus, L., and Hyperaspis
campestris, Hbst., are both active enemies of. aS. prunastri. The former
oviposits in spring in the bodies of female scales of the previous year
that have been killed by parasites and the resulting larvae attack
the young scales. H. campestris occurs throughout Europe, but is
not common. Its larva infests S. pmnastn m the same way that
H. binotata, Say, in North America attacks Eidecanium fiigrqfasciatum,
Perg., Pulvirmria vitis, L., and other scales. In Italy the adult
Coccinellid occurs in June and July and oviposition begins in the
second half of June. In the first three larval stages moulting takes
place beneath the host-scale. Pupation occurs on the twigs from
mid- August onwards, and the resulting adults hibernate. Some of the
larvae of H. campestris are parasitised by a Chalcidid, Homalotylus
flaminius, Dalm.

An Acarid, Pediculoid.es ventricosns, Newp., is occasionally observed
in dead female scales containing hibernating larvae of Phaenodiscus
(leneus, on which it feeds, especially from September to May.

A Chalcid, Coccophagus scutellaris, Dalm., infests from 1 to 5 per
cent, of the scales. It is found throughout Europe and probably
has been introduced into America. It is also known as a parasite of
Eidecanium coryli, E. persicae, FUippia {Philippia) oleae, Saissetia
oleae, Ceroplastes rusci, and Pulvinaria mesembryanthemi and probably
infests all other European Lecaniines. Coccophagus howardi, Masi,
which possibly occurs throughout Europe and is known to parasitise
Filippia oleae and Ceroplastes rusci, has similar habits and probably
infests other scales.

Phaenodiscus aeneus, Dalm., which is fully described here, has
been hitherto recorded from Sweden, Germany and Austria. Jn
Italy cases were observed where nearly 100 per cent, of the females of
S. prunastri were parasitised by it, though many of their progeny
escape owing to death being delayed until the eggs are laid. This
Chtilcid is furthermore itself hyperparasitised by others such as
Cerapterocerus mirabilis, Pachyneuron coccorum and Perissopterus
zebra. The first adults of this Chalcid emerge in April from dead
females of S. prunastri and the eggs of the first generation are laid
in 4th stage females of this scale. Adults appear in about one month
and they oviposit in female scales that have either not begun or not
finished ovipositing. The resulting larvae remain in the host until
the following April. Phaenodiscus aeneus has therefore two genera-
tions a year. It must be considered a special parasite of S. prunastri ;
the author doubts whether his previous record from Eulecaniwn
(Lecanium) persicae is correct, while that from Diaspis rosae is certainly
incorrect.

Cerapterocerus mirabilis, Westw., which is described, has been
recorded from England, Germany and Austria. In Italy it occurs
in the same localities as Phaenodiscus aeneus. The female is apparently
unable to detect whether the female scales of S. prunastri actually
harbour Phaenodiscus or not, for oviposition has- been observed in
non-parasitised scales. It hibernates in the larva of Phaenodiscus
and the adult appears in May. It is an important hyperparasite,
for from 30 to 50 per cent, (sometimes even 70 per cent.) of the larvae
of Phaenodiscus may be attacked.

124

Pachyneuron coccorum, L,, is widespread in. Europe and probably
has been introduced into America with European scales In Italy
it occurs wherever the scales harbouring its victims are found. It
parasitises the Dipteron, Leucopis sp., infesting Filippia oleae,
and also parasitises the following Chalcids : Blastothrix sericea and
Aphycus punctipes, infesting Eulecanium coryli ; Microterys lunatus,
Mayr, and Phaenodiscus aeneus, infesting S. prunastri ; and Microterys
niasii, Silv., infesting Filippia oleae. It hibernates in the larval
stage, and may perhaps also do so as an adult. Pupation occurs in
April and the adult appears in May. The adult feeds on sugary
substances and begins ovipositing 2 or 3 days after emergence. The
complete life-cycle took 27 days in May for individuals bred from
Aphycus punctipes, 20 days in June from Leucopis sp., and 21 days in
September from Phaenodiscus aeneus. Females of S. prunastri
yield from 1 to 5 of these hyper-parasites and those of Eulecanium
coryli from 1 to 10. Pachyneuron coccorum has at least 5 generations
from May to September. In a case observed in 1918 about two-thirds
of the primary parasites in Eulecanium coryli were destroyed. This
was an isolated instance, and in 1919 the parasitism of Phaenodiscus
aeneus infesting S. prunastri only amounted to 3 per cent.

Perrisopterus zebra, Kurdj., has been obtained by the author only
from S. prunastri on Prunus spinosa. It is a ectoparasite of Phaeno-
discus aeneus infesting S. prunastri, of which it therefore is a secondary
or tertiary parasite. The larva of this hyper- para.site appears at
Portici in the first fortnight of September, in less than 2 days after
oviposition. Five days afterwards pupation takes place, and the
entire life-cycle from egg to adult requires 12 days. Microterys lunatus,
Dalm., probably occurs throughout Europe. The adults were seen
emerging from S. prunastri in June.

SiLVESTRi (F.). Contribuzioni alia Conoscenza degli Insetti dannosi e
dei loro Simbionti. V. La Cocciniglia del Nocciuolo (Eulecanium,
coryli, L). [Contributions to the Knowledge of Injurious
Insects and of their Associates, v. The Hazel-Nut Scale,
E. coryli.]^Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Scuola Sup. Aqric,
Portici, xiii, 1919, pp. 127-192, 34 figs. [Received 17th Januarv
1920.]

A fuU description and synonymy are given of Eulecanium coryli, L.,
which is widely distributed in Europe, and according to King, also
occurs in North America. E. capreae, L., is included among the
synonyms. In Italy the author has found it on Corylus avellana,
pear, apple, Prunus domestica, P. spinosa, Acer campestris, JJlmus
campestris, Crataegus oxyacantha, C. azarolus, Salix vitellina, and
Carpinus betulus. Many other food-plants have been recorded,
including Rosa sp., Cydonia vidgaris, Prunus armeniaca, Crataegus
pyracantha, C. coccinea, Quercus suber, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer
platanoides, Cornus sanguinea, Tilia sp., Juglans regia, Aesculus
hippocastanum, Popuhis virginiana, Cotoneaster sp., Prunus lauro-
c^rasns, P. cerasus, Euonymus sp., Vaccinium myrtillus, Rubus sp.,
and Myrica gale.

At Portici o\'iposition begins at the end of March ; at higher altitudes
such as 3,300 feet, it is delayed about 2 months. As many as 4,905

125

eggs have been counted beneath one female. The young larvae
migrate from the twigs to the leaves, to theunder-surface of which they
attach themselves near a vein ; if the leaves are little exposed to light,
attachment may take place on the upper surface. Moulting occurs
in September and the second-stage female larva attaches itself to
the twigs. It moults at the end of February or early in March. The
second-.->tage male larva also appears in September and moulting
also takes place about the end of February. The first adult males
were observed on 22nd March. The injury done by E. coryli is due
to the scales sucking the pi ant- juices, chiefly at the end of winter
and early in spring. It is rarely serious, because infestation is slight.
Weather conditions exercise no great direct influence on the scale.
Natural enemies include some undetermined fungi and the following
insects : —

Ooleoptera. The Coccinellids, Chilocorus hifusUdatus, L., and
Exochomus qriadripuslulalus, L., do not greatly reduce the numbers
of E. coryli, because other scales provide abundant prey. Anthribus
fascialus, Forst., is known throughout Europe and its distribution
should coincide with that of E. coryli, but at Portici it was not found
during three years, although the scale was present. In the Province
of Caserta the adults appear in June and in the following April they
prey on E. coryli. It was not possible to ascertain what their food
was during the intervening months. The eggs are laid beneath
the scale, where the larvae feed on the eggs of the latter and pupate.
The adult Anthribids pierce the back of the scale and emerge. The
life-cycle requires a Uttle under two months. About 50 per cent,
of the scales are attacked. In 1915 Munemoto Yano recorded
Anthribus niveovariegatus as destroying the eggs of another Coccid,
Ericerus pela, Chav., in the Far East.

All the Hymenopterous insects mentioned are Chalcids. Encyrtus
infidus, Rossi, probably occurs wherever E. coryli is found in Europe,
but Imms, who recently worked on the parasites of this scale [R.A.E.,
A, vii, 194], does not record it in England. At Portici the first adults
emerge from E. coryli towards the end of March. At the end of
Marcii or early in April the female lays a number of eggs (frequentlv
from 4 to 15) in a female scale. From eggs laid on 29th March the
first larva appeared on 4th April. After four moults pupation takes
place. Larvae hatched on 4th April yielded prepupae on the 18th,
pupae on the 20th and adults on the 28th. In several hundred larvae
of E. coryli examined from July to November no eggs or larvae of
Encyrtus wfidus were found, though many were parasitised by Apkycus.
It therefore seems that the first generation of E. infidus (developed
in E. coryli) either has an intermediate host or waits in the adult
stage until autumn in order to oviposit. The fir^it generation larvae
of E. wfidus often fail to kill the scale before it has finished ovipositing ;
those of the second succeed in killing it while yet immature. In
observed cases the percentage of parasitism was from 20 to 50 per
cent.

Blasfofhrix sericea, Dalm., has been recorded from Sweden, England,
Germany and Austria, and must occur in other parts of Europe.
At Portici the first adults appear early in April and about two days
later from 1 to 12 or more eggs are deposited in the last-stage females
of E. coryli. It is probable that the larvae have 5 stages, though

126

only 4 were observed. The adults emerge in May and June. They
are long-lived and attain sexual maturity very late. Imms stated
that in England eggs were laid in the case of B.hritannica, Gir. {loc. cil.)
from July to September and unhatched eggs were seen in November.
It is desirable that it should be ascertained in England when the first
generation of Blastoihrix attains sexual maturity. The larvae of the
second generation complete their development in February-March of
the following year, the adults appearing in April as stated. About
one-third of the parasitised females of E. coryli succeed in ovipositing
in spite of the many parasites within them, though fewer eggs are
produced. Infestation varies considera})ly, with an observed maxi-
mum of 60 per cent.

Aphycus puHctipes, Dalm., has the same distribution as B. sericea ;
A. melanostomatus, Timb., and A. mayri, Timb., are considered
to be synonyms of it. The first adults of the second generation of
A. puneiipes appeared at Portici at the end of March, one individual
emerging from each hibernating larva of E. coryli. The females that
appear in March- April oviposit in a day or so, from 1 to 69 eggs being
laid in a last-stage female of the scale. Eggs laid on 9th April yielded
pupae on 27th April and adults on 5th May. The life-cycle of the
first generation therefore takes about a month. These adults appear
from 26th April to 21st May and in nature the females usually
lay one egg in each Coccid larva. During the summer no first- and
second-stage larvae of E. coryli were found infested, but numerous
first-stage larvae were found to be attacked from October to December,
second-stage ones from November onwards and third-stage ones
from 10th December. At the end of September larvae of Pulviiuiria
vitis at Avellino were infested with larvae and pupae of Aphycua
punctipes ; the adults emerged from 6th October onwards. The
author suspects that from May to autumn (a period during which
the larvae of E. coryli are large) A. punctipes develops in scales such
,a,s Sjihaerolecanium prunaslri, Eultcanium comi and Pulvinaria vitis,
and that from October onwards it returns to E. coryli, from which the
adults of the first generation emerge in the following spring. The
number of young individuals of E. coryli killed in autumn and winter
varied from about 4 to 45 per cent., and the spring infestation from 10
to 50 per cent. The practical value of Aphycus punctipes is similar
to that of Blastoihrix sericea. Both species are hyperparasitised by
Pachyneuron coccorum [see preceding paper]. Aphycus philippiae,
Masi, has been recorded from southern Italy and Sicily and probably
occurs throughout southern Europe. It is known as a parasite
.of Filippia {Philippia) oleae and of an undetermined species of
Lecanium. The author has obtained it from first-stage larvae of
E. coryli on Prunus domestica near Portici. The fi.rst parasitic pupae
were seen on 24th August and the adults appeared from 8th September
to 10th October. Adults of 8th September attacked second-stage
larvae of E. coryli, but up to 15th October no larva of that stage
contained a larva of A. philippiae. In the summer of 1919 about
2 per cent, of the larvae of E. coryli were parasitised by A. philippiae.
Coccophagus scutellaris, Dalm., a parasite of various Lecaniines, was
obtained from E. coryli, about 1 per cent, of which were parasitised.
Microterys sylvius, Dalm., has been hitherto recorded from Sweden,
s Germany and Austria. The author has not been able to complete

^^

.127

his observations, but he has ascertained that the larva feeds on the
eggs of E. coryli, in the same way as that of Anlhribusfasciatus. Each
female scale may harbour from 1 to 12 larvae, but even if more than
this are present they do not succeed in eating all the eggs. The adults
emerije at the end of June and early in July, their ovaries being then
still much undeveloped. In Sweden, Germany and Austria M. sylvitts
has been recorded from Coccus betuhe-albae, Dalm., C. pruni, and
Eulecanium aesadi, KolL, but all these are synonyms of Eidecanium
coryli. Rondani's record of it as a parasite of the larvae of Aidax
potentillae, ¥., and Anthribns varius is beheved to be incorrect. This
paper closes with a series of tables showing the degrees of parasitism
of E. coryli by the various species.

81LVESTRT (F.). Descrizione e Notizie del Ceroplasfes sinensis, D.
Guerc. (Hemiptera Coccidae). -Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R.
Scuola Sup. Agric, Portici, xiv, 1920, pp. 3-17, 10 figs.

This scale was introduced into Italy, probably between 1890 and 1895,
possibly on ornamental plants of the genus Muhlenbeckia. It is
now found in the south of France, but there appears to be no record
of it elsewhere except in China, which seems to be its country of origin.
The larvae and adult are described. Much of the information relating
to food-plants and life-history has already been dealt with {R.A.E.,
A, vii, p. 218]. The average number of eggs per female may be taken
as 2,000 ; in one case 3,836 were counted. Larvae of the first and
second stages are usually found on the upper surface of the leaves.
Female third-stage larvae occur on the leaves and on twigs and
stems. Those of the fourth stage gradually spread to all the branches.
None of the natural enemies hitherto observed [loc. cit.] are of much
value and others nnist be sought for in China if the expense of spraying
is to be avoided.

Blackman (M. W.) & Stage (H. H.). Notes on Insects bred from
the Bark and Wood of the American Larch. — Tech. Pub. no. 10,
N.Y. State Coll. Forestry, Syracuse, N.Y., xviii, no. 4, pt. I,
May 1918, pp. 9-115. 9 plates. [Received 15 January 1920.]

This paper records the results of extensive studies of the insect
pests of American larch {Larix laricina). The portion of the tree
attacked, the hfe-history and habits of the borers, the parasites and
enemies attacking them and the borers associated with each species
are discussed. The species dealt with are mainly Coleoptera and
include Dendroctonus .simplex, Lee, Polygrapkus rufipennis, Kirby,
Scolytus (Eccopfogaster) piceae, Swaine, Crypliirgus pusillus, Gyll.,
Dryocoetus americamis, Hopk., Dryophthorus americanus. Bedel,
Stenoscelis brevis, Boh., Phymatodes dimidiatus, Kirby, Asenmm
moestum, Hald., Monochamus {Monohammus) scutellatus. Say, Leptura
viitata, Oliv., Leploslylus sexguttatus. Say, Neoclytus hngipes, Kirby,
Pogonochaerus mixtus, Hald., Melanophih fulvoguttata, Harr., Chryso-
boihris blanchardi, Horn, C. dentipes, Germ., C. sexsignata, Say,
Antfiaxia quercata, F., Serropalpus barbatxs, Schall., Urocerus albi-
cornis, ¥., Tenebrio tenebriodes, Beau., Adelocera brevicornis, Lee,
.and Sirex abboiii, Kirby.

128

Blackman (M. W.) & Ellis (W. 0.). Some Insect Enemies of Shade
Trees and Ornamental Shrubs.— Bull N.Y. State Coll. Forestry,
Syracuse, N.Y., xvi, no. 26, [n.d.], 123 pp., 2 plates, 56 figs.
[Received 15th January 1920.]

This bulletin has been compiled for the benefit of the residents of
New York State with the object of assisting them in the preservation
of their shade-trees and ornamental shrubs. The more common
insects are briefly described in non-technical terms, their habits are
touched upon and the more usual methods for their suppression are
outHned. A short account is given of the most successful sprays
and the apparatus suitable for their use.

Gillette (C. P.). Tenth Annual Report of the State Entomologist
of Colorado for the Year 1918.— Office of State Entomologist, Fort
Collins, Circ. no. 27, August 1919, pp. 1-40, 13 figs. [Re-
ceived 15th January 1920.]

This report includes those of various county horticultural inspec-
tions and records the following pests : Tortrix (Archips) argyrospila
(fruit-tree leaf-roUer) ; Gossypariu spuria (elm scale) ; Typhlocyba
comes on poplars ; and Epilachna corrupta on beans. The damage
caused by Aphids was not very great during the year under review ;
Black-leaf 40 combined with an arsenate spray is advocated as a
remedial measure for them. The codhng moth [Cydia jiomonella']
was very abundant.

During 1917, 850 acres of lucerne and 300 acres of cover crops and
pasture land were found to be infested with the alfalfa weevil, Hypera
variabilis, Hbst. {Phytonomus posticus, Gyll.). This area of infestation
had iacreased to 3,600 and 1,075 acres respectively in 1918, showing
a spread westward of about 3 miles and about 10 to 12 miles to the
east. The life-history work and field studies on the habits of the
pest are not yet complete. Under laboratory conditions the incuba-
tion period averages 14*69 days. The larval stage lasts 21 "86 days
during which time 3 moults, and occasionally a fourth, occur, and
pupation lasts about 15 "82 days. The adults feed on lucerne, but
the injury they cause is negligible as compared with the damage
done by the larvae. This is at its maximum from about the time
the blossom buds are forming to approximately 3 weeks after the second
crop has begun to grow. Oviposition commences soon after the
emergence of the adult and continues throughout the late summer
and autumn. During the winter the adults hide under trash in the
field, in crevices of the ground, along fences, under bands on fruit
trees, etc., but emerge and become active on warm days. Experi-
ments against this pest included cultivation, dust mulching, the
introduction of parasites, and spraying with lead arsenate, zinc arsenite
and hme-sulphur.

Results show that spraying is a successful and economical method
of control, and the best time for it must vary with the season.
The sprayed hay, whether lead arsenate 4 lb. to the gallon or zinc
arsenite 2 lb. is used, is considered quite safe as food for stock.
Owing to the relative isolation of the weevil- infested territory in
Colorado restrictions have been placed on shipments of infested

129

products to other localities and from other infested States into
Colorado. Details are given of the quarantine measures in force
with regard to this pest.

Miscellaneous pests include : The San Jose scale [Aspidiotus
perniciosus] ; Eriophjes pyri (pear-leaf blister mite) ; Aphis sorbi
(rosy apple aphis), against which spraying with kerosene emulsion
Black-leaf 40 or a good grade miscible oil before the buds open is
advocated ; Melanoplus bivitfatus, M. dijferentialis, M. atkintis and
M. femur-rubrion, against which a bran mash of 50 lb. of bran, 3 lb.
of Paris green or 2 lb. of white arsenic, 1 U.S. gal. of syrup, 10 lemons
or oranges and 5 U.S. gals, of water, was sufficient for about 6 acres
of land. The beet webworm, Loxosfege sticticalis, may be destroyed
by the above poison bran mash or by spraying with 4 lb. of Paris
green or 8 lb. of lead arsenate to 100 U.S. gals, of water.

Parks (T. H). Controlling Army Worm Outbreaks in Ohio. —

MOdy. Bull. Ohio Agric. Expt. Sta., Wooster, iv, no. 9, September
1919, pp. 272-275, 3 figs. [Received 16th January 1920.]

A severe outbreak of army- worms [Cirphis unipuncta] occurred
during June 1919 in Ohio. Rye was chiefly attacked, although
wheat, maize, timothy and bluegrass were also damaged. In certain
counties the infestation covered an area of 1,200 acres and more.
The chief damage was done from about 1st to 20th June. The eggs
are laid in masses of 10 to 40 under leaf-sheaths of grasses or in and
about litter on the ground. The emerging larvae feed unobserved
at first and develop very rapidly. During the day they remain
under the soil, but emerge at night to feed voraciously on the leaves
and heads of rye. Green succulent straws are frequently cut off about
4 to 10 inches above the ground. After about 3 weeks they enter
the ground to a depth of 1 to 2 inches for pupation. The adults
continue to emerge up to the middle of July, giving rise to the second
generation which however never does damage to the same extent
as the first, probably because of the extensive migration both of
larvae and adults. To destroy the caterpillars, furrows should be
made to stop their progress as soon as they begin to migrate. The
sides of the furrow should be steep and dusty and it should be renewed
every day during the migration period. In addition to this, a poison
bran mash consisting of 20 lb. of bran, 1 lb. of Paris green, 2 qts. of
syrup, 3 oranges or lemons finely ground and 2| U.S. gals, of water,
should be scattered broadcast in the early evening as soon as the
caterpillars begin to feed.

HousER (J. S.). Winter Work in Shade Tree Insect Central.—

Mthly. Bull. Ohio Agric. Expt. Sta., Wooster, iv, no. 11,
November 1919, pp. 345-350, 2 figs.

In order to deal successfully with pests of shade-trees it is essential
that a general working plan be fixed well in advance of the season
when the actual work is to be carried out.

Suggestions are here made to help in the selection of spraying
apparatus and materials. By inspection in the autumn and winter it
is possible to determine the scope and type of insect control measures
likely to be necessary in the following season,

(654) ■ ' u

130

GossARD (H. A.). European Corn Borer not in Ohio. — Mthly. Bull.
Ohio Agric. Expt. Sta., Wooster, iv, no. 11, November 1919,
p. 351.

What was feared to be an infestation of European corn borer,
Pyrausta nubilalis, Hb., in Ohio has now been identified as being due
to P. ainsliei, which is an indigenous species that usually lives on
swamp flag or cat-tail.

Hodgson (R. W.). Fighting the Walnut Aphis —Cal Call., Uii, no. 3,
1919, p. 53, 1 fig. (Abstract in Expt. Sta. Record, Washington,
D.C., xli, no. 5, October 1919, p. 457.) [Received 26th January
1920.]

A successful method of dusting walnut trees as a remedy against
the walnut aphis [Chromaphis jiiglandicola] has been worked out by
Mr. R. E. Smith, and is described. The mixture used consists of
74 per cent, kaolin and 24 per cent, hydrated hme upon wliich 2 per
cent, nicotine sulphate has been sprayed. This is blown on to the trees
by a dust sprayer driven by a 3 h.-p. gasoline engine. By using 2 to
3 lb. per tree, 95 per cent, of the Aphids are killed ; the mixture costs
2ld. per lb. and from 20 to 40 acres can be treated in a day. The
action of the poison is very rapid, numbers of Aphids falling dead
from the trees within a few minutes, while two or three rows of trees
beyond the dusted area will also be to a great extent cleared of the
pest. Since re-infestation from adjoining orchards is probable, the
work should be done co-operatively throughout the community
affected. Lead arsenate powder should be added to the mixture as a
control for the new codhng moth.

Wood (R. C.) Entomology. — Rept. Madras Presideucij Depf. Agric,
1918-19, Madras, 1919, p. 8. [Received 17th January 1920.]

Organised campaigns have been undertaken against the " pollu "
beetle on pepp^ ; Hispa sp. on rice ; the cotton stem weevil, Pempheres
affinis ; Spodoptera sp. and Schoenobius sp. on rice ; and insect pests
on coconut.

Ramakrishna Ayyar (T. V.). Administration Report of the Govern-
ment Entomologist for the Year 1917-18. — Rept. Madras
Presidency Dept. Agric. 1917-18, Madras. 1918, Appendix vii,
pp. 74-77. [Received 17th January 1920.]

The pests reported during the year include : — Spodoptera mauritia ;
Schoenobius bipunctifer ; Hispa sp. and Leptispa sp. on rice ;
Prodenia litura on tobacco ; Epilachna sp., the pumpkin beetle
(Aulacophora sp.) and white grubs on garden vegetables ; a Pentatomid,
Vitellus sp., on oranges ; an Aleurodid on Citrus ; Earias sp. and
Pempheres sp. on cotton.

Insects bred during the year included the stem weevil of cotton
{Pempheres sp.), the shot-hole borer of castor {Xyleborus sp.), the
brinjal leaf-webber {Pachyzancla aegrotalis), Diacrisia sp. on sweet
potato, and Pericallio, ricini on MUlingtonia,

131

Urich (F. W.). Insects affecting the Avocado in Trinidad and Tobago.

—Bull Dept. Agric. Trinidad and Tobago, Pod of SjMin, xviii,
no. 3, 19th November 1919, pp. 129-131, 2 plates. [Received
ITth January 1920.]

The pests of avocado in Trinidad and Tobago include an ant,
Solenopsis geminala, which besides fostering scale-insects and mealy-
bugs bites off the young bark from the shoots and stems of young
trees. It may be controlled by destruction of the nests with carbon
bisulphide and sodium or potassium cyanide. The nests may also
be destroyed with boiling water and puddling. A little resin "added
to the boiling water greatly increases its efficacy. The trees can be
protected by banding with tree tanglefoot and similar mixtures for
which the formulae are appended.

The nests of another ant, Cremastogaster brevispinosa, usually found
under loose dried bark and rotten wood resulting from badly dressed
pruning wounds or from dead branches left on the trees, should be
cut out and the place painted with crude oil or strong resin wash.

Coccid pests include Pulvinaria pijriformis, Aspidiotus destructor,
Sai.ssefia nigra, Pseudococcus nipae and P. citri. If not sufficiently
controlled by natural enemies spraying with nicotine sulphate in
combination with resin wash or soap is advocated.

Stericta albifasciata, the caterpillars of which destroy the flowers
and young leaves and live in nests made by webbing together
the leaves and branches, can only be destroyed by cutting off and
burning the nests. Care must be taken that the caterpillars do not
disappear during the process, as when alarmed they drop to the ground
by means of silken threads and hide. They are parasitised by a
Tachinid.

Williams (C. B.). Rainfall, Sugar Production and Froghopper Blight
in Trimdaa.-^Bull. Dept. Agric. Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain,
xviii, no. 3, 19th November 1919, pp. 153-167, 11 figs.
[Received 17th January 1920.]

Observations extending over many years show that unusual alterna-
tions of wet and dry periods and particularly a well-marked dry
period in September or October is conducive to a great increase of
froghoppers. It is evident that the actual number of insects {Tomaspis
saccharina) present in a field is of less practical importance than the
general ability of the sugar-cane to withstand the damage, and this
condition can only be brought about by improved drainage.

Jordan (W. H.). Director's Report for 1918.— iVew; Yorh Agric.
Expt. Sta., Geneva, N.Y., Bull. 457, December 1918, 25 ' pp.
[Received 23rd January 1920.].

The entomological work recorded in this report has already been
noticed in previous bulletins of the Station [R.A.E., A, vii, 182, 495].

Jarvis (E.). Insect Friends of the Cane'gTOwer.^ueensland Agric.
Jl, Brisbane, xii, no. 6, December 1919, pp. 301-304, 1 plate.

This paper is written with the object of enabling sugar-cane growers
to recognise the earlier stages of certain useful insects associated with

132

cane grubs. The species dealt with inckide the wasps, Campsomeris
tasmaniensis, Sauss., and C. radula, ¥., which are known to attack
6 species of cane beetles with a preference for Lepidiota albohitia,
Waterh., and L. frenchi, Blackb. ; robber-flies such as Asiliis sp. ;
the Elaterid, Agrypnns mastersi, MacL. ; and Dexiid flies.

Illtng WORTH (J. F.). Cane Grub Invesiigation.—Queensland Agric.
Jl, Brisbane, xii, no. 6, December 1919, pp. 304-305.

Attention is drawn to the increasing abundance of the sugar-cane
beetle borer [Rhabdocnemis obscura] in certain locaUties, and the
importance of burning all trash throughout the infested area and
planting clean seed is insisted upon.

Illingworth (J. F.). Monthly Notes on Grubs and other Cane Pests.
(Second Series.) — Queensland Bur. Sugar Expt. Sfa., Div. Entom.,
Brisbane,^\x\\. 8, 1919, 51 pp., 1 plate.

This bulletin gathers together the various monthly notes on sugar-
cane pests in Queensland from July 1918 to May 1919 which have been
published and noticed elsewhere [R.A.E., A, vi, 526 ; vii, 80, 109, 167,
200, 295, 411].

Froggatt (W. W.). The Peach Tip Moth {Laspeyresia molesia, Busck).
— Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., Sydney, xxx, no. 12, December 1919,
pp. 891-^92.

Cydia (Laspeyresia) molesia, Busck, is now reported from Austraha,
where it causes severe damage to peaches. It appears to have been
present since 1909, and it has only now been definitely identified,
though its occurrence was recorded in 1914 [R.A.E., A, ii, 493].

The larvae were found at work towards the end of October, but by
the 18th of November neither larvae or pupae could be found in the
damaged twigs. Bandaging as for codling moth \Cydia pomonella]
proved the only successful remedial measure. On the 16th December
the bandages contained larvae and pupae.

The moths were found attacking the peach tips in the early part
of January. Pupae were found under the bandages on 3rd February,
from which a parasite, Gambrus sfokesi, which also attacks C. pomonelkt,
was bred.

Allen (W. J.). The Utility of the Spray Gun. —Agric. Gaz. N.S.W.,
Sydney, xxx, no. 12, December 1919, pp. 893-894.

The utility of the spray gun is compared with that of an angle nozzle
on a rod ; the latter proved the more satisfactory apparatus, as the
work done by the spray gun proved faulty near the tops of 11 to 12
foot trees. The spray gun is also unsuitable for the application of
caustic sprays in anything but very calm weather and cannot bo used
to spray downwards on to the tops of trees.

1S3

The Duke of Bedford & Pickering (S.). Science and Fruit Growing,
being an Account of the Results obtained at the Woburn Experi-
mental Fruit Farm since its Foundation in 1894. — London, Mac-
millan & Co., Ltd., 1919, 348 pp., '4 plates, 47 figs. Price 125. Gd.
net.

Several chapters of this review of the work of the Woljurn Experi-
mental Fruit Farm are devoted to insects, the damage they do to
fruit-trees and crops, and the usual methods of controlling
them. The various spraying mixtures used in England are discussed,
particular attention being given to paraffin and paraffin emulsions,
alkaline washes, and the fungicidal and scorching action of copper.

Insects dealt with in detail include the mussel scale {Lepidosaphes
vlmi), the currant gall-mite {Eriophyes ribis), woolly aphis {Eriosoma
{Schizoneura) lanigerum), apple-sucker {PsijJla niali), etc. Against
Aphids the safest and most suitable insecticide is a solution containing
075 per cent, nicotine.

PoLAK (M. W.). Het Steriliseeren van Grond door Middel van Stoom.

[Steam Sterilisation of Soil] — Meded. Landbouivhoogeschool,
Wageningen, xvii, no. 1-3, 1919, pp. 91-108, 1 plate.

Non-chemical processes for sterilising soil and methods for working
out their costs are dealt with in this paper.

Insectenschade op gescheurd Grasland in 1918. [Insect Injury in
1918 on Grassland placed under Cultivation.] — Meded. Phylopath.
Dienst, Wageningen, no. 7, December 1918, 8 pp. [Received
19th January 1920.]

The chief pests of crops planted on land previously under grass
are Tipulid larvae and wireworms. Phorbia (Anthomyia) cilicrura
injured beans, but the damage was not more marked than on land
long under cultivation.

Gautier (C). Sur la Faqon dont les Larves d'Apanleles glomemtuf?
sortent des Chenilles de Pieris brassicae.—C . R. Soc. Biol, Paris,
Ixxxii, no. 34, 27th December 1919, pp. 1369-1371.

The method of emergence of the Braconid parasite, Apanteles
glomeratus, from Pieris brassicae is described. Observations show
that the parasitised larvae always die before pupation.

Legendre (J.). Note sur un Diptere Parasite des Peches de Mada-
gascar.—C. 72. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxxiii, no. 1, 10th January 1920,
pp. 8-9.

Ceratiiis capitala is reported to cause serious injury to peaches
in Madagascar, the damage amounting to about 80 per cent, of the
total crop in January and even more in February. Each fruit may
contain as many as six or seven larvae. Examples reared in the

134

laboratory pupated after about a month, the adults emerging in
about a fortnight. On the high plateaux of the island mangos and
oranges are not attacked.

Jack (R. W.). Tobacco Pests of Rhodesia. Part h—RJwdesia Agric.
Jl., Salisbury, xvi, no. 6, December 1919, pp. 542-548, 5 plates.

This account of the tobacco pests of Rhodesia is a revision of earlier
work [R.A.E., A, i, 287]. While no new pests of importance have
been observed, somie further information regarding the existing ones
has been obtained. The damage done by cutworms and the remecUes
for them are discussed [R.A.E., A, vi, 536]. Other moths dealt with
are Phfhoriinaea heliopa, Lwr. (stem borer), P. opercidella, Z. (tobacco
miner or splitworin), and Heliotkis {Chloridea) ohsolela (tobacco
budworm), which appears each year but is worse at some seasons
than others. The life-cycle of this moth has been worked out in
the United States but is not thoroughly known in South Africa.
It seems probable that four or five complete broods occur in the year.
The eggs are laid on the heart of the plant, or later on the seed-heads,
and hatch in 3 to 5 days. The caterpillars eat into the unfolding
leaves and later attack the seed-pods. Pupation occurs in the ground,
the adult emerging in from 17 to 27 days in the summer. Pupation
beginning in March may continue throughout the winter, the adults
emerging in October, but another generation frequently occurs in
April and May. The generations are therefore irregular. Ploughing,
harrowing and rolliu« the ground before October should destroy
many of the pupae and expose others. Hand-picking the caterpillars
during topping operations is also recommended. A poison mixture
used for bud-injury in the United States is recommended, but would
need to be used at greater strength. This consists of one table-
spoonful of Paris green to a quart of slaked lime, flour or maize meal,
and should be dusted on the buds, care being taken not to scorch
the plants.

Minor pests of tobacco are LapJiygnui exigua, Hb. (pigweed cater-
pillar) and Prodenia litura, F. (tomato caterpillar), both of which
pass through several generations in a year. In cases of bad infestation
the plants should be sprayed with 1 lb. lead arsenate paste to 16 gals,
water, or 1 lb. powder to 30 gals. ; I lb. Paris green with I lb. fresh
lime to 40 gals, water is also recommended.

Watson (J. R.). The Native Host-Plant of the Camphor Thrips

{Cryptothrips floridensis). — Florida Buqgist, Gainesville, iii, no. 2,
September 1919, pp. 25-27. [Received 22nd January 1920.]

The camphor thrips {Cryptothrips floridensis) has been found in
Florida to have an alternative food-plant in the native bays of the
genus Tamala, especially T. littoralis. It would therefore appear
to be indigenous, and this discovery has led to a re-examination of
the species recorded from Ceylon [R.A.E., A, ii, 597 ; iii, 357], and
it is believed that the latter is probably distinct though closely
related. The life-history in Florida has not been thoroughly
worked out. A single generation was reared in May 1913. The
eggs hatched in 8 or 9 days and the larvae had become adults by
the 24th day.

135

Watson (J. R.). A new Physothrips from Oregon. — Florida Buggist,
Gainesville, iii, no. 2, September 1919, p. 32. [Received 22nd
January 1920.]

Phijsotlirips hlacki, sp. n., is described, taken on California poppy
and dandelion in Oregon.

Benson (E. F.). Third Bienn. Rept. Washington State Dept. Agric,
1st July 1916 - 30th June 1918, Oli/mpia, Wash., Ist November
1918, 191 pp., 3 plates. [Received 21st January 1920.]

During 1916, a severe outbreak of the coulee cricket [Peramibrus
scabricoUis] occurred in Grant county and after having gradually
increased in numbers for several years, it became a menace to Eastern
Washington. A vigorous campaign was undertaken, and by means
of fencing and ditching and the use of gasoline torches many millions
of crickets were killed and collected. Great devastation has also been
caused during the past few years by grasshoppers in Okanogan county
and the numbers are increasing [R.A.E., A, vii, 510].

Experimental work with various sprays against codling moth
[Cydia ponionella] is described. Dust sprays have been tried and
have proved promising. For red spider [Teiramjchis] in orchards a
distillate oil emulsion at the rate of 1| gals, to 100 gals, water was
sprayed on the trees and cleared them of the mites with one application.
An outbreak of the Colorado potato beetle [Lepdnotarsa decendineata\
was experienced in 1916. Hand-picking and arsenical spraying were
resorted to and by organised effort the numbers were greatly reduced
in 1917, while in 1918 scarcely any beetles were found.

The Hessian fly {Mayetiolu dcstrudor) has made its appearance
in Washington State and in one locality has been so destructive that
the discontinuance of wheat growing has been recommended.

Caesar (L.). Pear ^Mghi.^Canad. Hortic. & Beekeeper, Toronto,
Ont., xxviii, no. 1, January 1920, pp. 3-4, 3 figs.

The symptoms and cause of pear blight are discussed. Ants feed
on the sweetened exudate symptomatic of the disease and thus pass
it on to the blossoms on which they also feed, whence it is disseminated
to other trees by bees. It may also be spread by sucking-insects
feeding first on diseased twigs and then on healthy ones.

CoLLiNGE (W. E.). The Food of the Nightjar {Caprimulgus enropaeus.
L.)— J/. Minist. Agric, London, xxvi, no. 10, January 1920,
pp. 992-995, 1 fig.

The nightjar {Caprimulgus europaeus) generally arrives in England
from its winter quarters in Africa in early May, and is of great benefit
to farmers and fruit-growers until its disappearance about mid-
September. During this time, out of 62 individuals examined, the
whole of the food taken consisted of insects, these including Hepialus
humuli, L., and H. lupulinus, L., Cheimatobia brumafa, L., Barathra
(Mamestra) brassicae, L., Euxoa (Agrotis) segefum, SchifF., Feltia (A.)
exrlamationis, L., Agrotis {Triphaena) jironuba, L., Melolontha melo-
lontha, L. {vulgaris, ¥.), Phi/llopertka Jiorticola, L., Amphimallas
{Rkizotrogus) solstilialis, L., Geotrujyes sp., Tipula oleracea, L., and

136

the remains of other moths, beetles and flies. Of the total food
examined, 88 per cent, consisted of noxious insects and 12 per cent,
of insects of a neutral character. The importance of affording every
protection to this bird is therefore obvious.

Flower (S. S.) & Nicoll (M. J.). The Principal Species of Birds
protected by Law in Egypt, giving their English, French, Arabic
and Scientific Names, their Local Status, their approximate Size,
and Concise Notes on their Coloration, for Purposes of Identifica-
tion.— Minist. Agric. Egypt, Cairo, June 1918, 8 pp., 8 plates,
[Received 28th January 'l920.]

In Egypt, where ravages by insect pests are common and birds
are scarce, it is of the greatest importance that beneficial species
should be afforded every protection. While the law of 1912 expressly
forbids the destruction of the protected species, and at least one
valuable species has become re-estabUshed in consequence, it is
considered that in the case of some of the smaller birds it is not being
enforced with sufficient stringency.

Carpenter (C. W.) Report of the Division of Plant Pathology.—

Rept. Hawaii Agric. Expl. Sla. 1918, Honolulu, 10th April 1919,
pp. 35-45, 4 plates. [Received 28th January 1920.]

Pests not previously recorded for Hawaii include root knot of
carrots, egg-plants {Solamim melongena) and tobacco due to Nematodes,
galls on potatoes {Solatium tuberosum) due to Nematodes, and a mite
attacking potatoes and tomatoes [Lycopersicum esculentum). The
remedial measures advocated against the latter include early planting
and dusting with dry sulphur or spraying with hme-sulphur.

Other pests include : red spider on bananas {Musa cavendishi) ;
Hellula andalis (web worm) and Pier is {Pontia) rapae (cabbage cater-
pillar) on cabbages ; Peregrimis maid is (leaf-hopper) on maize {Zea
mays); red spider causing russeting on gaava {Psidium, guayava) ;
thrips on onion {Allium cepa) ; and Phthorimaea operculella (potato
tuber moth).

LEGISLATION.

Insect Pests in Sicily and Sardinia. — R. Staz. Speriment. Ayr am.
Fruttic, Acireale, Boll. 37, 1919, pp. 7-10.

A decree, dated 28th September 1919, of the Italian Ministry of
Agriculture prohibits the importation into Sicily and Sardinia of
citrus and other food-plants of the scale, Ceroplasfes sinensis. Such
plants may only be admitted by special permission of the Ministry if
certified clean by an official plant disease expert.

A decree, dated 7th October 1919, makes it compulsory to combat
the pistachio pest, Megastigmus {Trogoearpus) ballestrerii, in various
districts of Sicily. The female flowers of Pistacia terebinthus and all
infested pistachio fruits must be destroyed [R.A.E., A, vii, 88].

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
ttieir publications with tliose of tiie Bureau, are requested to com-
municate with the Assistant Director.

The annual Subscription In advance to the Review, Series A
(Agricultural) is 12s. per annum, post free ; Series B (Medical and
Veterinary), 6s. per annum.

Orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 88, Queen's Gate, London,
S.W.7, or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

Africa : Observations on new- Scale-Insects. , . . . . , , 119

Africa, South : Notes on New Coccids . , . . . , , , 117

Afmcca, West: New Delphacids from Nigeria .. .. .. 118

America, North : Notes on Species of Eippodamia . . . . 82

Australia : The Spread of Gosmopolites sordidus in New Soutlx

Wales 112

Australia : Natural Enemies of Sugar-cane Gmbs in Queensland 13 J

Australia ; The Spread of Bhahdocnemis obscura in Queensland. . 132

Australia: Sugar-cane Pests in Queensland .. ., ., 132

Australia : The Presence of Gydia molesfa in New South Wales , . 132

British Guiana : A New Coccid on Loranthus , . . , . . 8T

British Guiana : Obeei-vations on new Scale-Insects ., .. 119

British Isles ; The Food of the Nightjar, Gaprimulgus europaeue 135

Canada : The Kelation of Insects to Pear Blight . , , . . . 1 35

Ceylon: Measures against the Tea Tortrix . . .. ,. .. 109

Ceylon: Measures against Xj/Z^feortts /omicafws ., ,. ,, 110

Ceylon : Miscellaneous Pests . . . , . . . . . . , . 1 10

Egypt : The Protection of Insectivorous Birds . . . . . . 130

Formosa : Homoptera destinictive to Sugar-cane and other Crops 85

Prance : Tachinid Parasites of Pyrausta nubiluUs, . . . . . 120

France: A New Braoonid Parasite of PioHea/ojj^cah's ,. .. 120

France : Notes on PMlotrypesis earicae infesting Figs . , . . 121
France : The Value of Prospaltella berlesei against Aulacaspis

pentagona . . . . , . . , . . . . . , . . 121

France: FrecsiVitionii againat Phthorimaea opereuUlla .. ., 121

France ; A Note on Apanteles glomeratus infesting Pieris brassicae 133

Gold Coast : A new Hispid injurious to Oil Palms . , . . HS

Hawaii: Notes on Pests of Vegetables ,. .. .. ., 136

Holland : Insect Pests on Grassland placed under Cultivation. . 133

India: Insect Pests in 1918-19 ,. , 8 3

India : Notes on Miscellaneous Pests . , , . , , . . 99
India : The Constniction of Calcareous Operoula by Longicorn

Larvae ,. ., ., .. ., .. ,, ,. 101

India: Insect Pests in the Punjab .. ,, .. ., ., 100

India: Insect Pests in Madras in 1918-19 ,. .. .. 130

Italy : Notes on Novius cardinalis in Sicily . , . , . . . . i :' 1

Italy: Insects infestiug Carob Pods. . .. ,, ,. .. 123
Italy : The Pnine Scale, Sphaerolecarvium prunaslri exid it-;

Parasites 122

Italy : The Bionomics of Eidccanium coryli and its Para^i! . . 124

Italy : Notes on Ceroplastee sinensis . , . . . . 127

CONTENTS

PAGE.

ITALT : Plant Pest J,^ej;i6iation 130

Japan : Notes on the i^il'e-history of Argyresikia conjugella . . 120

Madagascab: GeraiiUs capitata ix\ie%iingFeach<^H .. .. 133

Morocco : A List of Insect Pests of Cultivated Plant.< .. .. 121

P.\XAMA ; Brassolis isthmia infesting Bananas. ... . . . . S5

lh',:'>.)ON ! The Introduction of Coelostcrnn scahraki . . . . 120

r;Hur> ESiA, SOTT'IHERK : Notes on Tobacco Pests 134

llv&siA ; Measures against Insect Pests in the Don Region 102, 103,

107, 108.

IIussiA : Tlie Bionomics of Tenebroides tnavrUanicus . . 107, 108.

Savitzekland : An Otxtbreak of Pieris on Cabbages . . . . 82

Tonkin : Notes on Coffee and Bice Pests . ■ . . . . . . 1 1 1

Trtnidab ! Insect Pests of Avocado . . . . . . . . . . 131

'.rKiNiPAD ; Notes on Sugar-cane Froghoppers 131

TfrNisiA: jSj\ Onihreak oi Dac^is ohae .. .... .. 83

T :.S.A, : An Outbreak of Alahmna argillacea in Missouri , . . , 81

I .S.A. : A Microlepidopterous Parasite of JEterm^s fci'w^i .. .. 81

U.S.A.: Noics on I^?ioferM.8 cogtirtto.s in New Jersey .. .. 82

U.S.A. : The Food-plants of Buprestis mridisuhiralis . . . . 82

1 ' .S.A. : Handbook of Plant Disease and Pest Control in California 85
U.S.A. ; The Transmission of Curly Top of Sugar-Beet by Eutettix

tenell'a . . . . . . .... . . . . . . 87

X'.S.A. : The Eelation of Insects to the Dissemination of Cronartitlm

rihk-ola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • ■ 87

U.S.A. : The Olive Insects of California 91

U.S.A.: Precautions against Pj/musia ^wMlaWs in Ohio .. ..01,130

lis. A. : Measures against Orioecfis asparagi in Ohio . . . . 02

11. S.A. : Wheat Pests in Ohio in 1919 02

U.S.A. : Measntes against Insect Pests in 1919 . . . . . . 93

U.S.A. : The Bionomics and Control of Pyrawstn nuhilalis in New

York . . . . 97

U.S.A. ; A New Scale-Insect from California . . . . . . 112

C.S.A. ; The Bionomics aoid Control of the Grape-vine Sphin.x

Moth in California .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 113

U.S.A. : Pests intercepted in Quarantine in California . . . . 114

U.S.A.: Meastu-es against the Argentine Ant in California .. 114

U.S.A. ; Notes on Pyrmista nuhilalis . . . . . . . . . . 116

U.S.A. : The Bionomics of the Apple Grain Aphis (Bhopahsiplium

pnmifoUae) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 116

TLS.A. ; The Bean Ladybird and its Control 1 19

U.S.A.; Insect Pests of the American Larch .. .. .. 127

U.S.A. ; Insect Enemies of Shade Trees and Ornamental Shrubs . . 128

U.S.A.: Insect Pests in Colorado in 1918 .. 128

U.S.A. : Measures against outbreaks of CirphU unipuncta in Ohio 129

U.S.A. : Winter Work against Shade Tree Pests in Ohio . . . . 129

U.S.A. : Measures against the Walnut Aphis in California . . 130

U.S.A.: Insect Pests in New York .... .. .. .. 131

U.S.A. : The Native Food-plant of the Camphor Thrips in Florida 134

U.S.A. ; A New Pliysoihrips iroxn Oregon . . . . . . . . 135

U.S.A. : Miscellaneous Pests in Washington . . , , . . 135

West Indies : The Value of Toads against Insect Peste .. .. 108

Zanzibar: Insects injurious to Economic Crops .. ., .. 118

Insects damaging Lead and other Metal- work .. .. .. 81

The Probable Cause of Injury from the Use of Calcitun and

Magnesium Arsenates . . , . . . . , , . . . 85

The 1 njurious Effects of Kerosene on Trees .. .. .. .. 87

The BioclJmatic Law as applied to Entomological Research and

Prtictice 87

Tli< 3 bysical and Chemical Properties of Liquid Hydrocyanic Acid 89

''"]'.> Use of E:xperimental Plots when studvinr:- Forest Insects , , 118

'Utility of the Spray Gun .. ,, ' . 132

ce and Fruit Growing (Review) .. .. .. .■ 133

The Sterilisation of Soil with Steam .. ., ,, ,. .. 133

Registered at the 6.P.O. for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundland by Magoilne Post.

VOL. VIII. Sep. A. Part 4.-PP. 137-168. APRIL, 1920.

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Watson (J. R.)- Report of Entomologist.\-K(3j)^ Fiscal Yem^yendrng
30lh June 1917, Florida, Univ. Acjhs^^t^Sl^u^nesvilU,
Mav 1918, pp. 52 R -65 R., 1 fig. [Rec^Tw*-mh January
1920.]

Antimrsia gemmatalis only attacks peanuts when they are in a.
field adjacent to velvet beans. Although the caterpillars can be
raised to maturity entirely on leaves of peanuts, the adults have
never been known to oviposit on this plant under natural conditions.
Experiments show that with the use of dusting machines under ordinary-
conditions the caterpillars may be controlled with one applicatioiL
of lead arsenate in the season.

The work dealing with the control of Nematodes is discussed, the
results of subsequent experiments having already been noticed
[R.A.E., A. vii, 418].

The Sicilian mealy-bug parasite, Pamleptomastix abnormis, and
a Coccinellid, DelpJiastus catalinae, have been imported from California
to destroy scale-insects.

Other insects recorded for the year include : Nezara viridida
(pumpkin bug), Penlatoma punctipes and Leptoglossiis phyllopus
(leaf -footed plant bug) which caused great damage to Citrus trees.
The method adopted for collecting these bugs is described. Potatoes
were attacked by Nezara mridiila and Acanthocephala femorata ; as
the latter bug shows a decided preference for sunflowers these plants
were successfully used as trap-crops.

Miscellaneous pests include : Oncideres cingulata (pecan twig
girdler) on Eucahjpt)(s rostrata : Cglas formicaries (sweet potato
root weevil) ; StictocepJiala inermis on beans and tomatos in late
March and early April ; Gerstaeckeria hubbardi, Lee. (cactus weevil)
on cotton in April ; Strigoderma pggmaea on cotton in April and May ;
wireworms, which were very destructive to cucumbers in the latter
part of April ; Heterothrips haemorrhoidalis, unusually destructive to
ornamental plants in the open, especially crotons ; Epicauta vittata
(striped blister beetle) on pepper in June : Diabrotica duodecim-
punctafa (southern corn root worm), adults of which destroyed
satsumas, onions, and other crops in the early part of winter;
and Aleurothrixiis howardi (woolly whitefly), which is parasitised by
Eretmoccrus haldemani.

GiRAULT (A. A.). A New Species of Lepidiota from Northern
Queensland (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). — Insecntor Inscitiae
Menstratis, Waskinqlon, D.C., vii, no. 10-12, October-December
1919, p. 187.

Lepidiota consobrina, sp. n., infesting sugar-cane is described.
The characters of this species were pointed out by Dodd and Jarvis
in papers already reviewed [R.A.E., A, vi, 165, 295].

Rymer Roberts (A. W.). On the Life History of " Wireworms "
of the Genus Agrioles, Esch., with some Notes on that of Athous
haemorrhoidalis, F. Part I. — Ann. App. Biol., Cambridge, vi, no.
2-3, December 1919, pp. 116-135, 1 plate, 6 figs.

The work of previous authors on wireworms is reviewed ani
amplified by personal observation, chiefly under laboratory conditions.
(664) Wt.P1850/163. 1,500. 4.20. B.&F..Ltd. Gp. 11/14. A

138

The technique employed in obtaining and preserving the eggs is
described. In England and probably also in Wales and Scotland
Agriotes ohscurus is apparently the most common species. The
adult beetles appear to remain in the soil during the winter and
emerge in the spring about the middle of May, o\dposition occurring
from the end of June to middle of July. Their food chiefly consists
of the nectar of flowers. The eggs of A. lineatus, A. obsciirus, A. spu-
iator and Athous haemorrhoidalis are laid in the soil at depths varying
from I of an inch to 2 inches, either in batches in which as many
as 52 have been found, or singly. The actual emaronmental conditions
necessary for oviposition are not known, but it is evident that the
presence of grasses whether cultivated or growing as weeds is an
essential factor.

The emerging larvae at once burrow into the soil. The first moult
of A. obscuras takes place in June, the second in July or August,
and the next in the following April or May. It is thought that the
larvae in general moult tAnce a year, in April and May and again
between July and September. They feed on almost any crop and
on many weeds. Mustard is ajjparently only attacked in the absence
of other suitable food, but they will leave cereals to feed on charlock.
Other foods include beans, potatoes and tomatos. Wheat does not
apparently sufl'er as much from attacks by wireworms in England
as in America, which may probably be accounted for by the time
of sowing the seed, which enables it to develop before any serious
damage occurs. The larvae can subsist for a long time on the decajdng
vegetable matter contained in the soil. In many cases a state of
hibernation occurs deep in the soil, though other larvae remain in
the sod near the surface feeding on the roots.

Pupation takes place in the ground within a cell prepared by the
larva usually near the soil surface. The pupal stage extends over
a. period of about 3 weeks, the insects being found in this stage from
the end of July to the middle of September.

Wireworms do not appear to be attacked by internal parasites
to any great extent, but a Proctotrupid, Phaenoserphus sp. probably
P. fuscipes, Hal., was bred in July from larvae of Athous haemo-
rrhoidalis and larval parasites of the same family have been found
in A. obsciirus. Wireworms are also infested by a fungus of the
genus Isaria.

Speyf.r (E. R.). a Contribution to the Life History of the Larch

Chermes {Cnaphalodes strobilobins, Kalt.). — Ann. App. Biol.,
Ca/i(bndge, vi, no. 2-3, December 1919, pp. 171-182, 2 plates, Ifig.

The life-cycle of Chermes (Cnaphalodes) strobihbius, Kalt., as
occurring on spruce and larch in Britain, is described in detail. The
author largely confirms the observations made by Steven, whose work is
extensively quoted [R.A.E.,A, vi,15-l]. In discussing remedial measures
it is pointed out that spra}'ing may prove a successful method of control,
pro^aded that it is directed against the sexual generation, which
apparently oAdposits only on the underside of branches and possibly
only on the lower branches. The habits and structure of this
generation require fuither study, and the presence or absence of the
gaUicola non-migrans in England has yet to be decided.

139

Wads WORTH (R. V.). Notes on the Life-History of Ephestia kuhniella.
— Ann. App. Biol, Cambridge, vi, no. 2-3, December 1919, pp.
203-206.

The adult moths of Ephestia kuhniellu do not require any food
during their life, which lasts about one month. The eggs are laid
during the latter half of their existence. Light is apparently the only
determining factor in the choice of place for oviposition, as the eggs
are often laid at some distance from food provided the site is dark
enough. The larvae hatch in about a week according to the tempera-
ture and commence feeding on the most suitable food in their vicinity.
After a few days they spin a silken tube, inside which they remain
until fuHy fed. They will readily change their diet, which includes
grains of all kinds, dried vegetables, cacao beans, nuts and even jelly
cubes and chocolate. Although they are not known to attack animal
food in storage, they have beeu reared for about 6 weeks on Ephestia
and Tortrix under laboratory conditions.

The larval life varies from 10 to 12 weeks, depending greatly on the
food and temperature. There are from one to six generations a year,
but hard food such as dried potatoes will prolong the life-cycle to
an abnormal extent so that not even one generation is produced
during the year. When mature the larvae leave the silken case and
their food in search of a suitable place for pupation, which is frequently
the ears of sacks. The larvae that pupate in the autumn may hiber-
nate in this stage or the adults may emerge within a fortnight, in which
case the eggs are laid soon after emergence and the ensuing generation
hibernates hi the larval stage.

Fryer (J. C. F.). Notes. — Ann. App. Biol., Cambridge., vi, no. 2-3,
December 1919, pp. 207-209.

From observations made on eggs of Charaeas graminis, L., protected
by perforated zinc but fully exposed to the weather, and others kept
in a dry, unheated shed in a glass jar, it is evident that this moth
hibernates in the egg-stage. The lan^ae began to emerge on 7th April.

Attention is drawn to the breeding of Sitoiroga cerexdella, Oliv., in
England on barley in the field. Adults oi Anthononms pomorum, L.,
were found to feed on apple foliage in captivity. During an infestation
in Hereford less than 1 per cent of this weevil was parasitised by
Pimpla pomorum, Ratz,

Phyllobius urticae, DeG., and P. oblongus, L., are recorded as
damaging strawberries in Hereford.

Abens (P.). Een voor Hevea schadelijke Oeret {Holotrichia leuco-
jMialma, Wied.). [A White Grub, H. leucophthalma, injurious to
Hevea.] — Meded. Proefstation Malang, Bafuvia, no. 28, 1919,
19 pp., 2 plates. [W^ith an English Summary.]

There is only one known case of white grubs attacking Hevea, Green
having recorded that in Ceylon Lepidiota pinguis killed thousands of
stumps on a clearing by eating all the rootlets and decorticating the
tap-roots. A similar case due to Holotrichia leucophthalma has been
recently observed in Java in a clearing that was quite cleanly weeded
but where, owing to the very wet weather, burning could not be properly

(664) a2

140

carried out before planting. A brief description of the adult, egg,
larva and pupa of this beetle is given. The life-cycle takes a year.
The average duration of the egg-stage was 27 days. The period
elapsing between hatching and the first moult varied from 34 to 59
days with an average of 42. The first two moults were observed ;
they took place in the ground in a chamber resembling the pupal
chamber. The prepupal stage in the pupal chamber lasted from
12 to 27 days in the cases observed and the pupal stage proper averaged
29 days. The beetles remained in the chamber for 10-2G days, this
period of rest being longest when the ground was dry. The beetles
are on the wing in Java from October to January, i.e., the first months
of the wet season. In captivity the larvae preferred potato to 3Ianihot
utilissima. Other food-plants include Amarantus gangeticus,
A. spinosifs, Portulaca oleracea, Cyperus brevifolius and Panicuni revens.
H. leiicophthalma has also been recorded from sugar-cane [R.A.E..
A, iv, 89].

The following remedial measures are advised. New clearings should
be cleaned from all decaying organic matter (stumps, leaves, etc.)
before the flight season. If infestation occurs, soft weeds should be
allowed to grow. H. leiicophthalma will feed on these weeds and the
injury to Hevea will be reduced. To prevent the spread of infestation
it is necessary to capture as many of the beetles as possible. During
the daytime they are to be found in great numbers in the soil of the
older fields near infested clearings, about 4 inches below the surface.

Bruch (C). Metamdrfosis de Taphrocerus elongatus, Gory (Coleop-
tero Buprestido). — Anales Soc. Cien. Argentina, Buenos Aires,
Ixxxii, no. 5-6, November-December 1916, pp. 251-256, 5 figs.

The Buprestid, Taphrocerus elongatus, Gory, is abundant in the
riverside woods of Rio Santiago, near La Plata, on a rush, Scirpus
giganteus, which is common in the neighbourhood. The eggs of this
beetle are laid on the upper leaf-surface and the larvae mine in the
leaves. Pupation also oqpurs within the leaf. The various stages
are described. While no exact records of parasites have been made,
it is evident that several occur in spite of the protected situation of
the larva. These include a number of Chalcids and probably a
Braconid.

LiZER (C). Psylla erythrinae, n. sp. (Homopt.). — Anales Soc. Cien.
Argentina, Buenos Aires, Ixxxv, no. .5-6, May-June 1918, ^^p, 307-
310, 5 figs.

Psylla erythrinae, sp. n., is described, and an account is given of
each stage in the hfe-history. All stages occur abundantly on the
leaves of Erythrina crista-galli in and around Buenos Aires. It is
probable that successive generations occur throughout the spring
and summer and that hibernation takes place in the adult stage.
The leaves of infested plants become yellow and faded owing to the
attacks of this Psvllid.

141

ScHRAGE (R.). Aus dem Leben verkannter Tiere. [From tlie Life
of misunderstood Animals.] — Zeitsclir. Forst- u. Jagdwesen, Berlin,
li, no. 4, April 1920, pp. 190-201.

The mole is generally credited with the destruction of Melolontlia
tnelolontha and several authorities have stated this to be the case, but
a series of careful observations on this animal, both with captive and
free individuals, show that it is absolutely valueless in this connection.

Krausse (A.). Zur Vertilgung der Raupen des Kiefernprozes-
sionsspinners. [The Destruction of the Pine Processionary

Caterpillar, Cnethocam-pa 'pinivora, Tr.] — Zeitsclir. Forst- u.
Jagdwesen, Berlin, h, no. 4, April 1919, pp. 202-205.

In 1916, 1917 and 1918, Cnethocampa [Thanmetopoea) pinivora, Tr..
was abundant in West Prussia, especially in some parts of the coast,
and it was decided to use a poison-spray to destroy it. As the cater-
pillars of this moth were not available for the experiments, they were
carried out with those of Vannessa io and Dasychira pudibunda.
The insecticides tested Avere carbohneum and nicotine, and they were
entirely successful in emulsions of 3 per cent, strength, though a
somewhat higher percentage is advisable.

LiNSBAUER (L.). Zur Bekampfung der Kohlweisslinge. [Measures
against Pieris spp.] — Naturwiss. Zeitsclir. f. Forst- u. Landw.,
Stuttgart, xvii, no. 4-5, April-May 1919, pp. 147-149.

Attention is drawn to the practice obtaining in parts of France
and Germany and in Carniola of protecting cabbages against Pieris
by placing tAvdgs of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) around the plants.
Hemp is used for the same purpose in Styria. In the latter case the
odour of the hemp plant provides a reason, but the repellent action
of the elderberry does not appear to admit of this explanation.

If the protection is proved actually to exist there is perhaps a
possibihty of utihsing the active principle in the preparation of an
effective spray.

Dammerman (K. W.). On Hybrids of Baiocera albofasciata and gigas.
—Tijdschr. Entomologie, The Hague, Ixii (1919), no. 3-4, 15th
January 1920, pp. 157-lGO, 2 plates.

Among the Cerambycid beetles infesting Ficus elastica in Java
[liA.E., A, ii, 533] are Batocera albofasciata and B. gigas, and some
supposed hybrids between these species are here described.

R. Osservatorio di Fitopatologia, Turin, Mthly. Leaflets, Nos. 1-12,
Jauuary-December 1919, 46 pp.

The following is a brief record of some of the injurious insects
reported during the year : — Lepidoptera : Aegeria (Sesia) apiformis
on poplar ; Euxoa (Agrotis) segetum on aster ; Cheimatobia brumata
on cherry ; Clysia ambiguella on vine ; CnethocamjM pityocampa on
pine ; Cossus cossus (ligniperda) on birch, poplar and maple ; Cydia
splendana on chestnut and walnut ; C. pomonella on apple ; C. fune-
hrana on Prunus and apricot ; Dendrolimus {Gastropacha) pruni on

142

Primus ; Hemerophila (Simaelhis) nemorana on fig ; Hyponotneuta
malinellus on apple ; Recurvaria nanella on pear ; Nygmia phaeorrhoea
{Euproctis chrysorrlioea) on pear ; Pieris brassicae on cabbage ;
Plodia interpunctella on Lupinus and maize ; PolycJirosis hotrana on
vine ; Porthetria {Lymantria) dispar and Satumia p)yri on pear.

Coleoptera : Agriotes lineatus on wheat ; Anthonomus pomorum on
pear ; Apion apricans on Medicago saliva ; Bruchus {Laria)
fufimanus in beans ; Byctiscus hetulae {Rhynchites betuleti) on vine ;
Calandra granaria on wheat ; Ceuthorrhynchus sidcicollis on turnips ;
Haltica oleracea on cabbage ; Hylobius abietis in pine ; Magdalis
cerasi on cherry ; Oberea linearis in hazel ; and Scolytus multistriatus
in elm.

Hymenoptera : Hopilocampa brevis on pear ; and Neurotoma
jiaviventris on hawthorn.

Rhynchota : Aonidia lauri on laurel ; Aspidiotus hederae on
oleander and aucuba ; Avlacaspis penlagona on jasmin, hlac, mulberry,
peach, cherry and Pueraria thunbergiana ; A. rosae on rose ; Ceroplastes
rusci on fig ; Chionaspis euonymi on Euonymus ; Chrysomphalus
didyospermi var. pinmdifera on Camellia ; Coccus {Lecanium) elongatus
on laurel ; C. hesperidum on lemon ; Epidiaspis piricola on pear and
apple ; Eulecanium (Lecanium) persicae on acacia ; I eery a purchasi
on lemon and acacia ; Lepidosaphes ulmi [Mytilaspis po^norum) on
pear ; PhysoJcermes piceae on fir ; Stephanitis (Tingis) pyri on pear ;
Aphis rumicis [papaveris] on beans ; A. persicae on peach ; A. pruni
on Prunus ; A. ribis on currant ; A. rosae on rose ; Chermes (Adelges)
abietis on fir ; Eriosoma {Myzoxylus) lanigerum. on apple ; Lachnus
'jyiceae on fir ; and Phylloxera vastatrix on vine.

Diptera : Hylemyia antiqua (Anthomyia ceparum) on onions ;
Contarinia pyrivora on pear ; Perrisia crataegi on hawthorn ;
Rhagoletis cerasi on cherry.

Mites : Eriophyes fraxini on ash ; E. ynacrorrhynchus on maple ;
E. pyri on pear ; E. vitis on vine ; and Tetranychus telarius on Veronica,
vine, Angelica, horse-chestnut and peach.

Maki (M.). Mezurashiki Satoimo no Gaichu, Shirotenkomori ni tsuite.

[On a new Taro-infesting Insect (the White-spotted Hepiahd).] —
Konchu-Sekai [Insect World], Gifu, xxiii, no. 11, 15th November
1919, pp. 397-400, 1 plate.

The Hepiahd moth, Palpifer sexnotatus, Moore, is stated to attack
taro (Calocasia antiquorum) severely, the larva eating the contents of
the bulb. Damage to stored taro often amounts to over 50 per cent.
The author bred and obtained the first adult in March and the second
in May, but was unable to observe the subsequent hfe-history.
Fumigation with carbon bisulphide is suggested against this pest.

Takenouchi (K,). Mitsukuri-Habachi ni tsuite. [On Eriocampa
mitsukurii, Rohwer]. — Konchu-Sekai [Insect World], Gifu, xxiii,
no. 11, 15th November 1919, pp. 400-405, 1 fig.

The sawfly, Eriocampa mitsukurii, Rohwer, which attacks black
alder, is a two-brooded insect ; the overwintered larva pupates at
the end of March and the adult emerges within ten days. The eggs

143

hatch in about ten days and the larva matures within 20 days. The
adults of the second generation appear at the end of August, and the
resulting larvae pupate in the earth in the middle of September.
Both sexes, especially the male, seem to be very short-lived. The
larva is preyed upon to a large extent by Polistes sp., and parasitised
by Diptera.

Maki (M,). Ine o gaisuru Taiwansan Shiroari. [Formosan Termites
attacking Rice.] — ■Konchu-Sekai [Insect World], Gifu, xxiii, no.
12, 15th December 1919, pp. 435^39, 2 figs.

The termites injurious to rice in Formosa and here recorded are : —
Odontotermes formosanus, Shiraki, attacking the plants in the paddy-
field, and Capritermes nitobei, Shiraki, and Procapritermes mushae,
Oshima & Maki, attacking the roots in dry fields.

Kazui (M.). Noshime-Koguga, Plodia inter punctella, ni tsuite. [On
the Indian Meal-moth, Plodia inter punctella.'] — Konchu-Sekai
[Insect World], Gifu, xxiii, no. 12, 15th December, 1919, pp. 445-
449, 1 fig.

Plodia inter punctella is recorded as occurring in the storehouses
of the Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station. It is stated that
the larva eats only the outer husk of the rice grain, so that the effect
is to render it far whiter.

MuRAMATSU (S.). Nashi-Himeshinkui. [The Smaller Pear Borer.]—
Byochugai Zasshi [Journal of Plant Protection], Tokyo, vi, no. 12,
5th December 1919, pp. 19-25.

The smaller pear borer or Japanese peach moth, Cydia (Laspeyresia)
molesta, Busck, is one of the most destructive insects in Korea. This
pest has three generations a year ; it passes the winter in the larval
state and pupates in the middle of May ; the first moths appear at
the end of May and lay their eggs singly on the buds or shoots of the
peach, and the young larvae injure the tip of the twigs. These larvae
pupate in the middle of June and the adults appear at the end of
that month. The moths of this generation oviposit partly on peach-
trees and partly on plum, pear, apricot and apple, the resulting larvae
infesting the twigs as well as the fruits. They pupate at the beginning
of August, and emerging at the end of the month, oviposit on the
fruits. The larvae bore into the pulp and do considerable damage
at this period.

The egg-stage usually lasts about ten days, the pupal eight days
and the larval, other than that which overwinters, 23 or 24 days.
The adults usually live two weeks. As regards injuries to pears, the
Japanese races suffer severely, but are not often attacked. The winter
is passed by the larva in a stout cocoon in crevices of bark, etc., in
the orchards, and in cracks in the ceilings and floors of stores. On
100 pears examined in August an average of 5 eggs and 4 larvae per
fruit were found. The preferred food-plants are pear fruits, peach
fruits, apple fruits, pear shoots, peach shoots and cherry shoots in
the order given.

144

As regards remedial measures, the removal and burning of injured
twigs, the envelopment of the fruit in stout paper bags in June and
July and again in August, spraying with Paris green or sodium arsenate,
picking infested fruits and clean cultivation, are recommended.

Harukawa (T.). I no Habachi no Kenkyu (Yoho). [A Study of
the Eush Saw-fly (Preliminary Report).] — Byochugai Zasshi
[Jourfial of Plant Protection], Tohjo, vii, no. 1, 5th January 1920,
pp. 4-15.

A sawfly infesting rushes [Juncus effusiis), which are used for
making mats, ls known to occur in several prefectures in Japan.
The insect concerned is believed by Rohwer to be a species of
TomostetJivs.

Judging by breeding experiments, the insect has two generations ;
overwintering mature larvae appeared as adults in May and
laid eggs which hatched at the end of the month ; the resulting
larvae pupated in a cocoon in the earth in the middle of July
and emerged at the end of September ; the eggs of this generation
hatched at the middle of October and constructed cocoons at the
end of November. Observations in the field agree with this result
to a great extent, though in nature a few adults are met with at
the beginning of July. In breeding cages the females laid 7-57
eggs, and lived 4-6 days, and the males 4-10 days. As soon
as the adult female emerges, it lays eggs either after or before mating
and in either case the egg is fertile. The eggs are inserted singly
into the tissue of the rush leaf, and the presence of the young larvae
may be detected by a white patch at the infested spot. After 9-15
days wathin the leaf-tissue the larva comes to the surface and attacks
the leaf externally, the damage it does being easily recognised at a
distance by the white colour of the plant. The larva of the June
-July generation remains by day at the base, and at night migrates
to the tip of the leaf ; in larvae of the October generation this habit is
reversed. The larva may be destroyed with poison sprays or with
kerosene emulsion and insect powder, and the adults may be easily
captured with a net. The destruction of the cocoons in the soil is
of importance. Rotation of crops is also recommended.

Okada (T.). Kankitsu no Shingaichu Mikan no Kuromukugemushi
ni tsuite. [On a New Black Thrips attacking Citrus.] — Byochugai
Zasshi [Journal of Plant Protection], Tokyo, vii, no. 1. 5th January
1920, pp. 23-25, 1 plate.

This thrips is of recent occurrence as a citrus pest in the Shidzuoka
Prefecture, and the infestation is believed to have come from Eurya
japonica grown near the orange groves. When first discovered, the
navel orange was attacked, but afterwards other varieties of orange
as well as tea, mulberry and other trees became infested. The
attacked orange fruits not only lose their value for sale, but are
unsuitable for preserving. Repeated spraying with kerosene emulsion
or pine resin mixture has proved to be efficacious against this pest.

145

Bodkin (G. E.). Rice Pests in British Guiana. — Jl. Bd. Agric. British
Guiana, Demerara, xii, no. 4, October 1919, pp. 248-250.
[Eeceived 2nd February 1920.]

Rice pests include:— The moths, Mods {Remigia) repanda, F., of
which the larvae destroy the foliage of mature plants ; Laphygma
fnigiperda, S. & A., which chiefly infests the foliage of young nursery
plants ; Maenas laboidbenei, Bar, the aquatic larva of which destroys the
foliage ; Dialraea saccharaiis, L., the larvae of which bore in the stem ;
an ant, Solenopsis pylades, For., which hollows out the stems of full-
grown plants ; a froghopper, Tomaspis flavilatera, Urich ; the
JPentatoraids, Mormidea ypsilon, L., which destroys the developing .

ears, and Tibraca limhaliventris, Stal ; and a locust, Conocephaloides \/^
maxillosHS, F., which destroys the foliage [see also R.A.E., A, ii, ^
568, etc.].

The Wild Birds Protection Ordinance.— JL Bd. Agric. British Guiana,
Demerara, xii, no. 4, October 1919, pp. 288-290. [Received 2nd
February 1920.]

A list is here given of the families of wild birds that are protected
by law in British Guiana.

Lime-Sulphur Spray following Bordeaux.— iV. Z. Jl. Agric, Wellington,
xix, no. 6, 20th December 1919, pp. 371-374.

Experiments show that lime-sulphur following Bordeaux mixture,
has not reduced the apple crop in any way ; on the other hand the
foliage is much healthier than when Bordeaux mixture only is used,
the efficacy of both the sprays being the same.

McGregor (E. A.). The Red Spiders of America and a few European
Species likely to be introduced. — Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Washington,
B.C., Ivi, no. 2303, 1919, pp. 641-679, 6 plates.

A key is given to the following genera of red spiders : — Anychus.
iwen. n., containing A. banksi, Meg., from Florida, and A. rusti, Meg., on
Carica papaya in Peru ; Neotetr anychus, Trag. ; Schizotetr anychus.
Trag. ; Tetranychus, Duf. ; Septanychus, gen. n., containing S. tumidus,
Banks, and S. quinquenychus, Meg., from Florida ; and Paratetr anychus,
Zach.

Keys are also given to the species of each of these genera to the
number of 32 including Tetranychus pacificus, sp. n., on mock orange
{Philadelphus gordonianus), Vicia spp., and wild currant (Ribcs s-pp.)
m Oregon, and on chinaberr}^ in California.

Tragardh in 1915 [R.A.E., A, iii, 253] placed bicolor. Banks, and
inodestus. Banks, in Neotetranychis, but these species are now trans-
ferred to Paratetranychus. The author differs from the views of
Ewing [R.A.E., A, iii, 63] as to the synonyms of Tetranychus telarius.
L. He treats T. bimaculatus, Harv., and T. sexmacidatus, Riley, as
distinct species, and T. gloveri. Banks, as a synonym of T. bimaculatus.
It is doubtful whether the true T. telarius occurs in North America
-at all.

146

Laing (F.). On the Genus Antheroides, Haliday (Aphidae). — Entom.
Mthly. Mag., London, 3rd Series, no. 62, February 1920, pp. 38-45,
5 figs.

The genus Antheroides, Hal, is defined and compared with Sipha.

Descriptions are also given of Antheroides junci, sp. n., on rushes in
England ; A. brevicomis, sp. n., and A. serrulatus, Hal., on grasses in
England. Sipha paradoxa, Theo., is possibly a synonym of the
last-named. Antheroides hirtellus, Hal., found on J uncus articidatus
and grasses in England and Ireland, is redescribed.

Eamakeishna Ayyar (T. V.). A Contribution to our Knowledge of
South Indian Coccidae.— .^l^rnc. Res. Inst., Pusa, Bull. 87, 1919,
50 pp., 16 plates, 36 figs. [Received 6th February 1920.]

The classification, general features and life-history of Coccids,
their distribution and means of dispersal, as well as their enemies, are
discussed. This list of 129 species, only 40 of which have been previously
recorded from S. India, includes many that have been noticed in a
previous paper [R.A.E., A, vii, 402].

Haviland (M. D.). Preliminary Note on the Life History of Lygocerus
(Proctotrypidae), Hyperparasite of Aphidius. — Proc. Camb. Phil.
Soc., Cambridge, xix, no. 6, pp. 293-295.

Certain Braconids are well-known parasites of Aphids, pupating
within the dry skin of the Aphid host. Aphidius is itself frequently
parasitised by Cynipids, Chalcids and Proctotrupids. In the case of
the last-named, there has been some doubt as to whether they are
hyperparasites or merely parasites of the Aphids.

The present paper records observations in 1919 on two Proctotrupids
of the genus Lygocerus, Tj. testa ceimanus, KiefE., a hyperparasite of
Aphidius solids, Hal., parasitic on Aphis saliceti, Kalt., on willows ;
and Ij. cafneroni, Kiefi^., a hyperparasite of Aphidius ervi, Hal., parasitic
on Macrosiphum urticae, on nettles. While the latter species was
chiefly observed, the notes probably apply to either. L. testaceimanus
would also oviposit on Aphidius ervi. The larvae of these Proctotru-
pids are also found feeding on the larvae of Chalcid or Cynipid hyper-
parasites of Aphids. In one case under observation Macrosiphum
urticae was parasitised by Aphidius ervi. The latter had been hyper-
parasitised by a Chalcid of species unknown, which immediately after
pupation had been attacked by another undetermined hyperparasite,
either Chalcid or Cynipid. This second hyperparasite had in turn
been attacked by L. cameroni, the larva being in the second instar
when the cocoon was opened.

L. cameroni was fairly abundant about Cambridge in 1919, from
mid-July to the end of August. The female selects an Aphid cocoon
containing a full-grown larva or 2iewly-formed pupa of Aphidius and
oviposits on to the abdomen of Aphidius as it hes curled within the
Aphid. The egg hatches in about 20 hours, and there are four larval
instars, lasting 20 to 24 hours, about 36 hours, 35 to 40 hours and about
2 days respectively. During the second instar the host usually dies
and its body becomes blackened and shrunken. L. cameroni pupates
in the cocoon made by the Braconid inside the skin of the Aphids ;

147

pupation lasts from 14 to IG days, and the adult escapes by gnawing
a hole on the upper side of the cocoon. At least two generations
occur in a season, the adult life generally lasting 5 or 6 days and
sometimes as long as 10 days. In captivity the adults fed on the sap
oozing from cut leaves and on honey-dew, but they seemed to live as
long and remain as vigorous without food.

DicKERSON (E. L.) & Weiss (H. B.). The Life-history and Early
Stages of Platymetopius hyalinus, Osb., a Japanese Leaf-hopper
in New Jersey. — Ann. Entom. Soc. America, Columbus, Ohio, xii,
no. 4, December 1919, pp. 369-372. [Eeceived 9th February
1920.]

Platymetopius hyalinus, Osb., has been observed to be more or less
abundant in New Jersey during the last few years on Japanese maple
{Acer palmatum). From observations made during the summer of
1918, when the species was abundant on the Norway maple,
A. jjlatanoides var. globosum, it was found that hibernation occurs in
the egg-stage, each egg being deposited singly just under the bark
close to a bud on the recent grow^th of the twig. Groups of two to
five eggs occasionally occurred, though they were always separated
from each other. Hatching began about 1st June and continued
for nearly a month, first-stage nymphs being found as late as July.
From eggs hatching in early June, adults appeared early in July, so
that the five nymphal stages require about one month, probably less
in very warm w^eather. AH nymphal stages and adults may be found
diu-ing the first half of July, but adults are most plentiful during late
July and early August. The eggs that remain through the winter
are then deposited. The nymphs feed on the lower leaf -surf aces
and seem to prefer the shaded portions of the tree. All stages of the
insect are described. In view of the wide distribution of Japanese
maple as an ornamental tree, P. hyalinus has probably been introduced
into many other eastern locaUties.

Treherne (R. C). Notes on the Aeolothripidae. — Proc. Entom.. Soc.
Brit. Columbia, Victoria, Svstematic Series, no. 12, February
1918, 1919, pp. 27-33, 20 figs. [Received 10th February 1920.]

This paper includes keys to the sub-famihes and genera of
Aeolothripidae as well as to the species of Aeolothrips, Hal.

ToTHiLL (J. D.). Natural Control Investigations in British Columbia.
— Proc. Entom. Soc. Brit. Columbia, Victoria, Systematic Series,
no. 12, February 1918, 1919, pp. 37-39. [Received 10th February
1920.]

It is probable that barriers within the hmits of the Dominion of
Canada are affecting the distribution of parasitic and predaceous
enemies of insects ; thus a Tachinid which for years was responsible
for the destruction of over 60 pet cent, of the fall webworm {Hyphantria
cunea) became exterminated as another parasite which was able to
oviposit in wet weather monopohsed its host. In a similar manner
the principal parasites of the forest tent caterpillar {Malacosoma
disstria) were indirectlv killed off bv a hght frost in June.

148

The liberation of parasites of M. pluvialis is suggested as a means
of combating M. disstria in districts where the parasites of the latter
are absent.

Hypliantria cunea (fall webworm) is parasitised in British Columbia
by an undescribed Tachinid, unknown in Eastern Canada, whereas
the mite, Hemisarcoptes malus, which is predaceous on the oyster-shell
scale [Lepidosaphes ulmi] in Eastern Canada and the eastern United
States, is apparently absent in British Columbia. Experimental
colonies of this mite have been liberated at several points and will be
kept under observation during the next few years.

DiLLE (A.). How Teachers may use Publications on the Control of
Diseases and Insect enemies of the Home Garden. — U.S. Dept.
Agric, WaHliington, D.C., Dept. Circ, no. 68, September 1919,
4 pp. [Eeceived 10th February 1920.]

The contents of this paper are indicated by its title.

WoKSHAM (E. L.). Control of Insects attacking stored Products. —

Georgia State Bd. Entoni., Atlanta, Circ. no. 22, [n.d.] 1 p.
[Received 10th February 1920.]

The insects commonly found attacking stored grain are dealt
with and the usual remedial measures advocated.

Briggs (G.). Report of the Agronomist and Horticulturist. — Rept.
Guam Agric. Expt. Sta. 1918, Washington, 14th October 1919,
pp. 29-59, 7 plates. [Received 10th February 1920.]

Serious damage was caused by Pyrausta mihilalis (European corn
borer) and Leptocorisa varicornis (rice bug) to sorghum. The latter
also caused serious injury to rice.

Other pests of rice include two Pyralids, one of which folds the
leaves on which it feeds and can as yet only be controlled by hand-
picking, the other bores upwards in the stems, especially near the
joints. The suspension of irrigation may prove an effective remedial
measure against this pest.

Tobacco is attacked by a Grylhd, and the moths, Heliothis assidta
and //. obsoleta, which were successfully checked by the use of a spray
consisting of 4 lb. of lead arsenate paste, 4 lb. of hme and 100 U.S.
gals, of water, apphed as often as twice a week during the rainy
season.

Considerable damage was caused to coconut trees by a scale which
had been identified as Aspidiotus oceanica, but is now beheved to be
A. destructor. Tliis scale was also abundant on fruit and fohage of
bananas, papaws and bread-fruit.

HousER (J. S.). Destructive Insects affecting Ohio Shade and
Forest Trees. — Ohio Agric. Expt. Sta., Wooster, Bull. 332,
November 1918, pp. 161-487, 70 plates. [Received 10th February
1920.]

This bulletin supplements one pubhshed more than ten years
previously. Since that time much information has been accumulated
pertaining to the control of insects affecting shade-trees in Ohio,

149

and the public are far more interested than formerly in the preser-
vation of their shade and ornamental trees. The factors associated
with insect control in cities are discussed. Spraying machinery and
accessories are described, with spraying formulae and the usual control
measures such as banding, etc. Some account is given of the chief
insects attacldng fohage, scale and other sucking insects and borers.
A useful and comprehensive index is appended.

DE Ong (E. E.). The Red Spider.— MA/y. Bull. Cal. Dept. Jgric,
Sacramento, viii, no. 11-12, November-December 1919, pp.
679-680. [Received 11th February 1920.]

The method of feeding of the mites known as red spiders and the
role of chlorophyll in the hfe of trees is discussed. As the food of
red spiders consists chiefly of chlorophyll the plants attacked are very
much weakened and rendered more susceptible to injury by frost.
Remedial measures such as sulphur should be applied in the early
summer before the damage done becomes noticeable.

Weld (L. H.). U.S. Bur. Entom. A New Parasitic Cynipid reared
• from a Clover Aphid. (Hym.) — Entom. News, Philadelphia,

Pa., xxxi, no. 1, January 1920, pp. 14-16.

Charips leguminosa, sp. n., is described. It is possibly a parasite
of the clover aphis, Anuraphis {Aphis) haJceri, Cow., but as it was
reared in cages with Aphelinus lapsiligni. How., the most important
parasite of this Aphid, it is suggested that it maybe a hyperparasite.

A key to the species of the genus Charips, Hal., is given.

Baerg (W. J.). An unusual Case of Parasitism on Clastoptera obtusa.
Say. (Hemip., Cercopidae ; Dip., Drosophilidae.) — Entom. News,
Philadelphia, xxxi, no. 1, January 1920, pp. 20-21, 1 fig.

The author records finding spittle masses of Clastoptera obtusa
on alder (Alnus americana) inhabited by small Dipterous larvae which
were identified as being those of Drosophila inversa, Wlk. [see also
R.A.E., A, vii, 139]. Many of the larvae were found on nymphs
of the spittle insect, but apparently they do no damage beyond
bruising and irritating the sides of the abdomen to which they are
attached, and are parasitic only in as much as they use the excess
of sap drawn from the plant by C. obtusa and utihse the spittle insect
as a means of transportation. Apparently these larvae are exclusively
parasitic upon C. obtusa, as nymphs of C. proteus which were abundant
on Viburnum close to the alders showed no signs of infestation. From
pupae of D. inversa, adults were reared and also a few Hymenopterous
parasites identified as Cynipids of the subfamily Eucoilinae.

Ballou (H. a.), a Weevil attacking Agave. — Agric. News, Barbados,
xix, no. 462, 10th January 1920, p. 10.

A weevil, Scyphophorus acupunctatus, Gyl., has recently been
reported as attacking Agave in Cura9ao. Tliis insect is apparently
a, native of Mexico, where it is very abundant, and has also been
recorded in Java, East Africa, Haiti and Cuba. Both larvae and

150

adults are found in large numbers in the stem and leaf -bases of plants
of Agave franheera that have not yet formed a pole. The insect
has also been found attacking A. vivipara, where it occurs only in the
" bull-end " of the flower-pole ; A. sisalana does not appear to be
attacked. The weevil has distinct potentiaUty for harm in locahties
where henequen cultivation is being started, and if, as is surmised,
the insect is introduced with planting material, such material should
only be obtained from locahties where the species does not occur.
The weevil, if once estabhshed, would be extremely difficult to control
and almost impossible to exterminate except by eradication of its
food-plants. It is j)ossible that some parasite may be found in Mexico
or Central America that could be transported with advantage to the
locahties where it has recently been introduced.

Ballou (H. a.). An Observation on Ants. — Agric. News, Barbados,
xix, no. 462, 10th January 1920, pp. 10-11.

A case is recorded of a house in Barbados that was seriously infested
with a small red ant, and although remedial measures were tried
for several months and the numbers were shghtly reduced, eradication
seemed impossible. A small colony of the crazy ant, Prenolepis
longicornis, subsequently became estabhshed in the house and at
the present time it is found all over the house, while the red ant has
entirely disappeared.

Sanders (G. E.) & Kelsall (A.). The Use of White Arsenic as an
Insecticide in Bordeaux Mixture. — Agric. Gaz. Canada, Ottawa,
vii, no. 1, January 1920, pp. 10-12.

As a result of three years' investigation on the various methods of
using white arsenic, a method of preparation is described which is
safe and simple and results in a product that compares favourably
with other more complicated and expensive forms of arsenicals. The
advantages of using white arsenic are its low cost, varying from
one-fifth to one-tenth per unit of arsenic over that of other arsenicals,
and its concentrated form. The disadvantages generally alleged
against it are the difficidty with which it mixes with water, its poor
physical condition, the low killing value sometimes reported for it
and its caustic action on foliage. These disadvantages can all be
overcome if the following method is carefully adhered to. The arsenic
used must be superfine, that is, guaranteed to pass a screen of 250
meshes to the inch. It is immaterial whether high calcium or dolomite
lime is used, though the former is preferred. To make 10 gals, of
copper sulphate stock solution the vessel should be filled with 10 gals,
water into which is sifted a mixture of 1 lb. white arsenic and 1 lb.
hvdrated lime. This should be thoroughly stirred and in it should be
suspended a sack containing 10 lb. crystal copper sulphate. The mix-
ture should be stirred occasionally while the copper sulphate is
dissolving. The solution should be made at least 24 hours before it is
used, and when made, it will keep indefinitely. It should be stirred
thoroughly before it is diluted. The poisoned Bordeaux mixture
made in this way will have the desirable physical characteristics of
ordinary Bordeaux mixture, while its fungicidal value is unimpaired.

151

Strickland (E. H.). The Cottonwood Leaf-mining Beetles in Southern
Alberta.— C'a«a(/. Entom., London, Onf., lii, no. 1, Januarv 1920,
pp. ]-5, 4 figs.

Zeugophora scutellaris, Suft'r., and Z. ahnormis, Lee. (cotton wood
and poplar leaf-mining beetles) are responsible for much damage in
Alberta and Saskatchewan to cottonwoods and other poplars that have
proved to be the best species for shade and ornamental purposes in
those regions. Z. scutellaris appears in the adult stage feeding on
the leaves about 15th June, and from that date until the end of the
month its numbers increase rapidly. The beetles are generallv most
abundant on the smaller-leaved varieties of cottonwood and are
always more numerous on the sheltered side of the tree and on trees in
sheltered situations. Towards the end of the month mating occurs,
and within a few days eggs are deposited within half an inch of the leaf
margin where^ the veins are very fine, several being laid in one leaf
but many failing to hatch. Soon after oviposition, the tissues above
the egg-cavity turn brown. The larvae, immediately upon hatching,
begin to enlarge the cavity in which they have hatched, feeding on
the leaf cells just under the upper epidermis. This causes the lower
tissues of the leaf to turn black, the discoloration showing through the
transparent upper epidermis. A large blister made by the tunnels
of various larvae may contain many individuals, though only one
usually survives. By mid-September most of the larvae are mature,
and break through the thin upper surface of the leaf to fall to the
ground. After burrowing some inches below the surface they
construct a cavity in which they hibernate.

Z. ahnormis is rarely seen on cottonwood but is abundant on balm of
Gilead {Populus halsamifera). The life-history is similar in both
species, but as many as 50 eggs of Z. abnormis may be laid in a single
leaf ; about 28 per cent, of these fail to hatch, the larvae are more
gregarious and as many as seven healthy individuals have been found
in one blister. The greatest damage is to foliage 6 to 10 feet from the
ground and is always worst on sheltered trees ; leaves towards the
centre of the tree are seldom attacked. Z. abnormis does not occur
annually in such large numbers as Z. scutellaris, but in some years is
very abundant on the comparativel}- small numbers of its food-plant.

Egg-parasites of both species are numerous, particularly a Mymarid
reared from Z. abnormis. Over 40 per cent, of the eggs contained
various stages of this parasite. Sprays of 1 oz. Paris green and 4 oz.
slaked lime to 10 gals, water gave better results than lead arsenate ;
the spray must be directed to the underside of the leaves with an angle
nozzle, and should be applied as soon as the beetles appear in any
numbers. Spraying operations must be general, owing to the powers
of flight of the beetles.

Takahashi (R.). a new Genus and Species of Aphid from Japan.

(Hera.).— Camrf. Entom., London, Ont., lii, no. 1, January 1920,
pp. 19-20, 1 fig.

For a new Aphid that has been found in the leaves of Podocarpus
macrophylla, the genus Neophyllaphis has been erected ; it is compared
with Phyllaphis, Koch, to which it is closely related. The type species,

152

to which the name N. podocarpi is given, is here described in its various-
forms from Tokyo, Japan. The species is rather inactive in habit.
Both winged and wingless forms appear in May and later, in the second
and subsequent generations. The sexuparae are wingless but the
oviparous female as well as the male is winged, these forms appearing
during September. As is frequently the case among Siphonophorina,
wingless viviparous females may give birth to both winged and wingless
progeny, but winged females produce only wingless forms.

Greenidea kuwanae, Perg., Trichosiphum temiicorpus, Okag., and
Cervaphis quercus, Tak., resemble N. podocarpi in that the oviparous
females are winged.

King (J. L.). The Angoumois Grain Moth (Sitotroga cerealella,
Oliv.). — Penn. Dept. Agric, Bur. Plant Indust., Harrisburg,
Circ. 1, January 1920, 14 pp., 1 plate, 2 figs.

This popular bulletin has been written to replace one published
several years ago, siace when the damage done to wheat by the Angou-
mois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella, has become more serious and has
spread to new areas [R.A.E., A, vii, 543]. The life-history and
habits of the moth are described and recommendations given for its
control [loc. cit.. vi, 202].

Thorne (C. E.). Entomology.— 37«/i Ann. Rept. 1917-1918, Ohio
Agric. Expt. Sta., Wooster, Bull. 325, June 1918, pp. x-xi.
[Received 17th February 1920.]

An outUne of the work of the entomological division during 1917-1918
is given, with a hst of the publications issued during that period.

Veitch (E.). The Cane Beetle Borer in Fiji {Rhabdocnemis obscura,
Boisd.). — Colonial Sugar Refining Co., Ltd. [Fiji], Agric. Rept.,
no. 4. Sydney, October 1919, 23 pp., 1 plate. [Received 20th
February 1920.]

The information contaiaed in this paper has alreadv been noticed
[R.A.E., A, V, 52-54 ; viii, 25].

Smith (T. A. J.). Tobacco Culture. JZ. Dept. Agric. Victoria,
Melbourne, xvii, no. 12, 15th December 1919, pp. 755-756.

Cutworms are very troublesome pests of tobacco in Victoria. The
poison-bait recomLmended for them consists of 1 lb. Paris green or
arsenic to 50 lb. bran, with sufficient water and molasses to moisten
it. Another pest of the growing crop is the caterpillar of a Sphingid
moth, which may attack the plants at all times from transplantation
up to harvest. The remedies suggested are hand-collection and the
use of a spray consisting of 1 lb. Paris green to 200 gals, of water,
applied as a fine mist. 'J'he young, tender leaves ia the centre of the
plant should be thoroughly sprayed as soon as the caterpillars appear.

153

NiCHOLLS (H. M.). The Woolly Aphis {Eriosoma lanigera).— Tasmania
Agric. & Stock Dept., Hobart, Bull. 83, 1919, 8 pp. [Received
26th February 1920.]

The origin and early records of Eriosoma lanigerum (woolly aphis)
are discussed, and the life-history is given. This differs very little
from that in other countries outside America, though the winged
form is not seen abundantly in Tasmania but appears to be recognised
in New South Wales, where it is observed about mid-summer. As
the wingless forms are found on the trees all the year round they
evidently do not rely on the winged forms for carrying on the genera-
tions, as is the case in severer climates. The winged females produce
living young and these continue reproducing until late in autumn
and sometimes throughout the winter. At the beginning of autumn
males and oviparous females begin to appear. In Australia, there is
no evidence that E. lanigerum ever migrates from the apple to any
other food-plant.

Apple-trees in Tasmania may have every appearance of heavy infesta-
tion by this Aphid, and have been in that condition for many years,
without apparently suffering in any way, but in some of the drier
parts of the State the pest causes a good deal of damage, especially
to young trees. Experiments in Tasmania with resistant varieties
of apple-stock have been disappointing, but further tests are required
and the discovery of resistant roots that would grow freely in somewhat
poor soils would be very desirable.

The usual remedial measures against E. lanigermn are recommended.
Young trees should be dipped or fumigated previous to planting.
For slightly infested trees, Blackleaf 40 can safely be used at all
times of the year. Sprays of red oil or crude petroleum have given
satisfaction in some of the drier parts of Australia but are of doubtful
value under the moist conditions frequently prevailing in Tasmania.
These sprays can only be used during the dormant season. Against
Aphids on the roots the usual remedies practised in other countries
are described. A treatment recommended by the New Zealand
Government consists of 4 lb. sublimed sulphur boiled with water in
an iron pot, to which is added 1 lb. caustic potash previously dissolved
in water. When the sulphur has dissolved and the mixture is hot,
as much colza or other vegetable oil as will make a thick paste is
added. The mixture is painted, while warm, round the butt of the
tree. Rain washes it down to the roots and the oil will tend to
preserve its strength for years.

Thomas (P. H.). Small-Fruit Culture. — Tasmania Agric. & Stock
Dept., Hobart, Bull. 87, 1919, 16 pp., 12 figs. [Received 20th
February 1920.]

Black and red currants in Tasmania are very liable to attack by
Aegeria tipuliformis, Clerck (currant borer). The larvae penetrate
the pithy centres of the various parts of the bush and burrow down-
wards, eventually killing the parts attacked. Control is somewhat
difficult and must be by concerted effort in any district if it is to
be successful. All aft'ected ptirts of the bushes should be removed
and burnt during early spring.

(664) B

154

Several species of scale-insects also attack currant bushes. These
may be controlled by an application of lime and sulphur, about 1 part
of concentrate (33° Be.) to 10 or 12 parts of water, applied during the
dormant period.

Feoggatt (W. W.). Poison Baits for White Ants. — Agric. Gaz.
N.S.W., Sydney, xxxi, no. 1, 2nd January 1920, p. 46.
The resistant properties of various Australian timbers in relation
to termites are not yet sufficiently known. A poison bait is recom-
mended consisting of 1 oz. arsenic to 1 lb. treacle, or sodium arsenite
might advantageously be substituted for the arsenic. This should
be dissolved in hot water and then mixed with the treacle. The bait
should be poured into the woodwork of floors or joists and percolates
through any damaged wood. A mixture of 1 oz. Paris green and
1 lb. pollards, brought to the consistency of putty by the addition
of a little sweetened water, has also been found useful. This should
be forced into any wood that it is not desired to remove.

Froggatt (W. W.). Notes on the Apple Root Weevil {Leptops
hopei).^Agnc. Gaz. N.S.W., Sydney, xxxi, no, 1, 2nd January
1920, pp. 56-60, 7 figs.

Observations are recorded on Leptops hopei (apple-root weevil),
which was studied in an infested orchard where the larvae were eating
away the bark from the main roots of apple trees and causing the roots
to rot. From the irregular development of larvae and pupae it
seems probable that there is an emergence of beetles towards the
end of summer as well as the main emergence in September and
October. Eggs were found early in November, when the beetles
were collecting on the tips of the highest branches of apple trees
and eating the foliage, and are deposited between the two gummed
surfaces of a folded leaf. Weevils enclosed on apple branches in
mosquito-net bags were found to deposit from 33 to 97 eggs in each
patch. These hatched in about a week. The young larvae, though
legless, are very active, and descend the trunk to the roots. When
mature they leave the apple roots and have been found pupating in
an earthern cell several inches away from the roots and over two
feet below the ground surface, whence the adults emerge and crawl
up the tree-trunk to the foliage.

As the beetles are found to ascend the trunk from early September
until the end of November, it is suggested that an inverted funnel
or a frill of tin or stiff oiled paper over which they could not crawl
should be placed round the tree-trunk and examined every week
during this period for adults sheltering there. To capture the small
larvae as they descend the trunk a band of sticky paper could be
tied round it, well above the ground. If the beetles reach the leaves
the highest foliage should be sprayed with lead arsenate.

Report on the Occurrence of Insect and Fungus Pests on Plants in
England and Wales, in the Year 1918.— M. Agric. & Fisheries
Intelligence Dept.^ Plant Disease Branch, London, Miscellaneous
Publications, no. 23, 1920, pp. 5-15 & 29-42.

The pests damaging cereals include : A thrips, probably Limothrips
denticornis, Hal., or L. cerealium, Hal., which caused sterile spikelets

155

in oats ; Tipula paludosa, Meig., which attacked spring-sown cereals,
especially oats, as well as autumn-sown wheat and rye ; T. vernalis,
Meig. ; Hylemyia coarctata, Fall., which was apparently less destructive
than in 1917 ; Chlorops taeniopus, Meig. ; Oscinella {Oscinis) Jrit, L.,
which was less abundant than usual ; wireworms, which were very
abundant ; Phylloireta vittula, Redt., which caused severe damage
to barley in May and June and was also found on oats, young maize
and Agrostis alba ; and Tylenchiis scandens, Schneid., which was
unusually abundant.

Potatoes were attacked by Calocoris norvegicus, Gmel. {bipimctatus,.
L.), Capsid bugs, Lygus spp., and Hydroecia micacea, Esp. Swedes
were injured by Agrotis spp. Other pests of root crops include :
Chaetocnema {Plectroscelis) concinna, Marsh., on young mangel
plants ; Phyllotreta nemorum, L., and P. undidata, Kutsch.

Pests of pulse crops include : Bruchus nifimanus. Boh., which
was found attacking 30 per cent, of the bean crop in Cambridgeshire
and 90 per cent, in Bedfordshire ; B. pisormn, L. {pisi, L.) ; B. affinis,
Frol., on broad beans ; B. obtectus, Say, on Canadian wonder beans ;
Sitones lineatus, L., which chiefly attacked late-sown peas and against
which a wash consisting of 2 oz. washing soda, 1 oz. carbolic soft
soap and 1 gal. water applied to the ground round the plants proved
successful.

Anthonomus pomormn, L. (apple-blossom weevil) was particularly
abundant, but was checked in several cases by the application of a
lime and salt spray when the buds were bursting. Black currant
buds were seriously infested by a mite, Eriophjes ribis, Nal.

Owing to the apparent shortage of lead arsenate, alternative poisons
for mandibulate insects were tested, including barium chloride,
calcium arsenate and pyridine, but according to F. V. Theobald these
substitutes are useless. Barium chloride, 2 lb. to 10 gals, of water,
was only effective against the larvae of the ermine moths, Hypono-
meula spp. Tests with calcium arsenate by F. R. Petherbridge and
with barium chloride by F. J. Chittenden show that both these insec-
ticides give rise to a considerable degree of scorching.

A general list of all insects and fungi reported for the year is given
arranged under the various crops attacked.

Tryon (H.). Report of the Entomologist and Vegetable Pathologist.
■ — Queensland Ann. Rept. Dept. Agric. & Stock for the Year 1916-
1917, Brisbane, 1917, pp. 49-63. [Received 11th February 1920.]

The chief pests recorded for the year under review include : Hetero
dera radicicola which caused root-gall on sugar-cane, potatoes,
tomatoes, passion vine and grape-vine. Maize was attacked by
Cirphis {Leucania) unipuncta (army worm), Dichocrocis punctiferalis
(smaller maize borer), Calandra oryzae, Scarabaeids, Elaterids, Gryllo-
talpa africana and Forficulids, Wheat was injured by Elaterids,
Calandra oryzae and Sitotroga cereallela. AulacopJiora olivieri occurred
in several instances on pumpkins. Haltica solani (potato flea-beetle)
and Phthorimaea operculella caused injury to potatoes.

Cotton pests include : Agrotis sp. ; Dichocrocis punctiferalis
(Queensland bollworm no. 1) ; Earias insulana (Queensland boll-
worm no. 2) ; grasshoppers ; Tectocoris banJcsi (shield bug) ; Dysdercus

(664) b2

156

sp. ; and Oxycarenus luctuosus (small black cotton bug). Epilaclina
vigintioctopunctata and Heliothis obsoleta {armigera) infested tomatos.
Cabbages were attacked by Plutella jnaculipennis {cruciferarum)
(diamond -back caterpillar), Helliila undalis and Brevicoryne {Aphis)
hrassicae. Thrips tabaci ? was abundant on onions ; cucumbers
were injured by Leptoglossus tnembranaceus, a bug that also caused
great damage to Citrus. Agro?nyza phaseoli seriously injured beans.

Orchard pests include : Dacus ferrugineus [Bactrocera tryoni),
Aphis persicae-niger,Dichocrocis punctiferalis and Gryllus sp. on peaches ;
Aphis sp. on plums ; a Pyralid, Aphytoceros lucusalis (shoot-boring
•caterpillar) and an undetermined scale-insect on figs ; Eriosoma
lanigerum (woolly aphis) and Aspidiotxs perniciosus (San Jose scale)
on apples ; Bryobia sp. and Protaetia mandarinea (fruit-eating
Cetoniid) on pears.

Citrus was attacked by Oncoscelis sulciventris (bronze sucking bug),
Siphanta galeata (torpedo bug), Chrysomphalus aurantii (red scale),
C. aonidum (circular black scale), Ceroplastes rubens (pink wax scale),
Icerya purchasi (cottony cushion scale), Lepidosaphes beckii {Myti-
laspis fulva) (mussel scale), Pseudococcus adonidv.m {Dacfylopius
longispinus) (mealy bug), Saissetia (Lecanium) nigra, Coccus {L.)
hesperidiim, the mites Eriophyes {Typhlodromus) oleivorus and Tenui-
palptis sp., JJracanthus cryptophagus (stem-girdling beetle borer),
Curculionids and fruit-sucking moths {Ophideres).

Cosmopolites sordidus (weevil borer), Thrips sp., and a Noctuid,
Tirocala phgiafa, attacked bananas ; Pseudococcus [Dactylopius)
bromeliae infested pine-apples and Achaea Janata {Ophiusa melicerta)
castor-oil plants.

Eoses were attacked by Icerya pvrchasi, Coccus longidus, Chrysom-
phalus aurantii ■ and C. aonidum,. Laburnum trees {Cassia breivsteri)
were injured by a wood-boring caterpillar and a Cetoniid beetle,
Protael ia mandarin m .

Other miscellaneous insects include : the lucerne webworm, Tortrix
divulsana {glaphyrana), which did enormous damage, a Jassid, grass-
hoppers and Prodenia litura {testaceoides) on lucerne {Medicago sativa);
a Pyralid, Hypsiptyla robusta (cedar twig borer) and Asjndiotus
(Euasjndiotus) lataniae (white cedar scale) on red cedar {Cedrela toona);
Pajnlio aegeus on crows ash {Flindersia) ; a gall-producing caterpillar
destroying the foliage of tallowwood {EucalyjMis microcorys) ; an un-
determined Tortricid, Anobium sp.. Platypus solidus, the Curculionids,
Orthorrhinus cylindrirostris and Euthirrhinus meditabundus, and the
Oedemerid, Selenopselaphus {Selenopalpus) cyaneus, on Araucaria
bidwilli ; the Scolytids, Crossotarsus armipennis and Hylesinus pseudo-
mori, on waddy\^iood {Pseudomorus brunnoniana) ; the Cossids,
Xyleutes boisduvali on grey gum {Eucalypitus tereticornis) and Endoxyla
eucalypti on Acacia sp. ; a Gelechiid moth, Cryptophaga irrorata, on
forest oak {Casuarina inophloia) and river oak {C. cunninghami) ;
Epicoma {Teara) tephrosia ? on white cedar {Melia composita) ; a Pierid
butterfly, Terias hecabe, on locust trees {Robinia spp.); and a mite,
Phyllocoptes lycopersici, which caused rosette disease and fruit sterility
of tomatos.

The lantana seed-fly, Agroinyza sp., has been imported from
Honolulu for the purpose of destroying lantana, and has become
established in certain districts, as has also the wild cochineal insect,

157

Dactijlopius {Cocms) co»fi(SKS indicus, Green, which was introduced
for the suppression of the prickly pear, Opimtia monocantha. The
work of this insect however is greatly impaired by a predatory
Coccinellid beetle, Cryplolaemus monirouzieri.

The pests intercepted in quarantine during the year include :
Pedinopkom (Gelechia) gossijpiella (pink bollworm) on cotton from
Egypt ; a cotton stainer, Dysdercus sp., on cotton seed from Papua ;
Dkitraea sp. and Chionaspis sp. on sugar-cane from Java ; EpJiestia
sp. and Tenehroides mauritanica in dried fruit from Portugal ; Alplii-
tobius piceus in bags of rice from the East ; Bruchus ? ramiconiis
and Bruchus sp. in algaroba {Prosopis juliflora) from Argentina ;
Rhizoglyphus sp. in avocado (Persea) seeds from Fiji and in bulbs from
England ; Heiewbostrychus pileatus and Dinoderus sp. in wood of
tea chests from India ; and Asterolecanium sp. on the bark of a stake
received with plants from New Zealand.

Tryon (H.). Report of the Entomologist and Vegetable Pathologist.

— Queensland Ann. Repl. Dept. Agric. and Stock for the
Year 1918-1919, Brisbane, 1919, pp. 37-49. [Received 11th
February 1920.]

The chief pests dealt with during the year under review in addition
to those recorded in the preceding paper include : Epilachna vigin-
tiocto punctata infesting potatoes ; Herse {CJiaerocampa) convolvuli on
sweet potato ; a Pyralid caterpillar, Endotricha puncticostalis, on
pea-nuts (Araehis). Cotton was infested by a Noctuid, Anomis crosa
{Cosmophila xanthindyma), Earias huegeli, Oxycarenus luctuosus,
Dysdercus sidae, and a defoliating beetle, ? Monolepta rosea..
Cucurbitaceae were attacked by Aulacophora hilaris and Eptilachna
vigintioctopunctata, though the latter did not attack water-melons.

Other pests included Phytometra chalcites and Agrotis ypsilon on
cabbages and turnips ; Isodon puncticolle on tomatoes ; the Oni-jcid,
Armadillidiam sp. on vegetables generally ; Cydia {Carpocapsa)
pomonella and Oecanthus sp., on apples ; Orgyia postica on plums ;
Nysius vinitor (false chinch bug), termites and a scale-insect on
peaches ; Bostrychns jesuita, an undetermined Cerambycid, Morganelki
{Hemiberlesea) longispina, a Jassid, Kybos sp., and a beetle, Galerucella
semipullata, on figs ; Chionaspis dilatata on mango ; Pseudococcus sp..
Coccus {Lecanium) longulits and Saissetia {L.) nigra on custard
apples ; an undetermined white scale and S. (Lecanium) oleae on
persimmon ; Aspidiotus perniciosus on Joquat ; Monolepta rosea.
Coccus longulus and termites on grape-vine ; an undetermined root-
destroying Scarabaeid on pine- apple ; Papilio anactus, P. ormenus,
Biprorulus bibax (green horn bug), termites, Chrysomphalus aurantii,
Aspidiotus hederae, Ceroplastes ceriferus, Chionaspis citri on Citrus ;
Notarcha clytalis, a PyraUd, on flame tree [Sterculia acerifolia) ; a
Tortricid, Cryptophlebia illepida (" Arctiophora " ombrodetla) on
Queensland nut [Macadamia ternifolia) ; Psylla fici on fig {Ficus
macrophylla) ; Brithys crini and Calogramma festiva on Crinuni and
Aniaryllis ; and an unidentified Cerambycid on Acacia harpophylla.

Pseudonionas camjjestris, a bacterial disease of cabbages and
turnips etc., is thought to be disseminated by biting insects. Many
diseases of Citrus plants are caused by mites ; thus russeting i>

158

attributed to Eriojjhyes {Phyllocoptes) oleivorus ; brown spot to
Tenuipalp.is sp. ; melanose of fruit and wood to Tydeus sp. ; and
bud suppression to a mite, Tarsonemus sp. Stool decay in bananas
is primarily induced by injury caused by Scarabaeid grubs.

Enemies of honey bees include : the Asilid flies, Asiltis rvfiventris,
Macq., and Blepharotes Jlavus, Ric. ; the Reduviid bug, Pristhesanclms
fapuensis ; the foraging ant, Iridomyrmex pyrpurascens, and the
green tree ant, Oecophylla smaragdina.

Larvae of Anthrenus scrophidariae are recorded as attacking woollen
clothing.

The lantana fly, Ayromyza sp., imported for the control of the lantana
plant is now established throughout the area occupied by Lantana
camara, extendmg from the Mosseman river in the north to the Tweed
river in the south and apparently through coastal New South Wales
to Sydney.

Pierce (W. D.). i. A Program for the Eradication of the Mexican
Cotton Boll Weevil. — ii. The Need of immediately Eradicating
the imported European Corn Borer, and a Definite Proposal
therelOT.— Gage-Pierce Res. Lab., Denver, Colo., Bi\\\. 1, December
1919, pp. 3-14. [Received 11th February 1920.]

In view of the extensive annual loss incurred by the ravages of
the Mexican cotton boll weevil [Anthonomiis grandis] a definite working
basis Ls proposed with the Gage-Pierce Research Laboratories as the
initial unit for organising the campaign. The plan suggested involves
ten years work of preparation and one year of absolute cessation of
cotton growing in the Southern States from New Mexico to Virginia.

Funds subscribed for this purpose are to be kept as a trust, and only
used in connection \^'ith activities legitimately lying within the scope
of the project.

As soon as the approval of Congress is obtained the support of
organisations of growers, business and scientific men is to be sought.
The officials of the American Association of Economic Entomologists
are in sympathy with the movement and it is hoped that the Associa-
tion will actively support the project when the plans have been
definitely laid before it. Various committees are to be appointed,
including those for direction, finance, legislation, demonstration,
inspection, etc., and the fi.rst duty of these will be to devise the
requisite methods of attack.

A definite plan has been drawn up on which the preliminary com-
mittees may build their discussions ; this suggestion is given in detail.

The need for the immediate eradication of the European corn
borer \Pyravsta nubiJulis] is emphasised and may be carried out on
the same lines.

Pierce (W. D.). i. A Second Statement regarding the Plan to
eradicate the Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil from the United
States, ii. A Catechism on Boll Weevil Eradication. — Gage-
Pierce Res. Lab., Denver, Colo., Bull. 2, January 1920, pp. 3-15.

Owing to the ravages of the Mexican cotton boll weevil [Anthonomiis
grandis] the annual loss in lint alone amounts to about £35,761,400
with a corresponding loss of about £5,000,000 worth of seed.

159

The eradicatioji of this pest is therefore one of the greatest economic
entomological problems and involves among others the cattle tick
problem and malaria suppression, as these are indirectly connected
with it.

For the proposed project to be a success it is essential to have
the co-operation of the population of the Southern United States.
In view of the objects and purposes of the American Cotton Association,
which are given in detail, the elaborate plans suggested in the preceding
paper may not be necessary, and the author therefore now outlines
his scheme, which is to be considered as a business proposition and
would involve an appropriation of at least £5,000,000 to be granted
by Congress.

Zanon (V.). L'Orticoltura a Bengasi. [Horticulture at Benghasi,
Tripoli.] — Agric. Colon., Florence, xiii, no. 3-6, 30th June 1919,
pp. 154-176. [Received 12th February 1920.]

Among the injurious insects recorded are the following : — Lepidop-
tera : Feltia (Agrotis) exclamatioms on tomato and various salads ;
Agrotis pronuba on peas and salads ; Agrotis sp. on Capsicum annuum ;
Acheronfia atropos on Solamim melongena ; Calocamjia exoleta- on
peas ; Helhila undalis on cauliflower and cabbage ; Papilio macliaon
on Foenicion officinale and F. piperitu.m ; Pieris brassicae on cauli-
flower ; and Phytometra {Plusia) gamma on tomato, Capsicum annuum
and various salads. .

Coleoptera : Epicometis squalida on Vicia faba ; Lixus angninua on
cauliflower and cabbage ; L. junci on beet ; and a Meloid beetle on
Vicia faba.

Rhynchota : Aphidae, Aphis maidis on Sorghum vulgare, and Aj^his
sp. on Eleiisine coracaria.

Diptera : Pegomyia hyoscyami {Anthomyia conformis) on spinach.

Del Guercio (C). Cecidomyid Enemies of Aphids. — V Agric. Colon.,
Florence, xiii, no. 1, 28th February 1919, pp. 31-62, 31 figs.
[Received 12th February 1920.]

The following species are dealt with : Rondaniella phorodontis,
sp. n., attacking Phorodon humuli : R. macrosiphonis, sp. n., attacking
Macrosiphvm sp. on artichoke ; R. macrosiphoniellae, sp. n., attacking
Macrosiphonielki, sp. on chrysanthemum ; R. ornata, sp. n., attacking
an Apliid on ornamental cjuince ; R. cucullata, sp. n., attacking Toxop-
tera sp. on privet ; Trilobia aphidisuga, gen. et sp. n., attacking Aphis
rumicis ; UncinuleUa criosomiperda, gen. et sp. n., attacking woolly
aphis {Eriosoma lanigerum) ; Adelgimyza strobilobii, gen. et sp. n.,
attacking Chermes {Adelges) [strobilobius] on larch ; and Adelgimyza
daefylopii, sp. n., attacking mealy-bugs.

Each of these Cecidomyids is dealt with separately and in each
case descriptive, systematic and biological notes are given. Toxoptera
sp. on privet, which is attacked by Rondaniella cucullata, is also
infested by a species of Aphidius, and these two enemies sometimes
reduce its numbers to such an extent that no injury results to the
plant. The genus Trilobia is provisionally erected on the larval

160

characters only, no adults having been found when the Aphid host
was examined on Viciafaba. Uv.cimdella eriosomiperda may destroy
as many as 15 per cent, of the woolly aphis. Adelgimyza, gen. n.,
closely resembles Silvestrina, KiefE.

Del Guercio (G.). II Moscerino del Fleotripide dell'Olivo {Adel-
gimyza tripidiperda, sp. n.). II Moscerino della Sipha del Gran-
turco {Trilohiella sipkae, gen. et sp. n.). II Moscerino della
Diaspide della Rosa {Cecidomyella aulacaspidis, gen. et sp. n.).—
Agric. Colon., Florence, xiii, no. 3-6, 30th June 1919, pp. 177-190,
11 figs. [Received 12th February 1920.]

Adelgimyza tripidiperda, sp. n., was taken on olive branches infested
with Phloeothrips oleae and another species of the same genus that
may be undescribed. The larva of Trilohiella siphae, gen. et sp. n.,
feeds on Sipha maidis infesting maize. Aukicaspis rosae infesting
Rosa spp. and Rubus spp. is attacked by Cecidomyella aulacaspidis,
gen. et sp. n. The characters distinguishing this new genus from
Cecidomyia, Meig., and Hyperdiplosis, Felt, are given.

Paoli (G.). Un Apparecchio per la Preparazione della Crusca
avvelenata per la Lotta contro le Cavalette. [An Apparatus for
preparing the Poison-Bran used against hocusts.]— Agric. Colon.,
Florence, xiii, no. 12, 31st December 1919, pp. 547-553, 3 figs,
[Received 12th February 1920.]

This article fully describes the construction and advantages of the
apparatus for preparing poison-bran mentioned in a previous paper
[R.A.E., A, vii, p. 535].

HuBENTHAL (W.). Ucbef einige in Deutschland eingeschleppte
exotische Kafer (Col.). [Some exotic Beetles introduced into
Germanv.] — Entom. Mitt., Berlin, iv, no. 4-6, 20th. May 1915,
pp. 128-130. [Received 12th February 1920.]

The Elaterid, Cardiophorus gdrineri, Schwarz (1901), captured in
Thuringia in 1899, is stated to be identical with C. raffrayi, Schwarz
(1890), from East Africa ; it seems certain that this specimen was
imported in a shipment of plants. The weevil, Sternochetus mangi-
ferae, F., was found in 1914 in the nuts occasionally occurring in bales
of clove stems from Zanzibar.

A large Bruchid of the genus Caryoborus was taken with its larvae
from Brazil nuts at Sattelstadt. A smaller species, provisionally
identified as Pachymerus (C.) gonagra was imported from the East
Indies into Thuringia in a shipment of acacia pods. Brnchns {Pachy-
merus) chinensis and B. (P.) quadrimaculatus did much damage to
Indian forage peas in bags imported into Holzminden. Beans imported
into Erfurt from the south of France were infested with Bruchus
{Acanthoscelides) obtectus. Say. In the same city a smaller species,
believed to be B. fetrichus, Schh., and two other undetermined
Bruchids were found in acacia seed from the East Indies.

161

Wolff (M.). Ueber die Chalcidiergattung Chrysodmris, Forster
1856 (1861) (Hym.) und die erste aus Deutschland bekannt
gewordene Art Chr. kran.sse'L n. sp., sowie uber die Gattungen
der Derostenus-GiM^VQ Thomsons. [Notes on the Chalcid (Tienus
Chrysocharis, Forster, and the first Species known from Germany,
C. kraussei, sp. n., and on the Genera of the Derostemis Group
of Thomson.]~Entom. Miti., Berlin, v, no. 9-12, pp. 258-282,
9 figs., 1 plate. [Received r2th February 1920.]

In 1915 a number of Chalcid pupae were received on a plane leaf,
grouped round a spot where their host, probably some Lepidopterous
larva, had died. The adults proved to be a new species here described
as Chrysocharis kraussei. In view of the lack of information available
on the genus Chrysocharis, Forster, this paper gives a key to the
various species and also to the genera of the Derostemus group.

EosENFELD (W.). Schlupwespon und Borkenkafer. [Hymenopterous
Parasites and Bark-beetles.] — Entom. Mitt., Berlin, viii, no. 1-3,
8th February 1919, pp. 29-37, 9 figs. [Received 12th February
1920].

Very little information exists regarding the occurrence of
Hymenopterous parasites of bark -beetles. In 1916 damage by snow
anl wind to the forests in Austrian Silesia was followed by an
abun lance of bark-beetles that provided an opportunity for
studying their enemies.

Most of the parasites observed in 1917 and 1918 were Chalcididae,
the majority belonging to the subfamily Pteromalinae. The
larger beetles, such as Ips typographus. L., and I. amitinus, Eich.,
were attacked by the larger species, while the smaller ones, such as
I. chalcographus, were infested by the smaller parasites. The following
were identified : Braconids, Cosmophorus Jdugi, Ratz. ; Chalcidids,
Rhopalicus suspensus, Ratz., R. deniulus, Ratz., Rhophocerus eccopto-
gastri, Ratz. The presence of Hymenopterous parasites is betrayed
by their pupae in the mines of the beetles. From the end of April
to the beginning of May the adults emerge by cutting a hole in the
bark. Mating immediately follows and the females deposit their
eggs close to the beetle laivae or pupae beneath the bark. The beetle-
infested stumps in sunny, sheltered places in damaged spruce woods
are preferred for oviposition. On hatching the parasitic larvae attack
the adjacent larvae of the host which gradually decrease in size.
This process lasts 2 or 3 weeks and the parasitic larvae then pupate.
A larva that had finished feeding on 14th June 1918 pupated on 20th
June and the adult emerged on 7th July. In captivity the entire
life-cycle from oviposition to emergence lasted 38-45 clays. There
are therefore several annual generations. The number of parasites
is considerable. Two spruce stems, each 16 inches long by 5 inches
thick and strongly infested with /. typographns and /. amitinus,
yielded 80 Chalcidids from 20th August to 11th September.

The conclusions reached are that an outbreak of bark-beetles is
always accompanied by a large increase of Hymenopterous parasites.
Dry weather not only favours the parasites but restricts the number
of breeding-places of the beetles by causing the desiccation of a
number of sites that otherwise would be used. The Hymenoptera

162

are capable of destroying the beetles unaided, but the time required
would be so long that much damage would be done. To shorten
the period it is necessary to clear up the broken timber. When
doing this the preferred breeding-places of the parasites must be
left untouched until the end of the operations. This method appears
to provide a sure means of checking even serious outbreaks of
bark-beetles.

Enslin (E.). Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Tenthredinoidea, iv, v, vi

(Hym.). [Contributions to the Knowledge of the Tenthredinoidea,

iv, V, vi.]—Entom, Mitt., Berlin, vi, no. 7-9. 29th September

1917, pp. 238-243, 2 figs. ; vii, no. 4-6, 1st June 1918, pp. 77-80,

3 figs. ; viii,no. 4-6, 14th June 1919, pp. 78-83, 3 figs. [Received

12th February 1920].

The first of these papers deals with parthenogenesis in Lophyrus

and with oviposition in saw-flies generally : the second with abnormal

saw-fly galls, with the various galls of Euum atra, Jul., and with the

larva of Megalodontes Mvgi, Leach {spissicornis, Kl.) ; and the third

with the larvae of Phyllotonia vagans, Fall., Feymsa doJirni, Tischb.,

and Pristijjkora viridana, Knw.

Enslin (E.). Blattwespengallen. [Saw-flv Galls.] — Internat. Enlom.
Zeitschr., Guhen, x, no. 3, 6th Mav 1916, pp. 13-15, no. 4, 20th
May 1916, pp. 17-19, no. 5, 3rd' June 1916, pp. 21-2, no. 6,
17th June 1916, p. 29, no. 7, 1st July 1916, p. 33, 18 figs.

The European saw-flies dealt with are those of the genera, Euura
and Pontania. The galls made by these insects on various plants
are figured, as well as the saw-hke effect produced on the leaves by
their attack.

ZuKowsKY (B.). Aphoristische Skizze uber die bisher bekannt
gewordenen Futterpflanzen der palaarktischen Aegeriidae. [A
concise Outhne of the known Food-plants of the Palearctic
Aegeriids.] — Internat. Entom. Zeitschr., Guhen, ix, no. 15, 23rd
Oct. 1915, pp. 77-99.
The article is arranged in tabular form according to the plant

family, with indications as to which part of the plant is attacked.

Bertrand (G.), Brocq-Eousseu & Dassonville. Action compar6e

de la Chloropicrine sur le Charan^on et sur le Triholium. — C. R.

Hebdom. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxix, no. 26, 29th December 1919,

pp. 1428-1430.

The Tenebrionid beetle, Triholium navale, F., attacks a variety

of cereals, but only those grains that have been already infested by

weevils [Calandra]. To destroy it T. navale must be exposed for

a longer time to the action of chloroi)icrin than is necessary for the

wee^'ils.

Chopard (L.). Observations sur^la Mante religieuse et ses Parasites. —

C. R. Hebdom. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxx, no. 2, 12th January 1920,
pp. 140-143.
Besides a number of Sphegids that feed their larvae on young
individuals of Mantis religiosa, there are certain Hymenoptera that

163

oviposit in the oothecac and destroy its eggs. One of the most
interesting of these is a SceUonid, Rielia manticida, KiefE., which
hatches about the middle of September in France just as the mantis
has completed its final ecdysis. The female attaches herself to the
mantis, sometimes as many as five parasites attacking a single
individual, on wliich they Uve for several months, only leaving their
host to oviposit and returning immediately afterwards. The host
oviposits during October and November in frothy masses that harden
on exposure to the air, the parasite passing to- the ootheca in process
of formation and probably then laying its own eggs in those of the
mantis.

Metalnikoff (S.). Immunity de la Chenille contre divers Microbes. —
C. R. Soc. Biol., Paru; Ixxxiii, no. 5, 7th February 1920, pp. 119-
121.

Many experiments have been made to determine the immunity
of insect larvae against various organisms that are highly pathogenic
to man and other animals. The species used was Galleria melonella
(bee moth), which breeds freely under laboratory conditions, is active
and resistant and can withstand high temperatures. Upon analysing
the results of these experiments, the microbes may be divided into
three groups according to their effects upon the larvae. The first
group, including the various agents of tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus,
trypanosomiasis, etc., were found to have no effect at all uj^on the larvae,
even when administered in a quantity almost equal to the whole
blood content of the body. The destruction of the organisms is
generally complete within 24 hours, and is due to an active phago-
cytosis. The second group contains microbes against which the
larvae possess an incomplete immunity, and do not resist very strong
doses for as long as 24 hours ; with smaller doses however, they
recover rapidly. This group includes the organisms of virulent
plague. Staphylococcus, fowl cholera, anthrax, Asiatic cholera, typhus
abdominalis, etc. To the third group of bacilU the larvae offer no
resistance and die from even the smallest doses, generally within a
day. These organisms include Bacillus coli communis, B. pi/oc/jajicus,
B. prodigiosus, B. subtilis, B. proteus, etc.

In comparing these tliree groups of microbes it is at once evident
that the Lepidopterous larvae possess an immunity to those organisms
that are most pathogenic to higher animals, while they are very
susceptible to the saprophytic or shghtly pathogenic organisms that
have been tested. It is hoped to elucidate tlie reason for tliis in the
near future.

FiESSiNCER (N.). L'Immunisation antituberculeuse de la Mite
d'Abeille.— a. R. Soc. Biol., Pans, Ixxxiii. no. 6, 14th February
1920, pp. 147-148.

The author's investigations into the immunity of Galleria melonella
(bee-moth) have confirmed the experiments recently recorded by
Metalnikoff [see preceding paper], and he has also recovered from
inoculated larvae a ferment that probably plays some part in their
anti-bacillary immunity. Experiments have been conducted to
determine whether the disappearance of the baciUi injected into the

164

larvae is the result of their complete destruction. Subcutaneous
injections of an extract of inoculated larvae, from which Bacillus
Jiocki had disappeared, were given to guinea-pigs and it was found
that when an extract was used after an inoculation lasting 5 minutes
within the larvae, the guinea-pig died three months later of general
visceral tuberculosis. When an extract after 2 to 8 hours' inoculation
was used, death occurred after a similar interval, though in 5 to 8
hours after inoculation of the bacillus into the body of the larva it
is exceptional to find any trace of it there.

Further research on this subject is necessary, but it is evident
that the larva of the bee-moth does not possess any substance capable
of breaking down the action of the bacillus. The tubercle bacillus
is rendered inoffensive, it encysts and loses its affinity for acid, but it
is not destroyed, at least for some hours.

Illinoworth (J. F.) & Jarvis (E.). Cane Grub Investigation, —
Queensland Agric. Jl., Brisbane, xiii, January 1920, pp. 33-36.

The mode of oviposition of the digger wasp, Dielis formosa, parasitic
on Lepidiota frenchi is described. The larvae emerge after about
3 days and pupate after feeding for seven or eight days. The adults
emerge in about five weeks, the total Ufe-cycle thus occupying less
than two months. There are probably four generations a year.

Breeding experiments show that unfertihsed females of another
wasp Ckmipsoineris radula begin ovipositing about 4 days after emerg-
ence and that the ova hatch in a normal manner and produce indi-
viduals of both sexes.

In addition to the grubs of Lepidiota spp., Isodon spp. and Haplo-
nycha spp., a cockchafer is recorded as damaging sugar-cane, as well
as an unidentified Psychid.

Experiments with manures show that meat-works manure has
the disadvantage of having a distinct attraction for sugar-cane grubs.
Of the various forms of arsenic used, common white arsenic (arsenious
acid) proved most effective.

Lyon (A. V.). The Viticultural Industry.— <Scimce & Industry,
Melbourne, i, no. 8, December 1919, pp. 490-494.

Insects affecting grapes in Australia include the Indian meal moth
[Plodia ifiterpunctella], Avhich is a serious pest of dried fruits ; the
elephant beetle, which is best kept in check by the destruction of
tamarisk hedges in the winter between April and October before
the adults emerge ; and the hght brown apple moth \Torfrix ashwor-
thana], which is particularly destructive to sultanas and against which
a spray of 2 lb. lead arsenate to 30 gals, of water has proved successful.

Beeson (C. F. C). The Life History of the Toon Shoot and Fruit
Borer, Hypsipyla robusfa, Moore (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae,
Phycitinaej with Suggestions for its Control. — Indian Forest
Records, Calcutta, vii, no. 7, 1919, 71 pp., 13 jilates, 2 figs.
[Received 23rd February 1920.]

This detailed account of Hypsipyla robusta, Moore (toon shoot and
fruit borer) is the result of investigations carried out during 1914-1916,

165

which were finally abandoned owing to military duty. Its publication
was delayed in the hope of including an account of the parasites, but
the War' has also been the cause of postponing their determination.
Various records of damage to toon in India by this species have
appeared since 1876, and are briefly reviewed.

H. pagodella, Rag., is a synonym of this moth, which occurs in
India, Burma, Ceylon, Perak, British New Guinea and AustraUa.
The food-plants include CedreJa toona, C. australis (in Queensland
and N.S. Wales), C. multijuga, Swietenia maliagoni, S. macrophylh,
Chickrassia tabularis, Soymida febn'fuga , Rosa sp. and Citrus meclica.
All stages of the insect are described.

There are normally five generations in a year. The eggs of the
first generation are laid in early March when the toon is in flower,
and the larvae feed on the flowers until the first week in April. While
feeding, they bind together individual flowers or adjacent groups
of flowers in a loose network of silk threads, and this frequently remains
as a ragged mass of debris after the colony of larvae have deserted it.
Moulting occurs within a more densely woven silk cell inside the net-
work. The life-cycle from egg to moth requires generally from 24 to
29 days and the whole generation is complete within 8 or 9 weeks.
The second generation is equally short, the larvae emerging early
in April, By tliis time the fruits are set and the entire larval develop-
ment is passed in the growing fruits, which are bound together much
as the flowers have been. Larvae of the 1st and 2nd generation,
when mature, hang from the trees by silken threads in the early
morning and may thus be dispersed along thoroughfares by vehicles
and pedestrians. Pupation occurs generally under flakes of bark on
the trunk and main branches of the tree on which they have fed.
The cocoons are frequently closely packed in masses two and three
layers deep, so that moths of the lowest layer are seldom able to
emerge, but die in the cocoons. Pupation frequently occurs near
the food-tree on houses, walls, fences, etc. The larvae of the 3rd
generation, which are found at work during July, and those of the
fourth (August-October) and fifth (February- April) feed only in the
shoots of the current year. Saphngs and young trees which, owing
to absence of flowers and fruit, are not attacked by the first two
generations, are preferred by the later generations owing to the
greater abundance of new growth. The eggs are laid on the new
unexpanded leaves and the larvae, descending to the thicker portions
of the gro\\dng shoot, feed by removing the epidermis in irregular
patches and test the shoot for suitable spots for boring into the
interior. Sometimes boring is started in \agorously growing tissue
and in this case the attack is unsuccessful and causes a flow of sap
or gum that may entrap and drown the larvae. Eventually the
larva gains an entrance and excavates a central gallery in the pith
which is gradually increased during the feeding period, sometimes
to a length of two feet. One shoot only is usuaUy attacked, but
among rapidly killed shoots one may be abandoned for another.
The shoot above the entrance hole dries up and withers, eventually
breaking off at the weak spot. Witliin the shoot partitions of silk
are constructed at intervals to secure protection from enemies. The
combined attacks of the third and fourth generations Idll off the
current shoot growth, and the fifth generation attack any new shoots

166

that the tree may have put out after the rains. The emergence
holes left by the moths are frequently entered by ants, bees, wasps,
etc. The larvae of the 3rd, 4th and 6th generations pupate towards
the base of the hollowed shoot after constructing at least one silk
partition in addition to the cocoon. Larvae of the fifth generation
generally pass the winter without pupation in silken hibernacula.
The adult moths are rarely seen in flight and have not been observed
to feed. They hve in captivity up to 10 days. The average number
of eggs found in dissected females was 472, and these are laid singly,
attached to flowers, young fruits, and on developing leaves and
leaf-buds.

The seasonal history of the insect as observed at Dehra Dun in
1914, 1915 and 1916 is given in detail. The life-cycles of the 3rd and
4th generations occupy from 17 to 19 weeks each and that of the
5th, or overwintering, generation from 28 to 31 weeks.

Trees infested with Hypsipyla robusta suffer in two ways ; the
consumption of the flowers and fruits by the first two generations
amounts sometimes to complete destruction of the seed crop. In
the Punjab and Bengal it has occasionally been diflficult to collect
sufficient sound toon seeds for sowings, and in Austraha heavy seed
crops of Cedrela australis have been almost entirely ruined by this
borer. The injury to the growth of the tree, described above, is the
more obvious form of injury. It has been found impossible in India
to estabhsh young toon in plantations in the proximity of old toon
trees, and the same difficulty arises with mahogany and, in other
parts of the world, with various species of cedar.

The pruning and burning of infested shoots on saphngs has been
found useless as a remedy. It is suggested that the simplest method
of estabhshing a sound plantation lies in the previous removal of all
old trees in the vicinity. Young trees are hable to attack from their
second or third year and the following measures are recommended
for their protection. As the flowers appear, the trees should be
banded with a strip of sacking about 12 in. wide and long enough to
overlap by 6 in. This should be tied with a cord at breast-height and
folded double over the binding-cord. These bands should be inspected
at intervals of not less than ten days during the flowering and fruiting
season and all larvae and cocoons destroyed. The removal of large
flakes of bark within reach and the cutting away of undergrowth at
the base of the tree will add to the value of the bands. About one
month after the fruits are ripe all infested shoots should be cut out
and burnt. In the case of bad infestations, a second pruning should
be done in the cold weather or three months before the normal flowering
date. Gaps in roadside avenues of toon should be filled up with some
other species. The extension of avenues, shade-trees, etc., should
be preceded and accompanied by sack-banding of the flowering trees.
The number of flowering trees it may be necessary to band in
order to protect a plantation varies. The width of the protective
zone is roughly estimated at 1,000 to 500 yards, but no experiments
have been carried out on the ffight of moths or the distance travelled
by migrating larvae. As many as 500 larvae may be found on one
examination of a banded tree. At the period of maximum abundance,
a cloth bag with draw-string and funnel-shaped mouth-piece is useful.
The contents of the bag should be emptied into a hole and buried.

167

The cost of sack-banding and collection is reckoned at less than
one penny per tree.

The effect of various grease-bands, as an alternative to sack-banding,
has been tried ; of these only tanglefoot had any ei?ect on the larvae
and this can be considered a poor deterrent.

Parasites of H. robusta, about which it is hoped to obtain some
information, are not very extensive, but include several Chalcidids,
Ichneumonids and Braconids.

Campbell (R. E.). The Broad-bean Weevil. — U.S. Dept. Agric.,
Washington, B.C., Bull. 807, 27th January 1920, 22 pp., 1 plate,
6 figs.

The growing of broad or horse beans in Cahfornia has been seriously
handicapped during the last few years owing to infestation by Bruchus
rufimanus, Boh. The practical impossibihty of growing iminfested
beans has caused many acres to be abandoned, especially since under
the Federal Food and Drugs Act infested beans are classed as adulter-
ated food. It is now permissible to export beans containing not more
than 15 per cent, of infestation. Besides being used as food for
stock the horse bean is used as a green vegetable and also to
a considerable extent as a winter cover crop. The stages of
B. rufimanus are described and are compared with those of B. pisorum.
There is only one generation of B. rufimanus in a year and the beetle
does not breed in dry beans ; seed held over until a second year is there-
fore free from infestation. The eggs are laid on the green bean pods in
the field from the middle of March to mid-May, the incubation period
lasting from 9 to 18 days. The young larva eats its way into the bean
pod and continues feeding until it is mature, when it eats a round
hole in the cotyledon directly under the epidermis, leaving a half-
transparent skin which is easily broken by the adult weevil when
ready to emerge. Death frequently occurs among the larvae after
entering the beans. From 5 to 16 larvae may enter a single bean,
but seldom more than two adults emerge. The larva is mature
after 10 to 15 weeks and pupates within the bean, the pupal stage
lasting from 7 to 16 days. The adult may emerge at once through
the broken skin or it may remain in the bean for several months,
and many individuals never emerge at all. The beetles frequently
emerge after the beans have been planted, the adult hfe lasting from
1 to 8 months.

Germination of infested beans is foimd to be from 20 to 40 per
cent, less than that of uninfested ones, though the germination of
seed a year or more old is only sHghtly less than that of new seed.

There are no natural enemies of any importance affecting B. rufi-
manus in America. The predaceous mite, Pediculoides ventricosus,
Newp., has been observed attacking a few of the beetles.

Experiments in remedial measures showed that a temperature of
170° to 180° F. for half an hour is necessary to kill all the beetles
in beans. Sulphur proved to be unsatisfactory as a fiunigant.
Fumigation with carbon bisulphide at the rate of 7 lb. per 1,000 cub.
ft. in an air-tight box for 24 hours Idlls all the beetles. Late planting
is advisable ; beans from crops planted after 1st March are much
less infested than those planted from November to March.

168

Cole (F. R.). Notes on the Lunate Onion Fly, Eumerus strigatus
(Dip., Syrphidae). — Entom. News, Philadelphia, xxxi, no. 2,
February 1920, pp. 31-35, 1 fig.

Notes and observations on Eumerus strigatus, Fall., are given,
additional to those of Metcalf [R.A.E., A, vii, 356]. This fly was
first observed infesting onions m the United States in July 1917,
when the females were found crawling into crevices in the ground
and ovipositing in the leaf-sheaths just above the bulb. Onions
taken from the ground at this time contained larvae of several sizes
that pupated in the laboratory in March and April, and emerged as
adults in late April and early May, a httle later than individuals of
Hyhmyia antiqua from the same bulb. The onion bed was almost
entirely destroyed. The insect has also been recorded from British
Columbia, where it has been collected near large onion farms, and all
along the Pacific Coast from British Columbia to Cahfornia. There
may be biological races of this fly, as in the case of the apple maggot
[Rha{joletis 'pomoneUa]. The adult is described and figured.

LEGISLATION.

Jardine (N. K.). Legislation regarding Shot-hole Borer {Xyleborus
fornicatus, Eichoff.). — Trop. Agriculturist, Peradeniya, liv, no. 1,
January 1920, pp. 31-34.

The legislation that has been passed in Ceylon regarding Xyleborus
Jornicatus, Eich., since 1903 is here reviewed.

The position from 1st January 1920 is as follows : — -Infested areas,
that is estates or parts of estates declared infested, cannot have
permits granted to them, and no tea plants or parts of tea plants
other than tea seed or leaf for manufacture may be removed from
them. Tea plants may be removed from estates that are not infested
areas, provided that a permit is obtained from the Director of Agri-
culture ; the permit must state the number of plants, their source
and their destination.

It follows that infested estates should not establish tea nurseries
for the sale of plants, but non-infested estates may do so if they
are willing to take the risk of infestation.

Hewitt (C. G.). The European Apple Sucker Quarantine.— ^4<7nc.

Gaz. Canada, Ottawa, vii, no. 1, January 1920, p. 12.

Following upon the discovery of Psylla mali, Schmidb., in Nova
Scotia during the summer of 1919 [R.A.E., A, vii, 506] a quarantine
regulation has been added, under date 28th November 1919, to the
Destructive Insect and Pest Act, which forbids the removal of any
apple stock from within a radius of five miles of the town of Wolfville,
where the pest was found, without a certificate of inspection guaran-
teeing that such stock has been duly treated in accordance with the
instructions of the Department of Agriculture and that it is free
from infestation with P. mali.

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to excliange
their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com-
municate with the Assistant Director.

The annual Subscription in advance to the Review, Series A
(Agricultural) Is 12s. per annum, post free ; Series B (Medical and
Veterinary), 6s. per annum.

Orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 88, Queen's Gate, London,
S.W.7, or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

America : The Classification of Red Spiders . . . . . . 145

Argentina : Notes on Taphrocerus elongatus infesting Rushes . . 140

Argentina : A new Psyllid infesting Erythrina . . . . . . 140

Australia: A new Species of iepwiioto from Northern Queensland 137

Australia : Tobacco Pests in Victoria . . . . . . . . 162

Australia : Poison-Baits for Termites 154

Australia : Notes on the Apple Root Weevil, Leptops hopei, in

New South Wales . . . . . . , . . . . . . . 154

Australia : Insect Pests in Queensland in 1916-17 and 1918-19 155 & 157

Australia : Sugar-cane Pests in Queensland . . . . . . 164

Australia : Insect Pests of Grape Vines . . . . . . . . 164

British G-uiana : Notes on Rice Pests 145

British Guiana : The Protection of Wild Birds 145

British Isles : The Life- History of Wireworms of the Genus

Agriotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

British Isles : A Contribution to the Life History of the Larch

Chermes .... . . . . , . . . . . . . 138

British Isles : The Life-History of Ephestia kuhniella . . . . 139

British Isles : Notes on Insect Pests of Economic Importance . . 139

British Isles : Aphids of the genus Antheroides . . . . 146

British Isles : Notes on Lygocerm, a Hyperparasite of Aphidim . . 146

British Isles : Insect Pests in 1918 . . . . . . , . . . 154

Canada : Notes on Aeolothripidae , . . . . . . 147

Canada : Natural Control Investigations in British Columbia . 147

Canada : Cottonwood Leaf-mining Beetles in Southern Alberta . 151

Canada : Quarantine measures against Psylla mali . . . . 168

Cetlon : Legislation against Xyleborus fornicaUis .. . . . . 168

CURA9A0 : A Weevil attacking Agave . . . . . . 149

Dutch East Indies : A White Grub, Hohtrichia leucopWhaJma,

injurious to Hevea in Java . . . . , .139

Dutch East Indies : Hybrids of Batocera albofasciata and B. gigas 141

Fiji : The Cane Beetle Borer, Bhabdocnemis obscura . . 152

Formosa : Termites injurious to Rice . . . . . . . , 143

France : The Effect of Chloropicrin on Grain Pests . . . . 162

France : Parasit'^s of Mcmtis religiosa . . . . . . .^ 162

Germany : The Food of Moles . . . . 141

Germany : An Outbreak of the Pine Prooessionary Caterpillar in

West Prussia ....... 141

Germany: Measures against Cabbage Butterflies . . .141

CONTENTS— cont.

PAGE.

Germany : Notes on introduced Exotic Beetles . . . . . . 160

Germany : The Chalcid Geniis ChrysocJiaris . . . . . . 161

Germany : The Hymenopterous Parasites of Bark-beetles . . 161

Germany : The Bionomics of Sawflies . . . . . . . . 162

Guam : Insect Pests in 1918 148

India : Notes on Coccidae . . . . . . . . . . . 146

India : The Life-History of the Toon Shoot Borer, Eypsipyla

robusta . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Italy : Miscellaneous Insect Pests in 1919. . . . . . . 141

Italy : Gecidomyid Enemies of Aphids, etc. . . . . 159, 160

Japan : A HepiaUd Moth attacking the Roots of Calocasia anti-

quorwm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Japan : Eriocmnpa mitsuTcurii infesting alders . . . . . . 142

Japan : Plodia mterpunctella infesting Stored Rice . . . . 143

Japan : A Sawfly destructive to Rushes . . . . . . . . 144

Japan : A new Thrips infesting CiVrus . . . . . . . . 144

Japan : A new Aphid infesting Podocmpus . . . . . . . . 151

Korea : The Bionomics and Control of Cydia molesta . . . . 143

New Zealand : Experiments with Orchard Sprays . . . . 145

Tasmania : Measures against Eriosoma lanigerum . . . . . . 153

Tasmania : Insect Pests of Currants . . . . . . . . . . 153

Tripoli : Notes on Insect Pests of Vegetables . . . . . . 159

U.S.A. : Miscellaneous Pests in Florida . . . . . . , . 137

U.S.A. : Notes on Platymetopms hyaUnuB on Maple in New Jersey 147

U.S.A. : Education on the Control of Insect Pests . . . . .\ 148

U.S.A. : Pests of Stored Grain in Georgia . . . . . . . . 148

U.S.A. : Destructive Insects affecting Ohio Shade and Forest Trees

(Review) 148

U.S.A. : The Effect of Red Spider in Orchards in California . . 149

U.S.A. : A New Parasitic Cynipid reared from the Clover Aphis. . 149

U.S.A. : Parasitism of Clastoptera obtusa by a Drosophilid . . . 149

U.S.A. : The Angomnois Grain Moth in Pennsylvania . . 162

U.S.A. : Economic Entomology in Ohio . • . . . . . 152

U.S.A. : Plans for a Campaign against Anthonomua grcmdis . . 158

U.S.A. : Bruchus rufimmms infesting Broad Beans . . . . , . 167

U.S.A. : Notes on Eumerus strigatus infesting Onions . . . , 168

West Indies : Notes on Ants infesting Houses . . . . . . 150

The Use of White Arsenic as an Insecticide in Bordeaux Mixture. . 150

An Apparatus for preparing Poison-Bran against Locusts . . . . 160

The Food-plants of the Palearctic Aegeriids . . 162

The Effects of Microbic Infections on Insects . . . . . . 163

Registered at the Q.P.O, for Trtuismlaalon to Qanada tind Newfoumdland by MagcKina Post,

VOL. VIII. Ser. A. Part 5.— pp, 169-216. MAY, 1920.

'• '"ftltr

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY ^™

SERIES a: agricultural.

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUBEAU OF ENTOMOLOaY.

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l>onorarp Commttlec of rRatiaflement.

VISCOUNT HARCOURT^ Chairman.-
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, BritiBh

MuBemn (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bbadford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bbuce, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Feyeb, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Sir Sidney F. Harmeb, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lbfboy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Hon. E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewabt MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyban, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patbick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Of&ce.
Sir Daniel Mobbis, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford,
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Pbain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
I^. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoolc^,

Cambridge.
Sir Arthur E. Shipley, G.B.E», F.R.S., Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C. Spebling, C.M.G., Foreign Office.
Sir Stewabt STOCKMAN,Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Wabburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of
England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

(Bencral Secretacis,

Mr. A. C C. Paekinson (Colonial Office).

Director anD EDltot.

Dr. Guy A. K. Mabshall.

Bs5lstant 2)lrcctoc»

Dr. S. a. Neave.

Head Office. — ^British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W. 7.
Publication Offioe.-^S, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7.

169 5 1920 j

Hollow AY (T. E.). Establishing the Cane Borer Parasit^j fpom <3uba
on Louisiana Plantations. — Louisiana Planter (& SUgdr Manu-
facturer, New Orleans, Ixiv, no. 1, 3rd January 1920, p. 11.

Euzenilliopsis diatraeae, Towns., a Tachinid parasite of the sugar-
cane borer, Diatraea saccharalis ^ crambidoides, Grote, has been
imported from Cuba and liberated In certain fields of Louisiana, where
it has apparently become established. With the aid of additional
importations it is hoped ultimately to supply every plantation with
parasites. As hving parasites in the pupal stage were found in the
field on 13th December after being exposed to a temperature of
35° F., there is every reason to believe that this fly will withstand
the chmate of Louisiana.

Metcalf (Z. p.). a Suggestion for a better Popular Name for the
Fulgoridae (Hemip.). — Entom. News., Philadelphia, xxxi, no. 2,
February 1920, pp. 57-58.

The only popular name apparently hitherto used for members of
the family Fulgoridae is " lantern flies," based upon the supposition
that a large South American species emits hght. As this is not a.
general characteristic of the family, the term is evidently a misnomer.
The author suggests " plant-hopper " as being the most suggestive
name available, thus bringing the family into hne with the closely
related families known as tree- hoppers (Membracidae), frog-hoppers.
(Cercopidae), and leaf-hoppers (Cicadellidae).

Speare (A. T.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Further Studies of Sorosporella
uvella, a Fungous Parasite of Noctuid Larvae.— Jl. Agric. Research^
Washington, D.G., xviii, no. 8, 15th January 1920, pp. 399-438,
6 plates.

A further account is here given of the entomogenous fungus,
Sorosporella uvella, infesting cutworms [R.A.E., A, v, 484]. It is
shown that the yeast-hke vegetable cells existing within the blood
of infected insects are ontogenetically related to other phases in the
development of the organism. These cells are ingested by certain
of the blood corpuscles, the process of phagocytosis apparently being
followed by the destruction of the phagocytes. The organism is
readily cultivated on artificial media, and tests were made on cut-
worms infected with S. uvella and on Bonibyx mori (silkworms) and
Lachnosterna spp. (white grubs) inoculated with the conidia. A
hypodermic needle was used, for when the usual methods of infection
were employed the insects in question did not succumb. To determine
whether there is immediate active phagocytosis of infected susceptible
hosts, the conidia were injected into Xylomyges {Prodenia) eridania.
Cram, (semitropical army worm). Phagocytosis was not observed
within two days after inoculation, but smears made three days after
injection showed blastocysts incorporated in the phagocytes, though
no sign of disintegration of the former could be detected, while the
fungus cells were reproducing rapidly.

Other insects inoculated, either by direct contact, by spraying or
by feeding, include larvae of Musca domesiica and of Elaterids,
nymphs and adults of grasshoppers, workers of the termite, Reticuli-

(673) P1921/141. 1,500. 5.20. B.&F.,Ltd. Gp.11/14. A

170

lermes sp., and Lepidopterous larvae such as Feltia jacuUfera, Guen.,
F. subgothica, Haw., Lycophotia margaritosa {Peridroma saucia, Hb.),
Agrotis ypsilon, Rott., Agrotis (Noctua) c-nigrum, L., Heliothis
(Chloridea) obsoleta, ¥., Hyphantria textor, Harr., Cirjiihis (Leucania)
unipunda, Haw., Protoparce (PhlegetJiontius) sexta, Joh., Bombyx mori
L., and several other Noctuids. The larvae of F. jacuUfera were the
only ones that died of the disease in control dishes during the course
of the experiments. House-fly larvae were covered with the conidia
when removed from the cultures, but after burrowing in dung in
the rearing boxes for a few hours no conidia could be detected. The
fungus was not recovered from any of these inoculated insects, though
several, including larvae of M. domestica and H. textor, died from
unknown causes. It is evident from the experiments, however,
that under laboratory conditions a high percentage of mortality
may be reahsed, and that the death rate is not appreciably higher
when larvae are kept in contact with the fungus for a long time than
when they are subjected to infection for a minute or two. The
spray method, which gave a mortality of somewhat below 30 per cent,
for all the tests, proved of less value in artificial inoculation than
the direct contact method. The feeding method, in which a conidial
agar paste was smeared over clover leaves on which cutworms, chiefly
Xylomyges eridania, were fed, gave a mortahty as high as the direct
method.

In the case of army worms inoculated by direct contact it was
found that the organism of disease, though unable to kill the larvae
and pupae, passed through the various metamorphic changes of the
host and finally caused the death of the adult after emergence. The
presence of the fungus in the winged adults indicates the possibility
of dissemination of the organism. The adults from which the fungus
was recovered were, however, in all cases imperfectly formed indivi-
duals, indicating that during metamorphosis certain of the imaginal
tissues were destroyed.

It is definitely proved by these experiments that the organism is
readily transmitted to healthy insects, and in laboratory experiments
a mortahty of from 60 to 90 per cent, may be obtained without diffi-
culty.

WiLLARD (H. F.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Work and Parasitism of the
Mediterranean Fruit Fly in Hawaii during 1918. — J I. Agric.
Research, Washington, D.C., xviii, no. 8, 15th January 1920,
pp. 441-446.

This paper is a continuation of previous records [R.A.E., A, vi, 185,
etc.] and gives the extent of parasitism during 1918 by the introduced
parasites, Oyius himilis, Silv., Diachasma tryoni, Cam., D. fidlaivayi,
Silv., and Tetrastichus giffardianus, Silv., the amount of infestation
by C. capitata for the same period and, for purposes of comparison,
general summaries of parasitism and infestation during 1916 and 1917.

The infestation in 1918 of a number of food-plants was as great as
durinw 1917, and in a few cases considerably greater. Generally
speaking, the increase has occurred among the preferred food-plants,
with the exception of the mango {Mangifera indica) and this is accounted

171

for by the fact that some varieties of this fruit are much more sus-
ceptible to fruit-fly attack than others. While the infestation of host-
fruits in general was as great as in 1917, the parasitism of the larvae
developing in the majority of the abundant fruits infested, such as
Indian almond {Terminalia catajrpa), coffee {Cqffea arabica), strawberry
guava {Psidium cnftleyawum), and French cherry {Eugenia unijlora),
was higher than in previous years. The most important of the abundant
fruits producing a low percentage of parasitism are the mango, kamani
{Calophyllum inophyllum), Chinese orange {Citrus sp.) and guava
■{Psidium guayava). The low parasitism of the larvae developing in
these, especially in guava, wliich is cultivated in large areas in all
parts of the Islands, indicates that these fruits are the source of supply
of the large number of fruit-fhes that cause the continual high infestation
of favoured food-plants.

_Previous records [R.A.E., A, iii, 412 ; iv, 289 ; vi, 167 & 185 ;
vii, 43] show the consistent ascendancy of the parasite Diachasma
iryoni over Opius humilis during the warmer months of the year and
the predominance of 0. hmnilis in the cooler months. This is due to
the ability of D. tryoni to destroy 0. humilis when both occur in the
same host-larva, and the increased activity of the former durino- the
cooler months. While in 1916 and 1917 0. humilis gained^ this
predominance for 5 and 3 months respectively, during 1918 the period
was two months only. This yearly decrease in the effectiveness of
O, humilis is due to the increasing abundance of D. tryoni. The average
parasitism by the latter has increased from 13-3 larvae to each frmt
m 1916 to 20-3 m 1917 and to 34-6 m 1918. Although the parasitism
by both D.fuUawayi and T. giffardianus was less in 1918 than in 1917,
the total percentage of parasjtism for the last year, on account of the
increased effectiveness of D. tryoni, had increased by 8*3, making the
total parasitism for 1918, 55-8 per cent, of all the fnut-fly larvae under
observation. Thus the value of the parasites of C". capitata has
consistently increased each year since their introduction, conferring
benefit upon the people of Hawaii by greatly decreasing the infestation
of those fruits wliich are less susceptible to frmt-fly attack and which
include the majority of fruits of commercial value, and upon the fruit-
growers of the United States by greatly decreasing the danger of
introducing fruit-flies into that country.

Beeson (C. F. C). Insects attacking YemanL— Indian Forester,
Allahabad, xlvi, no. 2, February 1920, pp. 85-86.

As it has been recorded that plantations of yemane {Gmelina arborea)
are not materially damaged by insects, the author points out that the
tree is by no means immune from insect attack. The Cassidid,
Calopepla /-m?/ana,Latr., regularly defoliates the trees durmg the rains;
a weevil which may be Alcides ludificator, Fst. (known as the pith borer
of teak in Burma) bores the shoots ; the Longi corns, Haplohammus
cervinus, Hope (teak canker grub) and Glenea galathea, Thorns, (also
a breeder in teak), bore the stem near the ground-level ; and the
Hepiahd, Phnssus sigmfer, Wlk. (ghost moth), an important borer
of sapling teak, makes beeholes when in the larval stage.

In view of the proposal to estabhsh pure blocks of^emane in con-
junction with pure blocks of teak, it is thought probable that the

(673) ^2

172

insects feeding on both species, while they may hitherto have been
merely of secondary importance, may rapidly rise to the position of
serious pests. H. cervinus and P. signifer in particular are likely to>
be troublesome.

King (H. H.). Clean Cultivation and its Relation to the Control of
Insect Pests. — Wellcome Trop. Res. Lab., Khartoum, Entom, Bull..
8, 17th March 1918, 4 pp. [Received 28th February 1920.]

It is suggested that the importance of the suppression of weeds,
and clean cultivation generally in the control of insect pests is usually
underestimated or not reahsed at all. In tliis connection it should
be remembered that, while some insects in the Sudan have only one
food-plant, such as Diparopsis castanea (red cotton bollworm) and
Aphis sorghi (dura aphis) and others, such as locusts, grasshoppers,
crickets and cutworms, are practically omnivorous, the majority of
species have two or several food-plants. Earias insulana (spiny cotton
bollworm) and Nisotra uniformis (cotton flea-beetle), for example,.
can feed on Hibiscus esc.ulentus, H. sabdariffa and Abutilon spp., all
of which are allied to cotton. Tlie dura stem-borer \Sesamia creticaj
attacks both maize and wheat, and a bug, Agonoscelis puberula,
which sometimes greatly damages dura, feeds also on wild grasses. The
cotton aphis [Aphis gossypii] has for alternative food-plants members
of the melon family (Cucurbitaceae) which are in no way related ta
cotton. Cotton should not occupy the land for more than ten months
in the year ; dura, the staple crop of sakia land, is not generally
grown in the winter, wliile barley, wheat, beaus. Hibiscus, etc., rarely
take more than four months from seed time to harvest.

General recommendations are that the entire farm and uncultivated
land immediately adjoining it should be kept as far as possible free
from weeds. Canal banks, waste land near buildings and land under
bare fallow, should receive particular attention. Plants growing in
these situations are almost always useless and inedible for stock.
On farms plants should be rigidly restricted to the areas on wliich they
have been sown. All diseased plants and fruits should be destroyed.
Melons infested with Dacus brevistylus (melon fruit-fly) should not be
left on the ground, where the maggots can complete development,
but should be thrown into water. The refuse of a crop that has been
harvested should be at once collected and burned. In this way, in the
case of melon plants, numbers of Aspongopus viduatus (black melon
bug) will be Idlled. Refuse of cotton and dura should never be used
for building shelters or windscreens, as it frequently harbours numbers
of stem-borers or other pests. Ploughing should take place as soon as
possible after harvest.

King (H. H.). The Control of Insect Pests of Cotton. — Wellcome
Trop. Res. Lab., Khartoum, Entom. Bull. 9, 13th August 1918,
4 pp. [Received 28th February 1920.]

The principal pests of cotton in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan include :
Pectinojjhora gossypiella (pink bollworm), Earias insulana (spiny
bollworm), Diparopsis castanea (Sudan or red bollworm), Aphis
gossypii (cotton aphis or asal fly), Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (cotton

173

stainer) and a flea-beetle, Nisotra imiformis. The food-plants of these
pests and the measures for their control are discussed (see preceding
paper). During the period in which no cotton is grown, a clearing
up and clean cultivation of the land should be practised so that there
will be no food-plants in which the insects can either shelter or feed.
All cotton seed for sowing should be sunned at the ginneries to kill
any pink bollwornis contained in the seed. Cotton seed required for
feeding purposes should either be treated in the same way or crushed
before being returned to the farm.

From the time when cotton sowing is started, Abutilon spp. may
be grown as a trap-crop for E. insidana, but care must be taken that
it is not left too long. The seed-pods should be examined frequently,
■jind when any are found to contain half-grown bollwornis the plant
should immediately be cut and burned all over the farm and uncultivated
land adjoining.

King (H. H.). The Pink Bollworm, Pectinophom (Gelechia) gossy-
■jnella, Saunders, at Tokar, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, during the
Season 1917-1918. - Wellcome Troj). Res. Lab., Khartoum, Entom.
Bull. 10, 9th September 1918, 3 pp. [Received 28th February
1920.]

The status of Pectinophora gossypiella (pink bollworm) in Tokar,
Anglo-Fgyptian Sudan, where it was first discovered in 1914-1915,
.and the conditions peculiar to that locality, are discussed. After
its first appearance in the Sudan the pest spread rapidly and by
April 1917 infestation of the bolls had risen in some areas to 10 per
cent. Energetic control measures, on the lines s\ ggested in the
preceding papers, were undertaken, with the result that m the 1917-18
season the infestation was less than 0*05 per cent, and the damage
done was negligible.

The Clothes Beetle {Anthrenns vorax). — Wellcome Trop. Res. Lab.,
Khartoum, p:ntom. Circ. 6, 28th March 1918, 2 pp. [Received
28th February 1920.]

The beetle, Ardhremis vorax, in its larval stage often causes consider-
able damage to clothes in the Sudan. The beetles will oviposit on
almost any substance of animal origin, such as woollen and silken
fabrics, feathers, horns, etc., but never on anytliing of vegetable
origin such as cotton and linen. The eggs are pearly white and,
although small, are easily visible on dark cloth. The larvae are
black and hairy and the pupa is encased in the old larval skin. The
duration of the life-cycle and the number of generations occurring
in the year depend upon the temperature ; probably six weeks is
about the average time recpurecl for development.

In protecting clothes from damage it should be remembered that
the beetles frequently fly to clothes from flower gardens, that the
eggs are soft-shelled and easily broken, both larvae and pupae are
easily crushed, and none but the egg-stage can survive in an atmos-
phere heavily charged with naphthaline. Clothes that have been
exposed to possible infection should be brushed with a stiff brush
before being put away ; this will crush eggs, larvae or pupae and
dislodge the adults. Articles that cannot be treated in tliis way

174

should be enclosed in an airtight receptacle with a quantity of
naphthaline and left for a fortnight or more. Uninfested articles
may be protected by enclosing them in a cotton or linen sheet.

Allen (A. A.). Birds and Trees in Winter. -Amer. Forestry, Washing-
ton, B.C., xxvi, no. 313, January 1920, pp. 45-47, 7 figs.

Attention is drawn to the importance of protection and shelter,
especially during the winter, for the insectivorous birds that are
so beneficial to fruit and forest trees in America. It is pointed out
that sprays against such pests as the codling moth [Cydia pomo7iella]
are only efficacious if applied on just the rigat spot at the right time,
and that during the entire life-cycle of the pest there are only a few
hours when the spray can be eft'ective and, since all the eggi do not
hatch at once, the chances of killing all larvae are slignt. Birds,
however, can act as the destroying agents during two periods, first
when the moths transform in the spring and warblers, vireos and other
migrating birds pass through the orchards, and again during the entire
winter when nuthatches, woodpeckers and creepers are hunting over
the bark for insects. Young tent caterpillars [Malacosoma] are
similarly attacked by warblers, vireos and wrens on their northward
migrations ; the half-grown caterpillars are seized in their nests by
orioles, while full-grown ones are eaten by cuckoos. Nuthatches,
chickadees and crows all devour the eggs in winter. The downy
woodpecker and the hairy woodpecker dig out boring insects from the
trunks of pines, elms, and other shade trees. It is suggested that
small refi ges and feeding-stations should be placed in every forest
reserve and a little suet should be attached to some of the trees to-
attract the winter birds.

Urban (C). Beitrage zur Lebensgeschichte der Kafer. III. [Contri-
butions to the Life-history of the Coleoptera, III.] — Entom.
Blatter, Berlin, x, no. 9-12, 31st October 1914, pp. 225-231, 4 figs.

' A number of Cruciferae have been recorded as food-plants of Baris
laticollis, Mrsh. The author has observed this weevil in the roots of
Erysimum hieraciifoliiim and E. cheiranthoides, the former being
preferred. According to Kaltenbach, Tychius picirostris, F., develops
in the flower-heads of Trifolium pratense. The author has found only
T. tomentosus, Hbst., there, but T. jjicirostris was found in Trifolium
hybridum.

The food-plants of Apion hookeri, Krby., belong to the genera
Anthemis and Matricaria. From M. inodora, A. hookeri was bred
together with its parasites Bracon satanas, Wsm., Aphidius chry-
santhemi, Wsm., Encyrtus tnorio, Dim., as well as a large number of
the leaf -miner, Phytomyza affinis, Mg.

Kleine (E,.). Chrysomela fastuosa, L., und ihre Nahrungspflanzen.
Ein weiterer Beitrag zur Kenntnis ihrer Biologie. — [C. fastuosa
and its Food-plants ; a further Contribution to a Knowledge of its
Biology.] — Entom. Blatter, Berlin, x, no. 9-12, 31st October 1914,
pp. 241-249, 10 figs. ; xi, nos. 1-3 & 4-6, 6th February & 10th
May 1915, pp. 56-63 & 72-82, 6 figs.

This is a series of notes deahng with the food-plants of Chrysomela
fastuosa, those of the genus Stachys being preferred.

175

Eggers (H.). Ifs fallax nov. spec. — Entom. Blatter, Berlin, xi, no.
4-6, 10th May 1915, pp. 96-97.

In a collection containing Ifs sexdentatus, Boerner, and /. subelon-
gatus, Mot., received from Siberia, four examples were found from
Irkutsk belonging to a new species, Ijis fallax, which is intermediate in
character between them.

Kleine (R.). Erster Nachtrag zur Gesamt-Literatur der Borken-

kafer. [First Supplement to the Complete Literature of the
Bark-beetles.] — Entom. Blatter, Berlin, xi, no. 4-6, 10th May 1915,
pp. 123-126.

The contents of this paper are indicated by its title.

Langhoffer (A.). Scolytidae Croatiae. — Entom. Blatter, Berlin, xi,
no. 7-9, 25th July 1915, pp. 154-159.

In this list of Scol3rtids, the area included embraces Croatia proper,
Slavonia and Dalmatia.

Kleine (R.). Die Gattung Ghrysomela und ihre Standpflanzen.

[The genus Ghrysomela and its Food-plants.] — Entom. Blatter,
Berlin, xi, no. 10-12, 30th December 1915, pp. 203-213.

The subject matter of this paper is indicated by its title.

WiCHMANN (H.). Zur Kenntnis der Ipiden. iv. [A Contribution to
a Knowledge of the Scolytidae. iv.] — Entom. Blatter, Berlin,
xi, no. 10-12, 30th December 1915, pp. 213-217.

The following species are described : Scolytus (EccoptogaMer) platy-
stylus, sp. n., from East Siberia ; S. (E.) frankei, sp. n., from Turkestan ;
S. (E.) emarginatus, sp. n., from Turkestan ; S. (E.) nodicornis, sp. n.,
from Brazil ; and Pnlygra/phus primus, sp. n., from Kamerun.

Simmel (R.). Juniperus communis als Sterbequartier verschiedener
Borkenkafermannchen ? [J. communis apparently used as Death-
quarters by Male Bark-beetles.] — Entom. Blatter, Berlin, xiv, no.
10-12, 18th November 1918, pp. 288-291.

Observations are recorded of the infestation of Juniperus communis
by males of Gryphalus abietis, Pityophthorus micrographus, Pityogenes
clialcographus, and P. bistridentatus. The individuals in question
fed only for a short time and then died ; no females were found.

Friedrichs (K.). Einiges iiber die Kafer des toten Holzes im Kiefern-
wald der Insel St. Marguerite (Sudfrankreich). [Some Notes on
the Beetles infesting dead wood in the Pine Forest of the Isle of
Ste. Marguerite in the South of France.] — Entoni. Blatter, Berlin,
XV, no. 1-3, 31st March 1919, pp. 20-27.

Among the beetles dealt with are Rhagium inquisitor, L., the larvae
of which were killed by the fungus, Metarrhizium anisopliae. The latter
also killed all stages of Ergates faher, L., and appears able to penetrate
into the larval mines, some larvae, probably those of Monochamus

176

[Monohammus) galloprovincialis, 01., being also killed by it. A
Lamellicorn, Ori/ctes laevigatus, Heer, was found in the stumps of dead
pines, whereas 0. nasicornis in Germany occurs in rotten oak. The
larvae of an Elaterid, Adelocera punctata, Hbst., prey actively on other
insects.

A hst of all the species found on the island is given.

SiMMEL (R.). Befall von entrindetem Nutzholz durch Borkenkafer.
Borkenkaferparasiten und ihre Feinde. [Bark-beetle Infestation
of barked Timber. Bark-beetle Parasites and their Enemies.] —
Entom. Blatter, Berlin, xv, no. 1-3, 31st March 1919, pp. 34-36.

The first of these notes records the infestation of barked oak logs
in Carniola by the following bark-beetles : Xyloterus domesticus, L.,
X. signatus, F.,Xylebonis {Anisandrus) dispar, F., and X. xylographus,
Say {Xyleborimis saxeseni, Ratz.). The logs had been recently barked
and this may account for the infestation. An editorial note points
out that the damp atmosphere in Croatia from February to April
delays the drying of logs, so that even conifers that have been felled
and barked in spring are attacked by Xyloterus lineatiis, L.

The second paper deals with bark-beetles and their parasites in
Carniola. In the mountains there Ulmus niontana is much attacked
by Scolytus laevis, Chap. Hymenopterous parasites destroy a large
percentage of the larvae and the infested individuals are unable to
bore deep into the sapwood.

SiMMEL (R.). Zur Lebensweise des Haselborkenkafers {Lymantor
coryli, Perris). [Notes on the Life- history of the Hazel Bark-
beetle, Lymantor coryli, Perris.] — Entom. Blatter, Berlin, xv, no.
4-6, 5th July 1919, pp. 103-110, 1 fig.

Dryocoetes {Lymantor coryli, Perris, appears to have only one
generation a year in the cold climate of Carniola. As hazel {Gorylus
avellana) is an unimportant plant in the region in question this
beetle is of httle economic importance there.

Kleine (R.). Ceuthorrhynchus sulcicollis, Paykull; Galerucella
tenella, L. ; Sitones lineatus, L. — Entom. Blatter, Berlin, xv, no.
10-12, 7th January 1920, pp. 250-251.

The larva of Ceuthorrhynchus sulcicollis, Payk., is recorded from
winter rape. The eggs of Galeruca tenella are laid in small groups
of from two to five on the leaves of Alchemilla and Spiraea in damp
situations. Injury to Leguminosae by Sitones lineatus is chiefly
to the edges of the leaves, though in late summer the inner portions
of the leaves of Trifolium pratense and Pisum arvense may also suffer.

Pouillaude (I.). La Teigne du Poireau {Acrolepia assectella, Zeller). —
Bidl. Soc. Sci. Med. de VOuest, Rennes,.xxYi, 7th December 1917,
pp. 57-81, 2 figs. [Received 6th March 1920.]

The chief insect pest of leeks is the moth, Acrolepia assectella. Z.,
the caterpillars of which make irregular channels downward in the
closely pressed leaves of the leek, kilhng the plant when they reach the

177

base. Pupation takes place on the plant itself and the adult appears
a fortnight later. There are two annual generations, the first ravaging
the crop in June to July, the second in September to October. This
moth probably hibernates as an imago.

A remedial measure that is often effective is to cut off the leaves
level with the soil before the caterpillars penetrate to this point, the
operation being carried out as late as possible to avoid the danger of a
fresh batch of eggs being deposited on the new growth. The leaves
thus cut off should be burned or buried together with any useless
plants that may shelter the caterpillars in the neighbourhood of the
crop.

PouiLLAUDE (I.). M^thodes de Lutte contre un Ravageur du Cafeier'

k La Reunion {Cocais riridis. Green). — Bull. Soc. Sci. Med. de

VOueM, Rennes. xxv, 8th Dec. 1916, pp. 3^-40. [Received

6th March 1920.]

The scale. Coccus viridis, Green, which has a wide distribution in

the tropics, threatens the abandonment of coffee cultivation in

Reunion. A useful natural check on it is a fungus, Ceijlialosiiorium

■ lecanii, which under sufficiently humid conditions may destroy as

many as 90 per cent, of the Coccids.

Remedial measures include spraying with a resinous soap solution
made of 2 lb. each of resin, sodium carbonate and soap in 8 gals,
of water. The powdered resin and soda are boiled in a little water
and kept stirred. When the liquid is clear the flaked soap is added.
The whole is then dissolved and cooled, and the rest of the water
added.

Lime-sulphur mixture (Savastano's formula) [R.A.E., A, ii, 412]
may also be used, or petroleum emulsion consisting of 30 lb. soft
. soap, 3 gals, petroleum and 100 gals, water.

Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas is also recommended.

Wesenberg-Lund (C). Insektlivet i ferske Vande. [Insect Life in

Fresh Waters.] — Gvldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag,

Copenhagen, 1915, 528 pp., 377 figs. Price 11.25 Kr.

In this voluminous book the author has collected together his

many valuable notes on aquatic insects (including Culicids and other

Nematocera). The hterature on the subject has been consulted with

great thoroughness and the whole forms a very valuable compendium

of the known facts on the biology of aquatic insects up to the year

of pubhcation (1915).

Bergsoe (Villv.). Fra Mark og Skov. Billeder af Insekternes Liv.

[Pictures of Insect Life from Field and Wood.] — New Edition by

C. Wesenberg-Lund, Gvldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag,

Copenhagen, l9lo, 2 vols., 1172 pp., 917 figs., 29pls. Price 10 Kr.

This new and much enlarged edition of Bergsoe's old popular book

has been issued by the editor as a pendant to the work above

mentioned on freshwater insects. Numerous details are given, of the

bionomics of insects noxious to agriculture and forestry as well as to

household insects, house-flies, etc, and the work is full of excellent

illustrations.

178

Dendy (A.). & Elkington (H. D.). Report on the Effect of Air-
tight Storage upon Grain Insects. Part III. — Rept. Grain Pests
(War) Committee, Royal Society, London, no. 6, January 1920,.
51 pp. [Received 2nd March 1920.] j

The chemical and physiological problems connected with the
destruction of insect life in hermetically sealed vessels is discussed,
the efficacy of this method having already been demonstrated [R.A.E.,
A, vii, 94].

The results of experiments to determine as accurately as possible
what are the factors concerned in the death of insects in sealed vessels,
are summarised as follows : — Grain insects sealed up in air-tight
vessels, with or without wheat, succumb as soon as the oxygen has
been used up, a corresponding amount of carbon dioxide being
produced. The only gases present in such sealed vessels, under normal
conditions, are oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The amount of
carbon dioxide given off by live wheat in air-tight vessels varies
directly with the moisture content and the temperature. As regards
moisture content there is a critical point, above which the production
of carbon dioxide by wheat suddenly increases very greatly. This
critical point varies slightly with the temperature. For the tempera-
ture and wheats investigated it lies between 13'25 and 16"95 per cent.
Above the critical point of moisture content wheat stored in air-
tight receptacles very soon renders itself immune to the attacks of
grain insects, but below this point it takes a comparatively long
time to do so. Data are given in the appropriate places. The amount
of oxygen absorbed by live wheat of low moisture content is greater
than the amount of carbon dioxide given off. At about 30° C, 100
Galandra oryzae give off about 29*5 mg. (nearly a fifth of their own
weight) of carbon dioxide in 24 hours, and at 20-21° C. only about-
9*38 mg. Weight for weight, G. granaria gives off rather less carbon
dioxide than G. oryzae, which is to be accounted for by its less active
habits. The respiratory quotient for G. oryzae is about 0-773 and for
G. granaria about 0'815, indicating that the respiratory processes of
these insects are perfectly normal.

The complete absence of oxygen is alone sufficient to kill weevils,
without taking into account the presence of carbon dioxide, though
they are able to remain ahve for a considerable time when only small
percentages of oxygen are present. The extent to which weevils are
able to make use of oxygen in sealed vessels depends upon the per-
centage of that gas initially present. Carbon dioxide exerts a poisonous
effect upon weevils apart altogether from the question of diminished
oxygen pressure. Thus at 30-31° C. Galandra oryzae was killed in
less than 12 days in an atmosphere containing from 14"08 to 22*56
per cent, of CO.^, though 13-88 per cent, of O^ still remained. Pure
(moist) carbon dioxide is less fatal in its effects than carbon dioxide
with a small admixture of oxygen. Pure (moist) carbon dioxide
acts almost instantaneously as a narcotic, under the influence of
which weevils may remain motionless for a long time without losing
their power of recovery.

It has not yet been found possible to devise a method by which
the time may be accurately estimated that is required to render wheat
in an air-tight silo of given dimensions and under given conditions

179

immune from the attacks of insects by the normal consumption
of oxygen and production of CO.,. The rate of oxygen consumption
and COo production varies greatly with conditions of temperature
and moisture, and it is difficult to determine even approximately
the number of insects that may be present in the wheat. While no
definite statement can be made, it is considered that infested grain
put into air-tight storage cannot be seriously damaged by insects ; for
if only a few were present, they could not do much damage in the time
before they died, and if many were present, they would all be killed
in a very short time by oxygen consumption and CO., production.

A series of experiments to determine the effect of sealing 100 grains
of weevil-infested wheat in varying amounts of air-space demonstrates
clearly the efficiency of hermetical seahng even when a relatively large
air-space is present. The tests also indicated that seahng wheat
for a short period would be a useful means of testing concealed weevil-
infestation. The general advantages of air-tight storage are briefly
summarised, and in conclusion, the importance of this method is
urged as a means of maintaining a reserve of cereals in case of war
or failure of crops.

Dendy (A.) & Elkington (H. D.). Report on the Vitality and
Rate of Multiplication of certain Grain Insects under various
Conditions of Temperature and Moisture. — Rept. Grain Pests
(War) Committee, Royal Society, London, no. 7, January 1920,
52 pp. [Received 2nd March 1920.]

The following summary is given of the results of experiments on
the vitahty of the most important weevils attacking stored grain : —
Under suitable conditions of temperature and moisture and with an
abundant supply of wheat, Galandraoryzae and C. granaria show a very
high rate of increase and breed all the year round. The optimum
temperature for the breeding of Calandra oryzae and G. granaria is
about 82° F., for Rhizopertha dominica somewhat higher. At all
temperatures and under all conditions, when breeding takes place
at all, Galandra oryzae increases much more rapidly than G. granaria,
the maximum observed for the former species being a 700-fold increase
in 16 weeks, at an average temperature of 82-5 ° F, For this reason
G. oryzae is a more serious danger than G. granaria, unless indeed in
the British Isles the higher rate of increase is counter-balanced by
the higher death-rate of the adults in winter. At ordinary room
temperature in the British Isles both Galandra oryzae and G. granaria
multiply only during the warmer months of the year, the lower
temperature limit for multiphcation being probably about 65° F.,
while for Rhizopertha it is probably about 70° F. At ordinary room
temperatures nearly all adults of Galandra oryzae are killed ofE during
the winter, but large numbers of larvae survive in the interior of the
grains.

The adults of Galandra granaria, on the other hand, survive the
winter in large numbers, the death-rate being httle, if any, higher
than at other times of the year. The adults of the three species show
remarkable differences in their susceptibihty to cold. After being
kept at a temperature of 33-36° F. for 11 days, 91 out of 100 G. granaria
recovered, only 3 out of 100 G. oryzae showed very feeble signs of Hfe,

180

and none out of 100 Rhizopertha dominica recovered. Rhizopertha
dominica is less susceptible to high temperatures than the two weevils,
the lethal temperature for an exposure of three minutes being about
146° F. for the former and between 120° and 131° F. for the latter
(in the adult condition). An exposure to a temperature of 145*5°
F, for five minutes is sufficient to kill the larvae of Calandra oryzae
and probably to sterihze the wheat completely as regards all insect
life. Although a moist atmosphere is undoubtedly more favourable
than a dry one for the two weevils, both species can live and multiply
in a dry incubator, Calandra oryzae increasing much more rapidly
than C. granaria, provided the initial moisture content of the grain is
sufficiently high. Very dry wheat is less Hable to attack by weevils
than wheat with a moderate or high moisture content, but wheat
readily absorbs moisture in a damp atmosphere, and thereby becomes
much more susceptible to weevilling. Rhizopertha can withstand dry
conditions better than either of the two weevils. Calandra oryzae ,
and C. granaria are both hkely to be serious pests in the British Isles,
but little is to be feared from Rhizopertha dominica under ordinary
temperature conditions. In addition to the damage done by actual
consumption of the grain the presence of weevils results in extensive
fouhng with faecal matter, encouraging the absorption of moisture and
the ultimate rotting of the whole mass. In large quantities of wheat
the process of decay is doubtless accelerated by rise of temperature
due partly to the presence of insects and partly to " heating of the
wheat."

Rathb.one (H. E,.). Wheat and its Pests. — Grain Pests {War) Com-
mittee, Royal Society, London, Memorandum no. 6, December
1919, 4 pp. [Received 2nd March 1920.]

Before the War the problem of wheat storage was of but httle interest
in Great Britain^ as wheat was practically never stored in large quantities
for any length of time. During the War, when storage became a
necessity, considerable trouble was experienced from mites. W th
regard to weevil infestation, the author expresses the opinion that the
loss of wheat from weevils all over the world would probably be
overstated at 0-001 per cent, per annum. It has been stated that
severe losses were incurred by the Government in purchasing during
the War a larger amount of wheat in Australia than they were likely
to be able to ship ; in the author's opinion the loss to the British
Government will be small (certainly less than 2 per cent.), the smallness
of the loss being largely due to the measures initiated to combat
insect infestation {R.A.E., A, vii, 167]. The standard plant finally
erected for sterilising and screening the wheat is described. This
is capable of treating 1,000 bushels per hour. All weevi s, eggs and
larvae are killed in passing through the steriliser ; from 200 to 300 lb.
of dead weevils afe secured from the amount of wheat (2,500 bags)
treated in eight hours, about 442,000 weevils being estimated to the lb.
While heavy losses have occurred in Australia; it is pointed out that the
conditions under which an enormous bulk of wheat was obhged to
remain stored for some years were quite exceptional and are very
unhkely ever to recur.

181

Hecke (G. H.). California^A future Cotton State.— Mthly. Bvll. Cal'
State Dept. Agric, Sacramento, ix. no. 1-2, January-February
1920, pp. 3-4.

To ensure the future success of cotton growing in California the
necessity of carrying out the inspection and quarantine service on a
more adequate scale is emphasised. So far the cotton boll weevil,
Anthonomiis grandis, and the pink boUworm, Pectinophora gossypiella,
have not gained entry into the State.

Snyder (T. E.). " White Ants " as Pests in the United States and
Methods of preventing Damage. — Mtidy. Bull. Cal. State Dept.
Agric., Sacramento, ix, no. 1-2, January-February 1920, pp. 7-20,
11 figs.

The bulk of the information contained in this paper on termites
f has been noticed elsewhere [B.A.E., A, v, 147].

EssiG (E. 0.). The Grape Scale in California. — MtJdg. Bull. CaL
State Dept. Aqric, Sacramento, ix, no. 1-2, January-February
1920, pp. 37-39, 2 figs.

The grape scale, Aspidiotus uvae, Comst., which was found attacking
American vines in Cahfornia in November 1919, is redescribed. The
scales were abundant upon the old canes as well as upon one-year-old
wood and were usually hidden under the rough and peeling bark.
A list of twelve other scale-insects known to attack grapes in the
State is given ; none of these, however, is of any importance in
commercial viticulture.

Wilson (G. R.). Insects found in Banana Cars. — Mthly. Btdl. CaL
State Dept. Agric, Sacramento, ix, no. 1-2, January-February
1920, pp. 40-41, 1 plate.

There is always great danger of insects being introduced into fresh
locahties by railway cars passing through infested territory. Appar-
ently banana cars are a greater source of danger than those carrying
other commodities. Between 1st June 1918 and 31st July 1919 a
collection was made in these cars of 124 insects belonging to 92 species
representing 45 famihes. Of these 46 were injurious, but as some of
these were not banana pests, they must have entered the car during
transit. On two occasions small colonies of the Argentine ant \Irido-
myrmex hmnilis] comprising workers and pupae were found in bunches
of banana fruit.

Maskew (F.). Reports for the Months of November and December

1919. — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Dept. Agric, Sacramento, ix, no.
1-2, January-February 1920, pp. 49-52.

The pests intercepted during November and December include : —
From Arizona, Cydia [Laspeyresia) pomonella in apples. From
Florida, Lepidosaphes beckii, Parlatoria pergandei and Phomopsis citri
on oranges and grape-fruit. From New York, a Dipterous larva in
Japanese iris ; Coccus hesperidum and Aspidiotus britannicus on bay
trees. From Oregon, Cydia pomonella and Aspidiotus perniciosus in

182

apples. From Washington, C. pomonella, Lepidosaphes uhni and Aspi-
diotus perniciosKS on apples; Pari atoria pergandei andLepidosajjhes beckii
on grape-fruit. From Alabama, Parlatoria pergandei on grape-fruit and
oranges. From Pennsylvania, Idaho, Texas and Utah, Cydiapo^nonella
on apples. From Colorado, Lepidosaphes id^ni and C. pomonella on
apples. From Ohio, Balaninus caryatrypes in chestnuts. From
Connecticut, Pseudococcus citri on Gardenia. From Arkansas, Aspidio-
tus perniciosus and C. pomonella on apples. From Ilhnois, Asjndiotus
perniciosus on apples ; Pseudococcus sp. on bulbs of Calla. From Mas-
sachusetts, Lepidosaphes uhni and C. pomonella on apples. From
Missouri, Lepidosaphes beckii and Parlatoria pergandei on grape-fruit.
From Wyoming, Lepidosaphes beckii on grape-fruit. From Central
America, Pseudococcus sp., Aspidiotus sp., yl. cyatiophylli, Palaeococcus
rosae, Chrysomphalus scutiformis and Icerya purchasi oil bananas ;
Aspidiotus sp. on palm seed. From Nevada, Heterodera radicicola
in potatoes and Cydia pomonella on apples. From Mexico, Chry-
somphalus sp., C. aurantii and Aspidiotus scutiformis on oranges ;
Lepidosaphes beckii and L. gloveri on limes ; Aspidiotus sp. on sweet
limes ; Acritochaeta pulvinata and Drosophila buscki in gourds. From
New Mexico, Lepidosaphes beckii on lemons. From Papeete, an
undetermined ant in tamarinds and Pseudococcus sp. on pineapples.
From Guam, Ischnaspis longirostris (filiformis) on coconuts. From
Hawaii, Diaspis bromeliae and Pseudococcus bromeliae on pineapples ;
Coccus elongatus, Pseudococcus sp. and Aphis sp. on betel leaves ;
Pseudococcus virgatus on leaves used as packing; larvae of Dacus
[Bactrocera) cucurbitae in cucumbers ; Pseudaonidia clavigera, Saissetia
nigra, Leqndosaphes sp. and a Tetranychid mite on Hibiscus cuttings ;
Chrysomphalus aoyiidmn, Hemichionaspis minor and a Lepidopterous
larva on coconuts ; Pseudococcus sp. on green coconuts, and Aspidiotus
lataniae on shrubs. From China, Lepidopterous larvae in walnuts ; an
undetermined weevil and Lepidopterous larvae in roots ; Parlatoria
pergandei, Chionaspis citri and Lepidosaphes beckii on grape-fruit.
From Japan, an undetermined weevil in chestnuts. From AustraHa,
an ant and Saissetia hemisphaerica on staghorn fern.

Severin (H. H. p.). The Beet Leaf hopper. A Report on Investi-
gations into its Occurrence in California. — Facts about Sugar, New
York, viii, nos. 7-13, 15th February-29th March 1919, pp. 130-
131, 134, 150-151, 170-171, 173, ' 190-191, 210-211, 230-231,
250, 255, 6 figs. [Received 2nd March 1920.]
Detailed records are given of the finding of individuals of Eutettix
tenella (beet leaf-hopper) at different seasons on various food-plants
in CaUfornia, which are chiefly of the saltbush family [Atriplex spp.),
the investigation having been undertaken with a view to determining
the habits of the insects after leaving the cultivated area. The bulk
of the information given has already been noticed [R.A.E, A, vii,
474].

Aldrich (J. M.). U.S. Bur. Entom. European Frit Fly in North
America. — Jl. Agric. Research, Washington, B.C., xviii, no. 9,
2nd February 1920, pp. 451-473, 1 plate, 7 figs.
The investigations recorded in this paper were carried out in

1914-1916. A history of the early records of the fi'it fly is given.

183

Linnaeus described the insect in 1758 as Muscnfrit ; Fabricius included
it in the genus Oscinis. Since that date frit flies have been recorded
as various species of Oscinis in North America, but the author's
studies of these forms have led liim to the conclusion that 0. pusilla,
Meig., 0. nitidissima, Meig., 0. carbonaria, Lw., 0. variabilis, Lw.,
0. nigra, Tucker, and 0. soror, Macq., are all synonyms of Oscinella
{Oscinis) frit, the multiplicity of names having arisen from the varia-
bility and wide distribution of the species.

This fly is most abundant in the region where winter wheat is gr( wn,
i.e., from the Great Lakes to the Ohio River and westward to the
Missouri. Outside this area it has been found in abundance locally
from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Ottawa to the Gulf of
Mexico, its northern Hmit being 58° in Alaska. It is general wherever
grass is abundant and green for a considerable part of the year. In
the arid West it occurs along streams, in irrigated pastures, or at
high altitudes where the humidity is greater. The various stages of
the insect are described.

In Indiana, where these investigations were made, 0. frit winters
in the larval stage in winter wheat. Following the emergence of
this brood in spring, there are four summer generations. The method
of rearing these generations in the laboratory is described. The first
emergence extended in 1916 from about the middle of April to mid-
May ; adults of the first summer generation emerged from about
12th June to 13th July, those of the second generation from 16th to
26th July, those of the third, from 10th to 28th August. Only two
flies of the fourth summer generation were reared ; these emerged on
24th and 25th September. While the record covers too few individuals
to exclude the possibihty of variation in the number of generations,
it indicates that four summer generations are the normal number.

The flies oviposit on the young and tender shoots of grains and grasses,
the larvae entering the shoot and feeding downward in the middle ;
occasionally eggs are laid on or within the glumes just after heading'
in which case the larvae eat out the soft kernel. The flies seem to be
attracted by an exudation from the fresh epidermis of grass that
IS producing new shoots. Bluegrass lawns that are kept watered
and mown yield large numbers of 0. frit, practically throughout
the season. _ The relation of 0. frit to grasses requires much further
study. A list is given of the known food-plants of the species ;
tmiothy grass, which is included in the fist, has proved unattractive!
In experiments, wheat, rye, emmer, barley and oats were infested
m the prder given. While in England, 0. frit is frequently referred
to as " the oat fly," in America it seems not to feed upon the oat
at all, unless compelled to do so, when it sometimes accepts oats
and sometimes prefers starvation. Wheat, on the other hand, is
preferred for oviposition ; eggs are laid on the autumn wheat soon
after it_ appears, and spring wheat is attacked by the first summer
generation. A characteristic symptom of infestation in voung shoots
of all kinds is the dying of the central leaf, while the others around
It remain green. While in cool and moist weather the injured leaf
may remain green for some time, in hot dry weather it is killed at
once. The insect Tias rather a wide range of "" habits and mav concen-
trate on any one of several food-plants ; it sometimes severely attacks
young, imripe grains, though ordinarily it does not affect them.

184

Owing to the great difficulty of rearing parasites it has been
impossible to determine any species, but it appears evident that
0. frit is freely parasitised by minute Hymenoptera,

The attack of 0. frit upon wheat is very similar to that of the
Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor], and therefore it is thought that
the remedy for one trouble may dispose of the other. As early as
1777, a change in the methods of tillage was recommended for the
control of 0. frit and this is still the only practicable remedy. In
wheat sown at weekly intervals from 12th September to 17th October,
it was noticed that infestation was heaviest in the earliest sowing and
decreased regularly to the latest sowings, in which infestation was
nil. It therefore seems that the recommendation of late sowing to
escape the Hessian fly will equally apply to 0. frit, though with the
former the possibility of infestation entirely ceases at a certain date,
while with the latter the chances decrease regularly until the cold
weather. Wheat sown in late spring is more infested than that sown
early. Continuous cropping in wheat appears to make no difierence,
for the fly migrates freely for considerable distances.

Turner (W. B.). U.S. Bur. Entoni. Lepidoptera at Light Traps. —
Jl. Agric. Research, Washington, D.C., xviii, no. 9, 2nd February.
1920, pp. 475-481, l' fig.

Further observations have been made in Maryland with regard
to Lepidoptera at hght-traps, the species caught including many of
those previously taken and a number of others [R.A.E., A, vi, 487].
The work was carried on in 1918 from 14th May to 13th September
and includes 28 observations. The trap used is described and figured.
The total number of moths taken was 3,152, including more than 60
species ; of these, 2,200, or 69*8 per cent, were males and 952 or 30*2
per cent, females. In the case of Agrotis (Noctua) c-nigrum and
Ewparthenos iiuhilis the sexes were in equal numbers, in three
others there was a preponderance of females. Of the 952 females,
77'3 per cent, were gravid, these constituting 23'35 per cent, of all
moths captured. Of the 11 genera of Arctiids, all the females of
9 genera were gravid ; among 8 genera of Noctuids 100 per cent,
of the females were gravid.

Temperature and humidity seem to have but little influence on
night-flying moths, but strong winds, rain or fog materially restrict
their flight. A large percentage of the total number of gravid females
were captured during the early hours of the night (before 10 p.m.) ;.
this confirms the findings of another observer [^R.A.E., A, v, 211].

Of the species collected in Maryland, at least 20 are of economic
importance and several others are likely to prove serious pests if
circumstances favour them.

Collins (C. W.) & Hood (C. E.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Life History
of Euhioynyia calosomae, a Tachinid Parasite of Calosoma Beetles. —
Jl. Agric. Research, Washington, D.C., xviii, no. 9, 2nd February
1920, pp. 483-497, 2 plates.

During 1912, adults of the predaceous beetle, Calosoma sycophanta,
L., successfully introduced into Massachusetts in 1906, were collected
for breeding experiments. Many of these were killed by a Tachinid

185

parasite since determined as Euhiomyia calosomae, Coq. Townsend's
description of this fly is quoted and an account is given of each instar.
It has been bred from G. sycophanta in many parts of eastern Massa-
chusetts and in parts of Maine, New Hampshire and Rhode Island,
It is probably native to New England, having been first bred from
C. calidum, which it has infested to the extent of 4*4 per cent, for
a period of years, the figure for C. sycophanta being only 3'4 per cent,
or less during 1915-1918.

The eggs of E. calosomae are laid on the exterior surface of the
adults of Calosoma (the larvae not being attacked) singly, or hi
groups of 2, 3 or 4. The period of oviposition during three years'
observations was from 19th July to 16th August. Several experiments
in longevity gave an average of 18 days. E. calosomae hibernates in
the second larval instar within the body cavity of the beetles. The
young larva upon hatching enters the body, probably through the
spiracles, and reaches the second instar about the time that the
beetles enter the earth for hibernation. In spring the parasitised
beetles, weakened by the presence of the parasite, begin to work
their way upward through the ground in search of food. They die
after two or three days on, or near, the ground surface, and the parasites,
emerge shortly before the normal field emergence of C. sycophanta^
There are two full generations of E. calosomae in a year and a partial
third under favourable conditions. The egg-stage lasts from 3 to 24
hours, the larval stage from 9 to 12 days, pupation from 9 to 18 days.
If beetles infested by flies of the summer generation immediately
become inactive and dormant, the parasite apparently does hkewise ,'
but if the host continues to feed actively, the parasite reaches the;
adult stage and gives rise to a partial second summer generation.

This parasite has been bred from C. sycophanta, C. frigidum and
C. calidum collected in the field in New England, and from one
individual of Carabus nemoirdis , and it is probable that other beetles
belonging to these genera are attacked. The only instance of second-
ary parasitism has been the discovery of one puparium of E. calosomae
containing a larva of Chalcis sp. There is an abundance of E. calo-
somae issuing in late July and August, after the beetles have begun
to enter the ground for hibernation, and many must perish unless
they attack some other host than Calosoma or Carabus. This mav
account for the present limits to the increase of the parasite. Should
C. calidum become very abundant in eastern Massachusetts and
New Hampshire, where C. sycojjhanta is already numerous, the
abundance of the parasite may also increase materiaUy, and constitute
a serious handicap to the usefulness of C. sycophanta in New England.

Wade (0.). The Four-Spotted Cowpea Weevil (Bruchus quadri-
maculatus, Fabricius). — Oklahoma Agric. Expt. Sta., Stillwater,
Bull. 129, November 1919, 14 pp., 6 figs. [Received 2nd March
1920.]

Bruchus quadrimaculatus, F., its life-history, natural enemies, and
methods of control are described. About seven generations of the
insect take place in. a year, and though depredations start in the
field, the greatest damage is done to the stored seed.

(673) B

186

Methods of control that have proved effective include: — (1) The
mixing of 1 part lime to 8 parts stored peas by weight ; (2) three
successive fumigations in a week with carbon bisulphide (5 lb. to
1,000 cu, ft. of space), followed by stacking the peas in well secured
bags of closely woven material with tight seams.

The most important natural enemy is a Hymenopterous parasite,
Bruchobius laticeps, Ashm. Though this parasite probably destroys
many immature Bruchids, the damage to cowpeas is already done
before it can materially reduce their numbers.

Department of Entomology. — Montana Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta.,
25th Ann. Rept. for Year ended 30th June 1918, Bozeman, February
1919, pp. 159-164. [Received 2nd March 1920.]

The growth of the entomological department in Montana since
its inception in 1896 is outlined, and a list is given of the publications
that have been issued. The hfe-histories of many well-known pests
have been worked out under Montana conditions and published.
Cutworms are a serious pest in fields and gardens; in 1915 it was
estimated that about 100,000 acres of winter wheat were destroyed
by the army cutworm [Euxoa auxiliaris]. Grasshoppers have appeared
in destructive numbers in several locahties and much work has been
done in investigating this problem, about 160 species having been
collected in the State.

Special studies have been made of the sugar-beet root aphis
{Pemphigtis betae] and it is found that by increasing the number of
irrigations and so maintaining moisture content in the soil, these
insects are prevented from becoming numerous and the sugar-content
of the beets is considerably increased. The lucerne weevil [Hypera
variabilis] has not yet been recorded in Montana, but is prevalent in
the States to the south, and farmers are requested to be on the watch
against its appearance.

Haywood (J. K.). Report of the Insecticide and Fungicide Board. —

U.S. Dept. Agric. Washington, D.C., 22nd August 1919, 5 pp.

[Received 3rd March 1920.]
The Insecticide and Fungicide Board was inaugurated to assist
the Secretary of Agriculture in the enforcement of the Insecticide
Act, the purpose of which is to prevent the manufacture, sale, or
transportation of adulterated or misbranded Paris green, lead arsenate
and other insecticides and fungicides and for regulating traffic therein.
The work of the year ended 30th June 1919 is reviewed. The great
increase in the use of these substances has necessitated constant
vigilance and has resulted in a material increase in the amount of
work which the Board has been called upon to perform. Owing to
the enlarged market and the increased tendency toward adulteration
the work of the Board requires considerable expansion, which however
is not possible with the present appropriation.

IVIarlatt (C. L.). Report of the Federal Horticultural Board. —
U.S. Dept. Agric., Washington, D.C., 1st October 1919, 32 pp.
[Received 3rd March 1920.]
This report, which covers the administration of the Plant Quarantine

Act for the fiscal year ended 30th June 1919, includes a fist of the current

187

quarantine and other restrictive orders. The chief insect pests dealt
with inckide the Japanese beetle [Popillia japonica] and the European
corn borer [Pyrausta niibilalis], in connection with which the present
position is reviewed.

The ])ink bollworm [Pectinophora gossypiella] was not found in any
area previously infested, and this was probably owing to the active
control measures undertaken in connection with the 1918 crop.
Cle:irino;-up operations were begun as soon as possible in the newly
infested districts, and although the planting of cotton for 1919 under
adequate safeguards was permitted owing to the remoteness of the
infested zone from other cotton areas, the district in question is to
remain a strictly non- cotton zone for as long a period as necessary.

Ferris (G. F.). The California Species of Mealy Bugs. — Leland
Stafford Junior Univ. Publications, Cal., 1918, 78 pp., 3 plates,
16 figs. [Received 3rd March 1920.]

The author emphasises all the points in a previous paper made
[R.A.E., A, V, 407] in connection with methods of identifying mealy-
bugs. He disregards biological in favour of morphological evidence
for taxonomic purposes, because the former, not being fully understood,
is often misleading. Under the term " mealy bugs " the following
genera are included : Antonina, Cri/ptoripersia, Erium,, Geococcus,
Lachnodius, Natalensia, Phenacoccus, Pseudococcus , Rhizoecus, Riper sia,
Ripersiella, Trabutina, Trionymus and Tylococcus.

One new genus, Heterococcus, is erected, and the following new
species are described : — Pseudococcus cupressicolus on Cupressus
guadelupensis and C. arizonicus ; P. longisetosus on underground
stems of Castilleja foliolosa and Orobanche tuberosa, and roots of
Armeria vulgaris ; P. quercicolus on Quercus chrysolepis, Q. agrifolia
and Pasania densiflora ; Phenacoccus eriogoni on Eriogonum nudum ;
P. solani on roots of Hemizonia rudis, potato, tomato, and a variety
of wild plants ; Heterococcus arenae on Poa douglasi ; Trionymus
bromi on Bromus sp])., Amjnophila arenaria and Ericameria fasciculata ;
T. distichlii on Distichlis spicata ; and T. grindeliae on roots of
Grindelia robusta.

Keys are given to the Cahfornian genera and species.

Ferris (G. F.). A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Coccidae
of Southwestern United States. — Leland Stanford Junior Univ.
Publications, Ccd., 1919, 68 pp., 38 figs. [Received 3rd March
1920.]

This paper consists chiefly of redescriptions of named forms.

The following new species are described : — Orthezia nuda on Quercus
emoryi ; Fonscolombia yuccae on a broad-leaved Yucca ; Lachnodius
salicis on Salix S]). ; Pseudococcus lycii on Lyciumsp. ; Riper sia hilariae
on a perennial grass, probably Hilaria cenchroides ; Aclerda ariditatis
on a perennial grass, probably H. cenchroides ; Protodiaspis tridentata
on Prosopis velutina ; P. edentata on Acacia greggii ; Pseudodiaspis
atriplicis on Atriplex spp. ; P. condaliae on Condalia spathulata ;

(673) b2

188

Lepidosaphes ceanothi on Ceanothus spp. ; Aspidiotus covilleae on
Covillea glutinosa ; and Targionia covilleae (described as Chrysomphalus
covilleae, but referred to the genus Targionia in the supplement)
on Covillea glutinosa.

Pettit (R. H.). Report of the Entomologist. — 57th Ann. Rept. {1st
Juh/ 1917 to 30th June 1918) Michigan State Bd. Agric, Lansing,
1919, pp. 278-280. [Received 3rd March 1920.]

The potato aphis [Macrosiphum. solanifolii] caused considerable
trouble during the year, the insect being difficult to reach with a
spray owing to its habit of resting on the underside of the leaves.
Against the onion maggot [Hylemyia antiqua] poisoned syrup baits
have been used with much success. Weather conditions were very
favourable in 1917 to the bean maggot [Phorbia fusciceps], and smaller
numbers were present in 1918, but undoubtedly the shallow seeding
of beans and the proper preparation of the seed-bed resulted in saving
a large proportion of the crop. The staUc borer, Pajxiipema nebris
(nitela), has done considerable damage to maize, tomatoes, potatoes
and some other crops. Cutworms, wireworms and white grubs were
all rather abundant and a species of Sitones is increasing as a clover
pest in various parts of the State. In some countries grasshoppers
are causing considerable trouble and the high prices of poison-bran
materials render control an expensive matter ; it is hoped that the
numbers of bhster beetles [Epicauta] reported from the infested
regions may be a distinct help in destroying the grasshopper eggs.
A Lepidopterous borer in maize that appeared in 1917 has now been
determined as Oligia (Noctua) fmctilinea, which is a serious pest in
the more southern States.

The greatest menace however is that of the wheat jointworm
[Harmolita tritici] which is now well estabhshed in the State. Much
is hoped from the parasites of this insect which are appearing in large
numbers. The pest producing blemishes on elbertas has now been
identified as the flower thrips, FranJdiniella (Euthrips) tritici, while
that deforming gooseberries is an Aphid, Macrosiphum cynosbati.
Further information will be pubhshed about these pests. The breeding
of parasites of scale-insects is progressing.

An investigation is being made into possible means of controlling
the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, which does not respond to the
ordinary methods of cockroach control. The tamarack saw-fly
[Lygaeonematus erichsoni] is apparently being held in check by at least
one Hymenopterous parasite and by the fungus, Isaria farinosa,
introduced for that purpose some years ago.

Halligan (C. p.) & Pettit (R. H.). Spray and Practice Outline

for Fruit Growers. — Michigan Agric. Expt. Sta., East Lansing,
Spec. Bull. 86, 1918, 22 pp., 6 figs. [Received 3rd March 1920.]

The purpose of this bulletin is to specify the correct times for the
apphcation of sprays and the proper materials to use for the insects
and diseases that may be expected on fruits in Michigan. Directions
for making the sprays and instructions for general treatment of the
principal crops are included.

189

Blakeslee (E. B.). Use of Toxic Gases as a possible Means of
Control of the Peach-Tree Borer. — U.S. Dej}t. Agric, Washington,
D.C., Bull. 79G, 21st October 1919, 23 pp., 1 plate. [Received
3rd March 1920.]

Investigations were begun in 1915 with the object of developing a
possible method of controlUng the peach tree borer, Aegeria {Sanni-
noidea) exitiosa, Say, by the use of local applications of volatile toxic
compounds to the soil at the base of the tree.

The substances experimented with include carbon bisulphide,
carbon tetrachloride, hydrocyanic acid gas, naphthahne and para-
dichlorobenzene. With the exception of the last-named all the
tests gave negative results.

Some account of para-dichlorobenzene is given and its previous uses
are reviewed. The action of the gas generated is quite local and an
€ven distribution about the tree is desirable ; in the present experi-
ments it was found most convenieW to pulverise the material to
about the fineness of coarse salt. The soil around the tree was broken
up to a depth of 1 or 2 inches but not scraped away from the collar
of the tree unless there was a decided mound. Para-dichlorobenzene
was then sprinkled in a band 1 or 2 inches wide round the collar of
the tree as nearly as possible at the level of the uppermost galleries.
It is probably best to keep the material from actual contact with the
bark to the extent of about half an inch, but the practical importance
of this precaution is not known. The material is finally covered to
a depth of about 2 inches with soil and the mound shghtly compressed.
No lumps or stones should be left against the trunk above the surface
as they furnish shelters for the newly hatched larvae out of reach
of the vapour.

A total of 126 eight-year-old trees were treated with various doses
ranging from ^ oz. to 10 oz. per tree. It was found that less than
I oz. would probably not give consistent control, but there is no
advantage in giving a larger dose than 1 oz. The best time for
apphcation is 3 wrecks before the end of the hatching period, when
all larvae will be killed except a few that have already entered the
tree. The seasonal fluctuations in the period of oviposition prevent
the determination of the time of application to any very great degree
of exactness, but during these observations applications made between
the end of August and end of September proved most satisfactory,
the larvae being killed in about a fortnight. There is apparently
no advantage in making a second application, which only increases
the risk of injury to the tree. Although it has been found that, with
all gases, trees recover more readily from injury in the spring at the
beginning of the growing season, apphcation s made at that time are
not efficacious, as the majority of the larvae have penetrated the tree
and their galleries provide a chance of escape from the gas.

Trees of six years standing or older do not appear to show any
ill effects from fumigation, but the injury to younger trees was too
great to warrant the use of this substance. It has so far been used
with almost uniform results on a variety of soils.

This method of fumigation has also been tried on apple trees against
Saperda Candida, but the trees were severely injured, there being
apparently a wide difference in susceptibiUty between apple and

190

peach trees in this respect. On the latter the gas was also observed
to destroy the fungus gnat, Mycetobia sp., which feeds on the gum.

QuAiNTANCE (A. L.). The San Jos6 Scale and its Control. -U.S.

Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. 650, October
1919, 31 pp., 18 figs. [Keceived 3rd March 1920.]

This is a revision of a bulletin on Aspidiotus perniciosus that has
been previously noticed [R.A.E., A, iii, 417]. It includes a hst of
food-plants compiled by W. E. Britton. The remedial measures
advocated include Scott's formulae for home-made lime-sulphur
concentrate [loc. cit., 418].

Brooks (F. E.). The Round-headed Apple-Tree Borer. — TJ.S. Dejyt.
Agric, Washingto7i, D.C., Farmers' Bull. 675, September 1919,
20 pp., 19 figs. [Received 3rd March 1920.]

This bulletin on Saperda Candida, F., is a revision of a former one,
the contents of which have already been noticed [R.A.E., A, iii,

586].

Beooks (F. E.). The Flat-headed Apple-Tree Borer. — U.S. Dept.
Agric., Washington, B.C., Farmers' Bull. 1065, October 1919,
12 pp., 13 figs. [Received 3rd March 1920.]

The flat-headed apple-tree borer, Chrysobothris femorata, F., occurs
over almost all the United States and in Southern Canada. It injures
a great variety of fruit, shade, and forest trees. Damage is only done
by the larva, and only to trees that are weakened in some way, such as
by transplanting or injury. The larva cannot thrive in a perfectly
healthy tree, though it may continue for months in a half- starved
condition, and finally complete its development if the tree is weakened
in any way. The normal life-cycle takes a year.

The natural enemies of this beetle are woodpeckers and other birds,
ants and some H}Tnenopterous parasites including : — Bracon chariis,
Riley, B. pectinatus, Say, Spathiiis pallidiis, Ashm., Labena apicalis,
Cr., L. grallator. Say, and Phasgonojjhora sulcata, Westw.

The most important feature of control is a good condition of the
trees. Low-formed branches on the south side of trees, and boards
set in the ground to throw a shadow on the trunks of newly-planted
trees cause the beetles to lay their eggs elsewhere, in sunnier places.
Traps consisting of logs of any kind laid in the sun and covered with
a sticky material may be used. Injuries on a tree may be protected
with paint, and during the season of oviposition the whole trunk may
be covered with paper or other ^\Tapping. Dying or cut wood of any
kind should never be left in an orchard from one season to another, in
case beetles may emerge from it.

The European Corn Borer {Pyrausta mibilalis). — Anier. Plant Pest
Committee, Boston, Mass., Bull. 1, 30th November 1918, 2 pp.,
1 fig. [Received 8th March 1920.]

This is an appeal to the public, emphasising the importance of the
actual and possible damage by Pyrausta nubilalis, including the

191

danger of its spread to the Southern States. Many of the recommenda-
tions contained in it have since been dealt with [R.A.E., A, vii, 224,
411 ; viii, 91, 97-99].

The Sweet Potato Weevil {Cylas formicarius). — Amer. Plant Pest
Committee, Boston, Mass., Bull. 1, 12th May 1919, 2 pp., 1 fig.
[Received 8th March 1920.]

The sweet potato is now the second most important vegetable crop
in the United States, and the loss due to Cylas formicarius is estimated
at over 6 per cent, of its total value. This weevil is well established
in Texas, Louisiana and part of Florida, has a foothold in Mississippi,
Alabama and Georgia, and is Hable to spread wherever sweet potatoes
are grown and stored.

From its life-history it seems that direct remedies cannot entirely
exterminate it or prevent its spread. The best results come from
community application of repressive measures carried to the point of
eradication, consisting chiefly of practical, clean culture, and the use of
weevil-free planting stock. These measures should be applied in
special districts under the close supervision of inspectors, and supple-
mented by rigid quarantine laws. The Federal Government is being
asked to provide £15,000 (about 1 per cent, of the value of the damage)
to be used in conjunction with the contributions of the various States
where the weevil is estabUshed.

FuLLAWAY (D. T.). The Fern Weevil Menace. — Hawaiian Forester &
Agriculturist, Honolulu, xvii, no. 1, January 1920, pp. 3-4, 1 plate.

A serious infestation of ferns of the genus Sadleria by the Australian
fern weevil. Sijagrius fulvif arsis, Pasc, was noticed in September in
the neighbourhood of Kilanea and has now spread on the fish-tail fern
to such an extent that eradication does not appear to be feasible.
Isolation is apparently the only possible remedial measure. In the
mountains behind Honolulu, this beetle has been present for 15 years.

Crawford (D. L.). The Jumping Plant Lice of the Palaeotropics and
the South Pacific Islands. Family Psyllidae, or Chermidae,
Homoptera. — Philippine Jl. Sci., Manila, xv, no. 2, August 1919,
pp. 139-208, 3 plates, 3 figs. [Received 5th March 1920.]

The PsylHds of the Palaeotropics are not of much economic importance,
though a few species do considerable damage, and no doubt when
the habits of certain others are known the number of those of economic
interest will be augmented.

Euphalerus vittatus, Crawf., has been recorded from Bombay on
Cassia fistula, and E. citri, Knw., is a pestof Citrus. Arytaina jmncti-
pennis, Crawf., injures indigo {Indigofera) in Bengal and Ceylon,
and A. obscura, Crawf., attacks mangos (Mangifera) in Bengal.

Several new species are described.

Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-18, III ; Insects,
Part E : Coleoptera, Ottaiva, 12th December 1919, pp. 1-27E.,
3 plates. [Received 8th March 1920.]

The beetles here dealt with include Scolytidae (Ipidae), Ceramby-
ciDAE, and BuPRESTiDAE bv J. M. Swaine ; Carabidae and Silphidae

192

by H. C. Fall ; Coccinellidae, Elateridae, Chrysomelidae, and
Rh}Tichophora by C. W. Leng ; and Dytiscidae by J. D. Sherman,
Jr. "

The forest insects were collected chiefly on the east side of the Copper
Mine River, North-west Territories. The trees were stunted white
spruce [Picea olba], examined in February at a temperature of 50
degrees below zero. Forest insects including bark-beetles and Ceram-
bycid larvae had caused extensive injury. Mr. Johansen in his field
notes considered that they had killed the majority of the numerous
dead trees in that locality, and he suggests that the injuries to the
most northern trees, ascribed to fires and climatic conditions, may have
been really caused by similar insect outbreaks. The following Scoly-
tids are described : — Dendroctonus johanseni, sp. n., CarpJwborus
andersoni, sp. n., Polygraphus rufipennis, Ky., which is usually rare
in pine but is commonly foimd in larch in Canada, and Pityophthorus
iiitidus, Sw.

The only Cerambycids obtained in the extreme north were: —
CriocepJialus agre^tis, Kirby, Merium proteus, Kirby, Neodytus murica-
iulus, Kirby, and Xylotrechus undulatiis, Say. A new species, Gallidium
subopacum, is described from Yukon territory.

Gibson (A.). The Lepidoptera collected by the Canadian Arctic
Expedition 1913-18, — Rept. Canad. Arctic Exped. 1913-18,
Ottawa, 10th January 1920, iii, : Insects Pt. I : pp. 1-58, 5 plates.
[Received 8th March 1920.]

The greater part of the collection here described was made by the
Southern Party from 1913 to 1916, and consists chiefly of butterflies.
A small collection was made by the Northern Party and in addition
a record is given of species that have been collected in Arctic regions
by ofiicials of the Geological Survey of Canada.

Strickland (E. H.). The Date on which it is safe to re-seed Fields
in the Prairie Provinces after they have been devastated by
Cutworms. — Canada Dept. Agric, Entom. Branch, Ottmva, Crop
Protection Leaflet 11, [n. d.], 2 pp. [Received 8th March 1920.]

A chart and directions are given for measuring cutworms in order
to ascertain how long it will take for them to become full grown.
The importance of this lies in the fact that if they have destroyed one
crop, they will do an equal amount of damage to another imless they
have ceased to feed. If they average f inch long, fields should not be
sown in less than 5 weeks, if | inch 4, if 1 inch 3, if IJ inch 2, and if 1^
inch (full grown) 1 week.

The pale western cutworm [Porosagrotis orthogonia] does not leave
destroyed fields, but the red-backed and army cutworms [Euxoa
ochrogaster and E. agrestis] may sometimes do so. If it is certain
they have left, it is safe to re-seed at any time.

Early sown crops suffer less than those sown late, and cutworms are
ahnost always worst on summer- fallowed land. Flax suffers as much
as grain from cutworms. Rain does not kill them, but reduces the
extent of their feeding.

193

Strickland (E. H.) & Griddle (X.). The Beet Webworm (Loxostege
sticticalis, L.). — Canada Dept. Agric, Entorn. Branch, Ottawa,
Crop. Protection Leaflet 12, [n.d.], 3 pp.. 4 figs. [Received 8th
March 1920.]

The beet webworm {Loxostege sticticalis, L.) frequently appears in
enormous numbers in the prairie provinces. ^Mien its food-plants
are destroyed it migrates in the manner of the army cutworm [Euxoa
agrestis], but is not destructive to grain crops. There are two genera-
tions in the year, the moths appearing in ]\Iay and late July.

The larvae are rather beneficial than otherwise to field crops, as
they destroy all sorts of weeds, and only attack flax and lucerne
after all the weeds are gone, while grain crops are left alone. On
the other hand beet and garden plants are quickly and entirely
destroyed. If the larvae are about to invade some susceptible crop,
a deep furrow should be ploughed in their path and treated with a
poison bait consisting of 50 lb. of fresh weeds moistened and thoroughly
dusted with 1 lb. Paris green ; two furrows, a rod apart, may be
advisable if the webworms are very numerous.

A spray applied at the rate of 100 gals., per acre and consisting
of Paris green 3 lb., lime 3 lb., water 100 gals., is very efiective on
infested areas.

Mathieu (E.). Tuba-Root {Denis elliptica) as an Insecticide. — The
Gardens Bull., Straits Settlements, Singapore, ii, no. 6, 31st
January 1920, pp. 192-197.

This paper consists of a recapitulation of some of the tests and
conclusions on derris in one already noticed [R.A.E., A, vii, 496].

In the control of the fly, Agromyza phaseoli, which has caused a
complete destruction of the bean crop, none of the ordinary remedial
measures had any success. An extract was then tried, made of
10 oz. of tuba-root well pounded, the juice expressed, and the fibre
exhausted in 20 gals, of water. This was applied to the young plants,
a cigarette tin full to four plants, morning and evening for 1.5 days
by which time the plants were sufficiently estabhshed to be safe.
This treatment was completely successful.

Jack (R. W.). Tobacco Pests of Rhodesia, Part II. — Rhodesia Agric.
Jl.. Salisbury, xvii, no. 1, February 1920, pp. 28-33, 5 plates.

This is a continuation of a paper recentlv noticed [R.A.E., A. viii,
134].

There are three species of Tenebrionid beetles that attack tobacco
after the manner of cutworms, but only newly planted crops sufier
appreciably. One of these, a species of Gonocephalum, is easily
destroyed by poisoned bait, like that used for cutworms with the
optional substitution of sodium arsenite for Paris green. No practical
method of destroying the others {Zophosis spp.) has yet been found.

Tenebrionid larvae of the genera Psammodes and Trachynotus,
called wireworms in Rhodesia, cause considerable damage under-
gromid. Their attacks usuaUy, but not invariably, occiur on newly

194

broken soil, though as Psanimodes scrobicollis and P. similis live in
the larval state for two or three years, attacks may continue for
two years after breaking up the soil. The damage done is so severe
that it is frequently impossible to obtain a stand of plants on infested
ground.

The only known remedial measures apply to the adult beetles, and
must be taken against these before they have laid their eggs. Trachy-
notus spp. should be destroyed by poisoned bait before May, while
Psammodes spp. can be easily seen and destroyed in early morning
and evening after the first wetting rains of the season. Details of
the hfe-history of these beetles are given [see also R.A.E., A, vi, 337].

Grasshoppers are frequently troublesome to new crops. The
burning of a broad belt of grass round land before planting is beneficial.
Crickets are usually dug out of their holes by hand. The following
poison-bait may be used — 3 lb. bran, green grass or lucerne, ^Ib. sugar
or treacle, and one dessert spoonful of sodium arsenite or Paris
green.

The root gallworm (Heterodera radicicola) may become a very
serious pest, though it seems to prefer wetter soil than the tobacco
lands of Rhodesia. The heavy rainfall of the last two seasons has
favoured its increase. It is probably introduced in seed potatoes,
and low- lying land is most liable to infestation. No measures of
control are applicable once the pest is estabhshed in a crop, though
seed beds may be sterihsed by heavy firing.

A general summary of measures for avoiding loss to tobacco crops
is given, regarding as a whole the various pests that have been dealt
with in detail.

Okada (T.). Kansho Hakui-mushi ni tsuite. [On the Leaf Pest
of the Sweet Potato]. — Byochugai Zasslii [Journal of Plant
Protection], Tokyo, vii, no. 2, 5th February 1920, pp. 74—79,
1 plate.

The sweet potato army worm Scotogramma trifolii, Rott. {Catephia
inquiefa, Wlli.) is as yet known only in southern Japan. It is a
serious pest and may defoHate the plants. It has three generations
a year, the winter being passed in the pupal stage.

As regards remedial measures, though the use of trap-lanterns
and hand-picking are the methods commonly adopted, the author
recommends a contact poison such as kerosene emulsion with insect
powder ; this is very effective, especially in the case of the first and
second instars.

KuRiSAKi (M.). On the Life-history of the Citrus leaf Miner,
Phyllocnistis sagligna, Zell., and the Relation between this Miner
and Citrus Canker, Pseudomonas citri, Hasse. — Koncku Sekai
[Insect World], Gifa, xxiv, no. 2, 15th February 1920, pp. 39-44.

In this report the author only deals with the life-history of the
moth, of which there probably are seven generations a year. A
Hymenopterous parasite has been bred from both larva and pupa.

195

Shakutori-mushi no Higai-Kiji no Zemmetsu shitaru kekkwa. [Out-
break of Looper Caterpillars due to Extinction of the Pheasant. ] —
Ryokai Jiho [Shooting News], Tokyo, ii, no. 1, 28th January
1920, pp. 33-34.

The pheasant is a bird generally considered to be very injurious to
crops in Japan. In the Kodama District, Saitama Prefecture, how-
ever, where formerly pheasants were numerous but have now entirely
disappeared, looper caterpillars have occurred in abundance in
mulberry plantations and have done considerable damage.

KiTAJiMA (Y.). Fusanranga oyobi Shosusanranga ni Kwansuru
Kenkyu. [Studies in Sterility and reduced Oviposition in Silk-
worms.]— Sangyo Shimpo [Jo^rrnal of the Silk Industry], Tokyo,
xxviii, no. 32l7lst December 1919, pp. 1165-1176,6 figs. ; no. 323,
1st February 1920, pp. 112-119.

Absolutely sterile moths occur very rarely among silkworms, and
the author only found 5 such individuals out of 2389 moths. Such
examples usually occur among hybrids between the Japanese and
European races. They contain as many eggs as normal ones, but their
genital system is usually deformed, the principal cause being mostly
due to mechanical injuries in the pupal stage. Another type of
sterile moth is one that does not oviposit after pairing on the day
of emergence ; but such an individual may do so if pairing is repeated
with a sound male on the following day. Individuals of this type are
common in hybrids and less so in the native races. A third type
is one that produces but few eggs, and examples of this occur in both
native and European races. Many individuals of this type lay
unfertihsed eggs, and the phenomenon is therefore probably due
mainly to sterility in the male.

Sillvworm diseases seem to have no relation at all to abnormal
oviposition. Methods of rearing may have some influence, since
abnormalities are not uncommon amongst individuals fed on soft
mulberry leaves. The compelling of silkworms into spinning cocoons
of a definite shape which may deform the abdomen of the pupa may
also be a factor in causing sterility.

KiTAjiMA (Y.). Sanran ni Kwansuru Kenkyu. [Studies on the
Silkworm Egg.] — Dainihon Sanshikivaiho. [Rejjort of the Japan
Sericultiiral Society], Tokyo, xxix, no. 337, 1st Februarv 1920,
pp. 98-103.

In investigations on the relation between the condition of sillcworm
eggs and the situation of the pupa, 55 out of 222 moths from erect
pupae, 56 of 447 from obliquely situated pupae, and 19 out of 197
from horizontal pupae laid their eggs badly, i.e., the eggs are placed
obhquely; erect or in a heap. From this result pupae in erect positions
seem to give rise to bad oviposition. The same phenomenon is
observable in moths that emerge from pupae the abdominal end of
which is compressed or deformed. When the deformation is very
marked the eggs are also usually fewer in number. This is especially
the case in moths of the summer brood. No relation seems to exist
between the weight of pupae and bad oviposition. The author has

196

found a few similar deformations in Saturnia jjernyi, Guer., but not
in Didyoploca japotiica, Moore. This investigat on is to be continued.

MiTANi (K.), Watarai (M.) & KoNO (D.). Kennai Yotai ni Zosho-
kushitaru wakaki Pediculoides-Bam Seichu no Sonogono
Ummei. [The Fate of Young Adults of Pediculoides -Mites after
Development within the Silk Cocoon.] — Dainihon Sanshikwaiho
[Report of the Japan Sericidtural Society], Tokyo, xxix, no. 337,
1st February 1920, pp. 103-107.
It is a known fact that when a young female Pediculoides clings
to the surface of the silkworm cocoon, it penetrates it and reaches
the pupa on which it develops. The authors have made an investiga-
tion as to whether the mites in this stage can again emerge from the
cocoon and infest other silkworms. After many experiments they
have come to the conclusion that they not only may attack silkworms
and moths near the original cocoon, but also are capable of infesting
the pupa in another one. They only do so however when the original
host-pupa has shrivelled up. The thickness of the cocoon seems to
afford no protection. Earlier heating of infested cocoons is therefore
strongly recommended against these parasites.

MiTANi (K.), Watarai (M.) & Kono (D.). Pediculoides-T)2i,n\ no
Shiyu-Seichu no Wariai oyobi Yu-Seichu no tasaitcki Seishitsu
ni tsuite. [On the Proportion of Male and Female Individuals of
Adult Pediculoides Mites and the Polygamous Character of the
Male.] — Sangyo Shimpo [Journal of the Silk Industry], Tokyo,
xxviii, 1st February 1920, pp. 145-146.

Out of 3,883 individuals of adult Pediculoides 276 were male and
3,607 female, the percentage of males being thus only 7 per cent.
Evidence of polygamy in this mite corresponding with these data was
actually obtained.

Nakai (G.). Kuwa no Daiyo Shokubutsu ni kwansuru Shiken.

[Experiments in Food-plants substituted for the Mulberry:] —

Sangyo Shimpo [Journal of the Silk Industry], Tokyo, xxviii,

no. 323, 1st February 1920, pp. 131-140.

Though it is certain that the mulberry is indispensable as food for

silkworms, Cudrania triloba, Lactuca brevirostris , Broussonetia kasinoki

and other plants may be utilised to some extent. Silkworms can be

fed on Cudrania triloba throughout the larval stage, though individuals

fed only on this plant produce far inferior sillc. B. kasinoki is almost

valueless as food for the younger instars, but at the fifth stage, especially

toward the end of it, is as readily eaten as mulberry. L. brevirostris

can be substituted in the first stage, especially during the first three

davs, but for the later stages, especially the fifth, it is almost valueless,

MiYAKE (T.). Shokuyo oyobi Yakuyo ni kwansuru Kenkyu. [Investi-
gations on Insects used for Food and in Medicine.] — Nojishikenjo
Tokubetsu-Hokoku [Special Report], Imperial Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Tokyo, no. 31, 18th December 1919, 204 pp., 1 plate.
In this report on insects used for food and in medicine in Japan, in

the first category only such insects are described as are dehberately

197

■ eaten for food. Under the insects used in medicine, all the species
are included that are believed to have any efficacy in respect of disease,
a great majority of them being merely edible species to which curative
virtues are attributed. Both groups are arranged systematically ;
in the former, the method of cooking, and in the latter, the preparation,
and the diseases against which they are used, are recorded.

In the case of supposed medicinal insects, it is recommended that
each one should be scientifically tested as to its value, without rejecting
it outright as an instance of superstition.

The food insects include : — Ephemerids, such as may-fly larvae ;
dragon-flies, both larva and imago ; various Orthoptera, including
Mantids, locusts, and crickets ; Ehynchota, including the egg-masses
of Belostoma ; numerous Lepidoptera, including the larvae of the rice-
borers {Chilo simplex, Butl, and Schoenohius incertellus, Wlk.), and
the pupae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, L. ; among Coleoptera, various
Cerambycid, Curcuhonid, and Hydrophihd larvae and the imagines
of the Dytiscid, Cybister japonicus, Sharp ; among Hymenoptera,
the larvae and pupae of Yespid, Scohid and Sphegid wasps and the
larvae of Bombus.

The long hst of insects used in medicine includes representatives of
all the natural orders.

Maki (M.) & RiN (G.). Mokumao no Tengyu Kujo Shiken (Dai ichi
Hokoku). [Experiments in preventing Cerambycid Attacks on
Casuarina stricta.] Report I. — Ringyo-Shikenjo Hokohi [Report
Forest Expt. Station], Taipe, Formosa, no. 6, pp. 109-113.

Casuarina stricta, which is a very useful tree in Formosa, is much
attacked by various injurious insects, of which a scale, Icenja purc/iasi,
Mask., and a Cerambycid, Melanauster chinensis, Forst., are the most
formidable. Experiments were made by the authors for controlling
the latter. As the beetles oviposit from April to July, the eggs can
be crushed and destroyed by inspecting the forest at least once a month.
This method is also very useful when the larvae are first hatched, as
they usually remain for more than three weeks under the bark without
entering deeper into the wood. In order to kill the larvae the infested
area must first be detected by the presence of excrement, and strippino-
off a piece of the bark suffices and does no harm to the tree. One man
can treat 250 trees a day in this manner. Covering the trunk with the
leaves of the fan palm, Livistona chinensis, also gave good results,
70 or 80 trees a day being treated in this way by one man.

Maki (M.). Taiwan Mamehanmyo ni kwansuru Chiken. [Note
on the Formosan Bhster-beetle.] — Ringyo-Shikenjo Hokoku
[Report Forest Expt. Station], Taipe, Formosa, no. 6, pp. 11-5-128,
1 plate.

The Formosan bUster-beetle, Epicauta hirticornis, Haag (?), attacks
cultivated plants such as Glycine hispida, Solanum melongena,
Amarantus gangeticus and Corchorus capsnlaris ; and wild plants such
as Clerodendron paniculatum, C. cyrtophyllum. Samhucus javanica,
Ehretia macrophylla, Canavalia lineata, Amarantus mangostanus and

198

A. spinosus. From bred insects it was found that eggs laid in June
hatched in August and the winter was passed in the larval stage, during
which time four moults occurred. Pupation took place in the middle
of May of the following year and the adult appeared at the end of the
same month. The eggs of the locust, Oxya intricata, Stal, were used
as baits for the larvae.

Green (E. E.). On a New Species olAntonina (Coccidae) from Ceylon.
— Entom. Mthly. Mag.. London, (3) v, no. 56, August 1919,
pp. 175-176, 2 figs.

Antonina zonata, sp. n., here described, was found on bamboo
{Teino tachjum attenuatmn) in Ceylon. The adult females are clustered
in the axils of the smaller branches and are almost enclosed by shelters
constructed over them by ants, Cremastogaster dohrni. The male
puparia are usually concealed beneath the stipules of the bamboo.

King (H. H.). The Dura Asal Fly {Aphis sorghi, Theob.) in Dongola
Province, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. — Wellcome Trop. Res. Lab.,
Khartoum, Entom. Bull. 2, [n. d.] 14 pp. [Received 28th
February 1920.]

In the northern provinces of the Sudan Aphis sorghi, Theo., is
almost exclusively found on dura {Sorghum spp.) and garowi {Andro-
pogon halepensis) grown near the river banks. Although it will attack
Eragrostis major and Panicum isachne, it cannot thrive on these grasses
for very long.

In the district under consideration reproduction is entirely partheno-
genetic, but in cooler and damper regions sexual forms probably occur.
Immediately after birth the larva pierces the tissue of the leaf and
beo-ins feeding on the sap. After four moults in the course. of 5| to
7 days, the mature females, either alate or apterous, appear. The
apterous individuals start reproducing a few hours after the last
moult, but the alate forms migrate to fresh positions, giving birth
to from 6 to 12 young wherever they settle. The reproductive
period of wingless forms varied from 13 to 20 days under
laboratory conditions with a progeny of from 65 to 103, and that of
the winged forms from 15 to 25 days with a progeny of from 39 to 72.
The proportion of winged and wingless individuals depends largely
on the condition of the food-plant. Should the plant become sickly
or begin to dry up, the proportion of apterous females becomes larger.
The Aphids are probably carried to a very small extent by the running
water of the irrigation channels and also to a certain extent by ants.

The natural enemies include Coccinellids, a lacewing fly, a Dipteron
and at least one species of Hymenopterous parasite.

The starving out of Ajjhis sorghi is advocated as a remedial measure.
This may be effected by uprooting and burning all dura stumps
immediately after the demeira crop {i.e., that started after the Nile
flood is estabUshed) has been harvested, and keeping the land entirely
free from dura and garowi until the next demeira crop or at least until
the summer crop is sown. To be effective these measures would have
to extend over the entire Province.

199

Granato (L.). Cultura do Algodoeiro. [Cotton Cultivation.] —
Sao Paulo, 1918, 29 pp. [Received 2nd March 1920.]
This booklet gives practical instructions for the use of Brazilian
cotton growers. Among the insect pests mentioned are Anthonomus
sp. and the pinli bollworm [Pectinojihora gossyjnelld].

ScHENK (P. J.). Cursus in Plantenziektenleer, 1919-1920. [A Course
on Plant diseases, 1919-1920.] — Drukkerij Floraha, Assen, 32 pp.
[Received 4th March 1920.]

This course of instruction, which originally appeared as a series of
articles in the journal Floralia in 1919, is intended for fruit and vege-
table growers and includes notes on the various insect pests that are met
with in Holland. Among the species dealt with are : — Elaterid beetles,
the larvae of which may be collected by means of baits ; Agrilus
sinuatus, a Hymenopte ous parasite of which has been recently
discovered ; Anthonomus pomorum, an attempt to combat which is
being made with a Hymenopterous parasite that also attacks Pontania
proxima, a sa'w^y infesting Salix amygdalina ; Cheimatohia bruniata,
infestation by which is checked by banding ; Cydia pomonella (codling
moth) and the sawfly, Hojjlocamjja testudinea, which are combated by
stomach poisons and banding ; Cydia (GrapJiolitha) nigricana and
C. (G.) dor Sana infesting peas — the remedy advised being early sowing
and the avoidance of fresh stable manure ; Incurvaria capitella, which
attacks red, white and black currants and is combated with an 8 per
cent, solution of carboUneum ; Pteronus ribesii {Nematus ventricosus),
which attacks gooseberries and is usually combated with a stomach
poison ; the larvae of Eriocampoides spp., which are best killed by
means of a poison in dust form ; Phorbia {Chortophila) brassicae,
causing serious injury to cabbages and cauliflowers that may be
prevented by fitting the plants with collars.

The Aphids dealt with include Eriosoma {Schizoneiira) ulmi,
the winged generation of which migrates in July and August to currant
and gooseberry and is known as E. grossulariae ; Aphis rumicis (bean
aphis) ; A. pomi {mali) (green apple aphis) ; A. sorbi ; A. pruni ;
Bhopalosiphum ribis ; Myzus ribis ; and Eriosoma {Schizoneura)
lanigerum.

Lepidosaphes ulmi is the chief injurious Coccid ; spraying with 7*5
per cent, carbolineum is advised against it. Kakothrips pisivora
{Thrips robust us) injures the leaves and pods of beans and peas ; early
sowing and a double apphcation of a contact poison are advised. Both
the mites, Bryobia pretiosa (ribis), infesting gooseberry bushes, and
Paratetranychus (Tetranychus) aUhaeae, attacking apple, may be
checked by spraying with 7*5 per cent, of carboUneum. Eriophyes
ribis attacks black currant and E. avellanae hazel. Against Tylenchus
devastatrix and other Nematodes the only known remedy consists in
destroying infested plants and in practising crop rotation.

■^ I

Strand (E.). Eine neue Tortricide aus Kiautschou (Lep.). [A new

Tortricid from Kiaochow.]. — Entom. Mitt., Berlin, ix, no. 1-3,

19th February 1920, pp. 30-32, 1 fig.

A description is given of Rhyacionia {Evetria) vorana, sp. n,, a

Tortricid pest of pinesg

200

HoLLRUNG (M.). Der Gattungsname LacJmus (Hem.). [The generic
Name Lachnus.] — Entom. Mitt., Berlin, ix, no. 1-3, 19th
February 1920, p. 42.

The erection of the genus Lachnus has been ascribed by some
authorities to Ilhger, by others to Burmeister. Del Guercio {Redia,
V, p. 176) states that Burmeister recognised the genus, ascribing it
to Illiger, as also did Buckton {Monograph, iii, p. 43). The author
cannot however find any record of this genus in the works of Illiger.

LiZER (C). Expedition al Chaco Boliviano, con Objeto de hacer
Investigaciones acerca de la Zona permanente 6 de Refugio
invernal de la Schistocerca paranensis (Langosta voladora).

[Expedition to the Bolivian " Chaco," for the purpose of investi-
gating the Permanent Zone or Hibernation Quarters of Schistocerca
paranensis (the Winged Locust)]. — Bol. Minist. Agric. Nacidn,
Buenos Aires, xxiv, no. 1, January-December 1919, pp. 26-70,
4 maps. [Received 8th March 1920.]

A detailed description is given of a six months' journey through
the BoHvian Republic undertaken by order of the Argentine
Commission for Agricultural Defence for the purpose of investigating
the permanently occupied area and hibernation quarters of the
migratory locusts of that region.

Schistocerca paranensis undoubtedly concentrates each year in
autumn and winter in a zone following the River Pilcomayo, and
situated approximately between the parallels 20° 30' and 24° 30' south
latitude and between 58° 30' west of Greenwich and the first slopes of
the Andes. From this area the winged locusts migrate in the spring
in all directions, though there are also isolated groups that winter
beyond these parallels and have not for some reason followed the
bulk of the swarm into the principal winter concentration zone.
The migrations of S. paranensis extend into Argentina as far as
Rawson and the River Chubut and in BoUvia as far as latitude 15° S.
The damage done in Bolivia is not to be compared with the devasta-
tions that occur in Argentina in the cultivated area. Against those
isolated swarms that have not returned to their principal winter
quarters, the Commission of Agricultural Defence carries out a winter
campaign each year, with very good results, but the same results
cannot be expected if such campaigns were attempted in the main
hibernation regions of Hmitless woods and deserts with the means
that are at present available for control. It is important to discover
the complete Ufe-history of this locust, and this is a question of time
and constant and careful study.

Maugini (A.). ProbaWle prossima Invasione di Cavalette in Cirenaica.
Preparare in Tempo i Mezzi di Difesa. [A probable impending
Invasion of Cyrenaica by Locusts and the Need to prepare
Defensive Measures in Time.] — L' Agric. Colon., Florence, xiv,.
no. 1, 31st January 1920, pp. 38-49. [Received 8th March 1920.]

In 1918 large numbers of adult locusts, mostly Tettigonia {Decticus)
albifrons, were carried by violent winds into the region around Benghasi,
Cjncenaica, and caused serious loss. The eggs that were laid hatched

201

in 1919, the hinterland of Benghasi being particularly infested.
Wheat was severely injured, barley less so, as the drought in 1919 had
accelerated ripening. li\ Cyrenaica the eggs of this locust hatch about
the end of March on the coast and up to May in high-lying districts.

Natural enemies include many reptiles and birds. An Acarid
belonging to the genus Eutromhidium parasitises the locusts on the
plateau, but was not found at the coast.

A further outbreak may be expected in 1920 and flame-throwers
and poisoned bran are recommended as providing the methods best
suited to the country. Fire must be used early in spring against
the masses of hoppers and nymphs, while poisons are adapted for use
in gardens against all stages. These measures against the native
generations of Tettigonia albifrons will not dispel all danger, as swarms
of locusts of other species may invade the country. Cyrenaica is.
however, one of the north African regions that are rarely subject to
this danger, probably because it is outside the usual lines of migration.
An agreement between Great Britain, France and Italy, as has been
suggested before, provides the only way of dealing with the locust
problem throughout northern Africa.

GuERREiRO Beatriz (M.). Rhynchota damaging Cotton in Angola,,

Portuguese West Africa. — Bol. Agric, Pecudria e Fomento,

Loanda, 1919, 3rd Series, pp. 64-66. (Abstract in L' Agric. Colon.,

Florence, xiv, no. 1, 31st January 1920, p. 57.) [Received 8th

March 1920.]

In October 1918 the cotton plantations at Katete, Angola, were

invaded by the stainer, Oxycarenus hyalmijiennis, Costa. This

bug feeds on the seeds and oviposits in the open bolls. To limit the

injury it is necessary to harvest the cotton without delay and to burn

all the old bolls left in the fields together with the grasses growing

near them.

A Thysanopteron injurious to Cacao in the Island of San Thome,
Gulf of Guinea. — Bol. Centro Colonial, Lisbon, xi, 1919, pp. 7-8.
(Abstract in V Agric. Colon., Florence, xiv, no. 1, 31st January
1920, p. 57-58.) [Received 8th March 1920.]

The occurrence of Heliothrips rubrocinctus in San Thome has been
known for many years, but the infestation has hitherto been so shght
as to be unimportant. Recently, however, a violent outbreak took
place near the city of S. Thome and many cacao plantations suffered
severe losses ; the northern part of the island appears to be less
affected. A spray, ■ that has given good results consists of : — Tar
14 lb., palm oil 23 lb., wood ashes 23 lb., water 50 gals.

PiCTET (A.) Recherches experimentales sur I'Adaptation de
Lymantria disjpar aux Coniferes et a d'autres Essences. —

Mitt. Schweiz. Entom. Gesell., Berne, xiii, no. 1, November 1919,
pp. 20-54, 1 plate. [Received 11th March 1920.]

The larvae of most Lepidoptera are usually limited to a few food-
plants or even to one only. Porthetria (Lymmitria) dispar (gipsy moth)
is one of the exceptions, and in this paper an attempt is made to
elucidate the following points : — The adaptation of the caterpillars

(673) C

202

of this moth to conifers, to the chmate of the High Alps, to fruit
trees such as wahiut and Mespilns, to forest trees such as chestnut, to
willow, poplar, rose, or to low-growing plants such as sainfoin and
dandehon ; the modification of the colour of the wings owing to the
difference in food and cUmate ; and finally to ascertain whether such
adaptations may become estabUshed.

Some notes on the life-history are given, the results of which are
summarised. The adaptation of P. dispar to conifers can only be
temporary and when individuals have migrated to resinous plants
their progeny will die out after a few generations. For this reason
the injury to these trees can never be of primary importance. The
low temperature in the High Alps kills most of the mature caterpillars,
and the pupal stage is so prolonged that the adults emerge at a season
the inclemency of which prevents reproduction. Adaptation to
walnut and plane is likewise temporary only. On the contrary,
adaptation of a definitive character to rose, Mesjrilus, chestnut
{Aesculus), poplar, sainfoin and dandehon is quite possible. Degenera-
tion due to food obtained from unsuitable plajits is shown by a lack
of pigmentation in the adult moth.

Oaumont (L.). Sur un Lachnide du Rosier peu etudie appartenant
a un Genre nouveau, Maculolaclinus rosae, Cholodk. [Hem.
Aphididae.] — Bull. Soc. Entom. France, Paris, no. 2, 28th January
1920, pp. 26-31, 4 figs. [Received 11th March 1920.]

Attention is drawn to the necessity of erecting a new genus Maculo-
lachnus, for Lachnus rosae, Choldk. {maculatus, Licht.). The author's
observations on this Aphid and the points of difference between it
and alhed genera are given. A modification of Del Guercio's key to
these Aphids to include this new genus is appended.

Blanchard (E.). Degats caus6s aux Arbres Fruitiers par la Cheima-
tobie dans la Vallee du Rhone. — La Vie Agric. et Rur., Paris,
xvi, no. 10, 6th March 1920, p. 169.

Cheimatobia hrumata is increasing in the Rhone Valley. Cherry
orchards are chiefly attacked, and the crop is sometimes considerably
reduced. The ordinary method of control is by banding with an
adhesive \R.A.E., A, vi, 470]. To supplement this, experiments were
made with injections of carbon bisulphide into the ground round
isolated trees for a distance of 20 inches, the dose being about 5 cwt.
to the acre.

Considerably fewer females were caught in the sticky bands on
the trees that had been thus treated, but they were still attacked,
and consequently there is a need for further measures, or a denser
series of injections might be tried.

Del Guercio (G.). Pectinophora gossypiella, a Microlepidopteron
injurious to Cotton in Italian Somaliland. — U Agric. Colon.,
Florence, xii, no. 5, 1918, pp. 298-311. (Abstract in Mthly. Bull.
Agric. Intell. & PI. Dis., Rome, x, no. 3, March 1919, pp. 362-
363.) [Received 15th March 1920.]

Pectinophora gossypiella (pink bollworm) has become firmly estab-
lished in the cotton-fields of Italian SomaUland, where almost 100 per

203

■cent, of the cotton capsules are infested. The parasites of this moth
mostly attack the larvae, and mclude aBraconid, three Chalcidids, one of
which attacks the eggs and the other two the larvae, and a Proctotrupid
of which only one female has been observed. It is suggested that
immediately after the cotton harvest all bolls remaining on the plants
should be collected into large boxes with openings in the sides covered
with wire gauze, thus permitting the parasites to escape while retaining
the boUworm moths. The boxes should be placed in the plantations at
intervals of 150 feet and raised above the soil on stones to prevent the
contents becoming damp.

Pabiani (C). Agriotes lineatus, a Coleopteron injurious to the Vine
in Italy. — Giornale Vinicolo Italiano, Casale Monferrato, xlv,
no. 8. 1919, pp. 71-72, 2 figs. (Abstract in Mthh/. Bull. Agric.
Intcll. & PI. Dis.. Rome, x, no. 3, March 1919, pp. 363-364.)
[Received 15th March 1920.]

The Elaterid beetle, Agriotes lineatus, L., has recently caused fre-
quent and serious damage in nurseries of grafted American vines.
The larvae appear towards mid-June, when the tender shoots begin
to grow, and attack them close to the point of insertion of the graft,
ringing them and pressing and piercing them until they dry up. The
damage is gradually reduced as the shoots become stronger. Reme-
dial measures as appUed on cereals against this beetle have as yet been
unsuccessful in the case of vines.

Del Guercio (G.). EumarcJialia gennadiosi, a Dipteron injurious to
Carob Beans in Italy. — U Aqricoltura Colon., Florence, xii, no. 5,
1918, pp. 287-297, 5 figs. (Abstract in Mthlg. Bull. Agric. Intell.
& PI. Dis., Rome, x, no. 3, March 1919, p. 366.) [Received 15th
March 1920.]

Eumarchalia gennadiosi, March., the stages of which are described,
oviposits on very young carob fruits in Italy, and the young larvae feed
on the fruit tissues, greatly retarding their growth. Sometimes the
fruits dry up and fall alter the emergence of the adult fly. There
are several generations in a year and both early and late fruits are
therefore attacked, the percentage of infestation sometimes rising to
50 or 60 per cent. As a remedial measure, all incompletely developed
or deformed fruit should be collected, and after storage, can be used
as food for cattle. When the tree is attacked by both E. genyiadiosi
and by the fungus, Oidium ceratoniae, suitable strengths of calcium
polysulphide or sulphur washes should be used.

Del Guercio (G.). Moreschiella moricola, n. subgen. & n. sp.,
a D pteron injurious to the Mulberry in Italy. — U Agric. Colon.
Florence, xii, no. 6, 1918, pp. 345-354, 9 figs. (Abstract in Mthly.
Bull. Agric. Intell. & PI. Bis., Rome, x, no. 4, April, 1919, p. 503.)

Moreschiella moricola, subgen. et sp. n., is described, having been
found injuring mulberries (Morus alba) in the Province of Teramo,
Italy. Eggs are laid in the axils of young branches and the larvae

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204

bore into them and feed and transform into adults within them.
The bark on attacked portions of the tree shows dead patches that
are particmarly evident in May ; the leaves wither and finally die.
All infested branches should be removed in May and June.

Del Guercio (G.). Moreschiella roburdla. n. sp., and M. ilicicola,
n. sp., Diptera injurious to the Oak and Holly Oak respectively,
in Italy. — VAgric. Colon. Florence, xii, no. 6, 1918, pp. 358-369,
14 figs. (Abstract in Mthly. Bull. Agric. Intell. & PI. Bis.,
Rome, X, no. 4, April 1919, p. 503.) [Received 15th March 1920.]

Two new Cecidomyids are described from Tuscany, namely, Mores-
chiella roburdla, the larvae of which live in the cupules of Quercus
robur, and M. ilicicola, the larvae of which occur in the acorns of
Quercus ilex.

Crop Pest Campaigns. — Cyprus Agric. Jl., Nicosia, xiv, part 3-4,
XV, part 1, January 1920, pp. 149-152, & 166. [Received 10th
March 1920.]

In 1918 40,000 orange and lemon trees were sprayed with Kme-
sulphur against scale-insects, with such success that only 21,345 had
to be sprayed in 1919.

Phthorimaea operculella [Liia solanella) (potato moth) was first
recorded in Cyprus in 1918. It was only about a third as severe in
1919, the campaign against it being on the same lines as in the
previous year {R.A.E., A, vii, 70, 88]. This moth does not attack the
winter crop, which is lifted in November. It only attacks exposed
tubers, and all infested ones should be destroyed. Stored potatoes
should be protected with a layer of straw covered with earth, and
the pile ventilated and well drained.

Drastic measures a few years ago have greatly lessened the attacks
of the cotton bollworm {Earias insulana). If bolls are- attacked
they should be burned, as also the roots after the crop has been
gathered. Paris green sprayed twice with an interval of fourteen
days is an effectual preventive.

In 1919 a small Trypetid fly attacked celery. The larva feeds inside
the leaves. Affected leaves should be burned to prevent a second
generation of the insect.

Andrews (E. A.). A Preliminary Note on the Present State of the
Mosquito-Blight Enquiry. — Qtrly. Jl. Scient. Dept. Ind. Tea
Assoc, Calcutta, 1919, part iv, pp. 119-129. [Received 15th
March 1920.]

This paper is a summary of the results that will shortly be published
of investigations on the relation between the tea mosquito {Helopeltis
theivora, Waterh.) and the soil. The soil affects the tea bush, and this
being the source of the insect's food-supply, controls its rate of develop-
ment. The effect of climate on soil is considered, and it is shown that
excessive drought may increase habihty to attack as much as excessive
moisture, though moderate dryness lessens the habihty to infestation ;
hence the importance of drainage.

205

The nature of the soil itself also affects the question. Its chemical
composition may be a controlling factor, as the character of the nutri-
ment afforded to the insect by the tea-plant depends on the potash-
phosphoric aqid ratio.

Manuring experiments showed that potash is beneficial, but the
results obtained were very irregular. Evidently factors preventing
the bush from utilising the potash present in the soil also prevent it,
to some extent, from deriving benefit from the potash manures added
to it.

To eUminate this, direct injection of the bushes with potash was
tried and was convincingly successful. Bushes that were heavily
infested with Helopeltis quickly became free from the pest and gave
.splendid flushes. Insects alighted on the treated bushes, but did no
damage, gave up their attempts to feed and migrated to untreated
bushes.

The author considers that it will therefore be possible in the near
future to control this pest, though all the factors that afiect the question
have not yet been discovered. Proper attention to subsoil drainage
is especially recommended.

Green (E. E.). Notes on Indian Coccidae of the Subfamily Diaspid-

inae, with Descriptions of new Species. — Records Indian Mus.,

Calcutta, xvi, pt. vii, December 1919, pp. 433-449, 6 plates,

[Received 17th March 1920.]

To the Indian list of scale-insects fifty species are added, the following

'})emg described as new : — Chionaspis annandalei on Dendrocalamus

-strictus ; C. caroli on tea plants ; C. chir on chir pine {Pinus sp.) ;

C. (Phenacaspis) gudalura and C. spiculata on bamboo {Bamhusa) ;

Aspidiotus {Hemiberlesia) pseud ocamelliae on (Japparis stylosa ;

A, tamarindi on Tamarind us ; Aonidia indica on an undetermined

plant ; A. tentaculata on Vateria indica ; Gymnaspis ficus on Ficub

refusa ; G. ramakrishnae on Hemigyrosa ; Parlatoria artocarpi on jak

(Artocarpus ititegrifolia) ; P. {WebsterieUa) papillosa on jak ; P. vateriae

on Vateria indica ; Lepidosaphes meliae on Melia azedarach ; L. retrusus

on Litsea ivhiteana ; Fiorinia frontecontracta on Garcinia indica ;

F. plana, on Elaeodendron glaucum ; F. sapiindi on Sapindus trifoliatus.

Oreen (E. E.). On a New Genus and Species of Coccidae from North
Western India and Eastern Persia. — Records Indian Mus., Calcutta,
xviii, Pt. 2, December 1919, pp. 117-119, 2 plates. [Received
17th March 1920.]

Naiacoccus serpentinus, gen. et sp. n., on Tamarix orticulata in
India and N. serpentinus var. minor on T. stricta in Eastern Persia
*re described.

Special Entomological and Mycological Investigation and Work
Connected with Insect and Fungus Pests and their Control.

Rept. Dept. Agric. St. Vincent, 1918-1919; Barbados, 1920,
pp, 13-18. [Received 15th March 1920.]

A study of infestation of cotton fields by the cotton-stainer, Bysdcrcus
delauneyi, Leth., indicates that the insects come, not from the forests
as has been suggested, but chiefly from the vicinity of buildings on

206

lands near to which cotton has been grown and in which it has been
stored, although a few may have survived on cotton trees and bushes in
sheltered places. This bug has been found in several instances on the
cork- wood tree (Ochroma lagopus), which is widely distributed in the
island, and it may be necessary to deal with this tree during the coming
months. It was not found possible in all cases to enforce the close
season for cotton and in many places stalks remained undestroyed
until the end of April, while planting began early in May. It is clear
that the cotton-stainer takes advantage of any opportunity to survive
during the close season. The wisdom of attempting to eradicate
the mountain John Bull tree {Sterculia caribaea) is considered
doubtful, though it is known to be a food-plant of the stainer ; it is
considered that this tree acts as a trap rather than a food for the insect.
It is hoped that the fungus, Sporotrichum, globuliferum, which has been
discovered among the stainers, will cause heavy mortality.

Observations made to determine the length of time that adults of
D. delauneyi can survive under natural conditions in the absence of
regular Malvaceous food-plants, indicate that they can exist without
feeding for at least three months by sipping the nectar of flow^ers,
honey-dew and water and by remaining in cooL shady places. It is
this fact that renders- control so difficult, and indicates that the close
season for cotton should be made as prolonged as possible, and that
the destruction of native food-plants should be continued systematically.
A small trap-crop of cotton might advantageously be planted
in April ; to these the surviving insects would be attracted in June,
when the cotton starts to flower. Daily collections of the stainers
would then have to be made, and the main cotton crop should not be
started until June or later. The experience of two seasons has shown
that cotton planted in May always attracted stainers to begin breeding
in it, while when plantings were later, the insects did not become
numerous until the bulk of the cotton had been reaped. In one
district a group of Tobago bread-nut trees {Pachira aquatica) were
left as a trap for the insects, and on 26th April, when in full fruit, they
were invaded by many stainers from the cotton fields. Cotton-seed
traps were placed in heaps at the bases of the trees, and the insects,
as expected, left the bread-nut for the cotton-seed. These traps were
burnt over twice a day from 26th April to 15th June with a kerosene
torch and on each occasion thousands of adults were destroyed. In
this way the pest in that district was practically exterminated;

Other pests on the principal crops were not particularly harmful.
Edessa meditabimda (pea chink) was fairly prevalent on pigeon peas
and ground-nuts in parts of the Windward district. Diatraea saccha-
ralis (moth borer of sugar-cane), which had caused much damage in
the last three years, declined considerably in numbers, its natural
enemies apparently keeping it in check. Calpodes ethlius (arrowroot
worm) did little damage, and no outbreak of Alabama argillacea was
recorded.

"Lucerne Flea." — Jl. Dept. Agric. S. Australia, Adelaide, xxiii, no. 6,
January 1920, p. 502.

The lucerne flea (Smynthurus viridis), an insect of the order CoUem-
bola, is troublesome in some years in South Australia. It attacks

207

•

lucerne, clover, Cape dandelion, beans, potatoes and other plants.
As it is a gnawing insect, it may be destroyed with arsenical sprays,
but contact sprays are of httle use owing to its highly polished body.

Sanders (G. E.). Spraying vs. Dusting in Annapolis Valley. —

Canad. Horticulturist & Beekeeper, Toronto, Ont., xxviii, no. 2,
February 1920, pp. 27-28, 1 fig.

It is not often recognised that spraying results in the production of
larger fruit, as the leaves, being kept free from fungus, are able to
take in more carbon dioxide from the air. The use of hme-sulphur,
however, tends to injure the chlorophyll, -and so may lessen the
food-gathering power of the leaf, while it undoubtedly sometimes
causes a serious dropping of the fruit.

Dusting with sulphur has beeen tried during 1919 with remarkably
good results, the dust being composed of 90 per cent; sulphur and
10 per cent, lead arsenate. Copper-lime- arsenate dust has as yet
hardly been tested, but in 1920 tests are to be made on apple-trees
with 10 lb. dehydrated copper sulphate, 5 lb. calcium arsenate and
85 lb. hydrated lime. It is estimated that spraying with this
material will cost from 24s. to 32s. per acre less than liquid spraying
or dusting with sulphur only. As the dust is less adhesive than liquids,
five apphcations would probably be preferable to four. It is probable
that changes will still be made in the dusting formula and it is hoped
to improve upon the present mixture and make it cheaper.

Jack (R. W.). Tobacco Pests of Rhodesia. — Dep. Agric. Salisbury,
Rhodesia, Bull. 347. February 1920, 15 pp., 10 plates.

The information contained in this bulletin has been noticed else-
where [R.A.E., A, viii, 134, 193.]

Phillips (W. J.). Studies on the Life History and Habits of the
Jointworm Flies of the Genus Harmolita (Isosoma) with Recom-
mendations for Control. — U.S. Dep. Agric. Washington D.C.,
Bull. no. 808. 24th February 1920, 27 pp., 6 plates, 8 figs.

The Chalcids of the genus Harmolita are dealt with in this bulletin in
three groups, viz : — Species infesting grain crops, cultivated grasses
and wild grasses. Under the first heading the life-histories are given
of H. tritici, H. grandis and H. vaginicola, infesting wheat, H. hordei
infesting barley, and H. secalis and H. websteri, infesting rye (this being
the order of their economic importance) ; under the second heading of
H. rdbomaculata, H. dactylicola, H. captiva, H. poae and H. festucae ;
while there are ten species that come under the third heading. Of
six more species the biology is unknown. [See also R.A.E., A, vii, 470. )

These insects are largely controlled by parasites, and for this reason
those of them that feed on wild grasses must be regarded as beneficial
in that they act as hosts for the parasites at times when the numbers
of the harmful species are low.

The economic damage chiefly occurs in wheat, which pays a regular
toll every year in all the wheat producing States east of the Mississippi
River and in a large part of Missouri.

208

•

Ploughing the wheat stubble under is an effective remedy [see
also R.A.E., A, v, 213]. This would necessitate a change in the
existing rotation of crops where wheat is used as a nurse crop for
clover, but it would seem advisable to adopt it if large sums could be
saved annually by this means. It would also control Hessian fly
{Mayetiola destructor), and all the grain joint- worms could be controlled
in this way if necessary. The wheat-straw worm {H. grandis) may be
controlled by leaving 40 yards clear between new wheat and infested
stubble, as the wingless generation cannot cross the interval [R.A.E.,
A, viii, 76].

If necessary, the insects attacking cultivated grasses could be con-
trolled by clipping the fields in spring in order to delay the appearance
of seed stalks so that the insects would have nowhere to deposit their
eggs.

Frank (A.). Disease and Insect Troubles of Raspberries and tlieir
Control. — Mthly. Bull. Washington Agric. Expt. Sta., Pullman,
vii, no. 11, February 1920, pp. 188-192, 6 figs.

Some of the common insect pests of raspberries have become
eatabhshed in western Washington, and growers are asked to do every-
thing possible to prevent their spread. They include the raspberry-cane
maggot [Phorbia rubivora], which oviposits near the tips of the new
shoots, and the grubs of which enter the pith of the cane, bore down a
few inches and then turn outwards to just beneath the bark and girdle
the twig. This causes wilting and the formation of a bluish ring where
the girdling occurs. When mature, the maggot bores down through
the pith and enters the ground, where it pupates, emerging as an
adult fly the following spring. All wilted shoots should be cut off
several inches below the girdling and burnt.

The raspberry and blackberry root or crown borer, Pennisetia
(Bembecia) marginata, tunnels in the canes, crowns and roots of rasp-
berries and blackberries. The eggs are laid on the underside of the
leaves from late July until early September. The young larvae crawl
down a cane to the ground surface and enter the cane where they
hibernate. The next summer they again bore in the crown and cane,
becoming inactive in the autumn, and in the following spring they bore
upward through the cane, make a hole to the outside, pupate, and the
moths emerge leaving the pupal case wedged in the emergence hole.
The only practical remedy is to dig out and burn aft'ected plants.
Birds and chickens will eat many of the moths.

The red spider, Bryobia pretiosa (pratensis), lays masses of dark red
eggs on canes in the winter. During summer the mites feed on the
underside of the leaves and spin small webs there, the leaves becoming
spotted with yellow or turning reddish-brown. A spray of powdered
sulphur or of sulphur in water will kill many of them. The strawberry
root weevil, Otiorrliynchus ovatus, frequently attacks the small roots
of raspberry canes, but does not constitute a serious pest. The rasp-
berry cane borer, Oberea bimaculata, girdles new shoots by making two
rings of punctures and laying eggs in the cane between them. The
tip of the shoot withers. The grub of this Longicorn bores its way
down the cane, taking until the autumn of the second season to reach
the ground, and forming a gall or swollen ring on the cane. The wilted

2^9

tips and the ringed canes should be cut out and burned, and old canea
should be cut and destroyed immediately after harvest.

Minor pests of raspberry canes include leaf and cane miners, flea-
beetles, twelve-spotted cucumber heet\e\ Diahroticaduodecimpunctata],
tarnished plant bug [Lygus pratensis], leaf-hoppers, and oyster-shell
scale [Lepidosaphes ulmi].

Banks (C. S.). Two Philippine Leaf-mining Buprestids, one being
New. — Philippme Jl. Science Manila, xv, no. 3, September 1919,
pp. 289-300, 3 plates. [Received 24th March 1920.]

A description is given of all the stages of Endelus bakeri, Kerrem.,
feeding on bird's-nest fern {Asplcnium nidus, L.). The larva is para-
sitised by at least one Chalcid, and may be destroyed by squeezing
it in its mine in the leaf.

Endelus calligraphus, sp. n., here described, was bred from larvae
mining in a fern that is perhaps a variety of A. nidus.

Lathrop (F. H.). The Cicadellidae or Leaf-Hoppers of South Caro-
lina.— S. C. Agric. Exp. Sta., Clemson College, S. C. Bull. 199,
June 1919, 119 pp., 44 figs. [Received 25th March 1920.]

This paper is almost entirely systematic in scope. Keys are given
to the sub-families of Cicadellidae, and to genera and species that
occur in South Carolina.

Jarvis (E.). Some Lepidopterous Pests New to Sugar Cane in Queens-
land.— Queensland Bur. Sugar Expt. Sta. Div. Entom.. Brisbane,
Bull. 9, 1920, 16 pp., 1 plate.

This paper is intended as an ampHfication of one already noticed
{R.A.E., A, iv, 344]. The species dealt with include the Noctuids,
Cirphis loreyi, Dup., the larva of which causes similar injury to the
fohage of sugar-cane as does C. unipuncta. Haw. : Mods rugalis,
F. ; Melanitis leda, L. ; Padraona hypomcfoma, Lower ; Anthela acuta
Wlk. ; and Achaea, Janata {Ophiusa melicerta, Drury), which is also
destructive to castor-oil plants (Ricinus communis).

SpEYER (E. R.). The Distribution of Xyleborus formcatus. Eich.
(Shot-hole Borer of Tea). — Ceylon Dept. Agric, Peradeniya, Bull.
39, August 1918, 34 pp. [Received 27th March 1920.]

The history of Xyleborus fornicatus, Eich. (shot-hole borer of tea)
in Ceylon is reviewed and its distribution outside Ceylon described.
It has been recorded from castor-oil plants in India (Bangalore) and
from nutmeg in Penang, though the latter is open to doubt. This
borer is found most abundantly at about 2,000 feet above sea-level,
and seems to spread gradually upwards, attaining an altitude of
5,000 feet, but it becomes less numerous when 4,000 feet is reached,
and above 4,500 is no longer a serious pest. Above 4,000 feet develop-
ment is longer by some three weeks.

A list of estates infested up to 7th June 1918 is appended.

210

Speyer (E. U.). Shot-hole Borer {Xyleborus fornicatus, Eich.).
Treatment of Prunings on Infected Estates. — Ceylon Dept. Agric.
Peradeniya, Bull. 43, March 1919, 16 pp. [Received 27tli March
1920.]

Details are given of experiments in dealing with the prunings from
tea bushes infested with Xyleborus fornicatus, Eich. From branches-
left on the ground after pruning, all pupae in the galleries that are
within four days of maturity will become adults and emerge with those
insects that are already adult within the galleries, whether the season
is wet or dry. In wet seasons, all mature beetles, pupae and late
larval stages will complete development and emerge. When prunings
are buried from 4 to 18 inches below ground level, development in the
woody stems proceeds normally for at least 30 days, and adult females
may continue to emerge from the soil for a period of 56 days in dry
weather and for a shorter period in heavy rains. In effect a full
generation can develop beneath the soil, and adults can emerge from
the greatest depth to which it is profitable to bury prunings. Des-
troying the insects in buried prunings by fumigation or insecticidal
solutions is not practicable owing to the heavy expense and the danger
involved.

While burning the prunings destroys all insects, the loss of manurial
constitutents to the soil precludes the adoption of this method. The
best plan therefore is to cut the leaves and smaller wood up to the
thickness of a pencil from the branches immediately after pruning,
and to bury them in holes of suitable size. The maximum amount of
borer infestation in these will be 4 per cent, of the total in the prunings.
The larger wood should then be carried to the roadside and burnt,
the ashes being used as manure. The cost involved is not much greater
than that of burying prunings wholesale.

Speyer (E. E.) Shot-hole Borer {Xyleborus fornicatus, Eich.). A
Control Pruning Scheme, and its Practical Modification. — Ceylon
Dept. Agric, Peradeniya, Bull. 44, June 1919, 8 pp. [Received
27th March 1920.]

This bulletin describes in detail the pruning operations for tea
bushes infested with Xyleborus fornicatus (shot-hole borer) recommended
elsewhere [R.A.E., A, viii, 110].

Robinson (E. N.). The Prickly Pear ; Enemy Pests to he tried. —

Science & Industry, Melbourne, ii, no. 1, January 1920, pp. 45-
51, 4 figs.

The bulk of the information contained in this paper has been noticed
elsewhere [R.A.E., A., vii. 481].

Williams (F. X.). A Note on the Habits of Epactiothynnus opaciventris ,
Turner, an Austrahan Thynnid Wasp. — Psyche, Boston, Mass.,
xxvi, no. 6, December 1919, pp. 160-162, 2 figs. [Received 25th
March 1920.]

Epactiothynnus opaciventris is apparently the most abundant
Thynnid in North Queensland. The plant that is most attractive to the

211

adults is a weed, Crofdlaria sp. The female wasps have been found
experimentally to oviposit on LamelUcorn larvae, as also does another
Thynnid, Tachynomijia sp.

Green (E. C.)- A Lagarta rosada dos Capulhos no Brasil. [The Pink
Bollworm in Brazil.] — Bol. Minist. Agric, Ind. e Comm., Rio de
Janeiro, vii, January- April 1918, pp. 101-114, 2 plates. [Received
15th March 1920.]

The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, was noticed in Brazil
in 1914. This paper reviews its life-history and the methods needeti
to combat it.

A Lagarta verde dos Cafesaes, Eacles magniUca. Walk. [The green
Coffee CaterpiUar.] — Chacaras e Quintaes, S. Paulo, xxi, no. 2,
15th February 1920, pp. 101-102, 2 figs.

The green coffee caterpillar, Citheronia (Eacles) magnifica, Wlk.,
feeds on the leaves of coffee plants. A caterpillar taken early in May
entered the pupal stage on 7th May and the adult moth emerged on
9tli October. This pest is known from many parts of Brazil, Paraguay
and various parts of North America. It is not confined to coffee,
being also found on mango {Mangifera indica) and other plants.
Hand collection is the remedial measure advised for it.

BoNDAR (G.). Como combater a Lagarta dos Galhos da Figueira. —

[Measures against the Fig Shoot Caterpillar.] — Chacaras e Quin-
taes, S. Paulo, xxi, no. 2, 15th February 1920, pp. 108-109, 1 fig.

The caterpillar of the Pyralid, Azochis gripusalis, Wlk., causes
serious injury to the cultivated fig {Ficus carica) and some wild figs
of the genus Urustigma in Brazil. From November to June in many
of the shoots holes are found covered with excreta bound together
with a silken substance. The caterpillar occurs within the shoot,
the terminal leaves and soft parts of which wither and the fruits
become atrophied. All infested parts must be cut off and burned.

Eavaz (L.). Les Traitements arsenicaux contre la Pyrale. — Progres
Agric. Vitic, Montpellier , Ixxiv, no. 3, 18th January 1920,
pp. 53-55.

Owing to the difficulty of obtaining sufficient fuel for hot water
treatments against Sparganothis pilleriana, and because fumigation
is only possible on light soils, more reliance than ever will have to be
placed in the use of arsenicals either in the known commercial forms or
in home-made solutions. A formula recommended for the latter is
30 lb. sodium carbonate dissolved in 13 gals, hot water, to which 30 lb.
powdered arsenious acid is added while stirring, and then 30 lb. soap.
The soap is not indispensable, and instead of arsenious acid or sodium
arsenite, sodium arsenate can be used. Before use, this solution is
diluted with 10 or 12 times its volume of water, and should be applied
towards the end of the winter.

212

Degrully (L.). Cochenilles et Fumagine de la Vigne. — Progres
Agric. Vitic, Montvellier, Ixxii, no. 49, 7th December 1919,
pp. 530-532. [Received 6tli April 1920.]

Many French vineyards, especially those of the south-west, have been
greatly injured by scale-infestation. The scales chiefly concerned are
Targionia (Aspidiotus) vitis (grey scale), which occurs very rarely
except in Provence ; Eulecaniimi jjersicae {Lecanium cymbiforme)
(oblong scale), abundant throughout the south and especially in the
Gironde region ; Pulvinaria vitis (red scale) and Pseudococcns {Dacty-
lopius) vitis (white scale) found throughout the Mediterranean basin ;
Eulecanium {Lecanium) corni, found only in the north ; Aulacaspis
(Diaspis) pentagona ; and the falciferovis scale [Rhizoeciis falcifer,
Kiinck.], which lives on the roots. All these species may be controlled
by practically the same treatment, which is carried out in the winter.
With the exception of Pseudococcns vitis, which hibernates under the
shelter of the bark, they may all be found, often in large colonies, on
the stocks and branches, and sometimes on the largest roots, in which
ca^e the base of the vine should be exposed before the treatment ift
begun. The most heavily infested shoots should then be cut out and
burnt. If there are scales under the bark, complete decortication
may be necessary, the pieces of bark bemg collected and burnt, or,
if decortication is not done, the scales on the trunk and branches should
be crushed with a hard brush. An insecticide treatment is then given
such as the one recommended for destroying the winter eggs of
Phylloxera, which consists of 5 lb. heavy coal-oil, thoroughly mixed
with 20 lb. unslaked lime and added to 10 gals, water. Another
formula recommended is an emulsion of 7 oz. Islack soap, 7 oz. seed
oil, 3| oz. paraffin in 56 oz. water. Lime-sulphur solution can also
be used.

LiCHTENSTEiN (J. L.). Le Parasitisme d' ApJiiochaeta (PJiora) fasciata,
Fallen. — C. R. Hehdom. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxx, no. 9, 1st March
1920, pp. 531-534, 3 figs.

The female of Aphiochaeta fasciata oviposits on the nymphs of the
Coccinelhds, Thea vigintiduopunctata, L., and Vibidia duodecimguttata,
Poda, after the final ecdysis, the eggs being deposited on the ventral
surface. In 1|— 2 days the larva hatches and makes its way at once
into the host, and 2 days later emerges through a hole on the ventral
surface between the head and thorax. Pupation occurs twelve hours
later, the fly appearing after two to three weeks.

BuGNioN (E.). Le Termite lucifuge dans les Basses-Pyrenees. —
Rev. Hist. Nat. Ajjp., Paris, lere partie. no. 2, February 1920,
pp. 49-51.

Numerous nests of the termite, Leucotermes lucifugus, Rossi, were
found in the lower Pyrenees at an altitude of from about 650 ft., to
980 ft. Although this species usually inhabits pine trees {Pinus
maritima) five of the nests under consideration were found in decaying
stumps of chestnut trees that had previously been attacked by a
fungus disease.

213

Laurent (L.). La Chenille mineuse de I'Artichaut. — Fev. Hortic.

de VAlgerie, Algiers, xxiii, no. 11-12, November-December
1919, pp. 337-339, 2 figs. [Received 29th March 1920.]

Gorlyna {Hydroecia) xanthenes is causing serious and increasing-
damage to artichokes {Cynara) in Algeria and the South of France, where'
it has been a pest for the last ten years. The adult moths are on the
wing from the end of September and during October, when they fly
at night, ovipositing on the shoots of artichokes. The larvae enter
the shoot and descend slowly to the junction of the stem and root,
passing the spring and summer in this way. In Julv or August pupa-
tion occurs, the adults emerging in October. The plants grow gradually
weaker while the insects feed within them, and die in July or Augus^t
without having flowered.

Former recommendations have been to dig up infested plants at the
end of May and burn them. While the eflicacy of this method cannot
be disputed, it is suggested that as some of the stalks probably remain
sound it is a pity to dig up the whole plant, while the burning of a
quantity of pulpy matter of this kind is not easy, and if not thoroughly
done, may be an encouragement to the insect rather than a deterrent.
As an alternative, summer treatments are advised. At the beginninc^
of summer the parts of the plant above ground die and the stems
remaining below give rise to a number of buds that form shoots for
the next year. In early July the ground around the plants should
be Ughtly cultivated and the shoots cut down to the surface of the soil
or even a httle lower. Some of these will be healthy, firm and full
of sap, others will show a central cavity ; the latter are the infested
shoots and should be cut off from the main stem as low down as possible
until healthy tissue is found. The shoots should then be cut longitu-
dinally and the larvae of G. xanthenes removed and destroyed. The
main stems should all be inspected and if the removal of an unsound
portion would damage the stem too badly they should be sounded with
a pointed stick. All refuse should be immediately burnt. This
treatment destroys almost all the miners. If irrigation is possible,
the plants should be well watered about a month later, when they
are showing signs of growth, and if any infested plants still remain
they can then be detected by their sickly appearance.

As the red artichoke is a little earlier than the white, a second
cultivation should be given during September. Any superfluous
shoots should be removed and the best of tliem put in a nursery for
planting out in the following spring. It is obvious that co-operation
IS necessary, for if any plantation is left untended until autumn, the
adults oi G. xanthenes emerging from it will disperse and lay their
eggs in neighbouring plantations.

Chateau (C). Le Pou Rouge et le Sel M^rin. Rev. Hortic. de
VAlgerie, Algiers, xxiii, no. 11-12, November-December 1919
p. 343. [Received 29th March 1920.]

For orange trees infested with Chrysomphalus dicfijospermi pin-
nulijera {minor) the author has used a spray consisting of tliree parts
sea- water to one part fresh water, making four applications in a year,
two at the end of May at four day's interval, and two at the end of
September, these two periods being the time when reproduction is

214

active. This treatment was entirely effective ; the scale disappeared
and the plants, which were yellowish, recovered their green colour.
With this proportion of sea-water, and making the applications in
the evening, there is no danger of scorching even the tenderest
leaves. The same treatment apphed to Saissetia {Lecanium) oleae has
proved ineffective.

PuiG Y Nattino (J.). Los Parasites vegetales y animales de las
Plantas cultivadas y espontaneas, observados en la Republica
Oriental del Uruguay. — Eepxb. Orient. Urvquay, 21i)iist. Indust.,
Montevideo. Bol. 36, 1919. 94 pp.. 52 figs. [Received 26th March
1920.]

A list is given of the fungus and insect pests observed in Uruguay on
both cultivated and wild plants ; these include Aphids, red spiders
{Tefranychus telarius), and many Coccids, among which are Aidacaspis
(Diaspis) pentagona, Ceroplastes sp., Aspidiotus sp. and Lepidosaphes
sp. The food-plants of each is given. The injury caused by these
pests is discussed and the usual remedies for their control are
advocated, formulae being given for the requisite insecticides. The
control of Aulacaspis pentagona by Prospaltella berlesei is described.

Insects that attack vegetable or fruit crops, and for which special
instructions in control are given, include the bhster beetle, Epicauta
adspersa, on potatoes and tomatos, for which arsenical sprays should
be used in the morning after the dew has evaporated, as soon as the
insect appears, or even before this if it occurs regularly each year,
and the sawfly, Eriocampoides limacina {Tenthredo adumhrata), the
larvae of which attack cherries, pears and quinces, and for which in
addition to arsenical sprays, dusting with slaked lime, ashes or even
fine, dry earth is recommended. For Cydia [Carpocapsa) pomonella
on apples, pears, peaches and quinces, the correct times for spraying
are after the majority of the petals have fallen, and again one month
and two months later. The bagworm, Oeceticus platensis, can also
be checked by the use of arsenical sprays. Caterpillars of Papilio
thoantides, Burm., which attack oranges and lemons, should be crushed
by hand or sprayed with iron, lead or copper arsenate. The larva of
Diloboderus abderus (white grub) sometimes causes important injuries
both in pasture and cultivated land. The methods advocated by
Carriquiri for keeping down these beetles are quoted. He considers
that the most efficient method, under Uruguayan conditions, is to
plough up strips of land about 2 yards wide at distances -some 700 yards
apart, in rich, humid soil. If this is done in spring, these strips wiU
be chosen for oviposition in January and February. In March or
April the land is ploughed over and the eggs are turned under to a
depth of about 10 inches, where the conditions prevent their
incubation. The land may be used for sowing oats cr for a green,
crop in the winter. Lighted torches for use against the adults of
D. abderus are suggested on smaller estates. In gardens, orchards,
and other small but valuable areas, naphthahne should be used as
a repellent. Against the larvae, benzine or carbon-bisulphide should
be injected at a depth of about 1 foot, and spraying should be done with
ammonia solutions. These measures should be apphed during the
dormant season.

215

Talbert (T. J.). Combining Dormant and First Summer Spray in
Apple Orchards infested by San Jose Scale. — Missouri Univ.
Agric. Expt. Sta., Columbia, Bull. 161, January 1919, 15 pp., 3 figs.

Details are given of experiments made over several years for the
control of the San Jose scale [Asvidiotus jmiiiciosus] in apple orchards.
The results show that the dormant spray consisting of commercial
lime-sulphur, 33° Be., in dilution of 1 to 7 or 1 to 8 may be safely applied
to the trees until the first blooms appear, and thus takes the place of
the first summer spray. The spray should be applied at 200 pounds
pressure or less, as heavier pressure increases the risk of injury by
scorching. This treatment also proved successful in controlhng Apliids,
oyster-shell scale [Lepidosaphes ulmi], scurfy scale [Chionaspis furfura]
and many other noxious insects.

Latheop (F. H.). Insect Pests of Stored Grains and Mill Products.—

Oregon Agric. Coll. Extension Service, CorvaUis. Exten. Bull.
228, May 1919, 4 pp., 5 figs. [Received 25th March 1920.]

A brief account is given of the injury caused to stored grain bv the
bean weevil, Bruchus {Acanthoscelides) ohtectus, Say, the pea weevil,
B. (Laria) pisorum, Lee, the Mediterranean floiu- moth [Ephestia
kuJinielh], the Indian meal moth [Plodia inter punctella] and
granary beetles [Calandra]. Fumigation with carbon bisulphide,
sulphur or hydrocyanic acid gas, is advocated and the method of
apphcation described.

Hayes (W. P.). The Maize Billbug or Elephant Bug {SphenopJicynis
maidis, Chittn.) — Kansas Agric. Expt. Sta., Manhattan, Technical
Bull. G, January 1920, 27 pp., 12 figs.

The different stages and life-history of Sphenophorus maidis, Cliitt.,
are described, and the natiu-e of injury as well as the remedial measures
for this pest are discussed [R.A.E., A", iv, 193 ; vii, 378].

Weiss (H. B.). Notes on CorgtJwca hidbosa, 0. & D. — Oliio Jl. Sci.,
Columbus, XX, no. 1, November 1919, pp. 17-20. [Eeceived
24th March 1920.]

Conjthuca hidbosa, 0. & D., occurs on American bladder nut,
Staphylea trifolia, from j\Iaryland and Virginia westwards to Ohio.

There are five manphal stages, and these as well as the egg and
adult are described. During observations made in Philadelphia the
eggs and adults were found on 11th June. The eggs are usually
inserted in the tissue of the lower leaf-surface near the edges. They
are found in groups of from 10 to 250. By 24th of Jane fewer adults
were noticed, but in addition to eggs, 2nd and 3rd stage n>Tnphs were
noticed feeding in colonies on the undersurface of the leaves. By the
8th J aly all adults had disappeared, but aU other stages were present,
the 4th and 5th nymphal stages being most plentiful. The first adults
of the new generation were seen about 12th July. There is probably
only one generation a year.

216

Briganti (G.). Olive-Growing in Apulia, Italy. — Agricoltnra italiana
illustrata, Milan, 1, no. 1, January 1919, pp. 32-57, 13 figs.
(Abstract in Mtklij. Bull Agric. Intetl. & PL Dis., Rome, x, no. 5,
May 1919, pp. 563-564. [Received 31st March 1920.]

Among the many causes of the decline of olive growing in Italy
is the damage caused by the olive fly, Dacus oleae, the olive moth,
Prays oleellus, and a weevil, Rhynchites cribripennis. '

CoTTA (A.). The Stone Pine {Pinus pinea) in Italy. -L' Italia agricoh,
Piacenza, v, nos. 1 & 3, 15th January & 15th March 1919, pp. 10-
16 & 70-80, 14 figs., 1 plate. (Abstract in Mthly. Bull. Agric.
Intell. & PI. Dis., Rome, x, no. 5, May 1919, pp. 570-573.
[Received 31st March 1920.]

An insect injurious to stone pine {Pinus pinea) is Cnethocampa
pityocampa, which destroys the needles and lessens the resistance of
the trees to beetles such as Myelophilus (Hylesinus) piniperda and
Hylasfes ater.

LEGISLATION.

Plant Legislation. — Rept. Depl. Agric. St. Vincent, 1918-1919 ;
Barbados, 1920, pp. 18-19. [Received 15th March 1920.]

An amendment was passed on 24th February 1919 to the Importa-
tion of Plants Diseases Prevention Ordinance of 1906 under which the
necessary authority is given for the examination of plants, seeds,
etc., for pests and diseases on board a vessel in port, and to prohibit
the landing of these if infested, together with any goods forming part
of the cargo likely to be the means of introducing any fungoid disease
or insect pest injurious to plant life. The text of the amendment is
quoted verbatim, and fines up to £100 may be levied for any contra-
vention of the Ordinance.

Brooks (A. J.). Efforts made to prevent the Introduction of serious
Plant Pests and Diseases into Saint Lucia and the Spreading
therein, -yl^fnc. Dept. St. Lucia, Leaflet no. 17, December 1919,
12 pp. [Received 25th March 1920.]

The provisions of the Plant Protection Ordinance of 1916 are quoted
and the regulations are given prohibiting the importation of certain
plants from infested countries [R.A.E., A, v, 46]. In addition to those
noticed in the above reference, cotton seed or seed cotton from any
country or place except Grenada or St. Vincent is prohibited and
also any Graminaceous plants, such as sugar-cane, rice, bamboo, rye,
barley, oats, maize, millet, guinea corn, etc., from Trinidad or Grenada,
where froghoppers occur.

Some sections of the regulations dealing with the eradication and
prevention of the spread of insect pests and diseases within the
Colony are also quoted.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

At'ERIa: Gortyna xanthenes iniesting Artichokes .. .. .. 213

Algeria: Spraying with Sea-water against Scale Insects . . .. 213

America, North : A Study of the European Frit-Fly . . . . 182

Angola: An Outbreak of Oxycorenws ^oiEimpenms on Cotton .. 201

Australia : Measures against Pests of Stored Wheat . . . . 180

Australia : Smynthurus viridis infesting Lucerne . . . . . . 206

Australia : Lepidopterous Pests of Sugar-Cane in Queensland . . 209

Australia: The Prickly Pear Problem 210

Australia: Thynnid Parasites of Scarabaeid Beetles .. .. 210

Austria: Notes on Bark-beetles .. .. .. .. ^. 176

Bolivia: The MigTations oi ScMstocerca paranensia .. *. 200

Brazil: Notes on Cotton Pests .. .. », ., ^. 199

Brazil: Notes on the Pink Bollworm .. .. .. .. 211

Brazil: atheroma magnificainieatingCoS^ee .. .. ^. 211

Brazil: A Pyralid Pest of Figs .. .. 211

Britain : The Bionomics and Control of Insects infesting Stored

Grain 178,179

Canada : Coleoptera and Lepidoptera from Arctic Districts 191, 192

Canada : Precautions against Cutworms . . . . . . . . 192

Canada : Measures against the Beet Webworm, Loxosiege sticticalis 193

Canada: Dusting in Orchards compared with Spraying .. ^. 207

Ceylon : A new Species of Antonina . . . , . . . . . . 198

Ceylon : The Bionomics and Control of Xyleborus fornicatus 209, 210

Croatia : A List of Scolytids . . . . . . . . . . ... 175

Cyprus : Measures against Insect Pests . . . . . . . . 204

Cyrenaica : Measures against an Outbreak of Locusts . . ... 200

Denmark : Insect Life in Fresh Waters (Review) . . . . ... 177

DENM,iRK : Insect Life from Field and Wood (Review) . . ... 177

Formosa : Insect Pests of Casuarina strieta . . . . . . . . 197

Formosa : Notes on the Blister Beetle, Epicauta Mrticornis . . 197

France : Beetles infesting dead Pines . . . . . . . . 175

France : Acrolepia assectella infesting Leeks . . . , . . 176

France : A Little-known Aphid infesting Roses . . . . ... 202

France : Experiments against Cheimatobia brumaia . . . . 202

France: Ax&emcal S-pr&js ior Sparganothis pilleriana .. .. 211

France : Measures against Scale Insects infesting Vines . . . . 212

France: Leucotermeslueifugus in the Tjrenees .. .. .. 212

Germany : Notes on the Food-plants of Weevils . . . . 174, 176

Germany : The Genus Chrysomela and its Food-plants , . 174, 175
Germany : The Infestation of Juniperus communis by Male Bark-
beetles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 175

Hawah : Parasitism of Ceratitis capitata during 1918 . . . . 170

Hawaii: An Oxxthreakoi the Fern WeeYil, Syagriusfulvitarais .. 191

Holland: Garden Pests in 1919-20 ... 199

India: Insects attacking GmeWna arjoreo .. .. .. .. 171

India: The Relation of Soil to Infestation by fi^eZopeZits .. .. 204

India: Notes on New Coccids. . ... .. .. .. .. 205

Italy : Agrioies Unecdus infesting Vineyards . . . . . . 203

Italy : Dipterous Pests of Carob Beans, Mulberries and Oaks 203, 204

Italy: Olive Pests in Apulia . . .. .. 216

Italy : Fruit Pests of the Stone Pine . . 216

Japan: A Lepidopterous Pest of Sweet Potatoes , 194

Japan : The Life-history of the Citrus Leaf -miner 194

Japan: Pheasants destroying Noxious Insects .. .. .. 195

Japan : The Causes of Sterility in Silkworms . . . . . . 195

Japan : The Bionomics of Mites of the Genus Pedimloides infesting

Silkworms 196

Japan : Experiments with Food-plants for Silkworms . . . . 196

Japan : Insects used for Food and in Medicine 196

KiAOCHOW : A New Tortricid infesting Conifers 199

Philippines : Leaf-mining Buprestids infesting Ferns . . . . 209

Reunion: Measures against Coccws tnn'dis infesting CoSee .. 177

CONTENTS— cent.

PAGE

Rhodesia, Southern : Notes on Tobacco Pests . . . . 193, 207

San Thom^; : An Outbreak of Heliothrips rubrocinctus . . . . 201

Siberia: A New Bark-beetle 175

SoMALiLAND, ITALIAN : Notes on the Pink Bollworm . . . . 202

Straits Settlements : The Efiect of Derris on Agromyza phaseoli 193
Sudan, Anglo-Egtptian : Clean Cultivation and its Relation to

the Control of Insect Pests 172

Sudan, Anglo-Egtptian : Notes on Cotton Pests. . .. 172,173

Sudan, Anglo-Egtptian : Anthonomus vorax infesting Clothing. . 173
Sudan, Anglo-Egtptian : Measures against the Dura Asal Fly,

ApJiis son/hi. . .. •• •• •• •• •• •• 1^8

Switzerland: The Food-plants of the Gipsy Moth .. .. 291

U.S.A. : The Establishment of Parasites of Diatraea saccharalis in

Louisiana . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • 169

U.S.A. : Studies of Sorosporella uvella, infesting Noctuid Larvae . . 169

U.S.A.: The Value of Birds in Orchards and Forests .. .. 174

U.S.A. : Precautions against Cotton Pests in California . . . . 181

U.S.A. : Measures against Termites 181

U.S.A. : The Grape Scale in California 181

U.S.A. : The Distribution of Insect Pests by Railways in California 181

U.S.A. : Pests intercepted in Quarantine in California . . . , 181

U.S.A. : The Beet Leaf -hopper in California 182

U.S.A.: Lepidoptera at Light Traps 184

U.S.A. : Eubiomyia calosomae, a Tachinid Parasite of Calosoma . . 184

U.S.A.: Measures against J5rwc/ms gwadnwacttZafMS .. .. 185

U.S.A. : The Control of Insect Pests in Montana 186

U.S.A.: Report of the Insecticide and Fungicide Board .. .. 186

U.S.A. : Report of the Federal Horticultural Board . . . . 186

U.S.A. : Notes on new Coccids . . . . . . • • • • 187

U.S.A. : Insect Pests in Michigan in 1918 188

U.S.A. : Sprays for Fruit Pests in Michigan. . . . .. .. 188

U.S.A. : Experiments with Gases against Aegeria exitiosa . . . . 189

U.S.A.: The San Jos§ Scale and its Control 190

U.S.A. : The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer 190

U.S.A. : The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer 190

U.S.A. : The European Corn Borer Problem 190

U.S.A. : Measures against the Sweet Potato Weevil . . . . 191
U.S.A. : The Life-history of the Jointworm Flies of the Genus

Harmolita . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • 207

U.S.A. : The Control of Raspberry Pests in Washington . . . . 208

U.S.A. : The -Leaf -hoppers of South Carolina 209

U.S.A.: Sprays for San Jos6 Scale in Missouri 215

U.S.A. : Insect Pests of Stored Grain in Oregon 215

U.S.A. : The Maize Billbug, Sflienoplwrus maidis, in Kansas . . 215

U.S.A. : Notes on CorytAuca bulbosa . . . . . . . . . • 215

Uruguat : Notes on Fruit and Vegetable Pests 214

West Indies : Cotton Pests in St. Vincent in 1918-19 . . . . 205

West Indies: Plant Pest Legislation in St. Vincent .. .. 216

West Indies : Plant Pest Legislation in St. Lucia . . .. .. 216

A Suggestion for a better Popular Name for the Fulgoridae . , . . 169

A Supplement to the Complete Literature of Bark-beetles . . . . 175

Notes on New Scolytids. . .. .. .. .. .. •• 175

Notes on Tropical Psyllids .. .. 191

The Authorship of the Genus Lachnus . . . . . . . . . • 200

The Parasitism of Coccinellids by AphiocTiaeta fasciata . . . - 212

Registered at the Q.P.O. for Transmlaalon to Canada and Newfoundland by Magazine Post.

VOL. VIII. Ser. A. Part 6,— pp. 217-258. JUNE, 1920.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

SERIES a: agricultural.

ISSUED B7 THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF BNTOMOLOQT.

LONDON t

THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,
88, QUEEN'S GATE, S.W, 7.

Prieo Is. 4d. net.

Ail Rights Reserved,

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

l>onorarp Commitlee or rRanadettietiK

VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, CLE., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Eose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman, Governing

Body, Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Mnistry of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Sir Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.B.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Hon. E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Of&ce.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.CM.G., CB., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Sir Arthur E. Shipley, G.B.E., F.R.S., Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C Sperling, CM.G., Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart STOCKMAN,Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of
England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

©eneral Secretary.

Mr. A. C C Parkinson (Colonial Office).

H)lrectot anO lEDitor.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall

assistant Director.

Dr. S. a. Neave.

Head Office. — ^British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W. 7.
Ptiblicatioii Office. — 88, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7.

JUL1519?':

217 ^^f'ct,.

Severin (H. C). Tenth Annual Report of the State Entomologist
of South Dakota for the Period ending 30th June 1919. — South
Dalota State Coll., Brookings, 15tli September 1919, pp. 1-36,
1 plate, 11 figs. [Received 26tli March 1920.]

An account is given of the inspection of South Dakota nurseries with
a list of the pests found. Much information has been collected
with regard to the web-spinning sawfly of the plum, Neurotoma
inconspicua, Nort., and the common field cricket, Gryllus abbreviatus,
full details of which are to be pubhshed.

Experiments show that there is practically no difference in the
efficacy of crude or refined powdered white arsenic when used in
poison-baits for grasshoppers. The time of apphcation is apparently
also immaterial.

Special investigations have been made with regard to pests and
diseases of currants and gooseberries. Those dealt with include
a Longicorn beetle, Psenocerus supernotatifs. Say (American currant
borer), which attacks chiefly the old dead branches, but occasionally
injures healthy stems. The grubs tunnel lengthwise and several
may be found in one stem. They remain in the stem until the
following spring, when pupation occurs in the tunnel. The beetle
emerges in 2 to 4 weeks. There is one generation a year. The moth,
Aegeria (Sesia) tipuliformis, Clerck, is similar both as to life-cycle
and habits. The best remedial measures for both pests is to cut
out all dead wood as well as all stems 4 years old and over, close to
the crown of the plant, and burn before June. The same treatment
should be carried out with canes and fohage that are wilting or
becoming weak and sickly.

The scale, Eulecanium {Lecanium) corni, Bch., has but one genera-
tion a year. The remedial measures advocated are spraying before
the buds open mth dormant strength lime-sulphur or kerosene emulsion
consisting of 1 part of stock to 4 or 5 parts of water. The usual
remedial measures are advocated for the oyster-shell scale, Lepidosaphes
idmi, L., and Aspidiotus ancylus, Putn. Myzus rihis L. (currant
aphis) infests the undersurface of the leaves, causing deformity and
discolouration. Hibernation occurs in the egg-stage on the canes ;
these give rise in the spring to the stem-mothers which migrate to the
leaves and give rise to several generations of parthenogenetic females.
The first spra}^ should be apphed when the buds are breaking, follow^ed
by a second in about 10 days and a third 14 days later. The sprays
advocated are : — 1 part Black-leaf 40, 1,000 parts of w^ater, with
soap at the rate of 1 lb. to 25 U.S. gals, of spray ; 1 lb. laundry soap to
5 U.S. gals, of water ; or 1 part of stock kerosene emulsion to 7 parts
of water.

The sawfly, Pteromis ribesii. Scop., is the most destructive enemy
of the foliage of currants and gooseberries in South Dakota. The eggs
are laid in the spring on the undersurface of the leaves and hatch in
about 10 days. The larvae feed in colonies and eat small holes in the
leaves, eventually devouring the leaf-tissue. A bush may be defoHated
in a few days. After about three weeks the larvae hide under trash
or burrow into the ground ready for pupation. There are two genera-
tions a year, the second brood appearing about the time the ciurants
are ripening. The larvae hibernate in a cocoon. Lead arsenate paste

(677) Wt.P1850, 163. 1,500. 6.20. B.&F.,Ltd. Gp.11/14. a

218

or powder, 1 lb. and | lb. respectively, to 25 U.S. gals, of water, or ^Ib
of Paris green, h lb. of freshly slaked lime and 25 U.S. gals, of water,
have been used with success against this pest. The spray should be
applied as soon as the leaves begin to unfold. Should the second
generation become destructive, hellebore should be used either as a
spray- 1 oz. to 1 U.S. gal. of water, or as a dust — -1 oz. to 5 oz. of
air-slaked lime or flour.

There are two generations of Tortrix (Archips) rosaceana, Harr.,
during the year. The caterpillars of the first brood appear during June
and July and the second from July to September. Eggs are laid in
a mass on the canes or leaves of the plant. Hibernation occurs in
this stage. The caterpillars form nests by rolling up the leaves.
Remedial measures include handpicking and spraying with lead
arsenate at the rate of 1| lb. of paste to 25 U.S. gals, of water. The
spray should be applied as soon as the leaves expand and be repeated
at the end of a week.

Several generations of Tetranychus telarius, L., occur on currants
and gooseberries during the year. The eggs hatch in from 3 to 10 days,
development being retarded in cool and rainy weather. The larvae
give rise in about 3 days to the adult mites. They may be controlled
by spraying with flour paste or dusting with powdered sulphur either
alone or mixed with air-slaked Hme. Other effective sprays are
1 lb. powdered sulphur, 2 oz. soap and 3 U.S. gals, of water, or Black-
leaf 40 1 part to 1,000 parts of water with the addition of soap
at the rate of I lb. to 5 U.S. gals, of Black-leaf 40.

The caterpillars of GymafopJiora ribearia, Fitch (currant span-
worm) hatch in late May or early June and feed for about 3 weeks
on the leaves. They enter the ground for pupation, which lasts 2 or
3 weeks. Hibernation occurs in the egg-stage. This moth may be
controlled by spraying with lead arsenate or Paris green as for Pteronus
ribesii.

The paper concludes with a summary of treatment for pests and
diseases attacking currant and gooseberry plants.

MozNETTE (G. F.). Annotated List of the Injurious and Beneficial
Insects of the Avocado in Florida. — Florida Bugqist, Gainesville,
iii, no. 3, December 1919, pp. 45-48. [Received 27th March 1920.]

In addition to the insect pests of avocado recently recorded \R.A.E.,
A, vii, ] 98, 240] the author gives notes on the following : Trialeurodes
Jioridensis, Quaint, (avocado whitefly), which is particularly abundant
about the coast, and multipUes rapidly during the summer months,
causing sooty mould ; Tetranychus yothersi, McG. (avocado red spider),
which also attacks camphor in the northern part of Florida, and lives
on the upper surface of the fohage of avocado, causing yellowing and
browning of the leaves ; the scales, Chrysomphalus diciyospermi, Morg.,
Saissetia oleae, Bern., Pseudococcus nipae, Mask, (coconut mealy-bug),
and Pidvinaria pyriformis, Ckll. A thrips, Frankliniella cephalica
var. masoni, Wats., oviposits on the pedicel of the flower-clusters,
causing the cluster to drop. Eynpoasca minuenda, Ball (avocado
leaf-hopper) attacks the lower leaf surface during the growing season,
causing white spots to appear on the fohage. A species of Gracilaria
near G. violacella, Clem., is a small moth found wherever avocados are

219

grown. Eggs are deposited on the new growth and the larvae curl
tlie leaves on which they feed. A Tingid, Acysta perseae, Heid., sucks
the juices of the leaves, causing them to turn yellow and droy).
Anomala undulata, Mels. (leaf-chafer) emerges from the soil at night
and devours the flowers, the depredations lasting only about a week,
when the beetles return to their breeding grounds. A weevil, Caulo-
fhilus Intinasus, attacks the seed of avocado in the orchard and in
storage, tunnelling the seeds and rendering them worthless for planting.
A moth, Sporganothis sp., oviposits in the flower-clusters, the larvae
webbing them together to form a nest and feeding on the flowers. Two
Cerambycid beetles, Lypsimena fuscata, Lee, and Elaphidion inerme,
Newm., attack dying or unhealthy branches of avocado, and if the
infested branches are allowed to remain, the burrows are often extended
into healthy tissue.

Beneficial insects that are either predatory or parasitic upon the
above pests include Sympiesis dolichogaster, Ashm., a Hymenopterous
parasite of Gracilaria ; a lacewing, Chrysopa lateralis, Guer., which
devours red spider ; the predatory thrips, Scolothrips scxmaculatus,
Perg., Leptothrips mali, Hinds, and Franklinothrips vespifonyiis, Crawf. ;
the CoccineUids, Scymnus utilis, Horn, and S. kinzeli, Casey ;
Pwspaltella sp., frequently bred from Trialeurodes floridensis ;
Cryptognaiha {Delphastus) pallida, Lee, which is predatory upon the
same insect ; and Aspidiotiphagus citrinus, Craw, parasitic on
Chryscymphalus dictyospermi.

Dudley (F. H.). Report of State Horticulturist. — 17th Ann. Rept.
Maine Commiss. Agric, Waterville, 1918, pp. 23-50, 6 figs.
[Received 29th March 1920.]

Inspections of localities formerly infested with San Jose scale
[Asvidiotm perniciosus] have shown that the practices of cutting out
and burning infested trees or thoroughly spraying them have brought
the pest almost entirely under control. The nests of the cherry-tree
Tortricid \Tortrix cerasvvomna], which was reported as very destructive
in 1917 [R.A.E., A, vii, 175], have been eradicated in many towns in
the State.

The importance of bee-keeping in orchards is pointed out, especially
among those apples that require cross-fertilisation; an instance is
given of an orchard that produced 600 barrels of apples a year, while
after bees were placed in the orcliard the crop increased to 1,800 barrels.

Dusting with sulphur and lead arsenate is being taken up as a
substitute for Hquid spraying and three dusting machines are now
being used in the State. A short account is given of Palaeacrita
vernata (spring canker-worm) which defoliated 150 trees in one
orchard. Ploughing in late autumn will bring the pupae to the
surface, where the severe winter will destroy them. Banding trees
with a sticky substance in early spring will prevent the wingless moths
from crawling up the tree-trunks to oviposit. Spraying will kill the
caterpillars, using 2 to 3 lb. lead arsenate in lime-sulphur solution
(1 : 35), when the buds begin to open and show pink. A general
spray calendar is also given

As maize is one of the important crops of Maine, an account is given
of the chief maize pests, namely, Pyrausta nidjilalis (which has not

(677) a2

220

yet been definitely recorded in the State, though infestation is feared),
Papaipema nebris (nitela), Helioihis obsoleta, and Estigmene acraea
[R.A.E., A, vii, 277].

Philbrook (E. E.). Report of Special Field Agent, Gypsy Moth Work.

— 17th Ann. Re])t. Maine Commiss. Agric, Waterville, 1918, pp.
51-56. [Received 29th March 1920.]

There are now ten or more species of parasites of the gipsy moth
[Porthetria dispar] established in the infested area in Maine. The
Carabid, Calosomasycophanta, which devours both pupae and caterpillars,
has also been established in the western part of the State, where
" flacherie " or wilt disease has also spread in the moth-infested areas.
In consequence of these factors, a higher degree of mortality has been
secured in 1918 than in any other year. Scouting began on 1st January
and continued until the eggs hatched ; during this time 1,235,954 egg-
clusters were found and destroyed and 567 gallons of creosote were
used to paint them. Spraying of caterpillars began with. the hatching
I of the eggs and continued until mid- August, 8 tons of lead arsenate
being used. In July trees were banded with burlap as in the previous
year ; 67,000 trees were thus treated and 876,258 caterpillars collected
from them. The benefit to be derived from birds in gipsy moth
suppression, and the importance of protecting them, is emphasised.
While the actual area infested has not been reduced to any extent
since 1917 [R.A.E., A, vii, 176], the colonies of the moth within that
area have been greatly lessened.

DupoRT (L.). Rapport a Monsieur le President de la Chambre
d'Agriculture sur les Recherches poursuivies a la Station Entomo-
logique de Cho-Ganh. — Sujjplements to Bulls. 123 & 124, Chambre
iV Agric. Tonkin & Nord-Annam, Hanoi, nos. 5 & 6, June-September
& October-December 1919, 18 pp. [Received 29th March 1920.]

Further investigations have been made regarding the insect para-
sites of Xylotrechus quadripes (coffee borer) [R.A.E., A, viii. 111],
both on cofiee and on some of its other food-plants, of which a list
is given. Two species of insect parasites have up to the present been
successfully reared in the laboratory and it is hoped that others may
be found. The most important, at first thought to be an Ichneumonid,
has since been identified as a Braconid, and is so minute that it can
pass the smallest wire mesh obtainable. The female is provided with
a long ovipositor to reach the larval host within the wood. One female
lays as many as 25 eggs on one larva, and chooses for preference the
mature larvae of X. quadripes that are about to pupate and are close
under the bark. The young parasitic larvae feed upon the host larva
for 7 or 8 days. They then pupate in the cell prepared by the
borer, this stage apparently lasting about 15 days, after which the
adults emerge through a hole about 1 mm. wdde. Multiplication is
rapid, the whole life-cycle requiring only about 25 days, and breeding
might be continuous in the laboratory throughout the year if the rear-
ing-boxes are sheltered from severe cold. This parasite can breed also
on the larvae of Chlorophorus anmdaris, Fairm. (bamboo borer),
and on X. quadripes in fresh, dead, or diseased coffee. It seems almost

221

certain, therefore, that it should be an important factor in control
in the plantations. Some 200 insects are now ready for distribution
each day and liberations have already been made in some plantations.
The author is prepared to provide at a small cost a model cage with
the necessary plant stems for rearing, to any planter that applies
to him. Such cages with wire mesh screening should be placed at
intervals in the plantations. The emergence of this insect is much
retarded by the first cold weather and stops completely after about
8 days. The parasite is, however, less susceptible to cold than the
borer.

Another Braconid parasite of X. quadripes has been found less
abundantly in cages and in the field. Breeding of this species has not
been possible as the sexes have not emerged at the same time. Several
eggs are laid on each host, but the ovipositor is much shorter than
that of the other species described. Other Braconid parasites of minor
importance also occur. An Ichneumonid parasite that was reared
in 1914 was observed in the plantations in 1919, but its numbers were
too few for rearing in the laboratory.

Some small black ants have been found preying upon the larvae,
pupae and adults of X. quadripes. They live entirely within the trunks
where the borers are to be found, their life-cycle apparently requiring
30 days in warm Aveather. Reproduction practically ceases in the cold
weather. Unfortunately they also attack the larvae of the Braconid
parasites.

A scale- insect found on the roots of coffee plants closely resembles
Pseudococciis citri. It is suggested that fumigation of the roots by
pouring potassium sulpho-carbonate into a trench should be efficacious
against it.

The attacks of Schoenobius incertellus, Wlk., on rice have only caused
an infestation of 5 per cent, at the maximum in Cho-Ganh ; it is thought
that its Hymenopterous and Dipterous parasites account for this.

The Anobiid beetle, Lasioderma serricorne, does serious damage to
stored tobacco and to cigars and cigarettes prepared from infested
tobacco. Fumigation with carbon bisulphide has been suggested as
a remedy, but tliis does not destroy the eggs and therefore at least
two treatments are necessary. Dry heat is probably a more efficacious
and safer process.

Tait (J.). Some Diseases of Fruit-trees. — Agric JL, Victoria, B.C.,
V, no. 1, March 1920, pp. 6 & 13.

This paper deals in a popular manner with the usual pests found on
fruit trees, including the pear-leaf blister mite [Erio])hyes pyri],
the woolly apple aphis [Eriosoma lanigerum] and the peach-tree borer
[Aegeria exitiosa]. The usual remedial measures are discussed.

Caesar (L.). To Control the San Jose Scale. — Canadian Horticulturist
& Beekeeper, Toronto, Ont., xxviii, no. 3, March 1920, pp. 59-60.

The first essential for keeping an orchard free from San Jose scale
[Aspidiotus perniciosus] is clean cultivation. Good pruning is of the
greatest importance and all rough, loose bark should be scraped off
the main branches and trunk so that the scale will not be protected by

222

it. The scraping, however, should only be necessary once in about
five years and only on old and fairly large apple trees. A lime-sulphur
spray should be applied with a spray gun on peaches before the buds
begin to swell and on apples and most other fruits when they are
ready to burst. The strength used should be of r035 specific gravity,
which is the same as one gal. of ordinary commercial lime-sulphur to
7 gals, water. The whole of the tree should be thoroughly covered with
this spray.

Ballou (H. a.). The Pink Boll Worm {Gelechia gossypiella, Saunders)
in Egypt in 1916-1917. — Minist. Agric. Egrjpt, Cairo, 1920,
120 pp., 16 plates. [Received 31st March 1920.]

This important report records the author's investigations in Egypt
during 1916-1918 into the possibilities of control of the pink boUworm
Pectinophora (Gelechia) gossypiella. Owing to the delay in issuing
it, much of the matter it contains has been already noticed at length
[R.A.E., A, viii, 67].

Under the section discussing the control of this pest, the legislation
passed in Egypt against it is reviewed, and the campaigns of 1916 and
1917 are described. It is not considered likely that the pink bollworm
will be eradicated in Egypt for many years, but the prospects are
that sufficiently good work will be done to reduce infestation to a
minimum, so that as long as combative measures are maintained at
the highest possible pitch of efficiency, the amount of damage done
each year will be small, and cotton growing will be a profitable industry.

MoERis (H. M.). The Hypopus of Carpoglyjjhiis anonymus, Haller. —
Ann. Trap. Med. Parasit., Liverpool, xiii, no. 4, 15th March 1920,
pp. 339-342, 1 fig.

A description is given of the hypoj)ial nymph of a mite, Carpioglyplius
anonymus, which in company with some beetles (Carpophihis hemip-
terus L.), were found heavily infesting a quantity of dried figs received
from the Port Sanitary Authority, Liverpool.

McLaine (L.S.). Memorandum to Importers. No. 2. — De]jt. Agric.
Entom. Branch, Ottawa, 27th February 1920, [Ip. MS.]

The Japanese beetle [Popillia japonica] has been accidentally im-
ported into the United States where it is causing serious and extensive
damage [R.A.E., A, vii, 101, etc.]. To prevent a similar occurrence
in Canada all importers are requested to notify the Dominion Entomolo-
gist when placing orders for shipments of perennials, herbaceous
stock, etc., from Japan and the Far East and to advise the same officer
upon their arrival so that arrangements may be made for their
inspection.

Ferris (G. F.). Notes on Coccidae. — v. (Hemiptera). — Canad.
Entom., London, Ont., lii, no. 2, February 1920, pp. 29-32, 5 figs.

The species dealt with in this continued list \R.A.E. A , viii, 63]
include : Protodiaspis parvula, Ckll., i n oak in Mexico ; P. agrifo'.iae,
Essig ; P. lobala, sp. n., on Quercus gamhelii in New Mexico ; and
P. pulchra, sp. n., on Quercus toumeyi in Arizona.

223

The genus Protodiaspis is discussed and a new genus, Ancepaspis,
is erected to which is referred Protodiaspis tridentata, Ferris (the type),
P. anoniala, Green, P. edenlata, Green, and an undescribed species
to be discussed in another paper,

CocKERELL (T. D. A.). A Parasitc of Dermestid Beetles in Entomological
Collections. -CawatZ. Entom., London, Ont., lii, no. 2, February 1920,
p. 34.

Laeliusntilis, sp. n., is described. This Bethylid was found para-
sitising Dermestids infesting dried insects in a museum collection
in Virginia.

The genus LaeliHS is well known to be parasitic on Dermestid
larvae and the following species have been recorded : — ^From U.S.A.,
L. trogodermatis, Ashm., L. tricar inatits, Ashm., L. rvfipes, Ashm.,
L. nigrijnlosus, Ashm., and L, fumipennis, Brues ; from France,
L. hipartitns, Kieff., L. tibiaUs, KieiT., and L. perrisi, Kieff. ; from
Italy, L.fnlvipes, Kieif., and L. anthrenivoriis, Tran.

EocKWOOD (L. p.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Hyjyera nigrirostris, Fab., in
the Pacific North-west. — Canad. Entom., London, Ont., lii, no. 2,
February 1920, pp. 38-39.

Hypera nigrirostris is closely allied to H. variabilis (postica), both
being pests of clover, and the discovery of its parasites in North-
western America is thought worthy of record.

This weevil, which has occurred in the east of Canada and U.S.A.
for many years, had not been known west of Minnesota before 1914.
Since that date it has been found widely distributed in the Pacific
North-west. Two Hymenopterous parasites also appeared in con-
siderable numbers, both being highly specialised for attacking Hypera
spp., viz : — Blathy plectes exigua, Grav., and Dibrachoides dynaster,
Forst. These para.sites are not found in the east, and it is unusual
for highly specialised parasites to become common so soon after the
appearance of the host.

As H. nigrirostris is spreading from north to south in the Pacific
North-west, this seems to indicate that the weevil did not come from
the east, but rather that it is circumpolar in its range, or that it has
come from eastern Siberia by natural dissemination or accidental
introduction, probably by easy stages, such as would not eliminate
its parasites.

Bekampfiing des Heu- und Sauerwurms. [Combating Vine Moths,
Clysia ambiguella and PolycJirosis botrana.] — Luxemburg er Weinztg. ,
Grevenmacher. vii, no. 8, 19th April 1919, pp. 133-134. [Received
12th March 1920.]

Experiments were made in the Rhine Province during 1917 to
ascertain the relative efficacy of the ordinary spray- nozzle and the
revolver sprayer in combating the second generation of the vine moths
{Clysia ambiguella and PoJychrosis botrana). A spray consisting of a
1 per cent. Bordeaux mixture with the addition of 3 lb. of tobacco
extract to every 20 gals, of spray was used, and the residts distinctly
show the greater value of the spray-nozzle, with which a given area was

224

treated in 2| hours, as against the 7| hours required when using the
revolver sprayer. With the spray-nozzle there is also less expenditure
of material, which, in the given circumstances, was in the proportion
of 60 to 73.

Zur Wurmbekampfung. [Combating Vine Moths.] — Luxemhurger
Weinztg., Greve?imacher, vii, no. 16, 16th August 1919, pp. 227-
229. [Received 12th March 1920.]

In consequence of the appearance of the first generation of the
vine moths (Clysia amhiguella and Polychrosisbotrana) in 1919 a strong
infestation by the second generation was anticipated. The remedial
measures advocated include the addition of one of the following
substances to the third application of the usual Hme-copper solution :
from 1 to 1| lb. of soft soap to every 20 gals, of solution ; about 3^ oz.
of urania green to every 22 gals, of solution or the same quantity
of "Zabulon"; or lib. of tobacco extract and |lb. of soft-soap to
10 gals, of solution.

A nicotine soap solution that has proved efficacious, provided it is
freshly prepared, consists of 10 lb. copper sulphate to 100 gals, of
water to which lime is added until the solution is alkaHne. To every
22 gals, of this mixture 5| oz. of 85-95 per cent, crude nicotine or
3J lb. of 8-10 per cent, tobacco extract and about 9 oz. of soft-soap
should be added.

The spraying should be begun when the flight period is at its
maximum ; this, under normal conditions, would be about the end of
May for the first generation and the middle of July for the second.
This spray is also of value as a fungicide.

Zum Reblausgesetz. [The Law against Phylloxera.] — Luxemhurger
Weinztg., Grevenmacher , vii, no. 18, 6th September 1919, pp.
261-263. [Received 12th March 1920.]

The advisability of substituting American vines for the native ones
with the object of obtaining a stock that is resistant to Phylloxera
is discussed.

FiXMER ( — ). Zur Reblausfrage. [The Phylloxera Question.] —
Luxemhurger Weinztg., Grevenmacher. vii, no. 22, 1st November
1919, pp. 315-317. [Received 12th March 1920.]

In spite of precautions hitherto adopted Phylloxera is apparently
spreading in Luxemburg. As complete eradication is impossible, the
necessity for adopting cultural methods is emphasised. The remedial
measures advocated include spraying with carbon bisulphide and the
grafting of indigenous vines on suitable American stocks, the possible
varities of which are discussed.

Zum Reblausgesetz. [The Law against Phylloxera.] — Luxemhurger
Weinztg., Grevenmacher, vii, nos. 25 & 26, 20th & 31st December
1919, pp. 369-371, 383-387. [Received 12th March 1920.]

The laws deahng with viticulture that have been in force since 12th
May 1905 and 27th July 1909 in Germany demand the entire des-
truction of any plots infested with Phylloxera. Subsequent exj)erience

225

has shown that the results obtained do not warrant sucli drastic treat-
ment and the necessity of the revision of these laws is therefore
-emphasised.

Intensive cultural methods such as have been successfully adopted
in France and Hungary are advocated as an alternative.

BiTZEMA Bos (J.). De gestreepte Dennenrups {Trachea piniperdd,
Pam. = Panolis griseovariegala, Goeze). [The Pine Moth, Panolis
jiammea.] — Tijdschr. Planlenziekten, Wageningen, xxvi, nos. 1,
2, 4, January, February, April 1920, pp. 28-60, 71-104 & 113-
115, 2 plates.

The abnormal increase of Panolis jlammea, Schiff. {piniperda, Panz.)
in Holland in 1919, doubtless due to the warm, dry weather early in
1918 and 1919, has led to the publication of this paper, which contains
an account of the observations made by the author and others and a
review of previous knowledge of this pest in Holland.

All stages are described and notes on the life-history are given
from many sources. It is certain that in years during which the
weather has been normal very few individuals are found on pines
because P. Jla?nmea is readily affected by unfavourable weather
•conditions. The moths do not oviposit indiscriminately on all
■examples of Pinus sylvestris but choose the larger trees that are at
•least 20 years old ; in stands of 15-year-old trees injury is unusual.
Though P. flatnmea is a pest of Pinus sylvestris the caterpillars also
feed on Chamaecy paris laivsoniana and Picea menziesii [sUchensis).
It is probable that the caterpillars attack these trees only if the
•supply of food on Pinus sylvestris proves insufficient. In view of the
conflicting records as to the direction of the compass in which the
spread of the caterpillars takes place, it is suggested that it tends to
be towards trees that have not been defoUated. It has also been
suggested that the mating flight is against the wind, and as the
mating usually occurs at a period when east wmds are blowing, this
accounts for a second outbreak being eastwards of that of the
preceding year. The first signs of defohation become visible at the
end of May or early in June. Pupation begins in July and nearly all
caterpillars have pupated by August. The adults emerge in March
and April.

As a rule the young caterpillars begin by feeding on the young
needles of the May shoots ; if these are not out at the time the larvae
hatch, they attack older needles. In serious infestations when the
amount of food material is insufficient everything is eaten without
distinction.

It is generally assumed that pines that have been stripped bare
must die and should be felled. This is certainly not always the case,
and precipitate felling should be avoided. Conifers suffer more than
broad-leaved trees, but not all conifers are affected to an equal extent.
Picea excelsa dies if defoliated because it is unable to produce new
needles in the same year, but Pinus sylvestris does not necessarily
succumb, especially if defohation has taken place early in the year.

The infestation in the various parts of Holland in 1919 is recorded
in some detail.

226

Though each female is the potential ancestor of 6,750,000 indi-
viduals in 4 years, only two caterpillars are found on the average on
each tree. Cold weather early in the year destroys many moths before
they have oviposited or renders them incapable of doing so; heavy
rain may also prove fatal. The young caterpillars are very sensitive
to cold and heavy rain, and the latter may wash older caterpillars from
the trees. Prolonged rain may either drown the pupae sheltering
under leaves and other debris on the ground, or may lead to their death
through the heat evolved when the soaked material is afterwards sub-
jected to the influence of warm, dry weather, or again may favour
the growth of fungi injurious to them. Lack of food leads to the
death of many caterpillars. Natural enemies of the adults include
bats and many birds, the latter also feeding on the caterpillars.
Among the mammals that destroy the pupae wild pigs are the most
important and they are so effective that the use of domestic pigs has
been recommended for this purpose. Stoats, weasels and Miis sylva-
ticus are other destroyers of the pupae. These mammalian enemies
however also destroy the parasites of the pupae. Both caterpillars
and pupae of P. flammea are preyed upon by several beetles and
their larvae. A wasp, Ammojiliila sabulosa, paralyses the caterpillars
prior to ovipositing m them. Parasitic insect enemies play a decisive
part in checking an outbreak, but may take 2 or even 3 years to do so.

Smits van Burgst believes that there is no insect with more para-
sitic enemies belonging to its class than P. flammea and has submit-
ted a Hst of 33 Hymenopterous species to which the author adds a
further 3. These are: — IcJineiimoncomita,tor,h., I. trilineatas, Gvae\.,
I. scutellator, Grv., /. nigritarius, Grv., I. fabricator, F., I. annulator,
F., I. pallidifrons, Grv., I. dumeticola, Grv., /. derogator, Wesm.,
I. bilunulatiis, Grv., /. molitorius, Grv., I. gradarius, Wesm., I. equita-
torius, Panz., I. tristis, Grv., I. nigrocyaneus. Grv., I. pachymeius,
Ratz., Microcryptus perspicillator, Grv., M. nrrogafis, Grv., Ciyptus
cyanalor, Grv., C. tarsoleucus, Schr., C. sponsor, ¥., C. dianae, Grv.,
Pimpla instigator, F., Euceros crassicornis, Grv., Henicospilus rami-
dulus, L., H. merdarius, Grv., Exochilum circumflexum, L., Heteropelma
calcarator, Wesm., Anomalon biguftatum, Grv., Banchus com.pressus, F.,
B. pictus, F., B. femoralis, Ths., B. monileattis, Grv., Mesochorus
brevipetiolatus, R.atz., Meteorus scutellator, Nees, and M. albiditarsis,
Curtis. It is probable that there are still other Hymenopterous para-
sites. Of these the Braconid, Meteortis albiditarsis, and Ichneumon
pachyinerus appear to have been very effective in 1919. With regard to
these two parasites Smits van Burgst states that the latter has two
generations a year and must have another host besides P. flammea,
which has one brood only, while M. albiditarsis has one generation and
therefore needs no other host. Next to the Hymenopterous parasites in
importance come Diptera such as Tachinids, Dexiids, and Sarcophagids.
It IS recorded that an outbreak of P. flammea in 1845 was checked by
a parasitic fly, probably Tachina (Nemaraea) glabrata. Bacteria and
fungi also aid in checking the pine moth, and epidemics due to these
sometimes cause a rapid reduction in infestation. The author observed
one instance where Empusa aulicae stamped out a local infestation
in about a fortnight. This fungus and Botrytis bassiana were active
in 1919. Polyhedral disease, formerly confused with flacherie, is
another factor in checking P. flammea.

227

As regards the consequences of the outbreak of 1919 the author
beheved that many stands oi Pi iws sylveslris that seemed to have been
hopelessly defohated might recover. Where all appearances tend to
show that recovery is impossible, feUing should be quickly carried
out in the winter. A few trees that have kept some needles
should not be felled before the end of February or the beginning of
March, as they are needed as trap-trees for pine'beetles [Myeloj^hilus].
These trap-trees must be removed about the end of May and the bark
must be burnt, as it contains the larvae and pupae of the beetles.

It has been stated that an outbreak may last from 2 to 3 years.
As 1919 was the first year, in the case of many woods, it is likely
that infestation will be considerable in many places in 1920. Examin-
ation of the soil covering will show if pupae are present and if they
are parasitised or not. Wherever from 5 to 10 healthy pupae per 11
square feet are found it is advised that the soil covering be removed
and used as stable litter ; or if it is placed in heaps, the heat that is
generated will destroy the pupae. It is certain that in a locality
where infestation has occurred in the preceding year the number of
healthy pupae will be less than that of parasitised ones. In South
Germany the soil covering and moss is removed and piled up. After
being left thus during autumn and winter— during which period the
pupae are destroyed— the material is taken back to the wood and
again spread over the ground. A trial of this method was made in
one district in Holland in 1919, and it was noticed that many birds
cleared off the pupae on the uncovered ground. The driving of pigs
into woods should begin in July and the animals may remain there
until the frosts set in. The caterpillars and the moths may be jarred
from the trees by hitting the trunks with a club. Insecticides are of
practical value on a large scale.

Much may be done to prevent outbreaks if a pine wood, when laid
out, is encircled by a girdle of deciduous trees and if the plantation is
of considerable extent it should be divided into sections by rows of
trees, which act as a barrier to the spread of infestation. Pines in
such mixed stands also sufter less from P. flammea, and mixed stands
have the further advantage of favouring insectivorous birds.

La Plaga "Salivita" en la " Yerba Parana." [The Spittle-Insect,
Monecphora bicincta, Say, on Parana Grass {Panicum numi-
dia7ium).]~Cuba : Comision de Sanidad Vegetal, Havana, Circ. 4,
[n.d.] 31 pp., 8 plates. [Received 1st April 1920.]

Parana grass {Panicum numidianum) forms the principal pasturage
in Cuba, and has lately been severely attacked by a Cercopid, Monec-
phora bicincta. This insect is of wide distribution in Cuba, where it
has beenknown since 1910, but its numbers are not very serious except
in unusually wet seasons. The life-cycle has not been worked out in
Cuba, but probably resembles that of Tomaspais saccharina {varia)
in Trinidad, where the eggs hatch in a mininmm of 12 days in wet
weather and during dry periods may remain unhatched for as long
as 4 months. The nymphal stage lasts from 32 to 40 days. In Cuba,
the maximum numbers occur in September, October and November.
The winged females oviposit on the ground near the pkuit or on the
plant itself, in moist places sheltered from the sun. The nymphs,

228

upon emerging from the egg, immediately attach themselves to
exposed roots or other tender parts of the plant and begin to
extract the juices, enveloping themselves with a protective covering
of superfluous sap, in the characteristic manner of spittle-insects.
At first the nymphs are found only near the base of the plant, but in
the third or fourth instar they ascend it and are sometimes found
in the axils of the leaves. Besides Parana grass, Guinea grass
{Pamcum maximum) is attacked when growing with it, and also
Andwpogon mnricatus and other undetermined grasses. In the
Experiment Station of Santiago de las Vegas, Sorghum halepense and
sugar-cane {Saccharum officinarum) have also been attacked ; if
infestation on sugar-cane develops, it probably will be sufficient to
clear away all grasses from the plantation. The insect is evidently,
however, a potential pest of sugar-cane and watch should be kept
for it.

When a pasture is so badly infested that there is little chance of
saving it, it is best to burn it over, with sufficient intensity to reach
the roots where there may be eggs, and to include a certain area
around the infested parts. Light-traps for the adults have been
found useful in Trinidad. Drags, such as those used in the United
States against locusts or crickets, should be of the greatest use in
control, but as many of the pastures are on hillsides and interspersed
with tree stumps, etc., certain modifications would be necessary ; for
example, the front of the drag should be provided at the base with
one or several arched rods of cane or bamboo which would enable
it to pass over stumps and other obstacles.

No insect enemies of M. bicincta are as yet known in Cuba that
would control the pest without damaging the plants, but the green
muscadine fungus (Metarrhiznim anisopliae), which has been success-
fully disseminated in Trinidad, exi ts in Cuba, and may prove a
valuable help in control if cultivated abundantly in the laboratory
and dessiminated in the field.

Arango (R.). Algunas Plagas de nuestros Cultivos.— Citfta : Ojicina
de Sanidad Vegetal, Havana, Bol. 2, 1919, pp. 47-80, 3 plates,
19 figs. [Received 1st April 1920.]

The black fly of citrus, Aleurocanthus tvoglumi, has been known as a
pest of citrus trees, and of certain species of mango and sapota trees,
in Cuba since 1915. A fist of 44 food-plants occurring in the Island is
given.

When the first attempts were made in Cuba to combat the pest in
August 1916, the plants were sprayed with 2 gals, parafiin to 2 lb.
whale-oil soap, mixed in 1 gal. of water and diluted with 10 parts of
water before use. This solution killed the eggs, larvae and pupae and
also a good number of adults, but it proved very expensive and in
later treatment kerosene was substituted for the paraffin and common
yellow soap for the whale-oil soap, almost the same results being
obtained. When infestation is very heavy and the plants are beyond
saving in good condition, the mixture may be used much stronger,
the water being reduced to three parts. Some plants have been almost
completely defoKated in this way. But a few months later they put
out fresh foUage that was quite free from infestation. A cheaper and

229

equally efficacious mixture can be made with crude petroleum, but in
this case 7 or 8 parts of water at least must be used for safety.
Another successful mixture consists of 10 lb. powdered commercial
sulphur to 5 lb. qui( klime placed in a kerosene tin and heated, with
water gradually added until the tin is nearly full, and the whole
allowed to simmer for 40 minutes. This should be bottled, and 1|- parts
should be diluted with 20 parts water. This mixture has the
disadvantage of not always kilhng the pupae.

The Bostrychid borer, Apate francisca, caused great devastation in
1918 in a large plantation of sour-sop [Anona muricata] the trunks
of which were full of galleries of the borers. Other food-plants include
the alhgator-pear [Persea gratissima], orange and custard apple
[Anona reticulata]. Although the infestation was so heavy the
adults were never found to fly. Ihe remedy advocated is to inject a
little carbon bisulphide with a fine syringe into the galleries and plu^
the entrance immediately. The borers m the galleries are killed at
once in this way.

The commonest and most injurious scale-insects in Cuba are
Pseiidococcus spp. on various fruits ; Lepidosaphes beckii on oranges,
hmes, lemons, etc. ; Saisseiia hemisphaenca, on several ornamental
plants and various fruit trees ; Chrysomphalus aonidum, frequently
found on ornamental palms and on the commoner fruit-trees;
Lecanium sp. (tortoise-shell scale), which is particularly injurious to
young orange trees and occurs on other fruits and on coftee ;
Selenaspidus articulaius, on oranges, mangos and many ornamental
plants ; Ceroplas'es floridensis, which is not abundant in Cuba, but
does some damage to citrus and mango trees; Ischnaspis longirostris,
which infests the leaves of mangos, palms, etc.; Howaidia liclavis,
on various fruit and ornamental trees, and scales of minor importance.
The usi_ al insecticidal treatments are recommended. Many of these
scales are attacked by fimgous diseases that serve to keep them in
check. Whiteflies, of which the commonest is Aleuro'.hrixus howardi,
attack oranges, aUigator-pears and other fruits, but are less destructive
than the black flies.

Descriptions are given of various implements and apparatus for
applying insecticidal treatments.

Raymundo (B.). Noticia sobre alguns Lepidopteros serigenos do
Brasil. [Some Silk-producing Lepidoptera of Brazil] — Annuario
Collegio Pedro II, iii (11)16-1918), Rio de Janeiro, 1919, pp. 25-
95, 27 figs. [Received 6th April 1920.]

This paper does not confine itself to species of commercial
importance but includes moths that pass the pupal state in webs or
cocoons of any kmd.

Mahdihassan (S.). The Cultivation of Lac from a Physiological
Standpoint.— Phatak & Co., Hyderabad, [n.d.], 26 pp.

This paper was written for the first Provincial Forest Conference
held at Hyderabad, Deccan, on 10th September 1919. It sets out
the chain of conditions that should be maintained if the lac insect
{Tachardia lacca) is to be successfully and economically cultivated.

230

The chemical investigation of a number of trees shows that gum
production is the forerunner of lac production, and probably that
tannins are the preciirsors of gums. Gum production is not exactly
a healthy condition and semi-dryness in the trees stimulates the
growth of gum bacteria. Consequently semi-dry trees are those that
ultimately produce food for the insect. This condition of the trees
may be induced in various ways, by the chemical composition of the
soil, and by ground fires and various methods of spacing, both of
which affect the tree directly and also affect the chemical composition
of the son.

It is emphasised that systematic cultivation of lac should replace
the casual collection of it in the more or less wild state.

WoGLUM (R. S.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Practical Fumigation with
Liquid Hydrocyanic Acid. — The California Citrograph, [sine loco],
iv, no. 10, August 1919, p. 284. [Received 1st April 1920.]

New dosage schedules producing a greater uniformity of results are
given to take the place of those originally prepared [R.A.E., A,
viii, 29], together with a method of calculating the amount of
material used in practical work.

WoGLUM (R. S.). U.S. Bur. Entom. The Value of Weather Records
in Fumigation. — The California Citrograph, [sine loco], v, no. 4,
February 1920, p. 110, 2 figs.

The effects of atmospheric conditions on the results of citrus
fumigation are many and complex. The temperature desirable
depends on the locahty. Humidity tightens the tent cloth, causing
a greater concentration of gas over a longer period ; but the dragging
of heavy wet tents over wet fruit tends to skin abrasion with
subsequent pitting and scorching from the gas. Certain injury
seems due to low barometric pressure, but sufficient data have not yet
been collected on this point. A shght wind produces uneven gas
concentration, a strong wind clears it from the tent. Hot sunshine is
injurious. A series of instruments suitable for use in field work is
mentioned.

Metcalf (Z. p.). Report of Entomologist. — 41st Ann. Repf. North
Carolina Agric. Expt. Sta. Year ended 30lh June 1918, Raleigh,
30th June 1918, pp. 45-49. [Received 1st April 1920.]

The gloomy scale {Chrysomjihalus tenehricosus) is the most destruc-
tive pest of maples in CaroHna. A Hymenopterous parasite infests it,
kilhng as many as 98 per cent. , but, unfortunately, its appearance is
very sporadic. Spraying must therefore be the chief measure in
control, soluble oils being the most suitable for this purpose. One
application of a strong mixture during the winter is often efficacious.

Bean and pea weevils {Bruchus spp.) should be treated by storing
the seed in air-slaked lime, or the weevils can be killed by heat. The
amount of lime varies ; for less than a gallon of seed, four times as
much lime as seed should be used and thoroughly mixed in. For
amounts up to two or three bushels the same quantities of lime and
seed should be mixed; up to 25 bushels one-half as much lime is

231

required ; for still larger amounts the beans or peas should be placed
in a bin to a depth of two or three feet and mixed with a small
quantity of hme and the whole covered with a layer of lime | to 1 in.
thick. This will not injure the beans or peas for food or seed
purposes, proxdded they are sifted and then washed before use for any
other purpose than seed. For dry heating storage should be in a
fairlv air-tight room or building, and the temperature raised to 120°
or 140° F. Higher temperatures will not injure them except for seed
purposes, and the temperature should be maintained from three to
four hours. Another method is to dip the beans or peas in hot water
at about 140° F. for 15 to 20 minutes, after which they should be
dried and stored in tight sacks.

Metcalf (Z. p.) & UxDERHiLL (G. W.). The Tobacco Flea Beetle.—

North Carolina Agric. Exp. Sta., W. Raleigh, Bull. 239, April
1919, 47 pp., 34 figs. [Received 1st April 1920.]

The tobacco flea-beetle [Epitrix parvula] is one of the worst pests of
tobacco in North CaroUna. The adults hibernate near the tobacco
fields under leaves or grass or in other suitable places, emerging in
the spring as soon as any food-plant is available. There are four
generations a year, but the stages overlap so much that they cannot
be readily distinguished. The eggs, which hatch in about a week, are
laid from April to September near the surface of the groimd under
the tobacco plant. The larvae feed on the roots of the plant from
May to October, and pupate in small cells just beneath the surface of
the ground.

The greater part of the damage is done by the adult beetles, which
eat holes in the leaves both in the seed-beds, where it is sometimes
impossible to obtain a stand of plants, and after transplanting, when
the plants are sometimes killed. The indirect loss due to the
consequent weakening of the plant is still greater, but the direct loss,
which alone can be accurately measured, is more than 100 lb. an acre.

The most important methods of control are directed to the plants
in the seed-bed, which ensures a vigorous crop and prevents later
damage by the beetle, precautions at transplanting time,and destruction
of suckers after harvest. The seed-beds should be located as far as
possible from good hibernating quarters, and if necessary an area
round the beds should be burnt in early winter. The plants should
be shielded by a beetle-proof canvas cover over a broad frame. A
trap-bed should be provided near by, and this should be dusted or
sprayed weekly. If in spite of these precautions the beetles obtain a
footing, dusting or s|)raying should be carried out weekly. After
transplanting, all tobacco and any Solanaceous plants (on which, in
the absence of tobacco, the beetles will feed) should be destroyed,
and the bed treated with a heavy application of poison.

The spray recommended is made of 1 lb. lead paste to 10 gals,
water, but dusting, \nt\i lead arsenate or lime, 1 lb. of the poison to
4 lb. of fine sifted wood ashes, is simpler and cheaper. When trans-
planting, all plants should be dipped in a solution of lead arsenate
(1 lb. paste or ^ lb. powder in 5 gals, water). Only the leaves should
be dipped, and the excess poison gently shaken off. After the crop is

232

housed, all suckers should be destroyed, together with all other
possible food-plants.

If all these methods are carried out carefully there should be no
need of dusting or spraying in the fields. If this becomes necessary,
the same poisons at half the strength should be used.

A full description of the beetle in all its stages is also given, with
a list of food-plants other than tobacco on which it is known to feed.

BuscK (A.). Descriptions of New Central American Microlepidoptera.

— Insecutor Insciliae Menstmus. Washington, D.C-, viii, no. 4-6,
April-June 1920, pp. 83-95.

Among the twenty new species of moths here described is Zetesima
Iheobromae from Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana, infesting cacao. The
larvae spin two cacao leaves together, and eat the soft parts, leaving
the veins, many of the older leaves being skeletonised in this manner.

AcKERMAN (A. J.). Two Leafhoppers injurious to Apple Nursery Stock.

~^U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington B.C., Bull, 805, 15th December
1919, 35 pp., 5 plates, 2 figs. [Received 1st April 1920.]

A description is given of the characters, life-history and habits of
Emjjuasca mali, Le B., and Enipoa rosae, L., from data obtained in
Pennsylvania and Maryland. These two leaf-hoppers have often
been confused hitherto.

The apple leaf-hopper, Empoasca mali, causes much the more
serious injury, attacking and curhng the terminal leaves, and stunting
the growth of apple trees, young or slow-growing varieties being
particularly injured. It suffers but Uttle from parasites, but spiders,
mites, Coccinellid larvae, and a bug, Triphleps insidiosus, are
predaceous on it to a small extent.

The rose leaf-hopper, Empoa rosae, feeds on the lower leaves,
producing white or yellow spots on them. Its numbers are greatly
reduced by parasites. Hymenoptera such as Anagrus epos, Gir., and
A. armatvs, Ashm., var. nigriventris, Gir., attack the eggs, while the
adults are parasitised by a species of Dryinid.

A single spraying with 40 per cent, nicotine sulphate at the rate of
1-1,500 combined with soap will check an infestation by the
apple leaf-hopper so materially that the injury caused by those
individuals that escape will be of little consequence ; the spray must,
however, be applied against the fir-^t brood of nymphs, as, later, the
leaves wall be so curled as to shelter the insects from the spray and
render it ineffective.

The same treatment, three or four weeks earlier, is effective against
the rose leaf-hopper, though this species is seldom injurious enough
to justify a special application.

BoRG (P.). The Scale-Insects of the Maltese Islands. — Malta Herald
Office, Malta, 1919, 67 pp., 12 figs. [Received 6th April 1920.]

These notes on the Coccids of Malta have been compiled from
the pubhcations of various specialists, local observations on habits,
etc., having been added by the author. While all the known species
of economic importance existing in the Islands are included..

233

fresh additions are constantly being introduced. A short account is
given of each scale, many of them being illustrated, and special
chapters are devoted to the natural enemies of the Coccids of Malta
and to various treatments against the scales, including fumigation
and spraying.

Insects affecting the Strawberry. — Canada Dept. Agric. Div. Hortic,
Offawa, On'., Bull. 92, 10th February 1919, pp. 31-35. [Received
6th April 1920.]

Insect pests that do serious damage to strawberries in Canada
almost every year include white grubs {Lachnos'erna spp.), which
readily attack strawberries when grass land is ploughed up and they
are deprived of their usual food. Land intended for strawberry
culture should be previously planted with such a crop as lucerne,
clover or buckwheat, that will not attract the grubs. The practice
of taking only one crop of fruit from a plantation and then ploughing
it up is recommended. AniJionomtis signatus, Say (strawberry weevil)
is frequently injurious [R.A.E., A. iv, 189; v, 461], especially to
early varieties ; those varieties with imperfect or pistillate flowers are
practically immune. Clean conditions and dusting every bud with
one part lead arsenate to five parts finely ground sulphur, when the
weevils begin to feed, and again seven days later, are considered
the best remedies for this pest.

Oliorrhynchus ovalus, L. (strawberry root-weevil) is the most
important pest of strawberries in British Columbia [R.A.E., A, v,
469, 579J. Koot- infesting insects are always difficult to control, and
in the present case any insecticide that is strong enough to destroy
the w^eevil larvae in the soil will cause some mjury to the plant.
The remedy, therefore, lies almost entirely in cultural practices,
which include rotation of crops, the growing of strawberries on the
one-vear or two-year cropping plan, autumn ploughing and keeping
the ground free from weeds in order to starve the young larvae, and
the use of domestic birds for clearing up the soil. When the growing
of strawberries on a commercial scale is contemplated, these measures,
should be adopted before the necessity arises, and fruit trees should
be eliminated from land used for strawberry culture.

The caterpillars of a small moth, probably Aris'.otelia sp., are
rather frequently found in the crowns of the plants. Ancylis comp-
iana, Froei. (strawberry leaf-roller) occasionally does important
damage [R.A.E., A, v., 446]. A spray of 2 lb. dry lead arsenate to
40 gals. Bordeaux mixture before the leaves become folded should
be effective, and in cases of serious infestation the foliage should be
burned, or raked off and burned immediately after the crop is
harvested. Cutworms are often troublesome to young strawberry
plants. The usual poison-bran mixtures are advocated.

Work connected with Insect and Fungus Pests and their Control.^

Ttept. Agric. Dep*. S^. Lucia, 1918-1919; Ba.bcidos, 1920, pp. 7-8.

The mole-cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus (didaclylus), is commonly
found throughout St. Lucia, causing a good deal of damage in vegetable
gardens and in grass lawns. It is chiefl}^ active in the wet season, and

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234

whenever a small patch of grass lawn or road becomes unusually
moist it quickly becomes the starting point of an attack that may
spread over 600 feet in a few weeks. The cricket seems to be in-
capable of destroying really hard turf that is top-dressed with a heavy
layer of " tiff." Where the pest occurs in small patches on lawns, it
is easily checked by watering with whale-oil soap solution (1 lb. to 5
gals, of water). Large numbers of the crickets may be brought to the
surface in this way and collected. The advantage of this remedy is
that it is not necessary to fork the lawn before applying the solution.

Information for Orchardists in ArksmssiS.— Arkansas State Plant Bd.
Little Rock. Ark, Circs. 2-8, June 1917 to August 1918, 19 pp.
[Received 6th April 1920.]

The Arkansas Plant Act of 1917 provided for nursery inspection
and the control of the movement of nursery stock. For the inform-
ation of gi'owers in the State, these circulars quote some of the
rules and regulations adopted by the Plant Board, and sive particulars
of the orchard inspection service, with a hst of insect pests and
diseases that are dangerous and require to be destroyed.

Spray Calender.— ?7nw. Arkansas Agric. Expt. S'a., Fayetteville, Circ.
48, February 1920, 4 pp.

This spray calendar has been prepared for Arkansas fruit growers
by the Departments of Plant Pathology and Entomology and includes
spray schedules for apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries and
grapes, giving the materials necessary for each spray and notes on
the preparation of some of the commonest insecticides.

Cressox (E. T., Jr.). Descriptions of New North American Acalyp-
trate Diptera. — ii. (Trypetidae, Sapromyzidae), — Entcrm. News,
Philadelphia, xxxi, no. 3, March 1920, pp. 65-67.

Among the new flies described is Rhagolelis juglandis, from Arizona,
where it was found mining the exocarp of Juglans regia. It appears
towards the end of June and oviposits in the green husk of a variety
of the Enghsh walnut, which is mined by the larvae, with the result
that the nut turns black. The earlier larvae descend by a silli thread
to the ground for pupation, but most of them stay in the husk till
the nut falls, and pupate in it.

Service and Regulatory Announcements : August, September, October,
1919.~U.S. Dept. Agric, Fed. Hortic. Bd., Washington, D.C.
no. 65, 12th December 1919, pp. 93-115. [Received 1st April
1920.]

The present situation with regard to the pink boUworm [Platyedra
gossypiella] in the Southern United States is reviewed. A feature of
the work has been the tracing of all possible means of dissemination
of the pest throughout the cotton-growing area, and repeated
inspections of the cotton-fields. No new infestation, and only one
re- infestation of old territory, was discovered, and energetic measures
were at once taken to suppress this outbreak. The survey work on
the Mexican border has been continued as well as research work at

235

Laguna Station. The instructions that have been issued relative to
the disposition of cotton and cotton seed produced in regulated
cotton zones in the State of Texas are quoted verbatim.

With regard to the European corn borer [Pyrausta nuhilalis] the
extension of the quarantine area is being discussed. In spite of the
fact that the food-plants of this moth now number nearly 80, and
that the present surveys are daily reveaUng new areas of infestation,
in the majority of cases the damage done has been negligible and
further quarantine action is not practicable. The present purpose is
to determine as accurately as possible the distribution of the pest,
and to carry on control experiments on a large scale with the object
.of determining the jjossibilities in that direction.

Berger (E. AV.). The Semitropical Army Worm. — Qrtrly. Bull. Florida
Sta'e Plan* Bd., Gainesville, iv. no. 2. Januarv 1920, pp. 17-33,
Ifig.

Xylomyges eridania, Cram, (semi-tropical army worm) was the cause
of serious destruction among castor beans in Florida in 1918. There
are probably four principal generations, with a possible fifth, in the
year, the infestation described assuming serious dimensions about mid-
July. The life-cycle of each generation occuj)ies an average of about
35 days; 4-6 days for the egg, 17 days for the larva, and 9 days for
the pupa, the egg-laying period of the moths lasting about 4 days.
All parts of castor plants are eaten by the caterpillars ; the leaves are
preferred, then the young fruit-spikes, the leaf -petioles and the tips of
the shoots. The more mature caterpillars that are chiefly found near
the base of the plants in the daytime generally eat the bark off the
plant. Nearly mature spikes are not injured severely, only the outer
green covering being eaten off. Other food- plants include cotton, of
which the immature bolls are attacked and the blooms and squares,
as well as the bark of the plants, sweet potato, sunflower, potato,
velvet bean, okra, egg-plant, pepper, oleander, beggarweed, avocado,
peanuts, watermelon; cowpeas and citrus, as well a number of broad,
fleshy-leaved weeds such as careless- weed {Amarantus), Sonchus and
Rumex.

Methods of control vary according to the stage of development of
the cateriaillars in the field. When they are young and before they
have started to migrate from the parent leaf, and also in the egg-
stage, hand-picking is a very eSicient method, but if practised
against the larger caterpillars would result in serious defoliation of the
^lant5. Dusting and spraying with arsenicals are applicable under
almost any conditions, and should cover not only the infested plants
but also the weeds and grass between the rows. For dusting, a
machine should be used when the plants are wet with dew, 1 part of
powdered lead arsenate being used to 4 parts of hydrated or air-slaked
hme; for spraying, l|lb. powdered lead arsenate is required to 50
U.S. gals, of water, 125 to 175 gallons being necessary for each acre.
The caterpillars of X. eridania do not migrate to such an extent as
most army worms, but the larger individuals wander about a great
deal over the ground and up and down the plants. A poisoned bait
is very effective against this stage, 12^ )b. each of rice bran and

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236

cotton-seed meal being mixed with 1 lb. Paris green and sweetened
with syrup. The migrating instinct is not sufficiently strong to
render ditching, as applied to other army worms, very successful.
The use of light-traps against the adults has proved of little practical
value.

Natural enemies appeared scarce at the beginning of the outbreaks,,
but became more useful later, in fact the author believes that it was
predaceous insects and parasites that checked the numbers of the
August generation, which was expected to be abundant. The larva
of a ground beetle, probably a species of Calosoma, has been observed
to devour larvae and pupae of X. eiidania ; Tachinids sometimes
parasitise as many as 75 per cent, of the caterpillars ; a cocoon of
the genus Ophion was collected among some pupae, and the spined
soldier bug {Alcaeorrhynchus grandis, Dall.) and a largo brown wasp
are said to destroy both eggs and larvae. Many pupae are parasitised
by Sarcophagids. Birds are undoubtedly a factor in control of the
caterpillars, the most important being the jackdaw, quail, meadow
lark {Saturnella neglecta), rice-bird, and a shrike {Laniiis ladovicianus).

Other insects observed on castor bean plants include Helio'Ms
(Chloridea) obsoleta, F., which cuts round holes in the bean pods ;
Pyroderces rileyi, Wals. (pink corn worm), which probably feeds upon
dying and dead material only ; Prodenia ornitJiogalli, (iuen. (sweet
potato caterpillar) ; and Laphygma frugiperda, S. & A. (fall army
worm), for which a dust composed of 1 part zinc arsenite and calcium
arsenate to 4 parts of hydrated or air-slaked lime was used.

In an appended note by Mr. J. R. Watson, the opinion is expressed
that Kansas bait is fully as efficient against X. eiidania as dusting
and much easier and quicker to apply, but where plants are tall it is
difficult to distribute the bait over them. Whether the bait would be
as efficacious if thrown on the ground at their base is not known.

Merrill (G. B.). The Yam Weevil (Palaeopus diosco'-eae, Pierce).- -
Qrtiiy. Bidl. Florida, Slate Plant Bd. Gainesville, iv, no. 2,
January 1920, pp. 34-35.

A yam imported into Florida from Jamaica has been found to be
heavily infested with young larvae of the weevil, Palaeopus costicollis,
Mshl. {dioscoreae. Pierce). As the food-plant of this weevil in
Jamaica is the yam {Dioscorea batatas) [and sweet potato], it might
occasion much damage to this crop and possibly also to sweet potatoes
if introduced into hlorida, where the conditions are more or less
tropical. The original description of P. dioscoreae is quoted [R.A.E.,
A, vi, 209, 254].

Quarantine Department. Report on Inspections and Interceptions, all
Ports and Stations, for the Quarter ending December 31, 1919. —

Qrtrly. Bull. Florida, Slate Plant Bd. Goinesvdle, iv, no. 2,
January 1920, pp. 36-37.

During the quarter ended 31st December 1919, a scale, Aspidiolus
destructor. Sign., was intercepted on palms and castor beans from
Cuba ; Pseudischnaspis alienus, Newst., on Caladium and jasmine
from Cuba ; Palaeopus costicollis, Mshl. {dioscoreae. Pierce) (yam

237

weevil) in yams from Jamaica ; a scale, Lepidosaphes alba, Ckll, on
cassava from the Bahamas ; and Pseudococcus sacchari, Ckll. (sugar-
cane mealy-bug) on sugar-cane from Cuba.

Green (F. J.). The Larch Shoot- boring Moth.— ^^^^ Jl- Forestry,

London, xiv, no. 2, April 1920, pp. 119-122.

The insect enemies of larch in England are of great economic
importance, as this is one of the staple trees for timber production.
Lygaeoneniatus (Nematus) erichsoni (large larch sawfly) can be checked
to some extent by hand-picking the larvae and by encouraging
insectivorous birds in the woods and nurseries. The most injurious
pest is Argyresfhia laevigateUa (larch shoot-boring moth). The
moths appear from about the second week in May in warm countries
and in June in northern or colder localities. Pairing and oviposition
oocur soon afterwards, the eggs being laid on the young shoots. The
larva hatches in June or July and, boring its way into the shoot,
begins to tunnel and feed. It hibernates in the shoot and in early
sprmg resumes feeding until May, when it pupates after boring a
small exit hole through which the adult escapes. Damage done by
this insect is frequently attributed to frost, especially when there is
also an infestation of Coleophora laricella (larch mining moth) which
bores into and kills the needles. Young larch trees, ten or twelve
year^ old, are the most severely attacked. Japanese larch is objected
to m some locahties owing to its habit of growing multiple leaders,
but the author attributes this in many instances to an endeavour to
replace a leader destroyed by A. laevigateUa, whereas in native and
European larches only one shoot is sent out to replace an injured
leader.

Control measures are difficult to carry out, but much can be gained
by restricting the planting of larch to soil and locahties suited to it,
and by planting only strong plants with an abundance of fibrous
roots. Insectivorous birds should be encouraged. In early sprint,
before the moths appear, affected shoots, distinguishable by their lack
of foliage, should be cut out and burnt. The soil surface should be
kept free from dead poles and branches. Initial thinning should
be practised soon after the surface vegetation is suppressed, "and this
thmmng should be consistent with a close overhead canopy so as to
conserve the soil moisture and preserve the soil fertihty.

Marshall (R. C). The Pine Beetle in the New Forest.— Q/Y%. Jl.
Forestry, London, xiv, no. 2, April 1920, p. 142.

Scots pines {Pinus sylvestris) in the New Forest have been exten-
sively attacked by the pine beetle, Hylurgus piniperda. The beetles
hibernate in the rootstock and occasionally in the hollowed-out
shoots. Breeding occurs in dying or felled "timber, especially jjine
logs that are lying about unbarked, and the larvae hatch in two or
three weeks, the beetles appearing in June and Julv. There may be
two generations in a year. Scots pine and occasionally larch are
the only food-plants. The remedies are the eradication of breeding
places and the provision of suitable breeding traps in which the
beetles may be destroyed.

238

Hecke (G. H.). The Grasshopper Outlook for 1920.— Mthly. Bull.
Cal. State Dept. Agric, Sncraniento, ix, no. 3, iMarch 1920, pp.
53-54.

Severe infestations of grasshoppers are expected in California in
1920 owing to the exceptional numbers of adults that were known to
deposit eggs in the late summer of 1919 ; the mild and dry winter
encouraged their development, and the shortage of spring rains will
probably force them to migrate to irrigated lands and seek food in the
green fields and orchards. A State-wide grasshopper campaign is
beintr undertaken.

QuAYLE (H. J.). The Codling Moth in Walnuts. A Partial Report of
Investigations for 1919. -Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Dept. Agric.,
Sacramento, ix, no. 3, March 1920, pp. 6-4-69, 2 figs.

The codhng moth, Cydia (Laspeyresia) pomonella, has been known in
California as a pest of walnuts, as well as of apples, since 1909. Recent
experiments have proved that the insect can be transferred from one
food-plant to another without affecting its development. Under field
conditions, however, when walnut and apple foliage are interwoven,
90 per cent, of the apples may be infested and not more than 1 per
cent, of the walnuts, while outside the area of walnut infestation, the
nuts will remain immune though apples growing in contact with them
are infested. Until recently it was thought that the later broods only
attacked walnuts, but it is now known that the hfe-history of the
moth is practically identical on both food-plants within the same
locality.

Most of the larvae appearing in early spring enter the nuts at the
calyx end, causing them to fall to the ground without attaining
maturity. When the nuts have grown large enough to come more or
less in contact, the larvae frequently enter at the point where two
nuts touch each other. From mid-July onw^ards the nuts are harder
and the larvae can only enter at the suture at the base, or, if they
fail to find this, they may complete development in the husk of the
nut.

The control of C. 'pomonella in walnuts should follow, in general
outline, the methods adopted in the case of apples, but the large size
of walnut trees presents a difficulty in reaching all parts ; it is also
difficult to get the poison to where two nuts are in contact, and there is
no calyx cup to fill. An average-sized walnut tree requires 25 U.S.
gals, of spray to cover it thoroughly, a larger one, 35 U.S. gals., while
an apple tree requires 8 or 10 U.S. gals., but reckoned on acreage
there is not much difEerence, there being fewer walnut-trees than
apple-trees to the acre. Burlap bands round the trunk are a valuable
accessory measure. Dusting with lead arsenate powder was tried
extensively in 1919, and gave considerable success both with walnuts
and apples. To avoid injury to the tree, basic or neutral lead
arsenate should be used rather than the standard or acid variety.
Applications should be made just previous to the time when the
maximum number of larvae of the two important generations enter
the nuts, the dates diii'ering with different counties. It has been

239

found that where the perceEtage of infestation is sufficiently high,
dusting has reduced it considerably ; while incases of low infestation,
such as 2 or 3 per cent., it is doubtful whether the treatment pays
for itself.

Shear (W. V.). The Eelworm and Potatoes. —M/%. Bull Cat. Slate
Dej)'. Agric, Sacramento, ix, no. 3, March 1920, pp. 69-71, 1 fig.

Potatoes in California are heavily infested with eelworms, which
attack the outer layer of the potatoes to a depth of about \ in. One
tuber may contain many thousands of these Nematodes, which will
cause it to shrivel prematurely and decay. Infestation is largely
spread by the sowing of infested tubers, especially when table potatoes
are used for seed purposes, and also by throwing the parings from
infested potatoes on to the land either as rubbish or to serve as
manure. It is highly important that the distribution of infested
potatoes should be rigidly prevented, and this can be done by
planting only disease-free seed on disease- free land.

NouGAEET (R. L.). Sulphur Fumigation for the Control of Mealybug
{Pseudococcus hakeii, Essig) on Grape Vines in the Vineyard. —
Mthhj. Bull. Cat. State Dept. Agric., Sacramento, ix, nos. 1-2 & 3,
January, February and March 1920, pp. 26-31 & 83-85, 2 figs.

Fumigation by means of sulphur burned under a tent has been
found very effective against the mealy-bug, Pseudococcus hakeri, Essig,
on grape-vines. The life-history of the insect is different on grapes from
that on any other food-plant. On grape there are two distinct genera-
tions, which do not overlap, as is the case on citrus or pear ; the first
hatches in June and is the progeny of the overwintering larvae, the
second hatches during September and October. Hibernation occurs
in the larval stage, within the ovisac. Fumigation, therefore, is
directed against the larvae only, as there are no eggs to be taken into
consideration. Full instructions for the process of fumigation are
given, advice as to materials, and the cost of fumigation per vine has
been worked out.

The mealy-bug, being wingless and very slow in locomotion, seldom
spreads by its own efforts to neighbouring vines, unless these overlap
or touch, but is largely disseminated by wind, on the clothes of
grape-pickers and in the grape-picking boxes. These boxes should
always be fumigated after use by burning ^ lb. sulphur per 100 cu. ft.
of space in a fruit-fumigating shed or under canvas, the process
lasting at least half an hour. Honeydew on grapes is a positive sign
of the presence of the mealy-bug, and all bunches of grapes marked
with it should be refused at the packing shed.

WooDwoRTH (H. E.). Damage to Nursery Plants by the Fh-e Ant
{Solcnopsis geminata, subsp. maniosa, Wheeler). — MlhJy. Bull. Cal.
Slate Depl. Agric, Sacrainen'o, ix, no. 3, March 1920, pp. 87-88,
Ifig.

The ant, Solenopsis geminata subsp. maniosa, Wheeler, commonly
known as the fire ant, has been very mjurious in Cahfornia to passion
vines (Passiflora edulis). The ants build their nests in a mound from

240

two to four inches high around the stems of the vines, using the
hollowed stems as entrances and exits to their nests and frequently
causing the death of the plant, probably by girdling. Fumigation by
pouring one or two ounces of carbon bisulphide into holes made in the
nest would prevent the spread of the ants and the ultimate destruction
of other plants, but would be very injurious to the plants that
received treatment. Other investigators have recommended a solution
of 1 oz. potassium cyanide to one gallon water used in the same way;
this would probably be more effective in dry ground and sandy soil.
A solution of Black-leaf 40 is also very effective.

Currier (D. L.). Damage to Tomatoes by the Potato-tuber Moth

{PMiorimaea operculella, Zeller). — MtJily. Bull. Cal. Stale Dept.
Agric, Sacramento, ix, no. 3, March 1920, pp. 91-93, 2 figs.

Tomatos in Santa Clara County, California, were in 1919 infested
with the potato-tuber moth, Phlhorimaea operculella. While the
number of fields in which serious loss was caused by the larvae was
small, the possibihties of damage are considerable, the moth being an
active flier and capable of rapid spread. The larvae infest very small,
green tomatos as well as ripe ones. They generally enter at the stem
end of the fruit and work just under the skin; later they l;)urrovv
deeper into the fleshy part of the tomato, sometimes hghtly webbing
the entrance to the tunnel. There are frequently 7 or 8 larvae in one
fruit, sometimes as many as 15 or 16. It has not yet been discovered
where oviposition occurs.

If all the plants and fruits are piled up and burned shortly after
they have been killed by the autumn frosts most of the larvae wdll be
killed. Burning the plants and ploughing the fruit under to a good
depth might be as effectual and would be cheaper. Clean cultivation,
including the destruction of such weeds as would serve as breeding-
])laces or hibernation quarters for the insect, is advocated, and sheep
and pigs might wnth advantage be turned into the fields to clean up
refuse.

Maskew (F.). Quarantine Division. Report for the Month of
January, 1920.- Mthhj. Bull. Cal. Slate Dept. Agric, Sacramento,
ix, no. 3, March 1920, pp. 98-99.

The pests intercepted during January included : From Hawaii, Hemi-
chionaspis minor and Chiysomphalus aotiidum on coccnuts ; Diaspis
bromeliae and Psevdococcus bromeliae on pineapples ; Coccus elongatus
on betel leaves; Parlatoiia ziziphus, ChiyfompJialus aonidum and
Lepidosaphes beclii on oranges. From Japan, Hemichionaspis
aspidislrae on tangerines. From Central America, Pseudococcus sp.,
Aspidiolus cyanofhylli and Icerya ptirchasi on bananas. From Mexico,
Heliolhis {Ckloridea) obsolela on tomatos ; Lepidosaphes gloveri and
Parlatoria pergandei on limes. From Colorado, Cydia (Laspeyresia)
pomonella on apples. From Florida, Lepidosaphes beckii on oranges.
From Oregon, Chionaspis pinifuliae on Douglas fir and C. povionella
on apples. From New Jersey, Chiomispis f "ifura on undetermined
plants. From South Dakota, C. jwmondla on apples. From
Washington, C. pomonella on apples and larvae of Balaninus sp. in
chestnuts.

241

EssiG (E. 0.). Important Dried Fruit Insects in California. -MOily.
Bull. Cal. Sla'e DepL Agric, Sacramen'o, ix, no. 3 (Supplement),
March 1920, pp. 11^-125, 5 figs.

There are not many msect pests of dried fruits in CaUfornia, but
the few that occur are responsible for a great deal of damage and
loss. The larvae of the moths attacking dried fruit are easily detected
by their habit of webbing the fruit and the container, and by the
presence of the thick white cocoon that they spin for pupation. The
moths, attracted by the scent of the fruit, oviposit directly upon it
whenever possible, and the young larvae generally manage to gain
access to it. Each generation requires from one to two months, so
that reproduction is rapid. The commonest species is Plodia inter-
jnmdella (Indian meal moth), which breeds in all cereal products,
nuts, seeds, and many kinds of dried foods. Owing to its general
feeding habits this insect is very troublesome in public warehouses
and stores. Pupation frequently occurs in corners and crevices of the
packing houses and the moths can survive from crop to crop, so that
a house once infested will remain so unless thoroughly treated.
Ephestia cautella, Wlk. (fig moth) has been repeatedly introduced into
America in Smyrna figs, and has become established in many
localities, but has not yet become a pest in Cahfornia. Watch should
be kept for its appearance.

The larvae of beetles infesting dried fruits may be distinguished
m'er alia by their inability to spin webs. They work in the fruit, in
which they pupate, the adults being very active and strong fliers.
The most injurious beetle is Cnrpophilus hemiplerus, L., the larvae of
which reduce the fruit to a mass of fine powxler. Fruit frequently
becomes infested while still on the trays in the drving yards, and the
pest is thus carried to the packing houses. It is particularly abun-
dant in the central valleys and southern parts of the State.
[R.A.E., A, iii., 681]. Silvanus surinamensis, L. (saw-toothed grain
beetle) is also very injurious at times, particularly to figs, destroying
not only the fruit, but also boring holes in the packages.

Ihe most important factor in control of all these insects is cleanli-
ness. With the exception of C. hemiptenis, infestation almost always
occurs in the packing house or in a storehouse after packing. All
packing houses should therefore be thoroughly cleaned prior to harvest
time. Fruit that has been kept since the previous season should be
carefully inspected, and if any infestation is found, the entire house
should be thoroughly treated.

General directions for fumigating packing-sheds, storehouses, or
piles of fruit-boxes under canvas, with either carbon bisulphide or
hydrocyanic acid gas are given. Much success has been obtained
with a vacuum fumigator in which materials are placed for fumigation
after the air has been drawn off. The advantages of this method
include thorough penetration of the gas into the densest materials,
quickness of killing and operation, and ease and safety in handling.
Carbon bisulphide, hydrocyanic acid and dry steam can be used in
this way. The equipment is expensive, but is lasting and efficient.

Avery general treatment of insects in mills, packing houses, etc.,
is by heat, a temperature of 140° to 180° F. being maintained for
several hours. This is sufficient to kill larvae, adults, and generally

242

all eggs, though repeated treatments may be necessary to ensure
complete eradication. Hot water may effectively be used as a dip
preparatory to packing. If sealed and insect-proof packages are
used, fruit may pass through a lengthy period of storage without
danger of infestation. Attention has already been drawn to the value
of machinery for sealing [R.A.E., A, iii., 575]. This process has been
adopted by many cereal food manufacturers, and might advan-
tageously be used in the dried fruit industry.

McDaniel (E.). Termites in Buildings {Leucotermes flavipes). —
Qrtly. Bull. Michigan Agric. Expt. S!a., East Lansing, ii, no. 3,
February 1920, p. 124.

Termites, Reticulitermes {Leucotermes) flavipes, have been doing
considerable damage to wooden structures of all kinds in Michigan.
They are difficult to eradicate from a building, as the parent nests
may be several rods away in the soil, or in rotting stumps. Badly
infested timbers should be burned. If this is impossible, kerosene or
ammonia injected into the cavities is beneficial, as also are hght,
dryness and ventilation. All termite nests and rotten timber in the
neighbourhood of them should be destroyed. Timbers treated with
coal-tar creosote, or with zinc chloride by the pressure process, are
very resistant to attack. It is not safe to sink untreated timbers in
concrete foundations since, if the concrete cracks, it leaves an ideal
entrance for termites.

Sturtevant (A. P.). A Study of the Behaviour of Bees in Colonies
affected by European Foulbrood. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washinglon,
D.C., Bull. 804, 16th March 1920, 28 pp., 6 figs.

European foulbrood is known to be an infectious disease due to
Bacillus plulon, the incubation period being from 36 to 48 hours.
During the first 5 to 7 days after the colony becomes infected the
spread of the disease is slow ; after this interval the disease increases
rapidly under favourable conditions. The critical time to detect the
disease and begin treatment is therefore early in its course. Evidence
tends to confirm the theory tliat one of the ways by which the disease
is spread in the colony is by the house-cleaning bees, and from
colony to colony by their drifting. Infection is probably carried on
the mouth-parts and feet; the question of infection from the
intestinal contents or from the source of larval food at various stages
needs farther substantiation. Itahan bees offer the greatest resistance-
to the disease, perhaps owing to their vigorous house-cleaning habits
rather than to any natural nnraunity. Infection does not seem tO'
be always removed by a period of queenlessness. Re-queening is
generally necessary, except possibly in the strongest Italian colonies.
A heavy honey flow tends to prevent infection from gaining a foot-
hold, and also tends to eliminate the disease if present when the
the heavy flow begins. European foulbrood is a disease of weak
colonies ; it is difficult to infect any but very weak colonies during
a heavy honey flow ; therefore, colonies kept strong up to the time o±
the honey flow run very httle danger of contracting the disease.

243

Anstead (R. D.). Xyleboms Beetles. — Planters' Chron., Coimbatore^
XV, no. 11, 13th March 1920, p. 179.

The most important beetle of the genus Xyleboms, namely,
X. fornicalus (shot- hole borer of tea) does not appear to occur in South
India. Two other species have however been discovered on South
Indian estates ; X. compacius attacks the stems of Cojfea lobnsla,
which is apparently its only food-plant. It is not certain that this
is really a primary pest ; it may be merely a borer in dead wood.
The remedy appears to be to cut out all attacked shoots well back to
the healthy wood and burn them, any wounds made being coated
with tar. X. biporus is a small borer that attacks Hevea, but is a
secondary pest infesting only wood or bark already killed by other
causes. The remedy is to treat such wounds as quickly as possible
after they are made. Logs of Hevea are rapidly attacked by these
borers after thinning-out operations.

GowDEY (C. C). Report of the Government Entomologist. — Uganda
^ Dept. Agric. Ann. Rept. Year ended 31st March 1919, Entebbe,.

1920, pp. 36—40. [Received 8th April 1920.]

Insect pests of cofTee that have not been dealt with in previous
reports include Anthores leuconotus, Pasc. (white coffee stem-borer),
which has been very destructive in Tanganyika Territory, and was
discovered in Uganda in 1900. Diarthwthnps cqffeae. Will., was
reported from two districts as causing considerable loss to coffee
[R.A.E., A, vii, 260]. Antestia lineaticollis, Stal {orbitalis, Westw.,
var. fac?fa, Germ.), has not apparently been so abundant or so
injurious as in the prececUng year [loc. cit.], and tliis was particularly
noticeable on an estate where the rearing of its egg-parasites was
systematically carried out. The scale, Asterolecanium cqffeae, Newst.,
was reported from some districts ; on one estate where the predaceous
Coccinellid, CMlocorus discoideus. Crotch, had been destroyed owing
to ignorance of its utiUty, the pest appeared in large numbers.

Among cacao pests mentioned in the previous year's report a
species of Nggmia (pod-moth) was wrongly recorded as Euprocfis
mediosquamosa, B.-Bak. [loc. cit.]. Another pod-moth, Ph'horopora
carpella, Wlsm., apparently only attacks pods previously infected with
pod-rot. The scale, Stictococcus diversiseta, Silv., has been found to be
parasitised by a Chalcidid, AetJiognafhus afer var. cavilabris, Wtrst.,
\R.A.E., A, v., 456]. A previously unrecorded cotton pest is a
phytophagous beetle, Chlorifa facialis, Jac, which feeds on the under-
side of the leaves and within the bracts.

Sagar-cane at Kampala was found to be attacked by Pseudococcus
sp. and Chionaspis madiunensis, Zehnt. The latter scale is new to
Uganda and has probably been imported from Java. On bananas,
Aspidiolus destructor. Sign. (Bourbon scale) is widely distributed, but
shows a preference for the red variety.

Cosmopolites soididus. Germ, (banana borer) has lately become rather
important as a banana pest. This weevil, besides occurring on the
mainland, has been collected on Biikassa Island, Sesse Group,
which has been uninhabited for years, and it is probably not therefore
a recent introduction. It is always found on old banana plots where

244

verv little cultivation is practised. As breeding is continous through-
out the year and as bananas are grown for several years on the same
plot, all plants in an infe:;ted plot soon become ailected. The best
methods of controlling the pest are good cultivation and sanitary
measures, and the rearing of certain Histerid beetles that are
predaceous on it. Three swarms , of the locust, Cyrtacanthris
sepiemfasciala, Serv., var. fascifera, Wlk., were reported during the
year.

Tinea pellionella (case-bearing clothes moth) has been recorded for
the first time in Uganda, destroying the felt on piano keys.

ScHOLL (E. E.). Method of Procedure in Pink Bollworm Eradication
Work in Texas. — Jl. Econ. Enlom., Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 1,
February 1920, pp. 38-44, 1 map. [Received 13th April 1920.]

This paper is an account of the Texas Pink Bollworm Act of 1919
as amended from the similar Act of 1917 [R.A.E., A, vi, 543]. Its aim
is firstly to prevent the introduction of the moth [Platyedra
gossypiella] from Mexico and secondly to eradicate outbreaks that
have become established in the State.

The danger of importation is safeguarded by frontier safety zones
in which non-cotton zones can be made if need aris'r-s; this is sup-
plemented by fumigation of imported cotton. If an outbreak occurs
outside this safety zone, a non-cotton zone may be declared in which
all cotton is destroyed ; or, if the infestation is light, a regulated zone
under quarantine rules may be set up ; in any case provision is ma^e
for compensation of the growers for the loss involved.

Felt (E. P.). The European Corn Borer Problem. — Jl. Econ. Entom.,
Concord, N.H.. xiii. no. 1, February 1920, pp. 59-91. [Received
13th April 1920.]

In this paper and the discussion that followed it the importance of
the European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis, was considered, and
suggestions made as to the grants that would be desirable to combat
it."

The methods of control recommended are chiefly adaptations to
local conditions of methods already noticed [R.A.E., A., viii, pj). 97-99].

S\FRO (V. I.). The Work of the Railroad Entomologist. —J/. Econ.
En'om., Concord. N.H., xiii, no. 1, February 1920, pp. 112-117.
[Received 13th April 1920.]

The benefits of railway agricultural departments suggest that there
is a great opening for the entomologist in the same direction. Greatly
increased tonnage would result from co-ordinated entomological work in
the districts served by railways, and examples of loss from the lack of
it show this over and over again. In addition to the direct profit, the
increased wealth of the population along railways would be an asset,
and more use of railways would be made.

Railway economics are greatly affected by crop diversification.
Greater variety means less riik, better distribution of rolling stock and
labour. Crops that might be grown commercially are often neglected

245

because of insect pests, when organised remedial measures would
render them profitable. Railroad co-operation with government or
other agencies would often be beneficial, while in matters of cpiaran-
tine and inspection an entomologist would eliminate a great deal of
loss and friction.

Pierce (W. D.). Commercial and Professional Entomology — the
Future of our Profession. — Jl. Econ. Enfoni., Concord, N.H.. xiii,^
no. 1, February 1920, pp. 117-123. [Received 13th April 1920.]

The sphere of activity of an entomologist working independently as
a professional and con-;ulting specialist is discussed. Of late years
business men recognise the possibilities of scientific processes, and brains,
foresight and initiative can name their price. A combination of inves-
tigation, consultation, demonstration, practice and possibly manufac-
ture offers the widest scope. Results must be produced cpiickly. An
entomologist must know how to present estimates of the cost of his
work, and how to keep the cost at a competitive level.

Newell (W.) & Bynum (E. K.). Notes on Poisoning the Boll Weevil.
Results of an Investigation to Determine whether the Presence of
Dew or Rain Water on Cotton Plants is necessary to the effective
use of Arsenates. — Jl. Econ. En'om., Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 1,
February 1920, pp. 123-13G, 1 plate. [Received 13th April 1920.]

The experiments here described were made in field-cages, the cotton
plants being treated with either calcium arsenate or lead arsenate or
left untreated as a control, some cages in each class being protected
from all rain and dew. Further experiments were made to find the
amount of poison in the dew on treated plants, and the eft'ect of this
dew on the weevils [An'honomus grandis] when deprived of other
food, and also when supplied with unpoisoned food and poisoned dew.

These showed that the mortality among boll-weevils on cotton
plants treated with lead and calcium arsenates and kej^t protected
from all rain and dew was appreciably higher than the mortality on
plants similarly treated but exposed to dew and normal precipitation.
As the presence of dew or rain-water on the cotton plants does not
increase the efiectiveness of either lead or calcium arsenate as a boll-
weevil poison, it is evident that mortality from the use of either of
these is brought about by ingestion of the poison with the weevil's
food and not by drinking the so-called " poisoned dew."

Dew collected from cotton plants treated with lead arsenate at the
rate of approximately 8 lb. per acre was found, upon analysis, to
contain 6'7 parts of arsenic per million. Dcav from plants treated
with calcium arsenate at the same rate was found to contain from 10
to 43"5 parts of arse;iic per million. The dew was collected only from
cotton leaves that showed a distinct, thorough white coating of the
arsenates.

Boll- weevils deprived of all food and having dew from treated plants
as the only source of moisture su tiered a greater mortality than boll-
weevils confined with clear water, showing that the dew contained
sufiicicnt arsenic to produce death when the weevils were compelled

246

to take the dew and no other food or water over a period of several
•days. Such a condition, however, does not occur in cotton fields.
When boll-weevils had access to food in the form of non-poisoned
■cotton squares and, at the same time, to dew from treated plants, no
mortality resulted, showing that the weevil can be poisoned under
normal conditions only by poisoning its food. Consequently it would
seem that as the boll-weevil is poisoned largely or entirely through
taking poison with its food, machinery for applying poison to the
cotton plants should be so designed as to apply the poison primarily
to the squares, bolls and terminal buds, rather than to the foliage.

The greatest mortahty among the boll-weevils occurred on the third
■day following application of the arsenates and fell off rapidly after the
seventh day, indicating that, other things being equal, applications
should he at intervals of a week, or less, apart.

Kelly (E. G.). Outline of Project Work in Extension Entomology.^
Jl. Econ. Entoni., Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 1, February 1920,
pp. 137-140. [Received 13th April 1920.]

Extension work in entomology means the carrying to the producer
'of information as to the control of his insect pests. The organisation
of this work in Kansas is described. County agents, under the
direction of the Extension Entomologist, exist at each County Farm
Bureau. The Entomologist sees the agents at conferences, and they
hand on his recommendations to the farmers at "insect committees."
This programme is elastic, and can be intensified in emergency, while
the Entomologist may devote two or three days to helping the agent
in a particular area.

The agent's campaign is helped by publicity methods, and at the
.same time there is an educational side to the work, short lessons
being sent to every farmer in the county to follow up the campaign.
There are extension schools for farm workers when opportunity offers,
and advantage is taken of local opportunities such as the county fairs
ior reaching as many people as possible.

Harned (R. W.) & Snapp (0. I.). Two " Spray your Orchard Week "
Campaigns in Mississipi. — Jl. Econ. Entom.. Concord, N.H., xiii,
no. 1, February 1920, pp. 140-142. [Received 13th April 1920.]

In 1917 from 85 to 90 per cent, of all deciduous fruit trees in
Mississippi were more or less infested with San Jose scale {Aspidiotus
perniciosus). A campaign was organised during the summer of 1917,
to be carried out in December, for the purpose of urging upon every
farmer possessing an orchard to spray it for this pest. Prizes were
given for the best outfits for spraying suited to various orchards.
Publicity work was undertaken, and, under the direction of the
county agent, the aid of every possible local authority and association
was called in. The campaign acliieved very good results. Infestation
by this scale materially decreased, and the use of insecticides was
realised as a practical factor in the State. A further campaign on
the same lines took place in February 1919, in which Louisiana
joined.

247

HoLLiSTER (W. 0.). Distribution of Shade Tree Insects in 1919. —
Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 1, February 1920,
pp. 143-146. [Received 13th April 1920.]

The country east of the Mississippi and north of the Mason -Dixon
line is dealt with, but more especially that around the larger cities
from Chicago eastwards towards Boston and Washington.

Aphids were abundant, especially PhyUapJtis fagi and Phenacoccus
acoicola. Of scale -insects the oyster scale {Lepidosaphes ulmi) was
numerous, others being Chionaspis pinifoliae, Tourney ella liriodendri,
Chionaspis americana, Gossyparia ulmi, Pidvinaria vilis , Asterolecanium
variolosum, and occasionally the San Jose scale [Aspidiotus
perniciosus].

Leaf-eating insects were not particularly destructive, except canker-
worms locally in the spring. Those reported include : — Melasoma
scripla (cottonwood leaf l^eetle), Vanessa an'iopa, Thyyidopteryx
ephemeiaejotmis, Datana integenima, the elm leaf beetle [Galerucella
luteola], the elm leaf-miner [KoliosyspJiinga ulmi], the elm case-bearer
{Coleopliora limosipennella), Hyphaniria cunea, which seems on the
increase, Chalepus dorsalis (locust leaf-miner) and Hemewcampa
leucostigma (tussock moth).

The most destructive insects are the borers, their presence frequently
escaping notice till serious damage has been done, though they
seem to prefer trees of a lowered vitality. The bronze birch borer
{Agtilus anxius) is gradually kilhng white birches, and the hickory bark
borer. Scaly tus [Eccoptog aster) quadrispinosus, is also very destructive.
Others are S. {E .) mullistriatus, P rionoxystus robiniae,CyUene robiniae,
Ecdy'ohpha insificiana, the leopard moth {Zeuzera pyritia), the sugar
maple borer {Plagionotus speciosus), Aegeria (Sesia) acerni, Agrilus
hilineatus, and twig pruners, especially Elapliidion villosum. The
black carpenter ant {Camponotus) tunnels into and weakens a tree if
it finds an opening, while red spiders (Telranychus) are causing increas-
ing injury.

Walton (W. R.). European Corn Borer in Broom Corn.— JL Econ.
Entom., Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 1, February 1920, p. 147.
[Received 13th April 1920.]

Early in February 1920, considerable numbers of both larvae and
pupae of Pyrausta nubilalis were intercepted in broom corn
(Andropogon sorghum) by the Federal Horticultural Board. The
broom corn in question came from Venice, and consisted of 97 bales of
200 lb. each, an occurrence that strengthens the belief that this moth
first gained access to America in this grain.

Wadley (F. M.) Note on Eriopyga incincta, Morr. — Jl. Econ. Entom.,
Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 1, February 1920, p. 148. [Received
13th April 1920.]

The cutworm-like caterpillar of Eriopyga incincta is recorded as
abundant but local in Kansas. Lucerne, and probably beans, were
attacked. The larvae were not observed actually feeding, but were
hidden on the surface of the ground,, at the same time that Feltia
subgothica, usually the commonest cutworm, was scarce.

248

The larvae pupate early in June or late in May. The adults
emerge about September. Hibernation probably takes place in the
larval stage, but the length of the egg, larval, and hibernation
stages is not yet known.

RosEWELL (0. W.). Two Rhynchophora found feeding in Sweet
Potatoes. — Jl. Econ. Eniom., Concord, N H., xiii, no. 1, February
1920, p. 148. [Received 13th April 1920.]

In Louisiana considerable damage caused to sweet potato was
attributed to the sweet potato weevil {Cylas formicarius), but was also
due to some extent to the Scolytids, Xylehorinus pecanis and Plafypus
composilus. The burrows of the former are clean cut, those of the
latter filled with some material. Trees or newly cleared land were
always present near the infested fields.

RosEWELL (0. W.). Anasa tristis, De G. (Hemiptera) feeding on
Leaves and Fruit of the Fig Tree. — Jl. Econ. EWom., Concord, N.H.,
xiii, no. 1, February 1920, p. 148. [Received 13th April 1920.]

Adults and nymphs of the bug, Anasa iristis, were observed in
considerable numbers in August on fig trees in Louisiana, no cucurbit
vines being within one hundred 3'ards.

Smyth (E. G.). To keep out Cane Butterfly. — Jl. Econ. Eniom.,
Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 1, February 1920, p. 149. [Received
13th April 1920.]

Attempts have been made in Porto Rico to secure permission to
introrhice seed sugar-cane from San Domingo, in the hope of over-
coming the mosaic disease of sugar-cane. There would however, have
been great risk of introducing also the butterfly, Calislo archebates,
which would have been an irreparable calamity in Porto Rico, where
already May beetles [Lachnos'erna'] and Diaprepes spengleri cause
great loss to sugar-cane.

There are no regulations. Federal or Insular, that could be utilised
to keep out this cane ; but the idea was given up under pressure from
the quarantine experts of the Insular Experiment Station in favour
of the cultural methods of combating the disease that they advised.

Chittenden (F.H.). U.S.Bnr.Entom. The Porto Rico Mole-Cricket
in South Carolina and Florida. — Jl. Econ. En' am,., Concord, N.H.,
xiii, no. 1, February 1920, pp. 149-150. [Received 13th April
1920.]

The Porto Rico mole-cricket {Scap'eriscus vicinus, Scud.), for a
number of years a troublesome pest in Georgia, has recently re-
appeared in South Carolina and Florida, where it had been noticed in
1915 and 1917.

In August 1919 it damaged the fairways and greens of the Florida
County Golf Club. Carbon bisulphide and lead arsenate were un-
successful against it, but poisoned baits, hke those used for cutworms,
were very effective.

249

In and around Charlestown, South Carolina, an infestation was
reported to cover an area of 12 square miles and to be spreading
annually.

In some cases, some of the chief root and vegetable crops have had
to be abandoned, and the cabbage industry is threatened. Poisoned
baits were not successful, probably because of the lateness of the
season, as they were not applied till October.

Hetnrich (C). U.S. Bur. Entom. A New Genus and Species of
Oecophorid Moths from Japan. — Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington,
D.C., xxii, no. 3, March 1920, pp. 43-50, 2 plates.

Santuzza kuwanii , gen. et sp. n., is described from hve individuals of
both sexes reared from stored grain at Yokohama. Descriptions of
the larva and pupa are also given.

Mann (W. M.). A Proctotrypid Inquiline with Formica ersectoides,
Forel. (Hym.) — Proc. Entom,. Soc. Washing/on, D.C., xxii, no. 3.
March 1920, pp. 59-60.

The Proctotrupid, Megaspikis craivfordi, sp. n., is described from a
nest of Formica exsecloides, Forel. This is the first species of its
genus to be recorded from ants' nests in America, but a number of
European species have been noted as myrmecophilous in habit.

Insect Investigations. — 32nd Ann. Repl. Maryland Aqric. Expf. *S7a.,
College Park, Md., 1918-1919, pp. ii-vii.' [Received 13th April
1920.]

Much of the work recorded for the year under review has already
been noticed in the Bulletins publishe(l by the Station. Experiments
against the woolly apple aphis [Eriosoma kinigerum] show that an 8
per cent, pine-tar creosote enmlsion apphed twice a year is efficient in
controlhng this Aphid and is not injurious to the trees, except where
the ground is such that the soil holds the creosote and natural water
around the trunk practically throughout the year. A number of new
insecticides have been and are being tried in the field, and the results
secured will form the basis of recommendations made to farmers
applying for insecticide material. Further experiments in the control
of Cgdia (Laspeyresia) fnolesla, Busck (Oriental peach-moth) [R.A.E.,
A, vii, 254] indicate that orchards can be protected by thorough
spraying with a combination of self -boiled lime-sulphur, nicotine
sulphate and a satisfactory spreader, such as hme caseinate. In the
vicinity of the Experiment Station, 46 species of flea-beetles have been
collected and an amiotated list of them will be published.

Experiments in dusting peach and apple trees indicate that insects
are controlled to about an equal extent as in liquid spraying, but that
diseases are not so easily checked.

Chittenden (F. H.). Harlequin Cabbage Bug and its Control. — U.S.
Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. 1061, Februarv
1920, 16 pp., 5 figs.

Murgantia hislrionica, Hahn (harlequin cabbage bug) is a serious
pest of cabbages in the Southern United States, the injured fields
(677) c

250

looking as though they had been swept by fire; hence the name
"fire-bug." The Hfe-history and habits of this pest, its food-plants
and methods of control are "discussed. [R.A.E., A, vi, 300 ; vii, 243.]
It is urged that every effort should be made to prevent it from
spreading fiirther northward, and the importance of destroying the
first generation of bugs, i.e., Ihose that have hibernated through the
winter, and their progeny is emphasised. The co-operation of growers
is absolutely essential if success is to be attained.

Back (E. A.). Book Lice or Psocids. — U.S. Depf. Agric, Washington,
B.C., Farmers' Bull. 1104, February 1920, 4 pp., 1 tig.

The habits of Psocids (book lice) and the conditions favourable to
their increase are described. They are most numerous in houses
during late summer and early autumn, and are most abundant in
damp, shaded rooms not in general use, and m houses that have been
shut up for long periods. When a few individuals are present, which
is frequently the case, as they easily enter a house from outside,
thoroughly airing a room after heating to 120° to 140° F. for several
hours and moving the furniture into the sunshine should be sufficient
to rid it of them. When the numbers become alarming in any room
the breeding-place should be at once located. If the source is a
mattress, as is often the case, this should be burnt and the room
fumigated with sulphur, using 1 lb. for every 1,000 cubic feet of space.
Chests, boxes, trunks, etc., can be fumigated satisfactorily with
carbon bisulphide.

Kalkus (J. W.). Orchard Horse Disease. — Amer. Jl. Vet. Med.,
Chicago, xv, no. 4, April 1920, pp. J 39-143, 8 figs.

Present knowledge of this disease indicates that it is confined to
the irrigated apple orchard districts where lead arsenate sprays are
commonly used. The disease may possibly l)e due to poisoning of
the lucerne or hay crop under the fruit trees owing to excess of the
spray. Doubt is thrown on this theory by the fact that the
symptoms of the disease do not resemble arsenic or lead poisoning
in every particular. If the theory is correct, the chronic form of
the disease may be due to the lead, and the acute form to arsenical
poisoning. It is hoped that a definite conclusion may be reached as
a result of the experiments now being conducted at the Washington
Agricultural Experiment Station.

Paillot (A.). La Phagocytose chez les Insectes.— C. K. Soc. Biol,,
Paris, Ixxxiii, no. 12, 27th March 1920, pp. 425-426.

Eeferring to Metalnikofi's recent paper on immunity in insects
[R.A.E., A, viii, 163], the author points out that it is in general the
saprophytic microbes that are pathogenic to the larvae of Galleria
mellonetla, while those that are highly pathogenic to man or the
larger vertebrates are less pathogenic to them, and sometimes
incapable of causing their death. In many previous papers, the
author has expressed the opinion that phagocytosis is not the only
method of defence of larvae inoculated with entomophytous microbes ;

251

it may even be said that that this is not tlie most efficacious defence.
Further proof of this point will be published in a subsequent paper.

A typical case is that of Bacillus llparis. The micronucleocytes
in the blood of larvae of any species show a remarkable affinity for this
bacillus; the envelopment begins soon after inoculation ; the microbes
are not seized by the })seudo podia of the cells ; at first they attach them-
selves to the surface of the micronucleocyte, the protoplasm degener-
ates by their contact and the microbes then penetrate into the cell and
become directly incorporated with the protoplasm. The influence of
the protoplasm on the incorporated bacillus is nil ; its vitality is not
even impaired after a prolonged sojourn in the cell. When the
accumulation of bacilli is large enough the cell becomes disorganised ;
this is frequently the cause of death in larvae, even those that are
most resistant to microbe infection.

Larvae that do not generally show any resistance to infection, such
as those of Pieris brassicae and Vanessa urticae, are very susceptible
to the action of the bacillus and yet the micronucleocytes and
also the other elements of the blood actively phagocytose it. If the
temperature is low the larvae resist indefinitely, but if the temperature
rises the microbes innnediately nudtiply in the blood and cause the
death of the larvae. A number of entomophytous microbes act in a
similar manner to B. liparis ; enveloped in large numbers by the
micronucleocytes they become parasitic on the cells and are thus patho-
genic to their host. If the number of microbes injected is small the
micronucleocytes tolerate their presence, and if the temperature is
low, the infection does not become generalised. In any case, it is
difficult to consider the envelopment of the microbes as a defensive
reaction on the part of the insect.

The most typical cases of innuunity, those in which the insect is
resistant to the inoculation of a large mass of microbes, does not seem
to be in any way due to phagocytosis. The case of B. nielolonfhae
non-Uquefadens /3 has already been studied ; a certain number of
other bacilli seem to behave in the same way, e.g., B. melolonthae non-
liquefaciens y, B. piens non-liquefaciens a and B. hoplosternus ; it is
hoped that experiments will decide this point in the near future.

It is noticeable that the larvae that demonstrate the most remark-
able cases of innnunity are precisely those in which the reaction of
karyokinesis appears most regularly and most strongly. This seems
a strong indication, if not a proof, that the most active imuimiity is
not due to phagocytosis alone, but to humoral or cellular reactions, the
nature of which has not yet been definitely determined,

L'Utilisation industrielle des Sauterelles comme Engrais dans I'Uruguay.

— Ball. Agric. Alger. Tun. Maroc, Algiers, xxvi, no. 1-2, Jauuarv-
February 1920, pp. 25-26. [Eeceived 6th April 1920.]

In Uruguay experiments with locusts dried in ovens or by the sun
show that a product can be obtained which may be employed in several
ways.

As a fattening food for domestic animals it has a liigher value than
oil-cake. As a fertiUser, particularly in extensive cultivation, it is
richer in nitrogen and phosphoric acid than dried blood or powdered
meat guano. The grease it contains can be used as a lubricant.

252

Some modifications in drying methods have ensured the practical
utihty of this product ; its economic vahie, as a set-off to the damage
done by locusts and the cost of their control in regions subject to
periodic invasion, is obvious.

Vogelschutz. [Bird Protection.] — Schiveiz. Zeitschr. Obst.- u. Weinhau,
Frauenjeld, xxix, no. 7, 3rd April 1920, pp. 106-108.

In view of the increasing losses due to insects the necessity for
providing nesting facilities for birds is urged, especially since natural
ones are becoming rare in Switzerland owing to progress in agriculture
and forestry. Many useful birds destroy three or four thou and
insects a day during their breeding period, a result that is not obtained
by artificial methods.

Berlese (A.). Torner^ la Diaspis sui nostri Gelsi ? [Will Aulacaspis
joewto^owa re-infest our Mulberry Trees I] — BoU. A gricoltura, no. 11,
(Reprint in La Campagna, Como, xix, no. 318, 31st March 1920,
p. 1, 1 fig.)

Alarm has been expressed in various districts of north Italy regard-
ing an apparent re-infestation by Aulacaspis pentagona, and the aim
of this article is to point out that the increase of the scale is only
temporary and is due to its momentary preponderance in the ever-
varying balance between it and its parasite, Prospaltella bedesei, which
latter is bound to regain the upper hand after a short interval.

LoTRioNTE (G.). La Cocciniglia grigia della Vite. [Targionia vitis.]
— La Nuova AgricoUura del Lazio, Rome, viii, no. 174, 1st April
1920, p. 42.

In Italy two scales, Pseudococcus (Dactylopius) vitis and Targionia
vitis, usually attack the grape-vine, the latter being the more common.
In 1920 it is proving rather serious in some parts of the province of
Rome. Tar-oil or lime-sulphur sprays are recommended, or the
stocks may be painted with an acid solution of iron sulphate after
the dead bark has been scraped off.

Berliner (E.). Uber die Schlaffsucht der Mehlmottenraupe {Ephestia
kulmiella, Zell.) und ihren Erreger, Bacillus thmingiensis, n. sp.
[Wilt Disease of the Meal-moth Caterpillar {Ephestia kuhniella,
Zell), and its Causal Agent, Bacillus thuiingiensis, sp. n.] —
Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom., Berlin, ii, no. 1, April 1915, pp. 29-56,
7 figs. [Received 19th April 1920.]

Extensive observations have been made with regard to wilt disease
affecting the larva of the meal moth, Ephestia kuhniella, Z. The
disease can only be definitely diagnosed under the microscope and is
apparently due to infection with Bacillus thamigiensis, sp. n., the
morphology, cytology and cultm-al features of which are described.

Exj^eriments show that infection occurs through ingestion and the
organism develops in the intestinal tract. The disease thus acquired
always proved fatal, whether the organism had been obtained from

253

dead infected larvae or from pure cultures. Recovery was only
noticed in certain cases where infection was produced only a short
time prior to moulting or about 2 days before pupation.

Adult stages fed with infected water were found to contain the
organism after death, but the actual cause of death was not proved.
Bacillus thuringiensis is apparently specifically pathogenic to Epheslia
kiihnidla, as various other grain-infesting insects, including Calandra
granaiia, C. oryzae, GnaOiocerus cormifus, Tiibolinm caslaneum
{fenugineuni), Dennesfes lardarius,and Tenehrio molifor, which were
experimentally tested, did not show any sign of disease.

The value of this disease as a means of controlling EpJiestia
luhniella by artificial infection is discussed. Spraying the walls and
appliances with water containing the virus was not entirely effective,
but the use of such a spray directly on the grain is suggested, (irain
thus treated is safe for human consumption, as the organism is killed
in the process of baking and even in the raw state is not pathogenic
to man. Whether such grain may be fed to cattle has still to be
proved, but it is harmless to mice,

Neumeister (— ). Mitteilungen uber das Auftreten der Kieferneule
im Forstbezirk Dresden. [The Appearance of the Pine Moth in
the Dresden Forest District.] — Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom., Berlin,
ii, no. 1, April 1915, pp. 164-167, 1 fig. [Received 19th April
1920.]

During the spring of 1913 the pine moth [Panolis flammea] occurred
in exceptional abundance in the forests near Dresden. Remedial
measures, including the use of sticky bands and the shaking of trees,
eftectively reduced their numbers in certain districts. The pupae
were destroyed by turning pigs loose in the forest. During 1914 such
extensive remedial measures were not necessary owing to the abun-
dance of natural enemies.

Kleine (R.). Die Getreideblumenfliege, Hylemyia coarclafa, Fall. Ein
Beitrag zur Kenntnis ihrer Biologie und ihrer Bedeutung fur die
Landwirtschaft. [A Contribution to the Knowledge of the
Biology and Significance of Hylemyia coarctata in Agriculture.] —
Zeitschr. /. angew. Entom.. Berlin, ii, no. 2, August 1915, pp.
360-389, 4 figs; iii, no. 1, 1916, p. 179. [Received 19th April
1920.]

The wheat bulb fly, Hylemyia coarctata. Fall., causes serious
damage in Germany to wheat and rye. Although it is widely dis-
tributed, greater destruction of crops occurs in the north of Germany
than any other region ; this is probably due to the methods of
cultivation employed there. It is apparently useless to attempt
to grow wheat or rye on ground which has not been under
cultivation for some time. Wheat should be preceded by root crops.
Autumn ploughing is also suggested as a possible means of preventing
infestation. There is only one generation a year. Oviposition generally
occurs from August to September, in certain localities as early as July.
The larva is fully developed prior to hibernation, but does not emerge
from the egg until the following spring. It immediately bores into the

254

young shoot from the outside and begins feeding on the juices of the
plant. The first larvae were noticed during the beginning of March.
By the beginning of May they are fully fed and after making an
emergence-hole in the stalk near the ground they leave it and enter
the soil to a depth of about 4 inches for pupation, which lasts from 20
to 24 days. The first adults appear early in .June and are usually on
the 'wing until the end of August, though a few individuals may still be
found in September. The author has not been able to rear any
parasites of this pest.

The author does not consider that H. coarctafa is a pest of summer
crops, but as a result of observations by Zimmermann the possibility
of isolated cases of such infestation is admitted.

Zacher (F.). Neue und weiiig bekannte Pflanzenschadlinge aus
unseren Kolonien. [New and little known Plant Pests from our
Colonies. ] -Z^'/^.scV/r. /. (ingew Eniom., Berlin, ii, no. 2, August
1915, p. 422-426, 3 figs. [Received I9th April 1920.)

Coconut-palm pests received from the Caroline Islands included a
leaf beetle which is here described as Brontliispa {?) clmlyheipennis, sp. n.,
though its generic position is doubtful, and it should possibly be
placed in Oxycephala or Xiphispa. A key is also given to the Hispid
pests of coconuts, including Bofryonopa smigninea, Guer., Bronthispa
froggatii. Sharp, B. chalybeipennis, Promecotheca cuniivgi, Baly,
P. callosa, Baly, P. vaiipes. Baly, P. andqua, Wse., P. opacicollis,
Gestro, P. reiehei, Baly, P. coertdeipennis, Blanch., and P. lindingeri,
Aulm.

Zw^iGELT (F.). Der gegenwartige Stand der Maikaferforschung.

[The present Position of Cockchafer Investigation.]- -2''/ i/(/d^cAr.
d. Deutschen Gesellsch. f. angew. Entom., Berlin, no. 8, 1918,
40 pp., 1 map. [Received 19th April 1920.]

The bulk of the information contained in this paper has been
noticed elsewhere \R.A.E., A, ii, p. 670]. The chief species dealt with
are Melolontha melolonlha (vulgaris) and M. hippocastani. Both species
require at least three years for the completion of one generation in
Austria, South West Germany, Holland, France and Switzerland, but
in other parts of Germany and the mountain regions of Central
Europe M. 7nelolontha may require four years, whilst M. hippocastani
may extend over five years, depending chiefly on climatic conditions.
The comparison of climatic charts of various districts shows that the
increase of the yearly rainfall on the one hand and the decrease of the
yearly mean temperature on the other results in a reduction of
cockchafer infestation. There is also a close relation between the
yearly isotherm and the distribution of cockchafers, their presence
being negligible where the isotherm is below 7° C. [44° F.]. The
intensity of their development depends greatly on the depth to which
they are able to burrow into the soil for protection against the cold ;
this is regulated by soil character and the level of the subsoil water.

The appearance of the adults in the spring depends more on the
temperature at the time of emergence than on the average temperature
of the preceding winter.

255

Many questions still remain unsolved with regard to these beetles ;
these include the development "en masse " in North Germany in spite
oL a mean temperature below 7° C. [44'^ F.J, and the reason for the
appearance of broods of the chief races in adjoining localities.

DE ViN (T. J.). Een Waarneming betreffende de Pimpelmees (Parus
coendeus). [An Observation regarding the Titmouse.] — Tijdschr.
Plonlenziekten, Wageningcn, xxvi, no. 3, March 1920, p. 109.

An observation of the destruction by Parus coenileas of the larvae
of the prune beetle, MagdaUs {Magdalinus) pruni, L. {ruficornis, L.),
infesting dead branches of damson is recorded.

KiEFFER (J. J). C^cidomyies habitant les Fruits des Coniferes. —
Broteria, Braga, Ser. Zool, xviii, no. 1, 1st February 1920,
pp. 14-22. [Received 20th April 1920.]

l^p to the present 5 species of Cecidomyiids have been recorded in
Europe from pine cones, Peirisia strobi, Winn., being the earliest
known and the most widely distributed.

In this paper P. sfrobi is re-described. It has been recorded from
France, G ermany and Hungary. Descriptions are given of the
following new species, all from cones of Picea excelsa near Munich : —
Coprod/iplosis coni ; Lestodiplosis holstei, allied to L. septcmgiiUala,
Kieflp., and the larvae of which probably parasitise those of Perrlsia
strobi ; Clinodiplosis piceae ; Camptomyia strobi ; and Winnertzia
conorum.

KiMURA (K.) k Takakura (Y.). Hidara Chugai Yobo ni Kwaiisuru

Kenkyu. [Researches on controlUng Insects injurious to Dried
Cod.} Suisankoshijo Shiken Hokoku. [Experiment Report of
the Fishery Institute], Tokyo, xv, no. 1, 8th July 1919,
pp. 1-32, 3 plates.

Dried cod-fish is seriously attacked in Japan by injurious insects,
especially from July to September. The flesh is attacked in preference
to the skin. The chief insects concerned are the beetles, Dennestes
vulpiims, F., and D. cadaverinvs, Oliv. The former species prefers
lightly salted material and dark places. The winter is passed in all
stages. 0^^position occurs at intervals of from 1 to 5 days and in each
case 3 20 eggs are laid ; after five or more ovipositions the adult dies.
The larval stage lasts about 50 days, there being 6 moidts, and the
pupal stage from 5-12 days. The eggs hatch in 3-12 days according
to the temperature. They are laid in the fish or in the cracks, etc., in
store- houses.

The larvae and adults are easily detected, and even eggs, if carefully
looked for, may be found with the naked eye. Fumigation of the
dried fish with carbon bisulphide and with hydrocyanic-acid gas in the
store-houses is also very effective. Heating however seems to be
the best method at present. One hour at 60'' C. [140° F.] is sufficient
to exterminate all stages. Measures against the entry of the insect
into the store-houses should also be carefully considered. The dried
fish has hitherto been conveyed simply tied in bundles with

256

rope, but when enveloped in a suitable material, sucb as paper, it is
completely protected from infestation. Further investigations as to
the best method of effecting this are in progress.

LEGISLATION.

Disposiciones vigentes sobre el Servicio de Sanidad Vegetal. [Regulations
in Force under the Plant Welfare Service.] — Cuba, Sec. Sanidad
Vegetal, Havana, Circ. 5, 1919, .32 pp. [Received 1st April 1920.]

The legislation that is enforced under the Plant Welfare Board,
created by a decree of 3rd July 1916, is given verbatim. This board
is empoAvered by a decree dated January 1919 to enforce the following
regulations : — No living plants are to be transported from any part
of Cuba without a certificate from the Plant Welfare Board. In the
case of plants destined for Florida, these must be defoliated before
consignment, as a safeguard against the dissemination of the black-fly,
Aleurocanthus woglumi, as well as being accompanied by a certificate.
An exception is made in the case of tobacco, which is not subject to
infestation by this pest. The re-export of potatoes not grown in Cuba,
or imported from countries under quarantine decree of the United
States government, is forbidden. The importation of plantains, unless
accompanied by a certificate declaring their freedom from pests, is
prohibited. Other prohibitions include the introduction into Cuba
of the fruits and seeds of aguacate or alligator- pear [Persea grafissima]
from Mexico or Central America, on account of the presence there of
Heilij)us lauri (avocado weevil) ; the introduction of cotton plants or
any part of them, as a safeguard against Platyedra (Gelechia)
gossypiella (pink bollworm); of any leaves or shoots of bananas,
owing to infestation with Cosmopoliles sordidus ; of any fruits indicated
by the Board as being hkely to be infested with Ceratitis capitafa
(Mediterranean fruit-fly) from a number of countries, unless accom-
panied by a certificate of fumigation or, failing that, of inspection by
the Board. Parcels or packets of plants must be labelled with the
number and, date of their certificate. Commercial growers of vegetables
and fruit whose fields are free from pests may obtain a general
certificate from the Board authorising them to transport their produce
for a limited time, to be fixed by the Board, which shall keep a register
of all such growers. The Board, or its deputies, are to be allowed
facilities for inspection. The fines to be imposed for any infringement
of these regulations are fixed by the penal code.

All decrees and regulations that were in force when this legislation
was pronuilgated are to remain in observance unless expressly
modified or repealed. These include the prohibition against im-
porting CHriis plants from Mexico, and their admittance from other
countries only after preliminary fumigation, and the proliibition against
importing any food-plant of Aleurocanthus ivoglumi (black-fly) from
India, the Bahamas or Jamaica. Infestations of tliis pest are notifiable
to the Board.

In an appendix is given the text of various laws passed in the
United' States as a safeguard against the introduction from Cuba of
A. woglumi and other pests occurring in the Island.

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com-
municate with the Assistant Director.

The- annual Subscription in advance to the Review, Series A
(Agricultural) is 12s. per annum, post free ; Series B (Medical and
Veterinary), 6s. per annum.

Orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 88, Queen's Gate, London,
S.W.7, or- through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

America, North : Notes on Coccids . . . . . „ . . . , 222

America, North : Hypera nigrirostris in the Pacific North-west . . 223

Brazil : Silk-spinning Lepidoptera . . . . . . . . . . 229

British Isles : Carpoglyphus anonymua infesting imported Pigs. . 222

British Isles : Insect Pests of Larch . . . . . . , . 237

British Isles : The Pine Beetle in the New Forest. , . . . . 237

Canada : Orchard Pests in British Columbia . . . . . . 221

Canada : Measm-es against San Jose Scale . . . . . . . . 221

Canada : Precautions against the Importation of PopilUa japonica 222

Canada : Measures against Strawberry Pests . . . . . . 233

Caroline Islands : A new Species of Srowf^is^aiafesting Coconuts 254

Cuba : Monecphora hicincta infesting Pasttu'es . . . . . . 227

Pests of Citrus and other Fruits . ♦ . . . . . . 228

Plant Pest Legislation . . . . . . . • . . . . 256

The Pink BoUworm, Platyedra (GelecMa) gossypiella, in

1916-17 . . . . 222

Germany : A Wilt Disease of Ephestia Tcuhniella . . . . . . 252

The Pine Moth in Dresden Forests 253

The Bionomics of Hylemyia coarctata . . . . . . 253

The Influence of Meteorological Conditions on Melolontha 254

Cecidomyids infesting Pine Cones . . . . , . 255

■Guiana, Dutch : A new Moth infesting Cacao . . . . . . 232

Holland : The Bionomics and Control of Panolis flammea . . 225

Holland : The Insectivorous habits of the Blue Tit . . . . 255

India : The Cultivation of Lac from a Physiological Standpoint . . 229

Notes on Xyleborus spp. . . . . . . . . . . 243

Notes on Aulaeaspis pentagona . . . • . . . . 252

Scale Insects infesting Vines .... . . . , . . 252

A New Oecophorid Moth infesting stored Grain .. .. 249

Measures against Dermestid Beetles infesting Dried Fish . . 255
Luxemburg: Measures against Vine Moths. . .. .. 223,224

Luxemburg : Measures against Phylloxera . . . . . . . . 224

Malta : Notes on Coccids . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Porto Rico : The Risk of Introducing Calisto arehebates . . . . 248

Switzerland : The Importance of Bii-d Protection. . . . . . 252

Tonkin : Notes on Coffee Pests 220

Uganda : Insect Pests in 1918-19 243

U.S.A. : Currant and Gooseberry Pests in S. Dakota . . . . 217
U.S.A. : A List of the Injurious and Beneficial Insects of tlie

Avocado in Florida . .
U.S.A.: Orchard Pests in Maine in 1918
U.S.A. : Measures against the Gipsy Moth in Maine. .
U.S.A. : Citrus fumigation with Liquid Hydrocyanic Acid . .

Cuba :
Cuba :
Egypt

Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany

India :
Italy :
Italy :
Japan
Japan

218
219
220
230

CONTENTS— con«.

U.S.A. : Insect Pests in North. Carolina

U.S.A. : The Bionomics and Control of the Tobacco Flea-beetle in

N. Carolina
U.S.A. : Two Leaf -hoppers injurious to Apple Nursery Stock
U.S.A. : Regulations respecting Orchard Pests in Arkar:sas
U.S.A. A Spiay Calendar for Use in Arkansas
U.S.A. : A New Fly infesting Walnuts
U.S.A. : Regulations respecting Platyedra gossypiella and Pyrausta

nubilalis . . . . . . . . . ,

U.S.A. : Pests of Castor Oil Plants in Florida

U.S.A. : The Danger of the Introduction of the Yam Weevil into

Florida . . . . . . . .

U.S.A. : Insect Pests intercepted in Quarantine

U.S.A. : A Probable Outbreak of Grasshoppers in California

U.S.A. : The Codling Moth infesting Walnuts in California . .

U.S.A. : Nematodes infesting Potatoes in California

U.S.A. : Sulphur Fumigation for the Control of Pseudoeoccus halceri

in California . .
U.S.A. : Ants damaging Passiflora edulis in California
U.S.A. : An Outbreak of Phthorimaea opereulella on Tomatos in

California
U.S.A. : Pests intercepted in Quarantine in California
U.S.A. : Important Dried Fruit Insects in California
U.S.A. : Termites infesting Buildings in Michigan . .
U.S.A. : European Foulbrood in Bees . .

U.S.A. : Precautions against the Pink Bollworm in Texas . .
U.S.A.: The European Corn Borer Problem. .
U.S.A. : The Value of Entomological Work in connection with

Railways
U.S.A.: Commercial and Professional Entomology. .
U.S.A. : Notes on Poisoning the Cotton Boll Weevil
U.S.A. : Work in Extension Entomology in Kansas
U.S.A. : A Campaign against San Jose Scale in Mississippi

U.S.A.: Shade-tree Pests in 1919

U.S.A. : Tlie Exiropean Corn Borer intercepted in Broom Corn
U.S.A. : A Note on Eriopyga incinda in Kansas . . . .

U.S.A. : Rhynchophora found feeding in Sweet Potatoes . .
U.S.A. : Anasa trititis infesting Figs . .
U.S.A. : The Porto Rico Mole-Cricket in South Carolina and

Florida

U.S.A. : A Myrmecophilous Proctotrupid

U.S.A. : Measures against Insect Pests in Maryland

U.S.A. : The Harlequin Cabbage Bug and its Control

U.S.A. : Notes on Psocids infesting Houses . .

U.S.A. : Supposed Poisoning of Horses by Arsenical Sprays

Uruguay : Methods of utilising Dried Locusts

West Indies : Measures against Mole-crickets in St. Lucia

Species of Laelius parasitising Dermestids

The Phenomenon of Phagocytosis in Insects . .

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Heghtered at the 3. P.O. for Tranamisilon to Ganada and Newfoundland by Magazine Poat,

VOL. VIII. Ser. A. Part 7.~-pp, 257-320. JULY, 1920.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

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VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman.
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Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradfoed, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman of the

Governing Body, Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Sir Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Hon. E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDoug ALL, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John MoFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S. , Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University,
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Sir Arthur E. Shipley, G.B.E., F.R.S., Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C. Sperling, C.M.G., Foreign Office.
Sir Stewart STOCKMAN,Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Cormnittee.

©cneral Secretary.

Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

2)irector ant> JEDltot.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, C.M.G.

assistant 35)lrector.

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Head Office. — ^British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W. 7.
Publication Q^cc— 88, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7.

257

Grandori (R.). Studi sulla Flaccidezza del Bombice del Gelso. Nota
preliminare. [Studies on tlie Wilt Disease of Bottibyx mori.] —
Boll. Soc. Zool. Ilaliana, Rome, (4) i, no. 1-2, 31st March
1920, pp. 17-28.

The findings recorded in this preUrainary note are not claimed to
provide a sure means of diagnosing the presence of wilt disease in the
egg of Bombyx mori, but it is hoped that they justify further work on
these Unes.

Admitting, as a working hypothesis, the presence in certain eggs of
B. mori (healthy and uninfected with any germ) of a hereditary
predisposition to wilt disease, the author questioned whether careful
microscopical examination of the immature egg, the fecundated egg, the
yolk and the developing embryo, would not yield a constant
morphological character pecuhar to the egg hereditarily predisposed to
wilt and visible on comparison with a healthy one. Such a difteren-
tiation would be of practical value, even if the specific disease germ
remained undiscovered.

It was found that in healthy moths the yolk of the immature egg
consists, at its periphery, of minute granules that increase in size
towards the centre, where they are large. These granules are homo-
geneous. In diseased examples the largest granules (about equal in
•size to the central ones in healthy specimens) are at the periphery,
and the size diminishes towards the centre, where it is much smaller
than that of the minute peripheral granules in healthy specimens.
These large peripheral granules of diseased individuals are not
homogeneous, and the very minute central ones are almost unstainable
with any of the usual plasmatic stains.

The choriogenous cells of the ovarian tubes of a diseased moth are
in an advanced stage of histolysis, and the structure of one cell is not
distinctly defined from those of contiguous ones. In healthy ovarian
tubes these cells are defined and recognisable ; and there are other
differences also.

In the case of eggs already deposited, the differences in the yolk
are so marked as to be recognisable by a non-expert using a low
magnification (125 diameters). In the healthy yolk there is a very
thin layer of ectoplasm and a central sphere of cytoplasm surrounding
the nucleus or nuclei. In the yolk of an egg from a diseased moth
the layer of ectoplasm is present in part only and is sometimes
indistinguishable, and the two spheres (yolk and cytoplasm) are
confused. The serous membrane of a healthy egg envelops the entire
yolk, but in a diseased one the serous membrane sinks into the yolk
and is at a certain depth on the third day after oviposition.

NoMAGucHi (G). Taisho 7-Nen Mikanbai Kenkyu-Jiseki. [Results
of Orange Fly Investigation, 1918.] -Oita-Ken Nainmbu [Interior
Division Oita Prefedural Government], August 1919, 16 pp.,
1 plate.

The investigation here described has been carried out by the author
under the supervision of Dr. Miyake at the Orange Fly Research
Laboratory at Tsugumi in the Oita Prefecture. The results are,
therefore, mainly supplementary to the information given by the latter

(684) Wt. P1850/163. 1,500. 7.20. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.11/14. ^

258

author [R.A.E.. A, \di. 238, 350]. The egg-stage of Dacus tsuneonis
seems to be more than 10-14 days. The larval stage last from one to
six days. The pupae generally penetrate into the soil to a depth of
under ^ an inch, some under 1 inch, a few under 1| inches, and none
deeper than this.

Insect Pests in Ceylon, 1919. — Planter's Chron., Coimbatore, xv, no. 12,
20th March 1920, pp. 206-208.

In addition to the insect pests of Ceylon in 1919 previously dealt
with [R.A.E., A, vii, 374, viii, 110], the following have been recorded
during the year : — Spatulicraspida castaneiceps (nettle grub), infesting
tea foliage ; Orgyia j^ostica (tussock caterpillar) is a common pest of
dadap, from which it often spreads to tea ; Gracilaria (heivora (tea
leaf-roller) which starts as a leaf-miner and then rolls a portion of the
leaf from the tip inwards, inside which it feeds. Both the older leaves
and the flush are attacked by these caterpillars. During rains many
of them are drowned in their shelters. The infested leaves should be
plucked off and burned. The larvae of Oscinis theae make irregular,
silvery- white tracings on the upper surface of the leaf. Termites
(probably Calotermes militaris) work within the bushes until the main
stem may be a mere shell; their presence may be undetected until
pruning-time. In the case of seed-bearing bushes they probably enter
the bush fairly high up, usually at some injured spot, and then work
■down the main stem and perhaps into the roots. Badly infested seed-
bearers usually die back at the top. The removal of all dead wood,
the trimming of broken branches and the tarring of all cut ends are
.suggested as remedial measures. Experiments are being made with
carbon bisulphide, but no definite information can as yet be given as
to this treatment. Eelworms {Heterodera radicicola) caused the death
of a number of bushes, working chiefly in the older roots. The
remedial measures suggested are the isolation of the worst infested
area by trenching, the removal of dead and dying bushes and heavy
liming of the soil.

Rubber has been injured to some extent by the larvae of a Longicorn
beetle, Batocera rubus ; these can be killed in their galleries by probing
with stiff wire or by injecting carbon bisulphide and plugging the
holes. Coconuts were damaged by Nephantis serinopa (black-headed
coconut caterpillar). Suggested remedies are the cutting off and
burning of infested leaves, the lighting of tar and sulphur smoke fires
under the younger trees and the use of top-lights against the moths.
Infested areas should receive special cultivation and manuring.
The distribution of parasites, which exercise a fair amount of control,
would also be beneficial.

•OuRRAN (C. H.). Observations on the more common Aphidophagous
Syrphid Flies (Dipt.). — Canad. Entom., London, Ont., lii, no. 3,
March 1920, pp. 53-55.

This paper deals with the more important species of Aphid-destroy-
ing Syrpliid flies, and is the result of studies carried on during
1913-1919. The larvae of these flies are always more or less heavily
parasitised. The eggs are laid singly on the leaves or stems of plants

2:39

either in or near an Aphid colony. Allogmpta obliqua, Say, is one of
the commonest species, and is found from May to October. The
larvae are very general feeders, having been found in one season on
Brevicon/ne (Aphis) brassicae, Aphis rumicis, A. cardui, A. pomi,
A. gossypii, Myzus cemsi, and Macrosiphum sp., on \vild lettuce and
wild asters. They were very abundant on all hosts except A. pomi,
which generally lives too much exposed to sunlight to afford the
shelter required by Syrphid larvae. Sphaerophoria cylindrica, Say, is
also abundant from May to November, especially on Aphids on
low-growing plants. Syrphus americanus, Wied., is of considerable
importance in reducing the number of Aphids attacking cultivated
plants and fruits. S. ribesii, L., is probably the best-known species,
and is very common in orchards and gardens from May to November,
attacking many of the Aphids Usted above and also Eriosoma lanigerum
and Aphis viburnicoh. It is particularly useful in checking currant
Aphids. S. torvus, Z., is a most important species. Eggs are laid in
early spring on the first colonies of Aphids appearing on the shoots of
various plants. The young larvae develop on clusters of stem-mothers
and frequently destroy whole colonies. Again, in autumn, they prey
upon the return migrants and sexiiales. Paragus tibialis, Fall., is
predaceous on Acijrthosiphon (Macrosiphum) pisi and also on^, cardui
on thistles; P. bicolor, F., is similar in habit, but is nmch less
numerous.

Observations on the immature stages of these species and the
number of Aphids they destroy show that when food is plentiful the
larvae frequently kill two or three Aphids in succession without
sucking them dry, and, in these circumstances, the larval and
pupal stages appear to be of shorter duration, the abundance of food
evidently producing rapid maturity. Growth is also more rapid
in warm weather. Further extensive investigations on the immature
stages of Syrphids would be advantageous.

Ferris (G. F.). Notes on Coccidae. vi. (Hemiptera).— C'ona^.
Entoin. London, Onf., lii, no. 3, March 1920, pp. 61-65,
Ifig.

The species dealt with in this continued list include Pm'ococms
linclorius, CklL, of which the habits and morphological characteristics
are described; Targionia yuccarum, Ckll., of which T. covilleae,
Ferr., is a s>Tionym; Aspidiotus herculeanus, Doane & Hadden;
Psevdodiaspis yuccae, Ckll. ; and Lepidosaphes haivaiiensis. Mask.
[moor si, D. & F.)

Warren (E.). Zoology, Physiology, Hygiene and Sanitary Science.
Section D., Presidential Address. Termites and Termitophiles.- -

*S. African Jl. Sci., KingiviUiamstown, xvi, no. 2, September 1919,
pp. 93-112, 3 plates.

This paper offers a comparative study of the modifications of
structure and habit occurring in the termitophile faunas of the southern
Continental land-masses, and discusses the possibility of deducing
therefrom some evidence regarding the occurrence of land connections
between the continents in past geological periods.

(684) A2

^

260

Blackman (M. W.). Notes on Forest Insects, iii. Two New Species

of Pitiiophthorus from Colorado. — Psyche, Boston, Mass., xxvii,
no. 1, February 1920, pp. 1-5, 1 plate, 1 fig.

This paper describes Pityophthorus occidentalis, sp. n., and
P. hassetli, sp. n., from Picea engelmanni in Colorado. The latter
bark-beetle will also breed in Abies balsamea, and from laboratory
observations there is apparently only one generation in a year. In
the Engelman spruce the larvae work almost entirely in the inner
and middle bark, usually not even grooving the sap-wood, while in
A. balsamea the mines are partly excavated from the sap-wood. The
nuptial chamber generally occurs at the junction of bark and sap-
wood, and from this a number of egg-galleries, generally from four to
nine, branch off on all sides, taking a longitudinal direction.
Egg-niches occur on both sides of the gallery, and are not closely
arranged, indicating that the number of eggs laid by each female is
not great.

Lallemand (V.). Un Membracide (Hem.) nouveau pour la Faune

francaise. — Bull. Soc. Entom. France, Paris, 1920, no. 3, 11th
February 1920, p. 53.

The capture is recorded of individuals of Ceresa bubalus, F., in
Herault in September 1918, on Equisetum, among which were young
vine stems. This Membracid is widely distributed in the United
States, especially in the east, and it is possible that it was imported
into Europe with young vine plants, though it has not previously
been recorded in this continent.

LiCHTENSTEiN (J. L.) & PiCARD (F.). Note suF Ics Proctotrypldcs
(Hym.). — Bull. Soc. Entom. France, Paris, 1920, 11th February
1920, pp. 54-55.

Among the Proctotrupids dealt with are Trichopria {C ephalonomia)
hypobori, KiefE., known as a parasite of Hypoborus Jicus, Er. At
Montpellier this insect commonly infests several Scolytids, such as
Scolytus rugulosus, Ratz., in plums, /S. amygdali, Guer., in cherry-laurel,
and Phloeosinus tkuyae, Perris, in cypress,

PiUTTi (A.). Sur I'Action de la Chloropicrine sur les Parasites du Ble
et sur les Rats. — C. R. Hebdom. Acad. Sci. Paris, clxx, no. 14,
6th April 1920, pp. 854-856.

The author summarises the results of his experiments with
chloropicrin. As regards the action of this substance on insects
infesting grain, such as the beetles, Calandra granaria, Tenebroides
mauritanicus, Tribolium castanewm (Laemophloeus ferrugineus), and
Lepidopterous larvae such as Sitotroga cerealella, Tinea granella and
Plodia americana, if the chloropicrin acts on the grain for about a
week (20 cc. per cubic metre at a temperature of about 15°-20°
[59°- 68° F.] being used) excellent results are obtained. Neither the
flour nor the bread made from such grain deteriorates in any degree
so far as its nutritive value is concerned, although the grain

261

loses about 30 per cent, of its germinating power. As regards the
extermination of rats on ships, all the rats experimented with were
destroyed after 2^ hours exposure, the fleas infesting them being
killed in even less time.

Thompson (W. R.). Sur les Dipteres Parasites des Isopodes terrestres.
—C. R. Soc. BioJ., Paris, Ixxxiii. no. 13, 17th April 1920,
pp. 450-451.

In a previous paper [R.A.E., A. vi, 35] the author described the
larval forms of Phyto inelanocephala, a Dipterous parasite of wood-
lice. Later investigations have disclosed the fact that the larval
stages ui question belonged to two distinct species, P. melanocephaJa
and Melanophora roraJis. All the larval stages of both flies have been
studied and their characteristics are described and compared. A third
species has also been discovered, having the same habits as the
above. The larva resembles that of M. roralis, from which, however,
it is easily distinguishable. Unfortunately, only one larva has as
yet been obtained, and the adult has not been reared.

Wahl (B.). Die wichtigeren tierischen Schadlinge unserer gebrauch-
lichsten Gemusearten. [The more important animal Pests of
our most common \'egetables.] — Mitt, landw.-bakter. u. Pjianzen-
sckutzstalion, Yienna [n.d.], 70 pp., 20 figs. [Received 27th April
1920.]

The insects dealt with include a thrips, Physapns vulgatissima, Hal.
Orthoptera : — Gryllotalpa gn/Jlotalpa, L. {vulgaris, Latr.) ; and Forficula
auricularia, L. ; Coleoptera: — Melolontha melohntha, L. ; M. hippo-
castani, F. ; Amphimallus solstitialis, L. ; various Chrysomelids ;
Meligethes aeneus, F. ; Sitones lineafus, L. ; CeutJimihynckus sulcicollis,
(lyll. : C. assimilis, Payk. ; C terminatus, Hbst. ; Bruchus pisorum, L. ;
Agrioles lineatus, L. Lepidoptera : — PoJia {Mamestra) oleracea, L. ;
Barathra (M.) brassicae, L. ; Polia (M.) pisi, L. ; P. (M.) persicariae,
L. ; Phytofnetra (Plusia) gamma, L. ; Pieris brassicae, L. ; P. rapae
L. ; P. napi, L. ; Evergestis extimalis, 8cop. ; Depressaria apicella
{nervosa). Diptera : — Bibio Jiortulanus, L. ; B. marci, L. ; Phorbia
{Chortophila) brassicae, Bch. : Hyhmyia anfiqua, Meig. ; Eumervs
strigatus, F. ; Psila rosae, F. : Athomyia radicum, Meig. ; A. {Chorio-
phila) floralis, V'dW.; Aphis rnmicis, L. {papaveris, F.); Eurydema
oleraceum, L. ; E. ornalum. L. ; E. feslivum, L. ; HaUicus saUator,
GieofEr. The Nematodes, Heterodera schachtii, Schmidt, H. radicicola,
(ireef, and Tylenchus devastatrix, Kiihn : and a mite, Tetranychus
telarius, L.

The various crops attacked and the damage done by these pests is
described and the usual remedial measures are advocated.

FuLMEK (L.). Die Kirschblattwespe {Caliroa cerasi, L.) — Mitt. Pflanz-
enschutzstati(:n, Viewia |n.d.], 4 pp., 2 figs. [Received 27th
April 1920.]

Eriocampoides limacina; L. {Caliroa cerasi, L.) caused severe damage
to pear and cherry trees in 1915. It is described and illustrated and

262

the usual remedial measures are advocated [R.A.E., vi, A, 367, 385, etc.] ;
a spray that proved effective consists of 10 lb. tobacco extract, | gal.
of petroleum, J gal. demilysol and 100 gals, of water. During the
infestation in 1915 isolated larvae were found as late as October, sug-
gesting that two generations occur during the year. A proportion of
the larvae apparently pupate in the summer, giving rise to adults in
July and August, whilst others hibernate and thus produce only one
generation during the year.

FuLMEK (L.). Die Larchenminiermotte. [The Larch-mining Moth.]
— Separate from Natur, Leipzig, 15th July 1917, no. 20, 2 pp.,
2 figs. [Keceived 27th April 1920.]

Coleophora laricella, Hb., is one of the most serious pests of the
larch in Austria and Germany. Oviposition occurs at the end of May
and the larvae on hatching begin to bore at once in the needles, though
the damage is not visible until about the middle of September. The
hoUowed-out tip of the needle is broken off and used as a case in
which the larva hibernates. The following spring the buds and new
needles are attacked. Pupation occurs from the end of April to the
beginning of May in the case attached to one of the needles. The
remedial measures advocated are those already recommended by other
authors [R.A.E. A, iii, 191].

FuLMEK (L.). Die Feldmassige Bekampfung der Blattlause. [Field
Control of Aphids.] — Mitt, landwl.-bakteriol. u. Pflanzenschutz-
station, Vienna [n.d.]. (Separate from Wiener landw. Zeitung,
no. 68, 24th August 1918), 12 pp., 15 figs.

This paper deals with Aphids in general. Their natural enemies
and measures for dealing with them are discusssed.

Wahl (R.). Bekampfung der Spinnmilben. [Control of Tetranychus
spp.] — Mitt, landw. -bakferiol. u. Pjlanzenschutzstation, Vienna
[n.d.], 12 pp., 1 fig. (Separate from Wiener landw. Zeitung,
no. 51, 24th June 1916.) [Received 27th April 1920.]

The measures advocated for red spider [Tetranychus] include the
destruction of the winter eggs and hibernating individuals by means
of clean cultivation and the application of quassia, nicotine and
lime-sulphur sprays. The formulae given include several for the
preparation of the latter, which is considered to be the most
efficacious.

Wahl (B.) Die Bekampfung der Graseule {Charaeas graminis, L.)
[The Control of the Antler Moth.] — Mitt, kmdw.-bakteriol. u Pjlanz-
enschutzstation, Vienna [n.d.], 3 pp., 1 fig. (Separate from Wiener
landw. Zeitung, no. 47, 12th June 1915.) [Received 27th April
1920.]

Charaeas graminis, L., is very destructive to grassland in the
north of Europe, and has also been noticed in Bukovina. The
different stages are described. About 200 eggs are laid by each
female round the grass roots. The larvae emerge after about three

263

weeks and feed on the grass. They hibernate in the ground, and
begin feeding again in the spring, and continue until June, when
pupation occurs in the soib The adults emerge in July, and are
still on the wing in August. Remedial measures should be carried
out in the autumn and spring, and should consist of removing all
moss from the grass by means of sharp harrows or rakes and the
burning over of infested meadows. Repeated grazing should reduce
the number of caterpillars.

MiESTiNGER (K,). Der Getreidelaufkafer und seine Bekampfung.

[The Control of Zabrus tenebnoides, Goeze.]— Mill, landw.-
bakteriol. u. Pflanzemchutzstation, Vienna [n.d.], <> pp., 3 figs.
[Received 27th April 1920.]

An account is given of the corn ground beetle, Zabrus tenebnoides^
Goeze, and its control. [R.A.E., A, ii, 309.]

MiESTiNGER (K.). Die Blattsauger, ihre Lebensweise und Bekampfung.

[Bionomics and Control of Psyllids]. — Mitt. Pfi.amenschulzstation,
Vienna [n.d.], 4 pp., 4 figs. [Received 27th April 1920.]

The Psyllids that are most destructive in Austria are Psylla mail,
Schmidb., on apples, and P. pyrisuga, Forst., on pears. Although
P. pjricola, Forst., occurs, as does also P. pyri, L., the damage
done by them is of minor importance. The remedial measures
advoc&ted include a dormant spray of 10 per cent, carbolineum,
nicotin?: sprays and kerosene emulsion, for which formulae are given.

FuLMEK (L.). Himbeerschabe [Lampionia rubiella, Bjk.] — Mitl.
Pflmzenschutzstation, Vienna [n.d.], 2 pp., 1 fig. [Received 27th
Aprl 1920.]

This bulletin deals in a popular form with the life-history and.
remedial measures for Incurvaria [Lampronia) rubiella, Bjk.

FuLMEK (L.). Schildlause (Coccidae.). — PJlanzenscJmtzstation, Vienna^
[n.d. , 8 pp., 6 figs. [Received 27th April 1920.]

The Coccids dealt with include Lepidosaphes ulmi, L. , L. pinnaeformis,
Bch., Aspdiotus ostreaeformis, Curt. {Epidiaspis betulae, Bar.), and
Aulacaspi: pentagona, Targ. Remedial measures include sprays of
lime- sulphur, petroleum emulsion or carbolineum.

The artficial distribution of Prospaltella berlesei, How., has greatly
reduced tie numbers of Aulacaspis pentagona in various districts of
Austria, aid the Coccinellid, Novius cardinalis, has proved to be a
useful natiral enemy of Icerya purchasi, Mask. A key is given to
the indigeious species of Coccids.

Bezzi (M.I. Notes on the Ethiopian Fruit-flies of the Family
Trypareidae, other than Dacus. — iii. — Bull. Entom. Research,
Londm, x, no. 3, April 1920, pp. 211-272, 2 plates.

The Try^etid flies at present known from the Ethiopian Region,
with the acdition of the new forms here described for the first time,
are enumented in a systematic catalogue, numbering 216 species.

264

The new genera and species include Sosiopsila triselosa, gen. et sp,
nov. , from Portuguese East Africa and Nyasaland ; Coelojpacidia strigata,
C. meJanostigfna, a,nd Leucofoeniella gultipennis, fromN. Nigeria; Clino-
taenia anastrephina, gen. et sp. nov., from Nyasaland : Pterandrus rosa,
Karsch, var./oscivew/m, nov., from Uganda; Pardalaspis melanaspis,
from Cape Colony ; P. aliena from Cape Colony ; Capparimyia, gen. nov.,
erected for Ceratitis savastani, Mart., a gall-making insect, found only
as yet in Sicily and Southern Italy ; Perilampsis, gen. nov. , an Ethiopian
genus with CarpophtJioroyyiyia pulcIieUa, Aust., as the type ; Hoplolopha
cristata, gen. et sp. n., from British East Africa; Trirhithrumvalidum,
from Uganda ; Bhacochlaena jmlcheJa, from the Gold Coast ;
Taomyia marshcdli, gen. etsp. nov. , from Natal ; Notommabioculatmn,
gen. et sp. nov., from the Gold Coast; Acidia fossataeformis,
A. homogenea, and Ocneros undatus, from Nyasaland ; 0. bigemmatus,
from British East Africa ; Ocnerioxa discreta, from N. Nigeiia ;
Allotrypes brericornis, gen. et sp. nov., from Natal; Aciuro
perjncillans, from British East Africa ; Spheniscomyia neavei,
from Nyasaland ; Spathulina bioculata, from N. Nigeria ; Euaresta
amplifrons and Ensina gladiatrix, from Natal ; E. magnipalpis, from
Durban; Trypanea subcompleta, imm British East Africa ; T.heni-
melaena, from the Gold Coast ; Perirhitknim marshalli, gen. et sp.
nov., fromNata,l; and RJiabdochaeta neavei, from Nyasaland.

Marshall (G. A. K.). Some Injurious South African Weevils.—

Bull. Entoni. Research, Lotidon, x, no. 3, April 1920, pp. 273-276.
1 plate.

The following new Curcuhonids from South Africa are described : —
Protostropkus planatus and P. instabilis injuring the foliage cf young
orange trees in the Transvaal ; P. noxius, feeding on young vheat in
the Orange Free State ; Eremnus horticola, feeding on dahlias and
chrysanthemums in the Orange Free State.

Wolff (M.). Uber die Pteromalinengattung Platyteima Waker 1834
und iiber eine deutsche, von C. Eckstein aus Lophyrus Qini erzo-
gene, neue Art. [Notes on the Pteromalid Genus Matyterma,
Walker, and a new German Species bred by C. Eckstein from
Lophyrus pini.\ — Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom.. BerUn. iii, no. 1,
1916, pp. 157-171. 19 figs. [Received 19th April 1920J

The genus Platyterma, Wlk., is redescribed and a key is giren to the
species contained in it. Jl new species reared from the sawfl*^', Diprion
{fjophynis) pini, L., is described as Platyterma ecksteini, all cbscriptions
as well as the key being given in Latin. i

BoLLE (J.). Uber die Bekampfung des Ho\z\iohTVimmes{Anobnnn)
in einem alten Kunstwerke. [The Control of the VVoodborer
Anobium in an old W^ork of Art.j — Zeitschr. f. anqm\ Entom..
Berlin, iii, no. 1, 1916, pp. 172-178, 2 figs. [Received 19th April
1920.]

The extensive damage caused by Anobium striatum {Imnesticum)
in the carved lime- wood of the altar in a church in UppeJ Austria is

265

described. The remedial measures advocated are fumigation with
carbon bisulphide, after which the wood should be impregnated with
an alcoholic solution of 3 per cent, corrosive subhinate followed by
j)etroleum to prevent re infestation.

Maas(0.). Bemerkungen zur Einfuhrung der Seidenzucht in Deutsch-
land nach eigenen Erfahrungen uber die Biologie des Seiden-
spinners. [Remarks on . the Introduction of Sericulture into
Germany as a result of personal Experiences with regard to the
Biology of the Silkworm.] — Zeitschr.f. anqeir. Enlo»i., Berlin, iii,
no. 1, 1916. pp. 180-194. [Received 19th April 1920.]

This is one of a series of papers by various authors dealing with the
prospects of sericulture as an industrial proposition in Germany. The
question is dealt with from the economic as well as the bionomic point
of view. Owing to various circumstances, such as climatic conditions
and the necessity of finding substitutes for the normal silkworm diet,
the idtimate success of the project under present conditions is con-
sidered doubtful, though not impossible.

PusTER (— ). Maikafer-Okonomie und Waldwirtschaft. [Cockchafer
Control and Forestry.] — Zeiischr. f. angew. Entomologie, Berlin.
iii, no. 2, 1916, pp. 196-203. [Received 19th April 1920.]

Observations made in the Upper Palatinate show that cultivation
should be carried out during the flight period of cockchafers {Melo-
lontJia] so that the roots are stronger and more able to resist attack
by the time the larvae commence their work of destruction.

The author does not consider that the formation or condition of the
soil has any influence on the choice of place for oviposition, as eggs may
be laid in ground where larval development is quite impossible.
Permanently shaded forests impede the development of the larva by
depriving them of the required warmth. For this reason clearing
should always have a northern or north-western aspect in preference
to a southern one. The best means of preventing infestation is to lay
(Hit nurseries as far as possible from the danger zone.

Wolff (M.). Uber das neue (zweite) zoologische Laboratorium der
Kgl. Forstakademie in Eberswalde. [The new (second) Zoological
Laboratory of the Royal i\.cademy of Forestry at Eberswalde.] —
Zeitschr. f. anrfew. Enfom., Berlin, iii, no. 2, 1916, pp. 289-298,
4 figs. [Received 19th April 1920.]

The plan and arrangements of a new laboratory in connection with
the Academy of Forestry at Eberswalde are described and illustrated.
It is intended for scientific research in economic zoologv.

The comparatively low cost of erection of such local experiment
stations, as well as their many advantages both to students and Science,
is emphasised and the hope is expressed that such laboratories will
become more numerous.

266

EscHEEiCH (K.). Hopfenschadlinge. [Hop Pests.] — Zeitschr. j\
angeiv. Entom., Berlin, iii, no. 2, 1916, pp. 311-313, 2 figs.
[Received 19th April 1920.]
Considerable damage was caused during 1916 to hops in the Hollerdau
district by the hop aphis, Phorodon humuli, Schrlc., as well as by flea-
beetles. The latter were most abundant in fields Avhere cultivation
had been retarded. Sprays consisting of a 1 or 2 per cent, soft-soap
solution with the addition of a little petroleum, tobacco extract or
barium chloride, are advocated against Phorodon humuli. The
necessity for further study of hop pests is emphasised.

EscHERiCH (K.). Eine Clytus-KalamitSit in der Pfalz. Clytus

■{Plagionotus) arcuatus, L. (Coleopt., Cerambyeidae) als Eichen-

schadling. [An outbreak of Clytus in the Palatinate. Clytus

{Pl(igionotus) orcuatus, L., as a Pest of Oak.] — Zeitschr. f. angeiv.

Entom., Berlin, iii, no. 3, 1916, pp. 388-397, 4 figs. [Received

19th April 1920.]

The observations made with regard to the damage to oaks by the

Cerambycid beetle, Clytus areuatus, during 1916 are described [R.A.E.,

A, iv, 441]. The maximum damage is caused to felled timber, though

unhealthy growing trees may also be attacked. The length of the

life-cycle has not yet been determined in the district under consideration.

It is most important to clear the logs as early as possible to prevent

infestation ; they should all be removed by the end of April at the

latest ; where this is impossible they should be placed in the shade.

The application of luminous paints may prevent oviposition. The

chief natural enemies are woodpeckers and Ichneumonid parasites.

Loos (K.). Der Kampf gegen Maikafer und Engerling mit besonderer
Berucksichtigung der Vogelwelt. [The Campaign against Cock-
chafers and Grubs with special Consideration of Birds.] — Zeitschr.
f. angeiv. Entom., Berlin, iv, no. 1, 1918, pp. 1-15. [Received 19th
April 1920.]
It is recognised that collection of the adults and grubs of Melolontha
is at present the only possible means of reducing cockchafer infestation,
and therefore the necessity for organising campaigns to carry out this
work is emphasised. Once the infestation is reduced to the normal,
i.e., about 280 individuals to the acre, birds may be relied upon to
keep the pest under further control, provided that any abnormal increase
in numbers is immediately reduced by systematic hand- collection.
The birds referred to include gulls and starlings, and their value in
destroying this pest is discussed.

Kleine (R.). Die Getreideblumenfliege, Hylem,yia coarctata, Fall.

Diesjahrige Beobachtungen in Pommern. [Hylemyia coarctata,

Fall. This Year's Observations in Pomerania.] — Zeitschr. f. angew.

Entom., Berlin, iv, no. 1, 1918, pp. 16-24, 1 fig. [Received 19th

April 1920.]

Further observations on Hylemyia coarctata, Fall. [R.A.E., A, viii,

253] show that infestation does not so much depend on the preceding

crop as on the condition of the ground. Crops grown on heavy soils

are usually more free from attack than those grown on light ones.

267

This is not due to the soil composition, but rather to the greater
humidity and ooohiess of heavier ground. It is advisable to begin
preparing the ground for seed as soon as possible after the harvest,
and early sowing is also advocated so that the plants may outgrow
infestation.

PopoFF (M.) & JoAKiMOFF (D.). Uber die Zuchtung phylloxerafester
Reben. [On the Training of PhijUoxcra-Tesistant Vines.] — Zcitschr.
f. angew. Entom.. Berlin, iv, no. 1, 1918, pp. 31-33.
PopoFF (M.). Die Losung der Phylloxerafrage durch Reformierung
der Rebenkultur. [The Solving of the Phj/lloxem Question by
n6w Methods of cultivating the Vine.] — Ibid, v, no. 2, 1919, pp.
217-225. [Received 19th April 1920.]
The advisabihty of growing vines on trees, etc. [R.A.E., A, v, 533],
as a measure against Phylloxera, in countries with less favourable
climatic conditions than those existing in Bulgaria is discussed, and
suggestions are made for the training of vines so that they may benefit
by the heat reflected from the ground.

Stitz (H.). Die Beziehungen der Ameisen zum Menschen und ihre

wirtschaftliche Bedeutung. [The Relation of Ants to Man and

their Economic Importance.] — Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom., Berlin,

iv, no. 1, 1918, pp. 71-128. [Received 19th April 1920.]

Ants in general are here discussed from the point of view of their

economic importance. The beneficial species are dealt with under the

headings of those used for food, as improvers of soil, as destroyers of

noxious insects and as distributors of seeds. In certain districts

where the bark of Acacia spp. does not crack as a result of weather

influences the valuable gum exudes from incisions made by ants.

The damage caused by ants includes the inconvenience caused by
biting species, the transmission of pathogenic micro-organisms, and
injury to plants, especially in connexion with the fostering of Aphids
and Coccids. The natural enemies of ants and the various artificial
remedial measures are reviewed. The paper includes an extensive
bibliography of the literature of the subject.

Fkickhinger (H. W.). Blausaure im Kampf gegen die Mehlmotte

{Ephestia kiihniella, Zeller). [Hydrocyanic Acid in the Control
of the Flour Moth.] — Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom., Berlin, iv, no. 1,
1918, pp. 129-140, 4 figs. [Received 19th April 1920.]
In view of the efficacy of hydrocyanic acid gas fumigation in the
control of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kiihniella, Z., in
America, it has been tried in Germany Avith equal success. The ex-
perimental fumigation of a mill and the method employed are described.

Andres (A.). Starke Beschadigung von gelagertem Reis durch die

Mehlmotte {Ephestia kiihniella, Z.) [Great Damage to stored

Rice by the Meal Moth.] — Zeitschr. /. angew. Entom., Berlin, iv,

no. 1, 1918, pp. 150-151. [Received 19th April 1920.]

The infestation is recorded of large quantities of rice with Ephestia

kiihniella when stored in buildings that had contained infested flour

the remnants of which had not been properly cleaned out.

268

Reh (L.). Uber Einfuhr-Beschrankungen als Schutz gegen die
Einschleppung pflanzenschadlicher Insekten. [Import Res-
trictions as a Protection against the Entry of Insect Pests of
Plants.] — Zeilschr. /. angeiv. Entom., Berlin, iv, no. 2, 1918, pp.
189-237. [Received 19th April 1920.]
The advantages and disadvantages of importation restrictions and
quarantine measures are discussed and many existing laws, including
those of the United States, are reviewed. It is almost impossible
entirely to eliminate the danger of introducing a foreign pest into a
country by this means in cases where the conditions for its entry and
establishment are favourable ; its distribution may however be greatly
limited by the timely application of quarantine regulations. The
importance of field inspection is emphasised.

Jordan (K. H. C). Uber die Gallmilbe, Oxyjdeuritcs carmatus, Nal.,

ihren Schaden und ihre Bekampfung. [The Gall Mite, Oxj/pleurites

carinatus, its Damage and its Control.] — Zeilschr f. angew. Entom..

Berlin, iv, no. 2. 1918, pp. 238-266, 17 figs. [Received 19th April

1920.]

The sickly appearance of horse-chestnut trees {Aesculus hippocas-

tanum) and the early fall of their leaves has been found to be due to

a mite, Oxypleurifes carinatus, Nal., the various stages of which are

here described. The eggs are usually deposited on the leaves, and

these hatch in from 8 to 10 days. The larvae moult twice at intervals

of from 6 to 8 days, making the total life-cycle from egg to adult about

22 to 26 days. The number of generations occurring during the year

could not be definitely ascertained as it varies according to the fall of

the leaves. Hibernation occurs under scales of the bark in the vicinity

of buds and lasts from early autumn to late spring. The damage caused

by this pest has been greatly reduced in certain cases by the activities

of Gamasids.

Nicotine sprays have proved effective against the mites. The time
of application depends on the development of the trees. The first
spray should be applied about the middle of May as soon as the bud-
scales have fallen oft". This should be repeated in about a fortnight.
The jet must be directed against the lower surface of the leaves.

Stellwaag (F.). Das Massenauftreten des Rebstechers {Bi/ctiscus

betulae, L.) in der Rheinpfalz. [An outbreak of Bi/ctiscus betulae

in the Rhine Palatinate.] — Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom., Berlin, iv,

no. 2, 1918, pp. 274-277. [Received 19th April 1920.]

Byctiscus betulae was very abundant during 1917 in the Rhine

Palatinate. In addition to vines, willows, poplar, beech and even

apple and cherry trees were attacked by this weevil. The necessity

for the enforcement of compulsory remedial measures is emphasised.

Stellwaag (F.). Cyanwasserstoff gegen die Traubenwickler.

[Hydrocyanic Acid against Vine Moths.]— Zeitschr. f. angew.

Entom.,' Berlin, iv, no. 2. 1918, pp. 278-286. 2 figs. [Received

19th April 1920.]
Experiments have been made with hydrocyanic gas as a furaigant
against vine pests. The advantages and disadvantages of this method

2G9

are discussed. Although the results were apparently successful,
further and more extensive observations are required to prove the
efficacy of this treatment in combating the first and second generations
of the vine moths [Clysia ambifju(4la and Polyckrosis hofnma].

Teichmann (E.). Die Bekampfung der Wachsmotte {Galleria mel-

lonella) durch Blausaure. [The Control of Galleria mellonella

with Hydrocyanic Acid.] — Zeitschr. /. angeiv. Entom., Berlin, iv,

no. 2, 1918, pp. 287-289. [Received 19th April 1920.]

A method of treating beehives with hydrocyanic acid gas for the

extermination of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella, is described.

Frickhinger (H. W.). Blausaureraucherung im Dienste der Mehl-

schadlingsbekampfung. ii. Bericht uber eine vereinfachte Methode

der Muhlenraucherung. [Hydrocyanic Acid Fumigation for

controlling Meal Moth. ii. Report on a simplified Method

of Mill Fumigation.] — Zeitschr. f. angetv. Entow., Berlin, iv, no. 2,

1918, pp. 310-324, 3 figs. [Received 19th April 1920.]

Further experiments have been made with hydrocyanic acid gas

fumigation [R.A.E., A, viii, 267] as a means of disinfecting flour

mills. The mills treated and the fumigator used are described.

MoLZ (E.). Zur Biologie der Getreideblumenfliege {Hylemyia coarctala.
Fall.) — Zeitschr. f. angeiv. Entom., Berlin, iv, no. 2, 1918, pp.
325-326. [Received l'9th April 1920.]
The author expresses his pleasure at finding that Kleine's obser-
vations [R.A.E. , A, viii, 266] on the unimportance of the preceding
crop and the condition of the soil as factors influencing infestation by
Hylemyia coarctata, confirm those made by himself during 1914 in
Saxony.

Hess (A.). Die Kohlweisslingplage in der Schweiz im Sommer 1917.

[The White Cabbage Butte I'fly Pest in Switzerland in the Summer
of 1917.]- Ze//.§c/if /. angeiv. Entom., Berlin, iv, no. 2, 1918,
pp. 332-334. [Received 19th April 1920.]
The bulk of the information contained in this paper on Pieris
brassicae has been noticed elsewhere [R.A.E. A, vii, 235]. Hand-
collection is advocated as the most satisfactory remedial measure.

Rhumbler (L.). Vorschlag zii einer zweckmassigen Formeldar-
stellung der Biologien von Insekten. [Suggestion for a useful
Representation of the Life- histories of Insects by means of
Symbols.]— Ze^'/.sc^r./. angew. Ento?n., Berlin, iv, no. 3, 1918, pp.
335-346. [Received 19th April 1920.]
The contents of this paper are indicated by its title.

Andres (A.). Bekampfung der Kleidermotte {Tineola biselliella)

durch Blausaure. [Control of Tineola biselliella with Hydrocyanic

Acid.]— Zeitschr. J. angew. Entom., Berlin, iv, no. 3, 1918, pp.

366-368. [Received 19th April 1920.]

Experiments with hydrocyanic acid gas in the control of Tineola

biselliella have shown that an exposure of 4 hours wuth 1 volume per

270

cent, of the space to be fumigated is required to kill all stages of this
moth. The egas are mach more susceptible to the gas than the larvae.
Tineola pellionella, Trichophaga tapetzelh {tapetiella) and Endrosis
Jacteella mar be controlled in the same way.

Kleine (-.). Thereva nohilitata Fabr. (eln neuer Roggenschadling)
[A new Pest of Jiye.^ — Zeitschr.f. angew. Entotti., Berlin, iv, no. 3,

1918, p. 373. [Received 1 9th April 1 920. ]

As similarly recorded from Silesia {R.A.E., A, v, 231], a Therevid
fly has now been found infesting rye in Pomerania, and as the result
of breeding has been identified as Thereva nohilitata, F. The infestation
apparently depends on the type of soil, damp ground being preferred.
Pupation occurs in the ground at a depth of from 2 -2| in. Very little
is known of the biology of this fly.

Teichmann (E.). Zur Biologie des Kabinettkafers (Anthrenus
museorum.)— Zeitschr. f. angcw. Entoni., Berlin, iv, no. 3, 1918,
pp. 375-376. [Received 19th April 1920.]

Antlirenns tnuseorum is recorded as damaging the linen lining of a
trimk and a woollen suit which was in it. The larvae were killed by
exposuie for six hours to two volumes of hydrocyanic acid per cent,
of the space to be fumigated. A smaller amount would probably be
sufficient, but further observations are necessary to determine the
minimum effective dosage.

Haenel(Iv.). Maikaferplage und Vogelschutz. [The Cockchafer Pest
and Bird Protection.] — Zeitschr.f. angeiv. Entoni., Berlin, v, no. L

1919, pp. 34-42. [Received 19th April 1920.]

A list of 68 birds is given which are commonly found in the Bienwald
in the Rhine Palatinate. Of these 17 have been proved to feed on
cockchafers [Melolontha]. Although they are energetic destroyers
of this pest, their value in controllmg its numbers should not be
overrated, the most satisfactory means of eradication being those
previously described [R.A.E., A, v, 33].

MiJLLER (H. C.) & MoLZ (E.). Beobachtungen uber das Auftreten der
Erdraupen der Saateule {Agrotis segetum, Schiff.) im Jahre 1917.

[Observations on the Appearance of Caterpillars of Agrotis segetum,
Schiff., in 1917.] — -Zeitschr.f. angeic. Entom., Berlin, v, no. 1, 1919,
pp. 43-46. [Received 1 9th April 1920.]

During 1917 Enxoa (Agrotis) segetum was one of the chief pests in
the vicinity of Halle. The crops attacked included grain, potatoes,
cabbages, turnips, beet, spinach, tobacco, sugar, onions, parsnips and
carrots, the latter two being those most severely damaged.

The caterpillars appeared particularly early during the year under
discussion, damage being noticed at the beginning of June. Their
abmidance is attributed to the dry weather experienced during May and
June of that year. Natural enemies include birds and a Carabid beetle,
Broscus cephalotes, L. The remedial measures advocated include the
careful selection of rotation crops, the use of artificial manure and
as early cultivation as possible.

271

Herold (W.). Zur Kenntnis von Agrotis segeUnn, Schiff. (Saateule).
[A Contribution to the Knowledge of Agrotis segetum, Schitl'.] —
Zeitschr. f. angew. Entoni., Berlin, v, no. 1, 1919, pp. 47-59, 9 figs.
[Received 19th April 1920.]

The egg and various stages of the larva of Euxoa (Agrotis) segetum,
Schiff., are described. The present observations were made in conse-
rjuence of the abundance of this pest in Germany in 1917. The eggs
were laid in May, July, and from September to October, giving rise to
two generations in the year. In the majority of cases they are laid on
plants above ground in batches of about 500, making a total of about
1,600 for each female. During October and the beginning of November
the eggs in the field as w^ell as under laboratory conditions required
from 15 to 17 days to hatch. The newly emerged larva is very active
until suita,ble food is found, and this it attacks immediately. The first
moult takes places after about 10 (iays, but the total number of moults
was not ascertained. After from 30 to 45 days the larvae begin
burrowing in the earth and only occasionally appear above ground
in search of food.

Experimentally they will feed on many weeds ; of those tried the
order of preference observed was Leontodon, couch grass, Geranimn,
Viola, Erodium, SisymhriAon, Plmitago, clovei and Achillea. Senecio
vulgaris was not touched. A great number of larvae were found to be
infected with a fungas, Tarickium megaspermym.

Lengerken (H.). Lebensweise und Entwicklung des Fliederschad-

lings Otiorrhynchus rotundatus, Siebold. [The Life-history and

Development of the Lilac Pest, Otiorrhynchus rotundatus, Siebold.]

— Zeitschr. f angeic. Entom., Berlin, v, no. 1, 1919, pp. 67-83,

• 21 figs ; no. 2, pp. 319-321, 5 figs. [Received 19th April 1920.]

The observations here described with regard to Otiorrhynchus
rotundatus, Sieb., were made partly under natural and partly under
laboratory conditions. The eggs are laid in the ground, probably
near the roots of the food-plant. In Germany this weevil has only
been recorded from the neighbourhood of Dantzig, where it attacks
Turkish lilac (Syringa). The larvae feed on the root-ends and pupate
about the end of July or beginnirg of August in the ground. The
adults emerge in the middle of August and soon begin feedirg on the
leaves. The damage caused to the foliage is described and illustrated.
By the end of October all the adult weevils have disappeared into the
ground for hibernation ; they emerge the following April and attack
the buds of the food-plant.

Since WTiting this paper the author has received further examples
of this weevil from Bucharest and from Tapiau in East Prussia.

The food-plants include Ligustrum vulgare, Lonicera tatarica,
Philadelphus coronarius, Spiraea salicifolia and Cornus stolonifera.

SzYAUNSKT (J. S.). Zur Methodik der Entomologischen Unter-

suchungen. [On the Technique of Entomological Investigations.]

— Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom., Berlin, v, no. 1, 1919, pp. 93-97, 3 figs.

[Received 19th April 1920.]

By means of an apparatus on the principle of a chemical balance

and called an " aktograph," the mechanism of which is described, it

272

is possible to ascertain the period of activity and rest in insects. It is
also suggested that observations made on the behaviour of anaesthe-
tised insects should prove of value in investigations on their sense
organs.

Tragardh (I.)- Untersuchungen uber einige schadliche Forstinsekten
in Schweden. [Observations on some injurious Forest Insects in
SAveden.J -Ze/^srAr. f. anijew. Entom., Berlin, v, no. 1, 1919,
pp. 98-104, 8 figs. [Received 19th April 1920.]

The bulk of the information contained in this paper has been
previously noticed [R.A.E., A, vi, 287 ; vii, 422.]

BoLLE (J.). Die Ermittlung der Wirksamkeit von insektentotenden
Mitteln gegen die Nagekafer des verarbeiteten Werkholzes.

[Tests of the Efficacy of Insecticides on Boring Beetles of worked
Timber.] — Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom., Berlin, v, no. 1, 1919,
pp. 105-117, 5 figs. ' [Received 19th April 1920.]

Details of various experiments on Anohium. paniceKni, L., Tenebria
molitor, L., and Tineola biseUieUa, Z., are given. The results of these
show that, of the gases so far tried, carbon bisulphide is the most
effective fumigant against these pests. These insects were used for
the experiments, as wood borers could not always be obtained.
Against the latter the proportions advocated are about 4| oz. to 35
cii. feet with an exposure of 4 days at a temperature over 15° C. [59°
F.] The time of exposure must be doubled for lower temperatures,
but treatment should not be undertgkeu if the temperature is below
10° C. [50° F.]. Experiments are now in progress to test the efficacy
of hydrocyanic acid gas for such purposes.

Zander (E.). Die Bekampfung der Wachsmotten mit Blausaure
(CyanwasserstoJR[). [Control of Wax Moths by means of Hydro-
cvanic Acid.] -Zeitschr. J. angew. Entom., Berlin, v, no. 1. 1919.
pp. 127-128. [Received 19th April 1920.]

Galleria melhnella, L., and Achroia griseUa, L., caused great damage
to honeycombs during 1917, but all stages of these moths were success-
fully controlled by fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas. The
advantages of this method over sulphur fumigation are emphasised.

Stellwaag (F.). Zunahme der Acarinose am Wein in der bayer.
Rheinpfalz. [Increase of Mite-infestation on Vines in the
Bavarian Rhine Palatinate.] — Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom., Berlin,
V, no. 1, 1919, p. 128. [Received 19th April '1920.]

Attacks on vines due to the mite, Phyllocoptes vitis, have spread
considerably during the past few years in the Rhine Palatinate. The
remedial measures advocated include spraying with a nicotine and
soap solution mixed with a copper-lime spray such as is used against
Peronospora.

273

.Stellwaao (F.). Rebstichler [Bijctiscus betulae, L.) in der bayer.
Rheinpfalz. {Bychscus betulae, L., in the Bavarian Rhine
I'alatinate.] Zeiischr. f. angew. Enloni., Berlin, v, no. 1, 1919,
p. 129. [Received 19th April 1920.]

Durino 1918, as in the previous year [R.A.E., A. viii, 268], Byctiscuf;
betulae, L., was very abundant in the Rhine Palatinate. At the time
of maximum infestation an order was passed to close all schools for a
few days so that the children might assist in collecting the weevils.
It is hoped that this pest will be less abundant in 1920 owing to these
measures.

Krausse (A.). Uber Amdus cinnamomeus, Panz., die Kiefernrinden-

wanze. [Pine Bark Bug.] — Zei^scAr. /. angew. Enlom., Berlin, v,
no. 1, 1919, pp. 134-136, 5 figs. [Received 19th April 1920.]

During 1917 a bug, Aradus cinnamomeus, Panz., caused great
damage to pines in the neighbourhood of Eberswalde. Various stages,
inckiding eggs, were found to be present on 18th August. The first.
larva from these eggs emerged 5th September. Various characteristics
of this pest are described. The natural enemies of the bugs include
larvae of Rhajjhidia sp., which were only present in small numbers.

The trees were also infested with a bark-beetle, Pityogenes bidentatus,
Hbst., in the galleries of which Hypophloeus linearis, F., was also found.
Other pests on the trees included a weevil, Brachonyx pineti, Payk.,
and the Aphids, Lachnus pineus, Mordv. {pineti, Koch, nee F.) and
L, piiii, Kalt. The latter were largely attended by Formica fusca
cinerea. Only a few larvae of Bupalus piniarias, L., were found in
the locality.

Lakon(G.). Die Insektenfeinde aus der Familie der Entomophthoreen.
Beitrag zu einer Monographie der Insektentotenden Pilze. [The
Enemies of Insects belonging to the Family of Entomophthora. A
Contribution to a Monograph of Insect-killing Ynngi.] - Zeitsckr.
f. angew. Entom., Berlin, v, no. 2, 1919, pp. 161-216, 18 figs.
[Received 19th April 1920.]

The genera Empusa, Lamia, Entotnophthora and Tarichium are
described and a key for the identification of these fungi is given. The
insect hosts are dealt with under their respective orders. The paper
concludes with an extensive bibliography of 216 works, 47 of which
are especially referred to as dealing with the culture and practical
utility of these fungi.

Friederichs (K.). Plocaederus obesus, Gah., ein gefahrlicher Feind
des Kapokbaumes. [Plocaederus obesus, Gah., a serious Enemy of
the Silk-cotton Tree.]— ^Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom., Berlin, v, no. 2,
1919, pp. 226-230, 7 figs. [Received 19th April 1920.]

A Longicorn beetle, Plocaederus obesus, Gah., is recorded as a serious
pest of kapok trees {Eriodendron anfractuosum.) in Cochin China.
The larvae bore in the wood and cause the ultimate death of the trees.

The formation and position of the pupa in the trunk are described.

(684) B

274

Rem (L.). Hoiiioeoso)im nebulella, Hb., als Sonnenblumen-Schadling
in Rumanien. {Homoeosoma nebulella, Hb., as a pest of Sunflowers
iu Rumania.] — Zeitschr. f. angeiv. Entom., Berlin, v, no. 2. 1919,
pp. 267-277, 3 figs. [Receiv^ed 19th April 1920.J

During the German occupation of Rumania the author was requested
to make special investigations on Homoeosoma nebhlella, a Lepidopterous
pest of sunflower seeds, and the possibility of its future control. For
political reasons however the methods suggested as a result of this
expedition could not be carried out. The eggs are laid in the sun-
flower heads when in bloom and the emerging larvae feed on the
blofssoms and soft seeds. In Rumania there are probably three
generations a year, liibernation occurring in the larval stage usually in
or on the ground and only in isolated cases on the plant. Pupation
does not occur in the hollowed-out seed. It probably lasts about 4
weeks. The remedial measures advocated include clean cultivation
^ind especially the removal of all thistles, as these form the. breeding
place of the first generation. The emergence of the adult moths
might be prevented by deep ploughing in the spring prior to sowing.
The adults of the first generation appear at the end of April and
beginning of May in Wallachia ; the second generation from the end
of June to the beginning of Jiily ; and the third some time in August,

Early sowing, so that the chief blossoming takes place before the
flight of the second generation, reduces the amount of infestation.

As'sunflowets with a large oil content suft'er more from this pest than
other varieties, it is suggested that experiments should be carried out
with a view to producing an imnnme variety of sunflower by cross-
breeding and selection.

Kijetne (R.). Welche Aaskafer-Imagines (Silphiden) verfressen die
Rubenblatter ? [Which 8ilphids attack Turnip leaves in the Adult
State 1] — Zeitschr. f. angeiv. Entom., Berlin, v, no. 2, 1919, pp.
278-285, 5 figs. [Received 19th April 1920.]
The author's observations with regard to Silphids damaging turnip
foliage confirm those of previous writers. In no case was Phosphuga
sp. induced to feed on these plants, wheieas Blitojjhaga opaca, L., and
B. nndata, MiilL, will attack the leaves both in the larval and adult
sto.ges. As the beetles only feed on leaves of more or less mature plants,
the crop itself is not much aft'ected. The chief damage is caused by
the larvae as the plants begin to develop. Baits consisting of carrion
proved ineffective. The remedial measures advocated are the pulling
up of destroyed plants after the maximum feeding is over and im-
proving the vigour of the crop by manuring, etc. ; the thimiing out of
diseased plants before the end of the feeding period of the larvae will
only induce them to attack the remaining plants in greater numbers
and thus reduce the ultimate crop.

BuRKHARDT (F.), ZuF Verbrcltung und Lebensweise von Otio-
rrhynchus rotundatus, Siebold, [The Distribution and Life- habits
of Otiorrhynchus rotundatus. fiiebold.]— Zeitschr. f. angeiv. Entom ,
Berlin,, v,"no. 2, 1919, pp. 295-300, 4 figs. [Received 19th April
1920.]
OtiorrhyncJius rotundatus, Sieb., is recorded as being found at

Bromberg and Kiistrin, as well as Dantzig {R.A.E., k, viii, 271].

275

Additional food-plants include snowberiies and Pninus padiis. The
charaeteristic results of feeding were also seen on Cornus sangxinea,
C. alba, Ribes aureum, Pnvnus serotina, Rosa canina and Spiraea sp.,
though no examples were taken on these plants. One female was
noticed to lay about 48 eggs from the beginning of August to the 18th
August ; these hatched under laboratory conditions in about 17 days.
During the present observations the first damage was noticed early in
June, but this apparently depends on climatic conditions.

Schumacher (F.). Lei'copis nigricorms Egg. (Dipt.) als Parasit
bei Ptdvinaria betulae, L. {Coccid.)—Z eifschr. f. angeiv. Etitom.,
Berlin, v, no. 2, 1919, p. 314. [Received .19th April 1920.]

The Agromyzid fly, Leucopis nigricornis,Y.gg., is recorded as a parasite
of Fidvinaria hetulae, L., infesting Prunus cerasifems near Berlin.
About 90 per cent, of the scales were thus ii^fested.

Andres (— ). Etwas tiber die Kupferrote Dorrobstmotte, Plodia

interpunctelh, Hb. [Notes on the Dried Fruit Moth, Plodia

inter puncfella, Hb. j Zeitschr. f. angeiv. Entom., Berlin, v, no. 2,

1919, pp. 316-317. [Received 19th April 1920.]

Plodia interpuncteUa, Hb., is recorded as infesting various stored
products. There are apparently two generations a year. The moths
of the first generation are on the wing until September, and hibernation
occurs in the larval stage of the second generation. Fumigation with
hydroc3^anic acid as for Ephesiia kuhnieUa, Z., is recommended.

Friederichs (K.). Studien tiber Nashornkafer als Schadlinge der
Kokospalme. [Studies on Rhinoceros Beetles as Pests of the
Coconut Palm.] — MonograjjJiien zur angew. Entomologie, no. 4,
Supplement no. 1 to Zeitschr. f. angeiv. Entomologie, Berlin, vi,
1919. 116 pp., 53 figs., 20 plates, 1 map. [Received 19th April
1920.]

Owing to the extensive damage caused by rhinoceros beetles in the
coconut plantations of Samoa during 1912-13 an extensive journey
was undertaken by the author to ascertain why these beetles are
apparently more dangerous to coconut cultivation in these islands
than in other palm-growing countries. Observations were also to be
made with a view to the possibility of introducing natural enemies to
Samoa, but this part of the project had to be abandoned owing to the
outbreak of war. The places visited included : the Phihppine
Islands, Cochin China, Cambodia, Siam, Singapore, the Malay States,
Ceylon and Madagascar.

The morphology and ecology of various species are described, includ-
ing Oryctes rhinoceros, 0. monoceros, 0. boas, and 0. radanui. The
prevalence of these beetles and the respective damage caused by
them in the various places visited is discussed at length. In Indo-
China Xylotriqjes gideon, L., and X. lorqnini, Deyr., were also abundant.

f684) b2

276

Although Orycies spp. were found in great numbers in Ceylon and
comparatively very little is done to combat them there, their presence
does not apparently interfere seriously with coconut cultivation.
The Ceylon palms evidently possess certain properties that enable
them to resist the ravages of these beetles, and it is possible that they
would still prove resistant if cultivated in Samoa.

All observations show that clean cultivation and the destruction
of breeding places are the essential remedial measures in combating
these pests ; where this work is neglected even the natural enemies,
which include birds, rodents, Scoliid wasps and the fungus, Meta-
rrhizium anisopliae, are not of much use in keeping down the numbers.

The author calls attention to the fact that in a previous notice
[R.A.E., A, V, 291] Scolia erratica, which is a parasite of Rhyncho-
phorus' fernigineus in the Straits Settlements, was erroneously stated
to be also a parasite of Oryctes.

KocK (K.). Die Wirkung nikotinhaltiger Dampfe auf den Heuwurm.

[The Action of Nicotine Vapours on the First Generation of
Vine Moths.] — Zeitschr. landiv. Versuchswesen in Oesterreich,
Vienna, xvii, no. 6-7, June-July 1914, pp. 638-641, 1 fig.
[Received 23rd April 1920.]

Nicotine sprays are in general iise against vine moths [Clysia
ambiguella and Polychrosis botrana] and a dust containing '45 per cent,
of nicotine has also given good results. Nicotine vapour provides
a third method of checking these pests and a knapsack generator
for producing it has been placed on the market, but this model is
dangerous to the operator as the steam employed as a carrier for the
nicotine is raised by means of a spirit lamp. Another type, here
described, consists of a 5-gallon boiler mounted on two wheels, and
the nicotine-impregnated steam is led through hose pipes to the spray
nozzles. In the course of a trial steam was raised in 40 minutes and
in 45 minutes 3 workers dealt with 380 stocks. It was not possible
to gauge the action of the nicotine as too few moths were present, but
the weight of this apparatus and its cost [£12 in 1914] are against it.
Other experiments showed that nicotine vapour has bad effects on the
workers and does not appear to kill more than half of the moths.

Chase (W. W.). Experimental Dusting and Spraying of Peaches for

1919. — Georgia State Bd. Entom., Atlanta, Circ. 30, March 1920,
13 pp.

The dusting of peaches, as a substitute for spraying, obtained a
wide usage by the summer of 1919. The season was an unprecedented
one as regards rainfall and lack of sunshine, and consequent infestation
by brown rot, while the abnormal abundance of curculio [Conotrachelus
nenuphar ] rendered it an unusual opportunity for tests of dusting and
spraying, emphasising the deficiencies of each and indicating what is
needed to correct them. The tests carried out by the State Board of
Entomologv were a continuation of a series begun some years previously
[R.A.E., A, V, 264.]

277

For the dust sprays, sulphur, lead arsenate and hydrated lime were
used in four different proportions, namely, 80-10-10 ; 60-10-30 ;
()0-5-35 and 10-10-80. For the liquid sprays, ] lb. i)owdered lead
arsenate was used to 50 U.S. gals, water with the addition of 2 lb. lime.
For the second and third applications 4 lb. atomic sulphur, h lb. lead
arsenate and 2 lb. lime were used to 50 U.S. gals, water. Each
substance was applied with a regulation power outfit. Detailed
results obtained in the various test plots are tabulated.

The results indicate that the above dust mixtures effect approxi-
mately'as good control of brown rot as spraying with a combined
insecticide and fungicide in water and that they are far superior in
scab prevention. Dust mixtures are, however, less effective than
^sprays in controlling C. nenuphar on varieties that ripen as late as
Flbertas : both spray and dust were unsatisfactory ^n this respect.
The comparative ineflficacy of dust against the weevil is the principal
weakness of the method. It is thought that a fourth application of
dust to Elbertas. perhaps about two weeks before maturity, might in
\-ears of normal abundance effect control of the pest ; future experi-
ments will decide this. It was found that 5 per cent, lead arsenate
gave as good results in control of the weevil as formulae containing
more lead, and with less lead there is of course less liability to injury
of foliage. No recommendations can be made with regard to dust
formulae until more work has been done on these lines.

Tryon (H.). Root-Bark Channeller of Citrus. Decilaus citriperda,
H. T. (Coleoptera, Fam, Curculionidae, Sub-Fam. Cryptorrhyn-

chldae). — Queensland Aqrie. JL. Brisbane, xiii. Februarv 1920.
pp. 71-82,^3 plates. [Received 20th April 1920.]

The larva of the weevil. Denlaus citriperda, sp. n., which is described
in all its stages, attacks citrus roots. It was hardly noticed before
1917, and experiments against it were not started till the autumn of
1919. There are probably two generations in a year. The larvae
gnaw channels in the inner bark (cortex) but do not give rise to a ring-
barking effect, so that a strong tree will ])robablv overcome the direct
injury. Young traes never suffered ajjpreciably, and Seville orange
trees were not attacked. The trees chiefly infested were ordinary
oranges., lemons and mandarins. Grafted or worked trees suffered
more than seedling trees, but most damage took place where the trees
were already unhealthy. The attacks are very local, and as the adult
weevils cannot fly, they jjrobably ovi])osit for the most part on the
roots they have themselves infested.

No reliable remedial measure has yet been discovered. Salt and
sulphur treatment of the soil did not produce successful results.
Further experiments should perhaps be on the following lines : the
insects might he prevented from reaching the root by some repellent
substance {e.g., one containing crude naphthaline) placed at the base
of the tree-trunk : or some gaseous insecticide may ])rove eft'ectiv^e
against insects already occurring in the roots : or it may be possible
to reach them in the burrows in dry weather with some fluid that is
not itself destructive to plant-tissue (e.^r.jkvanit). Strengthening the
roots by correct soil treatment, measures against drought, and fertili-
sers, prevent insect attack and also benefit the tree.

•278

Burke (H. E.). California Oak Worm. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washing-
ton, D. C, Farmers' Bull, 1076, February 1920, 14 pp., 9 figs.
[Received 21st April 1920.]

The food-plants and natural enemies of this moth [Phryganidia
californica] have already been noticed [R.A.E., A, vii, 381]. In
addition to native and introduced oaks, it attacks the American
chestnut {Castanea dentata) and blue gum {Eucalyptus globulus). Its
occasional appearance in such large numbers as to defoliate the oak
trees, and become a general nuisance by crawling everywhere, is due
to the reduction of its natural enemies during the periods when its
own numbers are few. There are two generations a year, the cater-
pillars being most noticeable in April and May and again in August
and September. The best method of control is to spray the trees
while the larvae are young with a mixture of 3 to 5 lb. of lead arsenate
paste, or half that amount of powder, dissolved in 50 gallons of water.

The Outbreak of Locusts in Western Canada in 1919. — Agric. Gaz.
Canada, Ottawa, vii, no. 3, March 1920, pp. 218-220, 2 figs.

An outbreak of locusts that occurred in certain sections of Manitoba,
Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia in 1919 was the most
important from an economic view point since the West was developed
as an agricultural region. As soon as it was realised that the emergence
of young hoppers was unusually large, farmers were warned and
control measures were advocated. The infested areas were determined,
demonstrations of the action of poison-baits were given and later in
the season the new areas in which oviposition had occurred were
ascertained. The difficulties were enhanced by the fact that the
outbreaks were most severe in districts affected by the extreme drought.
As a result of the wide-spread application of poisoned bait and the
use of hopperdozers, however, thousands of acres were saved.
Investigations of the areas infested indicate that, unless unfavourable
weather supervenes, the infestation of 1920 will cover about twice
the area of that of 1919. In Saskatchewan it is estimated that wheat
worth upwards of £400,000 was saved by the measures practised.
Some 226 tons of poisoned bait were used, costing approximately
£5,000.

Hopkins (A. D.). The Bioclimatic Law. — Jl. Washington Acad. Set.,
Washington, D. C, x, no. 2. 39th January 1920, pp. 34-40.
[Received 26th April 1920.]

The greater part of the contents of this paper has already been
noticed [R.A.E., A, viii, 87]. The measurement of the intensity of
the factors controlling this law can best be effected by observing tl.e
response of any given plant or other organism to a given environmental
influence, since all organisms that are adapted to it respond to such
influence in like manner. The organism not only records the influence
of all factors that are recorded by artificial instruments but also all
the other forces that affect life activity, which no instruments yet
invented can do.

279

Reports on the State of the Crops in each Province of Spain on the
20th March 1920. Boletin Afjric. Tecnica Econoniica, Madrid, xii.
no. 135, 31st March 1920, pp. 216-233.

For the first time it has been considered advisable to arrange for
the technical staff to undertake the study of Toririx vindana, which
has caused such serious losses to the acorn crops in the Province of
Badajoz, amounting to many millions of pesetas in this Province alone.
It is feared that the problem will present some difficulty and that, in
view of the little time and the paucity of funds available for this
research, control will not be attained as quickly as the public ho])es.
Investigations and experiments will probably be necessary for some
years, with adequate funds for dispQsal, before the pest can be controlled.

The anti-locust campaign has been more successful than in former
years, but it is regretted that some agriculturists still refuse to^ practice
rotation of crops, with the result that this pest must still remain endemic.
In the province of Madrid also, the negligence of some of the local
municipal councils and ranch owners has unfortunately resulted in a
heavy infestation causing considerable loss, which might easily have
been prevented if the proper measures had been taken in the infested
territory.

Smith (R. H.). A Preliminary Report on the Clover Aphis and
Methods for its Control. — Univ. Idaho Agric. Expt. Sta., Moscow,
Id., Bull. 112, December 1918, 15 pp., 5 figs. [Received 28th
April 1920.]

Some account of Anurapliis (Aphis) baheri, Cowen (clover aphis)
in Idaho has already been pubhshed [R.A.E., A, vi, 399J, Red,
alsike and to some extent white clovers are attacked in Idaho. When
present in small numbers the Aphids usually occur under the stipules
of the clover leaves. The injury to the clover plants consists of a
stunting of their growth, causing them to ripen prematurely, killing
flowering branches, blighting seeds and covering the seed with honey-
dew, thus lowering the market value.

Weather conditions are probably the greatest factor in the natural
control of A. baker i. During severe winters the Aphids are largely
destroyed ; unusually rainy periods encourage the fungus, Enipusa
{Entomophthora) aphidis, HofE., which causes the death of large numbers.
Other natural enemies include two Hymenopterous parasites, the
larvae of Syrphid flies, a number of bugs and a small red mite, an<l
(probably the most important) several species of Coccinellids.

Close pasturing of red clover and alsike fields during autunm,
winter and early spring, is the most effective check on the clover aphis
as yet known. Grazing during spring and early summer, or close
grazing after the hay crop has been removed, will greatly help in
preventing injury to the red clover seed crop. The Aphids can be
destroyed completely by submerging the clover fields for from G to
10 hours just after the hay crop has been removed. Present evidence
indicates that no injury to the clover results from flooding in early
spring. Clover cover-crops in apple and pear orchards should be close
grazed in early September to prevent the Aphids from ovipositing on
the fruit trees. Patches of self-sown clover should be close grazed or
destroyed.

280

Spraying gives promising results on alsike clover fields, but is not
recommended for red clover. The most satisfactory spray used
consisted of 1 part Blackleaf 40 to 1,400 parts of water or | pint to
150 U. S. gallons, 4 lb. of dissolved laundry soap being added to each
100 gals, of solution. This was applied with a power sprayer.

Marcovitch (S.). The Strawberry Weevil in Tennessee. — Tennessee
State Bd. Entoti}., Knoxville, viii, no. 3, Bull. 30, September 1919,
17 pp., 4 plates, 8 figs. [Received 4th May 1920.]

The author's experiences in controlling the strawberry weevil
[Anthonomus sig.natus] in Tennessee during 1915 and 1916 are recorded.
An account is given of the life-history and habits of the weevil. The
method of control by means of sulphur-lead arsenate dust is discussed
[R.A.E., A, V, 287]. While working on this insect in Minnesota,
it was discovered that the weevils are unable to emerge when covered
over with soil ; apparently therefore by ploughing under old, infested
]>atches the weevils can be successfully buried. On badly infested
fields the one-crop system should be followed to avoid severe injury,
or, if the weevils are not too numerous on the buds, the two-crop
system may be practised. Soon after picking the beds should be
mowed and the leaves and weeds should be burned over quickly,
as a creeping fire injures the plants. The rows should then be narrowed
to strips 4 to 8 inches wide. Where the beds are burned over and
cultivated, it is seldom that any weevils are left. More than two
crops should never be taken from the same field and old, neglected
patches should not be tolerated as they serve as a breeding-ground
for the weevils.

Smith (L. B.) & Zimmerley (H. H.). Booms for Spraying Truck

Crops. — Virginia Truck. Expt. Sta., Norfolk, Va., Bull. 28. 1st
July 1919, pp. 83-98, 6 figs. [Received 4th May 1920.]

This paper describes the various equipments necessary for the
effective application of sprays for different vegetable crops. The
particular kind of " boom," i.e., the structure that conducts the spray
material to, and supports, the nozzles, that is adaptable to a special
crop such as tomato, potato, spinach or kale, is discussed, and the
construction of suitable ones is described and illustrated. The con-
necting of these booms to existing machinery is explained, and their
cost has been approximately worked out.

Cook (W. C). Cut Worms and Army Worms, — Office State Entomo-
logist, Univ. Farm. St. Paul. Minnesota. Circ. 52, 1st April 1920,
8 pp., 13 figs.

Cutworms are among the worst pests that the farmers and gardeners
iti Minnesota have to contend with ; some instances are given of
serious losses in the State due to them. The usual methods of pro-
tection against these pests are discussed, the best means of prevention
of attack' being by general clean cultivation. Other methods include
autumn ploughing, stiff paper collars round the young plants, and
the use of poisoned bran mashes. Hand-picking and digging out the
caterpillars are also advocated.

28 i

A key is given for the determination of the commoner cutworms
of Minnesota, with an account of their hfe-histories and habits. The
species dealt witli include Agrotis fennica, Tausch., A. c-nigrum, L.,
A. imicolor, Wlk., A. ypsilon, Rott.. Lycoplwlia margarilosa, Haw\,
Cirphis unipuncta, Haw., Eu.roa tessdlata, Harr., E. messoria, Harr.,
Feltia ducons, Wlk., Septis arcfica. Boisd., and Sidenria devastatrix,
Brace.

Faes (H.). Le Pyrethre et sa Culture. — Rev. Hortic. de VAlgerie,
Algiers, xxiv, no. 1-2. Januarv-Februarv 1920. pp. 19-23.
[Received 5th May 1920.]

Pyrethrum. bought on the market, must be taken very much on
trust. The efficacy of the powder depends on details in its collection
and preparation, and it is often adulterated. Consequently the
advantages of growing it as required for use are obvious. At the.
same time it is difficult to obtain seed of good quality. The seed
should be sown in April-May or July- August, covered with a very
thin layer of earth {\ inch) and watered. Afterwards fresh plants
can be obtained by self-sowing. When bedded out the plants should
be about 20 inches apart. The plants flower after two years. Flowers
should be gatliered in dry weather, when the majority are beginning
to open, and dried in the shade [R.A.E.. A. v. 538]. This will
probably be about the middle of June. The fornuila for use against
Clysia ambiguella is 3 lb. of pyrethrum powder stirred into 20 gals, of
water in which has been dissolved 4 lb. of black soap.

C'aesap! (L.). The Oyster-Shell Scale. — Canad. Horticidturalisf and
Beekeeper, Toronto, Onf., xxviii, no. 4. April 1920, pp. 95-96.

The oyster-shell scale [LepidosapJies uhiii] is very widely distributed
in Ontario, though some localities are specially favourable to it. It
is however considerably checked by parasites [B.A.E., A, vii, 242],
while an infestation of several hundred individuals is necessary to
destroy a moderate-sized tree. The simplest method of control is
the use of lime-sulphur wash (one part to seven of water). Spraying
should take place just as the buds are bursting, as it aims at killing
the young scales just after they hatch. The dead scales may remain
on the tree for two or three vears.

McLennan (A. H.). Spraying Vegetables. — Covad. Horde alt urist awl
Beekeeper, Toronto. Ont.. xxviii. no. 4. April 1920. pp. 107-108.

Insect injury in 1919 was severe in Ontario. Against the cabbage
maggot [Pliorbia hrassicae] corrosive sublimate (one oz. to 10 gal. of
water) gave perfect results ; three applications were made, beginning
four days after the plants were set out. Black heart in celery, due
to tarnished plant bugs [Lygus pratensis], presents a serious problem.
A concentration as high as one pint of Blackleaf 40 to four gallons of
water had to be used for successful results in severe infestations,
one pint to 50 gals, with 2 lb. soap being the normal concentration.
Onion thrips [Thrips tabaei] caused a loss of over 50 per cent, of the
crop. Sodium nitrate (50 to 100 lb. per acre) helped to bring the
crop through, but Blackleaf 40 and kerosene emulsion were tried too
late to produce satisfactory results.

282

Abot (A.). Note sur la presence en Anjou de Cassida inquinata,
'BmM.—Bull. Soc. (VEt. Sci., Angers, xlix. 1919 (1920), pp. 100-
101.

The Chrysomelid, Cassida inquinata, Brulle, is reported for the
first time in Anjou, where it attacks camomile cultivated for medicinal
purposes. It lives on the underside of the leaves, which it riddles
with holes. Unless the beetle is numerous the damage it does is not
great and the only remedy is to destroy the larvae and adults by hand.

Ballou (H. a.). Notes on the Cotton Crop in Egypt. — Agric. Jl.
Egypt, Cairo, ix (1919), 1920, pp. 14-48. [Received 10th May
1920.]

This paper is a consideration of the factors that have caused the
steady falling off in the yield of the Egyptian cotton crop during the
past twenty years. The influence of insect pests on this phenomenon
is discussed, the principal ones being the cotton worm {Prodenia litura)^
the spiny bollworm {Earias insidana), the cotton stainer {Oxycarenus
hyalinipennis) and the pink bollworm {Platyedra (Gelechia) gossypiella).
P. gossypiella only affects the figures for the last five years, and though
P. litura and E. insidana cause great damage in certain years and
0. hyalinij^jennis is responsible for some loss, they were not less harmful
during the thirty or forty years from 1860 onwards, when there was
a steady increase in the yield. Insect pests do not therefore affect
the subject under consideration.

Cartwright (W.). Treatment of Cotton in the Field as a Combative
Measure against Gelechia attacks. — Agric. Jl. Egypt, Cairo, ix
(1919), 1920, pp. 126-128. [Received 10th May 1920.]

Tables are given showing the results of experiments carried out in
1918 to demonstrate the value of special watering of cotton to minimise
attack by Platyedra (Gelechia) gossypiella. As had been found before
[R.A.E., A, vi, 70], the reduction of the amount of Avater per watering
in July, and stopping of all water supply after, approximately, the
first week in August, increase the yield and make the crop ripen earlier.

Quince.— J^ric. JL Egypt, Cairo, ix (1919), 1920, pp. 129-130, 1 plate.
[Received 10th May 1920.]

Experiments in growing quince trees in Egypt are described. The
chief insect pest is the leopard moth [Zeuzera pyri^ia], the caterpillars
of which bore galleries in the shoots and branches. The trees should
be inspected weekly, and when any holes are noticed a wire should be
pushed in to kill the larvae inside. If the hole is too long or crooked
for this to be done, they may be killed by injecting carbon bisulphide
and stopping the hole with grafting wax immediately afterwards.

Chipp (T. F.). a pest of Lima Beans and a Remedy for the Bean

Fly. — Gardens' Bull., Straits Settlements, Singapore, ii, no. 6,
31st January 1920, p. 205, and no. 7, r2th April 1920, p. 263, 264.

A beetle that is a troublesome pest of lima beans in Singapore has
been identified by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology as Pagria

283

flavopustidata, Baly ; and an Agroniyzid fly as Agromyza phaseoUy
Coq. Against the latter an appliance for catching the adults [R.A.E.,
A, V, 36], trap-crops and an application of saw-dust and kerosene
emulsion [R.A.E., A, vi, 526], are recommended. In every case it is
advisable that the refuse of bean fields should be burned after the
crops have been gathered.

Mathieu (E.). Some Trials of Food Plants in the Economic Gardens.

II. — Gardens' Bull, Straits Scftlonents, Singapore, ii, no. 7, 12th
April 1920, pp. 238-245, 3 plates, 1 fig.

In the experimental cultivation of lima beans {Phaseolus hmatits),
the fight against pests is said to be almost hopeless ; Nematodes,
Agromyza sp., BrucJms rufimanus, an unidentified black bug, and
various fungi all seem to concentrate on the bean plots. Disinfection
of seeds, dusting with sulphur, sprayings with Bordeaux mixture,
petroleum emulsion, etc., have ail been used with only very partial
effect.

The roselle plant {Hibiscus sabdariffa), on the other hand, except
for the attacks of Nematodes, is singularly free from disease. It is how-
ever a' food-plant of the red cotton bug {Dysdercus cingulatus), which
increases rapidly unless kept in check by frequent sprayings and
dusting with sulphur.

V

Flippance (F.). a Guide to the Palm Collection in the Botanic
Gardens. II. — Gardens' Bull. Straits Settlements, Singapore,
12th April 1920, pp. 246-258, 1 plate.

Among the insect pests of palms here recorded are the large larvae
of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (fed palm weevil) which burrow in the
growing bud, a vital part of all palms. Usually only large plants are
attacked, and the single-stemmed species are often killed. The plant
may be saved, if the growing point has not been destroyed, by cutting
down to it and removing the grubs. A larger species of RhynchopJiorus
acts in the same manner, and may be dealt with in the same way.

Oryctes rhinoceros burrows into the stem of the palm near the growing
point, the apertures being marked by the exudation of a gummy liquid
from the tree. The beetles should be speared with a sharp pointed
object, and salt sprinkled in the hole to deter others.

There are also various small beetles and their larvae which attack
the leaf -sheaths. They are generally inaccessible to insecticides ;
affected leaves should therefore be removed and an insecticide sprayed
on the remainder, derris or soft-soap being recommended.

The larva of a Cetoniid beetle, Protaetia fusca {Cetonia mandarinea)
attacks the roots of tub and pot plants. The caterpillars of two
butterflies, Ainathusia phidippus and Erionota thrax, should be picked
off and the palms sprayed with derris to prevent further depredations.
Grasshoppers, which are sometimes troublesome, should be caught
with a net, or with a stick dipped in bird lime. Coccids should be
sponged oft" with soft-soap and parafltin solution, and thrips should be
similarly treated or else sprayed.

284

Pettey (F. \V.). The Fruit-shed in relation to the Control of the
Codling Moth. — S. African Jl. Sci.. Johannesburg, xvi, no. 3,
October-December 1919, pp. 193-195. [Received 11th May 1920.]

Large numbers of the larvae of Cydia pomonella are brought into
fruit-sheds with the pears and apples that are stored there and are able
to leave the infested fruit and seek shelter in the cracks and crevices,
where they make their cocoons, hibernate, and develop into moths
which emerge in the spring. Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid or
sulphur is not likely to give satisfactory results ; in the cold weather
the gas will not penetrate small openings, and the respiration of the
hibernating insect is very slight, while the construction of the sheds
often makes fumigation impossible.

If the sheds are so constructed that they can be kept j^erfectly
closed against the exit of moths till the end of the fruit season this
affords the best method of control ; but if they are not so constructed,
they should be left as open as possible, so that the moths may emerge
at the same time as those outside. If on the other hand the sheds are
kept partly closed, the majority of moths will emerge about six weeks
latsr than those outside and the larvae hatching from their eggs will
b? difficult to control ; firstly, because the spray applications will not
have been timed to destroy them, and, secondly, because the later
the eggs hatch the greater will be the number of larvae that attempt
to enter the sides of the fruit, where they are harder to poison than in
the calyx cup.

The sorting and temporary placing of the infested fruit of the |)acking
house in shallow ])ens with no cracks in the floor or sides, and surrounded
by strips of hessian or loose boards full of crevices so arranged as to
attract the larvae to make cocoons where they may be collected and
destroyed, might be of advantage. During the winter all cracks and
corners in open houses should be examined thoroughly, and all cocoons
found should be crushed or destroved.

Pettey (F. W.). Insect Enemies of the Codling Moth in South
Africa and their Relation to its Control. — ^'. African Jl. Sci.,
Johannesburg, xvi, no. 3, October-December 1919, pp. 239-257,
8 tables.

A full account is given of the Chalcid. Trichograniniatoidea lutea,
Oir., which is considered to prevent the hatching of 50 per cent, of eggs
of the later broods of Cydia pomonella [R.A.E., A, vi, 324]. Other
Hymenopterous parasites attacking the larvae are the Ichneumonids,
Piinpla heliophila, Cam., and Trichomona cariniventris, Cam.

Of predaceous insects the Argentine ant, Iridomyrmex humilis, is
of considerable importance in localities where it is numerous, but it is
inadvisable to encourage its increase as in many respects it is harmful,
directly or indirectly, to the fruit grower. Other predators are a
cricket, Liogryllus bimaodatas, Del^.. the Reduviids, Coranus papillosus
and Pirates sp. : a Pentatomid, Diploxys hastata. F. : a C^arabid.
Chlaenius dichrous, Wied.. and the ant, Dorylus helvolus, L.

These enemies of the codling moth however cannot be relied upon
to control it, chiefly because they begin to be active too late in the

285

season. In addition there are always years in which the host
dominates the parasite and k)sses among fruit-growers will therefore
increase if spraying operations are not continued.

Experiments with Green Bolls of Sea Island Cotton. — Agric. News,
Barbados, xix, no. 468, 3rd April 1920, p. 101.

The Spence-Harvey system of treating green cotton bolls is said to
lessen materially the damage caused by the boll weevil [Anthonotnus
(/rand is] in the United States. Under this system the bolls are gathered
while green and mechanically matured by a special process ; they are
then treated by special machinery so as to extract the cotton. Only
two machines are at present in operation, though it is expected that
upwards of a 100 will be made during 1920.

Barber (E. R.). The Argentine Ant as a Household Pest. — U. S,
Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. Farmers' Bull. 1101, March
1920, 11 pp., 3 figs. [Received 17th May 1920.]

Much of the information on Irrdomyrmex humilis given here has
already been noticed [R.A.E., A, i, 325; v, 422 ; vi, 313].

The following poison is recommended : — 9 lb. granulated sugar,
9 pints water, 6 grams tartaric acid (crystallized), sodium benzoate
8'4 grams ; these should be boiled for 30 minutes and allow^ed to oooL
At the same time 15 grams sodium arsenite (C. P.) should be dissolved
in hot water and cooled. The poison should then be thoroughly
stirred into the syrup and the whole carefully mixed with 1| lb. of
honey. Accuracy in the details of this mixture is important. It is
weak in action, with the result that it is continually attended, the
workers carrying it to the nest and feeding it to the queen and the
larvae, until eventually the entire colony is exterminated. A strong
poison, on the other hand, may kill a few workers, but the others will
quickly recognise and avoid it. Weakly poisoned syrup should be
placed outside an infested house to attract the ants away from it.
The best container is a can so dented that the ants can get in under
the hd, while the lid still keeps out rain. A sponge should be floated
in the syrup, or a sponge, dipped in it. may be placed in a paraffined
paper bag pierced with holes to admit the ants, and another paper
bag, similarly waterproofed , used to cover the whole from the weather.

Edmundson (W. C.) & Welch (J. S.). The Home Garden in Idaho. —
Univ. Idaho Agric. Expt. Sta. (Dept. Hortic.) Moscow, Id., Bull.
106, February 1918, 30 pp., 12 figs. [Received 17th May 1920.]

A short description of the bionomics and control of the following
garden pests is given : — the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa
(lecemlineata, controlled by sprays of lead arsenate or Paris green ;
the potato flea-beetle. Epitrix cucumeris, by the same sprays, used
with Bordeaux mixture ; cabbage worms, Pieris (Pontia) rapae, by
lead arsenate dust or in a spray with soap added ; cabbage aphis,
Brevicoryne (Aphis) brassicae , and melon aphis (A. gossypii), by Black-
leaf 40 or kerosene emulsion sprayed at high pressure ; the tomato
worm, Protoparce (Phlegethontius) sexta, by hand-picking or lead
arsenate sprays ; the pea Bruchid [Bruchus pisorum] by fumigation of

286

the seed peas with carbon bisulphide, by heating them to 140^ F., or
by holding the peas over for a season ; the corn-ear worm, Heliothis
obsoleta, by deep ploughing to expose and kill the pupae ; and the
onion thrips, Thrijps tabaci, by sprays of kerosene emulsion or Black-
leaf 40.

Formulae are given for all tlie sprays and poisons mentioned.

Banks (N.) & Snyder (T. E.). A Revision of the Nearctic Termites,
with Notes on Biology and Geographic Distribution. — U. S. Nat.'
Mus., Washington, D.C., Bull. 108, 1920,228 pp., 35 plates. 70 figs.

The first part of this volume is a systematic monograph of the
Nearctic termites. One new genus is erected and, of the thirty-six
.species described, seventeen species and one variety are new. Keys
are given to the families, sub-famihes, genera and species, and the
insects' structure, classification and distribution are discussed.

The second part deals with the biology of the Nearctic termites.
Tliey are divided into groups according to their habits, and their
life-history is described, with the damage they do and the methods of
preventing this. An account is given of their parasites and other
natural enemies, as well as of the insects found associated with them.
Biological notes are also given on the individual species.

Bezzi (M.). Fruit Flies of the Genus Dacus {sens, lat,) (Diptera)

from the Philippine Islands, — PkiUpjnne Jl. Science, Manila,

XV, no. 5, November f919, pp. 411-444, 2 plates. [Received

18th May 1919.]

This systematic paper describes 23 species of Dacinae from the

Philippines, ten species and four varieties being new. Keys are given

to the genera and to the Philippine species contained in them. Among

the species mentioned is Monacrostichus citricola, Bezzi, reared from

fruits of Citrus.

GossARD (H. A.). Insects resembling European Corn Borer. — Mthhj.

Bull. Ohio Agric. Exjjt. Sta., Wooster, iv, no. 12, December 1919,

pp. 372-379,' 8 figs. [Received 20th April 1920.]

Careful watch is being kept in Ohio for the European corn borer

[Pyrausta nubilalis]. A brief description is given of the habits and

character of damage caused by insects that have been mistaken for

this moth including : — Heliothis obsoleta (corn-ear worm), Hadena

frnctilinea (lined stalk borer), Crambus spp. (sod webworms), Pijronsta

ainsliei, Depressaria heracleana (parsnip webworm), and a Dipteron,

Chaetopsis aenea (corn-stalk maggot). The best remedial measures

for these pests are discussed.

Naumann (A.). Ein neuer Schadling des Kartoffel-Krautes. [A

new Pest of Potatoes.] — Sachs, landw. Zeitschr., 1917, no. 41,
pp. 571-572. (Abstract in separate from Zeitschr. landw.
Versuchswesen in Oesterreich, Vienna, xxi, 1918, p. 7 (143).)
In Saxony potatoes have been injured by a Psyllid, Aphalura nervosa,
Forst. Though the outbreak in question w^as of no economic import-
ance, it was thought advisable to recommend the burning of infested
plants as a precaution against the spread of the insect.

287

ScHUHMACHER (F.). Ist Pcnfatouia rufipes ntitzlich Oder schadlich ?
[Is P. rujipes beneficial or injurious ?] — Naturwiss. Zeitschr. /.
Forst- u. Landw., 1918, no. 3-8, pp. 244-246. (Abstract in
separate from Zeitschr. landiv. Versuchswesen in Oesteneich,
Vienna, xxi, 1918, p. 7 (630).)

This paper traverses the general opinion that Pentatoma rufipcs, L.j
is predaceous on caterpillars, etc. It certainly feeds on dead insects,
but never kills living individuals. As this bug also feeds on the
young branches, leaves and fruit of apple and sour cherry, it must
be classed as injurious.

BuRKHARDT (F.). Die der Landwirtschaft und dem Gartenbau
schadlichen Erdflohe. [Flea-beetles injurious to Agriculture and
Gardening.] — Abt. f. Pfl.-Kranlh. des Kaiser Wilhelms Inst. f.
Landw., Bromberg, Flugblatt no. 26, March 1917. (Abstract in
Zeitschr, landir. Versuchsivesen in Deutschdsterreich, Viemm,
xxii, no. 1-2, January-February 1919, pp. 37-38.)

The flea-beetles infesting peas, vetches, and Cruciferae [in Prussia]
include Phyllotreta nigripes, F., P. atra, F., P. cruciferae, Goeze,
P. undidata, Kutsch., P. nemoriim, L., Psylliodes chrysocephala, L.,
and P. napi, F. They are favoured by warm, dry weather. Measures
against the first generation are of the greatest practical value. In
dry weather repeated harrowing between the rows with light harrows
and the spreading of basic slag in sunshine, are recommended. Instead
of slag, soot or hme (with a little tobacco dust or sulphur added) may
be used. In gardens, spraying ^\ith a solution of carbohc acid, frequent
v\'atering and shading the beds, are advised. In the case of Psylliodes
chrysocepkala the above measures may be supplemented by capture,
the apparatus consisting of frames covered with gauze that is sticky
on the lower surface. The biology of Phyllotreta nemonut} is fully
described and the life-histories of Psylliodes attenuata, Koch, and
P. affinis, Payk., are also dealt with. When taking measures against
the last-named, it is necessary to eradicate night-shade plants.

Voss (G.). Rapsglanzkafer und Rapsverborgenrussler. [Meligethes
aeneus, M. viridescens, Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis and C. napi.] —
Schaffnits Flugblattsammlung iiber Pflanzenschutz, Bonn-Poppels-
f/o;/, Flugblatt no. 14, April 1919. (Abstract in Zeitschr. landw.
Versuchswesen in Deutschosterreicli, Vienna, xxii, no. 7-8, July-
August 1919, p. 193.)

As the damage done to rape by Meligethes aeneus, F., M. viridescens,
F., Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, Payk., and C. napi, Koch, is greatly re-
duced if the plants are vigorous, the soil should be broken up small
and the seed should be well distributed by repeated harrowing, followed
by rolling. Direct remedial measures include collection and deep
ploughing after the crop has been harvested.

288

von Wahl (C). Die Gespinstmotten. [Hyponomeula malinellus and
H. variabilis.] — Hauptstelle fur Pflanzenschntz in Baden an dcr
Grossh. landiv. VersucJisanstalt Aiigustenberg, Flugblatt no. 5,
April 1916. (Abstract in Zeitschr. landw. V ersuchswesen in
Deutschosterreich, Vienna, xxii, no. 9-10, September- October 1919,^
p. 235.)

In the Grand Duchy of Baden Hi/ponom,euta mali^ieUus infests the
apple and H. variabilis the prune, plum and sloe. The flight period
lasts from mid-June to the end of July. The eggs, numbering from
15 to 80, are laid on the buds of the shoots and are covered with a
shme that hardens. Four weeks later the larvae hatch and they
hibernate beneath the shield. In the spring they begin to feed and
then spin their webs. Natural enemies include a Dipteron, Meigenia
bisignata, Meig., and the Hymenoptera, Angitia chrysosticta, Gmel.^t^
Pimpla alternata, Grav., and Agrypon variilarsum, Wesm. Eemedial
measures are spraying with soft-soap solutions containing nicotine
or quassia. The spray must be applied at high pressure on dry da3'S
as soon as the caterpillars begin sj)inning their nests. The latter may
be collected and burned.

Zacher (F.). Zur Biologie der Vorratssckadlinge. [The Biology
of Pests of stored Products.] — Mitt. Biol. Anstalt f. Land- v.
Forstwirtschaft, 1919, no. 17. (Abstract in Zeitschr. landw.
V ersuchswesen in Deutschosterreich, Vienna, xxii, no. 9-10, Sep-
tember-October 1919, p. 236.)
Ephestia kiihniella lays 200 eggs on an average ; the egg-stage lasts
about 7 days. Calandra granaria requires 7-12 weeks for development ;
the life of the adult may extend to 5 months. Gnathocerus cornufns
hves over 10 months in the adult stage, after a developmental period
of 4 months. The larvae of Artthrenus verbasci have been found in
rye meal.

Primary pests of rotting potatoes include Tylenchus devastatrix,
Rhizoglyphus echinopus, Eumerus strigatus, Sciara sp., Beichertella sp.,
Phorbia {Chortophila) trichodactyla , P. [Hylemyia) brassicae, Phaonia
trimaculata and Drosophila funebris. Both house and stable flies have
also been reared from rotting potatoes.

Zacher (F.). Beobachtungen uber einige schadliche und nutzliche
Insekten. [Observations on some injurious and useful Insects.] —
Mitt. Biol. Anstalt f. Land- u. Forstwirtschaft, 1919, no. 17. (Abs-
tract in Zeitschr. landw. Versuchsivesen in Deutschosterreich,
Vienna, xxii, no. 9-10, September-October 1919, p. 236.)

Particulars are given regarding the infestation of barley by a Trypetid
fly, Zonosema alternata, and a Chloropid, Lasiosina cinctipes ; of
bean seedhngs by maggots of Chortophila sp. ; of potatoes by Phorbia
(Chortophila) trichodactyla and Eumerus strigatus ; of cauliflower by
Phytomyza flavicornis ; and of Atriplex by Phthorimaea (Gelechia)
atriplicella, Aphis rumicis (euonymi) and Lygus pratensis.

Other insects dealt with are the oak mining moth, Tischeria coni-
planella ; Eulecanium [Lecanium) corni, which is preyed upon by a

289

-Coccinellid beetle. Exochomun (juddripusfulatus ; Phylloxera coccinea
on oaks, which is preyed upon by another Coccinellid, Pullus nuritus ;
and the alder leaf-beetle, Agelastica alni. the egg-stage of which lasts
7-15 days.

BoRNER ( — ) & Blunck ( — ). Larvcii der Flohkafergattung Phyl-
lotreta. [The Larvae of Flea-beetles of the genus Phyllotreta.] —
Illustrierte landtv. Ztg., no. 75-76, 1919, pp. 382-383. (Abstract
in Zeilschr. landw. Versuchsivesen in Deutschdsterreich, Vienna,
xxii, no. 11-12, November-December 1919, p. 294.)

The larvae of the following species of Phyllotreta and their life-
history are described : Phyllotreta vittula, Redt., P. nemorum, L.,
P. armoraeiae,' Koch, P. ochripes, Curt., P. tetrastigma. Com., P.
undulata, Kutsch., P. nigripes, F., P. atra, F., and P. nodicornis,
Marsh. The authors consider P. atra, ¥., and P. crvciferae, Goeze, to
be varieties of the same species, the former name having priority.
Destruction of the beetles in mid-summer, autumn and early spring is
the remedial measure advised.

Wahl (B.). Ueber das Auftreten des Kartoffelblattflohes in Oesterreich

{Aphalara nervosa, Forst.) [The Occurrence of the Potato Psyllid,
. A. nervosa, in Austria.] — Wiener landw. Ztg., 1919, pp. 565-566.
(Abstract in Zeitschr. landw. Versuchsivesen in Deutschdsterreich,
Viemia, xxii, no. 11-12, November-December 1919, p. 294.)

This is a brief resume of existing data concerning the distribution,
injury and appearance of the Psyllid. Aphalara nervosa, Forst. The
■collection and burning of the foliage infested with the larvae is advised.

-Zacher (F.). Ein neuer Schadling des Blumenkohls {Phytomyza
Jlavicornis, Fall.) und andere wenlg bekannte Gartenschadlinge.

[A new Pest of Cauliflowers, P. Jlavicornis. and other little-known
Garden Fests.]—Gartenflora, Ixviii, no. 13-14. 1919. (Abstract
in Zeitschr. landw. Versuchsivesen in Deutschdsterreich, Vienna,
xxii, no. 11-12, November-December 1919, pp. 294-295.)

The larvae of Phytomyza jlavicornis. Fall., feed on the stalks of
cauhflowers, and those of Phorbia {Chortophila) trichodactyla on the
cotyledons of young bean plants ; beans sown early near Berlin are
severely affected, whereas late-sown plants remain quite uninfested,
contrary to what is reported to have occurred in Holland. Some species
of Lygus perforate the leaves of sunflowers ; these bugs may be captured
on boards smeared with an adhesive, or spraying with Dufour's
solution may be resorted to.

Kleine Mitteilungen zur Biologic der pflanzenfressenden Kafer. [Short
Communications on the Biology of Plant-eating Beetles.] —
Koleopferolog. Rundschau. Vienna, vii, no. 1-2, 30th April 1918.
pp. 11-18, 2 figs.

These notes initiate a number of series, each series being devoted
to some special subject concerning Coleoptera. Only original obser-
vations of scientific interest are included and copious references to
existing literature are given.

(684) 0

290

F. Heikertinger deals with the leaf-mines of the flea-beetle, Phyllotreta
nemorum, L., infesting cruciferous plants. Other authors have described
them as serpentine in shape whereas actually they are roundish,
irregular spots or flat blisters.

J. Bachinger points out that hitherto only rosaceous plants have
been recorded as food-plants of AntJwnomiis rubi, but the Compositae
must now be included, as he has found this weevil in the flowers of
Tragopogon pratensis and Buphthalmum salicifolium, and these flowers
were accepted as food by captive specimens. The same author has
found Centhorrhynchus puncticollis feeding on the leaves of Erysiimun
canescens. In a footnote, H. Scheuch points out that a similar record
was made by Ganglbauer in 1882 and that he himself has found it on
E. canescens and E. hieracifolium .

With reference to the food-plants of Ceiithorrhynchus pulvinatns,
Gyll., H. Scheuch gives the following list : Sisymbrium sp., S. sophia,
Erysimum cuspidatum, Rapistrum perenne, Bertoroa incana and
Camelina sativa. Both Cirsium arvense and Matricaria chamomilla
appear to have been recorded in error in the literature. C. pulvinatus
is a typical feeder on Cruciferae, to which plants the closely-allied
species, C. pyrrJiorhynchus, Marsh., is also exclusively confined.

F. Heikertinger records Baris gudenusi from the Cruciferae,
Rapistrum perenne and Sisymbrium, striciissimum ; on the latter plant
it occurred together with Phyllotreta austriaca.

Combate a Lagarta rosea no Brasil. [Work against the Pink Boll-
worm in Brazil.] — Bol. Minist. Agric, Ind. e Comm., Rio de
Janeiro, viii, no. 2, July-September 1919 (1920), pp. 93-102.
[Received 6th May 1920.']

This is a resume of the reports for the first quarter of 1919 sent in
by the agents of the Anti-Bollworm Service in Brazil. In one locality
in the State of Maranhao a loss of 70 per cent, was caused by Platyedra
(Gelechia) gossypiella. Carbon bisulphide and hot water are mentioned
in the report from the State of Piauhy as being used for seed disinfection.
In this State Alabama argillacea and a weevil, Gasterocercodes gossypii,
Pierce [R.A.E., A, iii, 273], also injure cotton.

MoREiKA (C). Os Besouros da Canna de Assucar. [Sugar-Cane
Beetles.] — Bol. Minist. Agric, Ind. e Comm., Rio de Janeiro,
viii, no. 2, July- September 1919, pp. 103-119, 12 plates, 1 map.

The State of Pernambuco, which produces most of the Brazihan
sugar, has suffered more losses from sugar-cane beetles than the
adjoining ones of Alagoas and Parahyba, where they also occur. In
view of the need for methodical application of remedial measures
the author was commissioned to study these pests.

The species concerned- are two Scarabaeids native to Brazil, Ligyrus
fossator, Dej., and Podalgus humilis, Burm. The former also occurs
in French Guiana and the latter, in French Guiana, Colombia, Panama
and Mexico. They are subterranean species and when, as the result of
bringing virgin land under cultivation, the soil moisture conditions are
modified, both the beetles and their larvae seek out the damper places.
For this reason they are most abundant in flat districts where there are

29 i

wide valleys well watered by nunieroiis streams. L.fossator and its larva
are of large size and thus require more moisture than P. humilis ;
they are therefore found in the lowest parts of valleys and other
very damp situations. Both species fly in the evening and at night,
and at dawn they burrow into the ground ; if the latter be too hard,
the beetles are killed by the heat of the mid-day sun. They can live
for 3 months. The females lay about 20 eggs. "While these species
constitute the chief pests of sugar-cane, others of the same family,
such as Stenocrates laborator, F., also occur and do some injury.

The larvae of L. fossator and P. huinilis appear to be able to live
for about 20 months. They remain underground at a depth of 6-8
inches, moult several times and then enter the nymphal stage, which
lasts about 12 days. Owing to the Avarmth of the Brazilian climate
the generations follow one another without a break.

The larvae of L. fossator are more harmful than the adults ; both
stages attack the newly-planted cane-slips and kill old cane by feeding
on the roots. The adults of P. hiinnlis are more injurious than the
larvae, the latter scarcely attacking the slips or shoots. The adults
either bore into the slips from end to end or into the new shoots,
and the former injury makes re-planting necessary. As a rule neither
the adults nor the larvae of P. humilis are able to bore through the
hard bark of sugar-cane. In large plantations infestation with
L. fossator and P. humilis is not general, certain areas being foci of
infestation ; small plantations may be entirely destroyed.

It is not possible to eradicate these pests, but proper measures,
based on the fact that infestation is limited to given points, should
prevent much economic loss. When the ground is being ploughed,
careful inspection will show the infested spots and these may be
marked with stakes. After an interval of about 30 days carbon
bisulphide may be applied by means of the Vermorel injector or Vernette
plough [R.A.E., A, ii, 256], or the ground may be flooded and re-
ploughed after draining. This second method W'ill interfere with
the cultural practices now used, so that disinfection with carbon
bisulphide is advised. The injector or special plough must be adjusted
to deliver 6 grams of carbon bisulphide. The plough is supplied by the
maker with a capacity up to 10 grams but that of the injector does not
normally exceed 6 grams, so that it should be ordered with a graduation
of 8 grams or over. The best plan would be to drill the holes in straight
lines so that the ground would be divided into squares with 19-inch
sides, and to inject 8 grams into each hole, but this is not usually
possible if the shps have already been planted. In this case it is
necessary to drill the holes in lines along the middle of the furrows
between the hues of slips, which are about 24 inches apart. The
dose of carbon bisulphide must be 6 grams in this case. Where circum-
stances allow it and the ground is of a permeable character flooding
for 48 hours may be resorted to. The adults of P. hmnilis that succeed
m escaping destruction by soil treatment may be captured by means
of hght-traps and a suitable model is described. It is provided with
a shade so that only those beetles that emerge from the surrounding
ground will be attracted. Lights that attract beetles from the neigh-
bouring woods are a danger. There is one fact relating to the larvae
of L. fossator and P. humilis that is very favourable to the sugar-cone
grower. During the heavy rains low-lying points become flooded and

(684) ■" c2

292

if the ground is permeable the larvae there are suffocated. During
the dry weather the pools diminish in size and the larvae near them
gather near the edges until finally the water is completely dried up,
when the dampest point swarms with them beneath the dead and dry
plant debris. It is an easy matter to throw some straw on this debris
a.nd set it on fire, thus killing enormous numbers. Those that are
too deep to be reached in this way may be killed by flooding or by
injecting carbon bisulphide.

A very full description is given of various forms of apparatus for
injecting carbon bisulphide.

Other insect pests of sugar-cane in Brazil include the P>Talid,
Diatraea saccharalis, ¥., and the scale, Pseudococcus citri, Risso, which
is combated with kerosene-soap emulsion.

Uiiia Praga dos Laranjaes. [A Pest of Oranges.] — Bol. Minist.
Agric. Ind. e Conrm., Rio de Jmieiro, viii, October-December
1919 (1920), pp. 104-108. [Received 6th May 1920.]

Attention is drawn to the estabhshment of the scale, Icerya piirchasi,
in the State of S. Paulo where it promises to become a serious danger
to fruit growing. The necessity for a proper quarantine service is
emphasised, if the introduction of other pests is to be prevented.

Ramsay (A. A.). The Compositions of various Lead Arsenates. —
Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., Sydneij, xxxi, Part 3, March 1920, pp. 208-
212.

The lead arsenate that remains in suspension longest is the most
efficacious for spraying purposes. The results of tests made with
various commercial brands are discussed and illustrated by a graph.

Ramsay (A. A.). A Dry Form of Lime-Sulphur. — Agric. Gaz. N.S.W.,
Sydney, xxxi, Part 3, March 1920, p. 216.

The preparation sold under the name of B, T. S., for use in all
cases where Hme-sulphur spraying is desired, has been analysed in
solution. It is recommended by the manufacturers for use at the
rate of 12 to 14 lb. per 50 gals, water for dormant trees and at 1 to 4 lb.
in the same quantity of water for trees in foliage. It appears to be
a preparation of barium tetrasulphide of about 88 per cent, purity.

Tests in the laboratory showed that there is greater decomposition
in the more dilute solutions, and it is also probable that the length of
time the solutions are left standing might also affect the results
obtained in spraying in the field.

Favor (E. H.). Spraying Machinery for the Citrus Grove. — Florida
State Hortic. Soc. Qtrly., De Land, Proceedings 32nd Ann. Meeting,
1919, pp. 53-57. [Received 8th May 1920.]

This paper emphasises the importance of spraying in Florida,
showing how Florida oranges are at a disavantage on the market,
owing to their poor external appearance. Types of sprayers are
considered, with the relation between the cost of the machine and its
earning power, the power and fineness of the spray being the important
points for efficiency.

293

Warner (L, E.). Some Troubles to Quarantine against and their
Nature. — Florida State Hortic. Sac Qtrli/.. Dc Land, Proceed ifi<^f>
:i-2m\ Ann. Meeting, 1919, pp. 113-121. [Received 8th May 1920.]

This paper points out the enormous losses that have been caused
in Florida by the introduction of injurious insect pe.sts and plant
diseases while no quarantine measures were in force, and the great
importance of such measures in the future by the Quarantine Depart-
ment set up by the Florida Plant Act of 1915. The examples of the
gipsy and brown-tail moths [Porthetria dispar and Nygmia phaeorrhoea]
show how much more serious a pest becomes in a new environment
than it was in its original country.

Of insect pests in the United States, which Florida has so far escaped,
the most important are the moths mentioned above, and various
plant diseases. Outside the United States there are many undesirable
insects of which perhaps the fruit-flies are the principal. The life-
histories of Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit-fly), Anastrepha
ladetis (Mexican orange maggot). Dacus cucurhitae (melon fly) and
Anastrepha jratercuhis (West Indian fruit -fly) are given to illustrate
this. The most probable avenue of introduction is the West Indies.
The whiteflies, of which Aleuroeantkus u-oglumi is the most feared, are
possible pests of Citrus in Florida, together with the purple scale
[Lepidosaphes beckii] and sooty mould w^hich follow it.

Geiger (H. L.). Community Spraying and Compulsory Control. —

Florida State Hortic. Soc. Qtrly., De Land, Proceedings 32nd
Ann. Meeting, 1919, pp. 122-125. [Received 8th May 1920.]

It is almost impossible to obtain really successful results from
community spraying for several reasons. The chief of these is that
there is no means of preventing unprogressive individuals from under-
mining the good work of others, and the inspector who supervises the
spraying has no legal force to back him. The only feasible method is
through State legislation, compelling a community to control by con-
certed action and under the direction of competent inspectors all
insects and diseases that cannot be dealt with by individual endeavour.
A hst is given of insects and diseases of Citrus and other plants against
which such legislation might advantageously be directed. The
author considers that it is only a question of time for the benefits of
such compulsory control to be recognised.

Sloan (G. D.). Does it pay to spray Citrus Trees ? — Florida State
Hortic. Soc. Qtrhj., De Land. Proceedings 32nd Ann. Meeting,
1919, pp. 129-133. [Received 8th May 1920.]

Spraying is the only possible way of obtaining Citrus fruit of the
first quality. Whitefly and scale-insects may be controlled to a
certain extent by beneficial fungi, but in that case thrips and rust
mite must be left undisturbed as lime-sulphur and nicotine solutions^
which easily control them, are also fungicides, and in addition the
necessity of a fungicide for the numerous fungus diseases of citrus
I makes impracticable the use of fungi as the sole preventative of white-
fly and scales. Spraying is an expensive operation as regards first
cost, and to be of value its application demands skill and thoroughness.

294

But considering the damage that various insects do and tlie cost of
sitraying taken from accurate figures for different groves of ages
varying from one to five years, it is clear that spraying pays directly,
apart from the indirect benefit of preventing the establishment of a
number of fungus diseases in the trees themselves.

Newell (W.) & O'Byrne (F. M.). Should Cottony Cushion Scale
be allowed to spread unrestricted in the State of Florida ? —

Florida State Hortie. Soc. Qtrly.. De Land. Proceedings 32nd
Ann. Meeting, 1919, ])p. 152-159. [Received 8th May 1920.]

The Florida Plant Board, which was created in 1915, attempted to
make a regulation which would keep the cottony cushion scale {Icerya
purchasi) confined to the parts of Florida it then occupied, chiefly
the central portion of the State. The regulation requires every
nurseryman in this territory to scrub any food- plant of this scale
that he sends out with an insecticide under the personal supervision
of an inspector, for whose time the nurseryman pays. This results
in a very heavy tax on the industry and some of the nurserymen are
in favour of the repeal of the rule, considering that Icerya purchasi is
quite sufficiently controlled by the Australian Coccinellid [Novius
cardinalis]. But if this were done, apart from the fact that in certain
years the scale outstrips the Coccinellid, individuals outside would
not be willing to buy stock from the infested territory, while other
States might very well set up a quarantine against Florida, and this
would be a greater handicap to the industry than the present regulation.

In the discussion that followed this paper attempts were made to
suggest an alternative regulation, but no conclusion was arrived at.

Berger (E. W.). Work of the Entomological Department, State
Plant Board. — Florida State Hortie. Soc. Qtrly., De Land, Pro-
ceedings 32nd Ann. Meeting, 1919, pp. 160-170. [Received
8th May 1920.]

Some account is given of the method of introducing AscJiersonia
alewrodis (red fungus) and A. flavocitrina (yellow fungus) against the
common and cloudy-winged whiteflies of citrus [Dialeurodes citri and
Aleiirodes iwbifera] [R.A.E., A, vii, 215]. The spores are produced
in enormous numbers in the cultures furnished by the State Plant
Board, and it is only necessary to spray a mixture of them with water
on to the whitefly larvae in the infested trees. The storing, mixing
and application of the fungus, together with the best spraying
machines to use are described in detail.

The Entomological Department is almost always able to supply
colonies of the Australian CoccineUid [Norivs cardinalis] for use
against the cottony cushion scale [Icerya purchasi]. In the control
of camphor thrips [Cryptofhrips floridensis] the results of cutting back
the trees to 10-inch stumps and dipping them in double strength oil
emulsion was so successful that a ruling in the Nursery Department
was made that camphor trees so treated, provided they did not show
thrips lesions, might be sold from thrips infested nurseries.

Other work has included the placing out of colonies of Cryptochaetuni,
an Agromyzid fly parasitic on the cottony cushion scale in its immature
stages, which had been sent from Cafifornia [R.A.E^, A. vii, 20].

295

FouTs (R. M.). Some New Parasites, with Remarks on the Genus
Platygader (Hymenoptera). — Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington.,
D. C'., xxii, no. 4, April 19-20, pp. 61-72.

The new species of Hymenoptera here described from the United
States inchide the SceUonids, Trissolcus edessae, reared from the eggs
of Edessa bifida, Say ; Paridris brevipennis from the eggs of
Gryllus abbreviatus Serv. ; Platygaster leguminicolae from the clover
seed midge Perrisia {Dasyneura) leguminicola ; P. feltii from the gall
of WalsJiomyia texana on cedar ; and a Bethylid, Ce/phalonofnia kiefferi,
from C aland ra oryzae.

Burke (H. E.). Collecting some little known Buprestidae (Coleopt.).

— Proc. Entom Soc. Washington, B.C., xxii, no. 4, April 1920,
pp. 72-76.

Many of the species here mentioned are considered the rarest of the
American Buprestidae, but some of them are quite numerous in
certain localities, though their habits make them difficult to find.
Among those noticed are : — Trachykele lecontei, Gory, taken in bald
cypress {Taxodiwn distichum) ; T. blondeli, Mars., in western juniper
(Juniperus occidentalis), Monterey cypress {Cupressus macrocarpa),
Sargent cypress (C. sargenti) and western red cedar (Thuja ^^HcMa) ;
T. opidenta, Fall, in incense cedar {Libocedrus decurrens) and Sequoia
washingfoniana ; T. nimbosa. Fall, in scars on red fir {Abies magnifica),
white fir {A. concolor) and mountain hemlock {Tsuga mertensiana) ;
Buprestris gibbsi, Lee, in black oak {Quercus calif ornica) ; B. viridi-
sutundis, Nic. & Weiss, in various species of cottonwood {Popvlus) and
in white alder {Alnus rhombifolia) ; B. confinenta, Say, in aspen
{Populus tremuloides) and in P. deltoides ; and Chrysophana placida,
Lee. in cones of Pinus attenuafa and in Abies concolor.

BoRDAS (L.). Considerations generales sur la Biologie du Rhynchites
conicus et Anatomic de sa Larve. — Insecta, Rennes, no. 106-108,
October-December 1919. pp. 196-201. 3 figs. [Received 10th
May 1920.]

The greater part of the information contained in this paper has
already been noticed [R.A.E., A, v, p. 569]. Another outbreak of this
weevil occurred in 1919 in gardens in Rennes, pears and peach trees
suft'ering more than apples in some cases. Usually in the case of apple
trees the puncture in which the egg is laid is immediately below the
base of the leaf or shoot, but in peach trees it is placed several milli-
metres lower.

CocKERELL (T. D. A.). Furcaspis biformis (Homop., Coccidae.) —
Entom. Netvs, Lancaster, Pa., xxxi, no. 4, A})ril 1920, p. 109.

The occurrence of Furcaspis biformis, Ckll., in abundance on leaves
of Caitleya percivaliana in a greenhouse in Colorado is recorded.

296

Report of the Agricultural Department, Antigua, 1918-19. — Imp..
Dept. Agric. West Indies, Barbados, 1920, pp. 15-18. [Received
12th May 1920.]

Lachnosterna sp. was present in the majority of sugar-cane fields
in Antigua during the year under review. It is suggested that whits
arsenic at the rate of 14 lb. to 1 cwt. of meatworks manure should be
tried against these beetles. Very little damage was caused by Metania-
sius (Sphenophorus) sericeus or Diatraea saccharalis.

Cotton crops were seriously injured by Alaba)na aiyillacea. Other
cotton pests included Dysdercus spp., which appeared earUer than usual,
Nezara viridula, which also caused serious damage to tomatos,
Contarinia gossypii, which increased during November and subsided in
December, Heliothis obsoleta {armigera) and Laphygma frugiperda.

The most common scales on limes were Coccus viridis, Lepidosaphes
beckii, Chrysomphalus aurantii and Chionaspis citri. Euscepes {Cryp-
torrhynchus) batatae was abundant on sweet potatoes.

As a result of the work carried out in view of the Cotton Stainer
Ordinance of 1919, by which the Government was empowered to
destroy any trees or plants which acted as hosts for this pest, about
one-twentieth of the total area of the Island may now be considered
clear. This involved the destruction of 13,237 trees.

Jhaveri (T. N.). Swarming Caterpillars of Northern Gujarat. — Agric.
Jl. India, Calcutta, xv, Part 2, March 1920, pp. 181-184.

Great damage was caused to early-sown crops of maize, Pennisetum
typhoideum, Paspalum scrobiculatum, chiUies and rice seedlings during
1919 by the appearance of Prodenia litura and Cirphis loreyi. The
exceptional abundance of these caterpillars was probably due to the
absence of rain for a very long period.

Pupation occurs in the higher land at a depth of from 2 to 3 inches.
Under normal circumstances it lasts from 1 to 6 weeks, but may be
longer under very dry conditions. Each female lays about 500 eggs
which hatch in about four days. The numbers of the second brood,
which should have appeared early in August, were greatly reduced by
the presence of a Tachinid parasite and on account of the heavy rain.
To prevent infestation the land should be ploughed up before the rains
come or as soon as the previous crop is harvested, so as to destroy the
pupae by exposure to the sun and birds. The moths may be destroyed
by light-traps. Other measures include late sowing of crops and hand
collection of leaves on which eggs have been deposited.

Knowles (C. H.). Inspection of Plantations. — Fiji Dept. Agric,
Ann. Rept.for 1918, Sura. Council Paper no. 32, 14th May 1919,
pp. 11-12. [Received 14th May 1920.]

In view of the losses occasioned by the banana borer [Cosmopolites
sordidus] an important addition has been made to the regulations under
the Diseases of Plants Ordinance of 1913, whereby cultivators of plants
attacked by, or liable to be attacked by, a declared disease must main-
tain a proper condition of cultivation. In consequence, owners of old,

>97

exhausted banana plantations, which form excellent breeding-grounds
for the borer, are obliged to destroy them. Scale-insects have un-
doubtedly diminished in numbers since the regulations requiring
growers to spray for them were brought into force, but to what extent
this may be also due to natural causes is not known.

Knowles (C. H.). Division of Entomology. — Fiji Dept. Agric, Ann.
Repf. for 1918, Suva, Council Paper no. 32,* 14th May 1919, pp.
12^15. [Eeceived 14th May 1920.]

Levuana iridescens (coconut leaf moth) contmues to infest the leaves
of coconut palms [R.A.E., A, vii, p. 311]. The bug, Canihecona
cyanocantha , which has been found to be predaceous upon the
caterpillars, cannot be regarded as an efl&cient check, but it is thought
that their numbers are considerably reduced by the wasp, Polistes
hebraeus, which is extremely common in the infested locahties. An
unrecognised bird also destroys them and may be a considerable check.
Scales {Aspidiotus sp.) have been prevalent in some localities, especially
on unhealthy palms ; in one district coconut leaves and fruits were
covered with these scales. As the spraying of tall coconut palms is
almost impossible, badly attacked trees should have the infested leaves
removed or the plants should be cut down and burnt. Promecotheca
reichii (Hispid leaf -miner) continues to be a coconut pest, but is held
in check by a Chalcid parasite. An unidentified spathe borer is a
minor pest and mealy-bugs are occasionally injurious.

Cacao leaves are attacked by Adoretus tenuimacidatus (Japanese
rose beetle), which sometimes causes the death of young plants. It is
hoped that the Scohid wasp introduced against this pest will materially
reduce its'numbers. There are signs that the fungus Metarrhiziuin,.
introduced some years previously, is acting as a check on the beetle.
Mealy-bugs (Pseudococcus). when troublesome, can be controlled by
spraying Avith Hme-sulphur or kerosene emulsion, and as the bugs
appear to be carried about by the red, long-legged ant, the nests of the
latter at the roots of the trees should be dealt with.

Bananas have been seriously injured during the year by Cosmopolites
sordidus, Germ, (banana borer), and it is thought that unhealthy
conditions in many trees attributed to fungus diseases are primarily due
to the attacks of the borer. This weevil is distributed throughout the
Colony and is abundant in all districts. Traps consisting of pieces of
banana bulbs laid on the ground among the plants have proved effective
in attracting the beetles, but unless removed and destroyed at least
once in every 21 days they become breeding-places and increase instead
of diminishing the numbers. While thorough cultivation does not
render the plants free from the pest, it is a great help in maintaining
a healthy condition, and it is essential that neglected plants should
not be allowed and old worn-out plantations should be ploughed over,
as they form breeding-places for the beetles. The Histerid beetle,
Plaesius javonus, has been introduced from Java, where it is a good
check on the borer, and distributed among the infested plantations.

The branches of Citrus plants are sometimes killed by scale-insects,
chiefly Chionaspis citri ; spraying should be practised every few
days. The stems of Piper methysticum are frequently badly attacked

298

by scales, chiefly Aspidiotus sp., the shelter provided by the leaves
creating excellent conditions for them. Minor insect pests of little
economic importance are also recorded.

Dash (J. S.). Maladies des Plantes et les Pestes d'Insectes. — Premier
Rapport Sta. Agrononi. Guadeloupe, 1918-1919; Pointe-a-Pitre.
1920, pp. 29-32.

Pests of sugar-cane include Diatraea saccharalis, F., which also
attacks sorghum and is distributed over the whole island. Great
damage is caused to the lower parts of the stem by the larvae of
Diuprepes abbreviatus, L., var. distinguendus, 01., D. fameUcus, 01.,
D. nmrginatus, 01., and another species of Diaprepes not yet identified.
During the pupal stage these weevils remain for over 300 days in the
soil. The eggs are laid on the leaves. Another beetle, Cyclocephala
tridentata, F., attacks the young roots of sugar-cane.

C'otton pests include the stainers, Dysdercus discolor and D. avdreae,
and the cotton moth, Alabama argillacea.

Anticarsia gemmatalis was found attacking late-sown velvet beans.
The larvae of this moth are parasitised by Coelichneunion serricorne,^
Cress. Cowpeas have been attacked by Bruchus (piadrimacidatus.
Other miscellaneous insects include : a Reduviid, Zelus rubidus, found
in cotton lint and probably predaceous on other insects, and an
unidentified Psychid attacking flamboyant {Poinciana regia).

Brethes (J.). El Bicho de Cesto [The Bagworm.] Como vive, se
multiplica y se difunde. Su Destrucci6n por Medio de los
Parasites naturales. — Anales Soc. Rural Argentina, Buenos Aires,
liv, no. 6, 1st April 1920, pp. 235-247, 20 figs.

An account is given of Oeceticus platensis (Argentine bagworm),
which is one of the insects most injurious to trees in that country.
Its food-plants are so numerous that there are only a few, such as
Eucalyptus, paradise tree, etc., that are not attacked by it.

Much of the information here given has already been noticed
[R.A.E., A, vi, 315, 517]. A full hst of the parasites of 0. platensis
is given, and includes, in addition to those dealt with in previous
papers, a number of Ichneumonids, the Chalcidids. Spilochalcis bergi,'
Kirby. and Tetrastichus oeceticola, and a Braconid, Ipobracon oeceticola, .
Brethes. These are, however, only incidental parasites, the most
important being Tetrastichus platensis and Parexorista caridei. An
account is given of these two parasites. T. platensis oviposits in the
larva of 0. platensis an"d completes its development within the bag,
causing the death of a large proportion of the bagworms. P. caridei
apparently oviposits on the larva of the bagworm when the latter
protrudes its head from the bag to feed, tlie young larvae making
their way into the body-cavity of the host. When mature, the larva
abandons its host and either pupates within the bag, or, more fre-
quently, drops to the ground for pupation a little below the soil surface.
There are two or three and sometimes more generations in a year.

The campaign of 1919-1920 against the bagworm was continued
on the lines of previous years [loc. cit.]. and distributions of the parasites

299

liave been more extensively made, particularly in the Province of
Buenos Aires and in Uruguay. In localities where the [)arasites are
established, it is still advisable to destroy bagwornis during the winter.
T. platensis and P. caridei are rarely found within the bags at this
time, while the females of 0. platensis, being incapable of flight and
living entirely within the bags, may be destroyed with advantage.
Investigations will be made as to the establishment of the parasites
in the various localities to which thev are sent.

Brethes (J.). Insectos utiles y daninos de Rio Grande do Sun y de
La Plata. — Armies Soc. Rural Argentina, Buenos Aires, liv, C-^
no. 7, 15th April 1920, pp. 281-290.

A number of insects are enumerated that were sent for identification
from Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and La Plata (Argentina). Among
these are the Diptera : Lasiopa atrata, F.. which has been reared on
})eaches and is therefore presumably an injurious species ; a Syrphid,
Baccha clavafa, F., the larvae of which feed on Aphids ; Sarcophaga
blandita, sp. n., which is parasitic on a Mantid ; S. lubera, sp. n.,
and S. clotho, sp. n., which are parasitic on the locust Schistocerca sp.
in Rio Grande do Sul; Anastrepha fraterculus, Wied., which has been
reared on Araca [Psidium araca] ; Euxesta eluta, Lw., the larva of
which destroys the pulp of oranges ; Agromyza gnaranitica, sp. n.,
the larvae of whicli mine the leaves of cultivated Chrysanthemum ;
Agro)u>/za niareUii, sp. n., on which further data will be published.

Lepidoptera : Melittia riograndensis, sp. n., breeding on the shoots
of pumpkins ; Neopyralis ronnai, gen. et sp. n., breeding on prickly
pear ; Aiumalo helops. Cram., injurious to fig-trees ; and Tinea peUion-
ella, L., the common clothes moth.

Hymenoptera include Catuponotus mvs, Rog., a scavenger ant ;
Ipobracon oeceticola, sp. n., which is parasitic on the bagworm,
Oeceticus platensis ; Apanteles riograndensis, sp. n., which is parasitic
on Tinea pellionella ; A. ayerza, sp. n., a parasite of Colias leshia ;
Cecidopimpla ronnai, gen. et sp. n., parasitic on the Lepidopteron,
Cecidoses eremita ; Trichomalus hesperocharidis, sp. n., parasitic on
larvae and pupae of a Le])idopteron, Hesperocharis sp. ; Prionomitus
byasiliensis, sp. n., found parasitic on the larva of a moth injurious
to albahaca [Ocymum basilicum] ; Habrocytus platensis, sp. n. ;
Perissopterus caridei, Brethes, and Tetrastichus zemani, sp. n., parasitis-
ing Ceroplastes rusci, L.. on orange-trees in La Plata ; Tetrastichus
oeceticola, sp. n., a parasite of Oeceticus platensis ; and CirrospHus
mellevs. sp. n.. a ])arasite of a Lepidopterous larva.

Grimaud (L. E.). EI Gorrion [The Sparrow.] — Anales Soc. Rural
Argentina. Buems Aires, liv, no. 7, 15th April 1920, pp. 291-294.

An appeal is made for co-operation in the destruction of sparrows,
which have estabUshed themselves in Argentina at the expense of
the native beneficial birds, many of which are of considerable value
in destroving insects.

300

Duncan (F. M.). Insect Pests and Plant Diseases in the Vegetable
and Fruit Garden. — London, Constable and Co., Ltd.. 1919,
95 pp., 12 plates. Price 3s. 6f/. [Received 16th June 1920.]

This book gives a short and popular account of those insect pests
and plant diseases that are most likely to be met with in allotment
or vegetable gardens together with such methods of control as could
be easily applied by the owner of a small garden. Only the commoner
British insects and fungi are included.

HuLBERT (H. W.). Field Pea Production in North Idaho.— f/?(iv.
Idaho Agric. Exp. Sta., Moscoiv, Bull. 115, March 1919, 26 pp.,
3 figs.

The pests mentioned as attacking field peas are Bruchus pisonim
(pea weevil), AcyrtJiosiphon {Necfarophora) pisi destructor (pea aphis)
and Cydia (Setnasia) nigricana (pea moth). The damage caused by
these pests and the remedial measures for them are discussed.

Webb (J. L.). How Insects affect the Rice Crop. — U. S. Dept. Agric,
Washington, D. C, Farmers' Bull. 1086, March 1920, 11 pp., 4 figs.

The rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus simplex, Say, occurs annually
in the rice-fields, attacking the roots. In extreme cases the plants are
killed. The adults hibernate in dead grass, the dates of their first
appearance in the spring varying from 25th March to 26th June. The
eggs are inserted into one of the principal roots. The larvae hatch in
a few days and commence feeding on the inner root tissues. One larva
may attack several roots. The duration of the pupal stage is probably
from 1 to 2 weeks, the total life-cycle occupying about 38 days. For
the control of this pest the fields should be drained while the larvae are
still young about 2| to 3 wrecks after the first flooding. The drainage
should continue for 2 weeks. A longer period will injure the rice, but
a shorter period will not kill the larvae. Other pests of rice include
the stink bug, Solubea (Oebalus) pugnax, F. ; Laphygma frugiperda,
S. & A. ; Chilo plejadellus, Zinck. ; Diabrotica duodecinipunctata, 01..
and Ligyrus rugiceps, Lee.

The methods advocated for controlling insect pests of rice include
the ploughing of fields in the autumn previous to planting time. If
this is not done, all vegetation should be burned off during the winter.
Fields should be drained after first flooding. In case of attacks by
caterpillars they should be flooded at once, and no weeds should be
permitted in their neighbourhood.

Weiss (H. B.). Miscellaneous Nursery Insects. — ]^eiv Jersey State
Deft. Agric., Trenton, Cu-c. no. 31, March 1920, 21 pp., 17 figs.

This circular deals briefly with the life-history of, and remedial
measures for the following insects pests: — GryUotalpagryllotalpa,\j.,.
(European mole -cricket), Idiocerus scurra, Ger. (poplar leaf-hopper),
Macropsis virescens var. graminea, F. (poplar stem leaf -hopper), Platy-
metopius hyalinus, Osb. (Japanese maple leaf-hopper), Brachys ovatus,

301

A\'eb., and B. aerosns, Mels. (oak leaf- miners), Vespacrahro, lj.,Rhyn-
chites bicolor, F. (red rose beetle), Pyrausta genitalis, Grote (lotus
borer), Olethreutes hebesana, Wlk. (verbena bud-moth), Lygus pratensin,
L. (tarnished plant bug), and Macronoctua onusta, Grote (iris root

borer).

OsHiMA (M.). Formosan Termites and Methods of preventing their
Damage. — Philippine Jl. Sci., Manila, xv, no. 4, October 1919,
pp. 319-383, 13 plates, 5 figs. [Received 18th May 1920.]

Of the 14 species of termites occurring in Formosa and Japan those
described as injurious to wooden structures are Coptolermesformosanus,
Shir., G. flaviceps, Osh., and Odontotermes fonnosonus , Shir. Leucofermes
Jlaviceps is closely related to L. spiratus, Osh., from Japan. Cojjtotermes
Jontwsanus is most formidable to buildings and its habits are here
dealt with in detail. The swarming of this species takes place in May
or early in June in Formosa, and a little later in Japan. This termite
is essentially a destroyer of wood, but has also been found penetrating
brick walls, in which it destroys the mortar. The attack on wood is
insidious, an outer layer being left intact as a protection from sunhght
and natural enemies.

It has been proved that if the upper parts of buildings are disconnected
from the soil by a concrete layer that has neither cracks nor joints
infestation by C . jormosanus is prevented from the ground but the
building is not proof against attacks by the winged forms.

Tests have been made with 45 species of native and exotic woods,
a hst of which is given, to ascertain their relative resistance to termite
attack. These tests are described and the relationship between the
resistance and the chemical as well as physical properties of timber is
discussed. The observations show that teak {Tecfona grandis)
and cypress pine {Calletris glauca) are absolutely immune to the attacks
of Formosan termites, their resistance being due to organic compounds
that may be extracted with benzine or alcoliol. This compound is a
sesquiterpene alcohol.

The experiments were further extended in order to discover some
home product that would replace the resistant properties existing in
teak and cypress pine so that non-resistant timber might be made
immune. For this purpose a mixture of neutral petroleum oil from
Niizu, Japan, and camphor green oil (10 per cent, solution), which
•contains 25 per cent, sesquiterpene alcohol, proved most effective, the
fluid being injected into the wood. Of ten common preservatives
tested, only carbohn, carbolineum Avenarius, Stop-rot and carbolineum
Atlas prevented the attack of Odontotermes Jormosanus. As the
efficacy of these chemicals depends on their anthracene oil content
they may be successfully applied to railway sleepers or telegraph poles,
but are not recommended for use in houses on account of the staining
properties of this substance.

€ocKERELL (T. D. A.). A new Scale Insect on Rhizophora. — Philippine
Jl. Sci., Manila, xv. no. 4. October 1919. pp. 385-387, 1 fig.
[Received 18th May 1920.]

Targionia merrilli, sp. n., occurring on Rhizophora mucronata
(mangrove) in the Phihppines is described.

302

Other scales that have been recorded on mangroves are Cfenochiton
rhizophorae, Mask., in Austraha, Mesolecaniunt rhizophorae, Ckll., in
Brazil,, and ChrysompJialus rhizophorae, Ckll.. in Mexico.

Johnson (E.) & Coad (B. R.). Dusting Machinery for Cotton Boll
Weevil Control. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. Farmers'
Bull. 1098, January 1920, 31 pp., 5 figs. [Received 18th May 1920.]
Recent tests with poison-dusts against the cotton boll weevil [An-
thonornus grandis] have given satisfactory results, and it is considered
that this practice is hkely to spread rapidly. Suitable machinery is
an essential factor in success and much attention has been given to the
development of various types, as cotton dusting involves the treatment
of much more extensive areas than have formerly been treated by this
method. The present bulletin is considered only as a progress report
and is issued solely for the purpose of recording the information on
dusting machinery that has been secured up to the present time. The
special factors governing the construction of the cotton-dusting
machine which are discussed, include the type of labour available,
the areas to be treated in plantations and in the field, field conditions,
the necessity for night operation, the characteristics of poison utihsed
and the type of dust cloud required. The recommendations given in
this paper are not, however, considered in any way final, and it is
expected that improvements will be developed from time to time for
years to come.

Warren (D. C). Dusting Cotton for the Control of the Boll Weevil.

—Georgia State Bd. Entnm., Atlanta, Bull. 56, February 1920,
15 pp., 2 figs. [Received 20th May 1920.]
While a considerable amount of experimental work has been done
in various ]jarts of the United States in dusting cotton for the control
of the cotton boll weevil [Anthonomus grandis], it has been found
essential that special tests should be made under Georgia conditions.
Particulars are given of the experiments that have been carried out,
and the results show that the method was successful in practically
every case. Directions are given for applying poison, the various
materials that may be used, of which calcium arsenate has given the
best results, the dosage and number of applications, and suitable
machinery.

Chase (W. W.). The Principal Parasites of the Peach. — Georgia

State Bd. Entom., Atlanta, Bull. 57, Revised Ed. of Bull. 43,

March 1920, 45 pp. 11 plates.

Much of the information contained in this bulletin has been noticed

elsewhere [R. A. E., iv, 261]. The mounds suggested for the control of

AegeHa (Sanninoidea) exitiosa, Say, should be formed between the 15th

July and 1st August.

Hayes (W. P.) & McColloch (J. W.). Some Observations on the
Genitalia of Lachnosterna. — Ann. Entom. Soc. America, Columbus,
Ohio, xiii, no. 1, pp. 75-80, 2 plates.
This paper is the result of the examinations of about 50,000 indivi-
duals of Lachnosterna from Kansas. The genitalia of nine species are
discussed, as well as specific and sexual determination in the pupal stage.

303

Herrick (G. W.). The Winter of 1918 19 and the Activities of Insects
with special reference to the Clover Leaf- Weevil {Hi/pera pnnffaid,
Fah.) — Ann. Entoin. Soc. America, Coluiubiis-. Oliio. xiii. no. 1, pp.
' 101-107.

Many inr^ect pests were abundant during the sumuier of 1918 in New
York State, including Melanoplus femnr-rahrum, a blister beetle,
Pomphopoea sayi, a bug, Cosmopepla camifex, the wheat midge,
Contarinia tntici, the green clover worm, Plathypena scahra, Levia
tfilineata and Empoasca nxili on potatoes, Eriocampoides limacina on
cherry trees, the lined corn borer, Hadena fractilinea, and Hypcra
punctata.

The fact that the weather was below normal in precipitation, while
the temperature w^as above normal, may be responsible for the early
increase of insects during the year. Hypera punctata occurred in great
abundance, but was successfully kept in check by the fungus, Empusa
sphaerospernia. Observations and breeding experiments show that
this wee\-il mav survive favourable winters in the adult stage and
become active enough in the spring to oviposit, thus giving rise to a
second generation.

Smyth (E. G.). Cotton Insects in Porto Rico. — Entom.News, Lancaster,
Pa., xxxi. no. 5. May 1920, pp. 121-125.

Although HeJiothis (CJdoridea) obsoleta, F., infests maize in Porto
Rico, it has not yet been found to attack cotton.

The cotton pests so far noticed include Alabama argillacea, Hb.,
which is controlled by the destruction of the alternative food-plants,
Urena lobata and Mcdachra roiundifolia , on which it also hibernates.
The stainer. Dysdercus andreae, L.. is most frequently found in the
drier northwest and south coast regions, but cannot be considered a
serious pest of the cotton crops. The isolated attacks of Xylomyges
sunia, Gn., on cotton are considered accidental. Heliotlirips
kaemorrhoidalis, Burm.. caused severe injury to the outside of cotton
bolls and seems immediately concerned in the attacks of a disease
that somewhat discolours the bolls and prevents them from bursting
properly by cementing them to the calyx. This is apparentlv the
first record of this pest attacking cotton. About 30 per cent, of the
cotton bolls were infested wdth Pseudococcus virgatus, Ckll., which
also attacked lima beans and pepper during the summer. This mealy
bug was heavily parasitised by a Cecidomviid, probably Karschomyia
cocci. Felt. Other pests found on cotton during the year include :
Pseudococcus citri, Risso : P. longispinus, Targ. ; an undetermined
scale closely allied to Coccus mangiferae, Green ; Corythuca gossypii,
F. ; and Aphis gossypii, Glov. The enemies of the latter include
Cyclo^eda sanguinea, L., Scymnus roseicolUs, Muls., Hyperaspis sp.,
a Brab^nid, a Chalcidid, a Chrysopid, and the fungus, Agrostalagmus
albus. C. sanguinea is itself parasitised by an Encyrtid, Homalotylus

^P- . . .

hiabrotica graminea, Baly, Empoasca sp., a Membracid, Antianthe

expansa, Germ., and Nezara viridula, L., have also been found on

cotton in Porto Rico.

301

Shot-hole Borer Investigations. — Tro}). Agriculturist, Peradeniya,
liv, no. 4, April 1920, p. 226.

In the course of a meeting of the Committee of Agricultural Experi-
ments held at Peradeniya in March, 1920, it was reported that the
paint recommended for the destruction of Xijleborus fornieafus (shot-
hole borer of tea) [R.A.E., A. viii, p. 110] has proved considerably
more expensive than was anticipated, and that, while it generally
destroyed the adult beetles, the young and eggs in the galleries were
more or less unaffected. It is hoped, however, that the cost of applica-
tion may be reduced under careful supervision and that further
experiments with the paint will be made.

IsELY (D.) & AcKERMAx (A. J.). Some Features of the Codling Moth
Problem in the Ozarks. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N. H., xiii,
no. 2, April 1920, pp. 159-166.

Loss to the apple crop in the Ozarks due to codUng moth [Cydia
poiuonella] has quite recently become very serious, and experiments
in its control in 1918 and 1919 are described. The climatic conditions
of the Ozarks and the parts of Southern Illinois and Kansas that
resemble them give rise to a more severe infestation than is the rule
in most fruit regions. There are numerous broods, and the
second and following ones occurring in the heat of summer overlap so
nuich as to be, for practical purposes, one brood. At the same time,
also for chmatic reasons, there is considerable variation in the date
of hatching of the larvae of the first brood. Consequently all spray
applications, with the exception of the calyx spray, are based on the
dates of hatching of the first and second broods. It may be anything
between three to six weeks after the faUing of the petals before the
larvae of the first brood begin hatching in appreciable numbers. With
such a variation, no fixed date for the application of the first spray
following the calyx application can be given, the time must be deter-
mined by life-history studies each season of the hatching of the larvae,
the time of emergence of the earliest moths not being a rehable index.
An additional first-brood spray is apphed at a fixed interval (usually
two weeks) following the first appUcation to give continuous protection.
The earliest second brood larvae hatch about eight or ten days after
the emergence of the earliest first brood moths. Apphcations of
sprays for the second and following broods are spaced at intervals
(usually of about three weeks) to give protection until near harvest.
In the experiments in 1918 this series of spraying was stopped on
5th August, and was effective till the end of August. The long spell
of hot weather, however, produced a late brood, which after that
date caused two-thirds of the damage sustained in sprayed orchards.
In the cooler summer of 1919 there was no fourth brood, and the last
spray on 12th August was sufficient protection.

The experiments showed that spraying machinery which produces a
very fine mist is much more efficient than a coarse spray, and with
the former, using the system described, Cydia pomonella can be
•efficientlv controlled in the Ozarks.

305

Headlee (T. J.). Some Experiences with the Codling Moth. —

Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 2, April 1920, pp.
166-173.

Observations in New Jersey seem to show that the habits of the
codhng moth [Cydia pomonella], like those of other insects, differ
materially from those exhibited in other parts of the United States
where careful studies have been made. There seem to be only
two broods of the moth in New Jersey. Though the blossom fall
[calyx] spray is essential, it will not alone produce any satisfactory
control, sprays directed against the larvae which enter the apples
being absolutely essential also. In cases where the time of spraying
was determined by the entrance of the larvae such a degree of control
was obtained that less than 1 per cent, of the picked fruit was damaged.
There is a fairly close relationship between the time the blossoms fall
and the time the larvae enter the fruit, because the temperature
factor, which is of considerable delaying or accelerating effect, probably
operates on the insect in much the same way, and to about the same
extent, as it does on the tree. Experiments showed that from the
falhng of the petals to the beginning of entrance by the first brood
larvae there was a period of about four weeks. In the case of the
second brood larvae the interval from the falling of the petals was
nearly twelve weeks.

As a consequence of the mistakes that arise in applying the results
of experiments in one locahty in the differing conditions of another,
the suggestion is made that studies of country-wide economic species
should be carried out on a regional basis under a plan that includes
extensive and thorough co-operation between States and with the
Government agencies.

In the discussion that followed this paper it was observed that in
Indiana there was no break between the broods, the moths emerging
continuously from the middle of May till September. Consequently
an unbroken series of sprays has to be kept up all through the summer.

Glenn (P. A.). Forms of the Oyster-Shell Scale in Illinois. — Jl.

Econ. Entom., Concord, N. H., xiii, no. 2, April 1920, pp. 173-178.

The author is of opinion that the oyster-shell scales that infest
various species of deciduous trees in Illinois do not belong to the
European species, Lepidosaphes vhni, or at any rate are distinct
varieties of that species. They are designated the browii form, the
greyish-brown or banded form, and the yellowish-brown form. The
brown form appears identical with L. ulmi and infests apple. The
greyish-brown form cannot hve on apple and certain other fruit trees.
The yellowish-brown form probably does not infest apple. The
average number of circumgenital pores varies in these forms, but
there is such variation among individuals in the same group that
identification by this means would be difficult.

It is on the economic side that the difference in form is at present
most marked. The greyish-brown form is of no importance as a
fruit pest, but in cities it is more numerous than either of the others,
and unless some method of control is adopted, it seems probable that
it will eliminate the poplar and ash, and possibly all its favourite
food-plants, since, unlike the other forms, it is not subject to any

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306

parasite known at present. Spraying with lime-sulphur wash is an
effective remedial measure, but it frequently cannot be applied to
large shade-trees and it will also damage paint on neighbouring
buildings, so that its use is often impracticable. The only other
satisfactory method of procedure is to cut down infested trees and
replace them with others not susceptible to the pest. Poplars are
especially objectionable because the scale multiphes rapidly upon
them ; they are too high to spray, and too hardy to die, so that they
serve as disseminating centres for the scale for many years.

Marlatt (C. L.). Report on Federal Plant Quarantine Work and
Co-operation with State Officials. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord,
N. H., xiii, no. 2, April 1920, pp. 179-180.

A brief resume is given of this report, many of the facts in which
have chiefly been taken from one already noticed [R.A.E.. A, viii,
234]. The enormous growth of the scope of the Federal Horticultural
Board is emphasised, together with the need of support from every
State official and worker against reactionary propaganda such as that
which has been spread broadcast respecting quarantine no. 37.
[R.A.E., A, vii, 184.]

-Sasscer (E. R.). Important Foreign Insect Pests collected on
imported Nursery Stoclt in 1919. — Jl. Econ. Entom.. Concord.
N. H., xiii, no. 2, April 1920, pp. 181-184.

The amount of stock exported from the principal countries to the
United States was less in 1919 than in any year since 1912, but, in
spite of this, the number of insects arriving on imported stock has
been as large as ever, if not larger. Even if stock had been examined
by recognised experts on the other side, there was seldom if ever a
shipment of any size that did not show insects of some description
when examined in the United States, and an insect of no importance
in its own country may easily change its habits in a new environment.

The insects intercepted in 1919 included : — Platyedra (Pectinophora)
f]ossi/'piella, Saund. (pink boll worm), in cotton seed from China, Africa
(Angola) and Mexico ; Palaeopus coslicollis, Mshl. {dioscoreae, Pierce), in
yams from Jamaica ; Etiscepes batatae, Waterh., in sweet potatoes from
British West Indies ; E. porcellus, Boh., on sweet potato cuttings
from Hawaii ; larvae of presumably Anastrepha fraterculus, Wied.,
in grape-fruit and mangos from Cuba, Guatemala and Jamaica ;
Arcfornis clirysorrhoea,\j. {Porthesia similis, ¥uess[.) (gold-tail moth) on
Acer atropurpureum and Azalea amoena from Holland ; Acronycta
rumicif!, L. (sorrel cutworm) on pear and quince from France ; nests
of Nygmia phaeorrJioea, Don. {Euproctis chrysorrhoea) (brown-tail
moth) on Cotoneaster, apple and manetti stock from France ; egg-
masses of Porthetria dispar, L. (gipsy moth) on quince, apple and
manetti stocks from France, and on boxwood from Holland ; Agonop-
leryx ocellana, F., on rhododendrons and boxwood from Holland ;
Gracilaria zachrysa, Meyr., on azaleas from Holland and Belgium ;
a species of Reticulitermes in packing-moss round roots of Utchi and
citrus from the Phihppines ; a species of Melanotus in ship's ballast
from Spain ; Athous niger, L., in soil round rhododendrons from
Holland ; a species of Crambus in rice-straw packing from Japan ;

307

a mite. Stiqmaroden cincfus, Ewing, in pineapple shoots from the
Straits Settlements ; Agromyza shineri, Gir., and a species of Xylcborus
on wistaria from Japan ; Calandra linearis, Hrbst., in tamarind seed
j)ods from Guatemala and Cape Verde Islands ; Gryllotalpa (jryllotalya,
L. (European mole-cricket) in soil round azaleas from Holland ;
Melanaaster chinensis, For., on Japanese figs ; and Emjihytus cinctus,
L.. on various plants from Britain. France and Holland.

On flower bulbs ^^ere taken Otiorrhynchus snlcatus , F., from Holland ;
Pyralify farinalis. L.. from France; Eumerus strigatus. Fall., Merodon
equestris. ¥., Rhizoglyphns rhizopliagus, Banks, and R. hyacinthi,
Boisd., from France and Holland. Awiraphis tulipae, Boyer, infested
Iris tingitana from France, and a species of the same genus was found
on Iris alberti from England. A new species of Liothrips was found on
a Uly from France, and an undescribed species of Tarsonemus on
narcissus from Holland. Unidentified Chironomids, Cecidomyiids and
Agromyzids were also intercepted.

As in former years, Coccids were frequently met with, the n:iore
important being : — Asjndiotits transparens, Green, on cycads from
South Africa ; Selenaspidus pumilus, Brain, from South Africa ; Targionia
broweliae Newst., on pineapple shoots from Straits Settlements ;
T. hartii, Ckll., on yams and sweet potatoes from Africa ; T. sacchari,
Ckll.. on sugar-cane from Porto Rico ; Chionaspis exalbida, Ckll.,
on aloe and Pandanus from Port EUzabeth, South Africa ; C. niger,
Ckll., on litchi from Hawaii ; Lcpidosapkes alba, Ckll., on Manihot
sp. from St. Kitts, British West Indies, Bahama Islands, and the
Belgian Congo, and on Manihot escidenta from Jamaica ; Parlatoria
calianthina, B. & L., on Pyrus communis from Algeria ; P. pseudas-
pidiotus. Lindg., on orchids from the Philippines ; Eulecanium
{Lecanium) cerasorum, Ckll., on wistaria from Japan ; L. kunoensis,
Kuwana, on plums from Japan ; E. (L.) persicae, F., on Berberis
verruculosa from France ; Pulvinariafloccifera, Westw., on Renanfhera
imschootiana from England ; Pseudococcus boninensis, Kuwana, on
sugar-cane from Argentina ; P. comstocki, Kuw., on persimmon from
Japan ; P. crotonis, Green, on orchid from Porto Rico ; P. sacchari,
Ckll.. on cow cane and Indian cane from Rhodesia, and on sugar-cane
from Cuba and the Virgin Islands ; P. virgatus, Ckll., on- litclii from
the PhiHppine Islands.

Davis (J. J.). The Green Japanese Beetle Problem. — .//. Econ.
Entom., Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 2, April 1920, pp. 185-194.

The green Japanese beetle {Popillia japonica, Xewm.) has increased
very rapidly in Xew Jersey, and was at least ten times as numerous in
1919 as in the previous year, infesting an area of 15,000 acres. Grants
had been made in previous years by the State and Federal Govern-
ments for its extermination or control, but in 1919 it was decided that
the policy of eradication must be abandoned and the cost of control
was estimated at a minimum of about £14,000. Congress appropriated
£7,000 ; this will enable valuable work to be done, but is insufficient
for success, since in spite of the measures of the past two seasons, the
msect has increased enormously and spread rather rapidly.

The life-history and habits of this beetle have been already noticed
[R.A.E., A, vi, 440 ; vii, 224, 411], but in the present paper pupation

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308

was not recorded before June. The insect is not injurious in the
larval stage, but the adult is a serious menace to small fruits, orchards,
cereal and forage crops and other plants. It is practically omnivorous,
skeletonising the leaves of the food-plant. In Japan it is of small
importance, being controlled by natural conditions, natural enemies
or both ; but without this control it may easily become a pest of
prime importance in almost any community. It is hard to control
artificially as it is a strong flier and is easily carried in vehicles, on the
person and on marketable foodstuffs, plants, etc. It feeds on almost
any plant, and the weeds by the road-side form a network of food-
plants that assist its spread all over the country. It multiplies rapidly
and the greater part of its life is spent under ground where it is difficult
to reach.

The present limits of its infestation in New Jersey are as accurately
known as careful work can make them. Scouting has been undertaken,
the beetle has been well advertised, and all reports of its occurrence
outside the known area carefully followed up. The project at present
is to prevent the further spread of the insect and at the same time to
discover practical control measures. The conditions in Japan are to
be studied in the hope of finding parasites, and the introduction of a
colony of English pheasants, which are very fond of the beetle, is
planned. Various measures have been designed to prevent the spread
of the insect. Quarantine covering green maize, in which the beetle
is often carried, has already proved effective, and will be strictly
enforced. The roadside clean-up [R.A.E., vii, 511] will be reinforced
by the use of salt to prevent re-growth : and the half-mile barrier [loc.
ciL] will be maintained, hme-sulphur being now used as a repellent so
as to avoid poisoning cattle. Aeroplane photographs of the ground
are to be used to assist in planning out the work. As the full estimated
cost of all this work has not been granted by the Government, it will
be necessary to enlist the co-operation of in'lividual farmers in carry-
ing it out.

To reduce the numbers of the beetles, hand collection, which accoun-
ted for a milhon and a half in 1919, will be encouraged, and soil insecti-
cide operations with sodium cyanide, which are too expensive for
general use, will be applied where grub infestation is heavy.

Observations of the life-history indicate that most poisons do not
kill the beetle, but act as repellents. Certain odours are very at-
tractive to it ; most of them disappear too soon to be effective in
combination with poison-sprays, but one of them, iron arsenate, which
is too feebly poisonous to be effective itself, may well form an efficient
combination with another poison.

Infested ground should be ploughed in the autumn and again ploughed
or cultivated as deeply as possible in late May and in June when the
metamorphoses are taking place. This, hke all the other points in
the control measures, depends for its success on the faithful co-operation
of all the residents in and around the infested area.

Hadley (C. H.). The Green Japanese Beetle Quarantine. — Jl. Econ.
Entom., Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 2, April 1920, pp. 198-201.

In this paper the quarantine restrictions mentioned in the preceding
paper are described in detail. It was found that there is great danger

309

of Popillia jdpotiica being carried from infested territory on farm
produce especially green or sweet maize. Accordingly Quarantine
Order number 35 was published prohibiting inter-State movements of
green, sweet or sugar maize from the infested districts, to take effect
from 1st June 1919, and it was shortly after supplemented by a similar
measure for movements in the State of New Jersey itself. The re-
presentative of the Federal Horticultural Board was responsible for
both quarantines, the details of which were the same. Information .Was
obtained from every farmer in the quarantined area as to the maize
being grown, and its intended disposal. Farms within the quarantined
area, but well outside the known limits of infestation, received certificates
allowing unrestricted shipment, until revoked, or up to 15th August,
by which time the spread of the beetle would be known. Farms
within the probable limits of infestation, but not yet infested, received
similar certificates up to 25th July. In each case these certificates
were extended as the circumstances warranted. The third group
included all infested farms. No general certificates were issued, but
actual inspection and certification of every package of maize was
required before it could be moved from the farm.

The experience of inspection showed that the ears that concealed
the beetle were only those that had a loose husk or one that had been
damaged or deformed. Normal ears do not af?ord any concealment.
In 23,000 baskets of maize only seventy-seven beetles were found but
if the rapid increase of the insect is considered, this abundantly justifies
the quarantine. The examination of other farm products, however,
showed that they all favour the dispersal of the beetles, and a revised
quarantine measure is now being drawn up, designed adequately to
cover. all phases of the situation.

Peterson (A.). A Preliminary Report on the Use of Sodium Cyanide
for the Control of the Peach-Tree Borer (Sa)minoidea exitio.sa,
Say). — Jl. Econ. Entom.. Concord, N.H.. xiii. no. 2. April 1920,
pp. 201-207.

The results are given of two years study of the response of the peach
tree borer, Aegeria {Sanninoidea) exitiosa, Say, and of peach trees to
sodium cyanide. The problem is complicated by the close relation of
such factors as the size and position of the larvae, the age and condition
of the tree, the time and method of application, the penetrative and
lasting quality of the poison in the soil, and the physical and chemical
properties of the soil, particularly its temperature and water holding
capacity. ,

The granulated or liquid sodium cyanide is placed two or three
inches deep in the soil and covered with a mound six to ten inches liigh.
One ounce treatments of sodium cyanide will kill 75 to 90 per cent, of
the larvae in five- to ten-year-old trees. The granulated poison is as
efficient as the hquid, and easier to apply. An ap])lication of less than
one ounce does not produce a practical control, and trees are liable to
injury with a larger quantity. The time of application is im})ortant.
Strong trees of five to ten years of age are not injured by one ounce
treatments when the applications were made in May, June, September
or October. Healthy trees two to four years of age were not injured
by half-ounce treatments.

310

Sodium cyanide is probably too poisonous for general use, but the
results obtained may give some guidance for the use of other substances,
such as paradichlorobenzene.

Sanders (J. G.) & De Long (D. M.). Dust versus Spray for Control
of Sour Cherry Pests in Pennsylvania. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord,
N.H., xiii, no. 2, April 1920, pp. 208-210.

The usual pests of sour cherry in Pennsylvania, curculio [Cono-
trachelus nenuphar], slug [Eriocmnpoides limacina] and leaf spot
disease, were unusually destructive in 1918, and as a consequence a
series of experiments were carried out in 1919 to determine the relative
value of dust and spray mixtures.

The following were the materials used and the proportions of the
ingredients : — Sulphur-lead-arsenate dust 90-10 ; lime-sulphur spray
1-40 ; lime-sulphur-lead-arsenate dust 50-45-5 ; and Bordeaux spray
3-3-50 to 1 lb. lead arsenate. In apphcation the dust had several
advantages over the spray. It could be apphed in less than half the
time with less labour, and the only disadvantage is that undesirable
wind conditions cause delay. All the four apphcations produced
excellent results as compared with the control plot, but the sulphur-
lead-arsenate dust seemed the best in results as well as in the ease of
apphcation. These experiments are to be continued in 1920.

Fernald (H. T.). Ten Years of the Oriental Moth. — Jl. Econ. Entom.,
Concord, N.H.. xiii, no. 2, April 1920, pp. 210-212.

In 1907 the area in Massachusetts occupied by the Oriental moth
[Cnidocampaflavescens] was two miles by a mile and a half at the most,
Extending furthest from the centre towards the south-west. By
the end of 1916 the area occupied was four miles long by three wide
at the widest point and with an average wddth of two miles. The
insect had reached the ocean on the east, and had extended furthest to
the south and south-east, hardly at all to the west. In 1917 and 1918
shipments of a Chrysid parasite of this moth were made from China,
and in March 1919 about six per cent, of the cocoons were found to be
parasitised.

This parasite, Chrysis shanghaiensis, infests the pupa, and un-
fortunately tends to emerge too soon, when the larva of its host is only
half-grown, and by the time that pupation occurs the weather is often
so cold that the parasite becomes sluggish. Attempts are to be made
to hold back the emergence of the parasite by cold storage. Though
this seems to be the only example of a Chrysid parasitic on a Lepidop-
teron, there is no evidence to support the theory that it is merely a
hyperparasite.

Crosby (C. R.) & Palmer (R. G.). The Organisation of a Special
Spray Service in New York State. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord,
N.H., xiii, no. 2, April 1920, pp. 212-218.

Control demonstrations are most effective when based on a seasonal
programme of treatment rather than on the use of any particular spray
or the destruction of any particular pest. The value of such a pro-
gramme is shown as adapted to local conditions and the prevalent

311

weather. From an educational and financial standpoint this system
has a greater value both to the individual and, particularly, to the
country as a whole. Efficiency requires that the work be done with
an organised grouy) of growers rather than with individuals, and tO'
achieve this result it is necessary that sound expert advice be available
and that the necessary information be placed in the hands of the
growers at the exact time when it will be of most use to them. A full
account is given of the co-operation devised in New York State between
the College of Agriculture and the Country Farm Bureau Associations
whereby a special field assistant is stationed during the growing season
in the country and conducts the work, mostly on specimen demon-
stration plots, sending his information to the growers chiefl}^ by letter
or telephone and keeping in close touch with a speciahst of the United
States Weather Bureau, since weather is often a vital factor. In all
his work he is under the supervision of the Departments of Entomology
and Plant Pathology.

Ball (E. D.) & Fenton (F. A.). What Per Cent, of Tipburn is caused
by the Potato Leafhopper ? — //. Econ. Entoni., Concord, N.H.
xiii, no. 2, April 1920, pp. 218-221.

An account is given of experiments following on the discovery
that a considerable amount of tipburn is caused by the potato leaf-
hopper [Einpoasca mali] [R.A.E., A, vii, 278]. Tests were carried out
with potato plants enclosed in cages which showed that hopperburn
can be produced at will by the use of leaf-hoppers, and prevented
as effectively by their elimination. Both nymphs and adults give
rise to the scorching, but the males do little or no damage. If the
numbers are small, the damage done by the nymphs is more noticeable
as they remain on one leaf till it is used up.

Tipburn has never been produced artificially in any other way
(the effects of damp and shade were tried in these experiments) and
all the evidence points to the fact that its appearance in the field
is strictly correlated with the attacks of the leaf-hojjper. If these
conclusions are warranted, then " hopperburn " as a name for the
leaf- hopper effect on potatoes covers practically all that has formerly
been designated as " tipburn " on this plant. Tipburn has however
been used for scorching effects of all kinds on various plants, and the
substitution of the name " hopperburn " for the specific damage to
the leaves caused by the potato leaf-hopper is justified in the interests
of accuracy.

Britton (W. E.). a Connecticut Cornfield injured by Crambus
'praefeclellas, Zinck. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 2,
April 1920, pp. 222-223.

A field of over an acre in Connecticut was cultivated with maize
for the fi.rst time in 1919, and the resulting crop Avas almost a total
failure owing to the stalk of nearly every plant being attacked by
the larva of a Pyralid moth. The injury took the form of a hole
eaten into the side of the stem at, or just above ground level. The
larva was greyish, covered by a case formed of soil particles webbed
together bv silk threads.

312

At Rrst the larva was supposed to be that of the corn web-worm
{Gramhus caliginosellus, Clem.), but four adults that emerged were
identified as C. praefecfellus, Zinck., a species that has not hitherto been
recorded as injuring maize, though it has sometimes been observed
on maize and wheat in other States, causing no damage of any import-
ance. The larva and adult are described.

Parrott (P. J.) & Olmstead (R. D.). The Work of Emjwasca maU
on Potato Foliage. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 2,
April 1920, pp. 224-226.

The results are given of a series of experiments to determine the
effects of attacks of Empoasca mail, Le B., on potato foliage. Feeding
by the insects produced small brownish or burned areas at the tips
and margins of the leaves. These areas spread inwards, the tissues
dried, and the margins rolled up, leaving a narrow strip of green
tissue in the centre of the leaflet. In cases of severe injury the drying
extended to the petioles, so that any slight disturbance produced
defoliation.

In the field, to compare the repellent effects of ordinary sprays
with those of heavier consistency, the following preparations were
apphed : — Bordeaux mixture (10-10-100) ; Bordeaux mixture (10-
10-100) with six pounds of lead arsenate paste ; china clay, 60 pounds
to 100 U. S. gals, of water to which were added 10 pounds of soap ;
and Bordeaux mixture (8-8-100) with 60 pounds of lump lime. Three
sprayings were applied in July owing to heavy rains, and a fourth
on 25th Au.gust ; later developments indicated that two sprayings
in August would have been better. The control plants showed injury
in August, and declined rapidly in September, the injury being
indistinguishable from the disease known as tipburn. The sprayed
plants presented hardly any traces of injury.

The heavy washes, composed of china clay or lime, were a little
more effective in repelling the insects ; they caused very little trouble
in clogging the nozzles in spite of their consistency, and produced a
thick coating on the foliage. On the other hand the china clay was
more easily washed off by rain than any of the other mixtures, and
the heavy limewash was unsatisfactory as, after the first three
applications, it injured the foliage. Although not quite so effective,
the two lighter Bordeaux mixtures, if thoroughly sprayed, prevent
serious damage, by leaf-hoppers. They withstand rain bettter than
china clay or lime, the combination with lead proving somewhat
superior to the Bordeaux mixture alone.

In the discussion that followed, the senior author said that the
injury caused by the leaf-hopper was not merely due to the extraction
of the juices of the plant, but also to something in the salivary
secretions of the insect that is toxic to plant tissues.

Weigel (C. A.) & Chambers (E. L.). The Strawberry Root-Worm
injuring Roses in Greenhouses. — Jl. Econ. Entom.. Concord,
N.H.. xiii. no. 2, April 1920, pp. 226-232.

Infestations are described of roses in greenhouses by a Chrysomelid
beetle, Typophorus (Paria) cancllas, F. (strawberry root worm), which
usually infests strawberries. It occurred in Virginia and Indiana.

313

Possibly the insects had been introduced into the greenhouses in the
soil. The larvae feed on the roots, but the greater part of the damage
is done by the adult beetles, which eat the young shoots and leaves
of the rose trees, growing quickly under the forcing conditions of the
greenhouse. They feed at night, feigning death if disturbed. The
infested greenhouses were visited in July, but l^efore this serious
damage had been experienced from the beginning of May, and
various attempts had been made to control it. A mixture of lead
arsenate and Paris green in water did not adhere well, and was
ineffective. One part of kerosene emulsion to sixteen of water killed
the beetles, but caused serious scorching of the plants. Nicofume
liquid (36 teaspoonfuls to 4 U.S. gals, of water) stuj^efies. but does not
kill the insects.

In the tests here described, the plants were thoroughly sprayed
with lead arsenate at the rate of two to two and half pounds to fifty
U.S. gals, water and twenty-five ounces of soap. This did not injure
the plants, but. contrary to experience with strawberries, was not
effective. This was due to the insects choosing the fresh, tender
growth that was being forced during the hot sultry nights and avoiding
the sprayed foliage. Fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas was then
tried. Half an ounce to a thousand cubic feet of space produced no
result, and the maximum dose that roses can withstand, using two
ounces to a thousand cubic feet of space, was therefore tried. As a
result 97 per cent, of the beetles were killed. Almost all the tender
growth was more or less scorched, but recovered in three weeks,
while this deprived the few remaining beetles of their favourite
place of feeding. In this way a large percentage of females are killed
many months before normal egg-laying time.

In the discussion that followed this paper Mr. A. Peterson described
the results of three years' study of this insect in a rose-house in New
Jersey. In that State there are two generations a year, the adults
appearing in June and July and again in September. The winter
is passed in the adult stage in the soil. No satisfactory control had
been found. Hydrocyanic acid gas (1| oz.) applied in August,
scorched the foliage so seriously that it did not recover that season
without killing more than a small percentage of the beetles. Dusting
with a lead, sulphur and lime mixture in June and July gave promise
of control, but the only method in use consists in beating the bushes
and catching the beetles as they fall.

Flint (W. P.). Poison Baits for Grasshoppers. — .//. Econ. Enfom.,
Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 2. A])ril !9-_>0. pp. 232-237.

The preference that giasshoppers show for leguminous ])lants, 75
per cent, of the damage done by them in Illinois being to clover, lucerne,
soy beans, cowpeas, and similar plants, suggested that a bait with a
strong leguminous odour might possibly prove more attractive than
the standard bran-molasses-lemons bait [E.A.E., A, vii, 206, etc.|.
Lucerne meal has been tried, but has not the necessary fresh odour.
During 1918 and 1919 a series of experiments were made using the
standard bait, and, for comparison, a bait nuide of twenty-five p(mnds
of bran and one pound of Paris green mixed dry, and a stiff mash made
by adding water in which had been stirred three pounds of finely

314

ground, green beans. In six tests out of seven the new bait worked
onsiderably better than the standard one, so that it can be considered,
at least quite as good and is about one shilling per acre cheaper. A
similar bait with three pounds of freshly ground clover substituted for
the beans a(;ted almost as well. No work was done to compare the
relative attractiveness or cost of the new bait with a bait made of bran
and poison only such as was used in Dr. Morrill's experiments [R.A.E.,
A, vi, 304] with almost as much success as was obtained with the
molasses and lemons. Baits made with paper instead of bran are
more suitable in certain situations, wheie weeds aie tall, or where
poisoning of poultry or other birds is feared, although there is little
evidence of birds ever having been poisoned by the mixture. raj)er
soaked in soluble poisons did not give good results, but newspaper
soaked for half -an- hour in a mixture of one U.S. gal. of water, a (juarter
of a cup of molasses, two ounces of Paris green and one ounce of salt,
torn into pieces four inches S(piare and sown over a clover field at six
inch intervals, killed four times as many grasshoppers in two days as
were killed by the standard bait at ten pounds per acre. The paper
also retains its attractiveness for a much longer period though it is
particularly attractive when damp.

Dean (G. A.) & Kelly (E. G.). Organization for Grasshopper
Control.— JL Earn. Entom., Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 2, April 1920.
pp. 237-242.

The campaign against the infestation of grasshoppers in 1919 in
Kansas is described. After the measures in 1918 [R.A.E., A, vii, 284]
large numbers of eggs of Mdanoplns atlantis survived in undisked road-
sides and hedgerows, and by 1st June the grasshoppers were swarming,
everywhere. The farmers had been warned, but did not recognise
the danger till the insects had entered the wheat fields and after eating
the leaves crawled up the stalk and attacked the stem just below the
head. Hot sun and wind did the rest and by 29tli June one and a
half million bushels of wheat were lost. The grasshoppers then
attacked green oats and barley and caused more loss while the maize,
lucerne, and sorghum crops were threatened. An urgent call for
assistance was sent to the State Agricultural College, and measures
were set on foot at once. Under the Kansas grasshopper law, supplies
of poison were at once located and obtained, and the forces in each
county organised for work under the county agents or representatives
of the College. The amount of material for each township was estimated
and distributed, and the township trustees made responsible for its
apphcation.

The results were excellent throughout. Poisoning the grasshoppers
at this time also protected the autumn wheat and no reports of injury
to this crop were received.

McCoLLOCH (J, W.). A study of the Oviposition of the Corn Earworm
with relation to Certain Phases of the Life Economy and Measures
of Control. — Jl. Econ. Enlom., Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 2, April
1920, pp. 242-255.
The following summary of this paper on the corn earworm, Heliothis
{Chloridea) obsoleta, F., is given by the author : — A study of the ovi-
position of the corn earworm on different varieties of maize plants^

315

with relation to the date of planting and period of silking, has been
made during the past six years. This work represents the daily
number of eggs deposited on 128 individual plants and the silking
period of 128 rows of maize. Three distinct broods of the corn earworm
occur each year, the first brood of moths emerging early in June, the
second brood about 10th July, and the third brood about 10th August.
The maximum emergence occurs about two weeks after the first
emergence. The first two broods are of little importance in comparison
with the third. The date of silking is dependent on the variety rather
than on the date of })lanting. While the plantings were made at
intervals of two weeks the dates of silking show a difference of less
than a week for maize planted 15th April, 1st May and 15th May.

The moths show a decided preference for the silks for oviposition.
When these are not available, the upper surface of the leaves and the
stalks are selected. Relatively few eggs are deposited on the lower
surface of the leaves, the husk, or the tassel. There is a distinct
relation between the date of planting and the number and location
of the eggs. From the data presented, the loth April is too early to
plant maize from the standpoint of oviposition, and the 1st June is too
late. The variety of maize, however, is to be considered in developing
variations which will have an influence on the number of eggs deposited
on it. An analysis of the data indicates that from the standpoint of
the number of eggs deposited, Boone County White can be planted
from 15th April to 1st May, Commercial White about 1st May, and
Kansas Sunflower and Hildreth from 1st May to 15th May. Consider-
ing the results for the lour varieties, 1st May, under favourable
conditions, is the optimum time to plant maize to escape the corn
earworm.

Considerable variation has been noted in the number of eggs deposited
on the four varieties of maize. In -IS" 7 per cent, of the plots grown in
the six years, Boone County White had the lowest number of eggs.
Kansas Sunflower had the fewest eggs in 28" 3 per cent, of the plots.
Commercial White in IS'G per cent., and Hildreth in 12*5 per cent. A
similar variation was notecl in the location of the eggs on the different
varieties. There are a number of factors to be considered with relation
to oviposition on varieties of maize, the principal ones being the time
and period of silking, the time of m.aturing, and certain morphological
characters of the plant.

Resolutions adopted by the Cotton States' Entomologists at Vicksburg,
Miss., March 1, 2 and 3, 1920. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H.,
xiii, no. 2, April 1920, p. 257.

Among the resolutions adopted were the following : — That it is the
conviction of the members of this Association that the European corn
horev[Ptfrausta nnhilalis], Japanese beetle [Popillia japonico], Oriental
peach moth [Cydia molesta] and gipsy moth [Porthetria dispar], foreign
pests established in the north-eastern United States, constitute a
potential menace to the agricultural prosperity of the Southern States,
and we urge upon the National Government such steps and appro-
priations as are necessary to prevent the further spread of these
destructive pests in the United States, and that earnest efforts should
be made to eradicate them.

316

That the experience of Texas and Louisiana with the pink bollworm
[Plaft/edra gos.sypiello] emphasises the importance of each State doing-
systematic scouting work for such dangerous insect pests as the pink
bollworm, European corn borer, Oriental peach moth, sweet potato
weevil [Ci/las formicarius], etc.

That it is apparent that there is need for crop pest control laws,
with the necessary funds to enforce them, in every State to enable
responsible authorities to deal promptly and effectively with dangerous
pests wherever they may become established.

That while, in our opinion, a wide diversity in climatic conditions,
horticultural products and insect fauna makes impracticable the
application of uniform nursery inspection laws and regulations in all
the States of the United States, it is nevertheless desirable, in the
interests of increased horticultural development and the economical
administration of inspection measures, that such laws and regulations
be standardised in the Southern States, and uniformity therein secured
as far as may be possible.

WoGi.TiM (E. S.) & Borden (A. D.). Control of the Citrophilus
Mealybug. — Separate from California Citroqraph, Los Anqeles,
May 1920. 1 p., Ifig.

The history of the spread of the citrophilus mealy-bug [Pseudococcns
gahani] in California is reviewed. The remedial measures tried
in 1918, and repeated in 1919 [R.A.E., A, vii, 103] are described. In
addition to those already mentioned these include banding with burlap,
the destruction of the massed insects on the trunks by means of a
power spray and the use of an insecticide containing 40 lb. of soap,
10 U.S. gals, of distillate crude oil (28° to 30° Be.) and water to make
200 U.S. gals. If a lighter oil is used, the amount should be
increased to 15 U.S. gals. Bands should be removed before spraying
and dipped in pure distillate oil and replaced 2 or 3 days after
the treatment. In cases of very severe infestation the spray may have
to be repeated, but during the operations in 1919 a single application
proved adequate. Spraying should be done before the larvae migrate
to the branches. The liberation of natural enemies such as Cryptc-
laemus, Leiwopis, Chrysopa and Scymnus is advocated.

Criddlf. (N.). Locust Control in the Prairie Provinces. — Canada
Depf. Agric. Ottawa, Circ. no. 13, 13th April 1920. 20 pj).,
6 figs.

Mdanoplus atlantis. Riley, and Camnnla pellucida, Scudd., were
the most troublesome locusts during the recent infestation in Western
Canada [R.A.E., A, viii, 278]. The habits of the young and
adults and the breeding grounds selected by the different species are
discussed. The remedial measures advocated include burning weedy
patches and dead grass, etc., where the young hopj)ers shelter for the
night, ploughing and the use of poisoned baits. The natural enemies
of locusts include the locust flesh fly, Sarcophaga kellyi, Aid., the
locust bee fly, Anastoechus (Systoechus) oreas, 0. S., the larvae of which
feed on the eggs, Trombidium sp., which destroys the eggs, and a
fungus, Etnpusa sp.

317

Details are given of local infestations during 1919. Years that are
favourable for locusts generally show an increase of Melanoplus femnr-
rubrum, de Ct. (red-legged locust) and M. biviUatus, Say (two-striped
locust). The campaign against locusts in 1919 was seriously
handicapped owing to lack of authority in compelling farmers to
undertake the necessary remedial measures. In view of these
difficulties the provincial legislature is now engaged in amending the
existing act so as to cover these exigencies during future outbreaks.

Strickland (1^. F.) & Achilles (J. B.). The Quince Curculio and
Methods of Control in Western New York. — N. Y. Stale Dept.
Farms & Mkts.. Die. Agric, Albany, Bull. 116, February 1919,
45 pp., 13 figs. [Received 25th May' 1920.]

Conotrachelus crataegi, Walsh (quince curculio) is ])robably a native
of America, where its natural food-plant was the common haw
[Crataegus] prior to the introduction of the ({uince, of w^hich it is now
the principal pest, destroying sometimes 80 to 90 per cent, of the fruit.
The adults appear between 6th and 15th July in Western New York,
oviposition lasting for about 22 days. After an incubation period of
about 3 days the eggs, which are laid in excavations on the fruit of the
quince, hatch and the larvae feed in the fruit for about 95 days. They
are then mature and drop to the ground and, burrowing into the top
layer of soil, prepare an earthen cell in which they live for about 8^
months. In the spring the pupal stage lasts for about 10 days. The
adults feed on the leaf-petioles, on the necks of small quinces and on
the body of young fruit ; this feeding extends for several days before
oviposition takes place to any extent and im]jortant damage is done
during this period. One female m^ay deposit about 30 eggs.

Earh^ literature dealing with control methods for C. crataegi
recommends cultivation, spraying, the use of pigs in the orchard and
jarring [R.A.E., A, i. 283]. Recent experimental work in spraying
is described in detail, and this practice has been found the most
efficacious against the pest. The best method proved to be two
apphcations of Bordeaux mixture 3:3:50 or of lime-sulphur 1:40, to
either of which was added 3 lb. lead arsenate to 50 U.S. gals, of spray,
the spray being directed both upward and downward so that both
upper and lower surfaces of fruit and fohage were covered. Four
years of experimental work have shown that a rapid reduction of the
numbers of the insect can be effected by this method, supplemented
by the removal fiom the orchard of all fallen and picked quinces before
the larvae leave the fruit. These applications also control the common
fruit- spot disease of the quince.

The time of application of the spray is a most im})ortant point.
The first application should be made when the adults begin to feed,
and the second wdien oviposition takes place. The time of appearance
of the adults varies considerably ; it is always earliest where the
orchard stands on light soil. During the four years' demonstration,
the adults have appeared between 6th and 17th July, and generally
durmg a period of clear, dry weather. Watch should be kept for the
first feeding punctures and the first spraying should then be done.
About five days later oviposition begins, and when several egg-pits are
found the second application should be made.

318

Smith (H. S.) & Armitage (H. M.). Biological Control of Mealybugs
in California. — Mthly. Bull. Col. State Dept. Agric, Sacramento,
ix, no. 4. April 1920, pp. 104-158, 1 plate, 28 figs.

Mealy-bug control in California is a problem that has been extensively
studied. As the remedial measures used against other citrus pests,
such as spraying and fumigation, are useless against mealy-bugs, a
great deal of experimental work in the biological or parasite method
has been done, with the result that a solution of the problem has been
found, resulting in the saving of several thousands of pounds annually
to the citrus industry. This paper gives a resume of the work and of
the principles underlying it.

The mealy-bugs occurring in California include some 35 species, of
which the most im])ortant, economically, are Pseudococciis citri, Risso
(citrus or common mealy-bug), P. gahani, Green (citrophihis mealy-bug)
and P. maHtimus, Ehrhorn (Baker's mealy-bug). [See also R.A.E.,
A, ii, 434.] The general characteristics and life-history of these
species are discussed. During 1918 a species new to California,
P. krauhniae, Kuw. (Japanese mealy-bug) was added to the list. It
is not at present of economic im})ortance, but might become so in the
future if allowed to spread.

For some years tentative efforts have been made to introduce
natural parasites of these species with a view to their control. The
*Encyrtid, Tanaomastix ahnormis, Gir., was introduced from Sicily,
and has become well established, occurring in almost every locahty
where the citrus mealy-bug is found. It was not, however, able to keep
the mealy-bug in subjection, and the same miglit be said of the
Coccinellid, Cryptolaemus ynontrouzieri, Muls., introduced from Australia
but not well established. In 1916, it was found that potato sprouts
were excellently adapted for the rearing of the latter beetle in large
numbers, and this work has been undertaken with most successful
results in control of the Coccids. It is an effective check on all the
three principal species of mealy-bug. T. ahnormis prefers P. citri
and P. krauhniae as its hosts, particularly the younger stages of the
former, and will occasionally oviposit in P. maritimus. The life-cycle
of this parasite occupies from 25 to 45 days, and from 1 to 100 eggs
may be laid in a single mealy-bug, though one is the normal number.
The Coccinelhd, Hyperaspis lateralis, is apparently a native of California
and is widely distributed in the State. Its chief host is P. citri, but it
has the disadvantage of being hyperparasitised, and is less easily
reared than C. montrouzieri. The same may be said of the lacewings,
of which several species are predaceous, SympJierobius calif ornicus
being a natural enemy of P. citri, P. maritimus and P. krauhniae, and
S. barberi of P. citri and P. inaritimus. The Dipteron, Leucopis bella,
destroys many eggs, particularly of P. gahani and P. maritimiis.
Other insect enemies of less importance include Rhizobius ventralis,
several species of Scymnus, the Syrphid, Baccha lemur, Chrysopa spp.
(oreen lacewings), but none of these has been reared on a large
scale.

The method of rearing and distributing C. montrouzieri is described
in detail, and also the buildings and equipment constructed for the
purpose.

319

Maskew (F.). Quarantine Division. Report for the Month of
February, 1920. — Mthhj. Bnll. Cal. Slate Dept. Agric, Sacramento,
ix, no. 4, April 19-20, pp. 162-1 G3.

The pests intercepted during February included : From Central
America, Aspidiotus cijdoniae, A. cyanophylli, Pseudococcus sp. and
Chrysomphalus scu'iformis on bananas. From Hawaii, Coccus elongafvs
and Aphis sp. on betel leaves ; Parlatoria prot.eus var. crotonis and
Lepidosapkes aurictdafa on croton ; H'.'michionnspis minor on coconuts :
Diaspis bromeliae and Pseudococcus bromeliae on pine-apples. From
Florida, Lepidosaphes beckii on grape-fruit and oranges ; Parlatoria
pergandei on oranges. From Georgia, Parlatoria pergandei and
Lepidosaphes beckii on grape-fruit. From Idaho, Cydia (Laspeyresia)
pomonella in apples. From Kansas, Lepidosaphes tdmi anrl
C. pomonella in apples. From Louisiana, Lepidosaphes sp. on lemons
and Chrysomphcdus aonidum on oranges. From Mexico, Heliotkis
{Chloridea) obsoleta in tomatos, Chrysomphalus dicfyospermi on coconuts
and C. aurantii on oranges. From Missouri and Nebraska, peach-tree
borers in peach stock. From Oregon, Jjepidosaphes ulmi on cascara
bark ; Aphis sp. on privet ; Chionaspis pinifoliae on Douglas fir ;
Aspidiotus pernicios'us on apples ; Lepidopterous larvae in willow twigs.
From Texas, Heterodera radicicola in peach stock and peach-tree
borers in peach and plum stock. From Washington, Eriosoma
lanigerum on apple trees.

Matsumoto (S.) Watano Gaichu Akamimushi oyobi Akadani. —
[The Red Worm and Red Mite infesting Cotton.] — Kwangyo
Mohanjo Kenkyuhohokv. [Science Report of the Industry Model
Station], Cotton Plantation Branch Station, Moppo, Korea, 1st
March 1920, 25 pp., 4 plates.

This report deals with two pests of cotton, viz. :• — a moth, Platyedr a
[GelecJiia) gossypiella, Saund., and a mite, Tetranychus bimacidatus,
Harv., both of which are known to be very injurious in Korea.
P. gossypiella, Saund., appears twice a year ; larvae that have hibernated
pupate from the latter part of June to the beginning of July, and moths
emerge in the middle of the same month and lay eggs. The egg hatches
within a week and the larval period lasts about IG days, so that pupation
occurs from the end of July to the beginning of August. The pupal
period lasts about 10 days, so that adults appear in the niiddle of August
and lay eggs that hatch in about a week. The larvae are mature
from the beginning to the middle of September and pass the winter
in that stage.

The moths prefer shady places and oviposit at night, laying 10-30
or rarely 50 eggs per diem, continuing to do so for about 10 days.
The adults seem to be but little attracted to light. The larvae of the
first brood attack the flower-buds of cotton, each insect infesting a
single bud. Those of the second brood infest the bolls, 3 or 4 individuals
being found in each. The larva has a marked dislike for sunshine.
The winter is passed underground at a depth of 2 or 3 inches or within
crevices, etc., in the store-houses in an earthen cocoon. Individuals
that pass the winter within the cotton-boll usually do not spin a cocoon.

320

P. gossypiella is one of the most formidable cotton pests of Korea^
the first brood destroying the flowers and the second the seeds. A&
regards remedial measures, advantage may be taken of the dislike of the
larvae for sunshine by collecting the bolls and exposing them to it.
Ploughing in the winter also destroys some of them. Burning infested
buds or bolls and submerging the seed in water so as to detect
infested examples may sometimes be employed.

Tetranyehus bimacidatus, Harv., appears at the end of June in the
cotton field, and attacks the plants which are then five or six inches
high ; 12 or 13 generations occur in a year. Females that have hiber-
nated oviposit at the end of February on weeds, and the resulting
adults, after passing through three nymphal stages, attack the cotton.
Eeproduction is both sexual and parthenogenetic. Parthenogenesis is
most marked in summer, though it also occurs in spring and autunm>
while sexual reproduction is continous throughout the year. There is
no difference in the morphology and habits of individuals produced in
the two manners, though those })roduced by parthenogenesis are
exclusively males. Males are however usually less numerous than
females. Oviposition begins, 3 or 4 days after pairing in spring, on
the same or the next day in summer, and after 2 or 3 days in autumn.
A female lays from 50-180 eggs and dies two or three days after ovi-
position. In hot, dry seasons oviposition is very vigorous ; in cool, wet
seasons the opposite occurs, so that in rainy years the outbreak is
much reduced. For hibernation, the mite leaves the cotton, shelters
among weeds near by and becomes inactive. Males are readily killed
by cold, so that those that survive the winter seem to be nearly all
females.

This mite may attack the leaves of cotton to such an extent as to
cause defoliation: and the ultimate death of the plant. It also attacks
beans. Burning of weeds near the cotton fields in winter, and of infested
stalks before this, is very effective. A 45 X solution of lime-sulphur
(35'^ Be.) is sufficient to kill this pest in half-an-hour.

LEGISLATION.

New Plant Inspection Rule. — Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturalist^
Honolulu, xvii, no. 3, March 1920, pp. 56-57, 70. [Received
10th May 1920.]

The text is given of "Rule XXI — Division of Plant Inspection,"
prohibiting, with penalties, the carrying of any white ginger plant,
fern plant or Spanish moss {Tillandsia usneoides) from one locaKty
to another throughout the Territory. In the case of the first two the
rule is directed against a recently discovered pest of the white ginger
plant [Pteroporus subtruncatus, Frm.] and against the Australian fern
weevil [Syagrins fulvitarsis] [R.A.E., A,viii, 191.]

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to excliange
their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com-
municate with the Assistant Director.

The annual Subscription in advance to the Review, Series A
(Agricultural) is 12s. per annum, post free ; Series B (Medical and
Veterinary), 6s. per annum.

Orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 88, Queen's Gate» London,
S.W. 7, or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS

Africa : Notes on New Fruit-Flies . .
Africa, South : New Injurious Weevils

PAGE

263
264

Precautions against Gydia pomonella in Packing

Africa, South

Sheds
Algeria : The Cultivation of Pyrethrum for Insecticides . .
America, North : A Revision of the Nearctic Termites . .
America, South : Miscellaneous Insects of Economic Importance
Argentina : The Bionomics and Control of Oeceticus platensis
Argentina : The Protection of Useful Birds
Australia : A Weevil infesting Citrus Roots in Queensland

Austria

Austria

Austria

Austria

Austria

Austria

Austria

Austria

Austria

Austria

Austria

Austria

Austria

Austria

Austria

Austria

Austria

Austria

Brazil :

Brazil :

Brazil :

Canada :

Canada :

Canada :

Canada :

Ceylon :

; Insect Pests infesting Vegetables.

; The Bionomics of Eriocampoides limacina

: Field Control of Aphids

: Measures against Red Spider

Measures against the Antler Moth
: The Control of Zabrus tenehroides
: Measures against Psyllids . .

Notes on Incurvaria rubieUa
: Common Coccids and their Control
; Measures against Anobium infesting Timber

The Effect of Nicotine on Vine Moths

Measures against Beetles infesting Rape. .
: Insects infesting Stored Food-Stuffs

Observations on some injurious and useful Insects
: The Larvae of Flea-beetles of the Genus Phyllotreta

The Occurrence of the Potato Psyllid, Aphalara nervosa
: Miscellaneous Garden Pests
: Notes on the Food-plants of Coleoptera . .
Notes on Cotton Pests , .

Measures against Coleopterous Pests of Sugar-Cane
The Spread of leerya purchasi

Notes on Aphid-destroying Syrphids

The Outbreak of Locusts in 1919

Notes on the Oyster-Shell Scale in Ontario
Notes on Sprays for Vegetable Pests
Insect Pests of Tea and other Crops in 1919
Tea Shot-hole Borer Investigations

Plocaederus obesus, a serious enemy of the Kapok

284
281
286
299
298
299
277
261
261
262
262
262
263
263
263
263
264
276
287
288
288
289
289
289
289
290
290
292
258
278, 316

Ceylon
Cochin China;

Tree ..

Egypt : The Effect of Insect Pests on the Cotton Crop
Egypt : Treatment of Cotton in the Field against Attacks of Pink

Bollworm
Egypt : Zeuzera pyrina infesting Quinces
Fiji : Measures against Cosmopolites sordidus
Fiji : Miscellaneous Insect Pests in 1918
Formosa : Notes on Timber-destroying Termites
France : The Occirrrence of Oeresa bubalus . .

281
281
258
304

273

282

282
282
296
297
301
260

CONTENTS— con(.

France :

France :

France :

France :

France :

Germany

Germany

Germany

Germany

Germany

Germany

Germany

Germany

Germany

Germany

A Proctotrupid Parasite of Bark-beetles. .

The Value of Chloropicrin against Grain Pests . .

Dipterous Parasites of Woodlice . .

A Beetle infesting Camomile

Notes on the Oviposition Habits of BhyncJiites conicus

Coleophora laricella infesting Larches . .

A new Chalcid Parasite of Diprion pini . .

The Prospects of Sericulture on Commercial Lines

. . 265,

The Bionomics and Control of Melolontha . . 265, 266,

A new Laboratory for Forest Zoology . .

Notes on Insect Pests of Hops . .

An Outbreak of Clytus arcuatus . .

Observations on Hylemyia coarctata . . . . 266,

The Bionomics and Control of Euxoa segetum . . . . 270,

Hydrocyanic Acid in the Control of various Insects

267, 268, 269,
Germany : The Bionomics of Otiorrhynchus rotundatus infesting

Lilac .. .. 271,

Germany : An Outbreak of Byctiscus betulae in the Rhine Palati-
nate 268,

Germany : The Infestation of Eice by Ephestia kuhniella . .
Germany : Import Eestrictions as a Protection against the Entry

of Insect Pests
Germany : The Biology of Oxypleurites carinatus, a Mite infesting

the Horse-Chestnut
Germany : Thereva nobilitata infesting Eye in Pomerania. . . .

Notes on Anthrenus museorum . .
Experiments with Fumigants against Grain Pests
Mites infesting Vines in the Bavarian Ehine Palatinate
A Note on Aradus cinnmnorneus and other Pests of

PAGE

260

260
261

282
295
262
234
265
270
2G5
266
266
269
271

Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Pines
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany

Notes on Silphid Beetles infesting Turnips

Leucopis nigricornis parasitising Pulvinaria hetulae

A Note on Plodia interpunctella . .

A PsyUid infesting Potatoes in Saxony . .

Pentatoma rufipes an injurious Insect . .

Notes on injurious Flea-beetles . .

Eyponomeuia spp. in Orchards in Baden
Guadeloupe: Notes on Insect Pests in 1918-19 ..
Hawaii : Plant Pest Legislation
India : Swarming Caterpillars of Northern Gujarat
Japan : Eesults of the Orange Fly Investigation in 1918 . .
Korea : Notes on Platyedra gossypiella and other Cotton Pests
Philippines : Fruit Flies of the Genus Bogus
Philippines : A New Scale-Insect on Mangrove
Porto Eico : Notes on Cotton Pests. .

Eumania : The Bionomics of Homoeosoma nebulella infesting Sun-
flowers
Spain : A Campaign against Tortrix viridana
Straits Settlements : Pests of Beans and other Crops . . 282,
Straits Settlements : Insect Pests of Palms
Sweden : Notes on Forest Insects

Switzerland : The Outbreak of Pieris brassicae in 1917 . .
U.S.A. : Experimental Dusting and Spraying of Peaches in Georgia
U.S.A. : The Bionomics of the California Oak VVorm
U.S.A. : A Preliminary Eeport on the Clover Aphis in Idaho
U.S.A. : The Strawberry Weevil in Tennessee
U.S.A. : Methods of Spraying Vegetable Crops
U.S.A. : Measures against Cutworms in Minnesota . .
U.S.A. : A new Process for treating Cotton Bolls against AntJiono-

mus grandis . .
U.S.A. : The Argentine Ant as a Household Pest
U.S.A. : Vegetable Pests and their Control in Idaho

272

274

273
267

268

268
270
270

272
272

273

274
275
275
286
287
287
288
298
320
296
257
319
286
301
303

274
279
283
283
272
269
276
278
279
280
280
280

285
235
285

CONTENTS— conf.

PAGE

U.S.A. : Insects liable to be mistaken for the European Corn Borer

in Ohio 286

U.S.A. : Spraying Machinery for Citrus G-roves . . . . _. . 292
U. S.A. : The Importance of Quarantine against Insect Pests in

Florida . . . • • • • • • • * • • • • • ^^^

U.S.A. : The Necessity for Compulsory Control of Insect Pests in

Florida . . . . • • • • • • • • * • • • ^^^

U.S.A. : The Value of Spraying against Citrus Pests in Florida . . 293

U.S.A. : The Situation in respect of leery a purchasi in Florida . . 294

U.S.A. : The Utilisation of Beneficial Insects and Fungi m Florida 294

U.S.A. : New Hymenopterous Parasites 295

U.S.A. : Buprestids infesting Forest Trees . . .... . . 295

U.S.A. : A Scale infesting Orchids under Glass in Colorado . . . . 295

U.S.A.: Pests of Field Peas in Idaho 300

U.S.A. : Pests of Rice and their Control . . . . • . • • 300

U.S.A. : Notes on Miscellaneous Nursery Insects in New Jersey . . 300

U.S.A. : Dusting Machinery for Cotton Boll Weevil Control . . 302

U.S.A. : Measures against Aegeria exitiosa in Georgia . . . . 302

USA.: Observations on the Genitalia of Lachnosterna . . . . 302
USA- The Effect of Winter Weather on Insect Pests in New

York

303

U.S.A. : The CodUog Moth Problem in the Ozarks 304

U.S.A. : Experiences with the Codling Moth in New Jersey . . . . 305

U.S.A.: Forms of the Oyster-Shell Scale in Illinois 305

U.S.A.: Federal Plant Quarantine Work .. •• •• •• JJ^

U.S.A. : Pests intercepted on imported Nursery Stock m 1919 . . 6W
USA' The Green Japanese Beetle Problem in New Jersey 307, 30H
u!s.A. : The Use of Sodium Cyanide for the Control of the Peach-

Tieo Borer •• :• ^ 'A, '^ ^ '■'

U.S.A. : A Comparison of Dusting and Spraying for Cherry Pests in

Pennsylvania .. ••,,;•.•,; V ^x" " oin

USA.- The Spread of the Oriental Moth m Massachusetts . . 310

U.S.A.: The Organisation of a Special Spray Service in New York

^^-Q-fA •• •• •• •• *• olU

U S.A. :' The Relation of Empo'asca mail to Tipburn of Potatoes ..311,312

USA.: Crambus praefecUllus infesting Maize in Connecticut . . 311

U.S.A. : The Strawberry Root-Worm injuring Roses m Greenhouses .312

U.S.A: : Poison Baits for Grasshoppers .. 313

U.S.A. : The Campaign against Grasshoppers m Kansas . . . . rfl*

U.S.A.: Studies of the Oviposition of the Corn Ear Worm, . .. 314

USA.: Precautions proposed against the Spread of Foreign Pests 315

U.S.A.: Control of the Cirophilm Mealy-Bug in CaUforma .. 316

USA • The Quince Curculio and its Conti-ol m Western New York 317

U S.A. : The Biological Control of Mealy-Bugs in Califorma . . 318

U.o.A. : Pests intercepted in Quarantine in Cahforma . . . . 319

West Indies : Insect Pests in Antigua in 1918-19 ^yo

Studies on the Wilt Disease of Bom&T/xmon ^oj

Notes on the Classification of Coccids ^^^

Termites and Terraitophiles . . . . *2^

New Species of PityopUhorus from Colorado ^ou

Methods of Cultivating Vines against Phylloxera .... .. ^b/

The Relation of Ants to Man and their Economic Importance . . .267
SuTcrestions for Representing the Life-histories of Insects by means

of Symbols •• •• .• • •• •• ^°?

An Apparatus for examining Biological Phenomena m Insects . . ^n

A Alonograph of the Fungi infesting Insects . . • • „ ♦ • ' ' tit

Studies on Rhinoceros Beetles as Pests of the Coconut Palm . . g5

Notes on the Biochmatic Law . . . . ^'

The Compositions of various Lead Arsenates • ^^|

A Drv Form of Lime- Sulphur • V-r. -I'n j"

Insect Pests and Plant Diseases in the Vegetable and Frmt Garden

(Review)

Registered at the G.P.O. for Transmfa^lon to Canada and Newfoundlarni by Magazine Post.

VOL. VIII. Ser. A. Part 8.— pp. 321-360. AUGUST. 1920.

THE REVIEW

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321

Takagi (S.). Kansho no Gaichu, Imohamushi, ni kwansuru Kenkyu.

[Investigation on the Leaf Beetle attacking the Sweet Potato.] —
Byokingaichu-Iho. [Report of Plant Disease and Injurious Insect
Research]. Imperial Agricultural Bureau, Tohjo, no. 7, 30th March
4920, pp.' 1-7, 1 plate.
The Chrysomelid beetle, Chrijsochus sp. {C. chinensis, Baly ?), that
attacks the sweet potato has hitherto only occurred in the Miye,
Tokushima and Tochiki Prefectures. The adults appear from the end
of June to the middle of July, and the eggs hatch about a week after
deposition. The larvae pupate from the middle of September to the
beginning of June of the next year. The pupal stage usually lasts
about two weeks. The egg is usually laid singly just beneath the
earth. The beetles are less active at early morning and night, and
shelter at the roots of the sweet potato or among wheat. They are
active by day and feed on the leaves and stalks. The larvae are very
active and bore into the sweet potato tuber and devour the flesh.
When mature they pupate in earthen cocoons. Infested sweet potatoes
are of a dark green colour along the puncture and the tunnel is filled
with excrement. The skin is also superficially attacked. Such tubers
are bitter to the taste and smell. By deep ploughing hatching of the
eggs may be prevented to some extent. While the larvae are still in
the tubers, the latter may be examined for them and the insects killed.
The adults may also be captured by putting hay or straw on the fields.
Rotation of crops, clean cultivation, trapping the insects etc., are
also recommended.

Harukawa (T.). Nashihimeshinkui (Momoshinorimushi) ni Kwansuru
Kenkyu. [Investigation on the Small Pear Borer (Peach Moth).]
— Bijokingaicliu-IJio. {Report of Plant Disease and Injurious Insect
Research], Imperial Agricultural Bureau, Tokyo, No. 7, March
30th 1920, pp. 9-74, 2 plates.
This report on Cydia molesta, Busck, forms a supplement to a former
one [R.A.E., A, vii, 108]. As regards the life-history many new
experiments were made, but it was found to be essentially the same
as already described. Regarding remedial measures, capture of the
moths may be eftected by making the store-houses dark and collecting
the emerging individuals at the windows. Removal of infested peach
shoots should be effected in early spring, and newly infested ones
only should be cut off ; these can be detected by the withering of the
single top leaf of the shoot. Conspicuously withered shoots as a rule
do not contain the borer. In cleaning the orchard, rubbish on the
ground as well as loose and rough bark of the fruit trees should be
carefully removed. Each fruit should be covered with paper. Kero-
sene emulsion with insect powder should be sprayed three times,
from the middle of July to the end of August.

Ishiyama (Z.). Rakkwasei no Gaichu, Tobiiro-Zomushi ni kwansuru
Chosa. [Investigations on the Weevil, Scepticus insularis,
Roelofs, attacking the Peanut]. — Chibaken Naimuhu [Home Divi-
sion, Chiba Prefectural Government], April 1920, 8 pp., 1 plate,
1 map.
The weevil, Scepticus insidaris, Roelofs, that attacks peanuts is
spreading to such an extent in the Prefecture of Chiba that at present
(632) Wfc.P1850/163. 1,500. 8.20. B. &F.,Ltd. Gp.ll. A

322

the damaged portion amounts to 17 per cent, of the whole area cultivated
with this crop. The insect has probably only one brood a year ; the
adult appears in April or May, and devours the buds or young shoots
of the peanut, interfering with the growth of the plant. It may
remain in this stage till July or August, or even September. It also
attacks beans, melons and sweet potatoes. The complete hfe-history
is stiU under investigation. No effectual remedies have been dis-
covered. At present powdered tobacco, and sprays of lead arsenate,
zinc arsenate, Paris green etc., are in use.

Takahashi (R.). Two new Species of Aphididae from Japan. —

Canad. Entom., London, Ont., lii. no. 4, April 1920, pp. 77-78.
2 figs.

Stomaphis pmi, sp. n., on Pinus densiflora, a.nd Br achy coins fframini,
sp. n., are described from Japan. The latter was found on a plant
belonging to the Gramineae and is very common from August onwards.

TiMBERLAKE (P. H.). Correction of two Generic Names in Coleoptera
and Hymenoptera. — Canad. Entom., London, Ont., hi,no. 4, Anril
1920, p. 96.

As the recently proposed name, Brethesia, [R.A.E., A, vii, 524]
proves to be preoccupied, Brethesiella is proposed in place of it.

Jack (R. W.). Further Experiments with Poisoned Bait on Maize
Lands. — Rhodesia Agric Jl., Salisbury, xvii, no, 2, April 1920,
pp. 130-136.

Further experiments have been made with poisoned baits [R.A.E.,
A, vii, 315] for the Tenebrionids, Gonocephalum, and Emyon, and the
Curculionids, Tanymecus and Sy states. The experiments were most
successful and the bait seems particularly valuable against Tanymecus,
though further tests are necessary to prove the value of distributing
the bait on chopped grass etc. The value of distributed bait on bare
lands is unquestionable, as is also that of spraying the bait on self-
sown maize and weeds before these are hoed out previous to planting.
In suitable seasons trap-rows of maize might be planted for this purpose,
but the poison must not be used on the growing crop. The planting of
the main crop should be delayed till after 1st December.

Treherne (R. C). Insects for the Year 1919. — A(]ric. Jl., Victoria,
B. C, V, nos. 1-2, March- April 1920, pp. 25-26, 52-56.

The studies on the life-history, habits and control of the peach twig
borer, Anarsia lineatella, have been continued [R.A.E., A, vii, 170].
Larvae were first found to be infesting terminal buds of peaches on
27th April in 1919. Pupation occurred on 28th May and the moths
emerged 16th June. Under laboratory conditions this moth has at
least a partial second generation. Lime-sulphur as well as lead
arsenate sprays have again proved successful. The first spray against
the adults of the pear thrips, Taeniothrips inconsequens, was apphed on
31st March as the opening of the buds was retarded by the cold weather.

323

Farther observations have been made in connection with Lepidopterous
pests of fruit and the following insects have been identified : Eucosma
o:^ellana, Argyroploce consanguinana, Tortrix {Cacoecia) rosaceana,
Mineola tricolorella and Enarmonia {Laspeijre»ia) jirunivora. An
apple-tree bark-beetle, Magdalis sp., caused conspicuous injury
to foliage. Females were observed excavating egg-chambers at
the base of buds of the previous year's growth after mating in June.

In connection with observations on fire blight [Bacillus amylovorus]
distributors the majority of the trials proved negative, but Empoasca
mail, Aphis pomi {mali) and Lygus pratensis have been proved to
distribute the disease. Ants, honey bees, apple Aphids, bark-beetles
and Elaterids are responsible for the early spring distribution of the
disease. Of the Elaterids, Cardiophorus fenestratus was observed
feeding on blight exudate on stumps of pear trees, and Corymbites
Jallax and G. inflatus were both found on apple trees and the latter also
on lupins. The rose leaf-hopper, Empoa rosae, appeared in abundance,
but has not been proved a carrier of bhght. If this pest is not properly
controlled on rose bushes, nicotine sulphate and soap should be applied
to the lower surface of apple leaves in July when the nymphs appear.
Observations on the life-history of the strawberry root weevil,
Otiorrhynchus ovatus, show that the adults are parthenogenetic and
that hibernating individuals deposit eggs in the spring. The raspberry
crown borer, Permisetia (Bembecia) marginata, is recorded on raspberries
and loganberries. Experiments for its control are being made. Other
fruit pests include the loganberry leaf-hopper, Empoasca sp., which
was successfully controlled by a nicotine and soap spray ; the rasp-
berry maggot, Phorbia rubivora ; the strawberry crown borer, Aristotelia
fragariae ; and Acgeria {Synanthcdon) rutilans. Experiments are still
in progress to prove the efficacy of poison-baits for the currant fruit
fly, Epockra canadensis.

Further experiments with poison-baits for the onion maggot,
Hylemyia antiqua, show that they do not apparently check oviposition.
Probably three generations occur during the year, but accurate notes
have not yet been obtained as regards the third generation.

Against Phorbia brassicae attacking cauliflowers, mercury bichloride
in three treatments at 1 to 1,000 proved superior to the use of tarred
paper disks, although the latter method successfully reduced the
infestation of cabbages to 5 per cent.

Noctuid larvae associated with a common plant, Chrysothamnus
sp., have been found to be attacked by a fungus, Entomophthora
tnegaspermum, and this may prove of economic importance in the
control of cutworms.

The locusts reported from various localities include : Camnula
pellucida, Melanophis atlantis and M. femur-rubrum. Parasites and
predaceous enemies of locusts include Asilids, BombyHids, Tachinids,
Sarcophagids, Epicauta maculata and a mite, Trombidium locustarum.

Miscellaneous insects of economic interest include the western
tussock moth, Heyncrocampa vetusta gulosa, which defoHated Douglas
fir and western yellow pine ; the Pentatomid bug, Apateticus crocatus,
which destroyed tent caterpillars and the oak looper, Ellopia somniaria ;
the tent-caterpillars, Malacosoma pluvialis and M. erosa ; the Syrphid
fly, Eumerus strigatus, which proved injurious to onions ; the apple
fruit miner, Marmara pomonella, Busck.

(692) a2

324

The Colorado potato beetle [Leptinotarsa decemlineata] is recorded
for the first time in the Province. Earwigs, probably Forficula
auricularia, were reported from Vancouver as household pests,

Stratford (G.). Control of Red Mite on Apple-Trees.— iVew; Zealand
Jl. Agric, Wellington, xx, no. 3, 20th March 1920, pp. 176-178.

In a series of experiments for the control of red mite [Tetranychvs
sp.] tests were made with various brands of red oil and hme-sulphur.
All brands of red oil were almost equally effective, and no injury to the
plants was noticed. When used at a strength of 1 to 8 and applied
as late as possible, they are useful in controlhng the mite in the egg-
stage.

Lime-sulphur sprays should be used at the time of fruit formation
at strengths varying from 1 : 80 to 1 : 100.

Contra el Barrenillo del Olivo. [Measures against Phloeotrihus
scarabaeiodes .] — Rev. Inst. Agric. Catalan de San Isidro, Barcelona,
Ixix, no. 4. 20th February 1920, pp. 60-61. [Received 10th May
1920.]

In view of the losses caused by the olive beetle, Pldoeotribus
scarabaeoides {oleae), and the olive fly, Dacus oleae, the Provincial
Council of ilgriculture in Barcelona has circulated the local authorities
requiring the burning of all olive prunings or their storage in tightly
closed rooms. A reminder is given that the best means of combating
D. oleae consist in scraping the trunks and in keeping the store-rooms
clean after crushing the ohves, all debris being burned.

Loos (K.). Die Generationsverhaltnisse unserer Borkenkafer. [The
Generations of our Bark-beetles.] — Vereinsschrift f. Forst-, Jagd-
u. Naturkunde, Prague, 1918-1919, no. 7-9, pp. 283-288.
[Received 17th May 1920.]

An accurate knowledge of the conditions governing the number
of generations of bark-beetles is of the greatest importance to forestry,
but requires a very great deal of careful research. Eichhofi believed
that there are 2 or even 3 annual generations in the case of the chief
species represented in Bohemia, but the author points out that this
would result in so numerous a progeny that natural enemies could
scarcely exercise a valid check. Eichhofi stated that it is the second
generation of Dendroctonus micans, Kug., that hibernates. Without
definitely rejecting this the author records the presence of y-oung
adults at the end of March and in April, June, July, September,
October and November ; they also may remain for a longer period
at their place of origin where they enlarge the larval mines. Larvae
were found early in July and early in September ; they were half-
grown in mid-September and early October. Pupae were met with
on 5th July, 9th September, 14th September and 7th November.
Pohjgraphus poligraphus, L., is another species said by Eichhoif to
be two-brooded, but a table here given shows that hibernation begins
in mid -November and that a period of 348 days elapses from then to the
development of the egg. In the case of Hylesinus fraxini , F., infested

325

ash billets placed indoors in April yielded some young beetles on 2nd
August, others having previously emerged and escaped. A second
generation may occur, but only exceptionally. With regard to I-ps
{Tomicus) typograpkus, L., and I. (T.) amitinus, Eichh., it is known
that eggs, larvae and pupae occur together (as a result of slow
oviposition and rapid embryonic developm.ent) and it is possible
that the first eggs laid may produce a second generation, which is
not the case with eggs found in August. Under exceptional conditions
a third generation may occur.

Kurtz (C). Wirksame Bekampfung des Apfelblutenstechers. [An

efficacious Measure against Anthonomus jwmorum.] — Lcmdtv. Mitt.

/. Steiermark, 1919, p. 212. (Abstract in Zeitschr. landiv. Versuch-

swesen in Deutschosterreich, Vienna, xxiii, no. 1-4, January- April

1920, p. 37.)
Many years' experience have showTi the following method to be
satisfactory against Anthonoinus p)ornorum. The tree- trunks must be
cleaned with lime wash and the ground beneath the branches strewn
in February with half a wheelbarrowful of gallnut meal, a waste
product from tanneries. The strong odour, the tannic acid and tannin
content of this substance prevents any insect from reaching the trunk.
Mice also are repelled and moss and weeds disappear, making way for
grass and clover.

Raymundo (B.). Outro Inimigo dos Cafezaes. [Another Enemy of

Coffee Plantations.] — Chacaras e Quintaes, S. Paulo, xxi, no. 4,

15th April 1920, p. 286.

A caterpillar found in coffee plantations in the Brazilian State of

S. Paulo has been identified as that of a moth, Megalopyge lanata, StoU.

It is not peculiar to coffee, but injury may result in cases of severe

infestation.

VON Bassewitz (E.). 0 Casulo de uma nossa Borboleta prejudicial
as Laranjeiras transformado em optimo Piteira para Cigarros.

[The Cocoon of one of our Lepidopterous Pests of Oranges trans-
formed into an excellent Cigar Holder.] — Chacaras e Quintaes,
S. Paulo, xxi, no. 4, 15th April 1920, pp. 293, 294, 1 fig.

By cutting off the ends of the cocoon of a moth, PeropJiora packardi,
and removing the larva, the cocoon, after being washed in soapy water,
dried and soaked in aromatic alcohol for a few days, is said to provide
an excellent cigar holder, very resistant to the action of the teeth. It
is stated that a German cigar factory has offered to purchase large
quantities.

Hempel (A.). Como destruir as " Vaquinhas " da Batata ingleza.

[The Method of destroying Beetles, known as " Vaquinhas,"
infesting the Potato.] — Chacaras e Quintaes, S. Paulo, xxi, no. 4,
15th April 1920, p. 300.

Against the beetles, Lytta (Cantharis) excavata, Klug, and an un-
identified species of the same genus, which attack potatoes in Brazil,
collection is advised, especially in the early morning when the insects
are torpid.

326

The Pink Boll Worm in Texas. — Agric. News, Barbados, xix. no. 469,
17th April 1920,, p. 122.

It is reported that the difficulties in dealing with the pink boll-worm
[Platyedni gossypiella] in Texas continue, and experience has demon-
strated that a one-year non-cotton zone is not effective. Although
a non-cotton zone was proclaimed for 1918 and thousands of Malvaceous
plants other than cotton were examined without result during 1918
and 1919, infestation re-appeared in 1919, evidently from cotton seed
that had fallen to the groimd in the fields and had escaped removal.
In another locahty in Texas where an infestation was found in 1917,
a non-cotton, zone was maintained for two years, apparently with
perfect success, as no recurrence of the pest has been discovered.
Only the most persistent apphcation of thorough methods of cleaning
up and constant "^dgilance over a period of several years, even when
there are no signs of recurrence of the pest, can. be expected to give
satisfactory results.

The Cowpea Weevil. — Agric. News, Barbados, xix, no. 469, 17th April
1920, p. 122.

Chalcodermus aeneus (cowpea weevil) is responsible for a good deal
of damage in St. Vincent, and apparently has not previously been
recorded there. Examples from St. Vincent are smaller than those
occurring in the United States and may prove to be a distinct but
closely related species. The larvae feed inside the growing peas, on
which the eggs have been laid. It was found that by planting a
variety of cowpea that continuously blooms and fruits over a consider-
able period, the wee\al can be trapped and effectually controlled by
collecting all the pods on these cowpeas at intervals of three days for
a period of 5 or 6 weeks.

Marchal ( — ) & PouTiERS ( — ). La Fourmi d' Argentine. — La Vie Agric.
et Rur., Paris, x\n, no. 20, loth May 1920, p. 351.

Attention is dra^\^l to the appearance of the Argentine ant, Irido-
myrmex humilis, in the vicinity of Toulon and Cannes, and the danger of
further spread is emphasised. It was probably imported with plants
from South America.

Faes (H.). Essais et Traitements effectues dans le Vignoble vaudois
contre le Ver de la Vigne (Cochylis) en 1913. — Station Viticole,
Lausanne, 1919, 12 jjp. [Received 26th May 1920.]

During 1918 the vine moth [Clysia ambiguella] caused less damage
in the vineyards of the Swiss canton of Vaud than during the preceding
years.

Details are given of the various locaHties inspected. The larvae
of the first generation appeared towards the end of May, those of the
second about the end of July. A 9 per cent, solution of locally grow n
pyrethrum and soap again proved the most effective [R.A.E., A, v,
389] measure. General recommendations are given for dealing with
the first and second generations with titrated nicotine.

^21

Imms (A. D.) & HrsAiN (M. A.). Field Experiments in the Chemotropic
Responses of Insects. — Ann. App. Biol., Cconbridge. vi, no. 4.
April 1920, pp. 269-292.

The results of preliminary studies on the subject of chemotropism
in insects are described. A summary of the Hterature already published
on this question shows that previous observations have been directed
to finding out the responses of some particular species. The work
here discussed on the other*hand is quantitive in aim -^^th a view to-
obtaining the data on the attractiveness of various substances in
various conditions, their optimum attractive strength and relative
powers of attraction in relation to other substances, the species
attracted, their numbers and the proportion of the sexes, and meteoro-
logical data.

The experiments were conducted during July and August 1918,
and for the most part during wet and apparently unfavourable
climatic conditions. The most noteworthy features of the investigation
may be summarised as follows.

The insects attracted consisted almost exclusively of Diptera.
With the exception of one or two examples of Vespa vulgaris, no
Hymenoptera responded. Rhynchota, Coleoptera and Xeuroptera
{sens, lat.) were unrepresented. A small number of Noctuid moths
entered the traps, but for the purpose of conducting experiments with
such relatively large insects, as are many Lepidoptera, it would be
necessary to alter slightly the construction of the traps used in order to
allow of greater facihties for ingress.

Beer, sugar-cane molasses, and mixtures of these two substances are
powerful chemotropic agents for various Diptera. Ethvl alcohol,
in various concentrations, exhibited little or no chemotropic properties,
but with the addition of small amounts of butyric, valerianic or acetic
acids it exercised a powerful stimulus. Aqueous solutions of the above
acids were not attractive, the respective esters probably being the
attractive agents in each case. The remaining substances utilised in
these experiments were found to exhibit little or no positive chemotropic
properties.

Out of considerably over 3,000 Diptera attracted during the course
of these observations, by far the greater number pertained to one or
other of the five families Ehyphidae, Mycetophilidae, Sepsidae,
^lusciDAE and Anthomyidae.

As a general rule members of both sexes of a species were attracted
irrespective of the chemotropic agent employed. In the majority
of instances males predominated over females, but in no case where
the number of individuals of a species attracted exceeded 20 was the
disproportion greater than 2*9 males to 1 female.

Rhyphus punctatus, Hylemyia strigosa and Calliphora erythrocephala
were the dominant species attracted.

Havilaxd (M. D.). On the Sexual Forms of Aphis saliceti, Kaltenbach.
—Ann. App. Biol, Cambridge, vi, no. 4, April 1920, pp. 311-313.

Of a number of Aphis saliceti, Kalt., collected on sallow {ScUix
caprea) in June 1919 the majority were foimd to be sexual males and
females, and not parthenogenetic indi\'iduals as might have been
expected. This has been observed before with regard to this species

328

in America and on the Continent, but not, apparently, in Britain.
Parallel instances of the appearance of sexuales in summer are rare,
but further study may prove it to be more frequent than has been
supposed, and the disappearance of some forms from a food-plant,
which has been attributed to migration to a difierent one, may be
simply the normal cycle after production of fertilised ova. Descrip-
tions of the male and oviparous female forms of A. saliceti are given.

Paillot (A.). Sur une Reaction des Micronucleocytes des Chenilles
d'Euproctis chrysorrhea, contamin6es par le Bacillus melolonthae
liquefaciens \. — C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxxiii, no. 15, 1st May
1920, pp.' 615-617.

If a fresh culture of Bacillus melolonthae liquefaciens \ is inoculated
into the body cavity of larvae of Nygmia jphaeorrhoea {Euproctis chryso-
rrhoea), the micronucleocytes in the blood exhibit a marked protoplasmic
reaction, which most frequently begins within an hour of the inoculation.

The direct cause of the reaction is a toxin secreted by the Bacillus.
If a drop of a concentrated emulsion of microbe culture is inoculated
into the body cavity of the caterpillars the reaction occurs, but is
neither so intense nor so complete as when hving bacilli are used ; the
majority of the micronucleocytes resist the action of the toxin and more
or less quickly regain their normal aspect. It would seem therefore
that the toxin developed within the blood of the larva is more active
than that formed in cultures on artificial media. This toxin is sus-
ceptible to the action of heat ; prolonged heating at 127°-131°F.
(53°-55°C.) destroys it almost entirely.

Metalnikow^ (S.). B. dysenterique et bacteriophage de d'H6relIe chez
les Chenilles de Galleria meUonella. — C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxxiii,
no. 16, 8th May 1920, pp. 667-668.

It has previously been shown [R.A.E., A, viii, 163] that the larvae of
Galleria tndonella are very susceptible, not only to saprophytes but
also to the microbes of intestinal organisms such as Bacillus coli, and
the Bacillus of Shiga. The latter always produces a fatal infection,
1/80 c.c. of emulsion kilhng a larva in 15 to 25 hours. Phagocytosis
is almost entirely absent, and the bacilh reproduce with great rapidity,
so that in two to three hours after inoculation the whole body cavity
of the insect is full of microbes.

The author has conducted a series of experiments to test whether
injections of d'Herelle'^ bacteria-destroying organism would confer
any immunity on the larvae. Five larvae inoculated with 1/50 c.c.
of a fairly strong emulsion of de Shiga's dysenteric bacillus were all
killed in 24 hours. Five others similarly treated, but receiving ten
minutes before an injection of a small dose of d'Herelle's organism, were
all hving after 24 hours. This immunity however does not last long.
It appears that d'Herelle's organism has no influence on the develop-
ment of the disease for the first two or three hours. After that the
number of microbes diminishes rapidly. Most of the bacilH swell up

329

and become transformed into small spheres, and it is then that in-
tensively active phagocytosis begins. The bacteria enveloped by the
phagocytes are digested with great rapidity.

The injection of a weak dose of an old culture of dysenteric baciUi
also confers immunity on a larva against otherwise fatal doses.

VAN Hall (C. J. J.). Ziekten en Plagen dcr Cultuurgewassen in
Nederlandsch-Indie in 1919. [Diseases and Pests of Culti-
vated Plants in the Dutch East Indies in 1919.] — Meded. Inst.
Plantenziekten, Biiitenzorg, no. 39, 1920, 50 pp.

The pests recorded include a Coccinellid, Epilachna sp., attacking
potatoes ; the larvae of Heliothis sp., infesting Arachis [hyjjogaea]
(ground nut) ; and the sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius {turci-
2)emiis).

The forest pests, Duomitus [ccraynicus], Calotermes [tectonae], Zeuzera
[cqffeae], Hypsipyla sp., and the ring borer, Phassus danwr, occurred
as usual. The unidentified species of Xyleborus infesting teak, men-
tioned in the previous report [R.A.E., A, vii, 388] proves to be
X. destruens [R.A.E., A, vii, 536] ; this beetle attacks gro^^dng teak and
there are indications that this infestation must have been of long
standing. Leaf caterpillars, including Achaea {Ophiusa) serva and A. (0.)
melicerta, defoUated guttapercha trees {Palaquiuni). Larvae, probably
those of a beetle, Dichodontus croesus, destroyed a group of Vernonia
<irborea trees.
L Cacao suffered httle injury from the cacao moth [Acrocero])s cra-
merella], contrary to what occurred in the previous year.

Cassava was attacked by mites [Tetranychus bimaculatus] and ter-
mites. Green vegetables were infested by various caterpillars,
Agromyza phaseoli and Aphis medicaginis.

Hevea was infested by Coptotermes gestroi, Lymantrid caterpillars,
Acantho psyche snelleni, Pseudococcus citri, Holotrichia lencop>hthalma
and Lepidiota stigma.

Cotton was almost free from attack by Earias fabia.

Kedele [Glycine soja] suffered considerable injury from the pod
borer {Etiella zinckenella), the stem borer {Agromyza sojae) and the
■catjang borer {A. phaseoli). The last-named fly seems more injmious
at certain times ; on one estate where planting was done on five
separate dates with 15-day intervals, it was only the fifth lot that
was badly attacked. A CoccineUid Epilachna sp., another beetle
Araecerus sp., and caterpillars — including those of Heliothis— aho
infested G. soja.

Cinchona pests included Helopeltis antonii var, bradyi, the cater-
pillars of Euproctis flexuosa and Attacus atlas, a scale Coccus (Leccmium)
hesperidum, and the mites, Tetranychus bimacidatus and Brevipalpus
obovatus. In spite of the prolonged dry weather many seed-beds in
the government cinchona plantations were free from mites.

Coconuts continued to be infested by Brachartona catoxantha.
Hidari irava was a serious pest on one estate. Limacodid caterpillars
and those of Amathusia phidippus did httle injury. Oryctes rhinoceros
and Rhynchophorus ferrugineus occurred everywhere, but on the east
coast of Sumatra they did httle damage owing to the measures sys-
tematically adopted, A caterpillar, thought to be that of Setora
nitens, occurred in a number of locaHties, but not much damage was

330

done. The Hispid beetle, Bronthispa longissima, Gestro, and MelUs-
soblaptes riifovenalis occurred in Celebes.

Coffee pests included the scales, Pseudococcus virgatus and Coccus
(Lecanium) viridis, Limacodid caterpillars, Stephanoderes hampei^
Zeuzera cqffeae, Araeeerus fasciculatus , and Xylehorus coffeae.

Maize was infested by many caterpillars, including those of Marasmia^
CirpJiis and Heliothis obsoleia (armigera). Infestation by the last-
named moth was reduced by the advent of the rains.

Oil palms suffered some injury from Psychid and Limacodid cater-
pillars. The pepper bug, Elasmognaihus hewitti, increased as compared
with the previous year.

Rice pests included Nymplnda depunctalis, Schoenobius incertellus
(bipimctifer), Scirpopliaga sericea, Sesamia sp., Cirphis {Leucania)
unipuncta, S-podoptera mauriiia and Tetraneura oryzae.

Aleurodes bergi, A. longicornis, Oregma lanigera and Chionaspis
tegalensis occurred on sugar-cane, but did no very serious damage.

Tobacco was infested by the caterpillars of Heliothis {Chloridea),
Prodenia and Phfhorimaea {Gnorimoschema) heliopa. The beetles,
Gonocephalum and Eutochia (Holaniara), occurred again, but not
seriously. The pests of stored tobacco, Lasioderma [serricorne] and the
tobacco moth [Setomorpha margcdae striata], caused little loss, as a large
portion of the tobacco stored in the Dutch East Indies was exported,
and the remainder was easily disinfected with carbon bisulphide.

Tea pests included Helopeltis, Zeuzera cqffeae, Xylehorus fornicatus.
Stauropvs alternus, a Bombycid caterpillar, various Limacodid cater-
pillars including Setora nitens and Thosea cervina, the bugs, Hyalo-
pepliis smaragdinns and Poecilocoris hardwicH, and the mites, Erio-
pliyes {Phytoptus) carinatus, E. (P.) theae and Brevipalpus obovatus.

DammePvMAN (K. W.). Rapport over Planten-quarantaine in Japan,
Hawaii en de Vereenigde Staten. — Meded. Inst. PlantenzieUen,
Buitenzorg, no. 40, 1920, 37 pp.

A brief report is given on the plant quarantines in force in Japan,
Hawaii and United States, including the Hawaiian order for fruit
and plant inspection. Appendix I gives (in Dutch) the Japanese Law
no. 11 of 25th March 1914 with the regulations pertaining to it.
Appendix II gives the U.S. Plant Quarantine Act, 20th August 1912, as
amended 4th March 1913 and 4th March 1917, together with the
rules and regulations issued under it.

Johnson (W. F.). Necrobia rufijjes in Belfast. — Irish Naturalist,
Dublin, xxix, no. 3, March 1920, p. 25.
Attention is drawn to an infestation of dried figs by Necrobia rufipes,
DeG., in Belfast.

Lyle (G. T.). Contributions to our Knowledge of the British Bra-
conidae. No. 4, Rhogadidae and No. 5, Sigalphidae. — Entofnolo-
gist, London, hi, nos. 673-G75 & hii, no. 682, June, July &
August 1919 & March 1920, pp. 134-136, 149-155, 178-181,.
56-60.
In this paper, which is a continuation of one previously noticed

[R.A.E., A, vi, 381] the species dealt with include : Rhogas grandis,.

331

Giraud, reared from Amjphipyra pyramidea ; R. rugulosus, Nees,
reared from Arsilonche alhoi^enosa in England and from Acronycta
euphorbiae and A. abscondita on the Continent ; R. praetor, Rein,
bred from Smerinthus populi in Suffolk ; R. geniculator, Nees, bred from
larva of Arctia villica and Odonestis potatoria in Devon and Arctia
caja and Ardornis chrysorrhoea {Porthesia similis) on the' Continent ;
R. cantherius, sp. n., a fairly abundant parasite of Semiothisa liturata
in the New Forest ; R. circumscriptus, Nees, reared in the New Forest
from larvae of Triphaena fimbria, T. pronuba, Calymnia trapezina,
Taeniocampa stabilis, etc. ; and Sigalphus pallidipes, Nees, a parasite
of Orchestes fagi and 0. quercus in the New Forest, a hyperparasite
being frequently reared from its cocoons.

DiTMARS (R. L.). The Seventeen-Year Locust. — Zool. Soc. Bull,
New York, xxiii, no. 1, January 1920, pp. 18-23, 14 figs.

The hf e-history of the seventeen-year cicada [Tibicen septemdecimj
is reviewed. During the appearance of this pest in 1919 very little
damage was caused to fruit trees in Georgia and Long Island. Brood
xi is due to appear in 1920 in Connecticut and Rhode Island. Where-
ever the pest is expected young and natural tree growth should be
cultivated so as to attract the females away from neighbouring fruit
trees. Bush fires should especially be guarded against the year before
the cicadas are due to appear.

Teichmann (E.) & Andres (A.). Calandra granaria, L., und Calandra
oryzae, L., als Getreideschadlinge. — [Calandra granaria, L., and
C. oryzae, L., as Grain Pests.] — Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom., Berlin,
vi, no. 1, September 1919, pp. 1-21, 1 plate. [Received 19th
April 1920.]

The distribution and hfe-histories of Calandra granaria, L., and
C. oryzae, L., are discussed. C. oryzae has apparently not become
estabUshed in Germany, although numerous infestations by this weevil
have been recorded.

The parasites of C. oryzae include the Chalcids, Pteromalus {Meraporus)
calandrae and Meraporus grarninicola. C. granaria is parasitised by
Cerocephala formiciformis , C. elegans, Meraporus sp., a Chalcid belong-
ing to the genus Dibrachys and a Braconid Chremylus (Penecerus)
rubiginosus, Nees. A mite, Tyroglyphus {Aleurobius) farinae , has been
found in the breeding jars containing C. granaria.

The various remedial measures suggested by previous authors are
reviewed and the use of hydrocyanic acid gas is advocated.

BuRKHARDT (F.). ZuF Blologie der Mehlmotte {Ephestia kuehniella,
Zeller). — Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom., Berlin, vi, no. 1, September
1919, pp. 25-60, 13 figs. [Received 19th April 1920.]

The work of various authors with regard to the biology and control
of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kiihniella, Z., is discussed
and the value of hydrocyanic acid gas fumigation as a remedial
measure is emphasised.

332

tjber das *' Tannensterben," [Causes of Death of Fir Trees.] —
Zeitschr. f. angew. Entoni., Berlin, vi, no. 1, September 1919,
pp. 168-170. [Received 19th April 1920.]

The continued djing back of silver fir [Abies pedinata] in the
Frankenwald in North Bavaria, previously attributed to the fungus
Agaricus melleus, is now thought to be the result of insect attack.
Several beetles have proved to be abundant, including Pissodes piceae,
which attacks stems of any age between 30 and 200 years though
40 to 80-year old wood is preferred. One tunnel-system is sufficient
to kill the tree. The chief enemies of tliis beetle are woodpeckers.

Ips curvidens is most abundant in old trees and seldom occurs in
young ones. It is often found in company with Cryphalus piceae,
which attacks the tops and strong branches of old trees, but which
is most frequently found in young trees.

Other pests of less importance are Chermes (Dreyfusia) piceae and
Sirex spp.

MtJLLER (G. W.). 1st Thereva nobilitata, Fabr., ein Roggenschadling ?
[Is Thereva nobilitata, F., a Pest of Rye ?]. — Zeitschr. f. angew.
Entom., Berlin, vi, no. 1, September, 1919, pp. 172-173.
[Received 19th Apiil 1920.]

The author considers that the damage to rye attributed to Thereva
nobilitata, F. [R.A.E., A, viii, 270] is due to some other pest, as this
ily is probably predaceous on other insects.

Angewandte Entomologie und Schule. [Applied Entomology and
Schools]. — Zeitschr, f. angew. Entom., Berlin, vi, no. 1, September
1919, pp. 180-183. [Received 19th April 1920.]

The importance of intensive pest control can only be disseminated
in Germany if the foundation for it is laid in the State elementary
schools. Suggestions in furtherance of this idea are made by K.
Escherich and A. Haase.

Collin (J. E.). Eumerus strigatus, Fallen, and tubercidatus, Rondani,
(Diptera, Syrphidae). — Entom. Mthly. Mag., London, no. 672,
Third Ser., no. 65, May 1920, pp. 102-106, 1 plate.

Narcissus bulbs are damaged by two species of Eumerus in Britain.
E. strigatus, Fall., which has also been recently found infesting parsnips,
and E. tuberculatus, Rond., which is here described.

Jack (R. W.). Further Experiments with Poisoned Bait on Maize
Lands. — Rhodesia Dept. Agric, Salisbury, BuU. 353, April 1920,
8 pp. [Received 1st June 1920.]

The information contained in this bulletin has been noticed already
[R.A.E., A, viii, 322].

333

Froggatt (W. AV.). The Powder-post Beetle and its Parasite. —
Agric. Gaz. N. S. W., Sydney, xxxi, no. 4, April 1920, pp. 273-276,
2 figs.

The most destructive powder-post beetle in New South Wales is
Lyctus bninneus, the female of which oviposits in tlie outer surface or
sapwood of trees that have been cut down and the bark of which is
drying. The eggs or young larvae remain in the timber when it is
sawn up and used for building, and many generations of grubs may be
hatched, develop and emerge as adults after the furniture or building
is completed [R.A.E., A, vi, 390]. Rattan and cane chairs from the
East are particularly hable to infestation. In 1919 L. bnmneus
emerged from a badly-infested board of " blue fig " from Queensland,
accompanied by a Braconid parasite that is briefly described. This
is apparently the first record of any parasite of this beetle.

Allen (W. J.) & Hogg (S. A.). Cherry Growing in New South
Wales. — Agric. Gaz. N. S. W., Sydney, xxxi, no. 4, April 1920,
pp. 277-279.

Insects recorded as pests of cherry trees in New South Wales include
Maroga {Cryptophaga) unipunctana, Don. (cherry tree borer), the webs
of which should be removed, and the holes prodded with copper- wire
or treated with kerosene and then plugged up ; San Jose scale
[Aspidiotus perniciosus], for which sprays of resin, soda and fish-oil
should be given in the summer and Hme-sulphur solution in the winter ;
Rutherglen bug [Nysius vinitor], for which no satisfactory remedy is
known that will not injure the fruit ; and pear slug [Eriocampoides
limacind], for which the remedy is a spray of 2 lb. lead arsenate to 50
gals, water ; when infestation is severe the soil round the trunks of
the trees should be disturbed or lime applied so as to destroy the pupae
in the ground.

Gallard (L.). Notes on the Dicky Rice Weevil {Prosayleus phytoly-
mus. OUifl). — Agric. Gaz. N. S. W., Sydney, xxxi, no. 4, April 1920,
pp. 280-284, 11 figs.

Prosayleus phytolymus, Oil. (dicky rice weevil) has been a serious pest
of orchards and nurseries in New South Wales for the last fifteen years,
but it is only recently that the habits of the larvae have been discovered.
There are two generations in a year, the first emerging in October and
November and the second in February and March, that is, in con-
junction -with the starting of the two main periods of growth. The
adults attack the young shoots and in many cases eat the crown right
out or so damage the young shoot that its growth is stunted and
deformed. The tender leaves are eaten away in patches, the older ones
being scalloped at the edges, and the outer surface of the young fruit
is nibbled off in irregular blotches. Adults confined in a glass tube
with some soil oviposited under the surface, where the larvae hatched.
This indicated that the larvae may live in the soil, and examination
revealed them working on the roots of apple trees about 9 to 12 inches,
deep, where pupae also were found. The bark of the roots is corrugated
and nibbled away by the larger larvae.

334

Where a large area is available, the nursery beds can be shifted as
soon as the weevils appear in any quantity, and poultry should be
turned into the orchards, many pupae and larvae being devoiu-ed by
them. Some nurserymen claim to have obtained good results with
lead arsenate sprays ; if used judiciously, they should prove a good
remedy. The numbers of P. phytolymus have been diminishing in
recent years, probably owing to predaceous enemies, which include
a number of small Carabid beetles and Therevid fly larvae. Now that
more is known of the hfe-history and habits of this weevil further
studies will be made of remedial treatments.

Pas-serini (N.). Sul Potere insetticida del Pijrethrum cinerariaefolmm,
Trev., coltivato a Firenze in confronto con quello di alcune altre
Asteracee. [The insecticidal Power of P. cinerariaefolium, Ti-ev.,
cultivated in Florence compared with that of some other Aster-
aceae]. — Nuow Giornale Botanico Italiano. Florence, xxvi, no. 1,
January 1919, pp. 30-45. [Received 2nd June 1920.]

After carrying out many experiments with Pi/rethrmn cinerariae'
folium, the results of which are given in detail, the conclusion is reached
that no other plant of this family has properties so powerful or so
swift in their action against Musca domestica, L., Ctenocephalus canis,
Curt., or ants such as Crematogaster scutellaris, 01. All parts of the
plant, when reduced to powder, are effective, the leaves, stalks and
roots in a somewhat lesser degree than the flower-heads.

PiuTTi (A.) & Berxardini (R.). Sopra I'Azione della Cloropicrina
(Tricloronitrometano) sui Parassiti del Grano. [The Action of
Chloropicrin on the Pests of Grain.] — Pend. Acad. Sci. Fis. Mai.,
Naples, xxiii, ser. 3% nos. 4-6, April-June 1917, pp. 51-53.
[Received 22nd June 1920.]

Chloropicrin is found to be more effective against such grain pests as
theheetles, Cala7idra granaria, Tenebroides mauritanicus, LaemopJdoeus
Jerrugineus, and the larvae of the moths, Sitotroga cerealella, Tinea
granella and Plodia americana than carbon bisulphide, carbon tetra-
chloride, sulphurous anhydride or hydrocyanic acid, etc.

PrcTTi (A.) & Maxgo (A.). Sull' Impiego della Cloropicrina (Tri-
cloronitrometano) nella Disinfezione dei Cereali. [Chloropicrin as
a Disinfectant for Cereals.] — Bend. Acad. Sci. Fis. Mat., Naples,
xxvi, ser, 3'', nos. 1-3, January-March 1920, pp. 77-88.

Experiments with chloropicrin against insects infesting cereals lead
to the conclusion that this substance is an efficacious insecticide which
has no iU effects on the grain beyond reducing its germinating power
to a certain extent.

Quarantine on Account of European Corn Borer. — N.Y. State Dept.
Farms and MUs., Div. Agric, Albany, Circ. 193, April 1920,
14 pp.

A State and Federal quarantine has been placed on certain cities
in New York State to prevent the spread of the European corn borer,
Pyraustu nuhilaUs, within and out of the State. Particular areas

335

are declared to be infested ; these may be extended or reduced as
found necessary. A list is given of various plants and flowers that may
harbour this pest, and inspection and certification by the Department
of Agriculture is made a condition of their movement, while the con-
veyance used must not move from the areas without thorough cleaning.
Permits may be issued to allow re-export of plants that have been
imported into the areas. In all cases the expenses of inspection, other
than the services of the inspector, are paid by the shipper. But a
general, revocable permit to allow shipment of quarantined articles
may be issued in cases where districts or individual premises are free
from corn borer and where freedom from weeds and other vegetable
growths is maintained.

Suggestions for methods of control of P. nuhilalis include : — Cutting
maize close to the ground to reduce the number of borers left in the
stubble ; deep ploughing, preferably in the autumn ; putting maize
fodder in silo, or shredding and salting the stalks to promote their
consumption by cattle ; keeping maize fields and adjacent areas free
from weeds ; and planting small early plots of maize as a trap, the crop
being fed to cattle if badly infested. Where other treatment is im-
possible the stalks should be composted or burned. Partly consumed
stalks should not be mixed with manure unless the latter is composted
or made to heat. Garden crops liable to be infested and commonly
transported by commercial agencies should not be grown nearer than
fifty feet to infested maize. Prompt reporting of any infestation is
very desirable.

TosLER (E. J.). Insect Enemies. — Science and Industry, Melbourne,
ii, no. 3, March 1920, pp 184-189.

The greater part of this paper deals with an attempt to introduce
parasites of EuteUix tenella (beet leaf-hopper) from Austraha into the
United States. The importance of this pest and its hfe-history and
association with the curly-leaf disease of beets have already been
noticed [R.A.E., A, vi, p. 480, etc.]. The work was carried on in 1917
and 1918, attention being chiefly directed to two egg-parasites —
Ptergogramma acuminata and a Mymarid infesting a leaf -hopper that
has the same food-plant as E. tenella.

The difficulty of keeping any indi\4duals of two such deUcate species
aUve over the journey from Austraha to America was very great, but
after a number of failures it was overcome, and the two species were
reared in sufficient numbers to give them a fair trial, but there was no
e\'idence of parasitism and it must be considered that they do not find
E. tenella a suitable host.

At the same time some of the insects injurious to citrus culture
were investigated. The black scale {Saissetia oleae) is not a pest of
prime importance in Austraha, being attacked by the predaceous moth
Evhlemma {Thalpochares) cocciphaga, the internal parasites Coccophagus
sp. and Aphycus lounsburyi, the egg-parasite ScutelUsta cyanea, and
various Coccinelhds. The first three of these have been sent to Cali-
fornia and are now being reared to produce sufficient numbers to permit
of their introduction into the orchards. E. cocciphaga in particular
is the most promising of any of the material brought from Austialia.

336

Only three species of mealy-bugs were taken on Citrus trees. From
one, which resembled Pseudococcus citri, Paraleptomastix abnormis
was reared. From the other two, two species of primary parasites,
Leptomastix sp. , and Anagrus sp. , were brought to Cahfornia and hberated
on Pseudococcus citri, P. gahani and P. maritimus. No parasites
however were reared, though Leptomastix sp. oviposited on P. gahani.
Pseudococcus aurilanatus, the golden mealy-bug, is becoming a pest of
Norfolk Island pines [Araucaria excelsa] in Cahfornia. In South
AustraUa the chief factor in its control is the Coccinelhd, Cryptolaemus
nwntrouzieri, which is already of assistance in controlhng Cahfornia
mealy-bugs. The internal -parEisites Pachijneuron sp., Tetracnemus sp.
and a small Encyrtid were introduced, but it is too early for results
to be judged. A moth closely resembling Eublemma cocciphaga, pre-
daceous on Pseudococcus acaciae, did not attack Pseudococcus citri. A
small Encyrtid from Pseudococcus albizziae has also not found a suitable
host among the Cahfornian mealy-bugs. The Coccinellid, Rhizobius
plebeius, predaceous on P. acaciae, was not successfully reared ; but
another species, Midas pygmaeus, which was introduced from the
same material, breeds readily on Pseudococcus citri and seems a
promising addition to the imported enemies of mealy-bugs.

NiCHOLLS (H. M.). The Codlin Moth and the Powdery Mildew. —

Tasmayiia Dept. Agric. c& Stock, Hobart, Bull. 77, 1918, 9 pp.,
4 figs. [Received 2nd June 1920.]

The codhng moth, Cydia {Carpocapsa ) pornonella, which was intro-
duced from Cahfornia, has usually only one, or at most two, generations
a year in Tasmania. The second generation only occurs in very hot
seasons, but a look-out should be kept for it, for if it is neglected, the
number of moths will greatly increase in the following year. There
are no other unusual featm'es of the hfe-history, which is described at
length. The insect should be easily controlled with lead arsenate
sprays (1 lb. of the powder or 2 lb. of the paste to 50 gallons of water).
The first spray, apphed just before the calyx closes, is the most im-
portant. It should be followed by a second three weeks later, and a
third a month after that. A fom'th spray about the end of January
should be appHed if there is any danger of a second brood. All these
sprays may be combined with fungicides. The fact that in TasdSania
the moths do not lay their eggs for several weeks after the calyx spray
is apphed does not prevent its efficacy, as the poison is retained in
the calyx almost indefinitely, if properly driven into the cavity.
Bandaging the tree-trunks with sacking to trap the caterpillars is a
useful supplementary measure, but worse than useless unless the
bandages are carefuUy attended to in the autumn. Infested trees
should be kept clear of loose bark and other shelter where the insects
can hide. The further the caterpillars have to travel for shelter the
more they are exposed to natural enemies which, in Tasmania, include
beetles, Ichneumonids, Tachinids and birds. . Poultry in an orchard
will pick up many caterpillars. The spread of the codhng moth is
greatly aided by the use of cases that have held infested fruit, and this
should be avoided. The moth occurs on various fruit trees, but the
treatment in all cases is the same.

337

NiCHOLLS (H. IL). Scale Insects. — Tasmania Depf. Agric. <& Stock,
Hobart, Bull. 78, 1918, 12 pp., 8 figs. [Received 2nd June 1920.]

This bulletin gives an account of the various scale-insects that are of
economic importance in Tasmania, including Aspidiotus perniciosus
(San Jose scale), A. ostrcacfonnis (oyster-shell scale), A. rapar (greedy
scale), A. rossi, A. hederae (white scale), Lepidosaphes ulmi (Mytilaspis
pomorum) (mussel scale), Aulacaspis rosae (rose scale), Asterolecanium
quercicola (oak scale), Ealecanium (Lscanium) persicae and Coccus
(L.) liesperidum, while a few others, not of economic importance, are
also mentioned.

Dormant spraying with lime-sulphur is recommended against
A. perniciosus and L. idmi, a weaker spray being used if the leaves are
out. Lecanium spp. are more resistant to lime-sulphur, but on
deciduous fruit trees they can be kept in check by the use of oil sprays
such as red oil, crude petroleum or kerosene emulsion. All the
insecticides mentioned have been described in a bulletin already
noticed [R.A.E., A, vii, 48]. Every effort should be made to prevent
the spread of scale-insects. It is an offence under the San Jose
Scale Act for anyone to remove any part of an infested tree from the
enclosure wherein it is growing without the consent of the Acting-
Director of Agriculture.

Tryon (H.) & Benson (A. H.). The Banana Weevil {Cosmopolites
sordida, Chevr.). — Queensland Agric. Jl., Brisbane, xiii, no. 4,
April 1920, pp. 165-168, 5 figs.

Cosmopolites sordidKS (banana weevil) has been present in Queensland
for at least 25 years, in spite of stringent regulations passed under the
Diseases of Plants Act. Another banana weevil, Metamasius
hemipferus, L., has also been imported on banana plants from Jamaica.
The life-history and habits of G. sordid us are given, with a description of
the various stages. Growers are warned against mistaking any of the
several species of Sphenophorid beetles that occur in Queensland for
C. sordidus. Every precaution should be taken to ensure that only
sound suckers are planted and the usual recommendations are given
for the treatment of infested plantations [R.A.E., A, vii, 86, etc.].
The method of destroying infested plants by digging them out and
making them into a compost heap with fresh horse manure or chopped
green vegetation so that the mass will ferment and generate enough
heat to kill the beetles is recommended.

Brixton (W. E.). Nineteenth Report of the State Entomologist of
Connecticut for 1919. — Conn. Agric. Expt. Sta., New Haven, Bull.
218, 1920, pp. 112-208, 24 plates, 5 figs. [Received 2nd June 1920. ]

A detailed account is given of the inspection of nurseries carried out
during the year. The pests intercepted on imported nursery stock
during 1918-1919 include Agelastica alni, L., Afnara communis, Panz.,
Anisodactylus binotatus, ¥.,Carabus nemoralis, Mull., and Clivinafossor,
L., on trees from Holland; Barypeithes pellucidus, Boh., and Aphodius
granarius, L., on Taxus trees from Holland ; Coccinella septem-
punctata, L., on azaleas from Holland ; Coccus hesperidum, L., on
laurel from Belgium ; Emphytus ductus, L., on Manetti rose from

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338

England, France and Holland ; Nygmia phaeorrhoea Don. (Euproctis
chrysorrJwea, L.) on fruit-trees from France ; Forficula auricularia, L.,
and Lathrobivm. brumiifes, F., on trees from Holland ; Malacosoma
neustria, L., on shrubs, and Otiorrhynchus sulcatus, F., on Taxus from
Holland ; Triaena plebeja, Gyll., on trees, and oyster-shell scale
[Lefidosapkes ulmi] on boxwood from Holland.

On imported bulbs, which were inspected for the first time during
the year under review, the pests intercepted from Holland included
Cathartus advena, Wal., Merodon equestris, F., Pyralis farinalis, L., in
buckwheat chaff, Rhizoglyphus ecJiinopus, F. & R. (from Holland,
France, Japan, etc.), Sitodrejm panicea, L., Tenebrio molitor, L., in chaff
packing, and T yphoea fumata, L.

Apiaries were inspected as in previous years [R.A.E., A, vii, 339, etc.].
During 1919 an Act was passed requiring all beekeepers to register, in
order to facihtate inspection. European foulbrood continues to
decrease, but American foulbrood is increasing and will receive special
attention.

White pines {Piniis strobus) were severely damaged by Pissodes
Mrobi, Peck (white pine weevil), the leaders and higher shoots of young
trees being chiefly attacked and becoming crooked and deformed.
Only wood of the previous season's growth is normally attacked.
P. affinis and P. approximatus also occur in Connecticut, but P. strobi
is the only really injurious species and it also attacks Pinus sylvestris
(Scots pine), P. divaricala (jack pine), P. rigida (pitch pine), Picea
excelsa (Norway spruce) and P. rubens (red spruce). Weevil-infested
trees prove more susceptible to attacks of Pinipestis zimmermani,
Grote (pine-tip moth). The hfe-history of P. strobi in Connecticut is
very similar to that described for Canada [R.A.E., A, vi, 62]. Natural
enemies occurring in Connecticut include an Ichneumonid, . Coe/oic^es'
pissodis, Ashm., and a closely allied species, Habrobraconidea bicoloripes,
Vier., Microbracon nanus, Prov., Eurytoma jnssodis, Gir., Rliopaliciis
susjjensus, Ratz., and Spathius brachyrus, Ashm. Methods of control
for P. strobi include the removal and destruction of infested leaders and
the prevention of infestation by spraying. Commercial hme-sulphur
(1 part in 8 parts water) proved to be one of the best repellants, and
should be apphed about 1st May when only the old leaves are present ;
no injury to foliage occurs in this way. Experiments with creosote
and carbohneum are also described [R.A.E., A, v, 111], but some
injury to the trees resulted from their use. Jarring the trees and
collecting the wecNdls is a useful accessory measure.

Chermes pinicorticis, Fitch (pine bark aphis) appears as white
cottony tufts at the base of the needles on the twigs, and as white
fiocculent patches on the bark of trunks and branches. It is generally
found on the shaded side of the bark and does not thrive well in a
strong hght. Though chiefly a pest of white pine, it is also recorded
as damaging Scots pine in Canada. The Hfe-history is not fully known,
but the eggs begin to hatch about 1st May, and the young larvae suck
the sap from the twigs. Winged females appear about mid-May but
disappear about two weeks later. There are probably several
generations during the summer, and the winter is probably passed by
\vingless females on the bark. It is not known whether there is any
alternate food-plant. Natural enemies of this Aphid include the
"Coccinelhds, Anatis quindecimpundata, 01., Adalia bipunctata, L., and

339

Megilla fuscilabris, Muls., larvae of a Syrphid and of the lace wings,
CJmjsopa and Hemerohius. The application of a driving spray com-
posed of 2 U.S. gals, kerosene, 1 lb. common laundry soap to 1 U.S.
gal. water and diluted to one-ninth its strength before use is advised.

Plathij-pena scahra, F. (green clover worm) was responsible for much
damage to bean plants in 1919. Clover is the usual food-plant of this
moth, but occasionally it attacks beans, peas, vetch, soy beans, tick-
weed (Meibomia sp.), strawberry and blackberry. During the infesta-
tion of 1919 both common and Lima beans were attacked, irregular
holes being eaten in the leaves and sometimes in the pods by the
caterpillars. The moths appear in the spring after hibernation in the
adult stage ; eggs hatch in I to 6 days ; the larval stage requires about
25 days and the pupal stage 10 to 14 days. There are apparently two
or three generations in a year ; adults have been found in Connecticut
from June to November. A spray consisting of 1 oz. lead arsenate
paste or | oz. powder to one U.S. gallon of water proves an effective
remedy against the larvae, or one teaspoonful of Blackleaf 40 with
one oz. laundry soap in one U.S. gallon of water.

Much interest has been aroused by the discovery of a borer in maize
that was at first thought to be Pyrausta niibilalis (European corn borer)
but was subsequently identified as a new species and described as
P. ainsliei, Heinr. [R.A.E., A, viii, 116]. Meantime an Act was passed
in Connecticut making provision for the suppression of P. nubilalis
should its presence be proved, and a brief review is given of the situation
in regard to this pest in other States. P. ainsliei was found in the
larval stage in the stalks of maize and of smartweed {Polygonum) and
particularly in Polygonum persicaria, and probably occurs also in other
weeds such as pigweed {Chenopodium album) and beggar's ticks {Bidens
fivndosa). The adults appear in Connecticut in the first hali of July ;
vhe eggs laid by these hatch before the end of the month and the
larvae begin to tunnel in the stems of plants, passing from smartweed
to maize and vice versa. No injury occurs to the tassels or ears of
maize ; the holes are found on the main stalks, usually two or three feet
from the ground ; the plants are not very much injured and their
growth and vitahty are not impaired. Hibernation occurs in the
stalks, and the larvae resume feeding in the following spring
and pupate in June. The injury to maize in Connecticut has
not been sufficiently severe to necessitate remedial measures.
Probably it is only during seasons of unusual numbers that maize is
attacked, the insect surviving unnoticed in weeds during ordinary
years. If it should again become unusually prevalent and attack
maize, the stallcs should be cut into short pieces about ^ inch in length,
and either used as food for stock or put into a silo. Stallcs left in the
field through the winter should be burnt before 1st May, and the fields
should be kept free from any large growth of smartweed.

Papaipema nebris, Gn. {nitela, Gn.), the common native stalk borer,
is present every year in Connecticut, and infests maize, beans, potatoes,
eggplant, tomato, rhubarb, spinach and many other common vegetable-'
and weeds. There is only one generation in a year, hibernation pro-
bably occurring in the egg-stage on the stalks of weeds. Larvae appear
early in June, and when attacking maize usually feed on the new
leaves before they um-oll. Later they are found in the developing
tassel or boring in the stalk, which thev may tunnel down to the base.

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340

Many of the larvae examined were parasitised by Diptera and many
individuals of Masicera myoidea, R.D., were bred from them. Dry
lead arsenate should be sifted into the whorl when the young larvae
are feeding ; later, when they are in the stalks, they can only be con-
trolled by destroying infested stalks. The destruction of all the larger
weeds that serve as food-plants for the larvae will help in reducing
the numbers.

Maize plants in New Haven were found to be seriously damaged by-
larvae that bored into the side of the stalks near the base. These were
identified as a Pyi'ahd, Crambus jjraefectellus, Zinck., a native species
that has not previously been recorded as injuring maize. Other
pests of maize present in 1919 include Cirphis unipuncta, Haw. (army
worm), which in one locahty was found infesting a field of oats, and
Acronycta {Apatela) oblinita, S. & A. (smeared dagger-moth), the
caterpillars of which devour the leaves of maize and are usually near
the base of the highest leaves at the time the tassel first begins to show.
Later they feed anywhere on the upper part of the plant. This
moth has a long list of food-plants, but is not sufficiently abundant in
Connecticut to require remedial measures. Hadena fractilinea, Grote
(fined corn borer) was reported from New York State ; similar indivi-
duals were taken in Connecticut, but seemed to resemble H. semicanal
Wlk., rather than H. fractilinea. Heliothis obsoleta, F. (corn ear
worm) occurs nearly every year in Connecticut on different varieties
of maize, eggs being laid on the silk and the larvae feeding first on the
silk and later on the unripe kernels at the tip of the ear. Apparently
there is only one brood annually, the winter being passed in the pupal
stage ; in the southern States several generations occur and pupation
lasts only two or three weeks. There is no good method of controUing
this insect on field maize, but on sweet maize it is held in check in New
Jersey by dusting the silk soon after it appears with powdered lead
arsenate and fine sulphur in equal parts. Early planted fields and
early maturing varieties usually escape injury. Badly infested fields
should be ploughed in the autumn. Minor pests of maize in 1919
include Anapliothrips striatus, Osb. (grass thrips), wireworms, and the
Noctuids, Aidographa falcigera, Kirby, var. simplex, Guen., Mamestra
subjuncta, Gr. & Rob., and Ceramica (M.) pida, Hair.

Dejyressaria Jieracleana, L. (parsnip web-worm) hibernates as an
adult under loose bark or other sheltered places, and eggs are laid in
May or June on the leaves. The young larvae web the leaves and
devour the unfolding blossom buds of young parsnips and carrots.
When nearly mature the larva leaves the web and enters the stalks,
usually through the axil of a leaf, and tunnels in the stem. Pupation
occurg within the stalks, and lasts about three weeks. There is only
one generation in a year. The native food-plants are wild carrot,
wild parsnip, cow parsnip and other Umbelhferae. Remedial measures
are the removal and destruction of infested plants or the latter may
be sprayed after blossoming with lead arsenate.

Miscellaneous pests include Enchenopa binotata. Say, taken on garden
beans, though its • usual food-plants are Celastrus scandens (bitter-
sweet) and sometimes black locust {Robinia pseudacacia) ; the weevil,
Baris scolopacea, Germ., from stems of Amarantus retrqflexus (red-root
pigweed) and Amhrosia artemisiaefolia (ragweed) ; Mompha eloiselhy

341

Clem., in the stems of Oenothera biennis (evening primrose) ; Cono-
trachelus nenuphar, Hbst. (plum curculio) in unripe peaches ; Zeuzera
pyrina, L. (leopard moth) in branches of elm ; Macrosiphum solanifolii,
Ashm. (potato aphis) on potatoes and tomatos ; Aphis gladioli, Felt,
on corms of gladiolus ; Acijrthosiphon {Macrosiphum) pisi, Kalt. (pea
aphis) on pea plants ; the Geometrid, Cingilia catenaria, which was
numerous and feeds in the larval stage on sweet fern and bayberry ;
Coleophora laricella, Hb. (larch case-bearer) on larch twigs, which
should be controlled by lead arsenate sprays ; Eulia pinatubana (pine
tube-builder) on white pines in nurseries ; and Bruchophagus funebris,
How. (clover-seed Chalcid), for which the early cutting of clover is
advocated.

Large numbers of the cotton moth, Alabama (Aletia) argillacea, Hb.,
appeared in various localities, evidently migrating northwards from
the southern States. Galerucella luteola (elm leaf beetle), which was
reported as increasing during 1918, was again abundant during 1919,
and trees should be sprayed during 1920 in localities where it is likely
to be numerous. Uranotes melinus, Hb. (grey hair-streak butterfly)
infested Lima beans ; there are two generations in a year in the Northern
States and three in the Southern ; the plants should be sprayed with
lead arsenate. Phijllorydes {Lithocolletis) hamadn/adella, Clem, (white
blotch oak leaf -miner) discolours the upper surface of the leaves of
various kinds of oak. Pupation occurs within the mines in the leaf and
there are five or six generations each year in Washington, D.C. The
only effective remedial measure known is to gather and destroy
infested leaves. An Aphid, Calaphis hetulaecolens, Fitch, was present
in great swarms in the winged form in the city of New Haven [R.A.E.,
A, vii, 479], where it had evidently dispersed from an area covered
with grey birches {Betula jwpulifolia), perhaps on account of scarcity
of food. Disonycha xanthomelaena, Dalm. (spinach flea-beetle)
caused considerable injury to Swiss chard and also feeds upon spinach,
beets and pigweed. As poison cannot be apphed to foliage that is
used for food, the under-surface of the leaves should be sprayed with
strong soap and water or brushed. The adults can be caught like
flea-beetles by passing a box lined with tanglefoot over the rows.

A case is recorded of a house infested with Atropos pulsatoria, L., a
species of book-louse. The wood-work, furniture, pictures etc. were
washed with hot water and soap, and after some time the insects
disappeared. If they re-appear in the spring, fumigation with hydro-
cyanic acid gas will be resorted to.

Lasioderma serricorne, F. (cigarette beetle) caused a serious infesta-
tion of tobacco stored in a warehouse. After unsatisfactory attempts
with carbon bisulphide the infested tobacco was placed in one room
and was heated by steam to 130^ F., at which temperature it was left
for five hours. This treatment was apparently quite successful.

Davis (L W.). Gipsy and Brown-tail Moth Work in 1919.— Co?w.
Agric. ExpL Sta., New Haven, BuU. 218, 1920, pp. 135-144, 1 map.

The brown-tail moth [Nygmia phaeorrhoea^ and the gipsy moth
[Porfhetria dispar] have been scarce in Connecticut for the last three
or four years, probably owing to natural causes. The number of towns
under quarantine has been reduced since the previous year's report by

342

ten [R.A.E., A, vii, 341.]. Throughout the winter watch was kept
for nests. The details of the suppression work in various towns are
given and are summarised in a table.

Zappe (M. p.). Experiments to Control the Chrysanthemum Gall
Midge, Diartkronomyia hypogaea, Loew. — Conn. Agric. Expt. Sta.,
New Haven, BuU. 218, 1920, pp. 161-165.

Owing to increasing damage to chrysanthemums by Diartkronomyia
hypogaea, Lw. (chrysanthemum gall-midge) in the greenhouses of
Connecticut, experiments were undertaken in January 1919 to find
some simple method of controlling the insect. The eggs are laid on
the top of the plant w^here the new leaves are unfolding and as the
leaves grow larger the larvae make their way into them. Shortly
before the flowers open, the larvae enter the stem, which they enlarge
and weaken, causing the blossom to droop. Some varieties are fav
more liable to attack than others, and in one greenhouse some may be
badly infested and some quite healthy. Fumigation with hydro-
cyanic acid gas has been recommended, but is costly and requnes
repetition every few days as it is effective against the adults only.
There is also danger of injmy to the fohage with its use. The experi-
ments described include treatment \\ith carbohc acid emulsion, 40
per cent, nicotine-sulphate, lead arsenate, fish-oil emulsion, powdered
tobacco and scalecide. The results showed that the best time to deal
with this pest is while it is still in the egg-stage or before the young
larvae have disappeared within the leaf. Scalecide kiUed all eggs and
young larvae but injured the fohage. Nicotine sulphate (40 per cent.)
with soap, apphed every three or foiu" days, is a satisfactory remedy
and is probably the easiest and best spray for commercial florists to
use.

Brixton (W. E.). Insects attacking Squash, Cucumber and Allied

Plants in Connecticut. — Connecticut Agric. Expt. Sta., New Haven,

Bull. 216, December 1919, 51 pp., 8 plates, 9 figs. [Received 2nd

June 1920.]

An account is given of the chief insect pests of such crops as squash,

pumpkin, cucmnber and melon in Connecticut. They include

Diahrotica vittata, F. (striped cucumber beetle), D. cluodecimpunctata,

01. (twelve-spotted cucumber beetle or southern corn root worm),

SmintJmrus hortensis, Fitch (springtail), Epitrix cucumeris, Harris

(cucumber or potato flea-beetle), Melittia satyriniforniis, Hb. (squash

vine borer), Epilaehna borealis, F. (squash lady-beetle), Anasa tristis,

DeG. (squash bug), Papaipema nebris, Gn. (nitela, Gn.) (stalk borer),

Aphis gossypii, (rlov. (melon aphis), Macrosiphum cucurbitae, Midd.

(squash aphis) and the w^hitefly, Aleitrodes (Asterochiton) vaporariorum,

Westw.

Service and Regulatory Announcements : November-December 1919.

— U.S. Dept. Agric, Fed. Hortic. Bd., Washington, D.C., no. 66.
19th February 1920, pp. 117-128. [Received 3rd June 1920.]

Field surveys to determine the situation with regard to the pink
boUworm [Platyedra gossypiella] have been continued since the last
Announcements were issued [R.A.E., A, viii, 234]. In some districcs

J

313

in Texas the infestation remains almost as widespread as before, but
much less in amount. Claims arising in Texas for cotton condemned
and destroyed as being within five miles of infestation amount to>
something like £8,000, which, under the terms of the Pink Bollworm
Act, will probably be paid by the State. It is pointed out that
eradication of the pest is impossible in one year and that a longer
non-cotton period is required. The larvae of P. gossypiella have been
found to be very resistent to water and it is thought that probably
in a district like that of the Great Bend of the E,io Grande they may
be largely spread by water carriage in bolls or parts of the cotton plant
caught up by flood waters. While in Texas the insect has confined
itself strictly to cotton, it can, in the absence of its natural host, subsist
on many related plants.

The quarantine action taken by various States and Canada with
regard to the European corn borer [Pyransta nuhilalis] is quoted in a
statement giving the effective date of the quarantines, the plants
covered and the States or areas concerned.

A hst of current quarantine and other restrictive orders relating to
various plants and insects is given.

Service and Regulatory Announcements. — JJ. S. Dept. Agric, Insect,
and Fung. Bd., Washington, D.C., no. 27, 20th February 1920,
pp. 609-640. [Received 3rd June 1920.]

These Announcements include a notice to manufacturers relative
to the labelUng of calcium arsenate for use against the cotton boll
weevil [AntJionomus grandis] and notices of judgments given unde^
the Insecticide Act of 1910.

Green (E. E.). Observations on British Coccidae. — Entom. Mthly.
Mag., London, nos. 672 and 673, Third Ser. nos. 65 and 66, Mav-
June 1920, pp. lU-130, 8 figs.

The species dealt with include: Steingelia- gorodetskia, Nass., on
birches ; Eriococcus greeni, Newst. ; E. insignis, Newst. ; E. inermis.
Green ; E. devoniensis, Green ; Gossyparia idnii, Geoff., on various
species of elm ; Kermes quercus, L., on oak; Pseudococcus sphagni, Green,
from nests of Formica picea in the New Forest ; P. hibernicus, Newst. ,
imder loose bark of dead oak ; P. gahani, Green ; P. maritimus, Ehrh. ,
infesting ivy-leaved geranium ; P. ivcdkeri, Newst., in August on
grasses ; Ripersia tomlini, Newst. ; R. subterranea, Newst. ; Lecanium.
aequale, Newst., hitherto only recorded from British Guiana, found on
orchid fohage ; Lecanium zebrinum, Green, on Salix, heavily parasi-
tised by the Chalcids Corny s scutellata, Swed., and a species of Prionomi-
tiis that is probably new ; Coccus {Lecanium) hesperidum, L., on
Acalyplia ; Eidecanium (L.) capreae, L., on hazel and elm ; E. (L.)
persicae, Geoff., var. robinarium, Dough, on Robinia ; Pulvinaria vitis^
L., on birch and alder ; Lichtensia viburni, Sign., on ivy ; Parafair-
mairia gracilis, Green ; Lecanopsis formicarium, Newst., from a nest of
Lasius niger in Guernsey ; Diaspis rosae, Sandb., on plants of Cyca^
revoluta at Kew ; D. zamiae, Morg. , on Cycas revoluta, Encephalarto >•
spp. and other plants ; Poliaspis gaultheriae, sp. n., on GauUheria
dep-essa and G. rupestris at Edinburgh ; Chionaspis salicis, L., on

344

stems of Jasminum and young lime trees ; Aspidiotus palmae, Ckll.,
recorded for the first time from the British Isles, occurring freely on
the Bromehad Keratas ; and Orfheziola vejdovskyi, Seele, found in moss.

Rice (W. H,). Red Mite and Woolly Aphis on Nursery Fruit-Trees. —

New Zealand Jl. Agric, Wellington, xx, no. 4, 20th April, 1920,
pp. 250-251.

Control tests against Tetrangchus and Eriosoma lanigermn on orchard
nursery stock confirmed the results of those already noticed \R.A.E.,
A, vii, 357] ; but red mite control cannot be assured with red oil weaker
than 1 : 6. Root immersion in oil of apples and pears is not injurious,
but in the case of plums it retards bud-movement fully a week, though
there is no other damage.

€aesar (L.) & Gaelick (G.). The Imported Currant Worm, Pteroniis
ribesii, Scop. — Canad. Entom., London, Ont., hi, no. 5, pp. 106-108.

Attention is drawn to some points of interest observed during a
study of the imported currant sawfly, Pleronus ribesii, Scop. The
food-plants of this insect are generally referred to as " currants and
gooseberries," but as a matter of fact, red and white currant foliage
is attacked but never that of black currant. Oviposition was observed
when the leaves were very young, in fact when the majority of the
buds had just burst. Parthenogenesis is common in this species, the
adults derived from unfertihsed eggs being invariably males. The
eggs are laid in a chain-hke arrangement along the main ribs or veins
on the under-surface of the leaves in the central and lower pa^'t of the
bush, and the younger larvae frequently strip that portion of leaves
before their presence is detected. The later generations o\dposit
inther indiscriminately over the leaves. The second generation larvae
begin to hatch about a weeV: before red currants are ripe and hatching
continues for about a month. The third generation begins to hatch
about two weeks after- the fruit has ripened. The adults producing
this generation emerged in cages up to September. FuUy half the
larvae of the two earlier generations remained in cocoons throughout
the year without pupating. Many larvae of the second and thii'd
generations die soon after hatching and do httle damage, so that if
the first generation can be destroyed little harm will result.

Natm-al factors in control include two parasites, one a Braconid and
the other a Cynipid ; many eggs are destroyed by Chrysopids and
Coccinelhd larvae. Another cause of mortality is the heat of the
soil, which kills many larvae that fall upon it accidentally or when
seeking pupation quarters. Artificial control is easy. Against the
young larvae, |lb. lead arsenate paste in 40 gals, water is efiicacious.
If the bushes are thoroughly sprayed as soon as the leaves are well-
developed, especially in the central and lower part of the bush, with
1-2 lb. lead arsenate paste or | to 1 lb. powder in 40 gals, water, no
damage should result. If Bordeaux mixture is used, calcium arsenate,
a httle weaker than the lead arsenate, may be used, or not more than
^ oz. of Paris green may be substituted, in 40 gals. Bordeaux. If
a second spraying is necessary it should be given eight or ten days
after the first, or soon after red currants are well set.

345

Stookey (E. B.). Why does Red Clover Ml^.—Mthly Bull Western
Washington Exp. Sta., Puyallup, viii, no. 2, May 1920, pp. 18-20.

The chief insect pest of clover in Western Washington is the root
borer [Hylastinus obscurus]. Damage by this beetle is done largely during
the second season of growth, reducing the crop and resulting in a very
poor stand in the following year. The eggs are laid in the spring in
and along the stem of the one year old plants. The larvae tunnel into
the roots, often entirely separating the root and the crown. They
pupate in July and August, reaching the adult stage in early autumn,
in which condition they pass the winter. The only method of control
is ploughing the infested fields. Tliis is best done immediately after
harvesting the first crop, as the larvae are then killed. Clover is thereby
hmited to one year in the crop rotation system, but this has been found
necessary in many parts of the United States.

Frank (A.). Diseases and Insect Pests of Currants and Gooseberries.

— Mthly. Bull. Western Washington Expt. Sta.. Puyallu}), \m,
no. 2. May 1920, pp. 29-31, 4 figs.

The same insects attack both currants and gooseberries. An Aphid,
Mtjzus ribis, raises bhstered red areas on the leaves. Black-leaf 40,
a third of a pint to 50 U.S. gallons of water, should be sprayed on the
under-side of the fohage. The sawfiy, Pteronus ribesii, may be con-
trolled by spraying the leaves with lead arsenate, one pound of the
powder to 50 U.S. gallons of water, or if the fruit is about to be picked,
with fresh hellebore, one ounce to three gallons of water. Remedies
for the currant fruit maggot [Epochra canadensis) have already been
noticed [R.A.E., A, vi, 242]. Other common pests are flea-beetles and
Elaterids.

Lakon (G.). Zur Systematik der Entomophthoreengattung Tarichium.
[The Systematics of the Entomophthoran Genus Tarichium.] —
Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxv, no. 5, 28th August
1915, pp. 257-272, 10 figs. [Received 10th June 1920.]

The systematic position of the fungi of the genus Tarichium is
discussed with the object of estabhshiug a foundation for future studies
with reference to the artificial dissemination of fungi for the purpose
of insect control.

SoRAUER ( — ). Die Wiederaufnahme der Seidenraupenzucht in
Deutschland. [The Resumption of Sericulture in Germany.] —
Zeitschr f. Pflanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxv, nos. 5 & 8, 28th
August 1915 & 21st March 1916, pp. 296-311 & 473-478,
14 figs. [Received 10th June 1920.]

The advisabihty of re-estabhshing sericulture in Germany is dis-
cussed, and attention is also called to the danger of introducing
Aulacaspis (Diaspis) pentagona owing to the consequent cultivation of
mulberries.

346

KuTiN (A.). Die gelbbeinige Schlupfwespe {Microgaster glomeratus,
L.), der Verderber der Kohlraupe, als indirekiter Sctiadling des
Weizens. [Microgaster glomeratus, L., the Destroyer of the Cabbage
Caterpillars, indirectly injuring Wheat.] — Zei'tschr. f. Pflanzen-
krankheiten, Stuttgart, xxvi, no. 8, 15th January 1917, pp. 452-
454, 1 fig. [Received 10th June 1920.]

In the vicinity of Prague wheat has been found to be damaged owing
to the presence of cocoons of Apanteles (Microgaster) glomeratus,
which deprived the ears of the plants of hght and air, and thus prevented
the proper development of grain. As this Braconid is a well-known
parasite of Pieris brassicae, L., the host caterpillars had probably
crawled up the wheat ears, but what the original food-plant was ha&
not yet been ascertained.

MoLz (E.). Blattlausbekampfung mittels des "Landauretts." [Control
of Aphids by means of the " Landaurett."] — Zeitschr. f.
Pflanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxvii, nos. 2-3, 25th April 1917,
pp. 107-110, 1 fig. [Received 10th June 1920.]

The apparatus ah-eady described [R.A.E., A, viii, 276] for the apph-
cation of nicotine vapour has been successfully used against Aphids.
Enemies of Aphids, such &s Coccinella sejjtemjnmctata and C hilocor us s-p.,.
are not injured by this treatment.

MoLZ (E.). Die Wiesenwanze, Lygus jiratensis, L., ein gefahrlicher
Kartoflelschadling, [Lygns ■pratensis, L., a serious Pest of
Potatoes.] — Zeitschr. /. Pflanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxvii,
nos. 7-8, 31st January 1918, pp. 337-339, 2 figs. [Received 10th
June 1920.]

Lygus pratensis, L., is recorded as causing serious injury to potatoes
at Mehmke. Both adults and nymphs were found on the plants.
Jarring the plants so that the insects fall on planks covered with an
adhesive substance is suggested as a remedy. The efficacy of arsenical
sprays has not yet been tried, but a 3 to 4 per cent, tobacco solution
proved useless.

Bredemann (G.). Beobachtungeu iiber Weinschadlinge in Ober-
mesopotamien. [Observations on Vine Pests in Upper Mesopota-
mia.]— Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxix, nos. 5-6..
1919, pp. 166-171, 2 figs. [Received 10th June 1920.]

Owing to chmatic conditions there are very few serious vine pests in
upper Mesopotamia. The noxious insects recorded include the larvae
of a Sphingid, Deilejihila livornica, Esp., which appear from the middle
of May to the middle of June and attack the leaves and unripe fruit.
An autumn generation probably occurs in certain districts. Under
laboratory conditions pupation occurred about 11th June on or just
under the surface of the ground. The adult moths appeared between
28th June and 10th July. Handpicking is rehed upon for the des-
truction of this pest.

347

FuLLAWAY (D. T.). The Melon Fly— Its Control in Hawaii by a
Parasite introduced trom India. — Hawaiian Forester & Atjricul-
turisf, Honoluhi, xvii, no. 4, April 1920, pp. 101-105.

The bulk of the information contained in this paper has already
been noticed [R.A.E., A, v, 2, etc.]. Opius fletcheri now accounts for
the destruction of 50 per cent, of the melon-fly, Dacus (Bactrocera)
cucnrbitae, infesting fruit in Hawaii, and in some localities it is again
possible to grow melons successfully.

Gahan (A. B.). Black Grain-stem Sawfiy of Europe in the United
States.— U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Bull. 834, 19th
May 1920, 18 pp., 2 plates, 1 fig.

Trachehis tabidus, F. (black grain-stem saw-fly of Europe) has
evidently been established in America for some years, though how it
was introduced there is unknown. Its present distribution is confined
to some half-dozen of the eastern and central States, but the species,
judging from its expansion in Russia, may eventually spread from
coast to coast in America. The only known food-plants in America
are wheat and. very occasionally, rye. A description is given of the
various stages of T. tabidus, with a key for separating the grain-
infesting sawflies, T. tabidus, Cephus pygmaeus, L., and C. cinctus, Nort.
The life- histories of T. tabidus and C. cinctus are probably similar.
Oviposition of the former species occurs from 15th May to 10th June,
the eggs being inserted in a sht in the stem made by the female at
some distance above the ground. The young larvae burrow down-
ward through the pith of the stem, hollowing it out to the base. The
larvae become mature about the time that the grain is ripe ; by 22nd
July during the season investigated all were full-grown and had
evidently gone into hibernation at the extreme base of the stem,
where they were encased in a silken tube or lining in a burrow entirely
filhng the hollow straw and closed above by a wad of frass. Before
closing the burrow the larva almost completely severs the stem from
the inside, the cut being at or near the surface of the ground and usually
a httle above the first node on the stem where the surface roots put
out. Just enough of the epidermis is left to prevent severing the straw
and to allow it to stand erect, so that the first shght bending of the stem,
as by a strong wind, causes it to snap oft* and fall. Both the end of the
stalk remaining in the ground and the fallen straw are distinctly
concave or funnel-shaped, clearly defining the work of the pest. The
hibernating larva remains in the stub of the wheat stalk left in the
ground, where it fives from about the time the wheat is ripe until some
time in the following spring when it pupates, probably in late April
or early May. Under some conditions the fife-cycle may be extended
over two years ; this is probably unusual, but shows a high degree of
adaptability on the part of the species for overcoming unfavourable
conditions. Some of the infested stems are able to develop at least
partially filled heads and the extent of loss will probably depend in
some degree upon weather conditions during the period of ripening of
the grain.

Neither of the parasites of this species occurring in Russia [R.A.E., A,
iv, 21] has been found in America, but an evidently important parasite

348

is an apparently undescribed species of the Chalcidoid genus Pleuro-
tropis. THs parasite emerges from the prepupal larva of T. tabidus
at about the time of emergence of the host adults, and is beUeved to be
a primary parasite.

In the present state of loiowledge of this species only suggestions
of possible means of control can be given. Neither egg nor larval stage
can be attacked, as both occur in the growing grain. Disking the
stubble thoroughly as soon as possible after cutting the grain might
destroy the larvae by exposing them, but they are very hardy and only
experiment will prove the efficacy of this method. Deep ploughing
of the stubble is recommended in Russia and should prove effective
in America, but it must be remembered that adults can escape if only
covered with two or three inches of soil. The ploughing should be
done any time between the cutting of the grain and the following
spring prior to emergence of the adults in April or May. As the insect
apparently confines its attacks to the small-grain crops in America,
wheat, barley or rye should be followed by some crop that will not
serve as a food-plant, such as maize or vegetables. Any system of
crop rotation should be preceded by thorough ploughing of the wheat
stubble.

Faes (H.). La Lutte centre le Ver de !a Vigne (Cochylis) en 1919. —
La Terre Vaudoise. Lausanne, xii, no. 24, 12th June 1920, pp. 230-
231.

While nicotine or concentrated tobacco juice with the addition of
some copper solution is the insecticide most frequently used for the
control of Clysia amhiguella in the vineyards of Vaud, Switzerland, a
pyrethrum-soap solution has also given excellent results against the
young larvae of the first generation. Although the local cultivation of
pyrethrum is greatly increasing, the quantity of flowers produced is
still far short of the demand.

Gray (E,. A. H.) & Wheldon (R. W.). Field Trials for the Prevention
ol Damage to Crops by Wireworms and Leather Jackets. — Reprint
from Newcastle Farmers' Ckib JL, 1919, 10 pp. [Received
16th June 1920.]

As wireworms and the larvae of Tipuhds (leather- jackets) were
responsible for much damage on grassland newly ploughed in 1917, and
as further land was to be ploughed for 1918, it was thought desirable
to carry out trials combining the application of various substances,
cultural methods and the suitability of different varieties and lands
of crops, with a view to controlling these pests. These experiments,
carried out in various localities, are described in detail, the infestations
being so bad in some cases that the crops were entirely destroyed.
The damage is greatest before the end of May or beginning of June,
when the insects pupate. It w^as found that when oats were sown
under good conditions on well cultivated land, they grew quickly
enough to withstand the attack of wireworms until the danger was
passed, while where land had been badly ploughed and the furrows had
not been broken up the damage done was severe. Land hable to
infestation should be ploughed early so that a good tilth and seed-bed
may be obtained for the oats, which should not be sown too early.

349

Close grazing during summer is advisable before ploughing old land
as crane-flies are attracted to tufts of coarse grass for oviposition.
Birds should not be discouraged during cultivation, rooks being
particularly useful in removing numbers of both pests. To ensure
quick development, 1 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia to the acre might
be harrowed in with the seed. If damage is observed when the crop
is a few inches high, a good harrowing with seed harrows, followed by
heavy rolling has sometimes proved advantageous. In this way the
movements of the grubs are checked and the crop has an opportunity
to recover. When oats have been too severely damaged by the end of
Mav to yield a crop, the land should be prepared for turnips, or other
root crops. After a severe attack by wireworms the land should be
ploughed immediately after harvesting, cultivated if possible and
again ploughed during the winter. Beans or white mustard are
apparently safe crops for wireworm-infested land. Wireworms may
give trouble on newdy ploughed land for two or three years and are
persistent on some types of soil ; leather- jackets are generally trouble-
some only for one year on newly ploughed land. The methods out-
lined above have proved of greater value than any apphcation to the
soil ; napthahne apphed in quantities up to 5 cwt. per acre did not
even appreciably reduce the numbers of either pest.

Wiltshire (S. P.). The Apple Canker Fungus. — Univ. Bristol : Ann.
Rept. Agric. <& Hortic. Research Sta., Long Ashton, Bristol, 1919,
pp. 23-29. [Eeceived 17th June 1920.]

Investigations during 1919 to determine the relation of the apple
canker fungus, Nectria ditissima, to attacks of the woolly apple aphis
[Eriosoma lanigenim] showed that the cankered areas were always
found surrounding injury by the Aphid. It was evident that the
canker attacked only Aphid galls that had burst and exposed the wood,
which became heavily infested with spores of N. ditissima. While,
therefore, the Aphid injury, resulting in the formation of galls, is not
directly very injurious to the trees, indirectly considerable damage may
be done, as canker frequently results in the death of the branch.

Lees (A. H.). Woolly Aphis of Apple. — Univ. Bristol: Ann. Rept,
Agric. & Hortic. Research Sta., Long Ashton, Bristol, 1919,
pp. 46-47. [Received 17th June 1920.]

Experiments made in 1919 showed that the best way to control
woolly apple aphis [Eriosoma lanigerum] with the least possible number
of operations is to use a spray consisting of 15 to 20 lb. soft soap, 2 gals,
paraffin and | lb. nicotine to 100 gals, water. This is capable of killing
the stem form of the Aphid even with no very high pressure, and
should be used when the majority of the flower trusses have separated
but before the flowers open, that is, about the end of the first week in
May in an average season, and, if any insects are still present, a second
spraying should be done when the flowers have set. As soon as the
spraying has been done, grease bands should be placed on the trees to
catch the migrants from the roots that usually ascend the tree from

350

the end of May onwards, and those that descend the tree to the roots
in the autumn. These treatments should control all the commoner
pests of apple, including Aphids, Capsids, caterpillars and apple-sucker
[Psylla 7rmli].

Lees (A. H.). The Control of Logan Beetle by Cultivation. — Univ.
Bristol : Ami. Rept. Agric. & Hortic. Research Sta., Long Ashton,
Bristol, 1919, pp. 48-49. [Received 17th June 1920.]

The loganberry beetle [Bytiirus tomentosus'] is probably the worst
pest of loganberries and is very difficult to deal with, as most of its
adult hfe is passed within the ground, while the larval stage is spent
within the berry. The adults emerge from the soil over a long period,
so that in attempting to control by spraying several operations are
necessary. A successful spraying method has been evolved {R.A.E.,
A, vi, 424], but is too expensive to be thoroughly satisfactory. It has
been observed, however, that berries growdng in well cultivated soil
suffer far less than others, and experiments have therefore been con-
ducted in which cultivation was practised in spring only, in autumn
only, and in both spring and autumn. The results showed a marked
decrease of infestation where any cultivation was done, but the differ-
ence between the variously treated rows was not sufficient to draw any
definite conclusion, and the experiments must be continued for a
further period.

Lees (A. H.). Big Bud. — Univ. Bristol : Ann. Rejjt. Agric. & Hortic.
Research Sta., Long Ashton, Bristol, 1919, pp 50-56. [Received
17th June 1920.]

The big bud mite [Eriophyes ribis] passes the greater part of its Ufe,
roughly from June to March, in the interior of the buds of black
currant bushes. During the rest of the year it is migrating from the
previous year's buds and is seeking entrance to the buds of the current
year. Consequently though spraying operations have met with some
success [R.A.E., A, vi, 425], they cannot be considered a practicable
method of control. Several varieties have been introduced as resistant
to big bud but all have eventually been more or less attacked [R.A.E.,
A, vi, 480]. It is probable that chmate has a good deal to do with the
possibihty of formation of big bud ; a moist season, by prolonging the
growing season of the bush, increases the food-supply of the growing
points and thus allows the mite to form a big bud instead of a killed
bud. While increase on any one bush may be quick or slow according
to external conditions, increase from bush to bush is governed by
chance and is generally slow. Experiments in control have given
largely negative results. The difficulty in spraying during the migrating
season is that it is impossible to destroy the som:ce of infection
in the big buds of the previous year, and that spraying must be very
frequent if it is to prevent any mites reaching the buds of the current
year.

Investigations to test the action of hme-sulphur are described.
The conclusion is drawn that in the locality of Long Ashton hme-
sulphur at the rate of 1 in 16 or 1 in 12, apphed as soon as the first
leaves are as big as a sixpence, results in a considerable decrease in the

351

number of big buds the following winter. A second spraying at
summer strengtli (1 in 30) did not produce any increased efliicieucy.
The success of this treatment can only be assured by repeating it for
some years.

Petherbridge (F. R.). Potato Spraying Trials in the Cambridge-
shire Fens, 1919.— J/. iMmistn/ Ayric, London, xxvii, no. 3,
. June 1920, pp. 282-286.

In the course of this paper on spraying for potato bUght with
Bordeaux and Burgundy mixtures, it is remarked that, after a period
of hot dry weather, the leaves of potatoes may be attacked by Aphids,
and are then liable to become scorched when sprayed. It is suggested
that this scorching is due to the entrance of the spray into the punctures
caused by the Aphids. Until this question is settled by experiment,
growers are w^arned that by spraying in hot dry w^eather, when the
fohage is attacked by Aphids, they risk damage to the crop through
scorching.

Warburton (C). Annual Report for 1919 of the Zoologist. — Jl. R.

Agric. Soc. England, London, Ixxx, 1919, pp. 411-417. [Received
28th June 1920.]

No new pests of great importance were recorded, but an outstanding
feature of 1919 was the great abundance of caterpillars, especially on
fruit trees, in early summer, and the numerous complaints of attack by
Aphids on every kind of farm crop late in the season. Of cereals,
barley was attacked by gout-fly [Chlorops taeniopus], wheat, in a less
degree than in 1918 [R.A.E., A, vii, 442], by wheat bulb-fly [Hglemyia
coarctafa], and oats and winter wheat by frit-fly [Oscinella frit], while
wireworms and leather-jackets also caused damage. Grass was badly
damaged by cockchafer grubs [Melolontha] in one locahty. Potatoes
suffered to a small igxtent from Aphids, the eelworm {Heterodera
schachtii), and in Wales and the Midlands from the stem-boring
surface caterpillar, Gortyna {Hydroecia) micacea. Winter and spring
sown beans suft'ered equally from the black aphis [AjMs rumicis],
wliich caused considerable damage, but was very erratic in incidence.
Peas and beans were considerably infested with pea thrips [Kajcotkrijjs
jnsivora] and to a small extent by Sitones weevils, pea midge [Contarinia
j)isi] and pea moth [Cydia nigricana], while in stored beans there were a
few cases of Bruchid beetles. Mangels were attacked by Aphids {Aphis
rumicis), the pigmy beetle [Atomaria liiiearis] and millipedes ; turnips
by surface caterpillars, wireworms, the turnij) fly [Pkyllotreta nemorum]
and the turnip seed beetle [Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis]. The chief
cabbage pests were the usual caterpillars, together wdth root-fly maggot
[PJiorbia brassicae] and gall weevil [Ceathorrhynchus pleurostigma].
Carrot-fly [Psila rosae] and onion-fly [Hylemyia antiqua] were
destructive, though onions sown with parsley escape the latter.
Asparagus beetle [Crioceris asparagi] and celery-fly [Acidia heradei]
were also noticed.

Fruit trees were attacked by an unusually large number of insects.
Unhanded orchards sufiered severely from mnter moth (Cheimatobia
hrumata) ; but it is pointed out that banding in the autumn is
ineffective except against moths with wingless females, and spraying

352

with arsenic in the spring should be adopted where the proportion
of the caterpillars of such moths is small. There were severe
infestations by caterpillars of the lackey moth [Malacosoma neustria]
in various locahties on fruit and other trees. Banding was useful
to intercept caterpillars migrating from defohated trees to fresh
ones. Aphid attack on fruit trees was almost universal and at times
very destructive. Of the various insects mentioned as attacking
forest trees the oak tortrix [Tortrix viridanci] was the most noticeable.

BtJCHER (H.). Die Heuschreckenplage und ihre Bekarapfung. [The
Locust Plague and its Control.] — Monogr. no. 3 zur angew. Entom.,
Beiheft zur Zeitschr. f. angew Entom., Berlin, v, no. 1, 1918,
274 pp., 11 maps, 20 plates, 33 figs. [Received 19th April 1920.]

The campaign against locusts undertaken by a number of German
and Turkish scientists during the war is described ; the work was
carried out under the direction of the Turkish Ministry of Agriculture
and with the aid of the military authorities [R.A.E., A, vi, 341 ; vii,
161]. The organisation of the campaign in various districts during
1916-1917 is described. The remedial measures are divided into
physical, chemical and biological, all of which must be based on a
careful study of the life-history of the pest. Natural enemies such
as insects and fungus diseases are also dealt with, but are not considered
of much importance in the destruction of locusts. Owing to their
natural avoidance of shaded, cool places such as forests, it is suggested
that a belt of trees round cultivated areas might be worth consideration
as a protection against invasion by travelling swarms. The biology
of Dociostaurus {Stauronotus) maroccanus, Thunb., is dealt with at
length by Dr. W. La Baume.

Although the remedial measures here discussed were apphed
primarily against D. maroccanus in Anatolia and Syria, they may be
equally well used against Schistocerca peregrina.

ZwEiGELT (F.). Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Saugphanomens der
Blattlause und der Reaktionen der Pflanzenzellen. [Contribu-
tions to a Knowledge of the Suction Phenomena in Aphids and
the Reactions of Plant Cells.] — Centralbl. Bakt., Parasii. u.
Infektionskr., Jena, lite Abt., xhi, no. 10-14, 12th October 1914,
pp. 265-335, 2 plates, 7 figs. [Received 7th May 1920.]
The contents of this paper are indicated by its title.

Krausse (A.). Ein automatischer, quantitativ arbeitender Fangap-
parat zum Studium der Insekten- und Milben-fauna des Boders,
speziell fur pflanzenpathologische und bodenkundliche Unter-
suchungen. [An Automatic Collector of large Capacity for the
Study of Underground Insects and Mites with special Reference
to Soils and Plant Pathology.] — Centralbl. Bakt., Parasit. u.
Infektionskr., Jena, lite Abt., xliv, no. 17-23, 10th December
1915, pp. 663-665, 2 figs. [Received 7th May 1920.]
An apparatus for separating insects and other living organisms
from large quantities of earth or debris for scientific purposes is des-
cribed. The mechanism is very simple, the main principle being that
the insects etc. are driven by means of heat towards the centre where
they fall through a sieve into a collecting jar.

353

ZwEiGELT (F.). Blattlausgallen, unter besonderer Berucksichtigung
der Anatomie und Aetiologie. [Aphid Galls with special Con-
sideration of their Anatomy and Aetiology.] — Centmlbl. Baht.,
Parasit., u. Infektionskr., jerm, lite. Abt., xlvii, no. 16-22,
8th October 1917, pp. 408-535, 32 figs. [Received 7th May
1920.]

The Aphid- produced galls occurring on plants are dealt with, and
the pathological changes occurring in the plant owing to Aphid injury
are discussed. The type of gall formation is determined by the re-
action of the plant-cells to certain gall-producing irritants irrespective
of the number of parasites.

ScHWANGART (F.). Ueber Rebenschadlinge und -ntitzlinge. V. Die
Schlupfwespen der Traubenwickler. Zuchtergebnisse. [Insects
injurious and beneficial to the Vine. V. The Hymenopterous
Parasites of the Vine Moths, Breeding Results.] — Ccntralbl. Bakt.,
Parasit. u. Infektionskr., lite Aht, Jena, xlviii, no. 24-25, 28th
November 1918, pp. 543-558. [Received 7th May 1920.]

This paper contains evidence in support of, and additions to the
author's previous results relating to the Hymenopterous parasites of
Clysia anibiguella, Hb., and Polychrosis botrana, Schiff. It includes
the following list of such parasites as were bred by the author himself : —
IcHNEUMONiNAE. Iclineumon deoeptor ; Platylabus dimidiatus :
Dicaelotus fusillator ; Cinxaelotus erythrogaster. Cryptinae. Habro-
cryptus alternator ; Gambrus infermis ; Hemiteles areator ; H. dubius ;
R. Jiemipterus ; H. nigriventris ; H. pulchellus ; H. taschenbergi. Pim-
PLINAE. Lissonota carbonaria ; Pimpla alternans ; P. calobata ;
P. examinator ; P. sagax ; P. strigip>leuris ; P. terebrans ; P. turionellae.
Ophioninae. Agrypon flaveolatum ; Eulimneria crassifemur ; Omorgus
abbreviatus ; 0. difformis ; Mesochorus semirnfus. Tryphontnae.
Exochus tibialis ; E. notatus. Braconidae. Rhogas tristis ; Asco-
gaster quadridentatus ; Microplitis tuberculifera. Chalcididae.
Eurytoma rosae ; Habrocytus acutigona ; Dibrachys boucJieanus.

Most of these have a first generation with an early flight period
that does not coincide with the stages of the vine moths. The
majority, including those most common in the southern vineyards
(such as in South Tyrol), are also found in the northern regions
(such as the Palatinate), but the number of individuals is less. It is
therefore desirable that plants suitable for non-injurious intermediate
hosts should be grown in the north. Exochus tibialis and E. notaius
do not appear to need an intermediate host, and as they are excellent
parasites in the south it may be worth while importing them into
northern districts with a mild climate where the vine moths occur.
Agrypon flaveolatum, which is common in the north and scarce in the
south, is a species that emerges decidedly late. Some species vary
in abundance in different years, so that the figures given in this paper
cannot be taken as typical ; only one generation and winter pupae were
examined, and such important enemies as the specdes infesting the
eggs were not represented.

(692) c

354

Friederichs (K.). Ueber die Pleophagie des Insektenpilzes Metarrhi-
zium anisoj)liae (Metsch.) Sor. [Notes on the Pleopliagy of the
Insect Fungus Metarrhiziuni anisopliae.] — Centralbl. Bald.
Parasit. u. Infektionskr., Jena, lite Abt., 1, no. 13-19, 26th March
1920, pp. 335-356, 1 plate.

The fungus Metarrhizium anisopliae, which attacks Oryctes rhinoceros,
L., in Samoa, was also found attacking larvae of Rhagium inquisitor,
and larvae and pupae of Ergatesfaber, on the island of St. Marguerite.
Persona] observations as well as those of other authors with regard to
the artificial transmission of the fungus are discussed. Under laboratory
conditions it is possible to infect many varied species with the disease
owing to the unnatural conditions which tend to predispose the host
to attack, but under natural surroundings the same hosts prove to be
more or less immune to the disease unless a particularly virulent form
of it is produced.

FuLMEK (L.) & Stift (A.). Ueber im Jahre 1916 erschienene bemer-
kenswerte Mitteilungen auf dem Gebiete der tierischen und
pflanzlichen Feinde der Kartoflel-pflanze. [Communications of
Value published in 1916 concerning the Animal and Vegetable
Enemies of the Potato.] — Centralbl. Bakt., Parasit. u. Infektionskr..
Jena, lite Abt., li, no 5-11, 10th June 1920, pp 97-129.

The title of this paper indicates its contents, which form a compre-
hensive review of the Kterature on the subject for the year in question.

Schumacher (F.). Der Autor der Aphidengattung Lachnus (Hem.).
[The Author of the Aphid Genus Lachnus.] — Entom. Mitt., Berlin,
ix, no 4-6, 19th May 1920, pp 87-88.

In reply to a recent note on the authorship of the genus Lachnus
[R.A.E., A, viii, 200] it is stated that this name has been incorrectly
ascribed to Ilhger. The first description of the genus was given
in 1835 by Burmeister, and he is therefore the author.

Stearns (L. A.). Experiments on the Control of the Oriental Fruit

Moth {Laspeyresia tnolesta, Busck). — Qtrly. Bull. Virginia State
Crop Pest Commis., Blacksburg, ii, no. 1, April 1920, 16 pp., 3 figs.

In Virginia there are four, or under favourable circumstances five,
broods of Cydia (Laspeyresia) molesta and, though at present this
pest has not yet appeared in the main orchard districts, the fact that
it feeds upon most fruit trees in a similar manner to the codhng moth,
C. pomonella, suggests that it may come to have a destructive status
equal to, and perhaps greater than, the latter insect.

No satisfactory method for its control has been devised as yet.
Orchard spraying tests show that arsenical sprays are but slightly
efiective, since the larvae feed largely within twigs and fruit. Limited
experiments, suggested by the terminal-feeding habit of the larvae,
were conducted to determine the benefits derived from the clipping
and the destruction of infested twigs. Although economy would seem to
forbid the application of such a measure on an orchard scale, the results
have been sufficiently encouraging to emphasise the advisabihty of
further investigation along this line, especially with small blocks of

355

trees. In detailed laboratory tests and as applied to single trees in
the orchard, nicotine sulphate (40 per cent.), " Black-leaf 40 " as an
ovicide, and nicotine-arsenical combinations in applications near
hatching time, have proved most effective, a three-fourths control
having been secured. Sea-moss stock at the rate of 5 lb. to 50 U.S. gals,
of water, and a calcium-casein preparation at the rate of 1 lb. to
50 U.S. gals, of water, when combined with this insecticide, were found
to increase considerably its spreading and sticking possibilities.

These experiments have suggested the removal and the destruction
by burning or otherwise of all infested twigs of nursery stock and
young orchard trees. This measure would be of most value in the
spring. At that time the terminals are infested by small numbers of
overwintering and first brood larvae, whose destruction will decrease
considerably the size of the summer broods which cause widespread
injury. By cutting-back severely each year a few trees in a single section
of an infested orchard, the resulting fresh growth on these " trap
trees " should attract the moth, and the succulent shoots would
serve as a feeding ground during the spring and early summer for the
caterpillars. These trees may be examined frequently, and the
infested twigs removed and destroyed. In bearing orchards fruit
infestation might be decreased materially in this way. Applications of
nicotine sulphate (40 per cent.), " Black-leaf 40 " diluted 1 part to
800 parts of water, may be made about 17th May, 2nd June, 26th July
and 28th August. Life-history studies in 1918 and 1919 have shown
that the heaviest deposits of eggs are present on the foliage at these
dates. Clean culture, which would include the removal and destruction
by ploughing under or burning of all refuse (leaves, grass, weeds and
especially decaying and dried-up fruit) about the tree-trunks in
which the larvae find suitable quarters to cocoon for hibernation, is
also advisable.

Some Insect Pests of the Castor Oil Plant. — Agric. Neivs, Barbados,

xix, no. 470, 1st May 1920, p. 138.
Unlike Florida [R.A.E., A, viii, 235] Brazil is apparently free from
pests of the castor oil plant and contains districts eminently suited to
its cultivation.

Moll (F.). Holzzerstorende Krebse. [Crustacea destructive to

Timber.] — Naturwiss. Zeitschr.f. Forst- u. Landwirtsch., Stuttgart,

xiii, no. 4-5, April-May 1915, pp. 178-207, 12 figs. [Received

10th June 1920.]

This paper reviews the existing knowledge of timber-destroying

Crustacea, of which the most important species are Limnoria lignorum

and Chelura terebrans. Most of the damage is done along the coasts

of Europe and North America. Greenheart and turpentine logs,

especially in the bark, are immune from attack. Sheathing and other

similar coverings are too expensive, paints are not lasting, and

impregnation with metal salts has not yielded good results up to the

present. The best protection available, especially for pine wood, is

impregnation with creosote. At least 160 litres of creosote must be

used for 1 cu. metre of timber, and the creosote must contain 6-10 per

cent, of tar acid. A large number of references to the literature of

this subject, dating from 1723, are appended.

356

t)EwiTZ (J.). Ueber die Einwirkung der Pflanzenschmarotzw auf die
Wirtpflanze. [The Action of Plant Parasites on their Host-
plant.] — Natiirwiss. Zeitschr. f. Forst- u. Landvurtsch., Stuttgart,
xiii, no. 6-7, June-July 1915, pp. 288-294. [Received 10th June
1920.]
Most work relating to parasites of plants deals with the outward
changes caused to the host. Very little has been done concerning the
effect on the internal organism.

As a result of experiments with an Aphid infesting Pelargonium it
has been ascertained that an extract obtained from the bodies of this
insect exercises a haemolytic action on the red corpuscles in the blood
of cattle, so that it is evident that this Aphid contains a toxin.

ScHWANGART (F.). UebcF Rebcnschadlinge und -nutzlinge. iv.

Vorstudien zur biologischen Bekarapfung des " Springwurms " der

Rebe {Oenophthini pillenana, Schiff.)- [Insects injurious and

beneficial to the Grape Vine. iv. Preliminary Studies on the

Biological Control of 0. pilleriana.] — Naturwiss. Zeitschr. f. Forst-

II. Landwirtsch., Stuttgart, xiii, nos. 8-9 & 11-12, August-September

& November-December 1915. pp. 380-408 & 522-541. [Received

10th June 1920.]

An account is given of a careful study of Sparganothis (Oenophthira)

piUeriana, Schiff., a pest of the grape-vine, the work having been begun

in 191 1. A list of the parasites of this moth is given, and two methods

of planting are advised against it and allied Lepidopterous pests.

One aims at utilising against each other the following : — Hyponomeuta

nuilitieUus, found on apple ; H. padellus on Primus ; and the vine

moths, S. piUeriana, Clysia ambiguella and Polychrosis hotrana. The

other makes use of Hyponomeuta padellus, found on Euonymus. All

these insects, according to the date on which they appear and the

parasites they harbour, form links in a " host-cycle." To promote

this and thus favour the natural enemies and adversely afiect the

plant pests, resort to such planting methods as follow is advised. If

it is intended to use the five pests mentioned, Prunus and apple must

be planted in vine-growing districts and grape-vines must be planted

beneath the fruit trees in an orchard district. It is always advisable

to mingle stone-fruit with apples and pears, as the different species of

Hyponomeuta occurring on these plants are not always likely to appear

in equal numbers in a given year. This method of interplanting has

a number of limitations, and recourse must also be had to a wild plant,

Euonymus, which harbours Hyponomeuta cognatellus. Euonymus

needs no attention, does not impoverish the soil, does not throw a shade

injurious to the vine, and may be planted in situations unsuitable for

fruit trees. Furthermore H. cognatellus may be allowed to develop

in numbers that cannot be permitted to H. malinellus or H. padellus,

which are injurious to fruit-trees,

ScHEiDTEB (F.). Ueber die Eiablage von Saperda populnea, L.

[The Oviposition of S. populnea.] — Naturwiss. Zeitschr. f. Forst-

u. Landwirtsch., Stuttgart, xv, no. 4-6, April-June 1917, pp. 113-

128. [Received 10th June 1920.]

The oviposition of Saperda populnea, L., on poplar in Bavaria is

described in detail. The female makes a curved furrow in the bark

357

shaped like a horse-shoe, with the horns upwards ; between these there
;ire horizontal cross-furrows. The bore-hole is on the lower edge,
and an egg is laid in it. Thin twigs of the previous year's growth
are chosen, and the eggs are often less than an inch apart. The
female appears to oviposit on the same tree from which she emerged,
unless lack of space compels her to migrate to another. If the bark
is removed after the egg has been laid, only the bore-hole is visible
with the egg attached to the inner siu'face of the bark. On hatching,
the larva begins to feed on the swellings surrounding the point of
attachment of the egg. It then makes a horizontal, peripheral mine,
and then one traversing the centre of the twig. Hibernation usually
takes place there. There are two annual generations, and about
10 per cent, of the eggs yield adult beetles. This is due to natural
checks, including an excess or a lack of swelling in the twigs. Willows
also are infested.

The most important Dipterous parasite is Sarcophaga albiceps, Meig.,
though it not clear how the host larvae become infested ; possibly
the parent fly deposits a larva near the entrance of the tunnel. A list,
supplied by Dr. Euscka of Vienna, is given of 20 primary and 3
secondary Hymenopterous parasites of this beetle.

Remedial measures consist in cutting off infested twigs or even the
entire plant near the ground, collection of the beetles at the time of
oviposition (May-June), and the destruction of the eggs beneath the
bark by pressing the latter; and oviposition on some of the more
valuable plants may, it is suggested, be prevented by protecting them
with an adhesive.

Schumacher (F.). Die Insekten der Mistel und verwandter Loran-
thaceen. [Insects of the Mistletoe and aUied Loranthaceae.] —
Naturwiss. Zeitschr.f. Forst- u. Landwirtsch., Stuttgart, xvi, no. 3-8.
March-August 1918, pp. 195-238. [Received 10th June 1920.]

The existing literature on insects of the mistletoe is reviewed. The
present paper deals with 8 Coleoptera, 1 Lepidopteron, 11 Rhynchota
and 1 Psocid. No Diptera or Hymenoptera have been found. The
Rhynchota include a large proportion of Coccidae. Of the 21 species
only 6 are peculiar to the mistletoe, these being : — Coleoptera : Apion
variegatum, Wenck., and Liparthrum hartschti, Miihl. ; and Rhynchota :
Lygus viscicola, Put., Hypseloecus visci, Put., Anthocoris visci, Dgl.,
and Psylla visci, Curt.

The scale, Diaspis visci, Schr., was formerly believed to be pecuHar
to mistletoe, but it is now considered to be identical with D. juniperi,
Bch., found on conifers.

Seeger ( — ). Ein Massenauftreten von Lophyrus rufus. [An Out-
break of L. rufus.'] — Naturwiss. Zeitschr.f. Forst- u. Landwirtsch.,
Stuttgart, xviii, no. 1-2, January-February 1920, pp. 41-42.

In June 1919 an outbreak of Lophyrus rufus occurred near Heidel-
berg. An area of about 87 acres was affected, the trees most attacked
being Pinus banksiana and the common pine ; Weymouth pine
suffered less. The damage did not appear to be serious.

358

MuLLER (H. C). Bericht uber die Tatigkeit der Agrikulturchemischen
Kontrollstation und der Versuchsstation ftir Pfanzenkrankheiten
der Landwirtschaftskammer fur die Provinz Saclisen fur die
Jahre 1916 und 1917. [Report for 1916 and 1917 of the Agi-o-
Chemical Research Station and of the Experiment Station for
Plant Diseases of the Agricultural Chamber for the Province of
Sachsen.] — Abstract in Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart.
XXX, no. 1, 1920, p. 22. [Received 10th June 1920.]

Potatoes were damaged by the meadow bug, Lygus pratensis, L.,
oats by the oat mite, Tarsonemus spirifex, March., and wheat by the
gall midge, Sitodiplosis (Clinodiplosis) mosellana, Geh.

Schumacher ( — ). Ueber die Schildlaus, Pulvinaria mesembriantJiemi,
VaWot— Deutsche Entom. Zeitschr., 1918, pp. 421-422. (Abstract
in Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankheiten, Stidtgart, xxx, no. 1, 1920,
p. 38.) [Received 10th June 1920.]

The discovery of the scale, Pulvinaria mesembrianthemi, Vail., in the
plant houses of the Botanical Gardens at Dahlem (Berhn) is recorded.
It had evidently been imported from S. Africa and throve in the
temperate houses containing the succulents.

Baer (W.). Der Fichtenrindenwickler und Fichtenknospenmotten.

[The Spruce Bark Moth and the Spruce Bud Moths.] — Tharandter
Forstl. Jahrb., Ixviii, 1917, pp. .38-47. (Abstract in Zeitschr. f.
Pflanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxx, no. 1, 1920, p. 39.) [Received
ibth June 1920.]

In the Tharandt forest (Saxony) the habits of Cydia (Grapholitha)
diiplicana, Zett., are different from those usually recorded. Instead of
feeding on the swelhngs on the branches of fir due to Aecidium elatinum .
it regularly visits, together with Dioryctria spendidella, the resinous
edges of the wounds caused by red-deer to the trunks of spruce.

The author found the caterpillars of C. (G.) ' duplicana to be
indistinguishable from those of C. (6r.) pactolana, Zett. ; the former
species is less abundant.

C. {G.) coniferana, Rtzb., was found on resinous, fungus- infested
parts of pines, especially on the swelhngs due to Peridermiimi, and
on the tops of diseased Weymouth pines or common pines. C. (G.)
cosmophorana, Tr., was bred with Rhyacionia (Evetria) resinella from
the galls of the latter.

Morphologically, Cydia (Tortrix) grunertiana, Rtzb., is identical
with C. pactolana and must be considered a biological variety of it
that has adapted itself to the larch, where it is found on the swellings
of old wounds on dead branches of 30-year-old trees.

In late summer the caterpillar of Argyresthia illuminatella, Z.,
begins feeding on the terminal buds of fir branches and then bores
a mine 1^ "-1| " long, down the shoots. This internal injury is
already visible in winter through the discolouration of the needles
at the tips of the shoots.

359

Argyresthia certella is usually obtained from infested spruce buds,
the injury being confined to the bud ; where this extends |— f^ of an
inch along the shoot A. glabratella is the species concerned.

ScHAFFNiT & LusTNER. Bcricht uber das Auftreten von Feinden und
Krankheiten der Kulturpflanzen in der Rheinprovinz in den
Jahren 1915 und 1917. [Report on the Occurrence of Enemies
and Diseases of Cultivated Plants in the Rhine Province in 1916
and 1917.] — Bonn, 1919, 97 pp. (Abstract in Zeitschr. f. Pjianzen-
kranJiheiten, Stuttgart, xxx, no. 2-3, 1920, pp. 80-81.) [Received
10th June 1920.]

Limothrips cerealium caused white-ear disease in cereals to a
serious extent. Kainit was successfully used against Otiorrhynchns
sulcatus infesting vines, about 7 oz. being placed during the dead
season in hollows around each stock.

LiNSBAUER. (L.). Programm und Jahresbericht der hoheren Staats-
lehranstalt fiir Wein-und Obstau Uber das Schuljahr 1918-1919.

[Programme and Annual Report of the Higher State Institute
for Vine and Fruit Culture for the Scholastic Year 1918-1919.]—
Vienna, 1919, 107 pp. (Abstract in Zeitschr. f. Pfianzeyikranklieden,
Stuttgart, xxx, no. 2-3, 1920, pp. 82-83.) [Received 10th June
1920.]

Scale-insects were abundant on plum trees, which were also attacked
by Otiorrhynchus ligustici and ColeopJiora sp.

No success attended an attempt to transfer Tetraneura ulmi from
Ulmus montana major dampieri wedrei to U. atropurpurea, though at
the same time the Tetraneura galls typical to U. atropurpurea developed
in some numbers. In the case of the transfer of T. uhni to U. pendula
there occur galls which differ in shape from those on U. dampieri
wedrei and which do not develop fully. Failure met every attempt to
transfer the stem-mothers of Eriosoma (Schizoneura), which are much
more mobile than those of Tetraneura.

ZiMMERMANN (H.). SchadUngB der Oeifruchte. [Pests of Rape and
Turnip.] — Illust. Landw. Ztg., xxxix, 1919, pp. 153-154, 166-167.
(Abstract in Zeitschr f. Pjianzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxx. no.
2-3, 1920, pp. 88-89.) [Received 10th June 1920.]

The most important pest of rape in Mecklenburg is Meligethes
aeneus. After hibernating it appears at the end of April or early in
May. The larvae appear 8-10 days after the eggs are laid ; after one
month they pupate in the ground, and 12-16 days later the adult
emerges. Other Coleopterous pests discussed in this paper are
Ceuthorrhynchus spp., Baris chlorizans, and Psylliodes chrysocephalus.
Lepidopterous pests of rape in Mecklenburg are Agrotis segetum,
Pieris napi, Evergestis extimalis and Phalonia (Conchylis) epilinana.
Athalia colibri {spinarum) is not yet abmidant in Mecklenburg. The
cabbage gall-midge, Perrisia {Dasyneura) brassicae, also occurred.

360

Dammerman (K. W.). Landbouwdierkunde van Oost-Indie. De
schadelijke en nuttige Dieren voor Land-, Tuin- en Boschbouvv
in Oost-Indie, [The Agiicultiual Zoology of the [Dutch] East
Indies. The Animals injurious and beneficial to Agriculture,
Gardening and Forestry in the [Dutch] East Indies.] — Amsterdam,
J. H. de Bussy, 1919, x + 383 pp., 135 figs., 39 plates. Price IG
florins.

This book should satisfy a real want in view of agricultural develop-
ment in the Malay Archipelago. It is chiefly intended for agricultural
instructors and for the staffs of experiment stations who are required
to give information regarding animal pests, but it is arranged so as to
assist agriculturists also.

The pests are arranged according to the injury they cause, and
this facihtates the record of remedial measures. Their structure,
systematic position, etc., are only briefly discussed. The vernacular
name is given, together with the scientific and Dutch names.

At the end of the volume there is a convenient hst of references.
This is followed by a list of cultivated plants, the pests of each plant
being noted with the respective page reference. A name index in-
cluding scientific, Dutch and vernacular terms is also appended.

The munerous illustrations, including many coloured plates, are a
useful feature. The whole work appears to have been carefully pre-
pared from the point of view of those for whom it is intended, and
should prove exceedingly valuable and helpful to readers with a know-
ledge of Dutch.

Making Lime-sulphur at Home. — British Columbia Dept. Agric,
Victoria, New Hortic. Ser. Circ. 61, May 1920, 5 pp.

In view of the high cost of commercial Hme-sulphur solutions, and
of the probable shortage of this article in the near future, users are
advised to make their own. The best materials for the purpose,
the method of preparation and the cost of concentrated lime-suljihur
wash are discussed. Directions are given for testing and diluting
lime- sulphur solutions.

Patrol River to keep Pests out of State. — Pennsylvania Dept. Agric,
Wkly. Press Bull., Harrishurg, Pa., v, no. 23, 3rd June 1920, 1 p.

In an efTort to keep the Japanese beetle [Popillia jajjonica], wliicli
is already present in New Jersey as far as the brink of the Delaware
River, out of Pennsylvania, the west bank of the Delaware, opposite the
infested area in New Jersey, is bemg patrolled for a distance of ten
miles. All food-plants in this zone are carefully examined every day
or two, and an eit'ort will be made to destroy any msects that may fly
across the river. The beetle has not yet appeared in Pennsylvania.

Caesar (L.). Spraying Currants and Gooseberries. — Canad. Horti-
culturist, Toronto, Out., xHii, no. 6, June 1920, pp. 159-160, 1 fig.

The greater part of the information about insects contained in this
paper has abeady been noticed [R.A.E., A, viii, 345]. The removal
of the older canes and burning them before the end of May is
recommended against the currant borer [Aegeria tipuliformis], the
importance of which as a pest is uncertain,

NOTICES.

Secretaries o! Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com-
municate with the Assistant Director.

The annual Subscription in advance to the Review, Series A
(Agricultural) is 12s. per annum, post free; Series B (Medical and
Veterinary), 6s. per annum.

Orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 88, Queen's Gate» London,
S.W.7, or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

Page.
Australia : The Powder-post Beetle and its Parasite in New South

Wales 333

Australia : Cherry Pests in New South Wales . . . . . , 333

Australia : Notes on the Dicky Rice Weevil {Prosayletis pliytoly-

mus) in New South Wales . . . . . . . . .... 333

Australia : Measures against the Banana WeevU in Queensland 337

Austria : The Parasites of Vine Moths . . . . . . . . 353

Bohemia : The Generations of Bark-heetles . . . . . . 324

Bohemia : Indirect Damage to Wheat by Apanteles glomeratus . . 346

Brazil : 3Iegalopyge lanata infesting Coffee . . . . . . 325

Brazil : A New Use for a Lopidopterous Cocoon . . . . . . 325

Brazil : Coleopterous Pests of Potatoes . . . . . . . . 325

Brazil : Scarcity of Pests of Castor-oil Plants . . . . . . 355

British Isles : Field Experiments in the Chemotropic Responses

of Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

British Isles : Notes on the sexual Forms of Aphis saliceti . . 327

British Isles : Necrobia rufipes infesting Dried Figs . . . . 330

British Isles : Notes on Braconids . . . . . . . . . . 330

British Isles : Eumerus spp. infesting Narcissus Bulbs . . . . 332

British Isles : Notes on Coccidae . . . . . . . . . . 343

British Isles : Trials for the Prevention of Damage by Wireworms

and Tipulids 348

British Isles : The Relation of Eriosoma lanigerum to Apple

Canker . . . . 349

British Isles : Experiments against Eriosoma lanigerum, . . 349

British Isles : The Control of the Loganberry Beetle {Byturus 350

tomcntosus) . . .... . . . . . . . . . . 350

British Isles : Measures against Eriophyes ribis in Black Currants 350

British Isles : Infestation of Potatoes by Aphids .. .. .. 351

British Isles : Insect Pests in 1919 . . . . . . . . 351

Canada : Insect Pests in British Columbia in 1919 . . . . 322

Canada : The Bionomics and Control of Pteronus ribesii . . . . 344

Canada : Spraying Currants and Gooseberries . . . . . . 360

Dutch East Indies : Insect Pests in 1919 . . . . . . . . 329

Dutch East Indies : Animals Injurious and Beneficial to Agri-
culture, Gardening & Forestry . . . . . , . . . . 360

France : The Occurrence of the Argentine Ant . . . . . . 326

Germany : A New Measure against Anthonomus pomorum . . 325

Germany : Notes on Grain Pests and Their Control . . . . 331

Germany : Insect Pests of Fir Trees in Bavaria . . . . . . 332

Germany : The Economic Importance of Thereva nobilitata in Rye

Fields 332

Germany : The Importance of Early Education in Applied En-
tomology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

CONTENTS— co«(.

Germaky : The Resumption of Sericulture . .

Germany : The Use of Nicotiiie against Aphids

Germany : Lygus prats nsis, a serious Pest of Potatoes

Germany : Measures against Sparganothis pilleriana

Germany: The Bionomics of Saperda populnea infesting Poplar

in Bavaria . .
Germany : Insects infesting Mistletoe
Germany : An Outbreak of Lophyrus riifus on Pines
Germany : Miscellaneous Pests in 1916-17 . .
Germany : An Imported Scale-Insect
Germany : Lepidopterous Pests of Spruce . .
Germany : Pests of Cultivated Plants in the Rhine Province

1916 & 1917

Germany : Notes on Fruit Pests in 1918-19

Germany : Pests of Rape and Turnip in Mecklenburg

Haavaii : The Control of Dacws cacurbUae by Opius fletcheri

Italy : The Value of Chloropicrin against Grain Pests

Japan : Notes on a Chrysoinelid Pest of Potatoes . .

Japan : The Bionomics and Control of Cydia molesta

Japan : Notes on a Weevil infesting Peanuts

Japan : Notes on New Aphids

Mesopotamia : Observations on Vine Pests

Nevp- Zealand : Control of R§d Mite on Apple Trees

Nevs^ Zealand : Measures against Orchard Pests . .

Rhodesia, Southern : Further Experiments with Poisoned Bait

for Maize Pests . . . . . . . . . . . . 322,

Samoa : Notes on MetarrMzium anisopUae . ,

Spain : Measures against Olive Pests

Switzerland : Measures against Vine Moths . . . . 326,

Tasmania : The Control of the Codling Moth

Tasmania : Notes on Scale- Insects

Turkey : The Anti-Locust Campaign in 1916-17 ..

U.S.A. : The Pink-boli-worm in Texas

U.S.A. : Precautions against the 17 -year Locust

U.S.A. : Quarantine Measures agamst the European Corn Borer

U.S.A. : The Introduction of Beneficial Insects into California

U.S.A. : Insect Pests in Connecticut in 1919

U.S.A. : Gipsy and Brown-tail Moth Work in 1919 in Connecticut

U.S.A. : Experiments against the Chrysanthemum Gall Midge

U.S.A. : Pests of Cucumber etc., in Connecticut

U.S.A. : Precautions against the Pink Boll-worm etc. . . 342,

U.S.A. : Clover Pests in Washington

U.S.A. : Currant and Gooseberry Pests in Washington

U.S.A. : The Bionomics and Control of Trachelus tabidus . .

U.S.A. : The Control of the Oriental Fruit Moth in Virginia ^ . .

U.S.A. : Precautions against the Entry of PopilUa japonica into
Pennsylvania

W^est Indies : The Cowpea Weevil in St. Vincent

Correction of a Generic Name in Chalcids

Notes on Plant Pest Quarantines

The Insecticidal Properties of Pyrethrum cinerariaefoUum

Insect-infesting Fungi of the Genus Tarichium

The Effect of the Attacks of Aphids on Plant Cells . . 352, 353,

An Automatic Collector of large Capacity for the Study of Under-
ground Insects

A Review of the Literature on Potato Pests in 1916

The Author of the Aphid Genus Lachnus

Crustacea destructive to Timber

The Preparation of Home-made Lime-sulphur

The Reactions of Lepidopterous Larvae to Bacilli and Bacteria

Af>E.

:V45

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;u6

356

356
357
357

35S
358
358

359

359
359
3-i7
3;M
321
3-21
3:21
322
34G
324
344

332

2.54
324
348
336
327
352
326
331
334
335
337
341
342
342
343
345
345
347
354

360
326
322
330
334
345
356

352
354

354
355
360
328

Registered at the G.P.O. for Transm/asion to Canada and Newfoundland by Magoiiine Post.

jL. VIII. Ser. A. Parte.— pp. 361-416. SEPTEMBER. 1920.

THE REVIE
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

SERIES a: agricultural.

'"--"(^

Or,

UU! 20 1920

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOQY,

LONDON :

THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,
83, OUE£N"S GATE, S.W. 7.

Price 13. ^-d. not.

All Rights Reserved.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

l>0!iorarp Committee of rnanagement*

VISCOUNT~HARCOURT, Chairman.

Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, CLE., P.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bbadford, K.C.M.G., F.E.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman of the

Governing Body, Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. E. Eeyer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Sir Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lbfroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Hon. E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Austraha.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh Univer8it3^
Sir John McPadyban, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Ofl&ce.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in

Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.CM.G., CB., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Sir Arthur E. Shipley, G.B.E., F.R.S., Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C. Sperling, CM.G., Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society
England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominior
is an ex officio member of the Committee.

©eneral Secretary.

Mr. A. C C Parkinson (Colonial Office).

director nnD lEDltor.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, CM.G.

'Resistant Wivcctot.

Dr. S. A. Neave.

Head Office. — British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London. S.W.7.
Publication Office. — 88, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7.

^^CT 2 0 1920

Urbahns (T. D.). The Clover and Alfafa Seed Chalcis Fly. —U.S.
Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C, Bull. 812, 31st May 1920, 20 pp.,
8 plates, 2 figs.

The life-history of the Chalcid, Bruchophagus funebris, has aheady
been noticed [R.A.E., A, iii, 185 ; vi, 139, etc.], but in Southern
CaUfornia the development begins earlier in the year and the trans-
formations tend to be more rapid ; adults may even be active in small
numbers throughout the winter. This pest occurs in practically
every locality in the United States where either red clover or lucerne
seed is grown to any extent. It is easily carried from place to place
in infested seed, and spreads along the wild lucerne plants that grow
on the edges of fields, while infested seeds may be washed down streams
and carried, with the water in irrigation canals, all over the country.
The adults are often carried some distance by wind. This insect is
often responsible for a loss of from 50 to 400 lb. of seed per acre.

Control is chiefly attained by cultural methods ; and, owing to
the rapid dispersal of the adults, community action is the most effective.
All lucerne growing in waste areas should be burnt over in late autumn
to destroy hibernating larvae. Seed fields should be harrowed in
winter, for if the infested seeds are covered with damp soil, they will
mould and prevent the development of the pupal or adult stages.
Irrigation in early spring produces a rapid growth of lucerne which
is cut as early fodder, leaving a stronger growth to take its place for
seed ; while at the same time the humid atmosphere over an irrigated
field accelerates the emergence of the pest from seeds of the newly
forming crop, which would otherwise become sufficiently dry to force
many of the larvae into a resting period. All self-sown lucerne on
waste ground should be cut at the same time, that is before the
actual seed crop begins. The fodder crop should be cut closely, and
clusters which have escaped the mower may be disposed of by turning
five stock into the field. The seed crop should not be allowed to stand
too long, or the insect may pass a complete generation in the earher
pods and infest the later ones in much greater numbers. In the
south-west, where it is possible to grow two seed crops a year, the
results of the second are usually very disappointing and unremunerative
on account of severe infestation by this pest.

Bruchophagus funebris is attacked by several Hymenopterous
parasites, including Te^msiic/ms bruchophagi [R.A.E., A, v, 189], Liodon-
tomerus secundus, L. perplexus, Eutelus bruchophagi, Habrocytus
medicaginis [R.A.E., A, v, 18], Trimeromicrus maculatus, Tetrastichus
venustus, Liodontomerus insuetus and Eupelmus sp., though the
economic importance of the last three is not estabhshed. The larva
of a midge, Lestodiplosis sp., also apparently destroys the larva of
B. funebris.

MacLennan (A. H.). Report of the Vegetable Specialist for 1919.—

loth Ann. Rept. Ontario Veg. Growers' Assoc, 1919 ; Toronto, 1920,
pp. 14-16, 1 fig.

Black heart in celery was exceptionally serious owing to the very
large numbers of tarnished plant bugs [Lygus pratensis]. Black-leaf
40 (1 pint to 50 U.S. gals, of water with 2 lb. of soap, or up to as much
as 1 pint to 10 gals, in severe attacks) checked the injmy considerably.

(701) Wt. P1850/163 1,500. 9.20. B. & F.Ltd. Gp,ll/14. a

362

Tids bug also lives on red root and pig weed, and these weeds should
not be permitted near celery beds. Onion thrips (Thrips fabaci)
caused a loss of over 50 per cent, of the crop. Sodium nitrate, 50-
100 lb. to the acre, was beneficial in some cases. Black-leaf 40 and
kerosene emulsion were apphed too late for satisfactory results,
though the former (at 1-500 with 3 lb. soap) sprayed with a fine
nozzle held close to the plant gave good results elsewhere. This
spraying should be repeated a second time, to destroy insects hatching
from eggs abeady laid.

Corrosive sublimate gave promising results in preliminary experi-
ments in the control of radish and onion maggots [Phorbia brassicae
and Hylemyia antiqua].

Gibson (A.). Some recent work on the Control of the Cabbage Root
Maggot. — loth Ann. Rept. Ontario Veg. Growers' Assoc, 1919 ;
Toronto, 1920, pp. 67-70.

Experiments to test the efficacy of applications of corrosive sub-
limate in controlhng the cabbage root maggot [Phorbia brassicae] are
described. Solutions of various strengths were used, but the weakest,
1 oz. in 10 gals, water, applied three times proved as effective as stronger
solutions and more frequent appHcations. The first application was
made four, the next ten, and the third twenty days after the plants
were put out in the field. Of the plants thus treated those destroyed
by maggots ranged from nil to four per cent., while in untreated
plots the damaged plants varied between 52 and 80 per cent. The
cost of the treatment, including labour and material, was about half
as much again as that of the usual procedure with tarred felt paper
disks. Corrosive subhmate had no harmful influence on the plants
or on soil organisms ; under field conditions the growth of the plants
seemed to be stimulated.

McDonnell (C. C), Roark (R. C.) & Keenan (G. L.). Insect
Powder. — U.S. Dept. Agric., Washington, D. C, Bull. no. 824,
3rd June 1920, 100 pp., 4 plates.

Experiments undertaken to discover the active principle of
pyrethrum powder made from the flowers of Chrysantliemum cinerariae-
folium showed that all the common organic solvents completely
remove the insecticidal principle. It is not removed by steam
distillation, either in neutral, acid, or alkaline solution. It is insoluble
in water and dilute acids, but dilute potassium hydroxide solution
removes nearly all the active principle, which contains no nitrogen
and is not an alkaloid. A considerable amount of resin is present in
pyrethrum, but this is inert when tested upon cockroaches. Alcohohc
potash saponification completely destroys the insecticidal activity
of the petroleum-ether extract, the ester being spht up into acids and
resinous materials. The results of the work indicate that the insectici-
dal activity of pyrethrum is due to a mixtm'e of acids and esters which
first benumb and subsequently kiU the insects brought into contact
with it. While it is generally considered to be harmless to the higher
animals, a number of cases where it has produced symptoms of a
more or less serious nature are recorded.

363

The flowers are cultivated commercially and the powder made in
Dalmatia, Japan, Austraha, Algeria and California. It is sometimes
adulterated with colouring matter, other species of flowers or any
convenient powder, but particularly with the ground stems of the
pyrethrum plant itself. A formula is given for determining the
approximate amount of added pyrethrum stems in insect powder.

Although Chri/santhemwn (Pj/rethrum) cinerariaefolium is the plant
from which it is usually made, pyrethrum made from C. (P.) roseum
and C. marshalli is recognised by the Insecticide Board of the United
States Department of Agriculture.

MoERiLL (A. W.). Entomology. — 28th Ann, Rept. Arizona Agric.
Exj)t. Sta.,for Year ended 30th June 1917, Tucson, 31st December
1917, pp. 472-473. [Received 23rd June 1920.]

This report gives the results of experiments with poison baits for
the grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis, the most destructive
species in Arizona. Attempts to reduce the cost of the standard
formula have abeady been noticed [R.A.E., A, vii, 206]. The new
formulae have not been tested against other species of grasshoppers,
or the immature stages of M, differentialis. It is of httle importance
at what time of day the baits are spread. Grasshoppers rarely travel
70 yards and usually not more than 25 yards from where the poison
is eaten. The calculations of loss per square yard due to these
insects have already been noticed [R.A.E., A, vi, 305].

Fromme (F. D.). & Ralston (G. S.). Dusting Experiments in Peach
and Apple Orchards. — Virginia Agric. Expt. Sta., Blacksburg,
Bull. 223, November 1919, 16 pp., 2 figs. [Received 23rd June
1920.]

Dusting, as compared with spraying, saves time and labour, especially
where rough ground hampers the use of the heavier hquid outfits,
but it has several limitations in practice in the case of both peaches
and apples. The following formulae were used in dusting experiments
(the parts being by weight) : — for peaches, sulphm* and lead arsenate
90-10, and sulphur, filler and lead arsenate 50-40-10 ; for apples, a
Bordeaux dusting mixture and an 80-10-10 mixture of sulphur, filler
and lead arsenate. In peach orchards both the dusting mixtures
produced a satisfactory control of scab {Cladosporimn carpiophilum)
and probably curculio [Conotrachelus nenuphar], but were of only
slight value in the control of brown rot {Sclerotinia cinerea) ; conse-
quently though they may be used for the first two summer apphcations,
they cannot be relied on for the third or subsequent ones. In apple
orchards both mixtures produced a satisfactory control of the codling
moth [Cydia pomonella], and the Bordeaux dust gave excellent results
against blotch {Phyllosticta solitaria) and frog-eye {Sphaeropsis malo-
rum) ; but they were httle better than no treatment at all against bitter
rot {Glomerella cingnlata). As a result it would seem that neither in
the case of apples nor peaches can dusting be regarded as giving a
satisfactory general control ; and as its use must therefore necessitate
duphcations of equipment, the best results will probably come from
the methods and materials the value of which has aheady been proved.

(701) a2

364

PiERSON (H. B.). An infestation of the White Pine Aphid. — Psyche^
Boston, Mass., xxvii, nos. 2- 3, April-June 1920, pp. 62-63.

This paper records an attack of white pine trees by LacJmus strobi.
Fitch (white pine aphis). Mature trees in a somewhat isolated clump
were all dying as a result, while the infestation was spreading to young
plantations on the sides. The Aphids were ovipositing on the needles
on 10th October, and their survival in spite of low temperatures and
heavy rains was remarkable, subsequent examinations showing that
they were feeding imtil about the first of November. Very few winged
individuals were found.

Gaeman (H.) & Jewett (H. H.). The Broods of the Tobacco Worms..

— Univ. Kentucky Agric. Expt. St a., Lexington, BuU. 225, March
1920, 24 pp., 4 figs. [Received 29th June 1920.]

Of the two moths, Protoparce (PJilegethontius) sexta (southern tobaccO'
worm) and P. celeus (northern tobacco worm), the former is constantly
injurious to tobacco, while the latter only occurs in certain seasons and
is local, though both fluctuate widely in numbers in difierent years.
Their hfe-histories are identical in Kentucky within a week or two.
Larvae of the first brood appear about the time the tobacco plants are
transplanted. The second brood appears early in August, but there is-
considerable overlapping and all stages may appear at any time between
late June and the end of August. Whether individuals observed late
in the year belong to a third brood or are belated members of the second
is uncertain.

For control to be effective arsenites should be appHed when the-
larvae are young — as soon as possible after hatching. There are thus
two periods of importance, from the middle to the end of June and early
in August.

Fungi, insect parasites and diseases cause wide fluctuations in the
number of caterpillars from season to season. The more important,
are a fungus, apparently Cordyceps militaris, which attacks the pupae,
a disease of uncertain origin which attacks aU larvae in tobacco fields,
a Hymenopterous parasite, Apanteles congregatus, and a fly, Winthemia.
quadripustulata.

Weigel (C. a.). & Sanford (H. L.). Chrysanthemum Midge. — TJ.S..
Dept. Agric., Washington, D.C., Bull. 833, 31st May 1920, 25 pp.,.
2 plates, 2 figs.

Diarthronomyia hypogaea, Lw. (chrysanthemum midge), although
of comparatively recent introduction into the United States, is now
one of the most important pests of chrysanthemums, attacking both,
greenhouse and outdoor plants. The average Hfe-cycle requires about
35 days and there are several generations in greenhouses, occurring:
during the spring (February to June) and during the autumn (Septem-
ber to November). Natural enemies that have been recorded include-
Amblymerus sp., the larvae of which Uve within the galls occupied by
the maggots of the midge, which they consume. They remain within
the galls until mature, adults appearing from August to October,,
during which time as many as 80 to 90 per cent, of the maggots may

365

be destroyed. Another enemy is Tetrastichus sp. Many experiments
have been made with a view to controlhng the insect, and certain points
in the life-history bear upon these. The egg-stage may be controlled
by spraying or dipping the cuttings or plants [R.A.E., A, viii, 342].
The adults can be controlled at the time of emergence by consistent
spraying and afterwards by fumigation. In cases of very shght
infestation daily picking of gall-infested leaves will hold the pest in
check ; when infestation is very heavy the most severely damaged
plants should be removed and burned. Fumigation should be done
every night for at least six weeks, in order to Idll all the adults that
emerge during this period and to prevent further oviposition. If
nicotine papers are used one sheet to 1,000 cubic feet of space will
8uflS.ce ; if hydrocyanic acid gas is employed | to ;^ oz. per 1,000 cubic
feet mil kill all adults. Fumigation must be started between 12.30
a.m. and 2 a.m., as the adults do not emerge until after midnight and
after 2 a.m. oviposition will have begun. If fumigation is impracticable,
spraying with 40 per cent, nicotine sulphate diluted to 1 : 800 with the
addition of |^ to 1 oz. per gallon of solution, should be practised every
afternoon for a period of 4 to 6 weeks.

In Cahfornia the growing of the bulk of the chrysanthemum crop
under cloth is recommended as an efficient preventive against the
attacks of D. hjpogaea. Another method is to plant the stocks in
benches or cold frames directly after the season's crop has been re-
moved. This should be followed by thorough treatment with equal
parts of dry or air-slaked hme and tobacco dust. All new growth
should be kept covered with the mixture until further operations in
the spring.

Baker (A. C.) & Moles (M. L.). U. S. Bur. Entom, A New Species
of Aleyrodidae found on Azalea (Hom.).— ^^^oc. Ent. Soc.
Washington, D.C., xxii, no. 5, May 1920, pp. 81-83, 1 plate.

Aleurodes azaleae, sp. n., is described. This insect has been inter-
cepted by plant quarantine inspectors on shipments of azalea from
Belgium, Holland and Japan. It occurs frequently, but is not
abundant on the food-plant, only four or five pupa cases being found
to a leaf, and it does not seem, so far, to be injurious.

Craighead (F. C). Direct Sunlight as a Factor in Forest Insect
Control. — Proc. Ent. Soc, Washington, B.C., xxii, no. 5, May
1920, pp. 81-83, 1 plate.

Direct sunKght may be used as a highly eflScient method of
prevention or control of certain destructive tree-kilHng or wood-
boring insects. An assortment of infested mesquite sticks containiug
several species of Bostrychids in all stages, and larvae of Chnjsobothris
spp. and Cijllene antennatus, was placed in direct sunhght. In two
days 40 per cent, of all the insects to a depth of half an inch were killed ;
in a week 75 per cent, to a depth of three-quarters of an inch ; and in
two weeks 90 per cent, to the same depth.

From June to September uninfested green mesquite sticks were laid
out in the sun and turned weekly for four to ten weeks. A few
Chrysohothris spp., and Bostrychids attacked the under-side of the

366

logs at first, but all were killed during turning, and no subsequent
attack resulted. Similar results in controlling and in preventing
infestation were achieved with ash, pine, oak and hickory against
ambrosia beetles and Neoclytus erythrocephalus, with pine against
various Scolytids and Monochamus (Monohammus) titillator, and with
hickory against Cyllene pictus.

It was found that on some occasions the inner bark on logs exposed
to direct sunhght may reach a temperature higher than the surrounding
air by as much as 60°.

Raymundo (B.), a Lagarta amarella das Cucurbitaceas (Aboboras,
Pepinos, Melancias, etc.) GlypJiodes nitidalis, Stoll. \G. nitidaUs,
the Yellow Caterpillar of Cucm*bitaceae (Pumpkins, Cucumbers,
Water-melons, etc.).] — Chacaras e Quintaes, S. Paulo, xxi, no. 5,
15th May 1920, pp. 371-372, 3 figs.

The Pyralid, Diaphania (Glyphodes) nitidalis, Stoll, is a common pest
of Cucurbitaceae in Brazil. It is found in most parts of South America
and in North America. At Rio de Janeiro it occurs throughout the
year and is attracted by Hghts, both indoors and in the streets, together
with DiapJiania (G.) hyalinata, L., Dcsmia funeralis, Hb., etc.

After gathering the crop the plants should be destroyed. The
leaves and injured fruit should be burned. If an infested field is
promptly ploughed this will destroy a large number of caterpillars and
pupae. Trap-plants may be grown in the field ; in the United States
pumpkins are used to protect cantaloups in this way.

Hempel (A.). Um Inimigo importante da Figueira cultivada, Ituna
ilione, Cramer. [/. ilione, an important Enemy of the cultivated
Fig.] — Chacaras e Quintaes, S. Paulo, xxi, no. 5, 15th May 1920,
pp. 373-374, 1 fig.

As new areas are brought under cultivation insects that formerly
fed on wild plants often begin to attack the cultivated species. This
has occurred in the case of the Nymphalid butterfly, Ituna ilione.
Cram., which occurs in South America from the Guianas to the
southernmost State in Brazil. In districts that are becoming populated
/. ilione has become a pest of the foliage of the cultivated fig.

The caterpillars are easily collected by hand, or spraying may be
carried out with a solution of Paris green 3 oz., either in water 25 gals.,
or in Bordeaux mixture.

Bertoni (M. S.). La Temperatura minima secular de 1918. — Anales
Cient. Paraguayos, Puerto Bertoni, Ser. ii, no. 5, July 1919,
pp. 345-391. [Received 22nd June 1920.]

The years 1916-1918 were so remarkable and unusual in the south
of Brazil and the basin of the Rio de la Plata that they seem to mark
a new epoch in the climate of those regions. The year 1917 had
aheady broken several records, particularly as regards cold, while in
1918 the lowest temperature since 1789 was recorded. As one con-
sequence of the unusual conditions, the balance of insect life was
unsettled. The extreme cold obliged both insects and spiders to
remain in hibernation and to delay their development for two or three

367

months, and as a result the insectivorous birds that had not already
died of cold, then died of starvation. Certain insects, upon emergence,
therefore found themselves almost free from enemies, and many
occurred in most unusual abundance throughout the winter. Ants,
particularly of the genus Atta, were a veritable plague ; cutworms
were responsible for very serious damage to agriculture and horticulture ;
Diabrotica speciosa was so abundant that in some locaUties garden
produce was almost entirely destroyed, while D. vittata almost
completely devoured the winter sowings of Cucurbits ; Lepidoptera
were so numerous that heavy infestation by the larvae is expected
during the following summer season ; Noctuids, Tabanids, Haltica spp.,
Chrysomelids, Curculionids, Aphids, Pidex, RJiyncJiojprion sp. and
grasshoppers were all unusually abundant. Those insects that are
largely controlled by insect enemies were no more numerous than in
normal years.

I Gas velenosi nella Distruzione degli Insetti dannosi alle Piante.

[Poisonous Gases for the Destruction of Insects injurious to Plants.]
La Campagna, Como, xix, no. 319, 15th April 1920, p. 2.

A new company, Societa Italiana Fumigazioni Gas Tossici, has
been formed in Rome with the object of destroying noxious insects by
the fumigation of buildings, ships, goods and plants Avith poisonous
gases.

Metalnikow (S.). Immunite naturelle et acquise des Chenilles de

Galleria mellonellct. — C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxxiii, no. 18,
29th May 1920, pp. 817-820.

It has been shown in a previous paper that the larvae of G. mellonella
possess a remarkable immunity to those organisms that are most
pathogenic to man, while thay are very susceptible to saprophytic or
slightly pathogenic organisms [R.A.E., A, viii, 163]. In the present
paper the reasons for this apparently paradoxical statement are
discussed. It is considered that in all cases of acquired immunity
that have been studied, the essential factor is the alteration in the
activity and the susceptibility of the phagocytes. It may be said
that the reactions of the cell change in consequence of adaptation to
new conditions, and negative reactions are replaced by positive
reactions. In these changes in the reactions of the cell lies the
principal cause of acquired immunity.

Reports on the State of the Crops in each Province of Spain on the
20th May 1920.— Bo/. Agric. Tec. Econ., Madrid, xii, no. 137, 31st
May 1920, pp. 378-393.

The insect pests recorded during May 1920 include Malacosoma
(Bombgx) neustria on almond trees in Ahcante and larvae of the gipsy
moth, Porthetria {Liparis) disjMr, on oaks in Avila, which are causing
such injury that the trees will be unproductive for some years.
Measures are to be taken to destroy the eggs. Fruit trees, particularly
plums, are being largely destroyed by the attacks of Hyponotneuta
padellvs ; instructions have been given for arsenical treatment. In
Cordoba, the oaks have been infested with larvae of P. dispar and of

368

Tortrix viridana, and the crop of acorns is expected to be poor. Vines
in Guadalajara are in excellent condition but are rather heavily
infested with Haltica ampelophaga, which is also present in the vine-
yards of Toledo ; arsenical mixtures are being appHed under the
direction of the Agronomical Department. Aelia rostrata is bemg
similarly dealt with in certain parts of Toledo where it has appeared.
In the Province of Madrid locusts have appeared in nimibers in many
locahties where the ground was left imbroken during the winter
campaign. The usual methods are now being followed for their
extermination.

Les Parasites de la CochyIis-Eud6mis. — Le Progres Agric. et Vitic,
Motitpellier, Ixxiv, no. 24, 13th June 1920, pp. 565-566.

Much discussion was raised some years ago as to the efficacy of the
artificial dissemination of fungus diseases among the vine moths [Clysia
ambiguella and Polychrosis botrana]. It was finally held that the
conditions necessary for this method of control, namely, moisture,
heat and prolonged contact of the insect with the spores, occurred
too rarely for the method to be of much practical value. The
author of the present paper has discovered that the larvae of
these moths are particularly susceptible, under favourable conditions,
to the muscardine disease of silkworms, Botrytis bassiana. Since the
life-cycle of the vine moths are similar to that of the silkworm, he
suggests that other infectious diseases attacking the latter insect, e.g.,
pebrine, flacherie, etc., might be useful against the larvae of the vine
moths.

PiCARD (F.). A propos de la Lutte contra la Cochylis et I'Eudemis
au moyen des Parasites. — Le Progres Agric. et Vitic., Montpellier,
Ixxiv, no. 25, 20th June 1920, pp. 589-593.

In answer to the suggestion contained in the preceding paper,
a concise review is given of the position of natural enemies in
the control of insect pests, much of which has been written previously.
It is pointed out that the whole question is one of natural balance,
and that while much advantage may be gained by the introduction
from the country of its origin of the natural parasites of an imported
species, the artificial distribution of natural enemies against an
indigenous pest is a very different matter. In the former case the
natural balance has been upset by the estabhshment of a pest in new
surroundings where it is free from its natural enemies ; in the latter
case the mere fact of the balance being upset proves that conditions
are for the moment not favourable to the muItipHcation of the con-
trolhng factor, and therefore an attempt to introduce fresh individuals,
carefully reared in the laboratory, would be simply hke adding drops
to the ocean and would do nothing to remedy the existing unfavourable
conditions. Instances are given to illustrate these principles.

In the case in question, there is nothing to gain by attempting to
propagate pebrine among vineyards infested with C. ambiguella and
P. botrana, as this disease already occurs in the locality among wild
bees and therefore, if it does not attack the vine pests, the reason
obviously is that the conditions are not favourable for its development
on them.

369

Chauvigne (A.). Action de la Chaleur pour la Destruction de la
Cochylis et de I'Eud^mis, en 1919. — Le Progres Agric. et Vitic,
Montpellier, Ixxiv, no. 25, 20th June 1920, pp. 595-597.

The author's observation have led to the conclusion that the des-
truction of Clysia ambiguella and Polychrosis hotrana by the sun's heat
is certain when the temperature registers 122° to 132° F. during the
period of incubation of the eggs. This confirms the results of previous
investigations on this point.

Dr. Marchal, commenting upon this statement, remarks that the
intense heat must coincide with the moment of oviposition and with
the hatching of the eggs, otherwise it has no action on the development
■of the insects. This explains the differences in the action of heat in
various countries and seasons.

SiCARD (H.). La Destruction des Eudemis par les Pulverisations
de Savon Pyrethre. — Le Progres Agric. et Vitic., Montpellier,
Ixxiv, no. 25, 20th June 1920, pp. 593-595.

Following the method practised by Dr. Faes [R.A.E., A., viii, 348]
■of using a pyrethrum-soap solution against Clysia ambiguella, the
author records the results he has obtained with this mixture against
Polychrosis botrana in the south of France. Contact with the insecti-
cide produced instantaneous death among the larvae, and a few hours
after treatment there were 7 or 8 times more individuals of P. hotrana
■on the untreated vines than on those sprayed with the mixture.

Feytaud (J.). Le Proces d'un Myriapode : le Blaniule mouchet6.—

Bull. Soc. Etude Vulg. Zool. Agric. Bordeaux, xix, no. 5, May 1920,
pp. 33-35.

Although the milUpede, Blaniulus guttulatus, Bosc, is generally
■considered harmless to vegetation, it may, in seasons of unusual
-abundance, cause considerable damage, especially to the germinating
seeds of vegetable crops, and by wounding the tissue of various fruits
may cause them to decay. Its numbers can be checked by sprinkhng
the soil before sowing with strong salt-water, or with a solution of
.sodium nitrate, iron sulphate, potassium sulpho-carbonate, tobacco
•extract, etc., or by injecting carbon bisulphide into the ground, and
by the laying down of bait-traps consisting of pieces of beetroot, or
potato, which should be taken up and plunged into hot water to destroy
the miUipedes collected.

Lesne (P.). L'Utilisation de la Chloropicrine pour la Destruction
des Insectes Nuisibles et des Rats. — Jl. d' Agric. Pratique, Paris,
xxxiii, no. 25, 17th June 1920, pp. 462-464.

The discoveries of various investigators regarding the uses that can
be made of chloropicrin in the destruction of noxious insects and of
rats are reviewed. One of the latest apphcations of this poison is
to destroy pests infesting the foUage of plants without injuring the
.growth. The value of this discovery should be proved by its practical
a,pphcation.

370

La Lutte centre les Insectes. — Le Progres Agric. et Vitic, Montpellier^
Ixxiv, no. 26, 27th June 1920, pp. 614-615.

The case is recorded of a severe infestation of Aphids on plum trees
in the vicinity of Paris, which was completely controlled towards the
middle of May by CoccinelHds that were reproducing with great
rapidity. In the region of La Crau the Moroccan locust, Dociostaurus
maroccanus, has been exceedingly numerous, and a vigorous campaign
was undertaken to prevent its spread to other regions. About 1,250
acres were heavily infested with eggs and these hatched over a period
of two months, beginning in April. The military authorities were
called upon to help in the campaign. The use of chloropicrin emulsion
was abandoned after a trial owing to the difficulty of apphcation.
Flame jets gave good results when the insects were driven towards
the apparatus, which operated over a surface roughly 20 yards long
and 1 yard wide. Poisoned baits of bran and molasses mixed with
arsenicals proved efficacious, especially in irrigated crops. Collection
of the insects in sheets is an economical method but requires many
beaters. The insects should be driven during hours of low temperature,
when their movements are slow, but not numbed by cold. They can
then be driven in compact masses towards the flame-jets. In the
canals the locusts can float for a long time without being drowned ;.
dams have therefore been constructed at which large numbers have
been collected. The locusts killed by poison are left on the ground
as a fertiliser ; those caught in sheets are made into compost or used
in the manufacture of nitrogen superphosphates.

DiFFLOTH (P.). Culture des Groseilliers. — La Vie Agric. et Rurale, Paris^
xvi, no. 26, 26th June 1920, pp. 424-428, 4 figs.

The insects recorded as injurious to gooseberry culture in France
include Pteronus rihesii (gooseberry sawfly),which makes its appearance
soon after the young leaves, which it completely devours. There are
two, and often three generations in a year. A spray composed of
2 lb. lead arsenate in 100 gals, water should be used on the foliage ;
powdered hellebore mixed with slaked lime can be used against the
second generation, which appears with the fruit. Myzus rihis (goose-
berry aphis) deforms the leaves of the bushes and gives them a red
tinge. Nicotine solution should be used on the young shoots at the
beginning of the season and later on the leaves. The larvae of
Aegeria (Sesia) tipuliformis make tunnels in the branches during the
summer, hibernating in them and emerging in May or June as adults.
The only remedy is to destroy all infested branches. The larvae of
Ejpochra ccmadensis (yellow gooseberry fly) develop in the fruit, causing
it to drop before it is ripe. They then descend into the ground and
emerge as adults in the following season. There is no known remedy
for this pest.

Brandes (E. W.). Artificial and Insect Transmission of Sugar-Cane
Mosaic. — Jl. Agric. Research, Washington, D.C., xix, no. 3, 1st May
1920, pp. 131-138.

A series of experiments showed that mosaic disease of sugar-cane
can be transmitted by insects. The species tested did not come from
a country where the disease occurs, as the experiments and to be carried

371

out in a locality where the disease does not exist to ensure freedom
from infection of the plants used. However, Aphis maidis, which was
shown to carry the disease, has been reported on sugar-cane from
practically wherever this crop is grown. It is not considered probable
that the transmission of the disease is limited to this insect, or to other
Aphids. The sharp-headed grain leaf-hopper [Draecalacephala niollipt's],
which had been under suspicion as a carrier, did not transmit the
disease in the experiments, but other leat'-hoppers are being tested.
Just what insects are responsible in tlie sugar-cane regions remains
to be proved.

MozNETTE (G. F.). Banana Root-Borer. — Jl. Agric. Research, Washing-
ton, B.C., xix, no. 1, 1st April 1920, pp. 39-46, 4 plates. [Received
1st July 1920.]

The banana root-borer, Cosmopolit<<s so^didiis, was introduced into
Florida about four years before 1917, when it was first definitely
noticed. A national quarantine was placed on it in 1918, and every
effort is being made to exterminate it, particularly as it has been
reported as attacidng sugar-cane, besides all forms of banana {Musa
spp.). \ full description is given of the various stages. The eggs are
laid in a cavity which the weevil makes between the leaf -sheath and
the stem of the banana plant. The grubs hatch in about a week and
work their way into the body of the bulb or trunk. They are very
destructive, as they girdle the plant in the immediate vicinity of the
lateral roots put out by the bulb, thus cutting off the passage of sap.
After from 1 5 to 20 days the larvae pupate in their burrows. The pupal
stage probably lasts about a week. The adult weevils are nocturnal.

The best method of control in Florida consists in the immediate
destruction of infested banana plants, followed by the use of traps
consisting of stiips of healthy banana stems. As the beetles congregate
under and about these strips they should be burned, and the process
repeated until the pest is eradicated. It is very important that the
traps should be renewed, as the weevils can hve a considerable time
without food.

Snyder (T. E.). U.S. Bur. Entom. The Colonizing Reproductive
Adults of Termites. — Proc. Ent. Soc, Washington, B.C., xxii, no.
6, June 1920, pp. 109-150.

This paper gives a description of tlie three types of colonising
reproductive termites, and the nymphs from which they develop^
together with their intermediate forms. An account is given of their
habits and methods of establishing new colonies, and the results of
experiments in breeding and cross-breeding are also discussed.

Barber (H. S.). A New Tropical Weevil from Florida and Cuba. —

Proc. Ent. Soc, Washington, B.C., xxii, no. 6, June 1920, pp.
[ 150-152, 1 ])late.

' A description is given of the adult of Metamasius mosieri, sp. n.
Its food-plant is unknown, but it is possible that it may become a pest
of some economic crop in view of its close relationship to other weevils,
such as Metamasius sericens or Cosmopolites sordidus, infesting sugar-
cane, banana, pine-apple, and palms.

372

LovETT (A. L.)- Insecticide Investigations. — Oregon Agric. Expt.
Sta., Corvallis, Bull. 169, April 1920, 55 pp., 2 plates. [Received
1st July 1920.]

This buUetin is a report on the progress of an investigation on
insecticides of which some of the earlier work has already been noticed
[R.A.E., A, iii, 264, 655, 759 ; v, 477]. The investigations show that
acid lead arsenate is more effective than the basic salt, the proportion
assimilated by the larvae being greater. One pound of the acid lead
arsenate in 400 U.S. gallons of water was effective against very small
tent caterpillars [3Ialacosoma], and would probably be equally so
against newly hatched codHng moth larvae [Cydia 'pomonella]. The
ordinary commercial lead arsenates are nearly pure acid lead arsenate.
The powdered form is superior to the paste and keeps better. Sub-
stances known as spreaders, which increase the covering power and
adhesiveness of the spray, add greatly to its efficiency. The most
practical in order of merit are : caseinate, glue, soap bark, and oU
emulsion. They are not improved by the addition of phosphates or
sulphates.

The three factors, method of application, the spray solution and the
spray material, all affect the efficiency of the spray, and the improve-
ment of any one of them decreases the relative importance of defects
in the other two.

In the calyx apphcation for codUng moth a fine misty spray is as
effective as a driving spray. But undue importance should not be
attached to the calyx spray. In Oregon usually less than half of the
infestation is due to calyx entry ; it is the last brood of larvae, which i
inferts the fruit n late August and early September, that causes the
heavy losses and is hardest to control, owing to the difficulty in
timing the spray.

The calcium arsenates have a high killing efficiency, but are not so
stable as the lead salts, and an excess of hme is advisable in solutions
of them. There is probably no adequate reason for the abandonment
of lead in favour of calcium arsenate for orchard work.

Nicotine sulphate is a powerful repellent for tent caterpillars, and
if feeding does take place, even weak solutions kill almost instantly.
It is an effective ovicide for codhng moth, especially with the addition
of soap, but is not to be recommended as a substitute for the standard
arsenate sprays in codhng moth control ; though it may prove highly
efficient as a substitute for the arsenate spray in the July apphcation
where a serious summer reinfestation of Aphids is present or again
in combination with the last summer apphcation of arsenate with a
spreader, as a further insurance against the damage caused by the last :
brood of larvae. |l

WiMSHURST (C. E.). A Note on the Wheats and Barleys of Mesopo-
tamia, together with Observations on Local Conditions. — Agric.
Directorate, Mesopotamia, Basrah, 1920, 19 pp., 7 plates. TRcceived .
5th July 1920.]

Among the common pests of wheat and barley in Mesopotamia are
wireworms, which, however, do not cause a great deal of damagei
Grasshoppers cause very variable and sometimes extremely serioi
losses, Decticus albifrons waits until the ears of wheat and barley arl

373

turning yellow before beginning to feed on them, and can then be found
in enormous numbers infesting wheat and barley stacJcs awaiting
threshing. When the attack is too bad for the crop to be saved, barley
especially is often cut just before the ear hardens, and stacked in small
heaps with the ears inwards to complete ripening ; grain so treated is,
however, of bad colour and shrivelled. D. albifrons is not migratory
and is rather local in occurrence, breeding over scattered areas among
the crops attacked. It is not a gregarious species, and therefore
poison baits are the most promising remedial measure. Schistocerca
peregrina (yellow migratory locust) probably originates in the Nejd
desert, which would make preventive treatment very difficult, but it
also breeds to a large extent in the vicinity of cultivated areas. The
migratory swarms appear before the insects are quite mature and
while the corn is still green, and frequently devastate whole fields in
one night. In the thinly populated districts there is not much hope of
combating migratory swarms, and remedial measures must be directed
to the destruction of the original hatching swarms in the spring,
while they are still in the hopper stage.

Eelworms are distributed throughout the wheat-growing areas, and
the minute red wheat thrips causes sKght damage. Stem maggots
and leaf-miners occur in both barley and wheat ^vithout causing serious
losses.

Gibson (A.). Boring Caterpillars affecting Corn and other Crops
and which are liable to be mistaken for the European Corn Borer.

— Canada Dept. Agric, Entom. Branch, Ottawa, Circular 14,
9th April 1920, 14 pp., 6 figs. ["Received 5th July 1920.]

As a result of the efforts made to prevent the introduction and
establishment in Canada of the European coin borer, Pgrausta nuhilalis,
and the pubHcity given to it, numerous caterpillars have been received
that have been mistaken for it. This circular has been prepared
in view of the fact that a number of these are also of economic import-
ance and to enable the various sjjecies that may be found to be dis-
tinguished. As P. nuhilalis closely resembles its nearest aUies and
also other borers in the younger stages, it is urged that the presence
of any borer found in plants, particularly maize, should be at once
reported and specimens sent to the nearest ofiicial entomologist.
Besides P. nuhilalis, which has not yet been found in Canada, and the
American P. ainslei and P. penitalis, a number of Canadian caterpillars
are described. The burdock borer, Papaipema cataphracta, occurs
commonly on burdock in Eastern Canada, and also attacks a number of
garden plants. The stalk borer, Papaipema nehris (nitela), in some
years seriously abundant in the northern States, has not been
responsible for important losses in Canada ; it attacks maize and
garden plants. The potato-stem borer, Gortgna micacea, is a pest of
some importance, particularly in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia,
though so far its attacks are practically confined to gardens. A
western corn borer, Helotropha reniformis atra, has been reported in con-
siderable numbers attaclcing maize in Manitoba ; and two larvae of a
new eastern corn borer, Apameanictitans americana, have been taken in
maize in Nova Scotia. The corn earworm, Heliothis ohsoleta, was more
than usually abimdant in Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec in 1919,

374

but has not as yet caused severe losses in Canada, except perhaps
locally. The spindle worm, Achatodes zeae, occurs in Canada, but has
not yet been reported as boring in maize, as it does in the United States.
The glassy cutworm, Sidemia devastatrix, though not a borer, often
attacks maize, and its work may therefore be mistaken for that of
P. nubilalis. The parsnip webworm, Depressaria heracleana, does not
attack maize, but is a well known pest of parsnips and similar plants.

Insects such as borers cannot be reached by spray apphcations, and
clean culture is the main preventive measuie. Valuable thick-
stemmed plants have frequently been saved by sMtting the side of the
stem and removing the borer, afterwards binding the stem with thread.
Usually, however, it is best to remove all weal^ened stems that indicate
the presence of the insect.

Telephone Cables damaged by Wood Borers. — Agric. Gaz. N.S.W.,
Sydney, xxxi, no. 5, May 1920, p. 344.

A suspension of the telephone service was caused by water reaching
the wire through small holes bored by a beetle, Bostrychus cylindricus.
Cables have frequently been similarly attacked, and an instance of
identical injury due to another Bostrychid has already been noticed
[R.A.E., A, vi, 141]. B. cylindricus is one of the commonest Austrahan
wood-boring beetles, attacking all lands of timber ; but the larvae
usually feed and pupate in the sapwood. The beetle has been recorded
as damaging empty wine-casks. The boring in lead seems to be casual,
and no practical method of deahng with it has presented itself, except
to destroy any poles, etc., in which the larvae were found to be breeding
in any numbers.

Davis (J. J.). The Green Japanese Beetle. — New Jersey Dept. Agric,
Trenton, Circular 30, Februarv 1920, 33 pp., 19 figs. [Received
5th July 1920.]
The greater part of the matter contained in this paper has already
been noticed [R.A.E., A, viii, 307]. The importance of individual
co-operation in the work of preventing the spread of the green Japanese
beetle, Popilliajaponica, is emphasised. To limit the damage in infested
districts the use of arsenical sprays as repellents is recommended,
with soil insecticide operations where suitable, and ploughing in the
autumn to destroy the larvae [loo. cit.]. Clean cultivation and weed de-
struction are important. Poultry and pigs are both useful in destroying
the grubs, and the former should follow the plough where possible.
Hand collecting on a large scale by boys also produces good results.
The most important natural enemies of these beetles in the United
States are birds, but a Pentatomid bug {Podisus maculiventris), and
the wheel bug {Arihis cristatus) have been observed feeding on them.
No true parasites have been reared.

Degrully (L.). La Pyr^thre contre la Cochylis et I'Eud^mis. —

Le Progres Agric. & Vitic, Montpellier, Ixxv, no. 27, 4th July 1920,

In response to many enquiries as to where to obtain the pyrethrum-
soap solution advocated for use against the vine moths, Clysia ambi-
giiella and Polychrosis botrana [R.A.E., A, viii, p. 348], the following

375

formulae are given : 5 lb. soft-soap dissolved in 5 gals, hot water,
mixed with 6 lb. pyrethrum powder and diluted with 45 gals, of cold
water ; or, 50 gals, water containing 1 lb. olein soap and 5 lb. pyre-
thrum powder. Good quahty pyrethrum powder is, however, very
scarce at the present time, and it is doubtful whether it could be
obtained in sufficient quantities for large applications. The author
has recommended the culture of pyrethrum in France, which should be
successful, as it has been in Switzerland; but none has as yet been
gathered. Meanwhile, ni(;otine at 10 per cent, strength is recom-
mended at the rate of 1| gals, per 100 gals, of water.

Oguma (K.). a New Scale-Insect, Xylococcus alni, on Alder, with
special reference to its Metamorphosis and Anatomy. — Jl. Coll.
Agric. Hokkaido Imp. Univ., Sapporo, Japan, viii, pt. 3, March
1919, pp. 77-109, 4 plates. [Received 7th July 1920.]

Xylococcus alni, sp. n., here described, seems to be restricted to
Alnus japonica. It takes three years to reach maturity ; and all the
specimens that have been examined are in the same stage of develop-
ment, no case having been found in which examples of different stages
occur in one and the same yeaf .

FuLLAWAY (D. T.). Division of Entomology. — Hawaian Forester and
Agricidturist, Honolulu, xvii, no. 5, May 1920, pp. 133-135.

During 1919 no new field work was undertaken owing to the unsettled
conditions, but a pupal parasite of Pieris rapae (the imported cabbage
worm) obtained from Cahfornia was propagated in the insectary, and
large colonies were hberated in the cabbage fields in Oahu and Hawaii.
It.5 estabhshment has not yet been determined.

Considerable time has been given to the study of termites, which
are becoming severely destructive wiih. the increase and spread of two
lately immigrant species.

In September an infestation of forest ferns by the AustraHan fern
wee\^il, Syagrius fulvitarsis, was discovered [R.A.E., A, viii, 191].
The ferns are important as part of the ground cover of the Hamakua
forest reserve, and it was decided to attempt to control the outbreak
and prevent its spread beyond the small area aUected. This necessi-
tated the destruction of all ferns in the area as far as possible, which
were cut and burned ; thereafter, the ground cover was either fired
or poisoned to destroy crawhng weevils, which might have escaped
the initial treatment, and every vestige of fern plant ; and an artificial
barrier of crude oil was laid to contain the insect. At fche same time
a study was made of the weevil's life-history.

The following beneficial insects have been Hberated : — Galesus
silvestrii 7,710, Diachasma tryoni 12,465, D. fullawayi 2,325, Tetras-
tichus giffardianus 28,675, Dirhinus gijjardi 3,640 and Opius humilis
0,900, aU being parasites of the fruit-fly [Ceratitis capitata] ; Opius
Jletcheri 45,695, a parasite of the melon fly [Dacus cucurbitae] ; Parana-
grus osborni 154,200, a parasite of the corn leaf-hopper [Peregrinus
1 maidis] ; and Spalangia cameroni 7,300, and Pachycrepoideus didmis
L 150, parasites of the horn-fly [Lgperosia exigua].

376

Walton (W. R.). The Hessian Fly and how to prevent Losses from

it. — U.S. Dep. Agric, Washington, B.C., Farmers' Bull. 1083^
March 1920, 16 pp., 13 figs. [Received 7th July 1920.]

Much of the matter contained in this bulletin has already been
noticed {R.A.E., A, iii, 416]. In the chief winter- wheat growing regions
of the United States the Hessian fly, Mayetiola {Phytojpliaga) destructor^
is the most injurious enemy of the wheat crop. Damage by this pest
amounting to £20,000,000 in a single year has been known to occur.
Barley and rye are injured to a less extent, and oats are not attacked.
The larvae feed on the stems under the sheath. In severe infestations
much of the yoimg wheat may be killed outright, particularly in the
case of the autumn brood larvae ; otherwise as the wheat head grows
heavy with grain the stem bends, or even brealcs ofi at the weakened
spot, and the head falls to the groimd out of reach of the harvesting
machinery. Infested plants are usually of a darker colour, with
shorter, ranker leaves.

The insect has adapted its hf e to varying cHmatic conditions in that
the SI mmer pupal stage is short in the north and long in the south.
The effect of cold on the fly seems to have been overestimated. Eggs
are laid in quite cold weather, and frosts seem only to delay their
hatching. The immunity of late -sown wheat is not due to frost,
but to the fact that most of the flies have disappeared by the time that
severe frosts occur. Larvae in the puparia have been known to ^
survive for more than two years. By apphcation of the biocHmatic
law [R.A.E., A, viii, 87, 278] it is indicated that the first general I
colouring of the foUage is as a rule coincident with the safest and best i|
time to begin sowing wheat on any farm within the range of winter .j
wheat culture. I

Parasites play a very important part in the control of the Hessian
fly. Often one species will almost exterminate the pest in a particular
locaUty. They cannot however be depended upon for control. Polyg-
notus Jiiemalis is perhaps the most useful, and Eupelmus allyni is
known to be of considerable importance, though it sometimes functions
as a hyperparasite. More than twenty species of insect parasitesof th e
Hessian fly are now known, but many of them are apparently of httle
importance under most conditions.

Once estabhshed the Hessian fly cannot be reached by any control
measure, though the apphcation of a quickly acting fertiliser to increase
the vigour of the plants may be beneficial. Preventives however
have an important efiect ; crop rotation lessens the activity of all
wheat pests and should be carried out where practicable ; stubble
should be ploughed deeply, and the surface roUed or harrowed, to
prevent the flies emerging ; but this should not be practised, under
existing systems of rotation, wherever it seriously interferes with the ^
growing of clover or the forage grasses necessary for maintaining i^
the proper tilth of the soil. Self-sown wheat, which acts as a breeding
place, should be destroyed. Everything possible should be done to
ensure a strong crop by care in preparing the seed-bed and conserving,
moisture, and the use of the best seed and of fertilisers. 0^ving to the ^
fact that the majority of the flies of the autumn brood survives for IM
about a week only, it is possible so to time the seeding of wmter wheat
as to avoid the pest, and this is one of the most effective measures that

377

can be applied. Remedial measures should be continued even when
the fly is scarce to prevent its becoming abundant. Commiaity
co-operation is essential, as one infested field may furnish enough flies
to damage the wheat for several miles round.

Phillips (E. F.). Control of American Foulbrood U.S. Dept. Agric,

Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. 1084, March 1920, 15 pp., 5 figs.
[Received 7th July 1920.]

This bulletin describes American foulbrood in bees and its symptoms,
emphasising the importance of distinguishing tliis disease, caused by
Bacillus larvae, a spore-bearmg organism, from European foulbrood.
Preventive measures, which will greatly minimise the danger of
infection though they will not give complete security, are described
together with remedial measures which all involve different methods
of removing the bees from the infected hives, and estabhshing them
in fresh ones away from the infected combs, honey and other materials.
The drugs that have been recommended for this disease are described
as useless.

Haviland (M. D.). Preliminary Note on Antennal Variation in an
Aphis (Myzus ribis, Linn.). — Proc. Cnmh. Philosoph. Soc,
Cambridge, xx, Pt. 1, June 1920, pp. 35-44.

Experiments as to the effects on the position of the sensoria on the
antennae of the winged parthenogenetic females of Myzus ribis,
produced by different foods, e.g. — ^green currant leaves, or currant
leaves covered with red blisters from Aphid attack — suggest that the
antennae of Myzus ribis are modified according to the food taken,
and that the effect in one generation is discernible in the succeeding
three or fom*.

DoDD (A. p.). Notes on the Exotic Proctotrupoidea in the British
and Oxford University Museums. — Trans. Ent. Soc, London, 1919,
Pts. 3, 4, 15th January 1920, pp. 321-382. [Received 12th
July 1920.]

Among the sixty-three new species described are Hadronotus antestiae
and Telenomus truncativentris, bred from the eggs of the coffee-bug,
Antestia lineaticollis, in East Africa.

MuNRo (J, W.). Survey of the Forest Insect Conditions in the British
Isles 1919. — Forestry Commission, London, Bull. 2, May 1920,
35 pp., 18 figs., 3 plates 1 map. [Received 10th July 1920.]

The war conditions were particularly favourable to the spread of
various forest insect pests [R.A.E., A, yi, 258] in Great Britain and
(Ireland, and a prehminary survey of conditions shows that coniferous
woods generally are in a most unhealthy condition. In a summary
of the results of this survey it is stated that Scots pine woods, and
jyoung coniferous plantations on the site of or near felled areas of
Scots pine are suffering most. Pure larch, spruce, Douglas fir and

(701) ~ B

378

Corsican pine woods are comparatively free from injurious insects and do
not form centres of dispersal. The most injurious species are Hylohiiis
abietis, Myelophilus 'piniperda, Pityogenes hidentatus, Hylastes ater and
H. opacus. Some secondary enemies {e.g., Ips (Tomicus) acuminatm)
have in certain localities become of primary importance.

Attention should be given in the first place to Hylobius abietis and
Myelophilus pi?iiperda. The survey indicates that the former can best
be controlled by trapping the adults, and that the latter can be con-
trolled by means of trap-trees. Further information with regard to
the best means of trapping Hylobius, and to the most suitable time for
setting and barking trap stems for MyelopJiilus, in difierent localities
is desirable. It is also a question whether Scots pine is not planted too
extensively, both pure and in mixture with other coniferous trees.
From the entomological point of view this is undoubtedly the case, and
statistics as to the rate of growth of timber support the contention.

With the exception of the Douglas fir seed-fly, Megastigmus spenno-
trophus, there is no evidence of imported insects causing serious loss
to foresters in this country.

A description of the more important forest insects is given in an
appendix. Of those found in felled areas, the hfe-history of Hylobius
abietis is not very well known. All the early stages are spent under-
ground in the stumps and roots of Scots pine, and, as a result, the only
sure remedial measure is to trap and collect the adult weevils. Pissodes
notatus and P. pini have a similar life-history, though their habitats
are usually different, P. pini preferring pole-woods and P. notatus
young plantations of two to ten years standing. Like Hylobius, the
weevils of this genus have a long adult Hfe, and are to be found through-
out all the warm months of the year. The life- cycle commonly
occupies a year. The female lays her eggs in punctmes made in the
bark, and the grubs tunnel between the bark and the wood, often
causing radiating galleries that end in the pupal chamber.

Both species are easily trapped during the warmer months with logs
which should be removed and barked every three months, the bark
being burned. P. pini attacks Scots pine or occasiona ly spruce, and
any part of the tree may be injured. P. notatus attacks Scots pme,
and sometimes Austrian and Weymouth pine. The larva mines the
bark of the stem and roots, girdhng them and killing the plant. The
adult gnaws the young shoots. Trees weakened or injured from any
cause are more liable to attack.

Myelophilus pi'niperda (pine-shoot beetle) has normally two broods- |
and one generation a year. The eggs are laid and the larvae burrow <
iu Scots pine stems. The beetles bore in the last year's shoots, and
severe attacks iavolving repeated loss of the leading shoot, kill the tree.
This beetle will become more serious if it is compelled to attack green
standing timber, when the feUing, which is still going on everywhere,
ceases. The best means of coiitrolliug it are by careful thiruiing
and cleaning of all pine woods. Stems felled during the winter should
be barked in May and the slash burned up before that date. Where
attacks are severe, trap-stems should be felled in September, and barked
in May or June to catch the first brood, and felled in July, and barked
in December for the. autumn brood. The lesser pine-shoot beetle,
M. minor, causes similar damage, but its egg-galleries, being horizontal,
are more injurious. It has only been observed in Scotland.

379

The black pine beetle, Hylastes aler, and the brown pine beetle,
Hylastes [Hylurgops) palliatiis, have already been noticed [R.A.E., A,
vi, 116]. The former can only be controlled by uprooting and burning
all attacked plants and trapping the beetles by means of thin
logs partly buried in the soil on the slant. Other beetles of the genus
Hylastes cause injury to a minor degree. H. palliatus causes damage
by boring under the bark of sickly trees, and by the borings of the
larva. Control depends almost entirely on clean forestry methods, as
trap- trees do not always prove attractive.

The two-toothed pine beetles, Pityogenes hidentatus, and in the north
of Scotland P. quadridens, destroy the cambium in cutting their egg-
tunnels under the bark. As they are very prolific where they occur,
they rapidly encircle young stems, causing cessation of the sap flow
and death. The eggs of the first brood are laid in May, and of the
second in August and September, and in the extreme north even in
October in mild weather. The best remedial measures consist in
burning all slash and the destruction of attacked plants. Where the
infested stems may be saleable as stakes, the bark should be removed
and burnt. Owing to the usual density of the plantations attacked,
the use of trap-trees is not always practicable. Plants from five to
twenty-five years of age are attacked, and occasionally nursery plants.

The large-toothed pine beetles, Ips {Tomicus) laricis and /. (T.)
amiminatus, have greatly increased in numbers of recent years. Their
life-history under British conditions is not known ; clean forestry
methods and the burning of all slash are the best means of dealing with
them. The pith pine beetles, Pityophthorxs lichtensteini and
P. ■pihescens, are of little importance except locally in Perthshire.
They tunnel in the bark and pith of the smaller pine twigs.

Insects associated with felled spruce areas are not in general of such
great importance. They include Hylastes cunicidarius (black spruce
bark-beetle), which in parts of Scotland causes damage in young
plantations similar to that caused by //. ater ; Trypodendron Uiteatimi,
breeding in fallen spruce and stumps, and sometimes in Scots pine
and larch, which is injurious oi'ly when occurring in large numbers ;
Pityogenes chalcographus, which has not previously been observed in
Britain, breeding in fallen spruce stems and suppressed trees in Perth-
shire (this beetle probably resembling P. hidentatus in biology and
control), and Dryocoetes a^itographus.

Of insects found in standing woods, the large larch saw-fly, Lygaeoue-
matus {Nematus) erichsoni, was observed in parts of Scotland. Very
severe sporadic outbreaks of this pest have been recorded in the past,
and it is desirable that any instance of it should be reported. In young
plantations hand-picking of the larvae is very effective. Pme sawflies
of two species, Lophyrus pini and L. mfus, were observed in small
numbers.

The pine tortrix moths attack Scots pine trees of five to twelvf>
years of age in various districts. Rhyacionia {Tortrix) huoliana (pine-
shoot moth) is the most injurious ; its larva destroys both buds and
shoots. P. (T.) turionana (pine-bud moth) destroys the leading bud.
■R. (T.) resinelki (resin-gall moth) forms a resinous gall around the shoot,
and causes death of the shoot or twigs above the gall by gnawuag into
the shoot. It is doubtful whether any practical measures can be
devised against these moths, and it is probable that in many cases

(701) . b2

380

theii presence is an indication of poor soil. . The larch minmg moth,
Coleophora laricella, has been observed throughout the country, having
caused considerable injury locally in Surrey and Wales. The eucouiage-
ment of insectivorous birds, especially tomtits, and the removal
of wealdy branches in young plantations are the best means of con-
trolling this moth. The larch sho(jt moth, Argijresthia atmoriella,
occurred frequently n company with C. laricella, and in young planta-
tions proved iuore injurious than the latter.

Of Aphids, Chennes pini may be controlled in nurseries by fumigation
with hydrocyanic acid gas or by a nicotine spray. Two spruce Aphids,
Chermes abietis, Kalt. {viridis, Rtzb.) and C. {Cnaphalodes) strobUobius,
form galls of difierent kinds [see also R.A.E., A, vi, 154]. The injury
these insects do is two-fold. The gall- formation they cause undoubtedly
reduces growth, and in some localities spruce is often badly dwarfed
and even killed by the continual destruction of the young shoots.
All these injuries, small individually, are collectively of importance,
and these Aphids must rank as considerable pests of spruce in Britam.
Unfortmiately satisfactory and practica))le remedial measures for
them have still to be devised.

Pine Weevils. — Forestry Commission, London, licaflet no. 1, February
1920, 12 pp., 5 figs. [Received 10th July 1920.]

This leaflet deals at greater length with three of the weevils mentioned
above, viz., Hylobius abietis, Pissodes pini and P. notatus. The life-
history and the characteristics of the attack of H. abietis are described
in detail. So far as is known no conifers common in Britain are
immune from attack, though some are preferred to others. Attack
should be anticipated if larvae can be fomid in the winter under the
bark of stumps or their roots. There are no known preventive
measures. Remedial measures are of various kinds. Destruction
of the breeding grounds by uprooting the stumps is very costly, and
attempts to render them unsuitable to the weevil with creosote, or by
barking or charring are unsatisfactory. Insecticides are practically
untried in Britain. Carbolineum painted on the stems of the young
plants gives protection, but is liable to scorch the bark. An emulsion
of 5 galls, milk of lime to 3 qts. linseed oil is probably better.

Various types of traps are used : — Pine billets sticking up out of
pits that have been filled with layers of branches and earth, so that
the ends of the branches also protrude from the pit to attract the wee\dls,
which oviposit on the billets, the whole trap being dug up and burned
in the winter ; partly buried pine or spruce billets, on which the
weevils lay their eggs ; twigs placed on the ground and covered with
fresh bark to attract the weevils, which gather under them, the traps
being frequently renewed ; and a new type of trap in which the bark
of recently felled pine stumps is prised oil in large slabs and replaced,
when the weevils gather mider the slabs in large numbers. Hand-
picking in the yomig plantations is very efiective.

Delay in plantuig a felled area until dessication and decay has made
the stumps unsuitable as a breeding ground is only efiective in an
area isolated from other plantations. Vigorous plants withstand
attack better than unhealthy ones, which are also more liable to
infestation.

381

Woodpeckers are among the eiieniies of H. abietis. The larvae
are parasitised by a Braconid and an Ichneumonid, Ephialtes tiibercu-
htus, and the pupae by au imidentified Ichneumonid. An eelworm
{TylencJioniorphus sp.) is parasitic on the larva, and in some districts
a bacterial disease destroys numbers of larvae. Most of the informa-
tion given on Pissodes pini and P. notatus has been noticed above.

Heinkich (C). U.S. Bur. Entom. On some Forest Lepidoptera witSi
Descriptions of New Species, Larvae and Pupae. — Proc. JJ . S. Nat.
Mus., Washington, D. C, Ivii (no. 2305) 1920, pp. 53-96, 13 plates.

This paper deals with moths that have been reared in connection
with the forest insect investigations of the U.S. Bureau of Entomology.
A new genus, Tosca, is erected and sixteen new species and two new
varieties are described.

Among the new species are : Wnjacionia (Evetria) ulteriorana reared
from cones of Pseudotsuga taxifolia ; R. luculentana from Pinus
scopulorum, the larvae inhabiting pitch nodules and feeding on
terminals of branches ; Eucosma rescissoriana from cones of Pinus
murrayana ; E. monitorana from cones of Pinus ; E. tocullionana from
cones of Picea ; Cydia (Laspeyresia) -pallidihasalis from cones of Abies
concolor ; Gelechia negundella from Acer negimdo ; Recurvaria moreonella
from Pinus scopulorum ; Tosca plutonella, a leaf-miner on Prunus ;
and Holcocera augusti from cones of Pseudotsuga taxifolia.

RoHWER (S. A.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Descriptions of Twenty-Six New
Species of North American Hymenoptera. — Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,.
Washington, B.C., Ivii (no. 2312), 1920, pp. 209-231.

The twenty-five new species of Hymenoptera here described include :
Megalodontidae : Itycorsia zappei, on pine ; Tenthredinidae :
Periclista plesia, on white pine ; P. pecanivora, on pecan ; Pteronidea
alnivora, on alder ; P. inendicana, on Salix ; P. amelanchieridis, on
Amelanchier canadensis ; P. plesia, on Populus tremuloides ; Pristi-
phora betulavora, on white birch {Betula alba) ; Ichneumonidae:
Lissonota evetriae, parasitic on Rhyacionia (Evetria) taxifoliella ;
L. dioryctriae, parasitic on Dioryctria xantluienobares ; Exochus
evetriae, a pupal parasite of i2. [E.) taxifoliella and R. (E.) siskiyouana;
Mesoleius gymnonychi, a parasi e of Gymnonychus californicu < ;
■Exenterus affinis parasitic on cocoons of Neodiprion sp. feeding on
Pinus resinosa ; Braconidae : Microfypus dioryctriae, parasitic on
Dioryctria xanthaenobares.

A key is given to the North American species of the genus Exenterus^
lin which the author includes the species formerly placed in Picroscopus.

Drake (C. J.). The Southern Green Stink-Bug in Florida.— ^f%.
Bull. Florida State Plant Bd., Gainesville, iv, no. 3, April 1920,
pp. 41-94, 38 figs. [Received 10th July 1920.]

The following is a part of the author's summary of this paper : —
Che large green stink-bug, Nezara viridula, L., often becomes a seriou%
lest upon cultivated plants in Florida. All parts of plants are attacked .

382

but tender young shoots and maturing fruit are greatly preferred.
Among the crops injured are tomato, potato, sweet potato, beans,
cowpeas, radish, cabbage, turnip, mustard, okra, etc. In autumn and
early winter the insect sometimes becomes a serious pest in Citrus
groves, feeding especially upon the fruit, young seedlings and yoimg
shoots of older trees. Similar infestations have been reported in
pecan groves.

Notes on its habits and life-history studies have been made at
Gainesville, Florida. Hibernation is imperfect, about one-half of the
individuals remaining upon succulent plants in the field throughout
the winter months. No breeding takes place during the winter.
Eggs have been foimd outdoors during the second week of April and
as late as 12th December. The eggs are deposited in clusters, mostly
on the under-side of the leaves.

The minimum period for incubation was 4 days. The minimum
time for the five nymphal instars, based on individual records, was 24
days. This gives a total of only 28 days from the time the eggs are
laid until the adult state is reached. Field records indicate that there
are four generations annually at Gainesville, and probably five in the
southern portion of the State. Development is more rapid during the
summer, temperature having an important bearing upon the period
of development of both eggs and nymphs.

Of six predaceous enemies recorded in the field, the bug, Euthy-
rhynchus floridanus, is the most important ; three parasites of the
adult and two egg-parasites have been reared. Of 800 adults of Nezara
viridula collected in the field durmg the latter part of May and the
beginning of June, 38 per cent, were killed by two Dipterous parasites,
31 per cent, by a Tachinid, Triclioijoda pennipes, and the rest by a
Sarcophagid, Sarcophaga sternodontis. Both of these flies were also
bred from a number of other plant-feeding insects in Florida. The
egg-parasites were not common at Gamesville and are represented by
undescribed species.

When valuable garden and truck crops are heavily infested, hand-
collecting seems to be the best control method. The proper manage-
ment and cutting of the cover or soiling crop will usually keep the insects
under control in Citrus and pecan groves. In case of severe infestation
of Citrus it has been demonstrated that hand-collection with large
nets can be done successfully and profitably. In using large nets
the work should be done m early morning or on cool days when the
temperature is below 70° F. At a higher temperature many of the
adult bugs will save themselves by taking flight before they drop into
the nets.

Of both wild and cultivated vegetation the insects generally show a
decided preference for leguminous and cruciferous plants. During '
late autunm, winter and early spring the bugs often congregate upon
cruciferous plants such as radish, coUard, rape, mustard, turnip, etc.
Some of these might serve as a valuable trap-crop at these seasons.
Experiments during the summer show that radish and collard, both
growing in the same row, will serve as a trap-crop to protect tomatos.
The seed should be planted about 1st November so that the radish
will be forming pods while the fruit of the tomato is developing and
ripening duruig the following spring. The insects should be gathered
by hand.

383

Leguminous plants such as cowpeas, beans, etc., are much preferred
to other plants during the summer and early autumn, especially during
the pod-formation period. Rattle-box {Crotalaria urasamoensis)
probably offers one of th^^ greatest possibilities as a trap and propa-
gating crop during the summer. The plant itself is probably not more
or perhaps as attractive to the bugs as cowpeas and beggarweed, but
the blossoms are very alluring to the parasites, the piincipal one,
Trichopoda pennipes, being a honey-loving insect and a constant
visitor to the flowers of rattle-box. From 10 to 80 per cent, of the
examples of Nezara viridula collected on this plant bore eggs of Tricho-
poda pennipes. On this account it seems that rattle-box should be
grown as a propagating plant during summer and thus increase the
number of parasites. The long blooming and pod-formation period
adds much to the value of the plant as a trap and propagating plant.

MozNETTE ((}. F.) U.S. Bur. Entom. A Blossom Destroying Beetle

on the Mango. — Qt.iitj. Ball. Florida State Plant Bd., Gainesville,
iv, no 3, April 1920^ pp. 95-98. [Received 10th July 1920.]

A beetle, Anomala undulata, causes at times great damage by des-
troying the whole, or parts, of the floral spikes of the mango. Different
groves seem to be attacked in different seasons, while others, previously
attacked, escape. The beetles are active at night, and burrow in the
soil at the foot of the tree by day. The species is closely related to the
May-beetles [Lachnosterna]. but smaller, and the larval habits are
probably similar. The trees are heavily attacked, as many as thirteen
hundred beetles having been taken on a tarpaulin from a single jarring
of a tree. The beetle has also been recorded as attacking the flowers
of other fruit trees and crops in various parts of the United States.
The best method of control is the addition of a poison to the spray
normally used when the mango is sprayed for Colletotrichum ; two
pounds of powdered lead arsenate or zinc arsenite to 50 gals. Bordeaux
mixture (3-4-50) is added after the admixture of two pounds of soap.
A good agitator is necessary in the spraying outfit. The spray should
be particularly directed at the flowers, as the beetle does not attack the
dormant foliage, and very httle if any new growth is present at the
time of blossoming.

Quarantine Department Report on Inspections and Interceptions, all
Ports and Stations, for the Quarter ending March 31, 1920. —

Qtrly. Bull. Florida State Plant Bd., Gainesville, iv, no. 3, April
1920, pp. 102-103. [Received 10th July 1920.]

The insects intercepted included : — The black fly, Aleurocanthus
woghimi from Cuba twice on Citrus, once on mango, and once in a
mail package in connection with the parcel post inspection ; Aspidiotus
destructor, 29 times on shipments from Cuba, Porto Rico and the Isle
of Pines ; Aspidiotus {Targionia) hartii on yam from Georgetown
[S.C. ?] ; and San Jose scale [Aspidiotus perniciosus] on 36 shipments
from other States, chiefly the south-eastern ones, but mcluding points
as far west as Louisiana and as far north as North Carolina.

384

Berger (E. W.). Whitefly Fungus. —Qtrly. Bull. Florida State Plant

Bd., Gainesville, iv, no. 3, April 1920, p. 104. [Received lOtk

July 1920.]

The Entomological Department of the State Plant Board has ready

for distribution about 3,000 pure cultures of the red fungus, Aschersonia

aJeurodis, and yellow fungus, A. flavocitrina, which infest the common

and cloudy- winged whitefiies of citrus [Dialevrodes citri and

D. citrifolii]. A culture is sufficient for starting the fungus in an acre of

grove. The method of ordering the cultures is detailed, growers

being requested to send a few dozen leaves for examination so that,

if necessary, A. flavocitrina, regarded by some as being more effective

against D. citrifolii, may be included.

Smith (L. B.). The Green Clover Worm a Pest of Soy Beans {Plathy-
pena scabra, Fab.). — Qtrly. Bull. Virginia State Crop Pest Com-
miss., BlacJcsburg, i, no. 3, October 1919, 8 pp., 4 figs. [Received
10th July 1920.]

Soy beans suffered severe injuries throughout Eastern Virginia in
1919 from the attacks of the green clover worm {Plathypena scabra, F.),
while other legummous plants, including lima and snap beans, lucerne
and clovers were also injured to some extent. A similar outbreak
of this moth was reported over most of the Atlantic coastal plain region
from Maine to Florida. The leaves and occasionally the blossoms
of the plants are eaten. It is seldom that the plants are killed, new
growth coming again after the outbreak subsides, but the quantity
of seed is much less owing to the extra foliage produced.

The life-history of P. scabra has been already noticed [R.A.E., A^
vii, 201]. There are probably four generations in Virginia, but they
overlap considerably. It appears that the caterpillars of the first
generation feed chiefly on clover and lucerne, as beans are not available
before the middle of May.

A spray recommended to control the caterpillars on beans is made of
lead arsenate (powder), 1 j lb. in 50 U.S. gals, of water. As an alter-
native a dust made of 5 lb. lead arsenate and 50 lb. gypsum or air-slaked
lime may be used. Snap beans should be treated just before the
blossoms open ; with later treatment the blossoms will be destroyed, and
after the pods are set, there is a danger of poisoning the beans as food.
Lima beans should be sprayed just before the second crop of blossoms-
comes into bloom. Soy beans grown for seed may be treated with
the same spray with the addition of 2 lb. of hme. It is unnecessary
for the spray to reach the under-side of the leaves, and it may be
appfied at any time. If the caterpillars have disappeared before any
measures are taken, a furrow thrown towards the base of the plants
from each side of the row will kill the pupae, or prevent the moths
emerging. Soy beans sown broadcast for forage should not be treated
unless the infestation is very severe, since, as far as fohage is concerned,^
they wiU probably recover. In very severe infestations they should be
cut and raked to destroy the larvae by exposure to the sun and lack of
food.

Clover and lucerne should be cut immediately if the caterpillars are
abundant. Lucerne develops new growth after cutting, and in the case
of clover, the loss from early harvesting is less in the end than it
would be if the caterpillars were permitted to feed uninterruptedly.

385

ScHOENE (W. J.). Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist and
Plant Pathologist i9iS-i9. —Qtrlij. Bull. Virginia State Crop Pest
Commiss., Blackshurg, i, no. 4, January 1920, 28 pp., 4 figs.
[Received 10th July 1920.]

In this report are given the paragraphs of the Acts of 1918 authorising
quarantines against pests which might in the future be found to exist
within or outside Virginia, and providing for the inspection and certifi-
cation of florists' stock. The danger of introduction of the sweet
potato weevil {Ci/las formicarius, P.) is emphasised and the quarantine
measures adopted against it in 1919 are detailed, prohibiting movement
of its food-plants from infested States without an inspection certificate
from the State of origin. The work done and proposed in connection
with the Oriental moth, Cydia {Laspeyresia) molesta, is described
[R.A.E., A, viii, 354].

Serious insect damage during 1918 and 1919 was caused by a number
of insects, including the codUng moth [Cydia pomonella] ; the green clover
worm {Plathypena scabra, F.) ; broods ix and x of the seventeen-year
cicada [Tibicen septenideciiii], against wliich trees were protected in
some cases by wrapping in cloth ; and potato aphis {Mdcrosiphimi
solanifolii), which occurred in large numbers on potatoes and spinach.
Spraying, which is a general practice on potatoes, seems advisable on
spinach also. The spray must hit the insect and should be stronger
than for other Aphids. On the spinach that had been attacked an
unusual outbreak of blight occurred four weeks later.

The spring army worm, Cirphis {Hcliophila) unipuncta, was abmidant
in 1919. It was controlled on your.g grass and millet by rolling the
crop with a heavy roller. It was also confined to certain fields by deep
furrows ; when these became filled with caterpillars they were destroyed
by dragging a heavy chain or small log through them.

An unprecedented outbreak of the false cabbage aphis [Aphis pseudo-
brassicae] occurred in the autunm of 1919 in a long-continued drought,
A spray of one pint nicotine sulphate to 100 gals, water and live
bars of laundry soap was applied, a special adaptation of a two- wheel
spraying outfit being devised to spray six rows at once. Over 75 per
cent, of the insects were destroyed. The locust leaf-miner {CJialepus-
dorsalis), which has for several years damaged leaves of the black locust
tree, has been observed on apple, but is not believed to cause important
damage.

In the investigation work of the department the control of the
woolly aphis, Eriosoma [Schizoneura) lanigemm, Haus., is still
being studied. Work on the life-history of the pink and green potato
aphis {Macrosiphum solanifolii) has proved that this insect is instru-
mental in transmitting several serious mosaic diseases of vegetable
crops. The spray formula recommended against it is : f pint of
nicotine sulphate (40 per cent.), 4 lb. fish-oil soap and 50 U.S. gals,
water. Experiments have also shown that the tarnished plant-bug,.
Lygus pratensis, carries the virus of spinach blight.

Flea-beetles {Epitrix fuscida, Crotch, and other species) damage
egg-plants and render them liable to infection from several diseases.
The most satisfactory method of control is to spray the plants weekly
with 3 lb. of calcium arsenate (powder) and 50 gals 4-6-50 Bordeaux
mixture. They should also be dipped in a solution of 2-4-50 Bordeaux
mixture with the addition of the poison when they are planted out.

386

Severin (H. C). Cabbage Worms. The Imported Cabbage Worm,
the Cabbage Looper and the Diamond-back Moth.— So^^th Dakota
State Entomologist, BrooJcings, Circ. 9, November 1919, 10 pp.,

2 figs.

A popular account is given of the life-histories and habits of and
methods of control for Pieris (Pontia) rapae, L. (cabbage worm),
Phijtometra [Autographa) brassicae, Riley (cabbage looper) and
Plutella, maculipermis, Curt, (diamond-back moth), all of which are
serious pests of vegetable crops in South Dakota.

Sevekin (H. C). Currant and Gooseberry Worms. The Imported
Currant Worm and the Currant Span- Worm. — South Dakota State
Entomologist, Brookings, Circ. 10, November 1919, 6 pp., 3 figs.

Pterowus ribesii. Scop, (imported currant worm) Is found in South
Dakota wherever currant and gooseberry plants are grown. The
sprays recommended for it are 1 lb. lead arsenate paste or i lb. powder
to 25 U.S. gals, of water, or ^ lb. Paris green and | lb. freshly slaked
lime to the same quantity of water. This should be apphed as soon as
the leaves unfold, or when larvae are first noticed. If the second
generation is destructive, fresh hellebore should be used in the propor-
tion of 1 oz. to ] U.S. gal. of water, or 1 oz. to 5 oz. air-slaked lime or
cheap waste flour if used as a dust.

Ci/matophora rihearia, Fitch (currant and gooseberry span-worm)
also attacks the foliage of both plants and may entirely strip a bush
of its leaves and then attack the soft growing stem and devour it also.
There is one generation in a year. The eggs are glued upon the canes,
and do not hatch until the warm weather in the following spring,
generally in late May or early June. The larvae feed for 3 or 4 weeks
before becoming full-grown, when they enter the ground and pupate
at the depth of a few inches. The adult emerges 2 or 3 weeks later.
■Spraying as directed for P. ribesii will kill these caterpillars, but helle-
bore is not effective. They may be caught by jarring the bushes,
when they drop and hang on a thread ; they can then be thrown into
kerosene.

Mackie (D. B.). a Prepared Grasshopper Poison. — Mthlij. Bull. Cal
State Dept. Agric, Sacramento, ix, no. 5-6, Mav-June 1920, pp.
194-197.

The season of 1919 was a particularly bad one in respect to grass-
hopper infestation in California, and a serious invasion is again expected
in 1920. The importance of being prepared with poison-baits before
infestation begins cannot be over-estimated. Unfortunately the
necessary supplies are extremely difficult to obtain and very costly,
and many people were prevented from taking action for these reasons.
Experiments were therefore undertaken with a view to devising a
formula that could be put in cans and kept without deterioration
until needed. The compound that proved most successful and econo-
mical consisted of 5 lb. of orange and grapefruit pulp, finely ground,
with 1 lb. white arsenic. When needed for use, this concentrate is diluted
with 4 U.S. gals, of water and mixed with 25 lb. bran. This mixture
was found to give as good results as freshly-mixed standard bran mash.

387

and lias been kept exposed to the air for several months without any
sign of decomposition. It will be made up in 6 lb. cans, each of which
is sufficient to treat 5 acres of ground, and it is believed that both in
efficiency and price it will meet the requirements of ranchers.

Baker (A. C). U.S. Bur. Entom. Note on the Indian Peach Aphis
{Armraphis helichri/si, Kalt.) — MiJiIf/. Bull. Cal. Slafe Dept. Agric,
Sacramento, ix, no. 5-G, May-June 1920, p. 203.

Attention is called to the fact that Anuraphis helichrijsi, Kalt. (Indian
peach aphis) has been recorded from Washington State south to
California and into Colorado. It has generally been found on some
composite weed, but recently collections have been received from
plum trees in the north Pacific region. While this Aphid is very
destructive to peaches in northern India, it is not known whether it
will become injurious under (yahfornian conditions, but it is well
to remember that it is distinct from the common local species and might,
under suitable conditions, become an important pest.

Maskew (F.). Fruit-Fly Larvae from South Africa intercepted. —

Mthhj. Bull. Cal. Slate Dept. Agric., Sacramento, ix, no. 5-6
Mav-June, 1920, p. 207.

Special attention is drawn to the interception of three Trypetid
larvae in a shipment of nectarines from Cape Colony.

JMaske'.v (F.). Quarantine Division. Report for the Month of March.

1920. — Mthlij.Bull. Cal. State Dept. Agric, Sacramento, ix, no. 5-6,
May-June 1920, pp. 208-210.

The pests intercepted during March included : — ^From Africa, Try-
petid larvae in nectarines. From Barbados, Parlatoria pergandei and
Pseudococcus sp. on grapefruit. From Central America, Paratetranychus
tumidus on croton ; Aspidiotus cyanophilli, Pseudococcus maritimus
and Ckrysomphalus scutiformis on bananas. From Colorado, Gydia
(Lasveyresia) pomonella in apples ; Lepidosaphes ulmi on apples ;
Parlatoria pergandei and L. beckii on Florida grapefruit. From
Hawaii, larvae of Bacus {Bactrocera) cucurbitae in cucumbers ; Hemi-
chionaspis minor, Ripersia- palmarum and Chrysomphalus aonidum on
coconuts : a Dipterous leaf-miner and Saissetia. nigra on Transvaal
daisies ; Trypetid larvae in coffee berries ; Phenacaspis eugeniae in
kukui nuts ; Saissetia nigra and Pseudaonidia davigera on Hibiscus
cuttings ; Diaspis bromeliae and Pseudococcus bromeliae on pineapples ;
Coccus elongatus and Aphis sp. on betel leaves. From Japan, Hemi-
chionaspis aspidistrae and Chrysomphalus aonidum on Aspidistra ;
Lepidopterous larvae and an undetermined mite on Rhodea japonica.
From Florida, Lepidosaphes becJcii and Parlatoria pergandei on grape-
fruit and oranges. From Ilhnois, Aphis sp. on rose plants. From
Kansas, Cydia pomonella, Aspidiotus perniciosus and Eriosoma lani-
gerum on apples. From Louisiana, Bruchus pisorum in cowpeas;
Coccus sp. on Magnolia ; Tetranychus mytilaspidis and Aleurodes sp.

388

on Gardenia. From Mexico, Heliothis (CJiloridea) obsoleta on tomatos ;
Cho-ysomphalus dictyospermi and Hemichionaspis sp. on coconuts;
larvae of Tachardia on dry twigs. From Minnesota, Lepidosaphes
becJcii on grapefruit. From Nevada and Oregon, Heterodera radicicola
in potatoes. From Ohio, Tetranyckus mytilaspidis, Myzus rosarum
and other Aphids on rose plants. From Pennsylvania, Tetranychus
omjtilaspidis on violets. From Tahiti, Parlaloria pergandei on limes
and an undetermined Coccid on coconuts. From Utah, Hypera
variabilis (postica) in lucerne hay. From Washington, Cydia pomonella
in apples.

AiNSLTE (G. G.). U.S. Bur. Entom. The Cornpith Weevil [Centrinus
penicdhs, Hbst.) — Jl. Eron. Entom., Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 3,
June 1920, pp. 271-280, 3 figs.

The larvae of the CurcuHonid, Centrinus penicellus, Hbst., were first
observed in 1911, boring in the nodes of maize stalks. The injury
is but shght, though the species is well distributed through the southern
States, its northern hmit being probably determined by the depth to
which the ground freezes during the mnter. In Maryland it is
abimdant at an elevation of 500 ft., but entirely absent at 2,100 ft.
Maize is apparently the principal food-plant, though larvae that may
prove identical have been found in Panicum crusgalli and P. dichotomi-
fiorum, and it is probable that other large grasses are attacked. There
is one generation in a year. The beetles begirt to emerge from the
ground about 1st July and increase gradually in nimibers until early
August. Oviposition is generally on the main stem of maize, either
in or immediately below the tassel, no eggs being laid until the tassel
is pushed out beyond the sheath, exposing the culm. The punctures
that then begin to appear on the stem are not all for oviposition
purposes, some being merely for feeding. The eggs are soft and jelly-
like, and are always placed a little to one side of the puncture. The
incubation period is probably about a week, and after hatching the
minute larva begins to feed on the dehcate pith cells around it, turning
downwards. The number of instars has not been accurately worked
out, but after the first or second moult the larva constantly moves up
and down in the burrow. At each node there is a distinct pause, and
the cavity is always enlarged there. Sometimes growth is completed
at the top node ; it is very rarely that a fourth node is reached. It is.
seldom that more than one larva in a plant reaches maturity. The
exit-hole is usually just above a node. Practically all larvae become
mature about 1st October and leave the stalks almost simultaneously.
The larvae when free fall to the ground and enter the soil to a depth
of 3 or 4 inches if it is firm, or from 8 to 10 inches in soft or cultivated
ground. They then form a spherical cell where they lie until the time
for pupation in the following summer. Neither the exact time of
pupation nor the length of the stage is known. The beetles are
difficult to capture, as they remain hidden during the day and are very
alert and quick to fly. The degree of infestation in adjoining fields
may vary greatly, and may reach practically 100 per cent. It does not
seem possible to plant early enough to avoid the attacks of this beetle,
as the earhest tassels to appear are always attacked immediately^

389

Probably the adults emerge earlier and feed sparingly on various
plants while awaiting their favourite food.

The only enemy of C. penicellus at present known is a minute
Cecidomyiid, which enters the punctures and devours the eggs and
perhaps also the small larvae.

A description of the last instar larva of C. penicellus by Mr. A. G.
Boving is appended, and a description of the adult by Blatchley and
Leng is quoted.

Satterthwait (A. F.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Notes on the Habits of
Calandra pertivax, Oliv. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord., N.H., xiii,
no. 3, June 1920, pp. 280-295, 2 plates.

Sphenophorus (Calandra) pertiyiax, Oliv., is one of the commonest
and most widely distributed billbugs in the United States, breeding
normally in swamps in the cat-tail weed {Typha latifolia) and in sweet
flag (Acoriis caJamus), its economic importance lying in the fact that
it sometimes causes considerable destruction among maize plants
[R.A.E., A, vii, 379]. The States in which it has been found at
various times are enumerated and cover a wide range. Special studies
of infestations at Flushing, New York, and in Indiana, Maryland and
Missouri, are described in detail. In New York State, pupation
invariably occurred in cat- tail stalks, at or near the top of the larval
excavation. Adults developed in the swamp as early as 6th September,
and in cages as early as 19th August. Many eggs were observed on
lOfch August, when pupae also were present, indicating that some
might not mature before winter, and explaining the fact that in
March 1919. larv^ae, pupae and adults were all present. Tliis long
period of ovipodtion avoids the obliteration of a whole colony by any
single rise of the water-level. Eggs laid from mid-June to mid-August
will probably be placed at every normal water-level, and, if the water
should rise only after the last of the eggs have been deposited,
tho^e first laid at low water-levels will have had time to mature and the
adults escape. Many findings and rearings from the swamps of
Indiana, Maryland and Missouri are recorded in detail. The observa-
tions show that Typha latifolia is a widely-distributed swamp plant
and tliat all cat-tail beds are probably more or less infested with
■S. pertinax. Consequently, they must be regarded as dangerous
to maize wherever cat-tail areas are broken for maize planting. Maize
so grown frequently reaches 3 or 4 inches in height and then turns
yellow. Some stalks die ; others grow, up tardily, too late to make an
-ear.

The many observations and reports studied indicate that during
the last two years about 95 per cent, of the insect damage to growing
maize plants on or in the vicinity of cat-tail areas is due to *S. pertinax,
and in some localities about 90 per cent, of the total damage is due to
insects and 10 per cent, to direct water damage. The close proxi-
mity of water to the surface of the soil is undoubtedly a disadvantage
to maize, delaying the growth during high water-level or during
unfavourably cool weather, especially when the maize is only 3 or 4
inches high. Incidental to this check in the growth of the plant, the
work of any insect will have an intensified deleterious effect.

390

In many areas improved drainage would help the maize to grow-
steadily and assist the growers to destroy the food-plants of the billbug.
It is an advantage to break up the land the year before the first crop
is planted, as if the food-plants are completely destroyed before the
winter, any surviving billbugs will leave and maize can safely be planted
the following spring. When the food-plants have only been partly
destroyed, it would be advisable to plant such crops as pumpkins,
turnips, melons, flax, cotton or beets, that are not susceptible to billbug
injury. Usually, injury by billbugs ceases to be serious after the second
crop has been produced on new land where the wild food-plants have
been abundant, but it may extend over several years, according
to the time taken in completely destroying them.

Sherman (F.). The Green Clover Worm {Plathypena scabra, F.) as a
Pest on Soy Beans. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 3,
June 1920, pp. 295-303.

An account is given of a bad infestation of soy beans by the larvae
of the Noctuid, Plathypena scabra, ¥., tha,t occurred in the- east of
North Carolina in July 1919. Witliin a week from the first report of
the outbreak, a preliminary survey had been made and two temporary
field stations were in operation. Life- history studies were made from
1st August to 10th September. Eggs were found in late August on
either surface of the leaves of soy beans, and hatched in about 5 days.
The larvae are very active, and when small often hang suspended
from a thread. They begin feeding on the utider-side of the leaf, but
within a few days have eaten a hole through to the upper surface and
are found equally frequently there. Even when present in great numbers
the damage is not conspicuous for the first 15 days of larval life, but
after that it is very pronounced. In the outbreak described, the beans
were so defoliated that the lace- work of dried leaf -veins gave a cobweb-
like appearance to whole fields. In the majority of cases, however,
the growing bud and the older, lower leaves were left, and enabled the
plants to make a quick recovery when the caterpillars were killed or had
matured. The larvae become mature after 25 days, and then drop
from the plant and seek shelter for pupation in crevices in the soil,
under rubbish, etc. They remain 2 days in their silkeu cocoon before
pupating, the latter stage lasting 11 days ; emergence, mating and
oviposition require another 8 days. Winter is passed in the adult and
perhaps also in the pupal stage.

When the present investigations were begun, the larval infestation
was nearing its height and immediate remedial measures were necessary,
and it was obvious that nothing less than a prompt appHcation of
arsenicaLs would save the situation. Dusting was therefore advocated
with 1 lb. dry powdered lead arsenate to 8 lb. lime dust, or spraying
with 1 lb. to 25 U.S. gals, water. This remedy was found effective,
and neither prohibitive in cost nor in labour of apjilication, but prompt
treatment was essential to success. Collection of larvae and of
adults with nets,* attraction to lanterns and bonfires, and bait-traps,
were all tried with very poor results. Apparently no injury attached
to the hay crop by the use of arsenicals ; the dust quickly disappears
from the plants and no bad results were recorded. It was found that

391

greater strengths might safely be used with a dusting machine, but
they were not necessary.

During the studies the following parasites of P. scabra were recovered,
none of which seems to have been previously recorded from this host : —
Trichogramma fretiosa, Kiley, a very important egg- parasite, attacking
about 50 per cent, of the eggs examined ; the Tachinids, Phorocera
claripennis, Macq., which is moderately important, Exorista hoar mine,
Coq., Frontina aletiae, Riley, and Euphorocera floridensis, Tns. One
each «jf Anthrax lateralis, Say, and Sarcopha<ja c.imbicis, Tns., were
reared ; also a Hymenopteron, apparently a new species and new genus
of Campopleginae.

Hayes (W. P.). The Life Histories of some Kansas Lachnosterna.
Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 3, June 1920, pp. 303-
318, 2 ligs.

These notes are the results of studies of the Lachnosterna of Kansas
begun in 1916, and amplify the observations made by Davis [R.A.E.,
A, iv, 281 ; vi, 568, and vii, 256] ; they deal in particular with two
species not discussed by him, namely, L. rubiginosa, Lee, which is
second in abundance among the night-flying species in Manhattan
district, and L. submucida, Lee, which is one of the rarer species.
Other species dealt with, in the order of their abundance, are L. crassis-
sima, Blanch., L.futilis, Lee, L. rugosa, Mels.,i. implicata, Horn, and
L. vekemens, Horn. The relative abundance of these beetles is dis-
cussed. The flight season begins about 18th April and may last
until mid-August. The maximum flight occurs in May and June,
except in the case of L. submucida, which pupates in June and July
and requires a two-year life-cycle. L. futilis, L. rubiginosa and
L. vehemens usually appear first, followed by L. crassissima and L. rugosa.
Although L. crassissima is the most abundant species, its comparative
absence on its known food-plants indicates a preference for some food
that has not yet been found. It has been stated that it probably
feeds on grass or low herbage. A hst of the known food- plants of each
species has been compiled, and the life-histories of the different species
are discussed, and summarised in a series of tables. The egg-stages
were found to average from 14 to nearly 30 days. The larval periods
vary, both two and three-year life-cycles occurring. L. vehemens
apparently always requires three years, and a three-year cycle for
L. submucida is indicated in some cases besides the two-year cycle
referred to above. The pre-pupal stage averages from 6J- to 9 days for
the different species, the pupal stage averaging from 22 to 30i days.
The averages of the two and three-year life-cycles for the different
species were 478 and 808 days for L. crassissima, 476 and 805 days for
L. rubiginosa, 462 and 827 days for L. futilis, 461 and 814 days for
L. rugosa, 412and 751daysfor L.imjdicata, and 845 days fori, vehemens.
The average period for L. submucida was slightly over 711 days.

The natural enemies of Lachnosterna encountered in the course
of these studies are enumerated and have almost all been previously
recorded by Davis \loc. cit. vii, 25G]. Merraethids (hairworms) have
fre(iuently been reared from the grubs. Nematodes, probably Diplo-
gaster aerivora, Cobb, killed many grubs in the rearing cages in 1919,

392

-especially those of L. lanceolata. The Carabids, Scarites suhstriatus.
Hald., and Pai'macAws sp, {y^o\>q\Aj 'pundulaius, Hald.) were observed
to attack the adults.

Parker (J. R.V The Chinch Bug in Montana. — Jl. Econ. Entom.,
Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 3, June 1920, pp. 318-322.

Bliss'us hucojJterus, Say (chinch bug) was first recorded from Montana
in 1911, and is of considerable interest on account of its economic
importance, and also because its life-history in Montana differs remark-
ably from that recorded in other States. Previous records from
other States have described hibernation as occurring in the adult stage;
and even in the southern States, where there are two generations, the
majority of the first generation do not reach maturity until July.
In Montana, fourth-instar nymphs were found at their maximum
abundance as early as 2ord May, and newly-transformed adults have
been found on 12th June. It does not seem possible that the seasonal
history of B. leucoptenis could be a month earlier than in Kansas and
Missouri, which are 10° further south, and the only reasonable explana-
tion is that the insects hibernate in Montana in the fourth nymphal
stage. This cannot, however, be definitely determined until the
insect has actually been observed in its winter quarters.

The infestation in Montana was first noticed in May in a field of oats,
and in June the bugs were also found on wheat and maize, but
apparently no serious damage was done. The bugs evidently occur
most abundantly on native grasses. Both long and short-winged
forms were present in about equal numbers. It is probable that the
infestation has slowly spread up the valley of the Missouri River to
Montana.

In the discussion following this paper, it was mentioned that there
is some variation in the hibernation and emergence in Kansas, the
bugs sometimes leaving hibernation in March and appearing in early
spring, and sometimes hibernating until May,

Larson (A, 0.). A Predaceous Enemy of Bean Weevils. — Jl. Econ.
Entom,., Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 3, June 1920, pp. 322-323.

Females of Bruchus quadrimaculatus, F. (bean bruchus) that were
under observation during oviposition, were observed to be behaving in
an abnormal mamier, and this was found to be due to the presence of
numerous mites attached to their bodies. Although many eggs were
laid in the container, very few Bruchids emerged, and examination
showed many dead larvae and pupae in the beans, together with many
gravid female mites. Many dead adults were aLso found in the jar
mth gravid female mites protruding from under their wings. The
mites multiplied rapidly, killing off the whole of the next generation of
B. quadrimaculntus. B. ohtectns, Say, when put into the same jar, were,
able to rid themselves to some extent of the mites by using their
mouth-parts a»s a comb for legs and antennae and then using the latter
to brush their bodies, but they eventually succumbed. The mites
were probably Pediculoides ventricosus, Newp,, and were found to
produce an intensely irrigating rash upon any person handling the
infested Bruchids [see also R.A.E., B, vii, 161, etc,].

393

Zetek (J.)- Hawaiian Sugar Cane Borer in Costa Rica : A Correction.

—Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H.. xiii, no. 3, June 1920, p. 323.

The author corrects a statement made in a previous paper [R.A.E.,
A, vii, 395] reporting the occurrence of Rhabdocnemis obscura in Costa
Eica. This should have been the banana root borer, Cosmopolites
sordidus, Germ.

Pettit (R. H.). Tree Hoppers and Alfalfa. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Con-
cord, N.H., xiii, no. 3, June 1920, p. 323.

A tree-hopper, presumably Ceresa buhalus, has been found to cause
considerable damage in young orchards in Michigan, the injury
occurring in the autumn when eggs are laid on young apple-trees
in their first or second year. This damage has been found to occur in
practically all cases in orchards planted with lucerne, while adjoining
orchards free from lucerne have shown little or no injury.

Herbert (F. B.). Cypress Bark Scale, Ehrhornia cwpressi, Ehrh.—
U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Bull. 838, 5th June 1920,
22 pp., 6 plates, 5 figs.

Ehrhornia cupressi, Ehrh. (cypress baric scale) infests a large propor-
tion of the Monterey cypress trees {Cupressus macrocarpa, Hartw.),
which are among the most popular shade and ornamental trees in
California. Originally a pest of incense cedar {Libocedrus decurrens),
it has spread through large areas by the usual agencies of wind, birds,
etc., and by the transportation of infested nursery stock. A map
shows its present distribution on both plants. The presence of the
scale is indicated by a secretion of white cottony wax ])rotruding
from the bark crevices, and covering the twigs, and imder each scale
may be found a small brown ring in the cambium showing where the
tissue has been killed. On one or two limbs of an infested tree tlie
foliage tmns yellow, then red or brown, and this spreads until the
entire tree is killed. Other food-plants include Arizona cypress
{C. arizonica), Guadalupe cypress {G. guadaliipensis) and occasionally
deodar (Cedrus deodara).

A description of the various stages is given. There is only one
generation in a year, the limits of which are not very well defined.
The males appear in autumn, and are most abundant in October and
November, when most of the females have moulted for the last time
and are about half grown. After mating, the males rapidly die ofi.
The adult females hibernate, their eggs developing during the winter
and early spring. Oviposition begins on the first warm spring days
and continues throughout the summer ; in the autumn the females
shrivel and die, but by that time the females of the next generation
are well developed. The eggs hatch in from 30 to 40 minutes after
deposition, and the larvae wander about until they find a suitable
crevice in the bark where they remain and feed. First-instar larvae
are found from April to mid-October, those of the second instar from
mid-May to mid-November, and adult females all the year round.
(701) c

394

The male larva begins to pupate earlier than the female, passing
through a pre-pupal and a pupal stage, the latter lasting from 10 to 15
days, before emergence.

Predaceous insects that exercise some measure of control over
E. cupressi, without however affecting its abundance very materially,
include the Coccinellids. NipWs hijilagiatus, Casey, Chilocoriis bivuluerus,
Muls., and Hippodmnia convergens, Guer., the Nitidulid, Cyhocephalus
californicus, Horn, and larvae of the brown lacewmg, Sympherobius
angustus, Banks. A few examples of a small Hymenojjterous parasite
have been reared from caged material of the scale- insect, but this
parasite is evidently very scarce. The scarcity of the scale in the Sierras
would indicate that a parasite may be attacking it, but none has as
yet been recorded.

A number of experiments in control, with the use of various materials,
are described. A 12 1 per cent, solution of a very high gravity miscible
oil (such as 33° Be.) is recommended for spraying. This should be
appUed twice, once in August and once in the latter part of September,
and the spray must be made to pienetrate well into the cavities of the
bark. Other recommendations for control are the cutting out and
destruction of all dying trees or limbs and the purchase for planting
of clean stock only. When the trees are not intended to form hedges
or windbreaks, a wide space should be left between each in planting,
cypresses being placed fully 40-50 feet apart.

Insects frequently found in association with E. cupressi on cypress
include tlje cypress bark-beetles, PJiloeosinus cupressi, Hopk., and
P. cristatus, Lee, which cause the death of many trees. Besides being
primary pests these beetles readily attack trees wealcened by the
cypress scale. The mealy-bugs, Pseudococcus ryani, Coq., P. sequoiae,
Colem., and P. cupressicolus, Ferris, also do some damage, as well as
the scales, Xylococcus fnacrocarpae, Colem., Eulecanium. (Lecanium)
■corni, Bch., Diaspis carueli, Targ., Aspidioius hederae, ValL, and
A. ehrhorni, Colem. Various other cypress pests are Phymatodes nitidus,
I^ec, Atimia confusa, Say, TrachyJcele hlondeli, Mars., Argyresthia
cupressella, Wals. (cypress moth), Cydia cupressana, Kear. (cypress
cone-borer), Sirex californicus, Ashm. (horn-tail wasp), Lachniella
tujafilina, del Guer. (arborvitae aphis) and an undetermined tussock
moth.

Tryon (H.). The Banana Weevil {Cosmopolites sordida, Chevr.).
Considerations influencing Methods of Repression.— Queensland
Agric. Jl, Brisbane, xiii, no. 5, May 1920, pp. 222-223.

In furtherance of the suggestions for the control of Cosmopolites
sordidus (banana w^eevil) in a recent paper [R.A.E., A, viii, p. 337] a
warning is issued regarding the kind of traps used for the adults. It is
pointed out tliat if sections of the banana stem are used as traps, the
weevils will approach them for feeding purposes, but for ovipositiou
will turn to some available banana plant in the vicinity. If on the
other hand a portion of the corm or root-stock is used as a trap, the
beetles will breed in it, and may thus infest neighbouring plants that
have previously been healthy. Collecting weevils from the traps every
morning will reduce this migration to some extent.

395

To obviate these dangers it is suggested that the baits should not
be used generally outside the area of infestation in any plantation.
They should not be placed among apparently uninfested stools growing
adjacent to a known infested area. It is preferable to place the baits
on the soil between the banana rows or on tracks traversing the planta-
tion. Weevils have been observed to visit baits on hard, bare roads
and on the tops of standing tree-stumps. The corm or root stock
should be used for bait, and every trap should be examined once a day,
preferably in the early morning, the soil on which it has rested also
receiving close attention. The cut surfaces of the baits, if found to
be dry, should be pared, and should never be used for more than three
weeks at the most.

Suckers that are to be used in estabhshing a new plantation should
be removed before nightfall on the same day on w^hich they are
separated and dried at some distance from the source, in order to
prevent infestation before they are planted.

During mid- winter the adults emerge from the pupae in far fewer
numbers than at any other time. This, therefore, is the season when
old and infested stooLs should be eradicated and the ground cleared.
Even after this has been done traps should be laid on the cleared
ground, as it has been proved that weevils covered up in the soil..
whether enclosed in fragments of the stool or not, may for many days
following the clearing of the land emerge and fly off to banana stools
in the neighbourhood.

PicARD (F.). La Lutte centre la Cochylis par le Choix des Cepages
et par la Culture de Plantes attractives. — Le Progres Agric. et
Vitic, MontpclUer, Ixxv, no. 28, 11th July 1920, pp. 36-39.

In response to an enquiry regarding the value of resistant varieties
of vines as a measure for guarding against the attacks of the vine
moths, Clysia ambiguella and Polychrosis hotrana, it is suggested that
the best method of preventing attack is not only to plant the varieties
that are least attractive to these pests, but also to surround these plants
vv'ith some food-])lant that is extremely attractive to them. it
is considered a great mistake to destroy all the preferred food-plants
of a pest in an infested region as a means of exterminating it, as this
merely has the contrary result of driving the pest on to the cultivated
crop.

An analogy is drawn between the possibility of thus protecting a
cultivated crop by some more attractive food-plant, and the suggested
method of ])rotecting man from the attacks of mosquitos by surrounding
him with those species of animals that are preferred hosts [R.A.E., B,
viii, 141], or from ticks by the keeping of pigs. It is suggested that the
•common flax-leaved daphne. Daphne gnidium, plays in vineyards
the same role that the pig fills towards man. It is stated as certain
that a vine of some resistant variety, surrounded by a hedge of
D. grndiani would remain free from attack by P. botrana even in an
infested locahty, all the moths being attracted to tlie preferred food-
plant. In tliis way, P. hotrana, which is so difficult to destroy, would
be reduced to an inoffensive role.

(701) c2

396

Rand (F. V.) k Pierce (W. D.). A Coordination of our Knowledge
of Insect Transmission in Plant and Animal Diseases. — Phyto-
pathology, Baltimore, x, no. 4, April 1920, pp. 189-231. [Received
14th July 1920.]
This paper reviews the present knowledge with regard to insect

transmission of plant and animal diseases, and the importance in future

studies of collaboration between pathologist and entomologist is

emphasised.

Pierce (W. D.). An Offer to the Sugar Planters to conduct the
Introduction of Cuban Parasites of the Sugar Cane Borer, — Mineral,
Metal cL- By-Products Co., Dept. Biol., Denver, Colo., Spec. Bull. 1,
March 1920, 6 pp. [Received 14th July 1920.]

It is known that many growers of sugar-cane in the United States
are losing thousands of dollars' worth of sugar annually owing to the
depredations of the sugar-cane borer [Diatraea sacr.haralis], and that,,
wliile parasites have been introduced from Cuba with great success in
certain plantations in Louisiana, it is left to the planters themselves
to provide the funds and arrange for the introduction of the necessary
numbers of parasites into their plantations.

The suggestion is made that if planters will subscribe funds with the
author as trustee, these funds will immediately be used to secure the
best methoiis of parasite introduction under a competent agent.
Laboratories will be established at New Orleans, as distributing centres,
and in Cuba. It is the intention of the Biological Department of the
Mineral, Metal & By-Products Co. to expand until it has the best force
of expert technical men in the commercial field, and eventually to
manufacture many of the chemicals required for agricultural projects
and to supply at reasonable figures fertilisers of standardised quality
and designed for particular soils.

PiEECE (W. D.). A Proposition for the Reorganisation of Railroad
Agricultural Work in the Interests of Efficiency and Increased
Tonnage. — Mineral, Metal d Bi/- Products Co., Dept. Biol., Denver,
Colo., Spec. Bull. 2, March 1920, 7 pp. [Received 14th July
1920.]

In furtherance of his schemes for the eradication of the Mexican
cotton boll weevil [AnOionomus yrandis] and other pests [R.A.E., A,.
viii, 1581 the author appeals to the railway companies of the United
States to give active support to a servdce that is designed to report
constantly upon msect pest conditions and enable experts to prepare
for probable insect infestations and check them at the start. It is
suggested that this should preferably be a joint raikoad imdertaking,
and it is pointed out how greatly the railroads would benefit by the
increased tonnage that would result from a decrease in insect depreda-
tions. A suggested method of financing the operations is described.

Wakeland (C). Alfalfa Weevil and Control Methods. — Univ. IdahOy
Boise, Exten. Circ. 23, May 1920, 4 pp.

This circular gathers together ui a concise form the known facts
that are valuable to the farmer in combating the alfalfa weevil [Hypera
variabilis] and the losses caused by it. [R.A.E., A, vi, 339, etc.]

397

ScHULTZ (E. S.) & FoLSOM (D.). Transmission of the Mosaic Disease of
Irish Potatoes. — .//. Agric. Res., Washington^ B.C., xix, no. 7,
1st July 1920, pp. 315-337, 8 plates.

The following is a portion of the author's summary of tliis paper : — •
Transmission of potato mosaic by means of tubers, grafting, plant
juice, and Apliids {Myzus persicae, Sulz.) was effected under various
conditions, including those essentially of the field with insects con-
trolled. Infection was obtained with intervarietal transfer of juice.

Transmission was attempted, but without success so far as could be
ascertained in the same season, by means of flea-beetles {Epitrix,
cucumeris, Harris), and Colorado potato beetles {Leptinotarsa decem-
lineata, Say). Preliminary observations indicate that infection docs
not result from growth in soil that produced mosaic potato plants
the previous season.

It appears impossible either for infected plants to recover or, so
long as diseased stock is not far off and insect carriers exist, to assm'e
the maintenance of health of susceptible varieties by roguing plots
or by selecting hills, tubers, or seed pieces.

Isolation of j)lants by means of insect cages, as well as eUmination
of insects in the greenhouse, have mamtained stocks disease-free,
indicating that control of Aphids and possibly of some other kmds
•of insects as well, is the most important means of checking the spread
of potato mosaic among susceptible varieties.

Matsumoto (S.). Budogaichu ni kwansuru Kenkyu. [Studies on
Injurious Insects of the Vine.] — Rinji-Hol'oku [Supplementary
Report], Prefectaral Agric. Expt. Sta., Ohayama, no. 21, 30th
April, 1920, 28 pp., 3 plates.

This deals with three insect pests of the grape vine. The Aleurodid,
Jleurodes loonabae, Kuvv., was originally described as attacking
Taonaha japonica. It infests the upper surface of the vine leaf, which
becomes rolled up and sooner or later falls. It also attacks the grapes.
As observed in confinement, there are three generations a year ; the
winter is passed on Taonaha leaves as larvae, which become adult in
May or June ; these enter the vineyard and lay eggs, giving rise to
another generation in .\ugust that again oviposits on the vine foliage ;
the next brood becomes adult from the middle of September to the
beginning of October and oviposits on Taonaba leaves near the vine-
yard. In the field, though a great many of the insects infest the vine-
yard, few seem to remain and breed on Taonaha throughout the year.
The burning of infested fohage of Taonaba near the vineyards is
therefore the surest method of preserving vines from attack. Kerosene
emulsion with or without insect powder is also efficacious.

A leaf- hopper, Zz/gina apicalis, Mats., does considerable damage to
both fohage and fruit. In breeding experiments it has been found
to have three generations a year and to hibernate in the adult stage.
Vineyards become infested in the niiddle of April, and the eggs are
laid singly in the tissue of the leaf- veins ; they hatch at the beginning
of June and become adult at the end of that month. The adults
of the second generation appear in the middle of August and of the
•third in the middle of September. In the field, however, both nymphs

398

and adults are always present after July. In general, the insect
increases in numbers toward autumn, so that apphcations of kerosene
emulsion with insect powder at the beginning of the outbreak effectually
reduce this pest. In spraying, the vines should be surrounded by a
tent so as to prevent the adults from escaping by flight.

The vine-infesting Ccrambycid, Xylotrechns pyrrhoderus, Bates,
appears once a year, passing the winter within the vine stems in the
larval stage. In May or June the larva attacks the wood beneath
the bark so that the upper portion of the vine withers. Pupation
takes place within the stem and the adult appears in August or in
September. It usually lives a week and lays eggs in the bud, and
the resulting larvae bore into the stem. Unlike most Cerambycids,
this species does not eject its excrement through the aperture of the
burrow, so that detection of its presence is rather difficult, though
late in the season the infested area may be distinguished b}- the dark
colour of the bark and should be removed with a knife.

Aoyama(T.). Kansai no Gaichu ni kwamsuru Chosa. [Investigation
on Injurious Insects of the Sugar-Beet. ] — Tokubetsuhoholu, [S])ecial
Report], Korea: Heian-Nando Seedlimj Plantation Sta., no. 1,.
June 1920, 31 p^)., 4 plates, 1 map.

The weevil, Scepticus insularis, Roel., is a one-brooded insect which
passes the winter in the larval stage, pupates at the end of March and
appears as an adult at the beginning of April. Serious damage is
done by the adults to the buds of sugar-beet from the end of April
to the beginning or middle of May. Tlie insect also feeds on grasses,
Bmnex japonicus, Anthriscns silvestris, Chelidonium majus, Medicmjo
sativa, Capsella bursa-pastoris and Draba nemorosa, and these plants
may be utihsed as trap-crops.

As regards other Coleopterous pests, Serica sp. has one annual
generation, overwintering in the larval stage, pupating in March and
the adult appearing at the beginning of April. The adults devour
the buds, and the larvae, which Hve underground two inches below
the surface, eat the young roots. Opatrum reticidatiiw , Motsch.,
is a one-brooded beetle. It passes the winter as a larva and pupates at
the end of March, the adult appearing at the beginning of April.
The adults injure young buds, and the larvae which live just beneath
the ground (half an inch deep) attack the young roots. Epicaiita
megalocephala, Gebl., is also one-brooded, over-winters in the
larval stage and pupates in April, the adult emerging at the end of
May. It occurs in large numbers and destroys the fohage.

Lepidopterous pests include Zmckenia fascialis, Cram., which has
three generations, the adult moths appearing in June, July, and at the
end of August or in September : it hibernates in the soil as a pupa.
The caterpillars of the third brood do the most serious damage to the
foliage. Baratlrra brassicae, L., has two generations and winters in
the pupal state. The caterpillars devour the foliage. Laphi/gma
exigv.a, Bb., appears in June and in July, and passes the winter as a
pupa. The caterpillars are nocturnal feeders on the foliage.

Pegomyia vicina, Lint., has three generations, in June, July and
August, and passes the winter as a pupa. The larvae mine the leaves.

399

Atraclomorpha hedeli, Boliv., appears once a year, in July, and the
winter is passed in the egg-stage. The adults and nymphs attack
the leaves where beets are grown near weeds. LachnosLerna diom'
fhalia, Bates, appears as an adult in June, passing the winter as a
larva. The beetles hve just beneath the earth and eat the foliage at
niglit. The larvae attack the young roots. Eggs are laid half an
inch deep and pupation takes place 1-2 inches below the surface.
Bolijcoris haccarutn, L., appears twice a year, in May and in June,
and the winter is passed as an adult. The nymplis suck the leaf and
flower-buds.

A beneficial Carabid beetle, Calosoma cJdnense, Kirby, is also des-
cribed, several cases having been observed of its preying on Noctuid
larvae attacking beet. It has probably one annual generation, and
hibernates in the larval stage.

MiTANi (K.), Watarai (M.) & KoNO (D.). Pediculoides-'Dani no
Yadonushi to shiteno Sangyo ni tsuite. [On the Silkworm Pupa
as the Host of the Pediculoides Mite]. — Sangyo Shimjw (Journal
of the Silk Industry), Tokijo, xxviii, no. 327, 1st June 1920, pp.
520-522.

Although it is recognised that the silkworm pupa is the most favoured
host of the parasitic mite, Pediculoides, this is dependent upon the
maturity of the pupa. The authors' experiments showed that para-
sitism by the mite is only readily elYected up to the fourth day after
pupation by the silkworm. This may chiefly be due to the fact that
the silkworm pupa is by this time far more strongly chitinized, and
the mites are incapable of finding their way into the host's body.

Nalepa (A.). Eriophyiden aus Java. (Zweiter Beitrag.) [Erio-
phyidae from Java. Second Contribution.] — Verhand. k.k. zool.-
bot. Gesellsch., Vienna, Ixviii, nos. 1 & 2-5, 15th March & 10th June
1918, pp. 40-48, 49-92. [Keceived 7th June 1920.]

In all, 38 new species are described, belonging to 8 genera, 3 of which
are new. The majority (25) belong to the genus Eriophjes ; 4 to
Phyllocoptes ; 2 each to Epitrimerus, Tegonotus, and Oxypleurites.
For the remaining 3 species the genera Phytoptochetus and Cecidodectes
of the subfamily Eriophyinae and Diptilomiopus (Phyllocoptinae)
have been erected. Eriophyes gastrotrichus, sp. n., is recorded from
sweet potato {Ipomoea batatas). Keys to the species of Eriophyes and
Phyllocoptes are given. There are also two lists, one of the gaUs and
their producers, arranged according to plant orders, and another of
the mites concerned.

Nalepa (A.). Revision der auf den Betulaceen Mitteleuropas Gallen
erzeugenden Eriojjhyes- Arten. [A Revision of the Species of
Eriophyes producing Galls on the Betulaceae of Central Europe.] —
Verhand. zool.-bot. Gesellsch., Vienna, Ixix nos. 1-2 & 3-5,
25th April & 30th June 1919, pp. 25-48, 49-51. [Received 7th
June 1920.]

The title indicates the subject-matter of this paper which concludes
with a key to the species dealt with.

400

Nalepa (A.). Revision der auf Fagaceen und Ulmaceen Gallen
erzeugenden Eriophyinen. [A Revision of the Eriophyinae
producing Galls on Fagaceae and Ulmaceae.]— Fer/ujwfi. zool.-
bot. Gesellsck, Vienna, Ixix, no. 10, 31st March 1920, pp. 386-401,
[Received 7th June 1920.]

The species of Eriophyes infesting the beech, oak and elm are dealt
with.

Faes (H.). La Lutte centre le Ver de la Vigne (Cochylis) en 1919. —
La Terre Vaudoise, Lausanne, xii, no. 25, 19th June 1920, pp.
240-242.

In continuation of a previous paper [R.A.E., A, viii, 348] the con-
clusion reached is that the best means of combating Clysia ambigvella
in the Canton of Vaud consists in spraying the first generation cater-
pillars, measuring about j-V"! of an inch, with pyrethrum-soap and then
sprayiug the eggs laid by the second-generation adults with nicotine.

Martinet (G.). Un Pi^ge k Courtiliere. [A Trap for Mole-Crickets.] —
La Terre Vaudoise, Lausanne, xii, no. 28, 10th July 1920, p. 272.

Traps in every way similar to those used for moles, but only half
the size and of thinner wire, are recommended against mole-crickets
[Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa]. They are also placed in position in a similar
manner.

Bernard (C). Suana sp. — De Thee, Buitenzorg, i, no. 1, March 1920,
p. 22, 1 plate.

Attention is drawn to the exceedingly large number of eggs laid by
some Lepidoptera. The illustration shows a tea twig bearing a
female of Suana sp. and about 2,000 eggs laid by it in the course of a
day.

Blin (H.). Succedanes des Jus de Nicotine comme Insecticides.

[Substitutes for Nicotine Juice as Insecticides.] — Jl. d'Agric.
Pratique, Paris, xxxiv, no. 27, 1st July 1920, pp. 17-18.

The present high cost of nicotine is an inducement to investigate
other substances having at least the same insecticidal value.

A decoction of the stems and leaves of the tomato plant, especially
if prepared with the household washing lye made with wood ash, is a
very potent insecticide that may be diluted with water and used for
spraying in the same way as nicotine. The active principle m the
tomato stem is more mjurious than that in tobacco leaf. The leaves of
Digitalis grandijiora yield digitalin, which is as powerful as nicotine
and serves admirably against the beet aphis [Aphis rumicis], the hop
aphis [Phorodon humuli], fruit tree Aphids, Haltica ampelophaga, etc.
It is in June and July, when the plant is in flower, that the leaves are
richest in alkaloid. To prepare the decoction 30 lb. of stems with
the leaves are boiled for 30 minutes in 20 gals, water. The solution
must be stored in labelled containers, as it is a violent poison, and it is
diluted for use with an equal part of water. It is less liable to scorch
than nicotine.

401

Petroleum, at the rate of 1 part by weight per 100 parts of spray
solution, is another substitute for nicotine. The following is a tested
formula : Petroleum 5 lb., Panama bark 1 lb., water 3 gals. The bark
is crushed and boiled in the water until about 2| gals, of liquid is
obtained ; this is strained through a fine cloth and the petroleum is
added by degrees with constant beating until a perfect emulsion
results. This is diluted with 50 gals, water.

Macrum (C. a.). Combined Bordeaux Oil Emulsion Spray. — 15th
Bienn. Rept. Oregon State Bd. Hortic, Salem, 1919, p. 82. [Re-
ceived 5th July 1920.]

A spray has been designed that, applied as the buds are opening,
will control scab, San Jose scale [Aspidiotus jjerniciosus], Aphids,
leaf- roller, red spider {Tetranychus] and curl leaf of the peach, and
if it dries thoroughly it will stay on the bark all through the season.

To make it a 200 U.S. gal. tank is filled three-quarters full of water,
and 24 U.S. gals, of copper sulphate solution (1 lb. to 1 U.S. gal. water)
are added. Milk of lime, made with 12 lb. slaked lime, is then poured
ill until litmus paper shows that the solution is neutral, and 1| gals,
of glue solution (1| lb, glue in water) are then added ; twelve U.S. gals,
of the General Chemical Company's No. 1 oil emulsion, or a corres
ponding one, are stirred with a little water until emulsion is started,
and poured into the tank with enough water to make the whole up to
200 U.S. gals.

LovETT (A. L.). The Potato Eelworm.— i5^A Bienn. Rept. Oregon
State Bd, Hortic, Salem, 1919, pp. 101-104, 3 figs. [Received
5th July 1920.]

The potato eelworm {Heferodera radicicola'] has been found infesting
potatoes in Oregon. It attacks a very large number of difierent kinds
of plants, forming the galls on the rootlets known as root knots, but on
potatoes the injury is different. The worms form cysts in the tissue
of the tuber at a depth of a quarter of an inch or more which appear
as brownish rings with a pearly centre. The skin of infested potatoes
is usually wrinkled, and there are irregular sunken greyish areas with a
raised centre here and there over the surface. Occasionally seed
potatoes in the earlier stages will show no outward indication of
iiijury.

H. radicicola has practically ruined the potato industry in the
irrigated sections of Nevada, and also occurs in Southern California,
in Oregon, where it seems to be confined at present to one locality in
Coos County, and probably in Colorado and parts of Utah as a pest of
potatoes, and all over the United States on other plants. Once it is
established in a field total eradication is probably impossible, the
young worms working out of the root in which they have hatched into
the soil and mfesting other plants. Seed potatoes should only be
obtained from uninfested districts, and should be carefully examined
for any suspicious roughness or galls ; even if they seem clean, a number
of representative tubers should be broken (not cut) into smaU pieces
and carefully examined for the small brown spots in the tissue caused
by the cysts.

402

If the soil should become infested, planting must be limited to the
few crops, such as cereals and leguminous plants, that are not seriously
attacked, a list of which is given. If plants of this class are used in a
carefully planned rotation for a three-year period, the pest will be
very decidedly reduced, so much so that potatoes may probably be
grown for a year.

Chittenden (F. PL). U.S. Bur. Entom. The Potato Tuber Moth.—
15tli Bienn. Eept. Oregon State Bd. Hortic, Salem, 1919, pp. 105-
110, 4 iigs. [Received 5th July 1920.]

The greater part of the contents of this paper on Phthorimaea
operciilella, Zell., has already been noticed [R.A.E., A, i, 102]. In.
addition it is advised that potatoes for seed should be sorted two weeks
after digging, and again two weeks later, and the uninfested tubers
placed in a moth-proof bin. The latter should be fumigated with
carbon bisulphide and inspected frequently. If any sign of infestation
appears they should be fumigated again.

DupoRT (L.). Note sur les Chenilles perforantes du Riz. — Extract
from Bull. Econ. Indochine [sme loco], no. 134. January- February

1919, 3 pp. MS. [Received 10th July 1920. J

There are four principal species of moths the larvae of which tunnel
in the stems of rice plants in Indo-China and in fact throughout the
Far East. By far the worst of these is Sclioenohius incertellus, Wlk.
{bipunctifer, Wlk.), which causes serious losses each year ; Cyiaplialo-
crocis medinalis, Gn., has become sufficiently numerous at times to
cause severe damage in various parts of Tonkin , Chilo simplex, Butl.,
is mainly a pest of maize, but occasionally attacks rice also ; Sesamia
inferens, Wlk., is very seldom a pest of any importance. Observations
at Cho-ganh indicate that other moth borers also occur, but only
occasionally appear in sufficient numbers to cause nuich trouble.

S. incertellus has been dealt with in a previous paper [R.A.E., A,
vii, 519]. At Tonkin, the damage done by this species alone amounts
in normal years to 10 to 15 per cent, of the crop, and may sometimes
reach 40 to 50 per cent., the loss frequently being attributed tO'
atmospheric conditions. The only method of control that has been
tried with any success is hand-picking the infested stalks a short while
after blossoming. This is a tedious operation, and must be carried on.
over large areas to prevent re-infestation from neighbouring fields.
The same method will be tried next year on the same fields on the two
yearly crops, and will be followed by the removal and destruction of
the stubble in which those larvae that have escaped hand-picking.
occur.

All the four moths mentioned also infest maize. The larvae are
parasitised to some extent by Hymenoptera, but these do not seem
to exercise mucli control.

ZiMMERLEY (H. H.) & Smith (L. B.). A Study of the Cost of Spraying

Ka,\e.— Virginia Truck Erpt. Sta., Norfolk, Bull. 30, 1st January

1920, pp. 121-134, 1 fig. [Received 14th July 1920.]

Kale, which is one of the most important crops produced in Eastern
Yii'ginia, is attacked with increasing severity by various insect pests,.

403

among tlie more important of wliich are the imported cabbage worm
[Pieris rapae], cabbage looper [Phytometra brassicae] and several species^
of Aphids. The first two can be controlled by ii lb. lead arsenate
powder to 50 U.S. gals, of water, and for the Aphids 8| o/. nicotine
sulphate, 5 lb. fish-oil soap and 50 U.S. gals, of water is recommended.
Most of the spraying is done in the autumn, wlien the outbreaks
generally occur. Statistics are given regarding the time requisite for
preparing and applying the sprays, the amount of solution necessary
to spray one acre with a machine drawn at 31 miles an hour, and the
total cost of so spraying one acre with either lead arsenate or nicotine
sulphate, each being calculated for use on rows planted 20, 24, 30 and
36 inches apart. It was found that the saving in the cost of labour
and materials by increasing the speed of the team from 3 to 4 miles an
hour was over is. per acre when the rows were planted 20 inches apart;
that is, a saving of nearly 25 per cent, of the entire cost of application.

Ingerson (H. G.) & Runner (G. A.). Control of the Grape-berry
Moth in Northern Ohio. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C.y
Bull. 837, 3rd June 1920, 26 pp., 1 plates, 1 fig.

This bulletin records the results of studies during 1916-1918 on
Polychrosis viteana Clem, (grape- berry moth) in northern Ohio. The
life and seasonal history are briefly described [R.A.E., A, iv, 190, 383,
etc.], but the bulk of the information deals with control experiments,,
which are described in detail and summarised in a series of tables.

Under northern Ohio conditions, vineyards should be prepared for
winter at the end of the cultivation season in July and left without
further cultivation until the spring, in order to increase the winter
mortality of the pupae. Of the many sprays tried, the one that ha^
given the greatest success consists of \h lb. lead arsenate powder or
3 lb. paste to 50 U.S. gals, liquid, with the addition of 1 lb. resin
fish-oil soap to act as a spreader and adhesive, used either in Bordeaux
mixture or, if in water, with 2 lb. freshly slaked lime to each 50 U.S.
gaLs. Bordeaux mixture should not be used on the Ives variety of
grapes as it injures the foliage. Sufficient spray should be used to
cover all clusters with a thin, smooth film of spray material. The
first apphcation of spray should be made 3 to 5 days after the grapes
have set and the second should begin when the grapes touch in the
clusters, that is, usually 3 to 1 weeks after the first. In cases of severe
infestation the trailer method of spraying should be used.

Experiments with a dusting mixture composed of iO per cent, lead
arsenate powder to 90 per cent, hydrated lime gave somewhat incon-
clusive results ; this method might be satisfactory for treating small
areas, but would need much more frequent application than the liquid
to be effective.

Chittenden (F. H.) & Marsh (H. 0.). The Bean Ladybird.— C/..?.
Bept. Agric, Washinglon, B.C., Bull. 813, 7th June 1920, 24 pp.
5 figs., 6 plates.

A detailed account is given of Epilachna corrupta, Muls., as occurring
in the semi-arid regions of the south-western States, where it is very
destructive to the important bean crops raised there [R..i.E., A, vi
299].

404

The most important natm-al check to this beetle in Colorado is cold
weather. It has not yet become fully adapted to northern chmates,
and many eggs, larvae and pupae occur so late in the autumn that
they are killed by frost. Predaceous enemies include other Coccinel-
lids, such as Hippodamia convergens, DeG., H. qui7i(f(esi(jnata, Kby.,
and Coccinella transversoguttala, ¥., which destroy the eggs.

The latest experiments in controlHng E. cor rapt a indicate that
preventive measures are the most efficient, consisting of hand-picking
and brushing from the plants, clean culture and early and late planting.
Arsenicals have some toxic properties, but act chiefly as repellents.
Spraying with 1 or 2 lb. lead arsenate powder or 1 to Ij lb. dry zinc
arsenite to 50 U.S. gals, of water is recommended, and Bordeaux
mixture (4:4; 50) should be used either alone or in combination with
these arsenicals. Further tests are required to ascertain the most
effective and economical mixture, that will not injure foliage.

A report on the occurrence of E. corrapta in Colorado in 1919, by
A. E. Mallory, is appended.

Fryer (P. J.). Insect Pests and Fungus Diseases of Fruit and Hops.

— Cambridge, University Press, 1920, xv -|- 728 pp., 305 figs.,
24 plates. Price 455, net.

This is a book of reference suited to the requirements of the fruit
and hop grower. The chief characteristics of the structure and hfe
of insects and plants are given, and the insect pests that attack fruit
and hops are described in detail, the information being given concisely,
and tabulated where possible. Beneficial insects are noticed, and a
full description of practical insecticide materials is given. Fungi and
the diseases they cause are dealt with on the same lines.

An account is given of spraying and spraying machinery of all kinds,
with a calendar of work to be done throughout the year. Owing
to the method of tubulating information, with references to other parts
of the book where necessary, any particular detail required on a subject
is readily ascertained, and a large amount of matter is contained in
the space available. An adequate index is appended.

Smith (K, M,). The Injurious Apple Capsid [Plesiocoris rugicollis,
Fall.) — Jl. Ministry Agric, London, xxvii, no. 4, July 1920, pp.
379-381.

Some of the information contained in this paper has already been
noticed [R.A.E., A, vi, 278]. Plesiocoris rugicollis seems to have
increased greatly of late years, and has caused serious loss to apple I
growers.

It produces stunting of the leaves and shoots, serious malformation
of the fruit and, after a consecutive attack for several years, stunting i
of the tree itself. The damage is caused by the action of some sub-
stance in the salivary juices peculiar to this species among those bugs ,^
normally feeding on apple. It is pointed out that there is a possibility '
that other Capsids causing similar injury, such as Lygus pabulinus,
which normally feeds upon herbaceous plants, may suddenly adopt a
taste for fruit trees.

Spraying is useful as a remedial measure, but it is necessary to wet j
each individual with the fluid, as if only a few escape, they are capable '

405

of doing great injury. The best time to spray varies with the season,
usually just before the blossoms burst. A watch should be kept for
the first sign of spotting of the leaves — ^then, after an interval of ten
days to allow the majority of the bugs to hatch, the spray should ])e
applied. A second spraying immediately after the petals have fallen
is beneficial. A formula that has proved satisfactory is :— nicotme
(98-99 per cent.) 3 oz., soft-soap 4 lb., water 40 gals. This wash is
expensive, but less efficient sprays are a waste of labour against Capsids,
while nicotine and soap will kill Aphids, apple- sucker [Psylla mali]
and a good proportion of any winter moth [Cheimatohia brumata]
caterpillars that may be present.

LiZER (C). Nota acerca de la Presencia do la Sitotroga cerealella,
Oliv., en la Rep^blica Argentina. [A Note on the Occurrence of
S. cerealella in Argentina.]— P%m, Buenos Aires, iv, no. 18, 31st
December 1919, pp. 530-531. [Received 19th July 1920.]

The author corrects the statement contained in a paper by Brethes
in which the grain pest, Sitotroga cerealella, is said to be recorded for the
first time in South America [R.A.E., A, vii, 126], and points out that
this moth was recorded as a serious pest of maize in Buenos Aires by
Dr. C. Berg in 1875.

Joan (T.). Nota sobre la Presencia en la Republica Argentina de
un Enemigo natural de los Gorgojos y Palometas del Trigo y del
Maiz. [A Note on the Occurrence in Argentina of a Natural
Enemy of Pests of Wheat and Maize.] — Physis, Buenos Aires, iv,
no. 18, 31st December 1919, pp. 573-574. [Received 19th July
1920.]

The presence is recorded in Argentina of the Acarid, Pediculoides
ventricosus, as an important enemy of the two chief grain ^ests,Sitotroga
cerealella, 01., and Calandra {Sitophilus) oryzae, L. This mite is so
prolific that it would seem easy to propagate it artificially as a check to
these pests of cereals, but as it is known to attack the stems of wheat
and maize it would be necessary to make a thorough study of its habits
ia order to determine the advantageousness or otherwise of this
proceeding.

Lahille (F,). Nota sobre un nuevo Genero de Diaspinae. [A Note

on a new Genus of Diaspinae.] — Physis, Buenos Aires, iv, no. 18,

] 31st December, 1919, pp. 595-599. [Received 19th July 1920.]

The Coccid, Paradiasjyis lizerianus, gen. et sp. n., is described from

the Chubut .region, where it was taken on leaves of Chuquiragua

\ avellanedae and was at fiirst thought to be Aulacaspis [Diaspis)

\ pentagona. A Chalcid parasite emerged from some of the female

scales.

Contra o " Pulgao " branco das Laranjeiras. [Against Icerya pur-
chasi.] — Chacaras e Quintaes, S. Paulo, xxi, no. 6, 15th June 1920,
p. 463.

The Ministry of Agriculture of S. Paulo, Brazil, is importing from
' Uruguay the Coccinellid, Novius cardinalis, in order to check the
I infestation of orange trees with the scale, Icerya purcliasi.

406

Os Insectos damninhos. iv. A Lagarta dos Tomateiros {Mechaniies
nessaea lysimnia, Fabr.). [Injurious Insects, iv. The Tomato
Caterpillar, 31. nessaea lysimnia.'\ — Chacaras e Quintaes, S. Paulo,
xxi, no. 6, ISth June 1920, pp. 479-480, 1 fig.

Os Insectos damninhos. v. A Cigarrinha dos Cannaviaes, Tomaspis
perniciosa. [Injurious Insects, v. The Sugar-cane Frog-hopper,
T. perniciosa.] — Ibidem, p. 480.

Caterpillars reported as defoliating tomato plants m the State of
S. Paulo have been identified as those of the Danaid butterfly, Mechanites
nessaea lysimnia, F., which are known pests of Solanaceae. Spraying
with Paris green or lead arsenate is advised, the latter being preferable
as it is less liable to scorch the foliage. From f to lib. of lead arsenate
per 18 gals, water is a suitable strength. The first application should
be made when the caterpillars are quite small, but if the infestation is
not severe, the cheapest and best remedy is hand-collection.

A Cercopid, Tomaspis parana, has been causing serious injury to
sugar-cane in the State of Minas Geraes. The mfested canes should be
cut down and burned in the field, a hot, sunny day being chosen so as
to ensure the destruction of the larvae in the ground.

Reports on the State of the Crops in each Province of Spain on the 20th
of June 1920.— BoL Agric. Tec. Econ., Madrid, xii, no. 138,
30th June 1920, pp. 447-464.

In the province of Castellon Phloeothrips oleae has done some damage
to olives, and in some localities of Toledo Aelia rostrata has appeared
in large numbers.

Eckstein (F.). Eine Syrphidenlarve aus Larvengangen von Hylohius
abietis, L. [A Syrphid Larva from the Larval Mines of H. abietis.]
— Naturwiss. Zeitschr. f. Forst- v. Landivirtsch., Stuttgart, xviii,
no. 7, July 1920, pp. 178-182, 1 fig.

There does not appear to be any previous mention of the occurrence
of Syrphid larvae in conifers, especially in the mines of Hylobius larvae.
From larval mines in trap-billets infested with Hylobius abietis a
number of Syrphid maggots were taken in the Upper Palatinate. They
closely resemble those of Brachyopa, Meig., BaccJia, F., and Neoascia,
Willist., but a complete identification was not possible. An illustrated
description of these larvae is given.

WuRTH (T.). Verslag omtrent de Werkzaamheden van het Proef-
station Malang over 1919. [The Malang Experiment Station
Report for 1919.]— Malang, 1920, 21 pp.

An infestation of coff eeberry clusters with the scales, Coccus {Lecanium)
viridis and Pseudococcus sp., caused the green berries to fall. Although
spraying the clusters with a 5 per cent, soap solution proved effective
the cost is so high as to be unjustified by the limited injury done.
Infestation by Xyleborus coffeae resulted in a withering of coffee twigs.
An increased spread of Stephanoderes hampel was noted ; some coffee
samples, believed to be attacked by this beetle, were found to harbour
the Anthribid, Araecerus fasciculatus. Extended observations

407

showed that in dry weather living adults and brood of S. Jimnpei occuiiGd,
even after a period of 2 months, m infested berries lying on the ground.
This is of great importance in connection with the question whether
the removal, at one and the same time, of all infested material should
be advised agamst this pest. From one estate, lamtoro [Leucaena
glauca] mjured by bark-beetles was received, the infestation being
believed to be prmiary.

Smits van Bukgst (C. A. L.). Bracon discoideus, Wesm. (Hym.), een
Parasiet van de Appelbloesemkever {Anthonomus pomorum, L.).
[Bracon discoideus a Parasite of Anthonomus pojnorum.'] — Entom.
Ber. Nederlandsche Entom. Vereen., The Hague, v, no. 97, 1st
September 1917, pp. 1-3. [Keceived 23rd July 1920.]

Nearly all the Hymenopterous parasites reared from Antlioynonus
'pomorum infesting the apple in various parts of Holland appear to be
Bracon discoideus, Wesm. It is not improbable that B. discoideus had
Bycliscus hetulae as its original host, from which it later adapted itself
to A. pomorum. As B. discoideus is known to have been bred from
the saw-fly, Pontania proxima, Lep., the introduction of the latter's
food- plant, Salix amygdalina, into districts infested with A. pomorum.
might be worth trying.

Smits van Burgst (C. A. L.). Bracon variator, Nees, en Bracon

scutellaris, Wesm. (Hym.). — Entom. Ber. Nederlandsche Entom.

Vereen., The Hague, v, no. 108, 1st July 1919, pp. 159-100.

[Received 23rd July 1020.]

Bracon variator, Nees, has been bred from cocoons found in pear

infested with larvae of Hoplocampa sp., probably //. brevis, Htg.

Bracon scutellaris, Wesm., which is new to the Dutch faima, is recorded

from fir-cones.

OuDEMANS (J. T.). Pristiphora fausta, Htg., eene nieuwe Bladwesp
voor de Nederlandsche Fauna. [P. fausta, a Saw-fly new to the
Fauna of Holland.] — Entom. Ber. Nederlandsche Entom. Vereen.,
The Hague, v, no. 108, 1st July 1919, pp. 155-158. [Received
23rd July 1920.]
Pristiphora fausta, Htg., is recorded on oak leaves.

OuDEMANS (J. T.). Lophi/rus Jiemorum, F. — Entom. Ber. Nederlandsche
Entom. Vereen., The Hague, v, no. 109, 1st September 1919, pp.
169-172. [Received 23rd July 1920.J

From a cocoon collected in the winter of 1918-19 a female example
' of Diprion {Lophyrus) nemorum, F., emerged on 2nd August 1919.
This seems to show that there is only one generation of this saw-fly a
year in Holland.

: Smits van Burgst (C. A. L.j. De Houtwesp, Xiphydria camelus,
L., en haar Parasiet, Aulacus striatus, Jur. [The Woodwasp,
X. camelus, and its Parasite, A. striatus.] — Entom. Ber. Neder-
landsche Entom. Vereen.. The Hague v, no. 112, 1st March 1920,
pp. 222-223. [Received 23rd July 1920.]
The Evaniid, Aulacus striatus, Jur., has been bred from the larvae
of Xiphjdriu camelus, L., infesting a birch badly damaged by fire.

408

Smits van Burgst (C. A. L.). Uit Duitsche Vlinderpoppen gekweekte
Sluipwespen, behoorende tot de Groep der Lissonotini ; Meniscus
nonagriae n. sp. [Hymenopterons Parasites of the Group Lissono-
tini bred from Lepidopterous Pupae from Germany. Meniscus
nonagriae, sp. n.] — Entom. Ber. Nederlandsche Entom. Vereen.,
The Hague, v, no. 113, Isc May 1920, pp. 239-240. [Received
23rd July I92().]

From pupae of Gortyna ochracea, Hb., and Acronycta abscondita, Tr.,
collected near Berlin, tlio parasite, Echthrodoca conjiagrata, Grv., was
bred. G. ochracea was also parasitised by the rare Anarthronota
thuringiaca, Schmied. Both parasites occur in Jlolland. Pupae of
Nonagria geminipuncta, Hatchett, from Anhalt yielded a new species
described here as Meniscus nonagriae. From an undetermined species
of Nonagria living on Tgpha latifolia in Anhalt Meniscus scapularis was
bred ; this species appears to have been recorded hitherto from. South
Hungary only.

Mayne (R.). Un Insecte nuisible aux Noix palmistes, Elaeis gnineensis,
contre lequel 11 faut se proteger en Afrlque. — Ann. Gernbloux,
Brussels, xxvi, no. 4, April 1920, pp. 166-168.

The chief pests of the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, in the Belgian Congo
are the larvae of the Curcuhonid, lihynchophorus phoenicis, and the
adults of the Dynastids, Oryclcs monoceros and 0. boas. These beetles
attack the palm itself. Although the Bruchid, Pachymerus {Caryoborus)
nucleorum, F., is known to attack tlie nuts of this palm in British
Guiana no beetles of this genus have yet been found destructive to them
in the Belgian Congo, and the necessity for careful inspection and
quarantine to prevent their introduction is emphasised.

Phylloxera vastatrix. Notice to Vltlculturlsts. — New Zealand Jl. Agric,
Wellington, xx, no. 5, 20th May 1920, p. 335.

Ovang to Phylloxera vastatrix having been found in a number of
districts roimd Auckland this circular is issued to warn all vine-growers
once more of the danger to successful viticulture of growing any
vines from cuttings — the Phylloxera-ieQistani stocks excepted. The
method of obtaining vines grafted on resistant stocks from the Depart-
ment of Agriculture is described. Orders must be received in the
winter months and the plants will be ready the following winter.

With vines of this kind it is very necessary to see that after the
season's grov>-th the scion is not sending down roots, which it may do
where the plant is put in deep enough for the union of scion and stock
to come in contact with the soil. This may occur at any time should
the soil be brought up to the scion. In the winter when pruning,
and in the spring when disbudding, are the times to note whether this
is taking place. If it occurs the roots should be cut clean away and
the soil removed from where they have started.

Although Phylloxera is general in many districts, it has been decided,
in the interests of the vine-growers, to allow them to retain vines now
bearing fruit till the planting season of July 1922. After that date all
Phylloxera- &&ected vines must be rooted out and burned.

409

Fletc^her (T. R.). & Inglis (C. M.). Some Common Indian Birds.
No. 3. The Spotted Owlet (Athene brama). -Agric. Jl. India,
Calcutta, XV, no. 3, May 1920, pp. 235-238, 1 plate. [Received
21st July 1920.]

The spotted owlet {Athene brama) is one of the commonest owls in
the Plains of India and Burma, and is constantly found about houses
and cultivated gardens. Its prey consists of termites, beetles, crickets
and other insects and, to a less extent, mice, shrews and lizards. In 8
birds examined, 69 insects were taken, one of which was beneficial,
26 neutral and 42 injurious. At Pusa the chief food seems to be the
large crickets, Brachytn/pes and Gryllotalpa, and dung-beetles. It is
therefore a most useful bird, especially in the control of crickets which
are also nocturnal in habit.

Mann (H. H.), Nagpurkar (S. D.) & Kulkarni (G. S.). The Tambera
Disease of ^oisiio.— Agric. Jl. India, Calcutta, xv, no. 3, May 1920,
pp. 282-288, 2 plates. [Received 21st July 1920.]
In the Poona district of Western India the potato crop is a very-
important one and, in the case of plants grown during the rainy
season, much damage is caused by the presence of large numbers of
a very small mite that may be a Tetranychid. This pest sucks the
juices from the epidermal cells of the leaves so that they are unable
to stand the heavy drain on them and wither p^ematureh^ The mites
crawl from plant to plant where these are in contact, and they may
possibly be carried also by insects and other agencies. The affected
plants acquire a reddish colour, almost as though they had been burnt,
this condition being known as tambera. The disease may appear at
any stage in the growth of the plant, but is more general after it is
a month old. A very similar disease occurs in potatoes in Hawaii and is
caused by a mite that is apparently identical \R.A.E., A, vi, 552 ;
vii, 196]. In order to determine the cause of the disease inoculation
experiments were undertaken, which proved the causal connection of
the mites.

Spraying with sulphur wash and dusting with sulphur were tried and
proved very effective ; three applications were given ; the first when
the plants were three weeks old, the second about three weeks later,
and the third two or three months after planting. The yield of an
unsprayed plot in 1919 was only 1,000 lb. per acre, that of a plot
sprayed after the attack commenced being 5,000 lb. per acre, and of
a plot sprayed from the beginning 8,720 lb. per acre. Spraying,
though the more effective method, is a new process to the cultivators,
and dusting with sulphur from muslin bags will probably be more
general for some time.

It is not known how the mites survive from year to year. They
may possibly be carried over on the potato plant itself. There are two
distinct seasonal crops grown ; one is sown in June or July and is
harvested in September and October or even in November ; the other
is sown in November and gathered in March. Stray plants arising
from the old tubers of the previous crop are always foim.d in the fields,
and although the November-sown crop is not seriously attacked, it is
by no means free from the mites, which become active again as soon
as the hot weather begins in April and May. It is also possible that

(701) D

410

the mite may have other food-plants. An apparently identical species
has been found on Cyamopsis psoralioides (guvar), and cross inoculations
have proved that potato plants infected with the mite taken from this
plant readily took the disease. Chillies and tomatos have proved
immune, but more observations and experiments are required on this
point.

Froggatt (W. W.). Three Native Beetles attacking Orchard Trees. —
Agric. Gaz. iV.^.lf., ^SytZwe^, xxxi, no. 6, June 1920, pp. 421-426,
5 figs.

The Lamellicorn, Anoplognafhis cJiloropyrvs, Drapiez, often appears
in the early summer in immense numbers on native vegetation,
frequently denuding the tops of young gum and other trees and defoliat-
ing shrubs. They recently swarmed into an orchard and defoliated
many plum trees. Both adults and larvae are destructive. The
larva of an allied species, A. analis, has also been recorded as eating
off the roots of strawberry plants.

Perperus insularis, Boh. (white-striped weevil) is a well-known
orchard pest. The adults emerge in early summer from the groimd
where they have pupated and, crawling up the tree-trunks just as the
leaf-buds are bursting, eat the centre out of each bud. Recently,
the yoimg branches of small Citrus trees have been stripped of their
leaves and bark. Hand-picking and shakiag into canvas sheets at
night would have greatly reduced this pest if practised as soon as
it was noticed. An inverted funnel-shaped bandage of stiff oiled
paper, fixed tightly round the tree stem just clear of the ground, would
also trap large numbers. Spraying with lead arsenate has been
recommended, but though the beetles eventually die of the poison they
are generally able to do considerable damage first. A second species,
P. innocuus, also caused serious injuries to fruit trees, and attacked
and punctured many grapes just as they were ripening, as well as
damaging the leaf-buds.

Geloptera porosa, Lea (pitted apple beetle) is a Chrysomelid usually
associated with foliage injury, but has lately appeared in apple orchards,
gnawing off patches of the skin of young fruit. The liie-history is
unknown, but pupation probably occurs ia the soil. The damage to
apples is very similar to that caused ia Victoria and Tasmania by the
Lamellicorn, Diphucephala colaspidoides, which feeds normally on black
wattle and migrates into adjoining orchards. Lead arsenate sprays
would kill the adults of G. porosa, or they may be jarred on to sheets
placed under the trees early m the morning when they are in a semi-
torpid condition.

Report on the Prevalence of some Pests and Diseases in the West
Indies during 1918. [Compiled from the Eeports of the principal
local Agricultural Officers. 1 — West Indian Bull, Barbados, xviii,
no. 1-2, 1920, pp. 34-60. [Received 22nd July 1920.]

This is a resume of various local reports, much of the information
from which has already been noticed [R.A.E., A, vi, 514 ; vii, 204, 261,
366, 481, 512].

411

NowELL (W.). The Red Ring Disease of Coconut Palms. Infection
Experiments. — West Indian Bull., Barbados, xviii, no. 1-2,
1920, pp. 73-7G. [Received 22ud July 1920.]

In a paper previously noticed [R.A.E., A, viii, 66] artificial infection
experiments with the red ring disease of coconut palms were recorded,
and a fuller account of them is given here. Pieces of tissue infested
with A])helenchus cocophilus, Cobb, the Nematode causing red ring
disease, were inoculated into the stems or petioles, or dropped into the
axils of healthy trees. Of eight trees thus treated, six were found
infested after sixty to seventy-four days. The two failures were trees
in which infection was attempted in a basal leaf. During the period
of the experiments, February- August 1919, one tree among the forty-
two remaining trees in the plot was infected naturally. The next case
of natural infection occurred in November of the same year.

The rapidity of infestation shown in the experiments renders
untenable the hypothesis that infection takes place at an early age
without its effects becoming manifest until the tree matures.

The results support the idea that infection occurs in the leaf-bases,
and more recent observations in Trinidad suggest that this may fre-
quently take place by way of the small cracks that develop in the fold
made on the outside of the leaf-base by the bending outwards of the
leaf as it matures. In many leaves examined there was a narrow
streak of infested tissue connecting this point with well-developed
infestations in the softer tissue further along the petiole.

HuTSON (J. C). The Paddy Bug {Leptocorisa varicornis, F.). —
Trop. Agriculturist, Peradeniya, liv, no. 6, June 1920, pp. 363-
366, 1 fig.

Leptocorisa varicornis, F., is one of the chief pests of rice in Ceylon
[R.A.E., A, vii, 349]. The " maha " [chief] crop, which reaches its
critical stage in February and March, is usually more seriously damaged
than the later crops which flower in July and August. The remedial
measures advocated include the use of the bag net, which is illustrated.

Jarvis (E.). Notes on a little known Leaf-eating and Stem-boring
Beetle. — Queensland Agric. Jl., Brisbane, xiii, no. 6, June 1920,
pp. 274-276, 1 plate.
The Chrysomelid, Rhyjmrida morosa, Jac, of which the larva and
pupa are here described, has been recorded as seriously injuring
sugar-cane in Queensland. The chief damage is caused by the larva.
The beetles feed on the leaves of sugar-cane and of their native food-
plant " bladygrass " {Imperata arundinacea). They may also be
found on young twigs of Ficus opposita. The larvae pupate nine days
after entering the soil and the adults appear nine days later. The
adult beetles are preyed upon by a Reduwid bug and an
undetermined Tachinid fly has been bred from the larva.

Division of Entomology. — Jl. Dept. Agric, Pretoria, i, no. 2, May 1920,
pp. 168-171, 1 fig.
Icerya purcJiasi continues to be a pest of Citrus and roses in parts of
the Cape Province, but its ravages are greatly checked by the
Coccinellid, Novius cardinalis.

412

Tobacco growers are asked to be on tbe watcb for Lema bilineata,
which it is thought was originally imported from South America with
forage. This beetle feeds readily on Stramonium and several weeds
such as Physalis and Nicandra that are closely related to the Cape
gooseberry. Fortunately it feeds very little on potato plants, but its
increase in tobacco plantations may necessitate the application of
arsenical sprays several times every season, thus greatly increasing
the cost of tobacco production. The eggs are laid in clusters of
15 to 40 on the leaves of food-plants. The period of oviposition
stretches over several months, and the total number of eggs deposited
varies from 1,000 to 2,000. During the summer the grubs mature in
about 2 weeks from the laying of the eggs. They enter the ground for
pupation, the adult emerging about a fortnight later. During the
winter the beetles hide and may thus be easily carried in bales of
tobacco from one place to another.

The Melyrid beetle, Astylus atromaculatiis, which has become very
abundant in lucerne fields near Pretoria during the last few years, was
probably also imported from South America. The larvae are appar-
ently carnivorous, and the beetles are thought to live on insect eggs
and soft-bodied insects. Psammodes illotus occurred in great numbers
during December. The adult beetles are apparently harmless, but the
larvae are supposed to feed on roots of plants. Although maize and
wheat have been attacked, this pest is far more abundant at the roots
of veld grasses than on cultivated land.

The butterfly, Belenois mesentina, appeared in swarms during
December in northern Natal and in the southern part of the Transvaal.
It is not known to be a pest of cultivated plants, but has been reared
from Rhus sp., probably R. viminalis, and it is suspected that the
larvae sometimes defoliate Capparis albitrunca.

The San Jose scale [Aspidiotus perniciosus] is apparently spreading
into many fresh districts in spite of the precautionary measures in force.

Army Mystery Worm. Action in Case of Recurrence. — Jl. Dept.
Agric, Pretoria, i, no. 4, July 1920, pp. 391-393.

During April 1920 extensive damage was caused to potato, barley
and maize fields in the Uitenhage district by the army worm, Laphijgma
exempta. In several instances the crop was entirely destroyed.

Should this pest appear in teif and other sown grasses, they should
be at once mown down in order to expose the caterpillars to their
many natural enemies and thus prevent their spread. In cultivated
fields sweetened poison-bait is the most effective remedial measure.
The preparation advocated consists of 1 lb. of sodium arsenite, 2 lb. of
sugar or 2 qts. of molasses, 16 gals, of water and as much bran or
finely cut grass as the liquid will moisten. About 100 lb. of bait should
be spread to the acre.

Severin (H, C). Tlie Colorado Potato Beetle. — South Dakota State
Entom. Office, Brookings, Circ, 13, November 1919, 8 pp., 1 fig.
[Received 20th July 1920.]

This circular describes the life-history [R.A.E., A, iv, 172] and control
of Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Say, in South Dakota. The spray
materials recommended are : — 1 lb. calcium arsenate and 2 lb. freshly
slaked lime ; 1 lb. lead arsenate or zinc arsenite ; or | lb. Paris Green

i

m

and 1 lb. freshly slaked lime (the poisons being in dust form and
diluted in 25 U.S. gals, water in each case). The first application
should be made when the potato plants are six inches high, and
repeated at intervals of from 10 to 14 days ; two applications usually
suffice ; 50 gals, of spray cover an acre when the plants are small, but
when they are larger 80-100 gals, will be required. Hand-pickmg
and jarring for small plots are also described.

Le Soeuf (W. H. D.), The Value of the Ihis.— American Forestry,
Washington, D.C., xxvi, no. 319, July 1920, pp. 410-411.

The ibis is very useful to agriculture in Australia. It has been
calculated that a colony of these birds that nests in a swamp in New
South Wales, numbermg 200,000 individuals, accounts for as many
as 482 millions of grasshoppers a day as wtII as other insects. Many
of the slower flying hawks feed largely on insects, and cockatoos also
prey upon grasshoppers by digging up and devouring their egg-clusters.

Caesar (L.). Insects and Diseases in Cherry Orchards. — Canadian
Horticulturist, Toronto, xliii, no. 7, July 1920, pp. 191-192.

The chief insects attacking cherries are : black Aphids [Myzus
cerasi], which as a rule only attack sweet cherries ; plum curculio
[Conotrachelus nenuphar], responsible for the so called " stinging " of
cherries ; and cherry fruit-flies [Rhagoletis cingulata and R. fausta],
which are very destructive in some orchards, though others are un-
harmed [R.A.E., A, iii, 293].

Three sprayings are usually enough to control both insects and
diseases. The first should be applied just before the buds break and
should consist of 1 gal. lime-sulphur to 7 or 8 gals, water, with the
addition of Black-leaf 40 according to the directions for black Aphids.
For sour cherries the Black-leaf 40 is omitted, and the spray should be
only about a quarter as- strong, or Bordeaux mixture (4:6: 40) may
be used. The second spray, applied as soon as the fruit is formed and
nearly free from the remnants of the blossom, should consist of
Bordeaux mixture of the above strength or a little weaker, with the
addition of 1 lb. calcium arsenate, or 1| lb. lead arsenate (powder).
Lime-sulphur is not quite equal to Bordeaux mixture as an alternative.
For the third spray, applied as the earliest varieties are begmning to
colour, the same mixture should be used as for the second. It is hoped
to find a liquid spray that will have the same effect as the sulphur dust,
which has been shown to be beneficial just before the cherries are picked
to prevent brown rot without staining the fruit as liquid sprays usually
do.

Fisher (D. F.). Apple Powdery Mildew and its Control in the Arid
Regions of the Pacific North-west. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington,
D. C, Bull., 712, 29th October 1918, 28 pp., 3 plates, 2 figs.
[Received 27th July 1920.]

The powdery mildew disease of apples is caused by the fungus,
Podosphaera leucotricha, which passes the winter in mycelial form in
dormant buds. It is disseminated by the wind and possibly to some
extent by insects.

The beetles, Psyllobora borealis, Casey, Pentaria nubilia, Lee, and
Anthicus nitidulus, Lee, have been found feeding on this mildew.

414

White (G. P.). European Foulbrood. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington,
D.C., Bull. 810, 26th February 1920, 39 pp., 8 plates, 6 figs.
[Received 27tli July 1920.]

European foulbrood, which is an infectious disease of the brood of
bees caused by Bacillus pluton, is characterised by the death of brood
during its uncapped stage and by the absence of any marked odour.
The disorder has a wide distribution, while the losses sustained by the
infected apiary vary from a slight weakening of the colonies in some
instances to the destruction of all of them in others.

This paper deals with some of the results that have been obtained
from a study of the disease from a laboratory point of view. Among
the problems considered are the resistance of B. pluton to heat, drying,
sunlight, fermentation, and disinfectants ; the effect of the disease on
the colony and on the apiary; and the aetiology, transmission, diag-
nosis, and prognosis of the disease. Work directly on the treatment of
the disease has not been attempted ; but any treatment that is devised,
if it is to be efiicient and economical, must be based upon the results
obtained from the solution of such problems as have been mentioned.

Brandes (E. W.). The Mosaic Disease of Sugar Cane and other
Grasses. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C, Bull. 829,
29th October 1919, 26 pp., 5 figs., 1 plate. [Received 27th July
1920.]

Field observations of plants sufferirig from mosaic disease indicate
that acceleration in the spread of the disease is accompanied with or
preceded by severe msect mfestation. The cane leaf-hopper {Tettigonia
sp.) in particular has been noticed to accompany the rapid spread of the
disease. The evidence in favour of insect transmission is borne out
by the fact that ten healthy plants in insect-proof cages in a greenhouse
did not contract the disease, while five plants kept outside the cages,
but otherwise under identical conditions, all became infected. Aphids
were abundant on the diseased cane in the greenhouse and a few
leaf-hoppers were present. A great deal of experimental work remains
to be done, however, before the theory of transmission by any particular
insect can be established.

Shaw (H. B.). Control of the Sugar-Beet Nematode. — U.S. Dept.
Agric, Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. 772, December 1916,
19 pp., 6 figs. [Received 27th July 1920.]

The sugar-beet Nematode, Heterodera schachtii, Schmidt, is found in
practically every European country where beets are grown. It has
been introduced into the United States and has become well established
in the older beet districts in the West, causing the same amount o f
damage as in Europe. This species is closely related to the root-knot
Nematode, H. radicicola, the points in which it difters being here des-
cribed. As soon as the larvae emerge they search for food, entering
the tissues of the rootlet and feeding on the plant juices. They moult
twice before transforming into the adult, after which the males at once
escape from the rootlet in search of the females. The latter protrude
from the rootlet and, when fully mature, drop to the ground and die,
after which the eggs hatch. Each female is capable of producing from

415

350 to 400 eggs. On the approach of cold weather or other unfavour-
able conditions, the females transform into a brown cyst that forms a
protective covering for the eggs. These may hatch a few at a time
during a period that may extend over several years. This probably
accounts for the fact that eelworms have been known to persist in
ground that has been kept free from all food plants for some years.
Although cold does not apparently injure the eggs in the cyst, they are
destroyed when exposed to a dry heat of 145° F. All other stages
succumb to 95° F. This Nematode in all forms may be easily carried
from place to place by boots, farm implements, etc. It has also been
spread by using, as fertilisers, waste water from the beet washers and
mud from the settling pond. Infested plants may be safely given to
sheep as fodder, as the Nematodes do not pass through the intestines of
sheep alive, but it is not yet known if this is true of other 'domestic
animals.

In addition to feeding on plant juices, this pest causes irritation of
the plant cells, giving rise to abnormalities of the roots and spots, etc.,
on the leaves. These appear about the end of July or in August. The
food-plants of H. schachtii include various crops of economic impor-
tance as well as weeds, a list of which is given.

Crop rotation has proved the best means of eradicating this pest.
A list of non-susceptible plants is given, and beets and other susceptible
plants should only be included once in a rotation of about 6 years.
If the infested area is small the Nematodes may be destroyed by a
liberal application of unslaked lime, which should be well mixed with
the infested soil to a depth of about one foot and frequently turned
over during the summer. The method of surveying suspected fields
is described. Only the females and the brown cysts are visible to
the naked eye.

Fisher (D. F.) & Newcomer (E. J.). Controlling important Fungous
and Insect Enemies of the Pear in the Humid Sections of the
Pacific North-west. — U.S. Dejjt. Agric, Washington, D.C., Farmers'
Bull. 1056, September 1919, 34 pp., 18 figs. [Received 27th July
1920.]

The portion of this paper dealing with the insect enemies of pears
includes Syneta albida, Lee; San Jose Scale {Aspidiotus jjerniciosus,
Comst.) ; pear leaf blister mite {Eriophyes pyri, Pag.) ; the bud moth
{Eucosma {Tmetocera) ocellana, Schiff.) ; the pear slug {Eriocampoides
limacina, Retz.) ; and the pear leaf worm {Gymnonychus calif orniciis,
i Marl.).

The methods of preparing and applying the various sprays advocated
' against these pests are discussed, and a spraying schedule is included.

Ferris (G. F.). Scale Insects of the Santa Cruz Peninsula. —

Stanford Univ. California Public, Biol. Sci., i, no. 1, 1920,' 57 pp.,
35 figs.

This list of Coccids found at Santa Cruz does not include greenhouse
species. Of the 92 species dealt with, 60 are presumably native and
the rest imported.

The new species described include Eriococcus paenulatus on the
smaller stems of Artemisia californica ; E. stanfordianus ; E, vHhsus

416

on Eriogonum latifolium ; Lecanium excrescens on cultivated English
walnut, almond and maple ; Toumeyella pinicola on Pinus radiata.
A synonymical list of the species is given.

AiNSLiE (C. N.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Notes on Gonatopus ombrodes,
a Parasite of Jassids (Hymen., Homop.) — Entom. News,
Philadelphia, xxxi, nos. 6 & 7, June and July, 1920, pp. 169-
173 & 187-190.

The Jassid, Cicadula sexnotata, has been found to be parasitised by
a Dryinid, Gonatopus ombrodes. The method of parasitism is discussed
and the various stages of the parasite are described. A period of 10
to 12 days elapses ^rom the emergence of the larvae to that of the
adult. Xhe cocoon is usually attached to grasses among vegetable
rubbish near the ground.

Although distinctly beneficial, this parasite is not of great economic
importance, as it occurs in very limited numbers.

LEGISLATION.

Destructive Insect and Pest Act Amendment. — Agric. Gaz. Canada,
Ottawa, vii, no. 6, June 1920, p. 479.

An amendment to the Destructive Insect and Pest Act, passed on
14th April 1920, forbids the importation of lucerne hay from Idaho,
Utah, and certain counties of Wyoming and Colorado, excepting
shipments of lucerne hay transported through the districts mentioned
on a through bill of lading. At the same time Hypera variabilis
{Pliytonomus posticus) (alfalfa weevil) is added to the list of destructive
insects, pests and diseases.

Amendment to the Regulations under the Destructive Insect and Pest
Act. Amendment no. 10 (No. 2 of 1920). — Canada Dept. Agric,
Ottawa. MS. [Received 13th July 1920.]

The amendment to this Act, deaUng with the European corn borer
[Pyrausta nubilalis], passed on 19th May 1919 [R.A.E., A, vii, 312],
is rescinded by an Order-in-Council dated 24th May 1920. In
substitution, it is enacted that maize, broom maize, including
all parts of the stalk, celery, green beans in the pod, beets
v.'ith tops, spinach, rhubarb, oat and rye straw as such or
when used as packing, cut flowers or entire plants of chrysan-
themums, aster. Cosmos, Zinnia, hollyhock, find cut flowers or entire
plants of Gladiolus and Dahlia, except the bulbs thereof without
stems, are prohibited entry into Canada from a hst of districts enumer-
ated in the four States of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York
and Pemisylvania, unless they are accompanied by a certificate ol
Inspection issued by the U.S. Federal Horticultural Board stating that
they are free from infestation by P. nKbilalis.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Africa, British East : New Parasites of the Coffee Bug . . . . 377

Africa, South : Notes on Miscellaneous Pests .. ., ,. 411

Africa, South : Measuies against Laphygma exempta .. .. 412

Argentina : Sitotroga cerecdella, not a New Pest . . . . . . 405

Argentina : Notes on Pedicvlaides ventricosus as an Enemy of

Grain Pests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

Argentina : A New Genus of Coccids . . . . . . . . 405

Australia : Damage to Telephone Cables by Wood Borers in New

South Wales . . 374

L STRALIA : Measures against the Banana WeevU, Oosmopolites

sordidus, in Queensland . . , . . . . , . . . . 394

Australia : Beetles attacking Orchard Trees in New South Wales 410

Australia : Rhyparida inorosa infesting Sugar-cane in Queensland 411

Australia : The Economic Value of the Ibis and other Birds . . 413

Belgian Congo : Insect Pests of the Oil Palm .. .. .. 408

Brazil : Pests of Cucurbitaceae . . . . . . . . , . 366

Brazil : Ituna ilione infesting Figs . . . . . . . . . . 366

Brazil : The Importation of Novius cardinalis against Icerya purehasi 405

Brazil : Pests of Tomato and Sugar-Cane . . . . , . . . 406

British Isles : A Note on Antennal Variation in Myeus rihis . . 377

British Isles : Forest Pests in 1919 377,380

British Isles : Notes on the Apple Capsid, Plesiocoris ntgicollis . . 404
Canada : Measures against Vegetable Pests . . . . . . 361, 362

Canada : Lepidopterous Pests liable to be mistaken for the

Corn Borer Pyrausta nuhilalis . . . . . . . . . . 373

Canada: Measures against Cherry Pests .. .. .. .. 413

Canada : Legislation against the Introduction of Hypera variabilis 416

Canada: Legislation against P^rauste «ttlwi!ai!is .. .. .. 416

Cuba : A New WeevU 371

Ceylon: Notes on the Paddy Borer, iepfocorisa roricomts .. 411

Costa Kica : The Presence of Cosmopolites sordidus . . .. 393

Dutch East Indies : Insect Pests of Coffee in 1919 . . . . 406
Europe : Eriophyes spp. producing Galls on Forest Trees . . 399, 400

France : The Utilisation of Beneficial Fungi against Vine Moths . . 368

France : The Effect of Heat on Vine Moths 369

France : Experiments with Pyrethrum Soap against Polychrosis

hotran^i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

France : Measures against Blaniulus guUulatua in Gardens . . 369

France : Measures against Locusts . . . . . . . . . . 370

France : Notes on Pests of Gooseberries . . . . . . . . 370

France : The Value of Pyrethrum -soap against Vine Moths . . 374

France : Measures against Vine Moths . . , . . . . . 395

Germany : A Syrphid Larva from the larval Mines of Hylobius abietis 406

Germany : Hymenopterous Parasites of Lepidoptera . . . . 408

Hawau : Measures against Insect Pests in 1919 . , . • . . 375

Holland : Notes on Braconidae . . . . . . . . .. 407

Holland : Notes on Sawflies . . . . . . . . . . . . 407

Holland : Xiphydria camelus parasitised by Atdacus siriaius . . 407

India : The Economic Importance of AtJiene brama . . . . . . 409

India : A Mite infesting Potatoes . . . . , . . . . . 409

Italy : The Utilisation of Poisonous Gases against InsectPests . . 367

Japan : A New Scale-Insect, Xylococcus alni, on Alder . . . . 376

Japan : Insect Pests of the Grape Vine . . . . . . . . 397

Japan : Insect Pests of Sugar-cane . . , . . . . . . . 398

Japan : The Parasitism of Silkworm Pupae by Pediculoides . . . . 399

Java : Descriptions of New Eriophyid Mites . . . . . . . . 399

Java : Suana sp. infesting Tea . . . . . . . . . . . , 400

Mesopotamia: InsectPestsofWTieat and Barley .. .. .. 372

New Zealand : Measures against Phylloxera in Vineyards . . • . 408

Paraguay : The Effect of Climate upon Insect Pests . . . . 366

Spain : Notes on Miscellaneous Insect Pests . . . . . . . . 367

Spain : Insect Pests of Olives, etc 406

Switzerland: Measures against Vine Moths. . ,. .. ., 400

Switzerland : A Trap for Mole-Crickets .. 400

Tonkin : Lepidopterous Pests of E ice 402

U.S.A.: TheBionoTnics and Control oi Bruehophag'usfunebri$ .. 361

U.S.A.: Poison-Baits against Grasshoppers in Arizona .. _ .. 363

CONTENTS— coKt.

PAGE.

U.S.A.: Dusting Experiments in Peach and Apple Orchards inVirginia 363

U.S.A. : An Infestation of the White Pine Aphid 364

U.S.A.: TheBroodsof the Tobacco Worms in Kentiioky .. .. 36i

U.S.A.: Experiments against the Chrysanthemum Gall Midge .. 364

U.S.A.: A New Aleurodid on imported Azaleas ,. .\ .. 365

U.S.A. : The Transmission of Mosaic Disease of Sugar-cane by Insects 370

U.S.A.: Me^rnvres against Cosmopolites sordidiis ia Florida .. .. 371

U.S.A. : A New Tropical Weevil from Florida 371

U.S.A.: Insecticide Investigations in Oregon .. .. .. 372

U.S.A.: Measures against Poj>'iH7"«jrt^on,iea in New Jersey .. ., 374

U.S.A.: The Bionomics and Control of the Hessian riy .. .. 376

U.S.A.: Control of American Foulbrood in Bees .. .. .. 377

U.S.A.: Descriptions of New Forest Lepidoptera .. .. .. 381

U.S.A. : New Hymenoptera of Economic Importance in Forests . , 381

U.S.A.: The Bionomics and Control of JVe-sam i?(>idit?a in Florida .. 381
U.S.A. : A Blossom-destroying Beetle infesting Mango Trees in

Florida ..383

U.S.A.: Pests iatereepted in Quarantine in Florida .. .. .. 383

U.S.A. : The Establishment of Beneficial Fungi against Whiteflies

in Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

U.S.A. : The Bionomics and Control of the Green Clover Worm,

Plathypena scahra .. .. .. ., .. .. 384,390

U.S.A. : Insect Pests in Virginia in 1918-19 ..

U.S.A. : Notes on Cabbage Pests in South Dakota

U.S.A. : Gooseberry and Currant Pests in South Dakota

U.S.A. : A ready-made Grasshopper Poison ,.

U.S.A. : A Note on the Indian Peach Aphis, Anur aphis heUchrysi

U.S.A. : The Interception of Fruit-fly Larvae from South Africa

U.S.A. : Pest intercepted in California. . ....

U.S.A. : Notes on the Cornpith Weevil, Centrinuspenicellus
U.S.A. : The Bionomics of 8phenophorus pertinax infesting Maize
U.S.A. : The Life-Histories of Jyac/wosier«.aspp. in Kansas ..
U.S.A. : The Life-history of the Chinch Bug in Montana
U.S.A. : A Predaceous Enemy of Bean Bruchids
U.S.A. : Geresabub(dus in Orchards in Michigan
U.S.A. : Ehrhornia cxi,pressi and other Cypress Pests in California
U.S.A. : An Offer to conduct the Introduction of Cuban Parasites of

the Sugar Cane Borer . . . . . . ....

U.S.A. : The Co-operation of Railways in dealing with Entomologi

cal Problems
U.S.A. : Measures against the Alfalfa Weevil in Ohio
U.S.A. : Transmission of Mosaic Disease of Potatoes by Insects
U.S.A. : Measures against the Potato Eelwormin Oregon . .
U.S.A. : Precautions against the Potato Tuber Moth in Oregon
U.S.A. : Insect Pests of Kale in Virginia
U.S.A. : Control of the Grape-berry Moth in Northern Ohio
U.S.A.; Measures against the Bean Ladybird
U.S.A. : Remedies for the Colorado Potato Beetle in South Dakota
U.S.A. : The possible Transmission of Apple Powdery Mildew by

Insects
U.S.A. : A Study of European Foulbrood in Bees
U.S.A. : The Relation of Insects to Mosaic Disease of Sugar-cane
U.S.A. : The Control of the Sugar-Beet Nematode . .
U.S.A.: Measures against Pear Pests ..
U.S.A. : Scale-Insects of the Santa Cruz Peninsula, California
U.S.A. : Notes on Gonatopus ombrodes, a Parasite of Jassids . .
West Indies : Insect Pests in 1918
West Indies : The Red Ring Disease of Coconut Palms
The Properties and Preparation of Pyrethrum Powder
Direct Sunlight as a Factor in Forest Insect Control . .
Immunity Experiments with the Larvae of Oalleria viellonella
The Utilisation of Chloropiciin against Insect Pests of Plants
The Methods of forming New Colonies by Termites . .
Insect Transmission of Plant and Animal Diseases
Experiments with Substitutes for Nicotine
A Combined Bordeaux and Oil Emulsion Spray . . ■ .

Insect Pests and Fungus Diseases of Fruit and Hops (Review)

385
386
386
386
387
387
387
388
389
391
392
392
393
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402
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Registered at the Q.P.O, for Trartsmlaalon to Canada and Nowfoundland by Magoieine Pvst,

VOL. VIII. Ser. A. Part 10.— pp. 417-464. OCTOBER, 1920

THE REVIE
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

SERIES a: agricultural.

ISSUED BT THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOOT.

LONDON

THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
88, QUEEN'S GATE, S.W. 7.

Prlom 18. 4cl. net.

M\ Rights Rdserved.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Ronorarp CommlUec of iHanaflement,

VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman.

Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, CLE., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawb, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Eose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman of the

Governing Body, Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Sir Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lbproy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Hon. E. LuoAS, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John MoFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in

Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Nbwstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., CB., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Sir Arthur E. Shipley, G.B.E., F.R.S., Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C Sperling, CM.G., Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of
England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

©cnccal Secretary.

Mr. A. C. C Parkinson (Colonial Office).

HXrector anD JBDltot.

Dr. Gut A. K. Marshall, CM.G.

assistant Director.

Dr. S. A. Neavb.

Head Office. — British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Roaa,.^-

London, S.W.7.
Publication Office. — 88, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7.

417

Bequaert (J.). A New Host of Laboulbenia formicarum, Thaxter,
with Remarks on the fungous Parasites of Ants. -Bidl. Brooklyn
Entom. Soc, BrooUyn, N.Y., xv, no. 2, April-June 1920, pp. 71-79.

The fungus, Laboidhenia formicarum, is recorded as infesting the
ant, Formica pallidefidva, Latr., subsp. schaufussi, Mayr, near Boston.
This and other species of fungi known to attack ants are discussed.

EoHWER (S. A.), U.S. Bur. Entom. The North American Ichneumon-
Flies of the Tribes Labenini, Rhyssini, Xoridini, Odontomerini,
and Phytodietini. — Proc. U S. Nat. Mus., Washington, B.C.. Ivii,
no. 2317, 1920, pp. 405-474, 13 figs.

This list comprises 8 new species and one new variety, including
Labena confusawax. rninor n., bred from Chrysobothrisfemorata, F., and
Aplomer}is bwprestivorus, sp. n., found in the cocoon stage in the larval
galleries of a Buprestid in mountain mahogany {Cercocarpusparvifolius).

Keys to the genera of the above tribes are given and also to the
species of the genera Phytodietus, Odonlomerus, Aplomerus, Poemenia,
Doderoxorides, Xorides, Megarhyssa, Rhyssella gen. n., Epirhyssa^
Rhyssa, Grotea, and Labena.

CusHMAN (R. A.) & RoHWER (S. A.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Holarctic
Tribes of the Ichneumon-Flies of the Subfamily Ichneumoninae
(Pimplinae). — Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Washington, B.C., Ivii, no.
2315, 1920, pp. 379-396, 13 figs.

As a result of several years' study the authors' opinion regarding the
relationship and number of tribes of the Ichneumoninae (Pimplinae)
as represented in the Holarctic region is discussed. It is considered
that the sub-family name Pimplinae must be suppressed in favour of
Ichneumoninae and the sub-family Ichneumoninae of authors will
be Joppinae, after the name of the oldest included genus.

Cushman (R. a.) & RoHWER (8. A,). U.S. Bur. Entom. The North
American Ichneumon Flies of the Tribe Acoenitini. — Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., Washington, B.C., Ivii, no. 2320, 1920, pp. 503-523,
3 figs.

A key is given to the five genera included in this tribe, though only
two, namely, Coleocentrus, Grav., and Arotes, Grav., are known to
occur in North America. The members of this tribe are mostly
parasitic on wood-boring Coleopterous, Hymenopterous and Lepidop-
terous larvae. Keys are given to the species of the genera dealt
with.

Patch (E. M.). Three Pink and Green Aphids of the Rose.— Matwe

Agric. Expt. Sta., Orono, Bull. 282, December 1919, 44 pp.
[Received 28th July 1920.]

Besides Macrosiphum rosae and M. solanifolii, there is at least
one other species of rose Aphid with distinct pink and green colour
varieties, viz., M. pseudorosae, sp. n., here described. This species
was first found on golden ragwort {Senecio aureus) in company with

(708) Wt. P1850/163. 1,500. 10 20. B.&F.,Ltd. Gp.11'14. A

■ 418

M. solanifoUi, and then on wild rose. There seems no reason to ques-
tion the conchision that the ragwort material, first taken in July, had
had its origin in migrants from the rose. Stragglers of both species
remained on the rose during the summer. Experiments showed
M. pseudorosae to be able to live and produce young on ragwort, and
the young matured on the secondary food- plant. It is possible that
it may prove to be synonymous with M. rosaeformis, Das, from India.

M. solanifoUi, on migrating from the rose, commonly causes heavy
infestation of the potato, and perhaps transmits the mosaic disease of
that plant. M. rosae is not known to migrate.

A key to the New England species of Macrosiphum is given, and
the following new species described : Macrosiphum carjnnicolens,
on blue beech {Carpinvs cawliniana) ; M. ptericole7is from fronds of *
bracken {Pteris aqiiilina) and lady fern {Atliyrium jilix-foemina) ;
M. diervillae from wild bush honey-suckle {Diervilla lonicera) ;
M. impatiensicolens from stem of terminal shoots of Impatiens biflora ;
M. amelanchiericolens from Amelanchier spicata ; M. onagrae on evening
primrose {Oenothera biennis) ; M. pseudocoryli from ironwood {Ostrya
virginiana) and hazel bush {Corylus rostrata) ; 31. pseudodirhodum on
greenhouse and wild roses ; M. gravicornis on Solidago ; M. eupatori-
colens on Eupatorium purpureum ; and 31. lanceolatum on Solidago
lanceolata.

This bulletin also contains a further instalment (Part VI) of the
author's food-plant catalogue of the Aphids of the world. \Cf. R.A.E.,
A, vii, 243.]

Patch (E. M.). The Life-Cycle of Aphids and Coccids. — Ann. Entom.
Soc. America, Columbus, Ohio, xiii, no. 2, Jmie 1920, pp. 156-167.

This paper, forming part of a Symposium on " The Life Cycle in
Insects," discusses the difficult problems of the life-cycles of Aphids,
which, although governed by certain rules, are very confusing owing to
the unusual phenomena that occur in the course of the life-history of
any species. The overwintering egg is true to the rules governing
Hexapods, but between each sequence of such eggs there is a succession
of remarkable phenomena, including parthenogenetic viviparous
generations, extreme examples of polymorphism, alternation of
generations in a series where a duplication may not occur for seven or
more generations, parallel series in which certain females give birth
to true sexes, while others of the same generation give rise to normal
young that hibernate in the first instar without feeding, and a system
of seasonal migration that is unsurpassed by any in the animal kuigdom.
All these divergences from the normal may be exhibited in a single
species. Typical life-cycles of Eriosoma lanigerum, Horn\aphis
hamamelidis, Chermes and Phylloxera are given in illustration. The
relations of the Aphid to its environment and the manner in which it
controls and selects that environment are discussed. The instinct
that prompts the autunm migration is not understood, but whatever
the cause, it is always once and once only in seven generations that the
autumn migration takes place from secondary to primary host and the
reverse migration in spring. It is obvious that environment is influen-
tial in the production of winged forms, and that migration is correlated
with exhaustion of the infested food-plant in the spring and with

419

either that or a normal ripening of the food- plant in autumn. Partheno-
genetic reproduction may in many species be indefinitely continued
in a warm climate or in hot-house conditions. Whetlier temperature
is the direct control is doubtful, for many species produce both alate and
apterous forms throughout the summer ; and it is quite possible that
continuous vegetable growth in a warm climate is the direct encourage-
ment to parthenogenetic viviparous reproduction. Even in tropical
v'lunates with a wet and dry season gamogenetic eggs are produced to
tide over the period of famine ; and in the north some non-migrating
species produce sexuales in August, July or even June on exhausted
vegetation. Certain species, such as E. lanigeruni and Prociphilns
fessellatiis, even when they occur in the north, attempt to provide for
a continuation of the apterous viviparous parthogenetic part of their
cycle by producing annually nymphs to hibernate about the base of the
secondary host at the same tune that the migrants are producing the
sex forms on the primary host.

In the case of Coccids, the specialisation of their structural characters
and the modified metamorphosis of both sexes is discussed, and typical
life-cycles of Coccidae in general, and of Xylococcns betulae and
Aspidiotus pern'ciosiis in paiticular, are sketched.

.Seamans (H. L.). The External Anatomy of Anthomijia radicum, L.
(Diptera Anthomyidae). — Ami. Entom. Soc. America, Columbus,
Ohio, xiii, no. 2, June 1920, pp. 201-223, 6 plates.

The contents of this paper are indicated by its title,

HiCKERNELL (L. M.). The Digestive System of the Periodical Cicada,

Tibicen septemdecim, L. — Ann. Entom. Soc. America, Columbus,
Ohio, xiii, no. 2, June 1920, pp. 223-242, 6 plates.

In discussing the structure of the digestive system of Tibicen septem-
decim, it is remarked that nothing in the course of the present
study has thrown any light upon the reasons for the peculiar life-
history of this species.

JouLiAN (C). A Coleopteron injurious to grafted Vines in Algeria. —

La Petite Revue Agric. et Hortic, Aniibes, xxvi, 1920, p. 10.
(Abstract in U Agric. Colon., Florence, xiv, no. 6, June 1920,
p. 272.)

In Algeria grafted vines have a dangerous enemy in the beetle,
Pentodon punctatus, the underground grub of which attacks the scar
at the point where the grafting meets the American stock. The
nurseries are usually placed in ground riqh in humus as a result of
continued applications of stable manure, and an essential preliminary
to establishing a nursery is the collection of all the grubs present, any
adults found being also destroyed.

EscHERicH (K.). Forstentomologische Streifzuge im Urwald von
Bialowies. [Forest Entomological Excursions in the Virgin Forest
of Bialowies.] — Bialoivies in deutscher Verwaltung, Berlin, no. 2,
1917, pp. 97-115, 19 figs. [Received 28th July 1920.]

The observations recorded here were made in August 1916, during
a month's visit to the forest of Bialowies in Lithuania. Some portions
(708) a2

420

of this forest are virgin, but the greater part shows traces of human
action of slight importance, such as the removal of dead wood. The
chief differences between normal German forests and this area are
its enormous extent — about 320,000 acres, the mixture of many
varieties of trees, the absence of clearings and plantations, the
untouched soil-covering and the marshy character of extensive tracts.

As regards insect infestation it was found that prmiary pests were
not common. Injury to leaves and needles was rare ; for instance very
few spruce showed traces of [Eucosma] tedella or other Tortricids.
Still rarer were such Hymenoptera as Lyda,Lophyrus and Nematus, and
the Coleoptera, Brachyderes, Strophosomus, Phyllobius, etc. Only a
few oaks were badly infested by the oak miner, Tinea complanella.
Galls were not numerous ; in one case galls of Chermes were abundant
on a spruce covered with PhysoJaermes piceae. In spite of the number
of oaks, oak-galls were very rare, only one type, those of the C}Tiipid,
Neuroterus nmnismalis, being noticed. Willows and poplars also were
almost free from galls ; in one instance those of Pontania salicis were
seen on Salix purpurea. The leaf-galls of Eriosoma {Schizoneura) uhni
occurred on elms in the grounds of Bialowies castle. The absence of
injury by Hylobius to the root-crowns of spruce and pine was remark-
able. Of the more harmful Lepidoptera the nun moth [Lipa7-is
monachal alone seems to find conditions favourable to an occasional
outbreak.

In striking contrast was the remarkable abundance of secondar}^
pests. The chief of these are Scolytid, Buprestid and Cerambycid
beetles, which predominate over all others. Among the Cerambycid ae
were Prionus coriarius, Leptura rubra, L. dubia, Monochanius sartor,
M. galloprovincialis, Necydales uhni, Saperda perforata, Clytanthvs
varius, Acanthoderes davipes, Acanihocinus griseus, Liopns nebulosus,
etc. The Buprestids included Buprestis rustica, B. maculata, B. hae-
morrhoidalis and Pliaenops cyanea, all four of which were seen together
in large numbers on one occasion. The number of Scolytid beetles,
however, greatly exceeded those of the above two families. One pine
trunk harboured Myelophihis piniperda, M. minor, Ips {Toniicus)
sexdentatus and /. (T.) laricis, besides Buprestids and Cerambycids, and
this appeared to be the general rule. Of the bark-beetles of conifers
/. (T.) laricis was the most frec[uently met with, other species found in
abundance being /. [T.) typographus, I. {T.) amitinns, M. piniperda,
M. minor, Pityogenes bidentatus, P. quadridens, P. chalcographus and
Polygraphus poligraphus. Hylastes ater, H. opacus, H. palliatus and
Dryocoetes autograjjhus were fairly common and a few specimens of
Ips {Tornicus) suturalis, I. {T.) dnjjlicatus, I. {T.) JongicoUis and
Polygraphus subopacvs were found. Compared with species breeding
in the bark the timber-infesting beetles were few in number, only a few
specimens of Xyloterus lineatus being observed in fallen or standing
dead conifers. The bark-breeding genus Pissodes was almost com-
pletely absent, and no adult individuals were seen, though a few mines
of P. piniphilus and some pupae of P. notatus were observed, (r: iWiti -

Secondary pests were of common occurrence in the case of deciduous
trees also, Scolytiis ratzeburgi was particularly abundant in birch and
in many situations it appeared to be a prmiary pest. Xyloterus
signatns was also often noticed in birch. Poplars and aspens were
sometimes severely infested with secondary enemies ; in one case a

421

freshly uprooted poplar harboured 3 species : — a Cossid, a Buprestid and
the bark-beetle, Cnjphaliis asperatus. Bark-beetles, chiefly Hylesinus
crenutus and H.fraxini, also occasionally infested ash to a serious extent.
The differences in insect infestation in a virgin forest and in a
cultivated one are discussed, the conclusion reached being that in the
Bialowies forest injurious insects are of very little importance. Their
increase is checked by the mixture of plant species, by the vigour
of the trees due to growth in naturally suitable situations and to
natural re-afforestation, and by the abundance of natural enemies.
These findings point to the need for bringing cultural methods as much
as possible into line with the conditions found in nature.

EscHERiCH (K.). Die Bekampfung schadlicher Insekten. — Frankfort
on Main, Werner u. Winter G. m. b. H., 1919, pp. 5-15, 3 plates
[Received 28th July 1920.]

In this article the economic and hygienic necessity for combating
injurious insects is explained in simple language.

CoELHO DE SouzA (W. W.). Combate a Lagarta rosea. [Work
against the Pink BoUworm.] — Brasil Agricola, Rio de Janeiro,
V, no. 1, January 1920, pp. 12-14, 1 fig. [Received 30th July 1920.]

It is recommended that each of the more important townships in the
Brazilian cotton zone should be provided with a cotton-seed disinfecting
apparatus, one made in Rio de Janeiro being said to be suitable. A
furt.her measure against the pink bollworm [Platyedra gossypiella] is
crop rotation, and French beans should be planted in land where cotton
has been grown.

Feytaud (J.). Sur les jeunes Colonies du Termite lucifuge. — C. R.

hebdom. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxxi, no. 3, 19th July 1920, pp. 203-206.

The founding of new colonies by the swarming of kings and queens
is an established fact in the case of Leucotermes lucifugus, Rossi, and
they can form colonies likely to live on freshly cut pine stumps. Two
years later most of these colonies still possess the royal pair in the midst
of a large population, in which the soldiers are relatively more numerous
than in the old colonies. Swarming takes place for the first time at
the end of the second year and is probably not repeated each spring.
The replacement of the royal pair begins before the end of the second
year.

HoLLANDE (A. C.) & Vernier (P.). Coccohacillns insedorum, n. sp.,
Variete malacosomae, Bacille pathogene du Sang de la Chenille
Malacosoma castrensis, L. — C. R. hebdom. Acad. Sci., Paris,
clxxi, no. 3, 19th July 1920, pp. 206-208.

The blood of 50 per cent, of the caterpillars of Malacosoma castrensis,
L., feeding on the leaves of Poterivm sanguisorba in the neighbourhood
of Nancy was found to be infected with a new organism, Coccobacillus
insectonon var. malacosomae. Experiments showed that the cater-
pillars of 31. castrensis and of Vanessa urticae are killed in 24 hours by
an inject on of the Coccobacillus into the blood or by merely pouring
the culture on the leaves, while those of M. neustria die 12 hours after
the injection of the organism, although only 30-60 per cent, are killed
through the medium of the leaves.

422

Eeyne (A.). A Cocoonspinning Thrips. — Tijdschr. Entomologie, The
Hague, Ixiii, no. 1-2, 15th July 1920, pp.' 40-45, 1 plate.
Franklinothrips tenuicornis, Hood, which has been recorded from
Moro Island, Trinidad and Panama [R.A.E., A, iii, 566 ; vii, 185], also
occurs in Dutch Guiana. Its most peculiar habit is the spinning of
a cocoon before pupation. Reference is made to a similar observation
by Kurdjumov in the case of Aeolothrips fasciatus [R.A.E., A, iv, 166].

Insectenpoeder-produetie in Japan. [The Production of Insect
Powder in Japan.] — Teysmamiia, Batavia, xxxi, no. 2, 1920, p. 91.

In 1910, p}T:ethrum was grown on 1,122 acres and produced 865,316
lb. of powder. By 1918 the acreage had risen to 10,474 and the amount
of powder to 6,720,000 lb. In 1919, these figures fell considerably,
being 3,809 acres and 2,479,680 lb. This reduction is due to cultivators
having turned their attention to peppermint and grasses suitable for
strawplaiting.

Byars (L. p.). a Nematode Disease of Red Clover and Strawberry
in the Pacific North-west. — Phytopathology, Baltimore, x, no. 2,
February 1920, pp. 91-95, 2 plates.
During the summer of 1919 red clover {Trifolvum pratense) and
strawberry plants {Fragaria sp.) were greatly injured by a disease due
to the presence of a Nematode, Tylenclms dijjsaci, Kiihn (devastatrix)
[R.A.E., A, viii, 79]. The disease is only found in the Pacific North-
west and then only in the irrigated sections. Whether it is confined
to clover grown under irrigation has, however, not yet been decided
Apparently only those parts of the plant that are above groiuicl are
attacked. The Nematode is no doubt largely spread by water, and in
the case of strawberries it is probably disseminated by means of the
young infected plants used for propagating purposes. This Nematode
has also been found attacking a wild plant, Physalis sp.

Rand (F. V.) & Cash (L. C). Some Insect Relations of Bacillus
tracheiphilus, Erw. Sm. — Phytopathology, Baltimore, x, no. 3,
March 1920, pp. 133-140, 1 fig.
Experiments with Diabrotica vittata (striped cucumber beetle) and
D. duodecwipuncta (twelve-spotted cucumber beetle) in connection with
studies on insect transmission of bacterial wilt of cucurbits are des-
cribed. It is evident that the former beetles harbour the organism
internally when they enter the fields in the spring, and apparently
their only source of infection is the cucurbit crop of the precedmg
autunrn. Infection may take place from the mouth-parts or faeces
of the insects when these come in contact with fresh lesions on the
leaves, provided that the injury involves the vascular system. Beetles
of the genus Diabrotica are the only known carriers of the disease in
nature.

HowiTT (J. E.). Some Observations made in inspecting for Leaf Roll
and Mosaic. — Phytopathology, Baltimore, x, no. 5, May 1920, p. 316.
In northern Ontario the mosaic disease of potatoes appears year after
year in infected stock and is evidently spread from diseased to healthy
plants. The chief transmitting agent is apparently the leaf -hopper,
Empoasca mali, Le Baron.

423

Henry (A.). Chermes attacking Douglas Fir. — Gardeners' Chronicle,
London, Ixvii, no. 1748, 26th June 1920, p 318, 1 fig.

In view of the increased tendency to use Douglas fir and Sitka spruce
in afl'orestation schemes in England, attention is dra^vn to the presence
of Cherynes cooleyi in this country. This Aphid causes great damage to
these trees, and in the United States is known to attack Colorado and
Oregon Douglas fir. It is more common in the Rocky Mountains,
where it also occurs on Picea engelmanni and P. pungens. In the
Pacific coast region it has been found on Sitka spruce. In England
it has not yet been recorded from Colorado Douglas fir, even when it
is grown alongside infested Oregon Douglas fir.

In Montana this pest has been successfully checked in nurseries
by spraying with kerosene emulsion. The importance of planting
absolutely clean seed is emphasised.

Speyer (E. R.). Chermes attacking Trees of the Douglas Fir. —
Gardeners' Chronicle, London, Ixviii, no. 1751, 17th July 1920,
p. 36, 2 figs.

Attention is drawn to the damage caused by Chermes cooleyi. Gill.,
in Bagley Wood near Oxford, especially during 1919, in which year it
also affected a number of plants in the nursery. The " sistens " stage
develops in the spring from hibernating larvae. These adults are
situated on the old needles, on which they feed by sucking the juice.
Numerous eggs are laid by them and the larv^ae from these migrate
to the new shoots and cause them to have an unhealthy appearance.
By the end of May they have developed wings and disappeared,
probably to Sitka spruce.

A few of the larvae remain wingless and are known as " progre-
dientes '' ; these lay eggs which give rise to " progredientes " or
" sistentes." The latter hibernate in the larval form until the
following spring.

The winged form or sexupara on Sitka spruce produces a sexual
generation, all other generations being asexual. From this stage
onwards details of the life-cycle are not accurately known, and the
hfe-cvcle of the closely-allied Chermes strobilobius, Kalt., is therefore
briefly described. [R.A.E., A, viii, 138.]

Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid before planting out m the forest
is advocated for the destruction of this pest. Damage by Chermes
is apparently most serious where the trees are planted on unsuitable
soU.

VoGEL (J. F.). Over het Bestrijden van den Nonvlinder {Liparis
monacha.) [Measures against the Nun Moth, Liparis monacha.]
— Tijdschr. Plantenziekten, Wageningen, xxvi, no. 5, May 1920,
pp. 146-148.

Early in August 1919 some adults and masses of pupae of the
mm moth, Liparis monacha, were observed near Loo in a forest
of about 150 acres of Pinus sylvestris aged 40-80 years. Collection
was carried out from 11th to 20th August, 100 children in squads of
10-15 being employed at a total cost of about £65. From a batch of

424

200 pupae there were obtained 54 males, 109 females, 16 Hymenopter-
ous parasites {Ichneumon flavatorius, Grv., and Pimpla instigator, F.)
and 7 cocoons of Dipterous parasites, while 14 pupae were either
slirivelled or attacked by fungi. The percentages of males and females
were thus 27 per cent, and 55 per cent., an exceptional result as the
males usually predominate. About 84,000 female moths and pupae
were collected ; the males and the few caterpillars were not counted.
The pupae represented about half the catch or about 40,000 specimens.
Assuming 55 per cent, to be females this would yield 22,000, or a total
of 66,000. As each female should average 100 eggs (the maximum and
minimum numbers observed being 184 and 62), the total number
would have been 6| millions, for there is no reason for assuming the
non-fertilisation of many females owing to their numerical excess.
Up to the date of writing (May 1920) the pines were free from infesta-
tion.

^ACHER (F.). Notizen uber Schadlinge tropischer Kulturen. 10.
Aufsatz : Afrikanische Tabakschadlinge. [Notes on Pests of
tropical cultivated Plants. No. 10, African Tobacco Pests.] —
Twpen/pflanzer, Berlin, xx, nos. 4-6, 1917, pp. 159-175, 207-222,
259-265, 37 figs. [Received 1st July 1920.]

This paper was prepared in view of the expected development of
■tobacco cultivation in Kamerun and other colonies, as it is a matter of
paramount importance to recognise a local infestation before it has
time to spread.

Among the chief tobacco pests in Africa are locusts and other Orthop-
tera. The use of poison-baits, such as the Griddle mixture, is advised
against Schistocerca peregrina, 01. Gyna capucina, Gerst., has been
found in Kamerim, but does not appear to be dangerous. Other
Orthoptera include : Acrida (Tryxalis) turrita, L. ; Gastrimargus
marmoratus, Thmib. ; Heteropternis coloniana, Sauss. ; Morphacris
fasciatus, Thunb. ; Acrotijlus patruelis, H.-S. ; Locusta {Pachytylus)
migrator ioides, Reiche ; L. pardalina, Wlk. (P. sulcicoUis, Stal) ; Atracio-
morjjJui aberrans, Karsch; Chrotogonus hemipterus, Schaum ; C. lameeri,
Bol. ; Zonocerus elegans, Thmib. (one of the worst plant pests in East
Africa) ; Oxyrrhepes jjrocera, Stal ; Catanfops opulentus, Karsch ;
C. solitarius, Karsch ; C. vittipes, Sauss. ; C. nielanostictus, Schaum ;
Acridium lineatmn, Stal ; Orthacanthacris (A.) aegyptius, L. (common in
Africa, where it has not, so far, attacked tobacco as it does in Italy and
Dalmatia); Euprepocnemis sp, (from Kamerun) ; Brachytrypes mem-
branaceus, Dm. ; Scapsipedus marginatus, Afz. ; Acheta himaculata,
DeG. (common in Africa, where it has not, so far, attacked tobacco) ;
and Gryllotalpa africana,^. de B. (a very serious pest of many cultivated
plants).

In the Transvaal a bug, Nezara viridula, L., is common in tobacco
fields, but does little harm.

Aphids may cause serious loss, and this may occasionally be the case
with Tipulid larvae.

Lepidopterous pests include the Noctuids, Euxoa (Agrotis) segetum,
E. spinifera, Hb., Agrotis ypsilon, Rott., A. c-nigrum, the cotton worm,
Prodenia litura, F. (one of the worst tobacco pests, for which the
remedial measures adopted in Egypt are enumerated together with notes

425

'Oil its natural enemies), Laphygma exigua, Hb. (the life-history of which
resembles that of P. litura so that the same measures are applicable)
and Heliofhis {Chloridea) obsoleta (an account of natural and artificial
•control for which is given) ; Phlhorimaea {Gnorinioschema) heliopa,
Lwr. ; and P. operculeUa, Zell. (which appears to prefer the subtropical
regions of Africa to the tropical ones).

Among the Coleopterous pests of tobacco the Tenebrionidae are
remarkable for the number of species that are injurious both as larvae
and adults. Gonocephalum simplex, Gerst., is a widely distributed
African species that has been recorded from Kamerun. It is closely
related to Opatrmn ifitennediwn, Fisch., from Bessarabia, and to a
species believed to be 0. depressum, F., in Sumatra. In South Rhodesia
beetles of the genera Zophosis, Psammodes, Dichtha and Anomalipus
have been recorded as occasional pests of tobacco. Trachynotus
griseus, Fhs., is also a Rhodesian pest. Occasional injury to the
leaves has been done in the Transvaal by Strophosoinus sp. and Peritelus
sp. The pests of stored tobacco include Lasioderma serricorne, F.,
Tribolium confusum, Duv., Calandra oryzae, L., Anobium paniceum, L.,
Dermestes vulpinus, F., Tinea pellionella, L., and the cheese mite,
Tyroglyphus siro, Latr. Except in the case of the first two it is not
■quite clear whether these pests occur in Africa.

Zacher (F.). Vorratsschadlinge und ihre Bekampfung. [The Pests
of Stored Products and their Control] — Kaiserl. Biol. Anstalf
Land- u. Forstwirtscli., Berlin, Flabglatt 63, June 1918, 8 pp.,
13 figs. [Received 1st July 1920.]

The pests of stored wheat here enumerated are : — Calandra granaria,
L., C. oryzae, L., Sylvanus surinamensis, L., Tribolium navale,
F., Tinea granella, L., and Sitofroga cereahlla, CI.

Pests of flour, etc., are : — T. navale, Tenebrio molitor, L., Ephestia
kiihniella, Z., Plodia inter punctella, Hb., and Tyroglyphus siro, L.
Pests of dough and bakery products include C. granaria, C. oryzae,
T. molitor, P. inter punctella, E. kuhniella, Sitodrepa panicea, F., Blatta
orientalis, L., and Gryllus doinesticus,Jj. A brief note is given in each
case.

Remedial measures, which are briefly described, include the use of
such chemicals as hydrocyanic acid, sulphurous acid, carbon bisulphide,
etc., the action of high and low temperatures and mechanical methods
(sieves, etc.).

Z.4CHER (F.). Untersuchungen uber Schadlingsbekampfung mit
Blausaure. [Investigations on combating Insect Pests with
Hydrocyanic Acid Gas.] — Mitt. Biol. Reichsanst. Land- u.
ForslwirtscJi., Berlin, no. 17. June 1919, pp. 31-37. [Recaived
Isc Ju'y 1920.]

The conclusions reached in this paper are in substantial agreement
with those of Burckhardt [R.A.E., A, vii, 353]. At the present time
hydrocyanic acid cannot be advised against Calandra granaria, but
on the whole this substance is useful against most of the pests that occur
indoors.

In a series of experiments the following were killed by a -l-hours
exposure to 1 per 1,000 .( - 1220 mg. per cu. m.) : — Tribolium navale

426

(beetles), Gnathocerus conwtns (larvae and beetles), Sitodrepa panicea
(beetles), Crioceris lilii (beetles), Sitones (Sitona) sp. (beetles), Coccinella
sp. (larvae), Syrphid larvae, ants, Porthetria {Lymantria) dispar
(caterpillars), and Ejphestia Hihniella (caterpillars). A mortality ol 90
per cent, was attained with Lacnwphloeus fermgmeus and of 95 per
cent, with Nygmia phaeorrJioea {Euproctis chrysorrJioea).

Zacher (F.). Die Schadlinge der Kartoffeln. 2. Schadlinge an der
unterirdischen Teilen der Kartoffelpflanze, [Potato Pests. 2.
Pests of the Underground Portions of the Potato Plant.] —
Separate from Der Kartoffelhay , {sine loco], iii, nos. 16 & 18, 16th
October & 16th November 1919, 4 pp., 5 figs. [Received 1st
July 1920.]

The j)otato pests dealt with include millipedes, the mites,
Rhizoglyplms echinopus, C. & F., and Histiostoma rostroserratum,
Megn., and mole -crickets, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (vidgaris). In the
case of the latter the author found animal lood in 2 individuals,
vegetable in 8 and mixed animal and vegetable debris in 38. The
measures advised against mole-crickets are traps, flooding the galleries
and poison-baits.

Zacher (F.). Schadlingsplagen im Werderschen Obstbaubezirk.

[Insect Pests in the Werder Fruit-growing District.] — Separate,
issued by the Biol. Reichsanst. Land- u. Forstivirtseh., Berlin,
from Mitt. DentscJien Landtvirtsch.-Gesell., 1920, no. 24, 2 pp.

Fruit-growers in the Werder district of Brandenburg suffered con
siderable losses in 1920 from msect and fungus enemies.

The caterpillars of Cheiniatobia (Oj^erophtJiera) brumata, L., were
abundant and injured cherries and gooseberries. Apples were attacked
by this moth and by AntJionomus jjoniorvm and Eriosoma {Tmetocera)
ocellana. Other injurious insects were Argyropiloce {Olethreufes)i
variegana, Hb., Blastodacna hellerella, Dup., Aporia crataegi, L.,
Nygmia phaeorrJioea, Don. {Eujiroctis chrysorrhoea), Malacosoma
neustria, L., Ddoba coendeocephala, L., Psylla mali, Schm., and the
woolly aphis [Eriosoma lanigervm,]. The two last-named did much
damage in many places. Apples, pears and cherries were severely
infested by OtiorrhyncJws rancus, and cherries and strawberries
by Cneorrhimis jjlagiatus {geminatus). The gooseberry sawfly,
Nemafns sp., and the gooseberry mite, Bryobia praetiosa, Koch.
were in evidence. Hyponomeuta malinellus, Z., appears to be
increasing. Around Berlin severe infestations by Hoplocampu
fulvicornis, Htg., occurred.

Zacher (F.). Vorlaufige Diagnosen einiger neuer Spinnmilbearten.

[Preliminary Descriptions of some new Spinning Mites.] — Berliv.
Typed leaflet issued 17th May 1920 by the author.

The following new species are described :■ — Paratetranychii s gossypu
from cotton in Togo, West Africa ; Tetranychvs salicicola from Avillo\A
and poplar in Berlin and the Island of Riigen ; TeiranycJws {Epitetrawj-
chus) viennensis from apple, pear and heart-cherry in Vienna and Berhn

427

BoRNER ( — ). Aufzucht der Reblausfliegen und ihrer Brut. [The
Breeding of Phylloxem Adults and their Progeny.] — Mitt.
Biol. Reichsanst. Land- u. Forstwirtsch., Berlin, no. 17, Jur.e
1919, pp. 23-24. [Received 1st July 1920.]

The best method of collecting adult Phylloxera required for breeding
purposes is described. Some difficulty was experienced with regard
to the enclosure of the necessary vines, but a cover of finest parchment
paper proved satisfactory ; this cover was attached to the upper end
of a cardboard tube which surrounded the stem and the other end of
which was pressed into the earth. This had to be undertaken owing to
the death in the winter of 1916, through unavoidable neglect, of the
67th generation of a stock that the author had kept under observation
smce 1910.

EscHERicH (K.). Das Forschungsinstitut zur Bekampfung tierischer
Schadlinge in Munchen. [The Munich Research Institute hn-
combating Animal Pests.] — Verh. Deutschen Ges. angew. Entom.,
11. Mitgliederversammlung, Munich, 24-26 September 1918 ; Berlin,
1919, pp. 13-23. [Received 28th July 1920.]

This new Research Institute will include departments for forest ar.d
agricultural pests ; later on a department dealing with enemies of man
and domestic animals will be added. Besides these main divisions
there will be a smaller section dealing with industrial and commercial
pests. There will be an independent division for chemistry and another
for bacteriological and mycological research. The central mstitute
will be supplemented by field stations established in foci of infestation.
Opportunity will thus be afforded for tramuig competent economic
entomologists, a matter that has hitherto been neglected in Germany.

It is absolutely necessary that the results obtained by such an
institute should be available and applied universally throughout the
country. This pre-supposes a popular appreciation of economic
entomology, and the elementary schools must undertake this work.

Stellwaag (F.). Die Verwendung von Blausaure zur Bekampfung
der Traubenwickler. [The Use of Hydrocyanic Acid Gas against
Vine Moths.] — Verh. Deutschen Ges. angew. Entom., II. Mitglieder-
versammlung, Munich, 24-26 September 1918 ; Berlin, 1919,
pp. 24-34. [Received 28th July 1920.]

Tent fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas in vineyards [R.A.E., A,
viii, 268] has been found to give such uncertain results as not to
warrant further work to develop this method.

Treatment with solutions of hydrocyanic acid in water is however
very promising. Even with a weak solution of ^ per cent, the escaping
gas was able to kill the pupae. No other method has yielded a result
of 100 per cent., as was obtained at strengths varying from ^ to 3
per cent. The cost of spraying the stocks is smaller than that of any
other winter measure. Spraying with a solution of hydrocyanic acid
will probably prove useful also in orchards, in combating insects that
hibernate on the bark, and it should also be successful against those in
living or dead wood. Further experiments are being made in this
connection.

428

Heymoxs (R.)- Die Bekampfung der Muhlenschadlinge. [The
Control of Flour Mill Pests.] — Verh. Deutsch'en Ges. angew. Entom.,
II. Mitgliederversammlung, Munich, 24-26 September 1918;
Berliu, 1919, pp. 34-51. [Received 28th July 1920.]

The method of combating Ephestia kiihniella, Z., by fumigation
with hydrocyanic acid gas is here dealt with. This moth was intro-
duced from America sometime about 1870. and the losses it causes in
Germany annually are said to amount to £25,000-£50,000. Fumiga-
tion has proved quite efficacious, but the cost of thig process is against
it at present in the case of most mills. The cost for a mill of 2,000
cu. metres is at least £32 \0s., and for 6,000 cu. metres, over £60.

Frickhinger (H. W.). Organisation der Bekampfung der Muhlen-
schadlinge. [The Organisation of Measures against Flour Mill
Pests.] — Verh. Deutschen Ges. angew. Entom., II. Mitgliederver-
sammlung, Munich, 24-26 September 1918 ; Berlin, 1919, pp.
52-61. [Received 28th July 1920.]

The technical organisation for combating pests that was foimded
in 1917 and attached to the Prussian Ministry of War is described.
The Staff has been enlarged as the demand for its services increased in
northern and central German States. A similar body has also been
formed in Bavaria, the scientific part of the work bemg entrusted to
the Zoological Department of the Bavarian Forest Research Institute.

This work of combating flour-mill pests has proved one of the first
great successes of applied entomology in Germany, and has materially
contributed to the recognition of its value to the country.

Flury (F.). Die Tatigkeit des Kaiser Wilhelm Instituts fiir physi-
kalische Chemie und Elektrochemie in Berlin-Dahlem in Dienste
der Schadlingsbekampfung. [The Work done in the Service of
Insect Pest Control by the Kaiser William Institute for
Physical Chemistry and Electro-chemistry.] — Verh. Deutschen Ges.
angeiv. Entom., II. Mitgliederversammlung, Munich, 24-26
September 1918 ; Berlin, 1919, pp. 61-75. [Received 28th July
1920.]

During the War this institute was attached to the Prussian War
Ministry and worked out problems connected with insect pest control,
including analytical work relating to fumigation with hydrocyanic
acid. An instnmient constructed by Prof. Wieland enables the exact
strength of gas used to be determined. It also proved of value in
experiments made with sulphurous acid in the treatment of horse
mange, an effective method of treatment being arrived at.

FuLMEK (L.). Zur Arsenfrage im Pflanzenschutzdienst. [The Use of
Arsenic in Plant Protection Work.] — Verh. Deutschen Ges. angew.
Entom., II. Mitgliederversammlung, Munich. 24-26 Septeinher
1918 ; Berlin, 1919, pp. 75-88. [Received 28th July 1920.]

This paper re\'iews the properties and apj)lications of the arsenic
compounds most widely used against insect pests of plants. It was
prepared in the view of their increasing popularity in spite of restrictive
legislation and because the War had reduced the supplies of car-
bolineum, nicotine, soap, petroleum and other insecticides.

429

ScHLiJTER ( — .). Die Schadlingstafein der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur

angewandte Entomologie. [Tlie Insect Pest Posters of the

German Society for Applied Entomology.] — Verh. Deutschen Ges.

angeiv. Entom., II. Mitgliederversconmlung, Munich, 24-20

September 1918 ; Berlin, 1919. pp. 130-133. [Received 28th July

1920.]

The German Society for Applied Entomology is publishing six

series of large-sized plates of pests dealing with injurious insects of all

kinds. Each series is placed under the super\dsion of an entomologist

of repute ■w'ith special qualifications for the particular work.

Explanatory circulars are issued in conjunction with the plates. The

Society has distributed 12,000 prospectuses to schools, magistrates,

museums, factories, etc.

FuLMEK (L.) & Stift (A.). Ueber im Jahre 1917 erschienene beraer-
kenswerte Mitteilungen auf dem Gebiete der tierischen und
pflanzlichen Feinde der KartoHelpflanze. [Communications of
Value published in 1917 concerning the Animal and Vegetable
Enemies of the Potato.] — Centralbl. Bakt. Paraait. u. InfeUionskr.,
Jena, lite Abt., li, nos. 12-15, 12th July 1920, pp. 315-336.
This is a comprehensive review of the literature on the subject for

the year 1917.

KoRNAUTH (K.). Bericht iiber die Landwirtschaftlich-bakteriologische
und Pflanzenschutzstation in Wien im Jahre 1919. [Report of
the Agricultural, Bacteriological and Plant Protection Station in
Vienna in 1919.] — Zeitschr. landtv. Versuchswesen in Deutschoster-
reich, Vienna, xxiii, 1920, Sonderheft, pp. 26-41.
The results of a number of analyses of insecticides are given. Various
proprietary brands of insecticides were also tested. Further experi-
ments are being made with tomato decoction against Aphids ; drv
tomato leaves give a less favourable result than fresh ones.

Lyle (G. T.). Contributions to our Knowledge of the British Braconidae.

— Entomologist, London, viii, no. 687, August 1920, pp. 177-186.

This paper deals with the sub-family Agathixae and a key to the
genera is given. Keys are also given to the species of Agathis and
Microdus.

The species dealt with include Agathis anglica. Marsh., reared from
Coleophora. sp. and Depressaria nervosa ; A. brevisetis, Nees, from
Coleophora troglodgtella ; Microdus clausthalianus, Ratry., bred from
Semasia rnfillana and Depressaria atomella ; and M. cingulipes, Nees,
reared from Coleophora sp.

Wallis (T. E.), Mexican Insects in Poultry Food ; Mexican

Cantharides, Notonecta, Corixa and Berosus. — Analyst, xliv, 1919,

no. 521, pp. 284-287. (Abstract in Expt. Sta. Record., Washington,

D.C., xHii, no. 1, July 1920, p. 53.)

The author finds that there is a regular commerce in dried insects

from Mexico for use in poultry feeds, the chief genera present being

Notonecta and Corixa. Poultry eat such insects with avidity, as they

form an excellent relish to poultry food no vesicant principle being

'present.

430

Pemberton (C. E.). Insecticide Sprays : Their Relation to the
Control of Leafhoppers by Parasites. — Hawaiian Planters' Record,
Honolulu, xxii, no. 6, June 1920, pp. 293-295.

In connection with spraying operations against the cane leaf-
hopper [Perkinsiella saccharicida] fears have been expressed as to the
result in view of the fact that some parasites are actually being des-
troyed and that Paranagrus optabilis is the chief agent in keeping the
leaf -hopper in check. A consideration of the life-cycle of the leaf -hopper
and its parasite and the comparative vulnerability of each to the spray
may however serve to allay these fears.

During the winter and spring it was found that, on an average, it
required about 35 days for the leaf -hopper egg to hatch, 62 days for
the young insect to develop to an adult, and at least 15 days more before
the adult began laying eggs, this process continuing for at least 20
days. The parasite completes its development within the leaf-hopper
■egg in about 42 days. As soon as it emerges it begins laying eggs in
those of its host, and has laid all its eggs and died in about 5 days.
Thus about 73 per cent, of the leaf -hopper's life is spent on the surface
of the sugar-cane, while only about 10 per cent, of that of the parasite
is passed under these exposed conditions. Consequently a much
greater proportion of all leaf-hoppers than parasites present will be
destroyed by spraying, and a change in balance is quickly effected.
Besides this the parasite begins ovipositing as soon as it hatches,
whereas the leaf-hopper does not begin to do so for about 77 days.
•Consequently many more of the parasites that are killed will have
laid a proportion of their eggs. A second spraying before 77 days have
elapsed is still more effective. It should be noted that the parasite
attacks even eggs that are ready to hatch, and develops successfully.

In practice no detrimental effect of the spray on the parasite has
arisen, and the parasitism has increased from a very low point when
the spraying commenced to a much higher percentage in a short period.
Further a decided response in the growth of the cane has accompanied
this increase in parasitism and the decrease of a host of leaf -hoppers
through the action of sprays and hopper- catchers operated over the
entire area at the same time.

FuLLAWAY (D. T.). The Fern Weevil Menace. — Hawaiian Planters'
Record, Honolulu, xxii, no. 6, June 1920, p. 299, 1 plate.

The contents of this paper have already been noticed [R.A.E., A,
viii, 191].

Bridwell (J. C). U.S. Bur. Entom. Insects Injurious to the
Algaroba Feed Industry. — Haivaiian Planters' Record, Honolulu,
xxii, no. 6, June 1920, pp. 337-343.

There are four insects effecting perceptible injury to the algaroba
IProsojns juliflora] crop. These are three beetles, which begin to infest
the beans in the field, viz. : — Bruchus -proso-pis (algaroba or mesquite
Bruchid), B. sallaei (glue bush Bruchid) and Pachymerus {Caryohorus)
gonagra (tamarind Bruchid), and a moth, Plodia interpunctella (Indian-
meal moth), which feeds in the pods during storage. Some of the
information given concerning these Bruchids has been already noticed

431

\R.A.E., A, vi, 352-356 ; vii, 434-435]. The first two arc usually iu
the pupal state in the pods when the beans are harvested, while in the
case of P. gonagra the eggs usually hatch about the time the beans are
stored, almost all the damage being done in the warehouse, while the
larva rarely finds enough food in a single bean, as do the others, but
devours two or three before it reaches full growth. All these Bruchids
are attacked by an egg-parasite, Uscana semifmnipennis. In the case
ot P. gonagra 70-90 per cent, of the eggs are parasitised, infestation
of the other species being rather less, probably because they often
oviposit in clumps in which some eggs are protected from attack.
A larval parasite, Heterospilus prosopidis, infests the two species of
B ruckus, but is irregular in its attacks.

Remedial measures in the warehouse may prevent the damage done
by P. gonagra, and the spread of the other Bruchids. Heating is not
possible in practice owing to the cost ; but fumigation, either in the
public fumigating rooms at Honolulu or in others similarly constructed,
is suggested.

In the field, where most of the damage by B. prosopis and B. sallaei
is done, there seems no means of reaching the injury except by the
introduction of natural enemies. Both the Bruchids in question occur
in the south-western United States, and larval parasites may be found
there, while some species of fossorial wasps of the genus Cerceris
may be found to serve as an enemy of the adults.

Plodia inter punctella attacks many kinds of stored food, and breeds
in considerable numbers in algaroba warehouses. The eggs are laid
on the bags, and the caterpillars feed on the sugary pith inside the pods.
Cocoons are made in crevices on the surface of the bag or elsewhere.
While the caterpillars are crawling about in search of hiding places for
making their cocoons they are attacked by red fire ants, a small
predaceous bug, and a Hymenopterous parasite which deposits its
eggs on them.

The best remedial measure is to heat or fumigate the bags after use,
as infestation of new beans sometimes takes place because the cater-
pillars or pupae have been sent out with the bags, and escaped destruc-
tion in handling.

Ehrhorn (E. M.). Division of Plant Inspection. — Hawaiian Forester
and Agriculturist, Honolulu, xxii, no. 6, June 1920, pp. 174-175.

The pests intercepted during April included weevils in a package of
chestnuts from Japan : mites in tree seeds from Java ; moth larvae in
herbs from China ; Aphids on an undetermined plant, and mealy-bugs
[Pseudococcus] on orchids, from California ; pineapple mite [Stigmaeus
floridamis] from Guatemala, and pineapple weevil [Metamasius ritchiei]
and mealy-bug from Mexico, on pineapple suckers.

RoDDA (T. E.). Woolly-Aphis Control. — New Zealand Jl. Agric,
Welliiigton, xx, no. 6, 21st June 1920, pp. 372-374.

Experiments to control woolly aphis [Eriosoina kmigerujn] show that

I the best results are obtained by spraying with oil (1 : 10) heated to 120°

'[F.] during the dormant period ; this also proved most effective against

red mite [Tetrani/chus]. Oil (1:1) heated to 120° [F.] and painted on

the trees proved fairly effective. Crude vaseline was very effective

432

when applied to old knots. Heavy sprayings of oil, i.e., 1 :6 & 1 :8,
during the dormant period proved more effective up to a certain time
than the weaker strengths applied during growth. During the later
period Black-leaf 40, applied either alone or with soap or lime-sulphur,
proved the most satisfactory remedy, although its effect was very
temporary, the Aphids increasing rapidly three weeks after treatment.

Dry (F. W.). Flax Caterpillars. — Separate from Daily Leader
[Nairobi], 29th June 1920, 3 pp.

Observations show that roping is an adequate means for destroying
flax caterpillars, of which Phytometra {Pivsia) orichalcca, F., is the-
most common species in the Nakuru District of Kenya. The ropes,
about an inch in diameter, should be dragged through the flax about
six times a day. This operation should be done early in the day, as
the injured caterpillars, provided that they are not too large, are
then attacked by ants.

Brindley (H. H.). Further Notes on the Food Plants of the Common
Earwig [Forficida auricularia). — Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc.,
Cambridge, xx, part 1, July 1920, pp. 50-55.

Forficula auricularia prefers to feed on plants wdth succulent leaves.
A hst is given of plants on which earwdgs were fed during these observa-
tions, the relative preference shown towards different species being
indicated. A knowledge of the preferred hiding places of these insects
facilitates their destruction should they become a pest, although the
actual damage done seems to be generally exaggerated.

Thompson (W. R.). Sur un nouveau Parasite de la Gal6ruque de
rOrme, Degeeria coUaris, Fall. (Dipt. Tachinidae), — Bull. Soc.
Entom. France, Paris, no. 10, 26th May, 1920, pp. 180-184,
1 plate 4 figs.

A Tachinid, Degeeria collaris. Fall, of which the various stages are
here described, is recorded as parasitising Galerucella luteola- (elm leaf
beetle) in Italy in the spring.

Thompson (W. R ). Note sur Rhacodineura antiqua, Fall., Tachi-
naire Parasite des Forficules (Dipt.). — Bull. Soc. Entom. France,
Paris, no. 12, 23rd June 1920, pp. 199-201, 5 figs.

The egg and first-stage larva of Rhacodineura antiqua. Fall., a
Tachinid parasite of earwigs, are described. The first stage of the larva
was found to be completely developed inside the egg. In the second
stage the larva lies in the body-cavity of its host [R.A.E., A, iv, 324].
The eggs are deposited on the food of the host.

PiCARD (F.). Sur quelques Insectes nuisibles a la Vigne. — Bidl. Soc.
Entom. France, Paris, no. 12, 23rd June 1920, pp. 201-202.

The insects recorded as injurious to vines include a weevil, Tanymecus
pcdliatus, F., w^hich appeared in the valley of the Herault in the spring

433

of 1919, and is generally found in marshes near the coast. A
Noctuid, Calocampa exoleta, L., damages the foliage in May in damp
districts. A Sphingid, Deilephila lineata var. livornica, Esp., appeared
in unusual numbers in one neighbourhood. Scobicia chevrieri, Villa,
hatched towards the end of May and in June from vine shoots in which
it develops under the same conditions as Sinoxylon sexdentatum, Oliv.
This beetle hibernates in the larval stage, Lyctus (Trogoxylon)
impressiis, Com., was also abundant in vine shoots ; it is attacked by
a Clerid beetle, Tarsostenus univittatus, Rossi, and a Braconid,
Monolexis lavagnei, Picard. Chjtus arietis, L., hatched at the beginning
of April.

Callidium fasciatum, ViU., and Agrilus derasofasciatus, Lac, are able
to develop on living branches, but are seldom found except on wild
vines.

LoRENZETi (J. B.). La Isoca en los Alfalfares. [The Larvae of
Colias leshia in Lucerne Fields.] — Gaceta Rural, Buenos Aires, xiii,
no. 155, June 1920, pp. 1243-1245.

The larvae of the butterfly, Colias leshia, occur abundantly in lucerne
fields throughout Argentina, especially in the drier regions. The
first generation hatches in the spring from eggs laid in the previous
autumn ; the life-cycle of this generation occupies about 40 days,
and successive generations follow until the autumn. If the infestation
difes out after the first or second generation, as is sometimes the case in
humid soils or during a wet season, the crop may be very little injured ;
in cases of continued infestation control measures are essential. In
Argentina the cultivated areas are too vast, and labour too scarce and
too scattered to render practicable the ordinary methods of collection
of adults and larvae, the use of smoke or sulphur fumes, etc. It is
therefore suggested that the crop should be cut somewhat before the
normal time and that it should be dried and prepared for threshing,
the stubble which is left being burned over. As the crop dries, the larvae
infesting it will leave it and take refuge in crevices in the ground, under
loose bits of soil, etc. To destroy these, as soon as the crop is removed
and the stubble burnt, the ground should be disked to break it up and
then rolled several times. This should destroy the majority of the
surviving larvae. Another method is to cut down the lucerne in rows,
about 20 to 25 yards w^ide, leaving strips of 5 to 8 yards uncut. The
crop should be left on the ground to dry for a time and then be
removed for threshing. The larvae w^ill leave the cut grass for that
still standing ; on the following day the remainder should be cut
down and as soon as it is sufficiently dry it should be burnt, and this
should be followed by the disking and roUing described above. In
cases of persistent infestation, the lucerne should be cut repeatedly,
even before flowering, and the ground raked and rolled after each
cutting, other food-plants in the vicinity being cut down and burnt
at the same time as a complementary measure. Wherever possible,
lucerne fields can be cleared of the pest by repeated flooding, but this
should always be done in the evening as the sun is liable to injure the
crop when under water. In very small areas, poultry allowed to run
1 n lucerne fields wiU keep them free from the caterpillars.

(708) B

434

Parodi( — .)• Naranjos atacados. [Infested Oranges.] — GacetaRuml,
Buenos Aires, xiii, no. 155, June 1920, p. 1321.

In reply to an enquiry from Corrientes, Argentina, regarding certain
caterpillars attacking orange plants so severely that in four days
complete defoliation occurred, tlie author identifies the larvae as those
of a moth, Streblota bonariensis and recommends spraying the plants
with Paris green for the destruction of larvae and pupae.

Feytaud (J.). Les Parasites de la Vigne. Insectes des Souches et
des Sarments. — Bull. Soc. Vulg. Zool. Agric, Bordeaux, xix,
nos. 1-2, 3-4 & 6, January-April & June 1920, pp. 8-11, 22-26 &
56-61, 4 figs.

This paper indicates the insects injurious to the shoots and stocks
of vines. The species dealt with include Cossus cossus, L., the cater-
pillars of which may be destroyed by piercing them in their galleries
with wire or by fumigation. Termites may cause the death of the
plant vines, but are usually only secondary pests. The most important
are Calotermes Jlavicollis, F., and Leucotermes lucifugus, Rossi.

Other pests include : Sinoxylon sexdentatum, 01., S. perforans
{muricatum, F.), Xylopertha sinuata, F., Apate bimacidata, 01.,
A. capucina, L., and A. monacha, L. These beetles are preyed upon by
Denops albofasciata, Charp., Tillus unijasciatus, F., and Opilo mollis,
Latr. The larvae of S. sexdentatum are especially parasitised by a
Chalcid, Pteromalus bimaculatus, Nees, the Proctotrupids, Laelius
perrisi, Kief., L. tibialis, Kief., Cephalonomia formiciformis, Westw.,
and a Braconid, Monolexis lavagnei, Picard.

A Buprestid, Agrilus derasofasciatus, Lac, and the Longicorns,
Clytanthus verbasci, L., Cerambyx miles, Bon., Phymntodes fasciatus,
Vill. Rhopalopxs davipes, F., and R. femoratus, L., have also been
recorded as injurious to vines, as well as the sawfly, Macrofhija
riifipes,!!. {Tentlircdo strigosa). The majority of these pests do not
however attack healthy vigorous wood.

FuLLAWAY (D. T.). Natural Control of Scale Insects in Hawaii.—

Proc. Hawaiian Entom Soc, Honolulu, iv, no. 2, June 1920, pp.
237-246.

Many of the Hymenopterous parasites now found in Hawaii were
probably unintentionally introduced together with their hosts before
the plant inspection and quarantine rules came into force [R.A.E., A,
vii, 437]. The majority of the beneficial CoccinelHds as well as other
natural enemies of scale-insects have since been imported.

A list is given of the scale-insects and their natural enemies ; this
includes 44 hosts, 37 parasites and 11 predators. ^^ ,

Bridwell (J. C). Notes on Nesotocus giffardi, Perkins (Coleoptera).
— Proc. Hawaiiafi Entom. Soc.,Honolidu, iv, no. 2, June 1920, pp.
250-256, 1 plate, 6 figs.

The weevil, Nesotocus giffardi, has been considered one of the rarer
endemic insects in Hawaii. The larvae, to the number of at least 300
or 400, were found in a fallen tree, Cheirodendron gaudiclumdii. The
eggs had evidently been laid soon after the tree had fallen. All stages

435

of larvae were present, and a few had already pupated on 17th Novem-
ber 1918. During the feeding period the larvae work in the cambium
of the bark, and occasionally complete their transformation in this
portion of the tree, but more frequently, when fully grown, penetrate
into the wood for 10 or 15 millimetres nearly vertically and then direct
the burrow along the grain of the wood. When the larval chamber is
complete the entrance is plugged with shredded wood.

This weevil attacks living trees of CJieirode7idron platyphyllum,
C. gaudichaudii, Pterotropia, Tetraplasandra oaJmensis and T. meiandra.
Efforts to breed from the collected larvae and pupae were not successful.
Adults were kept alive for a month on branches of N othopanux guiljoylei
but oviposition did not take place. The larvae will constru^^t pupal
chambers in sugar-cane, but owing to the warmer temperature of the
lowlands they become susceptible to moulds. The weevil is generally
found at elevations of 1,200 feet or over. As the adults feed on living
as well as dead bark they may occasionally be instrumental in causing
the death of the food-plant by inoculating into it decay-producing
organisms, but as the trees are among the most vigorous on the island,
very little damage actually occurs.

FuLLAWAY (D. T.). A New Species ofFruitfly Parasite from Java
(Hymenoptera). — Proc. Hawaiian Entom. Soc, Honolulu, iv, no. 2,
June 1920, pp. 260-261.

Biosteres javanus, sp. n., here described, was reared from pupae of
Dacus ferrvgineus in fruits of Capsicum at Buitenzorg, Java.

OsHiMA (M.). A New Species of Immigrant Termite from the Hawaiian
Islands. — Proc. Haivaiian. Entom. Soc, Honolulu, iv, no 2, June
1920, pp. 261-264, 1 plate.

Coptotermes intrudens, sp. n., which is closely related to C.formosanus
Shir., is described from Honolulu. This termite was probably intro-
duced into Hawaii from South America or the Orient, and causes
considerable damage to wood products. Large colonies are formed,
but it does not build mounds, the nests being made in or near the ground.

TiMBERLAKE (P. H.). Notes on the Immigrant Hawaiian Species of
Ichneumonini or Pimplini of Authors (Hymenoptera). — Proc.

Haivaiian Eniom. Soc, Honolulu, iv, no. 2, June 1920, pp. 266-275.

EpJiialtes (Pimpla) hawaiiensis, Cam., is redescribed and its
numerous Lepidopterous hosts are recorded. A description is also
given of Ifoplectis immigrans, sp. n.

Bridwell (J. C). Some Notes on Hawaiian and other Bethylidae
(Hymenoptera) with the Description of a New Genus and Species.

2nd Paper.— Pvoc. Haivaiian Entom. Soc, Honolulu, iv, no. 2,
June 1920, pp. 291-314.

The general biology and the method of attacking their prey of the

species of Sclerodernms are described. The species dealt with include

S, immigrans [R.A.E., A, vii, 535], which was originally taken from

i cocoons of the Bruchid Pachgmerus {Caryborus) gonagra in the pods of

i Acacia far nesiana. It is probably an immigrant from the Philippines.

708^ b2

436

Under natural conditions it generally attacks the Bostrychids, Sinoxylon
conigerum, Gerst., and Schistoceros cornutus, Pall., and the larvae
of the Cerambycids, Neodytarlus euphorbiae, Bridwell, Lagocheirus
obsoletus, Thorns., and Coptops aedificator, F., besides the Bruchid
already mentioned. It has also been bred experimentally from
several Anobiids, Tenebroides ynauritanicus or a related species, the
Tenebrionids Tribolium ferrugineum, F., and Gnathocerus cornutus, F.,
a Cerambycid, Xystrocera globosa, 01., and a termite, Calotermes
cantaneus Burm.

The only prey rejected during these experiments were Pseudococcus
sp., Sarcophaga sp. and paralysed spiders from the nests of Sceliphron.

The eftdemic species of Sclerodernms have generally been associated
with wood-boring larvae of the moths related to Hyposmochoma,
Semnoprepia and Hy])erdasys. In August 1919 S. muiri, Bridw.,
was taken from borings of an Anobiid beetle in wood of Straussia.
The endemic species do not apparently attack Coleopterous larvae,
but S. poecilodes, Perk., may under certain circumstances make use
of those of Rhynchophora.

By the use of larvae of Neodytarlus euphorbiae it was found possible
to breed the endemic mountain species, S. chilonellae, Bridw.,
S. polynesialis, Saund., and S. poecilodes, Perk., in the warmer climate
of the lowlands.

From observations made it is considered that Cephalonomia resembles
Sclerodermus in its biology.

Nesepyris ewa, gen. et sp. n., which is predaceous on small Lepidop-
terous larvae, is described.

Bridwell (J. C). New Food Plant of Pink Boll Worm.— Proc.

Hawaiian Entom. Soc., Honolulu, iv, no. 2, June 1920, p. 328.

A pupal skin of Platyedra {PectinopJiora) gossypiella is recorded as
having been found in a dry pod of Hibiscus youngianus.

SwEZEY (0. H.). The Tahiti Coconut Weevil, Calandra taitensis,

Guerin, in Hawaii. — Proc. Hawaiian Entom. Soc, Honolulu, iv,

no 2, June 1920, pp. 333-335.

Attention is drawn to the finding of the coconut weevil, Diocalandra

(Calandra) taitensis, Guer., in Hawaii. The presence of holes

made by the larvae on old dried up leaves near the base of young

trees seem to indicate that this weevil made its appearance some years

previously. It is apparently not very injurious.

Bridwell (J. C). Notes on the Bruchidae (Coleoptera) and their
Parasites in the Hawaiian Islands, 3rd Paper. — Proc. Hawaiian
Entom. Soc, Honohdu, iv, no. 2, June 1920, pp. 403-409.

The species dealt with include : Bruchus prosopis, Lee, B. sallaei
Sharp, B. Ivmbatus, Horn, and Packymerus {Caryoborus) gonagra, F.
[see also R.A.E., A, vi, 352 ; vii, 434].

Bruchus liinbatus has been found breeding in seeds of Samanea
saman, Pithecolobium dulce and Albizzia lebbek, and experimentally it has
been bred from seeds of Acacia farnesiana and pods of Prosopis juUflora.^

All these species are parasitised by a Chalcid, Uscana semifumi-
pennis Gir.

437

TiMBERLAKE (P. H.). Desci'iptions of New Genera and Species of
Hawaiian Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera), ii. — Proc Hawaiian Eniom.
Soc, Honolulu, iv, jio. 2, June 1920, pp. 409-437, 23 figs.

The new species described include Anagynis antoninae reared from
Antonina indica, Green, on Bermuda grass. 'Mxd Ximthoencyrtus ajMrus,
Timb., many individuals of which were reared from a mealy bug,
Trionymus insularis, Ehrh. Keys are given to both sexes- of the latter
genus.

Other species dealt with include Coelopencyrtus orbi, sp. n., reared
from larvae of Odynerus orbus, Perk. ; Xesmatiaflavipes, gen. et sp. n.,
which may prove to be an egg-parasite ; and Plagiomerus hospes, sp. n.,
the host of which is probably a Diaspine scale.

Cory (E. N.) & Travers (W. C). The Control of the Strawberry
Leaf Beetle. — Maryland Agric. Expt. Sfa., College Park, Md., Bull.
236, May 1920, pp. 133-136, 1 fig. [Received 4th Aug. 1920.]

A series of dusting experiments for the control of Typophorus canellus
(strawberry leaf beetle) is described. Effective mixtures were :
85 per cent, hydrated lime and 15 per cent, calcium arsenate ; and
65 per cent, hydrated lime, 20 per cent, ground Bordeaux and 15 per
cent, lead arsenate. The second mixture seemed also to give some
control of leaf spot. Mowing before dusting gave a little advantage,
but hardly enough to make it an economical practice.

The first application should be made about 1st July, and be followed
by a second in three weeks. Applications should be repeated if followed
in the course of several days by heavy rain, or if the injury to the
plants is seen to have continued on subsequent examination.

Griddle (N.). Fragments in the Life-Habits of Manitoba Insects — IL

— Canad. Entotn., Toronto, Hi, no. 6-7, June-July 1920, pp. 121-
125.

The brome -grass cutworm. Trachea finitima cerivana, Smith, feeds
by night on brome-grass {Bromus inermis), hiding in the sheaves by
day. The larvae first attract attention about the middle of September,
when they gather into the grass sheaves that have been cut for seed
purposes. They hibernate, and pupate in May, the adults emerging in
June. This moth occurs over a wide area in Manitoba, Saskatchewan
and Alberta. In Manitoba the caterpillars are usually so abundant
in the sheaves at threshing time as to cause considerable annoyance,
but the actual damage done to the plants seems to be very small
considering the number present. This is probably due to the vigorous
growth of the grass after harvest, which thus largely overcomes the
insects' attack. It is not, therefore, a serious menance at the present
time ; but should it increase to still greater numbers, the loss would have
an important bearing on the pasture situation, brome-grass being
one of the most valuable fodder-plants of the w^est.

Remedial measures may include ploughing in July and culti-
vating later to prevent further growth, thus starving the caterpillars,
destroying the insects shaken into the racks when threshing, using
brome-grass straw for fodder and burning the refuse round the
threshing place.

438

Proteopteryx oregonana (early aspen-leaf curler) was one of the three
IVIicrolepidoptera that infested aspen poplar {Po]iulus tremuloides) in
1917-18 [R.A.E., A, vii, 73]. The moths are on the wing in swarms
in March. The larvae usually hatch towards the end of April, and
drop from the trees to pupate about the end of May. The pupal stage
lasts from early June till the following spring.

Parasites of P. oregonana are numerous, but have not been studied.
Of predaceous enemies there are a number, particularly a Carabid
beetle, Calosoma frigidum, the adults of which devour the caterpillars
on the trees, while the larvae seek out and destroy the pupae buried
under dead leaves. Several birds also feed on the caterpillars, species
that are passing during migration being the more useful, as the cater-
pillars have pupated before many of the native birds commence to nest.

Hopping (R.). A New Species of the Genus Pissodes (Coleoptera). —

Canad. Entom., Toronto, lii, no. 6-7, June-July 1920, pp. 132-134.

Pissodes terminalis, sp. n., here described, seems to be the only
Californian species of this genus to breed on lodge-pole pine {Pinus
contorta), and the only one to attack the terminals. In certain dis-
tricts large areas of lodge -pole pine stands have suffered seriously
from its attacks, the general infestation being on the terminal of the
stem.

Many of the trees that had been attacked for three years had a
squat appearance, caused by curtailing height and stimulating lateral
growth. Healthy trees were attacked, while trees infected by the
fungus, Peridermium harknessi, were avoided. The terminal is generally
killed down to, and sometimes including, the first whorl of branches.
The larvae mine the centre of pith of the terminal, each terminal
producing from one to six weevils. Transformation takes place in the
autumn, the adult apparently hibernating through the winter in the
larval gallery. In many places the larvae were heavily parasitised
by a small Dipteron.

WiCKHAM (H. F.). An Interesting Otiorhynchide Weevil from
Vancouver Island (Coleoptera). — Canad. Entom.. Toronto, lii,
no. 6-7, June- July 1920, pp. 134-135.

Panscopus {Phymatimis) sulcirostris. Pierce, is here recorded from
Vancouver Island. Large numbers of this weevil were found in early
May 1916 feeding upon the leaves of Lilium pardalinum ; and quantities
of the larvae, and a few pupae were disclosed by digging about the
roots of the lilies. There is every likelihood that this weevil may
reappear as a pest of some importance in flower gardens along the north
Pacific coast.

Glendenning (R.). Some Notes on the Eriophyidae (Acarina) in
British Columbia. — Canad. Entom.., Toronto, lii, no. 6-7, June-
July 1920, pp. 136-137.
This paper records an infection of " Big-bud " on Ribes bracteosum,
a wild black currant, by mites from infested black currant bushes
imported from England to Vancouver Island. On the mainland the
native hazel (Corylus calif ornica) is frequently attacked by a similar
mite, which also attacks Ribes lacustre aiid R. bracteosum.

.439

The question of the specific identity of the mites on these plants is
considered, and it is suggested that three of the four Enghsh mites,
Eriophyes avellana, E. ribis and E. grossulariae are not good species
and would be transferable from one food-plant to another. Proof
of this has liowever not been obtained. The fact that the mite on
the mainland, which is strongly established in the lower Fraser Valley,
apparently lives on both hazel and currant, will have a retarding
uifluence on the planting of these districts with small fruits, especially
black currants ; and it would be inadvisable to let any large area be
planted until the fact that this mite will not affect the cultivated
varieties of black currant and gooseberry has been proved beyond all
doubt.

VAN Hall (C. J. J.). Carbolineum ter Bestrijding van Ziekten en
Plagen in onze Gewassen. [The Use of Carbolineum against
Diseases and Pests of our Crops.] — Teysmannia, Batavia, xxxi,
no. 3, 1920, pp. 119-126.

Some of the advantages and disadvantages of carbolineum as an
insecticide are discussed. This substance is largely used on the trunks
and larger branches, but only rarely on the leaves and twigs, and it
is of no importance as a soil disinfectant. A weak point is its irregular
quality ; even if each batch is chemically tested, the result will not
show whether the material is efficient against the pests and non-
injurious to the plants. Another disadvantage is the irregular
behaviour of different samples as regards emulsification. In Dutch
Guiana an 8 per cent, solution has proved effective against the scale.
Coccus {Lecanium) viridis, on Liberian coffee, and it is worthy of note
that the foliage did not suffer. Against scales in the Dutch East Indies
a trial with an 8 per cent, solution should be made and if the foliage is
injured it is best to prune the leaves and twigs prior to spraying,
when a stronger solution — of 10 or even 20 per cent, strength — may
be used with impunity.

It is important that only such carbolineum be used as yields a milk-
white or dirtv white solution in water ; a light brown or light violet-
brown colour denotes a quality unsuitable for spraying plants.

VAX Hall (C. J. J.). Derris als Insecticide. [Derris as an Insecticide.]
— Teysmannia, Batavia, xxxi, no. 4, 1920, pp. 159-166.

The chief part of this paper is taken from one recently noticed [R.A.E,
A. vii, 496]. There is also a reference to a short article, issued by Wood
in 1912 {Agricultural Bulletin Fed. Malay States, i, p. 164), which
recorded the successful application of derris against ants and cabbage
caterpillars. About 2 lb. of the root were crushed by beating, 1 gal.
of boiling water was added and 1 part of the decoction thus obtained
after a few hour's soaking was diluted with 8 parts of water for use.

Reyne (A.). Bestrijding van den Cacaothrips. [Measures against the
Cacao Thrips.J — Meded. Dept. Landbouw Suriname, Paramaribo,
no. 15, 12th December 1919, 3 pp. [Received 10th August 1920.]

Owing to the lack of a practical method nothing has been done
hitherto to combat Heliothrips rubrocinctns, Giard, which is the most
serious insect pest of cacao in Dutch Guiana. It is a primary pest

440 .

there, and infests trees in good condition, in which, case spraying is the
only remedy. As a general rule it is well to have a uniform, and not too
light a shade over the cacao, for the thrips increases rapidly in open
situations. Laboratory tests have shown that contact insecticides
are unable to kill more than 60 per cent, of the larvae and probably
do not affect the eggs. If Bordeaux mixture, Paris green, and lead
arsenate are used, the thrips are quickly poisoned ; milk of lime is not
so rapid in its action. In the field a spray containing 2 parts by weight
of unslaked lime in 100 of water remained on the foliage for several
months and infestation was prevented. It is probable therefore that
the good results obtained in Trinidad with a combination of Bordeaux
mixture and nicotine sulphate are due to the Bordeaux mixture, and
that the latter may be replaced by the very cheap milk of lime. The
advantages as compared with contact insecticides are that the protection
lasts for months (as long as the covering is present), even single trees
may be treated, and there is no danger of re -infestation from adjacent
plants. The shade-producing properties of the covering probably
promote the vital processes of the plant.

In a test described, 5 plots were sprayed with a 2 per cent, solution
of Bordeaux mixture containing 1 per 1,000 of Black-leaf 40 (nicotine
sulphate), 3 plots were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture alone, and 2
were left untreated. The difference between the untreated and treated
plots was very marked, but no difference was seen between the two
lots of treated plots. The action was purely protective, and when
much new leaf is formed spraying must be repeated. The under-sides
only of the leaves were sprayed, so that angle-nozzles are suitable.
It is better to spray a few trees thoroughly than to treat a large number
carelessly. Milk of lime must be well stirred.

Reyne (A.). Bestrijding van den Cacaothrips door Bespuiting mit
Kalkmelk. [Combating the Cacao Thrips by Spraying with Milk
of Lime.] — Meded. Dept. Landhouw Suriname, Paramaribo, no. 16,
1st July 1920, 3 pp.

A count was taken in May 1920 of the pods in the test plots referred
to in the preceding paper and it was found that the treated trees
averaged 5J pods more than the others. The cost per tree was about
3d. It is desirable that spraying should be energetically prosecuted
in the current year, and if it proves a success economically, cacao
cultivation will flourish anew.

It is advisable to spray the plots where thrips appeared the previous
year. Furthermore, if after the chief rainy season one ordinary full-
grown leaf be taken from each of 100 trees and the thrips counted,
spraying will be justified if an average of one thrips per leaf is obtained.
In examining trees the presence of thrips or of fresh punctures should
be sought for ; rusty leaves and defoliated trees only prove that infesta-
tion has already taken place. Spraying should be done immediately
after the rains, in July and the first half of August in the case of a
normal year. The formation of new leaf renders a repetition of the
spraying needful ; spraying must certainly be done when the amount
of new leaf equals that of the old. As a general rule two appHcations
should be sufficient for old cacao and three for new. The good con-
dition of the spraying apparatus, and the careful application of the
spray to the under-side of the leaves are important factors in success.

•141

VAN Slogteken (E.). De Nematoden-Bestrijding in de Bloembollen-
streek. [The Combating of Nematodes in the Dutch Bulb-
growing Districts.] — Tijdschr. Pkmtenziekten, Wagenwgen, xxvi,
nos. 5, 7, 8, May, July, August 1920, pp. 118-138, 161-171, 177-
188, 4 figs., 3 plates.

A detailed account of the infestation of flower bulbs by Nematodes
and of the measures advised against them is given. When the bulbs
are still in the ground and both ground and bulbs are infested, the
removal of affected bulbs with the earth surrounding them is the
measure advocated. If the ground is not planted, it should be turned
over so that the upper layer is buried ; an alternative method consists
in carefully removing the top layer to a depth of 7 inches, and putting
down clean sand before planting uninfested bulbs.

Infested bulbs may be freed from Nematodes by immersion in hot
water or exposure to hot air. Care must be taken to do this at the most
favourable time and with the method best suited to the particular
bulb. Up to the present, for instance, hot water has not given good
results with hyacinths.

All WOOD (M, C). Carnations — their Pests and Diseases. — Jl.
R. Hortic. Soc, London, xlv, no. 2-3, July 1920, pp. 233-236, 4 figs.

The chief insect pest of carnations is Tetranychus telarius (red spider)
which usually appears in June, July and August, and may be eradicated
by syringing at very high pressure the under-sides of the leaves with
clear cold water and once every fourteen days with nicotine extract.
One application of nicotine preparation will destroy Aphids, and this
is also the most effective remedy against Heliothrips tabaci.

Agriotes spp., Tylenclms dipsaci {devastatrix) (eelworm), Tipula
oleracea (leather-jacket grub), etc., may be reduced by treating the soil
in the spring. This includes ploughing from 4 to 5 inches and allowing
chickens to pick over the soil. For special seedlings the soil is sterilised
with steam.

KussELL (E. J.). The Partial Sterilization of Soils. — Jl. R. Hortic.

Soc, London, xlv, no. 2-3, July 1920, pp. 237-246, 7 figs.

Partial sterilisation of the soil has been found to be an effective
and in some cases the only means of eradicating organisms noxious to
plants. Of the various methods tested, steam is decidedly the most
efficacious and reliable, as it kills all organisms and animal pests, and
also facilitates the work of beneficial organisms by bringing about a
certain amount of decomposition. Owing to the expense involved
with this method experiments have been carried out to find an efficient
chemical steriliser. The use of chemicals for this purpose is not only
cheaper, but also more convenient. It is most essential that the sub-
stance should disappear from the soil after its work is done. This
may occur by evaporation, oxidation or decomposition. The various
substances tested include carbon bisulphide, toluene, cresylic acid
(hquid carbolic acid) and chloropicrin. The latter is one of the best,
and proved fatal to eelworms and wireworms besides being harmless
to plants, but it is unfortunately very awkward and dangerous to
handle.

A

442

Toluene and carbon bisulphide are unreliable. Although liquid
carbolic acid was not nearly so effective as steam, it has proved the
most convenient of all the chemical substances for use on a large scale.

In laboratory experiments its effectiveness against eelworms and
fimgi is improved by introducing chlorine atoms.

The method of using cresylic acid is to add 1 gal. of the acid to 40
gals, of water and apply the mixture to 9 to 18 sq. yds., followed by
heavy watering. In the case of heavy soil the acid is applied in two
doses at an interval of 14 days, the land having been previously dug
over to a depth of 1 spit. Planting can begin at the end of one month.
Good results can be obtained with half the dose.

Morrill (A. W.). Entomology. — Arizona Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta.,
29th Ann. Rept. Year ended 30th June 1918, Tucson. 31st December
1918, pp. 335-338. [Eeceived 10th August 1920.]

The bulk of the information given in this report, which deals largely
with grasshoppers, has been noticed elsewhere [R.A.E.. A, vi, 304;
vii, 204].

Work Connected with Insect and Fungus Pests and their Control. —

Rept. Agric. Dept.. St. Kitts-Nevis. 1918-19; Barbados. 1920,
pp. 13-14 & 27-28.

Considerable damage was done to cotton by the cotton worm,
Alabama argillacea, during the year under review. Cotton- stainers
[Dysdercus] were also very abmidant, especially during November and
December 1918. On 28th September 1918 an ordinance was passed
making provision for the eradication of this pest. Two inspectors have
been appointed to assist in carrying on the campaign, which includes
destruction of the cotton-stainers wherever found, destruction of the
native food-plants, and thorough cleaning up of old cotton seed around
ginneries and other places.

Leaf blister mite [Eriophyes gassy pii] was not very prevalent during
the year.

Moth borers were in evidence on sugar-cane, but their abundance was
probably due to drought.

Froggatt (W. W.). Notes on Australian Sawflies. (Tenthredinidae).
— Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Sydney, xhii, pt. 3, 18th December
1918, pp. 668-672.

The species dealt with include : Perga dorsalis, Leach (steel-blue
sawfly), the larvae of which feed at night on the leaves of gum trees
{Eucalyptus). Pupation generally occurs in the soft soil against the
tree-trimk about April. From pupae taken in April, adults emerged
in the insectarium in the early part of October. The adults of Ptery-
gophorus bifasciatus, Brulle, emerged in September from pupae found
embedded in soft wood of the stem of an undetermined tree. Philo-
mastix macleayi, Westw., was found on wild raspberry plants on the
Tweed River, New South Wales. A number of cases are recorded of
cattle dying as a result of feeding on the larvae of Pterygophorus analis,
G. Costa. The eggs are laid in the early summer on the foliage of
the ironbark tree. The larvae completely strip the foliage of the

443

tree and when fully grown fall to the ground and pupate. The adults
emerge and are active in April. The only method of protecting cattle
from the larvae is to ringbark the trees.

Froggatt (W. W.). Notes and Exhibits. — Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,
Sijdney, xlv, pt. 1, 25th June 1920, p. 180.

AnopJiothri])s obscurus {TJirips striatus), the grass thrips of the
United States, is recorded for the first time from Austraha, where it
has been found damaging tobacco in the Tamworth district.

Gahax (C. J.). Furniture Beetles. — Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist., London,
Economic Ser. no. 11, 1920, 23 pp., 1 plate, 5 figs.

The life-histories of the following species are described : Anohium
punctafion, DeG. (common furniture beetle) ; Ptilinus pectinicornis, L. ;
Xestobinm rufovillosiim, DeCI. (death-watch beetle) ; Lydus hnmneus,
.Steph., and L. linearis, Goeze (powder-post beetles).

Uninfested furniture may be protected from a first attack by the
application of paraffin oil or turpentine to the joints and all rough
places, thus preventing oviposition. This treatment if continued over
a sufficiently long period might prove successful in destroying the
grubs in infested wood. Other methods advocated include treatment
by dry heat, fumigation with a gas vaj^our, or the application of a liquid
such as benzine, carbon tetrachloride or terebene. Mercuric chloride,
carbolic acid, creosote and various other tar-oil derivatives will afford
protection against these beetles as well as other sources of decay.
The relative danger and utility of the various gases suitable for fumiga-
tion are discussed ; these include hydrocyanic acid gas, carbon bisul-
phide, sulphur dioxide, vapour of benzine and carbon tetrachloride.

The best time to apply treatment is just before pupation or after the
young larvae are hatched. In the case of Anohium punctatum this
would be about the middle of May and the end of July or beginning
of August. With the other species it would be a little earlier. The
best method is to treat the material in May and again in July or August
€ach year. If carried out for a few years in succession, any of the above
mentioned methods should prove successful in completely eradicating
the pest. If heat sufficient to raise the temperature in the interior of
the wood to 130° F. is obtainable, this will kill all stages of the insect
at any time,

Severix (H. C). The Bean Weevil. — South Dakota State Entomologist,
Brookings. Circ. 15, November 1919. 7 pp.. 2 figs. [Received
11th August 1920.]

The life-history of the bean Bruchid, Bruchus obtectus. Say, and the
damage caused by it are dealt with. Eemedial measures advocated
include cold storage, heat, lime treatment, and fumigation with
carbon bisulphide or carbon tetrachloride.

Severix (H. C). The Potato Flea Beetle. — Soutli Dakota State-
Entomologist, Brookings, Circ. IG, November 1919. 6 pp.. 5 figs.
[Received 11th August 1920.]

The life-history of and remedial measure against the potato flea-
beetle, Epitrix cucumeris, Harris, are brieflv described.

444

Seveein (H. C). Currant and Gooseberry Lice. — South Dakota State
Efitoviologist, Brookings, Circ. 11, November 1919, 5 pp., 1 fig.
[Received ISth August 1920.]

A popular account is given of the general life-history of and remedial
measures for the currant and gooseberry Aphids, Myzus ribis, L.,
A])Jiis samborni, Patch, Rhopalosiplmm lactucae, Kalt., and Myzus
varians, Patch.

Severin (H. C). The Striped Cucumber Beetle. — South Dakota State
Entomologist, Brookings, Circ. 12, November 1919, 6 pp.. 2 figs.
[Received 18th August 1920.]

The methods of controlling the striped cucumber beetle, Diabrotica
vittata, F., and its life-history are described in a popular form.

Severin (H. C). The Melon Aphis. — Sovth Dakota State Entomo-
logist, Brookings, Circ. 14, November 1919, 8 pp., 1 fig.
[Received 18th August 1920.]

The remedial measures advocated against the melon aphis, Ajphis
gossypii, Glov., include fumigation and spraying. The injury caused
by it and its life-history are described.

GiLBERTSON (G. T.). Common Insecticides and Fungicides. — South
Dakota State Entomologist, Brookings, Circ. 18, November 1919,
21 pp. [Received 18th August 1920.]

The various insecticides and fungicides here dealt with include
Bordeaux mixture, ammoniacal copper carbonate, potassium sulphide,
mercuric bichloride, and stomach-poisons such as Paris green, lead
arsenate, zinc arsenate, calcium arsenate and hellebore. Methods of
preparing poison bran mash, baits for ants and the difi'erent contact
insecticides are also discussed. Fumigants and repellents are also
dealt with, and formulae are given for all the preparations. A table
is given showing the advantageous combination of certain sprays.

Severin (H. C). The Common Stalk-Borer. — South Dakota State
Entomologist, Brookings, Circ. 17, November 1919, 4 pp., 1 fig.
[Received 18th August 1920.]

A brief account is given of the life-history of the common stalk-borer^
Paqmipema nebris, Gn. {nitela, Gn.), and various remedial measures are
advocated.

Entomology.— i?cj;/. Agric. Dej)t. Bengal 1917-18, Calcutta, 1918,
pp. 5-6. [Received 11th August 1920.]

The eggs of the mango weevil are laid when the fruit has attained
half its natural size. They are deposited singly in depressions on
the surface of the fruit. The oviposition period is confined to one
or two weeks.

Sen (P. C). Annual Report of the Entomological Collector, Bengal,
for the Year 1918-19. — RejJt. Dept. Agric. Bengal 1918-19, Calcutta,
1919, pp. 104-106. [Received 11th August 1920.]

The pests recorded include : — Ajnon sp. (jute stem weevil) ; Tetramj-
cJius sp. on jute ; Anomis (CosmopJiila) sabulifera (jute semilooper) ;

445

Orydes rhinoceros (palm beetle) ; Leptocorisa varicornis (rice bug) ;
Cirphis {Leucania) unipuncta (rice army worm) ; Crocidolomia hinotalis
on mustard for which, the crop was sprayed with lead chromate ;
Brachijlrijpes achatinus (large brown cricket) ; Idiocerus atkinsoni
(mango hopper) ; Batocera rubus (mango tree borer) ; Cryptorrhjnchus
gravis (mango weevil) ; Heterographis bengalella (bullock's heart fruit
borer) ; Diacrisia obliqua (jute hairy caterpillar), which was controlled
by handpicking the eggs ; Termes sp. ; Cryptophlebia (Argyroploce)
illepida (Hchi fruit borer) ; Diatraea sp. ; Scirpophaga xanthogastrella
(auriflua) (white moth borer); Earias fabia (cotton boll worm);
Dysdercus cingulatus (cotton-stainer) ; and Argina cribraria (orange
sami moth).

Owing to the careful selection of cane sets the sugar-cane crop was
very free from insect pests.

YoGLiNO (P.). In Difesa delle nostre Piante. [The Protection of our
Plants.] — Riv. Agric, Parma, xxv, no. 32, 6th August 1920, pp.
401-402.

In view of the appearance of the Argentine ant, Iridomyrmex
Jiu mills, on the French Riviera the Phytopathological Observatory at
Turin draws the attention of Italian agriculturists to the urgent
necessity for reporting without delay any abnormal increase of ants in
(jrder that an immediate investigation may be made.

DA Costa Lima (A. M.). Sobre a Origem da PectinopJiora gossypiella
(Saunders) no Brasil. [The Origin of Platyedra gossyjneUa in
Brazil] — Arch. Escola Sup. Agric. e Med. Vet., Nictheroy {Rio
de Janeiro), iii, no. 1-2, December 1919, pp. 41-55. [Received
10th August 1920.]

The origin of Platyedra {Gelechia) gossypiella in Brazil is a matter of
doubt. Some consider that it was imported in Egyptian cotton seed
in 1911, 1912 and 1913, while others think that Brazil itself is one of
its original habitats. A number of circumstances are enumerated,
including the occurrence in Brazil of other food-plants such as Hibiscus
and Abutilon, which point to its previous existence there ; a fact
that was not noticed until the extension of cotton cultivation. It is
quite possible that infested cotton seed may have been imported
from Egypt in addition. In any case cotton cannot be grown on a
large scale unless combative measures are immediately adopted
throughout the cotton districts.

DA Costa Lima (A. M.). Contribucao as Conhecimento dos Micro-
hymenopteros Parasitos de Lagarta rosea de Pcctinophora
gossypiella (Saunders) no Brasil. [A Contribution to the Know-
ledge of the Microhymenopterous Parasites of the Pink Boll-
worm, Platyedra gossypiella, in Brasil.] — Arch. Escola Sup. Agric.
e Med. Vet., Nictheroy {Rio de Janeiro), iii. no. 1-2, December 1919,
pp. 57-63. [Received 10th August 1920.]

The following parasites were obtained from material received from
the Brazilian cotton districts : — a Chalcid, Trigonura annidipes, sp. n.,
irom a pupa of Platyedra gossypiella ; a Eupelmid, Encyrtarpis

44G

froximus, sp. n., from cotton seed infested by P. gossypiella ; Bracon
sp., from ginning machines ; an Ichneumonid, Scamhus {Epiums) sp.,.
from cotton in the seed ; Apcmteles {Urogaster) balthazari, Ashm.,
from infested green bolls and seed ; and a Bethylid, Parasierola
nigrifemur, Ashm., in unginned cotton stored in ginneries.

Col6n (E. D.). El Sulfate de Amoniaco como Insecticida. [Sulphate
of Ammonia as an Insecticide.] — Puerto Rico Estacion Expt.
Insular, Rio Piedras, Circ. 15, April 1919, 6 pp. [Received 12th
August, 1920.]

Ammonium sulphate is the chemical most commonly used in Porto
Rico as a nitrogen fertiliser in the cultivation of sugar-cane, and its
value as an insecticide at the same time is worthy of consideration.
In France it has already been largely used against Phylloxera on vines,,
both as a spray and, mixed with lime, in injections into the soil.

The experiments with this substance iu the control of grubs of
Lachnoster)ia [R.A.E., A, vi, 377] are referred to, the conclusion drawn
from them being that ammonium sulphate applied to a sowing of
sugar-cane at the beginning of the season does not prevent the deposi-
tion of eggs of Lachiosterna on the plants, but it kills a great number of
the grubs while its action in the soil lasts. Records of the use of this
substance in Queensland are also quoted. Trials are being made with
it in Porto Rico, the results of which will be published, and meantime
sugar-cane growers are asked to experiment with regard to the quan-
tities to be used, number and times of application, etc., and to com-
municate their experiences to the Experiment Station.

Smyth (E. G.). Report of the Division of Entomology. — Ann. Rept.,
Porto Rico Insular Expt. Sta.. 1918-19, Rio Piedras, 1919, pp.
27-31. [Received 12th August 1920.]

During the year further investigations were made with regard to the
transmission of sugar-cane mottling disease by insects, but no definite
conclusions have so far been reached. Experiments with the paraffin
oil emulsion recommended in a previous report [R.A.E., A, vi, 487]
show that for the control of scale-insects on Citrus the spray should be
applied twice at an interval of from 1 to 2 weeks.

This spray has proved useless against Pseiidococcus nipae, Mask.,
on guava trees.

Hayes (W. P.). Solenopsis molesta, Say. (Hym.) : A Biological
Study. — Kansas Agric. Expt. Sta., Manhattan, Tech. Bull. 7,
June 1920, 55 pp., 11 figs.

Much of the information contained in this bulletin concerning the
damage caused by SoleJiopsis molesta, Say, and the remedial measures
advocated, has been noticed elsewhere [R.A.E., A, iv, 184].

In addition to the species mentioned as being attacked by this ant>
it is known to feed also on Craponius inaeqvalis (grape curculio),
Conotrachelus juglandis (walnut curculio), Anthonomus grandis
(cotton boll weevil), the eggs of Blissus leucoiMrus (chinch bug),
Cydia (Carpocapsa) ponwneUa (codling moth), Papaipema nehris
{nitela) (corn-stalk borer), eggs of various grasshoppers, Megilla

447

maculata (ladybird beetle) and Ligyrus niiclus. The ant does not
however appear to be of material value as an enemy of these pests, as
it probably only attacks injured individuals.

The synonymy and systematic position as well as the ecological
relations of this species are discussed.

Bkain (C. K.). The Coccidae of South AMca.—W.-Bull. Entom.
Res., London, xi, no. 1, August 1920, pp. 1-42, 4 plates.

The genera dealt with in this paper, which is the fifth of the series
[R.A.E., A, iv, 134 ; vii, 138, 242 ; viii, 117], are Lecanium, Saissetia,
Hemilecanium, Aclerda, Protopidvinaria, Pulvinaria, Ceronema, Licli-
tensia, Filippia, Ceroplastes, Inglisia, Cryptinglisia, Parafairmairea,
Ceroplastodes, and four new ones — AUopidvinaria, Conofilippia, Idiosais-
setia and Membranaria, all of the sub-family Lecaniinae. A kev to
these genera is given.

The new species described are : — Lecanium ehretiae, on Ehretia
hottentottica ; L. pvmilum, on a native shrub, covered by a shelter made
by ants ; L. pseudelongatum, on Acacia cajjra (?) ,L. proteae, on Protea ;
L. wistariae, on wistaria ; L. durhanense, on an undetermined plant ;
Saissetia perseae, on avocado pear {Persea gratissima) ; S. kellyi, on
Acacia melanoxylon ; S. oculata, on grape-vine ; Allopulvinaria suh-
terranea on " quick " grass ; Pulvinaria lepida, on veld grass ; Ceronema
mohilis, on Celastrus cordata ; Lichtensia asparagi, on Asparagus
capensis ; Filippia chilianthi, on Chilianthus oleaceus ; F. carissae, on
Carissa grandiflora ; Conofilippia subterranea, on roots of a native
shrub ; Ceroplastes combreti, on Combretum sp. ; C. eucleae, on Euclea sp. ;
C. longicauda, on a native shrub ; C. pallidus, on fig ; C. quadrilineatus,
Newst., var. simplex, n., on Rhus sp. ; C. tachardiaformis, on Elytro-
pappus rJiinocerotis ; Inglisia elytropappi, on Elytropappus rhinocerotis ;
/. geranii, on geranium ; 7. zizyphi, on Zizyjjims sp. ; Parafairmairea
patellaejormis, on Acacia karroo ; Ceroplastodes bituberculatus, on a
native shrub ; Idiosaissetia peringueyi, on grasses or reeds ; and Mem-
branaria pretoriae, on crowns of grass.

Theobald (F. V.). African Aphididae.- -Part IV.— Bull. Entom,.
Res., London, xi, no. 1, August 1920 pp. 65-72.

In this paper, w^hich is a continuation of one already noticed [R.A.E.,
A, vi, 209], the following new species are described : — Macrosiplmrn
cissi on Cissiis sjd. and Rhopalosiphum carduellinum on thistles {Car-
duus) from Pretoria ; Phorodon violae on pansy from Durban ; Capito-
pJiorus chrysantliemi on chrysanthemum from Bloemfontein ; Cer-
ciaphis bougainvilleae on Bougainvillea from Uganda ; and Forda
natalensis on roots of a weed and in an ant's nest from Natal.

Macrosiphum dahliafolii, Theo., and M. soncJii, L., are also noticed,
both on thistles {Carduus) from Uganda.

RoEPKE (W.). Gegevens omtrent de KofTiebessenboeboek {Stepkano-
deres liampei, Ferr.— caff eae). [Information on the Coffee-
Berry Borer, S. liampei.'] — Meded. Inst. Plantenziekten, Buitenzorg,
no. 38, 1919, 33 pp., 3 plates. [Received 4th August 1920.]

First noticed in West Java in 1909, the infestation of cofiee by
Stephanoderes luimpei, Ferr., had spread throughout that region by

448

1918 and caused serious alarm. It appeared early in 1919 on the east
coast of Sumatra, but has not been recorded from other parts of the
Malay Archipelago. Its distribution includes Central Africa, the West
Indies and Europe (France and Transylvania).

It is considered thai} S. coffeae, Hgd., and Xyleborus coffe'ivorus,
van der Weele, originally described from Africa, are synonyms of this
.species.

It is doubtful whether this pest occurred in Java prior to 1909.
According to Dammerman living beetles have been found in cofiee seed
imported from the Congo.

Descriptions of all stages are given. The eggs are laid in heaps ;
in green cofiee berries it is rare to find more than 4-6 eggs together.
At Buitenzorg the entire life-cycle appears to require about 1 ^"^ '^
a shorter period than in Central Africa. As is the case ^ aaiir ,y,
Scolytids, the females predominate. The author has nev :,iCl

males in green berries ; they occur in small numbers ir , berries
and seed-coffee. There is therefore a possibility that the boring
females are not all fertilised. The mother-beetle does not appear to
leave the infested berry until the larvae are full-gro\VTi ; it then leaves
with them, probably through the entrance-hole. In the case of green
berries it is not usual for the young beetles to re-infest a berry before
leaving it ; re-infestation occurs in berries that have turned black
or in seed-coffee. It is not established whether there is a flight period
prior to infestation, but at sunset the author has seen beetles issue from
coffee berries and make attempts to fly.

As regards the food of the larvae, van der Weele definitely states
that they feed on the soft mycelium of an Ambrosia fungus, but it
should be noted that no Cryphaline beetles are known to do this, and
furthermore no Ambrosia fungus has been found in the mines of
S. hamfei. The author believes that they feed on the debris produced
by the boring of the attendant mother and states that her removal
has always been followed by the death of all immature larvae and eggs,
and that if eggs and larvae are removed to an uninfested berry develop-
ment ceases ; the eggs hatch, but the young larvae are miable to bore.
It therefore appears that all the boring in an infested berry is done by
the mother.

Coffea liherica and the species allied to it are chiefly attacked. With
an increase of infestation the varieties of C. robusta suffer. Java coffee
(C. arabica) is the last to be severely infested. In a mixed coffee estate
the first signs of infestation will therefore be seen on C. liberica. At
the beginning of an outbreak the beetle prefers berries that are withered
and black. Not only are such berries early attacked, but they are
more abundantly infested than green ones. Repeatedly from 50 to 75
livino' beetles have been taken from a blackened berry, and it is quite
possible that several individuals had already left. Such a berry
usually has several holes, and its infestation by several females is
probaiole. Withered berries that have dropped are likewise infested
and seem quite suitable for breeding purposes, and this also holds good
for " glondongan " coffee. The latter is prepared by sun-drying the
entire berry, from which the bean is afterwards obtained by stamping
and husking As a rule only berries that are withered and black are
treated in this manner. In seed-coffee, which is simply wind-dried and
therefore contains more moisture than beans intended for consumption,

449

the development of S. hampei is in no way interfered with. In the case
of coffee intended for consumption the processes of fermentation and
artificial drying seem to be fatal to the insect, which has been, however,
recorded from this commodity in Europe and the Belgian Congo, so
that watchfulness is necessary.

If it be assumed that S. hampei is native to Java, the question of its
other food-plants arises. Mayne has reported it in the Belgian Congo
from Hibiscus and various Leguminous seeds, and Morstatt has taken
it from wild blackberry in East Africa. In spite of careful search,
however, no wild food-plant has as yet been discovered in Java. During
a number of experiments S. hampei bored into plants other than cofiee,
but did not breed in them.

"^^ell " vn variations in the intensity of infestation appear to

^o a cfecrease in the infesting power of the females. This may

be owix ^ "^ inbreeding and parthenogenesis. The spread of infestation

is probably clue more to a passive spread of the pest than to an

active one.

Up to the present, even in cases of severe infestation, the existence
of coffee cultivation has not been threatened by S. hampiei, but it is
possible that conditions may become less favourable. The author
thinks that estimated crop-losses of 25-40 per cent, are exaggerated;
in any case the yield of berries depends on too many factors to allow
of a definite allocation to any one of them. The loss of weight in the
beans may however average 10 per cent, where infestation has been
very severe. Infested beans are, of course, of inferior quality,
and in some cases half the crop may be thus depreciated
in value. This deterioration in quality is the chief loss due to
S. hampei.

Among the remedial measures that have been advised are spraying
{R.A.E., A, fii, 751], the removal and destruction of infested berries
and all debris in the plantations and buildings, and the removal and
destruction of infested berries only.

The author recommends the colleqtion of as many infested berries
a,s possible, especially in mixed plantations where C liberica and the
hybrid varieties act as trap-plants. Blackened berries should be
carefully removed in the early stages of an outbreak. The groimd
beneath the bushes must be kept clean. Spraying provides the sole
means for protecting uninfested bushes, and stomach-poisons, especially
lead arsenate, are the most suitable ; at present, however, no exact
data exist. Attempts to interrupt the life-cycle by removing as much
infectible material as possible do not seem very hopeful. The author's
conclusion is that suppression involves many practical difficulties, so
that prevention is emphatically better than cure.

At the end of 1918 the Government coffee-seed garden at Bandelan
appeared to be infested with S. hampei, and this led to disinfection
beiag attempted. It was fomid that fumigation for 24 hours with 150
c.c. of carbon bisulphide (CS.,) per cu. metre killed all stages of the
beetle, but that the germination power of the seed suffered. The
trials were made with Cojfea dyhowskii — a variety allied to C. liberica
— which was the only kind available. It is possible that others may
prove more resistant, and perhaps a shorter period of fumigation and a
lesser strength of carbon bisulphide may suffice.

(708) c

450

Flint (W. P.) & Malloch (J. R.). The European Corn Borer and
some similar Native Insects. — Illinois State Nat. Hist. Survetj Bull,
Urhana, xiii, article x, June 1920, pp. 287-305, 44 figs.

This article gives an account of the life-history oi Pyrausta nubilalis
(European corn-borer), and of the damage it does, followed by an
account of allied and other insects that resemble it, including Pyrausta
ainslei {obumbratilis), P. penitalis, P. cajfreii, sp. n., the corn ear worm
[Heliothis obsoleta], the fall army worm [Laphygma frugiperda], the
common stalk borer [Papaipema nebris], Depressaria heracleana, and
another Tineid. The distinguishing characters of the species of
Pyrausta are given in detail.

MiNANGOiN (N.). La Culture de la Betterave dans I'Afrique du Nord.
— Rev. Agric. de VAfriquc du Nord, Algiers, xviii, no. 24, 9th
January 1920, pp. 25-28. [Received 18th August 1920.]

In the portion of this paper dealing with the diseases and insects
affecting beet in Northern Africa it is stated that the chief damage is
caused by the larvae of Rhizotrogus sp. In France this beetle is largely
destroyed by fowls, and the portable fowlhouses used for transferring
the birds to the fields are described. An alternative, but costly,
measure is the injection of carbon bisulphide into infested areas. In
France this crop is also attacked by Nematodes, Haltica sp., and
Atolnaria linearis.

MiNANGOiN (N.). Le Vignoble Tunisien. — Rev. Agric. de VAfriqiie du
Nord, Algiers, xviii, no. 26, 30th January 1920, pp. 71-72.
[Received 18th August 1920.]

The usual insect pests of vines do not attack these plants in Tunisia,
the vine moths, etc., being absent ; crickets are the only important pests.

An infestation of Phylloxera occurred in 1906, but owing to the
energetic steps taken, its presence has been confined to a limited area.

Vermeil (P.). Les Cochenilles et leur Destruction. — Rev. Agric. de
VAfrique du Nord, Algiers, 'xviii, nos. 32, 50 & 53, 12th March,
16th July & 6th August 1920, pp. 186-188, 47-50 & 113-115, 5
figs. [Received 18th August 1920.]

The scale-insects described as occurring in the north of Africa and
the south of France include : Pseudococcus (Dactylopius) citri ; Coccus
(Lecanium) hesperidum ; Saissetia {Lecanium) oleae ; Ceroplastes rusei,
the natural enemies of which include a Chalcid, Scutellista cyanea, and
a Noctuid moth, Eublemnia {Thalpochares) scitula : this scale may
be destroyed by wiping the branches in the winter with a rag soaked in
a solution containing 10 lb. of carbonate of soda and 3 gals, of cresy],
or 2 gals, of lysol, to 100 gals, of water ; Parlatoria zizyphi ; Lepidosa-
phes ulmi {Mytilaspis pomorum) ; Aspidiotus hederae (limonii) ;
A. perniciosus ; and Chrysomphalus dictyospermi pinnulifera {minor).

In dealing with these pests treatment must be directed against the
emerging young, and spraying should therefore be begun about 15th
May and continued to about 15th or 20th August for the control of
scales attacking orange trees. Spraying against the scales attacking
olive and carob trees should be begun about 10th June and continued
until about 10th or 15th September.

451

A solution that has proved efficacious against C. dictyospermi
pinnulifera is composed of 40 parts by weight of seal-oil, 20 of fish-oil,
5 of caustic soda, 30 of tar-oil and 19 of water. Good results have also
been obtained with hydiocyanic acid gas. A measure that has
proved successful in S]>ain and Algeria comprises a winter spray
consisting of 50 lb. lime, 33 lb. sulphur, 25 lb. conunon salt, and 100
gals., water, followed by spring treatment with a mixture containing
50 lb. lime, 33 lb. sulphur and 150 gals, of water.

Lala^de (E.). Le Charancon Coupe-Bourgeons des jeunes Grefies. —
Rev. Agric. de VAfrique du Noid, Algiers, xviii, no. 54, 13th
August 1920, pp. 131-132.

Attention is called to the occurrence of a small bud-cutting beetle,
])robably a species of Opatrum, amongst newly grafted vine shoots.

As a means of protecting the plants it is suggested that they should
be cut sufficiently high uj) so that the buds are beyond the reach of
this pest, which generally works at the ground surface.

ViNCENs(F.). Microlepidotteri nocivi al Riso nella Cocincina. [Micro-
lepidoptera injurious to Rice in Cochin-China.] — Bull. Agric.
Inst. Scient., Saigon, ii, 1920, pp. 97-105, 2 plates. (Abstract
in L' Agric. Colon., Florence, xiv, no. 7, July 1920, p. 314.)

Among the insect pests of growing rice are the caterpillars of ScJweno-
bius incertellus, Wlk., and Chilo suppressalis, Wlk., which bore inside
the stems, and those of Cnapholocrocis medinalis, Gn., which feed on
the leaves. The last-named moth is the most abundant, but does little
injury, so that combative measures are not needed ; it has many
natural enemies and many individuals are destroyed by the fires lit
against S. incertellus. The latter does damage throughout the rice
field, while C. suppressalis is concentrated in circular patches that
gradually spread. The former hibernates in the rice stubble and the
latter lives on the wild plants that grow in the field after the harvest.

To reduce the losses these moths cause, it is necessary to cut and burn
the wild plants in and around the rice-fields before sowing or trans-
planting. When the rice is growing, large fires should be lighted on
dark nights as soon as the adults of S. incertellus are noticed. When
large yellow patches are seen in the fields the affected rice-plants
must be pulled up and burned. After the harvest the straw left in
the fields must be burned and the ground must be lightly ploughed, so
as to expose those parts of the stalks that have escaped the fire.

Crespo (M. a.). Un Insetto molto dannoso al Cocco in Portorico.

[An Insect very injurious to the Coconut in Porto Rico. J — Rev.
Agric. Puerto Rico, San Juan, iv, 1920, pp. 47-48. (Abstract in
U Agric. Colon., Florence, xiv, no. 7, July 1920, pp. 314-315.)

In the island of Porto Rico young coconuts are seriously injured by a
stem-boring beetle, Strategus quadrifoveatus, which is also a pest of
sugar-cane. Infestation results in a yellowing of the leaves foUt)wed by
the arrest of growth and the ultimate death of the palm. Trap-heaps
collect large numbers of the larvae, and if a j^lant is thought to be
infested the ground around it must be dug up and all individuals
found destroyed. Clean cultivation to eliminate all possible breeding^
places is also recommended.

(708) c2

452

KiEN (E.). Nemici della Vite in Tunisia. [Vine Pests in Tunisia.] —
Rev. Viticulture, Paris, 27th year (1920), ii, pp 129-131. (Ab-
stract in VAgric. Colon., Florence, xiv, no. 7, p. 315.)

There are but few insect enemies of the vine in Tunisia. The
principal ones are a scale, Pseudococcus vitis ; a mite, Eriojphyes vitis ;
Anomala vitis ; Agrotis pronuba ; and Rhizotrogus sp. Up to the present
the Pyralid, Sparganothis pilleriana, and the vine-moths, Clysia
amhiguella and Polychrosis botrana, have not been recorded. Phylloxera
was first observed in 1906. Most of the vines attacked no longer
exist, having been destroyed by the authorities. At present only one
vineyard is known to be infested, and as it happens to be in an isolated
situation there is little danger of the spread of this pest.

Os Insectos damninhos. vi. 0 Pulgao da Couve, Aphis brassicae,
Linn. [Injurious Insects, vi. The Cabbage Aphis, A. brassicae.]
— Chacaras e Quintaes, S. Paulo, xxii, no. 1, 15th July 1920, pp.
17-18, 3 figs.

The remedies advised against Brevicoryne {Aphis) brassicae are those
in use in the United States [R.A.E., A, vi, 161],

RoNNA (E.). Os Insectos damninhos. vii. Uma Broca da Tuna,

Neopyralis ronnai, Brethes. [Injurious Insects, vii. A Cactus
Caterpillar, N. ronnai, Brethes.] — Chacaras e Quintaes, S. Paulo,
xxii, no. 1, 15th July 1920, pp. 18-20, 2 figs.

A brief account is given of a Lepidopterous pest of spineless cactus,
'described by Brethes as Neopyralis ronnai, gen. et sp. n. The author
noticed the infestation in an imported cactus and succeeded in breeding
the adult moths. The female lays several eggs on each cactus stem,
and the larvae feed voraciously and easily pass from one stem to
another, causing severe injury. They are polyphagous — at least as
regards the various species of cactus.

KuNNEMANN ( — .). Die mitteleuFopaischen Ceuthorrhyfichus- Arten
aus der Gruppe des chalybaem Germar (Col.). [The Central
European Species of Ceuthorrhynchus of the Group chalybaeus,
Gevmar.}—Entom. Mitt., Berlin, ix, nos. 4-6 & 7-9, 19th May &
20th August 1920, pp. 70-77 & 124-130.

This systematic paper includes a key to the species dealt with and
a list of their synonyms.

EoEPKE (W.). De Bloemknop-Wants van de Theeheesters, Hyalopep-

lus smaragdinus, Rpk. [H. smaragdinus, Rpk., the Flower-bud

Bug of the Tea Shrub.] — Meded. Proefstation voor Thee, Buitenzorg,

no. 67, 1919, pp. 1-10, 7 figs. [Received 24th August 1920.]

One of the less known pests of tea is the Capsid bug, Hyalopeplus

smaragdinus, Rpk., which is closely allied to Helopeltis, though very

far from being as dangerous.

The imago, larva and egg are described. Little is known of the life-
history. In the laboratory at Buitenzorg the larvae moulted six
times before attaining full-growth in 9-10 days. The young larvae
lemain motionless on the tea buds. The unago is restless and flies

453

readily, so that it soon injures itself when caged. For this reason no
eggs were obtained in captivity. Both larvae and adults confine their
feeding to the flow^er-buds and do not attack any other part of the
tea-plant. The infested buds do not appear to suffer.

H. smaragdinus is of no economic importance in crop tea-gardens,
but it may prove injurious in seed-gardens if the buds there are severely
attacked.

It is worthy of note that Lopus sulcatiis, a bug very similar to
H. smaragdinus, attacks the flower-buds of the vine and causes
serious harm.

The non-identity of H. smaragdinns, Rpk., with Callicratides (Hyalo-
peplus) rama, Kirby, from Ceylon is held to be proved by Distant's
description of the latter {Fauna of British India, Rhynchota, ii, 1904).

Bernard (C). De Zaad-Wants van de Theeheesters, Poecilocoris
hardirichii. [P. hardicicki, the Seed-Bug of the Tea Shrub.] —
Meded. Proefstation voor Thee, Buitenzorg, no. 67, 1919, pp. 11-20,
12 figs. [Received 24th August 1920.]

A Pentatomid bug attacks the tea berries in Java and is of much
greater importance in seed-gardens than the Capsid described in the
preceding paper, for both the quantity and quality of the seed may be
affected.

In a note published in 1911 {Qrtly. Jl. Indian Tea Assoc, i, pt. iv,
p. 14) Antram records two species, Poecilocoris hardwicki and P. latus,
as attacking tea-seed in British India and states that they are but
slightly differentiated. The variations in the colouring of the adults are
discussed here, and as the description of P. hardwicki best agrees with
the Javanese species, the latter has been accordingly attributed to it.

Two other Pentatomids, Cantos occUatiis and (probably) Lamprocoris
lateralis, have also been observed, but little is known of them.

The eggs of P. hardwicki are laid on the upper and lower surfaces of
the leaves ; they are not very numerous, usually 14. They are globular
in shape and measure less than 2 millimetres in diameter. The egg-
stage lasts about 6 days. There appear to be not more than 4 moults.
The larvae and adults usually live in groups on the leaves and dislilce
movement. Even the winged adults are not active, so that capture
is easy. • ' , ..

Observations on captive specimens confirm that feeding takes place
at the expense of the seed or, rather, of the berry. The leaves are not
touched ; according to Roepke ripe seeds are not attacked, the large
but still green berries containing unripe seed being chosen. The skins
of these unripe seeds are still partly white and not very hard, and the
endosperm is still fluid. Roepke states that the bug pierces the hard
skin of the green berry with a sawing motion of the rostrum, which is
about I of an inch long (nearly as long as the body) and can penetrate
three-quarters of that distance into the fruit. Keuchenius has found
that the soft endosperm is sucked out. The author's own observations
show that the larvae, nymphs and imagines prefer the young tea berries
and that they are unable to pierce the very hard skin of the seed in
older berries. Captive individuals also puncture the young twigs and
the leaves (mostly near the chief veins), but whether the insects do
this in nature is not known.

454

According to Antram, Butler is convinced that there is a relation
between the holes in the skin of the berry and the fungus-infection
of the seed-lobes in apparently sound kernels. Up to the present the
author has not noticed any such connection, but the subject requires
further investigation ^ as it is quite possible that the failure of the crop
in many seed-gardens may be due either directly to the bug or to a
fungus entering through the punctures.

The habits of P. hardwicki facilitate remedial measures. By
shaking the bushes the larvae and most of the adult bugs will be thrown
to the ground, where collection is easy. The winged adults may be
collected by hand at the same time as the eggs. Spraying is too costly.

A Proctotrupid parasitises the eggs of P. hardwicki. In one observa-
tion the first parasite that emerged ran over the unhatched eggs and
when a parasitised one opened it assisted the occupant to emerge.
The latter appeared to be a female, and mating immediately took
place. After this the male sought another egg and the same thing
occurred again. As this parasite is beneficial, egg-collectors should
leave the parasitised eggs on the bushes.

Bernard (C.) & Kerbosch (M.). Mijten-Aanteekeningen. [Notes
on Mites.] — Meded. Proefstation voor Thee, Buitenzorg, no. 68, 1919,
pp. 1-9, 3 plates. [Received 24th August 1920.]

This paper supplements a previous publication [R.A.E., A, vii, 41],
and draws attention to a cheap and convenient means of combating
mites.

The polyphagous habits of Tetranychus telarius, L. (cinchona or
cassava mite), Brevipalpus ohovatus. Don. (orange mite) and some
other species account for their rapid spread. Most mites, including
B. obovatus, Tarsonemus translvcens, Green, and Eriophyes {Phytoptus)
theae, increase during the dry season. Rain washes them off, so that the
infestation of cultivated plants decreases with the advent of the wet
season. A short spell of dry weather, however, results in re-infestation,
and therefore it must be assumed that the mites shelter during the wet
season in neighbouring weeds from which some unknown factors
cause their return to cultivated plants. These facts must be remem-
bered when remedial measures are undertaken.

Besides the food-plants of T. telarius previously mentioned [he. cit.]
the followmg have been noted by Leefmans : Ageratum conyzoides,
Tridax procumbens, Synedrella nodiflora, Sida rhombifoUa, Vernonia
rinerea, Amarantus spinosus, Commelina m(diflora, Lantana camara,
Hyptis Siiaveolens, Portidaca oleracea, various grasses and Jatropha
curcas. The authors have found it on other plants, including Poly-
gala paniadata, Fuchsia sp., and Hydrocotyle sp., at altitudes ranging
from 1,500 to 6,000 feet. They have also observed it on Albizzia
mohfcc^na in a tea plantation.

B. obovatus is another very polyphagous species. The plants listed
here mclude P. paniculuta, Rubvs sp., Bidens pilosa, Commelma sp.,
A. covyzoides, Hydrocotyle asiatica, Eleutheranthera ovata and
Bauhinia sp.

Dusting with fuiely powdered sulphur has proved to be the best
remedial measure hitherto tried.

455

On estates where infestation has often occurred its recurrence in
future years is very probable. In such cases preventive treatment is
advisable. One method that has proved satisfactory with cinchona
is dusting the seed-beds with sulphur about 3 months after the seed
has been planted. As cinchona does not germinate in the dark, as
much light as possible should fall on the beds, and dusting with sulphur
permits this, while providing the protection that is totally lacking
in such open beds.

Bernard (C). Verschillende Rupsen-Plagen in Theetuinen. [Various
Caterpillar Pests in Tea Estates.] — Meded. Proef station voor Thee,
Buitenzorq, no. 68, 1919, pp. 11-27, 10 plates. [Received 24th
August 1920.]

Lepidopterous caterpillars do not as a rule seriously injure tea
bushes, leaf-rollers doing the most harm. Such cases of severe in-
festation as do occur are quite temporary m character, as the pests
tend to disappear owing 1o a number of natural causes. In tea the
injury means a more or less temporary reduction of the yield.

One curious instance is recorded in which tea severely infested by
Helopeltis was completely defoliated by Staurojnis alternus, the new
leaves not bemg re-infested by the Capsid.

Andraca bipunctata, Wlk. (bunch caterpillar) attacks tea in Java
and Sumatra, especially in the latter island. It occurs in seed-gardens
and nurseries of older plants, in which the damage warrants remedial
measures such as collection by special gangs and spraying or burning
oft" with blow-lamps. Energetic action is advisable in order to forestall
severe outbreaks such as have occurred in British India. The eggs
are deposited on the under-side of the leaves, and the egg-stage
lasts about a week, the caterpillars becoming full grown in a
month.

An instance of severe infestation by the Limacodid, TJiosea cervina,
is described. About 120 acres were involved, some portions being
entirely defoliated. The prunmgs should have been burned on this
occasion, for it is important that the pest should be destroyed before
or during pruning ; after this the plants need all their strength, and the
infestation of young plants may have serious consequences, which may
be further aggravated by Curculionid attack. On this estate a weevil,
MtfUocenis sp., injured both Erythrina [dadap] and the tea shaded by
it. The outbreak was worst during the dry season and diminished at
the beginning of the rains. Collection was actively prosecuted, and on
one day 220,000 individuals of T. cervina were taken. The cocoons
also were gathered. They are the chief factor in spreading infestation
for they roll about on the ground and are carried to a distance by water.
In all 7,500.000 caterpillars and cocoons were destroyed. A fungus
or bacterial disease destroys many caterpillars. An attempt was made
to spread the disease by crushing infected caterpillars and distributing
the material in the estate, but neither this measure nor insecticides and
trap-lamps proved of practical value. The outbreak lasted 8 months,
at the end of which period masses of shrivelled caterpillars were found,
a fact for which no satisfactory explanation was forthcoming. The
same remedies as for T. cervina are advised against another Limacodid,
Setora nitens.

456

Psychid caterpillars are common pests of tea. They include
Clania crameri (faggot-worm), C. variegata (bag-worm), Amatissa
contorta (basket-worm) and a large species, probably belonging to the
genus AcantJiopsyche. The latter resembles in shape A. snelleni,
common on tea in Java, but is much bigger. A. suhteralhaia is of very
little importance ; it has been noticed on Albizzia moluccana and on
the tea beneath. A caterpillar found on Lantana is very similar to
Clania holmesi (spiral faggot- worm). On one occasion a number of
caterpillars resembling those of Pagodia hehneyeri were found on tea
near Buitenzorg. Dr. van Leeuwen has recorded this moth from cacao.

Beenard (C). Termieten-Bestrijding. [Measures against Ter-
mites.]— Meded. Proefstation voor Thee, Buitenzorg, no. 68, 1919,
pp. 28-30. [Received 24th August 1920.]

The following method of checking termites is not new, but the success
achieved justifies its mention. A tea estate in Java has been freed
from these pests by scraping all stems that show signs of infestation.
They are then painted with an emulsion of petroleum residue. As a
matter of fact the scraping appears to be the effective part of the
process, but the coolies are convinced of the virtue of the emulsion, and
to enable it to act to the best advantage they scrape the stems with
scrupulous care, this being the secret of success. It goes without
saying that, when pruning, all infested twigs are removed or treated
with tar.

Telephone posts are protected from rotting and from insect attack
by winding " indjoek " string round the lower portions. Dr. Mauren-
brecher has adapted this to the protection of young tea (1-4 years old)
against termites, " indjoek " rag being used. The upper roots are
laid bare and the rag is laid over them and spread out ; it is then
wrapped round the stem and tied in two places — at the root-collar
and about 8 inches higher up. The cost of the material is about
10/- per acre, while labour costs about 15/-. This works out at about
1 farthing for 5 plants. Infestation was reduced from 25 per cent, to
less than 2 per cent. It only occurred very sporadically when the
outside of the covering was painted with an emulsion of petroleum-
residue.

Bernard (C). Z^?e6orNS-Aantasting. [Xyleborus Attack.] —
Meded. Proefstation voor Thee, Buitenzorg, no. 68, 1919, pp. 31-33.
[Received 24th August 1920.]

A case of infestation by boring beetles is recorded from a tea estate
in nurseries that had not been properly cleared and prepared owing
to lack of time. The plants lost their leaves, their stems remained
slender, and the roots became abnormally enlarged.

The cause of the injury was a beetle of the genus Xyleborus, which
does not appear to be either X. fornicaius or the small twig borer,
known in Java as " tocco," " koppo " or " boeboek " which —
according to Green — is not identical with X. fornicatus.

The mines of this very small brown Xyleborus are a little more than
I millimetre in diameter and contain white eggs, larvae and females.
The latter are somewhat longer than 1 millimetre, the males being
rather less. On the interior walls there is a white fungus which the
beetles cultivate for food.

457

Direct remedial measures did not appear feasible, but in time the
infestation proved to be less serious than at first thought, only the
weakest and backward plants dying. The healthy plants recovered,
and the openings of the mines closed up. In sections of such stems the
discoloured mines were visible and here and there the dead insects were
enclosed. Preventive measures are advocated, the immediate
destruction of prunings by burning being one of these. When pruning,
some of the twigs should be spared so as to regulate the sap-flow and
promote the speedy growth of the tissues, in order that the mines may
become closed.

Bernard (C). Verslag van het Proefstation voor Thee over het
Jaar 1919. [Report of the (Buitenzorg) Tea Experiment Station
for 1919.] — Meded. Proefstation voor Thee, Buitenzorg, no. 69,
1919, 23 pp. [Received 24th August 1920.]

The section on diseases and insect pests in this report is embodied
in one already noticed [R.A.E., A, viii, 329]. Among the papers
issued were some on Helopeltis [R.A.E., A, vii, 499, 500]. Work is
now in progress on the tea leaf -rollers, Gracilaria theivora, Wals.,.
Cydia (Laspeyresia) leucostoma, Meyr., and Homona coffearia, Nietn.
Experiments in the control of Helopeltis are being conducted.

Senior-White (R.). A Note on Suana concolor, Walker. — Spolia
Zeylanica, Colombo, xi, no. 42, 22nd July 1920, pp. 299-302, 1
plate.

The Lasiocampid, Suana concolor, WUv., occurs in India, Ceylon,
Java and the PhiHppines. Its food-plants include Psidium guayava,
Cajanus indicus. Hibiscus rosa- sinensis, Greivia tiliaefolia and Shorea
robusta. It is said occasionally to attack tea in Ceylon.

In the [Matale] district the author has observed two broods a year,
maturing in February-March and September, respectively. The egg,
larva, pupa and adult are described.

All stages of the larva are attacked by a fungus, Verticillium sp. ; a
species of Penicillium found on dead larvae is believed to be a secondary
parasite. A Phorid fly has been seen to emerge from dead larvae, in
which it appears to oviposit before they die from some other- cause.

CoAD (B. R.) & Cassidy (T. P.). Cotton Boll Weevil Control by the

Use of Poison. — U.S. Dept. Aqric, Washington, B.C., Bull. 875,
July 1920, 31 pp.

The system of poisoning described in this bulletin does not aim at the
extermination of the boll-weevil [Anthonomus grandis], but only at a
sufficient reduction of infestation to permit the maturing of a full crop
of cotton. This depends on the habit of the cotton plant of producing
much more fruit than it is able to mature. About 60 per cent, of
the squares fail to reach maturity as bolls, and are shed at some time
during their development. This shedding is comparatively slight
early in the season, and increases rapidly as the plants develop, until
it reaches the point when all the new fruit that appears is shed. Up
to a certain point the fruit shedding due to boll-weevil attack merely
takes the place of the normal shedding which would occur even if the
weevils were absent.

458

Generally speaking, then, the weevils are permitted to multiply
unmolested until they have become sufficiently abundant to puncture
more squares than would be shed normally. Poisoning is then started,
and every effort directed to holding the infestation below this point until
the plants have had time to develop beyond weevil injury as many
bolls as they will be able to mature. Poisoning is then stopped, and
the weevils are allowed to resume multiplication. Remarkably large
increases of yield frequently result from a comparatively slight degree
of control for a short time during this critical period. But a satis-
factory effect can only be secured by starting applications at the right
time, and repeating them at the correct interval.

The time of starting depends on the percentage of squares in the field
that are weevil-punctured. As a general rule operations should start
when from 15 to 20 per cent, of the squares are punctured, and be
repeated often enough to prevent the infestation rising above 25 per
cent, until the crop is set and the bolls safe from weevil attack. In
certain cases in large plantations it may be possible to confine the weevils
to the fields in which they first appear, near their hibernation quarters,
as they will not migrate to the adjoining cotton if their numbers are
kept down. In such cases it is hardly ever necessary to poison the
entire acreage, but it is well to start operations at a somew^hat lower
percentage and continue later than usual.

A four or five day interval is best. The eftect of the poison does not
last long, and this interval results in the successful control of the
progeny of the first weevil attack if three applications in all are
made under average conditions, while more applications are necessary
if a longer interval is allowed. At the same time, if anything happens
to interfere with the schedule for a day or so, it can still be continued,
whereas with a longer interval all control is lost.

The poison advised is calcium arsenate used as a dust, with the
following specifications : — Not less than 40 per cent, arsenic pentoxide ;
not more than 0"75 per cent, water-soluble arsenic pentoxide ; density
not less than 80 nor more than 100 cubic inches per pound. Without
the first specification the poison will not be sufficiently insecticidal ;
without the second, it may scorch the plants ; without the third, it
will not produce a suitable dust cloud.

The danger of the poison to man and animals is slight if proper
precautions are taken, but the risk of inhaling the poison or of absorp-
tion through the skin, as well as that of swallowing it, must be borne
in mind. The poison is best applied at night when the humidity is
high and the air calm. Rain washes it off much more readily if it has
been applied in very dry weather.

Dusting machinery is of three kinds, hand guns, cart dusters, and
power dusters. Hand guns are only suitable for very small areas,
or to supplement the cart duster, while as the expense of the latter is
hardly justified for less than 75 acres the problem of a smaller area is
difficult. Power dusters are not very satisfactory.

The expense of poisoning varies in different circumstances, but
speaking generally it is hardly justified unless the land is fertile enough
for the plants to take fall advantage of the treatment ; in fact, unless
the land would produce at least half a bale of cotton an acre if there
were no weevils.

459

Calcium arsenate can also be used in the control of cotton leaf- worm
[Alabama argillucea], fall army-worm [Laphygnia fnigiperda], etc.
]^ut if it is desired to use the weevil equipment solely for leaf-worm
control, the .expense may be considerably reduced by mixing lime in
equal parts with the calcium arsenate and applying the mixture at the
rate of four or five pounds an acre.

Frank (A.). Diseases and Insects Pests of Blackberries, Loganberries
and Strawberries. J7//^///. Bull. Western Washington Expt. Sta.,
Pmjallirp, viii, no. 1, April 1920, pp. 14-16, 2 figs. [Received 24th
August 1920.]

Blackberries and loganberries are attacked by the cane maggot
[Phorbia riibivora], the crown borer [Pennisetia 7narginata] and the cane
borer [Oberea bimaculata], all of which also infest raspberries [R.A.E.,
A, viii, 208].

Leaf -hoppers, Empoasca mali, cause a great deal of damage to these
plants but may be destroyed by spraying with "Black-leaf 40" at
the rate of | of a pint to 50 U.S. gals, of water and 1 lb. of soap. This
should be applied before the insects develop wings.

Strawberry pests include : — Aristotelia sp., Philaenus spamariiis,
Lachnostema sp.. Nematodes and the root weevils, Otiorrhynchiis
ovatas and 0. sulcatus. The grubs of these weevils may be killed by
covering the plants with canvas painted with linseed oil or oilcloth.
Under this, saucers should be placed at intervals of abont 5 feet and
containing about | of an ounce of carbon bisulphide. The edges of
the canvas should be covered with soil and the treatment carried out
for about 6 hours.

Cobb (N. A.). A newly discovered Parasitic Nematode {Tylcnchus
mahogani, n.sp.) connected with a Disease of the Mahogany Tree. —

Jl. Parasit., Urbana, vi, no. 4, June 1920, pp. 188-191, 3 figs.

Tglenchus mahogani, sp. n., here described from Barbados, lives in the
tissues of the mahogany tree and causes a disease the seriousness of
which is still uncertam. This Nematode greatly resembles T. musicoh,
Cobb, and T. cojfeae, Zimm., and the distinguishing characters of these
three species are discussed.

Brues (C, T.). The Selection of Food Plants by Insects, with Special
Reference to Lepidopterous Larvae. — American Naturalist,
Lancaster, Pa., liv, no. 633, July-August 1920, pp. 313-332.

The various theories accounting for the association of insects with
■definite plants are discussed.

Leiby (R. W.). The Spraying of Irish Potatoes. — Bull. North Carolina
Dept. Agric, Raleigh, xl, no. 3 (Bull. 254), March 1919. 38 pp.,
10 figs. [Received 30th August 1920.]

The results of five years' (1913-1918) experimental treatment to
control insects and diseases of the autumn or late potato crop are
described in detail. The insects dealt with include the Colorado
potato beetle {Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Say), flea-beetles {Epitrix spp.),
and the leaf-hojjper {Empoasca mali, Le B).

460

By spraying four times during the growing season with lead arsenate-
and Bordeaux mixture [R.A.E., A, v, 364] the average yield was
increased by about 50 bushels per acre.

The first application should be made when the plants are from 4 to 7
inches high, or earlier if the beetles appear sooner. A constant film
of spray should be noticeable on the foliage if the best results are to
be obtained.

Leiby (R. W.). Spraying Irish Potatoes. — North Carolina Agric,
Extens. Service, Raleigh, Extens. Circ. 103, March 1920, 14 pp.,
6 figs. [Received 24th August 1920.]

The results of two years' experiments with sprays for the protection
of the early crop of potatoes show that the best treatment is the same-
as advocated for the autumn crop. The early crop should be sprayed
at least three times, and it is advisable to make the first application
when the first eggs hatch. The chief pest of this crop is the Colorado
potato beetle [Leptinotarsa decemlitieata]. Dusting with lead arsenate
and powdered lime at the rate of 1 lb. to 6 lb., or calcium arsenate and
lime at the rate of 1 to 8, will destroy this beetle on the early crops,
but will not protect them from bhght.

Sherman (F.). The Cotton Boll Weevil. — North Carolina Agric.
Extens. Service, Raleigh, Extens. Circ. 104, March 1920, 20 pp.,
8 figs. [Received 24th August 1920.]

In view of the fact that Anthonomus grandis (cotton boll weevil)
has now reached North Carolina, this circular gives an account of the
insect's history in the United States, the manner in which it may be
expected to spread, and the damage it is likely to do in North Carolina.
The usual course of disturbance and lecovery in an attack over a number
of years is described, with the measures that should be taken to ofi'set
losses from it. The life-history of the weevil is given together with
direct measures against it, including the destruction of the stalks in
the autumn earlier than they would die naturally, to lessen the number
of weevils that live through the winter by taking away some of their
shelter, clean cultivation for the same reason, and poisoning, etc.,
[cf. R.A.E., A, vi, 17 ; vii, 74]. ■

Sherman (F.) & Leiby (R. W.). Green Clover Worm as a Pest of
Soybeans with special reference to the Outbreak of 1919. —

North Carolina Agric. Extens. Service, Raleigh, Extens. Circ. 105,
July 1920, 14 pp., 4 figs.

The buUv of the information on Plathypeva scabra here given has
been dealt with elsewhere [R.A.E., A, viii, 384, 390].

Ehrhorn (E. M.). Division of Plant Inspection. — Hawaiian Forester
and Agriculturist, Honolulu, xvii, no. 7, July 1920, pp. 204-206.

The pests intercepted during May 1920 included ants {Monomoriwn
sp.) in packing from the United States, weevils in vegetable seeds from
Manila, and ants {Prenol&pis sp.) in yams from China.

461

SwEZEY (0. H.). Wireworms as Cane Pests in Hawaii. — Hawaiian
Planters^ Rec, Honolulu, xxiii, no. 1, July 1920, pp. 1-5, 1 fig.

Recent investigations show that under certain circumstances wire-
worms may become serious sugar-cane pests. At Honokaa, Hawaii,
Simodactylus cinnamomeus, Boisd., was not sufficiently abundant
to produce noticeable injury, but large numbers of Monocrepidius
exul, Sharp, were found burrowing into and eating the eyes of seed
cane. Under normal conditions this species is probably predaceous
on the larvae of another beetle, Pantomorus fulleri.

The wire worm injury to seed cane in other countries is reviewed, and
the experiments with sodium cyanide in New Jersey are quoted
[R.A.E., A, viii, 45]. Tests are being made with poisons and repel-
lents for this pest.

McSwiNEY (J.). Report of the Agricultural Department, Assam,
for the Year ending 31st March 1920, Shillong, 1920, pp. 6-7.
[Received 26th August 1920.]

The pests recorded for the year under review include : — Hispa
armigera (rice Hispid), Lepfocorisa varicornis (rice bug) and Schoenobius
incertellus [hipimctifer) (rice stem borer) on rice. The mustard Aphid
and mustard sawfiy, Athalia proximo^ were again reported and were
dealt with as in the previous year [R.A.E., A, vii, 492] ; Diacrisia
obliqua and Acliaea {OpJiiusa) melicerta occurred on castor-oil plants.
Handpicking was practised to reduce the numbers of Agrotis ypsilon
attacking tobacco. Plantains were damaged by a weevil, Odoiporus
longicollis. A Pentatomid bug, Rhynchocoris sp., is reported as a
general pest of orange fruits. At present it can only be destroyed by
trapping with a stick coated with gum. Litchi trees were seriously
infested by a mite, Eriophyes sp.

Flokent (P.). La Fourmi d' Argentine. — Jl. d'Agric. Pratique, Paris,
xxxiv, no. 35, 26th August 1920, p. 172.

Owing to the spread of the Argentine ant [Iridomyrmex humilis] in
the south of France it was resolved at a meeting held by the Central
Society of Agriculture of Nice and the Department of the Maritime
Alps that the Ministry of Agriculture should send a specialist to
make careful investigations along the whole of the coast with a view
to defining precisely the infested areas ; that the agriculturists, horti-
culturists and proprietors of structures affected by the ravages of the
ant should form a syndicate of defence vnth the object of applying
intensive and continued remedial measures ; and that they should be
supported in this task by the Ministry of Agriculture, the Department,
and the municipalities.

Inspection centres should be established in the infested areas to
prevent further dissemination of the pest.

Menegaux (A.). Oiseaux utiles. — Jl. d'Ayric. Pratique, Paris, xxxiv,
no. 35, 26th August 1920, pp. 174-176', 1 plate.

The necessity for protecting useful insectivorous birds such as
Saxicola oenanfhe, Ruticilla titys and Pratincola rubetra is emphasised.
The insects devoured by the latter include Picris brassicae, P. rapae
. and P. napi.

462

WiLDEKMUTH (V.. L.). The Alfalfa Caterpillar. — U.S. Dept. Agric,
Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. 1094, April 1920, 16 pp.,
14 figs. [Received 30tli August 1920.]

Much of the information contained in this bulletin on Colias
{Eurymus) curgtheme has been noticed elsewhere [R.A.E., A, iii, 153],
additional information being given with relation to control of this
butterfly by the management of irrigation water.

Childs (L.). Dust and Spray Gun in Calyx Worm Control. — J I.

Econ. Entom. Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 4, August 1920, pp. 331-338.

During the past four years, experiments have been carried out with
dusts and sprays against the codling moth [Cydia pomonella] in the
calyx. The percentage of calyx entrants is a very variable factor
during different seasons in different sections. Observations show that
the general utility of the dusting method is very limited, and it cannot
be recommended as a general means of control. Over-estimation of
the efficacy of this method is likely to depreciate the value of cover
sprays, and great infestation of the fruit is the result. The dust must
be applied during a calm atmosphere, the best time being usually yery
early in the morning.

Owing to the many handicaps and difficulties connected with this
method it is only advocated for use on steep hillsides and in sections
where it is difficult to obtain sufficient water for spraying. The spray
gun gave better results than the rods. As the moths are inclined to
deposit more eggs on the tops of the trees than near the ground, spraying
should be carried out to at least a height of 25 feet. If the trees are
not sprayed above this, fruit should not be grown at that height in
order to reduce infestation to the minimum. In order to throw a
spray of the proper quality, the machine must maintain a pressure of
at least 275 lb. With a low-pressure machine a tree can only be covered
by drenching, a large amount of material being thereby wasted.
The spray must reach the calyx ends in the proper condition and in
sufficient amounts to effect a coating as it falls.

Gibson (E. H.). Professional Entomology : The Call and the Answer.

— Jl. Econ. Ento)n., Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 4, August 1920, pp.
355-357.

Professional entomology is defined as the study and application of
economic entomology for the means of livelihood. There is no reason
why entomology should not be put on a similar basis as law, medicine
or engineering, professions that are the outcome of necessity. The
present need for consulting entomologists is emphasised, and the
possibilities of this science as a profession are discussed.

Herbert (F. B.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Western Twig Pruners.— J/.
Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 4, August 1920, pp. 360-363.

The beetles that prune twigs and small branches in the West are
apparently all native species, although exotic plants are not immune
to their attack. They include a Bostrychid, Polycaon confertus, Lee,
which usually bores at the forks of small branches of almond,
apple, apricot, avocado, birch, cherry, currant, English elm, Eugenia

463

myrtijolia, fig, grape, live oak, olive, orange, peach, pear, prune and
strawberry tree (Arbutus uncdo). Its eggs are generally laid in the dead
wood of acacia, almond, apple, Oregon and silver maple, manzanita,.
live oak, tan bark oak and rose. The larvae mine in the heart and sap-
wood of these trees for a year or more and emerge as adults in the
early summer. The breeding places should be destroyed, where possi-
ble, in the winter or early spring by burning all dead logs and stumps
of the food-plants.

P. stoutii, Lee, breeds in California laurel, coast live oak, madrone
and mazanita and attacks the branches of almond and Eucalyptus
globulus. It occurs throughout California.

The western twig-borer, Apate punctijminis, occurs throughout the
Pacific southwest where its native food-plant appears to be mesquit
[Prosopis], but it has also been bred from wood of apricot, fig, grape,
pear and orange.

The Scolytids, PMoeosinus cupressi, Hopk., and P. cristatus, Lee,
are both native to California, and occur in many species of cypress.
Galleries are excavated under the bark parallel to the grain of the wood.
The eggs are laid in niches along the sides of the gallery. The larvae
mine in the cambium and thus girdle the trees. Under certain con-
ditions they will attack small branches about | inch in diameter.
Most of the injury is done in the spring and autumn. Remedial
measures include burning up the infested trees, posts or poles in which
they are breeding, and killing them by removing the bark. Injured
twigs may be trimmed from the trees.

A Scolytid found in broken twigs of ash (Fraxinus spp.) and old
brood galleries of which were found in the dead tops of neighbouring
ash trees, is probably an undescribed species of Leperisinus near
L. aculeatus, Say. An allied species, L. j'raxini, has been reported
from Europe.

Other twig-pruners include Agrilus migelicus (flat-headed oak twig-
girdler) and two unidentified Cerambycid larvae which were found
upon the larger twigs of oak.

Stearns (L. A.). Some Results with Nicotine and Nicotine Combina-
tions in Experiments on the Control of Laspeyresia molesta,
Busck. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 4, August 1920,
pp. 364-367.

The investigation on Cydia molesta of which these results are a part,
has been previously noticed [R.A.E., A, viii, 354].

Barber (G. W.). U.S. Bur. Entom. The Occurrence of the Chinch-bug
[Blissus leiicopterus) in Eastern Massachusetts. — Jl. Econ. Entom.,
Concord, N.H., xiii, no. 4, August 1920, pp. 369-370.

A lawn composed chiefly of blue grass having been completely
destroyed by the chinch-bug, Blissus leucopferus, all stages of the insect
were found in Massachusetts during August 1919. This pest was
probably introduced with sheep manure, which had been extensively
used for the lawm. In January 1920 the lawn was burned and ploughed
and made ready for spring planting. Although adults w^ere hibernating
in considerable numbers in the roots of certain grasses it is doubtful
it sufficient will survive to become injurious next season.

464

BuKGESS (A. F.). A European Pest found in Massachusetts. — Jl.

Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xiii, no, 4, August 1920, p; 370.

Attention is drawn to the occurrence of the satin moth, Stilpnotia
salicis, L., in Massachusetts. The larvae feed on poplar, willow and
other trees. As the pest was not discovered until it was too late for
spraying, large numbers of larvae and pupae have been crushed, and
egg-masses treated with creosote. Observations are now being made
on the life-history of this moth.

Sanders (J. G.) & De Long (D. M.). Descriptions and Figures of
eleven confused Species of Deltoccphalus infesting Grasses. —

Pennsylvania Dept. Agric, iii, no. 15 (no. 346), Bur. Plant Indust.,
Tech. Ser. no. 1, Harrisbiirg, June 1920, pp. 3-14, 5 plates.

Methods of collecting and mounting leaf-hoppers are discussed, and
a key to the species belonging to the genus Deltocephalus is given,
with notes on each.

Sanders (J. G.) & De Long (D. M.). New American Records and
Notes of Cicadellidae. — Ibid., pp. 19-20.

The species dealt with include : — Idiocerus scurra, Germ., found in
New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania and Ohio, and
probably imported with poplar trees ; 1. cognatus, Fieb., infesting
white poplars {Populus alba) in New York and New Jersey ; and
Platymetopiits hyalinus, Osb., occurring on various species of maple
in Philadelphia, New York City, New Jersey, etc.

Ainslie (C. N.). The Western Grass Stem Sawfly. — U.S. Dept. Agric.,
Washington, B.C., Bull. 841, 7th Mav 1920, 27 pp., 16 figs.
[Received 30th August 1920.]

The hfe-history of Cephus ductus, Nort., is reviewed and the various
stages described. A key is also given to the North American species
of Cephus. The food-plants of C. cinctus include : — Elymus spp.,.
Agropyron spp. Hordeum jubatum, Bromus inermis, Phleum pratense,
Deschapsia sp., Colamagrostis spp., Festuca sp., wheat, durum, spelt
and rye. It is also probable that the larvae attack barley. The eggs
hatch in about 6 to 7 days. The emerging larva begins feeding almost
at once and excavates the stem of the plant. The number of instars
has not been determined, but there are probably four moults, and the
larval stage may last 11 months. Hibernation occurs in the larval
stage, and pupation takes place in the spring and probably only lasts
about a week.

The most common parasite of Cephus cinctus in grasses is a Chalcid.
Pleurotropis utahensis, Cwfd., which attacks the hibernating larvae.
They are also parasitised by a Braconid, Microbracon cephi, Gah.
[R.A.E, A, vii, 23].

Deep ploughing to at least 5 or 6 inches is the only measure suggested
at present for the control of this pest, but even this will be useless
unless the resulting surface be compacted by harrowing or rolhng, and
the stubble thus thoroughly buried. Under laboratory conditions the
adults emerged through loose soil when buried at a depth of 6 inches.

Cephus cinctus is often confused with C. pygmaeus, L., which it also
greatly resembles in its life-history.

CONTENTS.

Page,

Aprica : Notes on Tobacco Pests . . . . . , . . . . 424

Africa : Notes on New Apliids . . . . . . . . . , 447

Africa, East : Measures against Flax Caterpillars . . . . . . 432

Africa, South : Notes on New Coccids . . . . . . , . 447

Africa, West : A New Mite infesting Cotton . . . , . . 426

Algeria : Coleopterous Pests of Vines . . , . . . 419, 451

Algeria : Insect Pests of Beetroot . . . . . . . . . . 450

Algeria : Measures against Scale Insects . . . . . . . . 450

America, North : The Classification of the IcHNEuaiONiDAE . . 417

Argentina : The Bionomics of Golias lesbia infesting Lucerne . . 433

Argentina : A Lepidopterous Pest of Oranges . . . . . . 434

Assam : Insect Pests in 1919-20 461

Australia : Notes on Sawflies . . . . . , . . . . 442

Australia : An American Thrips on Tobacco in N.S.W. . . . . 443

Austria : The Pests of Stored Products and their Control . . 425

Austria : Notes on Potato Pests . . . . . . . . . . 426

Brazil : The Origin, Bionomics and Control of Platyedra gossy-

piella. 421, 445

Brazil : Measures against the Cabbage Aphis , . . . . . 452

Brazil : A Lepidopterous Pest of Cactus . . . . . . . . 452

British Isles : Precautions against Ckermes attacking Douglas

Fir 423

British Isles : Notes on the Classification of Braconidae . . 429

British Isles : The Food-Plants of the Common Earwig . . . . 432

British Isles : Notes on Carnation Pests . . . . . . . . 441

British Isles : Measures against Furniture Beetles . . . . 443

Canada : The Transmission of Mosaic Disease of Potatoes by Insects 422

Canada : Miscellaneous Pests in Manitoba . . . . . . . . 437

Canada : A Weevil infesting Lilies in Vancouver Island 438

'~ \ ADA : Notes on Eriophyid Mites in British Columbia , , . . 438

LON : A Note on Suana concolor . . . . . . . . 457

uociiiN China : Lepidopterous Pests of Rice . . . . . . 451

Dutch East Indies : The Bionomics and Control of the Coffee-Berry

Borer, Stephanoderes hampei . . . . . . . . . . 447

Dutch East Indies : Notes on Tea Pests. , . 452, 453, 455, 456, 457

Dutch East Indies : Notes on Tetranychus telarius and other Mites 454

Dutch Guiana : A Cocoon-spinning Thrips . . . . . . . . 422

Dutch Guiana : Measures against Cacao Thrips . . . . 439, 440

Europe, Central : The Species of Geuthorrhynckus of the Group

chalybaeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 452

France : The Formation of New Colonies by Termites
France : A New Coccobacillus infesting Lepidopterous Larvae
France : The Bionomics of Ehacodineura antiqua . .
France : Coleopterous and other Insect Pests of Vines
France : Measures against the Spread of the Argentine Ant
France : The Value of Insectivorous Birds . . . , . .

Germany : Orchard Pests in 1920

Germany : New Species of Mites

Germany : The Breeding of Phylloxera Adults and their Progeny

Germany : A New Research Institute for Combating Animal Pests

at Munich
Germany : The Use of Hydrocyanic Acid Gas against Vine Moths .
Germany : Measures against Flour Mill Pests
Germany : Propaganda on Applied Entomology
Germany : Potato Pests in 1917
Germany : Investigations on Insecticides
Hawaii : The Efieot of Sprays on the Control of Leafhoppers by

Parasites

421
421
432
432, 434
461
461
426
426
427

Hawaii
Hawaii
Hawaii
Hawaii
Hawaii
Hawaii
Hawaii
Hawaii

The Fern Weevil Menace . .

Bruohid and other Pests of Prosopis juliflora

Pests intercepted in Quarantine

Natural Control of Scale Insects . .

Notes on Nesotocus giffardi

A New Immigrant Termite

Notes on Immigrant Ichneumonids

Notes on Bethylidae

427
427
428
429
429
429

430
430
430
431, 460
434
434
435
435
435

CONTENTS— cont.

Hawaii : A New Food-Plaxit of the Pink Boll Worm
Hawaii : The Occurrence of the Tahiti Coconut Weevil
Haw An : Notes on Bruchidae and their Parasites
Hawaii : New Genera and Species of Encyrtidae
Hawaii : Wire worms as Sugar -Cane Pests . .
Holland : An Outbreak of the Nun Moth . .
Holland : Nematodes infesting Flower Bulbs
India : Insect Pests in Bengal in 1917-19 . .
Italy : A Tachinid Parasite of Galerucella luteola

PAGE.

436
436
436
437
4G1
423
441
444
432

Italy : Precautions against the Introduction of the Argentine

Ant . .
Japan : The Cultivation of Pyrethrum
Java : A New Parasite of Dacus ferrugine,us
Lithuania : Insect Pests in the Virgin Forest of Bialowies
Mexico : The Utilisation of Dried Insects for Poultry Food
New Zealand : Woolly-Aphis Control

Porto Rico : The Use of Ammonium Sulphate against Sugar-cane
Grubs

Porto Kico : Insect Pests in 1918-19

Porto Rico : Strategus quadrifoveatus infesting Coconuts . .
Tunis : Notes on Vine Pests . .
U.S.A. : A Fungus infesting Ants.
U.S.A. : Notes on New Aphids

The External Anatomy of Anthomyia radicum
The Digestive System of the Periodical Cicada
A Nematode Disease of Red Clover and Strawberry in the
Pacific Northwest
U.S.A. : Insect CaiTiers of Bacillus tracheiphilus

: Control of the Strawberry Leaf Beetle in Maryland

: A New Species of Pissodes infesting Pines in California

: Grasshoppers and other Pests in Montana . .

: Measures against Miscellaneous Pests in S. Dakota 443, 444

: The Biology and Economic Importance of Solenopis molesta 446

: The European Corn Borer and Similar Native Insects in

Illinois

U.S.A. : Cotton BoU Weevil Control by the Use of Poison . .

U.S.A. : Insect Pests of Blackberries, Loganberries and Strawberries

in Washington

U.S.A. : Sprays for Potato Pests in North Carolina . . 459, 460

U.S.A. : Measures against the Cotton Boll Weevil in North

Carolina
U.S.A. : The Green Clover Worm infesting Soy Beans in North

Carolina
U.S.A. : Measures against the Alfalfa Caterpillar

Spraying and Dusting against the Codling Moth . .

The Prospects of Professional Entomology

Twig-pruning Coleoptera in California

Experiments with Nicotine against Oydia miolesta. .

The Occurrence of the Chinch-bug in Eastern Massachusetts

A European Pest {StilpnoUa salicis) found in Massachusetts

Notes on Leafhoppers of the Genus Deltocephalus . .

New Records of Cicadellidae

The Bionomics of Cephus cinctus

TATT?c . Insects Pests m St. Kitts-Nevis in 1918-19

A New Nematode infesting Mahogany in Barbados

U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.

U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.

U.S.A.
U.S.A.

U.S.A.

445
422
435
419
429
431

446
446
451
450, 452
417
417
419
419

422
422
437
438
442

450

457

459

460

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

West Indies

West Indies

The Life- Cycle of Aphids and Coccids. .

The Destruction of Injurious Insects. (Review)

The Effect of Hydrocyanic Gas on Insect Pests

The Use of Arsenicals in Plant Protection

The use of Carbolineum as an Insecticide

Notes on D err is as an Insecticide

The Partial Sterilisation of Soils

The Selection of Food-Plants by Insects

460
462
462
462
462
463
463
464
464
464
464
442
45i>
418
421
425
428
439
439
441
459

4

NOTICE.

As from 1 st January, 1921, the permanent address of the
Publication Office of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology
will be :—

41, QUEEN'S GATE, LONDON, S.W.7,

All communications respecting subscriptions to or
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The Subscriptions to Volume IX of the "Review of
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Series "A" (Agricultural), 12/-, Series "B" (Medical and
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Registered at the O.P.O. for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundland by Maga-iine Post.

VOL. VIII. Sep. A. Part 11.— pp. 465-512. NOVEMBER. 1920.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

SERIES a: agricultural.

ISBIJSD BY THE IMPERIAL
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Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, CLE., F.E.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E, Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Eose Beadford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Boyal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman of the

Governing Body, Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture.
Sir Sidney F. Harmbr, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Hon. E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Austraha.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
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Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Ofi&ce.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial OfiSce in

Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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The Honourable N. C Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Sir Arthur E. Shipley, G.B.E., F.R.S., Master of Christ's College,]

Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C Sperling, C.M.G., Foreign Office.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture.]
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural^

College, Wye.

Mr.' C Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of
England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominio^
is an ex officio member of the Committee.

General Secretary.

Mr. A. C C Parkinson (Colonial Office),

2>irectoc an& B&ttor.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, C.M.G.

BsBlstant Sfrectot.

Dr. S. A. Neave.

Head Office. — British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road|
London, S.W.7. '

Ptihlication Office. — 88, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7.

465

Froggatt (W. W.). Thrips damaging Tobacco {Anapliolhrijps striatus,
Osbourne). — Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., Sydney, xxxi, no. 7, July 1920,
pp. 502-506, 8 figs.

The grass thrips, Anophothri'ps striatus, Osb., here redescribed, is
recorded as causing serious damage to tobacco in Australia. On
25th April 1919 all stages were found on the upper and lower surfaces
of tobacco leaves. , . -^a^^'"'*" '*'

The remedial measures advocated include spraying with a soda soap
wash during the earlier growth of the plants, and destruQtioi£)l^ \ 4
ploughing or burning of all plants and waste material in the paddock
aitev the tobacco has been cut and removed. Burning sulphtlf^ftt^^j
the windward side of the tobacco plants was of no use and caused
•scorching of the foliage.

Froggatt (W. W.). To destroy the Mole Cricket. — Agric. Gaz.,N.S.W. ,
Sydney, xxxi, no. 7, July 1920, p. 518.

A bait consisting of 1 oz. Paris green, 16 oz. bran, one tablespoonful
salt, and sufficient water to bring the whole to the consistency of bran
mash, is advocated for the destruction of mole-crickets, Gryllotalpa sp. ,
in such places as garden lawns and putting-greens. They may also
l)e drowned bv flooding.

Caesar (L.). Grasshoppers and their Control. — Canad. Horticulturist,
Toronto, xliii, no. 8, August 1920, p. 220.

Grasshoppers were unusually abundant in Ontario in 1920. In
most cases they spread from old pastures and waste land to cultivated
iields, causing serious injury to the crops. The remedial measures
suggested are autumn or early spring ploughing, and the use of a poison
bran bait consisting of 20 lb. bran, -| to 1 lb. Paris green, 2 qts. molasses,
2 or 3 oranges or lemons and 2 gals, water. A clieaper substitute may
I'C made with 20 lb. sawdust, ir to 1 lb. Paris green, -| lb. salt and 2 gals,
water. This mixture will only be sufficient for about 3 acres, whereas
the bran bait will cover 4 acres.

Illingworth (J. F.). Cane Grub Investigations. — Queensland Agric.
Jl., Brisbane, xiv, no. 1, July 1920, pp. 35-36.

Since the cessation of delayed but heavy rains in North Queensland,
which prevented the sugar-cane from making much advance, the
activities of the cane-grubs {Lepidiota alhohirta) have been very notice-
able. Within four days the whole infested area yellowed, and, in places,
the leaves turned brown as if scorched. To make matters worse the
grubs will continue feeding several weeks later than usual before hiber-
nating, owing to their having hatched so late. A small area, formerly
free from them, is now infested, apparently because the fowls, which
used to occupy it and destroyed great numbers of the egg-laden
beetles, were disposed of before the flight of the beetles. In all,
several hundred acres of fertile soil have been consequently thrown
out of cultivation.

(717) Wt. P1S50/1G0. 1,500. 11.20. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.ll/I4. a

466

Fields that have been left uncultivated for a time sometimes produce
well when first planted again. This may be due to the wild flowers
in the uncultivated fields attracting the parasitic wasps {Canipsomeris
and Scolia), which normally must go far from the cane area in search
of nectar-bearing flowers, few probably returning. The planting of
nectar-producing shrubs is therefore recommended. A satisfactory
method of using arsenic for cane-grub control has yet to be discovered ;
placed in furrows on either side of the stools, it has proved useless.
The destruction of feeding trees, which has recently been tried [R.A.E.,
A, vii, 110], seems likely to prove beneficial.

In the Babinda area, which is a very humid one, white grvibs have
not appeared, but a weevil, Rhabdocnemds ohscura, is a serious pest
and is spreading rapidly. A more extensive effort to introduce colonies
of its Tachinid parasite [Ceromasia sphenophori] is being made.

Jarvis (E.). Doticus sp. (D. pestilem) attacking Granadillas in Queens-
land.— Queensland Agric. Jl., Brisbane, xiv, no. 1, July 1920,
pjD. 36-37.

A Coleopterous larva, probably Doticus pestilens, was found in a
hole in green granadilla fruit, and when transferred to a sound fruit
burrowed into it [c/. R.A.E., A, ii, 511], and successfully completed its
development.

Hirst (S.). Revision of the English Species of Red Spider (Genera

Tetranyclius and Oligonychus.) — Proc. Zool. Soc. Londo'n, 1920,
part 1-2, July 1920, pp. 49-60, 5 figs.

The distinguishing characters of the genera Tetranychus and OH-
gonychus are described, and a key to the species of Tetranychus occurring
in England is given. The species dealt with include Tetranychus
crataegi, sp. n., described from hawthorn hedges in Wiltshire, and
T. ialisiae, sp. n., from a South American tree {Talisia princeps) in
Kew Gardens.

MoLZ (E.). Die Typhula-Fsmle der ZuclterrUben auf den Azoren und
ihre Bekampfung. [Typhula Rot of Sugar-Beet in the Azores
and its Control.] — Zeitschr. Pflanzenkr. Stuttgart, xxx, no. 4-5,
1920, pp. 121-139, 7 figs.

In the Azores the spread of Typhula and its capacity for infecting
sugar-beet are much aided in dry soils by injuries to the plant by the
caterpillars of Euxoa [Agrotis) segetum, the wounds made by which
readily give access to infection by this fungus. The immunity of
young sugar-beets to infection by Typhula is due both to their lesser
sugar-content and to the absence or comparative absence of the
caterpillars at that time.

ZiMMERMANN (H.). Nematodcnbefall (Heterodera) an Kartoffeln.

[Nematode (Heterodera) Infestation of Potatoes.] — Zeitschr.
Pflanzenkr, Stuttgart, xxx, no. 4-5, 1920, pp. 139-145, 4 figs.

In 1913 potatoes in Mecklenburg were found to be attacked by a
species of Heterodera, as yet undetermined, the spread of which was

467

slow until recently, when the damage done became marked, though
confined to potatoes. The condition of the affected plants is described.
Infestation by this Nematode was accompanied by that of a mite,
Rhizoglyphus echinopus.

Crop rotation is advised, potatoes not being planted oftener than
once in three years. Deep trenches will prevent a spread of the pest.
All debris from potato fields must be burned, and potatoes from
infested plots must not be used for seed.

Gegen die Geheimmittel im Pflanzenschutz, [Against Secret Remedies
in Plant Protection.] — Zcitschr. Pfianzenkr. Stuttgart, xxx, no. 4-5,
19-20, pp. 146-117.

The German Society for Applied Entomology has submitted
to the Imperial Chancellor a memorandum pointing out the evils
accruing through the sale of secret remedies for plant diseases and pests .
Animal pests alone of agriculture and forestry cause an annual loss of
£25,000,000 in Germany, and this loss is increased by the use of worth-
less specifics. The memorandum, which was signed by Prof. Escherich
and Dr. Stellwaag on behaK of the Society, calls for the prohibition
of any compound not duly authorised by a competent authority.

WiLHELMi (J.). Die angewandte Zoologie als wirtschaftlicher,
medizinisch-hygieniseher und kultureller Faktor. [Applied
Zoology as an economic, medico-hygienic and cultural Factor.]
— Berlin, J. Springer, 1919, 88 pp. Price 5 Marks. (Review in
Zeitschr. Pjlanzenkr. Stuttgart, xxx, no. 4-5, 1920, p. 172.)

The necessity for basing measures against injurious insects on their
biology is emphasised in this booklet. Control by means of natural
enemies is not always the best. The enormous importance of apphed
zoology is referred to in the last chapter, and a claim is made for its
mclusion among the university courses. Dr. Reh, the German
reviewer, points out that one man cannot properly deal with so wide
a subject as applied zoology. The zoology of plant pests, excluding
parasites of animals, is a sufficiently wide subject for a single
individual to cope with,

WoHLBOLD (H.). Forstschadlinge. [Forest Pests.] — Leipzic, Hach-
meister & Thai. (Review in Zeitschr. Pjlanzenkr. Stuttgart,
xxx, no. 4-5, 1920, p. 173.)

WoHLBOLD (H.). Landwirtschaftliche Schadlinge. [Agricultural Pests.]
— Idem.

The first part of the booklet on forest pests deals with general
considerations concerning the interrelation of plant and animal life
in forests, and the dependence of the latter on the former. The
subject of mammalian, avian and insect pests and their control is then
briefly dealt with. Combative measures should only be taken against
persistent enemies, not against animals responsible only for
occasional injury.

The booklet on agricultural pests is also intended for lay readers,
especially those who are practical agriculturists.

(717) a2

468

Stellwaag (F.). Fruhjahrbekampfung einiger wichtiger tierischer
Schadlinge der Obstbaume und Beerenstraucher. [Spring Treat-
ment of some of the more important Animal Pests of Fruit Trees
and Berry Bushes.] — Flugschrift Staatl. Lehr- u. Versuchstation
Wein- u. Obstbau, Neustadt a.Hdt. (Abstract in Zeitschr. Pflan-
zenkr. Stuttgart, xxx, no. 4—5, 1920, pp. 174-175.)

Instructions are given for combating Aphids with nicotine, Nygmia
phaeorrhoea {Euproctis chrysorrhoea) and Malacosoma neiistria with
Urania green, Cheimatobia brumata with the usual remedies, and the
gooseberry sawfly [Pteronus ribesii] either with nicotine-soap or
Urania green.

DuYSEN (F.). Einwirkung des strengen Winters und der sommer-
lichen Dtirre auf Schadlinge der Pflanzen. [The Effects on
Plant Pests of the severe Winter and of the Summer Drought.] —
Verh. Botan. Vereins d. Provinz Brandenburg, Ix, 1918, pp. 140-141.
(Abstract in Zeitschr. Pflanzenkr. Stuttgart, xxx, no. 4—5,
1920, p. 177.)

Contrary to expectation the two factors mentioned in the title
resulted in a serious increase of infestation and injury by various
pests, such as Euxoa (Agrotis) segetmn on potatoes, Bruckus pisorum
{pisi) on peas and Apion fuscirostris on the pods of Sarothamnus.

Wahl (B.). Die Erscheinungen von mangelhafter Ahrenbildung und
von Weissahrigkeit bei unserem Getreide. [Defective Ear For-
mation and White Ear Disease of our Wheat.] — Nachrichten
Deutsch. Landwirtschaftsgesell. OesterreicJi, Vienna, N.S., iii, 1919,
p. 291. (Abstract in Zeitschr. Pflanzenkr. Stuttgart, xxx,
no. 4-5, 1920, p. 179.)

Defective ear formation and the white ear disease of wheat are due
to a number of causes including attack by insects such as Anisoplia
spp., Zabrus tenebrioides, Cephus 2yy9^naeus, frit-fly [Oscinella frit]
(only in Scandinavia), Mayetiola destructor, mites, Aphids, various
caterpillars, and thrips.

ViTZTHUM (H.). Gaste unserer Schildlause. [Guests of our Scales.]
— Mikrokosmos, xii, 1918-19, pp. 123-126. (Abstract in
Zeitschr. Pflanzenkr. Stuttgart, xxx, no. 4-5, 1920, p. 180.)

This reviews the various mites that are found, especially in winter,
under the shield of scale-insects. Hemisarcoptes coeds ug us, Lign.,
attacks the eggs of Lepidosaphes ulmi {Mijtilaspis p)07nicorticis) and
those only. Most other mites are harmless to the scales they are
associated with.

Schumacher ( — ). Wanzen als Bewohner von Koniferenzapfen.

[Bugs as Inhabitants of the Cones of Conifers.] — Deutsche Entom.
Zeitschr., 1918, pp. 406-407. (Abstract in Zeitschr. Pflanzenkr.,
Stuttgart, xxx, no. 4-5, 1920, p. 184.)

The Lygaeid bugs, Gastrodes abietis, L., and G. ferrugineus, L., are
recorded from fallen fir-cones from Bialowies, Lithuania. The former

469

chiefly feeds on Pinus cxcelsa ; it also occurs on Ahies alba and, more
rarely, on Pseudotsvga douglasi. G. ferrugineus prefers Pinus sylvestris,
but also occurs on P. nigra, P. montana, Picea excelsa, Abies alba, and
Larix.

Bayer (E.). Bejlomorky halkotvorn^ na stredoevropskych ost'icich. —

[Gall-forming Cecidomyids on Central European Sedges.] —
Ada Soc. Entom. Bohemiae, Prague, xiv, 1918, pp. 75-92.
(Abstract in Zeitschr. Pflanzenkr., Stuttgart, xxx, no. 4-5, 1920,
pp. 185-187.)

Much existing information on Cecidomyid galls is uncertain or
incorrect, as the authors concerned have not bred the insects forming
the galls nor observed them over a period of several years. It is not
possible to determine a species from the larvae in a gall. A key to
the galls formed by Diptera on Carex spp. in Central Europe is given.

Bertog ( — ). Raupenfrass in Brandenburg. [Caterpillar Injury hi
Brandenburg.] — Deutsche Forstzeitung, xxxiii, 1918, p. 614.
(Abstract in Zeitsehr. Pjlan^enh\, Stuttgart, xxx, no. 4-5, 1920,
p. 190.)

In the last few years there has been an increase of Dendrolimus pini
and Bupalus piniarius in Brandenburg. Anomahn circumflexum is
the only parasite of the former caterpillars known at present.

Krausse (A.). Entomologische Mitteilungen. 6. Ueber denFrassder
Raupe von Agliatau, L., an Roteiche. [Injury to Quercus rubra
by the Caterpillar of A. tan.] — Zeitschr. f. Forst- u. Jagdwesen, 1.
1918, pp. 490-493, 4 figs. "(Abstract in Zeitschr. Pflanzenlir.,
Stuttgart, xxx, no. 4-5, 1920, p. 190.)

During 1918, Quercus rubra, usually free from insect attack, was
infested by the caterpillars of Aglia tau, L., near Eberswalde.

ScHULZE (P.). Drei fur die Rose typische mazedonische Kafer,

[Three Macedonian beetles common on the Rose.] — Deutsche
Entom. Zeitschr., 1918, pp. 381-382, 2 figs. {Ah^imQt'in Zeitschr.
Pflanzenhr.^ Stuttgart, xxx, no. 4-5, 1920, p. 193.)

Of three beetles that are abundant in May at Uskub, two, Homa-
loplia marginata, Flissl., and Rhgnchites hungaricus, Hbst., are pests
of roses. The former damages the leaves and the latter the blossoms.

ScHULz (U. K. T.). Beitrage zur Biologic des Apfelblutenstechers

{Anthonomus ponwrum). [Contributions to the Biology of
A. pomorum.] — Sitz.-Ber. Ges. nat. Frde., Berlin, 1918, pp. 363-371.
(Abstract in Zeitschr. Pflanzenkr.. Stuttgart, xxx, no. 4-5, 1920,
p. 193-194.)

The apple blossom weevil, Anthonomus pomorum, hibernates in the
bark of various fruit trees. At the end of March the adults migrate
to the top of the trees, where for about 14 days they feed on the buds
until ready to pair. Oviposition takes place 2 or 3 weeks afterwards,

470

the eggs being laid in the buds. The larvae hatch in 8-10 days and
begin to feed on the pollen cells , they next attack the bud leaves and
then the androecia and styles. Pupation takes place 3 weeks later
and lasts 8 days. The young adults feed on the surface of the leaves
and then aestivate, this being usually followed by hibernation, without
a break. The author does not agree with those who think that
A.'pomormn is not necessarily harmful,and considers it to be a dangerous
pest, to be combated whenever noticed.

Wkadatsch (G.V Biologisches von Lixus algims, L. (Sumpfrussel-
kafer.) [Biological Notes on L. algirus.] — Oesterr. Monatsschr.
f. d. grundlegenden natunviss. Unterricht, xiv, 1918, pp. 99-103.
(Abstract in Zeitschr. Pflanzenkr., Stuttgart, xxx, no. 4-5, 1920,
p. 195.)

Though Lixus algirus, L., usually occurs on Carduus spp., in Styria
the leaves of Viciafaha are readily attacked, so that attention must be
j)aid to this new pest.

Badoux (H.). Die durch die kleine Fichtenblattwespe verursachten
Beschadigungen der schweizerischen Waldungen in letzter Zeit.

[Recent Injuries caused by Nemacus abietinum to Swiss Forests.]
— Vierteljahrschr. Naturforsch. Ges. Zurich, Ixiii, no. 3-4, 1918,
pp. 38-40. (Abstract in Zeitschr. PJlanzenkr., Stuttgart, xxx, no.
4-5, 1920, p. 195.)

It is only since 1900 that Lygaeonematus pini, Retz. {Nemaius
abietinum, Htg.), has done serious injury in Switzerland. In about
250 acres of fir forest the loss amounted to £l,600-£2,000 from 1911
to 1916. The areas must be well thinned, and silver fir and deciduous
trees must be planted in the gaps. Stands of fir only should not be
planted in low situations to which fir is not native. Both the develop-
mental and feeding periods of this sawfly are typically short. It
swarms at the end of April or early in May, the flight period lasting
only 10 days. The needles of the May shoots are spht open, and an
egg is laid in them. Only the May shoot needles are attacked, and
these turn red. The buds that will develop shoots in the following
year are not attacked. Repeated attacks result in destruction of the
crowns. Near Ziirich L. pini also attacks larch, but never infests silver
fir. Up to the present, banding and spraying have been unsuccessful.
Nothing is known of natural enemies that might be utihsed against
this sawfly. Many adults are caught in webs, ants kill the larvae,
and starUngs also are useful in this capacity.

Thobtas, (J.) Junr. Der Distelfink als Vertilger von Siphonophora
rosae. — Aquila, Budapest, xxiv, 1918, p. 294. (Abstract in Zeitschr.
Pflanzenkr., Stuttgart, xxx, no. 4-5, 1920, p. 198.)

Roses in Hungary that were seriously infested by the Aphid, Mae-
rosiphwn [Siphonophora) rosae, were thoroughly cleared of this pest by
goldfinches. This is remarkable in that these birds are not usually
insectivorous.

471

Geschwind ( — ). Die Nutzlichkeit der Alpendohle. [The Useful-
ness of the Alpine Crow.] — Oesterr. Forst- u. Jagdzeitung, Vienna,
xxxvii, 1919, p. 111. {Ahstract in Zeitschr. PJianzenkr.. Stuttgart,
XXX, no. 4-5, 1920, p. 199.)

In winter the Alpine or mountain crow migrates to the valleys, where
it tears open the larval nests of Cnefhocampa pityocampa, Schffn.,
and feeds on the half-grown caterpillars. C. jntyocampa is found up
to an altitude of about 4,000 feet, occurring on Pinus leucodermis.
Its importance in forestry lies in the fact that it precedes bark-beetles
that infest the crowns of the trees, such as Pilijogenes bidentatus,
Hbst., P. bistridentatus, Eich., P. guadridens, Htg., and Ips acuminatus,
Gyll. These are, in their turn, followed by Myelophilus minor, Htg.,
infesting the trunks.

Report on the Department of Agriculture, 1917-18, Barbados, 1920.
35 pp. [Received 2nd September 1920.]

The manurial experiments with sugar-cane [R.A.E., A, vi, 393] still
fail to show any definite results owing to the infestation of the canes
by the root-borer, Diaprepes abbreviatus, L., and the brown hardback
Pkytalus smitJii, Arr. The loss consequent upon this infestation is
estimated at 442 tons of cane, or about £6 155. Od. per acre ; the
numbers of these beetles are still increasing, and digging out the old
cane holes and destroying the larvae seem to have but httle effect on
the severity of the infestation. Very little effort is made by the
majority of planters to collect either pest during the oviposition period
or to dig up the stumps and destroy the grubs within them.

Cotton seed imported for the extraction of oil and for the manufacture
of cotton seed meal is fumigated wdth sulphur dioxide, but the process
is evidently not effective, as living moths and beetles have been found
on the seed after fumigation has been carried out. Dying sugar-canes
were found to be badly attacked by the moth-borer, Diatraea saccJiaralis.
On one estate caterpillars, identified as Cirphis microgonia, Hmp.,
attacked the foliage on about three acres of young canes. Some of
these caterpillars were parasitised by a Tachinid, Peleferia robusta,
Wied. These parasites, assisted by dusting the canes with Paris green,
proved an efficient control.

Trees infested w4th the green scale. Coccus viridis, were sprayed with
spores of Cephalosporiuni lecanii suspended in w^ater, and subsequent
examination proved that many of the scales were attacked by the
fungus.

Cleare (L. D.). Annual Loss caused through Insects in British

Guiana. — Jl. Bd. Agric. Brit. Guiana, Demerara, xiii, no. 3, Julv
1920, pp. 115-126.

The annual loss due to insect attack in British Guiana is estimated
at over £1,000,000, without reckoning the injury caused to Hvestock
and man, or to forest products.

The pests responsible for these enormous losses include : Castnia
licus, Drury (giant moth borer), Diatraea saccharaUs, F., D. canella,
Hmpsn., Dyscinetus bidentatus, Burm., Metamasius hemiptenis, F.,
termites, and the mealy-bug, Pseudococcus sacchari, CkU., all of which
attack sugar-cane.

472

Insects damaging rice include: Lap]itjg»ia frugiperda, S. & A. (rice
worm), Ranigia repanda, F. (grass moth), Diatraea sp., a bug Mor-
midea ypsilon, L., ants such as Solenopsis pijlades. For., and a grass-
hopper, Conocephaloides maxillosus.

Coconuts are injured by the larvae of Brassolis sophorae, L.,
Castnia daedolus. Cram., and Sibine fusca, StoU, the beetles Strategus
(dot us, L., and Ehi/nchophorus palmarum, L., Aspidiotus destructor,
Sign., and Aleurodids.

DE Gaulle (J.). Parasites de Lophyrus pini. L. — Bull. Soc. d' Etude
Sci. Nat., Elheuf, xxxvii, 1918 (1919), pp'. 55-58.

In this hst of parasites of the sawfly, Diprion {Lophyrus) pini. L.,
the Diptera include 11 species, and the Hymenoptera 58 species of
Ichneumonids and 7 of Chalcids.

CouLON (L.). Les Insectes du Chene. — Bull. Soc. d' Etude Sci. Nat.
Elheuf, xxxii, 1913 (1914), pp. 159-179, xxxiii-xxxiv, 1914-1915
(1916), pp. 61-80, XXXV, 1916 (1917), pp. 53-80.

The extensive hsts here given of insects found on oaks include
some indication of the life-history, method of attack and parasites of
over 1,400 species.

Feytaud (J.). Sur la Destruction des Termites par la Chloropicrine.
■ — C.B. hehdom. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxxi, no. 8, ■23rd August 1920,
pp. 440-442.

Details are given of successful experiments in the destruction of
termites with various doses of chloropicrin. There is ground for hope
that this substance may be used with excellent results in disinfecting
houses infested by these pests.

Rostand (J.). Sur la Biologic de Sarcophaga flia, Pandelle [Dipt.] —
Bull. Soc. Erdom. France, Paris, no. 13, "l920, pp. 215-210,

Sarcophaga filia, Pand., is recorded as parasitising a snail, Helix
sp. The larva is apparently deposited on the shell, and gradually
devours the host. Pupation lasts about a fortnight, and takes place
either in the shell or in the ground. There is only one generation a
year. Certain Hymenopterous parasites attack the larvae of this fly,
including an undetermined Braconid and a Cynipicl.

MiSRA (C. S.). The Rice Leaf-Hoppers (Nephotettixbipunctatus, Fabr.,
and Nephotettix apicolis, Motsch.) — Ment. Dept. Aqric. India.
Calcutta, Entom. Ser. v, no. 5, Mav 1920, pp. 207-237, 4 plates.
9 figs. [Received 6th September 1920.]

The rice leaf -hoppers, Nephotettix bivunctatus, F., and N. apicaiis,
Mot., have not been reported from the Chattisgarh Division, Central
Provinces, since 1916 [R.A.E., A, iv, 439]. The adoption of remedial
measures in 1915 [R.A.E., A, iii, 528] probably prevented the pest
from becoming established in the infested area. The life-histories of
these species are very similar. The complete cycle in September and
October occupies from 17 to 25 days. The eggs hatch in from 4 to 6

473

days, and the nymphal stage lasts from 13 to 21 days, during which
time 5 moults occur. The number of broods during the year has not
been definitely ascertained, but there are probably not more than
four or five. Tlie chief damage is generally done by the third
generation.

Insects that are frequently found in association with these hoppers
are : Hierofjlyphus banian, F., and the Delphacids, Sogata ]ni-sa7ia,
Dist. , S. dif'tincta, Dist. , and S. jpallescens, Dist.

Other rice ])ests include two species of OUarus, Athysanus indicus
Dist., A. fusconervosus, Motsch., ThomsonieUa albo?naculata, Dist.,
Tettigoniella spectra, Dist., Kolla sp., SelenocepJialus virescens, Dist.,
Paramesus lincaticollis, Dist., Clovia puncta, Wlk. ; Pachidiplosis
oryzalis, W. Mason (rice stem fly) ; the moths Schoenobius incertellus
{bipunctifer) and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, and a butterfly Chapra
mathias.

Ramachandra Rao (Y.). Lantana Insects in India. Report on an
Inquiry, into the Efficiency of indigenous Insect Pests as a Check
on the Spread of Lantana in India. — Mem. Dcpt. Arjrk. India, Puna.
Entom. Ser. v, no. 6, June 1920, pp. 239-314, 14 plates, 3 figs.

The results of these investigations indicate that in India no insect
exists that will effectively keep Lantana in check.

A list is given of 148 species that have been found feeding on this
plant. The most efficient of these is the plume moth Platyptilia
pusillidactyla , which occurs practically throughout India and breeds
in Lantana indica and LJppia geminata, though its increase is checked
by natural enemies. The scale Orthc.zia insignis will successfully
destroy this plant, but cannot be made use of owing to its polyphagous
habits.

The advisabihty of introducing the Agromyzid fly that keeps down
this plant in Hawaii is discussed, and the necessity for careful inves-
tigations into the habits of this fly with regard to the possibility of its
attacking plants of economic importance in India is emphasised.

Felt (E. P.). New Indian Gall Midges (Diptera). — Mem. Dept.
Agric. India, Pusa. Entom. Ser. vii, no. 1-2, June 1920, pp. 1-1]

The new Cecidomyiids here described, include: AKphondylia lantanae
from galls in flowers of Lantana indica and L. caitara ; Diadiplosis
indica reared from larvae preying upon Phen^coccus hirsutus on
mulberry and cotton and Pseudococcus corymbatus on cotton ; Rao-
diplosis oricntalis, gen. et sp. n., taken on mango stems ; Itonida
penniseti from ear-heads of Pennisetum cenchroidcs ; Horidiplosis- fici,
gen. et sjj. n.. from pustules on Ficus infectoria ; and Cecidomyia
penniseti from ear-heads of Penydsetum typhoideum.

Lloyd (LI.). Greenhouse White Fly on Tomatoes. — Expt. Sta.,
Cheshunt, 1920, 2 pp.

The life-cycle of Aleurodes vaporariorum from egg to adult occupies
from 21 to 27 days in the greenhouse in warm weather, but in the spring
and autumn it may last from 33 to 42 days. The adult will apparently
feed and oviposit on any plant, including weeds, but a marked preference

474

is shown for cucumbers, French Leans, tomatos, potatoes, Salvia and
Calceolaria. Nurseries with mixed crops are generally most heavily
infested, as the houses are never free from fohage. If only one crop is
grown and the houses are kept well cleared from weeds in the winter,
the insect will not as a rule be noticed until May, and does not become
a serious pest until the end of the summer.

Fumigation \\T.th hydrocyanic acid gas is advocated as the most
efficacious remedial measure. Details of its application are discussed.
The normal dose for a house in good condition is ^ oz. sodium cyanide
to each 1,000 cubic feet. The treatment should be repeated in from
10 to 21 days time in the summer; in the spring and autumn the second
application should not be given before the 30th day. It is advisable
to fumigate the night before the weekly watering is due, and the
house should be as cold as it can be got before fumigation, which should
be begun at dusk and completed by da^\Ti. The house should be opened
at dawn to allow thorough evaporation of gases before the sun rises.

Penzer (X. M.). Cotton in British West Africa. — Federation of
British Industries, London, 1920, 53 pp., 2 maps. Price 2s. %d.

This paper traces the history of the cotton industry of the whole
of West Africa from the earhest records to 1860, and reviews the work
of the British Cotton'Growing Association in British West Africa since
its foundation in 1902.

The insect pests recorded include : Tetranychus sp., Aphids, the
leaf-roUing Pyrahd Sylepta derogata and a grasshopper Catantops
mtlipes, all of which attack the leaves. An undetermined stem-borer
and the larva of an Aegeriid moth attack the stalks and the larvae of a
Lamelhcorn beetle the roots.

The bolls are attacked by Diparopsis castanea, the eggs of which
are laid at the base of the bract or on young leaves, Earias biplaga,
and Pyroderces simplex. The cotton stainer Dysdercus svjjerstitiosns
attacks developing bolls early in the season.

Watson (J. P.). An apparently new Haplothrips from Cuba. —
Florida Entom., Gainesville, iv, no. 1, July 1920, pp. 7 & 12.

Haplothrips merrilli, sp. n., is here described from under cap scales
of coconuts from Cuba taken in quarantine in Florida during March
and April 1920,

Brethes (J.). Descripci6n de un G6nero nuevo y una nueva Especea
de Tisanoptero de la Republica Argentina. [Description of a new
Genus and Species of Thysanoptera from the Argentine Repubhc]
— Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat., Buenos Aires, xxvii, 1915, pp.
89-92, 4 figs.

Austrothrips verae, gen. et sp. n., taken on Trametes fulchra is
described.

Brethes (J.). Hymenopteres Parasites de I'Am^rique M6ridionale.

[Hymenopterous Parasites of South America]. — Anales Mus. Nac.
Hist. Nat., Buenos Aires, xxvii, 1915, pp. 402-430, 19 figs.

Among the new Hymenopterous parasites here described from
South America are Doryctes ridiaschinae, a parasite of the moth

475

RidiascJiina congregatella ; AUapanteles cecidiptae, gen. et sp. n.,
parasitic upon Cecidipta excaecariae, Berg. ; Microgaster duvanae,
parasitic upon a Tineid in the parenchyma of leaves of Schinus longi-
folia ; Telenom us schroHkyi and T. edessae. parasitic upon eggs of
Edessa rufomarginata, Germ. ; Dissolcus paraguayensis, a parasite of
E. rufomarginata ; Eurytoma ridiaschinae-. parasitic on Uidiaschind
congregatella ; Psilornirinus Jlavidulus, gen. et sp. n., a parasite of
Aulacaspis {Diasjns) pentagona ; and Aphelinus argentinus, parasitic
on Parlatoria pergaJidei.

Lahille (F.). La Langosta en la Republica Argentina. [The
Locust in the Argentine Eepubhc] — Minisf. Agric. Lab. Zool.,
Buenos Aires, 1920. 172 pp., 1 map, 11 plates, 16 figs.

The various forms of the locusts occurring in Argentina and their
synonymy are discussed. They include Schistocerca flavofasciata
de G., S. paranensis, Burm., S. rustica, F. (pallens, Scud.) and
S. cancellata, Serv. The biology of these forms is very httle known,
and the necessity of studying them is urged. The stages and life-
history of S. paranensis in Argentina are described, and particulars of
its external morphology are given.

Plans are drawn up outlining the campaigns that should be
followed in attempting to control this locust, and a detailed account
is given of the campaign in Villa Nueva in 1918. In that year,
locust control was much facihtated by natural conditions ; the
insects appeared late, there was a prolonged drought, and the fly,
Sarcophaga acridiorum, Wey., destroyed large numbers of them.
They were also unusualh' heavily infested with a mite, Podapolipus
berlesei, Lah.

The artificial control measures used during the campaign in Cordoba
were hmited almost exclusively to physical methods, and evidence
points to the barrier method, when properly managed, as being the
simplest and most efficacious against the larval and nymphal stages.
The various methods of collection and disposal of the locusts after
they are caught by the barriers are discussed. The plan for studying
the various data necessary for a campaign is outhned and includes the
locahties and dates of the first hatchings, the area of distribution of
the eggs, first appearances of the early stages, the numbers of eggs
and immature locusts destroyed, natural enemies observed, chmatic
conditions, etc.

A study has been made of the general direction of the main swarms
coming from the north, and a chart illustrates these lines of flight.
If it is true, as is generally beheved, that the locust passes the winter
in a warmer climate further north than that of the most destructive
invasions, and if this hibernation occurs in the south-west of Bohvia,
there must of necessity be a return migration towards the north.
Apparently, such a migration has never been observed ; it seems
probable therefore that the insects develop nocturnal habits and fly
towards Bohvia on calm nights. As they can easily rise to a height
of 3,000 ft. or more, it is obvious that they may readily pass
unperceived.

The author, however, is inclined to agree with the view that
S. paranensis has no natural and permanent breeding-ground and no

476

fixed hibernation quarters. He considers that the general opinion
to the contrary is based upon theory without any well founded basis
and upon an artificial classification of the areas infested more or less
permanently or simply temporarily. It seems useless to attempt
to trace the cause of locust invasions to meteorological changes or
other conditions ; migration is apparently instinctive, and if con-
ditions are favourable, there is no Hmit to it. In 1919 the
presence of locusts in the flying stage was recorded on 28th
July in five provinces and many districts ; these swarms, though
decimated by natural enemies, had evidently passed the entire winter
in the Central Argentine zone, simply passing from one locahty to
another, taking short flights in irregular directions when conditions
were favourable. If there were a definite migratory instinct towards
Bolivia or the Chaco region in the winter season, there would not be so
many of these isolated and stationary swarms in such scattered districts
and so far from the Bolivian frontier. On the other hand, had Bolivia
contained an extraordinary number of locusts, it is remarkable that
three naturalists should have searched the region during the autumn
and winter months of 1917 without finding more than ten individuals.
It should be remembered that S. paranensis, contrary to the habits
of almost all the other Argentine locusts, passes the winter m the adult
stage. The zone within which it is possible for the species to hibernate
cannot in all probability be definitely determined, but in the author's
opinion it can be roughly defined as lying between parallels 25° north
and 32° south. This does not imply that there are no locusts in
Bolivia during the winter ; on the contrary there undoubtedly are
considerable numbers, and it is not denied that large invading swarms
sometimes migrate from that country, but it is not admitted that the
main focu§ from which all swarms appear is always to be found there.
The foci are variable and numerous, and the winter is passed wherever
the insect happens to be located, provided that the temperature is
suitable and there is sufficient sustenance in the neighbourhood. The
very obvious differences of opinion of authors who have discussed the
question of the migrations and permanent zones of the Argentine
locusts indicate the necessity for further investigations on the
subject.

Certain recommendations are suggested for future mvestigations.
Observers should be stationed at intervals along the Bolivian frontier
to note any flights or settlement of swarms in that region. The exact
areas in which locusts hibernate throughout the country should be
determined over a number of years, so that control measures may be
concentrated on those areas. It would be of interest to determine,
if possible, the reason why the swarms cross certain regions of the
country only, e.g., the Misiones territory, and never visit, for example,
the south-east of the Province of Buenos Aires or the Puna region.
Similar plans of investigation should be followed in the neighbouring
repubhcs of Paraguay and Bolivia. It is suggested that a special
technical offi.ce should be established, with full authority, to study the
biology of the locust, its migrations, parasites, and the most modern
methods of dealing with it.

This monograph concludes with a list of the species of Schistocerca
commonly accepted in 1910.

477

JoHANSEN (H.)- Los InsGcticidas y Fungicidas mas Importantes.

[The chief Insecticide and Fiinrricide Mixtures.] — Riv. Aqric-
Santo Domivgo, R.D., xvi, no. 4, 3lst July 1920,, pp. 106-1 09!

Instructions are given for preparing some of the more usual insecti-
cide and fungicide mixtures, which should he kept at hand on every
estate m readiness for the appearance of any insect or disease.

Nagorny (P. I.) «.l' UvARov (B. p.). Ta6nimbi flnn OnpefltneHin
BawHtniuMXTj Bpeflmeneii m BontsHeM KynbiypHbix-b PacieHiM

fpyaiil. [Tables for the Identification of the chief Pests and
Diseases of cultivated Plants of Georgia.] — MMHMCTepCTBO
SeMneAtnifl, Btopo Bopb6bi Cb BpeAMTenniviM CenbCKaro
Xo3flMCTBa. [Ministri/ of Agriculture, Bureau for the Coutrol of
Agricultural Pests.] Tiflis, 1920, 103 pp, 16 plates.

These tables enumerate the chief pests and diseases of fruit trees and
garden plants under the name of the plant attacked. Field crops, etc. ,
will be dealt with in a subsequent paper. A special table is given
showing the best time to apply the remedial measures advocated.

Anderson (E.). The South African Locust Poison TJnion of South

Africa Depl. Agric, Pretoria, Science Bull, lu, 1920, 18 pp.

The chief method of combating locusts in South Africa is the use of
a poison made by mixing sodium arsenite solution with a sweetening
agent such as treacle or a solution of cane sugar.

In view of the discovery of a sludge in the drums of concentrated
poison as well as the occasional difference in appearance of two lots
of poison, a chemical investigation of the materials used was under-
taken. As a result of this it is suggested that cold sodium arsenite
solution he placed in the contaijiers first, and the treacle added after-
wards. The poison should be stored in this form and not mixed until
lecjuired for use. An arsenite in which the ratio of sodium oxide to
arsenic trioxide is approximately 1 to 4 '5 is apparently the most
suitable for preparing the poison.

Smith (L. B.). Potato Spraying Experiments on the Control of the
Pink and Green Aphid {MacrosipJium solanifolii, Ashmead). I. —

Virginia Truck Expt. Sta., Norfolk, Bull. 29, 1st October 1919,
1 fig. [Eeceived 8th September 1920.]

Details are given of experiments carried out m 1917 for the control
of Macrosiphum sokinifolii on potatoes [R.A.E., A, vii, 492].
Nicotine sulphate and fish-oil soap at the rate of SJ oz. and 5 lb.
respectively to CO U.S. gals, of water are advocated as a spray. If a
combination spiay is required, 8 to 10 oz. of nicotine sulphate may be
added to 50 U.S. gals, of Bordeaux contaming 2 lb. powdered lead
arsenate — ^the mixture used for the Colorado potato beetle [Leptinotarsa
decemlineataX Nicotine must not be mixed in the same spray as Paris
green.

Feytaud (J.)- Sur TExtension de lEudemis en France. — Bull. Soc,
Vulg. Zool. Agric, Bordeaux, xix, no. 7, July 1920, pp. 70-75.

The gradual spread of Polgchrosis hot r ana in France is discussed.

From being originally a negligible factor this moth has become a
serious menace to vine cultivation, and occurs practically in all vine-
yards throughout the country.

PiCARD (F.). Quelques Insectes nuisibles a la Vigne. — Ball. Soc.
Vulg. Zool. Agric, Bordeaux, xix, no. 7, July 1920, pp. 75-76.

Insect pests of vines include Deilephila li vomica ; Hipjjoiion (D.)
celerio ; Pergesa (D.) elpenor ; D. porcellus ; a locust Barbitistes
berenguieri ; Lyctus impressus, which is parasitised by a Braconid
Monolexis lavagnei ; a Bostiychid Scobicia chevrieri, and a Longicorn
Clytus ariefis.

The Cultivation and Preparation of Cocoa Bull. Imp. Inst., Lon-
don, xviii, no. 1, January-March 1920, pp. 36-73.

A short chapter of this paper is devoted to the general remedial
measures that have proved successful in combating pests of cacao.
A list of the insects noxious to this crop is given in the form of a table
showing theii usual habitat, the portion of plant attacked and the
respective specific remedial measures.

WiMSHURST (C. E.). Entomological Section. — Administration Rept.
Agric. Directorate [Mesopotamia] for 1919, Baghdad, 1920, pp. 39-41.

The noxious insects reported during the year include the following
date pests : Orgctes rhinoceros, the larvae of which bore into the palm
trunks, Parlatoria hlanchardi, Tetranychus sp., and a small Lepidop-
terous larva, possibly that of Ephestia cautella.

Insects attacking cotton include : Earias insulana (spotted boll-
worm) ; a termite Microtermes sp. ; Agrotis sp. ; Oxycarenns laetus^
foimd in the opening cotton bolls in August ; Nezara viridnla ; Capsid
bugs ; and red spider Tetranychus sp.

Wheat was attacked by Tylenchus scandens, a Pentatomid bug and
Thysanoptera.

Larvae of a Buprestid beetle and a larva, probably of Dichocrocis
punctiferalis, were found on peaches and nectarines. Other miscel-
laneous pests include Prodenia litf oralis on Phaseolus mnngo ; Lygaeus
pandarus on Sesamum ; Ckilo simplex on Sorghum vulgare ; Sesamia sp.
in cobs of dwarf maize ; Bagrada picta on leaves of radishes ; Sle])h-
anitis sp. on quince and apple leaves ; Ocnerogyia amanda on figs ;
Nezara viridnla on tomatos, chillies and sweet limes, the eggs of this
bug being also found on apple in July ; Carpophilus dimidiatus on
pears and poplar ; Utetheisa pidchella on sunn hemp {Crotalaria
juncea) ; a Pentatomid bug on grapes ; Tylenchus sp. and a bulb mite
Rhizoglyphus sp. in potatoes ; Epilachna sp. on egg-plants and cucur-
bits ; Adacophora abdominalis on young cucurbits; an unidentified
larva, probably of a Pyralid, on Castor ; Dacus sp. on sweet melons;
and Anomala varians infesling young pumpkin and melon plants.

479

The grasshopper Decticiis alhifrons caused severe damage to various
crops, and Schistocerca peregrina appeared in large swarms in May and
also caused damage in April.

The pests of stored products include Calandm oryzae and Rhizo-
pertha dominica in wheat ; Epheslia cautella, Silvaiius surmamensis
and Laemophloeus sp. in dates ; and Bruchid beetles in kidney beans.

Davidson (W. M.). U.S. Bur. Entom. A new Myzocallis (Aphididae :
Homoptera). — Canad. Entom., London, Ont., ii, no. 8, August
1920, pp. 176-177, 1 fig.

Myzocallis alhambra, sp. n., here described, is recorded from the
leaves of Quercus englemanni and Quercus sp. in CaUfornia.

Walton (W. E.). Cutworms and their Control in Corn and other
Cereal Crops. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Farmers'
Bull. 739, May 1920, 7 pp., 3 figs.

This is a revision of an earlier bulletin deahng with the hfe-histories
of the cutworms, Hadena devastatrix. Brace, Agrotis ypsilon, Rott.,
Lycophotia {Peridronia) margaritosa, Haw., and Agrotis [Noctua)
c-nigrum, L. [R.A.E., A, iv, 511.]

Western Plant Quarantine Board. — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Dept.
Agric, Sacramento, ix, no. 7, July 1920, pp. 215-287, 5 figs.

The second convention of the Western Plant Quarantine Board
was held at Salt Lake City, Utah, on 11th to 14th May, 1920. The
papers read include reports on the quarantine conditions in various
States, and in British Columbia. A number of problems afi'ecting
the work of the Board were discussed, and several resolutions intended
to aid the work in the future were passed.

Maskew (F.). Quarantine Division. Report for the Months of April
and May, 1920. — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Dept. Agric, Sacra-
mento, ix, no. 7, July 1920, pp. 298-302.

The pests intercepted during April and May included : — From
Austraha, Aspidiotus rapax {camelliae) on lemons. From China,
Ephestia elutella in shelled walnuts, and Chionaspis citri on oranges.
From Japan, Hemichionaspis aspidistrae and Parlatoria pergandei on
Citrus fruit ; weevils in chestnuts ; Pseudococcus sp. on tuberoses ;
Lepidopterous larvae, pupae and adults, and Coccids on Aspidistra ;
a Coleopterous larva, Pseudococcus sp. and a Formicid on Aralia ; a
Lepidopterous cocoon on Daphne, and Lepidosajihes ficus on pears.
From Vladivostok, Siberia, Aulacaspis rosae on Rosa midtiflora.
From Borneo, Lecanium sp. on elm ; and Pulvinaria sp. on maple.
From Hawaii, Diaspis bromeliae and Pseudococcus bromeliae on pine-
apples ; larvae of a Trypetid in tomatos ; Coccus elongatus and Aphis
sp. on betel leaves ; Pseudaonidia clavigera, Saissetia nigra, Parlatoria
proteus, Lepidosaphes auriculata, Pseudococcus sp., Coccus elongatus
and a Tetranychid on croton and Hibiscus cuttings ; Araecerus fasci-
culatus in seed ; larvae of Dacus cucurbitae in cucumbers ; Mono-
tnorium sp. and Pseudococcus sp. on Dracaena sp. From Balboa,

480

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi on coconuts. From Pago Pago, Samoa,
CJirysomphalus aonidum on coconuts. From Tahiti, Lepidosaphes beckii
on oranges and limes and L. gloveri on limes. From Cuba, L. beckii on
grapefruit. From Central America, Aspidiotus cyanophylli, Pseudococcus
sp., and Aspidiotus cydoniae on bananas. From Ecuador, unidentified
"j Lepidopterous pupae in sacks of cacao beans. From Mexico,
Ckrysomphalxs aonidum and Lepidosaphes beckii on oranges ; Ccdandra
oryzae and an unidentified weevil in tamarind nuts ; HeliotJds {Chloridea)
obsoleta on tomatos ; Saissetia oleae on Ficus sp. ; Coccus elongatus
and Lepidosaphes sp. on croton ; undetermined Lepidopterous larvae,
Calandra oryzae, Tribolium confusimi and Carpophilus sp. on acorns ;
Hemichionaspis sp. on coconuts. From Oregon, Lepidosaphes sp. on
cascara bark. From Utah and Washington, Lepidosaphes beckii on
Florida-grown grapefruit. From New York, Aleurodes sp. and Pseu-
dococcus sp. on nursery stock ; Aulacaspis boisduvali on orchids ;
Aphis sp. on Hydrangea ; and Aegeria exitiosa on peach trees. From
Arkansas, a Coccid on a rubber tree. From New Jersey, Aspidiotus
britannicus and Coccus hesperidum on bay trees. From Connecticut,
Pseudococcus sp. on Gardenia. From Florida, Lepidosaphes beckii
and Parlatoria pergandei on grapefruit. From Mississipi, Chrysom-
phalus ficus on Pandanus. From Ohio, Aphis on roses.

Sarsfield (J.). Insect Pests and How to Beat Them. — London,
C. A. Pearson Ltd., 1919, 202 pp., 44 plates. Price 3s. U.
[Received 14th Sept. 1920.]

This book gives a popular account of the insect pests that are most
likely to be met with in Britain, in the farm — including those that attack
farm animak — garden, orchard or greenhouse, and of the remedial
measures that may be used against them. Special attention is given
to methods of ' treatment that are practicable for a small holder.
Fungus pests are also noticed, and there are chapters on soil com-
position and manures. There is an adequate index, and also a chart
showing the insect pests that may be expected, and the work that
may be necessary, from month to month.

AsHBY (S. F.). Black Fly on Citrus Trees. — Jl. Jamaica Agric. Soc,
Kingston, xxiv. nos. 3 & 6-7, March & June July 1920, pp. 72-74
& 182-184.

In this report on black fly [Aleuroccmthus woglumi] on orange,
grapefruit and tangerine trees in various districts of Jamaica, the
conditions of the various districts are considered in detail. The
spread of the fly is slowly followed by the red and brown fungi [As-
chersonia cdeurodis and Aegerita webberi] that attack this pest ; early
infestations of the fly are liable to be heavy, but are reduced when the
fungi become estabhshed. The fly is controlled at the lower elevations
bv an ant [Cremastogaster], which also keeps the trees free from scale
insects. This ant and a small black stinging species seem to be
mutually exclusive, and colonies of the latter in trees should be des-
troyed with oil emulsion, before any attempt is made to introduce a
colony of the beneficial species.

481

Usually it takes about a year after the appearance of tlie fly for the
red or brown fungi to become established naturally, but this may be
much accelerated artificially. A good time for such measures as
pinning up infected leaves is when the fly has become abundant, as
the insects will then help to spread the spores mechanically. Spraying
with a solution containing the spores is more effective about two
weeks later, when many eggs have hatched and while the insect is in
the susceptible larval stage. This should not be done with an apparatus
that has been used for fungicides, and any apparatus must be well
washed out before use. Brown fungus should be rubbed off the leaves
into the water with the aid of sand to break up the mycelium.

The sooty film or blight on leaves and fruit is not necessarily due
to the fly. Heavily sooted trees have been observed quite free from
fly, but infested by a scale which also gives rise to cases of sooty
bhght on mango. On this account fly infestation cannot be certainly
inferred from sooty fruit seen at the packing houses, though most
of the fruit thus aft'ected is due to it.

Blackmoee (E. H.). Entomology. — Rep. Brit. Colunibia Prov. Mus.
Nat. His., 1919 ; Victoria, 1920, pp. P16-P23, 2 plates.

The caterpillars of Malacosoma jiluvialis, Dyar (forest tent cater-
piller) were particularly numerous in the early spring, but before
becoming fully fed were killed in large numbers by a disease of fimgous
or bacterial origin. Several species of locusts caused great damage
in the south-eastern part of the Province. Hemerocampa vetusta
gidosa has apparentlv only one brood and not two as was previouslv
thought [R.A.E., A, \m, 479].

This report also includes a hst of the less common insects taken in
British Columbia during the year.

KoMP (W. H. W.). The Use of Carbon Bisulphide against the White
Grub. — Soil Science, New Brunswick, N.J., x, no. 1, July 1920,
pp. 15-28.

The damage done to lawns, strawberry beSs, etc., by subterranean
insects, and the difficulties of controlhng the grubs concerned are
discussed. Experiments described indicate that carbon bisulphide
may be an efl'ective soil fumigant in situations where the grubs cannot
be reached by cultural methods. The maximum dose that can be
used without injury to grass is sHghtly less than 5 oz. per square foot,
while the minimum dose for white grubs [Lachnosterna] is about
1 oz. Temperature greatly influences the effectiveness of fumigation,
less than 1 oz. at 85° F. or above being as effective as 1 oz. at 65° F. ,
while the maximum dosage for plants is probably affected also. Injec-
tions should be made about 6 inches apart. The soil moisture should
be medium (10 per cent.) to wet (20 per cent.) to get good results.
Wetting the surface of soil that is too dry seems to increase the effective-
ness of the treatment. The charge should be placed several inches
below the point where the grubs are working. These small dosages
seem to have a stimulating effect upon la'wn grasses, but the high cost
of carbon bisulphide will considerably restrict its use.

(717) ^ B

482

Davis (J. J.). Miscellaneous Soil Insecticide Tests. — Soil Science,
New Brunswick, N.J., x, no. 1, July 1920, pp. 61-72, 2 plates.

The results of various experiments and observations with soil insecti-
cides are described. Experience with carbon bisulphide indicates
that its use against most species of Lachnosterna (white grubs) and
similar insects is impracticable, but that it is useful in destroying ant
colonies and in killing those grubs that hve in an open burrow, such as
those of Allorrhina {Cotinus) nitida (southern green June beetle).

The efiect of kerosene emulsion on various grubs is recorded ; this
did not prove as satisfactory an insecticide as cyanide, being less
effective, more expensive and more difficult to make up and apply.
The same may be said of commercial preparations of coal-tar or creosote.
Corrosive sublimate proved ineffective in repeated tests. Sulphuric
acid was tried in various strengths against grubs of Popillia japonica
(Japanese beetle), but no apphcation gave more than 10 per cent,
mortality. Acetaldehyde was wholly inefiective in many tests with
the same species, and never gave a higher rate of mortality than 12 per
cent. Kopper's solution (a by-product containing approximately 25
per cent, carbon bisulphide and 75 per cent, benzine) in a number of
t3sts gave no higher mortality than 9 per cent.

Important consideration was given to tests with sodium cyanide.
A brief review of previous work with this insecticide is given. In the
present experiments, for small areas such as lawns and gardens, an
ordinary sprinkling can was used, granular sodium cyanide at the rate of
1651b. in 12,000 U.S. gals, of water being used per acre. For larger
areas a 600-gaUon tank mounted on heavy wagon frames and drawn by
a caterpillar-type tractor was used. The results of these treatments
against P. japonica in various kinds of stubble and grass-lands are
recorded in a series of tables, and the methods of apphcation and the
labour and expense involved are described. The degree of mortaUty
shows great variation, averaging about 78| per cent, over 65 different
tests with various dosages. Ground covered with timothy grass, weeds,
or similar vegetation allowed better penetration of the insecticide if
the crop was closely mown, consequently a higher mortality was
obtained than where the vegetation was tall and matted. When the
cyanide was applied d«y and the treated area afterwards watered,
the results were uniformly poorer than when the cyanide was appUed
in liquid form. Where comparisons were possible it was observed
that cyanide was more effective against the grubs of Cyclocephala,
Lachnosterna, and Macrodactylus than against those of P. japonica,
the latter haA^ng apparently burrowed deeper than the other species
of beetles at the first approach of cold weather.

Little is known of the efiect of cyanide treatment on soil. In the
present experiments it was found that grass might be scorched by the
cyanide solution, but the injury was not permanent except where the
liquid stood in low places for a considerable time. Cultivated crops,
such as maize, were appreciably injured by the treatment. The
chemical effect on the soil, and on dift'erent kinds of greenhouse plants
when treated soil is used for potting and seed-beds, requires further
study, and the whole question of cyanide treatment has as yet been
so little investigated that only fragmentary results and temporary
conclusions have been attained.

483

Smyth (E. G.). Insects and Mottling Disease. — Jl. Dept. Agric.
Porto Rico, Rio Piedras, iii, no. 4, October 1919, pp. 83-116.
[Received Mth September 1920.]

Failure of other ordinary means of dispersion of the cane mottling
disease has led to the beUef that insects may transmit it, and there
seemfe better reason to suspect sucking than chewing insects of doing
so. The only insect yet observed in the field that would satisfy all the
conditions is the yellow cane thrips {FranMiniella sp.). On the other
hand from a large number of experimental tests made in insect trans-
mission, successful inoculations resulted from only four different
species of sucking insect. These were the West Indian cane-fly
(Stenocranus saccharivorus), the cane-leaf scale {Pulvinaria iceryi),
the yellow cane aphis (Sipha flava) and a mealy-bug {Pseudococcus
calceolariae or P. sacchari).

In view of the fact that the number of successful inoculations was
very small, compared with the large number of tests made under
apparently favourable conditions, the question of insect transmission
cannot be regarded as settled. Other factors may have escaped
notice.

It is possible that inoculation requires that the plant be in a condition
of rapid growth — a condition that does not occur in the potted test
plants. The possibility of the infective principle being carried by the
insect for a length of time, and undergoing a cycHc change in its body,
or of its being transmitted to the young through the egg before it
becomes pathogenic, has yet to be investigated.

A bibhography of insect-borne diseases of plants is appended to
this paper.

Smyth (E. G.). An Annotated Bibliography of Porto Rican Cane
Insects.— J/. Dept. Agric, Porto Rico, Rio Piedras, iii, no. 4,
October 1919, pp. 117-134. [Received 14th September 1920.]

This bibhography includes 136 works pubHshed between 1880 and
1919, with an indication of the scope of each.

Smyth (E. G.). List of the Insect and Mite Pests of Sugar Cane in Porto
Rico. — Jl. Dept. Agric, Porto Rico, Rio Piedras, iii, no. 4, October
1919, pp. 135-150. [Received 14th September 1920.]

This hst includes all the insects and mites that have been commonly
found feeding on sugar-cane {Saccharum officinarum), with particulars,
in tabular form, of the common name, damage, distribution, food-
plants, enemies, and control of each.

Smyth (E. G.). Nuestro Amigo el Anolis. [Our Friend Anolis.']
— Rev. Agric. Puerto Rico, San Juan, iv, no. 5, 31st May 1920,
pp. 11-21.

Over 75 per cent, of the hzards of Porto Rico belong to the genus
Anolis, and they are very numerous and ubiquitous, some hundred
or so being found to the acre of average land. Corresponding to this
abundance of lizards is the obvious scarcity of insect life compared
■with conditions on the mainland. It is estimated that from 30,000

(717) B2

484

to 150,000 insects are probably consumed on each acre of land in one
week by the hzards present, the species including grasshoppers and
katydids, the West Indian cane-fly Delphax saccharivora, the southern
grass-worm Laphygma frugiperda, and the chinch bug Blissus leu-
copterus, aU of which would probably cause heavy losses if they were
not kept in check by these enemies. Unfortunately, many of the
most destructive pests of the Island are too well protected to be
captured in this way, especially when they are nocturnal in habit ;
these include the changa Scapteriscus vicinus, the May beetle Lach-
nosterna {Phyllophaga) portoricensis, the moth stalk-borer of sugar-cane
Diatraea saccharalis, the sugar-cane mealy-bug Pseudococais sacchari,
the fire-ant Solenopsis geminata, Coccids, Aleurodids, Aphids, Psyllids,
Tingitids and termites, as well as the Pyralids and Hesperids that
fold or roll the leaves, and insects that are particularly large or active,
such as Pachyzanda periusalis, injurious to tobacco, Nacoleia indicata,
a pest of beans, and Pilocrocis tripunctata, which damages sweet pota-
toes, Eudamus proteus (bean leaf-roller) and Eantis thraso (citrus
leaf -roller).

The commonest and most valuable insectivorous lizards of the
Island are Anolis pulchellus, A. cristatellus, A. stratulus, A. evermanni,
A. cuvieri and Ameiva exul.

Many of the nocturnal insects that escape these lizards are devoured
at night-time by tree-toads, Eleutherodactylus spp., which are thus
very valuable checks on the increase of pests.

Paoli (G.). La Lotta contro le Cavalette in Capitanata nel 1917-1918.

[Anti-Locust Work in Capitanata in 1917-1918.] — Boll. Minist.
Agric, Ind., Comm. e Lavoro, Rome, Year xviii, vol. 1, Ser. B,
no. 3-4, March- April 1919, 11 pp. [Keceived 13th September
1920.]

In spite of the destruction of the eggs of Dociostaurus maroccanus,
as recommended in the preceding report [R.A.E., A, vi, 500], a large
number of hoppers hatched in May 1918. Measures against these
and the resulting adults therefore followed those taken against the
eggs. The work was done in two separate zones in the Province of
Foggia. In the zone around Foggia itself, D. maroccanus was the
predominant species. In the second zone, around Torre maggiore,
D. maroccanus was absent, but numerous small swarms of Calliptamus
italicus, mixed with other species, occur.

The measures adopted in the Torremaggiore zone were confined to
the use of a poison-bait of bran treated with 3 per cent, of sodium
arsenite.

In the Foggia zone the work was more comprehensive. In dealing
mth the egg-masses, infested ground was lightly dug and then raked
over, the broken soil being thrown on metal screens so as to separate
the eggs. The latter were used to fill up existing pits, as it was found
that a covering of 4 inches of earth prevents emergence. The surplus
eggs were gathered in heaps measuring about 16 feet in diameter and
from 3 to 5 feet in height. To prevent those on the surface from
hatching, these heaps were sprayed with a 10 per cent, solution of
cresosol, or with a mixture of cresosol 5 parts, carbon bisulphide 1,
and petroleum 1. It is estimated that about 1,200 milUon locusts

485

were prevented from hatching at a cost of about I65. per milUon.
This figure is double the amount estimated by Lunardoni in 1911, a
difference that is accounted for by the higher costs at the present time.
As the eggs destroyed only represented a portion of those laid in 1917,
work against the hoppers was also necessary. Hatching began on
17th April and continued until 4th May, owing to the alternating sunny
and dull weather. The hoppers were sprayed with sodium arsenite,
the strength of which was at first just under 1 per cent, and was then
gradually increased to 2 per cent. , as they grew older. The best result
was obtained by spraying the insects themselves instead of the grass,
Spraying is not a suitable method where the work is on a small scale,
owing to the expense of moving the plant, and in such circumstances
a poison-bait was used. It was made either of damaged grain, maize
cobs (after the maize had been removed) or bran. FuU details are
given of the quantities and costs. Against the full-grown locusts a
poison-bait was the means used, and it was found to possess a great
advantage in that the mortality among the females was much greater
than among the males. Whereas the females only numbered from
15 to 30 per cent, of the total in a swarm, some 50 per cent, of the in-
dividuals kiUed by poisoning were females, which are constantly
feeding in order to mature the eggs. It is estimated that the cost of
dealing with the adults was sufficiently low to be economically prac-
ticable. Two parasites, Tephromyia lineata, Fall., and T. grisea,
Meig., attacked many females and rendered them incapable of deposi-
ting eggs. The egg-masses were attacked by a Coleopteron, Mylabris
variabilis, PaU., and by two Diptera, Cytherea (Mulio) obscura, ¥., and
Sysfoechus ctenopterus, Mikn., which were jointly responsible for the
destruction of 15-20 per cent, of the eggs. Another fly, Anastoechus
nitidnlus, F., was also found, but was very rare and therefore of little
importance. This was the first time it has been noticed in Italy, the
previous records being from Astrakan [R.A.E., A, ii, 718 ; iii, 636].

Details are given regarding the various baits. It was found that
crushed grain absorbs 30 per cent, of its weight of hquid, bran 70-90,
ground maize cobs 125, slices of dried beet up to 300, white sawdust
nearly 100, brown sawdust 70, crushed olive stones 35. To ensure
that the bait contained 4 per cent, of its dry weight of sodium arsenite,
the solutions had to contain varying strengths of the poison, approxi-
mately 13 pe» cent, for grain, 5 for bran, 3"2 for cobs, 1'3 for beet, 4 for
white sawdust, 5 for brown sawdust, and 11 '4 for crushed olive stones.
It was found that neither grain nor maize cobs alone were suitable for
strewing, and therefore use was made of a mixture of grain 7 parts by
weight, bran 1|, and maize cobs 1 ; the sodium arsenite solution was
diluted accordingly. Bran requires the hquid to be added and stirred
in with great uniformity, otherwise lumps are formed, and waste
occurs in spreading it. Of the other baits employed, maize cobs,
slices of dried beet, and sawdust proved satisfactory. As regards
cost, white sawdust was the cheapest ; next came brown sawdust,
followed by cobs, beet, bran, crushed olive stones, and crushed grain,
There are however other important factors — the capacity for absorp-
tion, and the capacity for sweUing, the latter determining the quan-
tity of dry substance needed for a wet bait to cover a given area. An
equation is given to assist in comparing various baits with due regard
to the different factors involved. The addition of molasses, oranges.

486

or lemons did not seem to increase the attractiveness of the baits for
the young larvae of D. maroccanus.

It is known that locusts do not oviposit in cultivated ground, and
the suggestion was made that the ground should be tilled in areas
known to be prone to infestation. The Province of Foggia does not,
however, lend itself to this method, as the uncultivated tracts are
larger in extent than the cultivated ones.

Feickhinger (H. W.). Die Mehlmotte. Schilderung ihrer Lebens-
weise und ihrer Bekampfung mit besonderer Berticksichtigung
der Cyanwasserstoffdurchgasung. [The Meal Moth. An Account
of its Life-History and Control with special Reference to Fumi-
gation with Hydrocyanic Acid Gas.] — Munich, Verlag Natur und
Kultur. Dr. Frz. Jos. VoUer, 1918, 63 pp., 16 figs. Price 2 Marks.

The life-history of Efhestia kiihniella, Z., and the injury done by
its larva are described. Infestation is spread from mill to mill by
means of the sacks. The various methods employed against this
pest are reviewed. The main portion of the paper deals with the theory
and practice of fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas, and gives a
detailed account of the methods successfully adopted in Germany
[R.A.E., A, viii, 428]. The illustrations are a feature of this useful
monograph.

ScHULZ (U. K. T.). Ergebmisse meiner Zuchtversuche an Anthonomus
jpomorum. [The Results of my Breeding Experiments with
A. pomorum.] — Entom. Blatter, Berlin, xvi, no. 1-3, 24th April
1920, pp. 16-20. [Received 14th September 1920.]

The author's observations under natural conditions of the apple
blossom weevil, Anthonomus pomorum,, have recently been noticed
{R.A.E., A, viii, 469]. These breeding experiments were begun in
1919.

It was found that the feeding in spring prior to mating [loc. cit.'] is
necessary for full sexual development. Females from which food was
withheld at the termination of hibernation were unable to oviposit :
in some of the males maturity was sufficiently advanced at the end
of hibernation to make mating possible. These captive specimens
appeared to suffer from hunger ; their reserve of fat had been consumed
during hibernation and they fed on bark.

An attempt to determine the maximum number of eggs a female
can lay showed figures varying from 20 to 46.

As regards the effect of temperature on the eggs it was found that
whereas in the open air the egg-stage usually lasts 8-10 days, this
^period was reduced to 6-6| days indoors at 17°-19° C [63°-66° F.],
Eggs in the shade out of doors and exposed to the temperatures of
April 1919, which sometimes sank to 2° C. [35° F.], required 14-15 days.
Tests with temperatures higher than those normally obtaining indoors
could not be made, as gas rationing interfered with the regular working
of the thermostats.

Great difiiculties attended the breeding of the young larvae. The
least unsatisfactory results were obtained with pear buds placed in
glass dishes with absorbent paper that was daily wetted. The supply

487

of buds was repeatedly renewed, the larvae being moved to the new
buds as soon as the old ones showed signs of drying.

In nature the larvae not only feed on the anthers, but also on the
corolla. The injury to the petals causes the bud to remain closed and
this provides a shelter during the entire period of development, including
the pupal period. Unusually warm spring weather or delayed oviposi-
tion interferes with the above normal course, and larvae may be found
in open apple and pear buds, especially the latter. Under these
altered conditions the larvae kept the filaments together by feeding
at their bases, and crept upwards between the anthers in order to
defecate, the droppings being used to bind the anthers, so as to form
a shelter. The need for a shelter therefore appears to be estabhshed.

To investigate the resistance of the larvae many individuals of
varying ages were placed on open buds. All the young and helpless
ones were gradually shaken out. Cold rain proved very injurious
to the larvae, either washing them away or killing them in situ.

The preferred food of the young adults was apple leaves, pear leaves
coming next. The leaves of Pyrus haccata were also eaten ; those of
sweet cherry, sour cherry, rose, hawthorn, Hnden, etc., were rejected.

ScHOLZ (M. F. R.). Die Aufzucht von Ptinus tectus, Boield. [The
Breeding of P. tectus.] — Etitom. Blatter, Berlin, xvi, no. 1-3, 24th
April 1920, pp. 23-24. [Received 14th September 1920.]

Adult beetles and pupae of Ptinus tectus, Boield., were found in
July 1918 in a tin of fish food apparently composed of dried meat.
At the end of August a number of larvae appeared. By mid-February
1919 these larvae were pupating, and the first new adult appeared on
the 25th February,

Eggers (H.). 60 neue Borkenkafer (Ipidae) aus Afrika, nebst zehn
neuen Gattungen, zwei Abarten. [Sixty new Bark Beetles from
Africa, with ten new Genera and two Subspecies.] — Entom.
Blitter, Berhn, xvi, nos. 1-3 & 4-9, 24th April & 31st August 1920,
pp. 33-45 & 115-126.

This is the concluding portion of a paper on new African Scolytids.
Cryphalus acaciae is recorded from Abyssinia from Acacia catechu and
C. halanopselcfphus from East Africa from a wild species of Rubus.

Heikeetinger (F.). Untersuchungen uber die Standpflanzen der
Blutenl;afergattungen Meligethes, Brachypterus und Brachypterolus
(Heterostomus). [Investigations on the Host-plants of the
Blossom Beetles of the Genera Meligethes, Brachypterus and
Brachypterolus {Heterostomus).] — Entom. Blatter, Berlin, xvi,
nos. 4-9, 31st August 1920, pp. 126-143.

When engaged in the preliminary studies for a work on the phyto-
phagous beetles of Europe, the author's attention was drawn to the
problem of food-preference. It appeared necessary to obtain, a
comprehensive view of the extent and constancy of the food-preference

488

of the adults of pollen-eating beetles, and to ascertain to what
degree the enumeration of food-plants would be of real scientific value.
This matter is of interest both as regards pollination and apphed
entomology.

The final result of these investigations on the pollen-eating Melige-
THiNAE has not the simphcity obtaining in the case of the leaf-eating
Halticinae, and it is necessary to consider pre-imaginal development,
as the Meligethine larvae have a more marked dependence on certain
plants than the adults.

The results are given in two tables, one arranged according to the
species of beetles, and the other according to the plants.

The character of the Meligethinae as poUen-eating insects postu-
lates that the hibernated adults are seldom able in early spring to find
food on the plants that have served, and will again serve, the larvae.
The adult is compelled to resort to other plants, and this polyphagy
has somewhat reduced the strictness of its food-preference. This
compulsion does not exist in the case of the larva, as mating and
oviposition occur at a time when blossoms are present ; the larva may
be ohgophagous or even monophagous.

It is therefore clear that whereas in the case of the Halticinae the
recording of a definitely observed food-plant of the adult is valuable,
such a record is usually undesirable for Meligethinae. It is a record
of the observed food-plants of the larvae of the latter that merits
attention,' and then only if a marked regularity in attack is unmis-
takably shown.

Mdigethes aeneus, M. viridescens, M. coracinus and M. lepidii were
all bred from larvae from Crucifers, but in aU the author's experiments
the adults confined themselves to shtting open the anthers and eating
the pollen therein, the female organs never being touched.

De Stefani (T.). Informazioni sull' Icerya purchasi, Mask., agli
Agrumicoltori della Provincia di Trapani. [Information on
Icerya purchasi for the Citrus Growers of the Province of Trapani.]
— II Rinnovamento Econ.-Agrar., Trapani, xiv, no. 7, July 1920,
pp. 97-102, 3 figs. [Eeceived 14th September 1920.]

This popular article was prepared as a result of the appearance of
the scale, Icerya purchasi, Mask. , on Citrus in the Province of Trapani,
Sicily. The usual remedial measures are mentioned for use as auxiUaries
to natural control by the CoccineUid, Novius cardinalis.

MoEEiRA (C). Praga da Mangueira. [A Mango Pest.] — Chacaras e
Quintaes, S. Paulo, xxii, no. 2, 15th August 1920, p. 123.

Against the Homopteron, Aethalion reticulatum, L., infesting mangos,
spraying with either nicotine or kerosene-soap is advised.

Santschi (F.). Cinq nouvelles Notes sur les Fourmis. — Bidl. Soc.
Vaud. Sci. Nat., Lausanne, hii, no. 198, 15th September 1920,
pp. 163-186, 18 figs.

The new ants here described include Plagiolepis foreli, found on
orchids in the Botanical Gardens at Zurich.

489

Marie (P.). Section d'Entomologie. — Bull Soc. Agric. France, Paris,
September 1920, pp. 211-212.

In view of tlie danger of extending the ravages of the potato moth,
Phthorimaea ojjercidella [R.A.E., A, viii, 121], it is suggested that the
prohibition of the transportation of potatoes from the infested areas
of the Department of Var should be re-established.

The urgent necessity for adopting systematic control measures
against Nygmia phaeorrhoea {Liparis chri/sorrJioea) (brown-tail moth)
is insisted upon [R.A.E., A, viii, 6].

DuFRENOY (J.). Observations biologiques sur les Xylophages du Pin
Maritime et leurs Parasites. [Biological Observations on Borers
of Pinus maritiina and their Parasites.] — Bull. Soc. Vidg.
Zool. Agric, Bordeaux, xix, nos. 7 & 8, July & August 1920, pp.
65-70 & 81-87, 6 figs.

The natural enemies of the Scolytid Ips {Tomicus) sexdentatus are
discussed ; these include a fungus, Beauveria globulifera, and a
Nematode. Predaceous or parasitic insect enemies of this beetle
have not been noticed.

La Fourmi d' Argentine en France. — Bull. Soc. Vulg. Zool. Agric,
Bordeaux, xix, no. 8, August 1920, pp. 91-93.

Attention is drawn to the occurrence of the Argentine ant, Iri-
domgrmex humilis, in the south-east of France [R.A.E., A, viii, 326].
The remedial measures advocated have been noticed elsewhere [loc.
ait., 285].

Ursat (J.) & Gaumont (L.). La Lutte contre le Bombyx cul-brun

{Liparis chrgsorrhoea). — Bull. Soc. Vulg. Zool. Agric, Bordeaux,
xix, no. 8, August 1920, pp. 93-94.

Owing to the increase of Nygmia phaeorrhoea {Liparis chrgsorrhoea)
during 1919 in Loiret in the vicinity of Orleans, destruction of the
nests by the 15th March was made obhgatory. A total of 2,183,179
nests were collected under the auspices of the Department of Agri-
culture at a cost of about £1,300. Many additional nests were destroyed
by indi\ddual enterprise.

Swaine (J. M.). Forest Insect Control Work in British Columbia. —

Agric Gaz. Canada, Ottawa, vii, no. 8, August 1920, pp. 642-644.

Yellow pine {Pinus ponderosa) and lodge-pole pine {P. contorta mur-
rayana) in southern British Columbia have suffered heaw losses
during the past twelve years from extensive outbreaks of two des-
tructive pine bark-beetles, Dendroctonus brevicomis (western pine
bark-beetle) and D. monticolae (mountain pine bark-beetle). In
British Columbia, D. brevicomis attacks yellow pine only, but
D. monticolae also attacks western white pine {Pinus monticola) and
lodge-pole pine.

The beetles appear in July, and bore into the trees in enormous
numbers. The grubs that hatch from their eggs excavate numerous

490

galleries, so that the inner bark is girdled rapidly in thousands of
places, and the sap flow effectively checked. The f oUage turns yellow,
and by the following June is dead and red. During July, the beetles
leave the dead trees to attack other healthy pines in the neighbourhood.
In some districts the destruction has been almost as thorough as a
forest fire, while the distribution of the insects is wide.

Although so destructive, the beetles can be effectively controlled
by destroying the broods in the infested area. This may be done by
modified logging operations, and often without great expense, since
in many valleys the trees that are cut may be utilised as lumber.
The general principle is to destroy 75 per cent, of the infested bark,
selecting the most heavily infested trees so that approximately 75
per cent, of the broods of beetles will be destroyed. If the infested
district is being logged, the logs are immersed in water in the spring
long enough to kill the broods ; or else they are sawn during winter,
and the slabs burned ; or they are removed entirely from the neigh-
bourhood.

If logging is not profitable, the trees should be barked, either standing
or felled, and the bark burned.

The progress is described of control work in the Coldwater and
adjacent valleys — the first extensive work on these lines ever under-
taken in British Columbia, from which hopes are entertained of a
great saving of timber.

Beittain (W. H.). General Results in Spraying and Dusting. —

56th Ann. Rept. Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Assoc, Kingston, 1920,
pp. 68-82.

This paper summarises the advances in methods of orchard pest
control that have been made since 1914.

The discovery of the apple- sucker, Psylla mali, in Nova Scotia is
noticed [R.A.E., A, vii, 506], and investigations on hme sprays against
it, either in late autumn or in the spring, are proposed. It is not
however regarded as a very serious pest at present. Poison sprays
against the apple maggot [Ehagoletis pomonella] should consist of lead
arsenate (21b. to 40 gals, water) without the addition of sweetening
materials, which do not greatly attract the flies, and which often injure
the foliage. The trees should be covered thoroughly so as to compel
the flies to feed on the poison during the egg-laying period [loc. cit,
vii, 302]. Two appHcations, one in the middle of July and one about
the first of August, were very effective.

Much of the information on the development of spraying and dusting
has already been noticed [loc. cit., vi, 559 ; vii, 304, etc.]. With
regard to the danger of the apples falHng owing to the apphcation of
lime-sulphur with high capacity machinery, it is advised that lime-
sulphur should not be used in a drenching spray, but should be appHed
in the form of a mist. It should not be used for the fourth spray, i.e.,
that apphed ten days or a fortnight after the apple blossoms fall, but
modified Bordeaux mixture made on the formula 3-10-40 or 2-10-40
should be substituted. In fact the latter mixture may be used for
aU the spraying operations, though it will probably cause a shght
russetting if used for the third spray.

491

Sanders (G. E.). Spraying and Busting.— 56th Ann. Rep. Nova
Scotia Fruit Growers' Assoc., Kingston, 1920, pp. 114-127.

This paper emphasises the economic importance of spraying, the
profits from which are even greater now that higher prices are being
paid for fruit. Spraying materials and dusts and a spray- calendar,
all as adapted to conditions in Nova Scotia, are noticed, the question
of Unie-sulphur injury and the comparative merits of spraying and
dusting being considered in detail.

DE Seabra (A. F.). Etudes sur les Maladies et les Parasites du Cacaoyer
et d'autres Plantes cultiv6es a S. Thome, vii. Quelques Observations
sur le " Thrips " du Cacaoyer.— Lisbon, Compagnie " Agricola
Ultramarina," 1919, 23 pp., 7 figs. [Received 21st September 1920.]

Heliothrips nihrocinctus, Giard, attacks both cacao and avocado
in_ the island of S. Thome. The various stages are described. As the
chmatic conditions and the vegetation of the island are very favourable
to this pest, the necessity for preventing its spread by the apphcation
of artificial remedial measures is emphasised. These include thorough-
ness in cultivation and the burning of infested leaves and branches.
The resistance of the plant may be increased by watering during the
dry season.

A Coccinelhd, ExocJwnms flavipes, Thunb., has been found associated
with H. rubrocinctus, and is probably predaceous on it.

DE Seabra (A. F.). Etudes sur les Maladies et les Parasites du
Cacaoyer et d'autres Plantes cultivees a S. Thom6. viii. Sur une
nouvelle Espece du Genre Mirotermes appartenant a la Faune de
S. Thom6. — Lisbon, Compagnie " Agricola Ultramarina," 1919,
6 pp., 8 figs. [Received 21st September 1920.]

Mirotermes amamlii, sp. n., here described from San Thome, is
apparently the first representative of this genus of termites recorded
from the island.

DE Seabra (A. F.). Etudes sur les Maladies et ies Parasites du
Cacaoyer et d'autres Plantes cultivees a S. Thome, ix. Les Cochenilles
du Cafeier — Lisbon, Compagnie "Agricola Ultramarina," 1919,
8 pp., 9 figs. [Received 21st September 1920.]

The Coccids here recorded as occurring on coft'ee plants on the Island
have been noticed elsewhere [R.A.E., A, \\, 383]. The species there
referred to as Ceroplastes sp. is probably C. ceriferus, Anders.

Santschi (F.). Etudes sur les Maladies et les Parasites du Cacoyer et
d'autres Plantes cultivees a S. Thome, x. Fourmis de S. Thome.

Lisbon, Compagnie " Agricola Ultramarina," 1919, 4 pp. [Received
21st September 1920.]

The ants recorded as occurring on the Island include Pheidole
megacephala, F., Monomorium ■ pharaonis, L., Prenolepis longicornis,
Latr., and Camponotus maculatus, F., var. thomensis, n.

492

DE Seabra (A.). Estudos sobre as Doencas e Parasitas do Cacaueiro
e de outras Plantas cultivadas em S,' Thom6. xviii. A Mol6stia
nova dos Cacaueiros na Ilha de S. Thom6. [Studies of the Diseases
and Parasites of Cacao and other Plants cultivated in the Island
of San Thome, xviii. The new Disease of Cacao in S. Thome.] —
Lisbon, Companhia Agricola Ultramarina, 1919, 43 pp. [Received
21st September 1920.]

In 1916 an apparently new disease of cacao appeared in the Island
of San Thome and the danger to the plantations increased to such
an extent as to render necessary an investigation, of which the results
are given here.

The disease is an aggravated form of injury due to two enemies
previously laiown in the island, a fungus, Lasiodiplodia theobromae,
and a thrips, Heliothrips rubrocinctus, Giard.

The investigation covered 61*5 per cent, of the estimated area under
cacao, 35 per cent, of the plantations being affected. Among young
cacao (under 5 years old) the mortaUty sometimes amounted to 50
per cent. ; the old trees suffered much less.

Bordeaux mixture containing at least 1 per cent, of copper sulphate,
and enough Ume to neutraUse the solution, is recommended against
the fungus. Measures against H. rubrocinctus are more difficult to
apply owing to the disadvantages attaching to a contact poison.
The formulae given by Russell for nicotine are advised [R.A.E., A,
i, 99]. Both enemies may be combated simultaneously by combining
nicotine with Bordeaux mixture. Natural enemies such as the
Coccinellid. ExocJiomus flavijjes, and three others stiU unidentified,
should be protected. Against the thrips, tobacco should be planted
experimentally, as it has been stated that the thrips is attracted to
the stems and leaves of green tobacco and dies before injuring that
plant.

The paper concludes 'with a list of 51 insect pests of cacao in San
Thome ; of these the following either contribute to or precede the
development of the fungus : — Rhynchota : Aleurodes sp. , Selenaspidus
(Aspidiotus) articulatus, Morg., Morganella {A.) maskelli, CkU., A. palmae,
Mask. & Ckll, Aidacasjns ^jentagona, Targ., Dysdercus super stitiosus,
¥.. HelopeUis sp.. Coccus {Lecanium) viridis, Green, Lepidosaphes
{Mytilaspis) bechii, Newm., Orthezia insignis, Dougl, Pseudaonidia
trilobitiformis, Green, Pseudococcus citri, Risso, Psylla sp., Toxoptera
coffeae thoniensis, Shr. Coleoptera: Haltica sp., Apate sp. Isoptera :
Cephalotermes rectangularis, Sjost., Microcerotermes dolichognathus, F.
Silv., Neotermesgestroi,¥.Si\v. Thysanoptera : Heliothrips rubrocinctus,
Giard, Heliothrips sp. Corrodentia : Psocus sp.

DE Seabea (A.). Estudos sobre as Doencas e Parasitas do Cacaueiro
e de outras Plantas cultivadas em S. Tome. xix. A Seca dos
Ramos dos Caeaueircs. [Studies of the Diseases and Parasites
of Cacao and other Plants cultivated in the Island of San
Thome, xtx. The Withering of the Branches of Cacao.] — Lisbon,
Companhia Agricola Ultramarina, 1919, pp. 5-40. [Received
21st September 1920.]
Insect pests of cacao additional to those recorded in the

preceding paper, include the termites, Neotermes pallidicollis, Sj5st.,

493

Microcerotermes parvus theohromae, Desn., Termes ostentans, F. Silv.,
and Schedorhinotermes putorms, Sjost. ; and a borer, thought to be a
caterpillar of the genus Zeuzera.

Considerable injury has been done by Pseudaonidia trilohitiformis,
the biology of which is briefly described. It attacks the leaves, but
a fungus, Microcera coccophila, first noticed in 1916, had effectively
checked it by 1918. The diffusion of this fungus by means of leaves
of Castilloa and small cacao plants was attempted. Insufficient
investigation does not permit of any opinion being advanced on the
value of another fungus, Myriangium duriaei, or of Ichneumonid
parasites. Neotermes gestroi lives within the living stems of cacao ;
it is the most dangerous of the termites and causes serious loss. Infest-
ation may be rapidly reduced by cutting off and immediately burning
the infested wood, the upper parts being the first attacked. A black
ant is a natural enemy of this pest. Microcerotermes parvus theo-
hromae and Mirotermes amaralii build their nests near the cacao stems.
Ceplialotermes rectangidaris makes a semi-subterranean nest near a
root or stem. Microcerotermes dolicJiognathus nests in the upper
branches. Termes ostentatus hves either imderground or in hills ; it
cultivates a fungus that has not yet been identified.

The caterpillar attacking the green branches, stated above perhaps
to belong to the genus Zeuzera, makes a mine with a diameter of 6
milHmetres and a length of 16-39 inches. As a rule two-year-old
branches are infested, sometimes the trunks also. Only a few centres
of infestation have been noticed in the Island, and it is probable that
natural enemies keep this pest in check. Infested branches and stems
should be cut off and burned.

DE Seabka (A. F.). Estudos sobre as Doencas e Parasitas do Cacaueiro
e de outras Plantas cultivadas em s/ Thome, xxix. Notas sobre
as principais Formas de Animais e Plantas interessando a Agri-
cultura de S. Thome e particularmente a Cultura do Cacau. [Studies
on the Diseases and Parasites of Cacao and other cultivated
Plants in San Thome, xxix. Notes on the chief Animals
and Plants relating to Agriculture in San Thome, especially as
regards the cultivation of Cacao.] — Lisbon, Companhia Agricola
Ultramarina, 1919, 13 pp. [Received 21st September 1920.]

Further insects recorded include : — Coleoptera. Cicindela melan-
cholica, F., C. purpurea, 01., Scarites fatuus, Karsch, the Elaterid,
Alaus chalcolepidium, Fairm., the Scarabaeids, Tephraea ancilla,
Karsch, and Oryctes latecavatus, Fairm., Cladognathiis antilope,
Swed., a CurcuUonid, Sphenophorus quadrimaculatus, Gylh. (very
injurious to bananas), the Anthribid, Araecerus fasciculatus, deGr.
(a most dangerous pest of coffee), the Cerambycids, Chlorida f estiva, L.,
Macrotoma edidis, Karsch, Mallodon downesi, Hope, Ancylonotus
tribidus, F., and Monocliamus ruspator, F. [probably M. thomensis,
Jord.j.and the ChrysomeUds, Nisotra theohromae, Lab., and Limidus
variicolor, Berl. (both of which do serious injury to cacao).

Lepidoptera. Corcyra cephalonica, Staint. I, Papilio bromius, Dbd.,
P. demodocus, L., Argina leonina. At., Deilephila nerii, L., Euchlora
megaera, L., Hypolimnasmisippus, L., Phytometra (Plusia) chalcites, Esp.

494

Rhyncliota. Dysdercus superstitiosus, F., Icerya purchasi^ Mask.,
Vinsonia stellifera, Green (rare on Citrus, but abundant on coconut),
Saissetia {Lecanium) nigra, Met., S. (L.) Jiemisphaerica, Targ., and
Aulacaspis j>e,ntagona, Targ. (wkich would be exceedingly dangerous
were it not checked by fungi), Aspidiotus pahnae (very common on
coconut), and Ischnaspis longirostris. Sign, (filiformis, Dougl.) (rare on
coffee, but very abundant on coconut).

Orthoptera. The most injurious species are Gryllotalpa africana.
Pal., and Liagryllus capensis, ¥., but they are uncommon. Polyspilota
pustulata, Stal., is a useful insectivorous Mantid.

Hymenoptera play an important part in the destruction of scale-
insects on the Island.

The Myriapods, Spirostreptus integer, Karsch, and S. marginescaher ,
Karsch, sometimes cause rapid rotting of bananas injured by Cos-
mopolites sordidus {Sphenophorus striatus).

Fungi of great value are Microcera coccophila, Desm., which has
almost entirely eradicated Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis ; Cephalo-
sporium lecanii, which has been equally effective against the coffee
scale. Coccus viridis ; and Myriangium duriaei, which is another enemy
of P. trilobitiformis. Two other entomophagous fungi are Ophionectria
and Aschersonia.

DE Seabka (A. F.). Note sur I'Existence en Portugal de la Tortrix
de la Vigne, CEnophthira jnlleriana, Schifl. — Bidl. Soc. Portug.
Sci. Nat., Lisbon, \m, no. 2, 1920, pp. 148-150.

The only species of vine Tortricid that is of any serious economic
importance in Portugal is Sparganothis {Oenophthira) jnlleriana, of
which there have been heavy infestations for many years in various
districts, and especially in the magnificent plantations and old
estabhshed ^^Ileyards beside the Tagus. , A study has been made of
the biology of this moth in Portugal, which is very similar to that of
the species in France. The hfe-history is shown in a chart. In the
present studies, a proportion of. 64 per cent, of males was observed.
Of 4,648 caterpillars collected from the vines, 1,836 were found to be
parasitised by Hymenoptera or Diptera. As these parasites always
emerge from the pupal stage of S. pilleriana, it is a simple matter to
coUect the adult caterpillars and rear the parasites from them.

Rutgers (A. A. L.). Verslag van den Directeur] 1 Juli 1919-30 Juni

1920. — Meded. Algem. Proefst. A.V.R.O.S., Medan, Algem. Ser.
no. 9, 1920, 43 pp.

The report of the entomologist, Mr. J. B. Corporaal, states that
caterpillars did little damage to rubber. Hevea was infested with a
termite, Microtervnes pallidus, Havil, but no real injury was done.
A dangerous species of Coptotermes occurred sporadically, and fumi-
gation with sulphur-arsenic by means of the " Universal white ant
destroyer " was advised. Xyleborus perforans, Woll. {kraatzi, Eich.)
must be added to the rubber borers mentioned in the preceding report
[R.A.E., A, vii, 64]. The presence of a scale encouraged nest-building
by an ant, Cremastogaster sp.

495

Tea pests did not include Helopeltis ; this is surprising as H. suma-
tranus, Rpke., H. antonii, Sign., and H. theivora, Wlk., occur among
the wild vegetation. Colobathristes saccharicida, Kirk, was sent
in as Helopeltis, which it resembles, but may be distinguished by the
presence of a pointed, instead of a rounded spine on the scutellum,
A Pentatomid bug, Dalpada sp., requires attention as it appears able
to breed on tea. Megachile sp. attacks the older leaves of tea, but
the injury is insignificant. Some tea t^\•igs were infested by a Fulgorid.
A beetle, provisionally identified as a species of Phjllohius [Corigetus
scapularis, Roel.], did some damage to the young shoots. Of various
injurious caterpillars, one belonged to the genus Attacus.

Cofiee pests included Stephanoderes hampei, which has extended its
infestation since the previous year, when it was first observed. Up to
the present, no real injury has been done, because only the fleshy part
of the berry is attacked, and because, by keeping the ground clear of
withered berries, an effective check seems to result. The coffee beetle,
Araecerus fascicidatus, is of general occurrence. In the plantations
it confines its attacks to \\'ithered berries only. Zeuzera cqffeae,
Nietn., was received from coffee and tea. Branches killed by this
moth must be cut off and burned. A good poison-bait for grasshoppers
attacking coffee consisted of 35-40 parts of fresh horse manure, 1
part Paris green, and 2 parts salt. A bait suitable for Tettigoniids as
well, contained ih lb. sodium arsenite, 18 lb. sugar or molasses, and
22| gals, water with enough fresh maize leaves (chopped into pieces
about 1 inch long) added to produce a wet bait, which is left standing
overnight before it is strewn in the morning.

Brachartona catoxantha re-appeared on the same coconut estate as
in the previous year [loc. cit.], but its natural enemies seemed more
abmidant.

Oil-palm pests included Limacodid and Psychid caterpillars, Rhyn-
chophorus ferrugineus, Dipterous maggots and Tenebrionid larvae.

A P\Tralid caterpillar of the genus Pymusta injured maize. Rice
was attacked by the Pp-ahd borer, Sclioenohius hipimctifer, W\k., and
by the bugs, Nezara viridula, L. Leptocorisa sp., and Podops vermi-
culata, Voll. Much injury to maize and rice may be prevented by
cultural methods. Care must be taken to sow a given area within a
short period (2-3 weeks.) An interval of about 6 weeks must occur
between harvesting a crop, and planting a new one. The sowing
time should be uniform with that on other plantations, and with the
time of planting practised in the native villages.

Dry maize and rice were infested by Tribolium fermgineum, F.,
Carpophilus sp., and Dinoderus miniitus, F., which last also occurs in
dry bamboo, and is attacked by a Clerid, Tillus notatiis, Klug.

Phaseolus lunatus was infested by a small fly, probably Agromyza
phaseoli, Coq. The leaves of Dioscorea saliva were eaten by the cater-
pillars of Herse {Protoparce) convolvuli, and ornamental palms, Corypha
sp., were infested by caterpillars of Amathusia phidippus, a pest of
coconut.

Rhinotermes translucens. Ha v., penetrated a teak chest kept indoors
and destroyed papers within it, the teak-wood being left imtouched.
A species of Coptotermes, probably C. curvignathm, Holmgr., was
observed on hving mango trees and destroyed by fumigation with
sulphur-arsenic

496

Feytaud (J.). Sur I'Extension de rEud6mis en France. — Le Progres
Agric. et Vitic, 3Iontpellier, Ixxv, no. 38, 19tli September 1920,
pp. 281-284.

The extended distribution of Polychrosis hotrana in France during
the past thirty years is reviewed. Although originally the local
outbreaks were of minor importance, it has become one of the most
serious pests of the vineyards. Wherever this moth becomes estab-
hshed, Clysia (Conchylis) ambiguella, Hb., apparently disappears.

Passy(P.). Le Cephe du Poirier, [Cephvs compressus on Pear Trees.]
— La Vie Agric. Rurale, Paris, xvii, no. 38, 18th September 1920,
pp. 180-182, 4 figs.

The sawfly, Janus (Cephus) compressus, ¥., oviposits on pear trees
from about 15th May to the end of June. The young shoots frequently
show many punctures made by the female, in one of which the egg,
which is very difficult to locate, is deposited. Shoots so attacked
wilt and die. The eggs hatch in 8 or 10 days, and the young larva
begins to feed on the medullary tissue ; later it begins to descend the
shoot, leaving the latter empty and dying. The larval timnel is
generally 3 or 4 inches long. Pupation occurs in the autumn, the
pupa being usually located a little below the dead part of the shoot,
though by the time the adult emerges, towards the end of the following
April, the whole shoot has died. The adult fives on flower juices
and does not damage the trees, except by oviposition. As the old
shoot dies, a new one frequently arises from one of the eyes just below
the point attacked, but its growth is retarded by the old shoot still
absorbing part of the sap, even if it is not actually killed by the larva
descending beyond the point of its origin.

It is almost impossible to capture the adults of J. compressus owing
to their agifity ; in fact they can seldom be observed except at the
moment of oviposition. Remedial measures must therefore be
directed against the earfier stages. During the oviposition period
(May and June) all buds that show signs of wilting should be cut off
an inch or two below the punctures. In this way the egg or young
larva will be removed and the next healthy shoot will be encouraged
in its growth. After the leaves have fallen, during the winter pruning,
all the dried shoots should be cut sufficiently low to ensure that the
pupae are enclosed in them, and they should then be burnt. Certain
birds, in particular the tomtit and the goldfinch, are useful in extracting
the larvae from the shoots. An Ichneumonid parasite, Pimpla sp.,
is able to oviposit through the shoot on to the larva within, and is
evidently very beneficial in reducing the numbers. In fact collections
of the larvae of this sawfly almost always pelded as many parasites
as hosts.

BiLLAUDELLE (L.). Un RavagcuF du Chou. La Baridie Verdatre.

[A Cabbage Pest, Baris chlorizans, Germ.] — Jl. cV Agric. Pratique,

Paris, xxxiv, no. 39, 23rd September 1920, pp. 252-253, 1 fig.

The Curcuhonid, Baris cJdorizans, Germ., causes serious damage

among cabbages in the Seine-et-Oise region, the leaves at the base of

the plants drying away and faUing to the ground about June or July.

497

Such plants show the stems riddled with galleries made by the larvae.
Adults may be observed in early June among the larger leaves, the
females ovipositing in the tissues of the stem or at the base of the
petioles. After two months of feeding by the larvae, first on the
leaves and then on the stalk, a pupal cell is formed in the stalk, where
transformation takes place. In favourable weather the adults emerge
from September onwards, but during bad weather they may remain
in the stalks until the following March. The insects are too well
protected to be reached by poison sprays, and it would be difficult to
reach the parts of the plants on which they feed with any insecticide.
The most practical method of control consists of collecting debris,
withered leaves and old stalks and burning them. During Julv the
larvae will be destroyed by this method, and later on the adults.

Zetek (J.). Enemigos de la Agricultura y Modos de combatirlos.

[Enemies of Agriculture and Methods of controlhng them.] —

Revista la Salle, Panama, iv, nos. 39-45, December 1919-June

1920, pp. 75-83, 107-112, 140-144, 180-186, 216-221, 245-251,

[Received 24th September 1920.]

This paper deals largely with the diseases and hygiene of plants,

and also describes the preparation of insecticides suitable for contact

sprays and stomach-poisons. The value of the various insecticides is

discussed, and the compatibility of many of the usual insecticides and

fungicides is shown in a table. Suitable machinery for spraying and

pulverising is described and illustrated.

CoRBETT (G. H.). Observations on Cotton Thrips in the Gezira,
Blue Nile Province, Sudan, in 1918-19. — Bull Entom. Res.
London, xi, no. 2, Sejitember 1920, pp. 95-100.
Heliothrips indicus, Bagn., has been known on cotton in the Gezira
for about three years, and towards the end of October 1918 attracted
serious attention. It is thought that the damage done would be much
less if the cotton were not so scattered, and the crop for 1919-20 is to
be grown in larger areas. This thrips has apparently reached the
cotton from weeds growing on fallow land near by or has been brought
on the wind. A study of its bionomics was begun in February 1919,
when the cotton was recovering from the attack. While the losses
caused are considerable, it is hoped that the attacks may prove to be
local and to occur only spasmodically. At present, however, this is
the most important .cotton pest in the Gezira. Observations made
from November to August indicate that there is probably no aestivating
period and no resting stage. The differences in the lengths of each
stage of the hfe-cycle are remarkable, but under field conditions the
whole cycle is a short one averaging about 18 days, and the insect
quickly reproduces in large numbers. The egg-stage averages 8 "2
days. The larva feeds by piercing and sucking the juices of the
plant, generally on the lower surface of the leaves, and remains on the
plant from 3 to 6 days. When full-grown the larvae drop from the
leaf and crawl into a crevice in the soil, where they change to the pre-
pupa and then to the pupa. The insect remains from 4 to 14 days in
the soil before the emergence of the adults. 0\'iposition begins two
days after emergence, the adult having crawled up the stem to the
(717 c

498

leaves, and depositing eggs at the rate of about 6 per diem on the
lower and middle leaves of the plant.

The list of both cultivated and '^ild foodplants is a long one and
includes potatoes, beans, ground-nuts, wheat, barley, many vegetable
crops, and both American and Egyptian cotton. American cotton
sufiers much more than Egyptian, and does not make such good
recovery.

It is not precisely known how the thrips subsists after the old cotton
crop is removed and until the new one is well advanced. Suggestions
for control include the ploughing of old cotton land as soon as possible
if it is found that any stage aestivates, or the removal of all plants
on the land if the insect spends the dead season on vegetation. If
watering of the cotton were stopped somewhat early and the cotton cut
and burnt sooner than is normally done, the number of thrips that
could attack the succeeding cotton crop would be greatly diminished.
Hea\y watering appears to have a detrimental effect on the number
of thrips emerging from the soil, probably because the ground is pre-
vented from cracking. Further investigations on this Une are required ;
it is suggested that one or two heavy waterings about the beginning of
November might have a beneficial effect. Owing to the \vide range
of food-plants, experiments with trap-crops might be tried. Cultural
methods include the destruction of aU weeds and vegetation growing
among the cotton or in its \acinity. Spra}ang is considered impracti-
cable and uneconomical when the cotton is four or five months old,
but if the thrips appear when the plant is small, two or more apphca-
tions of spray should be given in the late afternoon or evening in order
to kiU the larvae. Pyridine sulphate and quinohne sulphate were
both foimd unsuitable as insecticides. One part of nicotine sulphate
(32 per cent.) to 1,200 parts of soap solution obtained by dissolving
1 lb. of soap in 21 gals, of water was the most successful spray used, or
1 lb. of soap to 10 gals, of water will kill a large percentage of both
larvae and adults if nicotine sulphate is unobtainable.

Theobald (F. V.). Aphididae of Persia. — Bull. Entom. Res., London,
xi, no. 2, September 1920, pp. 153-157, 4 figs.

The species dealt with include Aphis huxtoni, sp. n., of which the
alate and apterous vi\4parous females are described from UmbeUiferae
on the Caspian coast. This species was found in association with an
ant, Lasius emarginatus, Latr., var. nigro-etnarginatHS, Forel. The same
forms are described of Myzus mespiliella, sp. n., taken on the young
twigs of medlars in north-west Persia. Aphis punicae, Pass., taken on
wild pomegranate on the south-west Caspian coast, is re-described,
as apparently only the apterae were known to Passerini. Certain
characters of Lachnus pyri, Buckt., which was originally recorded from
pears in Ceylon, are described from individuals taken on pears in
western Persia.

Tempaxy (H. a.) & d'Emmerez de Charmoy (D.). The Campaign
against Phytalus smithi in the Colony of Mauritius. — Bull. Entom.
Res., London, xi, no. 2, September 1920, pp. 159-169, 1 plate.
This paper gathers together and summarises a good deal of in-
formation from various sources, much of which has previously been

499

noticed [R.A.E., A, iii, 730, 756 ; v, 502 ; vi, 141 ; vii, 4, 8 ; viii, 73,
etc.]. The history of the appearance of Phytalus smithi as a sugar-cane
pest in Mauritius is reviewed, and an account is given of its habits,
the damage done by it, and the remedial measures that have been
employed against it, inchiding the collection and destruction of the
beetles. The introduction and estabhshment of a Scohid parasite,
Tiphia parallela, from Barbados is described.

The regulations under the Ordinance of 1911 regarding the notification
and treatment of areas infested with P. smithi are given, as well as
the proclamation of 1918 regarding the movement of infested earth
or cane-tops, the inspection of growing sugar-cane or other crops, and
the gro\^'ing of trap- crops.

The cost of the campaign against P. smithi is worked out. It has
recently been decided that the entire cost of control of the pest should
be borne by the planters, and an export tax on sugar is suggested to
meet the cost of future campaigns. The measures taken and the
expenditure incurred are regarded as abundantly justifying the residts.
It is probable that if no remedial measures had been undertaken,
sugar-cane growing woukl have been rendered impracticable over
large areas.

d'Emmerez de Charmoy (D. ). Notes on Insects accidentally introduced
into the Island of Mauritius. — Bull. Entom. Res., London, xi,
no. 2, September 1920, pp. 171-177.

Mauritius is remarkable for the number of insect pests that have
been introduced into the Island, chiefly on exotic plants. The sugar-
cane industry was threatened with ruin owing to the introduction of
a borer, Proceras sacchariphaga, Boj., from Ceylon, and again was
largely damaged by the introduction of Pulvinoria gasteralpha, leery.
The cultivation of coft'ee and vaniUa has been in large part abandoned
owing to introduced pests and diseases. Legislation against these
indiscriminate importations began in 1882 ; more recent legislative
measures are briefly reviewed, and at the present time a regular and
efficient control is estabhshed over plant importations. The text of
the Ordinance of 1910, and the regulations made under it, are given as
an appendix to this paper.

The introduction and history of the following pests in the Island are
discussed : — Phytalus smithi ; a Cecid' •myiicl fly that forms galls on
the leaves of mango trees ; Dacus d'emmerezi, which is a pest of marrows
and pumpkins ; the fowl flea. Echnidnophaga gallinacea ; the jigger,
Dermatophlus (Sarcopsylla) penetrans; a red ant, Solenopsis sp.,
which is a household pest and attacks seeds and young seedHngs ;
the Coccids, Asterolccanium spectabile, Aspidiotus mauritianus, A.
destructor, Chionaspis simplex. Coccus (Lecanium) mangiferae, C. (L.)
hesperidum, and Pulvinaria antigoni ; a Phalangid, Gagrella fcae,
which is numerous in towns and forests and is sometimes so abundant
in houses as to constitute a domestic pest ; and a miUipede, Anoplo-
desmus saussurei.

Williams (C. B.). A Pannier Hopper-Dozer. — Bull. Entom. Res.,
London, xi, no. 2, September 1920, pp. 179-180, 1 plate, 1 fig.

A hopper-dozer that has proved very satisfactory in the control
of the froghopper, Tomaspis saccharina, Dist., damaging sugar-cane

(717) c2

500

in Trinidad, is described and illustrated. Two wire mosquito nets
were used in the form of panniers on a mule, being wide enough to
sweep two rows of cane planted five feet apart, while the animal
walks between the rows. Each net is hinged behind and supported
in front by a stout cord or wire attached to the front supporting bar.
This is loose in its bearings, and by rotating it. the front of the net
can be raised or lowered by the person in the saddle, as the height of the
canes changes. The panniers can be rapidly removed by taking out
the stop on the rear bar, and unhooking the front supporting cord.
The nets are open in front and may be smeared inside with some
stickv substance. The advantage of using net is that it allows air
to pass through and does not create a back-draught. The framework
of nets and saddle is constructed of Hght wooden bars, while the main
supporting bars, rear and front, are of one inch iron tubiog. Provided
that the nets are not too close to the ground no difficulty is found in
taking them over rough ground., open field-drains, or even small gulhes.

BrxTOX (P. A.). A Liparid Moth {Ocnerogyia amanda, Staud.)
destructive to Figs in Mesopotamia. — Ball. Entom. Res., London,
xi, no. 2, September 1920, pp. 181-186, 1 fig.

Figs, though apparently not a major crop, are widely grown in
Mesopotamia, and are severely damaged by the larvae of a Liparid
moth. Ocnerogyia amanda. Staui. the leaves being sometimes com-
pletely devoured and the fruit shrivelling and dropping before it i?
ripe. Its eggs are found in patches of from 20 to 100 on the lower
parts of the trunks, and more rarely on the underside of the lower
leaves or on rubbish on the ground. The larvae feed at night, shel-
tering among dead leaves or soil beneath the fig trees, or in mud walls,
etc. Pupation occurs in cracks in soil or mud walls. The gene-
rations are continuous throughout August and September, all stages
being found together at this time. This is unusual among Mesopo-
tamian Lepidoptera, which generally aestivate throughout the
summer.

The pest should be fairly easy to keep in check. Arab growers
bum the dead leaves and other rubbish ia heaps beneath the trees.
This destroys all stages of the insect as well as its hiding-places.
Collections of larvae and eggs from beneath the leaves might be made
shortly after dawn.

As only the male of 0. amanda has been previously described, a
re-description by Sir George Hampson is appended.

GABiiAX (H.). Observations on the Structure and Coloration of
the Larval Corn-Ear Worm {CMoridta r/j.sokfo.]. the Bud Worm
(C. virescen.Sj and a few other Lepidopterous Larvae. — Kenfuihy
Agric. Expt. Sta.. Lexington., Bull 227, May 1920, 84 pp., 16 figs.
[Received 24th September 1920.]

A detailed study is given of the anatomy of the larvae of HeliotJiis
{Chloridea) ohsoleta and H. (C.) virescen.s, comparisons being made
with those of Protoparce (PhJegethontius) sexta, H. {Chloridea) pTiloxi-
phaga, and a number of other Lepidopterous larvae of various genera.

501

Paddock (F. B.). The Cotton or Melon Louse — Life History Studies.
— Texas Agric. ExjA. Sta., College Station, Bull 2o7. December
1919, 54 pp., 4 plates, 3 figs. [Received 24th September 1920.]

The synonyms of Aphis gossypii, Glover (cotton or melon Aphid),
as now understood, include Ajjhis citri, AshnL, A. citnj.Hi. AshnL,
A. cucumeris, Forbes, and A. cooki, Essig. It is widely distributed over
the world, and common throughout the United States where any of
its food-plants are grown. In Texas it is a serious pest of cotton,
melons, cucumbers and similar plants. The confusion in the identity
of this species has arisen from the very numerous food-plants that
have been attributed to it, but not all of these have been proved to be
food-plants by migration tests.

In Texas, the normal form of rfeproduction is asexual throughout
the entire year. The alternative food-plants in that State have not
been determined. Fifty- one generations completed their life-cycle
in a period of exactly twelve months. The average reproduction
period was 21 "4 days, and the average number of young produced
was 84 "4. The migration tests indicated that the Aphids do not
migrate from cotton to plants of the melon family or the reverse.
Ants were found associated with the Aphids at all times, but no
definite relation was estabhshed.

A. gossypii is reduced by natural enemies, being parasitised by Lysi-
pldebus testaceipes, Cress., and preyed upon by three species of Coc-
cinelhds — Megilla macidaf.a, deG., Hippodamia concergens, Guer., and
Coccinella munda, Say — and two species of Svrphid flies, SyrpJios
americanus, Wied, and AUograpta obliqua. Say.

Paddock (F. B.) k Reixhard (H. J.). The Cowpea Wee\il. — Texas
Agric. Expt. Sta., College Station, Bull 256, December 1919.
92 pp., 6 plates, 3 figs. [Received 24th September 1920.]

The commonest Bruchid infesting cowpeas in Texas is Bnichus
quadrimaculatus, F. All varieties of cowpeas grown in the State are
equally subject to attack, and the annual loss caused is very great.

This Bruchid is very prolific, and under favourable conditions,
of which temperature is one of the most important, the life-cycle
may be completed in less than three weeks. In stored seed, breeding
is practically continuous throughout the year, and most of the insects
undoubtedly hibernate in such seed. About nine generations occur
in a year in Texas.

The natural enemies of the immature stages are a predaceous mite,
a Chalcid {BrucJiobius laticeps, Ashm.) and an ego[-parasite {Uscana
semifumipennis, Gir.). It is not, however, sufficiently checked by
its natural enemies, and artificial remedial measures must be employed.
Proper harvesting (carried out just before the se^s are exposed by
the opening pod) wiU greatly reduce the initial infestation in the field,
while to prevent reinfestation, seed should be stored in tightly closed
containers. The insect can be destroyed in any stage by heating the
infested seed to a temperature of 146" F. for fifteen minutes, which
does not afiect the germination of the seed, or by fumigation with
carbon bisulphide at the rate of 4 lb. per thousand cu. ft. of space.

502

Bakee (A. C). Generic Classification of the Hemipterous Family
Aphididae.— C/.>S. Dep. Agric, Washington, B.C., Bull. 826, 10th
August 1920, 109 pp., 16 plates.

This systematic paper gives descriptions of, and keys to, the super-
family Aphidoidea, the family Aphididae, and the sub-famihes,
tribes, subtribes and genera of that family.

HuRD (W. E.). Influence of the Wind on the Movements of Insects. —

Mthly. Weather Rev., Washington, B.C., xlviii, no. 2, February
1920, pp. 94-98. [Received 28th September 1920.]

Weather has perhaps more effect on the control of insect life than all
other factors combined. The influences of temperature and wind
pressure on the hfe and, more particularly, the movements of insects
are discussed in this paper. The distribution of insects by wind is
brought about either by involuntary flight, when the insects are carried
from their local haunts, as in the case of Simuhids, scales, gipsy moth
[Porthetria disbar] larvae and mosquitos, or are diverted in the course
of their migration, or,- in the case of more helpless types, such as Aphids,
the insects may instinctively place themselves in the path of an air
current, by crawling to the tops of plants just before a storm so that,
when the first onrush of wind occurs, they can drop into it and are
carried to new areas. The wind is also an important factor in carrying
scent from food-plant to insect, or from one insect to another, and
this is frequently followed by flight against the wind.

The importance of wind to migratory swarms of locusts is well
known ; swarms flying from Montana to Missouri have been knowTi to
travel as far as 200 or 300 miles a day over the prairie during favourable
winds. Two of the most sharply defined extensions of the Mexican
cotton boU weevil [Anthonomus grandis] in Texas occurred in 1915
and 1916, and were largely due to the sweeping winds •experienced in
those years. Many other instances are quoted from existing literature
of remarkable dispersion of insects by wind agency.

Froggatt (W. W.). Orchard and Garden Mites. No. 1. Blister Mites
. (Family Eriophyidae). — Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., Sydney, xxxi, no. 8,
August 1920, pp. 577-580.

Short notes are given on the Acarina generally, the family Erio-
phyidae, and three species of this family that have been introduced
into Australia, viz. : — Eriophyes pyri (pear-^eaf blister mite), E. vitis
(vine-leaf blister mite) and E. (Phyllocoptes) oleivorus (silver or orange
rust mite).

Growing Wheat damaged by Cut-worms. — Jl. De])t. Agric. S.
Avstralia, Adelaide, xxiii, no. 3, October 1919, p. 282. [Received
27th September 1920.]

An outbreak of cut-w'orms that destroyed young wheat and all
other plants, except the so-caUed Cape dandelion, on an area of about
twelve acres is recorded. The species concerned, in the order of
importance were Persectania {Mamestra) ewingi, Euxoa (Agrotis) infusa,
and tw^o other species belonging to Agrotis or an allied genus. The

503

outbreak was not investigated till the end of September, when the
caterpillars were just beginning to pupate, so that it was too late to
attempt any remedial measures.

The small numbers of the larvae observed, in view of the damage
done, was astonishing. This may be accounted for in two ways —
cannibaUsm, a common habit of such larvae when their food-plants
are lised up, and disease, which sometimes sweeps off cut-worms
wholesale, and of which many larvae in this instance had apparently
died. Birds probably had no effect on them, as the caterpillars are
nocturnal when healthy.

Should sufficient of the present brood survive to render a second
generation of importance, the damage will probably be done in
November, when the wheat in the ear is well forward.

Cockayne (A. H.). The New Zealand Grass-Grub. Some Notes on
its Control. — New Zealand Jl. Agric; Wellington, xxi, no. 1, 20tli
July 1920, pp. 1-5.

The life-history of the grass-grub, Odontria zealandica, has not been
completely worked out, but enough is known to indicate the general
course of it. Most of the eggs are laid early in the summer (November).
The adult beetles have been found during most of the year, but except
for the great brood that emerges in November they are not of any
importance. The young grubs feed on the roots of plants, especially
fibrous roots such as those of grasses, though in the seedUng stage
any type of plant, including trees, is likely to be kiUed. They feed till
the following spring, though they are in a more or less quiescent state
in the winter, pupating in October.

On practically no grass-land in New Zealand are they ever absent,
but their ravages are more or less periodic, which is due to two factors —
an increase in the number of grubs in any particular area, and ex-
tremely dry weather conditions causing lessened root-production.
When numerous, grass-grubs thoroughly pulverise and loosen the
ground below the first two inches or so from the surface, and lessen the
capillary rise of water. Thus in dry weather the grasses that have
been eaten through cannot form new roots quickly, as the surface
layer of the soil becomes too dry.

In grass-lands the main damage is caused either in the grasses'
first year of development, mainly in the autumn following spring
sowing, or after some years, when the plants have passed their most
vigorous root-development stage. Grass sown with rape in October
and November generally escapes damage, probably because the ground
is bare at the time of egg-laying, and is therefore not selected by the
beetle for the purpose. The main reasons why grass sown with
cereals — especially spring-sown oats — is seriously damaged are the
readiness with which the beetles lay their eggs in cereal crops, and
the weak rooting and poor estabUshment of the grass.

There is no practical method for the control of grass-grub on farm
land by trapping, poisoning, burning, or by chemical treatment,
though quite small areas may be treated by fumigation with carbon
bisulphide. Nothing of any practical nature can be done except
re-seeding or rotation cropping. Measures on these lines are discussed

5C4

in detail — the principles being those indicated above. The benefits
supposed to be derived from rolling, or from the presence of lime in
the soil are probably due, not to any effect on the grubs, but to the
increased vigour of the grass itself. Clover or weeds with strong
tap-roots seem to be the most resistant of the pasture plants to attack.

Regulations for the Control of Fire-Blight. — New Zealand J I. Agric,
Wellington, xxi, no. 1, 20th July 1920, p. 56.

These regulations for the control of fire-blight {Bacillus amylovorus)
prohibit the removal of bees, and plants and parts of plants of apple,
pear, quince, or Crataegus from the North Auckland and Auckland
Land Districts, or from any nursery or orchard in which the disease
may be found by an inspector.

Cockayne (A. H.). Report of the Biologist. — New Zealand Dept.
Agric, Indust., & Coynmerce, Ann. Rept. 1918-19, Wellington,
1919, pp. 40-42. [Received 27th September 1920.]

The pear bud mite Perrisia (Contarinia) pyri and a leaf-hopper,
Empoasca sp., which have hitherto been more or less unknown in New
Zealand, proved extremely destructive during the year under review.

GossAED (H. A.). Dust Spraying. Tests comparing Dusting with
Liquid Applications and Costs. — Mthlij. Bull Ohio Agric. Expt.
Sta., Wooster, v, no. 5, May 1920, pp. 147-153. [Received 28th
September 1920.]

Particulars are given of tests with dusting applications carried out
in apple orchards at Wooster in the springs of 1916, 1917, and 1918.
The results indicate that dusting can take the place of one or two of
the sprays for codling moth [Cydia pomonella], and under some circum-
stances it is recommended. Dusting mixtures containing sulphur
and lead arsenate have given good control of Curculionids in the peach
orchai'ds of Virginia.

GossARD (H. A.). Watch for Chinch Bugs. Method of Constructing
Dust and Tar Barriers in Farm Fields, — Mthly. Bull. Ohio Agric.
Expt. Sta., Wooster, v, no. 6, June 1920, pp. 178-179. [Received
27th September 1920.]

The chinch bug [Blissus leucopterus] was abundant in some Ohio
districts in 1919, and, though a wet spring has been unfavourable to
it, precautions against it are advised.

Barriers should be constructed to prevent the bugs migrating from
wheat stubble to maize fields immediately after harvest. These may
be either a line of creosote on a ploughed ridge with post-holes to trap
the insects as they turn back from the creosote on the top of the slope
[cf. R.A.E., A, V, 65], or a dust barrier, made by ploughing several
furrows round the wheat, and then dragging a log over the ploughed
area till a dusty trench is formed. Such a barrier is only effective
in dry weather.

505

If the bugs have already entered a maize field, the infested portion
should be enclosed by a barrier, and the insects sprayed wdth kerosene
emulsion diluted with 8-10 parts of water, or nicotine sulphate diluted
with 500 parts of water and 4 lb. of soap added to each 100 U.S. gals,
of the spray. Pure kerosene kills the maize, but is very efficient,
and may be useful if a large number of bugs are concentrated in a
small area.

Wlien chinch bugs are very abundant, it may be advisable to give
up wheat for a year or two and sow immune crops such as soybeans,
potatoes, vegetables, etc.

Davis (J. J.). New Species and Varieties of Phyllophaga. — Bull.
Illinois Nat. Hist. Survey, Urbana, xiii, article] xii, August 1920,
pp. 329-338, 6 plates, 8 figs.

From collections of May-beetles from various parts of the United
States the following new species and varieties are described : — Lach-
nosterna {Phyllophaga) perlonga, on pecan, elm, hicory, and honey
locust ; L. fraterna, Harr., var. mississippiensis, on pecan, poplar,
elm, hickory, black oak, plum, and apple ; L. pearliae, on honey
locust, elm, winged elm, buttonwood, willow, and walnut ; L. soror ;
L. foxii on blackberry {Rubus nigrobaccus), blueberry {Vaccinium
sp.), wild rose {Rosa sp.), persimmon {Diospyros virginiana), red oak
{Quercus rubra), Spanish oak {Quercus falcafa), locust {Robinia
hispida), elder bush, black gum, hackberry, birch, and sour gum ;
L. impar ; L. parvidens, Lee, var. hysteropyga ; and L. hirticula,
Knoch, var. comosa.

Though he has not had an opportunity to study the actual types,
the author considers L. quadrata, Sm., to be identical with L. postrema,
Horn. The latter is knowTi only from the male, and the former from
the female.

Brooks (F. E.). Round-headed Apple-Tree Borer: Its Life History
and Control. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washifigton, B.C., Bull. 847,
9th August 1920, 42 pp., 9 plates, 5 figs.

Saperda Candida, F. [R.A.E., A., iii, 586: \i, 447] is a serious pest
of apple, pear, and quince, and occurs in the United States and Canada
over most of the apple-growing regions east of the Eocky Mountains.
It also breeds in wild crab, hawthorn, mountain ash, and service tree.
Infestation is often confined to rather definite areas, and it^ not
uncommon spread to new ground is probably due to the presence of
an abundance of wild trees near the freshly planted orchard.

Much of the hfe-history has already been noticed [loc. cit.], but it
varies with the locality. The larva may spend from one to four years
in the tree, this stage being of longer duration in the north than in
the south. The pupal stage approximately coincides with the blos-
soming time of apple, the beetles appearing in the south earher than
in the north.

During o\iposition the females are capable of flying to a considerable
distance, but prefer to place their eggs in trees near the place where
they themselves have developed. By preventing the development

506

of adults in the orchard trees and in other trees growing within
300-600 feet of the orchard, subsequent infestation has been reduced
73 6 per cent.

The borers have few insect enemies, but woodpeckers play an
important part in holding them in check.

No easier and cheaper method of control has been found than the
old one of worming the trees. This should be done as soon as possible
after the last eggs of the season have hatched, and should be repeated
in the spring follo%ving the blossoming time of apple trees. Paints
and other kinds of tree protectors were useds^ to prevent o\aposition
on the bark. Nothing of this nature has been found that surpasses
common white-lead paint in cheapness, ease of application, and
effectiveness. Young apple trees painted once annually for from four
to six years showed no injury, and the treatment gave a control
efl&ciency of 7J:'3 per cent.

Various attempts to kill borers were made by applying penetrating
liquids of a poisonous or irritating nature to the bark of infested trees.
Nicotine sulphate, kerosene, kerosene emulsion, sodium arsenate in
a miscible-oil carrier, and linseed oil, were among the materials tested.
None of these was effective on large borers that\^d penetrated deep
into the tree, but most of them killed a considerltble percentage of
young individuals that were still feeding in shallow burrows. Some
of the hquids, particularly kerosene, injured the trees. Carbon
bisulphide can be injected with good results into deep burrows, though
it injures the bark.

The beetles feed rather freely on the leaves and the bark of twigs,
and it is possible to kill them by spraying with arsenicals. Sprays
for this purpose should be applied to young orchards within ten days
after the apple blossoms have disappeared. In bearing orchards
what is known as the first codhng-moth spray will be effective also
against the adults of S. Candida.

Smith (H. S.) & Compere (H.). The Life-History and successful
Introduction into California of the Black Scale Parasite, Aphycus
lounsburi/i. How. — Mthlij. Bull. Cal. State Dept. Agric, Sacramento,
ix, no. 8, August 1920, pp. 310-320, 5 figs., 1 plate.

Aphycus lounsburyi has become firmly established in the citrus
orchards of California. The various stages of this Chalcid and its
method of oviposition are described. This parasite of the black scale,
Saissetia oleae, Bern., was first liberated in September, and further
liberations were made throughout the mnter. Colonies of the
Coccinellids Scutellista cyanea and Rhizobi us ventralis were also liberated
in order to form a combination that would insure a natural control.
So far, 30,000 individuals of A. lounsburyi have been liberated in
various plots.

As this experiment proved successful, a new area, comprising 10,000
trees, has been set aside to form a propagating ground for A. lounsburyi
on a commercial scale. This parasite does not spread very rapidly,
but if present in sufficient numbers it will attack practically every
scale in the area of its abundance. The life-cycle from egg to adult
varies according to climatic conditions from 28 davs to 3 months.

507

Mackie (D. B.). The Application of Vacuum Fumigation to Fresh
and Packed Dates.— Mt/di/. Bull. Cat. State Dept. Agric, Sacra-
mento, ix, no. 8, August 1920, pp. 321-324, 2 figs.

The advantages of vacuum fumigation as compared with the or-
dinary process are discussed. The apparatus here described was
successfully used for the destruction of Plodiu interpuncteUa (Indian
meal moth) and Silvanus surmamensis (saw-toothed grain beetle) in
packed dates. The fruit thus treated may be eaten immediately
upon removal from the fumigator as all traces of the gas are removed
by freely circulating air through the mass for five minutes after
mechanically withdrawing the gas.

NouGARET (R. L.). A Termite Pest of Vineyards. — Mfhli/. Bull. Cal.
State Dei^t. Agric., Sacramento, ix, no. 8, August 1920, pp. 327-330,
3 figs.

Reticulitermes hesperus is recorded as injuring vines. The insects
apparently breed in Arundo donax, a plant that is grown along ditches
to serve as a windbreak. Infested vines should be pulled up, and a
good-sized hole dug on the spot, the earth from which should be scat-
tered so as to expose the termites to the sun. Vines with healthy
roots may be planted in the same place in the following spring. The
windbreaks should be cleaned up, and all dead or infested material
should be burned.

SwAix (A. F.). Argentine Ant Control from an Economic Standpoint.

" — Mfhlg. Bull. Cal. State Dept. Agric, Sacramento, ix, no. 8,
August 1920, pp. 333-338, 1 fig.

In operations imdertaken against the Argentine ant, Iridomyrmex
Jtumilis, in Southern California, the poison used consisted of 12| U.S.
gals, water, 2 oz. tartaric acid, 100 lb. sugar, 6 oz. sodium arsenite
dissolved in a few pints of lukewarm distilled water, 20 lb. strained
honey and -i oz. sodium benzoate dissolved in water.

Experiments show that a cheap grade of honey is quite satisfactory,
provided that it is boiled for several minutes before straining to prevent
crystallisation. Boihng for an hour prevents souring of the product.
No ants were found two weeks after the poison was placed on infested
trees, and no individuals were seen even on very warm days in the
next winter. One treatment is apparently sufiicient for at least two
seasons, and the cost is little more than \d. per tree per year.

WiLKAxsKY (T.). The Danger of Indiscriminate Introduction of
Foreign Plant Varieties.— J//'/?/^. Bull Cal. State Dept. Agric,
Sacratnento, ix, no. 8, August 1920, pp. 339-340.

The danger of increasing insect infestation in Palestine by grafting
on to imported olive stock is emphasised. The pests recorded as
infesting imported French varieties of olive include the beetles,

508

Himatismus villosus, Phloeotribus scarabaeoides and Hylesinus oleiperda,
and the olive fly, Dacus oleae, though these have not been noticed
on indigenous olives.

WoGLUM (R. S.). U. S. Bur. Entom. A recently discovered Citrus
Pest, Platynota tinctana (Walk.) in California. — MtJihj. Bidl.
Cal. State Dept. Agric, Sacramento, ix, no. 8, August 1920, pp.
341-343.

Platynota tinctana is recorded as injuring oranges in southern
California. This moth has been found in company with Tortrix
citrana (orange tortrix), but is less injurious. The various stages
are described. The larva is usually found webbed within old dry
leaves or fallen flower petals close to the fruit. The damage to the
fruit is caused by puncturing the rind. P. tinctana is generally kept
in check by parasites, of which at least three distinct species of
Hymenoptera have been reared.

Larson (A. 0.). U. S. Bur. Entom. Bean Weevils in California. —
Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Dept. Agric, Sacramento, ix, no. 8, August
1920, pp. 344-349.

The loss caused by the bean Bruchids, Bruchus ohtectus. Say, and
B. quadrimaculatus, F., for 1918 is estimated at about £824,000.
Details are given of the bionomics of these beetles as observed in
California.

Successful results were obtained by fumigation with carbon bisul-
phide for 48 hours at the rate of 6 lb. to 900 cubic feet. A mite,
probably Pediculoides ventricosus, Newp., effectively checked
B. quadrimaculatus under laboratory conditions, but owing to the
discomfort it causes to man, its use is not advocated.

Maskew (F.). Quarantine Division. Report for the Month of

June, 1920. — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Dept- Agric, Sacramento,
ix, no. 8, August 1920, pp. 350-351.

The pests intercepted during June included : — From Central America,
Pseudococcus sp., Aspidiotus cyanophylli, and A. cydoniae on bananas.
From Mexico, Calandra sp. and Silvanus surinamensis in squash
seed ; Lepidosaphes gloveri and Chrysomphalus aurayitii on limes ;
Anastrepha ludens in mangos ; Heliothis {Chloridea) obsoleta in tomatos ;
unidentified weevils in tamarinds, and Diatraea saccharalis in sugar-
cane. From Oregon, Epochra canadensis in gooseberries. From
Pennsylvania, Pseudococcus sp. on Gardenia. From Alabama, Lepi-
dosaphes beckii on grapefruit. From Illinois, Eidecanium (Lecanium)
corni on black currant bushes. From New York, green aphis and
Tetranychus sp. on Chrysanthemum ; Lepidosaphes beckii on Cuban
and Florida grapefruit. From Ohio, green aphis on Chrysanthetnum.
From Texas, Scliizotetranychus {Tetranychus) mytilaspidis, Aleurodes
sp. and Ceroplastes floridensis on Cape jasmine. From San Salvador,
Lepidosaphes gloveri and L. beckii on limes. From the Philippine
Islands, weevil larvae in sweet potatoes. From Cuba, Diaspis
bromeliae on pineapples. From Hawaii, Diaspis bromeliae and Pseudo-
coccus bromeliae on pineapples ; an undetermined Trypetid larva

5C9

in tomatos ; Coccus elongatus and Aphis sp. on betel leaves ; Herni-
chionas'pis minor on red pepper ; Saissetia nigra and Pseiidaonidia
duplex on Hibiscus cuttings. From New Zealand, undetermined
Dipterous larvae in decayed potatoes. From China, an undetermined
Formicid in water chestnuts ; Lepidopterous larvae in dry herbs, and
undetermined larvae of borers in twigs. From Japan, undetermined
Lepidopterous larvae in dried chestnuts and dried fruits.

Anderson (G. M.). The Slender Wireworm ; Its Relation to Soils. —

South Carolina Agric. Expt. Sta., Clemson College, Bull. 204,
September 1920, 14 pp., 4 figs.

Some of the matter in this paper on Horistonotus uhleri, Horn, has
been previously noticed [R.A.E., A, iii, 693]. The type of soil seems
to be the determining factor in the distribution of this wireworm.
The infestations in South Carolina are always confined to the loose,
thin, barren upland, sandy soils which form a belt parallel to the tea.
coast, about sixty miles inland. The soil is of such a texture that
saturation with water is almost impossible, the larvae being unable
to live in saturated soils even for a short time.

Wireworms as a whole present a most complicated problem in
economic entomology because of their varied habits, and their generic
idiosyncrasies. Given control measures cannot as a rule be applied
to more than one genus. Being soil infestors they are difficult to
observe, while their life-cycles vary greatly. Closely associated
with these factors are those of soil and air temperature, soil moisture
and heredity. Studies on these heads are being prosecuted, and
reports of progress on other phases of the problem will be issued.

Wilcox (A. M.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Notes and Descriptions of
Species of Telenomus having ten-jointed Antennae (Hymenoptera;
Scelionidae).— Ps?/c/ie, Boston, Mass., xxvii, no. 4, August 1920,
pp. 7,8-81.

The Proctotrupids dealt with include Telenomus henierocampae,
sp. n., reared from eggs of Hemerocampa leucostigma in U.S.A. ; T.
euproctidis, sp. n. , from eggs of Euproctis conspersa, Butl. , from Japan ;
T. dalmani, Ratz. , from eggs of Notolophus antiquvs and Hemerocampa
leucostigma in the United States, and also recorded from the former
moth in England, Holland and Canada.

A table is given by which the females of this group may be separated.

CusHMAN (R A.). U.S. Bur. Entom. The North American Ichneumon-
Flies of the Tribes Lycorini, Polyspfiinctini, and Theroniini. —

—Proc. U.S. Nat. Mtis., Washington, D.C., Iviii, no. 2326, 1920,
pp. 7-48, 5 figs.

Revisions are given of the North American species of the above
three tribes of the subfamily Ichneumoninae, with keys to the genera
sub-genera, species, and varieties concerned. Two new genera are
erected, and eight new species described.

510

BoviNG (A. G.) & Champlain (A. B.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Larvae
of North American Beetles of the Family Cleridae. — Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., Washington, D. C, Ivii, no. 2323, 1920, pp. 575-649,
12 plates.

The first part of this paper deals in detail with the morphology
and taxonomy of the larvae of North American Cleridae ; the second
with the general habits and seasonal history of these beetles.

The Cleridae are among the principal predators of wood and bark
boring beetles, the adults attacking the adults of the destructive
species, while the larvae feed upon the eggs and broods in the bark
and wood. Under natural conditions they are not of great importance,
but these conditions may be upset in their favour by properly conducted
control work. Their dissemination in infested regions, in addition to
control work, would therefore be of great value.

The adults are very active, especially on sunny days, though some
are nocturnal. They consume numbers of Scolytids, and other
small insects, though in some genera there are instances where the
adults are apparently not predaceous, but feed on pollen.

Certain species of Clerid larvae in all stages are found in the galleries
and mines of bark and wood borers. They feed voraciously on the
eggs, larvae, and sometimes the dead (?) parent adults of the host.
The pupal cell may be made in the earth, the bark, or in the cell of
the host. The time of transformation to adults varies, but is generally
in the spring. Some species may have more than one generation in
a season, especially if there are several generations of the host. Others
appear to pass several years in the larval stage

Among the more important of the species noticed with details of
their life-history in many cases are Monoj^liylla tenninata, Cymatodera
bicolor, Thanasimus dubius, T. nigriventris, Enoclerus quadriguttatus,
E. sphegeus, E. iclineumoneus, E. quadrisignatus, Xenodosus sanguineus,
Phyllobaenus dislocatus, Neichnea laticoniis, Chariessa jnlosa, Galeru-
clerus oculatus, and OrtJwpleura damicornis. These are all destroyers
of bark-beetles.

Bernard (C). Bestrijding van Rupsenplagen. [Measures against
Caterpillar Pests.] — De Thee, Buitenzorg, i, no. 2, June 1920,
pp. 41-42. [Received 28th September 1920.]

The attention of tea planters is drawn to the necessity for combating
the caterpillars of Thosea spp., Setora nitens (and other species with
urticating hairs), Stauropus alternus, Belippa bohor, various Psychids,
Geometrids, and Andraca bipunctata. In special circumstances,
when the usual natural checks are not operating, serious loss may be
caused by them. Collection is generally sufficient to check infestation,
but it is essential that this be done immediately the first examples
are observed.

The serious injury done to nurseries by bunch caterpillars,
A. bipunctata, on the east coast of Sumatra, was stopped by an
epidemic that entirely wiped them out. A similar epidemic has been
observed in the case of Thosea cervina [R.A.E., A, viii, 455,.

511

LEGISLATION.

Service & Regulatory Announcements. January, February, March,
April, 1920.— U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Fed. Hortic.
Bd., 67, 11th June 1920, 50 pp. [Received 28th September
1920.]

• In consequence of the discovery that the pink bollworm [Platyedm
gossypieUa] has invaded certain localities of south-western Louisiana,
a resolution was adopted at the Interstate Cotton Conference held
at New Orleans on 5th March 1920, declaring that for the protection
of the cotton industry of the State, the planting of cotton should be
prohibited in the infested regions, within such non-cotton zone limits
and for such period of time as may be named by the Departments of
Agriculture and Horticulture of the State, the producers to be com-
pensated for any loss sustained. A quarantine resolution has also
been formulated to prevent the movement from Texas and Louisiana
into other States of any materials likely to carry and distribute in-
festation. The Federal Horticultural Board is requested to act on
this resolution without delay. A review of the present situation
with regard to the pink bollworm, issued by the Secretary of Agri-
culture, is given verbatim. It is considered that the extermination
of the insect in Texas and Louisiana is absolutely contingent on the
prohibition of the growth of cotton in infested areas. The quarantine
action proposed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in agreement
with the Federal Horticultural Board is discussed in detail. It is
thought that this arrangement will make it possible to limit the
quarantine to the non-cotton and the regulated zones described in
these two States. As maize has been freely imported into the United
States from Mexico, and as much of it has contained more or less
cotton seed, coming in some instances from infested areas, a quarantine
order has been issued prohibiting the importation of maize {Zea mmjs)
from any of the States of Mexico into the United States. The re-
gulations supplementary to this order are given, including those
relating to the grinding and steriHsation of maize as a condit'ou of
its entry from Mexico.

The situation with regard to the European corn borer [Pyrausta
nubilalis) has necessitated the passing of a quarantine order pro-
hibiting the movement from infested areas in the States of Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, New York and Pennsylvania of any maize and broom
corn including all parts of the stalk, celery, green beans in the pod,
beets with tops, spinach, rhubarb, oat and rye straw, as such or when
used as packing, cut flowers or entire plants of Chrysanthemnm, Aster,
Cosmos, Zinnia, hollyhock, and of Gladiolus and Dahlia (except the
bulbs thereof without stems), except in such manner and under the
conditions prescribed in the regulations and amendments that are
given as supplementary to the order. The penalties for conviction
under this order are stated. A later measure, directed against other
pests and diseases besides P. nubilalis, forbids, except as provided
in supplemental rules and regulations, the importation into the United
States from all foreign countries and localities, of stalks and all other
parts, whether used for packing or other purposes, in the raw or

512

iinmanufactured state, of maize {Zea mays), broom maize {Ayidwpogon
sorghum var. technicus), sweet sorghums and grain sorghums
{A. sorghum), Sudan grass {A. sorghum sudanensis), Johnson grass
{A. h(depensis). sugar-cane {Saccharum officinarum) including Japanese
varieties, pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum), Napier grass (P. purpu-
reum), teosinte {Euchlaena luxurians) and Job's tears [Coix lachrymajohi).

In consequence of the presence of the Japanese beetle {Popillia
japonica) in New Jersey, an order has been passed quaran-
tining certain enumerated localities within that State and ordering
that (1) farm, garden and orchard products of all kinds, including
fresh and perishable crops, such as green maize, tomatos, beans,
peas, cantaloups, watermelons, grapes, raspberries, blackberries,
cherries, peaches, apples and all other fresh fruits and vegetables ;
(2) grain and forage crops of all kinds ; (3) nursery, ornamental and
greenhouse stock, and all other plants including bulbs and cut flowers;
and (4) soil, compost and manure other than fresh manure, shall
not be moved except under the conditions laid down in the supple-
mentary regidations.

In order to prevent the entrance of a number of plant diseases and
injurious insects from the Orient, such as the oriental fruit moth
{Cydia (Laspeyresia) molesta), the pear fruit borer {Nephopteryx rubri-
zonella), the apple moth {Argy/esthia conjugella), Psylla pyrisuga,
Lecanium glandi and L. kunoensis, which are new to and hitherto
not widely prevalent or distributed in the United States, but occur
in Asia, Japan, the Philippine Islands and Oceania, including Australia
and New Zealand, the entry into the United States is forbidden of
stocks, cuttings, scions and buds of fruits for propagation. Exceptions
are made in the. case of plants destined for experimental or scientific
purposes bv the Department of Agriculture, and those imported
under special permits for the purpose of keeping the country supplied
^^•ith new varieties and necessary propagating stock, and those permitted
in accordance wath the regulations governing entry for immediate
export.

The regulations governing the use of sterile packing material for
bulbs, and the substitutes allowed for steriUsed soil are discussed.
A list of the current quarantine and other restrictive orders is given.

Destruction des Parasites nuisibles a i' Agriculture. — Rev. Agric. Afr.
Nm-d, Algiers, xviii, no. 59, 17th September 1920, p. 223.

By a decision of the Ministry of Agriculture, given 26th January
1920, the decree of 14th September 1916 concerning the importation,
sale and use of poisonous substances is modified to permit of the
winter treatment of vines and fruit-trees by means of preparations
containing soluble arsenicals up to 1st May 1921. By a further
decision, given 16th June 1920, manufacturers and dealers are allowed
to pack and send in wooden boxes poisonous preparations destined
for the destruction of agricultural pests. The use of these soluble
compounds for vines and fruit trees otherwise than in the dormant
season, and their addition to sprays used during the season of growth,
remain strictly prohibited.

CONTENTS.

490,

Africa : New Scolytids

Africa, South : The Chemistry of Arsenical Locust Poison . .

Africa : West : Notes on Cotton Pests

Algeria : Regulations restricting the Use of Arsenicals against Vine

Pests ....

America, South : New Hymenopterous Parasites . .
Argentina : A New Species of Thrips
Argentina : The Bionomics and Migrations of Locusts
Australia : A Thrips damaging Tobacco in New South Wales
Australia : A Bait for Mole Crickets . .
Australia : Sugar-cane Pests in Queensland
\uSTRALiA : Doticus sp. attacking Granadillas in Queensland

USTRALIA : Notes on Orchard and Garden Mites
AUSTRALIA : An Outbreak of Cutworms
Austria : A New Bean Pest
Austria : Notes on Forest Pests
Azores: EuxoasegetuminteBtingBeet
Brazil: Aethalionreticiilatummfesting Mangos
British Guiana : Losses due to Agricultural Pests . .
British Isles : A Revision of the Species of Red Spider
British Isles : Measures against the Greenhouse White Fly on

Tomatos
Canada : Baits for Grasshoppers in Ontario . .
Canada : Insect Pests in British Columbia in 1919 . .

vNADA : Bark -beetles infesting Pines in British Columbia . .

AN ADA : Results of Spraying and Dusting in Nova Scotia. .

I'BA : A New Thrips on Coconut

RANGE: The Parasites of Di2>rMm pm*

RANGE : A List of Pest's of the Oak

RANGE : The use of Chloropicrin against Termites . .
TRANCE: Sarcophagafilia infesting MoVlmscs ..
France : The Spread of Polychrosis botrana. .
France : Pests of Vines in Bordeaux . .

KANCE : Measures against the Spread of Insect Pests

RANGE : Natural Enemies of Ips sexdentntus . .

KANCE : Cephus eompressus on Pear Trees . .

RANGE: BaWs cWori^ams infesting Cabbages. .

EORGiA : Fruit and Garden Pests

GRMANY : A Nematode infesting Potatoes ..

ERMANT : A Protest against Secret Remedies for Insect Pests

ERMANT : The Importance of Applied Zoology

ERMANY : Forest and Agricultural Pests

ERMANT : Insect Pests of Fruit Trees

ERMANT : The Effect of Meteorological Conditions on Plant Pests

ERMANT : Notes on Wheat Pests . . . . ....

ERMANT: Mites associated with Scale Insects

ERMANT : Lepidopterous Forest Pests

ERMANT : The Bionomics of Anthonomus pomorum . .

ERMANT : The Bionomics and Control of Ephestia kuhnieUa

ERMANT : The Bionomics of Ptinns tectus infesting dried Meat

ERMANT : The Food-plants of Phjrtophagous Beetles
l1 UNGART : The Value of Goldfinches in destroying Aphids . .
India : Insect Pests of Rice
India : Report on Indigenous Insects as a Check on the Spread

Lantana

India : Notes on New GaU Mlidges
Italy : The Bioriomics and Control of Locusts
Lithuania : Gastrodes spp. infesting Conifers . .
Macedonia : Coleopterous Pests of Roses
Mauritius : The Campaign against Phytalus smiihi . .
Mauritius : Notes on accidentally introduced Insects
Mesopotamia: Agricultural Pests in 1919
Mesopotamia : A Liparid Moth destructive to Figs . .

PAGE

487
477
474

512

474
474
475
465
465
465
466
502
502
470
471
466
488
471
466

473
465
481
489
491
474
472
472
472
472

478, 496
478
489
489
496
496
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466
467
467
467
468
468
468
468
469

469, 486
486
487
487
470
472

of

473
473
484
468
469
498
499
478
500

CONTENTS— cont.

PAGE

New Zealand : The Bionomics of Odontria zealandica . . . . 503

New Zealand : Regulations for the Control of Fire-Blight . . . . 50-1

New Zealand : New Pests of Pears 50 1

Palestine: Insect Pests on Imported Olive Plants .. .. .. 507

Panama Canal Zone : The Preparation of Insecticides . . . . 497

Persia : Notes on Aphids . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

Porto Rico : The Transmission of Mottling Disease of Sugar-cane

by Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

Porto Rico : A Bibliography of Sugar-cane Insects . . , . ... 48.';

Porto Rico : A List of Sugar-cane Pests .. .. .. .. 480

Porto Rico : The Value of Lizards as Destroyers of Insects . . 48o

Portugal: The Bionoraics of Sparganothispill&riana .. 494
San Thome : Insect Pests of Cacao, Coffee, etc. , . 491, 492, 493

Santo Domingo : The Preparation of Insecticides . . . . . . 477

Sicily ; Icen/o;p«rcftasi infesting Citrus .. .. .. .. 488

Sudan, Anglo-Egtptian : Measures against Cotton Thrips .. 497

Sumatra: Insect Pests in 1919-20 .. 494

Sumatra: Lepidopterous Pests of Tea .. .. .. .. 510

Switzerland : Recent injuries caused by Lygaeonematus pini to

Swiss Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

Switzerland : A New Ant found on Orchids . . . . , . 487

Trinidad : A Hopper-dozer for collecting Froghoppers . . . . 499

U.S.A. : Experiments with Sprays for Macrosiphum solanifolii in

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

U.S.A. : A New Aphid on Oak in California . . . . . . . . 479

U.S.A. : Cutworms and their Control , . . . . . . . . . 479

U.S.A.: A Conference on Quarantine Measures .. .. .. 479

U.S.A.: Insect Pests intercepted in Quarantine in California .. 470
U.S.A. : The Use of Insecticides against Underground Insects 481, 482
U.S.A. : The Anatomy of the Larva of Heliofhis obsoleta and other

Lepidoptera . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . 500

U.S.A.: The Bionomics of JLjoMsgrossy^JH in Texas ,. .. .. 501

U.S.A.: Measures against the Cowpea Weevil in Texas .. 501

U.S.A.: Influenceof the Wind on the Movements of Insects .. 502

U.S.A. : Comparisons of Dusting versus Spraying . . . . . . 504

U.S.A. : Precautions against the Chinch Bug in Ohio . . . . 504

U.S.A. : New Species and Varieties of Lachtiosterna . . . . . . 505

U.S.A. : The Bionomics and Control of Saperda Candida . . . . 505

U.S.A. : The Successful Introduction of Aphycus lounsburyi into

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

U.S.A. : The Fumigation of Dates against Insect Pests . . . . 507

U.S.A. : A Termite Pest of Vineyards in California . . . . 507

U.S.A. : Measures against the Argentine Ant in California .. .. 507

U.S.A. : A Lepidopterous Pest of Citrus in California .. .. 508

U.S.A. : Losses due to Bruchids infesting Beans in California .. 508

U.S.A. : Pests intercepted in Quarantine in California .. .. 508

U.S.A. : The Slender Wireworm and its Relation to Soils in South

Carolina . . . . . . . . .... . . ... 509

U.S.A. : Notes on parasitic Hymenoptera . . . . . • . . 509

U.S.A. : The Classification and Bionomics of Clerid Larvae . . . . 510

U.S.A. : Legislation against Pink Bollworm and other Pests . . 511

West Indies: Insect Pests in Barbados in 1917-18 . . .. .. 471

West Indies : Measures against Aleurocanthus woglumi on Citrus

in Jamaica . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • ■ 480

Gall-forming Cecidomyids on Central European Reed-grass . . 469

Notes on Cacao Pests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478

Insect Pests and How to Beat Them (Review) . . . . . . 480

The Classification of the Family Aphididae u02

Reglatered at the Q.P.O. for Tranamlaalon to Canada and Newfoundland by Magazine Post.

VOL. VIII. Sep. A. Part 12.~pp, 513-544. DECEMBER, 1920.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

SERIES a: agricultural.

ISBUBD B7 THE IMPEBXAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOQT.

LONDON
THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
88, QUEEN'S GATE, S.W. 7,

Price Is. 4-cl. net.

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n

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Ronorarp Commime of manaflemetin

VISCOUNT HARCOUBT. Chairman,

lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcook, CLE., F.E.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawb, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Kosb Bradfobd, K.C.M.G., P.E.S., Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bbuob, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman of the

Governing Body, Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. F. Fbybr, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture.
Sir Sidney F. Hakmbb, K.B.E., F.E.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lbpbot, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Hon. E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. B. Stbwaet MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John MoFadyean, Principal, Boyal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patbick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.B.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Mobris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in

Tropical Agriculture.
Professor E. Nbwstbad, F.E.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.E.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.E.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Pbain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read. K.CM.G., CB., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C Bothsghild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Sir Abthub E. Shiplbt, G.B.E., F.R.S., Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge.
Mr. E. A. C Spbbmno, CM.G., Foreign Office.

Sir Stewabt Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye.
Mr. C Warbubton, Zoologist to the Eoyal Agricultural Society of
England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Domiaions
is an ex officio member of the Committee.

General Seccetarc.
Mr. A. C C Pabkinson (Colonial Office).

director anD Bditor.
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, CM.G.

Besfstant S>ftectoc.
Dr. S. A. Nbavh.

Head Oj^ice.— British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Boad,

London, S.W.7.
PubUeatwn Office.--8B, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7.

513

Hinds (W. E.). Report of the Entomologist. — Thirty-second Ann.
Rept. Alabcuiia Agric. Expt. Sta., Auburn, January 1920, pp. 26-27.
[Received 28th September 1920.]

The rice weevil [Calandra oryzae] was unusually abundant in 1919.
Simple and effective methods of control have been developed as a
result of investigations, and have been demonstrated to farmers, who
have in many instances put them into practice with good results.
The first important factor is the selection of a type of seed- ear resistant
to weevil attack, that is, ears that have an exceptionally tight- fitting
shuck, the tip being well covered and protected against the first
entrance of the insect. Much success has been gained with the trap-
plot method, by wliich the first generation of weevils is concentrated
and can be controlled economically on the small crop of maize that
is grown on the trap -area.

Work in soil fumigation has been continued, and the value of
sodium cyanide as a fumigant, particularly in greenhouse soils, has
been tested, but the results have been so conflicting that further
study will have to be made before any conclusions can be reached.
Investigations are also being made to determine the possibiHty of
destroying Nematodes that have become embedded in the roots of
growing plants, without injuring the plants themselves.

Bernard (C). Over Psychiden (Zakrupsen). [Bagworms.] — De Thee,
Buitenzorg, i, no. 2, June 1920, pp. 43-44, 2 plates. [Received
28th September 1920.]

These notes on bagworms supplement some previously published
[R.A.E., A, viii, 455]. The caterpillars, which have not yet been
identified, have done no serious injury so far, chiefly because the
youngest leaves are not attacked.

A severe infestation by Clania crameri is recorded from the east
coast of Sumatra. The caterpillars appeared in newly-pruned plots,
and the lack of leaves caused them to feed on the bark of the stems
and twigs. The bushes recovered very slowly. Intensive collection
prevented a further increase of the pest.

Bernard (C). Djamoer oepas op Sesbania. [The Fungus, Corticium
javanicum, on Sesbania.] — De Thee, Buitenzorg, i, no. 2, June
1920, pp. 44-45. [Received 28th September 1920.]

Sesbania, which is used for green manure, has been severely attacked
by Corticium javanicmn. It is known that many plants, including
Legurainosae, may be attacked by this fungus under special conditions.
In this case the fungus appeared after infestation by a cicada, Lawana
sp., which has a waxy secretion and sweetish excrement. The trees
were covered first with the whitish wax, then with the black crust of
Capnodiutn, and, as a result of the dampness beneath the epiphytic
mycelium, with C. javanicum.

(727) Wt.1850/163. 1,500. 12.20. B.&F..Ltd. Gp.11/14. A

514

Aguil6 (I.). La Cochinilla ae los Olivos y sus Enemigos. [The
Olive Scale and its Enemies.] — Rev. Inst. Agric. Catalan S. Isidro,
Barcelona, Ixix, no. 18, 20tli September 1920, pp. 296-299.

Some observations on the life-history of Saissetia {Lecanium) oleae
in Spain are recorded. In 1920, no eggs hatched before 25th June.
From then till mid-September both eggs and scales were seen.

The injury done by S. oleae and the various combative measures
employed against it are described. Two natural enemies were
observed : a Noctuid moth, Eublemma {Thalpochares) scitula, and a
Chalcid, Scufellista cyanea. The latter occurs in abundance, but as
the early scales escape its attack its action is limited to reducing the
amount of infestation.

Brethes (J.). La Diatraea saccharalis en la Provincia de Buenos
Aires. — Anales Soc. Rural Argentina, Buenos Aires, liv, no. 16,
1st September 1920, pp. 943-948, 6 figs.

The presence is recorded of larvae of the Pyralid, Diatraea saccharalis,
in maize stems from the Province of Buenos Aires, where it has not
hitherto been observed, although it has been known in the more
northern provinces of Argentina. The life-history and habits and the
usual remedial measures against this moth are discussed.

Gemmill (J. F.). Wheat-Bulb Disease. — Nature. London, cvi, no.
2657, 30th September 1920, p. 148.

It is pointed out that Kleine's conclusions in reference to Hylemyia
coarctata [R.A.E., A, \aii, 253] are misleading. Observations show
that the eggs are chiefly laid on fallow land and among root crops,
especially potatoes [see however loc. cit. 266, 269].

This fly has caused much damage in the east of Scotland, and is
apparently spreading.

SuBRAMANiAM (P. Y.). Life History of the Buprestid Leaf miner
{TracJiys bicolor, Kerremans), a Pest on Butea frondosa in Mysore.
— Jl. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, Bombay, xxvii, no. 1, 1st July 1920,
pp. 178-179, 1 plate.

TracJiys bicolor is a serious pest of Butea frondosa in Mysore. The
adults feed on the leaf-tissue and may be seen from April to about
February or March. About four to five broods occur during the year.
The eggs are laid singly or in groups of 2 or 3 on the upper surface of
the leaves at the junction of the veins with the midrib. The larvae
hatch in about 19 days, and at once begin to eat into the leaf-tissue
and continue feeding for about a month. Pupation occurs in the
cavity thus formed and lasts about nine days.

The Natural enemies of this beetle include a small black ant, Cam-
jponotus sp., that feeds on the eggs, and a Chalcid that parasitises the
larva.

515

Brethes (J.). Description de una nueva Mosca langosticida.
[Description of a new Locust-destroying Fly.] — Anales Mus.
Nac. Hist. Nat., Buenos Aires, xxviii, 1916, pp. 142-144, 1 fig.

SarcopJiaga argentina, sp. n., is described as a parasite of the Argen-
tine locust, Sckistocerca paranensis, Burm. As this fly has also been
recorded as causing myiasis, its artificial propagation is not desirable.

Marelli (C. a.). Las diferentes Larvas de Langostas que acompaiian
& las grandes Mangas de la Saltona de Sckistocerca paranensis,
Burm. [Various Species of Locust Larvae that accompany
the main Swarms of the Hoppers of Sckistocerca paranensis,
Burm.] — Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat., Buenos Aires, xxviii,
1916, pp. 345-390.

While the bulk of the swarms of locusts invading Argentina consists
of individuals of Sckistocerca paranensis, Burm., there are always
a number of individuals belonging to other species that accompany
the main swarm. A detailed investigation of the appearance and
measurements of these has been made ; they are found to include
S. peregrina, 01., S. exsul, Scudd., *S. pallens, Thunb., S. canceUata,
Serv., S. americana, Brun., S. damnifica, Sauss., and S. peruviana.
Lynch Arriba'zaga. In addition to these, representatives of other
genera, including Tropidacris cristata, L., and Elaeochlora viridicata,
Serv., also occur in the swarms.

Laboissiere (M. v.). Description dune Espece nouvelle de Nisotra
(Halticini) de lile de San Thome (Col. Chrysomelidae). — Bull.
Mus. National Hist. Nat., Paris, 1920, no. 1, pp. 31-32.

Nisotra theobromae, sp. n., is described from San Thome on cacao.

Priesner (H.). Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Thysanopteren Oberos-
terreichs. [Contribution to the Knowledge of the Thysanoptera
of Upper Austria.] — 78.Jahres-Ber. Mus. Francisco Carolinum
vom Oberosterreichischer Musealverein, Linz, 1 Julv 1920, pp.
50-63.

This hst comprises the 98 species of Thysanoptera so far known
to exist in L^pper Austria. Brief notes are given on the abundance,
habitat and food-plants of each species.

.ScHMiTT (C). Die Zucht von Tachjptilia populeUa aus Espenblatt-
Wickeln. [The Hearing of Tachyptiiia populella from rolled-
up Aspen Leaves.] — Entom. Zeitschr., Frankfurt a. M., xxxiv,
no. 13, 25th September 1920, pp. 50-51.

Attention is drawn to the finding of Tachyptiiia populella in rolled
eaves of Populus tremula.

Lyle (G. T). Contributions to our Knowledge of the British
Braconidae. — Entomologist. London, liii, no. 689. October 1920.
pp. 227-230.

The species dealt with include Microdus rufipes, Nees, bred from
Argyroploce {Tortrix) variegana and Coleophora gryphipennella. A key
is given to the species of the genus Earinus, Wesm.

(727) a2

516

EosEWALL (0. W.). Wood-boring Beetles of Black Locust. — Ca^md.
ErUom., Lomlon, Out., lii, no. 9, September 1920, p. 203.

The boring beetles reared from young black locust {Robinia
pseudacacia) in Louisiana include : the Bostrychid, Sinoxylon basilare,
Say ; the Buprestid, Agrilusegenus, Gory ; and the Cerambycids, Ecyrus
dasycerus, Say, Liopiis alpha, Say, L. fascicularis, Harr., L. variegatus,
Hald., Neoclytus erythrocephalus, F., and Pkyton jxillidmn. Say.

Frost (C. A.) & Weiss (H. B.). A Bibliography of the Literature
on the described Transformations and Food Plants of North
American Species of Agrilus (Col.). — Canad. Entom., London, Ont.,
lii, no. 9, September 1920, pp. 204-210.

This first instalment inckides references to the literature on the
life-histories, habits and food-plants of thirty North American species
of Agrilus, those of special economic importance including A. rnficolUs,
F. (red-necked cane-borer), A. armatus, Say (oak twig-girdler),
A. vittaticollis, Rand (apple root borer), A. bilineatus, Web. (two-lined
chestnut borer), and A. anxius, Gory (bronze birch borer). •

Waterston (J.). On a New Polyembryonic Encyrtid (Chalcidoidea)
Co'pidosoma tortricis, sp. n., bred from the Strawberry Tortrix
Moth. — Ann. App. Biol., Cambridge, vii, no. 1, September 1920,
pp. 1-5, 5 figs.

Copidosoma tortricis, sp. n., here described, was reared in large num-
bers from larvae of Oxygrapha comariana. The remarkable appearance
of the irregularly swollen, dried skins of the hosts suggests a poly-
embryonic method of reproduction on the part of the parasite. It
was noted that as many as 35 of the parasites might emerge from one
larva. A practically identical form of Copidosoma has been reared
from a species of Tortrix in Italy, and found to be polyembryonic.

Petherbridge (F. R.). The Life History of the Strawberry Tortrix,,

Oxygrapha comariana (Zeller). — Ann. App. Biol., Cambridge, vii,
no. 1, September 1920, pp. 6-10, 1 plate.

The strawberry tortrix, Oxygrapha comariana, caused serious damage
to strawberries from 1913-1917 in certain localities in England. The
caterpillars bind the leaflets with threads, so that their attack is easily
recognised ; the flowers are also attacked, with the result that the
fruit does not form or is distorted. There are two generations a year.
In a normal season the caterpillars are found from the beginning of
May to the middle of June, and again from mid-July to the beginning
of September. The pupal stage lasts from two to three weeks, and the
adult stage about four weeks in the first generation, and as late as
the third week in November in the second. The winter is passed in
the egg-stage.

In 1918 both broods of caterpillars were severely parasitised by a
small Chalcid [Copidosoma tortricis, described above] ; a single pupa
was found containing a large Hymenopterous parasite, but this did
not mature.

517

Apart from parasites, the best means of reducing this pest seems
to be to run a mowing machine over the crop so as to cut off the tops
as close to the crown as possible when the second generation is in the
pupal stage, i.e. in the beginning of September. The tops must be
burnt or buried before the middle of September, when the moths
emerge. The eggs are laid too low to be reached in this manner,
but may be destroyed by ploughing. Old beds should not be ploughed
up until after the eggs are laid in November, for if this is done earlier,
the moths will probably lay their eggs on neighbouring crops of
strawberries, or on wild plants of Fragaria and Comarum.

Smith (K. M.). Investigation of the Nature and Cause of the Damage
to Plant Tissue resulting from the Feeding of Capsid Bugs. —

Ann". App. Biol., Cambridge, vii, no. 1, September 1920, pp. 40-55,
1 plate, 5 figs.

The author's summary is as follows : — There are several species
of Capsid bugs that normally feed on the leaves and fruit of apple
trees, but only one causes any damage, i.e. Plesiocoris rugicollis. This
species produces the death of the tissue surrounding each puncture
in the leaves made in feeding, and on the fruit produces great distortion
and " russeting."

There are three possible explanations of this damage : (1) a purely
mechanical injury produced by the insect's stylets in the process of
sucking ; (2) the possibility of the bug acting as a " carrier " of
bacteria and by injecting these into the plant along with the saliva
setting up a pathological state ; (3) the injection of some secretion
from the salivary glands which has a violently toxic effect on the plant
tissue.

It was found impossible to reproduce by mechanical means the
injury resulting from the feeding of P. rugicollis ; also the fact that
the other species of Capsids feed in a similar manner and produce no
injury militates strongly against the theory of mechanical injury only.

As regards the second theory, no bacteria could be discovered in
microtome sections of either damaged plant tissue or the salivary
glands of the bug, and all attempts to reproduce the damage by means
of bacteria failed.

The third explanation proved to be the correct one from several
experiments and observations.

Experiments were made to reproduce the bug injury with
various dilute poisons ; in most cases a very similar appearance was
produced in the foliage, but the attempts were unsuccessful in the
fruit itself with the exception of the very great retarding effect in the
growth of the fruit, which is one of the results of the bug injury.

By feeding the bugs oti slices of potato instead of apple the same
■effect was produced, but on a magnified scale. The salivary glands
of P. rugicollis and of Lygus pabulinus, a bug harmful to potato foliage,
when placed on a freshly cut slice of potato in a petri dish, produced
a violent reaction which killed much of the surrounding tissue. The
same experiment was carried out with the glands of one of the harm-
less apple-feeding bugs, Psallus ambiguus ; these had no effect whatever
>on the potato. When the salivary glands of P. rugicollis were pricked

518

into apple buds, the shoots were killed within 24 hours. The salivary
glands of P. ambiguus when similarly treated had no effect. Observa-
tions were made showing the rate of exudation of sap from the bug's
puncture in the potato, and these are given for P. rugicollis and Lygiis
pabulinits. A list of common plants and fruit trees with their various
reactions to the feeding of harmful bugs is also given.

Lloyd (LI.). The Habits of the Glasshouse Tomato Moth, Hadena
[Polia) oleracea, and its Control. — Ann. App. Biol., Cambridge^
vii, no. 1. September 1920, pp. 66-102, 3 plates.

The author's summary of this paper on Polia (Hadena) oleracea is
as follows : — P. oleracea is not a normal pest of tomatos grown under
glass, and where it has become established as such it is still in some
respects ill-adapted to a greenhouse life on a tomato diet. The larv^ae
eat the fruit because many of them are unable to survive on the
foliage alone. In spite of this, it has become a serious pest because
the moth is a prolific one and, once having entered a greenhouse, it
usually becomes a prisoner there. In a normal year there are two
complete generations and a partial third, and the moths are present
in the houses continuously from February to October. Spraying
the young plants with lead arsenate largely controls the first brood
of larvae, but not entirely, because moths of the first flight of the year
are still emerging when it is not practicable to use a poisonous spray on
the plants.

The plants should be sprayed three* times when the larvae appear
early : (1) when the seedlings are in pots ; (2) just after planting
out ; (3) about a month before picking begins. The last operation
is the most important and the two previous ones may be omitted
if there are no signs of larvae feeding.

Systematic moth trapping must be done throughout the growing
season, because it will reduce the numbers of moths which pass out
of the houses, and these, or their offspring blunder into the same
or neighbouring greenhouses ; and also because it is the most effective
form of control when spraying is not practicable, and will reduce the
infestation to a very great extent. Sixty jars baited with ale, treacle
and 1 per cent, sodium fluoride should be used to each acre of glass.
The dead moths should be removed frequently and the jars should be
rebaited every third week. Broken fruit must not be allowed to lie
about in the houses as the moths feed on this and become more prolific.
Many full grown larvae may be trapped in sacks placed about the
houses. The sacks should be collected and dipped in boiling water
every third week. Pupae should be destroyed in the winter. Special
baskets should be kept for fruit picking, and those from the markets
should never be allowed in the houses.

The pest spreads rapidly through areas where the nurseries are
congested owing to the escape of moths from the infested houses.
It may be introduced into isolated localities by means of market
baskets, or by plants purchased from infested nurseries. On its first
appearance every method of control should be appKed at once, as
attempts to check it by picking off the larvae by hand in trade nurseries
have almost invariably ended in failure.

519

Ballard (E.). A Note on Heliothis (Chloridea) obsoleta, Fb., as a
Pest of Cotton. — Agric. Jl. India, Calcutta, xv, no. 4, July 1920,
pp. 462^64.

Attention is dra^Mi to the infestation of cotton in India by Heliothis
obsoleta, F. Apparently Cambodia cotton sufiers more than the
Uppam or Kurangunni varieties, although the latter were gro\sTi next
to a field of gram. Tobacco plants in an adjoining field were
untouched.

The attack was first noticed in January, and by February all the cater-
pillars had disappeared. ' They feed externally on young green bolls, but
occasionally enter the boll and destroy the entire contents. The usual
food-plants in India are red gram {Cajanus indicus), Bengal gram {Cicer
arietinum), ground nut {Arachis hypogaea), tomato, maize, cholam
{Andropogon sorf/Jnitn). tobacco, hemp {Cannabis satira), linseed,
safflower and Dolichos lablab. Should the present change of habit
persist in India, this moth would become more dangerous than Earias
or Platyedra {Pectinophora) gossypiella .

HuTSON (J. C). The Fluted Scale and the Vedalia Beetle.— Trop.
Agric, Peradeniya, Iv, no. 2, August 1920, pp. 95-97, 1 fig.
[Received 4th October 1920.]

The spread of Icerya purchasi (fluted scale), which first came into
prominence in Ceylon in December 1915 on Acacia, caused considerable
apprehension in 1916 and 1917, as it was feared that it might attack tea
and other crops of economic importance. Investigations led to the
discovery that a fungus periodically controls the scale in most districts
during the wet weather. No trace of the CoccineUid beetle, Novius
cardirialis, was found, but a related species, N. roseipennis, was fairly
numerous in some localities. This species has, however, nothing like
the voracious appetite and powers of reproduction possessed by
N. cardinalis, and consequently arrangements were made for consign-
ments of the latter to be sent periodically from South Africa. A
number of difficulties were encountered. All the beetles in four
consignments in 1919 died, probably owing to the length of the journey.
Some living beetles were received in January 1920, and after food had
been obtained they bred rapidly, and colonies were sent out to various
localities. When these places were inspected recently very little scale
was found, and that little was being rapidly devoured by the CoccineUid
larvae.

The larvae of N. cardinalis that were kept for breeding suffered
severely from disease, due probably to overcrowding, but in the event
of any abnormal local increase of I. furcliasi in the future, it will be
comparatively easy to obtain further consignments of N. cardinalis
from South Africa, since better facilities for shipping the beetles will then
be available.

HuTSON (J. C). Report of the Entomologist. — Ceylon Dept. Agric.
Administr. Repts. for 1919, Peradeniya, 1920. pp. C8-C10.
[Received 7th October 1920.]

The chief pests recorded include: — Xyleboru s fornicatus, Eich., which
is distributed throughout the greater portion of the area under tea ;
Honiona cojfearia (tea tortrix), a fresh outbreak of which occurred

520

during the year ; and Icerya purchasi (fluted scale) on Acacia, which is
generally controlled during the wet season by fungi, especially
Cepkalosporium and Melanospora. Agrotis spp. are found in abun-
dance amongst vegetable crops. Towards the end of the year out-
breaks of the swarming paddy cutworm, Spodoptera mauritia, occurred
in several localities. Remedial measures include clean cultivation,
flooding the fields and collection of caterpillars by means of winnows.
Towards the end of the outbreak numerous cocoons of a Braconid
parasite were in evidence. Termites, probably Calotertnes militaris,
have been prevalent on several tea estates at different elevations.
Remedial measures include the pruning of all dead wood, the trimming
of all broken ends and the tarring of all cut ends. Field experiments
with carbon bisulphide show promising results, but further trials are
needed to prove the efficacy of this treatment.

Nephantis serinopa (coconut caterpillar) is still abundant in the
Eastern Province, and outbreaks have also been noticed in the North-
western Province, where a Hymenopterous parasite is an important
factor in its control. On young palms the outbreak may be checked
by collecting and destroying the larvae on the leaves. In the Eastern
Province tar and sulphur " smudge " fires are used and trap-lights to
catch the egg-laying females. On old palms the infested material
should be removed and burnt ; to prevent attack the trees should be
kept in vigorous health.

Minor pests on tea included : — Zeuzera cojfeae (red borer) ; Spatuli-
fimhria castaneiceps (nettle grub) ; Saissetia hemisphaerica ; Oscinis
tkeae (tea leaf-miner) ; Graciluria theivom (tea leaf-roller) controlled
by plucking and by the heavy rains ; Heterodera radicicola (eelworm) ;
Coccus viridis ; Helopeltis antonii ; Ricania fenestrata ; Ricanoptera
opaca ; Orgyia postica ; Heterusia cingala ; and Lepidiofa pinguis.

Saissetia nigra and the Cerambycid Batocera rubus occurred on
Hevea, and Caprinia conchylalis infested Funtumia elastica.
V^ Arbela quadrinotata (brown bark-borer), Helopeltis sp. and an Aphid,
Toxoptera auranfiae, infested cacao. The latter is preyed upon by
Chrysopid and S}Tphid larvae.

Coconut was attacked by Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (red weevil),
Oryctes rhinoceros, Aspidiotus destructor and Ischnaspis longirostris.

Schoenobius incertellus {bipunctifer) (rice stem-borer), Cnaphalocrocis
medinalis, Marasmia bilinealis, Nymphula depvnctalis, and Leptocorisa
acuta (paddy bug) occurred on rice.

Sylepta multilinealis and Dysdercus cingulatus qjq reported on cotton;
Orgyia postica, the Lasiocampid Taragama dorsalis, Terastia meti-
culosalis and the Coreid bug Anoplocnernis pkasiana on dadap
[Erythrina lithosperma) ; and Icerya purchasi, Myllocerus curvicornis,
Astycus immunis, Popillia complanafa, Lepidiota pinguis, and Homona
cojfearia on Acacia spp. Araecerus fasciculatus attacks the pods of
Tephrosia Candida, Crotalaria, Indigofera, Bauhinia and Cajanits
indicus. T. Candida is also attacked by Euproctis scintillans, Maruca
testulalis (which also attacks Cajanus indicus) and the Coreid bugs
Riptortus pedestris and R. fuscus. Cajanus indicus is attacked by
the Membracids Leptocentrus sp. and Gargara sp., the Pentatomids
Nezara viriduki, Cyclopelta siccifolia, Brachyplatys cingalensis, Cop-
tosoma cribrarium and C. siamicum, the Lycaenid Lampides baetica,
Agromyza sp. and the Meloid beetle Mylabris pustulatus.

521

Most of these bugs also attack Indigofera arrecta, as do the
Pentatomids Halyomorpha picus, Piezodorusrxbrofasciatus, Ensarcomns
guttiger and Tolutnnia immaculata.

Sweet potatoes {Ipomom batatas) were attacked by the weevil
Cylas formicarius, the Cassids Aspidomorplia miliaris and A. micans,
and the P}Talid Tahidia aculealis.

Other miscellaneous pests include : Plutella macidi'pennis on varieties
of Brassica olemcea ; Crocidolomia binotalis on Chinese cabbage ; the
Pentatomid bug Bagrada picta on knol-khol ; Docks oicurbitae on
Sechimn edide ; Dorylus orientalis on potato {Solamim tuberosum) ;
and a Cerambycid beetle, probably Batocera rubus, on the jak tree
{Artocarpus integrifolia).

Jepson (F. p.). The Tea Shot-hole Borer Investigation.— Ce?/Zo/i
Dept. Agric. Adminisf. Repts. for 1919, Peradeniya, 1920, p. Cll.
[Received, 7th October 1920.]

Soap-resin- fish-oil emulsion has been applied to bushes, immediately
after pruning, over an experimental area of 161 1 acres, but has not
proved as efficacious in the control of Xyleborus fornicatus, Eich.
(shot-hole borer of tea) as was originally anticipated.

An area of 24 acres has been interplanted with castor-oil plants to
test their value as trap-trees. The periodical removal of infested
branches is apparently an effective method of control, provided that it
is systematically carried out. The number of fresh estates declared
infested is 22.

GiRAULT (A. A.). U.S. Bur. Entom. New Serphidoid, Cynipoid, and
Chalcidoid Hymenoptera. — Proc. U.S. Nat. Mns., Washingtmi,
D.C., Iviii, no. 2332, 1920, pp. 177-216.

The following species of economic interest are described : — Hadro-
notus ajax, sp.n. , reared from eggs of Anasa tristis in the United States ;
Paraceraptrocerus africanus, sp. n., reared from Ceroplastes sp. on
Elytropappus rhinocerotis in South Africa ; Achrysopophagus io, sp. n.,
and A. rex, sp. n., reared from Pseudococcus citri on bamboo in Manila ;
Tetrastichus fasciatus, Ashm., reared from Cecidomyia manihot ; and
Paratrigonogastra Stella, sp. n., reared from larvae of Agromyza on
bean roots in the Philippines.

Harned (R. W. ). Biennial Report Mississippi State Plant Board for
the Years 1918-1919.— JflcAi^oji, Miss., 1920. pp. 5-21.

The sweet potato weevil [Cylas formicarius] has only been found in
the four southernmost counties of Mississippi, and regulations have
been adopted to prevent its further spread. Remedial measures so
far carried out have been very successful, and if they continue under
similar conditions the State should be free from the weevil within
from one to two years. The Argentine ant [Iridonryrmex huinilis]
is spreading rapidly, but funds have not been sufficient for the under-
taking of systematic remedial measures.

The cottony cushion scale [Icerya purchasi] attacks a great variety
■of plants, and is established in about five counties.

522 *

LiJSTNER (G.). Ueber die bisher in den preussischen Weinbaugebieten
angestellten wissenschaftlichen und praktischen Versuche zur
Bekampfung des Heu- und Sauerwurms. [The scientific and
practical Experiments hitherto made in the Prussian Vine-growing
Districts for the Purpose of checking the first and second Genera-
tions of the Vine Moths.] — Centralbl. Bakt., Parasit., u. Infek-
tionshr., Jena, lite Abt., 1, no. 1-4, 10th February 1920, pp. 88-175.

This is a comprehensive review of experiments conducted in Prussia
since 1898 with a view to checking the first and second generations
of the vine-moths [Clysia ambiguella and Polychrosis bofrana]. The
measures tested are divided into three groups : — Those that are useless ;
those that are effective, but are not available for a number of reasons
including — as in the case of arsenicals — legislative restrictions ; and
those that are of practical value, even on a large scale.. This last class
includes the use of nicotine and soft-soap solutions. The former is
used in strengths of 1-1| per cent, and the latter in strengths of J-|
per cent. Tobacco dust was less effective than the liquid extract.
Nicotine- soap is more effective against the second generation than
against the first. Its use does not give any unpleasant taste or
smell to the grapes.

Jegen (G.). Die Blausaure und ihre Bedeutung im Kampfe gegen
tierische Schadlinge. [Hydrocyanic Acid and its Importance in
Work against Animal Pests.] — Schweiz. Zeitsckr. Obst- u. Weinbau,
Frauenfeld, xxix, nos. 18 & 19. 4th & 18th September 1920, pp.
289-294, 322-326, 2 figs.

Very successful ex])eriments in fumigating fruit trees with hydro-
cyanic acid gas against Anthonomus pomormn, and in fumigating
store-rooms where stocks of dried fruit' were infested by the larvae of
Ephestia ehitella, Hb., are described. This method of fumigation is
both highly efficacious and cheap. It is also easy to apply, provided
that the same operators are employed in a given district. The estab-
lishment of an organisation for carrying on this work in Switzerland
is therefore suggested.

Stift (A.). Ueber im Jahre 1918 veroffentlichte bemerkenswerte
Arbeiten und Mitteilungen auf dem Gebiete der tierischen und
pflanzlichen Feinde der Zuckerrtibe. [Communications of Value
published in 1918 concerning the Animal and Vegetable Enemies
of the Sugar-beet.] — Centralbl. Bali., Parasit., u. Infeliionskr.,
Jena, Ilte Abt., lii, no. 1-3, 15th September 1920, pp. 65-78.
A full review of the literature on the subject for the year 1918 is.

given.

Ultee (A. J. ). Verslag over het Jaar 1919. [Report of the Besoekisch
Experiment Station for 1919.] — Meded. Besoekisch Proefst.,
Djember, no. 29, 1920, 25 pp.

Amongst the material sent in for inspection were leaves of young
coconut attacked by a beetle, Brontispa longissima ; leaves of young
Hevea attacked by mites ; and coffee berries infested with Stepliano-
deres {Cryphalus) hampei, Ferr. {Xyleborus coffeivorus, Weele).

523

Eckstein (K.). Zur Bekampfung der Kohlweisslinge. [Measures
against Picris s])]).]. — NatNririss. Zeitschr. f. Fors/- h. Landiv.,
Stuttgart, xviii, no. 8-9, August-September 1920, ])j). 234-235.

Experiments made with the object of testing the vakie of elderberry
(Sambucus nigra) in protecting cabbages against Pieris [R.A.E., A,
viii, 141] proved the uselessness of this method.

Work connected with Insect and Fungus Pests and their Control. —

Rept. Agiic. Dept. Montserrat, 1918-19, Barbados, 1920, pp. 38-40.

An ordinance similar to that existing in St. Vincent providing for the
destruction of the known food-plants of cotton-stainers {Dysdercus^
was enacted in August 1918 in Montserrat. The destruction of these
trees was begun in December 1918, and by April 1919, 1,506 silk -cotton
trees were felled. Sida acuHiinafa and S. carpinifolia are also probably
alternative food-j)lants, but it still remains to be proved whether they
are cajmble of carrying the stainer over from one season to another.
The larvae of Prodenia sp. are reported as attacking ajowan [Carum
copticum]. A poison-bait containing Paris green and laid down in the
vicinity of the seed at sowing time is suggested as a remedial measure.

EenxVie (J.) & Sutherland (C. H.). On the Life History oi Bacentes
{Siphona) geniculata (Diptera : Tachinidae), Parasite of Tipula
paludosa (Diptera) and other Species. — Parasitolog//, Cambridge,
xii, no. 3, September 1920, pp. 199-211, 1 plate.

The Tachinid, Bucentes {Siphona) geniculata, is considered to be a
normal parasite of Tipula sj)]). • It has been found in T. oleracea, but
more frequently in T. paludosa. Other observers have recorded it
from the Noctuid Barathra {Mamestra) brassicae, and a related species,
SipJwna cristata, from Tipula gigantea. During the winter the larvae
remain within their host, but generally leave the latter for pupation ;
this occurs in Aju'il in the soil, and lasts about three weeks. A second
generation appears about June, the larval period of which lasts about
three weeks, and the pupal stage about 17 days. The adult flies of
this generation appear towards the end of July. Parasitism of the
Tipula larvae probably takes place in the autumn.

The larva and its structural relations to its host are described.
The structure and habits of the adult fly will be dealt with in a
subsequent paper.

Chamberlin (W. J.). The Western Pine Bark-Beetle. A serious
Pest of Western Yellow Pine in Oregon. — Oregon Agric. Expt. Sta.,
Corrallis, Bull. 172, June 1920, 30 pp., 4 plates, 4 figs. [Received
9th October 1920.]

Oregon is one of the most important forest regions of America,
containing about one-fifth of the standing timber of the United States.
The ])rincipal trees in this vast forest are Douglas fir {Pseudotsiiga
taxifolia) and western yellow pine [Pinus ponderosa), and one of the
most important insect pests is Dendroctonus brevicomis (western pine
bark-beetle). Although the effects of this insect are slow in appearing,
it is probably the cause of more dead yellow pine than any other single
factor.

524 .

Hibernation occurs in tlie adult and larval stages ; and in the early-
spring (generally April or May) the adults that have lived through the
winter become active and begin extending their galleries or construct
new ones through the bark of healthy, injured, fallen or standing
timber, in which their eggs are deposited. These hatch in a week
or ten days. The young larvae bore A^dnding galleries through the
inner bark. The length of the larval stage varies considerably ; in
the case of the summer brood 9 to 12 weeks are spent in the larval
stage, while hibernating larvae remain in that stage for over six months,
being inactive during cold winter weather. The pupal stage lasts 3 to 4
weeks. From May onwards there is an almost constant emergence
of adult beetles until September. The chief period of attack by the
adults is during July and early August, but all stages are found through-
out the year except the pupae, which do not seem to be present from
October until late May. After emergence the beetle may again attack
the parent tree, but usually migrates to a neighbouring one. When
trees show large numbers of exit holes and the foliage has a yellowish
or reddish appearance, it is useless to attempt to save them, and
careful examination should be made of all timber in the vicinity to
ascertain if the recently emerged beetles have attacked it. The foliage
of infested trees may remain green until the majority of beetles have
left it, but it usually turns yellow in autumn and forms what is kno\Mi
as a " red top " in the following spring. Occasionally swarms of the
beetles fly a considerable distance and attack isolated trees or clumps
of trees, establishing a new centre of infestation from which succeeding
generations will extend in all directions. For the first year or two
of infestation but little damage is done to standing trees, but trees left
standing are subsequently attacked by other boring insects, fungi, etc.,
and small trees are soon rendered useless, though large trees may be
merchantable for 15 or 20 years. Regions containing large areas of
mature or over-mature yellow pine timber are particularly favourable
to rapid multiplication and spread of the beetles, especially where
heavy storms have broken down some of the trees.

Natural control of D. brevicomis is exercised to a certain extent by
Ichneumonid and Chalcid parasites. Predaceous enemies include
Olerid, Trogositid and other beetles and Asilids (robber flies). Certain
species of parasitic fungi thrive in the damp gallericvS of the borers,
and though little is known of the species that attack D. brevicomis, it is
evident that fungi are capable of destroying whole broods of closely
related beetles. It is suggested that methods of artificial propagation
and dissemination of such a fungus might be worked out with advan-
tage. Birds destroy large numbers of wood-boring grubs, and Acarids,
such as Seiiis safroi, Ewing, also kill many of them, but whether the
propagation and dissemination of these mites would be possible
remains to be determined.

It is admitted that the present artificial methods of controlling bark-
beetles are crude, expensive and not altogether satisfactory, but they
have given some success in reducing epidemic infestations to normal,
or even below normal. Wherever possible, logging operations should
be directed to infested areas so as to ensure the cutting of all infested
trees after 1st September and to have them through the mill and the
slabs destroyed before 15th April. Infested trees growing near lakes
or streams should be cut into lengths and put under water ; this will

525

kill the borers in the tree and prevent others from entering, a,nd is a
cheap method. Piling the logs and scorching the bark sufficiently to
destroy the broods is efficacious in the case of small thin-barked trees
such as lodge-pole pine [Pinus murrayana], but is not applicable to
large, thick-barked species such as yellow and sugar pine [Pmus
lambertiana]. A good method of maintaining an uninfested area in
healthy condition is to injure a tree by girdling it during the time of
flight of the beetles so as to attract them to this one tree rather than
to the green timber. The number of such trap-trees required would
however be too great to render their use possible over very large areas.
As the beetles normally prefer dying bark it is suggested that all
prunings and refuse should be piled over the stumps and fallen logs
and burnt at the proper season. In the case of insects having two
generations in a year, these burnings should be carried out in July and
August and again between October and April. How far the beetles
will be attracted to this refuse has not yet been determined, but it is
evidently a distance of some miles. It is suggested that saw-mills
might be used to advantage in heavily infested areas, the infested trees
being cut and converted into lumber on the spot. An example is
given of successful control of bark -beetles in the Ochoco National
Forest, all the operations being described, with the labour necessary
for each. A set of rules and regulations found useful for employes in
insect control work is appended.

Mum (F.). Report of Entomological Work in Australia, 1919-1920. —

Hawaiian Planters' Record, Honolulu, xxiii, no. 3, September 1920,
pp. 125-130, 1 fig.

An account is given of the author's journey to AustraUa for the
purpose of collecting a colony of Drypta for introduction into Hawaii
as a control of the sugar-cane leafhopper, Perkinsiella sacclu^ricida.
Owing to unfavourable chmatic conditions, difficulties of transport,
etc., this object was not accomphshed ; but the investigation led to the
discovery of a small bug, Cyrtorhinus mundulus, that will probably
prove of greater value than Drypta in the control of the leafhopper.
This bug apparently does not attack sugar-cane but lives entirely on
the eggs of leafhoppers, of which it sucks out the contents, leaving the
eggshell unbroken, the puncture being so minute that it is unrecognised.

The eggs of C. mundulus are laid in crevices in the oane leaf, often
in the sht made by the leafhopper. These eggs are parasitised by a
Mymarid parasite very similar to Paranagrus sp. infesting Perkinsiella,
but specifically distinct. The young bugs are bright scarlet and very
active, and hide at the base of the cane leaf. The heavy rains
experienced in Hawaii are too severe for the minute egg-parasites that
might otherwise control the leafhopper, and in North Queensland
both Paranayrus and Drypta were very scarce after the rains.
C. mundulus, on the other hand, seems to be unaftected by storms, and
in the author's opinion this msect is the chief cause in Queensland of
keeping P. saccharicida in check, being evidently responsible for
reducing the numbers by about 80 per cent.

The possibilit}^ of C. mundulus destioy'mg Paranagrus ^ and so doing
more harm than good, has been considered, but even if it entirely
supplanted the latter parasite it would still be a gain, as it is the more

526

valuable of the two. This, however, has not occurred in Australia
or Fiji. In spite of delays on the voyage, a number of C. mundnlus
were brought back to Hawaii in good condition, and it is hoped to
start a colony with them, and eventually to estabhsh the bug in the
sugar-cane fields. As the rate of increase is slow and the supply of
food for large numbers will not be easy to maintain, it is suggested
that a colony should be brought from Fiji, which is only eight days
distant. It is proposed to cease work on Drypta until G. munduliis has
become established and its effect on the leafhopper is known.

Nut -grass, which is abundant throughout Queensland, chiefly in .
cultivated land, is frequently infested with Antonina sp. The work
of this scale is being investigated, and if it is considered of sufficient
importance, more will be procured from Australia [see, however,
R.A.E., A, iii, 364]. Sugar-cane is apparently not attacked by it.

Search was made in likely localities for Syagrius fulvitarsis, Pasc.
(fern-weevil), but without success. It is apparently scarce under
natural conditions though abundant at times in greenhouses. A good
deal of investigation is necessary before control of this weevil can be
hoped for.

Pemberton (C. E.). An Entomological Inspection of the Kohala
District. — Hawaiian Planters'' Record, Honohdu, xxiii, no. 3,
September 1920, pp. 138-141.

Owing to the numbers of wireworms present in the Kohala district
and the damage caused by them, an inspection of the region has been
made. The two most injurious species are Monocrepidius exul and
Sirywdactijlus cinnamoineus, but both were rare when the inspection
was made. The adults of the latter beetle were frequently seen at
lights. , One larva was found in a cane-stool in the ground, but was
not feeding upon the cane and apparently does no injury to it. It
was thought that wireworms were attracted to some localities by the
presence of Pantomorus fuUeri, but this is evidently not the case, for
in some districts where P. fulleri was abundant wireworms were
exceedingly scarce. The grubs of P. fulleri apparently do no important
damage to sugar-cane, though they no doubt feed upon the tender
roots. The adult beetle eats conspicuous notches in the cane leaves,
but Verbe?ia is apparently preferred.

The parasite, Scolia [manilae], introduced to combat the beetle,
Anomala [orientalis], was found to be established in Kohala. This
wasp has also been observed attacking the Japanese beetle [Adoretus
umhrosKs], and it is hoped that some benefit may result in the future.
Leafhoppers [Perkinsiella saccharicida] are found everywhere in Kohala,
and are heavily parasitised by Paranagrus optahilis and Ootetras-
lichus formosanvs. A few were also found parasitised by Dryinids,
and an adult of Pseudogonatopus hospes was taken. Gonocephalum
seriatum, which normally feeds on trash, is a very prevalent beetle
in the cane fields of Kohala, and its feeding habits should be further
studied. It probably feeds only on decaying cane, roots of weeds and
other decomposed vegetable matter, but there is a possibility that it
may attack living cane roots to some extent. Its numbers are checked
in Oahu by a parasite, though none has been observed in Kohala.

527

Amargos (J. L.). El Gusano Verde {Proloparce Carolina, L.).—
Rev. Agric, Santo Domingo, R.D., xvi, nos. 4 & 5, July &
August 1920, pp. 110-114, & 138-143, 8 figs.

Tobacco in Dominica is severely damaged by the caterpillars of
Protoparce Carolina, L., a well-known pest in 'almost all tobacco-
growing countries. A great number of eggs are laid, two or three being
placed on each of the upper leaves of tobacco plants. The larvae
hatch in 4 days, and pass through several instars, being most injurious
in the third and following stages, in which 2 or 3 caterpillars entirely
strip a plant in one day. Pupation in the soil lasts 21 days. The
greatest emergence of the moths takes place after heavy rain or a period
of moist weather, and it is probable that in dry seasons many adults
perish when the ground is too hard for emergence. The average hfe-
cycle occupies 48 days, and the generations are continuous.

Natural enemies of P. Carolina include wild birds and poultry, the
latter devouring the caterpillars or pupae with avidity, and certain
spiders. The wasp, Sphex flavipennis, attacks the larvae, as well as
a small Hymenopteron. Ichneumon magnus might be introduced with
advantage. The larval stage is frequently attacked by a bacterial
disease that often proves fatal.

Artificial methods of control include clean cultivation, particularly
the destruction of tomato and other Solanaceous plants. A few days
after the tobacco crop is gathered, the ground should be dug to the
depth of 3 to 5 inches in order to expose the pupae : poultry should
then be turned in to devour these. Many adults can be caught at
iight-traps, of which a practical model is described. As the moths
usually fly in large numbers, many Dominican growers burn debris in
their fields as they arrive, surrounding the fires w^ith a screen of cloth
smeared with some sticky substance ; the moths are then attracted
by the light and fly against the screens, on which they are caught. As
tomato is a preferred food-plant of P. Carolina, it is suggested that rows
of tomatos should be sown between each 10 or 12 rows of tobacco
as a trap-crop.

The best treatment for infested plants is a poison-spray of Paris
green or lead arsenate, either in the form of dust or in solution. When
used as a dust,l part of Paris green to 60 parts of fine soil or 50 parts of
fine maize flour has proved successful. This should be apphed while
the dew is on the plants, and if possible after rain. These treatments
do not in any way depreciate the value of the tobacco.

OiLLETTE (C. P.) & List (G. M.). Some Data on Codling Moth Control
in the Grand Junction District in Colorado. — Proc. Soc. Prom.
Agr. Set., xxxix, 1919, pp. 113-123, 4 figs. (Abstract in Expt.
Sta. Record, Washington, D.C., xhii, no. 2, August 1920, p. 161.)

Orchardists in Colorado have not been satisfied with the results
<jf spraying for codhng moth [Cydia pomonella], for while 5, 6 or 7
apphcations have given 70 to 80 per cent, of sound apples, other
vStates have obtained as many as 90 to 95 per cent, after only 2 or 3
applications of arsenical poison. It must be remembered that chmatic
conditions in Colorado are very favourable to the continuous develop-
ment of the moth, but there is obvious need for a rehable chart to show

528

the seasonal incidence of the larvae throughout the summer, and conse-
quently to fix the best dates for spraying ; this could only be accom-
plished by a competent entomologist working in the field throughout
the summer. The insect cannot be satisfactorily controlled in Colorado
by means of a calyx spray and one or two cover sprays. Burlap
bands properly apphed and attended to are a very important aid,
and should lessen the numbers of the late generation by 30 or 40
per cent.1

Maheux (G.). Report of the Provincial Entomologist. — Rep. Minist.
Agric, Quebec, 1919, pp. 109-114. [Received 11th October 1920.]

With the exception of Aphis pomi (apple aphis) the number of insect
pests during the year was Hmited, and the majority of these have
been already noticed [R.A.E., A, viii, 2]. Although generally well
represented, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (potato beetle) showed a decrease
from 1917, while Cydia (Carpocapsa) pomonella (codhng moth) also did
less damage than in the past. Agrilus anxius (bronze birch borer) con-
tinued to do damage. Attacked trees die within one or two years,
and on the north side of the Ottawa River an entire stand of white
birch {Betula alba) was found to have been invaded by the beetle,
which had so far confined itself to cities and inhabited centres.

Quebec is now a port of entry for the importation of plants subject
to the Federal Act respecting insects and pests, and consequently
several parcels from France, England and HoUand have been inspected.

Plum Aphides. — Ministry Agric. & Fish., London, Leaflet 308, April
1918, 6 pp., 2 figs. [Received 12th October 1920.]

The contents of this revised leaflet on Aphis pruni, Reaum., Hyalop-
terus pruni, F., and Phorodon humuli, Schr., are almost identical
with those of a paper already noticed [R.A.E., A, iv, 532] ; but in
the spray formulae it is recommended that lime wash should be made
of 10-15 lb. quick lime to 10 gal. water, instead of 10-20 lb. to the same
quantity of water.

Roberts (J. A.). Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture.

— 18th Ann. Rept. Maine Commiss. Agric, Augusta 1919, pp. 7-
24. [Received 12th October 1920.]

To protect the State of Maine from the introduction and dissem-
ination of the European corn borer {Pyrausta tiubilalis), regnlationn
have been issued by the Crop Pest Commission of Maine requiring
that every person or corporation receiving any maize or other vegeta-
tion from any area in the United States outside the State of Maine
which now is or hereafter may be quarantined, shall return it to its
place of origin or destroy it, unless in the judgment of the Commissioner
of Agriculture it may be disinfected in such a manner and under such
supervision as he may direct. Inspectors are to be appointed to
watch for the appearance of the moth and to notify and warn aU
persons or corporations receiving material from quarantined areas
to comply with the above regulations.

529

Dudley (F. H.)- Report of State Horticulturist. — 18th Ann. Repf.
Maine Cominiss. Agric, Augusta, 1919, pp. 31-69, 10 figs.
[Received 12th October 1920.]

The following pests are briefly described, and suitable remedial
measures are advocated : — Rhagoletis pomoneUa (apple maggot) ;
Aphis pomi (apple aphis) ; Ancylis nubeculana (leaf sewer) ; Tortrix
(Archips) argyrospila (fruit-tree leaf-roller) ; Coleophora fletcherella
(cigar case-bearer) ; C. malivorella (pistol case-bearer) ; Bucculatrix
pomifolieUa ; Heterocordylus malinus (apple red bug) ; Canarsia
hammondi (apple-leaf skeletoniser) ; Heterocampa guttivitta, which has
only one generation a year in Maine ; Graptolitha (Xylina) anten7iai<i
(green fruit worm) ; Lygus pratensis (tarnished plant-bug) ; Macrodac-
tylus suhspinosus (rose chafer) ; Enocampoides {Eriocampa) cerasi (pear
slug) ; Galerucella luteola {Galeruca xanthomelaena) (elm leaf beetle).

Beneficial insects include:— the QoQQinQ\Sidi. Adalia hipunctata :
Calosoma spp., predaceous on gipsv moth {Porthetria dispar) and other
Lepidopterous larvae : Podisus rnodestus ; Lebia grandis, predaceous
on cutworms, etc. ; Thalessa lunata, a parasite of borers ; Pimpla
conquisitor, a parasite of tent caterpillars {Malacosoma) : and
P. inquisitor, a parasite of tussock caterpillars (Hemerocampa).

Formulae are given for the preparation of poison-baits for grass-
hoppers and cutworms, and sticky bands for trees, and a spray
calendar is included.

McIntire (M. H.). Report of the Field Agent, Gypsy Moth Work. —
18th Ann. Rept. Maine Commiss. Agrie., Augusta, 1919, pp. 70-72.
[Received 12th October 1920.]

Work on the gipsy moth [Porthetria dispar] was continued during
the year [R.A.E., A, viii, 220]. Banding with burlap and spraying
were begun on 1st June, and 12,500 trees were treated. Durmg June,
July and the beginning of August, lead arsenate was used for spraying.
Owing to the action of the Hberated parasites there is an apparent
decrease in the number of caterpillars in the infested section, and the
large sums of money necessarily expended on this work have been
fully warranted by the results.

Sawders (G. E.). Apple Spraying. — 18th Ajin. Rept. Mai7ie Commiss.
Agric, Augusta. 1919, pp. 199-209. [Received 12th October
1920.]

Experiments show that russeting of apple fruit due to the appHcation
of Bordeaux mixture may be avoided by the addition of three parts
of lime to every one part of Bordeaux mixture. In Nova Scotia
russeting is prevented by substituting some other spray for Bordeaux
mixture in the third, or after-blossom, spray. One pound of soluble
sulphur, \ lb. calcium arsenate and 5 lb. hydrated lime to 50 U.S. gals,
water may be safely used as a calyx spray. Magnesium arsenate may
replace calcium arsenate, as it is apparently safer. Sucking insects
may be controlled by the appHcation of 3 lb. soluble sulphur and 1 pt.
Black -leaf 40 to 120 U.S. gals, of water. This is also efiective against
canker-worms if appHed before the larvae are half grown. Rhagoletis
poinonella (railroad worm) may be controlled by the appKcation of

(727) B

'/

\

530

two sprays, the first consisting of 10 lb. of lead arsenate paste to
120 U.S. gals, of water and 4 lb. only of dry lead arsenate for the
second spray. The first spray must be applied just before the
emergence of the first flies, which is about 12th July in New Brunswick
and Maine. The second application should be made about twelve
days later. The spray should cover every part of the tree.

Three pounds of soluble sulphur and 1 pt. Black -leaf 40 to 120 U.S.
gals, water applied after the emergence of young oyster-shell scales
[Lepidosaphes uhni] proved more efficacious than the dormant spray
against this pest. High pressure spraying or drenching with soluble
sulphur and Black- leaf 40 immediately before and after blooming is
advocated for the control of the green apple bug [Lygiis communis].

Andrews (E. A.). Insect Pests of Tea in North-East India during
the Season 1919. — Qrfh/. Jl. Sci. Dept. Indian Tea Assoc, Calcutta,
1920, pt. 2, pp. 27-36.

The insects recorded include Andraca hipunctata, Wlk. (bunch-
caterpillar), which was in evidence from February to May and again
in October, but was less numerous than during 1918. Collection of the
clusters of the caterpillars is considered an efficient means of control.
Agriophora rhomhota, Meyr. (sandwich caterpillar) has only been
reported from one district of Assam. Zeuzera coffeae, Nietn. (red borer)
has apparently two broods in the year, one appearing from March to
April and the other from August to September. Arbela dea, Swinh.
(bark-eating borer) is gradually becoming less numerous, probably
owing to more careful pruning. Diapromorpha melanopus, Lac. (orange
beetle) was chiefly in evidence from April to June and again in Septem-
ber, and was more numerous than usual. Helopeltis theivora, Waterh.
(tea mosquito) was particularly injurious. Empoasca flnvescens, Dist.
(tea green-fly) was more abundant in certain localities.

Other pests recorded are Biston suppressaria, Gn. (looper cater-
pillar) ; Heterusia magnifica, Butl. (red slug), found in small numbers in
July and October ; Clania spp. (faggot and bagworms) ; AcanthopsycJie
reidi, Watt (limpet caterpillar) ; Belippa spp. (gelatine grubs), most
conspicuous in July and from mid-October to November ; TJwsea
cervina, Moore (nettle grub) ; and Physotkrips setiventris, Bagn., seen in
June, July and September. The cricket, Brachytrypes achatinus,
StoU, was very injurious in nurseries. Tetranychus hiocidatus,
W.-M. (red spider) proved more serious in the early part of the year
than in 1918. Lime-sulphur, lime and fresh cowdung, sulphur and
cowdung, sulphur and mud, were all reported to have been used success-
fuUy against it. Eriophyes (Phytoptus) theae. Watt (pink mite) was
more numerous.

MozNETTE (G. F.). Dusting v. Spraying for the Control of Avocado
Insect Pests. — Florida Grower, xxi, no. 14, 1920, pp. 8 & 17,
2 figs. (Abstract in Expt. Sta. Record, Washington, D.C., xliii,
no. 3, 31st August 1920, p. 255.)

The most important pests of avocado in southern Florida are
Tetranychus yothersi, McGreg. (avocado red spider), greenhouse thrips
i.nd the leafhopper, Empoasca minuenda, Ball. Fine dry sulphur dust

531

was found to be effective against T. yothersi, but for controlling leaf-
hoppers and leaf thrips as well, liquid lime-sulpliur solution with
Black-leaf 40 proved the more effective and the cheaper treatment.

Brandes (E. W.). Mosaic Disease of Corn. — Jl. Agric. Research,
Washington, D.C., xix, no. 10, 16th August 1920, ])]). 517-521,
2 plates.

It has been proved experimentally that mosaic disease of maize may
be transmitted by Aphis maidis, but under natural cond'tions this is
probably not the only means of dissemination \R.A.E., A, viii, 370].
The virus of the disease is identical with that of sugar-cane and sorghum
mosaic. Its existence on perennial grasses may explain its appearance
on maize in the spring. The only effective method of eliminating the
disease is to destroy all plants affected by it.

Parks (T. H.). Wheat-Sowing Dates to avoid Hessian Fly. — Mthly.
Bull. Ohio Agric. Expt. Sta., Woosfer, v, no. 9, September 1920,
pp. 243-246.

Ohio has just experienced one of the worst outbreaks of Hessian fly
[Mayetiola destructor]. The spring brood in 1920 killed or damaged
an average of 44 per cent, of aU wheat straw in the State. The northern
counties suffered most, apparently because wheat became infested
there during the autumn of 1919, even when sown a w^ek later than
dates that are usually fly-free. By 15th July 1920, 31 per cent, of all
puparia were parasitised. Parasites usually control a serious outbreak
eventually, but not soon enough to prevent severe damage for two or
three years. The present outbreak will call for united effort on the
part of the growers to prevent early sowing of w^heat this autumn. A
map is given showing safe dates to sow wheat in different parts of
Ohio. They are somewhat later in northern Ohio than those previously
recommended, for the reason indicated above, but are consistent ^\^th
maxmium yields.

Wheat joint- worm [Harmolita tritici] was not present in serious
numbers, except on the western edge of the State. It had been
becoming steadily less numerous for the past three years, and no
trouble is expected from it in 1921.

NowELL (W.) & Williams (C. B.). Sugar-Cane Blight in Trinidad :
A Summary of Conclusions. — Bull. Dept. Agric. Trinidad &
Tobago, Port-of-Spain, xix, part 1, 1920, pp. 8-10.

As a result of investigations made during 1919 it was found that
iroghoppers [Tomaspis saccharina] can produce a definite form of
bhght on sugar-cane without other insect or fungus agencies. The
condition thus produced is different in character from that caused by
any form of root disease, and is apparently mainly the result of injury
to the leaves. The chief damage is caused by the presence of large
numbers of insects where the local conditions of a field especially
favour it. In certain cases the infested patches are sharply defined
from the rest of the field. A merely backward or stunted condition

1727) b2

532

of the crop is not in itself sufficient to induce infestation by frog-
hoppers, the prevalence of which is apparently governed by relations
between soil and moisture that are not yet understood. The prevalence
of root disease over wide areas in Trinidad is largely due to the
weakening of the plants" resistance as a result of froghopper attack.

No direct method for controlling this pest has yet been found.
[R.A.E., A, vii, 336.]

NowELL (W.). Report on a Visit to Trinidad in connexion with
Froghopper Blight of Sugar Cane. — B^dl. Dept. Agric. Trinidad dc
Tobago, Port-qf -Spain, xix, part 1, 1920, pp. 11-18.

The observations made during 1919 do not at any point conflict
with the opinions expressed in the j^revious report [R.A.E., A, vii,
335], the results being summarised in the preceding paper.

Wilson (H. F.), Pickett (R. C.) & Gentner (L. G.). The Common
Cabbage Worm in Wisconsin {Pontia rapae, Linn.) — Wisconsin
Agric. Expt. Sta., Madison, Research Bull. 45, August 1919, 35 pp.,
11 figs. [Received 19th October 1920.]

As a result of extensive investigations made during 1916 & 1917,
the various stages and life-history of Pieris {Pontia) rapae are described.
Lead arsenate and calcium arsenate have proved to be the most
effective remedial measures and are not injurious to plants [R.A.E.,
A, vi, 201]. Pteromalus puparum, L., and Apanteles glomeratus, L., are
parasites of this butterfly in Wisconsin.

Fluke (C. L.), Junr. The Pea Moth : How to Control it. — Wisconsin
Agric. Expt. Sta., Madison, Bull. 310, April 1920, 12 pp., 9 figs.
[Received 19th October 1920.]

The pea moth, Cydia (Laspeyresia) nigricana, Steph., is recorded
from Michigan and the north-eastern counties of Wisconsin. The
various stages are described. The moths appear shortly after the pea
vines begin to bloom. The eggs are generally laid singly on pods,
leaves and stems of the plants, and even on weeds and grasses in their
vicinity. The first eggs were noticed on 17th July ; these hatch in
from 7 to 10 days. The larvae eat their way through the pods and
feed on the peas. They mature in from 16 to 26 days, and when full
grown, enter the ground or hide in any suitable place such as cracks
or crevices in the barn. Hibernation occurs in this stage, foUowed
by pupation in the spring.

The remedial measures advocated include deep autumn ploughing
and thorough disking of the soil after the peas are harvested. The
peas should be thrashed within a day or two after harvesting. Unless
the remaining straw is used as fodder it should be destroyed by
burning. Infestation may be avoided to a certain extent by planting
early maturing varieties of peas as early in the spring as possible.

A footnote by C. Heinrich states that the insect here referred to as
C. (L.) 7iigricana, Steph., is distinct from the European species. The
possibility of a native as well as the European species infesting peas
in the United States is therefore suggested.

533

Vercier (J.). Une Invasion de Chenilles. — Le Progres Ay tic. & ViLic,
MontpeUier, lxx\% no. 42, 17th October 1920, pp. 370-371.

Attention is drawn to the exceptional abundance of caterpillars,
especially Ni/ginia phaeorrhoea {Liparis cJmjsorrJwea) , in Cote d'Or
during i920, and the necessity for repeated measures such as the
collection of larval nests is emphasised.

Neifert (I. E.) & Garrison (G. L.). Experiments on the Toxic
Action of certain Gases on Insects, Seeds, and Fungi. — U.S.
Dept. Agric, Washmgfon, B.C., BuU. 893, 8th September 1920,
16 pp., 9 tables.

About fifteen different species of insects were used for these experi-
ments, in which the value of various gases as insecticides was tested.
These included various species of ants, bed-bugs, potato beetles
{Leptinotarsa (lecendineata and Epitrix cucumeris), grain beetles,
house-flies and blow-flies, cockroaches, grain weevils, mites, an Aphid
{Myzus persicac) and a whitefly {Aleurodes vapora riorum).

The gases tested included phosgene, arsine, carbon monoxide,
cyanogen chloride, and chloropicrin. Only the last two gave satis-
factory results, but they can only be used for stored products. For
greenhouse fumigation they are useless owing to their injurious action
on plants.

Malloch (J. R.). Descriptions of Diptera of the Families Anthomyidae
and Scatophagidae. — OhioJl. Sci., Columbus, xx, no. 7, May 1920,
pp. 267-288, 3 plates. [Received 21st October 1920.]

Descriptions are given of 29 new species of Diptera. A key is given
to the male species of Hijlemijia, R.-D., in which H. uniseriata, Stein,
H. fusciceps, Zett. , and H. sepia, Zett., are included, and are recorded
for the first time for North America. According to Stein the species
previously recorded by authors as H. fusciceps, Zett., is H. cilicrura,
Zett.

Bodkin (G. E.). Report of the Economic Biologist. — Brif. Guiana
Dept. Sci. d' Agric, Rept. for 1918, Georgetown, 1919, Appendix iii,
9 pp. [Received 2nd October 1920.]

Sugar-cane pests recorded during 1918 include Diatraea spp. and
Tomaspis flavilatera, Urich, the destruction of canes and thorough
flooding of the affected area being advocated against the latter ;
trap-lights also proved successful. The usual outbreak of Brassolis
sophorae, L. (coconut caterpillar) occurred. No fresh pests were
observed on Citrus. An ant, Solenopsis pylades, Forel, was noticed
in several instances to bore into stems of fully grown rice plants. The
nests may be destroyed by carbon bisulphide.

New scale -insects found during the period under review include
Lecanium decemplex, Newst., on leaves of a tree (Lecythis sp.) ; Aspi-
diotus umboniferus, Newst. , on the same plant, and Lichtensia litoralis,
Newst., on an undetermined wild plant.

A shipment of beans from Venezuela was found to be infested with
a Bruchid, Spertnophagus semifasciatus, Boh*

534

Meyeick (E.). Exotic Microlepidoptera. ii, pt. 2, October 1920,
pp. 321-352. [Published by the author, Marlborough, Wilts.
Price 3s.]

The new species described include the Xyloryctid, Ptochoryctis
cJialazopa, bred from a larva feeding on bark of Hevea in Java ; and the
Tortricids, Tortrix {Cacoecia) isocyrta, bred from larvae in shoots of
lucerne (Medicago) in Bengal ; T. (C). pomivora, bred from larvae
that bore into fruits of apple in the Himalayas in the same way as
Cydia (Laspeyresia) pomonella, and are serious local pests ; and Peronea
agrioma, bred from a larva on apple in Assam. \

Childs (L.). Spray Gun versus Rod and Dust in Apple Orchard
Pest Control. — Oregon Agric. Expt. Sta.. Corvallis, Bull. 171, Julv
1920, 46 pp., 17 figs. [Received 26th October 1920.]

Much of the information contained in this bulletin has been recently
noticed [R.A.E. ,A, viii, 462]. Useful tables of the cost of spraying
typical orchards with various insecticides are given.

Grandi (G.). Studio morphologico e biologico della, Blasiophaga psenes,
L. [A morphological and biological Study of Blastophaga psenes.] —
Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar., B. Scuola Sup. Agric, Portici, xiv,
15th August 1920, pp. 63-204, 31 figs. [Received 1st October

1920.]

Blastophaga psenes, L., is the type of a genus including some 30
species distributed throughout the world. It lives in the receptacles
of Ficus carica, which is said to occur in a zone extending from
Afghanistan to the Canary Islands between the 25th and 42nd degrees
of north latitude.

A brief description of the adults is followed by a study of their
morphology and of that of the egg, larva, and pupa. The life-history
of this species has been much discussed, but Mayer in 1882 and Howard
in 1900 are the only zoologists who have dealt with it. Most of the
hterature is therefore unreliable. Among the exceptions is the work
of Longo (1905-1918).

The section on the biology of B. psenes is prefaced by notes on the
inflorescences and flow^ering of the "' Caprifico," the form of Ficus
carica in which the insects develop and in which the male flowers are
formed. During the year three kinds of receptacles appear. The
first develops in spring and matures at the end of spring or in summer ;
the second develops in summer and matures at the end of summer or
in autumn ; and the third develops in autumn, remains on the tree
in winter, and matures in the following spring.

At Portici (Naples) the adults of the third generation of B. psenes
may appear at the end of March, but April — or even the first half of
May — is more usual. It should, however, be noted that in the case
of this and all other generations the emergence of the adults from the
receptacles on a given tree does not always correspond with the matur-
ing of the receptacles of the succeeding flowering of the same tree or
adjacent trees. In such cases the first inflorescences of a given flower-
ing are not visited by the jnsect, though ready matured for it, and they

535

fall unless the cultivator provides the tree with receptacles in which
B. psenes is ready to emerge. On the other hand, insects from the
first fruit-formations often lack the mature receptacles of the following
flowering. The perpetuation of the species is ensured by the females
that emerge from the later fruit-formations.

The males are the first to emerge and they begin to seek galls contain-
ing females. A hole is cut in such a gall and mating takes place. Several
females are visited in succession. The usual proportion of males to
females is 10-15 per cent. After exhausting its fecundatory power the
male dies, usually without having ever emerged from the receptacle,
though a few specimens emerge through the ostiole of the fruit as the
females do. The females enlarge the hole made by the male in the
gall and then emerge from the receptacle. They live for 4-5 days only.
They always turn towards the light, and during the author's experiments
it was necessary to keep them in semi-darkness or to illuminate the
distal ends of the figs in order to induce them to enter the receptacle.
In her efforts to penetrate through the ostiole the female may lose her
antennae and wings, the debris of which are a positive sign of penetra-
tion. The author has never observed more than 4 females in a given
inflorescence, but the number may very well depend on the size of the
receptacle and on the number of inflorescences on a given tree or in a
given locality. On reaching the cavity the female lays a number of
eggs, beheved not to exceed 400, and then dies. In some receptacles
there is no trace of the body or bodies, though wing debris are seen,
and in others the number of eggs greatly exceeds those attributable
to the one individual found dead. Apparently some females are able
to leave the receptacle after oviposition, but this important point
requires study. The egg-stage lasts 4-6 days. The resulting first-
generation females oviposit in the second series of receptacles (those
that develop in summer and mature at the end of summer or in autumn),
thus producing the second generation. These females are used by
cultivators for the edible figs that require polHnation ; on emerging
from the Caprifico they are covered with pollen from which they are
unable completely to cleanse themselves. The larvae of the second
generation attain maturity in mid- August, and by mid-September the
adults are ovipositing in the third series of receptacles. The eggs
begin to hatch at the end of September. Hibernation takes place in the
larval stage, the first pupae — and occasionally some adult males —
appearing in mid-February. The hibernating third generation of
B. psenes thus requires about 7 months for development. A fourth
generation has not hitherto been observed in Italy, but its occurrence
may be possible, provided exceptionally favourable conditions are
present. A fist of 307 references is appended to this paper.

DA Costa Lima (A.). Nota sobre o Microlepidoptero, Pyroderces rileyi,
Wlsm. [A Note on the Microlepidopteron, P. rileyi, Wlsm.] —
Arch. Escola Sup. Agric. e Med. Vet., Nictheroy {Rio de Janeiro),
ii, no. 1-2, 1918, pp. 75-77. [Received 19th October 1920.]

The author expresses the opinion that Pyroderces simplex, Wlsm.,
is not a distinct species from P. rileyi, Wlsm., and gives his reasons.
The latter name has priority.

536

Reyne (A.). Verslag van den Entomoloog. [Entomologists' Report.]
— Verslag Dept. Landbouw in Suriname, 1918, Paramaribo, 1919,
p. 21. [Received 19th October 1920.]

In the course of a study of the cacao thrips [Heliothrrps rubrocinctus]
only one natural enemy of any importance, a Chiysopid larva, has been
found in Surinam. Lasioderma occurred in stored coffee. A Penta-
tomid bug severely injured rice by sucking the young grain.

Reyne (A.). Verslag van den Entomoloog. [Entomologist's Report.]
— Verslag Dept. Landbouw in Suriname, 1919, Paramaribo,
1920, pp. 20-24. [Received 19th October 1920.]

The study of the cacao thrips [Heliothrips rt(brocinctus]\v^s continued.
Its natural enemies, larvae of Ckrysopa sp. and FrankUnothrips sp.,
were noticed, but their numbers were too small to have any effect.
In one instance Xyleborus perforans, WoU., attacked old cacao plants,
though it is usually a secondary pest that occurs on cacao attacked
by canker. Caterpillars noticed on cacao in the preceding year have
been identified as Boccharis plenetinealis, Dyar, which rolls and binds
up the young leaves, Catephiodes zideana, Schaus, which eats holes
in the young leaves, and Zetesima theobromae, Busck, which binds
two old leaves together face to face before feeding.

Coffee pests included Coptotennes marabitanos, Silv. (Joccus {Lecan-
ium) viridis occurred on Eugenia chrysopkylloides, a tree pecuhar to
Guiana, and on Phitirusa sp. If the latter is infested, any coffee bushes
among which it is planted are certain also to be attacked.

The rice bug referred to in the previous report has been determined
as Mormidea sp. It did httle damage during 1919. A large quantity
of paddy swarmed with a moth, Sifotroga cerealella, which, however,
did no damage.

Some coconut palms were severely attacked by caterpillars belonging
to the genus i^astnia, probably C. daedalus, and bananas were injured
by C. licus.

The parasol a,nt, Atta sp., caused much annoyance to small cultivators,
and attempts to replace carbon bisulphide, which was unobtainable,
by other insecticides proved unsatisfactory against it.

Reyne (A.). Eenlge Opmerkingen over de Bestrijding van Insekten,
sehadelijk voor Liberiakoflie. [Some Remarks on combating
Insects injurious to Liberian Coffee.] — Dept. Landbouw in Suri-
name, Paramaribo, Bull. 37, October 1919, 18 pp. [Received
19th October 1920.]

Liberian coffee has not suffered much from insects in Surinam. The
green scale, Coccus (Lecanium) viridis, Green, has been disregarded
hitherto ; its excreta attract a small black ant, Cremastogaster sp., and
— on sandy soils — a red ant, Solenopsis saevissima, F. Smith, both of
which nest either in the ground or in the bushes. Especially during
the rainy season these tree-nests are full of scales. Dolichoderus
bidens, Latr. , interferes with the harvesting of the berries, but cannot
be said to be specially attracted by the scale. The latter also infests
Citrus and Artocarpus integrifolia. It may be held in check by natural
enemies in the Colony, but the apphcation of remedies is urged and

537

measures attempted in the Dutch East Indies are mentioned. Experi-
ments made with an 8 per cent, sokition of carbolineum, which does
not injure Liberian coffee if carefully a])plied, proved satisfactory.
This can also be used on Citrus with a better result than petroleum
enuilsion. Thorough remedial measures include the destruction of the
ants ; nests in the ground may be treated ^^■ith carbon bisulphide.

Dolichoderus bidens causes such inconvenience to workers among the
coUee that picking is done hastily and unsatisfactorily. Experiments
were made with poisons, including calomel and the California ant-
poison, and with various sprays, including nicotine sulphate, carboli-
neum, carbolic acid and j)liytophiline. The last two gave the best
results. The high cost of phytophiline precludes its use, and carbolic
enuilsion is advised. To prepare this, 5 lb., of soap is dissolved in 4|
gals. of water at boiling point, and then |gal. of crude carbolic is verj
thoroughly stirred in. Stirring may be avoided by keeping the
mixture boiling for 20 minutes. The emulsion is diluted with 10 parts
of water for use.

The coffee thrips, Heliothrips haonorrhoididis, Bch., also occurs on
cacao, Citrus, and other cultivated plants, and on the wild plants,
Coccoloba latifoUa, Triplaris surinamensis, and Hura crepitans. It does
no injury to coffee, though quite as abundant on it as the cacao thrips,
H. rubrocinctus, Giard, is on cacao, because the coffee leaves do not drop
as a result of the infestation. It should be noted that H. rubrocinctus
is harmless on its other food-plants, Bixa orellana, Terminalia calappa,
and Jambosa vulgaris. Though H. rubrocinctus also infests coffee, it
does not feed on it, and cannot be reckoned as a coffee ]jest.

VAN Heurn (F. C). Verslag van den Directeur 1 Juli 1918-30 Juni

1919. Meded. Algem. Proefst. A.V.R.O.S., Mcdan, Algem. Ser.
no. 7, 1919, 66 pp., 1 plate. [Received 22nd October 1920.]

This report is issued by the acting director in Dr. Kutger's absence.
A number of notes are given from the report of the Entomologist,
Mr. J. B. Corporaal.

Hevea borers included a Bostrychid, three species belonging to the
genus PraonetJia, and an Anthribid, as well as those mentioned in the
previous report [R.A.E., A, vii, 64] . Mites still occur, but no serious
complaint was made. A similar report of Psychid infestation was
received as in the preceding year, and Psyche {AcanthopsycJie) snelleni,
Heyl., was probably again the cause. Coptotcrmes gestroi, Wasm.,
and an ant, probably Solenopsis geminata, F., also injured Hevea ;
the last causing damage similar to that of P. snelleni .

Tea remained unattacked by Helopeltis. The Lygaeid bug reported
in the previous year is closely allied to Colobathristes saccharicida,
Karsch. C. saccharicida itself was sent in on one occasion. Other
tea pests were Lepidiota sp. ; the hovers, . Zeuzer a cqffeae, Nietn.,
and Xyleborus fornicatus, Eich. ; a Notodontid, Stauropus alternus ;
and Limacodid caterpillars. The latter are sometimes covered with
urticating hairs that inconvenience the workpeople. On one estate
Abizzia, used as a shade for tea, was very severely infested by Psyche
snelleni, and the tea was in\'^5lved to some extent.

538

About one-third of the coffee estates on the east coast of Sumatra
is infested by the coffee-berry borer, Stephanoderes hanipei. Up to
the present this beetle confines its feeding to the flesh of withered
berries [R.A.E., A, viii, 447]. Araecerus fasciculatus, de G., also
infested withered berries. Other injury to the berries has been noticed,
and is beheved to be due to a bug, a fly, or a weevil such as Balaniniis ^
Other pests included Limacodid caterpillars. Coccus (Lecanium)
viridis, Green, Zeuzera coffeae, Nietn., and Lawana sp.

On coconuts, Brachartona catoxantha, Hmps., again appeared on the
same estate as in the previous year, but was effectually checked by
natural enemies. Hidari irava, Moore, proved injurious in a few
localities. Neither Limacodids nor Amathusia phidippus, L., caused
much damage, Melissohlaptes rvfovenalis, Snell., is perhaps the
cause of bad bearing. No serious attempt to check it has been made
hitherto. The coconut beetles include Oryctes, Xylotrupes, Rhyncho-
phorus, Sphenophorus, Diocalandra, Aegns, and Plesispa. Details
regarding the last-named and H. irava have been pubhshed bv Leef-
mans [R.A.E., A, vii, 389, 390].

Oil-palm pests include Psychid, Limacodid and Satyrid caterpillars
and those of Hypolimnas misippus, L. An oil-palm nut was received
bearing marks of feeding similar to those of Pachymerus found in
a parcel of imported oil-palm seed [R.A.E., A, vii, 488], and the need for
great care in connection with plant imports is emphasised.

Among miscellaneous pests, a Psychid caterpillar. Pagoda hehneyeri,
Heyl., feeds on the leaves of cacao. Xylothrips flavipes, 111., was
noticed boring in the beams of a house. This beetle was successfully
combated by injecting a solution containing 25 per cent, of thymol in
alcohol. Adoretus sp. and Apogonia destructor were found on kedele
[Glycine soja]. Triholivm navcde, ¥., was found in pressed cake of
Vigna catjang. The infested cake should be dug into the fields, thus
killing the beetles and restoring the nitrogen to the soil. Among the
caterpillars found on maize were Marasmia trapezalis, Gn., Cirphis
\mipuncta, Haw. (?), and Chilo simplex, Butl. ; against these collection
is advised. Trap-lamps may be tried against the last named.

Palm (B. T.). Verslag van het Deli Proefstation over 1 Juli 1919-30

Juni 1920. [Report of the Deh Experiment Station from 1st
July 1919 to 30th June 1920.]— Me(/er/. Deli Proefstation, Medan,
2nd Series, no. 12, 1920, jjp. 1-21.

Light-traps proved useless against tobacco moths, but a number of
minor tobacco pests, Gryllotcdpa, Opatrum, Anomala, Nezara, grass-
hoppers, etc., were taken. They should be very useful in the case of
local outbreaks of these pests. Trials with Andres-Maire traps gave
absolutely negative results. The most important result of experi-
ments with a number of insectides was a new method of spraying
against insects infesting tobacco seed-beds. The 'atter are sprayed
every 4-5 days with a solution containing 2 per cent, of lead arsenate
with the addition of 3 per thousand of soap, previously dissolved in
water. This renders superfluous both the collection of the pests and
the covering of the beds.

539

Lamberton (C). a Coleopteron injurious to Coffee in Madagascar. —

Rev. Agric. Vet. de Madacjascar el Depcndcnurs. Anlandtutrivo,
iv, 1919. p]). 326-328. (Abstract in L' Agric. Colon., Florence',
xiv, no. 9, September 1920, p. 386.)

An unidentified boring beetle occurs on Coffea robusfa and C. cam-
pJiora in Madagascar. C. libcrica does not appear to be infested.
In any case young bushes under two years old are nearly always
immune. The most vigorous bushes harbour the largest number of
beetles. Some planters cut of? all the infested twigs, and others cut
down the bushes at ground level, but before adopting such drastic
measures, it is necessary to investigate the economic effect of the'
infestation. The beetles live in the pith of the young branches,
•entering through a hole perpendicular to the axis. On horizontal
branches the holes are always on the underside, so that they easily
escape notice. A small chamber, rarely more than | of an inch in
length, is made in the pith, and in a given chamber eggs, larvae, pupae,
and adults mav sometimes be found together.

Aguil6 (J.). El Rhizotrogus aestivus Parasito del Olivo. [RJdzofrogus
aestiviis, a Pest of Olive-trees.] — Bol. Agric. Tecnica Econ., Madrid,
xii, no. 141, 30th September 1920, pp". 680-682.

The adults of the beetle, Rhizotrogus aestivus, spend the daytime
hidden under clumps of earth, in grass or the crevices of the bark of
trees, and emerge after sunset to settle on oUve trees, where they
feed on the tender leaves and flowers, and are sometimes so numerous
in Spain as to ruin the crop. Eggs are laid in the ground among
decomposing leaves or delicate roots, on which the young larvae feed.
The winter is passed in the ground, whence the adults emerge in April.
The larvae do considerable damage to the roots and leaves of various
plants, while the adults, as well as attacking olive-trees, feed on the
young leaves of almonds and oaks.

As the adult beetles are most frequently in the trees between 4 and 5
in the morning, they can easily be shaken at this time into cloths
laid beneath the trees. Lead arsenate sprays are also efficacious, but
less economical.

Andres (A.). Die Durchgasung von Gewachshausern mit Blausaure
zur Vernichtung von Blattlausen und anderen Schadlingen.

[The Fumigation of Plant-houses with Hydrocyanic Acid Gas
for destroying Aphids and other Pests.] — Die Gartenwelt, xviii,
no. 18, 1919, pp. 139-140. (Abstract in Zeitsckr. landw. Ver-
suchswesoi in Deutschdsterreich, Vienna, xxiii, no. 5-8, Mav-
August 1920, p. 100.)

Experiments are described in fumigating Begonia, Pelargonimn,
Cactus and other plants with hydrocyanic acid gas against Aphids
and Pseudococcus citri. Half an hour is sufficient to kill these pests
with a strength of 0-2-0 "3 volume per cent., which does not injure the
plants. Against Eriosoma {Schizoneura) lanigerum 0-5 volume per
cent, must be used for a period between 30 minutes and an hour.

540

Sedlaczek (W.). Das Auftreten der Nonne in Bbhmen im Jahre

1918. [The Occurrence of the Xmi Moth in Bohemia in 1918.] —
Cenfralbl. f. ges. Forstivesen, 1918, pp. 219-227. (Abstract lq
Zeitschr. landiv. Versuchsicesen in Deutschosterreich. Viennu,
xxiii, no. 5-8, Mar-August 1920, p. 102.)

As a result of observations extending from 1904 to 1918. the author
believes that there exists a relation between the increase of Lymantria
monacha on the one hand, and the temperature in the months of May,
June, and July and the occurrence of evenings favourable to the
flight of the moths, on the other. A low temperature dining the
feeding period is unfavourable to this pest.

ZiMiiERMAxx (H.). Ueber die Erdraupe der Wintersaateule {Agrotis
segetim, Schiff). Erdraupenschaden in Mecklenburg 1912-1917.
[The Caterpillar of Euxoa segetum. Damage done in Mecklenburg
in 1912-1917.] — Arch. Yer. Freunde der NaturgescMchte i?i Meck-
lenburg, Ixxiii, 1919, pp. 25-54.

. Ueber die Erdraupe der Wintersaateule. Ein weiterer Beitrag

zu der Lebensweise und Bekampfung. [The Caterpillar of
Euxoa segetum. A further Contribution on its Life-history and
Control.] — Mecklenburg. Icindw. Wochenschr., iv, no. 10, 1920,
pp. 184-188. (Abstracts in Zeitschr. landw. Versuchsivesen in
Deutschosterreich. Vienna, xxiii, no. 5-8, Mav-August 1920. p.
100.) [Received 25th October 1920.]

The outbreaks of Euxoa segetum were most severe in 1917, rape and
sugar-beet being chiefly attacked. The enormous losses were due to
the fact that the young stages of the moth and of the food-plants
occurred at the same period. Other favourable factors were the heavA',
dry, clay soil, the lasting dry weather and the use of stable manure.
Protective trenches may be dug, and domestic animals may be allowed
to feed on the caterpiUars. Crows are very useful in this connection.
In August the caterpiUars are kiUed by a bacterial disease. In 1918
no caterpillars or moths were seen after the month of August.

Jens EX (H.). The Exact Determination of some Pests of Tobacco in
Java. — Proefstation voor Vorstenlandsche Tabak, Semarang, xxxv,
1918. (Abstract in Mthhj. Bull. Agric. Intell. & PI. Dis., Rome,
X, no. 7-8-9, Julv- August-September 1919, pp. 1040-1041.)
[Received 25th October 1920.]

The moth originaUy identified in Java as Phihorimaea operculeUa, Z.
{Lita solanelh, Boisd.) is now recognised to be P. (GnorirnoscJiema)
heliopa, Lw. The true P. operculella, Z., is a mining caterjDillar living
in the leaves of certain Solanaceae and frequently infesting tobacco,
though it has never been observed to do so in the East Indies. Its
hfe-history differs considerably from that of P. heliopa : its eggs are laid
on the leaves, and the caterpillars mine the leaves and pupate on the
surface of the ground. The species of Heliothis that is very injurious
to tobacco in Java has been identified as H. assulta, Gn.

The larva of a beetle that is also injurious and has hitherto passed
as Opatrum depressum, ¥., has been sent to Washington for identifica-
tion, and although no definite decision has been arrived at. it is certain

541

that the Dutch East Indian species is neither 0. depressum nor the
allied species, 0. acufangulum. It should be known provisionally as
Gonocephalum (Opotrum) sp.

Mutyca grandis, a Bug preying on the Macrolepidopteron, Papilio
thoantiades, in Argentina. — La Prensa, Buenos Aires, 7th April
1919. (Abstract in Mthlij. Bull. Agric. Intell. & PI. Dis., Rome, x,
no. 7-8-9, Julv-August-September 1919, p. 1042. [Received
25th October 1920.]

The caterpillars of Papilio thoantiades (orange worm) have been
observed in Buenos Aires to be preyed upon by a Pentatoniid bug,
Muti/ca grandis. It is believed that this bug attacks other Lepidoptera
injurious to agriculture, and a study of its life-history and habits is to
be made.

Kryger (J. P.). Further Investigations upon the European Tricho-
gramminae. — Entomologiske Meddelelser, Copenhagen, xiii, no. 4,
1920, pp. 183-188.

Further notes on the hosts of Trichogramma evanescens are given
[R.A.E., A, vii, 231].

The author had not seen Silvestri's paper on Centrobia [R.A.E., A,
vi, 504] when writing in 1918. He does not agree with Silvestri that
the species found by the latter on oak is Centrobia icalkeri, Forster,
considering it a new species for which he proposes the name G. silvestrii.
A key is given to the four European species of this genus, viz : —
C.fdrsteri, Kr}"ger, C. silvestrii, sp.n., C. silveMrii var. minor, SHv.,
C. similis, Silv., and C. walkeri, Forst. These are briefly described.

RosTRUP(S.). Jordloppeangrebet i 1918. Jordloppernes Levevis og
Forsog med deres Bekaempelse. [Flea-beetle Attack in 1918.
The Habits and Control of Flea-beetles.] — 142 Beretning Statens
Forsogsvirks. i. Plantekultur ; Tidsskr. Planteavl., Copenhagen,
xxvii, 1920, pp. 216-286, 11 figs. With an English Summary.

Flea-beetles were particularly abundant in Denmark during the
summer of 1918 [R.A.E., A, \di, 541], the species concerned being
Psijlliodes chrysocephala on turnips and swedes grown for seed ;
Ghaetocnema concinna on beets ; and Phyllotreta nemorum, P. undulate(,
P. sinuata, P. atra, P. nigripes, and P. vittula on cruciferous crops.

The severity of the attack is probably chiefly due to weather con-
ditions, a hot and dry summer being particularly favourable. Infesta-
tion was found to be most severe in areas that had been ploughed and
manured in the spring.

The remedial agricultural measures advocated ha^'e abeady been
noticed [loe. cif.]. For garden and experimental plots, spraying with
tobacco extract diluted to a nicotine percentage of 0*1 (100^120 gals.
an acre) is advocated. The spray should be applied as soon as tlie
flea-beetles appear, and repeated in the event of new attacks.

542

Prederichs (K.). Untersuchungen uber Rapsglanzkafer in Mecklen-
burg. [Investigations on Meligethes spp. in Mecklenburg.] —
Zeitschr. f. angew. Entmn., Berlin, vii, no. 1, September 1920,
pp. 1-36, 13 figs., 2 plates.
Investigations carried out in 1919 and further observations during
the first half of 1920 in Mecklenburg, where rape is grown on a large
scale, are recorded. The ordinary rape beetle, Meligethes aeneus, of
which the early stages are briefly described, and the less common
M. viridescens, together with CevtJwrrhynclivs assimilis, gall-midges,
etc., sometimes cause severe crop losses. It is difficult to say whether
Meligethes or Ceuthorrhynchus is the worse pest, but the presence of the
former is more apparent.

The feeding habits of Meligethes are dealt with in detail. After
rape has flowered, the beetles have at their disposal Reqjhanistrum,
Sinapis arvensis, Raphanus sativus, etc., and in July, Sinapis alha.
During August they begin to migrate to the ground, where they
hibernate. It is doubtful whether any larvae hibernate. The egg-
stage lasts 4 days, the larval feeding period 8-12, the larval rest period
8. and the -pupal stage 11-12. To this total of 31-36 days must be
added the rest period of the adult 9-14 days, the total life-cycle above
ground thus requiring 40-50 days. As regards the number of
generations, the author was at first of opinion that in Mecklenburg
there are two generations, the first swarming in the second half of
June, and the second hibernating and mating in the following year ;
but in a supplementary note he inclines to the view that only one
generation occurs annually, as neither he nor others have succeeded in
breeding a second.

The injury done by the adult becomes noticeable when the cruciferous
plants begin to flower. If the beetle appears when the plants are in
fufl bloom, it often eats the nectaries when feeding on the pollen and
sucking the nectar^ but no further injury 's done. If it appears early
it makes its way through the buds in search of the pollen and destroys
them.

Larval injury is of less importance, and is worthy of note only when
the adults have been 'particularly harmful. In such cases of severe
infestation, when food becomes scarce at the close of the flowering
period, the young flowers are injured or even destroyed by the larva,
though usually a pollen-feeder. It may even attack the shoots and the

stems.

The few natural enemies of Meligethes include Coccinella septem-
pimctata, Malaclmis hipustulatus and an Ophionine parasite, Isurgus
heterocerns, Thorns. The latter plays an important part in checking
infestation, and is probably the parasite found by Oberstein in 1919
and recorded by him as ThersiloeJius morionellus, Holmgr. [R.A.E., A,
vii, 354]. The beetle larvae are protected so long as they are in closed
buds. Details of this parasitism are given.

Falck (E.). Die Resinolbruhe als Spritzmittel zur Bekampfung

tierischer Schadlinge. [Resinol Solution as a Spray against

Insect Pests.] — Zeitschr. f. angew. Etitom., Berlin, vii, no. 1,

September 1920, pp. 37-47.

The alkah and alkahne-earth salts of the phenol-aldehyde resins are

•easily soluble in water, and if concentrated to contain 33 per cent, of

543

Tfsin, which sokition is commercially obtainable in Germany, serve to
produce the sodium-resinol spray if diluted with water, and the lime-
resinol spray if diluted with a solution of calcium chloride. These
sprays have the same wetting power as soap solutions, and in the
presence of atmospheric carbonic acid they soon decompose and liberate
the resin. Decomposition may take place prior to use, and the resin
then appears in the liquid in the form of a flocculent, emulsion-like
precipitate. After the spray-fluid has evaporated, the resin remains,
adhering with such tenacity as to afford a certain degree of protection
for some considerable time.

A number of experiments with the caterpillars of Pieris brassicae
are described in detail. It was found that the soluble resinol salts
have a three-fold action. They first increase the adhesive power of
water, thus enabling the surface of an insect's bod}^ to be wetted, and
they make penetration into the stigmata possible. They then clog
or seal the tracheae and their approaches by precipitating a thick
solution of resin. Thirdly they dissolve or emulsify substances
insoluble in water, such as carbon bisulphide ; this may increase their
activity.

A review of the substances acting in a similar manner at once directs
attention to lime-sulphur, which in fact is the best spray for the San
Jose scale [Aspidiotus j)erniciosus\. Resinol can therefore prove
successful only if the above three actions are most marked in the
presence of the material it is desired to affect and if it can be produced
at a suitable cost. In most cases chemical remedial methods will be
permissible only if treatment acts on fungus and insect pests simul-
taneously, and resinol may prove specially adapted for this purpose.
The author's previous work with resinol was directed against fungi,
and it was in the course of those experiments that its insecticidal action
was first noticed.

In an addendum dated June 1920 it is stated that caterpillars of the
first generation of Clysia {Conchylis) [ambiguella] are even more sus-
ceptible than those of Pieris. A sodium-resinol solution of 0*4-0"6
per cent, strength proves rapidly fatal. With the addition of carbon
bisulphide, solutions containing 0*1 per cent, or less of resinol proved
fatal. Tobacco extract also increases the effect.

Potash soap being available, it was found that strengths of l"6-2
per cent, are fatal. In this case the penetration of the fluid seems
sufficient to cause dea,th ; the clogging of the stigmata does not seem
necessary. Soap, however, can be washed off after appHcation, whereas
resinol solutions are decomposed and remain adherent.

Kleine (R.). Sind manche Phyllotreta- Arten wirklich Getreide-
schadlinge. [Are some species of Phyllotreta really Pests of
Grain.] — Zeitschr.f. angeiv. Entom., Berlin, vii, no. 1, September
1920, pp. 48-57, 4 figs.'

Several observers have recorded the infestation of grain by Phyllo-
ireta, the two species mentioned being P. vittula, Redt., and P. atra,
F., but their status as pests has remained doubtful.

Observations on P. vittula in a field of grain in Pomerania, showed
that rye suffered most, barley less and oats least, even when the
plants were intermingled. The surface of the ground was uneven., and

544

in tlie wet, lower portions the attack was slight. The appearance of
the injury was quite t}'pical and comparable only with that of Lema
{Crioeeris) cyanella, L. Feeding started at the centre of the leaf and
extended upwards. Young plants only seemed to be attacked.

The injury is not of a lasting character, growth being only delayed.
Remedial measures are of doubtful value. Frequent harrowing seems
to reduce attack.

It was only during the mating period that these beetles were seen on
grain, and this may confirm Heikertinger's view that for mating the
Halticinae seek plants other than their normal food-plants.

Kruger (P.). Beobachtungen am Mehlmottenparasiten Nemeritis
canescens, Gravenhorst ; zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der
ausseren Anatomie der Ichneumoniden. [Observations on the
Meal Moth Parasite, Nemeritis canescens, Gravenhorst, being also
a Contribution to the Knowledge of the external Anatomy of the
Ichneumonids.] — Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom., Berlin, vii, no. 1,
September 1920, pp. 58-67, 19 figs.

A Campoplegine, Kemeritis canescens, Grav., occurs in German
flour miUs, where it parasitises EpJiestia kiihniella, Z. In all probabiHty
it was introduced into Central Europe with the moth. Its food in the
mills is not known. It has never been seen eating flour, and it does
not appear to be long-hved, 16 days being the longest period that any
of a large number of females found on 25th October 1918 survived.
From a subsequent breeding experiment reproduction would appear
to be parthenogenetic. The author points out that N. canescens
provides favourable opportunities for studying the life-history of
Ichneumonids. Its method of oviposition is remarkable. A female
placed near meal-moth webs runs about on the flour, digging its ovipo-
sitor in repeated!}' and apparently haphazard. It is possible that
meal-moth larvae had previously occupied these spots. The victims
are quite conscious of attack and endeavour to avoid their enemy.
The latter carries eggs at the end of its ovipositor ready for instant
deposition in the host.

After quoting Schmiedeknecht's description of N. canescens the
author briefly describes its external anatomy.

LEGISLATION.

Rules and Regulations of the State Plant Board effective July 1,

1920,— Arkansas State Plant Board, Little Rock, Circ. 10, Jidy
1920, 28 pp. [Eeceived 18th October 1920.]

All the regulations here detailed were passed or amended on or
smce 24th April 1917.

The insects declared to be pests under these regulations are : —
Platyedra [Pectinojphora] gossypiella, Cylas formicarius, Aspidiotm
perniciosus, A. uvae (grape scale), Chrysomphalus tenebricosus (gloomy
scale), C. obscurus, Aulacaspis fentagona, Eriosotna Janigerum,
Dialeurodes citri and D. nubifera.

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
tbeir publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com-
municate with the Assistant Director.

The annual Subscription in advance to the Review, Series A
(Agricultural) Is 12s. per annum, post free ; Series B (Medical and
Veterinary), 6s. per annum.

Orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 41, Queen's Gate, London,
S.W.7, or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

Africa, South : Notes on New Chalcids
Amebica, North : A Bibliograpliy of Agrilus spp.
Argentina : Diatraea saccharalis infeatiag Maize . .
Argentina : A New Dipterous Parasite of Locusts
Argentina : The Species of Locusts that appear in Swarms
Argentina : A Bug predaceous on Papilio thoantiades
Australia : A New Enemy of Perhinsiella saccharicida in Queens

land

Austria : A List of Thysanoptera . ,

Austria : The Fumigation of Plant-houses with Hydrocyanic

Acid Gas . .
Bohemia : The Occurrence of the Nun Moth in 1918
Brazil : A Note on Pyroderces
British Isles : The Habits of Hylemyia coarctata

British Isles : Notes on Braconidae

British Isles : CopidosoTna tortricis, sp. n., bred from the Straw

berry Tortrix
British Isles : The Life-history of the Strawberry Tortrix
British Isles : The Natiire and Cause of Damage to Plant Tissue

by Capsid Bugs
British Isles : The Control of the Glasshouse Tomato Moth
British Isles : Tachinid Parasites of Tipula 8;pp. . .
British Isles : Measures against Aphids infestmg Plums
Canada : Insect Pests in Quebec . . . . , .
Cetlon : The Utilisation of Noviua cardinalis against Icerya

purchasi
Cetlon : Insect Peste in 1919
Cetlon : Measures against Xyleborus foinicatus . .
Denmark : Measures against Flea-beetles
Dutch East Indies : Measures against Tobacco Pests
France : The Outbreak of the Brown-tail Moth . .
German T : A Lepidopterous Pest of Poplars
Germant : Measures against Vine Moths . .
Germant : Experiments against Pieris infesting Cabbages
Germant : Outbreaks of Euxoa segetum in Mecklenburg
Germant : Investigations on Meligethea spp. infesting Rape in

Mecklenburg
Germant : Phyllotreta spp. attacking Grain
Germant : Notes on a Parasite of Ephestia kuhniella
Guiana, British : Insect Pests in 1918
Guiana, Dutch : Cacao and Coffee Pests in 1918 and 1919
Hawaii : Notes on Sxigar-cane Pests

India : Trachys bicolor, a Pest of Buteafrondosa in Mysore . .
India : Helwthis obsoleta as a Pest of Cotton

PAGE.
521
516
514
515
515
541

525

515

639
540
535
514
515

516

516

517
518
523

528
528

519
519
521
541
538
533
515
522
523
540

542
543
544
533
536
526
514
519

CONTENTS -cont.

PAGE.

India : Insect Pests of Tea in 1919 530

India : New Microlepidopterous Pests . . . . . . . . 534

Italy : A Morphological and Biological Study of Blasiophaga

'psenea . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • 534

Java : Notes on Insect Pests in 1919 522

Java : New Microlepidopterous Pests . . . . . . . . 534

Java : Notes on the Identity of Tobacco Pests . . . . . . 540

Madagascar : A Coleopterous Peat of Coffee . . . . . . 539

Philippines : Notes on New Chalcids . . . . . . • • 521

San Thom6 : A New Chrysomelid attacking Cacao . . . . 515

Santo Domingo : Measures against Protoparce Carolina infesting

Tobacco 527

Spain : The Olive Scale and its Natural Enemies . . . . . . 514

Spain : Bhizotrogus aesiivus, a Pest of Olive-trees . . . . . . 539

Sumatra : The Spread of a Fungus due to the Presence of Laicana 513

Sumatra : Insect Pests in 1918-19 . . . . . . . . 537

Switzerland : Hydrocyanic Acid and its Importance against

Insect Pests 522

Trinidad : The Effect of Frog-hoppers on Sugar-cane . . . .531, 532

U.S.A.: Insect Pests in Alabama ,. .. .. .. •. 513

U.S.A. : Wood-boring Beetles of Black Locust in Louisiana .. 516

U.S.A. ; Notes on New Chalcids 521

U.S.A. t Measures against Insect Pests in Mississippi . . . . 521
U.S.A. : The Bionomics and Control of Dendroctorms hrevicomis

in Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

U.S.A. : Measures against Cydia pomonella in Colorado . . . . 527

U.S.A. : Precautions against the Introduction of Pyraustu

nuhilalis into Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . 528

U.S.A. : Insect Pests in Maine in 1919 529

U.S.A. : Measures against the Gipsy Moth in Maine . . . . 629

U.S.A. : Sprays for Apple Pests in Maine . . 529

U.S.A.: Avocado Pests in Florida .. .. .. .. .. 530

U.S.A. : The Transmission of Mosaic Disease of Maize by Insects 531

U.S.A. : An Outbreak of Hessian Fly in Ohio . . . . . . 531

U.S.A. : The Bionomics and Control of Pieris rapae in Wisconsin . . 632

U.S.A. : Measures against the Pea Moth in Wisconsin . . . . 532

U.S.A. : Fumigation Experiments against Insects . . . . 533

U.S.A. : The Classification of Anthomyid Flies . . . . . . 533

U.S.A. : Costs of Spraying Apples in Oregon . . . . . • 534

U.S.A. : Legislation against Insect Pests in Arkansas . . . . 544

West Indies : Insect Pests in Montserrat . . . . . . . . 623

The Literature on Potato Pests in 1918 . . . . . . . . 522

Notes on European Trichogramminae . . . . . . - . 541

The Value of Resinol Solutions as Insecticides . . . . . . 542

VOL. Vm. Ser. A. Title-page and Index. [Issued July, 1921.1

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY.

SERIES A: AGRICULTURAL.

(^ Srp ] 3 1921 X

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Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British Museum

(Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman of the

Governing Body, Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Sir Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and Technology.
The Hon. Sir E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in

Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical

Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B.. Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.

Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.
Sir Arthur E. Shipley, G.B.E., F.R.S., Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge.
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Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

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is ex officio a member of the Committee.

GENERAL SECRETARY.

I\Ir. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

DIRECTOR AND EDITOR.

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Publication Office. — 41, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7.

545

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

A reference in heavy type indicates that a paper by the author
has been abstracted.

Abot, A., 282.

Achilles, J. B., 317.

Ackerman, A. J., 232, 304.

Agee, H. P., 72.

Aguilo, I., 514.

Aguilo, J., 539.

Ainslie, C. N., 416, 464.

Ainslie, G. G., 388.

Aldrich, J. M.,182.

Allen, A. A., 174.

Allen, W. J., 132, 333.

Allwood, M. C, 441.

Amargos, J. L., 527.

Amari, S., 24.

Anderson, E., 477.

Anderson, G. M.. 509.

Andres, A., 267, 269, 275, 331, 539.

Andrews, E. A., 204. 530.

Anstead, R. D., 243.

Antoniadis, P., 39.

Antram, 453, 454.

Aotama, T., 398.

Arango, R., 228.

Arens, P., 139.

Armitage, H. M.,318.

Ashby, S. P.. 480.

Atwood, G. G., 98.

Bachinger, J., 290.

Back, E. A., 250.

Badoux, H., 470.

Baer, W., 358.

Baerg, W. J., 149.

Baker, A. C, 2, 18, 19, 28, 77, 116,

'■^365, 387, 502.

Ball, E. D., 311.

Ballard, E., 101, 519.

Ballon, H. A., 41, 67, 108, 149

150, 222, 282.
Banks, C. S., 209.
Banks, N., 286.

(3202) \Vt.P3/lS4 1500 8 21 Harraw G.75

Barber, E. R., 285.

Barber, G. W., 463.

Barber, H. S., 371.

Barreto, B. T., 53.

Bassewitz, E. von, 325.

Baume, W. La, 352.

Bayer, E., 469.

Beatriz, M. Guerreiro, 201.

Bedford, Duke of, 133. •

Beeson, C. F. C, 60, 101, 164, 171.

Beguet, M., 41.

Benson, A. H., 337.

Benson, E. F., 135.

Bequaert, J., 417.

Berg, C, 405.

Berger, E. W., 235, 294, 384.

Bergsoe, V., 177.

Berlese, A., 252.

Berliner, E., 252.

Bernard, C. 400, 453, 454, 455,

456, 457, 510, 513.
Bernardini, R., 334.
Bertog, 469.
Bertoni, M. S., 366.
Bertrand, G., 38, 58, 162.
Bezzi, M., 25, 59, 263, 286.
Billaudelle, L., 496.
Blackman, M. \X., 33, 127, 128,

260.
Blackmore, E. H., 481.
Blair, K. G., 71.
Blakeslee, E. B., 189.
Blanc, G., 41.
Blanchard, E., 202.
Blatchley, 389.
Blin, H.,"400.
Blunck, 289.

Bodkin, G. E., 55, 145, 533.
Bolle, J., 264, 272.
Bondar, G., 211.
Bonet, J., 38.
Bordas, L., 295.
Borden, A. 1)., 114, 316.

546

Borg, P.,232.

Borner, 289, 427.

Bos, J. Ritzema, 225.

Bourne, A. I., 75.

Bovell, J. R., 72.

Boving, A. G., 389. 510.

Brain, C. K.. 117, 447.

Brandes, E. W., 370, 414, 531.

Bredemann, G., 346.

Brethes, J., 298, 299, 405, 452,

474, 514, 515.
Bridwell, J. C, 434, 435, 436.
Briganti, G., 216.
Briggs, G., 148.
Brindley, H. H., 432.
Brittain, W. H., 17,490.
Britton, W. E., 190, 311, 337, 342
Brocq-Rousseu, 58, 162.
Brooks, A. J., 216.
Brooks, F.E., 80, 190, 505.
Bruch, C, 140.
Brues, C. T., 459.
Bruner, S. C, 52.
Bucher,H.,352.
Bugnion, E., 212.
Burgess, A. F., 464.
Burgst, C. A. L. Smits van, 226,

407, 408.
Burke, H.E., 278, 295.
Burkhardt, F., 274, 287, 331, 425.
Busck, A.,232.
Bussy, J. H. de, 360.
Butler, 454.
Buxton, P. A., 500.
Byars, L. P., 422.
Bynum, E K., 245.

C-Esar, L., 1, 4, 135, 221, 281, 344,
360, 413, 465.

Caff rev, D. J., 98.
Caillon, L., 41.
Calvino, M.,53,54.
Campbell, R. E., 167.
Cardin, P., 54.
Carje, P., 55.
Carpenter. C.W., 136.
Carsner, E., 87.
Cartwright, W.. 282.
Cash, L. C, 422.
Cassidy, T. P.. 457.
Chaine, J.,39.
Chamberlin, W. ]., 523.
Chambers, E. L., 312.
Champion, G. C, 10.

Champlain, A. B., 510.
Charmov. D. d'Emmerez de, 73,

498 499.
Chase! W. "w., 276, 302.
Chateau, C, 213.
Chauvigne, A., 369.
Childs, L., 462, 534.
Chimenti, E., 35.
Chipp, T. F., 282.
Chittenden, F. H., 119, 248, 249.

402, 403.
Chittenden, F. J., 155.
Chopard, L., 162.
Cleare. L. D., 28, 471.
Coad,B.R., 302,457.
Cobb, N. A., 67, 459.
Cockayne, A. H., 503, 504.
Cockerell, T. D. A., 223, 295, 301.
Coelho de Souza, W. W., 421.
Cole, F. R., 168.
Coleman, L. C, 64.
Collin, J. E., 332.
Collinge, W. E., 135.
Collins, C. W., 184.
Colon, E. D., 446.
Compere, H., 506.
Conradi, A. F., 5.
Cook, W. C, 280.
Corbett, G. H., 497.
Corporaal, J. B., 494, 537.
Cory, E. N., 437.
Costa Lima, A. M. da, 445, 535.
Cotta, A., 216.
Cotton, E. C, 92.
Cotton, R. T., 71.
Coulanges, 39.
Coulon, L., 472.
Craighead, F. C, 365.
Crawford, D.L., 191.
Crespo, M. A., 451.
Cresson, Junr., E. T., 234.
Criddle, N., 3, 193, 316, 437.
Crosbv, C. R.,31,310.
Cunhffe, R. S., 50, 52.
Curran, C. H., 258.
Currier, D. L., 240.
Cushman, R. A., 417, 509.

d' Albuquerque, J. P., 72.
d'Emmerez de Chaimov, D., 73j

498, 499.
d'Herelle, 41.
da Costa Lima, A.M., 445, 535.

547

Dammerman, K. \\., 141, 330,

360, 448.
Dash, J. S., 298.
Dassonville, 58, 162.
Davidson, W. M., 8, 63, 479.
Davis, I. W., 341.
Davis, J. J., 3, 8, 63; 307, 374,

391,482,505.
de Bussy, J. H., 360.
de Gaulle, J., 472.
deFaria, D.,36.
de Joannis, 122.
de Lima Mindello, J. F., 59.
deLong, D. M, 310, 464.
de Monchaux, D., 19, 121.
de Ong, E. R., 33, 149.
de Seabra, A. F., 491, 492, 493.

494.
de Souza, W. W. Coelho, 421.
deStefani, T.,122,488.
deVin, T. J.,255.
Dean, G. A., 314.
Degi-ully. L., 38, 212, 374.
del Guercio, G., 28, 159, 160, 200,

202, 203, 204.
DelamaiTe de Monchaux, 19, 121.
d' Emmerez de Charmoy, D., 73,

498, 499.
Dendv, A., 178, 179.
Dewitz, J., 356.
Dickerson, E. L., 77, 82, 147.
Diffloth, P.,370.
Dille, A., 148.
Distant, \\'. L., 28, 453.
Ditmars, R. L., 331.
Dodd, A. P., 137, 377.
Drake, C. J., 381.
Drv, F. W., 432.
Dudley, F.H., 219, 529.
Dufrenov, J., 489.
Duncan,'F. M.,300.
Duport, L., Ill, 220, 402.
Dutt, G. R., 100.
Duysen, F., 468.
Dyke, E. C. van, 81.

Eckstein, C, 264.
Eckstein, F., 406.
Eckstein, K., 523.
Edmundson, W. C, 285.
Eggers, H.,175, 487.
Ehrhorn, E. ]\I., 22, 431, 460.
Eichhoff, 324.

(S2(.2)

Elkington. H. D., 178, 179.

Ellis, W. O., 128.

Enslin, E., 162.

Escherich, K., 266, 332, 419, 421.

427, 467.
Essig, E. O., 85, 91, 181, 241.
Ewing, E. H., 145.

Fabiani, C, 203.

Faes, H., 281, 326, 348, 369, 400.

Falck, R., 542.

Fall, H. C, 192.

Faria, D. de, 36.

Favor, E. H., 292.

Felt, E. P., 33, 97, 244, 473.

Fenton, F. A., 311.

Fernald, H. T., 64, 75, 310.

Fen-is, G. F., 63, 112, 187, 222,

259, 415.
Fevtaud, }., 369, 421, 434, 472,

478, 496.
Fiessinger, N . , 163.
Fink, D. E., 32.
Fisher, D. F., 413,415.
Fixmer, 224.

Fletcher, T. B., 83,99,409.
Flint, W. P., 313, 450.
Flippance, F., 283.
Florent, P., 461.
Flower, S. S., 136.
Fluke, Junr.,C.L., 532.
Flury, F.,428.
Folsom, D., 397.
Ford, A. L., 76.
Fortun, G. M., 51.
Fonts, R. M., 295.
Frank, A., 208, 345. 459.
Frickhinger, H. W., 267, 269, 428,

486.
Friederichs, K., 175, 273, 275,

354 542.
Frogg'att, \\\ W., 7, 35, 112, 132,

154, 333, 410, 442, 443, 465,

502.
Fromme, F. D., 363.
Frost, C. A., 516.
Frost, S. W., 33, 78.
Fryer, J. C. F.,139.
Fryer, P. J., 404.
Fulla\va\', D. T., 191, 347, 375,

430, 434, 435.
Fulmek, L., 261, 262, 263, 354,

428, 429.

B 2

548

Gahan, A. B., 11, 19, 347.

Gahan, C. J., 443.

Gallard, L., 333.

Ganglbauer, 290.

Garlick, G., 344.

Garman, H., 364, 500.

Garrison, G. L., 533.

Gatenby, J. B.,57.

GauUe, J. de, 472.

Gaumont, L., 202, 489.

Gautier, C, 120, 133.

Geiger, H. L., 293.

Gemmill, J. F., 514.

Gentner, L. G., 532.

Geschwind, 471.

Gibson, A., 192, 362, 373.

Gibson, E.H., 462.

Gilbertson, G. T., 444.

Gillette, C. P., 128, 527.

Giraud, 16.

Girault, A. A.,137, 521.

Glendenning, R., 438.

Glenn, P. A., 305.

Goeze, 50.

Goot, P. van der. 28, 55.

Gossard, H. A., 130, 286, 504.

Gough, L. H., 73, 74.

Gowdey, C. C, 243.

Granato, L., 199.

Grandi, G., 534.

Grandori, R., 257.

Gray, G. P., 85, 89.

Gray, R. A. H., 348.

Green, E. C, 211.

Green, E. E., 139 198, 205, 343,

456.
Green, F. ]., 237.
Grimaud, L. E., 299.
Guercio, G. del, 28, 159, 160, 200,

202, 203, 204.
Guerreiro Beatriz, M., 201.
Gunn, D., 69.
Guy ton, T. L., 92.

Haase, A., 332.
Haenel, K., 270.
Hagan, H. R., 12.
Hall, C. J. J. van, 329, 439.
Halligan, C. P., 188.
Hampson, Sir G., 100, 500.
Hardley, C. H., 308.
Harned, R. W., 246, 521.
Harukawa, T., 144, 321.
Harvey, E. J., 56.

Harwood, B. S., 56.

Haseman, L., 81.

Haswell, W. A., 21.

Haviland, M. D., 146, 327, 377.

Hayes, W. P., 215, 302, 391, 446.

Haywood, J. K., 186.

Headlee, T. J., 42, 47, 305.

Hecke, G. H., 181, 238.

Heikertinger, F., 49, 290, 487, 544.

Heinrich, C, 116, 249, 381, 532.

Hempel, A., 325, 366.

Henderson, W. W., 12.

Henry, A., 423.

Herbert, F. B., 11, 393, 462.

Hermann, H. A. van, 50.

Herold, W., 271.

Herrick, G. W., 303.

Hess, A., 269.

Heurn, F. C. van, 537.

Hewitt, C. G., 10, 168.

Heymons, R., 428.

Hickernell, L. M., 419.

Hinds, W. E., 21, 513.

Hirst, S., 466.

Hodgkiss, H. E., 29.

Hodgson, R. W., 130.

Hogg, S. A., 333.

Hollande, A. C, 421.

Hollister, W. O., 247.

Holloway, T., E. 78, 169.

Hollrung, M., 200.

Hood, C. E., 184.

Hopkins, A. D., 87, 278.

Hopping, R., 438.

Houser, J. S., 91, 129, 148.

Howard, L. O., 16, 93, 97, 534.

Howitt, J. E., 422.

Hubenthal, W., 160.

Huckett, H. C, 4.

Hukkinen, Yrjo, 5.

Hulbert, H. W., 300.

Hulbirt, E. R., 89.

Hunter, S. J., 14.

Hurd, W. E., 502.

Husain, M. A., 327.

Hutson, J. C, 110, 411, 519.

Illingworth, J. F., 62, 79, 132, 164,

465.
Imms, A. D., 125, 126, 327.
Ingerson, H. G., 403.
Inglis, C. M., 409.
Isely, D., 304.
Ishiyama, Z., 321.

549

Jack. R, W., 134, 193, 207, 32?,
332.

Jackson, D. J., 58. ,
Jardine, N. K., 19, 109, 168.
Jarvis, E., 62, 131, 137, 164, 20P,
411, 466.

Jegen, G., 23, 522.
Jensen, H., 540.
Jepson, F. P., 521.
[ewett, H. H., 364.
[haveri, T. N., 296.
Joakimoff, D., 267.
Joan, T., 405.
Joannis, cle, 122.
Johansen, 192.
Johansen, H„ 477.
Johnson, E., 302.
Johnson, W. F., 57, 330.
Johnston, J. R., 52.
Jordan, K. H. C, 268.
Jordan, ^^'. H., 131.
Jouhan, C, 419.

Kajitani, K., 24.

Kalkns, J. W., 250.

Kannan, K. Kunlii, 64, 65.

Kazui, M., 143.

Keenan, G. L., 13, 362.

Kelly, E.G., 246, 314.

Kelsall, A., 150.

Kemner, N. A., 49, 50.

Kerbosch, M., 454.

Keuchenius, 453.

Kieffer, J. J., 255.

Kien, E., 452.

Kimura, K., 255.

Khig, 124.

King, H.H., 172, 173,198.

Kmg, J. L., 152.

Kitajima, Y., 195.

Kleine, R., 174, 175, 176, 253,

266, 269. 270, 274, 514, 543.
Knowles, C. H., 296, 297.
Kock, K., 276.
Komp, W. H.W.,481.
Kono, D.,196, 399.
Kornauth, K.,429.
Krausse, A., 141, 272, 352, 469.
Kriiger, P., 544.
Kryger, J. P., 541.
Kulkarni, G. S., 409.
Kiinnemann, 452.
Kunhi Kannan, K., 64, 65.

Knrdjnmov, 422.
Ivurisaki, M., 194.
Kurtz, C.,325.
Rutin, A., 346.

La Baume, \V., 352.

Laboissierc, INI. V., 515.

Lahille, F., 405, 475.

Laing, F., 56, 81, 146.

Lakon, G., 273, 345.

Lai, Madan Mohan, 109.

Lalande, E., 451.

Lallemand, V., 260.

Lamberton, C, 539.

Langhoffer, A., 175.

Larrimer, W. H., 76.

Larson, A. O., 392, 508.

Lathrop, F. H., 209, 215.

Laurent, L., 213.

LeSocuf, W. H.r).,413.

Leefmans, S., 454, 538.

Lees, A. H., 349, 350.

Leeuwen, van, 456.

Legendre, J., 133.

Leiby, R. W..459,460.

Leng, C. W., 192, 389.

Lengerken, H., 271.

Leonard, M. D., 31.

Lesne, P., 120, 369.

Lichtenstein, 59.

Lichtenstein, J. L., 37, 121, 212,

260.
Lima, A. M. da Costa, 445, 535.
Lima Mindello, J. F. de, 59.
Linsbauer, L., 141, 359.
List, G. M., 527.
Lizer.C, 140, 200,405.
Idoyd,L., 61,473,518.
Lochhead, W.,4.
Loftin, U. C, 78.
Long, D. M. de, 310, 464.
Longo, 534.
Loos, K., 266, 324.
Lorenzeti, J. B., 433.
Lotrionte, G., 252.
Lovett, A. L., 372, 401.
Lustner, 359.
Llistner, G., 522.
Lyle, G. T., 330, 429, 515.
Lyon, A. V., 164.

Maas, 0.,265.

Mackie, D. B.,386, 507.

MacLennan, H. K., 361.

550

Macrum, C. A., 401.

Madan Mohan Lai, 109.

Mahdihassan, S.,229.

Maheux, G.,2, 528.

Maki, M., 142, 143, 197.

Malloch, JR., 450, 533.

Mallory, A. E.,404.

Mango, A., 334.

Mann, H. H.,409.'

Mann, W. M., 249.

Mansfield- Aders, W., 118.

Marchal, 326, 369.

Marco vitch, S., 280.

Marelli, C. A., 515.

Marie, P., 6, 489.

Marlatt, C. L., 12, 13, 99, 186,

306.
Marsli, H. O., 403.
Marshal], G. A. K., 7, 264.
Marshall, R.C., 237.
Martinet, G., 400.
Maskew, F., 13, 49, 114, 181, 240,

319, 387, 479, 508.
Matheson, R., 16.
Mathieu, E.,193, 283.
Matsumoto, S., 319, 397.
Maugini, A., 200.
Mauhk, S., 118.
Maurenbrecher, 456.
Mayer, 534.
Mayne, R., 408, 449.
McColloch, J. W.,302, 314.
McDaniel, E., 242.
McDonnell, C. C, 362.
McGregor, E. A., 145.
Mclntire, M. H., 529.
McLaine, L. S., 3, 222.
McLennan, A. H., 281.
McSwiney, J.,461.
Menegaux, A., 461.
Merrill, G. B., 236.
Metalnikow, S., 163, 250, 3.28,

367.
Metcalf, C. L., 168.
Metcalf, Z. P., 169, 230.
Meyrick, E., 100, 534.
Miestinger, K.,263.
Miller, D., 62.
Minangoin, N.,450.
Mindello, J. F. de Lima, 59.
Misra, C. S., 472.
Mitani, K., 196, 399.
Miyake, T., 196, 257.
Mohan Lai, Madan, 109.
Moles, M. L., 365.
Moll, F., 355.

Molz, E., 269, 270, 346, 466.

Monchaux, D. de, 19, 121.

Moore, H.W.B., 41.

Moreira, C, 59, 290, 488.

Morrill, A. W., 10, 314, 363, 442.

Morris, F., 1.

Morris, H M., 222.

Morris, W. C, 63.

Morrison, H., 16, 81.

Morstatt,. 449.

Mosher, E., 32.

Moznette, G. F., 76, 218, 371, 383,

530.
Muir, F., 118, 525.
Miiller, G. W., 332.
Muller, H C, 270, 358.
Munemoto Yano, 125.
Munro, J. W., 377.
Muramatsu, S., 143.
Musy, M., 82.

Nagorny, P., 477.
Nagpurkar, S. D., 409.
Nakai, G., 196.
Nalepa, A.,399, 400.
Nattino, J. Pnig y, 214.
Naumann, A., 286.
Neifert, LE.,533.
Neumeister, 253.
Newcomer, E. J., 415.
Newell, W., 70, 245, 294.
Newstead, R., 119.
Nicholls, H. M., 153, 336, 337.
Nicolay, A. S., 82.
Nicoll.'M. J.,136.
Nicolle, C..41.
Noble, J. W., 1.
Nomaguchi, G., 257.
Nougaret, R. L., 113, 239, 507.
Nowell, W., 66, 411, 531, 532.

O'Byrne, F. I\I., 294.
O'Meara, P., 85.
Oberstein, 542.
Oguma, K., 375.
Okada, T.,144,194.
Okamoto, H., 120.
Olmstead, R. D., 312.
Olsen, C. E., 81, 82=
Ong, E. R., de, 33, 149.
Oshima, M., 301, 435.
Oudemans, J. T., 407-

551

Paddock, F. B., 22, 501.

Paillot, A.,36, 250, 328.

Palm, B. T.,538.

Palmer, R.(;., 310.

Paoli, G.,160,484.

Parker, J. K.. 392.

Parks, T. H., 15, 129, 531.

Parodi, 434.

Parrot t, P. J., 312.

Passerini, N., 334.

Passy, P., 496.

Patch, E. M., 417, 418.

Patten. A. J., 85.

Patterson, W. H., 9.

Pemberton, C. E., 19, 74, 430,

526.
Penzer, N. M.,474.
Peterson, A., 30, 45, 309, 313.
Petherbridge, F. R., 155, 351, 576.
Pettev, F. W.,284.
Pettit, R. H., 188, 393.
Philbrook.E. E..220.
Phillips, E. F., 377.
Phillips, W. }.,207.
Picard, F., 260, 368, 395, 432, 478.
Pickering, S., 133.
Pickett, R.C., 532.
Pictet, A., 201.
Pierce, W. D., 158, 245, 396.
Pierson, H. B., 364.
Piutti, A., 260, 334.
Polak, M. W., 133.
Popoff, M.,267.
Pouillaude, I., 176, 177.
Poutiers, 326.
Poutiers, R., 121.
Priesner, H., 515.
Puig V Natthio, J., 214.
Puster, 265.

Ouaintance, A. L., 190.
Quayle, H. J, 89, 238.

Ralston, G. S., 363.
Ramachandra Rao, Y., 100, 473.
Ramakrishna Awar, T. V., 101

130, 146.
Ramsav, A. A.. 292.
Rand, F. v., 396, 422.
Rane, F. W., 23.
Rathbone, H. R., 180.
Ravaz, L., 211.

Raymundo, B.. 229, 325, 366.
Reh, L., 268, 274, 4(S7.
Reinhard, II. f., 501.
Rennie, J., 56", 523.
Reyne, A., 422, 438, 440, 536.
Rhumbler, L., 269.
Rice, W. U., 344.
Riel, P., 120.
Rin, G.,197.
Ritzema Bos, J., 225.
Rives, L., 39.
Roark, R. C, 13, 362.
Roberts, A. W. Rymer, 137.
Roberts, J. A., 528.
Robinson, E. N., 210.
Robinson, R. H., 76.
Rockwood,L. P.,223.
Rodda, T. E., 431.
Roepke, W., 40, 447, 452, 453.
Rohwer, S. A., 144, 381, 417.
Roig, J. T., 51.
Rondani, 127.
Ronna, E , 452.
Rosenfeld, W., 161.
Rosewall, O. W., 248, 516.
Ross, W. A., 1, 5, 35.
Rostand, J., 472.
Rostrup, S , 60, 541.
Runner, G. A., 403.
Ruska, 357.
Russell, E. J., 441.
Russell, H. M., 492.
Rutgers, A. A. L., 494, 537.

Safro, V. I., 244.

Sanders, G. E., 150, 207, 491, 529.

Sanders, J. G., 310, 464.

Sanford, H. L., 364.

Santschi, F.,488,491.

Sarsfield, J., 480.

Sasscer, E. R., 306.

Satterthwait, A.F.,389.

Savastano, L., 121.

Schaffnit, 359.

Scheidter, F., 356.

Schenk, P. J., 199.

Scheuch, H., 290.

Schliiter, 429.

Schmitt, C, 515.

Schoene, W. J., 385.

SchoU, E. E., 244.

Scholz, M. F. R., 487.

Schrage, R., 141.

Schultz, E. S., 397.

552

Schulz, U. K.T..486,469.
Schulze, P., 469.
Schumacher, 358, 468,
Schumacher, F., 85, 275, 287, 354,

357.
Schwangart, F., 353, 356.
Scott, H., 81.
Seabra, A. F. de, 491, 492, 493,

494.
Seamans, H. L., 419.
Sedlaczek, W., 540.
Seeger, 357.
Sen, P. C, 444.
Senior- Wliite, R., 457.
Severm, H. C, 217, 386, 412, 443,

444.
Severi'n, H. H. P., 182.
Shaw, H. B., 414.
Shear, W. V.. 239.
Sherman, F., 390, 460.
Sherman, Junr., J. D., 192.
Sicard, H., 369.

Silvestri, F., 122, 124, 127, 541 ,,
Simmel, R., 175, 176.
Sloan, G. D., 293.
Slogteren, E. van, 441.
Smith, H. S., 318, 506.
Smith, K. M., 404, 517.
Smith, L. B., 280, 384, 402, 477.
Smith, R. E,, 85 130.
Smith, R. H., 79, 279.
Smith, T. A. J., 152.
Smits van Burgst, C. A L., 226,

407, 408.
Smvth, E. G., 71, 248, 303, 446,

483.
Snapp, O. L, 246.
Snell, W. H., 87.
Snyder, G. H., 181.
Snyder, T. E., 286, 371.
Soeuf, W. H. D. Le, 413.
Sorauer, 345.

Souza, W. W. Coelho de, 421.
Speare, A. T., 169.
Spessivtsev, P., 10. 56.
Spever, E. R., IIO', 138, 209, 210,

423.
Staeger, R.. 37.
Stage, H.H, 127.
Stearns, L. A., 354, 463.
Stefani, T. de, 122, 488.
Stellwaag, F., 268, 272, 273, 427.

467, 468.
Steven, H. M., 138.
Stift, A., 354, 429, 522.
Stitz, H., 267.

Stone, R.E., 87.

Stookey, E. B., 345.

Stover," W. G., 15.

Strand, E., 199.

Stratford, G., 324.

Strickland, E. H., 151, 192, 193.

Strickland, L. F., 317.

Sturtevant, A. P., 242.

Subramaniam, P. V., 514..

Sutherland, C. H., 523.

Swain, A. F., 507.

Swaine, J. M., 191, 489.

Swezey, O. H., 72, 436, 461.

Szymanski, J. S., 271.

Tait, J., 221.

Takagi, S., 321.

Takahashi, R., 11, 151, 322.

Takakura, Y. 255.

Takenouchi, K., 142.

Talbert, T. j., 215.

Teichmann, E , 269, 270, 331.

Tempany, H. A.,498.

Theobald, F. V., 28, 155, 447.

498.
Therv, A.,38.
Thobias, Junr., J., 470.
Thomas, P. H., 153.
Thompson, W. R., 261, 432.
Thorne, C. E., 152.
Timberlake, P. H., 82, 322, 435,

437.
Tothill, J. D., 3, 147.
Townsend, 185.
Trabut, 57.

Tragardh, I., 118, 145, 272.
Travers, W. C, 437.
Treherne, R. C, 147, 322.
Troop, J., 22.

Tryon, H., 155, 157, 277, 337, 394.
Tullgren, A., 6.
Turner, W.B., 184.
Turner, W. F., 18, 116.

Ultee, A. J., 522.
UnderhiU, G. W., 231.
Urbahns.T. D.,47,361.
Urban, C . 174.
Urich, F. W., 131.
Ursat, J., 489.
Uvarov, B. P., 477.

553

van Burc:st, C. A. L. Smits, 226,

407, 408.
vanderGoot, P., 28, 55.
van der Weele, 448.
vanDj-ke, E. C.,81.
vanHall, C. J. J.,329,439.
van Hermann, H. A., 50.
van Heurn, F. C, 537.
van Leeuwen, 456.
van Slogteren, E., 441.
Vayssiere, P., 121.
Veitch, R., 25, 152,
Vercier, J., 533.
Vermeil, P., 450.
Vernier, P., 421.
Vin, T. J. do, 255.
Vincens, F., 451.
Vitzthum, H., 468.
Vogel, J. F., 423.
Voglino, P.,445.
Yon Bassewitz, E., 325.
Von Wahl, C, 288.
Vosler, E. J., 335.
Voss, G., 287.
Vuillet, A., 120.

Wade, 0., 185.

Wadlev, F. :\I., 247.

Wadsworth, R. V., 139.

Wahl, B., 261, 262, 289, 468.

Wahl, C. von, 288.

Wakeland, C.,396.

Wallis, T. E., 429.

Walton, \\. R., 247, 376, 479.

Warburton, C, 351.

Warner, L. R., 293.

Warren, D. C, 302.

Warren, E., 259.

Watarai, M., 196, 399.

Waterston, J., 56, 516.

^^^atson, J. R., 134, 135, 137, 236

474.
Webb, J. L., 300.
Weele, van der, 448.
Weigel, C. A., 312, 364.
Weiss, H. B., 15, 77, 82, 147, 215,

300, 516.
Welch, J. S., 285.
Welch, P. S., 14.
Weld, L. H., 149.

Wellhousc, W. H., 33, 77.
Wesenberg-Eund, C, 177.
Wlieeler, W., 98.
Wheldon, R. W.,348.
White, G. F., 414.
Wichmann, H., 175.
Wickham, H. F., 438.
Wieland, 428.
Wilcox, A M., 509.
Wildermuth, V. L., 462.
Wilhelmi, J., 467.
Wilkanskv, T., 507.
Willard, H. F., 170.
Willcocks, F. C, 73.
Williams, C. B., 131, 499, 531.
Williams, F. X., 210.
Wilson, G.R., 181.
Wilson, H.F.. 532.
Wiltshire, S. P., 349.
Wimshurst, C. R., 372, 478.
Woglum, R. S., 29, 114, 230, 336,

508.
Wohbold, H., 467.
Wolff, M., 161, 264,265.
Wood, R. C, 130.
Wood, W. L., 439.
Woodworth, H. E.,239.
Worsham, E. L., 148.
Wradatsch, G., 470.
Wurth, T., 406.

Yagi, N., 24.

Yano, Munemoto, 125.

Zacher, F., 254, 288, 289, 424, 425,

426.
Zander, E., 272.
Zanon, V., 159.
Zappe, M. P., 342.
Zetek, J., 80, 85, 393, 497.
Zimmerley, H. H., 280, 402.
Zimmermann, H., 254, 359, 466,

540.
Zukowsky, B., 162.
Zvierezomb-Zubovskv, E., 102.

103, 107, 108.
Zvierezomb-Zubovsky, O., 107.
Zweigelt, F.,254,352,353.

555

GENERAL INDEX.

In the case of scientific names the page reference is cited only
under the heading of the generic name.

When a generic name is printed in brackets it signifies that the
name is not adopted.

A.

ahhoti, Sirex.

abbreviatiis, Diaprepes ; Gryllus ;

Omorgus.
Abdella acwuinata, parasite of Drae-

ailacephala mollipes in U.S.A., 79.
ahderus, Diloboderiis.
abdominalis, A ulacophora.
abetrans, A iractcmorpha.
Abies alba,' Gastr odes spp. on., in

Lithuania, 469.
Abies balsatuea (Balsam Fir), Pityo-

phthcrus pubendiis in, in Canada

and U.S.A., 34 ; new species of

Pityophthorns in, in Colorado, 260.
Abies concolor (White Fir), pests of,

in U.S.A., 295, 381.
Abies magnifica (Red Fir), Trachy-

kele nimbosa in scars on, in U.S.A.,

295.
Abies pectinata (Silver Fir), Pissodes

piceae in, in Bavaria, 332 ;

Chermes piceae on, in Britain, 59 ;

Sirex gigas in, in Ireland, 57 ;

not attacked by Lygaeonematus

pini in Switzerland, 470.
abietella, Dioryctria.
abietinuni, Nematus (see Lygaeone-
matus erichsoni).
abietis, Chermes {Adelges) ; Crypha-

lus ; Gastrodes ; Hylobius.
abhitella, Raphimetopus (Anerastia).
abnormis, Paraleptomastix {Tanao-

niastix) ; Zeugophora.
Abraxas grossulariata, on goose-
berries in Russia, 105.
abscondita, Acronvcia.
Abutilon, food -plant of cotton pests

in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 172,

173 ; in Brazil, 445.
Abyssinia, new Scolytid from, 87.

Acacia, new scale-insects on, in S.
Africa, 117 ; pests of, in Ceylon,
519, 520; Bruchids introduced
into Germany from E. Indies in,
160 ; pests of, in Italy, 142 ;
Endoxyla eucalypti on, in Queens-
land, 156; Polycaon ccnfetius
ovipositing on, in U.S.A., 463 ;
ants in relation to, 267.

Acacia caffra, fiew scale-insect en,
in S. Africa, 447.

Acacia catechu, new Scolytid on, in
Abyssinia, 487.

Acacia farnesiana, Bruchid pests in
seeds of, in Hawaii, 435, 436.

Acacia gagiana, Bvuchus maculipyga
in seeds of, in India, 10.

Acacia greggii, new Coccid on, in
U.S.A., 187.

Acacia harpophylla, unidentified Ce-
rambycid on, in Queensland, 157.

Acacia karroo, new scale-insect on,
in S. Africa, 447.

Acacia melanoxylon, new scale-
insect on, in S. Africa, 447.

Acacia, White (see Rcbinia pseuda-
cacia).

acacicB, CrypJialus ; Kennes ; Pseii-
dococciis.

Acalyplia, Coccus Jiesperidum on, in
Britain, 343.

Acanthocephalafemorata, on potatoes
and sunflowers in Florida, 137.

Acantliocinus griseus, in forests in
Lithuania, 420.

Acanthoderes clavipcs, in forests in
Lithuania, 420.

A canthophorus serraticornis, food-
plants of, in India, 61.

Acanthopsyche reidi (Limpet Cater-
pillar), on tea in India, 530.

Acaiithopsvche snelleni, on Hevea and
tea in Dutch East Indies, 329,
456, 537.

556

INDEX.

Acanthopsyche subteralbata, of little
importance in tea plantations in
Dutch East Indies, 456.
Acanthoscelidesobtectus{see Brnchus).
accepta, Xiphydria.
Acer (see iNiaple).

Acer atropnrpureum, Arctornis chry-
sorrhoea intercepted on, in U.S.A.,
306.
Acer campestris, Eiilecaniuni coryli

on, in Italy, 124.
Acer carpi nifolium, Chaitophorinella

acerifoliae on, in Japan, 11.
Acer negundo, new Lepidopteron on,

in U.S.A., 281.
Acer palmatum (Japanese Alaple),
Aphid on, in Japan, 11 ; biono-
mics of Platymeiopiiis hyalinus on,
in New Jersey, 147.
Acer pictuni, Aphid on, in Japan, 11.
Acer platanoides, Eulecanium coryli

on, 124.
Acer platanoides var. globosum (Nor-
way INiaple), Platymetopius hya-
linus on, in New Jersey, 147.
Acer pseiidoplatanus , Eulecanium

coryli on, 124.
Acer saccharuni (Hard Maple),
Megilla niaculata hibernating on,
in U.S.A., 32.
acericola, Phenacoccus.
acerifoliae, Chaitophorinella.
aceris, Acronycta.
acerni, Aegeria [Sesia).
Acetaldehyde, effect of, on under-
ground insects, 482.
Acetic Acid, chemotropic effect of,

on insects, 327.
Achaea Janata {melicerta), on castor-
oil in Assam, 461 ; on gutta-
percha in Dutch East Indies, 329 ;
on sugar-cane and castor-oil in
Queensland, 156, 209.
Achaea obvia, on citrus in Gold

Coast, 9.
Achaea serva, on guttapercha in

Dutch East Indies, 329.
achatinus, Brachytrypes.
Achatodes zeae (Spindle Worm), in
Canada, 374 ; attacking maize
in U.S.A., 374.
achemon, Pholus.

Acherontia atropos, on potatoes in
Russia, 105 ; on Solanutn melon-
gena in Tripoli, 159.
Acheta bimaculata, in Africa, 424.
Achillea, Euxoa segetum experi-
mentally fed on, in Germany,
271.
Achrota grisella (Wax Moth),
measures against, in beehives in
Germany, 272.

Achrysopophagus io, sp. n., parasite
of Pseudococcus citri in Philippines,
521.
Achrysopophagus rex, sp. n., parasite
of Pseudococcus citri in Philip-
pines, 521.
achyrantes, Siphonophora (see Myzus

persicae) .
Acidia fossataeformis, sp. n., in

Nyasaland, 264.
Acidia heraclei (Celery Fly), in

Britain, 351.
Acidia homogenea, sp. n., in Nvasa-

land, 264.
Aciiira perpicillaris , sp. n., in

British East Africa, 264.
Aclees cribratus, in Ficiis carica in

India, 84.
Aclerda, in South Africa, 447.
Aclerda ariditatis, sp. n., probably on
Hilaria cenchroides in U.S.A., 187.
Acleris minuta (see Oxygrapha).
Acorus calamus (Sweet Flag), food-
plant of Sphenophorus pertinax
in U.S.A., 389.
acraea, Estigmene.
Acrida turrita, on tobacco in Africa,

424.
acridiorum, Sarcophaga.
Acridium aegyptium (see Ortha-

canthacris) .
Acridium lineatum, on tobacco in

Africa, 424.
Acritochaeta pulvinata, intercepted

in gourds in California, 182.
Acrobasis obtusella, in Russia, 104.
Acrocercops, on cotton in India, 83.
Acrocercops cramerella (Cacao iMoth),
not very injurious in Dutch
East Indies in 1919, 329.
Acrocercops hierocosma, on litchi in

India, 84.
Acrolepia assectella, bionomics of,

on leeks in France, 176.
A cromyrmex, associated with Coccids

in British Guiana, 119.
Acronycta abscondita, parasites of,

in Europe, 331, 408.
Acronycta aceris, parasites of, on

maple in Russia, 105.
Acronycta euphorbiae, parasitised by
Rhogas rugulosus in Europe, 331.
Acronycta niegacephala, on poplars

in Russia, 105.
Acronycta oblinita (Smeared Dagger
Moth), on maize in Connecticut,
340.
Acronycta psi, in Russia, 105.
Acronycta rumicis (Sorrel Cutworm),
food-plants of, in Russia, 105 ;
intercepted on imported nursery
stock in U.S.A., 306.

INDEX.

557

Acronyda tridens, on apples in
Russia, 105.

Acrotylus patruelis, on tobacco in
Africa, 424.

Actias selene, food-plants of, in
India, 84.

aculealis, Tabidia.

aculeatus, Leperismus.

acuminata, Abdella ; Aelia ; Ptero-
gramnia.

aciiminatus , Ips {Tomicus).

acitpunctatus , Scyphophonis.

acuta, Anthela ; Leptocorisa.

acutangulmn, Opatrum.

acutigona, Habrocytus.

Acyrthosiphon pisi (Green Pea
Aphis), Syrphids predaceous on,
in Canada, 259 ; measures against,
in U.S.A., 47, 341 ; apparently
not attacked by A llograpta fracta
in California, 9.

Acyrthosiphon pisi destructor (Pea
Aphis), attacking field peas in
Idaho, 300.

Acysta perseae, on avocado in
Florida, 219.

Adalia bipunctata, in U.S.A., 338,
529 ; predaceous on Chermes
pinicorticis, 338.

Adelges (see Chermes).

Adelginiyza, gen. n., closely resem-
bling Silvestrina, 160.

Adelginiyza dactylopii, sp. n., pre-
daceous on mealy-bugs in Italy,
159.

Adelginiyza strobilobii, sp. n., pre-
daceous on Chermes strobilobius
in Italy, 159.

Adelginiyza tripidiperda, sp. n.,

on olive infested with Phloeothrips

oleae in Italy, 160.
Adelocera brevicornis, in Larix lari-

cina in U.S.A., 127.
Adelocera punctata, predaceous on

other insects in France, 176.
Adelphocoris lineolatus, on lucerne

in Russia, 104.
adersi, Lecaniiim.
Adhesives, banding with, 131 154

167, 202, 219, 253, 349.
adonidis, Entomoscelis.
adoniduni, Pseudococcus.
Adoretus, on Glycine soja in Dutch

East Indies, 538.
Adoretus tenuimaculatus (Japanese

Rose Beetle), measures against,

on cacao in Fiji, 297.
Adoretus umbrosus (Japanese Rose

Beetle), parasitised by Scolia

manilae in Hawaii, 72, 526.

Adoretus versutns (Rose Beetle), on

sugar-cane, parasitised by Scolia

manilae in Fiji, 26.
adspersa, Epicauta.
adumbrata, Eriocampa, Tenthredo

(see Eriocampoides limacina).
advena, Cathartus.
Aecidium elatinuin, attacking fir in

German}^ 358.
aedificator, Coptops.
Aegeria acerni, on shade-trees in

U.S.A., 247.
Aegeria apiformis, on poplar in Italv,

141.
Aegeria culiciformis , in Russia, 104.
Aegeria exitiosa (Peach-tree Borer),

in British Columbia, 221 ; inter-
cepted on peaches in California,

480 ; measures against, in U.S.A.,

45, 95, 189, 302, 309.
Aegeria mvopaeformis, in Russia,

107.
Aegeria rutilans, in British Columbia,

323.
Aegeria tipuliformis (Currant Borer),

measures against, on currants and

gooseberries in North America,

217, 360 ; on gooseberry in France,

370 ; in Tasmania, 153.
Aegeriids, Palaearctic, notice of food-
plants of, 162.
Aegerita webberi (Brown Fungus),

utilisation of, against Aleiiro-

canthus woglumi in Jamaica, 480,

481.
aegeus, Papilio.
Aegle marmelos (Bael Tree), Clitea

picta on, in India, 99.
aegrotalis, Pachyzancla.
Aegus, on coconuts in Dutch East

Indies, 538.
aegyptius ,Orthacanthacris{Acridium) .
Aelia acuminata, parasitised by

Phasia in Russia, 104.
Aelia furcula, in Russia, 104.
Aelia rostrata, measures against, in

Spain, 368, 406.
Aenasioidea kermicola, parasite of

Kermes spp., in U.S.A., 16.
Aenasioidea latiscapus, parasite of

Kermes pubescens in U.S.A., 16.
Aenasioidea pulchella, parasite of

Kermes in U.S.A., 16.
Aenasioidea tenuicornis, parasite of

Kermes niiyasakii in Japan, 16.
aenea, Chaetopsis .
aenescens, JMagdalis.
aeneus, Chalcodermus ; Meligethes ;

Phaenodiscus .
Acolesthes holosericea, function of

calcareous operculum of, in India,

101.

558

INDEX.

Aeolothrips, notice of key to species
of, in Canada, 147.

Aeolothrips fasciatus, 422.

aequale, Lecanium.

aequatus, Rhynchites.

aequinoctialis, Rhizotrogus.

aerivora, Diplogaster.

Aeroplanes, use of, in entomological
work, 10, 308.

aerosus, Br achy s.

aesciilaria, Anisopteryx.

aesculi, Eulecanium (see E. coryli).

Aesculus, Chaitophorinella acerifoliae
on, in Japan, 11.

Aesculus hippocastanuni (Horse-
chestnut), bionomics and control
of Oxypleurites carinatus on, in
Germany, 268 ; Tetranychus
telarius on, in Italy, 142 ; Porthe-
tria dispar on, in Switzerland, 202;
a food-plant of Eulecanium coryli,
124.

aestivus, Rhizotrogus .

Aethalion reticulatum, on mangos in
Brazil, 488.

Aethognathus afer var. cavilabris,
parasite of Stictococcus diversiseta
in Uganda, 243.

afer, Larinus.

affinis, Bruchus ; Exenterus ; Pem-
pheres ; Phytomyza ; Pissodes ;
Psylliodes.

affluens, Tachardia.

Afghanistan, range of Blastophaga
psenes extending to, 534.

Africa, notice of new species of
A orus from, 7 ; identity of Aphid
on violets in, 28 ; notes on new
Aphids of, 447 ; new bark-
beetles from, 487 ; notes on new
fruit-flies of, 263 ; Homoptera
of, 86 ; Myelois ceratoniae in,
122 ; tobacco pests in, 424 ;
pests from, intercepted in U.S.A.,
306, 307.

Africa, Central, Stephanoderes hainpei
in, 448.

Africa, East, new parasites of
Antestia lineaticollis in, 377 ;
Cardiophorus raffrayi introduced
into Germany from, 160 ;
measures against flax caterpillars
in, 432 ; new fruit-flies from, 264 ;
Phryneta spinator in, 69 ; scale-
insects from, 119; new Scolytid
from, 487 ; Scyphophorus acu-
piinctatus in, 149 ; Stephanoderes
hampei on wild blackberry in,
449.

Africa, South, migration of Capri-
rnulgus europaeus to Britain from,
135 ; notes on new Coccids of.

117, 447 ; bionomics and control
of Cydia pomonella in, 284 ; new
Hymenopterous parasites from,
521; measures against La^/j_>'^ma
exempta in, 412 ; measures
against locusts in, 477 ; miscel-
laneous pests in, 411 ; bionomics
and control of Phryneta spinator
in, 69 ; Sinoxylon ruficorne
damaging lead cables in, 81 ;
new weevils from, 264 ; Novius
cardinalis imported into Ceylon
from, 519 ; Pulvinaria mesem-
brianthenii imported into Germany
from, 358 ; pests from, inter-
cepted in U.S.A., 307, 387.

Africa, West, cotton pests in, 426,
474.

African Palm Weevil (see Rhyncho-
phorus phoenicis) .

africana, Gryllotalpa.

africanus, Paraceraptrocerus .

Agapanthia dahlii, measures against,
on sunflowers in Russia, 102, 106.

Agaricus melleus, 332.

Agathis, notice of key to species of,
429.

Agathis anglica, hosts of, in Britain,
429.

Agathis brevisetis, parasite of Coleo-
phora troglodytella in Britain, 429.

Agave frankeera, Scyphophorus
acupunctatus on, in Curagao, 150.

Agave sisalana, apparently not
attacked by Scyphophorus acu-
punctatus in Cura9ao, 150.

Agave vivipara, Scyphophorus acu-
punctatus on, in Cura9ao, 150.

Agelastica alni (Alder Leaf-beetle),
in Central Europe, 289 ; inter-
cepted on imported nursery stock
in Connecticut, 337.

Ageratum conyzoides, food-plant of
Tetranychus telarius and Brevi-
palpus obovatus in Dutch East
Indies, 354.

Aglia tail, on Quercus rubra in
Germany, 469.

Aglossa pinguinalis, in Russia, 104.

Agonopteryx ocellana, intercepted on
imported nursery stock in U.S.A.,
306.

Agonoscelis puberula, on dura and
grasses in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,
172.

agrestis, Crioccphalus ; Euxoa ;
Strongylocephalus .

agrifoliae, Protodiaspis.

Agrilus, on raspberries in Russia,
105.

Agrilus angelicus (Flat-headed Oak
Twig-girdler), in U.S.A., 463.

INDEX.

559

Agrilus anxius (Bronze Birch Borer),
on white birch in U.S.A., 247,
516; spread of, in Canada, 528.

Agrilus armatus (Oak Twig-girdler) ,
in North America, 516.

Agrilus bilineatus (Two-lined Chest-
nut Borer), in North America,
247,516.

Agrilus dcrasofasciatiis, in vines in
France, 433, 434.

Agrilus egenus, in Robinia psenda-
cacia in U.S.A., 516.

Agrilus ruficollis (Red-necked Cane
Borer), in North America, 516.

Agrilus sinuatus, in Holland, 199.

Agrilus vittaticollis (Apple Root
Borer), in North America, 516.

agrioma, Peronea.

Agriophora rhombota (Sandwich
Caterpillar), on tea in India, 530.

Agriotes, measures against, on carna-
tions in Britain, 441.

Agriotes lineatus, in Austria, 261 ; in
Britain, 138 ; on wheat and vines
in Italy, 142, 203 ; on potatoes in
Russia, 105.

Agriotes mancus, in Ontario, 2.

Agriotes obscurus, bionomics of, in
Britain, 138.

Agriotes sputaior, in Britain, 138.

Agrotfiyza, on Cajanus indicus in
Ceylon, 520 ; new parasite of, in
Philippines, 521 ; establishment
of, to destroy lantana in Queens-
land, 156, 158 ; measures against,
on beans in Straits Settlements,
283.

Agromyza gtiaranitica, sp. n., on
chrysanthemum in South Africa,
299.

Agromyza jucunda, a minor sweet
potato pest in Cuba, 51.

Agromyza lantanae (Lantana Fly),
destroying Lantana in New South
Wales, 7.

Agromyza marellii, sp. n., in South
America, 299.

Agromvza phaseoli, on beans, etc.,
in Dutch East Indies, 329, 495 ;
on beans in Queensland, 156 ;
measures against, on beans in
Straits Settlements, 193, 283.

Agromyza shineri, intercepted on

Wistaria in U.S.A., 307.
Agromyza sojae, on Glvcine soja in

Dutch East Indies, 329.
Agropyron, food-plant of Cephiis

cinctus in U.S.A., 464.
Agrostalagmus albus, infesting Aphis

gossypii in Porto Rico, 303.
Agrostis alba, Phyllotreta vittula on,
in Britain, 155.

Agrotis, on wheat in Australia, 502 ;
on swedes in Britain, 155 ; on
cotton in Mesopotamia, 478 ; on
cotton in Queensland, 155 ; on
Capsicum annuuni in Tripoli, 159.

Agrotis c-nigrum, on tobacco in
Africa, 424 ; in Russia, 105 ;
measures against, in U.S.A., 184,
281, 479 ; effect of Hght-traps on,
184 ; experiments with Soros-
porella uvella and, 170.

Agrotis exclamationis (see Feltia).

Agrotis fennica, measures against, in
Minnesota, 281.

Agrotis infusa (see Euxoa).

Agrotis obsciira (see A. ravida).

Agrotis plecta, in Russia, 105.

Agrotis [Triphaena) promiba, natural
enemies of, in Britain, 135, 331 ;
in Russia, 105 ; food-plants of,
in Tripoli, 159; on vines in Tunis,
452.

Agrotis ravida, in Russia, 105.

Agrotis saucia, in Russia, 107.

Agrotis segetum (see Euxoa).

Agrotis tritici var. aquilina (see
Euxoa) .

Agrotis unicolor, measures against,
in Minnesota, 281.

Agrotis vestigialis (see Euxoa).

Agrotis ypsilon, on tobacco in
Africa, 424 ; on tobacco in Assam,
461; in Ceylon, 111; Br o sens
punctatus predaceous on, in India,
100 ; on vegetables in Queens-
land, 157 ; in Russia, 105 ;
measures against, in U.S.A., 281,
479 ; experiments with Soros-
porella uvella and, 170.

Agrypnus fuscipes, predaceous on
cockchafer grubs and Lepidoptera
in India, 100.

Agrypnus mastersi, predaceous on
sugar-cane beetles in Queensland,
132.

Agrypon flaveolatuni, parasite of
vine moths in Austria, 353.

Agrypon variitarsum, parasite of
Hyponomeuta spp. in Germany,
288.

Aguacate Pear (see Pcrsea gratis-
sima).

ainsliei, Pyrausta.

Air-tight Storage, against grain
weevils, 21, 178.

ajax, Hadronotus.

Ajowan (see Carum copticum).

Aktograph, for examining biological
phenomena in insects, 27 1 .

Alabama, bionomics and control of
Calandra oryzae in, 513; miscel-
laneous pests in, 21 ; Parlatoria

560

INDEX.

pergandei intercepted in Cali-
fornia on citrus from, 182.

Alabama argillacea (Cotton Moth),
on cotton in Brazil, 290 ; in
U.S.A., 10, 81, 341, 459; biono-
mics and control of, in West
Indies, 35, 296, 303, 442 ; not
recorded in St. Vincent in 1918-
1919, 206 ; use of calcium arsenate
against, 459.

alacris, Trioza.

Alavis chalcolepidium, in San Thome,
493.

alba, Lepidosaphes.

Albahaca (see Ocymum hasilicum).

Alberta, Trachea finitima cerivana
in, 437.

albiceps, Sarcophaga.

albicornis, Urocerns.

albida, Syneta.

albiditarsis, Meteorus.

albidiventris, Dysdercus .

albifasciata, Stericta.

albifrons, Tettigonia {Decticus).

albipes, Psyche.

Albizzia, pests of, in Ceylon, 110,
111 ; Psyche snelleni on, in
Dutch East Indies, 537.

A Ibizzia lebbck, food-plant of Bruchus
limbatiis in Hawaii, 436.

Albizzia niohiccana, pests of, in
Dutch East Indies, 454, 456.

albizziae, Pseudococcus.

albofasciaia, Batocera ; Denops.

albohirta, Lepidiota.

albomaculata, Harmolita ; Thomson-
iella.

albomarginata, Kolla ; Oncideres.

albopictus, Mesostenns.

albovenosa, Arsilonche.

A Icaeorrhynchus grandis (Spined
Soldier Bug), said to be predace-
ous on Xylomvges eridania in
Florida, 236.

Alchcmilla, Galeruca tenella ovi-
positing on, in Germany, 176.

Alcides Indificator , on Gmelina
arborea and teak in India and
Burma, 171.

Alcides mali, on apple in India, 84.

Alcohol, in bait for Polia oleracea,
61 ; and corrosive sublimate,
timber treated with, against
Anobium striatum, 265.

Alder {Alnus), pests of, in North
America, 15, 82, 381 ; Pulvinaria
vitis on, in Britain, 343 ; Agelastica
alni on, in Central Europe, 289 ;
Hylastinus alni on, in Siberia, 10.

Alder, Black, bionomics of Erio-
campa mitsukurii on, in Japan,
142.

Alder, White (see Alniis rJiombifolia) .

Alder Leaf-Beetle (see Agelastica
alni) .

Aletia argillacea (see Alabama).

aletiae, Frontina.

Aleurobius farinae (see Tyroglyphus).

Aleurocanthus woglumi (Citrus Black
Fly), bionomics and control of,
in Cuba, 51, 54, 228, 256; pre-
cautions against introduction of,
into Florida, 71, 293, 383 ; utilisa-
tion of beneficial fungi against,
in Jamaica, 481.

Aleurodes, intercepted in California,
387, 480, 508 ; intercepted in
Kansas, 14 ; life-cycle of, in hot-
houses in Russia, 107 ; on cacao
in San Thome, 492.

Aleurodes azaleae, sp. n., intercepted
on azaleas in U.S.A., 365.

Aleurodes bergi, on sugar-cane in
Dutch East Indies, 330.

Aleurodes comata, on sugar-cane in
Fiji, j|7.

Aleurodes longicornis, on sugar-cane
in Dutch East Indies, 330.

Aleurodes nubifera (see Dialeurodes
citrifolii) .

Aleurodes taonabae, bionomics and
control of, in Japan, 297.

Aleurodes trachoides, a minor pest of
sweet potato in Cuba, 51.

A leurodes vapor ariorimi (Greenhouse
Whitefly), bionomics and control
of, in Britain, 473 ; food-plants of,
in Connecticut, 342 ; fumigation
experiments against, 533.

Aleurolobus barodensis, on sugar
cane in India, 84.

Aleurothrixus howardi (Woolly
Whitefly) , food-plants of, in Cuba,
229 ; parasitised by Eretmocerus
haldemani in Florida, 137.

alexis, Parata.

Alfalfa (see Lucerne).

Alfalfa Caterpillar (see Colias eury-
theme) .

Alfalfa Seed Chalcid (see Brucho-
pJiagus funebris) .

Alfalfa Weevil (see Hypera vari-
abilis) .

Algaroba (see Prosopis juliflora) .

Algaroba Bruchid (see Bruchus
prosopis) .

Algeria, bionomics and control of
Gortyna xanthenes on artichokes
in, 213; Parlatoria calianthina
intercepted in U.S.A. on Pyrus
communis from, 307 ; scale-
insects and their control in, 57,
213, 450 ; pests of beet in, 450 ;
pests of vines in, 419, 451 ; plant

INDEX.

561

past legislation in, 80 ; legislation

respecting use of arsenicals in,

512; cultivation of pyretlirum

in, 281, 363.
al^inis, LixHs.
alhcimhra, Myzocallis.
aliena, Pardalaspis.
alienus, Pseuiischna.spi<;.
Alissonotum iynpressicolle, on grasses

and sugar-cane in India, 84.
Aliisonotum piceiim, on sugar-cane

and grasses in India, 84.
A llapanteles cecidiptae, gen. et sp. n.,

parasite of Cecidipta excaecariae

in South America, 475.
Alligator Pear (see Persea gratissima) .
alia, Macrosiphum (Aphis).
Allium ccpa (see Onion).
Allium porrum (see Leek).
Alloqrapta fracta, bionomics of, in

California, 9.
Allo^vapta, ohliqua, predaceous on

Apliids in North America, 259,

501 ; in California, 9.
Allopuluinavia suhtsrranea, gen. et

sp. n., on quick grass in South

Africa, 447.
Alloryhina, nitida (Southern Green

June Beetle), measures against,

in U.S.A., 482.
Allotria flavicovnis, hyperparasite of

.■\phid3 in Britain, 57.
Alhtrypes brevicornis, gen. et sp. n.,

in Natal. 264.
allyni, Eupelmus.
Almond [Amygdahts communis),

pests of, in Palestine, 71 ; pests

of, in Spain, 367, 539 ; pests of,

in U.S.A., 416, 462, 463.
Almond, Indian (see Terminalia

catappa).
Almond, Wild (see Braheium stella-

tifoliwn).
alni, Agelastica ; Hylastinus ;

Xylococcus.
Alniphagus,Hylastinoides a synonym

of, 53.
alniuora, Pteronidea.
A In us (see Alder).
Alnus americana, Clastoptera obtusa

on, in U.S.A., 149.
Alnus japonica, new scale-insect on,

in Japan, 375.
Alnus rhombifolia (White Alder),

Buprestis viridisutuvalis in, in

U.S.A., 295.
Aloe, Chionaspis exalbida inter-
cepted on, in U.S.A., 307.
aloeus, Strategus.
alope, Erinnyis [D ilophonota) .
alopecuri, Oligotrophus.

(3202)

Alopecurus pratensis (Meadow-fox-
tail), measures against Oligotro-
phus alopecuri on, in Denmark, 60.

alpha, Liopiis.

Alphitobius piceus, intercepted in
rice in Queensland, 157 ; in
Russia, 105.

Alsike [Trifolium hybridum), pests
of. in U.S.A., 79, 279.

alternans Pimpla.

alter nata, Pimpla ; Zonosema.

alternator, Habrocryptus.

alterniis, Stauropus.

althaeae, Paratetranychus [Tetrany-
chus).

Alucita sacchari, on sugar-cane in
Mauritius, 55.

Aluminium, resistant to liquid
hydrocj^anic-acid, 9 1 .

amanda, Ocnerogyia.

Amara communis, intercepted on
imported nursery stock in Con-
necticut, 337.

amaralii, Mirotermes.

Amarantus (Careless Weed), food-
plant of Xylomyges eridania in
Florida, 235.

Amarantus gangeticits, food-plant of
Holotrichia leucophthalma in Java,
140 ; food-plant of Epicauta
hirticornis in Formosa, 197.

Amarantus mangostanus , food-plant
of Epicauta hirticornis in Formosa,
197.

Amarantus retroflexus (Red-root
Pigweed), destruction of, against
Lygus pratensis in Canada, 362 ;
food-plant of Baris scolopacea in
Connecticut, 340.

Amarantus spinosus, food-plant of
Epicauta hirticornis in Formosa,
198 ; food-plant of Holotrichia
leucophthalma amd Tetranychus
telarius in Dutch East Indies, 140,
454.

Amaryllis, pests of, in Queensland,
157.

Amathusia phidippus, on coconuts
and Corypha in Dutch East
Indies, 329, 495, 538; measures
against, on palms in Straits
Settlements, 283.

Amatissa contorta (Basket- worm), on
tea in Dutch East Indies, 456.

ambiguella, Clysia [Conchylis).

ambiguus, Chionaspis ; Psallus.

Amblymerus, predaceous on

Diarthronomvia hypogaea in
U.S.A., 364.'

Ambrosia, food-plant of Pyrausta
ainsliei in U.S.A., 116.

562

INDEX.

Ambrosia artemisiaefolia (Ragweed),
food-plant of Baris scolopacea in
Connecticut, 340.

.Ambrosia Fungus, a doubtful food
of Stephanoderes hampei m Dutch
East Indies, 448 ; cultivated by
Xyleborus for food in Dutch East
Indies, 456.

Ameiva exiil, destroying noxious
insects in Porto Rico, 484.

Amclanchier canadensis, new sawfly
on, in U.S.A., 381.

Amelanchier spicata, new Aphid on,
in U.S.A., 418.

amelanchiericolens, Macrosiphiun.

anielanchieridis, Pieronidea.

America, sexual forms of Aphis
saliceti in, 328 ; Coccophagus
scutellatis probably introduced
into, from Europe, 123 ; Ephestia
cauiella introduced into, in Smyrna
figs, 241 ; Ephestia kuhniella
introduced into Germany from,
428 ; Pachyneuron coccormn
probably introduced into, with
European scale-insects, 124 ;
suggested introduction of para-
sites of Pyrausta niihilalis from
France into, 120 ; classification
of red spiders of, 145.

America, Central, possible existence
cf parasite of Scyphophorus acu-
punctatus in, 150 ; pests from,
intercepted in California, 13, 49,
114, 182, 240, 319, 387, 480, 508 ;
prohibition against importation
cf certain plants into Cuba from,
256.

America, North, Agrilus spp. of,
516 ; Anthorayiidae and Scato-
phagidae of, 533 ; notes on
classification of Aphids of, 8 ;
Clerids of, 510 ; notes on Coccids
of, 222 ; Crustacea infesting
timjber in, 355 ; Hippodamia spp.
in, 82 ; Hypera nigrirostris and
its parasites in, 223 ; classification
of Ichneumonidae of, 417, 509 ;
Idiocerus cognatus established in,
82 ; bionomics and distribution
of Oscinella frit in, 182-184 ;
revision of Nearctic termites in,
286 ; doubt as to occurrence of
Tetranychus telariiis in, 145 ; (see
also Canada, Mexico and U.S.A.).

America, South, Lema trilineata and
A stylus atromaculatiis possibly
imported into South Africa from,
412 ; Coptotermes intnidens •proha.-
bly introduced into Hawaii from,
435 ; new Hymenopterous para-
sites and their hosts in, 474 ;

Iridomyrmex humilis probablv
introduced into France from,
326 ; new red spider on tree from,
at Kew, 466 ; (see also Argentina
and Brazil).

American Bladder Nut (see Sta-
phylea trifolia) .

American Chestnut (see Castanea
dentata) .

American Currant Borer (see
Psenocerus supernotatiis) .

American Grass Thrips (see Ana-
phothrips obscurus) .

American Larch (see Larix laricina) .

americana, Apamea nictitans ; Chio-
naspis ; Malacosoma ; Meromyza ;
Periplaneta ; Plodia ; Schistocerca.

americanus, Dvyocoetes ; Dryoph-
thorus ; Syrphus.

amitinus, Ips [Tomicus).

Ammalo helops, on fig-trees in South
America, 299.

Ammonia, spraying with, against
Diloboderns abderus, 214 ; injection
of, into timber against termites,
242.

Ammoniacal Copper Carbonate, 444.

Ammonium Sulphate, as a soil-
fertiliser against subterranean
pests, etc., 349, 449 ; against
Phylloxera, 446.

Ammophila arenaria, new Coccid on,
in California, 187.

Ammophila sabulosa, parasite of
Panolis flammea in Holland, 226.

Amorphococcus leptospermi, in gall
on Leptospermum in Australia,
63.

ampelophaga, Haltica.

Ampera intnisa, gen. et sp. n., in
stored rice in Java, 28.

Amphidasys betulavia, in Russia, 105.

Amphimalliis solstitialis, in Austria,
261 ; destroyed by nightjars in
Britain, 135 ; in Russia, 106.

Amphipyra pyramidea, parasitised
by Rhogas grandis in Britain, 331 .

Amphorophora viciae, food-plants of,,
in Britain, 58.

amplifrons, Euaresta.

amygdali, Scolytus.

anachoreta, Pygaera.

anactus, Papilio.

Anagrus, introduction of, into Cali-
fornia from Australia against
mealy-bugs, 336 ; parasite cf
Perkinsiella vitiensis in Fiji, 27.

Anagnis armatus var. nigriventris ,
parasite of Empoa rosae in U.S.A.,
232.

Anagrus epos, parasite of Empoa
rosae in U.S.A., 232.

INDEX.

563

Anagvrus antoninac, parasite of
Antonina indica in Hawaii, 437.

Anal Comb, function of, in various
Lepidopterous larvae, 78.

analis, Anoplognathus ; Bvitchits ;
Pterygophonis.

Anaphothvips obsciiriis (American
Grass Thrips), on tobacco in
Australia, 443.

Anaphothrips striatus (Grass Thrips) ,
measures against, on tobacco in
Australia, 465 ; a minor pest of
maize in Connecticut, 340.

Anarsia ephippias, Euhlcmrna
dimidialis associated with, on
Phaseolus mungo in India, 100.

Anarsia Uneatella (Peach Twig
Borer), measures against, in
British Columbia, 322.

Anarthronota thnringiaca, parasite of
Gortyna ockracea in Germany, 408.

Anasa tristis (Squash Bug), biono-
mics of, in U.S.A., 248, 342, 521.

Anastatus bifasciatus, liberation of,
against brown-tail and gipsy
moths in U.S.A., 96.

A nastoechus nitidulus, destroying
locusts in Italy, 485.

Anastoechus oreas (Locust Bee Fly),
natural enemy of locusts in
Canada, 316.

Anastrepha, measures against, on
inango in Cuba, 54.

Anastrepha fraterculiis (West Indian
Fruit-fly), on Psidium araca in
South America, 299 ; danger of
introduction of, into Florida,
293 ; intercepted on grapefruit
and mango in U.S.A., 306.

Anastrepha ludens (Mexican Orange
Maggot), intercepted in quaran-
tine in California, 508 ; danger of
introduction of, into Florida, 293.

Anastrepha serpentina, new parasites
of, in Trinidad, 11.

Anastrepha striata, new parasites of,
in Trinidad, 11.

anastrephina, Clinotaenia .

Anatis quindeciinpunctata, preda-
ceous on Chermes pinicorticis in
Connecticut, 338.

Ancepaspis, gen. n., 223.

Ancepaspis {Protodiaspis) anomala,
223.

Ancepaspis {Protodiaspis) edentata,
sp. n., on Acacia greggii in
U.S.A.. 187, 223.

Ancepaspis {Protodiaspis) tridentata,
sp. n., on Prosopis velutina in
U.S.A., 187 ; type-species of
genus, 223.

ancilla, Tephraea.

(3202)

Ancylis coniptana (Strawberry Leaf-
roller), measures against, in
Canada, 2, 233.

Ancvlis nuhecidana (Leaf Sewer), in
U.S.A., 529.

Ancvlonotus tribidus, in San Thome,
493.

ancylns, Aspidiotiis.

andersoni, Carphoborus.

Andira inennis, Diaprepes abbrevi-
atus on, in Virgin Islands, 35.

Andraca bipunctata (Bunch Cater-
pillar), measures against, on tea
in Dutch East Indies, 455 ;
epidemic disease of, in Sumatra,
510 ; on tea in India, 530.

andreae, Dvsdercus.

Andres-AIaire Traps, ineffective
against tobacco beetles in Dutch
East Indies, 538.

Andropogon halepensis (Johnson
Grass), Aphis sorghi on, in Anglo-
Egyptian Sudan, 198 ; restric-
tions on importation of, into
U.S.A., 512.

Andropogon nmricatus, Monecphora
bicincta on, in Cuba, 228.

Andropogon sorghum (Broom Corn,
Cholam), pests of, in India, 101,
519; pests of, in U.S.A., 511;
Pyrausta nubilalis intercepted in,
in U.S.A., 247 ; restrictions on
importation of, into U.S.A., 512.

Andropogon sorghum sudanensis
(Sudan Grass), restrictions on
importation of, into U.S.A., 512.

A)idropogon sorghum var. techniciis
(Broom Maize), restrictions on
importation of, into U.S.A., 512.

Anerastia ablutella, placed in genus
Raphimetopiis, 100.

Anerastia bimaculella, synonym of
Raphimetopus {Anerastia) ablu-
tella, 100.

Angelica, Tetranychus telarius on,
in Italy, 142.

angelicus, Agrilus. .

Angitia chrysosticta, parasite of
Hvponomeuta spp. in Germany,
288.

anglica , Agathis.

Angola, outbreak of Oxycarenus
hvalinipcnnis on cotton in, 201.

Angoumois Grain INIotli (see Sito-
troga cerealella) .

anguinus, Lixus.

angustatus, Calocoris.

angustus, Sympherobius.

Anisandrus dispar (see Xyleborus).

Anisodactylus binotatus, intercepted
on imported nursery stock in
Connecticut, 337.

C 2

564

INDEX.

Anisoplia, on wheat in Gennany,

468.
Anisoplia austriaca, on oats and rye

in Russia, 106.
Anisoplia cyathigera, in Russia, 106.
Anisoplia deserticola, in Russia, 106.
Anisoplia segetum, in Russia, 106.
Anisoplia zwickii, in Russia, 106.
Anisopteryx aescularia, on elm in

Russia, 105.
Anisoia senatoria (Oak Worm), on
scrub oak and birch in New

Jersey, 42.
annandalei, Chionaspis.
annularis, Chlorophonis.
annulata, Xyphidria (see X. longi-

collis).
annulator, Ichneumon,
annulipes, Trigonura.
Anobiutn, on Araucaria bidwilli in

Queensland, 156 ; damaging lead,

81.
Anobimn domesticum (see A.

striatum) .
Anobiuni paniceum, fumigation

experiments against, in Germany,

272 ; in stored tobacco, 425.
Anobium punctatum (Furniture

Beetle), measures against, in

Britain, 443.
Anobium striatum, measures against,
j, in timber in Austria, 264.
Anolis spp., value of, in destroying

noxious insects in Porto Rico,

483, 484.
Anomala, on tobacco in Dutch East

Indies, 538.
Anomala bengalensis, on sugar-cane

in India, 99.
Anomala orientalis, successful estab-
lishment of Scolia manilae against,

in Hawaii, 72, 526.
Anomala undulata, bionomics and

control of, in Florida, 219, 383.
Anomala varians, on pumpkin and

melon in Mesopotamia, 478.
Anomala vitis, on vines in Tunis,

452.
anomala, Ancepaspis {Protodiaspis) .
Anomalipus, an occasional tobacco

pest in South Rhodesia, 425.
Anomalon biguttatum, parasite of

P anolis flammea in Holland, 226.
Anomalon circumflexum, parasite of

Dendrolimus pini and Bupalus

piniarius in Germany, 469.
Anomis erosa, on cotton in Queens-
land, 157.
Anomis sabidifera (Jute Semilooper),

in Bengal, 444.
Anona muricata (Sour Sop), A pate

francisca on, in Cuba, 229 ;

Bephrata cubensis intercepted in,

in Florida, 71 ; new Coccid on

Loranthus growing on, in British

Guiana, 81.
Anona reticulata (Custard Apple),

A pate francisca on, in Cuba, 229 ;

Heterogr aphis bengalella on, in

India, 84 ; pests of, in Queens-
land, 157.
anonymus, Carpoglyphus.
Anoplocnemis phasiana, on dadap in

Ceylon, 520.
Anoplodesmiis saussurei, an intro-
duced pest in Mauritius, 499.
A noplognathus analis, on strawberry

in New South Wales, 410.
Anoplognathus chloropyrus, on gum

and plum trees in New South

Wales, 410.
Anoxia pilosa, in Russia, 106.
antennata, Graptolitha {Xylina) ;

Lachnosterna .
antennatus, Cyllene.
Antestia lineaticollis (Coffee Bug),

new parasites of, in East Africa,

377 ; on coffee in Uganda, 243.
Antestia orbitalis var. faceta (see

A. lineaticollis).
antestiae, Hadronotus.
Anthaxia quercata, in Larix laricina

in U.S.A., 127.
Anthela acuta, on sugai'-cane in

Queensland, 209.
Anthemis, food-plant of Apion

hooker i in Germany, 174.
Antheraea roylei, on apple and pear

in India, 84.
Antheroides brcvicornis, sp. n., on

grasses in Britain, 146.
Antheroides hirtellus, on grasses and

Jiincus articulatus in Britain, 146.
Antheroides junci, sp. n., on rushes

in Britain, 146.
Antheroides serrulatus, on grasses in

Britain, 146 ; Sipha paradoxa

possibly a synonym of, 146.
Anthicns nitidulus, feeding on apple

powdery mildew in U.S.A., 413.
Anthocoris visci, attacking mistletoe

in Germany, 357.
Anthomvia ceparum (see Hylemyia

antiqua).
Anthomyia cilicrura (see Phorbia).
Anthomyia conformis (see Pegomyia

hyoscyami) .
Anthomyia floralis, in Austria, 261.
Anthomvia radicum, in Austria, 261 ;

notice of external anatomy of,

419.
Anthomyia zeae (see Phorbia fus-

ciceps) .

INDEX.

565

Anthononms, on cotton in Brazil, 199.
AnthoHomns gvandis{'Me-idc2iX\. Cotton
Boll Weevil), measures against
in U.S.A., 10, 22, 96, 158,
181, 245, 285, 302, 343, 396,
457-459, 460 ; Solenopsis molesta
predaceous on, in U.S.A., 446 ;
new process for treating cotton
bolls against, 285 ; effect of wind
on spread of, 502.

Anthonomiis pomorum (Apple Blos-
som Weevil), in Britain, 139, 155 ;
bionomics and control of, in Ger-
many. 325, 426, 469, 486 ; in
Holland, 199, 407 ; on pear in
Italy, 142 ; in Russia, 106 ; win-
ter measures against, in Switzer-
land, 23 ; parasites of, 139, 407 ;
fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid
gas against, 522.

Anthononms rubi, food-plants of, in
Austria, 290.

Anthononms signatits (Strawberry
Weevil), measures against, in
North America, 2, 44, 233, 280.

Anthcres leiiconotus (White Coffee
Stem Borer), in Uganda, 243.

Anthracene Oil, 301.

Antiirax, effect of organisms of, on
Gallevia mellonella, 163.

A nthrax lateralis, parasite of Platliy-
pena scabra in U.S.A., 391.

anthrenivorns, Laeliiis.

Anthreniis mitseoruni, measures
against, in clothing in Germany,
270.

Anthreniis scvophiilariae, damaging
woollen goods in Queensland, 158.

Anthrenits verhasci, in rve meal in
Central Europe, 288.

Anthreniis vorax, infesting clothing,
etc., in Anglo-Egjrptian Sudan,
173.

Anthribus fasciatus, bionomics of, in
Italy, 125, 127.

A nthribiis niveovariegatus, predace-
ous on Ericerns pela in Far East,
125.

Anthribus vaviiis, Microterys sylvius
believed to have been incorrectly
recorded as a parasite of, 127.

Anthriscus silvestris, food-plant of
Scepticus insularis in Japan, 398.

Antianthe expansa, on cotton in
Porto Rico, 303.

Anticarsia gemmatalis, on peanuts
in Florida, 137 ; on velvet beans
in Guadeloupe, 298.

antigoni, Pulvinaria.

Antigua, miscellaneous pests in, 296;
plant pest legislation against
cotton stainers in, 296.

Antilles, Myelois ceratoniae in, 122.
antilope, Cladognathus.
antiopa, Vanessa.

antiqua, Hyleniyia ; Notolophus
{Orgyia) ; Promecotheca ; Rhaco-
dineura.
Antirrhinum, Collembola on, in

Egypt, 73.
antonii, Helopeltis.
Antonina, 187 ; on nutgrass in

Queensland, 526.
Antonina indica, parasitised by
Anagyrus antoninae in Hawaii,
437.
Antonina waierstoni, sp. n., on
Anmdo phragmites in Macedonia,
119.
Antonina zonata, sp. n., ants associ-
ated with, on Teinostachyiim
attenuatum in Ceylon, 198.
antoninae, Anagyrus.
Ants, in houses in Barbados, 150 ;
from San Thome, 491 ; fungous
parasites of, in U.S.A., 417 ;
associated with Aphids, Coccids
and Aleurodids, 115, 119, 131,
198, 267, 273, 297, 343, 447, 480,
494, 498, 501, 536 ; relation of, to
Bacillus amvlovorus and other
plant diseases, 4, 135, 323 ;
attacking other insects, 25, 54,
150, 221, 431, 470, 514 ; inter-
cepted in quarantine, 49, 182, 460,
479 ; new species of, 488 ; rela-
tion to man and economic im-
portance of, 267 ; baits for, 444,
507 ; use of derris against, 439 ;
fumigation against, 426, 533, 536 ;
kerosene for protecting breeding
cages from, 28.
Ants, Argentine (see Iridonivrniex

humilis).
Ants, Black Carpenter (see Cam-

ponotits).
Ants, Brown (see Pheidole niegace-

phala) .
Ants, Crazy (see Prenolepis longi-

cornis) .
Ants, Fire (see Solenopsis geniinata).
Ants, Green Tree (see Oecophylla

smaragdina) .
Ants, White (see Termites).
Aniiraphis, intercepted on Iris

alberti in V.S.A., 317.
Anuraphis bakeri (Clover Aphis),
bionomics and control of, in
U.S.A., 149, 279.
Anuraphis helichrysi (Indian Peach
Aphis), on plums in U.S.A., 387.
Anuraphis nialifoliae (see Aphis).
Anuraphis [Aphis) persicae-niger,
on peach in Queensland, 156.

566

INDEX.

Anuraphis tulipae, intercepted on
Iris tingitana in U.S.A., 307.

Anychus, gen. nov., 145.

Anychus banksi, in Florida, 145.

Anychus rusti, on Carica papaya in
Peru, 145.

anxius, Agrilus.

Aonidia indica, sp. n., in India, 205.

Aonidia lauri, on laurel in Italy, 142.

Aonidia tentaculata, sp. n., on Vateyia
indica in India, 205.

aonidum, Chrysomphahis .

Aorus, notice of new species of,
from Africa, 7.

Aorus castaneus, on grass in North
Rhodesia, 7.

Aorus ferriiginens, on rice in Tonkin,
7.

Apamea nictitans americana, on
inaize in Nova Scotia, 373.

A panicles, 57 ; parasite of Cirphis
iinipuncta in Fiji, 27.

Apanteles ayerza, sp. n., parasite of
Colias lesbia in South America,
299.

Apanteles balthazari, probably a
parasite of Platyedra gossypiella
in Brazil, 446.

Apanteles congregatus, parasite of
Protoparce spp. in Kentucky,
364.

Apanteles gabrielis, sp. n., parasite of
Pionea forficalis in France, 120.

Apanteles glomeratus, wheat in-
directly damaged by, in Bohemia,
346 ; not parasitised by Meso-
chorus pallidus in Britain, 57 ;
parasite of Pieris in Europe, 83,
133, 346 ; parasite of Pieris
rapae in U.S.A., 532.

Apanteles lacteicolor, parasite of
Nygmia phaeorrhoea in U.S.A., 96.

Apanteles melanoscelis, liberation of,
against gipsy and brown-tail
moths in U.S.A., 96.

Apanteles riograndensis, sp. n.,
parasite of Tinea pellionella in
South America, 299.

Apate, on cacao in San Thome, 492.

Apate bimaculata, natural enemies
of, on vines in France, 434.

Apate capucina (see Bostrychus).

Apate francisca, control and food-
plants of, in Cuba, 229.

Apate monacha, natural enemies of,
in France, 434.

Apate punctipennis (Western Twig-
borer), food-plants of, in U.S.A.,
463.

A patela oblinita (see A crony eta) .

Apateticus crocatus, destroying nox-
ious insects in Canada, 323.

Aphalara nervosa, on potatoes in
Central Europe, 286, 289.

Aphelenchus cocophilus, sp. n.,
causing disease in coconuts in
West Indies, 67, 411.

Aphelinus argentinus, sp. n., para-
site of Parlatoria pergandei in
South America, 475.

Aphelinus lapisligni, parasite of
Anuraphis bakeri in U.S.A., 149.

aphidisuga, Trilobia.

Aphidius, parasite of Toxoptera in
Italy, 159.

Aphidius chrysanthemi , parasite of
Apion hookeri in Germany, 174.

Aphidius ervi, parasite of Macrosi-
phum urticae in Britain, 146.

Aphidius salicis, parasite of Aphis
saliceti in Britain, 146.

Aphidius testaccipes (see Lysiphle-
bus).

Aphids, on cotton and tobacco in
Africa, 424, 474 ; North Ameri-
can species of, 8 ; bionomics of,
in South America, 299, 367 ; in
Austria, 262 ; in British Isles,
57. 58, 146, 351, 352 ; intercepted
in California, 114, 182, 319, 387,
388, 479, 480, 509 ; control and
natural enemies of, in Germany,
346 ; introduction of natural
enemies of, into Hawaii, 72 ;
intercepted in Hawaii, 22, 431 ;
in India, 55 ; new Cecidomyiid
enemies of, in Italy, 159 ; in
Uruguay, 214 ; species of, infest-
ing apple, etc., in U.S.A., 16-19,
32, 94; measures against, 23,
38, 43, 75, 128, 129, 133, 215,
350, 351, 372, 376, 401, 403,
405, 429, 441, 468, 539 ; ants
associated with, 115, 267, 273,
447 ; classification and new
species of, 8, 11, 28, 55, 56, 59,
63, 146, 151, 199, 202, 322, 417,
418, 447, 479, 498, 502 ; economic
importance of, 2 ; life-cycle of,
418; natural enemies of, 72, 74,
146, 159, 259, 299, 346; plant
diseases diseminated by, 4, 323,
414 ; effect of attacks of, on
plant cells, 352, 353, 356 ; notice
of food-plant catalogue of, 418;
effect of extract of, on blood
corpuscles, 356.

Aphiochaeta fasciata, a parasite of
Coccinellids, 212.

Aphis, on plums in Queensland, 156;
on Eleusine coracana in Tripoli,
159.

Aphis alia, Macrosiphum allii
previously recorded as, 59.

INDEX.

567

Aphis asdepiadis (see A. nerii).

Aphis avenae (see Siphonaphis padi) .

Aphis baker i (see Anuvaphis).

Aphis bituberculata, synonym of
Hysteroneura {Heteroneiira) set-
ariae, 8, 63.

Aphis brassicac (see Bvcvicoryne).

Aphis bitxioni, sj:). n., in Persia,
498.

Aphis cardui, Syrphids predaceous
on, in Canada, 259.

Aphis cerasifoliae, on choke-cherries
and grass in U.S.A., 116.

Aphis chaerophvlli, on Chaerophvl-
lum in Britain, 58.

Aphis citri (see A. gossypii).

Aphis citrulli (see A. gossypii).

Aphis cooki (see A. gossypii).

Aphis cucmneris (see A. gossypii).

Aphis cuscutae, sp. n., on Ciisciita-,
epithymum, parasites of, in
Utah, 8.

Aphis cvnosbaii, A. hoiightonensis
probably a synonym of, 8.

Aphis eitonyini (see A. rumicis).

Aphis gladioli, on gladiohis in
Connecticut, 241.

Aphis gossypii (Asal Fly, Cotton
Aphis, iVlelon Aphis), Syrphids
predaceous on, in Canada, 259 ;
natural enemies of, on cotton in
Porto Rico, 303 ; on melons and
pumpkins in Russia, 107 ; food-
plants of, in Anglo-Egyptian
Sudan, 172 ; bionomics and con-
trol of, in U.S.A., 47, 285, 342,
444, 501 ; synonyms of, 501.

Aphis hederae, on ivy in Britain, 58.

Aphis hcraclei, 8.

Aphis hcraclella, suggested sub-
stitution of, for A. hevaclii, 8.

Aphis heraclii, Cowen, preoccupied
by A. heraclei, Koch, 8.

Aphis houghtonensis (Houghton
Gooseberry Aphis) bionomics of,
in U.S.A., 77 ; probably a
synonym of A. cynosbati, 8.

Aphis idaeus, on raspberry in
Britain, 58.

Aphis kochi, 18 ; on apple in
Britain, 58.

Aphis laburni, on Rcbiiiia in
Russia, 104.

Aphis maidis, controlled by Allo-
grapta Jracta in California, 9 ; on
Sorghii})i vidgare in Tripoli, 159 ;
transmitting mosaic disease in
U.S.A., 371, 531.
Aphis mali (see A. poini).

Aphis {Anuraphis) malifoliae, 117;
considered a synonj-m of A . sorbi,
18.

Aphis niedicaginis, on vegetables in

Dutch East Indies, 329.
Aphis nerii, food-plants of, in India,

55.
Aphis padi (see Siphonaphis).
Aphis papaveris (see A. rumicis).
Aphis persicae, on peach in Italv,

142.
Aphis persicae-niger {see Anuraphis).
Aphis ponii (Green Apple Aphis),

bionomics of, in Canada, 1, 35,

259, 323, 528 ; in Holland, 199 ;

bionomics and control of, in

U.S.A., 16, 17, 29, 30, 45, 529 ;

Bacillus amylovorus spread bv,

323.
Aphis pruni, on plums in Britain,

528 ; in Holland, 199 ; on Prunus

in Italy, 142.
Aphis prunicoleus, synonym of

Hysteroneura {Hcteroneura)

setariae, 8, 63.
Aphis prunifoliae, 30 ; not con-
sidered distinct from Siphonaphis

padi, 19.
Aphis pseudoavenae, probabh' a

synonym of Siphonaphis padi,

ne.

Aphis pseudobrassicae (False Cab-
bage Aphis), bionomics and con-
trol of, in U.S.A., 9, 42, 47, 385.

Aphis punicac, on pomegranate in
Persia, 498.

Aphis pyri, Boyer, 18.

Aphis ribis, on currant in Italy, 142.

Aphis rociadae, food-plants of, in
U.S.A., 8.

Apliis rosae, on rose in Italy, 142.

Aphis rumicis (Black Bean Aphis,
Beet Aphis), in North America,
47, 259 ; on beans and mangels in
Britain, 351 ; on Atriplex in
Central Europe, 261, 288 ; in
Holland, 199 ; in Italy, 142, 159 ;
natural enemies of, 159, 259 ;
measures against, 47, 400.

Aphis saliceti, bionomics of, on
willows in Britain, 146, 327.

Aphis samborni, on currants and
gooseberries in South Dakota, 444.

Aphis scotti, s^monym of Hystero-
neura (Heteroneura) setariae, 8.

Aphis setariae (see Hysteroneura).

Aphis sorbi [Dialifoliae) (Rosy Apple
Aphis), 30 ; in Holland, 199 ; in
Ontario, 35 ; bionomics and
control of, in U.S.A., 16, 18, 30,
45, 129 ; synonymy of, 18.

Aphis sorghi (Dura Aphis, Dura
Asal Fly), bionomics and control
of, in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 172,
198.

568

INDEX.

Aphis tavaresi (Black Aphis), control

of, on citrus in Mauritius, 73.
Aphis tripolii, sp. n., on Aster

tripolium in Britain, 56.
Aphis vibumicola, Syrphus rihesii

predaceous on, in Canada, 259.
Aphis, Apple (see Aphis pomi).
Aphis, Apple-bud (see Siphonaphis

padi) .
Aphis, Apple Grain (see Rhopalo-

siphuni pnmifoliae) .
Aphis, Arborvitae (see Lachniclla

tiijafilina) .
Aphis, Bean (see Aphis rnuiicis) .
Aphis, Beet (see Aphis nunicis).
Aphis, Black Bean (see Aphis

nimicis) .
Aphis, Black Cherry (see Myzus

cerasi).
Aphis, Black Citrus (see Aphis

tavaresi) .
Aphis, Cabbage (see Brevicoryne

brassicae) .
Aphis, Clover (see AniivapMs bakeri).
Aphis, Cotton (see Aphis gossrpii).
Aphis, Currant (see Myzus ribis).
Aphis, Dura (see Aphis sorghi).
Aphis, False Cabbage (see Aphis

pseiidobrassicae) .
Aphis, Gooseberry (see Myzus ribis) .
Aphis, Grain (see SiphonapJiis padi).
Aphis, Green Apple (see Aph is pomi) .
Aphis, Green Pea (see AcyrtJiosiplwn

pi si).
Aphis, Green Peach (see Myzus

persicae).
Aphis, Hop (see Phorodon hiimidi).
Aphis, Indian Peach (see Anuraphis

helichrysi) .
Aphis, Mealy Plum (see Hyalopterus

arundinis).
Aphis, ]Melon (see Aphis gossvpii).
Aphis, Mountain Ash (see Pvo-

ciphilus fraxinidipetalae) .
Aphis, Oat (see Siphonaphis padi).
Aphis, Pea (see Acyrthosiphon pisi).
Aphis, Pine Bark (see Chennes

pinicorticis) .
Aphis, Pine Tree (see Chennes pi^ii).
Aphis, Pink and Green Potato (see

Macrosiphmn pseudorosae and ]M.

solanifolii) .
Aphis, Pink and Green Rose (see

Macrosiphum rosae).
Aphis, Rosy Apple (see Aphis sorbi).
Aphis, Spruce Gall (see Chermes

strobi) .
Aphis, Squash (see Macrosiphum

curcurhitae) .
Aphis, Sugar-beet Root (see Pem-
phigus betae).

Aphis, Walnut (see Chromaphis
juglandicola).

Aphis, White Pine (see Lachnus
strobi).

Aphis, Woolly Apple (see Eriosoma
lanigerum).

Aphis, Yellow Sugar-cane (see Sipha
flava) .

Aphodius granarius, intercepted on
imported nursery stock in Con-
necticut, 337.

Aphoinia gularis, in imported pea-
nuts in U.S.A., 33.

Aphthona euphorbiae, in Russia, 106.

Aphycus, parasite of Eulecanium
coryli in Italy, 125.

Aphycus fuscidorsum, sp. n., para-
site of scale-insects in India, 19.

Aphycus lounsb'iiryi, introduction of,

> into California against Saissetia
oleae, 335, 506.

Aphycus mayri, synonym of A.
punctipes, 126.

Aphycus melanostomatus, synonym
of A. punctipes, 126.

Aphycus philippiae, parasite of
scale-insects in Italy, 126.

Aphycus pidchella (see Aenasioidea).

Aphycus punctipes, bionomics of, in
Italy, 124, 126 ; synonymy of,
126.

Aphytoceros lucusalis (Shoot-boring
Caterpillar), on figs in Queensland,
156.

apicalis, Labena ; Nephotettix ;
Pediopsis ; Zygina.

apicatus, Chrysomphalus.

apicella, Depressaria.

Apiculture, in U.S.A., 97 : see
Bees).

apiforme, Trochiliitm.

apiformis, Aegeria (Sesia).

Apion, in Bengal, 444.

Apion apricans, on Medicago^ sativa
in Italy, 142.

Apion fuscirosiris, on Sarothamnus
in Germany, 468.

Apion hookeri, food-plants and para-
sites of, in Germany, 174.

Apion pomonae, in Russia, 106.

Apion variegatum, attacking mistle-
toe in Germany, 357.

Aplonierus, notice of key to species
of, 417.

Aplomerus buprestivorus, sp. n., in
galleries of a Buprestid in North
America, 417.

Apoderus tranquebaricus, food-plants
of, in India, 101.

Apogonia destructor, on Glycine soja
in Dutch East Indies, 538.

INDEX.

569

Aporia crataegi, in orchards in
Germany, 426 ; measures against,
in Russia, 102, 104.

Apple, pests of, in South Africa,
69, 284 ; pests of, in Australia,
153, 154, 156, 157, 333, 410;
pests of, in Austria, 263, 426 ;
pests of, in Britain, 58, 59, 133,
139, 155, 349, 350, 404, 405, 517 ;
pests of, in Canada, 15, 33, 168,
190, 207, 221, 222, 323; Rhyn-
chites coniciis on, in France, 295 ;
pests of, in Germany, 268, 287,
288, 356, 426, 486 ; pests of, in
Holland, 199, 407 ; pests of, in
India, 84, 534 ; pests of, in Italy,
124, 141, 142; bionomics of
A rgyresih ia conjugella on, in Japan,
120 ; food-plant of Cvdia molesta
in Korea, 143 ; pests of, in
Mesopotamia, 478 ; pests of, in
Russia, 103, 104. 105, 107 ;
pests of, and their control in
U.S.A., 4, 15, 16-19, 29, 30, 33,
76, 78, 94, 116, 129, 189, 190,
215, 219, 232, 234, 238, 249,
250, 304, 305, 363, 385, 393,
413, 462, 504, 505, 529; pests
intercepted on, in U.S.A., 49,
114, 181, 182, 240, 306, 319,
387, 388 ; Cvdia pomonella on,
in Uruguay, 214 ; pests of, in
Xew Zealand, 324, 344 ; restric-
tions on removal of, in New-
Zealand, 504 ; value of bees to,
219 ; effect of fumigation with
para-dichlorobenzene on, 189.

Apple, Custard (see Anona reticul-
ata).

Apple Aphis, Green (see Aphis
pomi).

Apple Aphis, Rosy (see Aphis
sorbi).

Apple Aphis, Wooll}^ (see Eriosoma
lanigeruni) .

Apple Blossom Weevil (see A nthono-
nius pomoriim).

Apple Blotch (see Phyllosticta soli-
taria) .

Apple Bud Aphis (see Siphonaphis
padi).

Apple Canker (see Leptosphacria
coniothyrium).

Apple Canker Fungus (see Neciria
diiissima).

Apple Capsid (see Plcsiocoris riigi-
collis) .

Apple Fruit Miner (see Argyresthia
conjugella and Marmara pomon-
ella).

Apple Grain Aphis (see Rliopalosi-
phwm prunifoliae) .

Apple Leaf Skelctoniser (see Can-
arsia hanimondi).

Apple Leafhopper (see Einpoasca
mail) .

Apple Maggot (see Rhagoletis pom-
onella) .

Apple Powdery Mildew, possible
transmission of, by insects in
U.S.A., 413.

Apple Red Bug (see Heterocordylus
malinus).

Apple Root Borer (see Agrilus
vittatieollis).

AppleRootWeevil {seeLeptops hopei) .

Apple Sucker (see Psylla mali).

approximatus, Pissodes.

apricans, Apion.

Apricot {Prunus armcniaca), Phry-
neta spinator on, in South
Africa, 69 ; Cydia funebrana on,
in Italy, 141 ; Cydia molesta
ovipositing on, in Korea, 143 ;
Tortrix heparana on, in Russia,
107 ; pests of, in Salonika, 71 ;
pests of, in U.S.A., 462, 463 ;
Eulecanium covyli on, 124.

apterus, Lethrus ; Xanthoencyrtus.

aquilina, Euxoa [Agrotis) tritici.

Araca (see Psidium araca).

Arachis, Endotricha puncticostalis
on, in Queensland, 157.

Arachis hvpogaea (Ground Nut,
Peanut), Lepidopterous larvae
intercepted in, in California, 13,
49 ; pests of, in Florida, 137,
235; pests of, in India, 101,
519 ; Heliothis obsoleta in, in
Dutch East Indies, 329 ; attacked
by Scepticus insular is in Japan,
321 ; pests of, in Queensland,
62 ; Edessa nieditabunda on, in
St. Vincent, 206; Heliothrips
indicus on, in Sudan, 497 ; (see
also Peanuts, Stored).

Aradus cinnamomeus, natural enemy
of, on pines in Germany, 273.

Araecerus, on Glycine soja in Dutch
East Indies, 329.

Araecerus fasciculatus, in stored
grain, etc., in Brazil, 59 ; inter-
cepted in California, 114, 479;
food-plants of, in Ceylon, 520 ;
on coffee in Dutch East Indies,
330, 406, 495, 538 ; on coffee in
San Thome, 493.

Aralia, pests intercepted on, in
California, 479.

Araucaria bidivilli, pests of, in
Queensland, 156.

Araucaria excelsa (Norfolk Island
Pine), Pseiidococcus aurilanatus
on, in California, 336.

570

IXDEX.

Arbela dea (Bark-eating Borer of I
Tea), in India, 530.

Arbela qiiadrinotata, on cacao in
Ceylon, 520.

Arborvitae Aphis (see Lachniella
hijafilina) .

Arbutus unedo (Strawberry Tree),
Polycaon confertus on, in U.S.A.,
463.

archebates, Calisto.

Archips (see Tortrix).

Archon centaur us (Rhinoceros
Beetle), on coconut, suggested
legislation against, in Gold Coast,
9.

Arctia caja, parasitised by Rhogas
geniculator in Europe, 331.

Arctia villica, parasitised by Rliogas
geniculator in Britain, 33 1 .

arctica, Septis.

Arctiophora ombrodetta (see Crypto-
phlebia illepida).

Arctornis chrysorrhoea (Gold-tail
Moth), parasites of, in Britain,
57 ; parasitised by Rhogas geni-
culator in Europe, 331 ; causing
injury to silkworms in Japan,
24 ; measures against, in Russia,
102, 105 ; intercepted in U.S.A.,
306.

arcuata, Coccinella.

arcuatus, Clytus [Plagionotus) .

areator, Hemiteles.

arenae, Heterococcus.

areolata, Platvpedia.

areolatus, Sarothrus.

Argentina, Bruchids from, inter-
cepted in Queensland, 157 ; bio-
nomics and control of Colias
lesbia on lucerne in, 433 ; bio-
nomics and migrations of locusts
in, 200, 475, 515 ; maize pests in,
405, 514; miscellaneous insects
in, 140, 299, 405, 434, 474;
Mutyca grandis predaceous on
Papilio thoantiades in, 541 ;
bionomics and control of Oeceticus
platens is in, 398 ; Pediculoides
ventricosus a natural enemy of
cereal pests in, 405 ; Pseudococciis
boninensis intercepted in U.S.A.
on sugar-cane from, 307 ; Sitotroga
cerealella not a new pest in, 405 ;
protection of insectivorous birds
in, 299.

argentina, Sarcophaga.

Argentine Ant (see Iridomvrmex

hutnilis).
Argentine Bagworm (see Oeceticus

platensis) .
argentinus, Aphelinus.
argillacea, Alabama [Aletia).

Argina cribraria (Orange SannMoth),
in Bengal, 445.

Argina leonina, in San Thome, 493.

Argvresthia atmoriella (Larch Shoot
Moth), in forests in Britain, 380.

Argyresthia cevtella, attacking spruce
in Germany, 359.

Argyresthia conjugella (Apple Fruit
Miner), bionomics of, in Japan,
120 ; legislation against intro-
duction of, into U.S.A., 512.

Argyresthia cupressella (Cypress
Moth), in California, 394.

Argvresthia glabratella, attacking
spruce in Germany, 359.

Argvresthia illuminatella, attacking
fir-trees in Germany, 358.

Argvresthia laevigatella{harch Shoot-
boring Moth), bionoinics and
control of, in Britain, 237.

Argvria tumidicostalis , in rice and
sugar-cane in India, 84.

Argvroploce consanguinana, on fruit-
trees in British Columbia, 323.

Argyroploce illepida (see Crypto-
phlebia).

Argyroploce schistaceana, on sugar-
cane in Mauritius, 55.

Argvroploce variegana, parasitised
by Microdus rufipes in Britain,
515 ; in orchards in Germany,
426 ; on apples in Russia, 104.

argyrospila, Tortrix {Archips).

ariditatis, Aclerda.

aridula, Chaetocnema.

arietis, Clytus.

Arilus cristatus (Wheel Bug), pre-
daceous on Popillia japonica in
New Jersey, 374.

Aristotelia, on strawberry in North
America, 233, 459.

Aristotelia fragariae (Strawberry
Crown Borer) , in British Columbia,
323.

Arizona, measures against cotton
pests in, 10 ; experiments with
poison-baits against grasshoppers
in, 363, 442 ; Protodiaspis pulchra
on Quercus toumeyi in, 222 ; pests
from, intercepted in California, 13,
114, 181.

Arizona Cypress (see Cupressus
arizonica) .

arizonensis, Thrips.

Arkansas, plant pest legislation in,
234, 544 ; notice of spray calen-
dar for use in, 234 ; pests from,
intercepted in California, 114, 182,
480.

Armadillidium, in Queensland, 157.

armatus, Agrilus ; Myochrous.

INDEX.

571

Anneria vulgaris, new Coccids on,
in California, 187.

armigcra, Heliothis (see H. obsoleta) ;
His pa.

armipennis, Crossotarsus.

armipes, Seres.

armoraciae, Phyllotreta.

Army Cutworm (see Eaxoa anxil-
iaris and E. agrestis).

Army- worms, Chlaenius introduced
into Hawaii against, 72 ; (see
Cirphis unipuncta and Laphygma
cxempta).

Arotes, notice of key to species of,
in North America, 417.

arrogans, Microcryptus.

Arrowroot, little damaged by Cal-
podes ethlius in St. Vincent, 206.

Arrowroot Worm (see Calpodes
ethlius).

Arsenate of Copper (see Copper
Arsenate) .

Arsenate of Iron (see Iron Arsenate).

Arsenate of Lead (see Lead Arsenate) .

Arsenate of Lime (see Calcium Arsen-
ate).

Arsenic, against Lepidiota, 62, 164,
466 ; in formulae for poison-baits,
48, 129, 152, 154, 217, 296, 370,
386 ; experiments with, in Bor-
deaux mixture, 150 ; scorching
effect of, 77.

Arsenic Pentoxide, required per-
centage of, in calcium arsenate for
dusting against Anthonomus gran-
dis, 458.

Arsenic Trioxide, 477.

Arsenical Sprays, 7, 80, 85 ; nicotine
combined with, against Cydia
niolesta, 355 ; against Suiynthurus
viridis, 207 ; formula for, against
Sparganothis pilleriatia, 211 ; sup-
posed poisoning of horses by, in
U.S.A., 250; (see Lead Arsenate).

Arsenicals, legislation respecting use
of, in Algeria, 512 ; restrictions
on use of, against vine pests in
Germany, 522 ; use of, in plant
protection, 428 ; dusting with,
92, 94.

Arsenious Acid, and sulphur anhy-
dride, fumigation with, against
Atta, 53 ; in formula for spray
against Sparganothis pilleriana,
211.
Arsilonche albovenosa, parasitised by
Rhogas rugulosus in Britain, 331.
Arsine, experiments with, as a fumi-

gant, 533.
Artemisia californica, new scale-
insect on, in Santa Cruz Penin-
sular, 415.

artemisiae, Cecidomvia ; Torymus.

Artichoke {Cynaia), varieties of,
attacked by Gortyna zanthenes in
Algeria and South France, 213 ;
Alacrosiphmn on, in Italy, 159 ;
pests of, in Morocco, 121.

articidatus,Selenaspidus[Aspidiotus).

artocarpi, Parlatoria.

Artocarpus integrifolia (Jak), pests
of, in Ceylon, 521 ; attacked by
Dolichoderus bidens in Dutch
Guiana, 536 ; new scale-insects
on, in India, 205.

Anindina, Chliaria dendrobii on, in
Java, 40.

arundinis, Hyalopterus.

Arundo donax, termite breeding in,
in U.S.A., 507.

Arundo phragmites, new scale-insect
on, in Macedonia, 119.

Arytaina isitis (Indigo Psyllid), de-
gree of parasitism of, in India, 83.

Arvtai)ia obscura, on mango in
JBengal, 191.

Arytaina punctipennis, on indigo in
Bengal and Ceylon, 191.

A.sal Fly (.see Aphis gassy pii).

Aschersonia, in San Thome, 494.

Aschersonia aleurodis (Red Fungus),
utilisation of, against white-flies
in Florida, 294, 384 ; utilisation
of, against Alettrocanthus ivoglumi
in Jamaica, 480, 481.

Aschersonia flavociirina (Yellow
Fungus), utilisation of, against
whiteflies in Florida, 294, 384.

asclepiadis, Aphis (see A. nerii).

Ascogaster quadridentatus, parasite
of vine moths in Austria, 353.

Asemuni moestuin, in Larix laricina
in U.S.A., 127.

Ash (Fraxinus), Hvlesinu'; fraxini
in, in Bohemia, 325 ; Eriophyes
fraxini on, in Italy, 142 ; pests
of, in Lithuania, 421 ; pests of,
in Russia, 104, 105, 106, 107 ;
pests of, in U.S.A., 305, 463;
effect of direct sunlight on pests
of, 366.

Ash, Crows (see Flindersia).

Ash, Mountain, Paratetranychus
pilosus on, in Canada, 33.

Ashes, for protecting stored maize
from weevils, 9 ; dusting with,
214, 231 ; in formula for spray
against HcUothrips rubrocinctus,
201.

ashivorthana, Tortrix.

Asia, legislation against pests from,
in U.S.A., 512.

Asia Minor, Ephsstia caliddla in,
122.

572

INDEX.

Asilus, predaceous on sugar-cane
beetles in Queeusland, 132.

Asilus rufiventris, predaceous on
bees in Queensland, 158.

asparagi, Crioceris ; Lichtensia.

Asparagus, pests of, in Britain, 351 ;
Crioceris duodecimpunctata on, in
Russia, 106 ; pests of, in U.S.A.,
92, 98.

Asparagus capensis, new scale-
insect on, in South Africa, 447.

Asparagus Beetle (see Cricoceris
asparagi).

Aspen (see Popidus trcmidoides) .

asperatus, Cryphalus.

Asphondylia lantanae, sp. n., form-
ing galls on lantana in India, 473.

Asphondylia verbasci, on Verbascum
siniiatiim in France, 37.

asphondyliae, Pseudocatolacciis .

Aspidiotiphagus citrinus, parasite
of Chrvsomphahis dictyospermi in
Florida, 219.

Aspidiotus, on coconut and Piper
rnethysticiim in Fiji, 297 ; in
Uruguay, 214 ; intercepted in
California, 13, 182.

Aspidiotus ancylus, on currants and
gooseberries in South Dakota,
217.

Aspidiotus articulatus (see Selenaspi-
diis).

Aspidiotus britannicus, intercepted
on bay trees in California, 49,
181, 480.

Aspidiotus camclliae (see A. rapax).

Aspidiotus cocotiphagus, inter-
cepted on palm in Florida, 70.

Aspidiotus covilleae, sp. n., on
Covillea glntinosa in U.S.A., 188.

Aspidiotus cyanophylli, intercepted
on bananas, etc., in California,
13, 49, 114, 182, 240, 319, 387,
480, 508.

Aspidiotus cvdoniae, intercepted on
bananas in California, 319, 480,
508.

Aspidiotus destructor (Bourbon
Scale), on coconuts in Ceylon,
520 ; food-plants of, in Guam,
148 ; on coconuts in British
Guiana, 472 ; an introduced pest
in Mauritius, 499 ; measures
against, on avocado in Trinidad
aad Tobago, 131 ; intercepted in
U.S.A., 71, 236, 383; variety of
bananas preferred by, 243.
Aspidiotus ehrhorni, on cypress in

California, 394.
Aspidiotus fiorineides, sp. n., on
Coffea robusta in Uganda, 1 19.

Aspidiotus {Targionia) hartii, inter-
cepted on yams and sweet potatoes
in U.S.A., 307, 383.
Aspidiotus hederae (Ivy Scale, Olean-
der Scale, White Scale), measures
against, in Algeria and South
France, 450 ; on citrus, etc., in
Australia, 157, 337 ; in California,
91, 394 ; food-plants of, in Italy,
142 ; intercepted on orchids in
California, 49.
Aspidiotus herculeanus, 259.
Aspidiotus lataniae (White Cedar
Scale), intercepted in California,
1 14, 182 ; on Cedrela toona in
Queensland, 156.
Aspidiotus limonii (see A. hederae).
Aspidiotus longispinus (see M organ-
ella) .
Aspidiotus niaskelli (see M organella).
Aspidiotus niauritianus, an intro-
duced pest in Mauritius, 499.
Aspidiotus oceanica, A. destructor
believed to have been recorded
in error as, in Guam, 148.
Aspidiotus orientalis, intercepted on

palm in Florida, 70.
Aspidiotus ostreaeformis (Oyster-
shell Scale), measures against, in
Austria, 263 ; in Tasmania, 337.
Aspidiotus palmae, on Keratas in
Britain, 344 ; on cacao in San
Thome, 492, 494.
Aspidiotus perniciosus (San Jose
Scale), spread of, in South Africa,
412; in Algeria and South France,
450 ; in Austraha, 156, 157, 333,
337 ; in Canada, 1, 221 ; in
U.S.A., 14, 129, 190, 215, 219,
246, 247, 415, 544 ; intercepted
in U.S.A., 49, 114, 181, 182, 319,
383, 387 ; measures against, 190,
219, 221, 246, 333, 337. 401, 450,
543 ; notice of life-cycle of, 419.
Aspidiotus pseudocanielliae, sp. n.,
on Capparis stylosa in India, 205.
Aspidiotus rapax (Greedy Scale), a
minor olive pest in California, 91 ;
intercepted on lemons in Cali-
fornia, 479 ; in Tasmania, 337.
Aspidiotus rossi, in Tasmania, 337.
Aspidiotus sacchavi, intercepted on

sugar-cane in Florida, 7 1 .
Aspidiotus scutiformis (see Chry-

somphalus).
Aspidiotus tamarindi, sp. n., on

Taniar Indus in India, 205.
Aspidiotus transparcns, intercepted

on cycads in U.S.A., 307.
Aspidiotus umboniferus (see Chry-
somphalus) .

INDEX.

573

Aspidiotus itvae (Grape Scale), in
U.S.A., 181, 544.

Aspidiotus vitis (see Targionia).

Aspidistra, pests intercepted on, in
California, 387, 479.

aspidistrae, Hemichionaspis .

Aspidomorpha micans, on sweet
potato in Ceylon, 521.

Aspidomorpha miliar is, on sweet
potato in Ceylon, 521.

Aspidoproctus gowdeyi, sp. n., food-
plants of, in Uganda, 119.

Asplenium nidus (Bird's-nest Fern),
Endeliis bakeri on, in Philippines,
209.

AspOHgopus viduatus (Black [Melon
Bug), in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,
172.

Assam, insect pests in, 86, 461.

assectella , A crolep ia .

assimilis, Ceuthorrhynchiis.

assulta, Heliothis {Chloridea).

Aster, legislation restricting importa-
tion of, into Canada, 416 ; Euxoa
segetum on, in Italy, 141 ; Pyr-
austa nubilalis on, in New^ York,
98, 511.

Aster tripoliitm, new Aphid on, in
Britain, 56. ♦

Aster, Wild, AlacrosipJiiim on, in
Canada, 259.

asteris, Macrosiphoniclla.

Asterochiton vaporarioritui (see
Aleurodes) .

Asterolecanium, notice of key to
South African species of , 117, 118;
intercepted in Queensland, 157.

Asterolecanium borboniae, sp. n., on
Borbonia cordata in South Africa,
117.

Asterolecanium brevispiniim, sp. n.,
in South Africa, 117.

Asterolecanium coffeae, increase of,
in Uganda, 243.

Asterolecanium conspicuiim, sp. n.,
on Acacia in South Africa, 117.

A sterolecaniiim quercicola (Oak
Scale), in Tasmania, 337.

Asterolecanium spectabile, an intro-
duced pest in [Mauritius, 499.

Asterolecanium stentae, sp. n.,
food-plants of, in South Africa,
117.

Asterolecanium variolosum, on shade-
trees in U.S.A., 247.

Astvcus immunis, on acacia in Cey-
lon, 520.

Astylus atromaculatus, in lucerne
fields in South Africa, 412.

ater, Hylastes.

aterrimus, Magdalinus.

Athalia colibri, not abundant in
IMecklenburg, 359 ; on rape and
mustard in Russia, 106.

Athalia proxima (Mustard Sawfly),
in Assam, 461.

Athalia spinarum (see A. colibri).

Athene brama (Spotted Owlet), eco-
nomic importance of, in India and
Burma, 409.

Athetis clavipalpis, in Russia, 105.

Athous haemorrhoidalis, parasite of,
in Britain, 138.

Athous niger, intercepted in U.S.A.,
306.

Athyrium filix-foemina (Lady Fern),
new Aphid on, in U.S.A., 4 18.

Athysanus fusconervosus, on rice in
India, 473.

Athysanus indicus, on rice in India,
473.

Atimia confusa, on cypress in Cali-
fornia, 394.

atkinsoni, Idiocerus.

atlantis, Melanoplus.

atlas, Attacus.

atmoriella, A rgyresth ia .

Atomaria linearis (Pigmy Beetle), on
mangels in Britain, 351 ; on beet
in France, 450.

atomella, Depressaria.

atra, Euura ; Helotropha reniformis ;
Phyllotreta.

Atractomorplia aberrans, on tobacco
in Africa, 424.

Atractomorpha bedel i, on beet in
Japan, 399.

Atractomorpha cvoiaticeps, on pea-
nut in Queensland, 62.

atrata, Lasiopa.

Atriplex, pests of, in Central Europe,
288 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 182, 187.

atriplicella, Phthorimaea (Gelechia).

atriplicis, Pseudodiaspis ; Trachea.

atromaculatus, Astylus.

Atropos pulsatoria, measures against,
in houses in Connecticut, 341.

atropos, Acherontia.

atrovenosa, Hisia.

atrum, Colaspidema.

Atta, effect of meteorological con-
ditions on, in South America, 367.

Atta borinquenensis, measures
against, in Cuba, 53.

Atta insidaris, measures against, on
citrus, etc., in Cuba, 50, 52, 53.

Atta octospinosa, measures against,
in Cuba, 53.

Attacus, on tea in Dutch East Indies,
495.

Attacus atlas, on cinchona in Dutch
East Indies, 329.

attenuata, Psylliodes.

574

INDEX.

Aucuba, Aspidiclus hedevae on, in

Italy, 142.
avigusti, HolcGcera.
aidacaspidis, Cecidomyella.
Aulacaspis boisduvali, intercepted

on orchids in California, 480.
Aulacaspis pentagona, new Hymen-
opterous parasite of, in South
America, 475 ; Paradiaspis lizeri-
aniis mistaken for, in Argentina,
405 ; declared a pest in Arkansas,
544 ; measures against, in Austria,
263 ; measures against, on vines
in France, 121, 212; danger of
introduction of, into Germany,
345 ; food-plants of, in Italy, 142,
252 ; on cacao in San Thome, 492,
494 ; controlled by Prospaltella
berlesei in Uruguay, 214.

Aulacaspis (Diaspis) rosae (Rose
Scale), on Cycas revoluta in Britain,
343 ; intercepted on Rosa midti-
flora in California, 479 ; bionomics
of, in Italy, 142, .160; in Tas-
mania, 337 ; Phaenodiscus aeneus
erroneously recorded as a parasite
of, 123.

Aulacophora (Pumpkin Beetle), in
Madras, 130.

Aulacophora abdominalis, on cucur-
bits in Mesopotamia, 478.

Aidacophora hilar is, in Queensland,
157.

Aulacophora olivierl, on pumpkins in
Queensland, 155.

Aidacus striatus, parasite of Xiphy-
dria canieliis in Holland, 407.

Aidax potentillae , Microterys sylvius
believed to have been incorrectly
recorded as a parasite of, 127.

aurantii, Chrysomphalus ; Toxop-
tera.

aurata, Cetonia.

auratilis, Chionaspis.

aviratus, Rhynchites.

auricidaria, Forficula.

auricidata, Lepidosaphes.

auriflua, Scirpophaga (see 5. xantho-
gastrella) .

aurilanatus, Pseudococcus.

auritus, Pullus.

Australia, value of the ibis and other
birds in, 413 ; citrus pests in,
156, 157, 158, 277, 335, 336, 410 ;
miscellaneous pests in, 154, 165,
166, 206, 302, 443, 465, 502;
orchard pests and their control
in, 7, 132, 153 ; prickly pear
problem in, 210 ; cultivation of
pyrefhrum in, 263 ; new species
of Rioxa in termite galleries in,
25 ; notes on sawflies in, 442 ;

scale-insects and their food-plants
in, 63, 335 ; Thynnid parasites
of Scarabaeid beetles in, 210;
pests of stored wheat in, 21
180 ; pests of vines in, 155, 157,
164, 410 ; pests from, intercepted
in California, 182, 479 ; legisla-
tion against pests from, in U.S.A.,
512 ; introduction of beneficial
insects into U.S.A. from, 318,
335.
Australian Fern Weevil (see

Syagrius fulvitarsis) .
australis, Drypta.

Austria, bionoinics and control of
Eriocampoides limacina in, 261 ;
parasites of Eulecanium coryli
in, 125, 126, 127 ; forest pests in,
176, 254, 262, 471 ; investigations
on insecticides in, 429 ; miscel-
laneous pests in, 81, 122, 123,
141, 262, 263, 264, 289, 426, 470 ;
notice of list of thrips of, 515;
list of vegetable pests in, 261 ;
vine pests in, 276, 353.
austriaca, Anisoplia ; Phyllotreta.
Austrothrips verae, gen. et sp. n., on
Trametes pidchra in Argentina,
474.
Autographa brassicae (see Phyto-

metra) .
A utographa falcigera var. simplex, a
minor pest of maize in Connecti-
cut, 340.
aidographus, Dryocoetes.
auxiliaris, Euxoa.
avellanae, Eriophyes.
avenae. Aphis (see Siphonaphis

padi) .
Avicennia nitida, new scale-insects

on, in British Guiana, 119.
Avocado Pear [Per sea gratissima),
new scale-insect on, in South
Africa, 447 ; insects beneficial
to, in Florida, 219 ; Honioeocents
on, in Gold Coast, 9 ; Heliothrips
riibrocinctus on, in San Thome,
491 ; pests of, in Trinidad and
Tobago, 131 ; pests of, in U.S.A.,
218,235,462,530.
Avocado Leafhopper (see Empoasca

niinuenda) .
Avocado Red Spider (see Tetrany-

chus yotliersi).
Avocado Weevil (see Heilipus lauri) .
Avocado Whitefly (see Trialeurodes

floridensis) .
ayerza, Apanteles.
ayyari, Stomoceras.
Azalea, pests intercepted on, in

U.S.A., 306, 307, 337, 365.
azaleae, Aleurodes.

INDKX.

575

Azochis gripusalis (Fig Shoot Cater-
pillar), in Brazil, 211.

Azores, relation of Eitxoa segetum
to TypliuUi infesting beet in,
466.

B.

Baccacoccus elytropappi, gen. et
sp. n., on Elytropappiis rhinocero-
tis in South Africa, 118.

baccariiiii, Dolycoris.

Bacclia, larva resembling, in mines
of Hylobius abietis in Germany,
406.

Baccha clavata, predaceous on Aphids
in South America, 299.

Baccha lemur, predaceous on mealy-
bugs in California, 318.

bacchiis, RliMichites.

Bacillus amvlovorits (Fire Blight,
Pear Blight), relation of insects
to, in Canada, 135, 323 ; regula-
tions for control of, in New
Zealand, 504 ; probably spread
by ants, 4.

Bacillus coli, reaction of Galleria
mellonella to, 328.

Bacillus coli coummnis, effect of, on
Galleria mellonella, 163.

Bacillus hoplosternus, effect of, on
insects, 251.

Bacillus kochi, experiments with
Galleria iiiellonella and, 163, 164.

Bacillus larvae, causing American
foulbrood in bees, 377.

Bacillus liparis, effect of, on insects,
36, 251.

Bacillus Ivmantriae adiposus, im-
munity reaction to, in insects, 36.

Bacillus inelolonthae liquefaciens,
reactions of insects to, 36, 328.

Bacillus melolonthae non-lique-
faciens, effect of varieties of, on
insects, 251.

Bacillus pieris non-liquefaciens,
effect of, on insects, 251.

Bacillus pluton, European foulbrood
inbeesdueto, 242, 414.

Bacillus prodigiosus, effect of, on
Galleria mellonella, 163.

Bacillus prate us, effect of, on Galleria
mellonella, 163.

Bacillus pyocyane^is, effect of, on
Galleria mellonella, 163.

Bacillus subtilis, effect of, on Galleria
mellonella, 163.

Bacillus thuringiensis, sp. n., infect-
ing Ephestia kithniella with wilt
disease in Germany, 252.

Bacillus tracheiphilus (liacterial Wilt
of Cucurbits), insect carriers of,
in U.S.A., 4, 422.

Bacteria, reactions of Lepidopterous
larvae to, 36, 328.

Bacteria. Beneficial, 36, 41, 226, 381,
455, 481.

Bacteria, Injurious, 4, 157, 242,
323, 422.

Bacterial Wilt of Cucurbits (see
Bacillus tracheiphilus).

Bactris major, Pachymerus nucleorum
in seeds of, in British Guiana, 55.

Bactrocera cucurbitae (see Dacus).

Bactrocera tryoni (see Dacus ferrugi-
neus).

badius, Phyllodinus.

Bael Tree (see Aegle marmelos).

baetica, Lampides (Polyomtiudus).

Bagrada picta on knol-khol in
Ceylon, 521 ; on radishes in
^Mesopotamia, 478.

Bagworm, Argentine (see Oeceticus
platensis).

Bagworms, injurious to evergreens
and lawns in Kansas, 14 ; on
tea in Dutch East Indies, 513.

Bahamas, pests from, intercepted in
U.S.A., 70, 237 ; prohibition
against importation of food-plants
of Aleurocanthus woglunii into
Cuba from, 256.

Baikea emini, new scale-insect on,
in Uganda, 1 19.

Baits, for ants, 115, 285, 444, 507 ;
for Cosmopolites sordidus, 297 ;
for cutworms and army-worms,
61, 129, 152, 233, 235, 248, 280,
412, 518, 523; for Hylemyia
antiqua, 188, 323 ; for Lach-
nosterna, 296 ; for locusts, grass-
hoppers and crickets, 48, 129,
188, 194, 201, 217, 248, 278, 313,
316, 363, 370, 373, 386, 424,
426, 465, 477, 484, 485, 495 ; for
Loxostege sticticalis, 193 ; for
millipedes, 369 ; for Tenebrionid
beetles, Q>5, 193, 194, 322, 332;
for termites, 154 ; for wirewcrms,
39, 199; formulae for, 48, 61,
65, 115, 129, 152, 154, 193, 194,
235, 285, 386, 412, 465, 495 ; in-
effective against Aegeria exiticsa,
45 ; ineffective against Plathypena
scabra 390 ; ineffective against
Silphids, 274.

bajidus, Hylotrupes.

Baker's Mealy-bug (see Pseudoccccus-
maritimus).

576

INDEX.

bakeri, Annraphis [Aphis) ; Endelus;
Pseudococcus.

Balaninns, 538 ; intercepted in
cliestnuts in California, 240.

Balaninus caryatrypes, intercepted
in chestnuts in California, 182.

balanopselapJius, Cryphalus.

Balboa, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi
intercepted in California on
coconuts from, 479.

Balclutha pallidula, on sugar-cane
in Formosa, 86.

Balclutha viridis, on sugar-cane in
Formosa, 86.

Bald Cypress (see Taxodiuiu dis-
tichum).

ballardi, Phenacoccus.

ballestrerii, Megastigmus ( Trogocar-
pus) .

balthazari, Apanteles [Urogaster).

Balm of Gilead (see Popidus balsami-
fera) .

Bamboo, pests of, in Formosa, 86 ;
pests of, in India, 100, 205 ; dry,
attacked by Dinoderiis minutus
in Dutch East Indies, 495 ;
Pseudococcus citri on, in Philip-
pines, 521 ; legislation against
importation of, into St. Lucia
from Trinidad and Grenada, 216 ;
Chlorophorus annularis on, in
Tonkin, 111.

Bamboo Borer (see Chlorophorus
annularis).

Bambusa (see Bamboo).

bambusae, Cosmoptetyx.

Banana [Musa], pests of, and their
control in Australia, 25, 112, 156,
158, 337, 394 ; pests intercepted
on, in California, 13, 49, 114, 182.
240, 319, 3_87, 480, 508 ; pests of,
in Cuba, 371 ; legislation respect-
ing iinportation of, into Cuba, 256;
pests of, in Dutch Guiana, 536 ;
measures against Cosmopolites
sordidus on, in Fiji, 296, 297 ;
bionomics and control of Cosmo-
polites sordidus on, in Florida, 371 ;
scale-insect on, in Guam, 148 ;
Tetranychus on, in Hawaii, 136 ;
Brassolis isthmia on, in Panama
Canal Zone, 80, 85 ; pests of, in
San Thome, 493, 494 ; pests of,
in Uganda, 243 ; distribution of
pests of, by railways in U.S.A.,
181 ; wild, Cosmoscarta uchidae on,
in Formosa, 85 ; parts of, suitable
as traps for Cosmopolites sordidus,
297,371,394.

Banana Root Borer (see Cosmo-
polites sordidus).

Banana Weevil (see Cosmopolites
sordidus) .

Banchus spp., parasites of Panolis
flammea in Holland, 226.

Banding, against orchard pests, 351,
352, 528, 529.

banian, Hieroglyphus.

banksi, Anychus ; Tectocoris.

Barathra brassicae, in Austria, 261 ;
natural enemies of, in Britain, 135,
523 ; number of generations of, on
beet in Japan, 398 ; on beet in
Russia, 105.

Barbados, notes on ants infesting
houses in, 150 ; miscellaneous
pests in, 471 ; new Nematode
infesting mahogany in, 459 ; fin-
ancial loss due to sugar-cane pests
in, 72, 471 ; Tiphia parallela
introduced into Mauritius from.,
499 ; pests from, intercepted in
California, 387.

barbatus, Serropalpus.

Barber Formula, against Iridomyr-
tnex humilis, 115.

barberi, Sympherobius.

Barbitistes berenguieri, on vines in
France, 478.

Baris chlorizans, on cabbages in
France, 496 ; in Germany, 359.

Baris gudenusi, food-plants of, in
Austria, 290.

Baris laticollis, food-plants of, in
Germany, 174.

Baris scolopacea, food-plants of, in
Connecticut, 340.

Barium Chloride, in spray against
Aphids, 266 ; for trapping pests
of stored grain, 103 ; experiments
with, as a substitute for lead
arsenate, 155.

Barium Sulphur, compared to lime-
sulphur against Aphid eggs, 31.

Barium Tetrasulphide, dry form, of
lime-sulphur prepared from, 292.

Bark-beetles, supplement to litera-
ture of, 175 ; new species of, 487 ;
natural enemies of, 510; (see
Scolytus, Xyleborus, etc.).

Bark-eating Borer of Tea (see
Arbela dca).

Barley, 172, 348; Laphygma ex-
empta on, in South Africa, 412;
Oscinellafrit on, in North America,
183 ; pests of, in Britain, 139, 155,
351 ; attacked by Tettigonia
albifrons in Cyrenaica, 201 ; pests
of, in Central" Europe, 288 ; pests
of, in Germanv, 543 ; pests of, in
Mesopotamia,' 372; legislation
against importation of, into St.
Lucia from Trinidad and Grenada,

INDEX.

577

216 ; Heliothrips indicus on, in
Sudan. 497 ; pests of, in U.S.A.,
9, 22, 207, 314, 376, 464.

harcdensis, Alcitrolohus.

barischti, LiparUivuin.

Barypeithes pelliicidus, intercepted
on imported nursery stock in
Connecticut, 337.

Basic Slag, as a soil-dressing against
flea-beetles, 287.

basilar e, Sinoxylon.

basilinea, Trachea {Hadena).

Basket-worm (see Amatissa con-
torta) .

basseitella, Euclemensia.

bassetti, Pityophthorus.

batatae, Euscepes {Cryptorrhvnchus).

Bathypiedes curculionis, introduc-
tion of, into Utah against Hypcra
variabilis, 12.

Batocera albofasciata, on Ficus elas-
tica in Java, 141.

Batocera gigas, on Ficus elastica in
Java, 141.

Batocera rubus (Mango Tree Borer),
in Bengal, 445 ; on Hevea, etc.,
in Ceylon, 258, 520, 521 ; on fig-
trees in Tortola, 35.

Bats, suggested utilisation of, to
destroy Perkinsiella saccharicida
in Hawaii, 20 ; destroying Panolis
flammea in Holland, 226.

Baiihinia, pests of, in Ceylon, 520 ;
food-plant of Brevipalpus obovatus
in Dutch East Indies, 454.

Bavaria, pests of firs in, 332 ;
bionomics of Saperda popiilnea in,
356.

Bay Tree, pests intercepted on, in
California, 49, 181, 480 ; mea-
sures against Trioza alacris on, in
New Jersey, 43 ; Diaprepes ab-
breviatus on, in Virgin Islands, 35.

Bay berry, food plant of Cingilia
catenaria in Connecticut, 341.

Bean Aphis (see Aphis rumicis).

Bean Bruchid (see Bruchus obtectus
and B. quadrimacidatus).

Bean Ladybird (see Epilachna cor-
rupta) .

Bean Leaf- roller (see Eudaniiis pro-
teus) .

Bean Maggot (see Phorbia fusciceps) .

Bean Thrips (see Heliothrips fascia-
tus).

Bean Weevil (see Bruchus obtectus).

Bean Weevil, Broad (see Bruchus
rufimanus) .

Beans, 172 ; pests of, in Australia,

156, 207 ; pests of, in Britain,

138, 155, 351, 474 ; a safe crop

for wireworm-infested land in

(3202)

Britain, 349 ; legislation restrict-
ing importation of, into Canada,
416 ; pests intercepted in, in
California, 13, 114; pests of,
in Central Europe, 288, 289 ;
measures against termites on,
in France, 40 ; Bruchus obtectus
introduced into Germany from
France in, 160 ; Riptortus on,
in Gold Coast, 9 ; Spcrmophagus
subfasciatus in, in British Guiana,
56 ; pests of, in Holland, 133,
199 ; Cosmopteryx phaeogastra
on, in India, 100 ; pests of, irt
Italy, 142 ; pests of, in Japan,
1 1 , 322 ; attacked by Tetranychus
bimaculatus in Korea, 320 ;
Tropinota crinita on, in Morocco,
121 ; Agromyza on, in Philip-
pines, 521 ; pests of, in Straits
Settlements, 193, 282, 283 ;
Heliothrips indicus on, in Sudan,
497 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 14, 22,
42, 44, 47, 95, 119, 128, 137, 167,
188, 247, 339, 382, 383, 384, 392,
403, 443, 508, 511, 512 ; Bruchids
intercepted in, from Venezuela,
533 ; in baits for grasshoppers, 314.

Beans (Stored), weevils in, in Brazil,
59 ; Bruchids infesting, in Britain,
351 : measures against Bruchids
in, in North Carolina, 230 ;
Bruchids infesting, in Mysore, 65 ;
Bruchids in, in Mesopotamia, 479.

Beans, Broad, pests of, in Britain,
58, 155 ; bionomics and control
of Bruchus rufimanus in, in
U.S.A., 167.

Beans, Carob, pests of, in Italy, 203.

Beans, Lima (see Phaseolus hinatus).

Beans, Mauritius, pests of, in Fiji, 27.

Beans, Soy (see Glycine soja).

Beans, Velvet, pests of, in Florida,
137, 235 ; Anticarsia gemniatalis
on, in Guadeloupe, 298.

Beauveria globulifera, infesting Ips
sexdentatus in France, 489.

beckii, Lepidosaphes [Mytilaspis).

bedell, Atractomorpha.

Beech, Phyllaphis fagi on, in Britain,
59 ; Eriophyes forming galls on,
in Europe, 400 ; Byctiscus betulae
on, in Germany, 268.

Beech, Blue (see Carpinus carolin-
iana) .

Bee Moth (see Caller ia mellonella) .

Beer, a powerful chemotropic agent
for Diptera, 327 ; in baits for
Polia oleracea, 518.

Bees, diseases of, 56, 242, 338, 368.
377, 414; natural enemies of,
158, 269, 272 ; plant diseases

D

578

INDEX.

spread by, 4, 323 ; importance of,
in orchards, 219 ; legislation
regarding, in Kansas, 15 ; restric-
tions on removal of, in New
Zealand, 504.

Beet, pests of, in Algeria, 450 ;
relation of Euxoa segetum to
Typhula infesting, in Azores, 466 ;
pests of, in France, 450 ; Loxos-
tege sticticalis on, in Canada, 193 ;
legislation restricting importation
of, into Canada from U.S.A., 416 ;
flea-beetles on, in Denmark, 541 ;
pests of, in Germany, 270, 540 ;
pests of, in Japan, 398 ; pests of,
in Morocco, 121 ; pests of, in
Russia, 104, 105, 106 ; Lixus
junci on, in Tripoli, 159 ; pests of,
in U.S.A., 11, 87, 129, 186, 335,
341, 414, 511; not attacked by
Sphenophorus pevtinax in U.S.A.,
390 ; review of literature of pests
of, 522 ; in baits for locusts, 485 ;
in bait for millipedes, 369.

Beet Aphis (see Aphis vumicis).

Beet Leaf-hopper (see Eutettix
tenella) .

Beet Leaf-miner (see Phorbia
vicina) .

Beet Webworm (see Loxostege
sticticalis) .

Beggar's Ticks (see Bidensfrondosa).

Beggarweed, food-plant of insect
pests in Florida, 235, 383.

Begonia, fumigation with hydro-
cyanic-acid gas against pests of,
539.

Belenois mesentina, food-plants of,
in South Africa, 412.

Belgium, Trioza alacris probably
introduced into New Jersey from,
43 ; pests from, intercepted in
TJ.S.A., 49, 306, 337, 365.

Belippa, on tea in India, 530.

Belippa bohor, on tea in Dutch
East Indies, 510.

bella, Leucopis.

bellicosus, Termes.

bellula, Covythnca.

Belostonia, egg-masses of, used as
food in Japan, 197.

Bembecia marginata (see Pennisetia) .

Bengal, iniscellaneous pests in, 445.

Bengal Gram (see Cicer arietinum).

bengalella, Heterogr aphis.

bengalense , Pentodon.

bengalensis, Anoniala.

Benzine, injection of, into soil against
Diloboderus abderus, 214 ; experi-
ments with, for protecting furni-
ture from beetles, 443 ; percen-
tage of, in Kopper's solution, 482.

Bephrata cubensis, intercepted on

soursop in Florida, 71.
Berberis verruculosa, Etdecanium

pevsicae intercepted on, in U.S.A.,

307.
herenguieri, Barbitistes.
bergeri, Xylechinus.
bevgi, Aleurodes ; Spilochalcis.
bergrothi, Helopeltis.
berlesei, Podapolipus ; Prospaltella.
Bermuda Grass (see Cynodon

dactylon) .
Bertoroa incana, food-plant of

Centhorrhynchus pup'inaius in

Austria, 290.
Berosus, utilisation of, in poultry

food in Mexico, 429.
Bessarabia, Opatrum intermedium

in, 425.
betae, Pemphigus.
Betel, pests intercepted on, in

California, 49, 114, 182. 240,

319, 387, 479, 509.
bethunei, Fenusa (Metallus).
Betula (see Birch).
Betula alba (White Birch), Agrilus

anxius on, in Canada, 528 ; pests

of, in U.S.A., 247, 381.
Betula alnoides, Actias selene on,

in India, 84.
Betula popidifolia (Grey Birch),

Calaphis betulaecolens on, in

U.S.A., 341.
betulae, Byctiscus ; Epidiaspis (see

Aspidiotns ostreaeformis); Pul-

vinaria ; Xylococcus.
betulae-albae , Coccus (see Eulecanimn

coryli) .
betulaecolens, Calaphis.
betularia, Amphidasys.
betulavora, Pristiphora.
betuleti, Rhynchites (see Byctiscus

betulae) .
bibax, Biprorulus.
Bibio hortulaniis, in Austria, 261.
Bibio marci, in Austria, 261.
bicincta, Monecphora ; Tomaspis.
biclavis, Howardia.
bicolor, Cymatodera ; Paragus ;

Paratetranychus [Neotetranychus) ;

Rhynchites ; Trachys.
bicoloripes, Habrobraconidea.
bidens, Dolichoderus.
Bidens frondosa (Beggar's Ticks),

Pyrausta ainsliei on, in Con-
necticut, 339.
Bidens pilosa, food-plant of Bvevi-

palpus obovatus in Dutch East

Indies, 454.
bidentatus, Dycinetus ; Pityogenes.
bifasciatus, A na status ; Mycetopha-

gus ; Pterygophorus.

INDEX.

579

bifida, Edcssa.

biformis, Fuvcaspis.

Big Bud Disease, of currants, caused

by mites in British Columbia, 438.
Big Bud ]Mite (see Eriophyes ribis).
bigemmatiis, Ocneros .
bigiittatiim, Anomalon.
bilivealis, Mavasinia.
bilineata, Lcma.
bilineatus, Agnliis.
bilunulatns, Ichneumon .
bimaciilata, Achcta ; A pate ; Obcrea ;

Sturmia.
bimaculatus, Liogrylliis ; Pteroinalus ;

Tetraiivcliiis.
bimacidella, Anerastia (see Raphi-

mctopus ablutclla).
binotalis, Crocidoloinia.
binotata, Enchenopa ; Hvpcraspis.
biyiotatits, Anisodactyhis.
Bioclimatic Law, application of, to

economic entomology, 87-89, 278,

376.
biocidata, Spathidina.
bioculatwn, Notomma.
biocidatiis, Tctvanyclius .
Biorvhiza pallida, Toryinus viridis-

simiis in galls of, in France, 37.
Biosteres javanus, sp. n., parasite of

Dacus ferriigineus in Java, 435.
bipartitus, Laelius.
biplaga, Earias.
biplagiatits, Nipiis.
biporiis, Xyleborus.
Biprondtis bibax (Green Horn Bug),

on citrus in Queensland, 157.
bipunctata, Adalia ; Andraca.
bipunctatus, Calocovis (see C. nor-

vegiciis) ; Nephotettix.
bipunctifer, Schoenobins (see 5. in-

certellus) .
bipiistulatiis, Chilocorus ; Malackius.
Birch (Betula), pests of, in Britain,

59, 343 ; infested with Xiphydria

camelus in Holland, 407 ; Cossus

cossits on, in Italy, 141 ; pests of,

in Lithuania, 420 ; pests of, in

Russia, 106 ; pest of, in Sweden,

50 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 42, 462,

505.
Birch, Grey (see Betula populifolia).
Birch, White (see Betula alba).
Bircli Borer, Bronze (see Agrilns

anxius) .
Bird Cherrv (see Prunus padus).
Bird's-nest Fern (see Asplenium

nidus) .
Birdlime, for trapping grasshoppers,

283.
Birds, protection and economic

importance of, 83, 136, 145, 174,

220, 252, 461 ; destroying noxious
(3202)

insects, 17, 26, 27. 35, 51, 64, 83,

92, 114, 135, 174, 190, 195, 201,

208, 226, 227, 236, 237, 255, 266,

270, 276, 296, 297, 299, 332, 336.

349, 367, 374, 380, 381, 409, 413.

438, 461. 470. 471, 496, 527, 540 ;

Ehrhovnia cupressi spread by, in

California, 393.
Biscuits, infested with Lasioderma

serricorne in British Guiana, 55.
biselliella, Tineola.
bisignata, Meigenia.
bispecularis, Cosmoscavta.
Biston hirtarius, in Russia, 107.
Biston suppressarius, on tea in India,

530.
bistridentatus, Pityogenes.
Bitter Rot (see Glomerella cingulella).
Bitter-sweet (see Celastrus scandens) .
bituberculata, Aphis (see Hysteron-

euva setariae).
bituberculatuni, Eulecanium [Lecan-

ium) .
bituberculatus , Ceyoplastodes.
biustus, Leptostylus.
bivittatus, Melanoplus.
bivulnerus, Chilocorus.
Bixa orellana, food-plant of Helio-

thrips ruhrocinctus in Dutch

Guiana, 537.
Black Banana Weevil (see Cosino-

polites sovdidus).
Black BeanAphis(see Aphis ruinicis) .
Black Carpenter Ant (see Cain-

ponotus).
Black Cherry Aphis (see Mvzus

cerasi).
Black Citrus Aphis (see Aphis

tavaresi).
Black Heart Disease, of celery.

caused by Lygus pratensis in

Canada, 361.
Black Leaf 40, against ants, 240 ;

spraying with, against Aphids.

29, 128, 129, 153, 217, 218, 280,

285, 286, 345, 413, 432 ; against

other orchard pests. 113, 281, 339,

361, 362. 459, 529, 530 ; against

thrips. 281, 285, 286, 361. 362,

531 ; (see Nicotine Sulphate).
Black Locust Tree (see Robinia

pseudacacia).
Black Melon Bug (see Aspongopus

viduatus).
Black Oak (see Quercus calif ornica) .
Black Pine Beetle (see Hylastes

ater) .
Black Sage (see Cordia aubletti).
Black Scale (see Saissetia nigra and

S. oleae).
Black Spruce Bark-beetle (see

Hylastes cunicularius).

D 2

580

INDEX.

Blackbern,', Stephanoderes hampei
in, in East Africa, 449 ; pests of,
in U.S.A., 339, 459.
Blackberry Crown Borer (see

Pennisetia marginata) .
Blackberry Leaf-miner (see Fenusa

rubi).
Blackberrv^ Root Borer (see Pen-

nisetia marginata).
Blaclvliead Fireworm (see Rhopobota

vacciniana) .
Black-headed Coconut Caterpillar

(see Nephantis serinopa).
black i, Phvsothrips.
Blady grass (see Imperata arim-

dinacea) .
hlancardella, Phvllorycter {Liiho-

colletis).
blanchardi, Chrysobothris ; Parla-

toria.
blandita, Sarcophaga.
blandus, Myllocerus.
Blaniuhis giittulatus, measures
against, in gardens in France,
369.
Blastodacna hellerella, in orchards in

Germany, 426.
Blastophaga psenes, bionomics of,
in wild figs in France, 37, 121 ;
bionomics of, in Italy, 534.
Blastothrix britannica, parasite of
Eiilecaniiiyn coryli in Britain,
126.
Blastothrix longipennis, parasite of
Kernies piibescens in Canada, 16.
Blastothrix sericea, parasite of
Eidecanium coryli in Italy, 124,
125.
Blathyplectes exigua, parasite of
Hyper a spp. in North- West
America, 223.
Blatta orientalis, measures against,
in stored foodstuffs in Germany,
425.
Blepharipa scidellata, liberation of,
against browm-tail and gipsv moths
in U.S.A., 96.
Blepharotes flavus, predaceous on

bees in Queensland, 158.
Blissus leucopterus (Chinch Bug),
destroyed by lizards in Porto
Rico, 484 ; bionomics and con-
trol of, in U.S.A., 93, 392, 446,
463, 504.
Blister Beetle (see Epicaida).
Blitophaga opaca, measures against,

on turnips in Germany, 274.
Blitophaga iindata, measures against,

on turnips in Germany, 274.
blondeli, Trachykele.
Blow-lamp, use of, against Fepi-
doptera, 62, 445.

Blue Beech (see Cavpimis caro-

liniana) .
Blue Grass (see Poa pratensis).
Blue Gum (see Eucalyptus globidus).
Blue Oak (see Quercus doitglasi).
Blueberry (see Vaccinium).
boarmiae, Exorisia.
boas, Oryctes.
Boccharis plenetinealis, on cacao in

Dutch Guiana, 536.

Bohemia, indirect damage to wheat

by Apanteles glomeratiis in, 346 ;

forest pests in, 324, 540 ;

Sphaerolecaniiimprunastvi in, 122.

bohor, Belippa.

boisduvali, Aidacaspis {Diaspis) ;

Xyleides.
Bolivia, miigrations of locusts in,

200, 475, 476.
Bollworm, Common (see Heliothis

obsoleta) .
Bollworm, Pink (see Platyedra

gossypiella) .
Bollworm, Red (see Diparopsis

castanea).
Bollworm, Spiny (see Earias insit-

lana) .
Bollworm, Spotted (see Earias

insidana) .
Bollworm, Sudan (see Diparopsis

castanea) .
Bombax malabaricum, Macrotoma

crenata in, in India, 60.
Bombus, used as food in Japan, 197.
Bombyx mori, Agrypnns fuscipes
predaceous on, in India, 100
used as food in Japan, 197
studies on wilt disease of, 257
(see Silkworms).
Bombyx neustria (see Malacosoma).
bonariensis, Streblota.
boninensis, Pseudococcus.
Books, measures against insects
destructive to, in Brazil, 36 ;
attacked by Lasioderma serricorne
in British Guiana, 55.
Borbonia cordata, new scale-insect

on, in South Africa, 117.
borboniae, Asterolecanium.
Bordeaux IMixture, in sprays for
cacao thrips, 440 ; against orchard
pests, 95, 145, 233, 310, 312. 317,
344, 363, 366, 383, 401, 404,
413,437,490,529; spraying with,
against vegetable pests, 75, 92,
283, 286, 385, 404, 460, 477 ;
against vine moths, 38, 223, 403 ;
dusting with, 363, 437 ; and
calcium arsenate, 344, 385 ; and
lead arsenate, 38, 95, 233, 286,
310, 312, 317, 344, 383, 403, 460 ;
and lime, 312 ; and nicotine

IXDEX.

581

sulphate, 75, 477, 492 ; and Paris
green, 344, 366 ; and white arse-
nic, 150 ; and zinc arsenite, 404 ;
effect of, on potato foliage, 351.

borealis, Epilachna ; Psyllobora.

borinqiienensis, A tta.

Borneo, Deltocephaliis dorsalis on
rice and grasses in, 86 ; distri-
bution of Remphan hopei extend-
ing to, 61 ; pests from, inter-
cepted in California, 479.

Bostrycliopsis jesiiita, damaging lead
in Queensland, 81 ; in figs in
Queensland, 157.

Bostrychns (Apate) capiiciniis, dam-
aging lead, 81 ; natural enemies of,
on vines in France, 434.

Bostrychiis cylindriciis, boring in
timber and telephone cables in
New South Wales, 374.

Bostrychus jesiiita (see Bostry-
cliopsis).

Bothynoderes punctiventris, on beet
in Russia, 106.

botrana, Polychrosis.

Botrvonopa sanguinea, on coconuts,
254.

Botrytis bassiana piuscardine
Disease of Silkworms) , vine moths
susceptible to, in France, 368 ;
infesting Panolis flammea in
Holland, 226.

Botys (see Pyrausta) .

boucJieanus, Dibrachys.

Boiigainvillea, new Aphid on, in
Uganda, 447.

bouga invilleae, Cerciaph is.

Bourbon Scale (see Aspidiotus de-
structor) .

Boxwood, pests intercepted on, in
U.S.A., 306, 338.

brabei, Lecaniodiaspis.

Brabeiiini stellatifolium (Wild
Almond), new scale-insect on, in
South Africa, 117.

Brachartona catoxantha, on coconuts
in Dutch East Indies, 329, 495,
538.

Brachonyx pineti, on pines in Ger-
many, 273.

Br achy coins grainini, sp. n., in Japan,
322.

Brachyderes, rare in forests in
Lithuania, 420.

Brachyopa, lar\-a resembling, in
mines of Hylobius abietis in
Germany, 406.

Brachvplatys cingalensis, on Cajanus
indiciis in Ceylon, 520.

Brachyplatys pacificus, natural ene-
mies of, in Fiji, 27.

Brachypterohis, food-plants of, 487.

Brachypterus, food-plants of, 487.

brachyrus, Spathius.

Brachys aerosus (Oak Leaf -miner),
in nurseries in New Jersey, 301.

Brachys ovatus (Oak Leaf-miner),
in nurseries in New Jersey, 300.

Brachytrypes, destroyed by Athene
brania in India, 409.

Brachytrypes achatinus, on tea, etc.,
in India, 445, 530.

Brachytrypes membranaceus , on
tobacco in Africa, 424.

Bracken (see Pteris aquilina).

Bracon, probably a parasite of
Plaiyedra gossypiella in Brazil,
446.

Bracon charus, parasite of Chryso-
bothris femorata in North A:nerica,
190.

Bracon discoideiis, parasite of An-
thonomns pomorum and Pontania
proxima in Holland, 407.

Bracon pectinatus, parasite of
Chrysobothris femorata in North
America, 190.

Bracon satanas, parasite of Apion
hookeri in Germany, 174.

Bracon scutellaris, in fir-cones in
Holland, 407.

Bracon variator, parasite of Hoplo-
campa in Holland, 407.

bradyi, Helopeltis antonii.

Bran, in poison baits, 14, 129, 152
194, 160, 201, 233, 280, 313, 314
370, 386, 412, 444, 465, 484
sawdust as a substitute for, 22
in baits, notice of apparatus for
preparing, 160.

brasiliense, Dorcatoma bibliophagum.

brasiliensis, Prionomitiis.

brassicae, Barathra (Mamestra) ;
Brevicoryne [Aphis, Siphocoryne) ;
Perrisia (Dasyneura) ; Phorbia
(Chortophila, Hylemyia) ; Phyto-
nietra [Autographa) ; Pieris.

Brassolis isthniia, measures against,
on banana and coconut in Panama
Canal Zone, 80, 85.

Brassolis sophorae (Coconut Cater-
pillar), in British Guiana, 472, 533.

Brazil, measures against msects
destructive to books in, 36 ;
cotton pests in, 59, 199, 211, 290,
421, 445 ; pests of stored grain,
etc., in, 59 ; miscellaneous pests
in, 119, 211, 292, 299, 302, 325,
355, 366, 406, 452, 488 ; importa-
tion of Novius cardinalis into,
against Icerya purchasi, 405 ;
new use for cocoons of Perophora
packardi in, 325 ; potato pests in,
325; new Scolytid from, 175;

582

INDEX.

notice of silk-spinning Lepidoptera
of, 229 ; sugar-cane pests and
their control in, 290-292, 406.

Brazil Nuts, Caryoborus introduced
into Germany in, 160.

Bread-fruit, scale-insect on, in
Guam, 148.

Breeding Cage, construction of a
portable, 28.

Bvethesia, Bresthesiella proposed in
place of, 322.

Brethesiella, nom. nov., 322.

brevicollis, Haltica.

brevicomis, Dendroctonns.

brevicornis, Adelocera ; Allotrypes ;
Antheroidcs ; Pulvinaria.

Brevicoryne brassicae (Cabbage
Aphis), notice of measures against,
in Brazil, 451 ; food -plants of, in
Britain, 58 ; Syrphids predaceous
on, in Canada, 259 ; in Queens-
land, 156 : in Russia, 104 ;
bionomics and control of, in
U.S.A., 9, 47, 285.

Brevipalpus obovaius, on cinchona,
tea, etc., in Dutch East Indies,
329, 330, 454.

brevipennis, Paridris.

brevipctiolatus, Mesochorus.

brevis, Hoplocampa ; Stenoscelis .

brevisetis, Agathis.

brevispinosa, Crcmastogaster .

brevispinum, Asterolecaniimi .

brevisiylus, Dacus.

bridwclli, Delphacodes ; Dicrano-
tropis.

Brinjal (see Egg-plant).

Brinjal Leaf-webber (see Pachy-
zancla aegrotalis) .

britannica, BJastothrix .

britannicus, Aspidiotus.

Brithys crini, food-plants of, in
Queensland, 157.

British Columbia, beneficial insects
in, 147 ; Dendroctonus spp. in-
festing pines in, 88, 89 ; notes on
Eriophyid mites in, 438 ; Hemi-
sarcoptes mains apparently absent
from, 148 ; miscellaneous pests
in, 168, 322-324, 481 ; orchard
pests in, 221 ; notice of report on
quarantine conditions in, 479.

British Guiana, protection of birds
in, 145 ; Coleopterous pests of,
55 ; miscellaneous pests in, 533 ;
danger of introduction of Pachy-
tnerus nucleorum into Belgian
Congo from, 408 ; rice pests in,
145; scale-insects from, 81, 119
343 ; measures against sugar-cane
pests in, 41 ; financial loss due to
insect pests in, 47 1 .

British Isles, Aphids of, 56, 58,
146, 327, 377, 528 ; bee diseases
in, 56 ; noxious insects destroyed
by Caprimulgns europaeus in,
135 ; list of Coccids and their
food-plants in, 343 ; forest pests
in, 57, 59, 237, 352, 377-381, 423 ;
measures against furniture beetles
in, 443 ; Hymenopterous parasites
in, 56, 57, 125, 126, 146, 330,
332, 348, 429, 515, 523 ; miscel-
laneous pests in, 122, 138, 139,
154, 183, 222, 351, 432, 441, 473,
514 ; orchard pests in, 133, 349,
350, 404, 516, 517, 528; potato
pests and their control in, 351 ;
species of red spider in, 466 ;
Rhizoglvphns from, intercepted
in Queensland, 157 ; measures
against Polia oleracea on tomatos
in, 61, 518 ; bionomics and
control of pests of stored grain in,
178, 179, 180 ; bionomics and
control of wireworms in, 137,
348 ; pests from, intercepted in
U.S.A., 307, 338.

Broad Bean Weevil (see Bruchus
rufimanus) .

Brome-grass (see Bromus inermis).

Brome-grass Cutworm (see Trachea
finitima cerivana).

bromeliae, Diaspis ; Pseudococcus
[Dactylopius) ; Targionia.

bromi, Trionymus.

bromius, Papilio.

Bromus, new Coccid on, in California,
187.

Bromus inermis (Brome-grass),
bionomics and control of Trachea
finitima cerivana on, in Canada,
437 ; food-plant of Cephus cinctus
in U.S.A., 464.

Brontispa chalybeipennis, sp. n., on
coconuts in Caroline Islands,
254.

Brontispa froggatti, on coconuts,
254.

Brontispa longissima, on coconuts
in Celebes, 330 ; on coconuts in
Dutch East Indies, 522.

Bronze Apple-tree Weevil (see
Magdalis aenescens) .

Bronze Birch Borer (see Agrilus
anxius) .

Bronze Sucking Bug (see Oncoscelis
sulciventvis) .

Broom Corn (see Andropogon
sorghum).

Broscus cephalotes, predaceous on
Euxoa segetum in Germany, 270.

Broscus piinctatus, predaceous on
Lepidoptera in India, 100.

INDEX.

583

Brotolomia mcticulosa, in Russiei,
105.

Broussonetia kasinoki, experiments
with, as a food-plant for silk-
worms in Japan, 196.

Brown Fungus {seeAegerita ivebberi).

Brown Hard-back (see Phvtalus
smith i).

Brown Lacewing (see Syinphcrobius
angustus) .

Brown Pine Beetle (see Hvlastes
pal Hat us).

Brown Rot, precautions against, on
cherries in Canada, 413 ; dusting
and spraying experiments against,
on peaches in Georgia, 276 ; (see
also Sclerotinia cinerea).

Brown-tail Moth (see Nygniia
phaeorrhoea) .

Bruchobius coleniani, parasite of
Bruchus chinensis in Mysore, 65.

Bruchobius laticeps, parasite of Bru-
chus quadrimaciilatiis in U.S.A.,
186, 501.

Bnichocida orientalis, parasite of
Bruchus chinensis in Mysore, 65.

bruchophagi, Eutelus ; Tetrastichus.

Bruchophagus funcbris (Clover and
Alfalfa Seed Chalcid), bionomics
and control of, in U.S.A., 94,
341, 361.

Bruchophagus mellipes, sp. n., reared
from galls in pods of Sesbania
• and Vigna sinensis in India, 19.

Bruchus, in stored beans in Britain,
351 ; measures against, in beans
and peas in North Carolina, 230 ;
in stored beans in Mesopotamia,
479 ; intercepted in Prosopis
juliflora in Queensland, 157.

Bruchus affinis, in broad beans in
Britain, 155.

Bruchus analis, in stored cowpeas in
Mysore, 66.

Bruchus caeruleus, sp. n., in Les-
pedeza stenocarpa in India, 10.

Bruchus chinensis, intercepted in
peas in California, 114; intro-
duced into Germany in Indian
forage peas, 160 ; bionomics and
control of, in stored pulse in
INIysore, 65.

Bruchus lentis, in Russia, 106.

Bruchus limbatus, food-plants of, in
Hawaii, 436.

Bruchus niaculipyga, sp. n., in seeds
of Acacia gagiana in India, 10.

Bruchus obtectus (Bean Weevil), in
stored grain, etc., in Brazil, 59 ;
on beans in Britain, 155 ; inter-
cepted in beans in California, 13 ;
introduced into Gennany in beans

from France, 160 ; bionomics
and control of, in U.S.A., 44,
215,392,443,508.

Bruchus pisi (see B. pisorum).

Bruchus pisorum (Pea Weevil), 167 ;
in Austria, 261 ; attacking pulse
in Britain, 155 ; intercepted in
cowpeas in California, 387 ; effect
of meteorological conditions on,
in Germany, 468 ; intercepted in
peas in Hawaii, 23 ; on peas in
Morocco, 121 ; in Quebec, 2 ;
in Russia, 106 ; bionomics and
control of, in U.S.A., 215, 285,
300.

Bruchus prosopis (Algaroba or
Mesquite Bruchid), in Prosopis
juliflora in Hawaii, 430 ; parasites
of, 430, 436.

Bruchus quadrimaculatus (Four-
spotted Cowpea Weevil), intro-
duced into Germany in Indian
forage peas, 160 ; on cowpeas
in Guadeloupe, 298 ; in Dolichos
lablab in Mysore, 66 ; bionomics
and control of, in U.S.A., 185,
392,501,508.

Bruchus 'ramicornis, intercepted in
Prosopis juliflora in Queensland,
157.

Bruchus rufimanus (Broad Bean
Weevil), attacking beans in
Britain, 155 ; in beans in Italy,
142 ; measures against, in Straits
Settlements, 283 ; bionomics and
control of, in U.S.A., 167.

Bruchus sallaei (Glue Bush Bruchid),
in Prosopis juliflora in Hawaii,
430 ; parasitised by Uscana semi-
fumipennis in Hawaii, 431, 436.

Bruchus ietrichus, possibly intro-
duced into Germany in acacia seed
from East Indies, 160.

bruniata, Cheimatobia [Operophthera) .

Brumus suturalis, predaceous on
Phenacoccus insolitus and Pseudo-
coccus sp. in India, 100.

brunnea, Fontaria.

brunneus, Lyctus.

hrunnipes, Lathrobium .

Bryobia, on pears in Queensland,
156.

Bryobia praetiosa (Gooseberrv Mite),
in Germany, 426 ; in Holland, 199;
a minor pest of sugar-cane in
U.S.A., 79 ; control of, on rasp-
berry in W'ashington, 208.

Bryobia pratensis (see B. praetiosa) .

Bryobia ribis (see B. praetiosa).

bubalus, Ceresa.

Bucculatrix pomifoliella, in U.S.A.,
529.

584

INDEX.

Biicciilatrix Ihiirberiella (Cotton Leaf
Perforator), in Arizona, 10.

Biicentes geniculata, parasite of
Tiptda spp. in Britain, 523.

biicephala, Phalera.

bucephaloides, Phalera.

Buckwheat, land intended for straw-
berries planted with, against
Lachnostenia in Canada, 233 ;
Pxrausta nubilalis on, in New
York, 98.

Bud ]\Ioth (see Eucosma ocellana) .

Bud-rot, of coconuts in British
Guiana, 55.

Biifo spp., value of, against insect
pests in West Indies, 108.

bitlbosa, Corvtimca.

Bullock's Heart Fruit (see Hetero-
graphis bengalella) .

Bunch Caterpillar (see Andraca
bipimctata).

buoliana, Rhyacionia [Tortrix).

Bupalns piniarius (Pine-tree
Looper), on pines in German)^
273, 469 ; in Sweden, 1 18.

BitpJiihalnmm salicifolimn, food-
plant of Anthonomns nibi in
Austria, 290.

Buprestidae, of Arctic Canada, 191 ;
list of, in forest trees in U.S.A.,
295.

Buprestis confliienta, in Populus spp.
in U.S.A., 295.

Buprestis gibbsi, in Quercus cali-
fornica in U.S.A., 295.

Buprestis haemorrhoidalis, in forests
in Lithuania, 420.

Buprestis japovensis, damaging lead,
81.

Btiprestis 'macidata, in forests in
Lithuania, 420.

Btiprestis rustica, in forests in
Lithuania, 420.

Buprestis viridisuturalis, food-plants
of, in U.S.A., 82, 295.

buprestivorus, Aplomerus.

Burdock, Papaipema cataphracta on,
in Canada, 373.

Burdock Borer (see Papaipema
cataphracta) .

Burgundy Mixture, effect of spray-
ing with, on potato foliage, 351.

Burlap, banding with, against Cydia
pomonella, 238 ; against Porthe-
tria dispar, 220 ; against Pseudo-
coccus gahani, 316.

Burma, miscellaneous pests in, 61,
86, 99, 165, 171 ; economic
importance of Athene brama in,
409.

burmeisicri, Lachnosterna.

bursarins, Pemphigus.

buscki, Drosophila.

Bittea frondosa, Trachys bicolor on,

in India, 514.
Butternut, Poly poms sulphitreus on,

in North America, 15.
Button-wood, pests of, in U.S.A.,

505.
Butyric Acid, chemotropic effect of,

on insects, 327.
buxtoni, Aphis.
Byctiscus betulae, outbreaks of, in

Germany, 268, 273 ; possibly the

original host of Bracon discoideus

in Holland, 407 ; on vine in Italy,

142 ; on grapes in Russia, 106.
Byturus tomentosiis (Loganberry

Beetle), measures against, in

Britain, 350.

Cabbage {Brass ica oleracea), Brevi-
coryne on, in Brazil, 452 ; pests
of, in Britain, 58, 351 ; pests of,
in Canada, 2, 4, 281, 323, 362;
pests of, in Ceylon, 521 ; pests of,
in France, 36, 40, 120, 496 ; pests
of, in Germany, 141, 270 ; pests
of, in Hawaii, 136, 375 ; Phcrbia
brassicae on, in Holland, 199 ;
pests of, in Italy, 142 ; pests of;
in Malay States, 439 ; pests of, in
Queensland, 156, 157 ; pests of,
in Russia, 104 ; outbreak of
Pieris on, in Switzerland, 82,- 269 ;
pests of, in Tripoli, 159 ; pests of,
in U.S.A., 32, 42, 98, 249, 285,
382, 385, 386, 532 ; not protected
against Pieris by elderberry, 523.

Cabbage Aphis (see Brevicoryne
brassicae) .

Cabbage Aphis, False (see Aphis
psettdobrassicae) .

Cabbage Butterfly (see Pieris).

Cabbage Gall IMidge (see Perrisia
brassicae) .

Cabbage Looper (see Phytcmeira
brassicae) .

Cabbage Root Maggot (see Phorbia
brassicae) .

Cabbage Worm, (see Pieris rapae) .

caberata, Sabulodes.

Cacao, pests of, in Ceylon, 520 ; pests
of, in Fiji, 297 ; pests of, in Gold
Coast, 9 ; pests of, in British
Guiana and Trinidad, 55, 56 ;
pests of, in Dutch Guiana, 232,
439, 440, 536, 537 ; pests of, in
Dutch East Indies, 329, 456, 538 ;

INDEX.

585

pests of, in San Thome, 201, 491-
494, 515 ; pests of, in Uganda,
243 ; notice of pests of, and their
control, 478.

Cacao Beans, Ephesiia ki'thniclla
attacking, in Britain, 139 ; Lepi-
doptera intercepted in, in Cali-
fornia, 480.

Cacao IMosquito (see Helopcltis
bergrothi).

Cacao Moth (see Acrocercops
cranierclla) .

Cacao Thrips (see Heliothrips
riibrocinctus) .

Cacoecia (see Tortrix).

Cactus, new Lepidopterous pest of,
in Brazil, 452 ; fumigation with
hydrocyanic-acid gas against
pests of, 539.

Cactus \\'eevil (see Gerstacckeria
hnbbardi).

■cadaver inus, Dermestes.

Caenocorse depressa (see Palonts).

■caernleits, Briichiis.

caffra, Chionaspis ; Scolia.

caffreii, Pyrausta.

caja, Arctia.

•Cajanits indiciis (Pigeon Pea, Red
Gram), pests of, in Ceylon, 457,
520 ; pests of, in India, 519 ;
pests of, in INIauritius, 73 ; Edessa
meditabunda on, in St. Vincent,
206.

•Caladiuni, Pseudischnaspis alieniis
intercepted on, in U.S.A., 236.

•Calamagrostis, food-plant of Cephiis
cinctits in U.S.A., 464.

Calandra (Grain Weevil), measures
against, in stored wheat in Britain,
180 ; intercepted in quarantine
in California, 508 ; effect of
chloropicrin on, in France, 162 ;
control of, in stored grain in
U.S.A., 21, 215.

'Calandra granaria , measures against,
in stored wheat in Australia,
21 ; in stored grain, etc., in
Brazil, 59 ; bionomics and con-
trol of, in stored cereals in Britain,
178, 179 ; in stored foodstuffs in
Central Europe, 288 ; in stored
grain in France, 260 ; control and
parasites of, in Germany, 331,
425 ; in Italy, 142, 334 ; in
Russia, 106 ; immune to Bacillus
tlmringicnsis, 243 ; effect of
chloropicrin on, 260, 334.
'Calatidra linearis, intercepted in

tamarind pods in U.S.A., 307.
•Calandra oryzae, 66 ; in stored grain,
etc., in South America, 59, 405 ;
in stored wheat in Australia, 21 ; '

in stored cereals in Britain, 178,
179 ; intercepted in California,
49, 114, 480; in stored grain in
France, 58 ; in Germany, 331,
425 ; in British Guiana, 55 ;
in stored wheat in INIesopotamia,
479 ; on cereals in Queensland,
155 ; in U.S.A., 295"! 513 ; in
stored tobacco, 425 ; bionomics
and control of, 21, 58, 178, 179,
295, 331, 425, 513 ; natural
enemies of, 295, 331, 4p5 ; immune
to Bacillus thuringiensis, 253.
Calandra pevtinax (see Spheno-

pJiorits).
Calandra taitensis (see Diocalandra) .
calandrae, Pteromaliis {Meraporus) .
Calaphis betulaecolens, swarms of,

in Connecticut, 341.
calcarator, Heteropelma.
calceatiis, Ophomis.
Calceolaria, Aleurodes vaporariorwn

ovipositing on, in Britain, 474.
calceolariae, Pseudococciis.
Calcium, 150.

Calcium Arsenate, 75, 444 ; against
Anthonomiis grandis, 96, 245, 302,
343, 458 ; against orchard pests,
207, 372, 413, 437, 529 ; spraying
with, against vegetable pests, etc.,
120, 236, 385, 412, 459, 460, 532 ;
and Bordeaux mixture, 344, 385,
413 ; and lime, 85, 95, 412, 459,
460 ; as a substitute for lead
arsenate and Paris green, 95,
155 ; effects of, on plants, 85 ;
legislation regarding, 343.
Calcium Arsenite, not recommended
as an insecticide for ordinary
use, 75.
Calcium Casein, and nicotine-
arsenical combinations against
Cydia molesta, 355.
Calcium Polysulphide, as a wash
against Eiiriiarchalia gennadiosi,
203.
calianthina, Parlatoria.
calidella, Ephestia.
calidum , Calosoma .
California, new Aphids on oaks in,
63, 479 ; utilisation and estab-
lishment of beneficial insects in,
74, 318, 335, 506 ; measures
against grasshoppers in, 47, 238,
386 ; scale-insects and their con-
trol in, 11, 112, 181, 187,239,316,
318, 393 ; list of Syrphids in, 8 ;
pests of dried fruit and their
control in, 241 ; olive pests in,
91 ; measures against walnut
pests in, 130, 238 ; miscellaneous
pests in, 81 (note), 113, 114, 145,

586

INDEX.

149, 182, 239, 240, 365, 401, 438,
508 ; distribution of insect pests
by railways in, 181 ; pests inter-
cepted in quarantine in, 13, 49,
114, 181, 240, 319, 387, 479, 508 ;
precautions against introduction
of cotton pests into, 181 ; bene-
ficial insects introduced into other
countries from, 137, 294, 375 ;
pests from, intercepted in Hawaii,
23, 431 ; Cydia pomonella intro-
duced into Tasmania from, 336 ;
cultivation of pyrethrum in, 363 ;
handbook on plant disease and
pest control in, 85.

California Oak Worm (see Phry-
ganidia californica) .

catifornica, Phryganidia ; Vacuna.

californicus, Cybocephalus ; Gym-
nonychus ; Luperisinus ; Sirex ;
Synipherobius ; Tenuipalpus.

caliginosellus, Crambus.

Caliroa cerasi (see Eriocampoides
limacina) .

Calisto archebates (Sugar-cane
Butterfly) , risk of introduction of,
into Porto Rico, 248.

Calla, Pseudococcus intercepted on
bulbs of, in California, 182.

Calletris glauca (Cypress Pine),
immune to termites in Formosa,
301.

Callicratides rama, Hyalopeplus
smaragdinus not identical with,
453.

Callidiuni fasciatiim, on wild vines
in France, 433.

Callidiuni sanguineitm, damaging
lead, 81.

Callidiuni subopacum, sp. n., in
Arctic Canada, 192.

calligraphus, Endelns.

Calliphora erythrocephala, chemo-
tropic response of, 327.

Calliptamns italicus, in Italy, 484 ;
in Russia, 103.

Callipterus nigritarsis, on birch in
Britain, 59.

callosa, Promecotheca.

calobata, Pinipla.

Calocampa exoleta, on vines in
France, 433 ; on peas in Tripoli,
159.

Calocasia corvli, on maples in Russia,
105.

Calocovis angustatus, Alegacoehtni
stramineum associated with, in
India, 101.

Calocoris bipunctatiis (see C.
norvegicus) .

Calocoris norvegicus, on potato in
Britain, 155.

Calogramma f estiva, food-plants of,.

in Queensland, 157.
Calomel, against ants, 537.
Calopepla leayana, on Gmelina

arborea in India, 171.
Calophyllum inophvlliini (Kamani),

food-plant of Ccratitis capitata

in Hawaii, 171.
Calosoma, predaceous on Lepidop-

tera in U.S.A., 236, 529.
Calosoma calidum, parasitised by

Eubiomyia calosomae in U.S.A.,.

185.
Calosoma chinense, predaceous on

Noctuid larvae in Japan, 399.
Calosoma frigidiim, predaceous on

Proteopteryx oregonana in Mani-
toba, 438 ; parasitised by Eubio-
myia calosomae in U.S.A., 185.
Calosoma indicum, predaceous on

Lepidoptera in India, 100.
Calosoma sycophanta, liberation of,

against brown-tail and gipsv

moths in U.S.A., 96, 220 ; para'-

sitised by Eubiomyia calosomae

in U.S.A., 184.
calosomae, Eubiomyia.
Calotermes cantaneus, Sclerodermus

immigrans experimentally bred

from, in Hawaii, 436.
Calotermes flavicollis, on vines in

France, 434.
Calotermes militaris, probably

attacking tea in Ceylon, 110,

258, 520.
Calotermes tectonae, in forests in

Dutch East Indies, 329.
Calotropis gigantea, Aphis nerii on,.

in India, 55.
Calpodes ethlius (Arrowroot Worm),

in St. Vincent, 206.
Calymnia trapezina, parasitised by

Rhogas circumscriptus in Britain,

331 ; in Russia, 105.
Calyptiis, parasite of Magdalis

aenescens in U.S.A., 76.
Cambodia, studies on rhinoceros

beetles on coconuts in, 275.
Camelina sativa, food-plant of

Ceuthorrhynchus pulvinatus in

Austria, 290.
Camellia, Chrysomphalus dictyo-

spermi var. pinnulifera on, in

Italy, 142.
camelliae, Aspidiotus (see A. rapax).
camelus, Xiphydria.
cameroni, Lygocerus ; Spalangia.
Camnula pellucida (Yellow-winged

Grasshopper), food-plants and

control of, in California, 47 ;

control and natural enemies of,

in Canada, 316, 323.

INDEX.

587

Camomile, Cassida inquinata on, in
France, 282.

campestris, Hyperaspis.

Camphor, measures against Crypto-
thrips floridensis on, in Florida,
294 ; Parabolopona guttata on,
in Formosa, 86.

Camphor Thrips (see Cryptothrips
floridensis) .

Camponotits (Black Carpenter Ant),
destroying eggs of Trachys bicolor
in India, 514 ; on shade-trees in
U.S.A., 247.

Camponotus niaculatus var. thonien-
sis, n., in San Thome, 491.

Camponotus nuts, in South America,
299.

Campsomcris spp., enemies of
Lepidiota in Queensland, 79, 132,
164, 466.

Camptomyia strobi, sp. n., in Picea
excelsa in Germany, 255.

Canada, notice of keys to Aeolo-
thripidae of, 147 ; Coleoptera and
Lepidoptera of Arctic regions of,
191, 192 ; Cydia nigricana im-
ported into Wisconsin from, 95 ;
forest pests in 15, 16, 34, 88, 89,
151, 190, 192,338,489 ; bionomics
and control of locusts in, 278,
316 ; miscellaneous pests in, 3,
28, 33, 113, 192, 223, 528;
measures against orchard pests in,
17, 18, 168, 207, 221, 233, 344.
360, 413, 490, 491 ; precautions
against introduction of Popillia
japonica into, from Japan, 222 ;
precautions against spread of
Pvraiista nubilalis in, 343, 373,
416 ; vegetable pests and their
control in, 4, 193, 281, 361, 362 ;
beneficial insects in, 3, 148, 258 ;
legislation against pests in, 168,
416 ; present-day problems in
entomology in, 3 ; relation of
insects to plant diseases in, 135,
422 ; (see also under the various
Provinces) .

canadensis, Epochra ; Pityophthonis.

canaliculatus , Lyctus.

Canariiim, Xylotrechus quadvipes
ovipositing on, in Tonkin, 111.

Canarsia hammondi (Apple-leaf
Skeletoniser), in U.S.A., 529.

Canary Islands, range of Blastophaga
psenes extending to, 534.

Canavalia lineata, food-plant of Epi-
caiita hirticornis in Formosa, 197.

cancellata, Schistocerca.

Candida, Saperda.

canella, Diatraea.

canellus, Typophonis {Paria).

canescens, Nemeritis.
cams, Ctenocephaliis.
Canker Worm, Spring (see Palae-

crita vernata) .
Canker Worms, on shade-trees and

apple in U.S.A., 247, 529.
Cannabis sativa (see Hemp).
Cantaloup, pumpkins grown to

protect, against Diaphania

nitidalis in U.S.A., 366.
Cantas ocellatus, in Dutch E. Indies,

453.
Cantharis excavata (see Lytta).
Canthecona cyanocantha, predaceous

on Levuana iridescens in Fiji, 297.
cantheriiis, Rhogas.
Cape Colony, new fruit-flies from,

264.
Cape Dandelion, not attacked by

cutworms in Australia, 502.
Cape Jasmine, pests intercepted on,

in California, 508.
Cape Verde Islands, Calandra

linearis intercepted in U.S.A.

in tamarind pods from, 307.
capensis, Liogryllus.
capitata, Ceratitis.
capitella, Incurvaria.
Capitophorus chrysanthemi, sp. n., on

chrvsanthemum in Orange Free

State, 447.
Capnodis carbonaria, on almond in

Palestine, 71.
Capnodis tenebricosus, on peach and

cherrv in Morocco, 121.
Capnodis tenebrionis, on apricot in

Salonika, 71.
Capnodium, on Sesbania in Dutch

East Indies, 513.
Cappariniyia, gen. nov., erected for

Ceratitis savastani, 264.
Capparis albitrunca, defoliated by

Belenois niesentina in South Africa,

412.
Capparis stylosa, new scale-insect on,

in India, 205.
capreae, Cavariella ; Eiilecaniuni

(see E. coryli).
Caprimulgiis eiiropaeus (Nightjar),

noxious insects destroj-ed by,

in Britain, 135.
Caprinia conchylalis, on Funtumia

elastica in Ceylon, 520.
Capritermes nitobei, on rice in For-
mosa, 143.
Capsella bursa-pastoris , food-plant

of Scepticus insular is in Japan,

398.
Capsicum, Daciis Jerrugineus on,

in Java, 435.
Capsicum annuum, pests of, in

Tripoli, 159.

588

INDEX.

captiva, Harmolita.

capucina, Gyna.

capucinus, Bostryckus {Apate).

Carabidae, of Arctic Canada, 191.

Carabiis nemoralis, intercepted on
imported nursery stock in Con-
necticut, 337 ; parasitised by
Eubioniyia calosomae in U.S.A.,
185.

Caradrina exigua (see Laphygma) .

Caradrina qiiadripunctata (see
Athetis clavipalpis).

Cavalluma caudata, new scale-insect
on, in South Africa, 117.

Carbol-sul, experiments with, as a
soil dressing against wireworms,
45.

Carbolic Acid, effect of, on Aphid
eggs, 46 ; for protecting furniture
from beetles, 443 ; spraying with,
against flea-beetles, 287 ; less
effective than hot water against
pupae of Folia oleracea, 61.

Carbolic Emulsion, preparation of,
against ants, 537 ; experiments
with, against Diarthronomyia
hypogaea, 342 ; against Sitones
lineatus, 155.

Carbolin, experiments with, against
termites in timber, 30 1 .

Carbolineum, 428 ; against ants,
537 ; value of, as an insecticide,
439 ; painting bark with, against
pine weevils, 338, 380 ; in sprays,
199, 263 ; experiments with,
against termites in timber, 301.

Carbolineum Avenarius, against ter-
mites in timber, 301.

Carbolineum Emulsion, effect of
spraying with, on Lepidoptera,
141.

Carbon Bisulphide, against ants,
53, 131, 240, 533, 536 ; injections
of, against borers, 70, 229, 258,
282, 506 ; for disinfecting cotton
seed, 290 ; against pests of
stored grain and foodstuffs, 59,
60, 65, 167, 186, 241, 286, 334,
425, 443, 501, 508 ; less effective
than chloropicrin against grain
pests, 334 ; against termites,
258, 520 ; against pests of timber
and furniture, 265, 272, 443 ;
against tobacco pests, 221, 330;
against underground pests, 202,
214, 291, 369, 441, 442, 450, 481,
482 ; fumigation with, 22, 53,
59, 60. 65, 71, 142, 167, 186, 215,
221, 240, 241, 250, 255, 265,
272, 286, 330, 334, 402, 425,
443, 449, 459, 501, 508 ; spray-
ing with, 224, 484 ; ineffective
against Aegeria exitiosa, 189 ;

value of, against Lasioderma
serricorne, 221, 341 ; ineffective
against Scapterisciis vicinus, 248 ;
in preparation of carbol-sul, 45 ;
percentage of, contained in Hop-
per's solution, 482 ; effect of
resinol solution on, 543.

Carbon Dioxide, effect of, on calcium
and magnesium arsenates, 85 ;
effect of, on grain weevils, 178.

Carbon Monoxide, experiments with,
as a fumigant, 533.

Carbon Tetrachloride, fumigation
with, against Bruchus obtectus,
443 ; experiments with, for pro-
tecting furniture from beetles,
443 ; less effective than chloro-
picrin against grain pests, 334 ;
ineffective against Aegeria exiti-
osa, 189.

carbonaria, Capnodis ; Lissonota ;
Oscinis.

Carbonate of Soda (see Sodium
Carbonate).

cardinalis, Novius.

Cardiophoriis fenestratus, on pear
trees. Bacillus amylovorus spread
by, in British Columbia, 323.

Cardiophorus gdrtnevi, stated to be
identical with C. raffrayi, 160.

Cardiophorus raffrayi, introduced
into Germany from East Africa,
160.

carduellinum, Rhopalosiphum.

cardui. Aphis.

Carduus (see Thistle) .

Careless-weed (see Amarantus).

Car ex (Reed-grass), notice of Ceci-
domyiids forming galls on, in
Central Europe, 469.

Carica papaya (see Papaw) .

caricae, Eucardinia ; Philotrypesis.

caridei, Parexorista ; Perissopterus.

carinatum, Dorcadion.

carinatus, Eriophyes (Phytoptus) ;
Oxypleurites.

cariniceps, Pityophthorus.

cariniventris. Trichomona.

cariosus, Sphenophorus.

Carissa grandiflora, new scale-insect
on, in South Africa, 447.

carissae, Filippia.

Carnation, pests of, and their con-
trol in Britain, 441.

carnifex, Cosmopepla.

Carob (see Ceratonia siliqita).

caroli, Chionaspis.

Carolina, North, measures against
insect pests in, 230, 231, 459, 460;
Aspidiotus perniciosus from, in-
tercepted in Florida, 383. ■

Carolina, South, Horistonotus uhleri
in, 509 ; notice of leaf-hoppers of.

INDEX.

589

209 ; bionomics and control of
JMelanotiis in, 5.
Carolina, Protoparce.
Caroline Islands, coconut pests in

254.
carpella, Phthoropora.
Carphohorus andersoni, sp. n., in

forests in Arctic Canada, 192.
carpinicolens, Macrosiphiim.
Carpinus betulus, Eulccanium coryli

on, in Italy, 124.
Carpinus caroliniana (Blue Beech,
Hornbeam), pests of, in U.S.A.
33, 418.
Carpocapsa pomoneUa (see Cydia).
Carpoglyphns anonymiis, in imported

figs in Britain, 222.
Carpophilus, intercepted in acorns
in California, 480 ; infesting
stored grain in Dutch East Indies,
495 ; in stored peanuts in Queens-
land, 62.
Carpopliilus diinidiatns, on pears
and poplars in Mesopotamia, 478.
Cavpophihis hemipterus, in imported
figs in Britain, 222 ; measures
against, in dried fruit in Cah-
fornia, 24 1 .
Carpophthoroniyia pidcheUa, type of

new genus Perilaynpsis , 264.
Carrot, pests of, in Britain, 351 ;
Depressaria heracleana on, in
Connecticut, 340 ; Euxoa segetum
on, in Germany, 270 ; Nematodes
causing root knot disease of, in
Hawaii, 136.
Carrot Rust Fly (see PsHa rosae).
Carthauins tinctorius, Heliothis

pcltigeva on, in India, 85.
carueli, Diaspis.
Cariim copticum (Ajowan), Prodenia

on, in West Indies, 523.
caryae, Halisidota.
caryatrypes, Balanimts.
Caryoborus (see Pachymerus) .
Cascara, Lepidosaphes spp. inter-
cepted on, in California, 319, 480.
Case-bearing Clothes Moth {seeTinea

pellioneUa) .
Casein Lime, effect of addition of,
to lime-sulphur and hydrated lime
against Aphid eggs, 31.
Caseinate, as a spreader for lead

arsenate sprays, 372.
Cassava {Manihot iitilissima), pests
of, in Cuba, 52 ; pests of, in
Dutch East Indies, 140, 329 ;
Lepidosaphes alba intercepted on,
in U.S.A., 237 ; pests of, and their
control in West Indies, 35, 52.
Cassava Mite (see Tetranychus
telarius) .

Cassia brewsle/i, pests of, in Queens-
land, 156.
Cassia fistula, Euphalcyus vittatus

on, in India, 191.
Cassida inquinata, on camomile in

France, 282.
Cassida nebulosa, in Britain, 106.
Cassida viridis, on artichokes in

Morocco, 121.
Castanea dentata (American Chest-
nut), Phryganidia calif ornica on,
in U.S.A., 278.
castanea, Diparopsis.
castaneiceps, Spatulicvaspeda.
castaneum, Tribolium.
castaneus, Aorus ; Calotermes.
Castelleja foliolosa, new Coccid on,

in California, 187.
Castnia dacdalus, on coconuts in
British and Dutch Guiana, 472,
536.
Castnia licus (Giant Aloth Borer),
measures against, on sugar-cane
in British Guiana, 41, 471 ; on
bananas in Dutch Guiana, 536.
Castor Beans, Aphid intercepted on,

in Hawaii, 23.
Castor Oil, for protecting stored

pulse from Bruchids, 66.
Castor Oil Plant (see Ricinns com-
munis),
castrensis, Malacosoma.
Casuarina cunninghami (River Oak),
Cryptophaga irrorata on, in
Queensland, 156.
Casuarina equisetifolia, attacked by
Coelosterna scabrata in Reunion,
120.
Casuarina inophloia (Forest Oak),
Cryptophaga irrorata on, in
Queensland, 156.
Casuarina quadrivalvus, Sphaerococ-
cus casuarinae on, in Australia, 63.
Casuarina stricta, pests of, in

Formosa, 197.
casuarinae, Sphaerococcus.
Cat-tail Weed (see Typha latifolia).
Cataboniba pyrastri (see Lasio-

phthicus) .
catalinae, Delphastus.
Catantops melanostictus, on tobacco

in Africa, 424.
Catantops opidentus, on tobacco in

Africa, 424.
Catantops solitarius, on tobacco in

Africa, 424.'
Catantops vittipes, on tobacco and

cotton in Africa, 424, 474.
cataphracta, Papaipema.
catenaria, Cingilia.
Catephia inquieta (see Scotogramma
trifolii).

590

INDEX.

Catephiodes ziileana, on cacao in
Dutch Guiana, 536.

Cathartus advena, intercepted on
bulbs in Connecticut, 338.

Catjang Borer (see Agromyza
phaseoli) .

Catocala nupta, on poplars in Russia,
105.

Catochrysops cnejus, Eublemma
dimidialis associated with, on
Phaseolus niimgo in India, 100.

catoiri, Ceratitis.

Catorama herbarium, destroying
books and furniture in Brazil, 36.

catoxantha, Brachartona.

Cattle, insect-infested grain, etc.,
as food for, 58, 71, 167, 203, 335,
339 ; not injured by eating grass-
hopper bait, 48 ; lime-sulphur
not injurious to, 308 ; killed by
eating Ptervgophorus analis in
Australia, 442 ; effect of extract
of Aphids on blood corpuscles of,
356.

Cattle Ticks, 159.

Cattleya percivaliana, Furcaspis
biformis on, in greenhouses in
Colorado, 295.

£aucasicus, Phloeotribus .

Cauliflower, Phorbia brassicae on,
in Canada, 2, 323 ; Phytomyza
flavicornis on, in Central Europe
and Germany, 288, 289 ; Phorbia
brassicae on, in Holland, 199 ;
pests of, in Tripoh, 159.

Caulophilus latinasus, in avocado
in Florida, 219.

Caustic Potash, in mixture for
painting apple-trees against
Eriosoma lanigeruni, 153.

Caustic Soda, in formula for spray
against Chrysomphahis dictyos-
permi pinnulifera, 451.

cautella, Ephestia.

Cavariella capreae, on willow in
Britain, 58.

cavilabris, Aethognathus afer.

ceanothi, Lepidosaphes.

Ceanothus, new Coccid on, in U.S.A.,
188.

Cecidipta excaecariae, new Hymenop-
terous parasite of, in South
America, 475.

cecidiptae, Allapanteles.

Cecidodectes, gen. n., in Java, 399.

Cecidomyella aulacaspidis, gen. et
sp. n., predaceous on Aulacaspis
rosae in Italy, 160.

Cecidomyia, Cecidomyella distinct
from, 160.

Cecidomyia artemisiae, Torymus arte-
misiae in galls of, in France, 37.

Cecidomyia nianihot, parasitised by

Tetrastichus fasciatus, 521.
Cecidomyia penniseti, sp. n., on

Pennisetum typhoideum in India

473.
Cecidomyiidae, notice of species of,

forming galls on Carex in Central

Europe, 469.
Cecidopimpla ronnai, gen. et sp. n.,

parasite of Cecidoses eremita in

South America, 299.
Cecidoses eremita, parasitised by

Cecidopiynpla ronnai in South

America, 299.
Cedar, attacked by Hypsipyla

robusta, 166 ; Walshomyia texana

on, in U.S.A., 295.
Cedar, Incense (see Libocedrus

decurrens) .
Cedar, Red (see Cedrela toona and

Juniperus virginiana) .
Cedar, Western Red (see Thuja

plicata) .
Cedar, White (see Melia composita).
Cedar Scale, White (see Aspidiotus

lataniae) .
Cedar Twig ^loth (see Hypsipyla

robusta) .
Cedrela australis, Hypsipyla robusta

on, in Australia, 165, 166.
Cedrela multijuga, food-plant of

Hypsipyla robusta, 165.
Cedrela toona (Red Cedar), pests of,

in Australia, 156, 165.
Cedrus deodar a (Deodar), occasion-
ally attacked by Ehrhornia

cupressi in California, 393.
Celastrus articulata, Rhopalosiphum

sambucicola on, in Japan, 11.
Celastrus cordata, new scale-insect

on, in South Africa, 447.
Celastrus scandens (Bitter-sweet),

food-plant of Enchenopa binotata

in Connecticut, 340.
Celebes, coconut pests in, 330.
celerio, Hippotion {Deilephila).
Celery, pests of, in Britain, 351 ;

measures against Lygus pratensis

on, in Canada, 281,361 ; Trypetid

fly on, in Cyprus, 204 ; measures

against pests of, in U.S.A., 95,

511; legislation restricting im-
portation of, into Canada against

Pyrausta nubilalis, 416.
Celery Fly (see Acidia heraclei).
Celery Leaf-tier (see Pionea ferru-

galis) .
celeus, Protoparce.
Celtis sinensis, Stomaphis yanonis

on, in Japan, 11.
centaur us, Archon.
Centrinus penicellus (Cornpith

INDEX.

591

Weevil), bionomics of, on maize
in U.S.A., 388.
Centrohia, kev to European species

of, 541.
Centrohia for steri, in Europe, 541.
Centrohia silvestrii, sp. n., on oak

in Europe, 541.
Centrohia silvestrii minor, in Europe,

541.
Centrohia similis, in Europe, 541.
Centrohia ivalkeri, in Europe, 541.
ceparum, Anthomyia (see Hykmyia

antiqua).
cephalonica, Corcyra.
Cephalonomia, resembling Sclera- \

dermus in its biology, 436.
Cephalonomia for miciformis, parasite
of Sinoxylon sexdentatum in
France, 434.
Cephalonomia hypobori (see Tri-

chopria).
Cephalonomia kiefferi, sp. n., para-
site of Calandra orvzae in U.S.A.,
295.
Cephalosporin)!'., infesting I eery a

purchasi in Ceylon, 520.
Cephalosporium lecanii, spraying
with spores of, against Coccus
viridis in Barbados, 471 ; infest-
ing Coccus viridis in Reunion,
177 ; value of, against scale-
insects in San Thome, 494.
Cephalotermes rectangularis, on cacao

in San Thome, 492, 493.
cephalotes, Broscus.
cephi, Microhracon.
Cephus, notice of key to Xorth

American species of, 464.
Cephus cinctus (Western Wheat-
stem Sawfly), confused with C.
pyg))iaeus in Canada, 3 ; biono-
mics of, in U.S.A., 464 ; notice
of key differentiating Trachelus
tahidus and, 347.
Cephus compressus {see Janus).
Cephus pygmaeus, C. cinctus con-
fused with, in North America, 3,
464 ; on wheat in Germany, 468 ;
on wheat in Russia, 106 ; notice
of key differentiating Trachelus
tahidus and, 347.
Cerambj'cidae, of Canada, 1, 191.
Ceramhvx miles, on vines in France,

434.^
Cer arnica picta (Zebra Caterpillar),
a minor pest of maize in Con-
necticut, 340 ; in Quebec, 2.
ceramicus, Duomitus .
Cerapterocerus mirahiiis, bionomics

of, in Italy, 123.
cerasi, Eriocampoides {Caliroa,
Eriocampa) (see E. limacina).

cerasi, Magdalis ; Myzus ; Rhago-

letis (Spilographa).
cerasifoliae , Aphis,
cerasivorana, Tortrix.
cerasorum, Eiilecanium {Lecanium).
Cerataphis lataniae, intercepted on

orchids in California, 49.
ceratitina, Stictaspis.
Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean
Fruit-fly), legislation against in-
troduction of, into Cuba, 256 ;
danger of introduction of, into
Florida, 293 ; bionomics and
control of, in Hawaii, 170, 375 ;
on peaches in Madagascar, 133.
Ceratitis catoiri, food-plants of, in

Mauritius, 73.
Ceratitis savastani, in Italy and
Sicily, erection of new genus for,
264.
Ceratonia siliqua (Carob), measures
against scale-insects on, in Algeria
and Southern France, 450 ; pests
of, in Sicily, 122.
ceratoniae, Myelois.
Cerceris, suggested utilisation of,
agatnst Bruchids in Hawaii, 431.
Cerciaphis boiigainvilleae, sp. n., on

Bougainvillea in Uganda, 447.

Cercocarpits parvifolius (^Mountain

Mahogany), Buprestid in, in

North America, 417.

cerealella, Sitotroga.

cerealium, Limothrips.

Cereals, bionomics of Oscinella frit

on, in North America, 183 ; pests

of, in Austria, 263 ; pests of, in

Britain, 138, 154, 155, 351 ; pests

of, in Canada, 192, 373 ; not

attacked hy Loxostege sticticaUs

in Canada, 193 ; pests of, in the

Far East, 86 ; pests of, in

Germany, 270, 358, 359, 543 ;

Miris dolahratus on, in Sweden,

6 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 9, 22, 116,

207, 286, 303, 308, 376, 402,

450, 464, 479 ; notice of pests of,

in Zanzibar, 118; (see wheat,

maize, barlev, etc.).

Cereals (Stored), pests of, in

Australia, 21, 180; pests of, in

Brazil, 59 ; pests of, in Britain,

139, 178, 179, 180 ; pests of, in

France, 58, 162, 260 ; pests of,

in Germany, 253, 288, 331, 544 ;

Lasioderma serricorne in, in

British Guiana, 55 ; new Oeco-

phorid moth in, in Japan, 249 ;

pests of, in Russia, 102, 103, 104,

105, 107, 108 ; pests of, in U.S.A.,

94, 148, 215, 241 ; measures

against pests of, 58, 94, 102, 178,

592

INDEX.

179, 180, 215, 260, 331, 334 ;

(see wheat, stored, etc.).
Ceresa bubalus, on Equisetum in

France, 260 ; in orchards in

^Michigan, 393.
Ceresium zeylanicwn, in Hevitiera

fames in India, 60.
cereus, Opius.
Ceria, in Populus fremontii in

California, 8.
ceriferus, Ceroplastes.
cerivana, Trachea finitima.
Cerocephala elegans, parasite of

Calandra granaria in Germany,

331.
Cerocephala formiciformis, parasite

of Calandra granaria in Germany,

331.
Cerococcus, notice of key to South

African species of, 117, 118.
Cerococcus passerinae, sp. n., on

Passerina ericoides in South Africa

117.
Cerococcus royenae, sp. n., on Royena

pallens in South Africa, 117.
Ceromasia spJienophori, failure to

estabhsh, against Rhabdocnemis

obscura in Fiji, 25 ; successful

estabhshment of, against Rhab-
docnemis obscura in Hawaii, 72 ;

utilisation of, in Queensland

against Rhabdocnemis obscura, 79,

466.
Ceronema, 447.
Ceronema mobilis, sp. n., on Celastrus

cordata in South Africa, 447.
Ceroplastes, in South Africa, 447,

521 ; in Uruguay, 214 ; new

parasite of, 521.
Ceroplastes ceriferus, on citrus in

Queensland, 157 ; on coffee in

San Thome, 491.
Ceroplastes conibreti, sp. n., on

Combretum in South Africa, 447.
Ceroplastes eucleae, sp. n., on Euclea

in Soutli Africa, 447.
Ceroplastes floridensis, on citrus

and mango in Cuba, 229 ; inter-
cepted in quarantine in California,

508.
Ceroplastes longicauda, sp. n., in

South Africa, 447.
Ceroplastes murrayi, sp. n. (Wild

Mango Wax Scale), in New

Guinea, 35.
Ceroplastes pallidus, sp. n., on fig

in South Africa, 447.
Ceroplastes quadrilineatus var. sim-
plex, n., on Rhus in South

Africa, 447.
Ceroplastes rubens (Pink Wax Scale),

on citrus in Queensland, 156.

Ceroplastes rusci, on fig in Italy,
142 ; control and natural enemies
of, in Algeria and South France,
450 ; parasites of, on oranges in
Argentina, 299 ; parasites of, in
Europe, 123.

Ceroplastes sinensis, bionomics of,
in Italy, 127 ; legislation against
importation of food-plants of,
into Sicily and Sardinia, 136.

Ceroplastes tachardiaformis, sp. n.,
on Elytropappus rhinocerotis in
South Africa, 447.

Ceroplastodes bituberculatits, sp. n.,
in South Africa, 447.

certella, Argyresthia.

Cervaphis quercus, resembling Neo-
phyllaphis podocarpi, 152.

cervicornis, Macrodontia.

cervina, Purohita ; Thosea.

cervinus, Haplohamnius.

Cetonia aurata, damaging lead, 81.

Cetonia mandarinea (see Protaetia
fusca) .

Cetonia opaca, damaging lead, 81.

Ceuthorrhynchus , in Germany, 359 ;
notice of species of, of the group
chalybaeus in Central Europe,
452.

Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis (Turnip
Seed Beetle), in Austria, 261 ;
in Britain, 351 ; measures against,
on rape in Germany, 287, 542.

Ceuthorrhynchus macula-alba , in
Russia, 106.

Ceuthorrhynchus napi, measures
against, on rape in Germany, 287.

Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostigma (Gall
Weevil), on cabbages in Britain,
351.

Ceuthorrhynchus pulvinatus, food-
plants of, in Austria, 290.

Ceuthorrhynchus puncticollis, food-
plants of, in Austria, 290.

Ceuthorrhynchus pyrrhorhynchus,
confined to Cruciferae, 290.

Ceuthorrhynchus sulcicollis, in Aus-
tria, 261 ; on rape in Germany,
176 ; on turnips in Italy, 142.

Ceuthorrhynchus terminatus, in Aus-
tria, 261.

Ceylon, new Coccid on bamboo in,
198 ; Homoptera of, 86 ; miscel-
laneous pests in, 61, 110, 134, 139,
165, 191, 258, 411, 453, 457,
498, 519-521; rhinoceros beetles
on coconuts in, 275 ; pests of
tea and their control in, 19, 109,
110, 168, 209, 210, 258, 304;
legislation against Xyleborusforni-
catus in, 168.

Chaerocampa convolvuli (see Herse).

INDEX.

593

chaerophylli, Aphis.

Chaerophylliim, Aphis chaerophvlli
on, in Britain, 58.

Chaetocneyna aridiila, in Russia, 106.

Chaetocnema concinna, on mangel in
Britain, 155 ; on beetin Denmark,
541.

Chaetodacus diversus (see Dacus).

Chastopsis aensa (Corn-stalk ^lag-
got), confused with Pyrausta
nubilalis in Ohio, 286.

Chaitophorinella acerifoliae, food-
plants of, in Japan, 11.

Chaitophorinella koelreuteriae, on
Koelreuteria macroculata in Japan,
11.

Chaitophorinella kuwanai, sp. n., on
Acer pictum in Japan, 1 1.

Chaitophorus japonica, Chaitophorin-
ella kuwanai previously recorded
as, 11.

chalazopa, Ptochoryctis.

Chalcis, parasite of Eubioniyia
calosomae in U.S.A., 185.

chalcites, Phytometra.

Chalcodermus aeneiis (Cowpea Wee-
vil), in St. Vincent, 326.

chalcographus, Pityogenes [Ips).

chalcolepidiiun, Alans.

Chalcophora stiginatica, on apricot
in Salonika, 71.

Chalepus dorsalis (Locust Leaf-
iminer), in U.S.A., 247, 385.

chalyhea, Lonchaea.

chalyheipennis, Brontispa.

Cham%ecyparis lawsoniana, Panolis
JJammsa on, in Holland, 225.

Chapra niathias, on rice in India,
473.

Charasas gvaminis (Antler Moth),
bionomics and control of, in
Austria, 262 ; hibernation of, in
Britain, 139 ; in Russia, 105.

Chard, Swiss, Disonycha xanthome-
laena on, in Connecticut, 341.

Chariessa pilosa, predaceous on
bark-beetles in U.S.A., 510.

Charips, notice of kev to species of,
149.

Charips leguminosa, sp. n., possibly
a parasite of Anuraphis baker i in
US.A., 149.

Charlock, wireworms on, in Britain,
138.

chariis, Bracon.

Cheese Mite (see Tyroglyphus siro).

Cheesecloth, for protecting fruits
from Trypetid flies, 54.

Cheimatobia brumata (Winter Moth),
bionomics and control of, in
orchards in Britain, 135, 351,
405 ; experiments against, on
(3202)

cherry in France, 202 ; on fruit
trees, etc., in Germany, 426, 468 ;
in Holland, 199 ; on cherry in
Italy, 141 ; winter measures
against, in Switzerland, 23.

Cheirodendron spp., Nesotocus
giffardi on, in Hawaii, 434, 435.

Chelidonium cinctum, in orange
twigs in India, 84.

ChelidoniiDn majiis, food-plant of
Scepticiis insularis in Japan, 398.

Chelisoches morio, predaceous on
Paranagrus optabilis in Hawaii,
20.

Chelura terebrans, measures against,
in timber, 355.

Chemotropism, in insects, field ex-
periments on, in Britain, 327.

Chenopodiimi, food-plant of Polia
oleracea in Britain, 62.

Chenopodiimi album (Pigweed), Py-
rausta ainsliei on, in Connecti-
cut, 339.

Chermes, on spruce in Lithuania,
420 ; gall-making species of, on
spruces in U.S.A., 89 ; notice of
life-cycle of, 418.

Chermes abietis, forming galls on
spruce in Britain, 59, 380 ; on fir
in Italy, 142 ; forming galls on
spruce in Ontario, 2.

Chermes cooleyi, bionomics and
control of, in forests in Britain
and U.S.A., 423.

Chermes piceae, on fir in Ba\'aria,
332 ; on Abies pectinata in
Britain, 59.

Chermes pini (Pine Tree Aphis),
control of, in nurseries in Britain,
380 ; measures against, on Piniis
insignis in New South Wales, 58.

Chermes pinicorticis (Pine Bark
Aphis), bionomics and control of,
in Connecticut, 338.

Chermes similis, forming galls on
spruce in Ontario, 2.

Chermes strobi (Spruce Gall Aphis),
measures against, in U.S.A., 89.

Chermes strobilobius, on spruce and
larch in Britain, 59, 138, 380 ;
Adelgimvza strobilobii predaceous
on, in Italy, 159 ; closely allied to
C. cooleyi, 423.

Cherjnes viridis (see C abietis).

Cherries (Dried), pests of, in Russia,
107.

Cherry [Prunus cerasus), Eriocam-
poides limacina on, in Austria,
261 ; Myzus cerasi on, in Britain,
59 ; pests of, and their control
in Canada, 2, 33, 413; measures
against Cheimatobia brumata on,

594

INDEX.

in France, 202 ; pests of, in
Germany, 268, 287, 426; not
attacked by Anthonomus poniorum
in Germany, 487 ; pests of, in
Italy, 141, 142; food-plant of
Cydia molesta in Korea, 143 ;
Capnodis tenehncosa on, in
Morocco, 121 ; pests of, and their
control in New South Wales,
333 ; pests of, in Russia, 103,
106, 107 ; Scolytus laevis on, in
Sweden, 50 ; pests of, and their
control in U.S.A., 43, 219, 234,
303, 310, 462 ; Eriocampoides
limacina on, in Uruguay, 214 ;
Eulecaniimi coryli on, 124.
Cherry, Bird (see Primus padus).
Cherry, Choke, Aphis cerasifoliae on,

in U.S.A., 116.
Cherry, Flowering, Cydia molesta

on, in Japan, 23.
Cherry, French (see Eugenia

uniflora).
Cherry Aphis, Black (see Myzus

cerasi).
Cherry Fruit-fly (see RJiagoletis

spp.).
Cherry Slug (see Enocampotdes

limacina).
Cherry-laurel, Scolytus amygdali in,

in France, 260.
Cherry-tree Borer (see Maroga itni-

piinctana) .
Cherry-tree Tortricid (see Tortrix

cerasivorana).
Chestnut, pests intercepted in, in
California, 182, 240, 479, 509;
Polyporiis sulphureiis on, in North
America, 15 ; attacked by
Leiicotermes lucifugiis in France,
212; pests intercepted in, Hawaii,
431 ; Cydia splendana on, in
Italy, 141.
Chestnut, American (see Castanea

dentata).
Chestnut, Horse (see Aesciilits).
Chestnut Blight (see Endothia para-
sitica).
Chestnut Borer, Two-lined (see

Agrilits bilineattts) .
chevrieri, Scohicia.

Cheyletus, natural enemy of silk-
worms in Japan, 24.
Chickadee, destroying noxious

insects in U.S.A., 174.
Chickory, Pyrausta nubilalis on, in

New York, 98.
Chickrassia tabidaris, food-plant of

Hypsipyla robusta, 165.
chilianthi, Filippia.
Chilianthus oleaceus, new scale-
insect on, in South Africa, 447.

Chillies, pests of, in India, 296 ;
immune to tambera disease caused
by mites in India, 410 ; Nezara
viridula on, in Mesopotamia, 478.
Chilo, in rice in India, 83 ; Argyria
tuniidicostalis erroneously re-
corded as, 84.
Chilo plejadellus, in rice in U.S.A.,

300.
Chilo simplex, Brosciis punctatus
predaceous on, in India, 100 ;
in maize in Dutch East Indies,-
538 ; in maize and rice in Indo-
China, 402 ; used as food in Japan,
197 ; in Sorghum vulgare in
Mesopotamia, 478.
Chilo suppressalis, measures against,

in rice in Cochin China, 451.
Chilocorus, predaceous on Aphids in-

Germany, 346.
Chilocorus bipustulatus, predaceous-

on scale-insects in Italy, 125.
Chilocorus bivulnerus, predaceous
on Ehrhornia cupressi in Cali-
fornia, 394.
Chilocorus discoideus, increase of
Asterolecanium coffeae due to-
absence of, in Uganda, 243.
chilonellae , Sclerodermus.
Chiloneurus cushmani, parasite of

i^ermes in U.S.A., 16.
Chiloneurus dubius, parasite of

Kermes in U.S.A., 16.
Chiloneurus lineascapus, parasite

of Kermes in U.S.A., 16.
China, Homoptera of, 86 ; silk-
worms from, more liable to
attacks of Zygina mori than those
indigenous to Japan, 24 : intro-
duction of Chrysis shanghaiensis
into Massachusetts from, against
Cnidocampa flavescens, 310 ;
pests from, intercepted in Hawaii,
431,460; pests from, intercepted
in U.S.A., 33, 49, 114, 182, 306,
479, 509 ; probably the original
habitat of Ceroplastes sinensis,
127.
China Clay, and soap, effect of
spraying with, on Empoasca mali,
312.
Chinaberry, Tetranychus pacificus

on, in California, 145.
Chinch Bug (see Blissus leiicopterus).
chinense, Calosoma.
chinensis, Bruchus {Pachymerus) ;
Chrysochus ; Melanauster ; Mela-
phis.
Chionaspis, in South Africa, 117;
intercepted on sugar-cane in.
Queensland, 157.

INDEX.

595

Cliioiiaspis auihiguiis, sp. n., on

lilac in South Africa, 117.
Chionast>is americana, on sliade-

trees in U.S.A., 247.
Chionaspis amiandalei, sp. n., on
Dendvocalamus strictus in India
205.
Chionaspis aitratilis, sp. n., in

Uganda, 119.
Chionaspis caffra, sp. n., on acacia

in South Africa, 117.
Chionaspis caroli, sp. n., on tea in

India, 205.
Chionaspis chir, sp. n., on cliir pine

in India, 205.
Chionaspis citri, on limes in Antigua,
296 ; intercepted in California,
182, 479 ; on citrus in Fiji, 297 ;
on citrus in Queensland, 157.
Chionaspis dilatata, on mango in

Queensland, 157.
Chionaspis diosniac, sp. n., on
Diosma crenata in South Africa
117.
Chionaspis dura, sp. n., in Uganda,

119.
Chionaspis eiionynii, on Euonynius

in Italy, 142.
Chionaspis exalbida, intercepted in

U.S.A., 307.
Chionaspis fiirfura (Scurfy Scale),
intercepted in California, 240 ;
control of, in Missouri, 214.
Chionaspis gudalura, sp. n., on

bamboo in India, 205.
Chionaspis inibricata, sp. n., on
Euclea natalensis in South Africa,
117.
Chionaspis inday, intercepted on

coconuts in California, 114.
Chionaspis laniger, sp. n., on Loran-
thus eniebbiensis in Uganda, 1 19.
Chionaspis leiicadendri, sp. n., on
Leucadendvon avgenteum in South
Africa, 117.
Chionaspis lotmsbiirvi var. ekebev-
giae n., on Ekebergia in South
Africa, 117.
Chionaspis madiunensis, on sugar-
cane in Uganda, 1 19, 243 ; proba-
bly imported from Java, 243.
Chionaspis niger, intercepted on

litchi in U.S.A., 307.

Chionaspis pinifoliae, intercepted on

Douglas fir in Cahfornia, 240,

319; on shade- trees in U.S.A., 247.

Chionaspis praelonga, sp. n., in

Uganda, 119.
Chionaspis salicis, on Jasminum

and lime-trees in Britain, 343.
Chionaspis scittiae, sp. n., on Sciitia
indica in South Africa, 117.
(3202)

Chionaspis simplex, an introduced

pest in Mauritius, 499.
Chionaspis spiculata, sp. n., on

bamboo in India, 205.
Chionaspis tegalensis, on sugar-cane

in Dutch East Indies, 330.
Chionaspis tenuidiscidiis, sp. n., in

Uganda, 119.
chir, Chionaspis.
Chlaenius, introduced into Hawaii

against army-worms, 72.
Chlaenius dichrous, predaceous on
Cvdia pomonella in South Africa,
284.
Chliaria dendvobii, sp. n., on orchids

in Java, 40.
Chlorida /estiva, occasionally on
Hevea in British Guiana," 55 ;
in San Thome, 493.
Chlovidea (see Heliothis).
Chlorine, addition of, to cresylic acid
against eelworms and fungi, 442.
Chlovis incompleta, new scale-insect

on, in British East Africa, 1 19.
Chlorita facialis, on cotton in

Uganda, 243.
Chlorita flavescens, in Formosa, 86.
chlorizans, Baris.
chlorograinma, Trachycentra.
Chlorophoriis annularis (Bamboo
Borer), bionomics of, in Tonkin,
111, 112, 220.
Chloropicrin, against grain pests,
58, 162, 260, 334 ; experiments
with, against miscellaneous in-
sects, 38, 369, 533 ; effect of,
on rats and rat-fleas in ships,
261 ; use of, against termites,
472 ; experiments with, as a
soil steriliser, 441.
Chloropicrin Emulsion, unsuitable

against locusts, 370.
Chlorops taeniopus (Gout-fly), on
cereals in Britain, 155, 351 ; in
Russia, 106.
chloropyrus, A noplognathiis.
Chocolate, attacked by Ephestia

kithniella in Britain, 139.
Choke Cherry (see Cherry, Choke) .
Cholam (see Andropogon sorghum).
Cholera, eft'ect of organisms of, on

Caller ia niellonella, 163.
Chortophila, on bean seedlings in

Central Europe, 288.
Chortophila brassicae (see Phorbia).
Chortophila floralis (see Anthomyia).
CJiortophila trichodactyla (see

Phorbia).
Chremylus rubiginosiis, parasite of
Calandra granaria in Germany,
331.
Chvotnaphis jiiglandicola (Walnut

596

INDEX.

Aphis), control of, in California,
130.

Chrotogonus hemipterns, on tobacco
in .\frica, 424.

Chrotogonus lameeri, on tobacco in
Africa, 424.

chrysanthemi, Aphidius ; Capito-
phortis.

Chrysanthemum, Agromyza guaran-
itica on, in South America, 299 ;
pests intercepted on, in California,
508 ; legislation regarding impor-
tation of, into Canada from U.S.A.
416 ; Macrosiphoniella on, in
Italy, 159 ; pests of, in U.S.A.,
342," 364, 511 ; pests of, in Orange
Free State, 264, 447.

Chrvsanthemum [Pyrethrum) ciner-
ariaefolium, pyrethrum prepared
from, 13, 362 ; insecticidal pro-
perties of, 334.

Chrysanthemum leucanthenium (Ox-
eye Daisy), used in adulteration
of insect powder, 13.

Chrysanthemum niarshalli, pyre-
thrum prepared from, 363.

Chrysanthemum roseitm, pyrethrum
prepared from, 363.

Chrysanthemun Gall Midge (see
Diarthronomyia hypogaea).

Chrysis shanghaiensis, introduction
of, into Massachusetts from China
against Cnidocampa flavescens,
310.

chrysis, Macraspis.

Chrvsobothris, in Hevitiera fames
in India, 60 ; effect of direct
sunlight on, 365.

Chrysobothris blanchardi, in Larix
laricina in U.S.A., 127.

Chrysobothris dentipes, bionomics of,
in U.S.A., 34, 127.

Chrysobothris femorata (Flat -headed
Apple-tree Borer), bionomics and
control of, in North America,
34, 190, 417.

Chrysobothris sexsignata, in Larix
laricina in U.S.A., 127.

chrysocephala, Psylliodes.

Chrysocharis, notice of key to species

of, 161.
Chrysocharis kraussei, sp. n., in

Germany, 161.
Chrysochus, bionomics of, on sweet

potatoes in Japan, 321.
Chrysochus chinensis, 321.
Chrysomela, notice of food-plants of,

in Germany, 175.
Chrysomela fastuosa, Stachys the pre-
ferred food-plant of, in Germany,
174.

Chrysomelidae, of Arctic Canada,

192.
Chrysomphalus, intercepted in Cali-
fornia, 49, 182.
Chrysomphalus aonidum (Circular
Black Scale), intercepted in Cali-
fornia, 182, 240, 319, 387, 480 ; on
palms and fruit-trees in Cuba,
229 ; on citrus and roses in
Queensland, 156.
Chrysomphalus apicatus, sp. n., on
Avicennia nitida in British
Guiana, 1 19.
Chrysomphalus aurantii (Red Scale),
on limes in Antigua, 296 ; a
minor olive pest in California, 9 1 ;
intercepted in California, 182, 319,
508 ; on citrus and roses in
Queensland, 156, 157 ; e.xperi-
ments in fumigating citrus
against, 29.
Chrysomphalus covilleae (see Tar-

gionia yuccarum).
Chrvsomphalus dictyospermi, inter-
cepted on coconuts in California,
319, 388, 480; parasite of, on
avocado in Florida, 218, 219.
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi minor

(see C. pinnulifera) .
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi pinnu-
h'fera, measures against, in Algeria
and South France, 213, 450 ; on
Camellia in Italy, 142.
Chrysomphalus ficus, intercepted on

Pandanus in California, 480.
Chrysomphalus obscurus, declared a

pest in Arkansas, 544.
Chrysomphalus rhizopliorae, on man-
grove in Mexico, 302.
Chrysomphalus scutiformis, inter-
cepted on bananas, etc., in Cali-
fornia, 182, 319, 387.
Chrysomphalus tenebricosus (Gloomy
Scale), bionomics and control of,
in U.S.A., 230, 544.
Chrysomphalus [Aspidiotus] iimboni-
ferus, sp. n., on Lecythis in British
Guiana, 1 19, 533.
Chrysopa (Green Lacewing), natural
enemy of mealy-bugs in Cali-
fornia, 316, 318; predaceous on
Chermes pinicorticis in Connecti-
cut, 339 ; predaceous on Helio-
thrips rubrocinctus in Dutch
Guiana, 536.
Chrysopa lateralis, predaceous on
Tetranychus y other si in Florida,
219.
Chrvsophana placida, in forest trees

in U.S.A., 295.
chrysorrhoea, Arctornis ; Euproctis,
Liparis (see Nygmia phaeorrhoea).

INDEX.

597

chrysosticta, Angitia.
Chr\sotha}}iniis, infested with Ento-

niophihora megasperniiim in Britisli

Columbia, 323.
Chuqitiragua avellanedae, new Coccid

on, in Argentina, 405.
Cicadida sexiwtata, on sugar-cane in

Formosa, 86 ; parasitised by

Gonatopus ombrodes in U.S.A.,

416.
Cicadula ivarioni, on rice and sugar-
cane in Formosa, 86.
Cicer ayietiiiuui (Bengal Gram), pests

of, in India, 519.
Cicindela (Tiger Beetle), variation

in life-cycle of, in Canada, 3.
Cicindela melancJiolica, in San

Thome, 493.
Cicindela purpurea, in San Thome,

493.
Cigar Case-bearer (see Colcophora

fictclierella).
Cigarette Beetle (see Lasiodcyjiia

serricorne) .
cilicrura, Phorbia [Auihoiuyia,

Hyleutyia) .
Cilix glaucata, on apple in Russia,

105.
cimbicis, SarcopJiaga.
Cinchona, pests of, and their control

in Dutch East Indies, 329, 455.
Cinchona Mite (see Tctraiiychus

telarius).
cmcticornis, ^licroterys.
cinctipes, Lasiosina.
cinctuni, Chelidoniuin.
cinctus, Cephiis ; Emphytus ; Stig-

marodes.
Cineraria, Collembola on, in Egypt,

73.
cinerea, Formica fusca.
cinereus, Diorthus.
cingala, Heterusia.
cingalensis, Brachyplatys.
Cingilia catenaria, food-plants of, in

Connecticut, 341,
cingulaia, Oncideres ; Protoparce ;

Rhagoletis.
cingulatus, Dysdercus.
ciiigulipes, Microdus.
cinnamomeus, Aradus ; Siniodac-

tylus.
cinnamoneus, Orthoniegas.
Cinxaelotus erythrogaster, parasite of

vine moths in Austria, 353.
Circular Black Scale (see Chrysom-

phalns aonidmn).
circumflexwii, Anomalon ; Exochi-

liimi.
circumscripta, Zygina.
circumscriptus, Rhogas.

Cirphis, on maize in Dutch East
Indies, 330.

Cirphis loreyi, occasionally attacking
sugar-cane in Fiji, 27 ; bionomics
of, in India, 296 ; on sugar-cane
in Queensland, 209.

Cirphis niicrogonia, control and
parasite of, on sugar-cane in
Barbados, 471.

Cirphis unipitncta (Rice Army
Worm, Sugar-cane Army Worm),
bionomics of, in Fiji, 27 ; bio-
nomics of, in India, 100, 445 ; on
rice and maize in Dutch East
Indies, 330, 538 ; in Morocco,
121; parasites of, in New Zealand,
62, 63 ; on maize and sugar-cane
in Queensland, 155, 209 ; bio-
nomics and control of, in U.S.A.,
93, 129, 281, 340, 385 ; experi-
ments ^\^ith Sorosporella uvella
and, 170.

Cirrospilus tnelleus, sp. n., parasite
of a Lepidopteron in South
America, 299.

Cirsiimi arvense, erroneously re-
corded as a food-plant of Ceuthor-
rhy}ichus pulviiiatus in Austria,
290.

cissi, Macrosiplutui.

Cissus, new Aphid on, in Trans-
vaal. 447.

Citheronia magnifica (Green Coffee
Caterpillar), food-plants of, in
Brazil, 211.

citrana, Tortrix.

citrella, Prospaliella.

ciiri. Aphis (see A. gossypii) ;
Chionaspis ; Dialeurodes ; Eu-
phalerus ; Pseudococciis {Daciy-
lopius) ; Scirtothrips.

citricola, Monacrostichus.

citrifolii, Dialeurodes.

ciirinus, Aspidiotiphagus.

citriperda, Decilaus.

Citron, pests intercepted on, in
California, 49 ; Tarsonemiis latus
on, in Cuba, 53.

Citrophilus ]Mealy-bug (see Pseudo-
coccus gahani).

ciirulli: Aphis (see A. gossypii).

Citrus, Icerya purcliasi on, in South
Africa, 411 ; pests of , in Australia,
156, 157, 158, 277, 335, 336, 410 ;
prohibition against importation
of, into Cuba from IMexico, 256 ;
scale-insects on, in Fiji, 297 ;
Mesepora oniikii on, in Formosa,
86 ; pests of, in Gold Coast, 9 ;
pests of, in Dutch Guiana, 536 ;
measures against pests of, in
India, 109, 130 ; pests of, in Japan,

598

INDEX.

11, 114 ; control of Aphis tavaresi
on, in IMauritius, 73 ; Mona-
crostichus citricola on, in Philip-
pines, 286 ; pests of, ui San
Thome, 494 ; Icerva purchasi on,
in Sicily, 488 ; legislation against
importation of, into Sicily and
Sardinia against Ceroplastes sinen-
sis, 136 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 115,
137, 230, 235, 292, 293, 318, 335,
336, 382, 384, 506, 508; pests
intercepted on, in U.S.A., 49, 306,
383, 479, 480 ; fumigation of, in
U.S.A., 29, 230 ; pests of, and
their control in West Indies, 35,
50, 52, 228, 229, 446, 480.

Citrus medica, food-plant of Hypsi-
pyla robusta, 165.

Citrus Black Fly (see Aleurocanthus
wogliimi).

Citrus Canker (see Pseiidomonas
citri) .

Citrus Leaf-miner (see Phyllocnistis
saligna) .

Citrus Leaf-roller (see Eantis thraso).

Citrus ISIealy-bug (see Pseudococciis
citri) .

Citrus Thrips (see Scirtoihrips citri).

Citrus Whitefly (see Dialeiirodes
citri) .

Cladius, on poplars in Russia, 106.

Cladius uncinatus (see Trichiocam-
pus ulmi).

Cladognathiis antilope, in San Thome,
493.

Cladosporium carpophihim (Peach
Scab), dusting experimicnts
against, in Virginia, 363.

Clania, on tea in India, 530.

Clania crameri (Faggot-worm), on
tea in Dutch East Indies, 456,
513.

Clania ^o/mesf (Spiral Faggot-worm),
caterpillar resembling, on lantana
in Dutch East Indies, 456.

Clania variegata, on tea in Dutch
East Indies, 456.

claripennis, Phorocera.

Clastoptera obtitsa (Spittle Insect),
on Alnns americana in Lf.S.A.,149.

Clastoptera proteus, on Viburnum in
U.S.A., 149.

claitsthalianiis , Microdiis.

clavata, Baccha.

Claviceps purpurea (Ergot of Rye),
spread by flies, 4.

clavigera, Pseiidaonidia.

clavipalpis, Athetis.

clavipes, Acanthoderes ; Rhopalopus.

Clay, for sealing injections of carbon
bisulphide and paraffin, 70.

Cledeobia tnoldavica, in Russia, 104.

Cleonymus depressiis, associated with
Gracilia minuta in France, 37.

Clerids, of North America, 510.

Clerodendron spp., food-plants of
Epicauta hirticornis in Formosa,
197.

Clinodiplosis mosellana (see Sitodip-
losis) .

Clinodiplosis piceae, sp. n., on Picea
excelsa in Germany, 255.

Clinotaenia anastrephina, gen. et sp.
n., in Nyasaland, 264.

elite a pi eta, on Aegle marinelos in
India, 99.

Clivina fossor, intercepted on
imported nursery stock in
Connecticut, 337.

cloacella. Tinea.

Clothes Moth (see Tinea pellionella).

clothe, Sarcophaga.

Cloudj'-winged Whitefly (see Dialeii-
rodes citrifolii) .

Clove Tree (see Eugenia caryo-
phyllata).

Clover, 208 ; Hyper a spp. on, in
North America, 223 ; Smynthuriis
viridis on, in South Australia, 207;
used in rotation of crops against
Lachnosterna in Canada, 233 ;
Euxoa segetum experimentally
feeding on, in Germanv, 271 ;
pests of, in U.S.A., 79, 80, 188,
223, 279, 303, 313, 339, 341, 345,
361, 384, 385, 390, 422 ; in baits
for grasshoppers, 314.

Clover Aphis (see Anuraphis baker i).

Clover Leaf Weevil (see Hypera
punctata).

Clover Seed Chalcid (see Brucho-
phagus funebris) .

Clover Seed Midge (see Perrisia
leguminicola).

Clovia punctata, on rice in India, 473.

clypealis, Idiocerus.

Clvpeococcus hempeli, on Mimosa in
Brazil, 119.

Clysia ambiguella(Vme Moth), spray-
ing with pyrethrum against, in
Algeria, 281 ; bionomics and con-
trol of, in Austria, 276, 353 ;
bionomics and control of, in
France, 38, 368, 369, 374, 395,
496 ; measures against, in Ger-
many, 269, 356, 522, 543 ; on vine
in Italy, 141 ; measures against,
in Luxemburg, 223, 224 ; in
Russia, 104 ; measures against,
in Switzerland, 326, 348, 369, 400;
not present in Tunis, 450, 452.

clytalis, Xotarcha.

INDEX.

599

Clytanthus varius, in forests in

Lithuania, 420.
Clytanthus verbasci, on vines in

France, 434.
Clytus (Plagionotus) arcuatits, con-
trol and natural enemies of, in
oak-logs in German}-, 266 ; in
elm in Russia, 106.
Clytus arietis, on vines in France,
433, 478.

c-nigrum, Agrotis [Noctiia).

Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, on rice in
Ceylon, 520 ; rice little damaged
by, in Cochin China, 451 ; on
rice in India, 473 ; on rice in
Tonkin, 402.

Cnaphalodesstrobilobius{seeChermes).

cnejus, Catoclirysops.

Cneorrhiniis geminatus (see C.
plagiatus) .

Cneovrhinus plagiatus, on cherry and
gooseberry in Germany, 426.

Cnethocaynpa pinivora (Pine Proces-
sionar}'- Caterpillar), outbreak of,
in Prussia, 141.

Cnethocampa pityocampa, in forests
in Austria, 471 ; on pine in Italv,
141, 216.

Cnidocampa flavescens, spread of,
in Massachusetts, 310.

Cnopus pinicola, sp. n., in India, 10.

Coal-oil, in formula for spray against
scale-insects and Phylloxera, 212.

Coal-tar, effect of, on underground
insects, 482.

Coal-tar Creosote, for treating tim-
ber against termites, 242.

coarctata, Hylemyia.

cocci, Karschomyia.

coccinea. Phylloxera.

Coccinella, effect of hj-drocyanic-
acid gas on larva of, 426.

Coccinella arcuata, introduced into
Hawaii against Aphids, 72.

Coccinella nmnda, predaceous on
Aphids in U.S.A., 501.

Coccinella repanda, introduced into
Hawaii against Aphids, 72.

Coccinella septcmpiinctata, inter-
cepted on azaleas in Connecticut,
337 ; predaceous on other insects
in Germany, 246, 542.

Coccinella transversoguttata, predace-
ous on Epilachna corrupta in
U.S.A., 119, 404.

Coccinellidae, of Arctic Canada, 192.

cocci phaga,Eubleynyna[ Thalpochares) .

coccisugus, Hemisarcopies.

Coccobacillus, effects of, on insects,
36, 163.

Coccobacillus acridioruni, studies of, I

in locusts in Tunis, 41 ; effect of,
on Galleria mellonella, 328.
Coccobacillus insectorum, sp. n. var.
tnalacosomae , n., effect of, on
Lepidopterous larvae in France,
421.
Coccoloba latifolia, food-plant of
Heliothrips haetnorrhoidalis in
Dutch Guiana, 537.
Coccophagus, introduction of, into
CaUfornia from AustraUa against
Saissefia oleae, 335 ; new species
of, parasitic on Kermes quercus
in U.S.A., 16.
Coccophagus howardi, hosts of, in

Europe, 123.
Coccophagus scutatiis, parasite of
Kermes nigropunctatus in U.S.A.,
IQ.
Coccophagus scutellaris, hosts of, in

Europe, 123, 126.
coccophila, Microbracon .
coccornm, Pachvneuron.
Coccus, intercepted on Magnolia in

California, 387.
Coccus betulae-albae , sjmonj-m of

Eulecaniuin coryli, 127.
Coccus confusus indicus (see Dacty-

lopius).
Coccus elongatus, intercepted in
Cahfornia, 114, 182, 240, 319,
387, 479, 480, 509 ; on laurel in
Italy, 142.
Coccus hesperidum, measures against,
in Algeria and South France,
450 ; in Australia, 156, 337 ;
on Acalypha in Britain, 343 ;
on cinchona in Dutch East
Indies, 329 ; on lemon in Italy,
142 ; an introduced pest in
Mauritius, 499 ; intercepted in
U.S.A., 13, 49, 114, 181, 337, 480.
Coccus longulus, intercepted on
betel in California, 49 ; food-
plants of, in Queensland, 156, 157.
Coccus mangifcrae, an introduced
pest in Mauritius, 499 ; scale-
insect allied to, on cotton in Porto
Rico, 303.
Coccus pruni, synonym of Eule-

canium coryli, 127.
Coccus viridis, on tea in Cej-lon, 520 ;
bionomics and control of, in
Dutch Guiana, 439, 536 ; on
coffee in Dutch East Indies, 330,
406, 538 ; measures against, on
coffee in Reunion, 177 ; on cacao
in San Thome, 492 ; measures
against, in West Indies, 296, 471.
Cochin China, Lepidopterous rice
pests in, 451 ; Plocaederus obesus
in Eriodendro)i anfractuosuni in,

600

INDEX.

273 ; studies on rhinoceros beetles
on coconuts in, 275.
Cochineal Insect (see Daciylophis

confusus indicus).
Cockatoos, destroying noxious in-
sects in Austraha, 413.
Cockchafers, Agrypnus fiiscipcs pre-
daceous on, in India, 100 ; on
sugar-cane in Queensland, 164 ;
(see Melolontlia, etc.).
Cockroaches, 362 ; fumigation ex-
periments against, 533.
Coconut {Cocos intcifcva), pests of,
in Caroline Islands, 254 ; pests of,
in Ceylon, 111, 258, 520; pests
of, in Fiji, 297 ; Archon centaurus
on, in Gold Coast, 9 ; scale-insect
on, in Guam, 148 ; pests of, in
British Guiana, 55, 472, 533 ;
pests of, in Dutch Guiana, 536 ;
Diocalandra taitensis on, in
Hawaii, 436 ; pests of, in India,
101, 130; pests of, in Dutch
East Indies, 329, 495, 522, 538 ;
BrassoHs isihmia on, in Panama,
80,85 ; measures against S/'rrt/i'^t/s
quadrifoveatus on, in Porto Rico,
451 ; pests of, in San Thome, 494 ;
pests intercepted on, in U.S.A.,
49, 114, 182, 240, 319, 387, 388,
474, 480 ; Nematodes causing
disease in, in West Indies, 66,
67, 411 ; pests of, in Zanzibar,
118; rhinoceros beetles as pests
of, 275.
Coconut Caterpillar (see Brassolis

sophorac).
Coconut Leaf Moth (see Levuana

iridescens).
Coconut Mealy-bug (see Pseudo-
coccus nipae).
cocophilus, Aphelenchiis.
cocotiphagus, Aspidiotus.
Cod, Dried, measures against Der-
mestid beetles infesting, in Japan,
255.
Codling jNloth (see Cydiapomonella).
Coelaencmenodera elaeidis, sp. n.,
outbreak of, on oil palms in Gold
Coast, 9, 118.
Ccelichneiimon serricome, parasite of
Anticarsia gemmatalis in Guade-
loupe, 298.
Cceloidespissodis,TpaTasiteoiPissodes

strohi in Connecticut, 338.
Coelopacidia melanostigma, sp. n., in

Northern Nigeria, 264.
Coelopacidia sirigata, sp. n., in

Northern Nigeria, 264.
Coelopencyrtus orbi, sp. n., parasite
of Odynents orbits in Hawaii, 437.

Coelosterna scabrata, introduced into
Reunion, 120.

coenileipennis, Promecoiheca.

coeruleocephala, Diloba.

Coffea (see Coffee).

Coffea arabica, food-plant of Cera-
titis capitata in Hawaii, 171 ;
attacked by Stephanoderes in
Dutch East Indies, 448.

Coffea canephora, unidentified beetle
infesting, in Madagascar, 539.

Coffea dybovDskii, Stephanoderes ham-
pel on, in Dutch East Indies,
449.

Coffea liberica (Liberian Coffee),
Coccus viridis on, in Dutch Guiana,
439 ; attacked by Stephanoderes
hampei in Dutch East Indies, 448 ;
immune to attack of an unidenti-
fied beetle in Madagascar, 539 ;
resistant to attacks of Xylotrechiis
qiiadripes in Tonkin, 112.

Coffea robiista, Xylcboriis compactus
in, in South India, 243 ; attacked
by Stephanoderes hampei in Dutch
East Indies, 448 ; unidentified
beetle infesting, in ]\Iadagascar,
539 ; resistant to attacks of
Xyleborus quadripes in Tonkin,
112; new scale-insects on, in
Uganda, 119.

coffeae, Asterolecanium ; Diarthro-
thrips ; Stephanoderes (see S.
hampei) ; Tylenchus ; Xyleborus ;
Zeuzera .

coffearia, Homona.

Coffee, Pseiidococciis perniciosus var.
on, in British East Africa, 1 19 ;
pests of, in Brazil, 211, 325;
Lecanium on, in Cuba, 229 ; pests
of, in Dutch Guiana, 536, 537 ;
pests of, and their control in
Dutch East Indies, 330, 406, 447-
449, 495, 522 ; unidentified beetle
infesting, in INIadagascar, 539 ;
pests of, in Mauritius, 499 ;
measures against Coccus viridis
on, in Reunion, 177 ; pests of, in
San Thome, 491, 493, 494 ; pests
of, in Tonkin, 111, 220 ; pests of,
in Uganda, 243.

Coffee (stored), weevils in, in Brazil,
59 ; Stephanoderes hampei in-
festing, in Belgian Congo and
Europe, 449 ; Trypetid larvae
intercepted in, in California, 387.

Coffee, Java (see Coffea arabica).

Coffee, Liberian (see Coffea liberica).

Coffee Borer (see Xylotrechus quad-
ripes) .

Coffee Bug {seeAntestia lineaticollis) .

INDEX.

601

Coffee-berry Borer (sec Stcphano-

deres hanipei).
coffeivoriis, Xylebovus (sec Steph-

anoderes hampei).
cognatellus, Hyponomeuta.
cognatiis, Idiocerus ; Poeciloscytus.
Coix lachrymajobi (Job's Tears),
restrictions on importation of,
into U.S.A., 512.
Cokerite Palm (see Maxuniliaiia

rcgia) .
Colaphus hocfti, on mustard in

Russia, 106.
Colaspidcma atrum, on lucerne in

INIorocco, 121.
colaspidoides, Diphnccphala.
Colaspis flavicornis, on solanaceous

plants in British Guiana, 56.
Colaspis Jiypochloya, on rose in

British Guiana, 56.
Cold Storage, against pests of

cereals, beans, etc., 94, 443.
colemani, Bruchohiiis.
Coleocentnis, notice of key to species

of, in North America, 417.
Coleophoi'a, parasites of, in Britain,

429 ; on plum in Germany, 359.
Coleophora fletchcrella (Cigar Case-
bearer), in U.S.A., 529.
Coleophora fuscedinella, on birch in

Sweden, 50.
Coleophora gryphipennella, parasi-
tised by Microdus rufipes in
Britain, 515.
Coleophora laricella (Larch Case-
bearer), in Austria and Germany,
262 ; measures against, in Britain,
237, 380 ; measures against, in
U.S.A., 64, 341.
Coleophora limosipennella (Elm

Case-bearer), in U.S.A., 247.
Coleophora malivorella (Pistol Case-
bearer), in U.S.A., 529.
Coleophora troglodytella, parasitised
by Agathis brevisetis in Britain,
429.
Colias eurytheme (Alfalfa Cater-
pillar), measures against, on
lucerne in U.S.A., 462.
Colias Icsbia, bionomics and control

of, in South America, 299, 433.
colibri, Athalia.
Collard, as a trap-crop for Nezara

viridida in Florida, 382.
collaris, Degeeria.

Collembola, injuring cotton inE-jvpt

73. ^^ '

Colletotrichimi, 383.

Colobathristes saccharicida, in Dutch

East Indies, 537 ; resemblance of

to Helopeltis, 495.

Colocasia anliqnoriiin (Taro),
measures against Palpifer sexno-
tatus in bulbs of, in Japan, 142.
Colocasia xanthosoma (Tannia), Oxy-
ligyrus zoiliis on, in British Guiana
55.
Colombia, Podalgus hiiniilis in, 290.
coloniaiia, Heteropternis.
Colorado, miscellaneous pests in, 13,
128, 260, 295, 401, 404 ; pests
from, intercepted in California,
182, 240, 3S7 ; plant pest legis-
lation in, 16 ; legislation regard-
ing importation of lucerne into
Canada from, 416.
Colorado Potato Beetle (see Leptino-

tarsa deceinli)ieata).
Colza Oil, addition of, to mixture for
painting apple-trees against Erio-
soma lanigerwn, 153.
comariana, Oxygrapha.
Comarmn, food-plant of Oxygrapha

comariana in Britain, 516.
coniata, Alenrodes.
combreti, Ceroplastes.
Combretwii, new scale-insect on, in

South Africa, 447.
comes, Typhlocyba.
comitator. Ichneumon.
Commelina, food-plant of Brevi-
palpiis obovatns in Dutch East
Indies, 454.
Commelina nudiflora, food-plant of
Tetranychns telarius in Dutch East
Indies, 454.
communis, Amara ; Lygus.
comosa, Lachnosterna hirticula.
compactus, Xyleborus.
comperei, Myiocnema.
complanata, Popillia.
complanella, Tischeria [Tinea).
co)nposiius. Platypus,
compressus, Banchus ; Janus

(Cephus).
Compsilura concinnata, estabhsh-
ment of, in Canada, 3 ; liberation
of, against brown-tail and gipsy
moths in U.S.A., 96 ; parasite of
Pyrausta nubilalis in New York
99.
comptana, Ancylis.
comstocki, Pseudococcus.
Comys, new species of, parasitic on
Kermes nigropunciatus in U.S.A..
16.
Comys fusca, probably parasitic on

Kermes in U.S.A., \Q.
Comys scutellata, parasite of Leca-

nium zebriniim in Britain, 343.
conchylalis, Caprinia.
Conchylis ambiguella (see Clysia).
Conchylis epilinana (see Phalonia).

602

INDEX.

concinna, Chaetocnema {Pledroscelis) ;

Schizura.
concimiata, Compsilura.
Condalia spathiilata, new Coccid on,

in U.S.A., 187.
condaliae, Pseudodiaspis.
conferius, Polycaon.
conflagrata, Echthrodoca.
confluenta, Buprestis.
conformis, Anthomyia (see Pegomyia

hyoscyami) .
confusa, Atimia ; Phytometra.
confusor, Monochamus {Monoham-

nius) .
confusiun, Tribolium.
Congo, Belgian, pests of oil palm in,
408 ; Phryneta spinator in, 69 ;
Siephanoderes hampei in stored
coffee and Hibiscus in, 449 ;
Lepidosaphes alba intercepted in
U.S.A. on Manihot from, 307.
congregatella, Ridiaschina.
congregatus, Apanteles.
congrua, Lachnosterna.
coni, Copyodiplosis.
conicus, Rhynchites.
coniferana, Cydia {Grapholitha).
conigeriim, Sinoxylon.
conjugella, A rgyresthia.
Corinecticut, Crambus pyaefectellus
on maize in, 311; pests of cucum-
ber, etc., in, 342 ; miscellaneous
pests and their control in, 338-
341 ; pests intercepted in quaran-
tine in, 337 ; pests from, inter-
cepted in California, 114, 182,
480.
connexiis, Microgaster.
Conocephaloides maxillosiis, on rice

in British Guiana, 145, 472.
Conofilippia, gen. nov., in South

Africa, 447.
Conofilippia siihterranea, sp. n., in

South Africa, 447.
conorum, Winnertzia.
Conotrachelus crataegi (Quince Cur-
culio), bionomics and control of,
in New York, 317.
Conotrachelus juglandis (Walnut Cur-
culio), Solenopsis molesta preda-
ceous on, in U.S.A., 446.
Conotrachelus nenuphar (Plum Cur-
culio), measures against, on cherry
in Canada, 413 ; measures against
in U.S.A., 43, 95, 276, 310, 341,
363 ; associated with Sclerotinia
cinerea, 4.
conquisitor, Pimpla.
consanguinana, A rgyroploce.
consobrina.Haltica (see H. tainaricis) ;

Lepidiota.
conspersa, Euproctis.

conspicuum, Asterolecanium.
Contayinia gossypii, on cotton in

Antigua, 296."
Contayinia pisi (Pea Midge), on

beans and peas in Britain, 351.
Contayinia pyyi (see Peyrisia).
Contayinia pyrivora, on pear in

Italy, 142.
Contayinia tyitici (Wheat Midge), in

U.S.A., 22, 93, 303.
Contheyla rotunda, on coconuts in

India, 101.
contoyta, Amatissa.
convey gens, Hippodamia.
convolvuli, Heyse {Chaerocampa,

Protopayce) .
cooki. Aphis (see A. gossypii).
cooleyi, Cheynies.

Copidosoma, polyembryonic develop-
ment of, 516.
Copidosoma toytvicis, sp. n., parasite
of Oxygrapha comayiana in Britain,
516.
Copper, resistant to liquid hydro-
cyanic acid, 91 ; fungicidal and
scorching action of, 133 ; addi-
tion of solution of, to tobacco
against Clysia ambiguella, 348.
Copper Arsenate, spraying with,

against Papilio thoantiades, 214.
Copper Sulphate, in formulae against
orchard pests, 29, 150, 207, 401 ;
in formulae for sprays against
vine pests, 224, 272.
Copper-lime-arsenate, dusting with,

207.
Copyodiplosis coni, sp. n., on Picea

excelsa in Germany, 255.
Coptops aedificator, parasitised by
Scleyodennus mimigyans in Hawaii,
436.
Coptosoma cyibyayium, on Cajanus

indicus in Cejdon, 520.
Coptosoma siamicum, on Cajanus

indicus in Ceylon, 520.
Coptoteymes, attacking rubber in

Dutch East Indies, 494.
Coptoteymes curvignathus, attacking
mangos in Dutch East Indies,
495.
Coptoteymes flaviceps, measures
against, in timber in Formosa,
301.
Coptotermes formosanus, measures
against, in timber in Formosa
and Japan, 301 ; C. intrudens
closely related to, 435.
Coptoteymes gestyoi, on Hevea in

Dutch East Indies, 329, 537.
Coptoteymes intyudens, sp. n., attack-
ing timber in Hawaii, 435.

INDEX.

603

Coptotermes marabitanos, on coffee in
Dutch Guiana, 536.

coracinns, Meligethes.

Coraniis papillosus, predaceous on

Cydia pomonella in South Africa,

284.
Corchorus capsiilaris, food-plant of

Epicauta hiyticornis in Formosa,

197.
Corcyra cephalonica , in San Thome,

493.
Cordia aiibletti (Black Sage), Steno-

gaster linearis on, in British

Guiana, 55.
Cordyceps militaris, probably infest-
ing Protoparce spp. in Kentucky,

363.
Coriander, Sitodrepa panicea inter-
cepted in seeds of, in California,

49.
coriarius, Prionus.
Corigetus scapularis, on tea in Dutch

East Indies, 495.
Corixa, utilisation of, in poultry

food in ]\Iexico, 429.
Cork, Ephestia calidella in, in Sicily,

122.
Cork-wood Tree (see Ochroma lago-

pus).
Corn Borer, Eastern (see Apamea

nictitans americayia) .
Corn Ear Worm (see Heliothis

ohsoleta) .
Corn Ground Beetle (see Zahrus

tenebrioides) .
Corn Leaf hopper (see P ere gy inns

maidis).
Corn Stalk Borer (see Papaipema

nebris).
Corn Stalk Borer, European (see

Pyrausta nubilalis).
Corn Stalk ^laggot (see Chaetopsis

aenea) .
Corn Webworm (see Crambus cali-

ginoselhis) .
corni, Eulecaniiini (Lecanium).
Compith Weevil (see Centrinus

penicellus) .
Cornus alba, probably a food-plant

of Otiorrhynchus rotnndatus in

Germany, 275.
Cornus sanguinea, probably a food-
plant of Otiorrhynchus rotundatus

in Germany, 275 ; Eulecaniuni

coryli on, 124.
Cornus stolonifera, food-plant of

Otiorrhynchus rotundatus in Ger-
many, 271.
corniitus, Gnathocerus ; Schistoceros.
Corrosive Sublimate (see Mercurj'

Bichloride) .
corrupta, Epilachna.

Corticium javanicum, growth of,
encouraged by presence of Lawana,
513.

coryli, Calocasia ,* Demas ; Dryo-
coetes {Lvmantor) ; Eulecanium.

Corylus avellana (see Hazel).

Corvlus californica, mites on, in
British Columbia, 438.

Corvlus rostrata, new Aphid on, in
U.S.A., 418.

corymbatus, Pseudococcus .

Corymbites fallax. Bacillus amy-
lovorus spread by, in British
Columbia, 323.

Corvmbites inflatus. Bacillus amy-
lovorus spread by, in British
Columbia, 323.

Corypha, Amathusia phidippus on,
in Dutch East Indies, 495.

Corythuca, measures against, on
Higuereta in Cuba, 54.

Corythuca bellula, bionomics and
control of, in New York, 77.

Corythuca bulbosa, bionomics of, on
Staphvlea trifolia in U.S.A., 215.

Corythuca gossvpii, on cotton in
Porto Rico, 303.

Cosmopepla carnifex, in New York,
303.

Cosmophila sabulifera (see Anomis).

Cosmophila xanthindyma (see Ano-
mis erosa).

cosmophorana , Cydia {Grapholitha\.

Cosmophorus klugi, parasite of bark-
beetles in Austrian Silesia, 161.

Cosmopolites sordidus (Black Banana
Borer, Black Banana Stem
Weevil), bionomics and control
of, in Australia, 112. 156, 337,
394 ; in Costa Rica, 393 ; legisla-
tion against introduction of, into
Cuba, 256 ; legislative and other
measures against, in Fiji, 296,
297 ; bionomics and control of,
in Florida, 371 ; in San Thome.
494 ; measures against, in Uganda,
243 ; food-plants of, 37 1 .

Cosmopteryx (Sugar-cane Leaf-
miner), in Fiji, 27.

Cosmopteryx bambusae , on bamboo
in India, 100.

Cosmopteryx phaeogastra, sp. n., on
beans in India, 100.

Cosmos, legislation restricting im-
portation of, into Canada from
U.S.A., 416 ; pests of, in U.S.A.,
511.

Cosmoscarta bispecularis, on mul-
berry in Formosa, 85.

Cosmoscarta uchidae, on wild
bananas in Formosa, 85.

Cossus cossus, measures against, in

604

INDEX.

vines in France, 434 ; in de-
ciduous trees in Italy, 141 ;
parasite of, in Russia, 104.

Cossus ligviperda (see C. cossus).

Costa Rica, Cosmopolites sordidus
in, 393 ; Rhahdocnemis obsctira
erroneously recorded from, 393.

costalis, Poophilus.

costicollis, Palaeopus.

Cotinus nitida (see Allotrhina).

Coioneaster, Eidecaniitm coryli on,
124.

Cotton, pests of, in West Africa, 426,
474 ; outbreak of Oxycarenus
hyaJinipennis on, in Angola, 201 ;
pests of, in Brazil, 59, 199, 290,
421, 445 ; pests of, in Ceylon,
520 ; legislation respecting im-
portation of, into Cuba, 256 ;
measures against Farias instilana
on, in Cyprus, 204 ; pests of, and
their control in Egypt, 67-69, 73,
222, 282 ; pests of, in India, 7,
83, 100, 109, 130, 473, 519 ; little
injured by Earias fabia in Dutch
East Indies in 1919, 329 ; pests
of, in Korea, 319 ; legislation
regarding importation of, into St.
Lucia, 216 ; pests of, in Meso-
potamia, 478 ; Earias insulana
on, in Morocco, 121 ; not attacked
by Heliothis ohsoleta in Porto Rico,
303 ; pests of, in Queensland,
155, 157 ; suggested measures
against Platyedra gossypiella on,
in Italian Somahland, 202 ; pests
of, in Sudan, 172, 173, 497 ;
Chloriia facialis on, in Uganda,
243 ; pests of, and their control
in U.S.A., 10, 13, 22, 74, 96,
137, 158, 181, 187, 234. 235,
244, 245, 285, 302, 326, 341,
342,343, 396, 457-459, 460, 501 ;
Platyedra gossypiella intercepted
in,inU.S.A.,v306 ; not attacked by
Sphenophorus pertinax in U.S.A.,
390 ; pests of, in West Indies, 34,
35, 205, 296, 298, 303, 442, 523 ;
notice of pests of, in Zanzibar,
118.

Cotton Aphis (see Aphis gossypii).

Cotton Boll Weevil, Mexican (see
AntJwnoinus grandis).

Cotton Bolhvorm (see Earias spp.).

Cotton Flea-beetle (see Nisotra
uniformis).

Cotton Goods, not attacked by
Anthrenus vorax in Anglo-Egypt-
ian Sudan, 173.

Cotton Leaf Blister Mite (see
Eriophyes gossypii).

Cotton Leaf Perforator (see Buccu-
latrix thurberiella) .

Cotton Leaf Worm (see Alabama
argillacca) .

Cotton Square Dauber (see Lygiis
spp.).

Cotton Stainers (see Dysdcrctis and
Oxycarenus).

Cotton Stem Weevil (see Pcmpheres
affinis).

Cotton Worm (see Alabama argil-
lacca and Prodenia litiira).

Cottonseed, measures against insects
infesting, in Barbados, 471 ; notice
of apparatus for disinfecting, 421 ;
.as a trap for Dysdercus delauneyi
in St. Vincent, 206.

Cottonseed Meal, in formula for bait
for Xylomyges eridania, 236.

Cottonwood (see Poplar).

Cottonwood Leaf-beetle (see Alela-
soma scripta).

Cottonwool, banding mango trees
with, against Monophlebus, 109.

Cottony Cushion Scale (see Iccrya
piirchasi).

Coulee Cricket (see Peranabnis
scabricollis) .

Covillea glutinosa, new Coccids on, in
U.S.A., 188.

covilleae, Aspidiotiis ; Targionia,
Chrysoniphalus (see T. yuccarum) .

Cow Cane, Pseudococcus sacchari
intercepted on, in U.S.A., 307.

Cowpea Weevil (see Chalcodermus
aeneus) .

Cowpea Weevil, Four-spotted (see
Brnclnis quadrimaculatus) .

Cowpeas, Briichus pisorum inter-
cepted in, in California, 387 ;
pests of, in U.S.A., 11, 185, 235,
313, 382, 383, 501 ; pests of, in
West Indies, 298, 326,

Cowpeas (Stored), Bruchus analis in,
in Mysore, 66 ; measures against
Bruchus quadrimaculatus in, in
U.S.A., 186.

Crab-apple, Cydia pomonella inter-
cepted on, in Hawaii, 23 ; insect
pests on, in U.S.A., 505.

crabro, Vespa.

crambidoides, Diatraea saccharalis.

Crambus (Sod Webworm), confused
with Pyrausta nubilalis in Ohio,
286 ; intercepted in rice-straw
packing in U.S.A., 306.

Crambus caliginoselliis (Corn Web-
worm), C. praefectellus mistaken
for, in Connecticut, 312.

Crambus jucundellus, in Russia, 104.

Crambus luteellus, on wheat in
Russia, 104.

INDEX.

605

Crambus praefectelhts, on maize in

Connecticut, 311, 340.
crameyella, Acrocercops.
cyameri, Clania.
Cranberry, measures against pests

of, in U.S.A., 23, 95.
Cranberry Root Weevdl (see Rhab-

dopteriis picipes).
Crane-flies, ovipositing on grass in

Britain, 349.
Cyaponius inaequalis (Grape Cur-
culio). Sole Hops is molesta pre-
daceous on, in U.S.A., 446.
cyassicoynis, Euceyos.
cyassifemuy, Eulimneyia.
cyassissimd, Lachnosteyna.
cyataegi, Apoyia ; Conotyachelus ;

Peyyisia ; Tetyanychiis.
CyataegHs (see Hawthorn).
Cyataegus albicans, food-plant of
Covythuca bellula in New York, 78.
Cyataegus azayolus, Eulecanium

coyyli on, in Italy, 124.
Cyataegus coccinsa, Eulecanium

coyyli on, 124.
Cyataegus neofluvialis, food-plant of
Coyythuca bellula in New York, 77.
Cyataegus orycantha, Eulecanium

coyyli on, in Italy, 124.
Cyataegus punctata, food-plant of
Coyythuca bellula in New York, 78.
Cyataegus pyyacantha, Eulecanium

coyyli on, 124.
cyan'foydi, Megaspilus ; Opius.
Crazy Ant (see Pyenolepis longi-

coynis).
Cyem%stogastey ,dL.ssoQid±Qd. with scale-
insects in Dutch Guiana, 536 ;
Aleuyocanthus woghoni attacked
b\r, in Jamaica, 480 ; associated
with scale-insects in Dutch East
Indies, 494.
Cyemcistogastey byevispi)iosa, meas-
ures against, on avocado in
Trinidad and Tobago, 131.
Cremastogastey byevispinosa var.
tumii^ifeya, associated with Coc-
cids in Jamaica, 119.
Cremastogastey dohyni, associated
with Antonina zonata in Cevlon,
198.
Cyemastogastey scutellayis, use of
pyre thrum against, in Italy, 334.
cyenata, Macyotomi,.
cyenaticeps, Atyactomoypha.
crenatus, Hylesinus.
Creoline, spraying with, against
Solenopsis geminata and Pach-
naeus litus, 51.
Creosote, as a repellent for Blissus
leucopteyus, 504 ; for painting
egg-clusters of Lepidopterous

pests, 220, 464; for protecting
timber and furniture, 355, 443 ;
not suitable for treating timber
ag.dnst pine weevils, 338, 380 ;
effect of, on underground insects,
482.
Cresol, effect of, on Aphid eggs, 46.
Cresosol, spraying with, against

locusts, 484.
Cresyl, and sodium carbonate,

against Ceyoplastes rusci, 450.
Cresylic Acid, experiments with, as
a soil steriliser, 441, 442; (see
Carbolic Acid).
cyetica, Sesamia.
cribyayia, Argina.
cyibyayium, Coptosoma.
cribyatus, Aclees.
cyibyipennis, Rhynch ites .
Cricket, Coulee (see Peyanabrus

scahyicollis).
Crickets, destroyed by Athene byanici
in India, 409 ; used as food in
Japan, 197 ; in Ontario, 1 ;
measures against, on tobacco in
South Rhodesia, 194 ; in Anglo-
Egvptian Sudan, 172 ; on vines
in Tunis, 450 ; use of drags
agamst, in U.S.A., 228 ; (see
Gyvllotalpa and Scapteriscus).
Criddle ^Mixture, as a bait for

Schistoceyca pcyegyina, 424.
cyini, Byithys.
cvinita, Tyopinota.
Cyinum, pests of, in Queensland,

175.
Cyiocephalus agyestis, in- Arctic

Canada, 192.
Cyioceyis aspayagi (Asparagus
Beetle), in Britain, 351 ; biono-
mics and control of, in Ohio, 92 ;
in Russia, 107.
Crioceyis cvanella (see Lema).
Cyioceyis duodecimpunctata, control
of, on asparagus in Ohio, 92 ; on
asparagus in Russia, 108.
Cyioceyis lilii, experiments with
hvdrocyanic-acid gas against, in
Germany, 426.
Cyioceyis quatuoydecimpunctata, in

Russia, 107.
cyistata, Hoplolopha ; Siphona ;

Tyopidacyis.
Cristatithoyax pulchey, parasite of
Keymes pubescens in U.S.A., 16.
cyistatus, Ayilus ; Phloeosinus.
cyitica, Eucosma.
Croatia, notice of list of Scolytids

from, 175.
cyocatus, Apateticus,
Cyocidolomia binotalis, measures
against, on mustard in Bengal,

606

INDEX.

445 ; on Chinese cabbage in
Ceylon, 521.
croesus, Dichodontits.
Cronartium ribicola (White Pine
Blister Rust), relation of insects
to spread of, 4, 87.
Crops, rotation of, against insect

pests, 53, 415, 421.
Cvossotarsus armipennis, on Pseudo-
viorus hnmnoniana in Queensland,
156.
Crossotarsus saimdersi, in Heritiera

fomes in India, 60.
Crossotarsus sqitamitlatus, in Heri-
tiera fomes in India, 60.
Crotalavia, Epactiothynnus opaciven-
tris on, in Australia, 211 ; pests
of, in Ceylon, 110,520.
Crotalavia jnncea (Sunn Hemp),
Utetheisa pulchella on, in Mesopo-
tamia, 478.
Cyotalaria iirasamoensis{Rattle-ho:s.) ,
probably a good trapcrop for
Nezara viridula in Florida, 383.
Croton, pests intercepted on, in
California, 13, 114, 319, 387, 479,
480 ; Heierothrips haemorrhoidalis
on, in Florida, 137.
crotonis, Pavlatoria protens ; Pseudo-
coccus.
Crows, destroying noxious insects,

114, 174, 471, 540.
Crows' Ash (see Flindersia).
crviciferae, Phyllotreta.
cruciferarum, Plutella (see P. macu-

lipennis).
Cryphalus abietis, males of, on
Juniperus communis in Germany,
175.
Cryphalus acaciae, sp. n., on Acacia

catechu in Abyssinia, 487.
Cryphalus asperatus, on poplar in

Lithuania, 421.
Cryphalus balanopselaphus, sp. n.,

on Rubus in East Africa, 487.
Cryphalus hampei (see Stephano-

deres) .
Cryphalus piceae, Ips curvidens
accompanying, in fir in Bavaria,
332.
Cryptinglisia, in South Africa, 446.
Cryptochaetum, predaceous on
Coccids, 59 ; utilisation of,
against Iceryapurchasi in Florida,
294.
Cryptochaetum fastidiosum, sp. n.,

in Philippines, 59.
Cryptognatha pallida, predaceous on
Trialeurodes floridensis in Florida,
219.
Cryptolaemus, suggested liberation

of, against Pseudococcus gahani
in California, 316.
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, intro-
duced into Algeria against scale-
insects, 57 ; predaceous on
Coccids in Australia, 157, 336 ;
utilisation of, against mealy-
bugs in California, 318, 336 ;
establishment of, against Pseu-
dococcus in Cuba, 53'.
Cryptophaga irrorata, on Casuarina

spp. in Queensland, 156.
Cryptophaga tmipunctana (see

Maroga) .
Cryptophlebia illepida (Litchi Fruit
Borer), in Bengal, 445 ; on
Macadamia ternifolia in Queens-
land, 157.
Cryptoripersia, 187.
Cryptorrhynchus, on cassava in St.

Vincent, 52.
Cryptorrhynchus batatae (see

Euscepes) .
Cryptorrhynchus gravis (see Stern-

ochetus).
Cryptorrhynchus lapathi, Dothichiza

populnea spread by, 4.
Cryptothrips floridensis (Camphor
Thrips), bionomics and control of,
in Florida, 134, 294.
Crypturgus pusillus, in Latix

laricina in U.S.A., 127.
Cryptus cyanator, parasite of Panclis

flammea in Holland, 226.
Cryptus dianae, parasite of Panclis

flammea in Holland, 226.
Cryptus sponsor, parasite of Panclis

flammea in Holland, 226.
Cryptus tarscleucus, parasite of
Panolis flammea in Holland, 226.
Ctenocephalus canis, use of pyre-
thrum against, in Italy, 334.
Ctenochiton rhizophorae, on man-
grove in Australia, 302.
ctenopterus , Systoeckus.
Cuba, citrus pests and their control
in, 50, 52, 228 ; miscellaneous
pests in, 51, 52, 53. 54, 149, 227,
228; new weevil from, 371;
establishment of Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri against Pseudococ-
cus in, 53 ; plant pest legislation
in, 256 ; pests from, intercepted
in U.S.A., 70, 71, 236, 237, 306.
307, 383, 474, 480, 508; intro-
duction of parasites of Diatraea
saccharalis crambidoides into
U.S.A., from, 97, 169, 396.
cubensis, Bephrata.
Cuckoo, destroying noxious insects

in U.S.A., 174.
cucullata, Rondaniella.

INDEX.

607

Cucumber, pests of, in Brazil, 366 ;
Aleurodes vaporarioruin oviposi-
ting on, in Britain, 474 ; Lepto-
glossiis rnembranaceus on, in
Queensland, 156 ; pests of, in
U.S.A., 137, 342, 444, 501 ;
Dacus cucurbitae intercepted in,
in California, 13, 49, 182, 387,
479 ; Lepidopterous larvae inter-
cepted in seeds of, in Hawaii, 23 ;
mosaic disease of, spread by
Aphids, 4.

Cucumber Flea-beetle (see Epitrix
ciiciDiieris).

Cucumber Wilt (see Bacillus trachei-
philus).

cucumeris. Aphis (see A . gossypii) ;
Epitrix.

cucurbitae, Dacus (Bacirocera) ;
Macrosiphuin.

Cudrania triloba, experiments with,
as a food-plant for silkworms in
Japan, 196.

culiciformis, Aegcria (Sesia).

cuniingi, Promccotheca.

cunea, Hyphaiitria.

cunicularius, Hylastes.

cupidus, Opius.

cupressana, Cydia.

cupressi, Ehrhornia ; . Phloeosinus.

cupressicola, Argyresthia.

cupressicolus, Pseudococciis.

Cupressus arizonica, Coccids on,
in California, 187, 393.

Cupressus guadelupensis, Coccids
on, in California, 187, 393.

Cupressus horizontalis, Phryneta
spinator on, in South Africa, 69.

Cupressus lusitanica, Phryneta
spinator on, in South Africa, 69.

Cupressus macrocarpa (^Monterey
Cypress), pests of, in U.S.A.,
295, 393.

Cupressus sargenti (Sargent Cypress)
Trachykele blondeli in, in U.S.A.
295.

Curasao, Scyphophorus acupunctatus
on Agave spp. in, 149.

curculionis, Bathyplectes.

Curly Leaf Disease, of beet, Euiettix
tenella associated with, in U.S.A.
4, 87, 335.

Currant, pests of, in Britain, 59,
133 ; pests of, in Canada, 2, 323,
360 ; Eriosoma grossulariae on,
in Holland, 199; Aphis ribis on,
in Italy, 142 ; scale-insects on,
in Tasmania, 154 ; pests of, in
U.S.A., 217, 345, 386, 444, 462;
effect of various leaves of, on
antennal variation in Myzus ribis
377.

Currant, Black, measures against
Eriophyes ribis on, in Britain,
350 ; never attacked by Pteronus
ribesii in Canada, 344 ; precau-
tions against mites attacking, in
British Columbia, 439 ; pests of,
in Holland, 199 ; Aegeria tipiili-
forniis on, in Tasmania, 153 ;
pests intercepted on, in California,
508.

Currant, Flowering (see Ribes aur-
euui).

Currant, Red, Pteronus ribesii on,
in Canada, 344 ; measures against
Incurvaria capitella on, in Holland,
199 ; Myzus ribis on, in Russia,
104 ; Aegeria tipuliforniis on,
in Tasmania, 153.

Currant, White, Pteronus ribesii on,
in Canada, 344 ; measures against
Incurvaria capitella on, in Hol-
land, 199.

Currant Aphis (see Myzus ribis).

Currant Borer (see Aegeria tipuli-
forniis).

Currant Fruit-fly (see Epochra cana-
densis).

Currant Gall Mite (see Eriophyes
ribis) .

Currant Spanworm (see Cyniatophora
ribearia).

Currant Worm (see Pteronus ri-
besii).

curtula, Pygaera.

curvicauda, Toxotrypana.

curvicornis, Myllocerus.

curvidens, Ips.

curvignathus, Coptotermes.

Cuscuta epithymuni (Dodder), Aphis
cuscutae on, in Utah, 8.

ctiscutae. Aphis.

cushniani, Chiloneurus.

Custard Apple (see Anona reticulata).

Cutworm, Army (see Euxoa auxili-
aris and E. agrestis).

Cutworm, Brome-grass (see Trachea
finitima cerivana).

Cutworm, Glassy (see Sideuiia de-
vastatrix) .

Cutworm, Pale Western (see Porosa-
grotis orthogonia) .

Cutworm, Red-backed (see Euxoa
ochrogaster) .

Cutworm, Sorrel (see Acronycta
rumicis).

Cutworm, Swarming Paddy (see
Spodoptera niauritia).

Cutworms, effect of meteorological
conditions on, in South America,
367 ; in Austraha, 152, 502 ;
measures against, in Canada, 1, 2,
192, 233; on tobacco in South

608

INDEX.

Rhodesia, 134; damage to tobacco
by Tenebrionid beetles re-
sembling that of, in Rhodesia,
193 ; in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,
172 '• bionomics and control of, m
U.S.A., 22, 95, 186, 188, 280, 529 ;
natural enemies of, 169, 529 ;
poisoned baits for, 61, 129, 152,
233, 235, 248, 280, 412, 518, 523.

Cyam'opsis psoralioides (Guvar),
mites on, in India, 410.

cyanator, Cryptus.

cyanea, Phaenopus ; Sciiteliista.

cvanella, Lema [Crioceris).

cvancus, Selenopselaphus {Seleno-
palpiis).

cvanocantha, Canthecona.

Cyanogen Chloride,experiments with,

as a fumigant, 533.
Cyanometer, for testing Uquid hydro-
cyanic acid, 90.
cyanophylli, Aspidiotus.
cyathigera, Anisoplia. _

Cybister japonicus, used as food in

]apan, 197.
Cvbocephalus californicus, preda-
"ceous on Ehrhornia cupresst m
California, 394.
Cycad, Aspidiotus transparens mter-

'ceDted on, in U.S.A., 307.
Cycas revolnia, Diaspis spp. on, in

Britain, 343. .

Cyclamen, Nematodes on, m On-
tario, 2. ^ J-
Cydocephala, effect of sodium

' cyanide on, in U.S.A., 482.
Cydocephala iridentata, on sugar-
cane in Guadeloupe, 298.
Cydocephala villosa, on sugar-cane

'in U.S.A., 79. .

Cydoneda sanguinea, bionomics of,

in Porto Rico, 303.
Cyclopelta siccifolia, on Cajanus

indicus in Ceylon, 520.
Cydia, measures against, in Russia,

102. , . ^

Cydia coniferana, attacking fungus-
infested pines in Germany, 3c.8.
Cydia cosynophorana, associated with
' Rhyacionia resinella in Germany,

358.

Cydia cupressana (Cypress Cone

Borer), in California, 394.
Cydia dorsana, on peas in Holland,

" 199 ; on peas in Russia, 107.
Cydia duplicana, associated w-ith

Diorydria splendidella on conifers

in Germany, 358.
Cydia funebrana, on Pruniis and

"apricot in Italy, 141.
Cydia gninevtiana, identical with

C. padolana, 358.

Cydia leucostoma, on tea in Dutch

East Indies, 457.
Cydia molesia (Oriental Peach Moth,
Peach Tip Moth), measures
ao^ainst, in Australia, 132 ; bio-
nomics and control of, in Japan,
23, 321 ; bionomics and control
of' in Korea, 143; measures
against, in U.S.A., 249, 315, 354,
385, 463 ; measures against intro-
duction of, into U.S.A., 12, 512;
function of anal comb of, 78.
Cydia nigricana (Pea Moth), on
'beans and peas in Britain, 351 ;
on peas in Holland, 199; bio-
nomics and control of species
attributed to, in U.S.A., 300, 532 ;
species attributed to, imported
into Wisconsin from Canada, 95.
Cvdia padolana, C. grimertiana
"identical with, 358; larvae of
C. duplicana indistinguishable
from, 358.
Cydia pallidibasalis, sp. ^ n., on

'Abies concolor in U.S.A., 381.
Cydia pomonella (Codling Moth).
"354 534; bionomics and control
of, 'in South Africa, 284 ; bio-
nomics and control of, in Austra-
lia 7, 132, 157, 336 ; infesting
walnuts in California, 238 ; inter-
cepted in California, 49, 114, 181.
182 240, 319, 387, 388; m
Canada, 528; intercepted on
crab-apples in Hawau, 23;
measures against, in Holland.
199; on apple in Italy, 141;
on 'peaches in Mauritius, 73;
in Russia, 104 ; winter measures
against, in Switzerland, 23 ; food-
plants of, in Uruguay, 214;
bionomics and control of. m
USA 75, 94, 128, 130, 135, 174,
238, 304, 305, 363, 372, 385, 446
462, 504, 527 ; function of anal
comb of, 78.
Cydia prunivora (see Enavmonia).
Cydia splendana, on chestnut and

"prune in Italy, 141.
Cydonia japonica, food-plant ot

' Myelois ceratoniae, 122.
Cydonia vulgaris, Eulecanium coryli

'on, 124.

cydoniae, Aspidiotus.

Cxlas formicarius (Sweet Potato

'Weevil), intercepted m sweet

potatoes in California, 49 ; on

sweet potato in Ceylon, 5-1,

measures against, in Cuba, M.

53 • in Dutch East Indies, 3Z^ ,

meksures agamst, in Porto Rico,

INDEX.

609

71 ; measures against, in U.S.A.,
22, 95, 137, 248, 316, 385, 521,
544.

Cylas lurcipennis(see C.fovmicarius).

cylindyica, Sphaerophoria.

cylindricus, Bostrychiis.

cylindrirostris, Orthorrh i niis .

Cyllene antennatus, effect of direct j
sunlight on, 365. '

Cyllene pictus, effect of direct |
sunlight on, 366.

CvUene robiniac, on shade-trees in
"U.S.A., 247.

Cymatodera bicolor, predaceous on
bark-beetles in U.S.A., 510.

Cymatophora octogesima, on poplars
in Russia, 105.

Cymatophora ribearia (Currant and
Gooseberry Span-worm), biono-
mics and control of, in South
Dakota, 218, 386.

cymbiforme, Lecanium (see Enle-
caniuni persicae).

Cy tiara (see Artichoke).

Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda Grass),
Heteroneura setariae on, in North
America, 8 ; Antonina indica on,
in Hawaii, 437.

cynosbati, Aphis ; M acres ip hum.

Cy penis brev if alius, food -plant of
Holotrichia leucophthalma in Java,
140.

Cypress, Phloeosinus thiiyae in, in
"pYance, 260 ; pests of, "in U.S.A.,
393, 394, 463.

Cypress, Arizona (see Cupressus
arizon ica) .

Cypress, Bald (see Taxodiiim dis-
tich um).

Cypress, Guadalupe (see Cupressus
guadalupensis) .

Cypress, Monterey (see Cupressus
macrocarpa) .

Cypress, Sargent (see Cupressus
sargenti).

Cypress Bark Scale (see Ehrhovnia
cupressi) .

Cypress Bark-beetle (see Phloeo-
sinus cristatus and P. cupressi).

Cypress Cone Borer (see Cydia
cupressana) .

Cypress Moth (see Argyresthia
cupressella) .

Cypress Pine (see Calletris glaiica).

Cyprus, measures against miscel-
laneous pests in, 204.

Cyrenaica, measures against out-
break of locusts in, 200.

Cyrtacanthacris, on peanut in
Queensland, 62.

Cyrtacanthacris guttulosa, on sugar-
cane in Fiji, 27.

(3202)

Cyrtacanthacris septemfasciata var.

fascifera, in Uganda, 244.
Cyrtognathus fornicatus, food-plants

of, in Morocco, 38.
Cyrtorhinus mundulus, new enemy

of Perkinsiella saccharicida in

Oueensland, 525.
Cytherea obscura, destroying locusts

in Italy, 485.

D.

dactylicola, Harmolita.

dactylopii, A delgimyza .

Dactylopius bromeliae (see Pseudo-
coccus).

Dactylopius citri (see Pseudococcus).

Dactylopius confusus indicus
(Cochineal Insect), establishment
of, against prickly pear in Queens-
land, 157.

Dactylopius longispinus (see Pseudo-
coccus adonidum).

Dactylopius vitis (see Pseudococcus).

Dacus, 263 ; on melons in Meso-
potamia, 478 ; notice of new
species of, in Philippines, 286.

Dacus brevistylus (Melon Fruit-fly),
measures against, in Anglo-
Eg3'ptian Sudan, 172.

Dacus cucurbitae (Melon Fly), inter-
cepted in cucumbers etc., in
California, 13, 47, 182, 387, 479 ;
on Sechium edule in Ceylon, 521 ;
danger of introduction of, into
Florida, 293 ; utilisation of Opius
fletcheri against, in Hawaii, 347,
375.

Dacus d'emmerezi, an introduced
pest in Mauritius, 499.

Dacus diversus, on plantain in
Burma, 99.

Dacus ferrugineus, in Capsicum,
new parasite of, in Java, 435 ;
on peaches in Queensland, 156.

Dacus oleae (Olive Fly), in Italy,
216 ; measures against, in Spain,
324 ; measures against, in
Tunisia, 83.

Dacus tsuneonis (Orange Fly),
bionomics of, in Japan, 258.

Dadap (see Erythrina).

daedalus, Castnia.

Dahlia, legislation restricting im-
portation of, into Canada from
U.S.A., 416 ; new weevil on, in
Orange Free State, 264 ; pests
of, in U.S.A., 511.

dahlifolii, Macrosiphum.

dahlii, Agapanthia.

610

INDEX.

Daincha (see Sesbania).

Daisy, Transvaal, pests intercepted

on, in California, 387.
Dakota, South, currant and goose-
berry pests and their control in,
217, 386 ; miscellaneous pests
and their control in, 386, 412,
443, 444 ; Cydia pomonella inter-
cepted in California from, 240.
Dalbergia sissoo, Acanthophorus

serraticornis in, in India, 61.
dalmani, Telenonms.
Dalmatia, cultivation of pyrethrum
in, 363 ; miscellaneous pests in,
122, 424 ; notice of list of
Scolytids from, 175.
Dalpada, on tea in Dutch East

Indies, 495.
Damaeiis radiciphagus, on vines in

Russia, 103.
damicornis, Orthopleura.
damnifica, Schistocerca.
damor, Phassns.
Damson, Magdalis pruni on, in

Holland, 255.
Dandelion, food-plant of Physo-
thrips blacki in Oregon, 135 ;
food-plant of Porthetria dispar in
Switzerland, 202.
Dandelion, Cape, Smynthurus viridis

on, in South Australia, 207.
danica, Locusta [Pachytylus).
Daphne, Lepidopterous cocoon inter-
cepted on, in California, 479.
Daphne gnidium, suggested planting
of, as a protection from vine
moths in France, 395.
daplidice, Pier is.
dasy cents, Ecyrus.
Dasychira pudibunda, experiments
with insecticides on, in Prussia,
141 ; in Russia, 105.
Dasyneura brassicae (see Perrisia).
Dasyneura legiiminicola (see Per-
risia) .
Dasyneura rhodopliaga (see Neocer-

ata).
Datana integerrima, on shade-trees

in U.S.A., 247.
Datana ministra (Yellow-necked Ap-
ple Caterpillar), in Canada, 2.
Date Palm {Phoenix dactylifera) ,
pests of, in Mesopotamia, 478 ;
measures against Rhynchophorus
ferrugineus on, in Punjab, 109.
Dates (Stored), measures against
Ephestia calidella in, in Egypt, 73
pests of, in Mesopotamia, 479
Myelois ceratoniae infesting, 122
SUvanus surinamensis infesting,
507.
dea, Arbela.

Death-watch Beetle (see Xestobium

rufovillosum) .
decemlineata, Leptinotarsa.
decemplex, Eucalymnatus [Leca-

nium).
decepfor, Ichyieumon.
Decilaus citriperda, sp. n., measures
against, on citrus roots in Queens-
land, 277.
declive, Xylopertha {Sinoxylon).
Decticus albifrons (see Tettigonia) .
Deer, damaging spruce trees in

Germany, 358.
deformosum, Eulecanium .
Degeeria collaris, parasite of Galerii-

cella luteola in Italy, 432.
degeeri, Eupelmella.
Deilephila celevio /'see Hippotion) .
Deilephila elpenor (see Pergesa).
Deilephila livornica, on vines in
France, 433, 478 ; bionomics of,
on vines in Mesopotamia, 346.
Deilephila nerii, in San Thome, 494.
Deilephila porcellus, on vines in

France, 478.
Deiradolcus, food-plants of, in

India, 84.
delauneyi, Dysdercus.
Delphacodes bridwelli, sp. n., in

Nigeria, 118.
Delphacodes nigeriensis, sp. n., in

Nigeria, 118.
Delphacodes vastatrix, on sugar-cane

in Formosa, SQ.
DelphasHts catalinae, introduced into
Florida against scale-insects, 137.
Delphastus pallidus (see Crypto-

gnatha).
Delphax furcifera, on sugar-cane in

Formosa, 86.
Delphax graminicola, on sugar-cane

in Foi'mosa, 86.
Delphax propinqua, on sugar-cane

in Formosa, 86.
Delphax saccharivora (see Steno-

cranus) .
Delphinium tricorne, Aphis rociadae

on, in Indiana, 8.
Deltocephalus, notice of key to-

species of, in U.S.A., 464.
Deltocephalus dor sails, on rice in

Formosa, 86.
Deltocephalus oryzae, food-plants of,

in Japan, 86.
Demas coryli, in Russia, 107.
Demilysol, in formula for spray
against Eriocampoides limacina,
262.
d'enimerezi, Dacits.
deniodociis, Papilio.
demoleus, Papilio.
demuhts, Rhopalicus.

IXDEX.

611

dendyobii, Chliaria.

Dendrobiiim phalaenopsis, Chliaria

deudvobii on, in Java, 40.
Dendrocalamus styictiis, new scale-
insect on, in India, 205.
Dendroctonus brevicomis (Western
Pine Bark-beetle), bionomics of,
in Canada, 88, 489 ; bionomics
and control of, in U.S.A., 88,
523-525.
Dendroctonus; frontalis (Southern
Pine Beetle), bioclimatic law in
relation to. in U.S.A., 88.
Dendroctonus johanseni, sp. n., in

forests in Arctic Canada, 192.
Dendroctonus micans, bionomics of,

in forests in Bohemia, 324.
Dendroctonus monticolae (Mountain
Pine Bark-beetle), bionomics of,
in North America, 89, 489.
Dendroctonus simplex, in Larix

laricina in U.S.A., 127.
Dendrolimus pirn, parasitised by
Anomalon circumflexuni in forests
in Germany, 469.
Dendrolimus pruni, on Prunus in

Italy, 141.
Denmark, bionomics and control of
flea-beetles in, 54 1 ; miscellaneous
pests in, 60, 177.
Denops albofasciata, predaceous on

Coleoptera in France, 434.
denticornis, Limothrips.
denticoxa, Eurytoma.
dentipes, Chrysobothris.
Deodar (see Cedrus deodara).
depressa, Palorus (Caenocorse) .
Depressaria apicclla [nervosa), in
in Austria, 261 ; parasitised by
Agathis anglica in Britain, 429.
Depressaria atomella, parasitised by
Microdus clausthaUanus in Britain,
429.
Depressaria heracleana (Parsnip
Webworm), in Canada, 2, 374 ;
bionomics and control of, in
Connecticut, 340 ; liable to be
mistaken for Pyrausta nuhilalis
inU.S.A., 286, 450.
Depressaria nervosa (see D. apicella).
depressella, Emmalocera {Papua),
depressirostris, Gasterocercus.
depressum, Opatrum (Gonocephalum);

Stirastoma.
depressus, Cleonymus.
depunctalis, Nymphnla.
derasofasciatus , Agrilus.
Dermatophilus penetrans, an intro-
duced pest in Mauritius, 499.
Dermestes cadaver inus, bionomics
and control of, in dried fish in
Japan, 255.

(3202)

Dermestes lardarius, immune to

Bacillus thuringiensis, 253.
Dermestes vulpiniis, bionomics and
control of, in dried fish in Japan,
255 ; in stored tobacco, 425.
DermsstidaC: parasitised by

Laelius spp. in Europe and U.S.A.,
223.
der Ogata, Sylepta.
derogator. Ichneumon.
Derolus, function of calcareous

operculum of, in India, 101.
Derolus discicollis, in Heritiera fomes

in India, 60.
Derostenus, notice of key to genera

of group, 161.
Derris, as an insecticide, 95, 193,

283, 439.
Derris elliptica (Tuba-root), effect
of decoction of, on Agromyza
phaseoli, 193.
Deschapsia, food -plant of Cephus

cinctus in U.S.A., 464.
deserticola, Anisoplia.
Desmia funeralis, associated with
Diaphania nitidalis in Brazil, 366.
destructor, Acyrthosiphon [Nectaro-
phora) pisi ; Apogonia ; Aspidio-
tus ; Mayetiola [Phytophaga);
Merisus.
destruens, Xyleborus.
Deuteroxorides, notice of key to

species of, 417.
devastator, Melanoplus.
devastatrix, Sidemia [Hadena) ;

Tylenchus (see T. dipsaci).
devoniensis, Eriococcus.
d'Herelle's Organism (see Cocco-

baciUus acridioriim) .
DiabroticadHodecimpunctata{T\velve-
spotted Cucumber Beetle, South-
ern Corn Root Worm), bionomics
of, in U.S.A., 94, 137, 209, 300,
422 ; Bacillus tracheiphilus spread
by, 4, 422.
Diabrotica graminea, on cotton in

Porto Rico, 303.
Diabrotica speciosa, effect of meteor-
ological conditions on, in South
America, 367.
Diabrotica vittata (Striped Cucumber
Beetle), effect of meteorological
conditions on, in South America,
367 ; in U.S.A., 342, 422, 444 ;
Bacillus tracheiphilus spread
by, 4, 422.
Diachasma fullawayi, parasite ^of
Ceratitis capitata in Hawaii, 170,
171, 375.
Diachasma giffardianus, parasite of
Ceratitis capitata in Hawaii, 170,
171.

F2

612

INDEX.

Diachasma tryoni, parasite of
Ceratitis capitata in Hawaii, 170,
171, 375.
Diacrisia, on sweet potato in Madras,

130.
Diacrisia obliqua (Jute Hairy Cater-
pillar), on castor-oil plants in
Assam, 461 ; in Bengal, 445.
Diadiplosis indica, sp. n., predaceous

on mealy-bugs in India, 473.
Dialeges pauper, function of cal-
careous operculum of, in India,
101.
Dialeurodcs citvi (Citrus Whitefly),
declared a pest in Arkansas, 544 ;
utilisation of beneficial fungi
against, in Florida, 294, 383.
Dialeurodcs citrifolii {mibifcra)
(Cloudy-winged Whitefly), estab-
lishment of beneficial fungi
against, in Florida, 294, 384 ;
declared a pest in Arkansas, 544.
Dialeurodcs nubifera (see D. citri-
folii) .
Diamond-back Moth (see Plutella

maculipcnnis) .
dianac, Cryptus.
dianthi, Rhopalosiphum .
diaphana, Phycita.
Diaphania hxalinata, associated with

D. ni tidal is in Brazil, 366.
Diaphania nitidalis, measures
against, on Cucurbitaceae in
Brazil, 366.
Diaprepes, on sugar-cane in

Guadeloupe, 298.
Diaprepes abbreviatus (Sugar-cane
Root Borer), financial loss clue
to, in Barbados, 72 ; bionomics
of, in West Indies, 35, 471.
Diaprcbcs abbreviatus var. dis-
tingucnius, on sugar-cane in
Guadeloupe, 298.
Diaprepes famelicus, on sugar-cane

in Guadeloupe, 29S.
Diaprepes niarginatus, on sugar-
cane in Guadeloupe, 298.
Diaprefics si^engleyi. on ?ugar-cane

in Porto Rico, 248.
Diapvomorpha melanopus, on tea in

India, 530.
Diarthvonomyia Jiypogaea (Chrj'san-
themum Midge), bionomics and
control of, in greenhouses in
U.S.A., 43, 342, 364.
Diarthrothnt'S coffeae, on coffee in

Uganda, 243.
Diaspis boisduvali, intercepted en

orcliids in California, 49.
Diaspis bromeliae, intercepted on
pineapple- in California, 13, 49,
\U, 182, 240, 319, 387, 479, 508.

Diaspis carucU, on cypress in Cali-
fornia, 394.
Diaspis juniperi, attacking mistle-
toe and conifers in Germany, 357.
Diaspis pentagona (see Aulacaspis).
Diaspis rosae (=ee Aulacaspis).
Diaspis visci, considered identical

with D. juniperi, 357.
Diaspis zamiae, food-plants cf, in

Britain, 343.
Diatraea, in Bengal, 445 ; on lice
in British Guiana, 472 ; Argyria
tumidicostalis in sugar-cane erron-
eously recorded as, in India, 8^1 ;
intercepted on sugar-cane in
Queensland, 157.
Diatraea canella (Small INIoth Borer),
measures against, on sugar-cane
in British Guiana, 42, 471.
Diatraea lineclata, on sugar-cane

in U.S.A., 79.
Diatraea saccharalis (Small Moth
Borer, Sugar-cane Moth Borer),
on maize in Argentina, 514 ; on
sugar-cane in Brazil, 292 ; inter-
cepted in quarantine in Cali-
fornia, 508 ; measures against,
in British Guiana, 42, 145, 471 ;
method of establishing Cuban
parasites of, in U.S.A., 396 ;
in West Indies, 72, 206, 296, 298,
471, 484.
Diatraea saccharalis crambidoides,
utilisation of parasites of, in
U.S.A., 78, 97, 169.
Diatraea stnataiis (sec D. lencsata).
Diatraea venosata, on sugar-cane in

Mauritius, 55.
diairaeae, Euzenilliopsis.
Dibrachoides dynaster, parasite of
Hyper a spp. in North America,
223.
Dibrachys, parasite of Calanira

granaria in Germany, 331.
Dibrachys boucheanus, parasite of

vine moths in Austria, 353.
Dicaelotus pusillator, parasite of

vine moths in Austria, 353.
Dtchocrocis punctiferalis (Queens-
land Eollworm, Smaller M&.ize
Borer), food-plants of, in Queens-
land. 155, 156 ; probably on
peaches and nectarines in Meco-
potamia, 478.
Dichodontiis croesus, Vernonia ar-
borea probably destroyed ty, in
Dutch" Fast Indies, 329.
dichrous, Chlaenius.
Dichtha, an occasional tobacco pest

in Southern Rhodesia, 425.
Dicky Rice Weevil (see Prosayleus
phytolymus).

INDEX.

613

Dicyanotyopi'y bridn'elli, sp. n., in

Nigeria, 118.
Dicranoti-opi< fnino'^a, on sugar-
cane in Formosa, 86.
Dirranotyopis ibadanensis, sp. n.,

in Nigeria, 1 18.
Dicrnniira '.•inula, on j"iopla'"s in

Russia, 105.
Dictyophora patritelis, on rice and

sugar-cans in Formosa, 86.
Dirtvophora sinica, on rice and

sugar-cane in Formosa, 86.
Dictyoploca japonica, 196.
dictyosperini, ChrysGinphalns.
didactylus, Scapkriscus (see 5. vici-

niis).
Dieiis fonnosa, parasite of Lcpi-

diota frcnchi in Queensland, 164.
Diervilla Innicera, new Aphid on,

in U.S.A., 418.
dierv illae , Macros iph u m.
differentialis, Melanoplus.
difformis, Omorgus.
Digger Pine (see Pinus sahiniana).
Digitalin, experiments with, as a

substitute for nicotine in insec-
ticides, 400.
Digitalis grandiflora, digitalin pi'e-

pared from, 400.
digitifrons, IValkcriana.
dilaiaia, Chionaspis.
Diloba coendeocephala, in orchards

in Germany, 426.
Dilohoderus abderus, measures

against, in Uruguay, 214.
Dilophonota (see Erinnyis).
dimidialis, Eublemma.
dimidiatus, Carpcphilits ; Phynia-

todes : Platylabrus.
Dinaspis (see Chionaspis).
Dinoderus, intercepted in wood of

tea chests in Queensland, 157.
Dinodevus nnnutiis, infesting stored

grain in Dutch East Indies, 495.
Diocalandra, on coconuts in Dutch

East Indies, 538.
Diocalandra taitensis, on coconut

in Hawaii, 436.
diomphalia, Lachnosterna.
Diorthiis cinereus, in Herttiera fomes

in India, 60 ; function of

calcareous operculum of, in India,

101.
Dioryciria abietella, in Russia, 104.
Dioryctria splcndidcdla, on conifers

in Germany, 358.
Dioryctria xanthaenobares, new para-
sites of, in U.S.A., 381.
dioryctriae, I.issonota ; Microcryptus.
Dioscorea batatas (see Yam).
Dwscorea japonica, Rhopalosiphuin

sanibnci''ola on, :n Japan, 11.

Dioscorea saliva, posts of, in Dutch

East Indies, 495.
dioscorcae, Palaeopus (see P. costi-

collis) .
Diosma crenata, new scale-insect on,

in South Africa, 117.
diosmae, Chionaspis {Dinaspis).
Diospyros virgmiana (Persimmon),

Lachnosterna foxii on, in U.S.A.,

505.
Diostrombus politus, food-plants of,

in Fonnosa, 86.
Diparopsis castanea (Sudan or Red

Cotton Bollworm), in Anglo-
Egyptian Sudan, 172 ; in West

Africa, 474.
Diphtheria, effect of cans itive agent

of, on Caller ia rnellonclla, 163.
Diphucephala colaspidoides, migrat-
ing to orchards in Tasmania

and Victoria, 410.
Diplazon laetatorius, in California, 9.
Diplogaster aerivora, Lachnosterna

probably destroyed by, in Kansas,

391. "
Diploxys hastata, predaceous on

Cvdia pomonella in South Africa,

284.
Diprion nonontin, number of

generations of, in Hoi land, 407.
Diprion {Lophyriis) pini. in forests

in Britain, 379 ; parasites of,

in France, 472 ; new Chalcid

parasite of, in Germany, 264.
dipsacea, Heliothis.
dipsaci, Tylenchus.
Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Reuiphan

hopei in, in India, 61.
Diptiloniiopiis, gen. n., in Jaya,

399.
Dirhinus giffardi, liberation of,

against Ceratitis capitata in

Hawaii, 375.
dirhodum, Macrosiphitni.
discicollis, Derolns.
discoideiis , Br aeon ; Chilocorus.
Discolia ovalauensis, natural enemy

of Rhopaea spp. in Fiji, 26.
discolor, Dysderciis.
discreta, Ocnerioxa.
dislocatus, Phvllobaenus.
Disonycha xanthcnielaena (Spinach

Flea-beetle), control and food-
plants of, in Connecticut, 341.
dispar, Porthetria {Liparis, Lyman-

tria, Ocneria) ; Xyleboriis

{A nisandriis) .
dissimilis, Manw^tra (see Polia

suasa).
Dissolcus Paraguay ensis, sp. n.,

parasite of Edc'^sa rufoniarginata

in South America, 474.

614

INDEX.

disstria, Malacosoma.

distichlii, Trionymus .

Distichlis spicata, new Coccid on,

. in California, 187.

distincta, Sogata ; Sturmia.

distingue ndus, Diaprepes abbrevia-
tus ; Idiocerus (see /. cognatus).

diversiseta, Stictococcus .

diversus, Dacus [Chaetodacus] .

divulsana, Tortrix.

Dociostaurus maroccanus (Moroccan
Locust), campaign against, in
France, 370 ; bionomics and
control of, in Itah', 484 ; in
Morocco, 121 ; campaign against,
in Asiatic Turkey, 352.

Dodder (see Cuscicta epithymum).

dohrni, Cremastogaster ; Fenusa.

dolabratus, Miris.

Dolichodenis bidens, measures
against, in Dutch Guiana, 536,
537.

dolichogaster, Sympiesis.

dolichognathus, Microcerotermes.

Dolichos, 19.

Dolichos lablab, pests of, in India,
19, 66, 519 ; (stored) Bruchids
infesting, in ISIysore, 65, 66.

Dolycoris baccarum, on beet in
Japan, 399.

domestica, Musca.

domesticum, Anobiitm (see A.
striatum) .

domesticiis, Gryllns ; Xyloterus.

dominica, Rhizopertha.

Dorcadion carinatum, in Russia,
106.

Dorcatoma bibliophagum brasiliense,
bionomics and control of, destroy-
ing books in Brazil, 36.

dorsalis, Chalepus ; Deltocephalus ;
Perga ; Taragama.

dorsana, Cydia [Grapholitha) .

Doryctes ridiaschinae, sp. n., parasite
of Ridiaschina congregatella in
South America, 475.

Dorylus helvolus, predaceous on
Cydia pomonella in South Africa,
284.

Dorylus orientalis, on potato in
Ceylon, 521.

Dothichiza populnea (European
Poplar Canker), spread by
Cryptorrkynchus lapathi, 4.

Doticus pestilens, granadillas
probabl}- attacked bv, in Queens-
land, 466.

Douglas Fir (see Pseudotsuga taxi-
folia).

Douglas Fir Seed-fly (see Mega-
stigmus spermotrophus) .

doivnesi, Mallodon ; Opius.

Draba nemorosa, food-plant of
Scepticus insularis in Japan, 398.

Dracaena, pests intercepted on,
in California, 479.

Draeculacephala mollipes (Sharp-
headed Grain Leaf-hopper) ,
bionomics of, on sugar-cane in
U.S.A., 79, 371 ; mosaic disease
of sugar-cane not experimentally
transmitted by, 37 1 .

Draeculacephala mollipes minor, on
sugar-cane in U.S.A., 79.

Dragon-flies, used as food in Japan,
197.

Dreyfusia piceae (see Chermes).

Dried Fruit ]Moth (see Plodia inter-
punctella) .

Drosicha, Cryptochaetiim predaceous
on, 59.

Dyosophi'a buscki, intercepted in
gourd in California, 182.

Drosophila funebris, in decayed
potatoes in Central Europe, 288.

Drosophila inversa, parasite of Clas-
toptera obtusa in U.S.A., 149.

Dryocoetes americanus, in Larix
laricina in L'.S.A., 127.

Dryocoetes autographus, in forests
in Britain, 379 ; in forests in
Lithuania, 420.

Dryocoetes coryli (Hazel Bark-
beetle), in Austria, 176.

Dryophthorus americanus, in Larix
laricina in T.J.S.A., 127.

Drypta, introduced into Hawaii
from Queensland against leaf-
hoppers, 72 ; failure to obtain in
Queensland, for introduction into
Hawaii, 525.

Drypta australis, introduced into
Hawaii from Queensland against
leafhoppers, 72.

duhia, Leptura.

dubium, Trichosiphum.

dubius, Chiloneurus : Hemiteles ;
Pachycrepoidens ; Thanasimus.

ducens, Feltia.

Dufour's Sohition, spraying with,
against Lygus, 289.

dumeticola. Ichneumon .

duodecimguttata, Vibidia.

duodecimpunctata, Crioceris ; Dia-
brotica.

Duomitus ceramicus, in forests in
Dutch East Indies, 329.

duplex, Pseudaonidia.

duplicana, Cydia {Grapholitha).

duplicatus, fps (Tomicus).

Dura (see Sorghum).

Dura Aphis (see Aphis sorghi).

Dura .\sa! Fly (see Aphis scrghi).

Dura StemBorer(seeSe5a»2zn cretica) .

INDEX.

615

dura, Chionaspis.

dtirbanense, Lecauium.

Durum, food-plant of Cet>hi!s cinctus
in U.S.A., 464.

Dusky Cotton-stainer (see Oxy-
carenus laetus).

Dust Mulch, used against Hypera
variabilis, 128.

Dusting, 130, 135, 302, 384.
390, 504 ; compared with liquid
sprays, 94, 95, 207, 219, 249, 276,
310, 363, 462, 534.

Dutch East Indies, coft'ee pests in,
406, 447-449 : bionomics and
control of Stephanoderes hampei
in, 447-449 ; miscellaneous pests
in. 329, 360, 453, 454, 494, 522,
537, 538 ; tobacco pests in, 540 ;
tea pests and their control in,
452, 453, 455, 456, 457, 510, 513 ;
experiments with carbolineum
against scale-insects in, 439 ;
(see Java and Sumatra).

Dutch Guiana, cacao pests in, 232,
439, 440 ; miscellaneous pests in,
422, 536, 537 ; effect of spra\4ng
with carbolineum against Coccus
fir id is on coffee in, 439.

duvanae, Microgaster.

D3-eing, insect-galls used for, 2.

dynaster, Dibyachoides.

Dyscenis fletcheri, on apple in
India, 84.

Dyscenis maUgniis, food-plants of,
in India, 84.

Dyscinetiis bidentatus (Small Black
Hardback), on sugar-cane in
British Guiana, 42, 471.

Dyscinetiis gcDiinatus (Larger Black
Hardback), on sugar-cane in
British Guiana, 42.

Dyscinetiis tyachvpygus, on sugar-
cane in U.S.A., 79.

Dysdercus (Cotton-stainers), legis-
lation against, in West Indies,
296, 442, 523 ; on cotton in
Queensland, 155 ; intercepted on
cotton seeds in Queensland, 157.

Dysdercus albidiventris, on cotton
in Arizona, 10.

Dysdercus andreae, on cotton in
Guadeloupe, 298 ; not a serious
pest of cotton in Porto Rico, 303.

Dysdercus cingulatus (Red Cotton
Stainer), in India, 109, 445 ; on
cotton in Ceylon, 520; measures
against, on Hibiscus sabdariffa
in Straits Settlements, 283.

Dysdercus delauneyi, bionomics and
control of, in St. Vincent, 205.

Dysdercus discolor, on cotton in
Guadeloupe, 298.

Dysdercus sidae, on cotton in
Queensland, 157.

Dysdercus superstitiosus, on cottor
in West Africa, 474 ; on cacao
in San Thome, 492, 494.

Dytiscidae, of Arctic Canada, 192.

Eacles magnifica (see atheroma).

Eantis thraso (Citrus Leaf-roller),
in Porto Rico, 484.

Earias, on cotton in India, 130,
519.

Earias biplaga, on cotton in West
Africa, 474.

Earias fabia (Cotton Bollworm),
bionomics of, in India, 85, 109,
445 ; not very injurious to cotton
in Dutch East Indies in 1919,
329.

Earias huegeli, on cotton in Queens-
land, 157.

Earias insulana (Spiny Cotton Boll-
worm, Spotted Bollworm)
. measures against, in Cyprus, 204
on cotton in Egypt, 67,68, 283
bionomics of, in India, 85, 109
on cotton in Mesopotamia, 478
on cotton in Morocco, 121
on cotton in Queensland, 155
food-plants of, in Anglo-Egyptian
Sudan, 172.

Earinus, notice of key to species of,
515.

Earwigs, parasitised by Rhacodi-
neiira antiqua in France, 432 ;
predaceous on sugar-cane leaf-
hopper parasites in Hawaii, 20 ;
in houses in Vancouver, 324.

Eastern Corn Borer (see Aparnea
nictitans americana).

Eccoptogaster (see Scolyfus) .

eccoptogastri, Rhophocerus.

Ecdytolopha insiticiana , on shade-
trees in U. S. A., 247.

echinopsidis, Pulvinaria broadwayi.

Echinopsis latiflora, Pulvinaria
broadwayi var. echinopsidis on,
in British Guiana, 119.

cchinopus, Rhizoglyphiis.

Echidnophaga gallinacea, an intro-
duced pest in Mauritius, 499.

Echthrodoca conflagrata, parasite of
Lepidoptera in Germany, 408.

ecksteini, Platyterw.a.

Economic Entomology, in Canada,
3 : in Germany, 332, 427, 429,
467 ; in U.S.A., 152, 244, 245,
396, 462 ; use of aeroplanes in.

616

INDEX.

10 ; bioclimatic law as applied to,
87-89, 278, 376 ; early history
of, 4 ; value of, in connection
with railways, 244, 396.

Ecphylus schwarzi, probably a para-
site of Luperisiniis californicus in
California, 91.

Ecuador, pests from, intercepted in
California, 480.

Ecyyus dasycerus, in Robinia pseu-
dacacia in U.S.A., 516.

edentata, Ancepaspis [Protodiaspis] .

Edessa bifida, parasitised by Trissol-
cus edessae in U.S.A., 295..

Edessa nieditabiinda (Pea Chink), on
pigeon peas and groundnuts in
St. Vincent, 206.

Edessa rnfomarginata, new Hymen-
opterous parasites of, in' South
America, 475.

edessae, Telenomus ; Trissolcus.

edulis, Macrotoma.

Eelworms (see Nematodes).

egenus, Agrilus.

Egg-plant {Solanum melongena) ,
food-plant of Epicauta hirticornis
in Formosa, 197 ; Nematodes
causing root-knot disease of, in
Hawaii, 136 ; Pachyzancla aegro-
talis on, in Madras, 1^0 ;
Epilachna on, in Mesopotamia,
478 ; Acherontia atropos on, in
Tripoh, 159 ; pests of, in U.S.A.,
42, 235, 341, 385.

eglanteriae , Rhodites.

Egypt, cotton pests and tl\eir con-
trol in, 67-69, 73, 74, 222, 282 ;
miscellaneous pests in, 73, 282,
424 ; protection of insectivorous
birds in, 136 ; spread of Platyedra
(Pectinophora) gossypiella into
other countries from, 13, 157,
445.

Egyptian Lotus (see Nelumbo nuci-
fera) .

Ehretia hotieniottica, new scale-
insect on, in South Africa, 447.

Ehretia macrophvUa, food-plant of
Epicauta hirticornis in Formosa,
197.

ehretiae, Lecanium.

ehrhorni,- Aspidiotus.

Ehrhornia ciipressi (Cypress Bark
Scale), bionomics and control of,
in California, 393.

Ekebergia, new scale-insect on, in
South Africa, 117.

ekebergiae, Chionaspis [Phenacaspis)
lounsbiiryi.

elaeidis, Coclaenomenodera.

Elaeis guineensis (West African Oil
Palm), pests of, in Belgian Congo,

408 ; Pachvmerus nucleoruni in
seeds of, in British Guiana, 55,
408 ; pests of, in Gold Coast, 9,
118; (see Oil Palm).

Elaeochlora viridicata, in Argentina,
515.

Elaeodendron glauciim, new scale-
insect on, in India, 205.

Elaphidion inerine, in avocado in
Florida, 219.

Elaphidion villosum, on shade-trees
in U.S.A., 247.

Elasmognathns heivitti (Pepper Bug),
in Dutch East Indies, 330.

Elasmopalpus lignosellus, on sugar-
cane in British Guiana, 42.

Elateridae, of Arctic Canada, 192.

elatinu m , A ecidium .

Elberta, Erankliniella tritici on, in
Michigan, 188.

Elderberry [Sambucns nigra),
Eachnosterna foxii on, in U.S.A.,
505 ; useless for protecting cab-
bages against Pier is, 523.

Electricity, experiments with,
against pests of stored cereals, 94.

elegans, Cerocephala ; Zonocerns.

Elenchus tenuicornis, parasite of
Perkinsiella vitiensis in Fiji, 27.

Elephant Bug (see Sphenophorus
maidis) .

Eleusine coracana (Ragi), Gono-
cephalum hoffmannseggi on, in
My.sore, 64 ; Aphids on, in Tripoli,
159 ; not attacked by Bruchids
in Mysore, 66.

Eleutheranthera ovata, food-plant of
Brcvipalpus obovatits in Dutch
East Indies, 454.

Eleutherodactylus, destroying nox-
ious insects in Porto Rico, 484.

elipsoidalis, Hoploderma .

Elis pfeilferi, introduced into
Mauritius against Orvctcs iarandiis,
55.

Elis romandi, introduced into Mauri-
tius against Oryctes tarandus, 55.

Elis thoracica, introduced into
Mauritius against Orvctes tarandus,
55.

ello, Erinnyis {Dilophonota).

Ellopia somniaria (Oak Looper),
destroyed by Apateticus crocatus
in British Columbia, 323.

Elm {Uhnus), pests of, in Britain,
59, 343 ; Lecanium intercepted on,
in California, 479 ; Eriophyes
forming galls on, in Europe, 400 ;
measures against termites on, in
France, 40 ; Scolytus muUistria*us
in, in Italy, 142 ; Eriosoma ulmi
forming galls on, in Lithuania,

INDEX.

617

420 ; pests of, in Russia, 104,
105, 106, 107 ; new bark-beetles
in, in Siberia, 10 ; Scolytus
laevis in, in Sweden, 50 ; pests of,
in U.S.A., 43, 128, 174, 247, 341,
462, 505.

Elm Case-bearer (see Coleophora
limosipennclla) .

Elm I.eaf Beetle (see Galerncella
luteola).

Elm Leaf Miner (.see Kaliosv-
sphinga ulini).

Elm Scale (see Gossyparia spuria).

eloisella, Mompha.

elongatus, Coccus [Lecaniuin) ; Tapli-
rocerus.

elpenor, Pergesa {Deilephila).

eluta, Euxesta.

elutella, Ephestia.

Elymus, food-plant of Ccphus
cinctus in U.S.A., 464.

elytropappi, Baccacoccus ; Inglisia.

Elytropappus rhinocerotis, scale-
insects on, in South Africa, 117,
118, 447, 521.

emavginatus, Scolytus (Eccopto-
g aster) .

Emmalocera {Papua) depressella, on
sugar-cane, svnonvm of, in India,
100.

Emmer, Oscinella frit on, in North
America, 183.

Einphytus cinctus, intercepted on
imported nursery stock in I'.S.A.,
307, 337.

Empoa rosac (Rose Leaf hopper),
measures against, in British
Columbia, 323 ; control and
parasites of, in U.S.A., 232 ; not
a proved carrier of Bacillus
amylovorus, 323.

Empoasca, measures against, on
loganberries in British Columbia,
323 ; on cotton in Porto Rico,
303 ; in New Zealand, 504.

Empoasca flavescens (Tea Green
Fly), in India, 530.

Empoasca mali, in Canada, 323,
422 ; bionomics and control of,
in U.S.A., 232, 303, 311, 312,
459 ; transmitting plant diseases,
311, 312, 323, 422.

Empoasca minuenda (Avocado Leaf-
hopper), in Florida, 218, 530.

Empusa, 273 ; infesting locusts in
Canada, 316.

Empusa aphidis, infesting Macro-
siphum lactucae in Britain, 58 ;
infesting Anuraphis bakeri in
Idaho, 279.

Empusa aulicae, infesting Panolis
flammea in Holland, 226.

Empusa sphacrospcrnui, infestmg

Hypera punctata in New ^"ork,

303.
Emyon, on maize, experiments with

baits for, in South Rhodesia,

322.
Enarmonia mijiutana, on poplars in

Russia, 107.
Enarmonia (Cydia) prunivova, on

fruit-trees in British Columbia,

323 ; function of anal comb of,

78.
Encephalartos, Diaspis zamiae on,

in Britain, 343.
Enchenopa binotata, food-plants of,

in Connecticut, 340.
Encyrtarpis proximus, sp. n.,

probably a parasite of Plaiycdra

gossypiella in Brazil, 445.
Encvrtus, parasite of Kermes in

U.S.A., 16.
Encyrtus infidus, parasite of Eule-

canium coryli in Italy, 125.
Encyrtus morio, parasite of Apion

hookeri in Germany, 174.
Endelus bakeri, in Asplenium nidus

in Philippines, 209.
Endelus calligraphus , sp. n., in terns

in Philippines, 209.
Endive, Aphids on, in Britain, 58.
Endothia parasitica (Chestnut

Bligiit), spread by Leptostylus

macula, 4.
Endotricha puncticostalis , on AtacJiis

in Queensland, 157.
Endoxyla eucalypti, on Acacia ni

Queensland, 156.
Endrosis lacteella, fumigation with

hydrocj'anic-acid against, m

German}^, 270.
Engelmann Spruce (see Picea cngcl-

manni) .
engstronii, Haiti ca.
enigma, Ocdaleus.
Enoclerus ichneumoneus, predaceous

on bark-beetles in U.S.A., 510.
Enoclerus quadriguttatus, predaceous

on bark-beetles in U.S.A., 510.
Enoclerus quadrisignatus, predacecus

on bark-beetles in U.S.A., 510.
Enoclerus sphegeus, predaceous on

bark-beetles in U.S.A., 510.
ensifer, Scolytus [Eccoptogaster] .
Ensina gladiatrix, sp. n., in Natal,

264.
Ensina niagnipalpis, sp. n., in Natal,

264.
Entedon epigonus, parasite of

Mayetiola destructor in New Zea-
land, 63.
Entedus, possibly associated with

Bruchiis caer ulcus in India, 10.

618

IXDEX.

Entomology, Applied (see Economic
Entomology ) .

Entomopthora, 273.

Entomopthora aphidis (see Empusa).

EntomophtJiora niegaspermum, infest-
ing Chrvsothatnniis in British
Columbia, 323.

Entomoscelis adonidis, on rape in
Russia, 106.

eos, Hylesinus.

Epactiothynnus opaciventris, para-
sitic on Lamellicorn larvae in
Australia, 210.

ephemevaeformis, Thyridopteryx.

Ephestia, intercepted in dried fruit
in Queensland, 157.

Ephestia calidella, measures against,
in stored dates in Egypt, 73 ;
food-plants and distribution of,
122.

Ephestia cautella (Fig Moth), pre-
cautions against introduction of,
into California, 241 ; probably
attacking date palms in Meso-
potamia, 478 ; in stored dates in
Mesopotamia, 479.

EpJiestia elutella, intercepted in
walnuts in California, 479 ; in
Russia, 104 ; fumigation with
hydrocyanic-acid against, 522.

Ephestia kiihniella (Mediterranean
Flour ^loth), 275 ; bionomics of,
in Britain, 139 ; bionomics and
control of, in Germany, 252, 267,
269, 288, 331, 425, 426, 428, 452,
486, 544 ; control of, in stored
grain in Oregon, 215 ; in Russia,
104 ; Aphomia gular is res,emb\\n%,
33 ; Bacillus thuringiensis infect-
ing, with wilt disease, 252.

Ephialtes hawaiiensis , in Hawaii, 435.

Ephialtes tuberculatus, parasite of

Hylobius ahietis in Britain, 381.
ephippias, Anarsia.
Epicauta (Blister Beetle), grass-
hopper eggs possibly destroyed by,
in Michigan, 188.
Epicauta adspersa, control of, on
potatoes and tomatos in Uruguay,
214.
Epicauta hirticornis, bionomics of,

in Formosa, 197.
Epicauta maculata, destroying lo-
custs in British Columbia, 323.
Epicauta niegalocephala, bionomics

of, on beet in Japan, 398.
Epicauta vittata (Striped Blister
Beetle), on pepper in Florida, 137.
Epicoma tephrosia, on Melia com-

posita in Queensland, 156.
Epicometis hirta, on rye and mustard
in Russia, 106.

Epicometis squalida, on Vicia faba
in Tripoli, 159.

Epidiaspis betulae (see Aspidiotus
ostreaeformis) .

Epidiaspis piricola, on pear and
apple in Italy, 142.

epigonus, Entedon.

Epilachna, on potatoes and Glycine
soja in Dutch East Indies, 329 ;
in Madras, 130 ; food-plants of,
in Mesopotamia, 478.

Epilachna borealis (Squash Lady-
bird), bionomics of, in U.S.A., 32,
120, 342.

Epilachna corrupta (Bean Ladj"-
bird), bionomics and control of,
in U.S.A., 95, 119, 128,403.

Epilachna vigintioctopunctata , food-
plants of, in Queensland; 156,
157.

epilinana, Phalonia (Conchy lis).

Epilohium angustifolium , Haltica
oleracea on, in Sweden, 49.

Epirhyssa, notice of key to species
of, 417.

Epitetranvchus viennensis (see
Tetranychus) .

Epitrimerus, new species of, in
Java, 399.

Epitrix, measures against, en
potato in North Carolina, 459.

Epitrix cucumeris (Cucumber cr
Potato Flea-beetle), en potatoes
and tomatos in Quebec, 2 ;
bionomics and control of, in
U.S.A., 43, 285, 342. 397, 443,
533 ; mosaic disease of potato
not transmitted by, 397.

Epitrix fuscula, measuies against,
on egg-plant in Virginia, 385.

Epitrix parvula (Tobacco Flea-
beetle), bionomics and control
of, in U.S.A., 97, 231.

Epimtis (see Scambus).

epius, Spalgis.

Epochra canadensis (Currant Fiuit
Maggot, Yellow Gooseberry Fly),
intercepted in quarantine in
California, 508 ; experiments with
baits for, in British Columbia, 323;
in France, 370 ; on currants and
gooseberries in Washington, 345.

epos, Anagrus.

equestris, Merodon.

Equisetum, Ceresa hubalus on, in
France, 260.

equitatoriiis , Ichyieumon.

Eragrostis, Heteroneura setariae on,
in North America, 8.

Eragrostis major, Aphis sorghi on,
in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 198.

eremita, Cecidoses.

INDEX.

619

Eremnus horticola, sp. n., on dalilias
and chrysanthemums in Orange
Free State, 264.
Eremococciis pirogallis, gen. n., 63.
Eretmocerus lialdonani. parasite of
AleHroihrixiis hoivardi in Florida,
137.

Ergates faber, infested with Metar-
rhizium anisopliae in France, 175,
354.

Ergot of Rye (see Claviceps pur-
purea).

Encameria fasciculata, new Coccid
on, in California, 187.

Ericerus pcla, Anthribus niveovarie-
gatus predaceous on, in Far East,
125.

erichsoni, Lygaeonematiis [Xematus).

eridania, Xylomyges {Prodenia).

Erinnyis alope, parasitised by
yiicrogaster flaviventris in Cuba,
54.

Erinnyis ello, bionomics and control
of, on cassava in Cuba, 52.

Eriobotrya japonica, food-plant of
Nippolachnus piri in Japan, 11.

Eriocampa adumbrata (see Eriocarn-
poides limacina).

Eriocampa cerasi (see Eriocampoides
limacina) .

Eriocampa mitsukurii, bionomics of,
onblackalderin Japan, 142.

Eriocampoides, in Holland, 199.

Eriocampoides cerasi (see E.
limacina).

Eriocampoides limacina {cerasi)
(Pear and Cherry Slug), bionomics
and control of, in Austria, 261 ;
food-plants and parasite of, in
Ontario, 1 ; on cherries and pears
in Russia, 106 ; control of, on
fruit in Uruguay, 214 ; measures
against, in U.S.A., 303, 310, 415,
529 ; control of, on cherry in
New South Wales, 333 ; in New
Zealand, 63.

Eriococcus devoniensis, in Britain,
343.

Eriococcus greeni, in Britain, 343.

Eriococciis inermis, in Britain, 343.

Eriococcus iiisignis, in Britain, 343.

Eriococcus paenulatns, sp. n., on
Artemisia calif or>iica in Santa
Cruz Peninsula, 415.

Eriococcus stanfordianus, sp. n., in
Santa Cruz Peninsula, 415.

Eriococcus villosus, sp. n., on Erio-
gonum latifolium in Santa Cruz
Peninsula, 415.

Eriodendron anfractuosum (Kapok
Tree), Plocaederus obesus in, in
Cochin China, 273.

Eriogaster lanestris, on cherry in
Russia, 104, 107 ; immunit\' re-
action to bacilli in, 36.
eriogoni, Phenacoccus.
Eriogonum latifolium, new Coccid
on, in Santa Cruz Peninsula,
416.
Eriogonum )iudu)n, new Coccid on,

in California, 187.
Erionota thrax, measures against,
on palms in Straits Settlements,
283.
Eriophves, on litchi in .\ssam, 461 ;
forming galls on forest trees in
Europe, 399, 400 ; new species
of, in Java, 399 ; notice of key
to species of, 399.
Eriophyes avellanae, 439 ; on hazel

in Holland, 199.
Eriophyes carinatus, on tea. in Dutch

East Indies, 330.
Eriophves fraxini, on ash in Italv,

142.'
Eriophyes gastrotrichus, sp. n., on

Ipomoea batatas in Java, 399.
Eriophyes gossypil (Leaf Blister
Mite), probablv on cotton in
India, 83 ; on cotton in West
Indies, 34, 442.
Eriophyes grossulariae, 439.
Eriophyes ipomaea, a minor pest of

sweet potato in Cuba, 5 1 .
Eriophyes macrorhvnchus , on maple

in Italy, 142.
Eriophyes oleivorus (Orange Rust
Mite), on citrus in Australia, 156,
158, 502 ; on citrus in Cviba, 52 ;
citrus disease caused by, 158.
Eriophyes pyri (Pear Leaf Blister
Mite), in Australia, 502 ; in
British Columbia, 221 ; on pear
in Italv, 142 ; on pear in Russia,
107; in U.S.A., 129, 415.
Eriophyes ribis (Big Bud ^lite,
Currant Gall ^Slite), 439 ; measures
against, in Britain, 133, 155, 350 ;
on black currant in Holland, 199.
Eriophyes theae (Pink Mite of Tea),
in India, 530 ; measures against,
in Dutch East Indies, 330, 454.
Eriophyes tiliae var. liosoma, on

limes in Russia, 103.
Eriophyes vitis (Vine Leaf Blister
Mite), in Australia, 502 ; in
Italy, 142 ; measures against, in
Russia, 103 ; in Tunis, 452.
Eriopyga incincta, food-plants of,

in Kansas, 247.
Eriosoma, unsuccessful attempts to
transfer, from one species of
Ulmus to another in German v,
359.

620

I.VDEX,

Eyiosoma grossulariae, on currants
and gooseberries in Holland, 199 ;
probably the Avinged form of
E. ulmi, 199.

Eriosoma Janigentiii (Woollv Apple
Aphis), bionomics and control of,
in Australia, 7, 153, 15fi ; bio-
nomics and control of, in Britain,
59, 133, 349 ; intercepted on
apple in California, 114, 319, 387 ;
bionomics of, in Canada, 35,
221, 259; in orchards in Ger-
many, 426 ; in Holland, 199 ;
bionomics of, in Italy, 142,159;
winter measures against, in Swit-
zerland, 23 ; measures against,
in U.S.A., 249, 385, \S44 ;
measures against, in New Zealand,
344, 431 ; bionomics of, 418,
419 ; relation of, to apple
canker, 349 ; hydrocyanic-acid gas
against, 539.

Eriosoma lanuginosuui, in Russia,
104.

Eriosoma ulmi, winged form of,
known as E. grossulariae, 199 ;
in Holland, 199 ; forming galls
on elm in Lithuania, 420 ; in
Russia, 104.

eriosomiperda, Uncinulella.

Erium, 187.

Ernoporus tiliae, in lime in Russia,
106.

Erodium, Euxoa segetum experi-
mentally fed on, in Germany, 271.

Erodium cicutarium (Red Stem
Filaree), curly-top transmitted
from, to beet by Etitettix tenella
in U.S.A., 87.

erosa, Anomis ; Malacosoma.

erratica, Scolia.

ervi, Aphidius .

Erysimum canesccns, food-plant of
Ceuthorrhynchiis puncticollis in
Austria, 290.

Erysimum cheiranthoides, food-plant
of Baris laticollis in Germanv,
174.

Erysimum cuspidatum, food-plant
of Ceuthorrhynch.us pulvinaius in
Austria, 290.

Erysimum hieraciijolium, food-plant
of Coleopterous pests in Central
Europe, 174, 290.

Erythrina (Dadap), pests of, in
Ceylon, 110, 111, 520; Myllo-
cerus on, in Dutch East Indies,
455.

Erythrina crista-galli, new Ps}llid
on, in Argentina, 140.

Erythrina lithosperma, pests of, in
Ceylon, 520.

cyythrinae, Psylla.

erythrocephala, Calliphora .

erythrocsphalus, Neodytus.

erythrogaster, Cinxaelotus.

essigi, Kerines.

Estigmene acraea, on cotton and
maize in U.S.A., 10, 220.

ethlius, Calpodes.

Ethyl Alcohol, chemotropic effect
of, on insects, 327.

Etiella zirickenella, on Glycine soja
in Dutch East Indies, 329 ; in
Russia, 104.

Euaresta amplifrotis, sp. n., in Natal,
264.

Euaspidiotus lataniae (see Aspi-
diotus) .

Eubiomyia calosomae, parasite of
Calosonia in U.S.A., 184.

Euhlemma cocciphaga, predaceous
on scale-insects in Australia, 335,
336 ; introduction of, into Cali-
fornia, against Saisstia oleae, 335.

Eublemma dimidialis, on Phaseolus
mungo in India, 100.

Eublemma Jiemirhoda (see E. dii)ii-
dialis) .

Eublemma quadrilineata, preda-
ceous on Phenacoccus hirsutus
in India, 83.

Eublemma scitiila, predaceous on
Ceroplastes ritsci in Algeria and
South France, 450 ; predaceous
on Saisettia oleae in Spain, 514.

Eucallipterus tiliae, on lime in
Britain, 59.

Eiicalymnatus [Lecanium) decem-
plex, sp. n., on Lecythis in British
Guiana, 119, 533.

eucalypti, Endoxyla.

Eucalyptus, not attacked by Oeceti-
cus platensis in Argentina, 298 ;
pests of, in Australia, 63, 442.

Eucalyptus globulus (Blue Gum),
pests of, in U.S.A., 278, 463.

Eucalyptus microcorys (Tallow-
wood), unidentified caterpillar on,
in Queensland, 156.

Eucalyptus rostrata, Oncidercs cin-
gulata on, in Florida, 137.

Eucalyptus tereticorms (Grey Gum),
Xyleutes boisduvali on, in Queens-
land, 156.

Eucardinia caricae, on papaw in
Cuba, 54.

Euceros crassicornis, parasite of
Panolis flammea in Holland, 226.

Euchlaena luxurians (Teosinte),
restrictions on importation ot,
into U.S.A., 512.

Euchlora megaera, in San Thome,
493.

INDEX.

621

Euclea, new scale-insects on, in

South Africa, 117, 447.
Eiiclea natalensis, new scale-insect

on, in South Africa, 117.
eiicleae, Ceroplastes.
Eiicletnensia bassettella, parasite of

Kermes spp. in U.S..\., 16, 81.
Eucosnia critica, on red gram in

India, 100.
Encosrna ludicra, considered a

synonvTn of E. critica, 100.
Eucosnm melanaitla, on Phaseoliis

inungo in India, 100.
Eii^osma monitorana, sp. n., in

Pinus in U.S.A., 381.

Eucosma ocellana (Bud Moth), 78 ;

on fruit-trees in Canada, 2,323 ;

on apple in Germanv, 426 ; in

Russia, 104 ; on pear in U.S.A.,

415.

Eucosnia rescissoriana, sp. n., on

Pinus murrayana in U.S.A., 381.

Eucosnia tedella. spruce seldom

attacked by, in Lithuania, 420.

Eucosnia tocuUionana, sp. n., on

Picea in U.S..A., 381.
Eudactvlus inierruptus, on coconut

in British Guiana, 55.
Eudanius proteus (Bean Leaf-roller),

in Porto Rico, 484.
Eugenia caryophyUata (Clove Tree),

pests of, in Zanzibar, 118.
Eugenia chrysophylloides, food-plant
of Coccus viridis in Dutch Guiana .
536.
Eugenia jambolana, Meridarchis

reprobata on, in India, 84.
Eugenia myrtifolia, Polycaon con-

fertus in, "in U.S.A., 462.
Eugenia uniflora (French Cherr\-),
food-plant of Ceratitis capitata in
Hawaii, 171.
eugeniae, Phenacaspis.
Eulecanium aesciili, svnonym of E.

coryli, 127.
Eulecanium bituberculaiuin, in

Russia, 104.
Eulecanium capreae, s^^lonvm of E.

coryli, 124.
Eulecanium cerasorum, intercepted

on wistaria in U.S.A., 307.
Eulecanium carni, intercepted in
quarantine in California, 508 ;
Exochomus quadripustulatus pre-
daceous on, in Central Europe,
288 ; measures against, on \TJies
in France, 212 ; parasitised bv
Aphycus punctipes in Italv, 126 ;
measures against, in L'.S.A., 217,
394.
Eulecanium coryli (capreae) (Hazel-
nut Scale), on hazel and elm in

Britain, 343 : parasites of, in
Europe, 123, 124 ; bionomics
and svnonvmv of, in Italv, 124-
127.

Eulecanium deformosum, sp. n., in
British Guiana, 1 19.

Eulecanium nigrofasciatum, attacked
by Hvperasf is binotata in North
America, 123.

Eulecanium persicae (Oblong Scale)
parasitisetl by Coccophagus scit
tellaris in Europe, 123 ; measures
against, on vines in F"rance, 212 ;
on acacia in Italy, 142 ; measures
against, in Tasmania, 337 ; inter-
cepted on Berberis verruculosa in
U.S.A., 307 ; Phaenodiscus aeneu^
possibly erroneously recorded as
a parasite of, 123.

EulecaniumpersicaevsiT.robiniarium,
on Robinia in Britain, 343.

Eulia pinatubana (Pine Tube-
builder), on white pine in Con-
necticut, 341.

Eulimneria crassifemur, parasite of
vine moths in Austria, 353.

Eumarchalia gennadiosi, measures
against, on carob beans in Italy.
203.

Eumerus strigatus (Lunate Onion
Fly), in. Austria, 261 ; in narcissus
bulbs and parsnips in Britain,
332 ; in onions in British
Columbia, 323 ; in potatoes in
Central Europe, 288 ; in U.S.A.,
168 ; intercepted in bulbs in
U.S.A., 307.

Eumerus tuberculalus, in narcissus
bulbs in Britain, 332.

euonymellus, Hyponomeufa.

euanymi, Aphis (see A. rumicis) ;
Chionaspis.

Euonymus, Aphids on, in France,
38 ; Hvponomeuta cognatellus on,
in Germany, 356 ; Chionaspis
etumymi on, in Italy, 142 ; Eule-
canium coryli on, 124.

Euparthenos nubilis, effect of light
traps on, in L'.S.A., 184.

eupatoricolens, Macrosiph um .

Eupaiorium, food-plant of Pvrausta
spp. in U.S.A., 14, 116.

Eupaiorium purpureum, new Aphid
on, in U.S.A., 418.

Eupelmella degeeri, possiblv a
parasite of Myopites in France,
37.

Eupelmus, parasite of Bruchophagus
fiinebris in U.S.A., 361.

Eupelmus allyni, parasite of
Mavetiola destructor in L'.S.A.,
376'.

622

IXDKX.

Euphalerus citri, control of, in

Punjab, 109; on citrus, 109, 191.

Euphalerus vittatus, on Cassia fistula

in India, 191.
euphorbiae, A crony da ; Aphthona;

N eoclytarhis .
Euphorocera floridensis, parasite of
Plathypena scabra in U.S.A., 391.
Euplectrus, parasite of Acronycta

aceris in Russia, 105.
Eupodes volucris, in California, 9.
Euprepocnemis, on tobacco in

Kamerun, 424.
eiiproctidis, Telenonius.
Eiiprociis chrysorrhoea (see Nygmia

phaeorrJioea) .
Euproctis conspersa, parasitised by
Telenomus euproctidis in Japan,
509.
Euproctis fiava, control and food-
plants of, in Punjab, 109.
Euproctis flexiiosa, on cinchona in

Dutch East Indies, 329.
Euproctis niediosquamosa, Nygmia
sp. erroneously recorded as, in
Uganda, 243.
Euproctis scintillans, on Tephrosia

Candida in Ceylon, 520.
Euproctis similis (see Arctornis

chrysorrhoea).
Eupteromalus parnarae, sp. n., para-
site of Parnara mathias in India,
19.
Europe, bionomics of Aphids in,
116, 328 ; Ceresa bubalus possibly
introduced from U.S.A. with vines
into, 260 ; bionomics of forest
pests in 15, 254, 355, 399, 400;
miscellaneous pests in, 86, 262,
347, 414, 449, 452, 463, 469;
notes on Trichogramminae from,
541 ; other beneficial Hymen-
optera in, 124, 331 ; scale-insects
and their natural enemies in,
123-127 ; Scobicia pustulata
damaging lead in, 81.
European Black Grain Stem Sawfly

(see Trachelus tabidus).
European Corn Stalk Borer (see

Pyrausta nubilalis) .
European Frit Fly (see Oscinclla

frit).
European Mole-cricket (see Gryllo-

ialpa gryllotalpa) .
European Poplar Canker (see

Dothichiza populnea) .
Eurya japonica, probable source of
infestation of citrus by thrips
in Japan, 144.
Eurydenia festivimi, in Austria, 261.
Eurydema oleraceum, in Austria,
261.

Eurydema ornatuin, in x\ustria, 261 ;

on cabbage in Russia, 104.
Eurygaster integriceps, parasites of,

on wheat in Russia, 103.
Eurygaster maura, in Russia, 104.
eury theme, Colias.
Eurytoma denticoxa, sp. n., reared

from maize in India, 19.
Eurytoma parasae, sp. n., hosts of,

in India, 19.
Eurytoma pissodis, parasite of

Pissodes strobi in Connecticut,

338.
Eurytoma ridiaschinae, sp. n., para-
site of Ridiaschina congregatella

in South America, 475.
Eurytoma rosae, parasite of vine

moths in Austria, 353.
Eusarcoris guttiger, on Indigofera

in Ceylon, 521.
Euscepes batatae, on sweet potatoes

in Antigua, 296 ; intercepted

in sweet potatoes in U.S.A., 306.
Euscepes porcellus, intercepted in

sweet potatoes in U.S.A., 306.
Euschistus impictiventris, on cotton

in Arizona, 10.
Eutelus bruchophagi, parasite of

Bruchophagus funebris in U.S.A.,

361.
Eutettix tenella (Beet Leaf-hopper),

bionomics of, in U.S.A., 87, 182 ;

attempted introduction of para-
sites of, into U.S.A., from Aus-
tralia, 335 ; curly-top disease of

beet spread by, 4, 87, 335.
Euthrips tritici (see Frankliniella) .
Euthyrhynchus floridaniis, preda-

ceous on Nezara viridula in

Florida, 382.
Euthyrrhinus mcditabundus, on

Araucaria in Queensland, 156.
Eutochia, on tobacco in Dutch East

Indies, 330.
Eutrombidium, parasite of Tetti-

gonia albifrons in Cyrenaica, 201.
Etiura, in Europe, 162.
Euura atra, in Germany, 162.
Euxesta eluta, in oranges in South

America, 299.
Euxoa agrestis (Army Cutworm),

on cereals, etc., in Canada, 192,

193.
Euxoa auxiliaris (Army Cutworm),

on wheat in Montana, 186.
Euxoa infusa, on wheat in Australia,

502.
Euxoa inessoria, measures against,

in Minnesota, 281.
Euxoa ochrogaster (Red-backed
Cutworm), on cereals, etc., in
Canada, 192.

INDEX.

623

Enxoa (Agroiis) segcluui, on tobacco
in Africa, 424 ; relation of, to
Typhula infesting beet in Azores,
466 ; destroyed by nightjars in
Britain, 135 ; bionomics and con-
trol of, in Germany, 270, 271,
468, 540 ; on aster in Italy,
141 ; in Russia, 105.
Euxoa spinifera, on tobacco in

Africa, 424.
Euxoa tessellata, measures against,

in Minnesota, 281.
Euxoa iritici var. aguilina, in Russia,

105.
Euxoa vestigialis, in Russia, 105.
Euzenilliopsis diatraeae, utilisation
of, against Diatyaea saccharalis
crambidoides in U.S.A., 78, 169.
evanescens, Trichogramma.
Evening Primrose (see Oenothera

biennis).
Evergestis extimalis, in Austria, 261 ;
in Germany, 359 ; in Russia, 104.
Evetria (see RJiyacionia).
evetriae, Exochiis ; Lissonota.
eiva, Nesepyris.

ewingi, Persedania iMamesira).
Exaeveta ulmi, on elms in Russia,

105.
exalbida, Chionaspis.
examinator, Pimpla.
excaecariae, Cecidipta.
excavata, Lytta {Cantharis).
exclaniationis, Feltia {Agroiis).
excrescens, Lecanimn.
exempta, Laphygma.
Exenterns, notice of key to North

American species of, 381.
Exenteriis affinis, sp. n., parasite of

Neodiprion in U.S.A., 381.
exigua, BJathyplectes ; Laphygma

{Caradrina) ; Lyperosia.
exitiosa, Aegeria (Sanninoidea).
Exochiliwn circumflexum, parasite
of Panolis flammea in Holland,
226.
Exochomus flavipes, predaceous on
Heliothrips rubrocincius in San
Thome, 491, 492.
Exochomus qiiadripiistulatus, pre-
daceous on Enlecanium corni in
Central Europe, 289 ; predaceous
on scale-insects in Italy, 123, 125.
Exochus evetriae, sp. n., parasite of

Rhyacionia spp. in U.S.A., 381.
Exochus notatus, parasite of vine

moths in Austria, 353.
Exochus tibialis, parasite of vine

moths in Austria, 353.
exoleta, Calocanipa.
Exorista boarrniae, parasite oiPlathy-
pena scabra in U.S.A., 391.

expansa, Antianthe.
exsectoides, Formica,
extimalis, Evergestis.
exsiil, Schistocerca.
exul, Monocrepidius.

faber, Er gates.

fabia, Earias.

fabricator. Ichneumon.

Jaceta, Antestia orbitalis (see A.

lineaticollis) .
facialis, Chlorita.
Faggot-worm (see Clania cramcri).
fagi, Orchestes ; Phyllaphis.
falcifer, Rhizoecus.
Falciferous Scale (see Rhizoecus

falcifer) .
Fall Army Worm (see Laphygma

frugiperda).
Fall Webworm (see Hyphautria

cunea).
fallax, Corymhiies ; Ips.
False Cabbage Aphis (see Aphis

pseudobrassicae) .
False Chinch Bug (see Nysius

vinitor).
famelicus, Diaprepes.
Fan Palm (see Livistona chinensis).
Far East, Anthribus niveovariegatus
predaceous on Ericerus pela in,
125 ; rice and maize pests in,
402 ; Alphitobius piceus from,
intercepted in Queensland, 157 ;
Coptotermes intrudens probably
introduced into Hawaii from, 435 ;
danger of introduction of Popillia
japonica into Canada from, 222.
farinae, Tyroglyphus (Aleurobius).
farinalis, Pyralis.
fascialis, Zinckenia.
fasciata, Aphiochaeta (Phora).
fasciatum, Callidimn.
fasciatus, Aeolothrips ; Anthribus;
Heliothrips ; Morphacris ; Phy-
niatodes ; Tetrastichus.
fascicular is, Liopus.
fasci culatus , Araecerus.
fasciculensis , Matsucocciis.
fascifera, Cyrtacanthacris septem-

fasciata.
fasciventris, Pterandrus rosa.
fastidiosum, Cryptochaetum .
fastuosa, Chrysomela.
fatuus, Scarites.

fausta, Pristiphora ; Rhagoletis.
feae, Gagrella.

Felt, on piano keys, destroyed by
Tinea pellionella in Uganda, 244.

624

INDEX.

Feltia diice)!.s, measures against, in
Minnesota, 281.

Feltia exclamationis, destroyed by
nightjars in Britain, 135 ; in
Russia, 105 ; food-plants of, in
Tripoli, 159.

Feltia jaculifera, effect of inoculat-
ing, with Sorosporella iivella, 170.

Feltia sitbgothica, scarcity of, in
Kansas, 247 ; experiments with
Sorosporella uvella and, 170.

feltii, Platygaster.

fcnioralis, Banchus.

fe»wrata, Acanthocephala : Chrvso-
bothris.

fenwratiis , Rhopalopus.

femur-riihrum, Melanoplus.

fenestrata, Ricania.

fenestratus, Cardiophorus.

fennica, A gratis.

Feniisa betlmnei, in Ontario, 2.

Fenusa dohrni, in German j-, 162.

Fenusa ruhi (Blackberry Leaf-
miner), in Ontario, 2.
. fera, Tachina.

Fern Weevil (see Syagrius ful-
vitarsis).

Ferns, pests intercepted on, in
California, 13, 182 ; weevils infest-
ing, in Hawaii, 191, 375, 430 ;
leaf-mining Buprestids in, in
Philippines, 209.

Ferns, Sweet, food-plant of Cingilia
catenaria in Connecticut, 341.

ferriigalis , Pionea.

ferrugincum, Triboliiim (see T.
castaneutn).

ferrugineiis , Aorus ; Dacus ; Gas-
tvodes ; Laemophloeus ; Opiiis ;
Rhynchophorus ; Tartcssus.

ferns, Nabis.

f estiva, Calogramma ; Chlorida.

festivimi, Fitrydema.

Festuca, food-plant of Cephus

ductus in U.S..-\., 464.
festucae, Harmolita.
fic.i, Horidiplosis ; Psylla.

Ficus, Pulvinaria psidii on, in
Algeria, 57 ; Saissetia oleae inter-
cepted on, in California, 480 ;
(see Fig).

Ficus cavica, Azochis gripusalis on,
in Brazil, 211 ; Philotrypesis
caricae in, in France, 37 ; Aches
cribratus in, in India, 84 ; bio-
nomics of Blastophaga psenes in,
534.

Ficus elastica, Batocera spp. on,
in Java, 141.

Ficus infectoria, new gall-midge on,
in India, 473.

Ficus macrophylla, Psylla fici on, in
Queensland, 157.

Ficus opposita, Rhyparida niorosa
on, in Queensland, 411.

Ficus retusa, new scale-insect on,
in India, 205.

ficus, Chrysomphalus ; Gvmnaspis ;
Hypoborus ; Lepidosaphes.

Field Cricket (see Gryllus abbrevia-
tus).

Fig, pests of, in South Africa, 69,
447 ; Ammalo helops in, in South
America, 299 ; measures against
I tuna ilione on, in Brazil, 366 ;
Tartessus ferrugineus on, in
Formosa, 86 ; pests of, in France,
37, 121 ; pests of, in Italy, 35,
142 ; Ocnerogyia amajida on, in
Mesopotamia, 478, 500 ; pests of,
in Queensland, 156, 157 ; Batocera
rubus on, in Tortola, 35 ; pests
of, in U.S.A., 248, 463 ; Melan-
auster chinensts intercepted on,
in U.S.A., 307 ; bionomics of
Blastophaga psenes in, 37, 534 ;
(see Ficus).

Figs (Dried), pests of, 122, 222, 241,
330.

Fig Borer (see Phryneta spinatct).

Fig Moth (see Ephestia cautella).

Fig Scale (see Lepidosaphes ficus).

Fig Shoot Caterpillar (see Azochis
gripusalis) .

Fiji, establishment of Agvomyza
lantanae in, 8 ; legislation against
Cosmopolites sordidus in, 296 ;
miscellaneous pests in, 297 ;
sugar-cane pests and their control
in, 25-28, 152 ; Rhizoglyphiis
from, intercepted in Queensland,
157.
filamentosiis, Pseudococciis.

Filbert, unidentified borer inter-
cepted in, in California, 49.
fi ia, Sarcophaga.
filicornis, Ischnocerus (see /.

rusticus).
filiformis, Ischnaspis (see I. longi-
rostris).

Filippia, in South Africa, 447.

Filippia carissae, sp. n., on Carissa
grandifiora in South Africa, 447.

Filippia chilianthi, sp. n., on
Chilianthus oleaceus in South
Africa, 447

Filippia oleae, parasites of, in

Europe, 123, 124, 126.
fimbria, Triphaena.

Finland, bionomics and control of
Meligethes aeneus on crucifers
in, 5.
fiorineides, Aspidiotus.

INDEX.

625

Fiorinia frontecontrada, sp. n., on

Garcinia indica in India, 205.
Fiorinia plana, sp. n., on Elaeoden-

dron glauciim in India, 205.
Fiorinia sapindi, sp. n., on Sapindus

trifoliatiis in India, 205.
Fir, Myzns whitei on, in Britain,
59 ; pests of, in Germany, 332,
358 ; Bracon sciitellaris in cones
of, in Holland, 407 ; pests of, in
Italy, 142 ; Gastrodes spp. on,
in Lithuania, 468 ; Lygaeone-
Diatiis pini on, in Switzerland, 470.
Fir, Balsam (see Abies balsainea).
Fir, Douglas (see Pseudotsuga taxi-
folia).
Fir, Red (see Abies magnifica).
Fir, Silver (see Abies pectinata) .
Fir, White (see Abies concolor).
Fire Ant (see Solenopsis geminata).
Fire Blight (see Bacillus amylovorus)
Fish, Dried, measures against
Dermestid beetles infesting, in
Japan, 255.
Fish-oil, against scale-insects, 333,

451.
Fish-oil Resin Soap, spraying with,
against scale-insects and Jassids,
109.
Fish-oil Soap, against Aphids, 31,
385, 403, 477 ; against Diar-
thrononiyia hypogaea, 342
against Rhopobota vacciniana, 94
and nicotine, 31, 94, 403, 477
and sodium sulpho-carbonate, 31.
Flacherie, 220 ; suggested experi-
ments with, against vine moths
in France, 368 ; polyhedral
disease formerly confused with,
226.
Flamboyant (see Poinciana regia).
Flame Tree (see Sterciilia acerifolia) .
Flame-throwers, use of, against

locusts, 201,370.
flaniinius, Honialotxlus.
jiammea, Panolis.

Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer (see
Chrysobothris femorata) .
lat-headed Oak T
Agrilus angelic'us).
flava, Euproctis ; Sipha.
fiavatorius, Ichneumon.
flaveolatum, Agrypon.
flavescens, Chlorita ; Cnidocainpa ;

Enipoasca ; Ear inns,
flaviceps, Coptotermes ; Eeucotermes.
flavicollis, Calotermes.
flavicornis, Allotria ; Colaspis ;

Phytomyza.
flav idulus, Ps Horn irinus.
flavilatera, Tomaspis.
flavipennis , Sphex.
(3202)

flavipes, Exochomus ; Reticulitermes
{Eeucotermes) ; Xesmatia ; Xylo-
thrips.

flaviventris, Microgaster ; Neurotoma.

flavofasciata, Schistocerca.

flavolineatus, Megamelus.

flavomarginatus , Nabis.

flavopustulata, Pagrid.

flavus, Blepharotes.

Flax {Einiini), measures against
Phytometra orichalcea on, in East
Africa, 432 ; Lepidopterous pests
of, in Canada, 192, 193 ; pests of,
in Russia, 105, 106 ; not attacked
by Sphenophorus pertinax in
U.S.A., 390.

Flea-beetle, Cotton (see Nisotra
uniforniis) .

Flea-beetle, Cucumber (see Epitrix
cucumeris) .

Flea-beetle, Potato (see Epitrix
cucumeris and Haltica solani).

Flea-beetle, Spinach (see Disonycha
xanthomelaena) .

Flea-b?etle, Tobacco (see Epitrix
parvula).

Flea-beetles, bionomics and control
of, in Denmark, 541 ; on hops
in Germany, 266 ; measures
against, in U.S.A., 75, 209, 249,
341, 345, 385.

Fleas, on rats in ships, effect of
chloropicrin on, 261.

fletcherella, Coleophora.

fletcheri, Dyscerus ; Opius.

fiexuosa, Euproctis.

Flindersia (Crows'- Ash), Papilio
aegeus on, in Queensland, 158.

floccifera, Pulvinaria.

floral is, Anthomyia {Chortophila).

Florida, measures against Anomala
undnlata in, 383 ; avocado pests
in, 218, 530 ; bionomics and
control of Cosmopolites sordidus
in, 371 ; regulations against Icerya
purchasi in, 294 ; miscellaneous
pests in, 134, 137, 145, 236, 371 ;
bionomics and control of Nezara
viridula in, 381-383 ; bionomics
and control of Xylomyges eridania
in, 235 ; necessity for compulsory
control of insect pests in, 293 ;
utilisation of beneficial insects
and fungi in, 137, 218, 236, 294.
384 ; quarantine measures etc.,
against introduction of pests into,
70, 236, 256, 293 ; pests inter-
cepted in quarantine in, 70, 383,
474 ; pests from, intercepted in
California, 114, 181, 240, 319,
387, 480.

626

INDEX.

floridamis, Enthyrhynchus ; Stig-

niaeiis.
jioridensis, Ceroplastes ; Crypio-
thrips ; Eiiphorocera ; Trialeu-
rodes.
Flour, pests of, and their control
in Germany, 267, 269, 425, 428 ;
pests of, in Russia, 103, 105, 107 ;
use of, in insecticides, 7, 51, 134,
218, 386.
Flower Thrips (see Frankliniclla

tritici) .
Flower-bud Bug of Tea (see Hyalo-

peplus smaragdinus) .
Flowering Currant (see Ribes au-

reum) .
Fluted Scale (see Icerya purchasi).
Foenicum officinale, Papilio ma-

chaon on, in Tripoli, 159.
Foenicum piperitum, Papilio ma-

chaon on, in Tripoli, 159.
F onscolombia yuccae, sp. n., on

Yucca in U.S.A., 187.
Foniaria brunnea, on strawberries

in U.S.A., 80.
Foniaria virginiensis, migrating

army of, in U.S.A., 80.
Forda natalensis, sp. n., associated

with ants in Natal, 447.
foreli, Plagiolepis.
Forest Fires, relation of, to insect

pests in U.S.A., 95.

Forest Oak(see Casuarina inophloia).

Forest Tent Caterpillar (see Mala-

cosonia disstria and M. pluvialis).

Forest Zoology, new laboratory for,

in Germany, 265.
Forests, pests of, in Austria, 176,
254,262,471 ; pests of, in Britain,
57. 59, 237, 352, 377-381, 423;
pests of, in Canada, 15, 16, 34,
88, 89, 190, 192, 338, 489, 533 ;
pests of, in Central Europe, 15,
161, 255, 324, 399, 400, 419-421,

468, 47 1 , 540 ; pests of, in France,
175, 254, 255, 472, 489, 533;
pests of, in Germany, 175, 176,
253, 254, 255, 262, 265, 266, 268,
270, 272, 273, 332, 357, 358, 467,

469, 515 ; measures against pests
of, in Holland, 225, 423 ; pests
of, in India 10, 101, 164-167, 171,
243, 514 ; pests of, in Dutch East
Indies, 329 ; pests of, in Sweden,
50, 118, 272; pests of, in
Switzerland, 201, 254, 470 ; pests
of, in U.S.A., 15, 23, 33, 34,
63, 77, 82, 87, 88,89,127, 128, 129,
190, 247, 260, 278, 295, 338,
341, 364, 381, 423, 428, 462,
463, 479, 510, 516, 523-525;
new Hymenoptera of economic

importance in, in U.S.A., 381 ;
value of birds in, in U.S.A., 174 ;
relation of forest fires to pests of,
in U.S.A., 95 ; use of experi-
mental plots when studying pests
of, 118; direct sunlight as a
factor in control of pests of, 365 ;
use of aeroplanes for surveying
damage by insect pests in, 10.
forficalis, Pionea.

Forficula auricularia, in Austria,
261 ; notice of food-plants of,
in Britain, 432 ; intercepted on
imported nursery stock in Con-
necticut, 338 ; in houses in
Vancouver, 324.

Formica exsectoides, Megaspilus
crawfordi in nests of, in U.S.A.,
249.

Formica fusca cinerea, associated
with Lachnus pini on pines in
Germany, 273.

Formica pallidefulva schaufussi, in-
fested with Laboulbenia formi-
carum in U.S.A., 417.

Formica picea, Pseudococcus sphagni
associated with, in Britain, 343.

formicarium, Lecanopsis.

formicarius, Cylas.

formiciformis, Cephalonomia ; Cero-
cephala.

Formosa, miscellaneous pests in,
85, 197 ; termites and their
control in, 143, 301 ; Ootetras-
tichus introduced into Hawaii
from, 72.

formosa, Dielis.

Formosan Blister Beetle (see Epi-
cauta hirticornis) .

formosana, Tropidocephala.

formosanus, Coptotennes ; Odonto-
termes ; Ootetrastichns.

formosus, Campsomevis.

fornicatus, Cyrtognathiis ; Xylebovus.

forsteri, Centrobia.

fossataeformis, Acidia.

fossator, Ligyrus.

fossor, Clivina.

Foulbrood, American, in U.S.A.,
338, 377.

Foulbrood, European, 377 ; in
U.S.A., 242, 338, 414.

Four-spotted Cowpea Weevil (see
Bruchus quadrimaculatus).

Fowls, destroying noxious insects,
35, 51, 52,' 208, 334, 336, 374,
433, 441, 450 ; dried insects used
as food for, in Mexico, 429 ;
increase of Lepidiota albohirfa due
to absence of, in Queensland
465.

foxii, Lachnosterna.

INDEX.

627

Foxtail Midge (see Oligotyophiis

alopccuri).
fracta, Allograpta.
fractilinea, Oligia {Hadena, Noctiia).
fractinervis, Rh yssus.
Fragaria, food-plant of Oxvgvapha

coynayimia in Britain, 517 ; (see

Strawberry) .
fragariana, A ristotelia .
fragilella, Phyllorycter {Lithocollctis).
France, beneficial insects in, 37,

120, 121, 133, 162, 223, 261,
434, 472 ; use of chloropicrin
against grain pests in, 58, 162,
260 ; forest pests in, 175, 254, 255,
472, 489, 533 ; measures against
spread of Iridonivvmex Jiumilis
in, 326, 461 ; campaign against
locusts in, 370 ; miscellaneous
pests in, 39, 121, 122. 141, 176,
213, 260, 282, 369, 432, 448, 450,
488, 496 ; orchard pests in, 6,

121, 122, 127, 202, 295, 370, 496 ;
scale-insects and their control in,
450 ; Sirex gigas damaging lead
in, 81 ; bionomics and control of
termites in, 39, 212, 421, 472;
bionomics and control of vine
pests in, 38, 39, 211, 212, 368,
369, 374, 395, 432, 434, 446, 478.
496 ; Bruchus ohtectus intro-
duced into Germany in beans
from, 160 ; pests from, inter-
cepted in U.S.A., 49, 306, 307,
338 ; value of insectivorous birds
in, 461 ; new Coccobadillns infect-
ing Lepidopterous larvae in, 421 ;
suggested cultivation of pyre-
thrum for insecticides in, 375 ;
Sarcophaga filia infesting molluscs
in, 472.

francisca, Apate.

frankei, Scolytus (Eccopfogaster).

Frankliniella (Yellow Cane Thrips),

relation of, to mottling disease

of sugar-cane in Porto Rico, 483.
Frankliniella cephalica var. masoni,

on avocado in Florida, 218.
Frankliniella fusca (Tobacco Thrips) ,

control of, in U.S.A., 97.
Frankliniella gossypii, a minor pest

of sugar-cane in U.S.A., 79.
Frankliniella (Haplothrips) tritici

(Flower Tlirips), on elbertas in

Michigan, 188 ; on cereals in

Russia, 103.
Franklinothrips tennicornis, in

Dutch Guiana, 422.
Franklinothrips vespiformis, pre-

daceous on avocado pests in

Florida, 219.
fratercnlus, Anastrcpha.

(3202)

fraxini, Eriophyes ; Hylesinus ;
Leperisiniis.

fraxinidipetalae, Prociphilus.

Fraxinus (see Ash).

Fraxinus manshiirica, Hylesinus eos
in, in Siberia, 10.

French Cherry (see Eugenia nni-
flora) .

French Guiana, Ligyrus fossator and
Podalgus kumilis in, 290.

frenchi, Lepidiota.

frigidum, Calosoma.

Frit FI3' (see Oscinella frit) .

frit, Oscinella (Oscinis).

Frog-eye (see Sphaeropsis malorum).

froggatti, Brontispa.

Froglioppers (see Tomaspis).

frontalis, Dcndroctonus.

frontecontracta, Fiorinia .

Frontina a/e/ia^,. parasite of Plathy-
pena scabra in U.S.A., 391.

frugalis, Mods.

frugipcrda. Laphygma.

Fruit, Dried, pests of, in Australia,
164 ; pests of, and their control
in California, 241 ; pests inter-
cepted in, in Queensland, 157.

Fruit-flies, notes on new African
species of, 264 ; larvae of, inter-
cepted in nectarines in California.
387.

Fruit-fly, Claerry (see Rhagolctis
spp.).

Fruit-fly, Currant (see Epochra
canadensis).

Fruit-fly, Mediterranean (see
Ceratitis capitata).

Fruit-fly, Melon (see Dae us brcvi-
stylus and D. cucurbitae] .

Fruit-fiy, West Indian (see Anas-
trcpha fr at cr cuius) .

Fruit-spot Disease of Quince,
measures against, in New York,
317.

Fruit-tree Bark-beetle (see Scolytus
rugulosus).

Fruit-tree Leaf- roller (see Tortrix
argyrospila).

Fuchsia, food -plant of Tetranychus
telnrius in Dutch East Indies, 454.

fugax, Pomih'.s.

Fulgoridae, suggestion for a popular
name for, 169.

Fiillawavella kirkaldyi, and its
allies, 28.

Fullawayclla (AJicromyzus) nigra
28.

Fullawayella violae, Neotoxoptera

violae a form of, 28.
fullaivayi, Diachasma.
fulleri, Pantomorus.
fullo, Polyphylla.

G2

628

INDEX.

fiillonica, Othreis.

fulva, Mytilaspis (see Lepidosaphes
beckii).

fulvicornis , Hoplocampa.

fulvipes, Laelius.

fulvitarsis, Syagrius.

fulvoguttata, Melanophila.

fiimata, Typhoea.

Fumigation, vacuum process of,
507; (see Hj^drocyanic-acid,
Chloropicrin, etc.).

fumipennis, Laelius.

fiimosa, Dicranotropis ; Zygina.

funebrana, Cydia.

funehris, Bruchophagns; Drosophila.

funeralis, Desmia.

funesta, Oxythvrea.

Fungi, Beneficial, 27, 58, 70, 95
124, 138, 189, 175, 177. 188, 206
226, 228, 229, 252, 254, 271, 276
279, 293, 294, 297, 303, 316', 323
345, 364, 368, 384, 417, 424, 455
457, 471, 480, 481, 520, 524
notice of monograph of, 273.

Fungi, Injurious, 4, 15, 27, 35, 44
53, 55, 70, 122, 155, 190, 203, 212
214, 218, 283, 293, 297, 317, 332
349, 358, 363, 404, 413, 415, 426
438, 442, 448, 452, 456, 466, 480
481, 513.

Fungus, Apple Canker (see Nectria
ditissinia) .

Fungus, Black, Perkinsiella vitiensis
associated with, on sugar-cane in
Fiji, 27.

Fungus, Brown (see Aegerita
webberi) .

Fungus, Green Muscardine (see
Metarrhizium anisopUae).

Fungus, Red (see Aschersonia
aleurodis) .

Fungus, Yellow (see Aschersonia
flavocitrina) .

Funtumia elastica, Caprinia con-
chylalis on, in Ceylon, 520.

fur, Ptinus.

Furcaspis biformis, on Cattleya
percivaliana in greenhouses in
Colorado, 295.

furcifera, Delphax.

furcula, Aelia.

furfura, Chionaspis.

Furniture, Catorama herbarium in,
in Brazil, 36 ; measures against
beetles attacking, in Britain, 443 ;
Lyctus brunneus in, in New South
Wales, 333 ; attacked by Lyctus
striatus in Ontario, 2 ; measures
against insects in, in U.S.A., 250,
341.

Furniture Beetle (see Anobium
punctatuni) .

fusca, Comys ; Frankliniella ;

Protaetia ; Sibine.
fuscata, Lypsimena.
fuscedinella, Coleophora.
fusciceps, Phorbia [Hylemyia,

Pegomyia) .
fuscidorsum, Aphycus.
fuscilabris, Megilla.
fuscipes, Agrypnus ; Phaenoserphus.
fuscirostris, Apion.
fusconervosus, Athysanus.
fuscula, Epitrix.
fuscus, Riptortus.
futilis, Lachnosterna.

G.

gabrieli, Tetr opium,
gabrielis, Apanteles.
Gagrella feae, an introduced past in

Mauritius, 499.
gahani, Pseudococcus.
galathea, Glenea.
galeata, Siphanta.
Galeruca tenella, food-plants of, in

Germany, 176.
Galeruca xanthomelaena (see

Galerucella luteola) .
Galerucella luteola (Elm Leaf Beetle),

parasitised by Degeeria collaris in

Italy, 432 ; on elm in Russia,

106 ; in U.S.A., 247, 341, 529.
Galerucella semipullata, on figs in

Queensland, 157.
Galeruclerus oculatus, predaceous

on bark-beetles in U.S.A., 510.
Galesus silvestrii, liberation of,

against Ceratitis capitata in

Hawaii, 375.
Galleria mellonella (Wax Moth),

measures against, in beehives in

Germany, 269, 272 ; in Russia,

104 ; bionomics of, in Texas, 22 ;

immunity experiments with larvae

of, 163, 250, 328, 367.
galliformis, Kermes.
gallinacea, Echidnophaga.
Gallnut Meal, against Anthonomus

pomorum, 325.
galloprovincialis , Monochamus.
Galumna robusta, a minor pest of

sugar-cane in U.S.A., 79.
Gamasus, natural enemy of silk-
worms in Japan, 24.
Gambrus infernus, parasite of vine

moths in Austria, 353.
Gambrus stokesi, parasite of Cydia

spp. in Australia, 132.
gamma, Phytometra {Plusia).

INDEX.

629

Garcinia iiidica, new scale-insect on,

in India, 205.
Gardenia, pests intercepted on, in

California, 182, 388, 480, 508.
Gargara, on Cajaniis indicus in

Ceylon, 520.
Garowi (see Andropogon halepensis).
gdrtneri, Cardiophorus.
Gasoline Torches, against crickets.

135.
gasteralpha, Piilvinaria.
Gasterocercodes gossvpii, on, cotton

in Brazil, 290. "
Gasterocercus depressirostvis, on oak

in Russia, 106.
Gaslrimargus marinoratus, on

tobacco in Africa, 424.
Gastrodes abietis, on conifers in

Lithuania, 468.
Gastrodes ferrugineus, on conifers in

Lithuania, 468.
Gastropacha priuii [see Dendrolimus) .
Gastropacha quercifolia, on apples in

Russia, 104.
gastrotrich us, Evioph ves .
Gaiiltheria depressa, new scale-insect

on, in Britain, 343.
Gaiiltheria rupestris, new scale-
insect on, in Britain, 343.
gaultheriae, Poliaspis.
Gelechia atriplicella (see Phthori-

niaea).
Gelechia gossypiella (see Platvedra).
Gelechia iiegundella, sp. n., on Acer

negundo in U.S.A., 381.
Gelonaetha hirta, in Heritiera fames

in India, 60.
Geloptera porosa (Pitted Apple

Beetle), measures against, in

New South Wales, 410.
gemiuata, Lippia ; Mc^ograpia ;

Solenopsis.
geminatella, Parornix {Ornix).
geminatus, Cneorrhinus (see C.

plagiatiis) ; Dyscinetus.
gem inipuncta, Nonagria .
gemmatalis, Anticarsia.
geniculata, Bucentes {Siphona).
geniciilator, Rhogas.
Genista aetnensis (Mount Etna

Broom), leery a purchasi not

attacked by Nov ins cardinalis

on, in Sicily, 122.
gennadiosi, Eumarchalia .
Geococcus, 187.
Geoica squamosa, on barley and

rye in Indiana, 22.
Georgia, fruit and garden pests and

their control in, 276, 302, 477 ;

notice of pests of stored grain in,
148 ; pests from, intercepted in

California, 319.

Geotrupes, destroyed by niglitjars
in Britain, 135.

geranii, Inglisia.

Geranium, new scale-insect on, in
South Africa, 447 ; Pseudococcus
maritimus on, in Britain, 343 ;
Euxoa segetum experimentally
feeding on, in Germany, 271 ;
Pyrausta nubilalis on, in New
York, 98 ; Aleurodes on, in hot-
houses in Russia, 107.

German Colonies, coconut pests in,
254.

Germany, beneficial in. sects in, 125,
126, 127, 264, 275, 288, 406,
408 ; cereal pests in, 253, 266,

269, 270, 331, 332, 359, 468,
543 ; forest pests in, 175, 176,
253, 254, 255, 262, 265, 266.
268, 270, 272, 273, 332, 357,
358, 467, 469, 515 ; miscellaneous
pests in, 123, 160, 161, 162,
266, 271, 274, 287, 346, 357,
358, 426, 468 ; orchard pests
in, 268, 273, 288, 325, 359, 468,
469, 486, 526 ; pests of stored
products in, 122, 252, 267, 269,

270, 275, 288, 425, 486, 544 ;
vegetable pests in, 141, 174, 175,
270, 271, 274, 286, 287, 289.
346, 359, 429, 466, 540, 542,
543 ; vine pests in, 224, 268,
272, 356, 359, 427, 522 ; measures
against wax moths in beehives
in, 269, 272 ; moles erroneously
stated to destroy Melolontha
nielolontha in, 141 ; effect of
meteorological conditions on
insect pests in, 468 ; notes on
food-plants of weevils in, 174,
175 ; value of restrictions against
entry of insect pests into, 268 ;
suggested prohibition of secret
remedies for plant pests in, 467 ;
importance of applied zoology in,
332, 429, 467 ; new research
institute for combating insect pests
in, 427 ; resumption of sericulture
in, 265, 345.

Gerstaeckeria hubbardi (Cactus

Weevil), on cotton in Florida,

137.
gesiroi, Coptotermes ; Neotcrmes.
Giant Moth Borer (see Castnia

liens) .
gibbicollis, Xylothrips.
Gibbium scotias, %Q.
gibbsi, Buprestis.
gideon, Xylotrupes.
giffardi, Dirhinus ; Nesolocus.
giffardiayius, Diachasma ; Tetras-

tichus.

630

INDEX.

gigantea, Tipula.

giganteus, Rhynchites.

gigas, Batocera ; Sirex.

Gingelly, Megacoelum straimneum
on, in India, 101.

Ginger, White, legislation respecting
removal of, in Hawaii, 320.

Gipsy Moth (see Porthetria dispar).

glabrata, Tachina {Nemoraea).

glabratella, Argyresthia.

glabvatns, Pityophthorus.

glacialis, Hippodamia.

gladiatri.x, Ensina.

gladioli, Aphis.

Gladiolus, legislation restricting in-
portation of, into Canada, 416;
Aphid intercepted on bulbs of,
in Hawaii, 22 ; pests of, in U.S.A.,
341, 511.

glandi, Lecanium.

glaphyrana, Tortrix (see T. divul-
sana) .

Glasshouse Tomato Moth (see Polia
oleracea) .

Glassy Cutworm (see Sidemia
devastatvix) .

glaucata, Cilix.

glebae, Pemphigus.

Glenea, in Gold Coast, 9 ; in
Heritiera fomes in India, 60.

Glenea galathea, in Gmelina arborea
and teak in India, 171.

globosa, Xystrocera.

glomeratus, Apanteles {Microgaster).

Glomerella cingulella (Bitter Rot),
dusting experiments against, on
apples in Virginia, 363.

Gloomy Scale (see Chvysomphalus
tenebricosus) .

gloveri, Lepidosaphes ; Tetvanychus
(see T. bimaciilatus) .

Glue, in foi-mulae for sprays, 113,
372,401.

Glue Bush Bruchid (see Bruchus
sallaci).

Glycine hispida, food-plant of Epi-
cauta kirticornis in Formosa, 197.

Glycine soja (Sov Bean), pests of,
in DutcJi East Indies^ 329, 538 ;
pests of, in U.S.A., 313, 339, 384,
390, 460.

Glyphodes, probably attacking pea-
nut in Queensland, 62.

Glyphodes hyalinata (see Diaphania).

Glyphodes nitidalis (see Diaphania) .

Gmelina arborea, insects attacking,
in India, 171.

Gnathocerus cornuius, in stored food-
stuffs in Central Europe, 288 ;
experiments with hydrocyanic-
acid gas against, in Germany,
426 ; Sclerodermus immigrans

experimentally bred from, in
Hawaii, 436 ; immune to Bacillus
thiiringiensis , 253.

gnoma, Thei-etra.

Gnorimoschema heliopa (see Phfhori-
maea) .

Goats, utilisation of, against Platy-
edra [Pectinophora) gossypiella,
in Egypt, 69.

Gold Coast, new fruit-flies from,
264 ; outbreak of new Hispid on
oil palms in, 1 18 ; miscellaneous
pests in, 9 ; Seres armipes in,
56.

Gold-tail Moth (see Ardor nis chry-
sorrhoea) .

Golden Mealy-bug (see Pseudo-
coccus aurilanatus) .

Golden Ragwort (see Senecio aureus).

Goldfinch, destroying noxious in-
sects, 470, 496.

gonagra, Pachymerus {Caryoborus).

Gonatocerus koebelei, parasite of
Draecidacephala mollipes in
U.S.A., 79.

Gonatopus ombrodes, parasite of
Cicadula sexnotata in U.S.A., 416.

Gonocephalum, on tobacco in Dutch
East Indies, 330 ; on tobacco in
Java, 541 ; control of, on tobacco
and maize in South Rhodesia,
193, 322.

Gonocephalum depressum (see
Opatrum) .

Gonocephalum hoffmannseggi,

bionomics and control of, in
Mysore, 64.

Gonocephalum seriatum, on sugar-
cane in Hawaii, 526.

Gonocephalum simplex, on tobacco
in Africa, 425.

Gooseberry, pests of, in Canada,
2, 344, 360, 439 ; pests of, in
France, 370; pests of, in Germany,
426, 468 ; pests of, in Holland,
199 ; Abraxas grossulanaia on,
in Russia, 105; pests of, in
U.S.A., 77, 188, 217, 345, 386,
444 ; pests intercepted on, in
California, 508.

Gooseberry Aphis (see Myzus nbis).

Gooseberry Apliis, Houghton (see
Aphis houghtonensis).

Gooseberry Mite (see Bryobia
praetiosa) .

Gooseberry Sawfly (see Pier onus
ribesii).

Gooseberry Spanworm (see Cymato-
phora ribearia).

Gooseberry Twig Disease, Opostega
nonstrti^ella probably asbociated
with, 4.

INDEX.

631

gorodetskia, Steingelia.
Gorse (see Boybonia covdata).
Gortvna {Hydroccia) iiiicacea

(Potato Stem Borer), on potatoes

and turnips in Britain, 155, 351 ;

in Canada, 373.
Gortyna ochracca, parasites of, in

Germany, 408.
Gortyna xanthenes, bionomics and

control of, on artichokes in

Algeria and South France, 213.
Gossyparia spuria (Elm Scale), in

Colorado, 128.
Gossyparia ulml, on elm in Britain,

343 ; on shade-trees in U.S.A.,

247.
gossypiclla, Platycdra [Gelechia,

Pectinophora) .
gossypii, Aphis ; Contarinia ; Cory-

thiica; Eriophyes : Frankliniella ;

Gasterocercodes ; Paratetranychiis .
Gourd, pests intercepted on, in

California, 182.
Gout-fly (see Chlorops taeniopus).
gowdeyi, Aspidoproctus.
Gracilaria, parasite of, on avocado

in Florida, 218, 219.
Gracilaria theivora (Tea Leaf-roller),

in Ceylon, 258, 520 ; on tea in

Dutch East Indies, 457.
Gracilaria violacella, species allied

to, on avocado in Florida, 218.
Gracilaria zachrysa, intercepted on

azalea in U.S.A., 306.
Gracilia minuta, on nut-trees in

France, 37.
gracilis, Parafairmairia.
gradarius, Ichneumon.
Grain Aphis (see Siphonaphis padi).
Grain Weevil (see Calandra).
grallator, Labena.
Gram (Stored), Bruchids in, in

Mysore, 65.
graminea, Diabrotica ; Macropsis

virescens.
gramini, Braclivcolus.
graminicola, Delphax ; Meraporus.
grainini'i, Charaeas.
Granadilla, Ceratitis catoiri on, in

Mauritius, 73 ; probably attacked

by Doticus pestilens in Queens-
land, 466.
granaria, Calandra.
granarius, Aphodius.
Granary Beetle (see Calandra)..
grandis, Alcaeorrhynchus ; Anthono-

mus ; Harmolita ; Lebia ;

Rhogas ; Mutyca.
granella, Tinea,
granulatus, Pitvophthorus.
Grape Curculio (see Craponius

inaequalis) .

Grape INIealy-bug (see Pseudo-
coccus baker i).

Grape Scale (see Aspidiotus
iivae).

Grape-berry Moth (see Polychrosis
viteana).

Grape-vine Sphinx :\Ioth (see Pholus
aclieinon) .

Grapefruit, Aleurocanthus woglumi
on, in Jamaica, 480 ; pests
intercepted on, .in U.S.A., 114,
181, 182, 306, 319, 387, 388, 480,
508 ; in formula for bait for
grasshoppers, 386.

Grapholitha coniferana (see Cydia).

Grapholitha cosmophorana (see
Cydia) .

Grapholitha dorsana (see Cydia) .

Grapholitha duplicana (see Cydia).

Grapholitha nigricana (see Cydia).

Grapholitha pactolana (see Cydia).

Grapholitha schistaceana (see
A rgyroploce) .

Graptolitha antennata (Green Fruit
Worm), in U.S.A., 529.

Grass, Bermuda (see Cynodon
dactylon).

Grass, Blue (see Poa pratensis).

Grass, Couch, Euxoa segetuin experi-
mentally feeding on, in Germany,
271.

Grass, Guinea (see Panicmn
maximum) .

Grass, Johnson (see Andropcgon
halepensis) .

Grass, Napier (see Pennisetum
purpureum).

Grass, Para, Trachyderes succinctus
on, in British Guiana, 55.

Grass, Parana (see Panicum
numidianum) .

Grass, Sudan (see Andropogon
sorghum sudanensis) .

Grass, Timothy (see Timothy Grass) .

Grass Moth (see Reniigia repanda) .

Grass Thrips (see Anaphoihrips
striatus) .

Grass Thrips, American (see Ana-
phoihrips obscurus).

Grasses, destruction of, against
Oxycarenus hyalinipennis in An-
gola, 201 ; pests of, in Africa,
412, 447 ; insects on, in
Britain, 146, 343, 351 ; essential
to oviposition of wireworms in
Britain, 138 ; pests intercepted
on, in California, 114; Monec-
phora bicincta on, in Cuba, 227 ;
pests of, in the Far East, 86 ;
Dyscinetus geniinatus on, in Brit-
ish Guiana, 42 ; Perkinsiella
saccharicida on, in Hawaii, 20 ;

632

INDEX.

pests of, in India 64, 84, 86 ;
Tetranychus telarius on, in Dutch
East Indies, 454 ; Scepticus insii-
laris on, in Japan, 398 ; pests
of, in New Zealand, 503 ; new
Delphacids on, in Nigeria, 118;
Aorus caslaneus on, in Northern
Rhodesia, 7 ; insects on, in
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 172, 198 ;
Miris dolabratus on, in Sweden,
6 ; insects on-, in U.S.A., 47,
86, 116, 183, 207, 385, 388, 392,
463, 464 ; Aphids migrating to,
116.
Grasshoppers, effect of meteoro-
logical conditions on, in South
America, 367 ; bionomics of, in
Australia, 155, 156, 413; in
Ontario, 1, 465 ; attacking cereeds
in Mesopotamia, 372 ; destroyed
by lizards in Porto Rico, 484 ;
measures against, on tobacco in
Southern Rhodesia, 194 ;

measures against, on palms in
Straits Settlements, 283 ; in
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 172 ;
bionomics and control of, in
U.S.A., 14, 47, 94, 135, 186, 188,
217, 238, 313, 363, 386, 442,
446'; baits for, 217, 313, 363,
465, 495 ; natural enemies of,
188, 413, 446 ; e.xperiments with
Sorosporella iivella and, 169 ;
(see Melanoplus, etc.).
gravely i, Macrosiphum.
gravicornis, Macrosiphum .
gravis, Sternochctus (Cryptorrhyn-
chus).

Greater Wheat-Stem Maggot (see
Meromvza anievicana) .

Greedy Scale (see Aspidiotus rapax).

Green Apple Aphis (see Aphis pomi) .

Green Clover Worm (see Plathypena
scahra) .

Green Coffee Caterpillar (see athe-
roma m agn ifica).

Green Fruit Worm (see Graptolitha
antennata).

Green Horn Bug (see Biprornlus
bibax) .

Green Japanese Beetle (see Popillia
japonica).

Green Lacewing (see Chrysopa).

Green Muscardine Fungus (see
Metarrhizium anisopUae) .

Green Pea Aphis (see Acyrthosiphon
pisi).

Green Peach Aphis (see Myzus
persicae) .

Green Scale (see Coccus viridis).

Green Tree Ant (see Oecophylla
smaragdina) .

Greenhouse Whitefly (see Aleurodes

vaporarioriim) .
greeni, Eriococcus.
Greenidea k'uwanae, on Qiterciis in
Japan, 11; resembling Neo-
pliyllaphis podocarpi, 152.
Grenada, legislation against impor-
tation of certain plants into
St. Lucia from, 216.
Grewia tiliaefolia, food-plant of

Suana concolor, 457.
Grey Birch (see Betula populifolia).
Grey Gum (see Eucalyptus terefi-

cornis) .
Grey Hair-streak Butterfly (see

Uranoic; melinus).
Grey Scale (see Targionia vitis).
Grindelia robusta, new Coccid on,

in California, 187.
grindeliae, Trionymus.
gripusalis, Azochis.
grisator, Sthenias.
grisea, Tephromyia.
grisella, Achroia.
griseola, Hydrellia.
griseovaricgata, Pauolis (see P.

flammea) .
griseus, Acanthociniis ; Hespero-

phanes ; Trachynotus.
grossulariae, Eriophyes ; Eriosoma.
gross iilariata, Abraxas.
Grotea, notice of kev to species of,

417.
Ground Nut (see Arachis hypogaea).
grunertiana, Cydia {Tortrix) (see

C. pactolana).
Gryllotalpa (Mole-cricket), measures
against, in lawns, etc., in Australia,
465 ; measures against, on to-
bacco in France, 39 ; destroyed
by Athene brama in India, 409 ;
on tobacco in Dutch East Indies,
538; trap for, in Switzerland, 400.
Gryllotalpa africana, in Africa, 424 ;
on maize in Queensland, 155;
in San Thome, 494.
Gryllota'pa gryllotalpa (European
Mole-cricket), measures against,
in Austria, 261, 426 ; in Morocco,
121 ; measures against, in New
Jersey, 43, 300 ; in Russia, 103 ;
trap for, in Switzerland, 400 ;
intercepted in U.S.A., 307.
Gryllotalpa vulgaris (see G. gryllo-
talpa).
Gryllus, on peaches in Queensland,

156.
Grvllus abbreviatus (Field Cricket),
bionomics of, in U.S.A., 217, 295.
Gryllus domesticus, measures against,
in stored foodstuffs in Germany,
425.

INDEX.

633

gryph ipen ncUa , Coleoph or a .
Guadaloupe Cypress (see Cupressus

gitadalupensis).
Guadeloupe, miscellaneous pests in

298.
Guam, miscellaneous pests in, 148 ;
Ischnaspis longirostris intercepted
in California on coconuts from,
182.
Guamuchil, pests intercepted in
seeds of, in California, 13, 49.

guaran itica, Agromyza.
Guatemala, Stigmaeus floridanns
intercepted in Hawaii on pine-
apple from, 431 ; pests from,
intercepted in U.S.A., 306, 307.
Guava [Psidium gnayava), Psend-
ischnaspis alienus intercepted
on, in Florida, 71 ; pests of, in
Hawaii, 136, 171 ; Phcnacoccus
hirsutus on, in India, 83 ; Ccra-
titis catoiri on, in Mauritius, 73 ;
Pseudococciis nipae on, in Porto
Rico, 446 ; food-plant of Sitaua
concolor, 457.

Guava, Strawberry (see Psidium
cattlcymmm).

giidahira, Chionaspis {Phenacaspis).

gudcniisi, Baris.

Guernsey, Lecanopsis forniicarinm
associated with Lasius niger in,
343.

gu ilfoylei, Nothopanax.

Guinea Corn, legislation against
importation of, into St. Lucia
from Trinidad and Grenada, 216.

Guinea Grass (see Panicum
maxi}timn).

Guinea-pigs, experiments with
Bacillus kochi and, 164.

gularis, Aphomia (Melissoblaptes,
Paralipsa).

Gulls, destroying Melokmtha in
Germany, 66.

gnlosa, Hernerocampa vetusta.

gutta, Plnsia (see Phytonietra con-
fusa).

Guttapercha Tree (see Palaquiiim).

guttata, Parabolopona.

guttiger, Eusarcoris.

guttipennis, Leucotaeniella .

guttivitta, Heterocampa.

guttiilatus, Blaniulus.

guttulosa, Cyrtacanthacvis.

Guvar (see Cyamopsis psoralioides) .

Gymnaspis ficus, sp. n., on Fiats
retusa in India, 205.

Gymnaspis ramakrishnae , sp. n.,
on Hemigyrosa in India, 205.

gymnonychi, Mesoleius.

Gymnonychus californicus, bion
omics''of, in U.S.A., 381, 415.

Gyna capitcina, on tobacco in

Kamerun, 424.
Gypsum, in formula for du.sting

against Plathypena scabra, 384.
Gyrolasia, parasite of Kermes-

piibesccns in U.S.A., 16.

H.

Habrobraconidea bicoloripes, para-
site of Pissodes strobi in Con-
necticut, 338.
Habrocryptiis altevnator, parasite of

vine moths in Au.stria, 353.
Habrocytus acutigona, parasite of

vine moths in Austria, 353.
Habrocytus medicaginis, parasite of
Bruchophagus funcbris in U.S.A.,
361.
Habrocytus platensis, sp. n., in

South America, 299.
Hackberry, pests of, in U.S.A., 505,
Hadcna basilinca (see Trachea).
Hadena devastatrix (see Sidemia).
Hadcna fractilinea (see Oligia).
Hadena oleracea (see Polia).
Hadena semicana, species resemb-
ling, on maize in Connecticut, 340.
Hadronotus ajax, sp. n., parasite of

Anasa tristis in U.S.A., 521.
Hadronotus antestiae, sp. n., parasite
of Antestia lineaticollis in East
Africa, 377.
haemorrhoidaiis, Athous ; Buprestis ;

Heliothrips [Heterothrips] .
Hairworms, parasitic on L(7f/;;/05/fr??a^

in Kansas, 391.
Haiti, Scyphophorus acupunctatus

in, 149.'
haldemani, Eretmocerus.
Halimococcus, in South Africa, 117.
Halisidota caryae, on shade-trees in

New Jersey, 43.
Halisidota tessellaris, on shade-trees

in New Jersey, 43.
Haltica, effect of meteorological
conditions on, in South America,
367 ; on beet in France, 450 ;
on cacao in San Thome, 492.
Haltica ampelophaga, measures
against, on vines in Spain, 368 ;
experiments with substitutes for
nicotine against, 400.
Haltica brevicollis, on oak and hazel

in Sweden, 49, 50.
Haltica consobrina (see H. tamaricis) .
Haltica engstromi, in Sweden, 50.
Haltica lythri, identical with H.
brevicollis, 50.

634

INDEX.

Haltica oleracea, on cabbage in

Italy, 142 ; not an injurious

species in Sweden, 49, 50.
Haltica palustris, in Sweden, 50.
Haltica quercetonim, on oak in

Russia, 106.
Haltica saliceti, on oak and hazel

in Sweden, 49, 50.
Haltica sandini, sp. n., in Sweden,

50.
Haltica solani (Potato Flea-beetle),

in Queensland, 155.
Haltica tamaricis, erroneously re-
corded as occurring in Sweden, 60.
Halticus saltator, in Austria, 261.
Halyoniorpha picus, on Indigofera

an e eta in Ceylon, 521.
hamadryadella, Phyllorycter {Litho-

colletis) .
hamamelidis, Hormaphis.
hanimondi, Canarsia.
hampei, Stephanoderes {Cryphalus).
Haplohainmus cervinus (Teak Can-
ker Grub), on Gmelina arborea in

India, 171.
Haplonycha, on sugar-cane in

Queensland, 164.
Haplothvips merrilli, sp. n., inter-
cepted in Florida on coconuts

from Cuba, 474.
Haplothvips tritici {see Frank liniel la) .
Hard Alaple (see Acer saccharum).
hardwicki, Poecilocoris.
Harlequin Cabbage Bug (see Mur-

gantia histrionica) .
Harmolita (Jointworms), measures

against, in U.S.A., 92, 94.
Harmolita alboniaculata, on grasses

in U.S.A., 207.
Harmolita captiva, on grasses in

U.S.A., 207.
Harmolita dactylicola, on grasses in

U.S.A., 207.
Harmolita festiicae, on grasses in

U.S.A.. 207.
Harmolita grandis (Wheat-straw

Worm), control of, in U.S.-'Y.,

76, 207, 208.
Harmolita grandis minutum, 76.
Harmolita kordei, on barlev in

U.S.A., 207.
Harmolita poae, on grasses in U.S.A.,

207.
Harmolita secalis, on rye in U.S.A.,

207.
Harmolita [Isosoma) tritici (Wheat

Jointworm), in Ontario, 2 ; in

U.S.A., 22, 188, 207, 531.
Harmolita vaginicola, measures

against, on wheat in U.S.A., 207.
Harmolita ivebsteri, on rye in U.S.A.,

207.

hartii, Aspidiotiis [Targionia).

hastata, Diploxys.

Hawaii, beneficial insects and their
utilisation in, 8, 72. 75, 347, 375,
430, 435, 437, 525 ; notes on
Bruchids in, 430, 436 ; miscel-
laneous pests in, 136, 170, 375,
409, 430, 434, 435, 436, 526;
sugar-cane pests in, 19-21, 430,
461 ; outbreak of Syagrius fiil-
vitarsis on ferns in, 191, 430;
lantana fly introduced into
Queensland from, 62, 156 ;
suggested introduction of lantana
fly into India from, 473 ; pests
intercepted in quarantine in,
22, 23, 431, 460; pests from,
intercepted in U.S.A., 13, 49,
114, 182, 240. 306, 307, 319,
387, 479, 508 ; plant pest legis-
lation in, 320, 330.

haivaiiensis, Ephialtes (Pimpla) ;
Lepidosaphes.

Hawks, destroying noxious insects
in Australia, 413.

Hawkweed (see Hieracium).

Hawthorn (Crataegus), Tetranychus
crataegi on, in Britain, 466 ;
Paratetrany chits pilosus on, in
Canada, 33 ; not attacked by
Anthonomus pomorum in Germany
487 ; pests of, in Italy, 142 ;
restrictions on removal of, in
New Zealand, 504 ; Stephanitis
pyri on, in Ru.ssia, 107 ; insect
pests on, in U.S.A., 76, 317, 505;
(see Crataegus spp.).

Hazel (Corylus avellana), Dryocoetes
coryli in, in Austria, 176 ; Eule-
canium capreae on, in Britain, 343;
Eriophyes avellanae on, in Holland,
199 ; pests of, in Italy, 124, 142 ;
flea-beetles on, in Sweden, 49, 50.

Hazel Bark-beetle (see Dryocoetes
coryli) .

Hazel-nut Scale (see Eulecanium
coryli).

Heat, effect of, on Plaiyedra gossy-
piella in cotton seed, 68 ; for
treating meadow-foxtail seed
against Oligotrophus alopecuri, 60 ;
effect of, on pests of stored pro-
ducts, 221, 241, 431, 443 ; effect
of, on vine moths in France, 369.

hebes, Mogannia.

hebesana, Olethreutes.

hebraeus, Polistes.

hecabe, Terias.

hederae, Aphis ; Aspidiotus.

Hcilipus lauri (Avocado Weevil),
legislation against introduction
of, into Cuba, 256.

INDEX.

635

hekmeyeri. Pagoda.

helichrysi, Anuraphis.

heliopa, Phthorimaea {Gnovimos-

chema) .
Heliophila unipuncta (see Civphis).
heliophila, Piinpla.
helios, Oythopagits.
Helioihis, food-plants of, in Dutch

East Indies, 329, 330.
Helioihis ar»iigcra (see H. obsoleta).
Helioihis assulta, control of, on
tobacco in Guam, 148 ; on to-
bacco in Java, 540 ; on peanut in
Queensland, 62.

Helioihis dipsacea, in Russia, 105.

Helioihis obsoleta (Corn Earworm,
Tobacco Budworm), increase of,
in Canada in 1919, 373 ; on
tobacco in Gold Coast, 425 ;
control of, on tobacco in Guam,
148 ; food-plants of, in India,
519 ; on maize in Dutch East
Indies, 330 ; in Queensland, 62,
156 ; bionomics and control of,
in South Rhodesia, 134 ; bio-
nomics and control of, in U.S.A.,
10, 95, 220, 236, 286, 314, 340,
450 ; in West Indies, 296, 303 ;
intercepted on tomatos, etc., in
California, 13, 240, 319, 388, 480,
508 ; resembling Pyrausta

nubilalis, 286, 450 ; anatomy of,
500 ; experiments with Soros-
porella uvella and, 170.

Helioihis pcUigera, on Carthanius
tinciorius in India, 85.

Helioihis phlox iphaga, anatomy of,
500.

Helioihis scuiosa, in Russia, 105.

Helioihis virescens, anatomy of, 500.

Helioihrips fasciatus (Bean Thrips),
a minor olive pest in California,
91.

Helioihrips [Heieroihrips) haenior-
rhoidalis, on crotons in Florida,
137 ; food-plants of, in Dutch
Guiana, 537 ; on cotton in Porto
Rico, 303.

Helioihrips indicus, bionomics and
control of, on cotton in Sudan, 497.

Helioihrips rubrocincius (Cacao
Thrips), measures against, in
Dutch Guiana, 439, 440, 536,
537 ; bionomics and control of,
on cacao in San Thome, 201,
491, 492.

Helioihrips iabaci (see Thrips).

Helix, infested with Sarcophaga
filia in France, 472.

Hellebore, 444 ; dusting and spray-
ing with, against Pieronus ribesii,

218, 345, 370, 386; ineffective

against Cyi)iatophora ribearia, 386;

and lime, 370, 386.
liellerella, Blastodacna.
Hellitla nndalis, on cabbages in

Hawaii, 136 ; on cabbages in

Queensland, 156 ; on vegetables

in Tripoli, 159.
Helopcliis, on cacao in Ceylon, 520 ;

and its control on tea in Dutch

East Indies, 330, 455, 457, 537 ;

on cacao in San Thome, 492 ;

Hyalopeplus smaragdiniis closely

allied to, 452.
Helopcliis a)iiotui, on tea in Ceylon,

520 ; in Dutch East Indies, 495.
Helopcliis anionii var. bradyi, on

cinchona in Dutch East Indies,

329.
Helopcliis bcrgroihi (Cacao Mos-
quito), in Gold Coast, 9.
Helopcliis sitmairanns, in Dutch

East Indies, 495.
Helopcliis iheivora (Tea Mosquito),

bionomics of, in India, 204, 530 ;

in Dutch East Indies, 495.
helops, A mmalo.
Heloiropha rcnifori)iis atra (Western

Corn Borer), on maize in Canada,

373.
helvolus, Dorylus.
Hemerobius, predaceous on Chermes

pinicoriicis in Connecticut, 339.
Hemerocampa (Tussock Moth), in

U.S.A., 87, 529 ; natural enemies

of, 529.
Het)ierocampa leucosiigma (White-
marked Tussock ]\Ioth), bionomics

and control of, in Canada, 1, 2, 3 ;

in U.S.A., 43, 247, 509 ; natural

enemies of, 3, 509.
Hemerocampa vciusia giilosa

(Western Tussock Moth), in

British Columbia, 323, 481.
hemerocampae, Telcnomus.
Hemerophila nemorana, parasitised

by Sienomesiiis rufescens in

France, 37 ; on fig in Itah^ 142.
Hemerophila pariana, on apples in

Russia, 104.
Hemiberlesia longispina (see

MorgancUa).
Hemiberlesia pscndocamelliac (see

Aspidioius).
Hemichionaspis, intercepted on

coconuts in California, 388, 480.
Hemichionaspis aspidisirae, inter-
cepted in California, 13, 240, 387,

479.
He)}iichionaspis minor, intercepted

on coconuts etc., in California,

114, 182, 240, 319, 387, 509.

636

INDEX.

Hemigyrosa, new scale-insect on,

in India, 205.
Hemilecaniiim, in South Africa, 447.
hemiinelaena, Trypanea.
heniipterus, Carpophilus ; Chroto-

gcnius ; Herniteles ; Metamasius.
hemirhoda, Eublemma (see E.

dimidialis).
Hemisarcoptes coccisugiis, attacking

eggs of Lepidosaphes ulmi in

Germany, 468.
Hemisarcoptes r)iahis, predaceous on

Lepidosaphes ulmi in Eastern

Canada and U.S.A., 148.
hem isphaerica, Saissetia.
Herniteles spp., parasites of vine

moths in Austria, 353.
Hemizonia rudis, new Coccid on,

in California, 187.
Hemlock, Polvporiis tsugae on, in

U.S.A., 15. '
Hemlock, ^Mountain (see Tsuga

mertensiana).
Hemp (Cannabis sativa), pests of,

in India, 519 ; for protecting

cabbages against Pieris, 141.
hempeli, Clypeococciis.
Henicospilus nierdariiis, parasite of

Panolis flamniea in Holland, 226.
Henicospilus ramididus, parasite of

Panolis flammea in Holland, 226.
heparana, Tortrix (Pandemis).
Hepialus humuli, destroyed by

nightjars in Britain, 135.
Hepialus lupuliniis, destroyed by

nightjars in Britain, 135.
heracleana, Depressaria.
heraclei, Acidia ; Aphis,
heraclella, Aphis.

heraclii, Aphis (see A. heraclella).
herbarium, Catorama.
Herbs, Lepidopterous larvae inter-
cepted in, in California, 49 ;

moth larv^ae intercepted in, in

Hawaii, 431.
hercideanus, Aspidiotiis.
Heritiera fomes (Sundri), Coleopter-
ous pests of, in India, 60.
Herse convolvidi, on Dioscorea sativa

in Dutch East Indies, 495 ; on

sweet potato in Queensland, 157.
hesperidum, Coccus {Lecaniiim).
hesperocharidis, Trichomalus.
Hesperocharis, parasitised by

Trichomalus hesperocharidis in

South America, 299.
Hesperophanes griseus, parasitised

by Xylonomus propinquus in

France, 37.
hesperus, Lvgus elisus ; Reticuli-

iermes.

Hessian Fly (see Mavetiola destruc-
tor).

Heterobostrvchus pileatus, inter-
cepted in wood of tea chests in
Queensland, 157.

Heterocampa guttivitta, in U.S.A.,
529.

heterocerus, Isurgus.

Heterococcus, gen. nov., 187.

Heterococcus arenae, sp. n., on Poa
douglasi in California, 187.

Heterocordvlus malinus (Apple Red
Bug), in U.S.A., 529.

Heterodera, measures against, on
potatoes in Germanv, 466 ;
Aphelenchus allied to, 67.

Heterodera radicicola (Potato
Eelworm, Root Gallworm, Root-
knot Nematode), in Austria, 261 ;
measures against, on tea in
Ceylon, 258, 520 ; food-plants of,
in Queensland, 155 ; on tobacco
in South Rhodesia, 194 ; measures
against, in U.S.A., 401 ; inter-
cepted in potatoes etc., in
California, 49, 114, 182, 319, 388 ;
H. schachtii closely related to,
414.

Heterodera schachtii (Sugar-beet
Nematode), in Austria, 261 ; on
potatoes in Britain, 351 ;
bionomics and control of, in
U.S.A., 414.

Heterographis bengalella (Bullock's
Heart Fruit Borer), in India, 84,
445.

Heteroneura, gen. nov., erected for
Aphis setariae, 8 ; Hysteroneura
substituted for, 63.

Heteronvchus sublaevis, on sugar-
cane and grasses in India, 84.

Heteropelma calcarator, parasite of
Panolis flammea in Holland, 226.

Heteropternis coloniana, on tobacco
in Africa, 424.

Heterospilus prosopidis, parasite of
Bruchids in Hawaii, 431.

Heterostomiis (see Brachypterolus).

Heterothrips haemorrhoidalis (see
Heliothrips).

Heterusia cingala, on tea in Cejdon,
520.

Heterusia magnifica, on tea in India,
530.

Hevea, pests of, in Ceylon, 139,
520 ; pests of, in British Guiana,
55 ; Xyleborus biporus on, in.
South India, 243 ; pests .of, in.
Dutch East Indies, 139, 329, 494,
522, 534, 537.

hewitti, Elasmognathus.

hibernicus, Pseudococcus.

IXDEX.

637

Hibiscus , new scale-insect on, in
South Africa, 1 17 ; in Brazil,
445 ; Stephanoderes hampei in,
in Belgian Congo, 449 ; necessity
of legislation regarding, against
Platyedra gossypiella in U.S.A.,
74 ; pests intercepted on, in
California, 114, 182, 387, 479,509.

Hibiscus cannabinus, Platyedra
gossypiella on, in Egypt, 74.

Hibiscus escidentus (Okra), Platyedra
gossypiella on, in Egypt, 74 ;
pests of, in Florida, 235, 382 ;
food-plant of cotton pests in
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 172.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Earias spp.
on, in India, 85 ; food-plant of
Suana concolor, 457.

Hibiscus sahdariffa (Roselle), food-
plant of cotton pests in Anglo-
Egvptian Sudan, 172 ; pests of,
in Straits Settlements, 283.

Hibiscus youngianus, new food-
plant of Platyedra gossypiella in
Hawaii, 436. '

Hickory, pests of, in U.S.A., 247,
366, 505.

Hickory Bark Borer (see Scolytus
quadrispinosus) .

Hidari irava, on coconuts in Dutch
East Indies, 329, 538.

hiemalis, Polygnotus.

hieracii, Macrosiphum.

Hieracium (Hawkweed), Macro-
siphum hieracii on, in Britain, 58.

hierocosma, Acrocercops.

Hieroglvphus banian, associated \\\t\\
rice ieaf-hoppers in India, 473.

Higuereta, Corythuca on, in Cuba,
54 ; motor oil extracted from, 54.

Hilaria cenchroides, probably a food-
plant of new Coccids in U.S. A., 187.

hilar iae, Riper sia.

hilaris, Aulacophora.

hima.lavensis, Lachnus.

Himatismus villosus, on imported
varieties of olive in Palestine, 508.

hippocastani, Melolontha.

Hippodamia convergens, in North
America, 82 ; attempted estab-
lishment of, in Hawaii, 75 ;
predaceous on other insects in
U.S.A., 74, 119, 394. 404. 501.

Hippodamia glacialis, in North
America, 82.

Hippodamia parenthesis, in North
America, 82.

Hippodamia quinquesignata, pre-
daceous on eggs of Epilachna
corrupta in U.S.A., 119, 404.

Hippotion celerio, on vines in France,
478.

hirsutus, Phenacoccus.

hirta, Epicometis [Tropinota) ;
Gelonaetha.

hirtarius, Biston.

hirtellus, Antheroides.

hirticornis, Epicauta.

Hisia atrovenosa, on rice and sugar-
cane in Formosa, 86.

Hispa, on rice in Madras, 130.

Hispa armigera (Rice Hispid), in
Assam, 461.

hispidulus, Sitones.

Histiostoma rostroserratum, on pota-
toes in Austria, 426.

histrionica, Murgantia.

hoefti, Colaphus.

hoffmannseggi, Gonocephalum [Opat-
rum).

Holaniara (see Eutochia).

Holcocera augusti, sp. n., on Pseudo-
tsuga taxifolia in U.S.A., 381.

Holland, beneficial insects in, 407,
408, 424 ; Magdalis pruni des-
troyed by Parus coeruleus in,
255 ; miscellaneous pests in, 133,
199, 254, 255, 289, 407, 423, 441 ;
bionomics and control of Panolis
flammea in, 225-227 ; pests from,
"intercepted in U.S.A., 306, 307,
337, 338, 365.

Holly Oak (see Quercus ilex).

Hollyhock, legislation restricting
importation of, into Canada, 416 ;
pests of, in U.S.A., 511.

holmesi, Clania.

holosericea, Aeolesthes.

Holotrichia leucophthalma, biono-
mics and control of, in Dutch
East Indies, 139,329.

holstei, Lestodiplosis.

Homalophia marginata, on roses in
Macedonia, 469.

Homalotylus, parasite of Cycloneda
sanguinea in Porto Rico, 303.

Homadotyliis flaminius, parasite of
Hvperaspis campestris in Italy,
123.

Homoeocerus, food-plants of, in
Gold Coast, 9.

Homoeosoma nebulella, bionomics
and control of, on sunflowers in
Rumania, 274 ; on sunflowers in
Russia, 104.

Homoeosoma nimbella, on sunflowers
in Russia, 104.

Homoeosoma vagella, in stored pea-
nuts in Queensland, 62.

homogenea, Acidia.

Homona coffearia (Tea Tortrix), and
its control in Ceylon, 19, 109,
519; on tea in Dutch East
Indies, 457;

638

INDEX.

Hone}^ in baits for ants, 1 15,285,507.
Honey -locust [Gleditschia), pests of,

in U.S.A., 505.
Honeysuckle (see Loniceva).
hookeri, Apion.

Hop Aphis (see Phorodon humuli).
hopei, Leptops ; Remphan.
hopkinsi, Pityogenes.
Hoplocampa brcvis, probably para-
sitised by By aeon variator in

Holland, 407 ; on pear in Italy,

142.
Hoplocampa fulvicornis, in orchards

in Germany, 426.
Hoplocaiupa testudinea, measures

against, in Holland, 199.
Hoploceranibyx spinicornis, function

of calcareous operculum of, in

India, 101.
Hoploderma elipsoidalis, on vines in

Kussia, 103.
Hoplolopha cristata, gen. et sp. n.,

in British East Africa, 264.
Hopperburn, a better name for

potato disease caused by Eni-

poasca mail than tipburn, 311.
Hopperdozer, use of, against grass-
hoppers and locusts, 48, 278 ;

new form of, for use against

froghoppers, 499.
Hops, pests of, and their control in

Germany, 266.
hordei, Harmolita ; Labidostomis.
Hordeum jubatiini, food-plant of

Cephiis cinctus in U.S.A., 464.
Horidiplosis fici, gen. et sp. n., on

Ficiis infectoria in India, 473.
Horistonotus uhleri (Slender Wire-
worm), distribution of, in South

Carolina, 509.
Hormaphis hamanielidis, notice of

life-cycle of, 418.
Horn-fly (see Lyperosia exigua).
Horn-tail Wasp (see Sirex cali-

fornicus).
Hornbeam(seeCar^z'nt<5 caroliniana) .
Horse-chestnut (see Aesciilus

hippocastanimi) .
Horses, supposed poisoning of, by

arsenical sprays, 250.
hortensis, Smynthurus.
horticola, Erenmus ; Phyllopertha.
hortiilaniis, Bibio.
hospes, Plagiomerus ; Pseudogona-

topus.
hoiightonensis, Aphis.
House-flies (see Musca domestica).
howardi, Aleurothrixus ; Cocco-

phagiis.
Howardia biclavis, intercepted on

Hibiscus in California, 114; in

Cuba, 229.

hubbardi, Gerstaeckeria.

huegeli, Farias.

Huernia transvaalensis, new scale-
insect on, in South Africa, 117.

hiigeli, Lophosternns.

humilis, Iridomyrmex ; Opius ;
Podalgns.

humuli, Hepialus ; Phorodon.

hungaricus, Rhynchites .

Hungary, Meniscus scapularis in,
408 ; Pervisia strobi in pines in,
255 ; value of goldfinches in
destroying Aphids in, 470.

Hura crepitans, food-plant of Helio-
thrips haemorrhoidalis in Dutch
Guiana, 537.

h\ •acin th i, Rh izogl vp hits.

Hyacinths, Nematodes in bulbs of,
"in Holland, 441.

hyalinata, Diaphania [Glyphodes).

hyalinipennis, Oxycarenus.

hyalinus, Platynietopius.

Hyalopeplus ranm (see Callicra-
tides) .

Hyalopeplus smaragdinus (Flower-
bud Bug of Tea), bionomics of,
in Dutch East Indies, 330, 452.

Hyalopterus arundinis (Mealy Plum
Aphis), in Ontario, 35.

Hyalopterus pruni, bionomics of,
on plums in Britain, 58, 528.

Hydella stabulans, parasite of
Pyrausta nubilalis in France, 120.

Hydrangea, Aphis intercepted on,
in California, 480.

Hydrellia griseola, on oats in Russia,
106.

Hydrocofyle, food-plant of Tetrany-
chiis telarius in Dutch East Indies,
454.

Hydrocotyle asiatica, food-plant of
Brevipalpis obovatus in Dutch
East Indies, 454.

Hydrocyanic-acid Gas, ineffective
against Aegeria, 189 ; against
Aleurodes vaporariorum, 474;
against Aphids and Coccids, 29,
177, 380, 423, 451 ; effect of, on
Cydia pomonella, 284 ; against
Diarthronomyia hypogaea, 342,
365 ; experiments with, against
furniture beetles, 443 ; against
pests of stored products, 65, 215,
241, 255, 267, 269, 270, 272, 275,
331, 428, 486 ; chloropicrin more
effective against grain pests than,
334 ; effect of, on Typophorus
canelliis, 313 ; experiments with,
against vine moths, 268, 427 ;
beehives treated with, against
wax moths, 269, 272 ; fumiga-
tion of greenhouses with, 43, 44,

INDEX.

639

539 ; fumigation with, 43, 44, 65,
177, 215, 241, 255, 267, 268, 269,
270, 272, 275, 284, 313, 331, 341,
342, 365, 380, 423, 425, 427, 428,
451, 474, 486, 522, 539; fumi-
gation with liquid form of, 29,
89, 230 ; physical and chemical
properties of liquid form of,
89-91 ; notice of instrument for
determining exact strength of, in
fumigation experiments, 428.

Hydroecia (see Gortyna).
Hydrometer, for testing liquid
hydrocyanic acid, 90.

Hylastes ater (Black Pine Beetle),
measures against, in Britain,
379 ; on Pinus pinea in Italy,
216 ; in forests in Lithuania, 420.

Hylastes cunicnlarius (Black Spruce
Bark-beetle), in forests in Britain,
379.

Hylastes opacus, in forests in Britain.
378 ; in forests in Lithuania, 420,

Hylastes palliatiis (Brown Pine
Beetle), in Britain, 379 ; in
forests in Lithuania, 420.

Hylastinoides, new subgenus of
Hylastiniis, 10 ; synonym of
Alniphagiis, 56.

Hylastinus alni, sp. n., in Alnits
in Siberia, 10.

Hylastinus obscurus, bionomics and
control of, on clover in Washing-
ton, 345.

Hyleinyia, key to males of, 533.

Hylemyia antiqua (Onion Fly, Onion
Maggot), in Austria, 261 ; in
Britain, 351 ; measures against,
in Canada, 2, 323, 362 ; on onions
in Italy, 142 ; measures against
in U.S.A., 75, 168, 188.

Hyleynyia brassicae (see Phorbia).

Hylemyia cilicrura (see Phorbia).

Hylemyia coarctata (^^'heat Bulb
Fly), bionomics of, in Britain,
155, 351, 514 ; bionomics of, in
Germany, 253, 266, 269.

Hylemyia fusciceps (see Phorbia) .

Hylemyia sepia, in North America,
530.

Hylemyia strigosa, chemotropic
respon.se of, 327.

Hylemyia uniseriata, in Xorth
America, 533.

Hylesimis crenatus, in ash in Lithu-
ania, 421 ; in ash in Russia, 106.

Hylesimis eos, sp. n., food-plants of,
in Siberia, 10.

Hylesinus fraxini, bionomics of, in
forests in Bohemia, 324 ; in ash
in Lithuania, 421 ; in asli in
Riissia, 106.

Hylesimis oleiperda, on imported
varieties of olive in Palestine
508 ; in Russia, 106.

Hylesinus piniperda (see Myelo-
philiis).

Hylesinus pseudomori, on Pseudo-
moms brnnnoniana in Queensland,
156.

Hylobius, spruce and pine not
injured by, in Lithuania, 420.

Hylobius abietis, bionomics and
control of, in forests in Britain,
378, 380 ; Syrphid larva in mines
of, in Germanv, 406 ; in pine in
Italy, 142.

Hylophila prasinana, on oak in
Russia, 105.

Hvlotorna rosae, on roses in Russia,
^106.

Hvlotriipes bajulus, damaging lead,
81.

Hylurgops palliatv.s (see Hylastes).

Hyliirgus piniperda (see Myelo-
philits).

hyoscyami, Pegomyia.

Hypera nigrirostris, parasites of, in
North America, 223.

Hvpera postica (see H. variabilis).

Hypera punctata (Clover Leaf
Weevil), infested with Empusa
sphaerosperma in New York, 303.

Hypera variabilis (Alfalfa Weevil),
intercepted in lucerne hay in
California, 388 ; legislation

against introduction of, into
Canada from U.S.A., 416; bio-
nomics and control of, in U.S.A.,
12, 94, 128, 186, 223, 396.

Hyperaspis, natural enemy of Aphis
gossypii in Porto Rico, 303.

Hyperaspis binotata, attacking scale-
insects in North America, 123.

Hyperaspis canipestris, bionomics of,
in Italy, 123.

Hyperaspis lateralis, natural enemy
of Pseudococcus citri in California,
318.

Hyperdasys, Sclerodermus associated
with, in Hawaii, 436.

Hyperdiplosis, Cecidomyella distinct
from, 160.

Hyphantria cunea (Fall Webworm),
bionomics of, in Canada, 2, 147,
148 ; on shade-trees in U.S.A.,
247.

Hyphantria textor, experiments with
Sorosporella uvella and, 170.

Hypoaspis, a minor pest of sugar-
cane in U.S.A., 79.

hypobori, Trichopria (Cephalonomia).

Hypoborus ficus, parasitised by Tri-
chopria hypobori in France, 260.

640

INDEX.

hypochlora, Colaspis.
hvpogaea, Diavthronomyia.
Hypoliinnas misippus, on oil-palms
'in Dutch East Indies, 538 ; in
San Thome, 493.
hvpometona, Padraona.
Hyponomeuta, effect of barium

chloride on, in Britain, 155.
Hyponomeuta cognatellus, utilisation

of, against vine moths, 356.
Hyponomeuta eiiony melius, in

Russia, 104.
Hyponomeuta malinellus, bionomics
and control of, in orchards in
Germany, 288, 356, 426; on
apple in" Italv, 142 ; on apple in
Russia, 104 ; utilisation of,
against vine inoths, 356.
Hyponomeuta padellus, utilisation
of, against vine moths, 356 ;
measures against, on plums in
Spain, 367.
Hyponomeuta padi, in Russia, 104.
Hyponomeuta variabilis, bionomics
and control of, in orchards in
Germany, 288 ; in Russia, 104.
Hypophloeus linearis, in galleries of
'Pityogenes bidentatus in pines in
Germany, 273.
Hypophloeus tenuis, predaceous on
Pityophthorus granulatus, in
U.S.A., 34.
Hyposmochoma, Sderodermus assoc-
iated with, in Hawah, 436.
Hypseloecus visci, attacking mistle-
toe in Germany, 357.
Hypsipvla, in 'forests in Dutch

East 'indies, 329.
Hypsipvla pagodella, synonym of

H. robusta, 165.
Hvpsipyla robusta (Cedar Twig
"Moth, Toon Shoot Borer), bio-
nomics and control of, in India,
164-167 ; on Cedrela toona in
Queensland, 156.
Hyptis suaveolens, food-plant of
Tetranychus telarius in Dutch
East Indies, 454.
Hysteroneura, n.n., substituted for

Heteroneura, 63.
Hysteroneura {Heteroneura) setariae
{Aphis bituberculata, A. pruni-
coleus), on sugar-cane in U.S.A.,
8. 79 ; synonymy of, 8, 63.
hysteropyga, Lachnosterna parvidens.

ibadanensis, Dicranotropis.

Ibis, destroying noxious insects

in Australia, 413.
I eery a, natural enemies of, 59.

Icerya purchasi (Cottony Cushion
Scale, Fluted Scale), in South
Africa, 411; in Austria, 263;
in Brazil, 292, 405 ; intercepted
on bananas in California, 114,
182, 240 ; in Ceylon, 519 ; regula-
tions against, in Florida, 294 ;
on Casuarina stricta in Formosa,
197 ; on lemon and acacia in
Italy, 142 ; on citrus and roses in
Queensland, 156 ; in San Thome,
494; in Sicily, 121, 488;
m^easures against, in U.S.A., 294,
521 ; utilisation of beneficial
insects against, 121, 263, 294,
405, 411, 519; effect of food-
plant of, on efficacy of Novius
cardinalis, 121.
iceryi, Pulvinaria.

Ichneumon annulator, parasite of

Panolis flammea in Holland, 226.

Ichneumon bilunulatus, parasite of

Panolis fiammea m Holland, 226.
Ichneumon comitator, parasite of
Panolis flammea in Holland, 226.
Ichneumon deceptor, parasite of

vine moths in Austria, 353.
Ichneumon derogator, parasite of
Panolis flammea in Holland, 226.
Ichneumon dumeticola, parasite of
Panolis flammea in Holland, 226.
Ichneumon equitatorius, parasite of
Panolis flammea in Holland, 226.
Ichneumon fabricator, parasite ot
Panolis flammea in Holland, 226.
Ichneumon flavatorius, parasite of
Liparis monacha in Holland,
424.
Ichneumon gradarius, parasite of
Panolis flammea in Holland, 226.
Ichneumon magnus, proposed intro-
duction of, into Santo Domingo
against Protoparce Carolina, 527.
Ichneumon moHtorius, parasite of
Panolis flammea in Holland, 226.
Ichneumon nigritarius, parasite of
Panolis flammea in Holland, 226.
Ichneumon nigrocyaneus, parasite
of Panolis flammea in Holland,
226.
Ichneumon pachymerus, parasite of
Panolis flammea in Holland, 226.
Ichneumon pallidifrons , parasite of
Panolis fl.ammea in HoUand, 226.
Ichneumon scutellator, parasite of
Panolis flammea in Holland, 226.
Ichneumon trilineaius, parasite of
Panolis flammea in Holland, 226.
Ichneumon tristis, parasite of Panolis

flammea in Holland, 226.
ichneumoneus, Enoclerus.

INDEX.

641

Ichneumonidae, classification of,
417, 509.

idaeus, Aphis.

Idaho, bionomics and control of
Aniiraphis bakeri on clover in,
279 ; field-pea pests in, 300 ;
vegetable pests and their control
in, 285 ; legislation regarding
importation of lucerne into Canada
from, 416 ; Cydia pomonella inter-
cepted in California in apples
from, 114, 182, 319.

Idiocevus, measures against, on
mangos in Punjab, 109.

Idiocevus atkinsoni (Mango Hopper),
in Bengal, 445.

Idiocerus clvpealis, on mango in
Formosa, 86.

Idiocerus cognatus, bionomics of,
on Populus alba in U.S.A., 82, 464.

Idiocerus distinguendus (see /.
cognatus).

Idiocerus niveosparsus, on mango in
Formosa, 86.

Idiocerus scurra (Poplar Leaf-
hopper), in nurseries in New
Jersey, 300 ; probably imported
into U.S.A. with poplars, 464.

Idiosaissetia, gen. nov., ni South
Africa, 447.

Idiosaissetia peringueyi, sp. n., on
grasses and reeds in South Africa,
447.

ilicicola, Moresch ieV.a .

ilione, Ituna.

illepida, Cryptophlebia [Argyroploce).

Illinois, bionomics and control of
forms of Lepidosaphcs tilmi in,
305 ; insects resembling Pyrausta
nubilalis in, 450 ; pests from,
intercepted in California, 114,
182, 387.

illotus, Psammodes.

ilium inatella, A rgyresth ia .

imbricata, Chionaspis (Dinaspis).

immaculata, Tolumnia.

immigrans, Itoplectis ; Sclerodermus.

immunis, Astycus.

i»ipar, Lachnosterna.

Impatiens hi flora, new Aphid on, in
U.S.A., 418.

impatiensicolens, Macrosiphum.

Imperata arundinacea (Bladygrass),
food -plant of Rhvparida niorosa
in Queensland, 411.

impictiventris, Enschistus.

implicata, Lachnosterna.

Imported Cabbage Worm (see Pieris
rapae) .

Imported Currant Worm (see
Pteronus rihesii) .

impressicolle, A lissonotum.
(3202)

impressus, Lyctus [Trogoxylon).

inaequalis, Craponius.

Incense Cedar (see Libocedrus
decurrens) .

incertellus, Schoenobius.

incincta, Eriopyga.

inconsequens, Taeniothrips.

inconspicua, Neurotoma.

Incurvaria capitella, control of, on
currants in Holland, 199.

Incurvaria rubiella, in Austria, 263.

indav, Chionaspis.

India, beneficial insects in, 19, 100 ;
cotton pests in, 7, 519 ; forest
pests in, 10, 101, 164-167, 171,
243, 514 ; notes on miscellaneous
pests in, 83-85, 99-101, 120, 191,
296, 409, 457 ; rice pests in, 472 ;
pests of tea in, 204, 209, 453, 455,
530 ; notes on Aphids of, 55,
387, 418 ; economic importance
of Athene brama in, 409 ; classifi-
cation of Coccidae of, 146, 205 ;
notes on new gall-midges in, 473 ;
Homoptera of, 86 ; bionomics
and control of Hypsipyla robusta
in, 164-167 ; report on indigenous
insects as a check on spread of
Lantana in, 473 ; new Lepidop-
terous pests in, 534 ; notes on
Prionine beetles of, 60 ; cultiva-
tion of lac from a physiological
standpoint in, 229 ; pests from,
intercepted in other countries,
23, 114, 157; prohibition against
importation of food-plants of
Aleurocanthus woghwii into Cuba
from, 256 ; Opius fletcheri in-
troduced into Hawaii from,
against Dacus cucurbitae, 347.

Indian Almond (see Terminalia
catappa).

Indian Cane, Pseudococcus sacchari
intercepted on, in U.S.A., 307.

Indian Meal Moth (see Plodia
interpuncteUa).

Indian Peach Aphis (see Anuraphis
helichrysi) .

Indiana, miscellaneous pests in,
22.

indica, Antonina ; Aonidia ; Dia-
diplosis.

indicata, Nacoleia.

indicum, Calosoma.

indicus, Athysanus ; Dactylopins
(Coccus) confusus ; Helwthrips.

indiginella, Mineola.

Indigo (Indigofera), Arytainapuncti-
pennis on, in Bengal a,nd Ceylon,
191.

Indigo Psyllid (see Arytaina isitis).

Indigofera (see Indigo).

H

642

INDEX.

Indigofera avvecta, pests of, in

Ceylon, 520, 521.
Indo-China, rice and maize pests
in, 402 ; Xylotnipes spp. on
coconuts in, 275.
indoeiisalis, Sparganoth is .
inerme, Elaphidion.
inermis, Eriococcus ; Stictocephala.
inferens, Sesaniia.
infernus, Gambrus.
infidus, Encyrtus.
inflatus, Corynibites.
wfusa, Euxoa {Agrotis).
Inglisia elytropappi, sp. n., on
Elytropappus rhinocerotis in South
Africa, 447.
Inglisia geranii, sp. n., on geranium

in South Africa, 447.
Inglisia zizyphi, sp. n., on Zizyphus

in South Africa, 447.
Ink, insect-galls used in manufac-
ture of, 2.
innocuus, Perperus.
inquieta, Catephia (see Scotogramma

trifolii) .
inquilina, Pseiidophilippia.
inquilinuni, Lecanium.
inquilinus, Pseudococcus.
inquinata, Cassida.
inquisitor, Pimpla ; Rhagium.
Insect Galls, commercial uses of, 2.
Insect Migrations, influence of, on

plant pests and diseases, 19.
Insect Powder, spraying with,
against Cydia molesta, 24, 321 ;
spraying with, against Aleurodes
taonabae and Zygina apicalis,
397, 398 ; against sawflies, 144 ;
against Scotogramma trifolii, 194 ;
and kerosene emulsion, 24, 194,
397, 398 ; adulteration of, with
powdered daisy flowers, 13 ; (see
Pyrethrum) .
Insecticides, legislation regarding,
in U.S.A., 343 ; for orchard use,
investigations on, in Oregon, 372 ;
notice of analyses of, 429 ; list
of, 444 ; (see Bordeaux Mixture,
Lead Arsenate, Paris Green, etc.).
Insecto, and nicotine sulphate,

effect of, on flea-beetles, 75.
Insects, transmitting plant and
animal diseases, 396, 413 ;
apparatus for examining bio-
logical phenomena in, 271 ; ex-
periments on chemotropism in,
327 ; notice of suggestions for
representing life-histories of, by
means of symbols, 269.
Insects (Dried), utilisation of, for
poultry food in Mexico, 429 ;
insects infesting, 122, 223.

insidiosus, Triphleps.

insignis, Eriococcus ; Orthczia.

ins iticiana, Ecdytolopha.

insolitus, Phenacoccus.

instabilis, Protostrophits.

instigator, Pimpla.

insuetus, Liodoniomerus .

insiilana, Earias.

insular is, Atta ; Perperus; Scepii-

cus ; Trionymi'is.
integer, Spirostreptus.
integerrima, Datana.
integriceps, Eurygastcr.
intennedium , Opatrum.
inter punctella, Plodia.
intervuptus, Eudactylus.
intricata, Oxya.

intricatus, Scolytiis {Eccoptogaster).
intrudens, Coptoterynes.
intrusa, Ampera.
inversa, Drosopliila.
io, Achrysopopliagus ; Vanessa.
Iowa, pests from, intercepted in

California, 13, 114.
Ipobracon oeceticola, sp. n., parasite
of Oeceticus plate nsis in Argentina,
298, 299.
ipomaea, Eriophyes.
Ipomoea batatas (see Sweet Potato).
Ips acuminatus (Large-toothed Pine
Beetle), in forests in Austria,
471 ; in forests in Britain, 378,
379.
Ips amitinus, in forests in Central

Europe, 161, 325, 420.
Ips chalcographiis (see Pityogenes).
Ips curvidens, accompanying Cry-
phaliis piceae in fir in Bavaria, 332.
Ips duplicatus, in forests in Lithu-
ania, 420.
Ips fallax, sp. n., in Siberia, 175.
Ips laricis (Large-toothed Pine
Beetle), in forests in Britain, 379 ;
in forests in Lithuania, 420.
Ips longicollis, in forests in Lithu-
ania, 420.
Ips sexdentatus, natural enemies of,
in France, 489 ; in forests in
Lithuania, 420 ; in Siberia, 175.
Ips subelongatus , in Siberia, 175.
Ips suturalis, in forests in Lithuania,

420.
Ips typographiis, in forests in Central

Europe, 161, 325, 420.
irava, Hidari.
iridescens, Levuana.
Iridomyrniex humilis (Argentine
Ant), predaceous on Cydia
pomonella in South Africa, 284 ;
measures against spread of, in
France, 326, 461, 489; pre-
cautions against introduction of,.

INDEX,

643

into Italv, 445 ; measures against,
in U.S.A., 114, 181, 285, 521 ;
formula for bait for, 507.

Iridoniyrmex piii'piirasccns (Forag-
ing Ant), predaceous on bees in
Queensland, 158.

Iris, Tropinota crinita on, in ^Morocco,
121.

Iris alherti, Anitraphis intercepted
on, in U.S.A., 307.

Iris tingitana, Anuraphis tiiUpae
intercepted on, in U.S.A., 307.

Iris, Japanese, Dipterous larva
intercepted in, in California, 181.

Iris Root Borer (see Macronoctua
onusta).

Iron, Cast, contact with, favouring
decomposition in liquid hydro-
cyanic-acid, 91.

Iron Arsenate, spraying Avith,
against Papilio thoantiadcs, 214 ;
Popillia japonica attracted by
odour of, 308.

Iron Sulphate, vine-stocks painted
with solution of, against scale-
insects, 252 ; soil treated with
solution of, against millipedes, 369.

Ironbark Tree, Pterygophovus analis
on, in Australia, 442.

Ironwood (see Ostrya virginiana).

irrorata, Cryptophaga.

Isaria, causing disease in Phryneta
spinator in South Africa, 70 ;
infesting wireworms in Britain,
138 ; infesting Byachyplatys
pacificus in Fiji, 27.

Isaria farinosa, infesting Lygaeone-
matus erichsoni in "Michigan, 188.

Ischnaspis, in South Africa, 117.

Ischnaspis filiformis (see /. longi-
rostris).

Ischnaspis longirostris, intercepted
in California, 49, 182 ; on coconut
in Ceylon, 520 ; food-plants of, in
Cuba, 229 ; on coconuts in San
Thome, 494.

Ischnoceriis filicovnis (see I. nisticus).

Ischnocerus riisticus, hosts of, in
France, 37.

isitis, Arytama.

Isle of Wight Disease, in bees in
Britain, 56.

isocrates, Virachola.

isocyrta, Tortrix.

Isodon, on sugar-cane in Queensland
164.

Isodon piincticolle , on peanut and
tomatos in Queensland, 62, 157.

Isosoma (see Harmolita).

isthmia, Brassolis.

Isurgus heterocerus, parasite of
Meligethes in German}-, 542.
3202)

italicus, Calliptamus.

Italv, beneficial insects in. 122-127,
159, 160, 223, 252, 432, 516 ;
bionomics of Blastophaga psenes
in, 534 ; bionomics and control
of Coccids in, 35, 122-127, 252,
432 ; precautions against intro-
duction of Iridomyrmex • hiimilis
into, 445 ; bionomics and control
of locusts in, 484-486 ; miscel-
laneous pests in, 141, 203, 204,
216, 264, 424; olive pests in,
216 ; cultivation of Pyrethrum
cincrariae folium for insecticides
in, 334 ; utilisation of poisonous
gases against noxious insects in,
334, 367 ; plant pest legislation
in, 136 ; Pyrausta nubilalis inter-
cepted in U.S.A., in Andropogon
sorghum from, 247.

Itonida penniseti, sp. n., on Pennise-
tum cenchroides in India, 473.

Itoplectis immigrans, sp. n., in
Hawaii, 435.

Ituna ilione, measures against, on
fig in Brazil, 366.

Itycorsia zappei, sp. n., on pine in
U.S.A., 381.

Ivy, insects on, in Britain, 58, 343.

Ivy Scale (see Aspidiotus hederae).

J.

jaceae, Macrosiphum.

Jack Pine (see Pinus divavicata).

Jack Spaniard Wasp (see PoUstes).

Jackdaw, destroying Xylomyges
eridania in Florida, 236.

jacobsoni, Scolytus {Eccoptogaster).

jaculifera, Feltia.

Jaggery (Palm Sugar), in formula
for bait for Gonocephaliim , 65.

Jak (see Artocavpus integri folia).

Jamaica, measures against Aleuro-
canthus moglumi on citrus in, 480 ;
Pscudophilippia inquilina associ-
ated with ants in, 119 ; prohibi-
tion against importation of food-
plants of Aleurocanthiis ti'oglumi
into Cuba from, 256 ; pests from,
imported into other countries,
236, 337 ; pests from, intercepted
in U.S.A., 237, 306, 307.

Jambosa vulgaris, food-plant of
Heliothrips rubrocinctus in Dutch
Guiana, 537.

Janata, Achaea.

Janus compressiis, bionomics and
control of, on pears in France,
496.

H 2

644

IXDEX.

Japan, notes on Aphids of, 11, 151,
322 ; pests of beet in, 398 ; bio-
nomics and control of Cydia
molesta in, 23, 321 ; other orchard
pests in, 120, 122, 144, 257 ;
pests of grape vines in, 397 ;
Homoptera of, 86 ; Hymenopter-
ous parasites in, 16, 509 ; mis-
cellaneous pests in, 142, 144,
194, 195, 301, 308, 321 ; new
scale-insect on Alnus japonica in,
375 ; pests of stored products in,
143, 249, 255 ; bionomics of silk-
worms in, 24, 195, 196, 399 ;
insects used as food and in
medicine in, 196 ; plant pest
legislation in, 330 ; cultivation of
pyrethrum in, 363, 422 ; pre-
cautions against introduction of
Popillia japonica into Canada
from, 222 ; Popillia japonica
introduced into New Jersey from,
43, 95 ; pests from, intercepted
in Hawaii, 23, 431 ; pests from,
intercepted in U.S.A., 13, 49
114, 182, 240, 306, 307. 338*
365, 386, 479, 509; legislation
against pests from, in USA
512.
Japanese Beetle (see Popillia

japonica).
Japanese Maple (see Acer palniatiim)
Japanese Maple Leafhopper (see

Platymetopiiis hyalinus) .
Japanese Mealy-bug (see Pseudo-
coccus kraunhiae) .
Japanese Peach Moth (see Cydia

molesta) .
Japanese Rose Beetle (see Adoretus

spp.)
Japanese Spindlewood (see Euony-

mus).
japonensis, Buprestis.
japonica, Chaitophorus ; Dictyo-
ploca ; Popillia ; Ricania simu-
lans.
japonicus, Cybistev.
Jasmine, Aulacaspis pentagona on,
in Italy, 142; Pseiidischnaspis
alienus intercepted on, in U.S.A.,
236 ; Chionaspis salicis on, in
Britain, 344.
Jatropha curcas, food-plant of
Tetranychus telarius in Dutch
East Indies, 454.
Jatropha multifida, Hornoeocerus on,

in Gold Coast, 9.
Java, miscellaneous pests in, 28
40, 86, 139, 149, 399, 400, 457;
rubber pests in, 141, 534 ; new
parasite of Dacus ferrugineus in,
435 ; pests from, intercepted in

other countries, 157, 43] ;
Plaesius javanus introduced into
Fiji from, against Cosmopohies
sordidus, 297 ; Chionaspis

madiunensis probably introduced

into Uganda from, 243 ; (see
also Dutch East Indies).
Java Coffee (see Coffea arabica) .
javanus, Biosteres ; Plaesius.
Jerusalem, scale-insects intercepted

in California on citron from, 49.
jesuita, Bostrychopsis (Bosirychus).
Job's Tears {seeCoix lachryma-jobi).
johanseni, Dendrocton us .
Johnson Grass (see Andropogcn

halepensis).
Jointworm (see Harmolita).
Joppinae, classification of, 417.
jucunda, Agromyza.
jucundellus, Crambus.
juglandicola, Chromaphis .
juglandis, Conotrachelus ; Rhago-

letis.
Juglans (see Walnut).
Juglans manshurica, Hylesinus eos

in, in Siberia, 10.
Juglans regia, Rhagoletis juglandis

on, in U.S.A., 234 ; Eulecanium

coryli on, 124.
junci, Antheroides ; Lixus.
Juncus articulatus, Antheroides

hirtellus on, in Britain, 146.
Juncus effusus, bionomics and con-
trol of Tomostethus on, in Japan,

144.
June Bugs, measures against, en

citrus in Cuba, 51 ; (see

Allovrhina).
juniperi, Diaspis.
Juniperus communis, infested with

male bark-beetles in Germany,

175.
Juniperus occidentalis (Western

Juniper), Trachykels blondeli in,

in U.S.A., 295.
Juniperus virginiana (Red Cedar),

Megilla maculata hibernating en,

in U.S.A., 32.
Jute, pests of, in Bengal, 444.
Jute Hairy Caterpillar (see Diacrisia

obliqua).
Jute Semilooper (see Anomis

sabulifera) .
juvencus, Sirex.

K.

Kainit, as a soil-dressing for
Otiorrhynchus sulcatus in vine-
yards, 359.

INDEX.

645

Kakothrips pisivora (Pea Thrips),

on beans and peas in Britain,

351 ; on beans and peas in

Holland, 199.

Kale, pests of, in U.S.A., 32 280

402.
Kaliosysphinga ulmi (Elm Leaf-
miner), in U.S.A., 247!
kaltenbachi, Macrosiphnm.
Kamani (see Calophyllum inophyl-

litm).
Kamendaka saccharivora, on sugar-
cane in Formosa, 86.
Kamerun, new Scoh'tid from, 17.5 ;

tobacco pests in, 424, 425.

Kansas, organisation of extension

entomology in, 246 ; bionomics

of Lachnosierna spp. in, 391 ;

campaign against Mclanopltis

atlantis in, 314 ; miscellaneous

pests in, 14, 215, 247; pests

from, intercepted in California,

319, 387 ; pests intercepted in

quarantine in, 14.

Kansas Bait, compared with dusting

against Xylomyges eridania, 236.

Kaolin, and lime, dusting with,

against Chromaphis juglandicola,

130.

Kapok Tree (see Eriodcndron

anfractuosiim) .
karroo, Tachardia.
Karschomyia cocci, probably a
parasite of Pseudococcus virgatus
in Porto Rico, 303.
Karyokinesis, relation of, to

immunitj^ in insects, 36, 251.
kasinoki, Broussoneiia.
Katakilla, against Aphids, 73.
Katydids, destroyed by lizards in

Porto Rico, 484.
Kedele (see Glycine soja).
kellyi, Saissetia ; Sarcophaga.
Kentucky, bionomics and control
of Protoparce spp. on tobacco in,
364.
Keratas, Aspidiotiis palmac on, in

Britain, 344.
Kermes, list of Hymenopterous

parasites of, in U.S.A., 16.
Kermes acaciae, parasitised by
Myiocnema compere i in New South
^^'ales, 16.
Kermes galliformis, parasitised by
Aenasioidea kermicola in U.S.A.,
16.
Kermes essigi, parasitised by
Aenasioidea kermicola in U.S.A.,
16.
Kermes kingi, parasitised by |
Euclemensia hasscttella in U.S.A.,
81. I

Kermes miyasakii, parasitised by
Aenasioidea teniiicornis in Tapan.
16.
Kermes nigropunctatiis , parasites of,

in U.S.A., 16.
Kermes pubescens, parasites of, in

Canada and U.S.A., 16.

Kermes qiiercus, parasites of, in

U.S.A., 16 ; on oak in Britain,

343.

Kermes undulata (see K. quercus).

kermicola, Aenasioidea.

Kerosene, for protecting breeding

cages from ants, 28 ; against

Blissits leucoptenis, 505 ; Cyma-

tophora ribearia destroyed with,

386 ; cherry-trees treated with,

against Maroga unipunctana, 333 ;

injection of, into timber against

termites and borers, 242, 506 ;

injurious effect of, on trees, 87 ; (see

Paraffin and Petroleum).

Kerosene Emulsion, against Aleuro-

dids, 228, 397 ; against Agromyza

phaseoli, 283 ; against Aphids and

Coccids, 58, 129, 217, 285, 292,

297, 337, 339, 423 ; injections of,'

against borers, 506; against various

Lepidoptera, 24, 194, 321 ;

against Psyllids, 263 ; against

various Rhynchota, 398, 488,

505 ; against sawflies, 144 ;

against thrips, 144, 281, 286, 362 ;

effect of, on Typophorus canellus,

313; effect of, on underground

insects, 482.

Kerosene Torch, Dysdcrcits delauneyi

destroyed with, 206.
Kiaochow, new Tortricid on pines

in, 199.
kiefferi, Cephalonomia.
kingi, Kermes.
kinzeli, Scymnus.
Kirbyana pagana, on sugar-cane in

Formosa, 86.
kirkaldyi, Fullawayella {Macrosi-
phnm).
kirschi, Scolytus {Eccoptogaster) .
klngi, Cosmophorus ; Megalodontes.
Knol-khol, Bagrada picta on, in

Ceylon, 521. '
kochi. Aphis,
koebelei, Gonatocerns.
Koelreuieria macrocidatd, Chaito-
phorinella koelrenteriae on, in
Japan, 11.
koelrenteriae, Chaitophorinella.
Kola Nut, Oncideres albomarginata

on, in British Guiana, 55.
Kolla, on rice in India, 473.
KoUa albomarginata, on sugar-cane
in Formosa, S6.

646

INDEX.

Kopper's Solution, formula for,
against underground insects, 482.

Korea, cotton pests in, 319 ; bio-
nomics and control of Cydia
•molesta in, 143.

kraatzi, Pteleobius ; Xyleborus (see
A', perforans) .

kraunhiae, Psendococcus.

kraussei, Chrysocharis.

kuhniella, Ephestia.

Kukui Nut, Phenacaspis eugeniae
intercepted in, in California, 387.

kunooensis, Lecanium.

kuvanae, Schedius.

kuwanae, Greenidea.

kiiwanai, Chaitophorinella.

kuwanii, Santuzza.

Kuwanina obscurata, on Eucalyptus
in New South Wales, 63.

Kyanit, suggested use of, against
Decilaus citriperda, 211 .

Kybos, on figs in Queensland, 157.

Labena, notice of key to species of,

417.
Labena apicalis, parasite of Chryso-

bothris femorata in North America,

190.
Labeiia confusa var. minor, n.,

parasite of Chrysoboihris femorata

in North America, 417.
Labena grallator, parasite of Chrvso-

bothris femorata in North America,

190.
Labidostoniis, on vines in Russia,

106.
Labidostomis hordei, on vines in

Morocco, 121.
Lablab (see Dolichos lablab).
labor ator, Stenocrates.
laboulbenei, Maenas.
Laboulbenia formicarum, infesting

Formica pallidefulva subsp.

schaufiissi in U.S.A., 417.
laburni, Aphis.

Lac, cultivation of, in India, 229.
Lac Insect (see Tachardia lacca).
lacca, Tachardia.
Lace-wing Flies, predaceous on

Aphis sorghi in Anglo-Eg;^'ptian

Sudan, 198 ; (see Chrysopa and

Llemerobius) .
Lachniella tujafilina (Arborvitae

Aphis), on cypress in California,

394.
Lachnodius, 187.
Lachnodius salicis, sp. n., on Salix

in U.S.A., 187.

Lachnosterna (White Grubs, May
beetles), measures against, in
Canada, 2, 233 ; measures against,
in U.S.A., 22, 188, 459, 481,
482 ; measures against, on
sugar-cane in West Indies, 248,
296, 446 ; Anomala undulata
closely related to, 383 ; genitalia
of, 302 ; experiments with
Sorosporella uvella and, 169.

Lachnosterna antennata, on sugar-
cane in U.S.A., 79.

Lachnosterna burmeisteri, on sugar-
cane in U.S.A., 79.

Lachnosterna congrua, on sugar-
cane in U.S.A., 79.

Lachnosterna crassissima, bionomics
of, in U.S.A., 79, 391.

Lachnosterna diomphalia, bionomics
of, on beet in Japan, 399.

Lachnosterna foxii, food-plants of,
in U.S.A., 505.

Lachnosterna fvaterna var. missis-
sippiensis, n., food-plants of, in
U.S.A., 505.

Lachnosterna fittilis, bionomics of,
in Kansas, 391.

Lachnosterna hirticiila var. comosa,
n., in U.S.A., 505.

Lachnosterna impar, sp. n., in U.S.A.,
505.

Lachnosterna impUcata, bionomics
of, in Kansas, 391.

Lachnosterna lanceolata, destroyed
by Nematodes in Kansas, 392.

Lachnosterna parvidens var. hystero-
pyga, n., in U.S.A., 505.

Lachnosterna pearliae, food-plants of,
in U.S.A., 505.

Lachnosterna perlonga, sp. n., food-
plants of, in U.S.A., 505.

Lachnosterna {Phyllophaga) porto-
ricensis, in Porto Rico, 484.

Lachnosterna postrema, 505.

Lachnosterna qitadrata, probably
identical with L. postrema, 505.

Lachnosterna ruMginosa, bionomics
of, in Kansas, 391.

Lachnosterna ritgosa, bionomics of,
in Kansas, 391.

Lachnosterna soror, in U.S.A., 505.

Lachnosterna submucida, bionomics
of, in Kansas, 391.

Lachnosterna vehemens, bionomics
of, in Kansas, 391.

Lachniis, authorship of, 200, 354.

Lachnus himalayensis, sp. n., in
India, 55.

Lachnus maculata (see Maculo-
lachniis rosae) .

Lachnus picsae, on fir, in Italy, 142.

Lachnus pineti (see L. pineus).

INDEX.

647

Ldchnus pincii<:, on pines in

Germany, 273.
Lachniis pini, ants associated with,

on pines in Germany, 273.
Lachnus pyri, on pears in Persia, 498.
Lachnus rosae, erection of Maciilo-

lachnus for, 202.
Lachnus similis, sp. n., in India, 55.

Lachnus stvobi (Wiiite Pine Aphis),
infesting white pines in U.S.A.,
364.

Lackey Moth (see Malacosoma
neustria) .

Lacon stricticollis, measures against,
on sugar-cane in Fiji, 26.

lacteella, Endrosis.

lacteicolor, Apa)iteles.

Lactuca brevirostris, experiments
with, as a food-plant for silkworms
in Japan, 196.

lactucae, Macrosiphmn ; Phorhia ;
Rhopalosiphum .

lad near iw;, Pemphigus (see P.
bur sarins) .

Lady Fern (see Athyviiiin fHix-
foemina).

Laelia, on peanut in Queensland, 62.

Laelius anthrenivorus, parasite of
Dermestids in Italv, 223.

Laelius bipartitus, parasite of Der-
mestids in France, 223.

Laelius fulvipes, parasite of Der-
mestids in Italy, 223.

Laelius fumipennis, parasite of
Dermestids in U.S..\., 223.

Laelius nigripilosus, parasite of
Dermestids in U.S.A., 223.

Laelius ijerrisi, hosts of, in France,
223, 434.

Laelius rufipes, parasite of Der-
mestids in U.S.A., 223.

Laelius tibialis, hosts of, in France,
223, 434.

Laelius tricarinatus , parasite of
Dermestids in U.S.A., 223.

Laelius trogodermatis, parasite of
Dermestids in U.S.A., 223.

Laelius utilis, sp. n., parasite of
Dermestids in Virginia, 223.

Laemophloeus, in stored dates in
JNIesopotamia, 479.

Laemophloeus ferrugineus, experi-
ments with hydrocyanic-acid gas
against, in Germany, 426 ; in
Russia, 105 ; value of chloro-
picrin against, 260, 334.

laetatorius, Diplazon.

laetus, Oxycarenus.

laevigana, Tovtrix (see T. rosana).

laevigatella, Argvresthia.

laevigatas, Oryctes.

laevis, Scolytus.

Lagerstroemia indica, Rhopalosiphum
sambucicola on, in Japan, 11.

Lagocheirus obsoletus, measures
against, on cassava in Cuba, 52 ;
parasitised by Scleroderma im-
migrans in Hawaii, 436.

lameeri, Chrotogonus.

Lamia, 273.

Lampides baetica, on Cajanus in-Hcus
in Ceylon, 520 ; on pigeon peas
in Mauritius, 73.

Lamprocoris lateralis, probably in
Dutch East Indies, 453.

Lampronia rubiella (see Incurvaria).

Lamtoro (see Leucaena glauca) .

lanata, Megalopyge.

lanceolata, Lachnosterna.

lanceolatum, Macrosiphum.

Landaurett Apparatus, for applying
nicotine vapour against Aphids,
276, 346.

lanestris, Eriogaster [Lasiocampa) .

Langia zeuzeroides, probably on
apples and pears in India, 84.

laniger, Chionaspis.

lanigera, Oregma.

laniger um, Eriosoma {Myzoxylus,
Schizoneura) .

Lanius ludovicianus, destroying
Xylomyges eridania in Florida,
236.

Lantana, report on indigenous in-
sects as a check on spread of, in
India, 473 ; caterpillar resembling
Clania holinssi on, in Dutch East
Indies, 456 ; destroyed by
Agromyza in New South Wales,
S ; Agromyza introduced from
Hawaii to destroy, in Queensland,
155.

Lantana camara, destroyed by
Agromyzid fly in Australia, 62,
158 ; new gall-midge on, in
India, 473 ; food-plant of
TetranycJius telarius in Dutch
East Indies, 454.

Lantana indica, pests of, in India,

473.
Lantana Fly, efticac}^ of introduction
of, into Queensland to destroy
lantana, 62, 155; suggested intro-
duction of, into India from
Hawaii, 473 ; (see Agromyza
lantanae) .
lantanae, Agromyza; Asphondylia.
lanuginosum, Eriosoma.
lapathi, Cryptorrhynchus.
Laphygma exempta (Army Worm),
measures against, in South Africa,
412.
Laphygma exigua (Pigweed Cater-
pillar), on tobacco in Africa, 425 ;

648

INDEX.

on beet in Japan, 398 ; a minor
pest of tobacco in Southern
Rhodesia, 134 ; in Russia, 105.

Laphygma friigiperda (Rice Worm),
on cotton in Antigua, 296 ; in
British Guiana, 145, 472 ; des-
troyed by lizards in Porto Rico,
484 ; bionomics and control of, in
U.S.A., 79, 236, 300, 450. 459.

lapisligni, Apheliniis.

Larch {Larix, Tamarack), Coleophora
laricella on, in Austria, 262 ;
pests of, and their control in
Britain, 59, 138, 237, 379, 380 ;
Polygraphus rufipennis on, in
Canada, 192 ; pests of, in Ger-
many, 262, 358 ; Chermes stvo-
bilobius on, in Italy, 159 ;
Gastrodes ferrugineus on, in
Lithuania, 469 ; Lygaeonematus
pini on, in Switzerland, 470 ;
pests of in U.S.A., 64, 127, 188,
341.

Larch, American (see Larix
laricina) .

Larch, Japanese, attacked b}'
Argyresthialaevigatella in Britain,
237.

Larch Case-bearer (see Coleophora
laricella) .

Larch Shoot Moth (see Argyresthia
aimoriella) .

Larch Shoot-boring Moth (see
A rgyresthia laevigatella) .

lardarius, Dermestes.

Large Larch Sawfly (see Lygaeone-
matus erichsoni) .

Large Moth Borer (see Castnia
licus) .

Large-toothed Pine Beetle (see Ips
acuminahts and /. laricis).

Larger Black Hardback (see
TJyscinetiis gentinatiis) .

Laria (see Bruchus).

laricella, Coleophora.

laricis, Ips (Tomicus).

Lariniis afer, mining artichokes in
Morocco, 121.

Larinus flavescens , mining artichokes
in Morocco, 121.

Larix (see Larch).

Larix laricina (American Larch),
list of pests of, in U.S.A., 127.

Larkspur, Aphis rociadae on, in
^Montana, 8.

Lasiocatnpa lanestris (see Ericgaster) .

Lasiocampa neustria (see Malaco-
soma).

Lasiocampa qitercus, on roses and
lilac in Russia, 104.

Lasioderma, infesting stored coffee
in Dutch Guiana, 536.

Lasioderma serricorne (Cigarette
Beetle), ^^ ; in stored tobacco
in Africa, 425 ; measures against,
in stored tobacco in Connecticut,
341 ; in stored foodstuffs, books,
etc., in British Guiana, 55 ;
measures against, in stored
tobacco in Dutch East Indies,
330 ; measures against, in stored
tobacco in Tonkin, 221.

Lasiodiplodia theobromae, infesting
cacao in San Thome, 492.

Lasiopa atrata, on peaches in South
America, 299.

Lasiophthiciis pyvastri, in California,
9.

Lasiosina cinctipes, on barley in
Central Europe, 288.

Lasius emarginatus nigro-emargina-
tus, associated with new Aphid in
Persia, 498.

Lasius niger, Lccanopsis forinicarium
associated with, in Guernsey, 343.

Laspeyresia leucostoma (see Cydia).

Laspeyresia molesta (see Cydia).

Laspeyresia pallidibasaHs (see
Cydia) .

Laspeyresia pomonella (see Cydia) .

Laspeyresia pntnivora (see Enar-
monia).

Laspeyresia trichocrossa, considered
a synonym of Euccsma critica,
100.

lataniae, Aspidiotus {Euaspidiohts) ;
Cerataphis.

latecavatus, Oryctes.

lateralis. Anthrax ; Chrvsopa ;
Hyperaspis ; Lamprocoris.

Lathrobiinn bntnnipes, intercepted
on imported nursery stock in
Connecticut, 338.

laticeps, Briichobius.

laticollis, Baris.

laticornis, Keichnea.

latinasiis, Caiilophiliis.

latiscapus, Aenasioidea.

latiis, Poecilocoris ; Tarsonernus.

Laurel, Coccus hesperidum inter-
cepted on, in Connecticut, 337 ;
pests of, in Italy, 142.

Laurel, California, Polycaon sicuiii
in, in U.S.A., 463.

lauri, Aovidia ; Heilipiis.

lavagnei, Monolexis.

Lawana, encouraging growth of
Corticimn javanicum in Dutch
East Indies, 513 ; on cofiee in
Dutch East Indies, 538.

Lawns, measures against Gryllotalpa
in, in Australia, 465 ; measures
against Scapteriscits vicinus in,
in St. Lucia, 233 ; measures

INDEX.

649

against pests of, in I^.S.A., 14,
463, 481.
Lead, list of insect.'? damaging, 81 ;
Bostrychiis cvlinrfricits boring in, in
Australia, 374 ; insects boring in,
in U.S.A., 96 ; contact with,
favouring decomposition in liquid
hydrocyanic-acid, 91.
Lead, White, against borers in

fruit trees, 506.
Lead Arsenate, 444 ; as a powder,
2, 22, 92, 130, 137, 207, 219, 231,
233, 235, 238, 277, 280, 286. 310,
313, 340, 363, 384, 390, 403, 437,
460, 504 ; formulae for, in spravs,
113, 148, 292, 383, 403, 477;
against cotton pests, 22, 96, 148,
245, 280 ; against pests of forest
trees, 154, 220, 278, 529 ;
against maize pests, 340 ;
against orchard pests, 2, 7, 95,
129, 130, 164, 207, 217, 218, 219,
233, 238, 277, 310, 312, 313, 317,
322, 333, 334, 336, 340, 341, 344,
345, 363, 370, 372, 383, 386, 410,
413, 437, 477, 490, 530; against
tobacco pests, 134, 231, 527,
538 ; against vegetable pests. 12,
52, 61. 73. 92, 95, 137, 214, 235,
339, 384, 390, 403, 404, 406, 412,
460, 532 ; against vine pests, 38,
94, 113, 403; and ashes, 231;
and Bordeaux mixture, 38, 95,
233, 312, 317, 403, 404, 413. 460 ;
and lime, 92, 235, 403, 460 ;
and lime-sulphur, 76, 219, 317 ;
and nicotine, 7, 128 ; and Paris
green, 313 ; and saponin, 61 ;
and soap, 313, 538 ; and sulphur,
2, 233, 280, 363 ; spraying with,
against cacao thrips, 440 ; ex-
periments with, against Diar-
thronomyia hypogaca, 342 ; spray-
ing with, against Stephanoderes
hampei, 449 ; ineffective against
Scapteriscus vicinns, 248 ; in-
effective against Typophorus
canelliis, 313 ; lime-sulphur
followed by, more efficacious tlian
when used in reversed order, 63 ;
experiments with substitutes
for, 155 ; precautions against
adulteration and misbranding of,
186 ; supposed poisoning of horses
by, in U.S.A., 250.
Lead Chromate, spraying with,
against Crocidoloiiiia binotalis,
445.
Lead Sulphide, 77.
Lead Tliiosulphate, 77.
Leaf-hoppers, introduction of pre-
daceous enemies of, into Hawaii,

72 ; in U.S.A., 14, 209, 371, 414 ;
relation of, to mosaic disease of
sugar-cane, 371, 414; (see
Entettix, Perkinsiella, Toinaspis,
etc.).
Leather, attacked by Lasioderma
scrricorne in British Guiana, 55.
Leather-jackets, measures against,
in Britain, 348, 351 ; (see Tipida).
leayana, Calopepla.
Lebia grandis, predaceous on cut-
worms in U.S.A., 529.
Lecaniodiaspis, notice of key to
South African species of, 117,
118.
Lecaniodiaspis hrabei, sp. n., on
Brabcium stellatifolium in South
Africa, 117.
Lecaniodiaspis magna, sp. n.. in

South Africa, 117.
Lecaniodiaspis natalensis, sp. n., on

Hibiscus in Soutli Africa, 117.
Lecaniitm, in South Africa, 447 ;
food-plants of, in Cuba, 229 ;
parasitised by Aphycus philippiae
in Italy, 126 ; intercepted on elm
in California, 479.
Lecanium adersi, on mango in India,

101.
Lecanium aequale, on orchid in
Britain, 343 ; in British Guiana,
343.
Lecanium bitubercidatum (see

Eulecanium) .
Lecanium caprcae (see Eulecanium).
Lecanium cerasoyum (see Euleca-
nium).
Lecanium corni (see Eulecanium).
Lecanium cymbifovme (see Eideca-

nium persicae).
Lecanium decemplex (see Eucalvm-

natus).
Lecanium durbanense, sp. n., in

South Africa, 447.
Lecanium ehretiae, sp. n., on
Ehretia hottentcttica in South
Africa, 447.
Lecanium elongatum (see Coccus).
Lecanium excrescens, sp. n., food-
plants of, in Santa Cruz Peninsula,
416.
Lecanium glandi, legislation against
introduction of, into U.S.A., 512.
Lecanium hesperidum (see Coccus).
Lecanium inquilinum, sp. n., ants
associated with, in Britisli Guiana,
119.
Lecanium kunoensis, intercepted in
plums in U.S.A., 307 ; legislation
against introduction of, into
U.S.A., 512.

650

INDEX.

Lecanium longulus (see Coccus).

Lecaniimi mangiferae (see Coccus).

Lecanium nigra (see Saissetia).

Lecanium oleae (see Saissetia).

Lecanium persicae (see Eulecanitim) .

Lecanium proteae, sp. n., on Protea
in South Africa, 447.

Lecanium psendelongatum, sp. n., on
Acacia caffra in South Africa,
447.

Lecanium pumilum, sp. n., in South
Africa, 447.

Lecanium subaciitum, sp. n., on
Coffea robusia in Uganda, 119.

Lecanium viridis (see Coccus).

Lecanium wistariae, sp. n., on wis-
taria in South Africa, 447.

Lecanium zebrinum, parasites of,
on Salix in Britain, 343.

Lecanopsis formicarium, associated
with Lasius niger in Guernsey,
343.

lecontei, Trachykele.

lecius, Optus.

Lecythis, new scale-insects on, in
British Guiana, 119, v533.

leda, Melanitis.

Leek {Allium porrum), Macrosiphum
aim on, in Britain, 59 ; Acrolepia
assectella on, in France, 176.

Legislation, respecting use of
arsenicals in Algeria, 512 ; re-
garding inspection of apiaries in
Connecticut, 338 ; regarding pro-
tection of insectivorous birds in
Eg^'pt, 136 ; suggested against
use of secret remedies for plant
diseases and pests in Germany,
467 ; regarding protection of
birds in British Guiana, 145 ;
regarding calcium arsenate in
U.S.A., 343 ; (see Plant Pests).

leguminicola, Perrisia [Dasyneura) .

leguminicolae , Platygaster.

leguminosa, Charips.

Lema bilineata, bionomics of, in
South Africa, 412.

Lema cyanella, on rye in Germany,
544 ; on oats in Russia, 106.

Lema melanopa, on oats in Russia,
106.

Lema trilineata, on potatoes in
New ^^ork, 303.

Lemon, pests of, in Cuba, 53, 229 ;
control of scale-insects on, in
Cyprus, 204 ; pests of, in Italy,
142 ; Decilaus citriperda on, in
Queensland, 277 ; control of
Papilio thoaniiades on, in Uru-
guay, 214 ; Coccids intercepted
on, in California, 182, 319, 479.

Lemons, in formulae for baits for
grasshoppers, cutworms, etc., 48,
129,314,465.

lemur, Baccha.

lentis, Bruchus.

leonina, Argina.

Leontodon, Euxoa segetum experi-
mentally fed on, in Germany, 271.

Leopard Moth (see Zeuzera pyvina).

Lepevisinus, probably attacking
Fraxinus in U.S.A., 463.

Lepevisinus aculeatus, 463.

Leperisinus fraxini, in Europe, 463.

lepida, Parasa ; Pulvinaria.

lepidii, Meligethes.

Lepidiota (Sugar-cane Beetle), on
tea in Dutch East Indies, 537 ;
bionomics and control of, in
Queensland, 62, 79, 131, 164.

Lepidiota albohirta, bionomics and
control of, on sugar-cane in
Queensland, 132, 465.

Lepidiota consobrina, sp. n., on
sugar-cane in Queensland, 137.

Lepidiota frenchi, natural enemies
of, in Queensland, 132, 164.

Lepidiota pinguis, on Hevea and tea
in Ceylon, 139, 520.

Lepidiota stigma, on Hevea in Dutch
East Indies, 329.

Lepidoptera, notice of Brazilian
silk-spinning species of, 229 ; of
Arctic Canada, 192 ; proportion
of sexes of, taken at light-traps
in U.S.A., 184 ; selection of food-
plants by, 459.

Lepidosaphes, in South Africa, 117 ;
intercepted in California, 182,
319, 480 ; in Uruguay, 214.

Lepidosaphes alba, measures against,
on cassava in Cuba, 52 ; inter-
cepted in U.S.A., 237, 307.

Lepidosaphes auriculata, intercepted
in California, 319, 479.

Lepidosaphes bechii (Purple Scale,
I^Iussel Scale), on limes in Antigua,
296 ; a minor olive pest in
California, 91 ; on citrus in Cuba,
228 ; a possible citrus pest in
Florida, 293 ; on citrus in Queens-
land, 156 ; on cacao in San
Thome, 492 ; intercepted on
citrus in California, 13, 49, 114,
181, 182, 240, 319, 387, 388, 480,
508 ; experiments in fumigating
citrus against, 29.

Lepidosaphes ceanothi, sp. n., on
Ceanothus in U.S.A., 188.

Lepidosaphes ficus (Fig Scale),
measures against, in Italy, 35 ;
intercepted on limes in California,
479.

INDEX.

651

Lepidosaphes gloveri, intercepted on
limes in California, 182, 240, 480,
508.

Lepidosaphes kawaiiensis, 259.

Lepidosaphes meliae, sp. n., on
Melia azedarach in India, 205.

Lepidosaphes inoorsi (see L. hawaii-
ensis) .

Lepidosaphes pinnae formis , mea-
sures against, in Austria, 263.

Lepidosaphes retrusus, sp. n., on
Litsea ivhiteana in India, 205.

Lepidosaphes idmi (Mussel Scale,
Oyster-shell Scale), measures
against, in Algeria and South
France, 450 ; measures against,
in Austria, 263 ; in Britain, 133 ;
bionomics and control of, in
Canada, 148, 281 ; eggs of,
attacked by Hemisarcoptes cocci-
sugiis in Germany, 468 ; measures
against, in Holland, 199 ; on
pear in Italy, 142 ; on apples in
Russia, 104 ; measures against,
in Tasmania, 337 ; bionomics and
control of, in U.S.A., 148, 209,
215, 217, 247, 305, 338, 530;
intercepted in U.S.A., 14, 114,
182, 319, 387.

Lepisnia, a minor pest of books in
Brazil, 36.

Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado
Potato Beetle), bionomics of, in
Canada, 3, 324, 528 ; measures
against, in U.S.A., 135, 285, 397,
412, 459, 460, 477 ; fumigation
experiments against, 533 ; mosaic
disease of potato not transmitted
by, 397.

Leptispa, on rice in ^ladras, 130.

Leptocenti'us, on Cajaniis indicus
in Ceylon, 520.

Leptocorisa, on rice in Dutch East
Indies, 495.

Leptocorisa acuta (Rice Bug, Paddv
Bug), in Ceylon, 111, 520.

Leptocorisa varicornis (Rice Bug,
Paddy Bug), in Assam, 461 ; in
Bengal, 445 ; measures against,
in Ceylon, 411 ; food-plants of,
in Guam, 148.
Leptoglossus memhranaccus, on
cucumber and citrus in Queens-
land, 156.
Leptoglossus phxUopus, on citrus

in Florida, 137.
Leptoiuastix, introduction of, into
California from Australia against
mealy-bugs, 336.
Leptops hopei (Apple Root Weevil),
bionomics and control of, in
New South Wales, 154.

leptospermi, A morphococcus.
Leptospermum, A morphococcus lepto-
spermi in gall on, in Australia, 63.
Leptosphaeria coniothyriiim (Apple
Canker), Oecanthus spp. assoc-
iated with, 4.
Leptostvlus biiisttis, in cassava in

Cuba, 52.
Leptostvlus macula, Endothia para-
sitica spread by, 4.
Leptostvlus sexgutattus, in conifers

in U.S.A., 34, 127.
Leptothrips ^nali, predaceous on

avocado pests in Florida, 219.
Leptura dubia, in forests in

Lithuania, 420.
Leptura rubra, in forests in

Lithuania, 420.
Leptura vittata, in Larix laricina

m U.S.A.. 127.
lesbia, Colias.

Lespedeza stenocarpa, Bruchus

caeruleus in pods of, in India, 10.

Lesser Apple Leaf-roller (see Oxy-

grapha minuta).
Lesser ^Migratory Grasshopper (see

Melanoplus atlantis).
Lesser Pine-shoot Beetle (see

Myelophilus minor) .
Lestodiplosis, natural enemy of
Bvuchophagus funebris in U.S.A.,
361.
Lestodiplosis holstei, sp. n., probably
a parasite of Perrisia strobi in
Germany, 255.
Lestodiplosis septemguttata, L.

holstei allied to, 255.
Lethrus apterus, on grapes in Russia,

106.
Lettuce, pests of, in Britain, o^o, 59.
Lettuce, Wild, Macrosiphum on,

in Canada, 259.
leucadendri , Chionaspis.
Leucadendron argenteum, new
scale-insect on, in South Africa,
117.
Leucaena glaiica (Lamtoro), pests of,

in Dutch East Indies, 407.
Leucania unipuncta (see Cirphis).
leuconotus, A nthores.
leucophthahna, Holotrich ia .
Leucopis, suggested liberation of,
against Pseudococcus gahani in
California, 316 ; parasite of
Filippia oleae in Italy, 124.
Leucopis bella, parasite of mealy-
bugs in California, 318.
Leucopis nigricornis, parasite of
Pulvinaria betulae in Germany,
275.
leucopterus , Bliss us .
leucostigma, Hemerocampa.

652

INDEX.

leucostoma, Cydia {Laspeyresia).

Leucotaeniella guttipennis, sp. n.,
in North Nigeria, 264.

Leucotermes flavipes (see Reticuli-
termes) .

Leucotermes lucifugus, bionomics
of, in France, 212, 421, 434.

Leucotermes spiratus, in Japan, 301.

leucotricha, Podosphaera.

Levuana iridescens (Coconut Leaf
Moth), natural enemies of, in
Fiji, 297.

Libocedrus decurvens (Incense Cedar),
pests of, in U.S.A., 295, 393.

Lice, Book, measures against, in
houses in U.S.A., 250.

Lichtensia, in South Africa, 447.

Lichtensia asparagi, sp. n., on
Asparagus capensis in South
Africa, 447.

Lichtensia litoralis, in British Guiana,
533.

Lichtensia viburni, on ivy in Britain,
343.

lichtensteini , Pityophthonis.

licus, Castnia.

Light Brown Apple Moth (see
Tortrix ashworthana).

Light-traps, for Lepidoptera, &8,
184, 194, 236, 296 ; for Monec-
phora bicincta,22H ; ior Podalgus
humilis, 291 ; ineffective for
Plathypena scabra, 390 ; ineffec-
tive for Thosea cervina, 455.

ligniperda, Cossus (see C. cossiis).

lignorum, Limnoria.

lignosellus, Elasmopalpiis.

ligus tici , Otiorrhynchus .

ligustri, Sphinx.

Ligustrum vulgare (see Privet).

Ligyrus fossator, bionomics and
control of, on sugar-cane in Brazil,
290-292.

Ligvrifs relictus, Solenopsis molesta
predaceous on, in U.S.A., 447.

Ligvrus riigiceps, on sugar-cane and
rice in U.S.A., 79, 300.

Lilac, new scale-insect on, in South
Africa, 117; A ulacaspis pentagona
on, in Italv, 142; pests of, in
Russia, 104, 105, 107 ; food-
plant of Otiorrhynchus rotundatus
in Germany, 271.

lilii, Crioceris.

Liliuin pardalinum , Panscopus siil-
cirostris infesting, in Vancouver
Island, 438.

Lily, pests intercepted on, in U.S.A.,
49, '307.

Lima Bean (see Phaseoliis lunatiis).

limacina, Eriocampoides.

limbalis, Rhabdopfents.

limbativentris, Tibraca.

limbatus, Bruchus.

Lime [Citrus), scale-insects on, in
Antigua, 296 ; pests intercepted
on, in California, 13, 49, 114, 182,
240, 388, 480, 508; Lepi-
dosaphes beckii on, in Cuba, 229 ;
Alcurocanthiis ivoglumi intercept-
ed on, in Florida, 70 ; Nezara
viridula on, in Mesopotamia, 478.

Lime [Tilia), Anobimn striatum
boring in timber of, in Austria,
264 ; pests of, in Britain, 59,
344 ; not attacked by Anthono-
mus pomorum in Germany, 487 ;
pests of, in Russia, 103, 106 ;
Eulecanium coryli on, 124.

Lime, against Aphids and Coccids,
29, 31, 130, 212, 451, 526 ; against
cacao thrips, 440 ; against
Diarthronoinvia hypogaea, 365 ;
against Heterodera spp., 258, 415;
against orchard pests, 151, 155,
207, 214, 218, 277, 312, 313, 325,
333, 370, 372, 386, 401, 437;
suggested spraying with, against
pine weevils, 380 ; against pests
of .stored foodstuffs, 103, 186,

230, 443 ; against Lepidopterous
pests of tobacco, 134 ; against
vegetable pests, 92, 134,^ 148,
198, 231, 235, 236, 287, 384, 390,
412, 413, 459, 460; against vine
moths, 38, 224, 403 ; dusting
with, 38, 92, 130, 134, 207, 214,

231, 235, 236, 277, 313, 365, 370,
384, 386, 390, 403, 437, 459, 460 ;
as a soil dressing, 258, 287, 333,
415, 446 ; and ammonium sul-
phate, against Phylloxera, 446 ;
and ashes, 231 ; and Bordeaux
mixture, 150, 312 ; and calcium
arsenate, 85, 95, 372, 412, 459,
460, 529 ; and clay, for painting
trees against Cydia, 102 ; and
hellebore, 370, 386 ; and kaohn,
130 ; and lead arsenate, 76, 92,
235, 403, 460 ; and magnesium
arsenate, 85, 529 ; and nicotine,
29, 365 ; and oil emulsion, 380 ;
and Paris green, 134, 218, 386.
413 ; and salt, 155 ; form.ulae
containing, 29, 134, 148, 150, 193,
212, 218, 224, 236, 380, 384, 386,
390, 401, 403, 412, 413, 451, 460 ;
beneficial action of, in lime-
sulphur and lead arsenate spray,
76 ; ineffective as a soil dressing
against Melanotus, 5 ; secreted
by Longicorn larvae, 101.

Lime Caseinate, in mixture against
Cydia molesta, 249.

INDEX.

653

Lime-copper, addition of various
substances to, against vine moths,
224.
Lime-sulphur, against Aphids and
Coccids, 31, 35, 46, 52, 154, 177,
190, 204, 212, 215, 217, 222, 252,
263, 281, 297, 306, 333, 337, 413,
432, 543 ; against Hypcra vari-
abilis, 128 ; against mites, 51, 52,
136, 262, 293, 320, 324, 350, 530 ;
against orchard pests, 43, 44,
145, 207, 219, 229, 249, 308, 310,
317, 322, 413, 490, 491 ; against
Pissodcs sir obi, 338 ; against
thrips, 293, 531 ; experiments
witli, as a soil dressing against
wireworms, 45 ; dusting with,
31, 310; formulae for, 35, 229;
preparation of home-made, 360 ;
dry form of, 292 ; and lead
arsenate, 219, 317 ; and lead
arsenate, beneficial action of
addition of lime to, 76 ; followed
by lead arsenate, more efficacious
tlian when used in reversed order,
63 ; and nicotine, 30, 44, 413,
432 ; effect of spraying witli,
following Bordeaux mixture, 145 ;
effect of spra^dng with, on fruit
and foliage, 207.

Limidiis variicolor, on cacao in San
Thome, 493.

Limnobaris, on sugar-cane in U.S.A.,
79.

Liuinovia lignoriiin, measures
against, in timber, 355.

limonii, Aspidiotus (see A. hedevae).

limosipennella, Coleophora.

Litnothrips cerealium, probably
attacking oats in Britain, 154 ;
on cereals in Germany, 359.

Liinothrips deniicornis, probably
attacking oats in Britain, 154.

Limpet Caterpillar (see Acantho-
psychereidi).

Linda nigroscutata, in apple twigs
in India, 84.

lindingeri, Proniecoiheca.

liyiearis, Atomaria ; Calandra ;
Hypophloeus ; Lyctiis ; Oberea ;
Stenogaster.

lineascapus, Chiloneiivus.

lineata, Tephromvia.

lineatella, Anarsia.

Hneaticollis , Antestia ; Paramesus.

lineaium, Acridimn ; Trypodendron.

lineatus, Agrioies ; Sitones ;

Xylotenis.

Lined Corn-stalk Borer (see Hadena
fractilinea).

Linen, not attacked by Anthrenus
vorax in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,

173; attacked by AntJirenus
miiseonim in Germany, 270.
lineolata, Diatvaca.
lincolatus, Adelphocovis.
Linseed, food-plant of Ileliolhis

obsolcta in India, 519.
Linseed Oil, injections of, against

borers, 506.
Liodontomerus insiietiis, parasite of
Brucliophagiis funcbris in U.S.A.,
361.
Liodontomerus perplexus, parasite
of Bruchophagns funebris in
U.S.A., 361.
Liodontomerus seciindus, parasite of
Bruchophagns funcbris in U.S.A.,
361.
Liogryllus bimaculatus, predaceous
on Cydia pomonella in South
Africa, 284.
Liogryllus capensis, in San Thome

494.
Liopus alpha, in Robinia pseudacacia

in U.S.A., 516.
Lioptis fascicidaris, in Robinia

pseudacacia in U.S.A., 516.
Liopus nebulosus, in forests in

Litliuania, 420.
Liopus varicgatus, in Robinia pseud-
acacia in U.S.A., 516.
liosoma, Eriophyes tiliac.
Liothrips, new species of, inter-
cepted on lily in U.S.A., 307.
Liparis chrysorrhoea (see Nygmia

phaeorrhoea).
Liparis dispar (see Porthetria).
Liparis (Porthetria) monacha (Nun
Moth), effect of climatic condi-
tions on, in Boliemia, 540 ;
occasional outbreaks of, in forests
in Lithuania, 420.
Liparthrum bartschti, attacking

mistletoe in Germany, 357.
Lippia geminata, attacked by
Platyptilia pusillidactyla in India,
473.
liriodendri, Tourney ella .
Lissonota carbonaria, parasite of

vine moths in Austria, 353.
Lissonota dioryctriae, sp. n., parasite
of Dioryctria xanthaenobares in
U.S.A., 381.
Lissonota evetriae, sp. n., parasite
of Rhyacionia taxifolieUa in
U.S.A., 381.
Lissopimpla semipuncta, hosts of,

in New Zealand, 63.
Lissorhoptrus simplex (Rice Water
Weevil), bionomics and control
of, in U.S.A., 300.
Lita ocellatella (see Phthorimaea).

654

INDEX.

Lita solanella (see Phihorimaea

opcrciilella) .
Litchi, Efiophycs on, in Assam,
461 ; Lepidopterous pests of,
in India, 84, 445 ; pests inter-
cepted on, in U.S.A., 306, 307.
Litchi Fruit Borer (see Crypto-

phlcbia illepida).
Lithocolletis (see Phyllorycter) .
Lithuania, forest pests in, 419-421,

468.
litoralis, Lichtensia.
Litsea whiteana, new scale-insect

on, in India, 205.
littoralis, Prodenia (see P. litura).
litura, Prodenia.
liturata, Semiothisa.
liius, Pachnaeus.

Livistona chmensis (Fan Palm),

leaves of, used for protecting

Casuariiia stricta against Melan-

auster chinensis in Formosa, 197.

livornica, Deilephila.

Lixus algirus, on Vicia faba in

Austria, 470.
Lixus anguinus, on vegetables in

Tripoli, 159.
Lixus junci, on beet in Tripoli, 159.
Lixus scabricollis, on beet in

Morocco, 121.
Lizards, destroyed by Athene bravna
in India, 409 ; value of, in
destroying noxious insects in
Porto Rico, 483, 484.
lizerianus, Pavadiaspis.
lobata, Profodiaspis.
Locust, Lesser Migratory (see

Melanoplus atlantis).
Locust, Moroccan (see Dociostaurus

niavoccanus) .
Locust, Red-legged (see Melanoplus

femur-rubruni) .
Locust, Two-striped (see Melano-
plus bivittatus).
Locust, Yellow Migratory (see

Schistocerca peregrina) .
Locust Bee Fly (see Anastoechus

oreas) .
Locust Flesh Fly (see Sarcophaga

kellyi) .
Locust Leaf-miner (see Chalepus

dorsalis) .
Locust Tree (see Robinia pseii-

dacacia) .
Locusta danica, on sugar-cane, in

Fiji, 27 ; in Russia, 103.
Locusta niigratoria, in Russia, 103.
Locusta niigratorioides, on tobacco

in Africa, 424.
Locusta pardalina, on tobacco in

Africa, 424.
locustarum, Trombidium.

Locusts, on tobacco in Africa, 424 ;
measures against, in South Africa,
477 ; in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,
172 ; bionomics of, in Argentina,
475, 515 ; bionomics and control
of, in Canada, 278, 316, 481 ;
measures against outbreak of, in
Cyrenaica, 200 ; destroyed by
minah birds in Fiji, 27 ; campaign
against, in France, 370 ; biono-
mics and control of, in Italy,
484 ; used as food in Japan, 197 ;
measures against, in Spain, 279,
368 ; studies of Coccobacillus
acrid iorum in, in Tunis, 41 ;
campaign against, in Asiatic
Turkey, 352 ; use of drags
against, in U.S.A., 228 ; methods
of utilising dried, in Uruguay',
251 ; notice of apparatus for
bait for, 160 ; effect of wind on
migrations of, 502 ; (see Docio-
staurus, Melanoplus, Schistocerca,
etc.).
Lodge-pole Pine (see Pinus contorta

murrayana) .
loevendali, Scolytus.
Logaeus subopacus, in India, 61.
Loganberry, measures against By-
turus tomentosus on, in Britain,
350 ; pests of, in British Columbia
323 ; pests of, in Washington, 459.
Loganberry Beetle (see Bytmus

tomentosus) .
Lonchaea chalybea, measures against,

on cassava in Cuba, 52,
longicauda, Ceroplastes.
longicollis, Ips [Tomicus) ; Odoi-

porus ; Xyphidria.
longicornis, Aleurodes ; Prenolepis.
longipennis, Blaslothrix.
longipes, Neoclytus.
longirostris, Ischnaspis.
longisetosus, Pseudococcus.
longispina, M organella [Aspidio-

tits, Heniiberlesia).
longispinus, Pseudococcus [Dacty-

lopius) {see P . adonidum) .
longissima, Brontispa .
longulus. Coccus (Lecanium).
Lonicera (Honeysuckle), Sipho-
coryne xylostei on, in Britain, 58.
Lonicera belgica, bionomics of Phyl-
lorycter fragilella on, in U.S.A., 31.
Lonicera tatarica, food-plant of
Oiiorrhynchus rotundatus in Ger-
many, 271.
Lophosternus hiigeli, in Quercus

incana in India, 61.
Lophyrus, parthenogenesis in, in
Germany, 162 ; rarely found m
forests in Lithuania, 420.

INDEX.

655

Lophyrns neniorum (see Diprion).

Lophyrus pini (see Diprion).

Lophyrus rufus, in forests in Britain,
379 ; outbreak of, on pines in
Germany, 357.

Lopiis sulcatus, on vines in Dutch
East Indies, 453.

Loquat, Aspidiotus pcrniciosiis on,
in Queensland, 157.

loranthi, Macrocepicoccits.

Loranthiis, new Coccid on, in British
Guiana, 81 ; (see Mistletoe).

Loranthus entehhiensis, new scale-
insect on, in Uganda, 119.

loreyi, Cirphis.

lorquini, Xvlotviipcs.

Lotus Borer (see Pvrausta penitalis).

Louisiana, campaign against
Aspidiotus perniciosus in, 246 ;
establishment of Eitzenilliopsis
diatraeae against Diatraea in,
169; pink bollworni in, 511 ;
pests from, intercepted in other
States, 319, 383, 387.

lounsburyi, Aphycus.

Loxostege sticlicalis (BeetWebworm),
measures against, in Canada,
193 ; control of, in Colorado, 129 ;
in Russia, 104.

lubera, Sarcophaga.

Lucerne [Medicago saliva), measures
against Colias lesbia on, in Argen-
tina, 433 ; pests of, in Australia,
156, 207 ; new moth on, in
Bengal, 534 ; Hypera vanahilis
intercepted in, in California, 388 ;
Loxostege sticticalis on, in Canada,

193 ; in rotation of crops against
Lachnosterna in Canada, 233 ;
legislation regarding importation
of, into Canada from U.S.A.,
416 ; Apion apricans on, in Italy,
142 ; food-plant of Scepticus
insularis in Japan, 398 ; orchards
planted with, attacked by Ceresa
bubalus in ^Michigan, 393 ; Col-
aspidema atrimi on, in Morocco,
121 ; pests of. in Russia, 104,
105 ; pests of, and their control in

■ U.S.A., 47, 94, 128, 247, 313, 314,
361, 384, 396, 462 ; legislation
against Hypera variabilis on, in
U.S.A., 12;

Lucerne Flea (see Smynthurus
viridis).

Lucerne Meal, in formulae for baits
for crickets and grasshoppers, 48,

194 ; not suitable as a bait for
grasshoppers, 313.

I>ucerne Webworm (see Tortrix
divulsana).

Lucerne Weevil (see Hypera vari-
abilis) .

lucifugus, Leucotcrines.

litctuosus, Oxvcarenus.

luciilentana, Rhyacionia .

liicusalis, Aphytoceros.

ludens, Anastrepha.

ludicra, Eucosma (see E. critica).

htdiftcator, Alcides.

Luminous Paint, suggested as a
possible remedy for Clyius
arciiatits, 266.

lunata, Thalessa.

Lunate Onion Fly (see Eiinierus
strigatits).

lima tits, Microterys.

Luperisinus californiciis (Olive Bark-
beetle), control and parasite of,
in California, 91.

Lupin, Corymbites infiatus on, in
British Columbia, 323.

Lupimis, Plodia interpimctella on,
in Italy, 142.

lupulinus, Hepialus.

liitea, Trichogrammatoidea.

luteelliis, Cr ambus.

litteola, Galerucella.

Luxemburg, measures against vine
pests in, 223, 224.

Luzibarziba, new scale-insect on, in
Uganda, 119 .

lycii, Pseudococcus.

Lyciian, new Coccid on, in U.S.A.,
187.

lycopersici, Phyllocoptes .

Lycopersiciim esculentitiii (see
Tomato).

Lycophotia uiargaritosa, in L^S.A.,
281, 479 ; experiments with
Sorosporella iwella and, 170.

Lyctus, damaging lead, 81.

Lycius briinneiis (Powder-post
Beetle), measures against, in
furniture in Britain, 443 ; para-
site of, in New South Wales, 333.

Lyctus canaliculatus , boring in lead
in Tasmania, 81.

Lyctus impressus, natural enemies
of, in vines in France, 433,
478.

Lyctus linearis (Powder-post Beetle),
measures against, in furniture in
Britain, 443.

Lyctus striatus (Powder-post Beetle),
in timber in Ontario, 2.

Lyda, on pine in Russia, 107 ; rare
in forests in Lithuania, 420.

Lygaeonematus ericlisoni (Large
Larch Sawfly, Tamarack Sawfly),
measures against, in Britain, 237 ;
natural enemies of, in ]\Iichigan,
188.

656

INDEX.

Lygaeoneniatus pini, bionomics of,
in forests in Switzerland, 470.

Lygaeus panda/iis, on Sesamum in
Mesopotamia, 478.

Lygocerus, bionomics of, parasite
of Aphidius in Britain, 146.

Lygocerus cameroni, parasite of
Aphidius ervi in Britain, 146.

Lygocerus testaceimanus, parasite
of Aphidius spp. in Britain, 146.

Lygus, on potatoes in Britain, 155 ;
on sunflowers in Germany, 2*^9.

Lygus communis, measures against,
^in U.S.A., 530.

Lygus elisus hespcrus (Cotton Square
Dauber), in Arizona, 10.

Lygus pabuliniis, a possible fruit
pest in Britain, 404 ; on potato
in Britain, 517.

Lygus pratensis (Tarnished Plant
Bug, Meadow Bug), and its
control on celery, etc., in Canada,
281, 323, 361 ; on A triplex in
Central Europe, 288 ; on potatoes
in Germany, 346, 358 ; in U.S.A.,
209, 301, 385, 529 ; plant diseases
spread by, 4, 281, 323, 361, 385.

Lygus pratensis oblineatus (Cotton
Square Dauber), in Arizona, 10.

Lygus viscicola, attacking mistletoe
in Germany, 357.

Lymantor coryli (see Dryocoetes).

Lymantria dispar (see Porthetria).

Lymantria monacha (see Liparis).

Lyonetia, on apples in Russia, 104.

Lyperosia erigua (Horn-fly), libera-
tion of parasites of, in Hawaii,
375.

Lypsimena fuscata, in avocado in
Florida, 219.

lysimnia, Mechanites nessaea.

Lysiphlebus testacei-t>es, parasite of
AphidsinU.S.A.,'8, 501.

Lysol, branches washed with,
against Ceroplastes rusci, 450.

lythri, Haltica (see H. brevicollis) .

Lytta excavata, measures against,
on potatoes in Brazil, 325.

Lytta vesicatoria, on asli in Russia,
105.

M.

Macadamia ternifolia (Queensland
Nut), Cryptophlebia illepida on,
in Queensland, 157.

macaensis, Polistes.

Macedonia, Antonina waterstoni on
Arundo phragmites in, 119 ; Cole-
opterous rose pests in, 469.

machaon, Papilio.

macleayi, Philomastix .

Macraspis chrysis, food-plants of,

in British Guiana, 55.
macrocarpae, Xylococcns.
Macrocepicoccus loranthi, gen. et sp.

n., on Loranihns in British Guiana,

81.
Macrodactylus, effect of sodium

cyanide on, in U.S.A., 482.
Macrodactylus subspinosus (Rose

Bug, Rose Chafer), control and

food-plants of, in U.S.A., 43,

529.
Macrodontia cervicornis, on coconut

in British Guiana, 55.
Macronoctua onusta (Iris Root

Borer), in nurseries in New

Jersey, 301.
Macrophya punctum-album, on ash

in Russia, 106.
Macrophya rufipes, on vines in

France, 434.
Macropsis virescens var. graminea

(Poplar Leaf-hopper), bionomics

of, in U.S.A., 77, 300.
niacrorhynchus, Eriophyes.
Macrosiphoniella, on chrysan-
themum in Italy, 159.
Macrosiphoniella asteris, in Britain,

56.
macrosiphoniellae , Rondaniella.
macrosiphonis, Rondaniella.
Macrosiphum, Syrphids predaceous

on, in Canada," 259 ; on artichoke

in Italy, 159.
Macrosiphum allii, sp. n., on leek

in Britain, 59.
Macrosiphum amelanchiericolens, sp.

n., on Amelanchier spicata in

U.S.A., 418.
Macrosiphum carpinicolens, sp. n.,

on Carpinus caroliniana in U.S.A.,

418.
Macrosiphum cissi, sp. n., on Cissus

in Transvaal, 447.
Macrosiphum cucurbitae (Squash

Aphis), food-plants of, in Con-
necticut, 342.
Macrosiphum cynosbati, on Ribes

aureum in North America, 8 ; on

gooseberry in Michigan, 188.
Macrosiphum dahliafolii, on Carduiis

in Uganda, 447.
Macrosiphum diervillae, sp. n., on

Diervilla lonicera in U.S.A., 418.
Macrosiphum dirhodum, on oats in

Britain, 58.
Macrosiphum eupatoricolens , sp. n.,

on Eupatorium purpureum in

U.S.A., 418.

INDEX.

657

Macrosiphum gravelyi, sp. n., in

India, 55.
Macrosiphum gravicornis, sp. n.,

on Solidago in U.S.A., 418.
AlacrosiphiDH hieracii, on Hieracimn

in Britain, 58.
Macrosiphum impatiensicolens, sp.

n., on Impatiens hiflora in U.S.A.,

418.
Macrosiphum jaceae, on thistle in

Britain, 58.
Alacrosiphiim kaltenbachi, on endive

in Britain, 58.
Macrosiphum kirkaldyi (see FiM-

aivayella) .
Macrosiphiun lactucae, natural ene-
mies of, on endive in Britain, 58.
Macrosiphum lanceolatum, sp. n.,

on Solidago lanceolata in U.S.A.,

418.
Macrosiphum onagrae, sp. n., on

Oenothera biennis in U.S.A., 418.
IMacrosiphum pisi (see Acyrtho-

siphon).
Macrosiphum pseudocoryli, sp. n.,

food-plants of, in U.S.A., 418.
Macrosiphum pseudodirhodum, sp.

n., on roses in U.S.A., 418.
Macrosiphum pseudorosae, sp. n.,

food-plants of, in U.S.A., 417.
Macrosiphum ptericolens, sp. n.,

food-plants of, in U.S.A., 418.
Macrosiphum ribiellum, erroneously

recorded as M. cynosbati in

North America, 8.
Macrosiphum rosae (Rose Aphis),

destroyed by goldfinches in Hun-
gary, 470 ; bionomics of, in

U.S.A., 417, 418.
Macrosiphum rosaeformis, M.

pseudorosae possibly a synonym

of, 418.
Macrosiphum scabiosae, on scabious

in Britain, 58.
Macrosiphum solanifolii (Pink and

Green Potato Aphis), bionomics

and control of, in U.S.A., 47,

95, 188, 341, 385, 417, 418, 477 ;

plant diseases spread by, 4, 385.
Macrosiphum sonclii, on sowthistle

in Britain, 58 ; on Carduus in

Uganda, 447.
Macrosiphum urticae, parasitised by

Aphidius ervi in Britain, 146.
Macrotoma crenaia, food-plants of,

in India, Burma and Ceylon, 60.
Macrotoma edulis, in San Thome,

493.
Macrotoma plagiata, in Heritiera

fomes in India, 60.
macula, Leptostylus.
macula-alba, Ceuthorrhynchiis .

(3202)

maculata, Buprestis ; Epicauta ;
Meg ilia.

maculatus, Maculolachnus (see M.
rosae) ; Trimeromicrus .

inaculifrons, Zvgina.

macullpennis, Plutella.

maculipyga, Bruchus.

maculiventris, Podisus.

Maculolachnus, gen. nov., 202.

Maculolachnus rosae, on roses in
France, 202.

maculosus , Odontomerus.

Madagascar, studies on rhinoceros
beetles on coconuts in, 275 ;
unidentified beetle infesting coffee
in, 539 ; Ceratitis capitata on pea-
ches in, 133 ; Myelois ceratonias
in, 122.

rnadiunensis,Chionaspis.

Madras, miscellaneous pests in, 130.

Madrone, Polvcaon stoutii in, in
California, 463.

Maenas laboulbenei, on rice in
British Guiana, 145.

Magdalinus aterrimus, in Russia,
106.

Magdalifius ruficornis (see Magdalis
pruni).

Magdalis, on apple in British
Columbia, 323.

Magdalis aenescens (Bronze Apple-
tree Weevil), bionomics of, in
U.S.A.. 76.

Magdalis cerasi, on cherry in Italv,
142.

Magdalis pruni (Prune Beetle), on
damson in Holland, 255.

magna, Lecaniodiaspis.

Magnesium Arsenate, as a substitute
for calcium arsenate, 529 ; use of,
probably injurious to plants, 85.

rnagnifica, Citheronia [Eacles) ;
Heterusia.

niagnipalpis, Exisina.

Magnolia, Coccus intercepted on, in
California, 387.

magnoliae , Rhopalosiphum .

inagnospinus, Selenaspidus articu-
latns.

niagnus, Iclmeuinon.

niahogani, Tylenchus.

Mahogany, new Nematode infesting,
in Barbados, 459 ; attacked by
Hvpsipyla robusta in India, 166.

maidis, Aphis ; Peregrinus ; Sipha ;
Siphonaphis ; Sphenophorus.

Maine, orchard and cereal pests in,
219 ; measures against Porthetria
dispar in, 220.

Maize {Zea mays) , pests of, in South
Africa, 412; pests of, in Argen-
tina, 405, 514 ; Phyllotreta vittula

658

INDEX.

on, in Britain, 155 ; pests inter-
cepted in, in California, 13, 49,
114; pests of, in Canada, 373,
374 ; legislation restricting im-
portation of, into Canada from
U.S.A., 416 ; pests of, in Far
East, 402 ; Pyrausta mibilalis
on, in France, 39 ; Sesamia on,
in Gold Coast, 9 ; Peregyinus
maid is on, in Hawaii, 136 ; pests
of, in India, 19, 55, 296, 519;
pests of, in Dutcli East Indies,
330, 495, 538 ; pests of, in Italy,
142, 160 ; Sesamia on, in Meso-
potamia, 478 ; Heliothis obsoleta
on, in Porto Rico, 303 ; pests of,
in Queensland, 155 ; experiments
with baits for pests of, in South
Rhodesia, 322, 332 ; pests of, in
Russia, 102, 104, 106 ; legislation
against importation of, into St.
Eucia from Trinidad and Grenada,
216 ; Sesamia creiica on, in Anglo-
Egvptian Sudan, 172 ; pests of,
in U.S.A., 5, 8, 9, 14, 47, 94, 97-99,
116, 129, 188, 219, 311, 314, 334,
339, 340, 388, 389, 392, 528, 531 ;
legislation against pests of, in
U.S.A., 308, 309, 511, 512; use
of, as a trap-crop, 109, 348 ; in
baits for locusts, 485 ; injured
by soil treatment with sodium
c^-anide, 482.

jNIaize (Stored), weevils in, in Ala-
bama, 22 ; weevils in, in Brazil,
59 ; protection of, from weevils in
Gold Coast, 9.

Maize, Broom (see Andropogon
sorghum var. technicits).

■Maize Bill Bug (see Sphenopliorus
maidis).

Maize Meal, pests intercepted in, in
Cahfornia,49 ; in formula for dust-
ing against Heliothis obsoleta, 134.

major, Teredolaemus.

Malachius hipustnlatus, predaceous
on Meligcthes in Germany, 542.

Malachva rotundifolia, destruction
of, against Alabama argillacea in
Porto Rico, 303.

Malacosoma (Tent Caterpillar), in
British Columbia, 323 ; and its
control in U.S.A., 174, 372, 529 ;
natural enemies of, 174, 323, 529.

Malacosoma americana, in New
Jersey, 42.

Malacosoma castrensis, new Coco-
bacillus infesting, in France, 421.

Malacosoma disstria (Forest Tent
Caterpillar), suggested utilisation
of parasites of M. pluvialis
against, in British Columbia, 148.

Malacosoma erosa, in British Colum-
bia, 323.
Malacosoma neustvia (Eackey Moth),,
measures against, in orchards in
Britain, 352 ; intercepted on
imported nursery stock in Con-
necticut, 338 ; effect of Cocco-
bacillus insectorum var. malacoso-
mae on, in France, 421 ; and its
control in orchards in Germany,
426, 468 ; measures against, in
orchards in Russia, 102, 104 ; on
almond in Spain, 367.

Malacosoma pluvialis (Forest Tent
Caterpillar), in British Columbia,
148, 323, 481 ; suggested utiUsa-
tion of parasites of, against M.
disstria, 148.

Malaya, studies on rhinoceros beetles
on coconuts in, 275 ; use of derris
as an insecticide in, 439,

malayanus, Schistoceros.

mali, Alcides ; Aphis (see A.pomi) ;
Empoasca ; Leptothrips ; Psylla,

malifoliae. Aphis {Anuraphis) .

malifoliella, Tischeria.

malignus, Dyscertis.

malinellus , Hyponomeuta.

malinus, Heterocordylus.

malivorella, Coleophora.

Mallodon downesi, in San Thome,
493.

Malta, scale-insects in, 232.

malus, Hemisarcoptes.

Mamestra, immunity reaction ta
bacilli in, 36.

Mamestra brassicae (see Barathra).

Mamestra dissimilis (see Polia snasa}

Mamestra ewingi (see Persectania).

Mamestra oleracea (see Polia) .

Mamestra persicariae (see Polia).

Mamestra picta (see Ceramica).

Maynestra pisi (see Polia).

Mamestra siibjuncta, a minor pest of
maize in Connecticut, 340.

Mamestra trifolii (see Scotogramma).^

Man, effect of Pediciiloides ventri-
cosus on, 68, 392 ; effects of
various organisms pathogenic to,
on insect larvae, 163, 250, 367 ;
Bacillus thuringiensis not patho-
genic to, 253 ; injurious effect of
nicotine vapour on, 276.

mancus, Agriotes.

Mandarin Orange, Decilaus citri-
perdu on, in Queensland, 277.

mandarinea, Protaetia [Cetojtia) (see
P. fusca).

Manetti, pests intercepted on stocks
of, in U.S.A., 306.

Mangels, pests of, in Britain, 155,
351.

INDEX.

659

Mangifera indica (see ]\Iango). i

mangiferae, Coccus [Lecanium) ;

Sternochetus .
Mango {Mangifera indica), pests of,
in Brazil, 211, 488 ; measures
against Anomala undulata on, in
Florida, 383 ; pests of, in For-
mosa, 86 ; pests of, in British
Guiana, 55 ; food-plant of Ccratitis
capitata in Hawaii, 170 ; mites
intercepted on, in Hawaii, 22 ;
pests of, and their control in
India, 84, 86, 101, 109, 191, 444,
473 ; pests of, in Dutch East
Indies, 495 ; not attacked by
Ceratitis capitata on high plateaux
in ^Madagascar, 134 ; an intro-
duced Cecidomyiid pest on, in
Mauritius, 499 ; Chionaspis
dilatata on, in Queensland, 157 ;
pests intercepted on, in U.S.A.,
49, 306, 383, 508 ; pests of, in
West Indies, 54, 228, 229, 481.
i\Iango, Wild, new scale-insect in-
festing, in New Guinea, 35.
^lango Hopper (see Idiocerus).
]Mango Tree Borer (see Batocera

riibits).
Mango Weevil (see Sternochetus

gravis and S. mangiferae).
Mangrove, distribution of scales

infesting, 302.
Manihot, Lepidosaphes alba inter-
cepted on, in U.S.A., 307.
Manihot aipi, pests of, in Cuba, 52.
Manihot esculenta, Lepidosaphes alba

intercepted on, in U.S.A., 307.
Manihot utilissima (see Cassava).
manihot, Cecidomyia.
^Manila, pests from, intercepted in

other countries, 22, 114, 460.
manilae, Scolia.
maniosa, Solenopsis geminata.
manticida, Rielia.
Manitoba, miscellaneous insects in,

437.
Mantis religiosa, parasites of, in

France, 162.
Manzanita, pests of, in U.S.A., 463.
Maple, Pulvinaria intercepted on,
in California, 479 ; pests of, in
Italy, 141, 142; pests of, in
Russia, 105, 107 ; pests of, and
their control in U.S.A., 15, 43,
87, 230, 416, 464 ; injurious
effect of kerosene on, 87.
Maple, Hard (see Acer saccharum).
]\Iaple, Japanese (see Acer pahna-

tum).
INIaple, Norway (see Acer platanoides
var. globosum) .

(3202)

]\Iaple, Oregon, Polycaon confertus

ovipositing on, in U.S.A., 463.
jMaple, Silver, Polycaon confertus

ovipositing on, in U.S.A., 463.
Maple, Sugar, Plagionotus speciosus

on, in U.S.A., 247.
Maple Borer (see Plagionotus speci-
osus).
marabitanos, Coptotermes.
Marasmia, on maize in Dutch East

Indies, 330.
Marasmia bilinealis, on rice in

Ceylon, 520.
Marasmia trapezalis, on maize in

Dutch East Indies, 538.
marci, Bibio.
marellii, Agromyza.
margalaestriata , Setomorpha.
margaritosa, Lycophotia [Peridroma).
marginata, Homalophia ; Meso-

grapta : Pennisetia {Bembecia).
marginalus, Diaprepes; Melanoplus;

Pseudokermes ; Scapsipedus.
marginescaber, Spirostreptus.
inaritimus, Pseudococcus.
Marmara pomonella (Apple Fruit

Miner), in British Columbia, 323.
marmoratus, Gastrimargus.
maroccanus, Dociosiauriis {Staurono-

tus).
Maroga iinipunctana (Cherry-tree
Borer), measures against, in New
South Wales, 333.
jMarrow, Dae us d'emmerezi on, in

jNIauritius, 499.
marshalli, Perirhithrum ; Taomyia.
Maruca testulalis, food-plants of,

in Ceylon, 520.
Masicera myoidea, parasite of Papai-

pema nebris in Connecticut, 340.
masii, Microterys.
maskelli, Morganella (Aspidiotus).
rnasoni, Frankliniella cephalica.
Maryland, fruit pests and their

control in, 249, 437.
Massachusetts, miscellaneous pests
and their control in, 23, 64, 75,
98, 310, 463, 464 ; prohibition
against importation of certain
plants into Canada from, against
Pyraiista nubilalis, 416 ; Ccmp-
silura concinnata introduced into
Canada from, 3 ; pests inter-
cepted in California on apples
from. 114, 182.
mastersi, Agrypnus.
Mastotermes, Rioxa termitoxena in

galleries of, in Australia, 25.
mathias, Chapra ; Parlatoria.
Matricaria, food-plant of Apion
hookeri in Germany, 174.

12

660

INDEX.

Matricaria chamomilla, erroneously
recorded as a food-plant of
Ceuthorrhvnchiis pulvinatiis in
Austria, 290.

Matricaria inodora, pests of, in
Germany, 174.

Matsucoccus fascicitlensis, sp. n.,
on pines in California, 1 1 .

Matsucoccus matsumurae, M. fasci-
culensis closelv related to, 11.

matsumurae, Matsucoccus.

maturna, Melitaea.

inaura, Eurygaster.

mauritanicus, Tenebroides[Trogosita) .

mauritia, Spodoptera.

mauritianus, Aspidiotus.

IMauritius, miscellaneous pests in,
73 ; measures against sugar-cane
pests in, 35, 498 ; insects accident-
ally introduced into, 499.

Mauritius Bean Army Worm (see
Prodenia litiira).

maxillosus, Conocephaloides .

Maximiliana regia (Cokerite Palm),
Pachymerus nucleorum in seeds of,
in British Guiana, 55.

May Beetles (see Lachnosterna).

IMay-flies, used as food in Japan, 197.

Mayetiola destructor (Hessian Fly),
bionomics of, in Canada, 2, 3 ;
on wheat in German}', 468 ;
parasites of, on wheat in Russia,
106 ; bionomics and control of,
on cereals in U.S.A.. 22, 89, 92,
93. 135, 184, 208, 376, 531 ;
parasites of, in New Zealand, 63.

mavri, Aphycus (see A. punctipes) .

iSIeadow Bug (see Lygus pratensis) .

Meadow Lark (see Sturnella neg-
lecta).

Meadow Plant Bug (see Miris
dolahratus) .

Meadow-foxtail (see Alopecurus
pratensis) .

Mealy Plum Aphis (see Hyalop-
terus avundinis).

Mealy-bug, Baker's (see Pseudococ-
ciis maritimus) .

Mealy-bug, Citrophilus (see Pseu-
dococcus gahani).

Mealy-bug, Citrus (see Pseudococcus
citri).

Mealy-bug, Coconut (see Pseudococ-
cus nipae).

Mealy-bug, Golden (see Pseudococcus
aurilanatus) .

Mealy-bug, Grape (see Pseudococcus
bakeri).

Mealy-bug, Japanese (see Pseudo-
coccus kraunhiae).

MBely-bug, Sugar-cane (see Pseu-
dococcus broineliae and P. sacchari) .

Mealy-bugs, Adelgimyza dactylopii

predaceous on, in Italy, 159 ;

new species of, and their food-
plants in U.S.A.. 187 ; ants

associated with, 114, 119, 131,

343 ; (see Pseudococcus).
Meat, saturated with arsenicals, as a

bait for Lachnosterna, 296.
Mechanites nessaea lysimnia (Tomato

Caterpillar), measures against, in

Brazil, 406.
medicaginis, ApJiis ; Habrocytus.
Medicago saliva (see Lucerne) .
Medicine, insects used in. in Japan.

196.
medinalis, Cnaphalocrocis.
mediosquamosa, Euproctis.
meditabunda, Edessa.
mrditabundus, Euthyrrhinus.
Mediterranean Flour Moth (see

Ephestia kiihniella).
Mediterranean Fruit-fly (see Cera-

titis capitata) .
Medlar, new Aphid on, in Persia,

498.
megacephala, Acronycta ; Pheidole.
Megachile, attacking tea in Dutch

East Indies, 495.
Magacoelum stramineum, bionomics

of, in India, 101.
megaera, Euchlora.
inegalocephala, Epicauta.
Megalodontes .klugi, in Germany,

162.
Magalodontes spissicornis (see M.

klugi).
Megalopyge lanata, on coffee in

Brazil", 325.
Megamelus flavolineatus, sp. n.. in

Nigeria, 118.
Megamelus furcifer var. nigeriensis,

n., in Nigeria, 118.
Megarhyssa, notice of key to species

of, 417.
Megaspilus crawfordi, sp. n., in nests

of Formica exsectoides in U.S.A..

249.
Megastigmus ballestrerii, legislation

against, on pistachio in Sicily. 136.
Megastigmus spermotrophus (Douglas

Fir Seed-fly), in forests in Britain.

378.
Megilla fuscilabris, predaceous on

Chermes pinicorticis in Connecti-
cut, 339.
Megilla maculata, bionomics of, in

U.S.A., 32, 446, 501.
Meibomia (Tickweed), Plathypena

scabra on. in Connecticut. 339.
Meigenia bisignata, parasite of

Hvponomeuta spp. in Germany,

288.

INDEX.

661

mclanasp is, Pardalasp is .

melanaula, Eiicosma.

Melanauster chinensis, measures
against, on Castianna stricta in
Formosa, 197 ; intercepted on
Japanese figs in U.S.A., 807.

melmicholica, Cicindela.

Melanitis leda, on sugar-cane in
Queensland, 209.

melauoccphala, Phyto.

melanopa, Lenta.

Melanophila fitlvogittfata, in Larix
laricina in U.S.A., 127.

Melanophora roralis, parasite of
woodlice in France, 261.

Melanopliis atlanti<i (Uesser Migra-
torv' Locust), bionomics and con-
trol of, in Canada, 3, 316, 323;
food-plants and control of, in
U.S.A., 47, 129,314.

Melauophts bivittatus (Two-striped
Locust), in Canada, 317 ; control
of, in Colorado, 129.

Melanoplus devastator, food-plants
and control of, in California, 47.

Melanoplus differentialis, measures
against, in U.S.A., 47, 129, 363.

Melanoplus femiir-rubruni (Red-
legged Locust), bionomics of, in
Canada, 317, 323; measures
against, in U.S.A., 129, 303.

Melanoplus marginatus, measures
against, on lucerne, etc., in
California, 47.

melanopus, Diaprojnorpha.

melanoscelis, Apanieles.

Melanospora, infesting Icerya pur-
chasi in Ceylon, 520.

melanosticius, Catantops.

melanostignia, Coelopacidia.

melanostoniatus, Aphycus (see A.
punctipes).

Melanotus, bionomics and control
of, in South Carolina, 5 ; inter-
cepted in U.S.A., 306.

lilelaphis chinensis, uses of galls of,
for commercial purposes, 2.

Melasoma populi, on poplars in
Russia, 106.

Melasoma saliceti, on poplars in
Russia, 106.

Melasoma scvipta (Cottonwood Leaf-
beetle), in U.S.A., 247.

Melasoma tremulae, on poplars in
Russia, 106.

I\Ielia azedarach, Plivxneta spinator
on, in South Africa, 69 ; new
scale-insect on, in India, 205.

Melia composita (^^^lite Cedar),
Epicoma tephrosia on, in Queens-
land, 156.

meliae. Lepidosaphes.

melicerta, Achaca {Ophiusa) (see
A. Janata).

Meligethes, food-plants of, 487.

Meligethes aeneus, in Austria, 261 ;
bionomics and control of, on
crucifers in Finland, 5 ; bionomics
and control of, on rape, etc., in
Germany, 287, 359, 488, 542 ;
confused with flea-beetles in
Sweden, 49.

MeligeiJies coracimis, bred from
cruciferous plants in Germany,
488.

Meligethes lepidii, bred from cruci-
ferous plants in Germany, 488.

Meligethes viridescens, measures
against, on rape, etc., in Ger-
many, 287, 488, 542.

melinns, Uranotes.

jSIelissoblaptes gularis (see Aphomia).

Melissoblaptcs rufovenalis, on coco-
nuts in Dutch East Indies, 330,
538.

Melitaea tnaturna, in Russia, 104.

Melittia riograndcnsis, sp. n., in
pumpkins in South America, 299.

Melittia satyriniformis (Squash Vine
Borer), food-plants of, in Con-
necticut, 342.

melleus, Cirrospilus ; Opiiis.

mellipes, Bruchophagus.

mellonella, Galleria.

Melolontha (Cockchafers), attacking
grass in Britain, 351 ; control of,
in Germany, 265, 266, 270 ;
immunity reaction to bacilli in,
36.

Melolontha hippocastani, in Austria,
261 ; on pines in Russia, 107 ;
effect of meteorological conditions
on, 254.

Melolontha melolontha, in Austria,
261 ; destroyed by nightjars in
Britain, 135 ; moles erroneously
stated to destroy, in Germany,
141 ; effect of meteorological
conditions on, 254.
Melolontha vulgaris (see M. melo-
lontha).
^lelon, value of Opius fletcheri
against pests of, in Hawaii, 347 ;
attacked by Scepticiis insularis
in Japan, 322 ; pests of, in
^Mesopotamia, 478 ; Aphis gossypii
on, in Russia, 107 ; pests of, in
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 172 ;
pests of, in U.S.A., 47, 285, 342,
444, 501 ; not attacked by
Sphenophoriis pertinax in U.S.A.,
390.
Melon Aphis (see Aphis gossypii).

662

INDEX.

Melon Fruit-fly (see Dacus brevi-

stylus and D. cucurhitae).
membranaceus, Brachytrypes ; Lep-

toglossus.
Membranaria, gen. nov., in South

Africa, 447.
Membranaria pretoriae, sp. n., on

grass in South Africa, 447.
mendicana, Pteronidea.
Meniscus nonagriae, sp. n., parasite
of N onagri a geminipuncta in Ger-
many, 408.
Meniscus scapular is, parasite of

Nonagvia in Germany, 408.
Meraporus, parasite of Calandra

granaria in Germany, 331.
Meraporus calandrae (see Ptero-

malus) .
Meraporus graminicola, parasite of
Calandra oryzae in Germany, 331.
Mercury Bichloride (Corrosive
Sublimate), 444 ; for protecting
timber and furniture from beetles,
265, 443 ; against Phorbia
brassicae and Hylemyia antiqua,
4, 281, 323, 362 ; experiments
with, against termites, 40 ; effect
of, on underground insects, 482.
merdarius, Henicospilus.
Meridarchis reprobaia, food-plants

of, in India, 84.
Merisus destructor, parasite of Maye-

tiola destructor in Russia, 106.
Meriimi proteus, in Arctic Canada,

192.
Merodon equestris, intercepted on

bulbs in U.S.A., 307. 338.
Meromyza americana (Greater
Wheat-stem Maggot) , variation
in life-cycle of, in Canada, 3.
merrilli, Haplothrips ; Targionia.
mesembryanthemi, Pulvinaria.
niesentina, Belenois.
Mesepora onukii, on citrus in For-
mosa, 86.
Mesochorus brevipetiolatus, parasite
of Panolis flammea in Holland,
226.
Mesochorus pallidus, parasite of
Microgaster connexus in Britain,
57.
Mesochorus semirufus, parasite of

vine moths in Austria, 353.
Mesograpta geminata, in California,

8.
Mesograpta niarginata, in California,

8.
Mesolecanium rhizophorae, on man-
grove in Brazil, 302.
Mesoleius gymnonychi, sp. n., para-
site of Gymnonvchus californicus
in U.S.A.. 381.

Mesopotamia, cereal pests in, 372 ;
miscellaneous pests in, 478 ;
Ocnerogvia amanda on figs in.
500 ; vine pests in, 346.

Mesosa myops, in dead oak in Rus-
sia, 106.

Mesostenus albopictus, parasite of
Cirphis unipuncta in New Zea-
land, 63.

mespiliella, Myzus.

Mespilus, food-plant of Porthetria
dispar in Switzerland, 202.

Mesquite (see Prosopis).

Mesquite Bruchid (see Bruchus
prosopis) .

messoria, Euxoa.

Metallus (see Fenusa).

Metamasius hemipterus, on sugar-
cane in British Guiana, 55, 471 ;
imported into Queensland on
banana from Jamaica, 337.

Metamasius niosieri, sp. n., in Cuba
and Florida, 371.

Metamasius ritchiei (Pineapple Wee-
vil), intercepted in Hawaii, 431.

Metamasius sericeus, in Antigua,
296 ; food-plants of, 371.

Metarrhizium, infesting Adoretus
tenuimaculatus in Fiji. 297.

Metarrhiziuyn anisopliae (Green
Muscardine Fungus) , possible
value of. against Monecphora
bicincta in Cuba, 228 ; infesting
insects, 175, 276, 354.

IMeteorological Conditions and their
Effects, on insect pests in South
America, 366 ; on Eriophyes ribis
in Britain, 350 ; on insect pests
in Canada, 1,3; on Melolontha
spp. in Central Europe, 254 ;
on insect pests in Germany, 270,
468 ; on Perkinsiella snccharicida
and its parasites in Hawaii, 20,
21 ; on Panolis flammea in
Holland, 225, 226 ; on Helopeltis
theivora in India, 204 ; on mites
in Dutch East Indies, 454 ;
on cotton pests in Korea, 320 ;
on Lepidiota albohirta in Queens-
land, 465 ; on Heterodera radici-
cola in South Rhodesia, 194 ;
on Novius cardinalis in Sicily,
122 ; on Porthetria dispar in
Switzerland. 202 ; on Xylebonis
quadripes and its enemies in
Tonkin, 221 ; on Tomaspis sac-
charina on sugar-cane in Trinidad,
131 ; on insect pests in U.S.A.,
17. 19, 34. 43, 46, 116, 117, 184,
218, 279, 303, 376, 382, 403;
on fumigation with liquid hydro-
cyanic-acid gas, 230 ; on the

INDEX,

663

insecticidal properties of cliloro-
picrin, 58 ; on movements of in-
sects, 502.

Meteorus albiditarsis, parasite of
Panolis flamtnea in Holland, 226.

Meteorus scutellatov, parasite of
Panolis fiammea in Holland, 226.

Meteorus versicolor, parasite of
Nvgniia phaeorrhoea in U.S.A.,

"^96.

meticulosa, Brotolomia.

i>ieticu!osalis, Terastia.

ISIexican Cotton Boll Weevil (see
A nthonoiHus grandis) .

INIexican Orange Maggot (see Ana-
str:pha ludcns) .

Mexico, miscellaneous pests in, 112,
149, 222, 290, 302 ; pests from,
intercepted in other countries,
13, 49, 114, 182, 240, 306, 319,
388, 431, 480, 508; prohibition
against importation of certain
plants into Cuba from, 256 ;
legislation against spread of pink
bollworm into United States from,
244, 511; pink bollworm intro-
duced into Texas from, 13 ;
utilisation of dried insects for
poultry food in, 429 ; suggested
introduction of toads into West
Indies from, to destroy noxious
insects, 108 ; method of sweet
potato cultivation in, against
Cylas formicarius, 54.

7nicacea, Gortyna {Hydroecia).

inicans, Aspidomorpha ; Dendroc-
tonus ; Pachy neuron.

Mice, destroyed by Athene brama
in India, 409 ; Bacillus thurin-
giensis not pathogenic to, 253 ;
repelled by gallnut meal, 325.

Micliigan, miscellaneous pests in,
188, 393 ; termites infesting
buildings in, 242 ; notice of
sprays for fruit pests in, 188 ;
Cyiia pomonella intercepted in
California in apples and pears
from, 49, 114.

M icrobracon cephi, parasite of Cephus
cinctus in U.S.A., 464.

Microhracon nanus, parasite of Pis-
sodes strobi in Connecticut, 338.

Microcera coccophila, value of,
against scale-insects in San
Thome, 493, 494.

JSIicrocerotermes dolichognathus, on
cacao in San Thome, 492, 493.

Microcerotertnes parvus theobromae,
on cacao in San Thome, 493.

Microcryptus arrogans, parasite of
Panolis flammea in Holland, 226.

ISIicrocryptus dioryctriae, sp. n..

parasite of Dioryctria xanthaeno-

bares in U.S.A., 381.
Microcryptus perspicillator, parasite

of Panolis flammea in Holland,

226.
Microdus, notice of kev to species

of, 429.
Microdus cingulipes, parasite of

Coleophora in Britain, 429.
J\Ticrodus clausthalianus, hosts of, in

Britain, 429.
Microdus rufipes, parasite of Lepi-

doptera in Britain, 515.
Microgastcr, 57.
Micro^aster connexus, bionomics of,

in Britain, 57.
MicrogaUer duvanae, sp. n., parasite

of an unidentified Tineid in

South America, 475.
M icrogaster flaviventris, parasite of

Erinnyis spp., in Cuba, 52, 54.
Microgastcr glomeratus (see A pan-
teles),
tnicrogonia, Cirphis.
m,icrograpJms, Pityophthorus.
Micromyzus, synonym of Fulla-

wayella, 28.
Microparsus, allied to Fullazvayella,

28.
Microparsus variabilis, type-species

of genus, 28.
Microplitis tuberculifera, parasite of

vine moths in Austria, 353.
Microterines, on cotton in Mesopo-
tamia, 478.
Microtermes pallidus, attacking rub-
ber in Dutch East Indies, 494.
Microterys cincticornis, parasite of

Kermes pubescens in U.S.A., 16.
Microterys lunatus, parasite of

Sphaerolecanium prunastri in

Italy, 124.
Microterys inasii, parasite of Filippia

oleae in Italy, 124.
Microterys speciosissimus, parasite

of Kermes pubescens in U.S.A., 16.
Microterys sylvius, destroying eggs

of Euiecanium coryli in Italy, 126.
Midas pygmaeus, introduced into

California from Australia against

Pseudococcus citri, 336.
migratoria, Locusta {Pachytylus).
migratorioides, Locusta {Pachytylus).
ni iles , Cera mb vx .
miliaris, A spidomorpha.
niilitaris, Calotermes.
Millet, Cirphis iinipuncta on, in

Virginia, 385 ; legislation against

importation of, into St. Lucia

from Trinidad and Grenada, 216.
Millet, Hungarian, Pyrausta nubila-

lis on, in New York, 98.

664

INDEX.

Millingtonia, Pericallis ricini on, in
Madras, 130.

Millipedes, on potatoes in Austria,
426 ; attacking mangels in Bri-
tain, 351 ; a migrating army of,
in U.S.A., 80.

]\Iimosa, Clypeococcus hempeli on, in
Brazil, 119.

Minah, destroying noxious insects
in Fiji. 26, 27.

Mineola indiginella, 78.

Mineola tricolorella, on fruit-trees in
British Columbia, 323.

ministra, Datana.

Minnesota, measures against cut-
worms and army worms in, 280 ;
Lepidosaphes heckii intercepted in
California on grapefruit from, 388.

minor, Centrobia silvestrii ; Chry-
somphalus dictyospenni (see C.d.
pinnulifera) ; Draeculacephala
mollipes; Hemichionaspis; Labena
confitsa ; MyelopMliis ; Naia-
coccus serpentinus ; Pseudococcus
calceolariae ; TacJiardia.

minuenda, Empoasca.

minuta, GracUia ; Oxygrapha
{A clevis).

minutana, Enarmonia [Semasia).

miniiHim, Harniolita grandis ; Tri-
chogramma.

minutus, Dinoderus ; Platygaster ;
Polygnoius.

mirabilis, Cerapterocerus.

Miris dolabratus (Meadow Plant
Bug), bionomics of, on cereals in
Sweden, 6.

Mirotermes amaralii, sp. n., on
cacao in San Thome, 491, 493.

misella, Tinea.

misippus, Hypolimnas.

Mississippi, campaign against Aspi-
diotus perniciosus in orchards,
in, 246 ; measures against the
spread of pests in, 521 ; Chrysom-
phaliis ficus intercepted in Cali-
fornia on Pandanus from, 480.

mississippiensis, LacJinosterna fra-
terna.

Missouri, miscellaneous pests in, 81,
215 ; pests from, intercepted in
Cahfornia, 182, 319.

Mistletoe, insects attacking, in Ger-
many, 357; (see Loranihus).

Mites, in stored wheat in Britain,
180 ; intercepted in California,
49, 114, 387; on currants and
hazel in British Columbia, 438 ;
measures against, on citrus in
Cuba, 51 ; measures against, on
citrus in Florida, 293 ; attacking
lihopaca spp. in captivity in Fiji,

26 ; in Germany, 468 ; bionomics
and control of, on potatoes and
tomatos in Hawaii, 136, 409 ;
intercepted in Hawaii, 22, 431 ;
measures against, on potato in
India, 409 ; on Hevea in Dutch
East Indies, 522 ; on citrus in
Queensland, 157 ; predaceous on
insect pests in U.S.A., 232, 279,
392 ; causing plant diseases, 157,
409 ; (see Bryobia, Eriophyes,
Pediculoides, I'arsonemus, Tetra-
nychns, etc.)

mitsuktirii, Eriocampa.

mixtus, Pogonochaenis.

niiyasakii, Kermes.

mobilis, Ceronema.

Mods repanda (see Pelamia).

Mocis jrugalis, on sugar-cane in
Queensland, 209.

Mock Orange (see Philadelphiis
gordonianus).

nwdesius, ParatetranycJms [Tetra-
nycJius, Neotetranyclnts) ; Podisus.

nioesta, Phenice.

moestum, Asemuni.

Mogcinnia hebes, on sugar-cane in
Formosa, 85.

Molasses (Treacle), for trapping
locusts, 42 ; in poison baits, 48,
61, 65, 154, 194, 314, 370, 412,
465, 477, 495, 518; a powerful
chemotropic agent for Diptera,
327.

nwldavica, Cledeobia.

]\lole-crickets (see Gryllotalpa and
Scapterisciis) .

INIoles, erroneously stated to destroy
Melolontha meloloniha in Ger-
many, 141.

nwlesta, Cydia [Laspeyresia) ; Solen-
opsis.

molitor, Tenebrio.

molitoHus , Ichnettmon.

mollipes, Draeculacephala.

mollis, Opilo.

Mompha eloisella, in Oenothera
biennis in Connecticut, 340.

monacha, Apaie ; Liparis {Por-
thetria, Lymantria).

Monacrostichus citricola, on citrus in
Philippines, 286.

Monecphora bicincta, bionomics and
control of, on grasses in Cuba,
227.

monileatus, Banchus.

monitorana, Encosma.

monoceros, Oryctes.

Monochamiis confusor, boring in
lead, 81.

Monochamtts galloprovincialis, infes-
ted with Metarrhizittm anisopliae

INDEX.

665

in France, 175 ; in forests in

Lithuania, 420.
Moiwcharnus nispator, j\l . tlwmensis

probably recorded as, in San

Thome, 493.
I\Ionochamiis sartor, in forests in

Lithuania, 420.
Monochamns scutellatus, in Larix

laricnia in U.S.A., 127.
Monochanuis thomcusis, probably

recorded as M. nispator in San

Thome, 493.
Monochamits titiUator, effect of

direct sunlight on, 366.
Monocrepidms exiil, on sugar-cane

in Hawaii, 461, 526.
Monocrepidiiis pallipes, natural

enemy of Rhopaea spp. in Fiji, 26.
monodon, Pentodon.
monographiis, Xyleborns .
Monohavimus (see Monochawiis).
Monolcpta rosea, on cotton and

vines in Queensland, 157.
Monolexis lavagnei, parasite of

Lyctiis impressus and Sinoxylon

sexdentatmn in France, 433, 434,

478.
Monomoriinn, intercepted on Dra-
caena in California, 479 ; inter-
cepted in Hawaii, 460.
JMonomorhmi pharaonis, in San

Thome, 491.
Monophlebtts, measures against, on

mango in Punjab, 109 ; Crypto-

chaetuni predaceous on, 59.
Monophlebus stebbingi, measures

against, on mangos in Punjab,

109.
MonopJilebtis stehbingi octocaudatus,

SitriDiius renardi predaceous on,

in India, 100.
JMonophyUa terminaia, predaceous

on bark-beetles in U.S.A., 510.
^Montana, bionomics of Blissus

leucopterus on cereals in, 392 ;

miscellaneous pests and their

control in, 186.
montanimi, Trichosipliuui.
jMonterey Cypress (see Cuprcssus

macrocarpa) .
nwnticolae, Dendroctomts.
MoniricJiardia acideata, new scale-
insect on, in British Guiana, 119.
luontricJiardiae, Platysaissetia.
tnontroiizieri, Cryptolaennis.
Montserrat, miscellaneous pests in,

523.
moorsi, Lepidosaphes (see L.

hawaiiensis).
vwrdax, Rhagiiim.
Mordellistena pavvida, measures

against, in Russia, 102, 105.

moreonella, Recitrvaria.

Moreschiella ilicicola, subgen. et
sp. n., on Ouerciis ilex in Italy, 204.

Moreschiella moricola, sp. n., on
Morns alba in Italy, 203.

Moreschiella robiirella, sp. n., on
Qnercus robtir in Italy, 204.

Morganclla [Aspidiotiis] lovgispina,
on papaw in British Guiana, 119 ;
on figs in Queensland, 157.

Alorganella nmskelli, on cacao in
San Thome, 492.

mori, Botubyx ; Oliants ; Zygiua.

in oricola , Moresch iclla .

rnorio, Chelisoches ; Encyrtus.

morionellns, Thersilochns.

Morniidea, on rice in Dutch Guiana,
536.

Morniidea ypsilon, on rice in British
Guiana, 145, 472.

]\Ioro Island, Franklinothrips tcniii-
cornis in, 422.

Moroccan Locust (see Dociostaurus
maroccaniis).

Morocco, Cyrtognathus fornicatus on
vines in, 38 ; miscellaneous pests
in, 121.

niorosa, Rhyparida.

Morphacris fasciatits, on tobacco in
Africa, 424.

Morns (see Mulberry) .

Mortis alba, new Dipteron attacking,
in Italy, 203.

Morns rubra (Red ]\Iulberry),
Megilla macidata hibernating on,
in U.S.A., 32.

Mosaic Disease, of cucumber, spread
by Aphids, 4 ; of maize, trans-
mitted by Aphis maidis in U.S.A.,
531 ; of potato, transmission of,
by insects in Korth America, 397,
418, 422 ; of sugar-cane, relation
of insects to, in U.S.A., 370, 414 ;
of sugar-cane, relation of insects
to, in Porto Rico, 446, 483 ; of
sweet-pea, spread by Aphids, 4 ;
of tobacco, spread by Aphids, 4 ;
of vegetables, spread by Macro-
siphitm solanifoli in LT.S.A., 385.

mosellana, Sitodiplosis [Clincdi-
plosis, Thecodiplosis).

inosieri, JMetaniasius.

Mottling Disease (see jNIosaic
Disease) .

I\Ioss, Ortheziola vejdovskyi in, in
Britain, 344 ; Reticuliternics in-
tercepted in, in U.S.A., 306.

Mount Etna Broom (see Genista
aetnensis).

Mountain Ash, insect pests on, in
U.S.A., 505.

666

INDEX.

Mountain Ash Aphis (see Proci-

philiis fraxinidipetalae) .
Mountain Hemlock (see Tsuga

mertensiana) .
Mountain John Bull Tree (see

Sterculia caribaea).
Mountain ]Mahogany (see Cerco-

carpus payvifolius).
Mountain Pine Bark-beetle (see

Dendrodonus monticolae) .
mucronata, Rhizophora.
Muhlenbeckia, Ceroplastes sinensis
possibly introduced into Japan
on, 127.
muiri, Sclerodermus.
Mulberry, pests of, in Formosa,
83 ; pests of, in India, 83, 84,
100, 473 ; pests of, in Italy, 142,
203, 252 ; pests of, in Japan, 24,
144, 195 ; alternatives for, as
food-plants for silkworms, 196.
Mulberry, Red (see Morus rubra).
Mulio obscura (see Cytherea).
multilinealis, Sylepta.
tnultipora, Pseudodiaspis.
miiltistriatus, Scolytiis [Eccopto-

gaster) .
munda, Coccinella.
■mundulus, Cyrtorhinus.
Murgantia histrionica (Harlequin
Cabbage Bug), measures against,
in U.S.A.. 249.
muricatulus, Neoclytus.
tnuricatum, Sinoxylon (see S. per-

forans).
vmrrayi, Ceroplastes.
Mus sylvaticus, destroying Panolis

flammea in Holland, 226.
inus, Camponotus.
Musa (see Banana and Plantain).
Musa cavendishi, TetranycJius on,

in Hawaii, 136.
■musae, Rioxa.

Musca dotnsstica (House-flies), 177
bred from rotting potatoes, 288
use of pyrethrum against 334
effect of inoculating, with Soros-
porella iivella, 169, 170.
Musca frit, frit fly originally

described as, 183.
Muscardine Disease of Silkworms

(see Botrytis bassiana).
Muscardine Fungus, Green (see

Metarrhizium anisopliae) .
musculosa, Oria.
museorum, Anthrenus.
■mushae, Procapritermes.
musicola, Tylenchus.
Mussel Scale (see Lepidosaphes beckii

and L. ulmi).
Mustard, pests of, in Assam, 461 ;
wireworms on, in Britain, 138 ;

attacked by Nezara viridula in
Florida, 382 ; pests of, in Russia,
105, 106.
]\Iustard, White, a safe crop for
wireworm-infested land in Britain,
349.
Mustard Aphid, in Assam, 461.
Mustard Sawfly (see Athcilia

proximo,).
Mutyca grandis, predaceous on
Papilio thoantiades in Argen-
tina, 541.
Mvcetobia, destroyed by para-

dichlorobsnzene in U.S.A., 190.
Mvcetophagus bifasciatus, associated
with Polvporus on pine-logs in
India, 10.
Myelois ceratoniae, food-plants and

distribution of, 122.
Mvelophilus (Pine Beetle), in

Holland, 227.
Myelophilus minor (Lesser Pine-
shoot Beetle), in forests in Austria,
471 ; in pines in Lithuania, 420 ;
in forests in Scotland, 378.
Myelophilus pilifer, sp. n., in Pinus

koraiensis in Siberia, 10.
Myelophilus {Hylurgus) piniperda
(Pine-shoot Beetle), bionomics
and control of, in forests in
Britain, 237, 378 ; in Pinus pine%
in Italy, 216 ; in pines in Lithu-
ania, 420 ; in pines in Russia, 107.
Myiocmm2 comperei, parasite of
Kermes acaciae in New South
Wales, 16.
Mvlabris, food-plants of, in Russia,

105.
Mylabris pustiilatus, on Cajanus

indicus in Ceylon, 520.
Mylabris variabilis, destroying

locusts in Italy, 485.
Myllocerus, on Erythrina and tea in

Dutch East Indies, 455.
Myllocerus blandus, food-plants of,

in Punjab, 109.
Myllocerus curvicornis, on acacia

in Ceylon, 520.
Myochrous artnatus, on sugar-cans

in British Guiana, 56.
myoidea, Masicera.
niyopaeformis, Aegeria {Sesia).
Myopites, possibly parasitised by
Eupelmella degeeri in France, 37.
myops, Mesosa.

Myriangium duriaei (Black Fun-
gus), value of, against scale-
insects in San Thome, 493, 494.
Myrica gale, Eulecanium coryli on,

124.
Mysore, Bruchids infesting stored
pulse in, 65 ; bionomics and

INDEX.

667

control of Gonocephalitm spp.
in, 64.

viytilaspidis, Schizotetranychiis {Tet-
ranychiis) .

Mytilaspis beckii (see Lepidosaphes).

Mytilaspis fiilva (see Lepidosaphes
beckii).

Mytilaspis pomicorticis (see Lepido-
saphes ulmi).

Mytilaspis pomornm (see Lepido-
saphes ulmi).

Myzocallis, notice of kev to species
of, 63.

Myzocallis alhainbra, sp. n., on
Querciis spp. in California, 479.

Myzocallis calif or niciis var.pallidiis,
n., on Querciis diimosa in Cali-
fornia, 63.

Myzocallis qiiercifolii, sp. n., on
Querciis douglasi in California, 63.

Myzocallis zelkoivae, sp. n., food-
plants of, in Japan, 11.

Myzoxylus lanigerum (see Eriosoma) .

Myzus cerasi (Black Cherry Aphis),
on cherries in Britain, 59 ; bio-
nomics and control of, in Canada,
35, 259, 413.

Myzus rnespiliella sp. n., on medlar
in Persia, 49S.

Alyzus persicae (Green Peach Aphis),
bionomics and control of, in
U.S.A., 9, 42, 47, 397 ; fumiga-
tion experiments against, 533 ;
transmitting plant diseases, 4,
397 ; Siphonophora achyrantes
identical with, 8.

Myzus ribis (Currant Aphis, Goose-
berry Aphis), measures against,
in France, 370 ; in Holland, 199 ;
in Quebec, 2 ; on red currant in
Russia, 104 ; bionomics and con-
trol of, in U.S.A., 217, 345, 444 ;
effect of food on antennal vari-
ation in, 377.

Myzus rosarum, on rose in Britain,
59 ; intercepted on rose in Cali-
fornia, 388.

Myzus variaus, on currants and
gooseberries in South Dakota,
444.

Myzus whitei, on currant and fir in
Britain, 59.

N

Nabis ferns, accompanying Miris
dolabratus in Sweden, 6.

Nabis flavoniarginatus , accompany-
ing Miris dolabratus in Sweden, 6.

Kacoleia indicata, in Porto Rico
484.

Naiacoccus serpentinus, gen. et sp.
n., on Tamarix articulata in
India, 205.

Naiacoccus serpetitinus var. minor,
n., on Tamarix stricta in Eastern
Persia, 205.

nanella, Reciirvaria.

nanus, Microbracon.

Naphthaline, effect of, on Anthrenus
vorax, 173 ; suggested as a possi-
ble repellent for Decilaus citri-
perda, 277 ; against Diloboderus
abderus, 214; ineffective against
Aegeria exitiosa, 189 ; ineffective
as a soil-dressing against wire-
worms and leather-jackets, 349.

napi, Ceuthorrhynchus ; Pier is ;
Psylliodes.

Napier Grass (see Pennisetum pur-
piireiim).

Narcissus, Eumerus spp. in bulbs of,
in Britain, 332 ; Tarsonemus
intercepted on, in U.S.A., 307.

nasicornis, Orvcies.

Natal, new Aphids in, 447 ; Belenois
mesentina in, 412 ; new fruit-
flies from, 264.

Natalensia, 187.

natalensis, Forda ; Lecaniodiaspis.

navale, Tribolium.

neavei, Rhabdochaeta ; Sphenis-
comvia.

Nebraska, pests from, intercepted in
California, 319.

nebris, Papaipejna.

nebulella, Homoeosoma.

nebulosa, Cassida.

nebulosus, Liopus.

Necrobia riifipes, in dried figs in
Britain, 3i30.

Nectandra. new scale-insect on, in
British Guiana, 1 19.

Nectarine, Phryneta spinator on, in
South Africa, 69 ; Ceratitis catoiri
on, in ?klauritius, 73 ; probably
attacked by Dichocrocis puncti-
feralis in Mesopotamia, 478 ;
fruit-flv larvae intercepted in, in
U.S.A.", 387.

Nectarophora pisi destructor (see
Acyrthosiphon).

Nectria ditissima (Apple Canker
Fungus), relation of Eriosonu
lanigerum to, in Britain, 349.

Necydales iilmi, in forests in
Lithuania, 420.

negundella, Gelechia.

Neichnea laticornis, predaceous on
bark-beetles in U.S.A., 510.

668

INDEX.

Nelumbo lutea, food-plant of
Pyrausta penitalis in U.S.A., 14.

Nelumbo nucifera (Egyptian Lotus),
food-plant of Pyrausta penitalis
in U.S.A., 14.

Nematodes (Eelworms), on beet in
France, 450 ; infesting Ips
sexdentatus in France, 489 ; on
vegetables in Hawaii, 136 ;
measures against, in bulbs in
Holland, 441 ; Lachnosterna des-
troyed by, in Kansas, 391 ;
attacking cereals in Mesopotamia,
373 ; on cyclamen in Ontario, 2 ;
measures against, on beans and
Hibiscus in Straits Settlements,
283 ; infesting crops in U.S.A.,
137, 239, 459 ; causing disease
in coconuts in West Indies, 66,
67 ; effect of chloropicrin and
cresylic acid on, 441, 442; (see
Heterodera, Tylenchus, etc.).

Nematus, on gooseberry in Germany,
426 ; rarely found in forests in
Lithuania, 420.

Nematus abietinmn (see Lygaeone-
matus pini).

Nematus erichsoni (see Lygaeone-
matus).

NemaUis ventricosus (see Pteronus
ribesii) .

Nemeritis canescens, parasite of
Ephestia kiihniella in Germany,
544.

Nemoraea glabrata (see Tachina).

nemoralis, Carabiis.

nemoraita, Hemerophila (Simaethis).

nemonmi, Diprion [Lophyrus) ;
Phylloireta.

nenuphar, Conotrachelus.

Neoascia, larva resembling, in mines
of Hylobius abietis in Germany,
406.

Neocerata rJiodopJiaga (Rose IMidge),
in Ontario, 2.

Neoclytarlus euphorbiae, parasitised
by Sclerodermus spp. in Hawaii,
436.

Neoclytus erythrocephahis, in Robinia
pseudacacia in U.S.A., 516 ; effect
of direct sunlight on, 366.

Neoclytus lovgipes, in Larix laricina

in U.S.A., 127.
Neoclytus muvicatulus, in Arctic

Canada, 192.
Neodiprion, on Pinus resinosa, para-
sitised by Exenterus affinis in
U.S.A., 381.
Neodiprion pivetum, relation of, to
spread of Cronartium ribicola in
U.S.A., 87.
Neophyllaphis podocarpi, gen. et sp.

n., bionomics of, on Podocarpus
macrophylla in Japan, 152.
Neopyralis ronnai, gen. et sp. n., in
prickly pear, in South America,
299, 452.
Neotermes gestroi, on cacao in San

Thome, 492, 493.
Neotermes pallidicollis, on cacao in

San Thome, 492.
Neotetranychus bicolor (see Para-

tetranycJnis).
Neotoxoptera violae, a form of Fulla-
wayella {Rhopalosiphum) violae,
28.
Nephaniis serinopa (Black-headed
Coconut Caterpillar), and its
control in Ceylon, 258, 520.
Nephopteryx rubrizonella, legislation
against introduction of, into
U.S.A., 512.
Nephotettix apicalis (Rice Leaf-
hopper), on rice in Formosa, 86 ;
bionomics of, in India, 472.
Nephotettix bipunctatiis (Rice Leaf-
hopper), bionomics of, in India,
472.
nerii, Aphis ; Deilephila.
nervosa, Aphalara ; Depressaria (see

D. apicella).
Nesepyris ewa, gen. et sp. n.,
predaceous on Lepidoptera in
Hawaii, 436.
Nesotocus giffardi, bionomics of, in

Hawaii, 434.
Net-winged Cicada (see Platypedia

areolata).
Nettle, Macrosiphmn urticae on, in

Britain, 146.
Nettle Grubs (see Spatulicraspeda
castaneiceps and Thosea cervina).
Neuroterus numismalis, forming

galls on oak in Lithuania, 420.
Neurotoma flaviventris, on hawthorn

in Italy, 142.
Neurotoma inconspicua, on plum in

South Dakota, 217.
neustria, Malacosoma [Bombyx,

Lasiocampa).
Nevada, potato industry ruined by
Heterodera radicicola in, 401 ;
pests from, intercepted in Cali-
fornia, 49, 114, 182, 388.
Nevis, miscellaneous pests in, 442.
New Caledonia, establishment of

Agromyza lantanae in, 8.
New England, quarantine against

Pyrausta nubilalis in, 99.
New Guinea, new scale-insect in-
festing wild mango in, 35 ; Hyp-
sipyla robusta in, 165.
New Hampshire, Pyrausta nubilalis
in, 98 ; prohibition against

INDEX.

669

importation of certain plants into
Canada from, 416.
New Hebrides, Rioxa musae im-
ported into Australia in bananas
from, 25.
New Jersey, miscellaneous pests in,
42-44, 45, 47, 82, 147, 300, 340,
461 ; bionomics and control of
orchard pests in, 45, 305, 313;
bionomics and control of Popillia
japonica in, 95, 307, 308, 374,
512 ; precautions against spread
of Popillia japonica into Penn-
sylvania from, 360 ; pests from,
intercepted in California, 240, 480.
New Mexico, Protodiaspis lohata on
Quercus gambelii in, 222 ; Lepi-
dosaphes beckii intercepted in
California on lemons from, 182.
New South Wales, notes on
Agromyza lantanae in, 7, 158 ;
spread of Cosmopolites sordidus on
bananas in, 112 ; Kevmes acaciae
parasitised by Myiocnema com-
perei in, 16 ; miscellaneous pests
in, 25, 58, 63, 86, 333 ; orchard
pests in, 153, 154, 333, 410;
bionomics and control of Pro-
sayleus phytolymns in, 333; tele-
phone cables damaged by wood
borers in, 374.
New York, Aphis pomi and its
control on apples in, 29 ; mis-
cellaneous pests in, 33, 77, 131,
303, 317, 340 ; bionomics and
control of Pyrausta nubilalis in,
97-99 ; organisation of a special
spray service in, 310 ; pests from,
intercepted in California, 49, 181,
480 ; prohibition against im-
portation of certain plants into
Canada from, 416.
New Zealand, beneficial and
injurious Hymenoptera in, 62 ;
bionomics and control of Odontria
zealandica in, 503 ; measures
against orchard pests in, 145, 324,
344, 431 ; measures against
Phylloxera in vineyards in, 408 ;
regulations for the control of
fire-blight in, 504 ; pests from,
intercepted in other countries,
157, 509 ; legislation against pests
from, in U.S.A., 512.
New Zealand Grass Grub (see

Odontria zealandica) .
New Zealand Flax Grub (see

Xanthorhoe praefectata) .
Nezara, on tobacco in Dutch East

Indies, 538.
Nezara viridula (Large Green Stink
Bug, Pumpkin Bug), bionomics

and control of, in Florida, 137,
381 ; on Cajanus indicus in
Ceylon, 520 ; on rice in Dutch
East Indies, 495 ; food-plants of,
in Mesopotamia, 478 ; tobacco
little damaged by, in Transvaal,
424 ; on cotton and tomatoes in
West Indies, 296. 303.
Nicandra, food-plant of Lema

bilineata in South Africa, 412.
Nickel, resistant to liquid hydro-
cyanic-acid, 91.
Nicofume Liquid, effect of, on

Typophorus canellus, 313.
Nicotine, 428 ; against Aethalion
reticulatmn, 488 ; against Aphids,
31, 47, 133, 346, 349, 370, 380,
405, 441, 468; against Capsids
and Psyllids in orchards, 44, 78.
263, 405 ; against Diarthronomyia
hypogaea, 365 ; against various
Lepidoptera, 141, 288, 355, 463;
against mites, 262, 268, 272,
293,441 ; a.ga.inst Pteronus ribesii,
468; against thrips, 293, 441,
492 ; against vine moths, 224
276, 326, 348, 375, 400. 522;
and arsenical sprays, 355 ; and
copper-lime, 272 ; and lime-
sulphur, 30, 44 ; and Paris green
unsuitable in combination, 477 ;
and soap, 47, 141, 224, 288, 405,'
468 ; fumigation with, 346, 365 ;
experiments with substitutes for'
400.
Nicotine Sulphate, against Aphids
29, 130, 3S5, 403, 477; against
ants, 537 ; against Blissus
lencopterus, 505 ; injections of,
against borers, 506 ; against
Diarthronomyia hypogaea, 342,
365 ; addition of, to other in-
secticides against flea-beetles, 75 ;
against iniscellaneous orchard
pests, 94, 131, 232, 249, 323, 355,
372, 477 ; against thrips, 97,
440, 498 ; and Bordeaux mixture,
440 ; and lime, 29 ; and resin,
131 ; and soap, 29, 97, 232, 323
342, 385, 403, 498. 505 ; dusting
mixture sprayed with, 130.
nidicola, Zygoboihria.
niger, Athous ; Chionaspis ; Lasius ;

Ufens.
Nigeria, new Delphacids from, 118 ;

new fruit-flies from, 264.
nigeriensis, Delphacodes ; Megamelus

furcifer.
nigra, Fullawayella {Micromyzus) ;

Oscinis ; Saissetia [Lecanitim) .
nigricana, Cydia [Grapholitha,
Sesamia).

670

INDEX.

nigricornis, Leiicopis ; Oecanthiis.
nigrifemur, Parasierola.
nigripes, Phyllotreta.
nigripilosus, Laelius.
nigrirostris, Hypera.
nigritarius, Ichneumon,
nigritarsis, Calliptevus.
nigriventris, Anagrus avmatits

Hemiteles ; Thanasimus.
nigrocyaneus , Ichneumon,
nigro-emarginatus, Lasiiis eniargin

atus.
nigrofasciatum, Eulecanium.
nigrofasciatus, Oedaleus.
nigrolineata, Vekunta.
nigropunctatus , Kermes.
nigroscutata, Linda,
nimbella, Homoeosoma.
nimbosa, Trachykele.
nipae, Pseudococcus.
Nippolachniis piri, food-plants of,

in Japan, 11.
Nipus biplagiatus, predaceous on
Ehrhornia cupressi in California,
394.
Nirvana pallida, on sugar-cane and

grasses in Formosa, 86.
Nirvana siduralis, on sugar-cane in

Formosa, 86.
Nisotra theobromae, sp. n., on cacao

in San Thome, 493, 515.
Nisotra uniformis (Cotton Flea-
beetle), food-plants of, in Anglo-
Egyptian Sudan, 172, 173.
nitela, Papaipema (see P. nebris).
nitens, Setora.
nitida, Allorrhina (Cotimts) ; Sais-

setia.
nitidalis, Diaphania [Glyphodes).
nitidissima, Oscinis.
nitiditlus, Anastoechus ; Anthicus.
nitidus, Phymatodes ; Pityophthorus.
nitobei, Capritermes.
Nitric Acid, favouring decomposi-
tion in liquid hydrocyanic- acid,
91.
Nitrogen, dried locusts containing,

251.
Nitrogen Superphosphates, locusts

used in manufacture of, 370.
niveosparsus , Idiocerus.
niveovariegatus , A nthribus.
niveus, Oecanthus.
nobilitata, Thereva.
Noctua c-nigrum (see Agrotis) .
Noctua fractilinea (see Oligia) .
nodicornis, Phyllotreta ; Scolytus

(Eccoptogaster).
Nonagria, parasitised by Meniscus

scapularis in Germany, 408.
Nonagria geminipnncta, new para-
site of, in Germany, 408.

nonagriae, Meniscus.

nonagrioides, Sesamia {see S. vuteria).

nonstrigella, O paste ga.

Norfolk Island Pine (see Araucaria

excelsa) .
Northern Tobacco Worm (see Proto-

parce celeus).
norvegicus, Calocoris.
Norway ]Maple (see Acer platanoides

var. globosum) .
Norway Spruce (see Picea excelsa).
Nosema apis, in bees in Britain, 56.
Notarcha clytalis, on Sterculia aceri-

folia in Queensland, 157.

notatus, Exochus ; Pissodes ; Tillus.

Nothopanax guilfoylei, Nesotociis

giffardi not ovipositing on, in

Hawaii, 435.

Notolophus {Orgyia) antiqua, in

Russia, 105.
Notoiuina biociilatiim , gen. et sp. n.,

in Gold Coast, 264.
Notonecta, utilisation of, in poultry

food in Mexico, 429.
Nova Scotia, Apamea nictitans

aniericana on maize in, 374.
Novius cardinalis, utilisation of,
against Icerya purchasi, 59, 121,
263, 294, 405, 411, 488, 519;
imported into Brazil, 405 ; effect
of food-plant of Icerya purchasi
on efficacy of, 121.
Novius roseipennis, a minor enemy
of Icerya purchasi in Ceylon, 519.
noxius, Protostrophus.
niibeculana, Ancylis.
nubifera, Dialeurodes {Aleurodes)

(see D. citrifolii).
nubilalis, Pyraiista {Botys).
nubilia, Pentaria.
nubilis, Euparthenos.
nucleorum, Pachymerus [Caryo-

borus) .
nuda, Orthezia.
nudus, Pityophthorus.
numismalis, Neuroterus.
Nun Moth (see Liparis monacha) .
nupta, Catocala.

Nuthatch, destroying noxious in-
sects in U.S.A., 174.
Nutmeg, possibly attacked by Xyle-

borus fornicatus in Penang, 209.
Nyasaland, Phryneta spinator in,

69 ; new fruit-flies from, 264.
Nygmia, on cacao, erroneously re-
corded as Euproctis mediosqua-
mosa in Uganda, 243.
Nygmia phaeorrhoea (Brown-tail
Moth), establishment of Compsi-
lura concinnata against, in Canada,
3 ; outbreak of, in France, 6,
489, 533 ; measures against, on

INDEX.

671

fruit trees in Gennany, 426, 468 ;
on pear in Italy, 142 ; food-
plants and parasite of, in Russia,
105 ; measures against, in U.S.A.,
96, 293, 341 ; intercepted on
imported nursery stock in U.S.A.,
306, 338 ; reaction of larva of, to
Bacillus melolontkae liquefaciens,
328.

nymphaeae, Siphonapliis.

Nymphiila dcpiinctalis, on rice in
Ceylon, 520 ; on rice in Dutch
East Indies, 330.

Nysins vinitor (False Chinch Bug,
Rutherglen Bug), on fruit-trees
in Australia, 157, 333.

o.

Oak (Qitercus), bark-beetles in
barked logs of, in Austria, 176 ;
pests of, in Britain, 343, 352 ;
pests intercepted on, in California,
480 ; pests of, in Central Europe,
288, 289, 400 ; pests of, in France,
37, 472 ; pests of, in Germany,
176, 266 ; Pristiphora faiista on,
in Holland, 407 ; pests of, in
Lithuania, 420 ; Protodiaspis
pavvula on, in Mexico, 222 ;
Lyctus striatus in timber of, in
Ontario, 2 ; pests of, in Russia,
105, 106 ; pests of, in Spain,
279, 367, 368, 539; flea-beetles
on, in Sweden, 49, 50 ; pests of,
in U.S.A., 278, 341, 463, 479,
505 ; species of Kermes confined
to, 16 ; effect of direct sunlight
on pests of, 366.

Oak, Black [seeOncrcus calif ornica).

Oak, Blue (see Qitercus douglasi).

Oak, Coast Live, Polycaon stoutii
in, in California, 463.

Oak, Forest (see Casuarina ino-
phloia).

Oak, Holly (see Querciis ilex).

Oak, Live, Polycaon confertus in, in
U.S.A., 463.^

Oak, Pin (see Quercits palustris).

Oak, Red (see Quercus rubra).

Oak, River (see Casuarina cunning-
hami).

Oak, Scrub, Anisota senatoria on,
in New Jersey, 42.

Oak, Spanish (see Quercus falcata).

Oak, Tan Bark, Polycaon confertus
ovipositing on, in U.S.A., 463.

Oak Leaf-miner (see Brachys aero-
sus and B. ovatus).

Oak Looper (see Ellopia somniaria).

Oak Mining Moth (see Jischeria
coinplanella).

Oak Scale (see Astcrolecanium quer-
cicola).

Oak Tortrix (see Tortrix viridana).

Oak Twig-girdler (see Agrilus
armatus).

Oak Twig-girdler, Flat-headed (see
Agrilus angelicus).

Oak Worm (see Aniscta senatoria).

Oat Aphis (see Siphonapliis padi).

Oat ]\lite (see Tarscnemus spirifex).

Oat Straw, legislation restricting
importation of, into Canada from
U.S.A., 416.

Oats, occasionally attacked by
Oscinella frit in North America,
183 ; pests of, in Britain, 58,
155, 348, 351 ; measures against
termites on, in France, 40 ; pests
of, in Germany, 358, 543
Cirphis iinipiincta on, in India
100 ; pests of, in Japan, 86
pests of, in New Zealand, 503
pests of, in Russia, 105, 106, 107
legislation against importation
of, into St. Lucia from Trinidad
and Grenada, 216 ; not attacked
by Melanotus in South Carolina,
5 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 47, 98,
117, 314, 340, 392 ; not attacked
by Mayetiola destructor in U.S.A.,
376.

Oberea bimaculata (Raspberry Cane
Borer), bionomics and control
of, in Washington, 208, 459.

Oberea linearis, in hazel in Italy,
142.

obesus, Plocaederus.

oblineatus, Lygiis pratensis.

oblinita, Acronycta {Apatela).

obliqua, Allograpta ; Diacrisia.

Oblong Scale (see Eulecanimn per-
sicae) .

oblongus, Phyllobius.

obovatus, Brevipalpus.

obscura, Agrotis (see A . ravida) ;
Arytaina ; Cytherea [Mulio) ;
Rhabdocnemis .

obscurata, Kuwanina.

obscuriis, Agriotes ; Anaphothrips ;
Chrysomphalus; Hylastinus; Tene-
brio.

obsoleta, Helioihis [Chloridea).

obsoletus, Lagocheirus.

obtectus, Bruchiis [Acanthoscelides).

obtusa, Clastoptera.

obtusella, Acrobasis.

obumbratilis, Pyrausta (see P.
ainsliei).

obvia, Achaea.

672

IXDEX.

occidentalis , Pityophthorus.

oceanica, Aspidiotus.

ocellana, Agonopteryx ; Eiicosma

( Tmetocera) .
ocellatus, Cantas ; Sinerinthus.
ocellatella, Phthorimaea {Lita).
ochracea, Gortyna.
ochripes, Phyllotreta.
ochrogaster, Euxoa.
Ochroma lagopus (Cork-wood Tree),

food-plant of Dysdercus delauneyi

in St. Vincent, '206.
Ocneria dispar (see Poythetria) .
Ocnerioxa discreta, sp. n., in North

Nigeria, 264.
Ocnerogyia amanda, bionomics of,

on figs in Mesopotamia, 478, 500.
Ocneros bigemmatus, sp. n., in

British East Africa, 264.
Ocneyos undatiis, sp. n., in Nyasa-

land, 264.
octocaudatus, Monophlebus stehhingi.
octogesima, Cymatophora.
octospina, Atta.
oculata, Saissetia.
ocidatas, Galeruclerus.
Ocvmiiin basilicum, unidentified

moth on, in South America, 299.
Odinci wodier, Actias selene on, in

India, 84.
Oioipovns longicollis, on plantain in

Assam, 461.
Odonaspis rhizophilits, sp. n., on

Chlovis incompleta in British East

Africa, 119.
Odonestis potatoria, parasitised by

Rhogas geniculator in Britain,

331.

Odoniomerus, notice of key to
species of, 417.

Odontoteyims foymosaniis, and its
control in Formosa, 143, 301.

Odontria zealandica (New Zealand
Grass-Grub), bionomics and con-
trol of, in New Zealand, 503.

Odynsrus orbus, new Encyrtid para-
site of, in Hawaii, 437.

Oebalus pitgnax (see Solubea).

Oecanthiis, on apples in Queensland,
157.

Oecanthiis nigvicornis, associated
with Leptosphaeria coniothyrium
on raspberry, 4.

Oscanthus niveus, associated with
Leptosphasria coniothyrium on
on apples, 4.

Oscanthus psllucens, in Russia, 103.

oecsticola, Ipobracon ; Tetrastichus.

Oeceticus platensis (Argentine Bag-
worm) bionomics and control of,
in South America, 214, 298, 299.

Odcophylla smaragdina (Green Tree

Ant), predaceous on bees in
Queensland, 158.
Oedaleus enigma, measures against,
on lucerne, etc., in California, 47.
Oedaleus nigrofasciatus, in Russia,
103.

Oenophthira pilleriana (see Spar-
ganothis).

Oenothera biennis (Evening Prim-
rose), insects on, in U.S.A., 341,
418.

Ohio, cereal pests in, 92, 129, 504,
531 ; miscellaneous pests in, 15,
77, 92, 396, 403 ; precautions
against introduction of Pyrausfa
nubilalis into, 91 ; insects liable
to be mistaken for Pyrausta
nubilalis in, 130, 286 ; pests
from, intercepted in California,
114, 182, 388, 480; economic
entomology in, 152.

Oidium ceraioniae, measures against,
infesting carob beans in Italy,
203.

Oil, Linseed, for protecting straw-
berry plants from root weevils,
459.

Oil, Aliscible, against Aphids, 129 ;
ineffective against Aphid eggs,
31 ; against Ehrhornia cupressi,
394.

Oil, Palm, in formula for spray
against Heliothrips ruhrocinctus,
201.

Oil, Rape, banding mango trees
with, against Monophlebus, 109.

Oil, Vegetable, addition of, to
raixture for painting apple-trees
against Eriosoma lanigerum, 153.

Oil Emulsion, against Gryllotalpa,
39 ; against mites and scale-
insects, 53, 135 ; and Bordeaux
mixture, formula for preparation
of, against orchard pests, 401 ;
and lime, formula for, against
pine weevils, 380 ; as a spreader
for lead arsenate sprays, 372.

Oil Palm, pests of, in Dutch East
Indies, 330, 495, 538.

Oil Palm, West African (see Elaeis
guineensis).

Oilcloth, for protecting strawberry
plants from root weevils, 459.

Oils, for painting avocado against
ants, 131 ; spraving with, against
orchard pests, 109, 153, 212, 230,
316, 324, 337, 344, 431 ; Syagrius
fuluitarsis trapped with, 375 ; in-
jection of, into timber against
termites, 301 ; in mixture for
painting tea bushes against
Xyleborus fornicatus, 110.

INDEX.

673

oktnawensis, Parabolocratus.

Okra (see Hibiscus esculentiis) .

oleae, Dacus ; Filippia (Philippia) ;
Phloeothrips ; Phloetribtts (see
P. scarabaeoides) ; Saissetia
(Lecanium) .

Oleander, food-plant of Xvlouiyges
cridania in Florida, 235 ; Aspid-
iotus hederae on, in Italy, 142.

Oleander Scale (see Aspidiotus
hederae) .

oleellus, Prays.

Olein Soap, in formula for pyre-
thrum spray against vine moths,
375.

oleiperda, Hylesiiius.

oleivorus, Eriophyes {Phyllocoptes,
Typhlodromus) .

oleracea, Haltica ; Polia {Hadena,
Mamestra) ; Tipitla.

oleynceuni, Eurydema.

Oh'threutes hebcsana (Verbena Bud-
moth), in nurseries in New Jersey,
301.

Olethr elites variegana (see Argyro-
ploce) .

Oliarus, on rice in India, 473.

Oliarus mori, on mulberry in For-
mosa, 86.

Oliarus oryzae, on sugar-cane in
Formosa, 86.

Oligia (Hadena) fractilinea (Lined
Corn Stalk Borer), in U.S.A.,
188, 286, 303, 340 ; confused
with Pyrausta nubilahs, 286.

Oligonychus, in Britain, 466.

Oligotvophns alopecuri (Foxtail
Midge), measures against, in
Denmark, 60.

Olive, measures against scale-
insects on, in Algeria and South
France, 450 ; Meridarchis repro-
bata on, in India, 84 ; pests of, in
Italy, 160, 216 ; pests of imported
varieties of, in Palestine, 507 ;
pests of, and their control in
Spain, 324, 406, 514, 539;
measures against Dacus oleae on,
in Tunisia, 83 ; pests of, in U.S.A.,
91, 463.

Olive Bark-beetle (see Lupcrisinus
calif ornicus) .

Olive Beetle (see Phloeotribus scara-
baeoides) .

Olive Fly (see Dacus oleae) .

Olive Moth (see Pravs oleellus).

Olive Stones, in baits for locusts,
485.

Olive Twig Borer (see Polycaon
confertus) .

olivieri, Aulacophora.

ombrodes, Gonatopus.
(3202)

ombrodetta, Arctiophova (see Crypto-
phlebia illepida) .

Omorgus abbreviatus, parasite of
vine moths in Austria, 353.

Omorgus difformis, parasite of vine
moths in Austria, 353.

onagrae, Macrosiphmii.

Oncideres albomarginata, on kola nut
in British Guiana, 55.

Oncideres cingulata (Pecan Twig
Girdler), on Eucalyptus rostrata
in Florida, 137.

Oncideres repandator, on mango in
British Guiana, 55.

Oncoscehs sulciventris (Bronze Suck-
ing Bug), on citrus in Oueensland,
156.

Onion [Allium cepa), pests of, in
Britain, 351 ; Lepidopterous lar-
vae intercepted in, in California
114; measures against pests of,
in Canada, 281, 323, 362 ; Euxoa
segetum on, in Germany, 270 ;
thrips on, in Hawaii, 136 ; Hyle-
myia antiqua on, in Italy, 142 ;
Thrips tabaci on, in Oueensland,
156 ; pests of, and their control
in U.S.A., 137, 168, 188, 286.

Onion Maggot (see Hylemyia anti-
qua).

Onion Thrips (see Thrips tabaci).

Ontario, measures against grass-
hoppers in, 465 ; miscellaneous
pests in, 1 ; orchard pests in, 5,
35, 281.

onukii, Mesepora.

onusta, M acranoctua .

Ooencyrtus pacificus, parasite of
Brachyplatys pacificus in Fiji, 27.

Ootetrastichus, parasite of Perkin-
siella vitiensis in Fiji, 27 ; estab-
lishment of, in Hawaii, 72.

Ootetrastichus formosanus, parasite
of Perkinsiella saccharicida in
Hawaii, 20, 21, 526.

opaca, Blitophaga; Cetonia ; Rican-
optera.

opacicollis, Promecotheca,

opaciventris, Epactiothynnus.

opacus, Hylastes.

Opatrum, on vines in Algeria, 451 ;
on tobacco in Dutch East Indies,
538.

Opatrum acutangulum, 541.

Opatrum (Gonocephaluin) depressum,
recorded in error on tobacco in
Java, 540 ; bionomics and control
of, in ]\Iysore, 64 ; Gonocephalum
simplex closely related to, 425.

Opatrum hoffmannseggi (see Gono-
cephalum).

674

INDEX.

Opatrum intermedium, Gonocephalum

simplex closely related to, 425.
Opatrum reticulatum, bionomics of,

on beet in Japan, 398.
Opatrum sabulosum, in Russia, 105.
Opercula, Calcareous, construction

of, by Longicorn larvae, 101.
operculella, PhtJwrimaea.
Operophthera bnimata (see Chei-

matobia).
Ophideres, on citrus in Queens-
land, 156.
Ophion, possibly an enemy of
Xvlomvges eridania in Florida,
236.
Ophionectria, in San Thome, 494.
Ophiusa jnelicerta (see Achaea

Janata).
Ophiusa serva (see Achaea).
Ophonus calceatus, in Russia, 105.
Opilo mollis, predaceous on Coleop-

tera in France, 434.
opinator, Syrphus.
Opius cereus, sp. n., parasite of

fruit-flies in Trinidad, 11.
Opius craivfordi, O. trinidadensis pos-
sibly a geographical race of, 11.
Opius cupidus, sp. n., parasite of
Pegomyia hyoscyami in U.S.A., 11.
Opius doivnesi sp. n., parasite of
Rhagoletis pomonella in U.S.A., 1 1 .
Opius ferrugineus, ovipositing in
cherries infested with Rhagoletis
spp. in Ontario, 1 .
Opius fletcheri, utilisation of, against
Dacus cucurbitae in Hawaii, 347,
375.
Opius humilis, utilisation of, against
Ceratitis capitata in Hawaii, 170,
171, 375.
Opius lectus, sp. n., possibly para-
sitic on Rhagoletis pomonella in
U.S.A., 11.
Opius melleus, parasite of Rhago-
letis pomonella in U.S.A., 11.
Opius richmondi, sp. n., possibly
parasitic on Rhagoletis pomonella
in U.S.A., 11.
Opius trinidadensis, sp. n., parasite

of fruit-flies in Trinidad, 11.
Opius turneri, sp. n., parasite of a
Dipterous leaf-miner in U.S.A.,
11.
Opostega nonstrigella, probably
associated with gooseberry twig
disease, 4.
optabilis, Paranagrus.
opidenta, Trachykele.
opvJentus, Catantops.
Opuntia ficus-indicus , suggested
planting of, against Icerya
purchasi in Sicily, 122.

Opuntia monocantha, Dactylopius
confusus indicus introduced into
Queensland to destroy, 157 ; (see
Prickly Pear) .
Orange, measures against scale-
insects on, in Algeria, 57, 213,
450 ; pests of, in Argentina, 299,
434 ; Rhynchocoris on, in Assam,
461 ; pests of, in Brazil, 292, 325,
405 ; pests intercepted on, in
California, 13, 49, 181, 182, 240.
319, 387, 479, 480 ; pests of, in
Cuba, 51, 53, 229; control of
scale-insects on, in Cyprus, 204 ;
Tartessus ferrugineus on, in
Formosa, 86 ; measures against
scale-insects on, in South France,
450 ; pests of, in India, 84, 130,
445 ; Aleurocanthus woglumi on,
in Jamaica, 480 ; pests of, in
Japan, 144, 257 ; not attacked by
Ceratitis capitata on high plateaux
in jNIadagascar, 134 ; Decilaus
citriperda on, in Queensland, 277 ;
new weevils on, in Transvaal,
264 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 463.
508- ; control of Papilio thoan-
tiades on, in Uruguay, 214.

Orange, Chinese, food-plant of Cera-
titis capitata in Hawaii, 171.

Orange, Mock (see Philadelphus
gordonianus).

Orange Fly (see Dacus tsuneonis).

Orange Free State, new Aphid on
chrysanthemum in, 447 ; new
weevils and their food-plants in,
264.

Orange :Mite (see Brevipalpus
obovatus) .

Orange Rust Mite (see Eriophyes
oleivorus).

Orange Sann Moth (see Argina
cribraria).

Orange Tortrix (see Tortrix citrana).

Orange Worm (see Papilio thoan-
tiades).

Oranges, in formulae for baits for
grasshoppers, etc., 129, 386, 465.

orbi, Coelopencyrtus.

orbus, Odynerus.

Orchestes fagi, parasitised by Sigal-
phus pallidipes in Britain, 331.

Orchestes quercus, parasitised by
Si^alphus pallidipes in Britain,
331.

Orchids, Lecanium aequale on, in
Britain, 343 ; mealy-bugs inter-
cepted on, in Hawaii, 431
Chliaria dendrobii on, in Java, 40
new ant on, in Switzerland, 488
pests intercepted on, in U.S.A.,
49, 307, 480.

INDEX.

675

ovens, Anastoechus {Systoechits).
Oregnia lanigera, on sugar-cane in

Dutch E. Indies, 330.
Oregon, bionomics and control of

DendroctonHS byevicomis in, 523-

525 ; miscellaneous pests in, 145,

401, 402 ; new species of Physo-

thrips in, 135 ; pests of stored

grain and their control in, 215 ;

insecticide investigations in, 372 ;

pests from, intercepted in Cali-
fornia, 49, 114, 181, 240, 319,

388, 480.
oyegonana, Proieopteryx.
Orgyia antiqua (see Notolophus).
Orgyia postica (Tussock Moth), on

dadap and tea in Ceylon, 111,

258, 520 ; on plums in Queens-
land, 157.
Oria musculosa, on wheat and oats

in Russia, 105.
orichalcca, Phytometra {Plusia).
Oriental Fruit Moth (see Cydia

molesta).
Oriental Moth (see Cnidocampa

flavescens) .
Oriental Peach Moth (see Cydia

molesta) .
orientalis, Anomala ; Aspidiotus ;

Blatta ; Bnichocida ; Dorylus ;

Paodiplosis.
Oriole, destroying noxious insects in

U.S.A., 174.
ormenus, Papilio.
ornata, Roiidaniella.
ovnatum, Eurydema.
ornithogalli, Prodenia.
Ornix geminatella (see Parornix).
Orobanche tuberosa, new Coccid on,

in California, 187.
Oroxylon indicum, Xylotreclnis

quadripes ovipositing on, in

Tonkin, 111.
OHhacanthacris aegyptins, in Africa,

424 ; on tobacco in Italy and

Dalmatia, 424.
Ovthezia ins ignis, attacking lantana

in India, 473 ; on cacao in San

Thome, 492.
Oythezia niida, sp. n., on Qncrcus

emoryi in U.S.A., 187.
Ortheziola vejdovskyi, in moss in

Britain, 344.
orihogonia, Porosagrotis.
Orthomegas cinnamoneiis, in Hevea

in British Guiana, 55.
Oytliopagus helios, on sugar-cane in

Formosa, 86.
Oythopleiira daniicovnis, predaceous

on bark-beetles in U.S.A., 510.
Oythoyyhiniis cylindvivostyis, on Arau-

cavia bidwilli in Queensland, 156.

(3202)

Ovyctes, on coconuts in Dutch East
Indies, 538 ; Scolia cvvatica
erroneously recorded as a parasite
of, in Straits Settlements, 276.

Oyyctes boas (Rhinoceros Beetle), on
Elae'is gitineensis in Belgian
Congo, 408 ; on coconuts in
Zanzibar, 118; studies of, as a
pest of coconuts, 275.

Oyyctes laevigatas, in dead pine in
France, 176.

Oyvctes latecavatiis, in San Thome,
493.

Ovyctes monoceros, on Elae'is guineen-
sis in Belgian Congo, 408 ; studies
of, on coconuts, 275.

Oyyctes nasicornis, in dead oak in
Germany, 176.

Oyyctes vadama, studies of, as a pest
of coconuts, 275.

Ovyctes rhinoceros (Palm Beetle,
Rhinoceros Beetle), in Bengal,
445 ; on coconuts in Ceylon, 520;
on coconuts in Dutch East Indies,
329 ; on date palms in ]\Ieso-
potamia, 478 ; infested with
Metarvhizium anisopliae in Samoa,
354 ; on palms in Straits Settle-
ments, 283 ; on coconuts in
Zanzibar, 118; studies of, as a
pest of coconuts, 275.

Oyyctes tavandus, introduction of
Scoliid parasites of, into ^Mauritius,
55, 73.

oryctophaga, Scolia.

oryzae, Calandva [Sitophilus) ;
Deltocephalus ; Oliarus ; Tetva-
neura.

Ovyzaephilus siivinamensis (see
Silvaniis).

ovyzalis, Pachydiplosis.

osbovni, Paranagvus.

Oscinella fvit (Frit Fly), bionomics,
control and distribution of, in
North America, 3, 182-184; on
cereals in Britain, 155, 351 ;
on wheat in Russia, 106 ; on
wheat in Scandinavia, 468.

Oscinis cavbonavia, considered a
synonym of Oscinella fvit, 183.

Oscinis fvit (see Oscinella).

Oscinis nigva, considered a s}'nonvm
of Oscinella fvit, 183.

Oscinis nitidissima, considered a
synonym of Oscinella fvit, 183.

Oscinis pusilla, considered a
synonym of Oscinella frit, 183.

Oscinis sovor, considered a synonym
of Oscinella fvit, 183.

Oscinis theae (Tea Leaf-miner), in
Ceylon, 258, 520.

676

INDEX.

Oscinis variabilis, considered a

synonym of Oscinclla frit, 183.
ostentans, Terines.
ostreaeforinis, A spidiotus.
Ostrya virginiana (Ironwood),

insects on, in U.S.A., 33, 418.
Othreis fidlonica, injuring citrus fruit

in Gold Coast, 9.
OtiorrhyncJius ligustioi, on plum in

German^-, 359.
Otiorrhynchus ovahis (Strawberry
Root Weevil), measures against,
in Canada, 233, 323 ; measures
against, on raspberry and straw-
berry in Washington, 208, 459.
Otiorrhynchus raiicits, in orchards

in Germany, 426.
Otiorrhynchus rotundatus, bionomics

of, in Germany, 271, 274.
Otiorrhynchus sulcatus, measures
against, on vines in Germany,
359 ; measures against, on
strawberry in Washington, 459 ;
intercepted in U.S.A., 307, 338.
ovalaiiensis, Discolia.
ovatus, Brachys ; Otiorrhynchus.
Ox-eye Daisy (see Chrysanthejnum

leucanthenmm) .
Oxya intricata, eggs of, as a bait for

Epicauta hirticornis, 198.
Oxyambiilyx sericeipennis, on walnut

in India, 84.
Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Cotton-
stainer), outbreak of, in Angola,
201 ; in Egypt, 67, 282 ; in
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 172.
Oxycarenus laetus (Dusky Cotton-
stainer), in jNIesopotamia, 478 ;
in Punjab, 109.
Oxycarenus luctuosus (Small Black
Cotton Bug), in Queensland, 156,
157.
Oxycephala, possibly correct genus
for Brontispa chalvbeipennis, 254.
Oxygrapha comariana (Strawberry
Tortrix), bionomics and control
of, in British Isles, 516.
Oxygrapha minuta (Lesser Apple

Leaf -roller), in Ontario, 2.
Oxyligyrus zoilus, in Colocasia xan-

thosoma in British Guiana, 55.
Oxypleurites, new species of, in

Java, 399.

Oxypleurites carinatus, bionomics

and control of, on Aesculus

hippocastanmn in Germany, 268.

Oxyrrhepes procera, on tobacco in

Africa, 424.
Oxythyrea funesta, in Russia, 106.
Oyster-shell Scale (see A spidiotus
ostreaejormis and Lepidosaphes
ulrni).

Ozontomerus tnaculosus, in Heritiera
fonies in India, 60.

P.

pabulinus, Lygus.

Pachira aquatica (Tobago Bread-nut
Tree), as a trap for Dysdercus
delauneyi in St. Vincent, 206.

Pachnaeus litus, measures against,
on cassava and citrus in Cuba, 51,
52.

Pachycrepoideus dubius, liberation
of, against Lyperosia exigua in
Hawaii, 375.

Pachydiplosis oryzalis (Rice Stem
Fly), in India, 473.

Pachydissus, function of calcareous
operculum of, in India, 101.

Pachymerus [Caryoborus) , introduced
into Germany in Brazil nuts, 160 ;
in seeds of oil-palms in Dutch
East Indies, 538.

Pachymerus chinensis (see Bruchus).

Pachymerus gonagra (Tamarind
Bruchid), introduced into Ger-
many in acacia pods from East
Indies, 160 ; control and para-
sites of, in Hawaii, 430, 435, 436.

Pachymerus nucleorum, in palm
seeds in British Guiana, 55, 408.

Pachymerus quadrimaculatus (see
Bruchus).

pachymerus, Ichneumon.

Pachyneuron, in California, 9 ;
attempted establishment of,
against mealy-bugs in California,
336.

Pachyneuron coccorum, bionomics
of, in Italy, 123, 124, 126.

Pachyneuron micans, parasite of
Kermes pubescens in U.S.A., 16.

Pachytylus (see Locusta).

Pachytylus sulcicollis (see Locusta
pardalina).

Pachyzancla aegrotalis (Brinjal Leaf-
webber), in Madras, 130.

Pachyzancla periusalis, in Porto
Rico, 484.

packardi, Perophora.

pacificus, Brachyplatys ; Ooencyrtiis ;
Tetranychus.

pactolana, Cydia {Grapholitha).

Paddy Bug (see Leptocorisa acuta
and L. varicornis).

padellus, Hyponomeuta.

padi, Hyponomeuta ; Siphonaphis-
{Aphis, Rhopalosiphum) .

INDEX.

677

Padraona hypometoma, on sugar-
cane in Queensland, 209.

■paennlatus, Eriococcus.

pagana, Kirbyana.

Pagoda hekmeyeri, on cacao in
Dutch East Indies, 456, 538 ;
caterpillar resembling, on tea in
Java, 456.

pagodella,Hypsipyla (see H.rohusta) .

Pagria flavopiistulata, on lima beans
in Straits Settlements, 282.

Palaeacrita vernata (Spring Canker
Worm), legislation respecting, in
Kansas, 14 ; control of, in
orchards in INIaine, 219.

Palaeococcus rosae, intercepted on
bananas in California, 182.

Palaeopus costicollis (Yam Weevil),
danger of establishment of, in
Florida, 236 ; intercepted in
Jamaica, 236 ; intercepted in
U.S.A., 306.

Palaeopus dioscoreae (see P. costi-
collis) .

Palaquium (Guttapercha Tree),
pests of, in Dutch East Indies,
329.

Pale Western Cutworm (see Porosa-
grotis ortJiogonia).

Palestine, almond pests in, 71 ;
olive pests in, 507.

pallens, Schistocerca (see 5. nistica).

pallescens, Sogata.

palliatus, Hylastes {Hylurgops) ;
Tanymeciis.

pallida, Biorrhiza ; Cryptognatha
{Delphastiis) ; Nirvana.

pallidibasalis, Cydia [Laspeyresia).

pallidicollis, Neotermes.

pallidifrons, Ichneumon.

pallidipes, Sigalphus.

pallidula, Balclutha.

pallidum, Phyton.

pallidus, Ceroplastes ; Mesochorus ;
Microtermes ; Myzocallis cali-
fornicus ; Spathius.

pallipes, Monocrepidius.

Palm, Coconut (see Coconut) .

Palm, Cokerite (see Maximiliana
regia) .

Palm, Date (see Date).

Palm, Fan (see Livistona chinensis).

Palm, Oil (see Oil Palm).

Palm, West African Oil (see Elaels
guineensis).

Palm Beetle (see Oryctes rhinoceros) .

Palm Sugar (see Jaggery).

palmae, Aspidiotus.

palmarmn, Rhynchophorus; Ripersia.

Palms, pests of, in Cuba and Florida,
229, 371 ; imported scale-insect
on, in Germany, 358 ; pests of.

in Dutch East Indies, 495 ;
Cyrtognathus fornicatus on, in
Morocco, 38 ; pests of, in Straits
Settlements, 283 ; pests inter-
cepted on, in U.S.A., 70, 71, 182,
236.

Palorus depressa, in flour in Russia,
105.

Palpifer sexnotatus, measures
against, in bulbs of Calocasia
antiquorum in Italy, 142.

paludosa, Tipula.

paliistris, Haltica.

Panama, Franklinothrips teniii-
cornis in, 422 ; measures against
insect pests in, 497 ; Podalgus
himiilis in, 290.

Panama Bark, in formula for
petroleum emulsion, 401.

Panama Canal Zone, measures
against Brassolis isthmia on coco-
nuts and bananas in, 80, 85.

Pandanus, scale-insects inter-
cepted on, in U.S.A., 307, 480.

pandarus, Lygaeus.

Pandemis (see Tortrix).

panicea, Sitodrepa.

paniceum, Anobimn.

Panicum capillare, Heteroneura
setariae on, in North America, 8.

Panicum crusgalli, larvae possibly
identical with Centrinus peni-
cellus on, in U.S.A., 388.

Panicum dichotomiflorum, larvae
possibly identical with Centrinus
penicellus on, in U.S.A., 388.

Panicum frumentaceum (Savai),
Diostrombus politus on, in For-
mosa, 86 ; not attacked by
Bruchids in Mysore, 66.

Panicum isachne. Aphis sorghi on,
in Anglo-Egj-ptian Sudan, 198.

Panicum maximum (Guinea Grass),
Monecphora bicincta on, in Cuba,
228.

Panicum numidianum (Parana
Grass), Monecphora on, in Cuba,
227.

Panicum repens, food-plant of
Holotrichia leucophthalma in Java,
140.

Paniscus productus, hosts of, in New
Zealand, 62.

Panolis flammea (Pine IMoth),
measures against, in forests in
Germany, 253 ; bionomics and
control of, in Holland, 225-227.

Panolis griseovariegata (see P.
flammea).

Panolis piniperda (see P. flammea).

Panscoptis sulcirostris, infesting

678

INDEX.

Lilmm pardalinum in Vancouver
Island, 438.
Pansy, new Aphid on, in Natal, 447.
Pantoynonis fulleri, on sugar-cane in

Hawaii, 461, 526.
Papaipema cataphracta (Burdock
Borer), attacking garden plants
in Canada, 373.
Papaipema nehris (Corn Stalk Borer),
food-plants of, in Canada, 373 ;
liable to be mistaken for Pyrausta
niibilalis in Illinois, 450 ; bio-
nomics and control of, in U.S.A.,
22, 188, 220, 339, 342, 444, 446.
Papaipema nitela (see P. nebris).
papaveris, Aphis (see A. rum.icis).
Papaw {Carica papaya), pests of, in
Cuba, 541 ; scale-insect on, in
Guam, 148 ; Aspidiotiis longi-
spiniis on, in British Guiana, 1 19 ;
Anyclnis nisti on, in Peru, 145.
Papeete, pests from, intercepted in

California, 49, 182.
Paper, attacked by Lasioderma
serricorne in British Guiana, 55 ;
in baits for grasshoppers, 314.
Paper Collars, for protecting plants
against cutworms and army
worms, 280.
Paper Discs, use of, against

Bruchids, 66.
Papilio aegeus, on Flindersia in

Queensland, 156.
Papilio anactus, on citrus in Queens-
land, 157.
Papilio bromius, in San Thome, 493.
Papilio demodocus, in San Thome,

493.
Papilio demolens, Agrypnus fuscipes

predaceous on, in India, 100.
Papilio machaon, food-plants of, in

Tripoli, 159.
Papilio ormenus, on citrus in Queens-
land, 157.
Papilio thoantiades (Orange Worm),
Mutyea grandis predaceous on,
in Argentina, 541 ; control of, on
citrus in Uruguay, 214.
papulosa, Parlatoria {Websteriella).
papillosiis, Coramis.
Papua, Dysdereus from, intercepted

in Queensland, 157.
Papua depressella, placed in genus

Emmalocera, 100.
papuensis, Pristhesanchus .
Parabolocraius okinawensis, on tea

in Formosa, 86.
Parabolopona guttata, on camphor in

Formosa, 86.
Paraceraptrocerus africamts, sp. n.,
parasite of Ceroplastes in South
Africa, 521.

Paradiaspis lizerianus, gen. et sp. n.,
on Chuquiragua avellanedae in
Argentina, 405.
Paradichlorobenzene, 310 ; against
borers in orchard trees, 95, 189.
Paradise Tree, not attacked by
Oeceticus platensis in Argentina,
298.
paradoxa, Sipha.
Parafairmairia, in South Africa,

447.
Parafairmairia gracilis, in Britain,

343.
Parafairmairia patellae formis, sp. n.,
on Acacia karroo in South Africa,
447.
Paraffin, 133 ; for protecting furni-
ture from beetles, 443 ; in formula
for spray against Eriosoma lani-
gerum, etc., 349 ; injection of,
into trees against Phryneta
spinator, 70 ; (see Kerosene and
Petroleum) .
Paraffin Emulsion, 133 ; against
scale-insects, etc., 212, 228, 283.
446 ; ineffective against Pseudo-
coccus nipae, 446 ; formulae for,
212, 228.
Paraguay, Citheronia magnifica in,
211; suggested method of investi-
gating locusts in, 476 ; effect of
meteorological conditions on
insect pests in, 366.
paraguayensis, Dissolcus.
Paragus bicolor, predaceous on

Aphids in Canada, 259.
Paragus tibialis, predaceous on

Aphids in Canada, 259.
Paraleptomastix abnormis (Sicilian
Mealy-bug Parasite), parasite of
Pseiidococcus in Australia, 335 ;
introduced into Florida against
scale-insects, 137.
Paralipsa gularis (see Aphomia).
parallela, Tiphia.
Paramesus lineaticollis, on rice in

India, 473.
Parana Grass (see Panicum numi-

dianiim).
par ana, Tomaspis.
Paranagrus, parasite of Perkin-
siella vitiensis in Fiji, 27 ; para-
site of Perkinsiella saccharicida,
525.
Paranagrus optabilis, bionomics of,
as a parasite of Perkinsiella
saccharicida in Hawaii, 20, 21,
430, 526.
Paranagrus osborni, liberation of,
against Peregrinus maidis in
Hawaii, 375.
paranensis, Schistocerca.

INDEX.

679

Paranthrene tahaniforme, on poplars
in Russia, 104.

Paraphoroccra senilis, parasite of
Pyrausta mibilalis in France, 120.

Parasa lepida, new parasites of, in
India, 19.

■parasae, Eiirytoma.

Parasierola, in cotton bolls infested
with Platyedva gossypiella in
India, 83.

Parasierola nigrifemitr, probably a
parasite of Platycdra gossypiella
in Brazil, 446.

Parata alexis, on Poiigaiiiia glabra
in India, 101.

Paratetranyclnts altliaeac, measures
against, on apple in Holland, 199.

Paratetranychus bicolor, 145.

Paratetranychiis gossypii, sp. n., on
cotton in West Africa, 426.

Paratetranychiis modestus, 145 ; a
minor pest of sugar-cane in
U.S.A., 79.

Paratetranychiis pilosus, food-plants
of, in Canada and U.S.A., 33.

Paratetranychiis tuniidiis (see
Septanychtis).

Paratrigonogasira stella, sp. n.,
parasite of Agroniyza in the
Philippines, 521.

Pardalaspis aliena, sp. n., in Cape
Colony, 264.

Pardalaspis melanaspis, sp. n., in
Cape Colony, 264.

pardalina, Lociista.

parenthesis, Hippodamia.

Parexorista cavidei, parasite of
Oeceticus platensis in Argentina,
298.

Paria canelliis (see Tvpophorus).

pariana, Hemerophila [Simaethis] .

Paridris brevipennis, sp. n., parasite
of Gryllus abbreviatus in U.S.A.,
295.

Paris Green, 444 ; formulae con-
taining, 48, 129, 134, 152, 154,
193, 236, 344, 386, 412, 465 ; in
baits, 48, 129, 152, 154, 193, 194,
236, 313, 314, 465, 495, 523;
dusting with, 134, 471, 527;
against grasshoppers and locusts,
etc., 48, 129, 193, 194, 313, 314,
465, 495 ; against Lepidoptera,
52, 129, 134, 144, 151, 152, 193,
204, 218, 236, 366, 386, 4U6, 434,
471, 523, 527 ; cigainst Leptinotarsa
decemlineata, 285, 412 ; spraying
with, against sawflies, 218, 386 ;
against Scepticus insularis, 322 ;
against termites, 154 ; against
cacao thrips, 440 ; and Bordeaux
mixture, 344, 366 ; calcium

arsenate substituted for, 95 ; and
lead arsenate, ineffective against
Typophoriis canellus, 313 ; and
lime, 134, 151, 218, 386, 412 ;
and nicotine, not suitable when
combined, 477 ; precautions
against adulteration and mis-
branding of, 186.

Parlatoria artocarpi, sp. n., on jak
in India, 205.

Parlatoria blanchardi, on date palms
in Mesopotamia, 478.

Parlatoria calianthina, intercepted
on Pyrus communis in U.S.A., 307.

Parlatoria papulosa, sp. n., on jak
in India, 205.

Parlatoria pergandei, new Hymen-
opterous parasite of, in South
America, 475 ; intercepted on
Citrus in California, 49, 114, 181,
182, 240, 319, 387, 388, 479, 480.

Parlatoria proteiis, intercepted in
California, 479.

Parlatoria proteus var. crotonis,
intercepted on croton in Cali-
fornia, 319.

Parlatoria pseudaspidiotus, inter-
cepted on orchids in U.S.A., 307.

Parlatoria vatcriae, sp. n., on Valeria
indica in India, 205.

Parlatoria zizyphus, measures
against, in Algeria and South
France, 450 ; intercepted on
oranges in California, 240.

Parnara, on coconuts in Ceylon, 111.

Parnara niathias, on rice, para-
sitised by Eupteromalus parnarae
in India, 19.

parnarae, Eupteromalus.

Parornix gerninatella, 78.

Parsley, onions sown with, not
attacked by Hylemyia antiqua in
Britain, 351.

Parsnip, Dcpressaria heracleana on,
in North America, 340, 374 ;
Eumerus strigatus on, in Britain,
332 ; Eiixoa segetuin on, in
Germany, 270.

Parsnip, Wild, food-plant cf
Dcpressaria heracleana in Con-
necticut, 340.

Parsnip Webworm (see Dcpressaria
heracleana) .

Pants coeruleus, destroying Magda-

iis pruni in Holland, 255.
parvula, Epitrix ; Mordellistcna ;

Protodiaspis.
Pasania densiJJora, new Coccid on,

in California, 187.
Pasimachiis pimctulatus, probably
predaceous on Lachnosterna in
Kansas, 392.

680

INDEX.

Paspaliim dilatatiim, Heteroneura
setariae on, in North America, 8.

Paspahtm scrobiculatum, pests of,
in India, 296.

Passerina ericoides, new scale-insect
on, in South Africa, 117.

passerinae, Cerococcus.

passerinii, Pycnocerus.

Passiflora edulis, measures against
Solenopsis geminata subsp.
maniosa on, in California, 239.

Passion Vine, Heterodera radicicola
causing disease of, in Queensland,
155.

patellaefonnis, Parafairmairia.

patruelis, Acrotylus ; Dictyophora.

pauper, Dialeges.

pauxillus, Rhynchites.

Pea Aphis (see Acyrthosiphon pisi).

Pea Bruchid (see Bruchus pisorum).

Pea Chink (see Edessa meditabunda) .

Pea Midge (see Contarinia pisi).

Pea Moth (see Cydia nigricana) .

Pea Tlirips (see Kakothrips pisivora) .

Pea Weevil (see Bruchus pisorum).

Peach, Phryneta spinator on, in
South Africa, 69 ; Lasiopa atrata
on, in South America, 299 ; pests
of, in Australia, 132, 156, 157 ;
pests intercepted on, in Cali-
fornia, 319, 480 ; pests of, in
Canada, 33, 221, 222, 322;
Rhynchites conicus on, in France,
295 ; pests of, in India, 85, 109,
387 ; pests of, in Italy, 122, 142 ;
Cydia niolesta on, in Japan,
23, 321 ; food-plant of Cydia
molesta in Korea, 143 ; Ceratitis
capitata on, in Madagascar, 133 ;
Cydia pomonella on, in Mauritius,
73 ; probably attacked by Dicho-
crocis punctiferalis in Mesopotamia
478 ; Capnodis tenebricosa on,
in Morocco, 121 ; measures against
pests of, in U.S.A., 43, 45, 95,
189, 234, 249, 276, 302, 309, 341,
363, 463, 504 ; Cydia pomonella
on, in Uruguay 214 curl leaf of,
combined Bordeaux oil emulsion
spray for, 40 1 .

Peach Aphis, Black (see Anuraphis
persicae-niger) .

Peach Aphis, Green (see Myzus
persicae) .

Peach Aphis, Indian (see Anuraphis
helichrysi).

Peach Moth (see Cydia molesta).

Peach Scab (see Cladosporium car-
pophiluyn) .

Peach Tip Moth (see Cydia molesta) .

Peach Twig Borer (see Anarsia
lineatella) .

Peach-tree Borer (see Aegeria
exitiosa).

Peanut (see Arachis hypogaea).

Peanuts (Stored) , pests of, in Queens-
land, 62 ; Aphomia gularis in
imported, in U.S.A., 33.

Pear, pests of, in South Africa, 69,
284 ; pests of, in Austria, 261,
263, 426 ; pests of, in Canada,
1, 33, 221, 322, 323 ; pests of, in
France, 295, 496 ; pests of, in
Germany, 356, 426, 487 ; Hoplo-
campa on, in Holland, 407 ;
pests of, in India, 84 ; pests of,
in Italy, 124, 142 ; pests of, in
Japan, 11, 23; food-plant of
Cydia molesta in Korea, 143 ;
Carpophilus dimidiatus on, in
Mesopotamia, 478 ; pests of, in
Queensland, 156 ; pests of, in
Russia, 104, 106, 107 ; pests of,
and their control in U.S.A., 44,
129, 234, 415, 463, 505; pests
intercepted on, in U.S.A., 49,
114, 306, 479; pests of, in
Uruguay, 214 ; pests of, in New
Zealand, 344 ; restrictions on
removal of, in New Zealand, 504.

Pear Blight (see Bacillus amy-
lovorus) .

Pear Bud Mite (see Perrisia pyri) .

Pear Leaf Blister Mite (see Eriophyes
pyri) .

Pear Leaf Worm (see Gymnonychus
californicus) .

Pear Psylla (see Psylla pyricola) .

Pear Thrips (see Taeniothrips
inconsequens) .

Pear Slug (see Eriocampoides
limacina) .

Pearl Millet (see Pennisetum
glaucum) .

pearliae, Lachnosterna.

Peas, pests of, in Britain, 155, 351;
Bruchus chinensis intercepted in,
in Cahfornia, 114; pests of, in
Germany, 287, 468 ; Riptortus
on, in Gold Coast, 9 ; Bruchus
pisorum intercepted in, in Hawaii,
23 ; pests of, in Holland, 199 ;
Bruchus pisorum in, in
Morocco, 121 ; Cydia dorsana on,
in Russia, 107 ; pests of, in
Tripoli, 159 ; pests of, in U.S.A.,
95, 285, 300, 339, 341, 532.

Peas (Stored), measures against
Bruchids in, in North Carolina,
230 ; Bruchids introduced into
Germany in, 160 ; Bruchids
infesting, in Mysore, 65.

INDEX.

681

Peas, Chick, pests intercepted in,
in California, 114.

Peas, Pigeon (see Cajanus indicits).

Pebrine, effect of, on vine moths in
France, 368 ; causing disease in
silkworms in Japan, 24.

Pecan, pests of, in U.S.A., 94, 381,
382, 505.

Pecan Twig Girdler (see Oncideres
cingulata) .

pecanis, Xyleborinns.

pecatiivora, Periclista.

pectinatus, Br aeon.

pectinicornis, Ptilinus.

Pectinophora gossypiella (see
Platyedra) .

pedestris, Riptortits.

Pediculoides, bionomics of, infesting
silkworms in Japan, 24, 196, 399.

Pediculoides ventricosus, predaceous
on pests of stored grain in
Argentina, 405 ; predaceous on
Platyedra gossypiella in Egypt,
68 ; predaceous on Phaenodisciis
aeneus in Italy, 123 ; probably a
parasite of Bruchiis chineiisis in
Alvsore, 65 ; predaceous on
Bruchids in U.S.A., 167, 392,
508 ; attacking man, 68, 392.

Pediopsis apicalis, on Quercus in
China and Japan, 86.

Pegomyia fusciceps (see Phorbia).

Pegoinyia hyoscyami, on spinach in
Tripoli, 159 ; on beet, parasitised
by Opiiis cupidus in U.S.A., 11.

Pegomyia vicina {see Phorbia).

pela, Ericerus.

Pelamia [Rernigia) repanda (Grass
Moth), on rice in British Guiana,
145, 472.

Pelargonium, measures against ter-
mites on, in France, 40 ; Aphids
on, 356 ; fumigation with hydro-
cyanic acid gas against pests of,
539.

Peleteria robusta, parasite of Cirphis
inicrogonia in Barbados, 471.

pellionella, Tinea {Tineola).

pellucens, Oecanthus.

pellucida, Camnula.

pellucidus, Barypeithes.

peltigera, Heliothis.

Pempheres, on cotton in ^Madras,
130.

Pempheres affinis (Cotton Stem
Weevil), measures against, in
India, 7, 130.

Pemphigus betae (Sugar-beet Root
Aphis), measures against, in
Montana, 186.

Pemphigus bursarius, on lettuce in
Britain, 59.

Pemphigus glebae, sp. n., in Britain,
59.

Pemphigus lactucarius (see P.
bursarius).

Penang, nutmeg possibly attacked
hy Xyleborus fornicatus in, 209.

Penecerus rubiginosus (see Chremy-
lus) .

penetrans, Dermatophilus {Sarcop-
sylla) .

penicellus, Centrinus.

PenicilHiim, possibly infesting
Suana concolor in Ceylon, 457.

penitalis, Pyrausta.

pennipes, Trichopoda.

penniseti, Cecidomyia ; Itonida.

Pennisetia marginata (Blackberry
and Raspberry Root or Crown
Borer), on raspberries and logan-
berries in British Columbia, 323 ;
bionomics of, in Washington, 208,
459.

Pennisetum cenchroides, new gall-
midge on, in India, 473.

Pennisetum glauciim (Pearl Millet),
restrictions on importation of,
into U.S.A., 512.

Pennisetum purpureiini (Napier
Grass), restrictions on importa-
tion of, into U.S.A., 512.

Pennisetum. typhoideum, pests of, in
India, 296, 473.

Pennsylvania, measures against
cherry pests in, 310 ; precautions
against spread of Pop i I Ha
japonica into, 360 ; spread of
Sitotroga cerealella in, 152 ; pests
from, intercepted in California,
114, 182, 388; restrictions on
importation of food-plants of
Pvrausta nubilalis into Canada
from, 416.

pentagona, Aulacaspis {Diaspis).

Pentaria nubilia, feeding on apple
powdery mildew in U.S.A., 413.

Pentatoma punctipes, on citrus in
Florida, 137.

Pentatoma rufipes, an injurious in-
sect in Germany, 287.

Penthimia theae, on tea in Formosa,
85.

Pentodon bengalense, on sugar-cane
in India, 99.

Pentodon monodon, on maize in
Russia, 106.

Pentodon punctatus, on vines in
Algeria, 419.

Pepper, pests intercepted in, in
California, 49, 1 14 ; pests of, in
Florida, 137, 235 ; Elasmognathus
heivitti on, in Dutch East Indies,
330 ; beetle on, in Madras, 130 ;

682

INDEX.

Psendococcus virgatus on, in Porto

Rico, 303.
Pepper, Red, pests intercepted on,

in California, 509.
Pepper Bug (see Elasmognathus

heivitti) .
Peppermint, cultivation of, in

Japan, 422.
Perak, Hypsipyla robusta in, 165.
Peranabrus scabricolHs (Coulee

Cricket), measures against, in

U.S.A., 94, 135.
peregrina, Schistocerca.
Peregrinus niaidis (Corn Leaf-
hopper), bionomics of, on maize

in Hawaii, 136, 375.
pevforans, Sinoxylon ; Xylcborus.
perforata, Saperda.
Perga dovsalis (Steel-blue Sawfly),

on Eucalyptus in Australia, 442.
pergandei, Parlatoria.
Peygesa elpenor, on vines in France,

478.
Pericallia ricini, on Milliiigtonia

in Madras, 130.
Periclista pecanivora, sp. n., on

pecan in U.S.A., 381.
Periclista plesia, sp. n., on white

pine in U.S.A., 381.
Peridermiimi, attacking pines in

Germany, 358.
Peridermium harknessi, pines in-
fested with, not attacked by

Pissodes terminalis in California,

438.
Peridroma margaritosa (see Lyco-

photia) .
Peridroma saucia (see Lycophotia

margaritosa] .
Perilampsis, gen. nov., Carpoph-

thoromyia pulchella type of, 264.
psringueyi, Idiosaissetia.
Periodical Cicada (see Tibiccn sep-

temdecim) .
Periplaneta aniericana, measures

against, in Michigan, 188.
Perirhithrum marshalli, gen. et sp.

n., in Natal, 264.
Perissopterus caridei, parasite of

Ceroplastes rusci in Argentina,

299.
Perissopterus zebra, bionomics of,

in Italy, 123, 124.
Peritelus, on tobacco in Transvaal,

425.
periiisalis, Pachyzancla.
Perkinsiella saccharicida (Sugar-
cane Leaf -hopper), bionomics and

control of, in Hawaii, 19-21, 72,

430, 526 ; new enemy of, found

in Queensland, 525.
Perkinsiella vitiensis, on sugar-cane,

natural enemies of, in Fiji, 27.

perlonga, LacJinosterna.

perniciosiis, Aspidiotus ; Pseudo-
coccus.

pernyi, Saturnia.

Peronea agrioma, sp. n., infesting
apples in Assam, 534.

Peronospora, 272.

Perophora packardi, new use for
cocoons of, in Brazil, 325.

Perperus innocuiis, on fruit-trees
and vines in New South Wales,
410.

Perperus insularis (White-striped
Weevil), measures against, on
fruit-trees in New South W'ales,
410.

perplexus, Liodontomerus.

perrisi, Laelius.

Perrisia brassicae (Cabbage Gall-
midge), in Germany, 359.

Perrisia crataegi, on hawthorn in
Italy, 142.

Perrisia leguminicola (Clover Seed
Midge), parasitised by Platy-
gaster legiiminicolae in U.S.A.,
295.

Perrisia pyri (Pear Bud IMite), in
New Zealand, 504.

Perrisia strobi, on pine in Europe,
255 ; probably parasitised by
Lestodiplosis holstei in Germany,
255.

Persea, Rhizoglyphus intercepted
in seeds of, in Queensland, 157.

Persea gratissima (Avocado or
Alligator Pear), pests of, in Cuba,
229 ; prohibition against im-
portation of, into Cuba, 256.

perseae, Acysta ; Saissetia.

Persectania ewingi, on wheat in
Australia, 502.

Persia, Aphids of, 498 ; new scale-
insect on Tamarix strict a in, 205.

persicae. Aphis ; Eulecanium
{Lecanium) ; Myzus {Rhopalo-
siphum) ; Tuberodryobius.

persicae-niger, Anuraphis [Aphis).

persicariae, Polia (Mamestra).

Persimmon, pests of, in Queensland,
157 ; Pseudococcus comstocki
intercepted on, in U.S.A., 307 ;
(see Diospyros).

perspicillaris, Aciura.

perspicillator, Microcryptus.

persuasoria, Rhyssa.

pertinax, Sphcnophortis {Calavdrn).

Peru, Anychus rusti on Carica
papaya in, 145 ; weevil larvae
intercepted in California in
potatoes from, 13.

peruviana, Schistocerca.

pestilens, Doticus.

INDEX.

683

Petroleum, 428 ; against Apliids,
Coccids, etc., 153, 229, 266,
337 ; in formula for spray against

Eriocampoides limacina, 262 ;
against locusts, 484 ; timber
treated with, against insect pests,
265, 301 ; and camplior green
oil, 301 ; (see Kerosene and
Paraffin) .
Petroleum Emulsion, formulae for,
177, 401 ; against bean pests,
283 ; tea bushes painted with,

against termites, 456 ; against

scale-insects, 177, 263; as a

substitute for nicotine, 401.
pfeiffevi, Elis.
Phaeiiodiscus aenens, bionomics of,

in Italy, 123, 124.
Phaenopus cyanea, in forests in

Lithuania, 420.
Phaenoserphiis fuscipes, probably a

parasite of Athous liaonoyyJioidalis

in Britain, 138.
phaeogastra, Cosmopteryx.
pliaeorrhoea, Nvgiiiia.
Plialaenopsis, Cliliaria deiidyobii on,

in Java, 40.
Phaleva bncephala, in Russia, 105.
Phalera biicephaloides, on oak in

Russia, 105.
Phalonia cpilinana, on rape in

Germany, 359.
Pliaonia trimaculata, in decayed

potatoes in Central Europe, 288.
pharaon is, Mono))ioriujn.
phaseoli, Agromyza.
Phaseolus aconitifolius, pests of, in

India, 100.
Phaseolus lunatus (Lima Bean),

pests of, in Dutch East Indies,

495 ; Pseiidococciis virgafiis on,

in Porto Rico, 303 ; pests of,

in Straits Settlements, 282, 283 ;

pests of, in U.S.A., 339, 341, 384 ;

downy mildew of, spread by

bees, 4.
Phaseolus uinngo, Eublemnia dinii-

dialis associated with other

Lepidoptera on, in India, 100 ;

Prodenia litura {littoralis) on, in

Mesopotamia, 478.
Phasgonophora sulcata, parasite of

Chrysobothris femorata in North

America, 190.
Phasia, parasite of Aelia acuminata

in Russia, 104.
phasiaiia, A Jioplocneinis.
Phassns danior (Ring Borer), in

forests in Dutch East Indies, 329.
Phassus signifer, in Gmelina arbcrea

and teak in India, 171.
Pheasants, destroying Lepidopterous

larvae in Japan, 195 ; proposed

introduction of, into New Jersey
to destroy Popillia japcnica, 308.
Pheidole nwgacephala (Brown Ant),
destroying Atta insularis in Cuba,
53 ; natural enemy of Prodenia
litura in I'iji, 27 ; in San Thome,
491.
Phellodeudron amurcnse, Xyle-

chinus bcrgcri in, in Siberia, 10.
Phenacaspis eugeniac, intercepted

on kukui nuts in California, 387.
Phenacaspis gudalura (see Cliio-

naspis).
Phenacaspis lounsburyi var. ckc-

bergiae, n. (see Chionaspis).
Pheuacoccus, 187.

Phenacoccus accricola, on shade-
trees in U.S.A., 247.
Phenacoccus ballardi, in India, 101.
Phenacoccus eriogoni, sp. n., on
Eriogonum nudum in California,
187.
Phenacoccus hirsutits, natural
enemies and food-plants of, in
India, 83, 473.
Phenacoccus insolitus, on Sida
spinosa, Brumiis suturalis pre-
daceous on, in India, 100.
Phenacoccus solani, sp. n., focd-

plants of, in California, 187.
Phenice moesta, on sugar-cane in

Formosa, 86.
phidippus, A mathusia.
Philadelphus coronariits, food-plant
of Otiorrliynchiis rotundatus in
Germany, 271.
Philadelphus gordonianns (Mock
Orange), Tetranychus pacificiis on,
in Oregon, 145.
Philaeniis spumarius, on strawberry

in Washington, 459.
Philippia oleae (see Filippia).
philippiac, Aphycus.
Philippines, leaf-mining Buprestids
in ferns in, 209 ; Crypiochaetuvi
fastidiosiim in, 59 ; notice of new
species of Dacus in, 286 ; Hcmop-
tera of, 86 ; new Hymenopterous
parasites from, 521 ; studies on
rhinoceros beetles on coconuts in,
275 ; new scale on Rhizcphcra
miicronata in, 301 ; Siiana con-
color in, A51 ; beneficial Hvmenop-
tera introduced into Hawaii from,
72, 435 ; pests from, intercepted
in U.S.A., 306, 307, 508 ; legisla-
tion against pests from, in U.S.A.,
512.
Philomastix macleayi, on wild rasp-
berry in New South Wales, 442.
Philotrvpesis caricae, bionomics of,
in figs in France, 37, 121.

684

INDEX.

Phifirusa, food-plant of Coccus
viridis in Dutch Guiana, 536.

Phlegethontius (see Protoparce).

Phleum pratense (see Timothy Grass) .

Phloeosinus cristatus (Cypress Bark-
beetle), bionomics of, in California,
394, 463.

Phloeosinus ciipressi (Cypress Bark-
beetle), bionomics of, in California,
394, 463.

Phloeosinus thuyae, in cypress, para-
sitised by Trichopria hypobori in
France, 260.

Phloeothrips oleae, Adelgimyza iri-
pidiperda on olive infested with,
in Italy, 160 ; on olives in Spain,
406.

Phloeotribus cancasicus, in ash in
Russia, 106.

Phloeotribus oleae (see P. scara-
baeoides) .

Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Olive
Beetle), on imported varieties of
olive in Palestine, 508 ; measures
against, in Spain, 324.

phloxiphaga, Heliothis.

phoenicis, Rhynchophorus .

Pholus achemon (Grape-vine Sphinx
Moth), bionomics and control of,
in U.S.A., 94, 113.

Phomopsis citri, intercepted on
citrus in California, 114, 181.

Phora fasciata (see Aphiochaeta) .

Phoradendron flavescens, Pseudo-
diaspis multipora on, in Cali-
fornia. 112.

Phorbia brassicae (Cabbage Root
Maggot, Radish Maggot), in
Austria, 261 ; on cabbages in
Britain, 351 ; bionomics and
control of, in Canada, 2, 4, 281,
323, 362 ; in decayed potatoes
in Central Europe, 288 ; on
cabbages and cauliflower in
Holland, 199.

Phorbia [Hylemyia) cilicrura, on
beans in Holland, 133 ; recorded
in error as H. fusciceps, 533.

Phorbia (Pegomyia) fusciceps (Seed
Corn Maggot, Bean Maggot), in
Canada, 2 ; measures against, in
U.S.A., 22, 44, 188; species pre-
viously recorded as, in North
America, believed to be H.
cilicrura, 533.

Phorbia lactucae, on lettuce, para-
sitised by Sarothrus areolatus in
Britain, 56.

Phorbia rubivora (Raspberry Cane
Maggot), in British Columbia,
323 ; bionomics of, in Washing-
ton, 208, 459.

Phorbia trichodactyla, in potatoes in
Central Europe, 288 ; on beans
in Germany, 289.

Phorbia [Pegomyia) vicina (Beet
Leafminer), in Ontario, 2; number
of generations of, in Japan, 398.

Phorocera claripennis, parasite of
Plathypena scabra in U.S.A., 391.

Phorodon hmnuli (Hop Aphis), on
plums in Britain, 528 ; measures
against, in Germany, 266 ; Ron-
daniella phorodontis predaceous
on, in Italy, 159 ; experiments
with substitutes for nicotine
against, 400.

Phorodon violae, sp. n., on pansy
in Natal, 447.

phorodontis, Rondaniella.

Phosgene, experiments with, as a
fumigant, 533.

Phosphates, spreaders for lead ar-
senate not improved by addition
of, 372.

Phosphoric Acid, dried locusts
containing, 251.

Phosphuga, turnips not attacked by,
in Germany, 274.

Phryganidia calif ornica (California
Oak Worm), bionomics and con-
trol of, in U.S.A., 278.

Phryneta spinator (Fig and Willow
Borer), bionomics and control of,
in South Africa, 69.

Phthorimaea atriplicella, on Atriplex
in Central Europe, 288.

Phthorimaea heliopa, on tobacco in
Africa, 425 ; in Dutch East
Indies, 330, 540 ; in South
Rhodesia, 134.

Phthorimaea ocellatella, on beet in
Morocco, 121.

Phthorimaea operculella (Potato
Tuber Moth, Splitworm, Tobacco
Miner), on tobacco in Africa,
425 ; measures against, in Cyprus,
204 ; measures against, in France,
121, 489 ; in Hawaii, 136 ; on
potatoes in Morocco, 121 ; on
potatoes in Queensland, 155 ; on
tobacco in South Rhodesia, 134 ;
measures against, in U.S.A., 240,
402 ; habits of, compared with
those of P. heliopa, 540.

Phthoropora carpella, on cacao in
Uganda, 243.

Phycita diaphana, on castor-oil
plants in Morocco, 121.

Phyllaphis, Neophyllaphis closely
related to, 151.

Phyllaphis fagi, on beech in Britain,
59 ; on shade-trees in U.S.A.,
247.

INDEX,

685

Phyllobaenus dislocatiis, accompany-
ing Pityophthonis spp. in U.S.A.,
34 ; predaceous on bark-beetles
in U.S.A., 510.

Phyllohius, Corigetus scapularis re-
corded as, in Dutch East Indies,
495 ; rarely found in forests in
Lithuania, 420.

PhyUobiiis oblongns, on strawberries
in Britain, 139.

Phyllobiits urticae, on strawberries
in Britain, 139.

Phyllocnistis saligna (Citrus Leaf-
miner), in Japan, 194.

Phyllocoptes, new species of, in
Java, 399 ; notice of key to
species of, 399.

Phyllocoptes lycopersici, on tomatoes
in Queensland, 156.

Phyllocoptes oleivorus (see Erio-
phyes) .

Phyllocoptes vitis, measures against,
on vines in Germany, 272.

Phyllodinus badius, sp. n., in
Nigeria, 118.

Phyllopertha horticola, destroyed by
nightjars in Britain, 135.

Phyllophaga (see Lachnosterna).

phyllopus, Leptoglossiis.

Phyllovycter blancar delta, 78.

Phyllorycter fragilclla, bionomics of,
on honeysuckle in U.S.A., 31.

Phyllorycter hamadryadella (White
Blotch Oak Leaf-miner), number
of generations of, in U.S.A., 341.

Phyllorycter popnUfoliella, on
poplars in Russia, 104.

Phyllosticta solitaria (Apple Blotch),
dusting experiments against, in
Virginia, 363.

Phyllotoma vagans, in Germany, 162.

Phyllotreta armoraciae, in Austria,
289.

Phyllotreta atra, in Austria, 289 ;
on crucifers in Denmark, 541 ;
food-plants and control of, in
Germany, 287 ; doubt as to
status of, as a pest, 543.

Phyllotreta austriaca, on Sisym-
brium strictissimiim in Austria,
290.

Phyllotreta cruciferae, on crucifers
in Denmark, 541 ; food-plants
and control of, in Germany,
287 ; considered a variety of P.
atra, 289.

Phyllotreta nemorum (Turnip Fly),
in Austria, 289, 290 ; in Britain,
155, 35 1 ; on crucifers in Denmark,
541 ; food-plants and control of,
in Germany, 287 ; on flax in
Russia, 106.

Phyllotreta nigripes, in Austria, 289 ;
on crucifers in Denmark, 541 ;
control and food-plants of, in
Germany, 287.

Phyllotreta nodicornis, in Austria,
289.

Phyllotreta ochripes, in Austria, 289.

Phyllotreta sinuata, on crucifers in
Denmark, 541.

Phyllotreta tetrastigma, in Austria
289.

Phyllotreta undulata, in Austria,
289 ; in Britain, 155 ; on
crucifers in Denmark, 541 ; food-
plants and control of, in Germany,
287.

Phyllotreta vittula, in Austria, 289 ;
food-plants of, in Britain, 155 ;
on cereals in Germany, 543 ; in
Russia, 106.

Phylloxera, legislation against, in
Algeria, 80 ; measures against,
on vines in France, 212, 446 ;
breeding experiments with, in
Germany, 427; legislation against,
in German}', 224 ; measures
against, on vines in Luxemburg,
224 ; measures against, on vines
in Tunis, 450, 452 ; on vines in
U.S.A., 94 ; methods of culti-
vating vines against, 267 ; notice
of life-cycle of, 418.

Phylloxera coccinea, Pulliis auritiis
predaceous on, on oaks in Central
Europe, 289.

Phylloxera vastatrix, on vine in
Italy, 142 ; measures against,
on vines in New Zealand, 408 ;
measures against, on vines in
Russia, 104.

Phymatinits sulcirostris (see Pa)i-
scopus).

Phymatodes dimidiatus, in Larix
laricina in U.S.A., 127.

Phymatodes fasciatus, on vines in
France, 434.

Phymatodes nitidus, on cypress in
California, 394.

Physalis, food-plant of Lema trilin-
eata in South Africa, 412;
Tvlenchus dipsaci on, in U.S.A.,
422.

Phvsapus vulgafissimiis, in Austria,
261.

Physokermcs piceae, on fir in Italy,
142 ; on spruce in Lithuania,
420.

Physothrips blacki, sp. n., food-
plants of, in Oregon, 135.

Physothrips setiventris, on tea in
India, 530.

Phy talus, parasitised by Tiphia
parallela in Mauritius, 55, 73.

6S6

INDEX.

Phytaliis smithi (Brown Hard-back),

on sugar-cane in Barbados, 72,

471 ; campaign against, in

Mauritius, 55, 498.
Phvto melanocephala, parasite of

woodlice in France, 261.
Phvtodietus, notice of key to species

of, 417.
p hy toly m us, Prosayleus.
Phvtometra, Calosoma indica pre-

daceous on, in India, 100.
Phvtometra brassicae (Cabbage

Looper), in U.S.A., .386, 403.
Phvtometra chalcites, on vegetables

in Queensland, 157 ; in San

Thome, 493.
Phytometra confusa, in Russia, 105.
Phvtometra gai)i)iia, in Austria, 261 ;

in Russia, 105 ; on vegetables in

Tripoli, 159.
Phytometra orichalcea, measures

against, on flax in East Africa,

432.
Phytomyza affinis, on Matricaria

inodora in Germany, 174.
Phvtomyza flavicornis, on cauli-
flower in Germany, 288, 289.
Phyton pallidum, in Rohinia pseu-

dacacia in U.S.A., 516.
Phytonomus posticus (see Hypera

variabilis) .
Phytophagadestructor {seeMayetiola) .
Phytophiline, against ants, 537.
Phytophthora phaseoli (Downy Mil-
dew of Lima Beans), spread by

bees, 4.
Phytoptochetus, gen. n., in Java, 399.
Phytoptus (see Eriophyes).
Picea, new Lepidopteron on, in

U.S.A. 381 ; (see Spruce).
Picea alba (White Spruce), pests of,

in Arctic Canada, 192 ; Pity-

ophthorus spp. in, in U.S.A., 34.
Picea engelmanni (Engelmann

Spruce), pests of, in U.S.A., 89,

260, 423.
Picea excelsa (Norway Spruce),

Pissodes strobi on, in Connecticut,

338 ; new Cecidomyiids on, in

Germany, 255 ; Panolis flammea

on, in Holland, 225 ; Gastrodes

ferrugineus on, in Lithuania,

469.
Picea menziesii, Panolis fiammea on,

in Holland, 225.
Picea pungens, Chermes cooleyi on,

in U.S.A., 423.
Picea rubens (Red Spruce), Pissodes

strobi on, in Connecticut, 338.
Picea sitchensis (see P. menziesii).
picea, Formica,
piceae, Chermes [Dreyfusia) ;

CHnodiplosis ; Cryphalus ; Lach-

nus ; Physokermes ; Pissodes
Scolytus (Eccoptogaster) .

piceum, A lissonotum.

piceiis, Alphitobius.

picipes, Rhabdopterus.

picirostris, Tychius.

Picroscopus, 381 ; (see Exenterus) .

picta, Bagrada ; Ceramica {Mames-
tra) ; Clitea.

pictus, Banchus ; Cyllene.

picus, Halyomorpha.

Pieris, measuTes against, in Germany,
141 ; in New Jersey, 43 ; natural
enemies of, in Switzerland, 82 ;
cabbages not protected by elder-
berry against, 523.

Pieris brassicae (White Cabbage
Butterfly), in Austria, 261 ; para-
sitised by Apanteles glomeratus in
Bohemia, 346 ; parasites of, in
Britain, 57 ; natural enemies of,
in France, 133, 461 ; introduc-
tion and liberation of parasites
of, in Hawaii, 375 ; Broscus
punctatus predaceous on, in India,
100 ; on cabbage in Italy, 142 ;
in Russia, 104 ; outbreak of, in
Switzerland, 269 ; on cauliflower
in Tripoli, 159 ; effect of resinol
solution on, 543 ; effect of en-
tomophytous microbes on, 36,
251.

Pieris daplidice, in Russia, 104.

Pieris napi, in Aiistria, 261 ; des
troyed by birds in France, 461 ;
on rape in Germany, 359 ; in
Russia, 107.

Pieris rapae (Imported Cabbage
Worm), in Austria, 261 ; in
Canada, 2 ; destroyed by birds
in France, 461 ; in Hawaii, 136 ;
on cabbages in Russia, 104 ;
bionomics and control of, in
U.S.A., 285, 386, 403, 532;
reaction of immunitv to bacilli
in, 36.

Piezodorus rubrofasciatiis, on
Indigofera in Ceylon, 521.

Pigmy Beetle (seeAtomaria linearis).

Pigs, utilisation of, to destroy
noxious insects, 72, 226, 227, 240,
253,317, 374.

Pigweed, destruction of, against
Lygus pratensis in Canada, 362 ;
Disonycha xanthomelaena on, in
Connecticut, 341 ; (see Amaranttts
and Chenopodium album).

Pigweed Caterpillar (see Laphygma
exigua) .

pileatus, Heterobostrychus.

pilifer, Myelophilus.

pilleriana, Sparganothis {Oenoph-
thiva, Toririx).

INDEX.

687

Pilocrocis tripimdata, in Porto Rico,
484.

pilosa, Anoxia ; Chariessa.

pilosus, Paratetranychiis .

Pimpla, parasite of Janus com-
pressus in France, 496.

Pimpla alternans, parasite of vine
moths in Austria, 353.

Pimpla alternata, parasite of Hypon-
omeiita spp. in Germany, 288.

Pimpla calobata, parasite of vine
moths in Austria, 353.

Pimpla conquisitor, parasite of
Malacosoma in U.S.A., 529.

Pimpla examinator, parasite of vine
moths in Austria, 353.

Pimpla hawaiiensis (see Ephialtes).

Pimpla heliophila, parasite of Cydia
pomonella in Soutla Africa, 284.

Pimpla inquisitor, parasite of
Hemerocampa in U.S.A., 529o

Pimpla instigator, parasite of
Lepidoptera in Holland, 226,
424.

Pimpla pomorum, parasite of An-
thonomus pomorum in Britain,
139.

Pimpla sagax, parasite of vine
moths in Austria, 353.

Pitnpla strigipleiiris, parasite of vine
moths in Austria, 353.

Pimpla terebrans, parasite of vine
moths in Austria, 353.

Pimpla turionellae, parasite of vine
moths in Austria, 353.

Pimplinae, classification of, 417.

Pin Oak (see Quercus palustris).

pinatubana, Eulia.

Pine {Pinus), pests of, in Britain,
378, 379, 380 ; pests of, in Canada,
34, 192 ; Perrisia strobi in cones
of, in Europe, 255 ; beetles
found in timber of, in France,
175 ; pests of, in Germany, 141,
253, 273, 357, 358 ; bionomics
and control of Pa)iolis flammea
on, in Holland, 225-227; My-
cetophagus bifasciatus associa-
ted with Polyporus on, in India,
10; pests of, in Italy, 141, 142;
new Tortricid on, in Kiaochow,
199 ; pests of, in Lithuania,
420 ; pests of, in Russia, 107 ;
Bupalus piniarius on, in Sweden,
118; pests of, in U.S.A., 15, 34,
87. 89, 96, 174, 338, 381 ; effect
of direct sunlight on pests of,
366 : relation of insects to spread
of Cronartium ribicola from Ribes
to, 87.

Pine, Austrian, sometimes attacked
by Pissodes notatus in Britain,

378 ; not attacked by Lyda sp.
in Russia, 107.

Pine, Chir (see Pinus longi folia).

Pine, Cypress (see Calletris glauca).

Pine, Digger (see Pinus sabiniana).

Pine, Jack (see Pinus divaricata).

Pine, Loblolly, Dendroctomts fron-
talis on, in U.S.A., 88.

Pine, Lodge-pole (see Pinus contorta
mnrrayana).

Pine, Long-leaf, Dendroctomts fron-
talis on, in U.S.A., 88.

Pine, Norfolk Island {see Araucaria
excclsa) .

Pine, Pitch (see Pinus rigida).

Pine, Scots (see Pinus sylvestris).

Pine, Short-leaf Eastern Yellow,
Dendroctonus frontalis on, in
U.S.A., 88.

Pine, Stone (see Pinus pinea).

Pine, Sugar (see Pinus lambertiana).

Pine, Western White (see Pinus
monticola).

Pine, \\'estern Yellow (see Pinus
ponderosa) .

Pine, Weymouth, sometimes
attacked bj- Pissodes notatus in
Britain, 378 ; pests of, in
Germany, 257, 357.

Pine, White (see Pinus strobus) .

Pine, Yellow (see Pinus ponderosa).

Pine Aphis, White (see Lachnus
strobi) .

Pine Bark Aphis (see Chermes
pinicoriicis).

Pine Beetle (see Hylurgus pini-
perda and Myelophilus).

Pine Louse (see Chermes strobi).

Pine Moth (see Panolis flanimea).

Pine Processionary Caterpillar (see
Cnethocampa pinivora).

Pine Resin ^Mixture, spraying with,
against thrips, 144.

Pine Tree Aphis (see Chermes pini).

Pine Tube-builder (see Eulia pina-
tubana).

Pine-bud ^Moth (see Rhyacionia
turionana).

Pine-shoot Beetle (see Myelophilus
piniperda).

Pine-shoot JNIoth (see Rhyacionia
buoliana).

Pine-tar Creosote Emulsion, spray-
ing with, against Eriosoma
lanigerum, 249.

Pine-tip [Moth (see Pinipestis
zimmerniani).

Pine-tree Looper (see Bupalus
piniarius) .

Pineapple, pests of, in Cuba and
Florida, 53, 371 ; pests intercep-
ted on, in Hawaii, 431 ; pests of.

688

INDEX.

in Queensland, 156, 157 ; pests
intercepted on, in U.S.A., 13, 49,
114, 182, 240, 307, 319, 387, 479,
508*
Pineapple Mite (see Stigmaeus flori-

danus).
Pineapple Weevil (see Metamasius

ritchiei) .
Pines, Isle of, Aspidiotus destructor
from, intercepted in Florida, 71,
383.
pineti, Brachonyx ; Lachnus (see

L. pineus).
pinetum, Neodiprion.
Pineus strobi (see Chermes).
pineus, Lachnus.
pinguinalis, Aglossa.
pinguis, Lepidiota.
pint, Chermes ; Dendrolimus ; Dip-
rion{Lophyrus) ; Lachnus ; Lygaeo-
netnatus ; Pissodes ; Stomaphis.
piniarius, Bupalus.
pinicola, Cnopus ; Tourney ella.
pinicorticis , Chermes.
pinifoliae, Chionaspis.
piniperda, Myelophilus {Hylesinus,
Hylurgus) ; Panolis {Trachea)
(see P. flammea) .
Pinipestis zimmermani (Pine-tip
Moth), attacking weevil-infested
pines in Connecticut, 338.
pi)iiphilus, Pissodes.
pinivora, Cnethocampa [Thaume-

topoea) .
Pink and Green Potato Aphis (see

Macrosiphum solanifolii) .
Pink and Green Rose Aphis (see

Macrosiphum rosae) .
Pink BoUworm (see PJatyedra

gossypiella) .
Pink Corn Worm (see Pyroderces

rileyi) .
Pink Mite of Tea (see Eriophyes

theae).
Pink Wax Scale (see Ceroplastes

rubens).
pinnaeformis, Lepidosaphes.
pinnulifera, Chrysomphalus dictyo-

spertni.
Pinus attenuata, Chrysophana

placida in, in U.S.A., 295.
Pinus banksiana, attacked by
Lopyhrus rufus in Germany, 357.
Pimts contorta (Lodge-pole Pine),
new species of Pissodes attacking,
in California, 438.
Pinus contorta murrayana (Lodge-
pole Pine), pests of, in Canada,
89, 489 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 89,
381, 525.
Pinus densiflova, new Aphid on, in
Japan, 322,

Pinus divaricata (Jack Pine),
Pissodes strobi on, in Connecticut,
338.
Pinus excelsa, Gastrodes abietis on,

in Lithuania, 469.
Pinus insignis, Chermes pini on, in

New South Wales, 58.
Pinus koraiensis, Myelophilus pilifcr

in, in Siberia, 10.
Pinus lambertiana (Sugar Pine),
Dendroctonus monticolae in, in
British Columbia, 89 ; pests of,
in U.S.A., 89, 525.
Pinus leucodermis, Cnethocampa

pityocampa on, in Austria, 471.
Pinus longifolia (Chir Pine), pests

of, in India, 10, 205.
Pinus maritima, pests of, in France,

212, 489.
Pinus montana, Gastrodes ferrugineus

on, in Lithuania, 469.
Pinus monticola (Western White
Pine), pests of, in Canada, 89,
489 ; Dendroctonus monticolae on,
in U.S.A., 89.
Pinus murrayana (see P. contorta

murrayana) .
Pinus nigra, Gastrodes ferrugineus

on, in Lithuania, 469.
Pinus pinea (Stone Pine), pests of,

in Italy, 216.
Pinus ponderosa (Western Yellow
Pine), pests of, in Canada, 88, 89,
323, 489 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 11,
88, 89, 96, 523-525.
Pinus radiata, new scale-insect on,

in Santa Cruz Peninsula, 416.
Pinus resinosa, Neodiprion on, in

U.S.A., 381.
Pinus rigida (Pitch Pine), Pissodes

strobi on, in Connecticut, 338.
Pinus sabiniana (Digger Pine),
Matsucoccus fasciculensis on, in
California, 11.
Pinus scopulorum, new Lepidoptera

on, in U.S.A., 381.
Pinus strobus (White Pine), pests of,
in U.S.A., 33, 87, 338, 341, 364,
381 ; relation of Neodiprion
pinetum to spread of Cronartium
ribicola from Ribes to, 87.
Pinus sylvestris (Scots Pine), pests
of, in Britain, 237, 378, 379, 380 ;
pests of, in Canada and U.S.A.,
338 ; Lepidoptera on, in Holland,
225, 423 ; Gastrodes ferrugineus
on, in Lithuania, 469.
Pionea ferrugalis (Celery Leaf-tier),

control of, in U.S.A., 95.
Pionea forficalis, on cabbages, new

parasite of, in France, 120.
Piper methysticum, scale-insects on,
in Fiji, 297.

IXDEX.

689

Pipunculus, parasite of Peykiyisiella
sacchayicida in Hawaii, 21.

Pimtes, predaceoiis on Cydia
pomonella in South Africa, 284.

piri, Nippolachnits.

piricola, lipidiaspis.

pirogallis, Ereinococcns.

pisi, Acyrthosiphon [Macyosiphiou] ;
Byuchus (see B. pisoyum) ; Con-
tayinia : Polia (Mainesiya).

pisivoya, Kakothyips.

pisoyum, Byuchus (Layia).

Pissodes affinis, in Connecticut, 338.

Pissodes appyoximatus, in Connecti-
cut, 33S.

Pissodes iiotatus, bionomics and
control of, in forests in Britain,
378, 380 ; not abundant in
forests in Lithuania, 420.

Pissodes piceac, in Abies pectinata
in Bavaria, 332.

Pissodes piui, bionomics and control
of, in forests in Britain, 378, 380.

Pissodes piniphilus, not abundant
in forests in Lithuania, 420.

Pissodes styobi (White Pine Weevil),
bionomics and control of, in
Connecticut, 338.

Pi'isodes teyminalis, sp. n., attacking
Pinus contoyta in California, 438.

pissodes, Coeloides ; Euyvtoma.

Pistachio, legislation again'=t Megas-
tigmus ballestyeyii on, in Sicily,
136.

Pistacia teyebinthus, legislation
against Megastigmus baUestrerii
on, in Sicily, 136.

Pistol Case-bearer (see Coleophora
malivoyella) .

Pisum ayvense, Sitones Uneatus on,
in Germany, 176; (see Peas).

Pitch Pine (see Pinus rigida).

Pith Pine Beetle (see Pityophthoyus
lichtensteini and P. pubescens).

Pithecolobium duke, food-plant of
Byuchus liinbatus in Hawaii, 436.

Pitted Apple Beetle (see Geloptera
poyosa) .

pityocampa, Cnethocampa.

Pityogenes bidentatus (Two-toothed
Pine Beetle), in forests in Austria,
471 ; measures against, in forests
in Britain, 378, 379 ; in pines in
Germany, 273 ; in forests in
Lithuania, 420.

Pityogenes bistyidentatus, in forests
in Austria, 471 ; in Juniperus
coyniniinis in Germany, 175.

Pityogenes {Ips) chalcogyaphiis ,
bionomics of parasites of, in
forests in Austrian Silesia, 161 ;
in forests in Britain, 379 ; males
of, on Junipeyus conwiunis in
(3202)

Germany, 175 ; in forests in

Lithuania, 420.
Pityogenes hophinsi, accompanying

Pityophthoyus spp. in U.S.A., 34.
Pityogenes quadyidens, in forests in

Austria, 471 ; measures against,

in forests in Britain, 379 ; in

forests in Lithuania, 420.
Pityophthoyus bassetti, sp. n., in

spruce and fir in Colorado, 260.
Pityophthoyus canadensis, in white

pine in U.S.A., 34.
Pityophthoyus cayiniceps, bionomics

of, in spruce and wjiite pine in

U.S.A., 33.
Pityophthoyus glabyatus, in Sweden,

50.
Pityophthoyus gyanulatus, in white

pine, natural enemies of, in

U.S.A., 34.
Pityophthoyus lichtensteini (Pith

Pine Beetle), in Britain, 379.
Pityophthoyus micyogyaphtis, males

of, on Junipeyus communis in

Germany, 175.
Pityophthoyus nitidus, in forests in

Arctic Canada, 192.
Pityophthoyus nudus, associated

with /-*. gyanulatus in white

spruce in U.S.A., 34.
Pilyophfhorus occidentalis, sp. n.,

in Picea engelmanni in Colorado,

260.
Pityophthoyus puberulus, in pine

and balsam fir in Canada and

U.S.A., 34.
Pityophthoyus pubescens (Pith Pine

Beetle), in Britain, 379.
placida, Chyysophana.
Plaesius javanus, introduced into

Fiji from Java against Cosmo-
polites sordidus, 297.
plagiata, Macyotoma ; Tivocala.
plagiatits, Cneoyyhiniis .
Plagiolepis foyeli, sp. n., on orchids

in Switzerland, 488.
Plagiomeyus hospes, sp. n., probably

parasitic on Diaspine scale in

Hawaii, 437.
Plagionotus arcuatus (see Clytus).
Plagionotus speciosus (Sugar-maple

Borer), in U.S.A., 247 ; associated

with heart-rot, 4.
Plague, effect of organism of, on

Galleyia mellonella, 163.
plana, Fioyinia.
planatus, Pyotostyophus.
Plane, 161 ; food-plant of PorZ/ie/rm

dispay in Switzerland, 202.
Plant Cells, effect of attacks of

Aphids on, 352, 353, 356.

690

INDEX.

Plant Lice Killer, effect of, on

Aphids, 75.
Plant Pest Legislation, in Algeria,
80 ; in Australia, 337 ; in Canada,
168, 317, 416; in Ceylon, 168;
in Egpyt, 67, 222 ; against
Cosmopolites sordidus in Fiji,
293 ; in Germany, 224 ; sugges-
ted against Archon centaurits in
Gold Coast, 9 ; in Hawaii, 320,
330 ; in South India, 7 ; in
Italy and Sicily, 136 ; in Japan,
330 ; in Mauritius, 499 ; in New
Zealand, 504 ; in U.S.A., 15, 16,
74, 234, 253, 294, 330, 339, 511,
544; in West Indies, 34, 216,
256, 293, 442.
Plantago, Euxoa sege-tum experi-
msntall}^ fed on, in Germany,
271.
Plantago lanceolata (Thin-leaved
Plantain), summer food -plant of
Aphis so/bi in U.S.A., 18.
Plantain {Musa), Odoiporus longi-
collis on, in Assam, 461 ; Daciis
diversiis on, in Burma, 99 ;
Pseudococcus' on, in Cuba, 53 ;
legislation respecting importa-
tion of, into Cuba, 256 ; danger
of Byassolis isthmia becoming a
serious pest of, in Panama, 85.
Plantain, Thin-leaved (see Plantago

lanceolata) .
platensis, Hahrocytus ; Oeceticus ;

Tetrasiichns.
Plathypena scabra (Green Clover
Worm), bionomics and control
of, in U.S.A., 303, 339, 384, 385.
390, 460.
Platyed/a [Pectinophora) gossypiella
(Pink BoUworm), origin, biono-
mics and control of, in Brazil,
59, 199, 211, 290, 421, 445;
legislation against introduction
of, into Cuba, 256 ; bionomics
and control of, in Egypt, 67, 74,
222, 282 ; new food-plant of,
in Hawaii, 436 ; in India, 7, 83,
519 ; bionomics of, on cotton in
Korea, 319; intercepted on
cotton in Queensland, 157 ;
parasites and control of, in
SomaUland, 202 ; measures
against, in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
172, 173 ; measures against, in
U.S.A., 13, 181, 187, 234, 316,
326, 342 ; legislation against, in
U.S.A., 10, 74, 244, 511, 544;
intercepted in cotton seed in
U.S.A., 306.
Platvgaster feltii, sp. n., parasite of
Walshomyia texana in U.S.A.,
295.

Platvgaster leguminicolae , sp. n.,
parasite of Pervisia leguminicola
in U.S.A., 295.
Platvgaster niinutus, parasite of
Mavetiola destructor in New Zea-
land, 63.
Platylabriis dimidiatus, parasite of

vine moths in Austria, 353.
Platymetopius hyalinus (Japanese
Maple Leaf-hopper) , bionomics
of, in U.S.A., 147, 300, 464.
Platynota tinctana, on oranges in

California, 508.
Platypedia areolata (Net-winged
Cicada), a minor olive pest in
California, 91.
Platyptilia piisillidactyla (Plume
Moth), on Lantana indica and
Lippia geminata in India, 473.
Platypus compositiis, in sweet

potatoes in U.S.A., 248.
Platypus solidus, in Araucaria

bidwilli in Queensland, 156.
Platypus imcinatus , new variety of,

in Heritiera fomes in India, 60.

Platysaissetia montrichardiae, sp. n.,

on Montrichardia aculeata in

British Guiana, 119.

platy stylus, Scolytus [Eccoptogaster).

Platvterma, notice of key to species

of, 264.
Platyterma ecksteini, sp. n., parasite
of Diprion pini in Germany, 264.
plebeius, Rhizobius.
plebeja, Triaena.
plecta, Agrotis.
Plectroscelis concinna (see Chaetoc-

nema) .
plejadellus, Chilo.
plenetinealis, Boccharis.
plesia, Periclista ; Ptevonidea.
Plesiocoris rugicollis (Apple Capsid),
measures against, in Britain, 404,
517.
Plesispa, on coconuts in Dutch East

Indies, 538.
pleurostigma, Ceuthorrhynchus .
Plcurotropis, parasite of Trachehts

tabidiis in U.S.A., 347.
Plcurotropis utahensis, parasite of

Cephus cinctus in U.S.A., 464.
Plocaederus obesus, in Eriodendron
anfractuosum in Cochin China,
273 ; in India, 101 ; function of
calcareous operculum of, 101.
Plodia americana, in stored grain,
effect of chloropicrin on, in
France, 260.
Plodia interpunctella (Indian Meal
Moth, Dried Fruit Moth), on
vines and dried fruits in Australia,
164 ; measures against, in stored

INDEX.

691

products in Germany, 275, 425 ;
bionomics and control of, in
Hawaii, 430, 431 ; in Italy,
142, 334 ; in stored rice in Japan,
143 ; in Russia, 104, 107 ;
measures against, in stored
cereals, etc., in U.S.A., 215, 241 ;
value of chloropicrin against,
334 ; vacuum fumigation against,
507.

Plum, Phryneta spinator on, in
South Africa, 69 ; pests of, in
Australia, 156, 157, 410 ; pests of,
in Britain, 58, 528 ; pests of,
in Canada, 1, 33 ; pests of, in
France, 260, 370 ; pests of. in
Germany 288, 359 ; Cydia molesta
ovipositing on, in Korea, 143 ;
pests of, in New Zealand, 344 ;
Tortrix heparana on, in Russia,
107 ; Hyponomeuta padellus on,
in Spain, 367 ; pests of, in U.S.A.,
43, 95, 217, 234, 387, 505 ; pests
intercepted on, in U.S.A., 307,
319.

Plum Aphis, JMealy (see Hyalopterus
arundinis) .

Plum Curculio (see Conotrachelus
nenuphar).

Plumbago, new scale-insect on,
in Uganda, 119.

Pliisia (see Phytometra).

Plusia gutta (see Phytometra confusa) .

Phttella cruciferarmn (see P. maculi-
pennis) .

P!u*ellamaculipennis{Dmmond-hack
Moth), on cabbage in Ceylon,
521 ; on cabbage in Queensland,
156 ; in Russia, 104 ; on vege-
tables in South Dakota, 386.

plutonella, Tosca.

pluvialis, Malacosoma.

Poa douglasi, new Coccid on, in
California, 187.

Poa pratensis (Bluegrass), Oscinella
frit in, in North America, 183 ;
pests of, in Ohio, 129, 463.

poae, Harmoliia.

Podalgus humilis, bionomics and
control of, on sugar-cane in
Brazil, 290-292.

Podapolipus berlesei, natural enemy
of Schistocerca paranensis in
Argentina, 475.

Podistis maciiliventris, predaceous
on Popillia japonica in New
Jersey, 374.

Podisus modestus, in U.S.A., 529.

podocarpi, Neophyllaphis.

Podocarpir^ macrophylla, bionomics
of new Aphid on, in Japan, 151.
(3202)

Podops vermiciilata, on rice in Dutch
East Indies, 495.

Podosphaera leucotricha, apple
powdery mildew caused by, in
U.S.A., 413.

Poecilocoris hardwicki (Seed-bug of
Tea), attacking tea-seed in India,
453 ; bionomics and control of,
in Dutch East Indies, 330, 453.

Poecilocoris latus, attacking tea-
,seed in India, 453.

poecilodes, Sclerodermus.

Poeciloscytus cognatus, on beet in
Russia, 104.

Pocmenia, notice of key to species of,
417.

Pogonochaerns mixtus, in conifers in
U.S.A., 34, 127.

Poind ana regia (Flamboyant),
unidentified Psychid on, in
Guadeloupe, 298.

Polia oleracea (Glasshouse Tomato
Moth), in Austria, 261 ; bionomics
and control of, in Britain, 61,
518 ; on apples in Russia, 105 .

Polia persicariae, in Austria, 261 ;
in Russia, 105.

Polia pisi, in Austria 261.

Polia siiasa. in Russia, 105.

Poliaspis gaultheriae, sp. n., on
Gaiilthcria spp. in Britain, 343.

poligraphus, Polygraphits .

Polistes, predaceous on Eriocampa
mitsukurii in Japan, 143 ; ab-
sence of, in Tortola since 1916, 35.

Polistes hebraeus, predaceous on
Levuana iridesccns in Fiji, 297.

Polistes macaensis, bionomics of, in
Fiji, 27.

Polistes tasmanicus, a beneficial
insect in New Zealand, 63.

politus, Diostrombus.

Pollu Beetle on pepper in Madras,
130.

Polycaon confertus (Olive Twig
Borer), bionomics of, in U.S.A.,
91,462.

Polycaon stoutii, food-plants of, in
California, 463.

polychloros, Vanessa.

Polychrosis botrana (Vine Moth) bio
nomics and control of, in Austria,
276, 353 ; measures against, in
France, 38, 368, 369, 374, 395,
478, 496 ; measures against, in
Germany, 269, 356, 522 ; on
vine in Italy, 142 ; measures
against, in Luxemburg, 223, 224 ;
not present in Tunis, 450, 452 ;
effect of utilisation of beneficial
fungi and insects against, 356,
368.

692

INDEX.

Polvchvosis viteana (Grape-berry

Moth), control of, in U.S.A., 94,

403.
Poh'gala paniciilata, food-plant of

mites in Dutch East Indies, 454.
Polvgnotus hieinalis, parasite of

Mavetiola destructor in U.S.A.,

376.
Polygnotus minutus, parasite of

Mavetiola destructor in Russia,

106.
Polygonum (Smartweed), food-plant

of Polia oleracea in Britain, 62 ;

iood-plant of Pyrausta ainsliei

in U.S.A., 116, 339.
Polygonum hydropiperoides, Pyrausta

penitalis on, in U.S.A., 14.
Polygonum incarnatum, Pyrausta

penitalis on, in U.S.A., 14.
Polvgoimni persicaria, Pyrausta

ainsliei on, in Connecticut, 339.
Polygraphus poligraphus, bionomics

of, in Bohemia, 324 ; in forests

in Lithuania, 420.
Polygraphus prinius, sp. n., in

Kamerun, 175.
Polygraphus rufipennis, in forests in

Canada, 192 ; in Larix laricina

in U.S.A., 127.
Polygraphus subopacus. in forests in

Lithuania, 420.
Polyhedral Disease, infesting Panolis

flammea in Holland, 226.
Polynesians, Sclerodermus.
Polyocha saccharella, identical with

Emmalocera {Papua) depressella,

100.
Polyonmiatus baeticus (see Lampides) .
Polyphyllafullo, in Russia, 106.
Polyporus, Mycetophagus bifasciatus

associated with, on pine-log in

India. 10.
Polvponis sulphureus, in forests in

North America and Europe, 15 ;

Tinea cloacella bred from, in

U.S.A., 15.
Polyporus tsugae, Tinea cloacella

associated with, on hemlock and

pine in U.S.A., 15.
Polyspilota pustulata, a beneficial

insect in San Thome, 494.
Pomegranate, Aphid on, in Persia,

498 ; food-plant of Euproctis

flava in Punjab, 109.
pomi, Aphis,
pomicorticis , Mytilaspis (see Lepido-

saphcs ulmi) .
pomifoliella, Bucculatrix.
pomivora, Tortrix.
pomonae, Apion.
pomonella, Cydia {Carpocapsa, Las-

peyresia) ; Marmara ; Rhagoletis.

pomorum, Anthonomus ; Mytilaspis
{see Lepidosaphes ulmi) ; Pimpla.

Pomphopoea savi, in New York, 303.

Pompilus fugax, a beneficial insect
in New Zealand, 63.

Pongamia glabra, Parata alexis on,
in India, 101.

Pontania, in Europe, 162.

Pontania proxima, bionomics of, on
Salix amygdalina in Holland, 199,
407.

Pontania salicis, forming galls on
Salix purpurea in Lithuania, 420.

Pontania vesicator, on Salix daph-
noides in Switzerland, 37.

Pontia (see Pieris).

Poophilus costalis, on sugar-cane
and rice in Formosa, 86.

Popillia complanata, on acacia in
Ceylon, 520.

Popillia japonica (Green Japanese
Beetle), precaution against intro-
duction of, into Canada from
Japan, 222 ; bionomics and con-
trol of, in U.S.A., 12, 43, 95,
187, 307, 308, 315, 360, 374, 482 ;
legislation again.st, in U.S.A.,
512.

Poplar {Popiilus) (Cottonwood), bio-
nomics of Zeugophora spp. on, in
Canada, 151 ; pests of, in Ger-
many, 268, 356, 426 ; pests of, in
Italy, 141 ; pests of, in Lithuania,
420, 421 ; Carpophilus dimidiatus
on, in Mesopotamia, 478 ; pests
of, in Russia, 104, 105, 106, 107 ;
Porthetria dispar on, in Switzer-
land, 202 ; pests of, in U.S.A.,
82, 128, 247, 295, 305, 464 ;
Idiocerus scurra probably im-
ported into U.S.A. with, 464.

Poplar, Aspen (see Populus iremu-
loides) .

Poplar, Lombardy, bionomics of
Macropsis virescens var. graminea
on, in U.S.A., 77.

Poplar, White (see Populus alba).

Poplar Leafhopper (see Idiocerus
scurra and Macropsis virescens
var. graminea).
Poplar Sawfly, experiments with
cliloropicrin against, in France,
38.
Poplar Stem Leaf-hopper (see Ma-
cropsis virescens var. graininea).
Poppy, Californian, Physothrips

blacki on, in Oregon, 135.
poptilella, Tachyptilia.
populi, Melasoma ; Snierinthus.
populifoliella, Phyllorycter {Litho-

colletis) .
populnea, Saperda.

INDEX.

693

Populus alba (White Poplar), bio-
nomics of Idiocerus cognatus on,
in U.S.A., 82, 464.

Populus bahatiiifera (Balm of
Gilead), Zeugophora nhnnrniis on,
in Canada, 151 .

Populus deltoides, BupresHs con-
fluenta in, in U.S.x\., 295.

Populus fyemontii, Ceria in, in
i California, 9.

Populus suaveolcns, Dicranura
vinula on, in Russia, 105.

Populus t roll II la, Tachvptilia
populella on, in (iermany, 515 ;
Dicranura v inula on, in Rnssia,
105.

Populus tremuloidcs (Aspen Poplar),
pests of, in Lithuania, 420 ; pests
of, in Manitoba, 438 ; pests of,
in U.S.A., 295, 381.

Populus virginiana, Enlecanium
coryli on, 124.

porcellus, Deilephila ; Euscepes.

Porina servinata, parasitised by
Lissopiinpla seniipuiictata in New
Zealand, 63.

Porococcus tinctorius, 259.

porosa, Gcloptera.

Porosagrotis orthogonia (Pale
Western Cutworm), on cereals,
etc., in Canada, 192.

Porthesia si mil is (see Arctornis
chrysorrhoea) .

Porthetria {Lyinaniria) dispar
(Gipsy Moth), establishment of
Compsilura concinuata against, in
Canada, 3 ; experiments with
h^'drocyanic-acid gas again.st, in
Germany, 426 ; natural enemies
and control of, in forests in
Holland, 424 ; on pear in Italy,
142 ; measures against, in Russia,
102, 105 ; on oak in Spain, 367 ;
food-plants of, in Switzerland,
201 ; bionomics and control of,
in U.S.A., 23, 96, 220, 293, 315,
341,529; intercepted on imported
nursery stock in U.S.A., 306 ;
effect of wind on spread of, 502 ;
Cronartium ribicola spread bv, 4 ;
immunity reaction to bacilli in,
36.

Porthetria monacha (see Liparis).

Porto Rico, notice of bibliography of
sugar pests of, 483 ; risk of
introducing Calisto archebates with
seed sugar-cane into, 248 ; notes
on cotton pests in, 303 ; miscel-
laneous pests in, 71, 446;
measures against Stratcgus
quadrifoi'eatus on coconut in, 451 ;
pests of sugar-cane in, 446, 483 ;

value of lizards in destroying
noxious insects in, 483 ; pests
from, intercepted in U.S.A., 307,
383.

Porto Rico ]\Iole-cricket (see
Scapterisciis vicinus) .

portoriccnsis, Laclnwstrrna (Pliyl-
lophaga).

Portugal, vine pests in, 494 ; pests
from, intercepted in Oueensland,
157.

Poriulaca (see Purslane).

Poriulaca oleracea, food-plant of
Holotrichia leucophthalnia and
Tetranychus telarius in Dulcli
East Indies, 140, 454.

postica, Hyper a (see H . variabilis) ;
Orgyia .

posticus, Phytonoinus (sec Hvpcra
Tariabilis) .

postreuia, Laclmostc'rua .

Potash, experiments with, against
Helopeltis theivora, 205.

Potash Soap, against Clysia
ambiguella, 543.

Potash-phosphoric Acid, effect of
proportion of, in soil, on Helo-
peltis theivora, 205.

Potassium Cyanide, against ants,
131, 240 ; in preparation of
hydrocyanic-acid gas, 65.

Potassium Ferricj^anide, experi-
ments with, against termites, 40.

Potassium Ferrocyanidc, experi-
ments with, against termites, 40.

Potassium Hvdroxide, effect of,
on solutions of pyretlirum, 362.

Potassium Sulphide, 444.

Potassium Sulpho - carbonate,

against underground pests, 221.
369.

Potato [Solanuiii tuberosum), La-
phygma cxempta on, in South
Africa, 412 ; little damaged by
Lema trilincata in South Africa,
412 ; pests of, in Australia, 155,
157, 207 ; pests of, in Austria,
426 ; measures against pests of,
in Brazil, 325 ; pests of in Britain,
138, 155, 351, 474, 514, 517;
pests intercepted on, in California,
13, 49, 114, 182, 388, 509; pe.sts
of, in Canada, 2, 324, 373, 422 ;
pests of, in Ceylon, 521 ; legisla-
tion respecting, in Cuba, 256 ;
measures against Phthorimaea
operculella on, in Cyprus, 204 ;
pests of, in h'rance, 40. 121,
489 ; pests of, in Germany, 270,
286, 346, 358, 429, 466, 467, 468 ;
pests of, in Hawaii, 136, 409 ;
pests of, in India, 64, 409 ;

694

INDEX,

Epilachna on, in Dutch East
Indies, 329 ; pests of, in Mesopo-
tamia, 478 ; Phthorimaea oper-
culella on, in Morocco, 121 ;
Heterodera radicicola probably in-
troduced into Rhodesia in, 194 ;
pests of, in Russia, 105 ; Helio-
thyips tndicus on, in Sudan, 497 ;
pests of, and their control in
U.S.A., 15, 42, 75, 97, 135, 137,
187, 188, 235, 239, 280, 285, 303,
311, 312, 339, 341, 382, 385, 397,
401, 402, 412, 418, 443, 459, 460,
477 ; Epicauta adspersa on, in
Uruguay, 214 ; not attacked by
Blissus leucopterus in U.S.A.,
505 ; notice of review of litera-
ture on pests of, in 1916, 354 ;
relation of insects, etc., to diseases
of, 311, 312, 397, 409, 422.

Potato (Stored), 'pests of, in Central
Europe, 288, 289 ; Ephestia
kiihniella feeding on, in Britain,
139.

Potato Aphis (see Macrosiphiini
solanifolii) .

Potato Beetle, Colorado (see Lep-
tinotarsa decenilineata) .

Potato Blight, effect of spraying
witli Bordeaux and Burgundy
mixtures for, 351.

Potato Eelworm (see Heterodera
radicicola) .

Potato Flea-beetle (see Epitnx
cucumeris, and Haltica solani).

Potato Leafhopper (see Empoasca
mali) .

Potato Stem Borer (see Gortyna
micacea) .

Potato Tuber Moth (see Phthorimaea
operculella) .

Potatoes, in baits for wireworms
and millipedes, 39, 369.

potatoria, Odonestis.

potentillae, Aiilax.

Poteriimi sanguisorba, Malacoscma
castrensis on, in France, 421.

Powder-post Beetle (see Lyctus spp.).

Powdery Mildew, 336.

praejectellus, Cr ambus.

praelonga, Chionaspis.

praetiosa, Bryobia.

praetor, Rhogas.

Praonetha, on Hevea in Dutch
East Indies, 537.

prasinana, Hylophila.

pratensis, Bryobia (see B . praetiosa) ;
Lygus.

Pratincola rubetra, destroying
noxious insects in France, 461.

Prays oleellus (Olive Moth), in Italy,
216.

Prenolepis, intercepted in Hawaii,
460.

Prenolepis longicornis (Crazy Ant),
red ants controlled by, in
Barbados, 150 ; in San Thome,
491.

pretiosa, TricJiogramma.

pretoriae, Membranaria.

Prickly Pear, Neopyralis ronnai in^
in South America, 299 ; problem
of, in Australia, 210 ; (see
Opuntia).

primus, Polygraphiis.

Prionomitus, parasitic on Lecanium
zebrinum in Britain, 343.

PrionomAtiis brasiHensis, sp. n.,
parasite of a Lepidopteron in
South America, 299.

Prionoxystus robiniae, on shade-
trees in U.S.A., 247.

Prionus coriarius, in forests in
Lithuania, 420.

Pristhesanchus papuensis, prpda-
ceous on bees in Queensland, 158.

Pristiphora betulavora, sp. n., on
Betula alba in U.S.A., 381.

Pristiphora fausta, on oak in
Holland, 407.

Pristiphora viridana, in Germany,
162.

Privet [Ligiistrum vulgare), Apliid
intercepted on, in Cahfornia, 319 ;
food-plant of Otiorrhynchus rotun-
datus in Germany, 271 ; Toxop-
tera on, in Italy, 159.

Procapritermes mushae, on rice in
Formosa, 143.

procera, Oxyrrhepes.

Proceras sacchariphaga, an intro-
duced pest in Mauritius, 499.

Prociphilus fraxinidipetalae (Moun-
tain Ash Aphis), a minor olive
pest in California, 91.

Prociphilus tessellatus , bionomics of,
419.

Prodenia, on tobacco in Dutch
East Indies, 330 ; on Carum
copticuni in West Indies, 523.

Prodenia eridania (see Xylomyges).

Prodenia littoralis (see P. litura).

Prodenia litura [littoralis) (Cotton
Worm, Mauritius Bean Army
Worm, Tomato Caterpillar), on
tobacco in Africa, 424 ; in Egypt,
282 ; legislation against, in
Egypt, 67 ; food-plants and
natural enemy of, in Fiji, 27 ;
bionomics of, in India, 100, 130,
296 ; on Phaseoliis mungo in
Mesopotamia, 478 ; on lucerne
in Queensland, 156 ; a minor pest
of tobacco in South Rhodesia, 134.

INDEX.

695

Pyodenia ornitJiogalli (Sweet Potato
Caterpillar), on castor-oil plant
in Florida. 236.
Prodenia testaceoides (see P. litura).
pi'odiictiis, Paniscus.
Piogenius riehlii, in Heritiera fomes

in India, 60.
Pyomecotheca antiqiia, on coconuts,

254.
Pyomecotheca callosa, on coconuts,

254.
Pyomecotheca coeyuleipennis, on

coconuts, 254.
Pyomecotheca cuminqi, on coconuts,

254.
Pyomecotheca lindingeyi, on coconuts,

254.
Pyomecotheca opacicollis, on coco-
nuts, 254.
Pyomecotheca yeichei, on coconuts

in Fiji, etc., 254, 297.
Pyomecotheca vayipes, on coconuts,

254.
pyonuba, Agyotis {Tyiphaena).
pyopiiiqita, Delphax.
pyopinquus, Xvlonomiis.
Pyosayleus phytolymiis (Dicky Rice
Weevil), bionomics and control
of, in orchards in New South
Wales, 333.
pyosopidis, Heteyospilus.
Pyosopis (Mesquite), food-plant of
Apate punctipennis in U.S.A.,
463 ; effect of direct sunlight
on insects infesting, 365.
Pyosopis julifloya (Algaroba), Bru-
chid and other pests of, in Hawaii,
430, 436 ; Bruchids intercepted
in, in Queensland, 157.
Pyosopis velutiiia, new Coccid on, in

U.S.A., 187.
pyosopis, Byuchus.
PyospaHella, parasite of Tyialeuyodes

floyidensis in Florida, 219.
PyospaHella beylesei, liberation of,
against Aulacaspis pentagona in
Austria, 263 ; value of, against
Aulacaspis pentagona in France,
121 ; parasite of Aulacaspis pen-
tagona in Italy, 252 ; Aulacaspis
pentagona controlled by, in
Uruguay, 214.
Pyospaltella cityella, parasite of

Keymes queycus in U.S.A., 16.
Pyotaetia fusca {mandarin ea), on
pears and laburnum in Queens-
land, 156 ; on palms in Straits
Settlements, 283.
Pyotaetia mandarinea (see P. fusca).
Protea, new scale-insect on, in

South Africa, 447.
pyoteae, Lecanium.

edeniata (sec Ance-

Pyoteoptervx oyegonana (.A.spen Leaf
Cnrlnr), bionomics of, in Manitoba,
438.
pyoteus, Clastopirra ; Eudamus ;

Meyium ; Paylatoyia.
Pyotodiaspis agrifoliae, in North

America. 222.
Pyotodiaspis anomala (see Ancc-

paspis).
Pyotodiaspis

paspis) .
Pyotodiaspis lohata, sp. n., on
Oueycus gambelii in New Mexico,
222.
Pyotodiaspis parvula, on oak in

]\Iexico, 222.
Pyotodiaspis pulchya, sp. n., ^n
Oueycus toumeyi in Arizona, 222.
Pyotodiaspis tyidentata (see Ance-

paspis) .
Pyotoparce Carolina, bionomics and
control of, on tobacco in Santo
Domingo, 527.
Pyotopayce celeus (Northern Tobacco
Worm), bionomics and control of,
in Kentucky, 364.
Pyotoparre cingitlata (Sweet Potato
Caterpillar), destroyed by fowls
in Virgin Islands, 35.
Pyotoparce convolviili (see Herse) .
Pyotopayce sexta (Southern Tobacco
Worm, Tomato Worm), bio-
nomics and control of, in U.S.A.,
285, 364 ; experiments with
Sorosporella iivella and, 170 ;
anatomy of, 500.
Pyotopulvinarin, in South Africa,

447.
Pyoiostyophus instabilis, sp. n., on

orange in Transvaal, 264.
Pyoiostyophus voxius, on wheat in

Orange Free State, 264.
Protostrophus planatus, sp. n., on

orange in Transvaal, 264.
pyoxima, Athalia ; Pontania.
pyoximus, Encyrtarpis.
prunastri, Sphaerolecanium .
Prune, Hyponomeitia variabilis on,
in Germany, 288 ; Sphaerole-
canium prunastri on, in Italy,
122 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 76, 463.
Prune Beetle (see Magdalis pruni).
Prune Scale (see Sphaerolecanium

prunastri) .
pruni, Aphis ; Coccus (see Eiile-
canium coyyli ) ; Dendrolimus
{Gastyopacha) ; Hyalopterus ;

Magdalis.
pyunicoleus, Aphis (see Hystero-

neiira setariae) .
pyunifoliae, Aphis ; Rhopalosiphum

696

INDEX.

prunivora, Enaynionia {Cydia,

Laspeyresia).
Primus, measures against Hypoiio-

meuta padellus on, in Germany,

356; pests of, in Italy, 141,

142 ; new Lepidopteron on, in

U.S.A., 381.
Pruniis armeniaca (see Apricot).
Prunus cerasiferus, Puhinaria

hetiilae on, in Germany, 275.
Prunus cerasus (see Cherry).
Prunus domestica, Eulecaniiun

cory/i on, in Italy, 124, 126; (see

Plum).
Prunus lauro-cerasits, Eiilecaniiiiii

coryli on, 124.
Prunus nepalensis, Dyscerus nialig-

nus on, in India, 84.
Prunus padus (Bird Cherry),

Siphonaphis padi on, in Britain,

59 ; food-plant of Otiorrhynchus

rotundatus in Germany, 275 ;

Rhopalosiphuni padi migrating

to grasses from, in Europe, 116.
Prunus serotina, probably a food-
plant of Otiorvhvnchus rotundatus

in German}', 275.
Prunus 'ipinosa, Coccids on, in

Italy, 122, 124.
Prussia, outbreak of Cnethocauipa

pinivora in, 141.
Psallus ambiguus, not injurious to

apple foliage in Britain, 517.
Psammodes, an occasional tobacco

pest in South Rhodesia, 425.
Psammodes illotus, in South Africa,

412.
Psammodes scrobicollis, measures

against, on tobacco in South

Rhodesia, 194.
Psammodes similis, measures

against, on tobacco in South

Rhodesia, 194.
psenes, Blastophaga.
Psenocerus supernotatus (American

Currant Borer), bionomics and

control of, in Soutli Dakota, 217.
Pseudaonidia clavigera, intercepted

on. Hibiscus, etc., in California,

114, 182,387,479.
Pseudaonidia duplex, intercepted in

quarantine in California, 509.
Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis, on

cacao in San Thome, 492, 494.
pseudaspidiotus, Parlatoria.
pseudelongatuni, Lecanium.
Pseudischnaspis alienus, intercepted

in U.S.A., 71, 236.
pseudoavenae, Aphis,
pseudobrassicae , Aphis,
pseudocamelliae , Aspidiotus {Hemi-

berlesia) .

Pseudocatolaccus asphondyliae , assoc-
iated with Asphondylia verbasci
in France, 37.

Pseudococcus, 187 ; intercepted in
California, 13, 49, 114, 182, 240,
319, 387, 479, 480, 508; food-
plants of, in Cuba, 53, 229 ;
measures against, on coconuts and
cacao in Fiji, 297 ; not experi-
mentally parasitised by Sclero-
dermus iiiiniigyaiis in Hawaii, 436 ;
intercepted in Hawaii, 431 ;
Brumus suiuralis predaceous on
in India, 100 ; on coffee in Dutch
East Indies, 406 ; in Queensland,
62, 157 ; on sugar-cane in Uganda,
243 ; ants associated with, 297 ;
(see ]\Iealy-bugs).

Pseudococcus acaciae, insects pre-
daceous on, in Australia, 336 ;
attempted establishment of
beneficial insects against, in
California, 336.

Pseudococcus ado>iidu))i (longis-
pinus), on orange, utilisation
of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
against, in Algeria, 57 ; on
cotton in Porto Rico, 303 ; on
citrus in Queensland, 156.

Pseudococcus albizziae, natunil
enemy of, in Australia, 336.

Pseudococcus aurilanatus (Golden
Mealy-bug), controlled by Crypto-
laemus montrouzieri in Australia,
336 ; on Araucaria excelsa in
California, 336.

Pseudococcus bakeri (Grape Mealy-
bug), bionomics and control of,
in U.S.A., 94, 239.

Pseudococctis boninensis, intercepted
on sugar-cane in U.S.A., 307.

Pseudococcus bromeliae (Sugar-cane
Mealy-bug), intercepted on pine-
apples, etc., in California, 13, 49,
114, 182, 240, 319, 387, 479, 508;
a minor pest in Fiji, 27 ; on
pineapples in Queensland, 156.

Pseudococcus calceolariae, possible
relation of, to mottling disease
of sugar-cane in Porto Rico,
483 ; on sugar-cane in U.S.A.,
79.

Pseudococcus calceolariae minor, on
sugar-cane in U.S.A., 79.

Pseudococcus citri (Citrus INIealy-
bug), measures against, in Algeria
and South France, 450 ; Para-
leptoniastix abnormis parasitic on
mealy-bug resembling, in Aus-
tralia, 336 ; measures against,
on sugar-cane in Brazil, 292 ;
biological control of, in California,

INDEX.

697

318, 336 ; intercepted in Cali-
fornia, 49, 182 ; on Hevea in
Dutch East Indies, 329 ; new
parasites of, in Philippines, 521 ;
on cotton in Porto Rico, 303 ;
on cacao in San Thome, 492 ;
scale resembling, on coffee in
Tonkin, 221 ; measures against,
on avocado in Trinidad and
Tobago, 131 ; hydrocyanic acid
gas against, 539.

Pseudococcus coj>istoc/a, intercepted
on persimmon in U.S.A., 307.

Pseudococcus corymbatus, bionomics
of, on cotton and soy beans in
India, 83, 473.

Pseudococcus crotonis, intercepted
en orcliids in U.S.A., 307.

Pseudococcus cupressicohis, sp. n.,
on cypress in California, 187,
394.

Pseudococcus filamentosus, inter-
cepted on Hibiscus in California,
114.

Pseudococcus gahani (Citrophilus
Mealy-bug), in Britain, 343 ; con-
trol of, in California, 316, 318,
336.

Pseudococcus hibernicus, on dead
oak in Britain, 343.

Pseudococcus inquilinus, sp. n., ants
associated with, in British Guiana,
119

Pseudococcus krannhiae (Japanese
Mealy-bug), biological control of,
in California, 318.

Pseudococcus longisetosus, sp. n.,
food-plants of, in California, 187.

Pseudococcus longispinus (see P.
adonidum) .

Pseudococcus lycii, sp. n., on Lycium
in U.S.A., 187.

Pseudococcus maritinius (Baker's
]\Iealy-bug), on ivy-leaved ger-
anium in Britain, 343 ; biological
control of, in California, 318,
336 ; intercepted on bananas in
California, 387.

Pseudococcus nipae (Coconut INIealy-
bug) on avocado in Florida, 218 ;
on guava in Porto Rico, 446 ;
measures against, on avocado in
Trinidad and Tobago, 131.

Pseudococcus perniciosus, on coffee
in British East Africa, 119.

Pseudococcus quercicolus, sp. n.,
food-plants of, in California, 187.

Pseudococcus ryani, on cypress in
California, 394.

Pseudococcus sacchari (Sugar-cane
Mealy-bug), on sugar-cane in
British Guiana, 471 ; in Porto

Rico, 483, 484 ; intercepted in
U.S.A., 237, 307 ; possible rela-
tion of, to mottling disease of
sugar-cane, 483.

Pseudococcus scquoiae, on cypiess in
California, 394.

Pseudococcus sphagni, associated
with Formica picea in Brilam
343.

Pseudococcus trifoUi, on Trifoliuiii
pratense in South America, 62.

Pseudococcus virgatus, accompany-
ing Phenacoccus hirsutus in India,
83 ; on coffee in Dutch East
Indies, 330 ; food-plants and
parasite of, in Porto Rico, 303 ;
intercepted in U.S.A., 182, 307.

Pseudococcus viiis (White Sca'e^
Cryptolaenms niontrouzieri possi-
bly effective against, in Algeria,
57 ; measures against, on vmes in
France, 212 ; measures against,
on vines in Italy, 252 ; on vmes
in Tunis, 452.

Psevtdococcus ivalkeri, on grasses in
Britain, 343.

pseudocoryli, Macrosipliuin .

Pseudodiaspis atrip^icis, sp. n., on
Atriplex in U.S.A., 187.

Pseudodiaspis condaliae, sp. n., on
Condalia spathulata in U.S.A.,
187.

Pseudodiaspis undiipora, sp. n , on
Phoradeiidrov flavescens in
CaUfornia, 112.

Pseudodiaspis yuccae, 259.

pseudodirhodum , Macrosiphum .

Pseudogonatopus hospes, parasite
of Perkinsiella saccharicida ni
Hawaii, 526.

Pseudokermes uiarginatus, sp. n., on
Nectandra in British Guiana, 119.

Pseudomonas catnpesiris, inlp.sting
vegetables in Queensland, 157

Pseudomonas citri (Citrus Canker),
194.

pse udom ori , Hyles i nus.

Pseudomorus brimnoniana (Waddy-
wood), pests of, in Queensland,
156.

Pseudophilippia inquilina, sp. n.,
ants associated with, in Jamaica,
119.

pseudorosae, Macrosiphum .

Pseudotsuga taxifolia {dougla^i)
(Douglas Fir), pests of, m
Britain, 377, 423 ; Hemerocawpa
vetusta gulosa on, in British
Columbia, 323 ; Chionaspis pini-
foliae intercepted on, in California,
240, 319; Gastrodes abietis on,
in Lithuania, 469 ; new Lepidop-

698

i.NDliX.

tera on, in U.S.A., 381 ; pests of,
in U.S.A., 423, 523-525.
psi, A crony eta.
psidii, Pulvinaria.
Psidiimi araca (Araca), Anastrepha
fraterculus on, in South America,
299.
Psidium cattleyanmn (Strawberry
Guava), food-plant of Ceratitis
capitata in Hawaii, 171.
Psidium guayava (see Guava) .
Psila rosae (Carrot Rust Flv), in
Austria, 261; in Britain," 351 ;
in Ontario, 2.
Psilomirinus flavidulus, gen. et sp.
n., parasite of Aulacaspis penta-
gona in South America, 475.
Psociis, on cacao in San Thome, 492.
Psyche albipes, probably on tea in

Ceylon, 111.
Psyche snelleni (see Acanthopsyche) .
Psylla, on cacao in San Thome, 492.
Psylla erythrinae, sp. n., on Ery-
thrina crista-gaUi in Argentina,
140.
Psylla fici, on Ficus niacrophylla in

Queensland, 157.
Psylla mali (Apple Sucker), measures
against, on apples in Austria,
263 ; measures against, in Britain,
133, 350, 405 ; legislation against,
in Canada, 168 ; occurrence of, in
Nova Scotia, 490 ; in orchards in
Germany, 426.
Psylla pyyi, measures against, in

Austria, 263.
Psylla pyricola (Pear Psylla),
measures against, in Austria,
263 ; measures against, in New
Jersey, 44 ; in Ontario, 1, 5.
Psylla pyrisuga, measures against,
on pears in Austria, 263 ; legisla-
tion against introduction of, into
U.S.A., 512.
Psylla visci, attacking mistletoe in

Germany, 357.
Psylliodes ajfinis, in Germany, 287.
Psylliodes attenuata, in German^',

287.
Psylliodes chrysocephala, on turnips
and swedes in Denmark, 541 ;
food-plants and control of, in
Germany, 287, 359.
Psylliodes napi, food-plants and

control of, in Germany, 287.
Psyllobora borcalis, feeding on apple

powdery mildew in U.S.A., 413.
Pteleobiiis kraatzi, in Russia, 106.
Pteleobius vittatiis, in elm in Russia,

106.
Pterandrus rosa. var. fasciventris, n.,
in Uganda, 264.

pteyicolens, Macrosiphum.

Pier is aquilina (Bracken), new

Aphid on, in U.S.A., 418.

Pteromalus bimaculatus, parasite of

Sinoxvlon sexdentatum in France,

434.

Pteromalus calandrae, parasite of

Calandra oryzae in Germany, 331.

Pteromalus puparum, parasite of

Pieris rapae in U.S.A., 532.
Pteronidea alnivora, sp. n., on alder

in U.S.A., 381.
Pteronidea amelanchieridis, sp. n.,
on Amelanchier canadensis in
U.S.A., 381.
Pteronidea niendicana, sp. n., on

Salix in U.S.A., 381.
Pteronidea plesia, sp. n., on Populus

treniiiloides in U.S.A., 381.
Pteronus ribesii (Imported Currant
Worm, Gooseberry Sawfly), bio-
nomics and control of, in Canada,
2, 344 ; measures against, in
France, 370 ; measures against,
in Germany, 468 ; on goose-
berries in Holland, 199 ; measures
against, on currants and goose-
berries in U.S.A., 217, 345, 386.
Pteroporus subtruncatus, legislation

against, in Hawaii, 320.
Pterotrcpia, Nesotocus giffardi on,

in Hawaii, 435.
Pterygogramma acuminata, intro-
duction of, into U.S.A. against
Eutettix tenella, 335.
Pterygophorus analis, cattle killed

by eating, in Australia, 442.
Pterygophorus bifasciatus, in Austra-
lia, 442.
Ptilinus pectinicornis, measures
against, attacking furniture in
Britain, 443.
Ptinusfur, in flour in Russia, 105.
Ptinus sexpiinctatus, damaging lead,

81.
Ptinus tectus, infesting dried meat in

Germany, 487.
Ptochoryctis chalazopa, sp. n., on

Hevea in Java, 534.
puberula, Agonoscelis.
piiberulus, Pityophthorus.
pubescens, Kermes ; Pityophthorus.
pudibunda, Dasychira.
Pueraria thunbergiana, Aulacaspis

pentagona on, in Italy, 142.
pugnax, Solubea {Oebahis).
pulchella, Aenasioidea {Aphycus) ;
Perilampsis [Carpophthoromyia) ;
Rhacochlaena ; Utetheisa.
pulchellus, Hemiteles.
pulcher, Cristatithorax.
pulchra, Protodiaspis.

INDKX.

699

Pulex, effect of meteorological con-
ditions on, in South America,
367.

Pulliis aitriius, predaceous on Phyll-
oxera coccinea in Central Europe,
289.

pulsatoria, Atropos.

Pulse, pests of, in Britain, 153.

Pulse (Stored), Bruchids infesting,
in Mysore, 65, 66.

Pulvinaria, in South Africa, 447 ;
intercepted on maple in Cali-
fornia, 479.

Pulvinaria antigoni, an introduced
pest in ^Mauritius, 499.

Pulvinaria betiilae, on Prunus
cerasiferus in Germany, 275.

Pulvinaria brevicornis, sp. n., on
Avicennia nitida in British
Guiana, 119.

Pulvinaria broadwayi var. echinop-
sidis, on Echinopsis latiflora in
British Guiana, 119.

Pulvinaria floccifcra, intercepted on
Rcnanthera iinschootianain U.S.A.,
307.

Pulvinaria gasteralpha, an intro-
duced pest in Mauritius, 499.

Pulvinaria iceryi (Sugar-cane Leaf
Scale), relation of, to mottling
disease of sugar-cane in Porto
Rico, 483.

Pulvinaria lepida, sp. n., on veld
grass in South Africa, 447.

Pulvinaria mesembryanthemi , para-
sitised by Coccophagus scutellaris
in Europe, 123 ; imported into
Germany on palms from South
Africa, 358.

Pulvinaria psidii, Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri introduced into
Algeria against, 57.

Pulvinaria pyriformis, on avocado
in Florida, 218 ; measures against,
on avocado in Trinidad and
Tobago, 131.

Pulvinaria vitis, Hyperaspis binotata
predaceous on, in North America,
123 ; on birch and alder in
Britain, 343 ; measures against,
on vines in France, 212 ; para-
sitised by Aphycus punctipes in
Italy, 126 ; in Russia, 104 ; on
shade-trees in U.S.A., 247.

pulvinata, A critochaeta.

pulvinatus, Ceuthorrhynchus .

pum Hum, Lecanium .

pumilus, Selenaspidus.

Pumpkin, Melittia riograndensis in,
in South America, 299 ; pests of,
- in Brazil, 366 ; pests of, in Con-
necticut, 342 ; Dacus d'emmerezi

on, in ^Mauritius, 499 ; Anomala
varians on, in Mesopotamia, 478 ;
Aulacophora olivieri on, in Queens-
land, 155 ; Aphis gossypii on, in
Russia, 107 ; not attacked by
Sphenophorus periinax in U.S.A.,
390 ; grown to protect cantaloups
against Diaphania nitidalis in
U.S.A., 366.

Pumpkin Beetle (see A ulacophora) .

Pumpkin Bug (see Nezara viridula).

punctata, Adelocera ; Clovia ;
Hyper a.

punctatuni , A nobium .

punctatus, Broscus ; Pentodon ;
Rhyphus.

puncticolle , Isodon.

puncticollis, Ceuthorrhynchus .

puncticostalis, Endotricha.

punctiferalis , Dichocrocis.

punctipennis, Apate ; Arytaina.

punctipes, Aphycus ; Pentatoma.

punctiventris, Bothynoderes.

punctulatus, Pasimachus.

punctum-albiDii , Macrophya.

punicae, Aphis.

Punjab, miscellaneous pests in, 109.

puparimi, Pteromalus.

purchasi, Icerya.

Purohita cervina, on bamboo in
Formosa, 86.

Purohita taiwanensis, on bamboo in
Formosa, 86.

Purple Scale (see Lepidosaphes
beckii).

purpurascens, Iridomyrmex.

purpurea, Cicindela.

Purslane (Poriulaca), Pyrausta
nubilalis on, in New York, 98.

pusana, Sogata.

pusilla, Oscinis.

pusillator, Dicaelotus.

pusillidactyla, Platyptilia .

pusillus, Crypturgus.

pustulata, Polyspilota ; Scobicia.

pustulatiis, Mylabris.

putorius, Schedorhinoternies.

Pycnocerus passerinii, under dead
bark of clove trees in Zanzibar,
118.

Pygaera anachoreta, parasites of, in
Russia, 105.

Pygaera curtula, on poplars in
Russia, 107.

pygmaea, Sirigoderina.

pygmaeus, Cephus ; Midas ;

Scolytus [Eccoptogaster).

pylades, Solenopsis.

Pyralis farinalis, in Russia, 104 ;
intercepted in U.S.A., 307, 338.

pyramidea, A mphipyra.

pyrastri, Lasiophthicus [Catabomba).

700

IXDEX.

Pyraiista, on maize in Dutch East
Indies, 495 ; on pigeon peas in
Mauritius, 73.

Pyrausta ainsliei, sp. n., in Canada,
373 ; bionomics of, in U.S.A.,
1 16, 130, 28vS, 339, 450 ; liable to
be mistaken for P. nuhilalis, 130,
286, 373, 450.

Pyyausta caffreii, sp. n., in Illinois,
450.

Pyrausta nubilalis (European Corn
Borer), insects liable to be mis-
taken for, in North America, 32,
130, 286, 339, 373, 450; not
present in Canada, 373 ; measures
against introduction of, into
Canada, 343, 416; bionomics of,
in France, 39, 120 ; on sorghum
in Guam, 148 ; measures against,
in Russia, 102, 104 ; measures
against spread of, in U.S.A., 12,
33, 70, 91, 93, 97-99, 116, 158,
187, 190, 219, 235, 244, 247, 315,
334, 339, 343, 528; legislation
against, in U.S.A., 511.

Pyrausta obunibratilis (see P.
uinsliei) .

Pyrausta penitalis (Lotus Borer),
in Canada, 373 ; bionomics of,
in U.S.A., 14, 301, 450; liable
to be mistaken for P. nuhilalis,
32, 373, 450.

pyrella, Swam merdamia .

Pyrethrum (Insect Powder), and
soap, spraying with, against vine
moths, 281, 326, 348, 369, 375,
400; formulae for, 281. 375;
composition, properties and pre-
paration of, 362 ; cultivation of,
in Algeria, 281 ; suggested
cultivation of, in France, 375 ;
cultivation of, in Japan, 422;
(see Insect Powder).

Pyrethrum cinerariaefoliuin (see
Chrysanthemum) .

Pyrethrum roseum (see Chrys-
anthemum) .

pyri, Aphis ; Eriophves ; Lachnus ;
Perrisia (Coniarinia) ; Psylla ;
Saturn i a ; Stephanitis {Tingis).

pyricola, Psvlla.

Pyridine, experiments with, as a
soil dressing against wireworms,
45 : experiments with, as a
substitute for lead arsenate, 155.

Pyridine Sulphate, unsuitable
against thrips, 498.

pyriformis, Pulvinaria.

pyrina, Zeuzera.

pyrisuga, Psylla.

pyrivora, Coniarinia.

Pyroderces rileyi (Pink Corn Worm),

on castor-oil plant in Florida,
236 ; P. simplex not considered
di.stinct from, 535.

Pyroderces simplex, on cotton in West
Africa, 474 ; not considered dis-
tinct from P. rileyi, 535.

Pyrox, and nicotine sulphate, effect
of, on flea-beetles, 75.

Pyrrhidium sangiiineiim , in oak in
Russia, 105.

pyrrhoderiis, Xylotrechus.

pyrrhorhynchus, Ceuthorrhynchus .

Pyrus baccata, experimentally at-
tacked by Anthonomus pomorum
in Germany, 487.

Pyrus communis , Parlatoria calian-
thina intercepted on, in U.S.A.,
307; (see Pear).

quadrata, Lachnosterna.

quadridens , Pityogenes.

quadridentatus, Ascogaster.

qaadrifoveatus, Strategus.

quadriguttatus, Enoclerus.

quadrilineata, Eublemma.

quadriniaculatus , Bruchus {Pachy-
merus) ; Sphenophorus.

quadrinotata, Arbela.

quadrinotatus, Typophorus canellus.

quadripes, Xylotrechus.

quadri punctata, Caradrina (see Athc-
tis clavipalpis).

quadri pustulata, Winthemia.

quadripustulatus, Exochomus.

quadrisignatus, Enoclerus.

quadrispinosus, Scolytus [Eccopto-
gaster) .

Quail, destroying Xylomvges eri-
dania in Florida, 236.

Quarantine, necessity of, against
introduction of insect pests into
Brazil, 292 ; against insect pests
in Canada, 168, 343, 528 ; neces-
sit)^ of, against introduction of
Pachymerus into Belgian Congo,
408 ; suggested against red ring
or root disease of coconut in
Grenada, 67; pests intercepted in,
in Hawaii, 22, 431, 460; pests
intercepted in, in Queensland, 157 ;
against insect pests in U.S.A., 10,
12, 70, 97, 98, 99, 181, 186, 191,
244, 293, 306, 308, 341, 343, 371,
385, 479 ; pests intercepted in
U.S.A., 13, 14, 49, 70, 114, 181.
236, 240, 247, 306, 319, 337, 365,
383, 387, 474, 479, 508.

IXDKX.

701

Quassia, spraying with, against
Tetraiiychtts, 262 ; and soap,
spraying with, against Hypono-
iiieitta spp., 288.

quatuordecijupunctata, Crioceris.

Quebec, miscellaneous pests in, 2,
528.

Queensland, establishment of Agro-
myza lantanac, in, 8 ; insects
damaging lead in, 81 ; miscella-
neous pests in, 25, 62, 155-158,
277, 333, 337, 394, 446 ; new
enemy of Perkinsiclla saccharicida
found in, 525 ; sugar-cane pests in
62, 79, 131, 132, 137, 164, 209,
411, 465; pests intercepted in
quarantine in, 157 ; beneficial
insects introduced into Hawaii
from, 72.

Queensland Bollworms (see Dicho-
crocis pimctiferalis and Earias
iiisiilana).

Queensland Nut (see Macadamia
ternifolia).

quercata, Anthaxia.

qucrcetorum, Haltica.

quercicola, A sterolecanium .

qiicrcicolus, Pseudococcus.

qiterci folia, Gastropacha .

quercifolii, Myzocallis.

Qitercus, pests of, in China and Japan,
11, 86.

O Kerens agrifolia, new Coccid on, in
California, 187.

Quercits califovnica (Black Oak),
Biiprestis gibbsi in, in U.S.A., 295.

Querciis chrysolepis, new Coccid on,
in California, 187.

Ouercus dilatata, Macrotonia crenata
in, in India, 60.

Quercus douglasi (Blue Oak), new
Aphid on, in California, 63.

Quercus dumosa, new Aphid on, in
California, 63.

Ouercus euwryi, new Coccid on, in
U.S.A., 187.

Ouercus engelmanni , new Aphid on,
in California, 479.

Ouercus falcata (Spanish Oak), Lach-
nosterna foxii on, in U.S.A., 505.

Ouercus gambelii, Protodiaspis lobata
on, in New Mexico, 222.

Ouercus ilex (Holly Oak), new
Cecidomyiid on, in Italy, 204.

Ouercus incana, Lophosterna hiigcli
in, in India, 61.

Quercus lobata, new Aphid on, in
California, 63.

Ouercus niacrocarpa, new Aphid on,
in California, 63.

Quercus palustr is (Pin Oak), Megilla

maculata hibernating on, in U.S.A.

32.
Quercus robur, new Cecidomjiid on,

in Italy, 204.
Quercus rubra (Red Oak), attacked

by Aglia tau in Germany, 469 ;

pests of, in U.S.A., 81, 505.
Ouercus suber, Enlecaniutii coryli on,

124.
Quercus toumeyi, Protodiaspis pitl-

chra on, in Arizona, 222.
quercus, Cervaphis ; Kermes ; Lasio-

cainpn ; Orchestes ; Stomaphis.
Quince, measures against Zeuzera

pyrina on, in Kgvpt, 282 ; Aphid

on, in Italy, 159 ; Stephanitis on

in Mesopotamia, 478 ; restrictions

on removal of, in New Zealand,

504 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 317, 505 ;

pests intercepted on, in U.S.A.,

306 ; pests of, in Uruguay, 214.
Quince Curculio (see Conotrachelus

crataegi).
quindeciiiipunctatn, A nails.
Quinoline Sulphate, unsuitable

against thrips, 498.
qu inque nych us, Scptanych us .
quinquesignata, Hippodamia.

R.

radasna, Oryctes.

radicicola, Heterodera.

radiciphagus, Damaeus.

radicum, A nthomyia.

Radish, measures against Phorbia
brassicae on, in Canada, 2, 362 ;
as a trap-crop for Nezara viridula
in Florida, 382 ; Bagrada picta
on, in Mesopotamia, 478.

Radish Maggot (see Phorbia bras-
sicae).

radula, Campsomeris.

raffrayi, Cardiophorus.

Ragi (see Eleusine coracana) .

Ragweed (see Ambrosia artemisiae-
folia).

Railroad Worm (see Rhagoletis
pomonella) .

Railways, distribution of insect
pests by, in California, 181 ;
value of economic entomology
in connection with, in U.S.A.,
244, 396.

Raisins, pests of, in Italy, 122.

rama, Callicraiides [Hyalopeplus).

ramakrishnae, Gymnaspis.

ramicornis, Bruchus.

ramiduhts, Henicospilus.

702

INDEX.

Randia dumetomm, Xylotrechus

quadripes on, in Tonkin, 111.
Raodiplosis orientalis. gen. et sp. n.,

on mango in India, 473.
rapae, Pieris {Pontia).
rapax, Aspidiotiis.
Rape attacked by Nezara vindula
in 'Florida, 382; pests of, in
Germany, 176, 287, 359, 540;
pests of, in Russia, 106.
Raphanus raphanistrum, food-plant

of Meligeihes in Germany, 542.
Raphanus sativus, food-plant of

Meligethes in Germany, 542.
Raphimetopiis {Anerastia) ablutella,

on sugar-cane in India, 100.
Rapistrum perenne, pests of, in

Austria, 290.
Raspberry, Aphis idaeus on, in
Britain, 58 ; pests of, in Bntish
Columbia, 323 ; pests of, m
Russia, 105, 107 ; pests of, and
their control in Washington, 208,
459 ; Oecanthiis nigricornis associ-
ated with Leptosphaeria coniothy-
rium on, 4.
Raspberry, Wild, Philomastix
macleayi on, in New South Wales,
442.
Raspberry Cane Borer (see Obevea

bimaculata) .
Raspberry Cane Maggot (see

Phorbia rubivora) .
Raspberry Crown Borer (see Pen-

nisetia marginata) .
Raspberry Root Borer (see Pen-

nisetia marginata).
Rats, construction of a portable
breeding-cage proof against, 28 ;
use of chloropicrin against, 261,
369.
Rattle-box (see Crotalaria itrasa-

moensis) .
yatzeburgi, ScoLytus.
" raucus, Oiiorrhynchus.
ravida, Agrotis.
rectangularis, Cephalotermes.
Recurvaria moreonella, sp. n., on
Pinus scopulorum in U.S.A., 381.
Recurvaria nanella, on pear in Italy,

142.
Red Borer of Tea (see Zenzera

coffeae) .
Red Cedar (see Cedrela toona and

Junipertis virginiana).
Red Cotton Bollworm (see Diparop-

sis castanea).
Red Cotton Stainer (see Dysdercus

cingulatus) .
Red Fir (see Abies magnifica).

Red Fungus (see Aschersonia

aleurodis).
Red Gram, Eucosma critica on, in
India, 100 ; (see Cajanus indicus
and Vigna sinensis).
Red Mite (see Tetranychus) .
Red Mulberry (see Morus rubra) .
Red Oak (see Quercus rubra) .
Red Palm Weevil (see Rhyncho-

phoriis ferrugineus) .
Red Ring Disease of Coconuts,
caused by Nematodes in West
Indies, 66, 67, 411.
Red Root (see Amarantus retro-

flexus).
Red Rose Beetle (see Rhynchites

bicolor) .
Red Scale (see Chrysoynphahts

aurantii).
Red Spiders, classification of Ameri-
can species of, 145 ; effect of, in
orchards in California, 149; (see
Tetranychus, Bryobia, etc.).
Red Spruce (see Picea rubens) .
Red Stem Filaree (see Erodium

cicutarium) .
Red Weevil (see Rhynchophorus

ferrugineus) .
Red Wheat Thrips, on cereals in

Mesopotamia, 373.
Red-backed Cutworm (see Eiixoa

ochrogaster) .
Red-humped Apple Worm (see

Schizura concinna) .
Red-legged Locust (see Melanoplus

fern ur-rubrum) .
Red-necked Cane Borer (see Agrilus

ruficollis) .
Red-root Pig^veed (see Amarantus

retroflexus).
Reed-grass (see Carex) .
Reeds, new Delphacids on, in

Nigeria, 118.
reichei, Promecotheca.
Reichertella, in decayed potatoes in

Central Europe, 288.
reidi, Acanthopsyche.
relictus, Ligyrus.
religiosa, Mantis.
Remigia, Calosoma indica pre-

daceous on, in India, 100.
Remigia repanda (see Pelamia).
Remphan hopei, distribution of, in

Dipterocarpus turbinatus, 61.
Renanthera imschootiana , Pulvinaria
floccifera intercepted on, in U.S. A.,
307.
renardi, Sumnius.
repanda, Coccinella ; Pelamia

[Mods, Remigia).
repandaior, Oncideres.
reprobata, Meridarchis.

IN'DEX.

703

Reptiles, destroying locusts in

Cyrenaica, 201.
rescissoriana, Encosma.
Resin, against ants' nests, 131 ; in
sprays against Coccids, 131, 177,
333; and nicotine sulphate, 131;
formula containing, 177.
Resin Emulsion, preparation of, for
painting tea bushes against
Xyleborus fornicatus, 110.
Resin Fish-oil Soap, as a spreader
for arsenical sprays against Poly-
chrosis viteana, 403.
Resin Gall Moth (see Rhyacionia

resinella) .
resinella, Rhyacionia {Eveiria,

Toririx) .
Resinol Solution, experiments with,

as an insecticide, 542.
reticulaium AeUialion ; Opairmn.
Reticulitennes, intercepted in pack-
ing-moss in U.S.A., 306 ; experi-
ments with Sorosporella uvella
and, 169.
Reticuliternies [Leucotermes) flaviceps ,
measures against, in timber in
Formosa, 301 ; measures against,
in U.S.A., 79, 242.
Reticulitennes hesperits, infesting

vines in U.S.A., 507.
retrusus, Lepidosaphes.
retusus, Xylonites.

Reunion, measures against Coccus
viridis on coffee in, 177 ; Coelo-
sterna scabrata introduced into,
120.
Reviews : — The Duke of Bedford
and Pickering (S.), Science of
Fruit Growing, 132 ; Houser
( J. S.), Destructive Insects affecting
Ohio Shade and Forest Trees,
148; Bergsoe (V.), Insect Life
from Field and Wood, 177 ;
Wesenberg-Lund (C), Insect Life
in Fresh Waters, 177 ; Duncan
(F. M.), Insect Pests and Plant
Diseases in the Vegetable and
Fruit Garden, 300 ; Dammerman
(K. W.), The Agricultural Zoology
of the Dutch East Indies, 360 ;
Fryer (P. J.), Insect Pests and
Fungus Diseases of Fruit and
Hops, 404 ; Escherich (K.), The
Destruction of Injurious Insects,
421 ; Wilhelmi (J.), Applied Zoo-
logy as an Economic, Medico-
hygienic and Cultural Factor,
467 ; Sarsfield (J.), Insect Pests
and How to Beat Them, 480 ;
Frickhinger (H. W'.), The Meal
Moth, 486.
rex, Achrysopophagus.

Rliabdochaeta ncavei, sp. n., in

Nyasaland, 264.
Rhabdocnemis obscura (Sugar-cane
Borer), and its control, in Fiji,
25, 27, 152 ; successful establish-
ment of Ceroniasia sphenophcii
against, in Hawaii, 72 ; and its
control in Queensland, 79, 132,
466 ; erroneously recorded as
occurring in Costa Rica, 393.
Rliabdopterus limhalis, on cacao in

15ritish Guiana, 56.
Rhabdopterus picipes (Cranberry
Root Weevil), control of, in
U.S.A., 94.
RJiacoclilaena pulcJiella, sp. n. in

Gold Coast, 264.
Rhacodineura antiqiia, bionomics of,

in France, 432.

Rhagiiitn inquisitor, infested with

Metarrhizium anisopliae in France,

175, 354.

Rhagium mordax, parasitised by

Ischnocenis nisticiis in France, 37.

Rhagoletis, associated with Sclero-

tinia cinerea, 4.
Rhagoletis cerasi (Cherry Fruit-fly),
in Italy, 142 ; measures against,
in Russia, 103, 106.
Rhagoletis cingidata (Cherry Fruit-
fly), and its control in Canada,
1, 413.
Rhagoletis fausta (Cherry Fruit-fly),

and its control in Canada, 1,413.
Rhagoletis juglandis, sp. n., in

walnuts in U.S.A., 234.
Rhagoletis pomonella (Apple Maggot,
Railroad Worm), 168; measures
against, in Canada, 490 ; control
and parasites of, in U.S.A., 11,
529.
Rhanimis, Novius cardinalis on, in

Sicily, 122.
Rhaphidia, natural enemy oi Aradiis

cinnamonieHS in Germany, 273.
Rhinoceros Beetle (see Archon
centauries, Oryctes boas and O.
rhinoceros) .
rhinoceros, Oryctes.
Rhinotermes iranslucens, teak-wood
not attacked by, in Dutch East
Indies, 495.
Rhizobius plebeiiis, attempted estab-
lishment of, against mealy-bugs,
in California, 336.
Rhizobius ventralis, natural enemy
of scale-insects in California, 318,
506.
Rhizoecus, 187.

Rhizoeciis falcifer (Falciferous
Scale), measures against, on vines
in France, 212.

704

INDEX.

Rliizoglyphus, in potatoes in Meso-
potamia, 478 ; intercepted in
avocado seeds and bulbs in
Queensland, 157.

Rhizoglyphus echinopiis, on potatoes
in Germany and Austria, 288,
426, 467 ; intercepted in Con-
necticut, 338.

Rhizoglyphus hyacinthi, intercepted
on bulbs in U.S.A., 307.

Rhizoglyphus rhizophagus, associ-
ated with Tylenchus dipsaci on
clover in U.S.A., 80 ; inter-
cepted on bulbs in U.S.A., 307.

Rhizopertha dominica, 66 ; bio-
nomics of, in stored wheat in
Britain, 179 ; in stored wheat
in Mesopotamia, 479.

rh izophagus , Rh izoglyphus .

rhizophilus, Odonaspis.

Rhizophova mucronata, new scale on,
in Philippines, 301.

r'lizophorae, Chrysomphalus ; Cteno-
chiton ; Mesolecanium.

Rhizotrogus, measures against, on
beet in Algeria, 450 ; on vines in
Tunis, 452.

Rhizotrogus aequinodialis, in Russia,
106.

Rhizotrogus aestivus, in Russia, 107 ;
on olives in Spain, 539.

Rhizotrogus solstitialis (see Amphi-
niallus).

Rhode Island, pests from, inter-
cepted in California, 49.

Rhodea japonica, pests intercepted
on, in California, 387.

Rhodesia, Aorus castaneus on grass
in, 7 ; experiments with baits for
maize pests in, 322, 332 ; Phryneta
spinator in, 69 ; tobacco pests
and their control in, 134, 193,
207, 425 ; Pseudococciis sacchari
from, intercepted in U.S.A., 307.

Rhodites eglanteriae , Torymus
viridis in galls of, in France, 37.

Rhododendron, pests intercepted
on, in U.S.A., 306, 307.

vhodophaga, Neocerata {Dasyneura).

Rhogas, parasite of Earias spp. in
Punjab, 109.

Rhogas cantherius, sp. n., parasite of
Semiothisa liturata in Britain, 331.

Rhogas circumscriptus, hosts of, in
Britain, 331.

Rhogas geniculator, hosts of, in
Europe, 331.

Rhogas grandis, parasite of Amphi-
pyra pyramidea in Britain, 330.

Rhogas praetor, parasite of Smerin-
thus populi in Britain, 331.

Rhogas rugulosus, hosts of, in Europe,
331.

Rhogas tristis, parasite of vine moths
in Austria, 353.

yhomboia, Agriophora.

Rhopaea subnitida, bionomics of,
on sugar-cane in Fiji, 25.

Rhopaea vestita, bionomics of, on
sugar-cane in Fiji, 25, 26.

Rhopalicus demuliis, parasite of
bark-beetles in Austrian Silesia,
161.

Rhopalicus suspensus, parasite of
bark-beetles in Austrian Silesia,
161 ; parasite of Pissodes strobi
in Connecticut, 338.

Rhopalopus clavipes, on vines in
France, 434.

Rhopalopus femoratus, on vines in
France, 417.

Rhopalosiphum cavduellinmn, sp. n.,
on thistles in Transvaal, 447.

Rhopalosiphum dianthi, food-plants
of, in Britain, 58.

Rhopalosiphum lactucae, on sow-
thistle in Britain, 58 ; on cur-
rants and gooseberries in South
Dakota, 444.

Rhopalosiphum niagnoliae, R. sam-
bucicola closely related to, 11.

Rhopalosiphum padi (see Siphon-
aphis).

Rhopalosiphum persicae (see Myzus).

Rhopalosiphum prunifoliae (Apple-
grain Aphis), bionomics of, in
U.S.A., 116.

Rhopalosiphum ribis, in Holland,
199.

Rhopalosiphum sambucicola, food-
plants of, in Japan, 11.

Rhopalosiphum vagans, sp. n., in
India, 55.

Rhopalosiphum violae (see Fulla-
wayella) .

Rhophocerus eccoptogastri, parasite
of bark-beetles in Austrian Silesia,
161.

Rhopobota vacciniana (Blackhead
Fireworm), control of, on cran-
berries in U.S.A., 94.

Rhubarb, restrictions on importa-
tion of, into Canada from U.S.A.,
416 ; pests of. in U.S.A., 98, 339,
511.

Rhus, new variety of Ceroplastes
quadrilineatus on, in South Africa,
447 ; Xylotrechus quadripes on,
in Tonkin, 111.

Rhus viminalis, probably attacked
by Belenois mesentina in South
Africa. 412.

INDEX.

705

Rhyacionia buoliana (Pine-shoot
Moth), in forests in Britain, 379.

Rhyacionia luculentana, sp. n., on
Finns scopulorum in U.S.A., 381 ;

Rhyacionia resinella (Resin-gall
Moth), in forests in Britain, 379 ;
Cydia cosmophorana associated
with, in Germany, 358.

Rhyacionia siskiyonana, para.sitised
by Exochiis evetriae in U.S.A., 381.
\ Rhyacionia taxifoliella, new para-
sites of, in U.S.A., 381.

Rhyacionia turionana (Pine-bud
Moth), in forests in Britain, 379.

Rhyacionia ulteriorana, sp. n., on
Pseudotsiiga taxifolia in U.S.A.,
381.

Rhyacionia vorana, sp. n., on pines in
Kiaochow, 199.

Rhynchites aequatus, in Russia, 106.

Rhynchites anratus, in Russia, 106.

Rhynchites bacchus, in Russia, 106.

Rhynchites betiileti (see Byctiscus
betulae) .

Rhynchites bicolor (Red Rose Beetle),
HI nurseries in New Jersey, 301.

Rhynchites conicus, on fruit-trees in
France, 295.

Rhynchites cribripennis, on olive in
Itah^ 216.

Rhynchites giganteus, on pears in
Russia, 107.

Rhynchites hungaricus, on roses in
Macedonia, 469.

Rhynchites pauxillits, in Russia, 106.

Rhynchocoris, on orange in Assam,
461.

RJiynchophoriis, on coconuts in
Dutch East Indies, 538 ; on palms
in Straits Settlements, 283.

Rhynchophorits ferrugineiis (Red
Palm Weevil), on coconut in
Ceylon, 520 ; on coconvit and
other palms in Dutch East Indies,
329, 495 ; measures against, on
date palms in Punjab, 109 ;
bionomics of, in Straits Settle-
ments, 276, 283.

Rhynchophorits palmavuni, on coco-
nut and sugar-cane in British
Guiana, 55, 472.

Rhynchophorus phoenicis (African
Palm Weevil), on Elae'is guine-
ensis in Belgian Congo, 408 ; in
Gold Coast, 9.

Rhynchopvion, effect of meteoro-
logical conditions on, in South
America, 367.

Rhyparida niorosa, bionomics of, in
Queensland, 411.

Rhyphus punctatiis, chemotropic re-
sponses of, 327.

(3202)

Rhyssa, notice of key to species of,
417.

Rhyssa persiiasoria, parasite of Sirex
gigas in Ireland, 57.

Rhyssella, gen. n., notice of key to
species of, 417.

Rliyssns fractinervis, parasite of
wood-boring beetles in New Zea-
land, 63.

ribeana, Tortrix iPandemis).

ribearia, Cymatophora.

Ribes, Macrosiphum ribiellum on, in
North America, 8 ; Tetranychus
pacificiis on, in Oregon, 145 ;
relation of insects to spread of
Cronartium ribicola from pines to,
in U.S.A., 87.

Ribes aureuin (Flowering Currant),
Macrosiphum cynosbati on, in
North America, 8 ; probably a
food-plant of Otiorrhynchits rotun-
datits in Germany, 275.

Ribes bracteosum, mites causing big
bud disease of, in British Colum-
bia, 438.

Ribes lacustre, mites on, in British
Columbia, 438.

ribcsii, Pteroniis ; Syrphus.

ribiellum, Macrosiphum.

ribis, Aphis ; Bryobia (see B. prae-
tiosa) ; Eriophyes ; Myzus ; Rho-
palosiphum.

Ricania fene strata, on tea in Ceylon,
520.

Ricania simulans japonica, on mul-
berry and tea in Formosa, 86.

Ricania taeniata, on sugar-cane in
Formosa, 86.

Ricanoptera opaca, on tea in Ceylon,
520.

Rice, pests of, in Assam, 461 ; pests
of, in Ceylon, 1 1 1 , 4 1 1 , 520 ; pests
of, in Guam, 148 ; pests of, in
British Guiana, 145, 472, 533 ;
pests of, in Dutch Guiana, 536 ;
pests of, in Far East, 7, 86, 112,
143, 221, 402, 451 ; pests of, in
India, 19, 83, 84, 86, 130, 296, 445,
472, 473 ; pests of, in Dutch East
Indies, 330. 495 ; pests of, and
their control in U.S.A., 300, 513 ;
restrictions on importation of, into
St. Lucia from Trinidad and
Grenada, 216.

Rice (Stored), weevils in, in Brazil,
59 ; Ephestia kilhniella in, in
Germany, 267 ; Plodia interpunc-
tella in, in Japan, 143 ; Anipera
intrusa in, in Java, 28 ; Alphi-
tobius piceus intercepted in, in
Queensland, 157.

706

INDEX.

Rice Army Worm (see Cirphis
unipuncta).

Rice Bug (see Leptocorisa acuta and
L. varicornis).

Rice Hispid (see Hispa armigera) .

Rice Leafhopper (see Nephotettix
apicalis and N. biptinctatus).

Rice Stem Borer (see Schoenobius
incertcllus) .

Rice Stem Fly (see Pachydiplosis
oryzalis) .

Rice Water Weevil (see Lissorhop-
trus simplex).

Rice Worm (see Laphygma frugi-
perda) .

Rice-bird, destroying Xylomyges
eridania in Florida, 236.

Rice-bran, in formula for bait for
Xylomyges eridania, 235.

Rice-straw, Crambus intercepted in,
in U.S.A., 306.

richniondi, Opius.

ricini, Pericallia.

Ricinus communis (Castor-oil Plant) ,
pests of, in Assam, 461 ; scarcity
of pests of, in Brazil, 355 ; food-
plant of Xyleborus fornicatus in
Ceylon, 110; pests of, and their
control in Florida, 235 ; pests of,
in India, 109, 130, 209 ; probably
attacked by a Pyralid in Mesopo-
tamia, 478 ; Phycita diaphana on,
in Morocco, 121 ; Achaea janata
on, in Queensland, 156, 209 ;
Aspidiotus destructor intercepted
on beans of, in U.S.A. 236 ; as
a trap crop for Xyleborus forni-
catus, 521.

Ridiaschina congregatella, new
Hymenopterous parasites of, in
South America, 474, 475.

ridiaschinae, Doryctes ; Eurytoina.

riehlii, Progenius.

Rielia manticida, bionomics of, in
France, 163.

rileyi, Pyroderces.

Ring Borer (see Phassus damor) .

riograndensis, Apanteles ; Melittia.

Rioxa musae, in bananas in AustraUa
25.

Rioxa termitoxena, sp.n., in galleries
of Mastotermes in Australia, 25.

Riper sia, 187.

Riper sia hilariae, sp.n., probably on
Hilaria cenchroides in U.S.A., 187.

Ripersia palmarum, intercepted on

coconut in California, 114, 387.
Ripersia subterranea, in Britain, 343.
Ripersia tomlini, in Britain, 343.
Riper siella, 187.

Riptortus, food-plants of, in Gold
Coast, 9.

Riptortus fuscus, on Tephrosia

Candida in Ceylon, 520.
Riptortus pedestris, on Tephrosia

Candida in Ceylon, 520.
ritchiei, Metamasius.
River Oak (see Casuarina cunning-

hami).
robiniarum, Eulecanium [Lecaniuni)

persicae.
Robinia, Eulecanium persicae var.

robiniarum on, in Britain, 343 ;

Terias hecabe on, in Queensland,

156.
Robinia hispida, Lachnosterna foxii

on, in U.S.A., 505.
Robinia pseudacacia (White Acacia,

Black Locust Tree), Aphis laburni

on, in Russia, 104 ; pests of, in

U.S.A., 15, 247, 340, 385, 516.
robiniae, Cyllene ; Prionoxystus.
robiirella, Aloreschiella.
robusta, Galumna ; Hypsipyla ;

Peleteria.
robustus, Thrips (see Kakothrips

pisivora) .
rociadae, Aphis,
romandi, Elis.
Rondaniella ciicullata, sp.n., preda-

ceous on Toxoptera in Italy, 159.
Rondaniella macrosiphoniellae , sp.n.,

predaceous on M acrosiphoniella

in Italy, 159.
Rondaniella macrosiphonis, sp.n.,

predaceous on Macrosiphum in

Italy, 159.
Rondaniella ornata, sp.n., predaceous

on Aphids in Italy, 159.
Rondaniella phorodontis, sp.n., pre-
daceous on Phorodon humuli in

Italy, 159.
ronnai, Cecidopimpla ; Neopyralis.
Rooks, destroying noxious insects in

Britain, 349.
Root Disease, of coconuts, caused by

Nematodes in West Indies, 66,

67 ; of sugar-cane, Tylenchus

sacchari associated with, in

Mauritius, 73.
Root Gall Worm (see Heterodera

radicicola) .
Root Knot Disease, caused by

Nematodes in Hawaii, 136.
Root Knot Nematode (see Hetero-
dera radicicola).
Root-gall Disease, caused by Hetero-
dera radicicola in Queensland, 155.
r oralis, Melanophora.
Rosa, Aulacaspis rosae on, in Italy,

160 ; food-plant of Hypsipyla

robusta, 165.
Rosa canina, probably a food-plant

INDEX.

707

of Otiorrhynchiis rotundatus in
Germany, 275.

Rosa multiflova, Aulacaspis rosae
intercepted on, in California,
479.

romceana, Torti'ix{A fchips,Cacoccia) .

rosae, Aphis ; Aulacaspis [Diaspis) ;
Empoa ; Eurytoma ; Hylotoma ;
Macrosiphum [Siphonophora) ;
Maculolaclinus [Lachniis) ; Palae-
ococcus ; Psila.

rosaefovniis, Macvosiphmn.

rosana, Tortrix {Cacoecia).

rosarum, Myzus.

Rose, Icerya purchasi on, in South
Africa, 411 ; Myzus rosarum on,
in Britain, 59 ; pests intercepted
on, in California, 114, 387, 388,
480 ; pests of, in Canada, 33, 323 ;
Melolonthid beetles on, in Ceylon,
111; JM aculolachnus rosae on, in
France, 202 ; not attacked by
A nthonomus pomoriim in Germany
4S7 ; pests of, in British Guiana,
55, 56 ; MacvosipJium rosae on, in
Hungary, 470 ; pests of, in Italy,
142 ; Coleopterous pests of, in
Macedonia, 469 ; Tropinota
crinita on, inMorocco, 121 ; food-
plant of Euproctis flava in Punjab,
109 ; pests of, in Queensland, 156;
pests of, in Russia, 104, 105, 106,
107 ; Porthetria dispav on, in
Switzerland, 202 ; new scale-
insect on, in Uganda, 1 19 ; pests
of, in U.S.A., 43. 312, 417, 418,
463, 505 ; Eulecaniiirn coryli on,
124.

Rose, Manetti, Einphytus cinctus
intercepted on, in Connecticut,
337.

Rose, Wild, Macrosiphtim pseudo-
rosae probably migrating to
Senecio aureus from, in U.S.A.,
418.

Rose Aphis, Pink and Green (see
Macrosiphum rosae) .

Rose Beetle (see Adoretus versutus).

Rose Beetle, Japanese (see Adoretus
tenuimacidatus and A. umbrosus).

Rose Chafer (see Macrodactylits
suhspinosus).

Rose Leaf-hopper (see Empoa rosae).

Rose Leaf-roller (see Tortrix rosa-
ceana) .

Rose Midge (see Neocerata rhodo-
phaga) .

Rose Scale (see Aulacaspis rosae).

rosea, Monolepta.

roseicollis, Scymnus.

roseipennis, Novius.

Roselle (see Hibiscus sabdariffa).
(3202)

Rosette Disease of Tomato, caused
by Phyllocoptes lycopersici in
Queensland, 156.

rossi, Aspidiotus.

rostrata, Aelia.

rostroserratum, Histiostoma.

Rosy Apple Aphis (sec Aphis sorbi).

rotunda, Contheyla.

rotundatus, Otiorrhynchus.

Round-headed Apple-tree Borer (see
Saperda Candida).

Royena pallens, new scale-insect on,
in South Africa, 117.

royenae, Cerococcus.

roylei, Antheraea.

Rubber, Coccid intercepted on, in
California, 480 ; measures against
Batocera rubus on, in Ceylon, 258 ;
pests of, in Dutch East Indies,
494.

rubens, Ceroplastes.

riibi, Anthonomus ; Fenusa {Metal-
Ins).

rubidus, Zelus.

rubiella, Incurvaria [Lampronia).

rubiginosa, Lachnosterna.

rubiginosus, Chremylus [Pcnecerus).

rubivora, Phorbia.

rubra, Leptura.

rubvizonclla, Nephopteryx.

rubrocinctus, Heliothrips.

rubrofasciatus, Piezodorus.

Rubus, new Scolytid on, in East
Africa, 487 ; mites intercepted
in seeds of, in Hawaii, 22 ; food-
plant of Brevipalpus obovatus in
Dutch East Indies, 454 ; Aula-
caspis rosae on, in Italy, 160 ;
Eulecanium coryli on, 124.

Rubus nigrobaccus, Lachnosterna
foxii on, in U.S.A., 505.

rubus, Batocera.

rufa, Solenopsis geminata.

rufescens, Stetiomesius.

ruficollis, Agrilus.

ruficorne, Sinoxylon.

ruficornis, Magdalinus (see Magda
pruni) ; Trigonotyliis.

rufillana, Semasia.

rufimanus, Bruchus {Laria).

rufipenn is, PolygrapJi us.

rufipes, Laelius ; Macrophya
Microdus ; Necrobia ; Pentatoma.

rufiventris, Asilus ; Telenonius.

rufomarginata, Edessa.

rufovenalis, Melissoblaptes.

rufovillosuni, Xestobium.

rufus, Lophyrus.

rugiceps, Ligyrus.

rugicollis, Plesiocoris.

rugosa, Lachnosterna.

708

INDEX.

rugulosHS, RJiogas ; Scolvtus

[Eccoptogaster).

Rumania, bionomics and control of
Homoeosoma nebulella on sun-
flowers in, 274.

Rumex, food-plant of Xylomyges
eridania in Florida, 235.

Rumex japonicus, food-plant of
Scepticus insiilaris in Japan, 398.

rumicis, Acronycta ; Aphis.

rusci, Ceroplastes.

Rushes, new Aphid on, in Britain,
146.

ruspator, Monochamiis.

Russia, measures against miscel-
laneous insect pests in, 102, 103-
106, 107, 108, 347.

rusti, Anychus.

rustica, Buprestis ; Schistocerca.

rusticits, Ischnocerus.

Rutherglen Bug (see Nysius vinitor).

Ruticilla iitys, destroying noxious
insects in France, 461.

"futilans, Aegeria (Synanthedon).

tyani, Pseudococcus.

Rye, Oscinella frit on, in North
America, 183 ; Tipula paludosa
on, in Britain, 155 ; pests of, in
Germany, 253, 270, 332, 543 ;
pests of, in Japan, 86 ; pests of,
in Russia, 103, 106, 107 ; pests of,
in U.S.A., 22, 129, 207, 347, 376,
464 ; restrictions on importation
of, into St. Lucia from Trinidad
and Grenada, 216.

Rye Meal, Anthrenus verbasci in, in
Central Europe, 288.

Rye Straw, restrictions on importa-
tion of, into Canada from U.S.A.,
416.

sabulifera, Anomis [Cosmophila] .
Sabulodes caberata, a minor olive

pest in California, 91.
sabulosa, Ammophila.
sabulosum, Opatrum.
saccharalis, Diatraea.
saccharella, Polyocha (see Emmalo-

ceva {Papua) depressella).
sacchari, Alucita ; Aspidiotus ;

Pseudococcus ; Stenocranus ; Tar-

gionia ; Tylenchus.
saccharicida, Colobalhristes ; Perkin-

siella.
saccharina, Tomaspis.
sacchari phaga, Procerus.
saccharivora, Kamendaka.
saccharivorella , Tropidocephala.

saccharivorus, Stenocranus {Delphax) .

Saccliariim arundinaceum, food-
plant of Scirpophaga xanthogas-
trella in India, 84.

Saccharum fiiscuni, food-plant of
Scirpophaga xantJiogastrella in
India, 84.

Saccharum officinarum (see Sugar-
cane) .

Saccharum spontaneum, food-plant
of Scirpophaga xanthogastrella in
India, 84.

Sadleria, Syagrius fulvitarsis on,
in Hawaii, 191.

saevissima, Solenopsis.

Safflower, food-plant of Heliothis
obsoleta in India, 519.

safroi, Seius.

sagax, Pimpla.

Sahlbergella singularis, on cacao in
Gold Coast, 9.

Sahlbergella theobromae , on cacao
in Gold Coast, 9.

Sainfoin, food-plant of Porthetria
dispar in Switzerland, 202.

St. Kitts, miscellaneous pests in,
442 ; plant pest legislation against
Dysdercus in, 442.

St. Lucia, measures against mole-
crickets in, 233 ; plant pest
legislation in, 216.

St. Vincent, miscellaneous pests
in, 52, 205, 326 ; plant pest
legislation in, 216.

Saissetia, in South Africa, 447.

Saissetia hemisphaerica, intercepted
on staghorn fern in California,
182 ; on tea in Ceylon, 111, 520 ;
in Cuba, 229 ; in San Thome, 494.

Saissetia kellyi, sp. n., on Acacia
melanoxylon in South Africa, 447.

Saissetia nigra, intercepted in
California, 114, 182, 387,479, 509;
on Hevea in Ceylon, 520 ; on
citrus and custard apple in
Queensland, 156, 157 ; in San
Thome, 494 ; measures against,
on avocado in Trinidad and
Tobago, 131.

Saissetia nigra var. nitida, n., on
Luzibarziba in Uganda, 119.

Saissetia oculata, sp. n., on vines in
South Africa, 447.

Saissetia oleae (Black Scale),
measures against, in Algeria and
South France, 213, 450; bio-
nomics of, in Australia, 157,
335 ; intercepted on Ficus in
California, 480 ; parasitised by
Coccophagus scutellaris in Europe,
123; on olives in Spain, 514;

INDEX.

709

and its control in U.S.A., 29, 91,
218,335,506.

Saissetia perseae, sp. n., on Pcrsea

gratissima in South Africa, 447.
saliceti, Aphis ; Haiti ca ; Melasoma.
salicicola, Tetrany chits,
salicis, Aphidius ; CJtionaspis ;

Lachnodius ; Pontania ; Stilp-

notia.
saligna, Pliyllocnistis.
Salix (see Willow) .
Salix alba, Torymns tipulariarum

in galls on, in France, 37.
Salix amvgdalina, Pontania proxinia

on, in Holland, 199, 407.
Salix capensis, food-plant of Phry-

neta spinator in South Africa, 69.
Salix caprea (Sallow), sexual forms

of Aphis saliceti on, in Britain,

327.
Salix dapJinoides, Pontania vesicator

on, in Switzerland, 37.
Salix purpurea, Pontania salicis

forming galls on, in Lithuania,

420.
Salix vitellina, Eulecaniuin coryli

on, in Italy, 124.
sallaei, Bruchiis.
Sallow (see Salix caprea).
Salonika, apricot pests in, 71.
Salt (see Sodium Chloride).
saltator, Haltica.
Saltbush (see A triplex) .
Salvia, Aleurodes vaporariorwn ovi-
positing on, in Britain, 474.
Samanea saman, food-plant of

Bruchus linibatus in Hawaii, 436.
samborni, Aphis,
sambucicola, Rhopalosiphitm.
Sambucus javanica, food-plant of

Epicauta hirticornis in Formosa,

197.
Sambucus nigra (Elderberry), for

protecting cabbages against

Pieris, 141.
Sambucus racemosa, Rhopalosiphurn

sambucicola on, in Japan, 1 1.
Samoa, studies on rhinoceros beetles

on coconuts in, 275 ; Chrysom-

phalus aonidiim intercepted in

California on coconuts from, 480 ;

Metarrhizium anisopliae infesting

noxious insects in, 354.
San Jose Scale (see Aspidiotus

perniciosus) .
San Salvador, pests from, inter-
cepted in California, 508.
San Thome, cacao pests in, 201,

515 ; miscellaneous pests in, 491,

492, 493, 494.
sandini, Haltica.

Sandwich Caterpillar (see Agriophora
rhotnbota) .

sanguinea, Boiryonopa ; Cycloneda.

sanguineum, Callidium ; Pyrrhid-
ium.

sanguineus, Xenodosus.

Sanninoidea (see Aegeria).

Santa Cruz Peninsula, scale-insects
of, 415.

Santo Domingo, bionomics and con-
trol of Protoparce Carolina on
tobacco in, 527 ; risk of intro-
duction of Calisto archebates into
Porto Rico from, 248 ; prepara-
tion of insecticides in, 477.

Santuzza kuivanii, gen. et sp. n., in
stored grain in Japan, 249.

Saperda Candida (Round-headed
Apple-tree Borer), bionomics and
control of, in U.S.A., 189, 190,
505.

Saperda perforata, in forests in
Lithuania, 420.

Saperda populnea, bionomics of, in
Bavaria, 356.

sapindi, Fiorinia.

Sapindus trifoliatus, new scale-
insect on, in India, 205.

Sapodilla, Vinsonia stellifera inter-
cepted on, in Florida, 71.

Saponin, addition of, to lead arsen-
ate spray against Polia oleracea,
61.

Sapota, Aleurocanthus ivoqluuii on,
in Cuba, 228.

Sarcophaga, not experimentally
parasitised by Sclerodernius inimi-
grans in Hawaii, 436.

Sarcophaga acridiorum, parasite of
Schistocerca paranensis in Argen-
tina, 475.

Sarcophaga albiceps, parasite of
Saperda populnea in Bavaria,
357.

Sarcophaga argentina, sp. n., para-
site of locusts in Argentina, 515.

Sarcophaga blandita, sp. n., parasitic
on Mantids in South America,
299.

Sarcophaga cimbicis, parasite of
Plathypena scabra in U.S.A.,391.

Sarcophaga clotho, sp. n., parasite of
Schistocerca in Brazil, 299.

Sarcophaga filia, bionomics of, in-
festing snails in France, 472.

Sarcophaga kellyi (Locust Flesh
Fly), parasite of locusts in Canada,
316.

Sarcophaga lubera, sp. n., parasite of
Schistocerca in Brazil, 299.

Sarcophaga sternodontis, parasite of
Nezara viridula in Florida, 382.

710

INDEX.

Sarcopsylla penetrans (see Derm at o-
philus).

Sardinia, restrictions on importa-
tion of food-plants of Ceroplastes
sinensis into, 136.

Sargent Cypress (see Cupressus
sargenti).

Sarothainniis, Apion fiiscirostris on,
in Germany, 468.

Sarothrus areolatiis, parasite of
Phorhia lactucae in Britain, 56.

sartor, Monochamus.

Saskatchewan, Trachea finitiina
cerivana in, 437.

sntanas, Bracon.

Satin Moth (see Stilpnotia salicis).

Satsuma, Diabrotica duodecimpunc-
tata on, in Florida, 137.

Satiirnia pernyi, deformations in
pupa of, in Japan, 196.

Saturnia pyri, on pear in Italy, 142.

satyriniformis , Melittia.

saucia, Agrotis ; Peridroma (see
Lycophoiia margaritosa) .

saundersi, Crossotarsus .

saussurei, Anoplodesmus.

Savai (see Panicum frumentaceiim) .

savastani, Ceratitis.

Savastano's Lime-sulphur, formula
for, 177.

Saw-tcothed Grain Beetle (see Sil-
vanus surinamensis) .

Sawdust, in poison baits, 22, 465,
485 ; and kerosene emulsion
against Agromyza phaseoli, 283.

saxeseni, Xyleborinns (see Xyleborus
xvlographiis) .

Saxicola oenantJie, destroying nox-
ious insects in France, 461.

sayi, Pomphopoea.

scabiosae, Macrosipliwn .

Scabious, Macrosiphitm scabiosae on,
in Britain, 58.

scabra, Plathypena.

scabrata, Coelosterna.

scabricollis, Lixus ; Peranabrits.

Scale Insects, classification and new
species of, 11, 16,35,81, 112, 117,
119, 146, 187, 198, 205, 259, 263,
301, 343, 375, 405. 415, 447, 533 ;
in South Africa, 117, 447;
measures against, in Algeria,
450 ; bionomics and control of,
in Austraha, 7, 154, 156, 157, 337 :
in Austria, 263 ; list of British
species of, 343 ; intercepted in
California, 479, 480 ; control of,
on citrus in Cyprus, 204 ; on
citrus and Piper niethysticum in
Fiji, 297 ; measures against in
France, 212, 450 ; in Germany,
359, 468 ; bionomics and control

of, in Hawaii, 434, 437 ; in India,
19, 146 ; effect of carbolineum
on, in Dutch East Indies, 439 ;
in Malta, 232 ; measures against,
on palms in Straits Settlements,
283 ; suggested measures against,
on coffee in Tonkin, 221 ; bio-
nomics and control of, in U.S.A.,
115, 137, 181, 187, 188, 293, 415;
measures against, on citrus in
West Indies, 51, 446, 481 ; ants
associated with, 115, 131, 198,
267, 343, 447 ; mites associated
with, 468 ; natural enemues of,
16, 19, 53, 57, 59, 83, 123, 125,
137, 157, 159, 188, 289, 294, 318,
335, 336, 434, 437, 450, 473, 506,
514, 520 ; life-cycle of, 418.

Scale, Black (see Saissctia oleae).

Scale, Bourbon (see Aspidioius
destructor) .

Scale, Cane Leaf (see Pttlvitmria
iceryi).

Scale, Circular Black (see Chrysom-
pJiahts aonidum).

Scale, Cottony Cushion (see Icerya
pitrchasi) .

Scale, Cypress Bark (see Ehrhornia
cupressi).

Scale, Flm (see Gossyparia spuria).

Scale, Falciferous (see Rhizoecus
falcifer) .

Scale, Fig (see Lepidosaphes ficus) .

Scale, Fluted (see Icerya purchasi).

Scale, Gloomy (see Chrysomphalus
tenebricosus) .

Scale, Grape (see Aspidiotus uvae).

Scale, Greedy (see A spidiotus rapax) .

Scale, Green (see Coccus viridis).

Scale, Grey (see Targionia vitis).

Scale, Hazel-nut (see Eulecanittm
coryli).

Scale, Ivy (see Aspidiotus hederae).

Scale, Mussel (see Lepidosaphes
beckii and L. ulmi).

Scale, Oak (see A sterol ecanium
quercicola) .

Scale, Oblong (see Etdecanimn
persicae).

Scale, Oleander (see Aspidiotus
hederae) .

Scale, Oyster-shell (see Aspidiotus
ostreaeformis and Lepidosaphes
ulmi).

Scale, Pink Wax (see Ceroplastes
rubens) .

Scale, Prune (see Spltaerolecanium
prunastri) .

Scale, Purple (see Lepidosaphes
beckii).

Scale, Red (see Chrysomphalus
aurantii and Pulvinaria vitis).

INDEX.

711

Scale, Rose (see Anlacaspis rosae).
Scale, San Jose (see Aspidioius

perniciostis) .
Scale, Scurfy (see Chionaspis fiir-

fiira) .
Scale, Tortoise-shell (see Lecanium) .
Scale, White (see Aspidioius

hederae and Pseudococcus vitis).
Scale, White Cedar (sec Aspidioius

lataniae).
Scale, Wild Mango Wax (see Cero-

plastes murrayi) .
Scalecide, effect of, against Diar-

thronomyia hypogaea, 342 ; in-
effective against Aphid eggs, 31.
Scambus, probably a parasite of

Platyedra gossypiella in Brazil,

446.
scandens, Tylenchus.
Scapsipedus marginatus, on tobacco

in Africa, 424.
Scapieriscus didactyhis (see S.

viciitus).
Scapieriscus vicinus (Porto Rico

Mole-cricket), in Porto Rico, 484 ;

measures against, in vegetable

gardens and lawns in St. Lucia,

233 ; measures against, in U.S.A.,

248.
scapularis, Corigeiiis ; Meniscus,
scarabaeoides, Phloeoivibus.
Scariies fatiius, in San Thome, 493.
Scarites suhstriaius, predaceous on

Lachnosterna in Kansas, 392.
Sceliphron, spiders taken from nests

of, in Hawaii, 436.
Scenopinus, in flour in Russia, 107.
Scepficus insularis, bionomics of, in

Japan, 321, 398.
schachtii, Heterodera.
schaufussi, Formica pallidefnlva.
Schedius kuvanae, liberation of,

against brown-tail and gipsy

moths in U.S.A., 96.
Schedorhinotermes putorius, on cacao

in San Thome, 493.
Schinus longi folia, unidentified

Tineid on, in South America, 475.
schistaceana, Argyroploce (Grapho-

liika).
Schistocerca, parasites of, in Brazil,

299 ; notice of monograph of

species of, 476.
Schistocerca americana, in Argentina,

515.
Schistocerca cancellaia, in Argentina,

475, 515.
Schistocerca damnifica, in Argentina,

515.
Schistocerca exsul, in Argentina, 515.
Schistocerca flavofasciata, in Argen-
tina, 475.

Schistocerca pallens (see S. rustica).

Schistocerca paranensis (Winged
Locust), bionomics and control
of, in Argentina, 475, 515 ; migra-
tions and control of, in Bolivia,
200 ; measures against, in British
Guiana, 42.

ScJiistocerca peregrina (Yellow ]Mi-
gratory Locust), 352 ; measures
against, on tobacco in Africa,
424 ; in Argentina, 515 ; in
jNIesopotamia, 373, 479.

Schistocerca peruviana, in Argentina,
515.

Schistocerca rustica {pallens), in
Argentina, 475, 515.

Schistocerca tatarica, in Morocco, 121 .

Schistocerca venusta, measures
against, in California, 47.

Schistoceros cornutiis, parasitised by
Sclerodernius inimigrans in
Hawaii, 436.

Schistoceros malayanus, in Heritiera
fonies in India, 60.

Schizonetira (see Eriosoma).

Schizoteiranychus, 145.

Schizotetranych^is mytilaspidis, inter-
cepted in California, 114, 387,
388, 508 ; on citrus in Cuba, 53.

Schizura concinna (Red-humped
Apple Worm), in Canada, 2.

schlichi, Xyleborus.

Schoenobius, on rice in Madras, 130.

Schocnobius bipunctifer (sec 5.
incerteUus) .

Sclioenobius incertelliis {bipunctifer)
(Rice Stem Borer), in Assam,
461 ; in Ceylon, 520 ; measures
against, in Cochin China, 451 ;
in India, 83, 130, 473 ; in Dutch
East Indies, 330, 495 ; used as
food in Japan, 197 ; bionomics
and control of, in Tonkin, 112,
221, 402.

schrottkyi, Telenomus.

schwarzi, Ecphylus.

Sciaphobus squalidus, in Russia, 106.

Sciara, in decayed potatoes in
Central Europe, 288.

Sciara trifolii, associated with
Tylenchus dipsaci on clover in
U.S.A., 80.

scintillans, Euprociis.

Scirpophaga auriflita (see S.
xanthogastrella) .

Scirpophaga sericea, on rice in
Dutch East Indies, 330.

Scirpophaga xanthogastrella (White
Moth Borer), and its food-plants
in India, 84, 445.

Scirpiis giganteus, Taphrocerus elon-
gatiis on, in Argentina, 140.

712

INDEX.

Scirtothrips citri (Citrus Thrips), a
minor olive pest in California, 9 1 .

scitula, Eublemma {Thalpochares).

Sclerodermus, and its hosts in
Hawaii, 435.

Sclerodermus chilonellae, bred from
Neoclytarliis euphorbiae in Hawaii,
436.

Sclerodermus immigrans , hosts of, in
Hawaii, 435, 436.

Sclerodermus muiri, in Anobiid bor-
ings in timber in Hawaii, 436.

Sclerodermus poecilodes, hosts of, in
Hawaii, 436.

Sclerodermus polynesialis, bred from
Neoclytarlus euphorbiae in Hawaii,
436.

Sclerotinia cinerea (Brown Rot),
dusting experiments against, in
Virginia, 363 ; insects associated
with, 4.

Scobicia chevrieri, in vines in France,
433, 478.

Scobicia pustiilata, damaging lead,
81.

Scolia, parasite of Lepidiota albohirta
in Queensland, 466.

Scolia caffra, introduced into Mauri-
tius against Oryctes tar audits, 55.

Scolia erratica, parasite of Rhyncho-
phorus ferrugineus in Straits
Settlements, 276 ; erroneously-
recorded as a parasite of Oryctes,
276.

Scolia manilae, attempted estab-
lishment of, against white grubs
in Fiji, 26 ; establishment of,
in Hawaii, 72, 526.

Scolia oryctophaga, introduced into
Mauritius against Oryctes tarandus,
55, 73.

Scolia viridicolor, introduced into
Mauritius against Oryctes tarandus,
55.

scolopacea, Baris.

Scolothrips sexmaculatus, predaceous
on avocado pests in Florida, 219.

Scolytidae, of Arctic Canada, 191.

Scolytus amygdali, in cherry-laurel,
parasitised by Trichopria hypo-
bori in France, 260 ; in almond
in Palestine, 71.

Scolytus emarginatus, sp. n., in
Turkestan, 175.

Scolytus ensifer, in Russia, 106.

Scolytus frankei, sp. n., in Turkestan,
175.

Scolytus intricatus, in Russia, 106.

Scolytus jacobsoni, sp. n., in Ulmiis in
Siberia, 10.

Scolytus kirschi, in elm and birch in
Russia, 106.

Scolytus laevis, in Ulmiis montana in
Austria, 176 ; in cherry and elm
in Sweden, 50.

Scolytus loevendali, not distinct
from S, laevis, 50.

Scolytus multistriatus , in elm in
Italy, 142 ; in elm in Russia,
106 ; in shade-trees in U.S.A.,
247.

Scolvtus nodicornis, sp. n., in Brazil
175.

Scolytus piceae, in Larix laricina in
U.S.A., 127.

Scolytus platy stylus, sp. n., in Eastern
Siberia, 175.

Scolytus pygmaeus, in Russia, 106.

Scolytus quadrispinosus (Hickory
Bark Borer), in U.S.A., 247.

Scolytus ratzeburgi, in birch in
Lithuania, 420 ; in birch in
Sweden, 50.

Scolytus rugulosus (Fruit-tree Bark-
beetle), in plums, parasitised by
Trichopria hypobori in France,
260 ; in Russia, 106 ; Luperisinus
californicus resembling, 91.

Scolytus scolytus, in birch and elm in
Russia, 106.

Scolytus semenovi, sp. n., in Ulmus
in Siberia, 10.

scotias, Gibbium.

Scotogramma trifolii (Sweet Potato
Army Worm), measures against,
in Japan, 194 ; in Russia, 105.

Scots Pine (see Pinus svlvestris).

Scott's Lime-sulphur, formulae for,
190.

scotti. Aphis (see Hysteroneura
setariae).

scripta, Melasoma.

scrobicollis, Psammodes.

scrophulariae, Anthrenus.

Scurfy Scale (see Chionaspis fur-
fur a) .

scurra, Idiocerus.

scutatus, Coccophagus.

scutellaris, Bracon ; Coccophagus ;
Cremastogaster ; Zeugophora.

scutellata, Blepharipa ; Comys.

scutellator, I chneumon ; Meteorus.

scutellatus, Monochamus {Mono-
hammus) .

Scutellista cyanea, parasite of
Ceroplastes rusci in Algeria and
South France, 450 ; parasite of
Saissetia oleae in Australia, 335 ;
liberation of, against scale-insects
in California, 506 ; parasite of
Saissetia oleae in Spain, 514.

Scutia indica, new scale-insect on,
in South Africa, 117.

scutiae, Chionaspis.

INDEX.

713

scutiformis, Chrysomphalus {Aspi-

diotus) .
scutosa, Heliothis.

Scymnus, natural enemy of mealy-
bugs in California, 31(S, 318.
Scymnus kimeli, predaceous on

avocado pests in Florida, 219.
Scymnus roseicollis, natural enemy

of Aphis gossyi>ii in l^orto Rico,

303.
Scymnus utilis, predaceous on avo-
cado pests in Florida, 219.
Scyphophorus acupunciaius, on Agave

spp. in Curasao, 149.
Sea-moss Stock, addition of, to

nicotine-arsenical combinations

against Cydia rnolesta, 355.
Sea-water, spraying with, against

scale-insects, 213.
Seal-oil, in formula for spray against

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi pin-

nulifera, 451.
secalis, Harmolita.
Sechium edule, Dacus cucurbitac on,

in Ce}don, 521.
secundum, Liodontomerus.
Seed Corn Maggot (see Phorbia

fusciceps) .
Seed-bug of Tea (see Poecilocovis

hardwicki).
segetuDi, Anisoplia ; Euxoa {Agro-

tis) .
Seius safroi, infesting bark-beetles

in U.S.A., 524.
Selenaspidus articulatus, food-plants

of, in Cuba, 229 ; on cacao in

San Thome, 492.
Selenaspidus articulatus var.

niagnospinus, n., in Uganda, 119.
Selenaspidus pumilus, intercepted in

U.S.A., 307.
selene, Actias.
Selenocephalus viresccns, on rice in

India, 473.
Selenopalpus cyaneus (see Scleno-

pselaphus).
Selenopselaphus cyaneus, on Arau-

caria bidwilli in Queensland, 156.
Seniasia minutana (see Enarmonia) .
Semasia nigricana (see Cydia).
Semasia rujillana, parasitised bj^

Microdus clausthalianus in

Britain, 429.
semenovi, Scolytus [Eccoptogaster).
semicana, Hadena.
semifasciatus, Spermophagus.
semifumipennis, Uscana.
Semiothisa liiurata, parasitised bj-

Rhogas cantherius in Britain, 331.
semipullata, Galerucella.
semipuncta, Lissopimpla.
semirufus, Mesochorus.

semistriatus, Tclenomus.
Semitropical Armj^ Worm (see

Xylomyges eridania) .
Semnoprepia, Sclerodermus associ-
ated with, in Hawaii, 436.
senatoria, A nisota.
Senecio aureus (Golden Ragwort),
food-plant of Macrosiphum pseu-
dorosae in U.S.A., 417.
Senecio vulgaris, not attacked by
Euxoa segetum in Germany, 271.
senilis, Paraphoroccra.
sepia, Hylemyia.
Scptanychus, gen. nov., 145.
Scptanychus quinquenychus, in

Florida, 145.
Scptanychus [Paratetranychiis) tumi-
dus, in Florida, 145 ; intercepted
on croton in California, 387.
septemdccim, Tibicen.
septemguttata, Eestodiplosis.
septempunctata, Coccmella.
Septis arctica, measures against, in

Minnesota, 281.
Sequoia washingtoniana, Traclixkcle

opulenta in, in U.S.A., 295.
sequoiae, Pseudococcus.
Seres armipes, gen. et sp. n., in

Gold Coast, 56.
seriatmn, Gonocephalum.
Serica, bionomics of, on beet in

Japan, 398.
Serica sericea, relation of, to spread
of Cronartiuni ribicola in U.S.A.,
87.
sericea, BlaslotJirix ; Serica ;

Scirpophaga.
sericeipennis, Oxyambulyx.
sericeus, Metamasius {SpJienophorus).
Sericulture, resumption of, in Ger-
many, 265, 345 ; (see Bombyx
mori and Silkworms).
serinopa, Nephantis .
serpentina, Anastrepha.
serpent inns , Naiacoccus.
serraticornis, A canthophorns.
serricorne , Coelichneujiioi ; Lasio-

dernia.
Serropalpus barbatus, in L.arix

laricina in U.S.A., 127.
serrulatus, A ntheroides .
serva, Achaea {Ophiusa).
Service Tree, insect pests on, in

U.S.A., 505.
servinata, Porina.

Sesamia, on maize in Gold Coast, 9 ;
on rice in Dutch East Indies, 330 ;
on maize in Mesopotamia, 478.
Sesamia cretica (Dura Stem-borer),
food-plants of, in Anglo-Egyptian
Sudan, 172.
Sesamia infercns, in rice in India, 83;

714

INDEX.

a minor rice pest in Indo-China,
402.

Sesamia nonagrioides (see S. vuteria).

Sesamia vuteria, on sugar-cane in
Mauritius, '55 ; on sugar-cane in
Morocco, 121.

Sesamiim, Lvgaeiis pandarns on, in
Mesopotamia, 478.

Sesbania (Daincha) , Briichophagus
mellipes reared from galls in pods
of, in India, 19 ; fungus disease
of, in Dutch East Indies, 513.

Sesia (see Aegeria).

Sesquiterpene Alcohol, trees con-
taining, immune to termites, 301.

setariae, Hysteroneiira {Aphis,
Hcteroneura) .

setiventris . Phvsothrips.

Setomorpha margalae striata (Tobacco
Moth), measures against, in stored
tobacco in Dutch East Indies, 330.

Setora nitens, and its control on tea,
etc., in Dutch East Indies, 329,
330, 455, 510.

Seventeen-vear Cicada (see Tibicen
septenidecim) .

sexdeniatum, Sinoxylon.

sexdentatus, Ips [Tomiciis).

sexgiittatus, Lepiostvhis.

sexmaciilatiis , Scolothrips ; Tetrany-
chus.

sexnotata, Cicadula.

sexnotaiiis, Palpifer.

sexpunctatus, Ptinus.

sexsignata, Chrysobothris.

sexta, Protoparce [Pklegethontiiis).

shanghaiensis, Chrysis.

Sharp-headed Grain Leaf-hopper
(see Draeculacephala mollipcs).

Sheep, utilisation of, against noxious
insects, 48, 69, 240.

Shield Bug (see Tectocoris banksi) .

Shiga's Bacillus, reaction of Gall e via
mellonclla to, 328.

shineri, Agromyza.

Shorea robusta, Acanthophoriis serra-
iicornis in, in India, 61 ; food-
plant of Suana concolor, 457.

Shot-hole Borer of Tea (see Xyle-
borus fornicatiis) .

Shrews, destroyed by Athene brama
in India, 409.

Shrike, destroying Xylomyges
eridania in Florida, 236.

Siam, studies on rhinoceros beetles
on coconuts in, 275 ; Remphan
hopei in, 61.
siamicimi, Coptosoma.
Siberia, bark-beetles from, 10, 175 ;
Hxpera r.igrirostris possibly in-
troduced into North West
America from, 223 ; Kolla albo-

marginata in, 86 ; Atilacaspis
rosae intercepted in California on
Rosa multiflora from, 479.

Sihine fusca, on coconuts in British
Guiana, 472.

siccifolia, Cyclopelta.

Sicilian Mealy-bug parasite (see
Paraleptoniastix abnormis) .

Sicily, Ceratitis savastani in, 264 ;
pests of Ceratonia siliqua in, 122 ;
scale-insects, and their natural
enemies in, 121, 126, 488; plant
pest legislation in, 136 ; intro-
duction of Tanaomastix abnormis
into California from, 318.

Sida acuminata, probably a food-
plant of Dvsdercits in West Indies,
523.

Sida carpinifolia, probably a food-
plant of Dysderciis in West Indies,
523.

Sida rhombifolia, food-plant • of
Tetranvchus telarius in Dutch
East Indies, 454.

Sida spinosa, Phenacoccus insolitus
on, in India, 100.

sidae, Dysderciis.

Sidemia [Hadena) devastatvix (Glassy
Cutworm), on cereals in U.S.A.,
281, 479; liable to be mistaken
for Pyrausta nubilalis, 374.

Sigalphus pallidipes, parasite of
Orchestes spp. in Britain, 331.

signatus, Anthonomus ; Xylotenis.

signifer, Phassiis.

Silesia, Thereyid fly infesting rye
in, 270 ; bionomics of Hymenop-
terous parasites of bark-beetles in,
161.

silhetana, Terias.

Silken Goods, measures against
Anthrenus vorax infesting, in
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 173.

Silkworms [Bombyx mori), vine
moths susceptible to muscardine
disease of, in France, 368 ; bio-
nomics of, in Japan, 24, 195, 196,
399; experiments Avith food-plants
for, 196 ; causes of sterility in,
195 ; experiments with Soro-
sporella nvella and, 169, 170.

Silos, protection of grain against
insect pests in, 59, 98, 335, 339.

Silphidae, of Arctic Canada, 191.

Silvaniis surinaniensis (Saw-toothed
Grain Beetle), measures against,
in dried fruit in California, 241 ;
intercepted in quarantine in Cali-
fornia, 508 ; measures against, in
stored wheat in Germany, 425 ;
in stored dates in Mesopotamia,
479 ; in cereals and dried cherries

IXDEX.

/Ic

in I^ussia, 1(»5, 107 ; vacuum

fumigation against, 507.
Silver, resistant to liquid liydro-

cyanic acid, 9 1 .
Silver Fir (see Abies pectinata).
silvestrii, Centrobia ; Galesiis.
Silvestrina, Adelgimyza closely re-
sembling, 160.
Simaethis (see Heinerophila).
similis, Centrobia ; Chermes ; Eu-

proctis (PortJiesia) (see Arctornis

chrysorrhoea) ; Lachmis ; Psa>}i-

tnodes.
Simodactylusci7i}iai}W}neits, measures

against, on sugar-cane in Fiji, 26 ;

on sugar-cane in Hawaii, 461, 526.
simplex, Aittographa falcigera ;

Ceroplastes qitadrilineatus ; Chilo ;

Chionaspis ; Dendroctoniis ; Gono-

cephalum ; Lissorhoptrus ; Pyro-

derces.
Sinapis alba, food-plant of Meli-

gethes in Germany, 542.
Sinapis arvensis, food-plant of

Meligethes in Germany, 542.
sinensis, Ceroplastes.
Singapore, studies on rhinoceros

beetles on coconuts in, 275.
singularis, Sahlbergclla.
sinica, Dictyophora.
Sinoxylon basilare, in Robinia

pseiidacacia in U.S.A., 516.
Sinoxylon conigerum, parasitised b}^

ScleroderiJiits itnmigrans in Hawaii,

436.
Sinoxylon declive (see Xylopertha).
Sinoxylon Tnuricatmn (see 5. per-

forans).
Sinoxylon pcrforans, natural enemies

of, in vines in France, 434.
Sinoxylon ruficorne, damaging lead

cables in South Africa, 81.
Sinoxylon sexdentatiiui, parasites of,

on vines in France, 433, 434.
sinuata, Phyllotreta ; Xylopertha.
sinuatus, Agrilus.
Sipha, Antheroides compared with,

146.
Sipha flava (Yellow Sugar-cane

Aphis), on sugar-cane in U.S.A.,

79 ; relation of, to mottling

disease of sugar-cane in Porto

Rico, 483.
Sipha rnaidis, on maize, Trilobiella

siphae predaceous on, in Itaty,160.
Sipha paradoxa, possibly a synonym

of Antheroides serriilatus, 146.
siphae, Trilobiella.
Siphanta galeata (Torpedo Bug), on

citrus in Queensland, 156.
Siphocoryne brassicae (see Brevi-

coryne).

Siphocoryne xylostei, on Lonicera in
Britain. 58.

Siphona cristata, parasite of Tipiila
gigantea, 523.

Siphona geniciilata (see Bucentes).

Siphonaphis maidis, on maize in
India, 55.

Siphonaphis nymphaeae, on water-
hyacinth in India, 55.

Siphonaphis {RhopalosipJnim) padi
(.4phis avenae) (Grain, Oat or
Apple-bud Aphis), on Primus
padtis in Britain, 58 ; in Ontario,
35 ; bionomics and control of, on
apple in U.S.A.. 30, 45, 116;
Rhopalosiphitni priinifoliae erro-
neously recorded as, in U.S.A..
116; synonymy of, 16, 19, 116.

Siphonophora achyrantcs, identical
with Myzus persicae, 8.

Siphonophora rosac (see Macrcsi-
pJmm).

Sirex, in fir in Bavaria, 332.

Sirex abbotii, in Larix laricina in
U.S.A., 127.

Sirex californiciis (Horn-tail Wasp),
in cypress in California, 394.

Sirex gigas, boring in tin and steel in
Austria, 81 ; damaging lead in
France, 81 ; in silver fir, parasi-
tised bv Rhyssa persiiasoria in
Ireland, 57.

Sirex jiwencus, in conifers in New
Zealand, 63 ; damaging lead, 81.

siro, Tyroglyphtts.

siskiyouana, Rhyacionia (Evetria).

Sisymbrium, food-plant of Ceuthor-
rhvnchus pulvinatus in Austria,
290 ; Euxoa segetum experimen-
tally fed on, in Germany, 27 1 .

Sisymbrium sophia, food-plant of
Ceiithorrhvnchns pulvinatus in
Austria, 290.

Sisymbrium strictissimum, pests of,
in Austria, 290.

Sitodiplosis (Thecodiplosis) mosel-
lana (Wheat Gall Midge), on
wheat in Germany, 358 ; in
Ontario, 2.

Sitodrepa panicea, measures against,
in stored foodstuffs in Germanv,
425, 426 ; in flour in Russia, 105 ;
intercepted in U.S.A., 49, 338.

Sitona (see Sitones) .

Sitones, on peas and beans in
Britain, 351 ; experiments with
hydrocyanic-acid gas against, in
Germanv, 426 ; on clover in
Michigan, 188.

Sitones hispidulus, associated with
Tylenchiis dipsaci on clover in
U.S.A., 80.

716

INDEX.

Sitones lineatus, in Austria, 261 ;

control of, on peas in Britain,

155 ; food-plants of, in Germany,

176.
Sitophilus oryzae (see Calandra).
Sitotroga cerealella (Angoumois Grain

Moth), natural enemy of, on

cereals in Argentina, 405 ; on

barley in Britain, 139 ; in stored

grain, effect of chloropicrin on,

in France, 260 ; measures against

in stored wheat in Germany, 425 ;

on rice in Dutch Guiana, 536 ;

value of chloropicrin against, in

Italy, 334 ; effect of atmospheric

humidity on, in New Jersey, 43 ;

spread of, in Pennsylvania, 152 ;

on wheat in Queensland, 155 ; in

field and stored wheat in Russia,

104.
Slavonia, notice of list of Scolytids

from, 175.
Slender Wireworm (see Horistonotus

iihleri) .
Sloe, Hypoyiomeuta variabilis on, in

Germany, 288.
Small Black Cotton Bug (see

Oxycarenus luctnosus).
Small Black Hardback (see Dyscine-

tus bidentatus).
Small Moth Borers of Sugar-cane

(see Diatraea saccharalis and D.

canella) .
Smaller Maize Borer (see Dichocrocis

punctiferalis) .
Smaller Pear Borer (see Cydia

tnolesta) .
smaragdina, Oecophylla.
smaragdinus, Hyalopeplus.
Smartweed (see Polygonum).
Smeared Dagger Moth (see Acronycta

oblinata).
Snierinthus ocellatus, on apples in

Russia, 105.
Snierinthus populi, parasitised b}^

Rhogas praetor in Britain, 331.
sniithi, Phytalus.
Smynthurus hortensis (Springtail),

food-plants of, in Connecticut,342.
Smynthurus viridis (Lucerne Flea),

food-plants of, in South Australia,

206.
Snails, infested with Sarcophaga filia

in France, 472.
snelleni, Acanthopsyche {Psyche).
Snowberry, food-plant of Otiorrhyn-

chus rotundatus in Germany, 275.
Soap, in sprays, 7, 23, 29, 31, 47, 51,

54, 92, 97, 131, 211, 217, 218, 224,

232, 266, 272, 280, 281, 283, 285,

288. 312, 316, 323, 326, 339, 341,

342, 348, 349, 361, 362, 369, 372,

375, 383, 385, 400, 405, 459, 468,
505, 537, 538; formulae containing,
29, 47, 177, 211, 212, 228, 280,
281, 349, 361, 362, 375, 383, 385,
405, 406, 432, 459 ; and Bordeaux
mixture, spraying with, against
asparagus beetles, 92 ; and china
clay, effect of spraying with, on
Enipoasca mali, 312 ; as a
spreader for lead arsenate against
Aphids and Coccids, 7 ; addition
of, to lime-copper solution against
vine moths, 224 ; effect of ad-
dition of, to sodium sulpho-
carbonate against Aphid eggs, 31 ;
for protecting sweet potato seed-
lings from Cylas forniicarius, 53 ;
in mixture for painting tea bushes
^.gaimst Xylebonis fornicatus, 110 ;
favouring decomposition in liquid
liydrocyanic-acid, 91.

Soap Bark, as a spreader for lead
arsenate sprays, 372.

Soap-resin-fish-oil Emulsion, against
Xvleborus fornicatvis, 52 1 .

Sod Webworm (see Crambus).

Soda, in spray against Aspidiotus
perniciosus, 333 ; and arsenic
against Lepidiota, 62 ; in formula
for wash against Sitones lineatus,
155.

Soda Soap Wash, spraying with,
against Anaphothrips striatus, 465.

Sodium Arsenate, spraying with,
against Cydia molesta, 144 ; sub-
stituted for sodium arsenite in
spray against Sparganothis pil-
leriana, 211; and oil, injections of,
against borers, 506.

Sodium Arsenite, in baits for ants
and termites, 115, 154, 285, 507 ;
in baits for Gonocephalum , Q5, 193 ;
in baits for Orthoptera, 194, 477,
484, 485, 495 ; in bait for
Laphygma exempta, 412 ; formu-
lae containing, 65, 115, 285, 412 ;
sodium arsenate as a substitute
for, in spray against Sparga-
nothis piUeriana, 211.

Sodium Benzoate, in baits for ants,
285, 507 ; formulae for, 285.

Sodium Carbonate, in formula for
spray against Coccus viridis, 111 ;
in formula for spray against
Sparganothis piUeriana, 211 ; and
cresyl, against Ceroplastes rusci,
450.'

Sodium Chloride (Salt), in baits for
grasshoppers, etc., 314, 465, 495 ;
palms treated with, against
Oryctes rhinoceros, 283 ; against
Popillia japonica, 308 ; in spray

INDEX.

717

against scale-insects, 451 ; experi-
ments with, against termites, 40 ;
and lime, spraying with, against
Anthonomiis ponionnn, 155 ; and
sulphur, ineffective as a soil-
dressing against Decilaus citri-
perda, 111 ; formulae containing,
451, 465.

Sodium Cyanide, 29, 30 ; for destroy-
ing ants' nests, 131 ; fumigation
with, against Pseudococcus bakeri,
94 ; against underground insects,
22, 45, 308, 309, 461, 482, 513 ; in
preparation of hydrocvanic-acid
gas, 90, 474.

Sodium Fluoride, in baits for Polia
oleracea, 61, 518.

Sodium Hyposulphite, experiments
with, against termites, 40.

Sodium Nitrate, soil treated witli
solution of, against millipedes,
369 ; as a soil-dressing against
Thrips tabaci, 281, 362.

Sodium Oxide, 477.

Sodium Polysulphide, sodium sul-
phur largely consisting of, 31.

Sodium Sulphocarbonate, experi-
ments with, as a soil-dressing
against wireworms, 45 ; and
nicotine, effect of spraying with,
on Aphid eggs, 31.

Sodium Sulphur, spraying experi-
ments with, against Aphid eggs, 3 1 .

Sodium-resinol Solution, experi-
ments with, 543.

Sogata distincta, on rice in India, 473.

Sogata pnllescens, on rice in India,
473.

Sogata pitsana, on rice in India, 473.

Soil, influence of character of, on
insect pests, 5, 204, 266, 269, 270 ;
sterilisation of, 133, 441.

sojae, Agromxza.

solanella, Lita (see Phthorimaea
operculella) .

solani, Haltica ; Phenacoccus.

solanifolii, Alacrosiphum.

Solaniim melongena (see Egg-plant).

Solanum tuberosum fsee Potato).

Solder, contact with, favouring
decomposition in liquid hydro-
cyanic-acid, 91.

Solenopsis, an introduced pest in
Mauritius, 499.

Solenopsis geminata, on Hevca in
Dutch East Indies, 537 ; measures
against in West Indies, 484.

Solenopsis geminata maniosa (Fire
Ant), measures against, on Passi-
flora ediilis in California, 239.

Solenopsis geminata rufa, intercepted
in packing in California, 114.

Solenopsis molesta, attacking otlier

insects in U.S.A., 446.
Solenopsis pylades, on rice in I3ritish

Guiana, r45, 472, 533.
Solenopsis saevissima,3i.?,^oc\3.icd\\'\\.\\

scale-insects in Dutch Guiana, 536.
Solidago lanceolata, new Aphid on,

in U.S.A., 418.
solidus, Platypus,
soiitaria, Ph vllosticta.
solitarius, Catantops.
solstitialis, Aniphimallits iPhizo-

tvogiis) .
Solubea pugnax (Stink Bug), on rice

in ILS.A., 300.
Somaliland, Italian, suggested

measures against Platyedra gossy-

piella on cotton in, 202.
somniaria, Ellopia.
sonchi, Macrosiphiim .
Sonchus (Sowthistle), Aphids on, in

Britain, 58 ; food-plant of insect

pests in U.S.A., 98, 235.
Soot, as a soil-dressing against flea-
beetles, 287.
Sooty Mould, Lepidosaphes spp.

associated with, 35, 293.
sophorae, Brassolis.
sorbi, Aphis,
sordidus, Cosmopolites.
Soyghastrum nutans, Heteroneura

setariae on, in North America, 8.
sorghi, Aphis.
Sorghum (Dura), Diatraea saccha-

ralis on, in Guadeloupe, 298 ;

pests of, in Guam, 148 ; pests of,

and their control in Anglo-Egyp-
tian Sudan, 172, 198 ; mosaic

disease of, 531.
Sorghum halepense, Monecphora

bicincta on, in Cuba, 228.
Sorghum vulgare, Chilo sif>iplex on,

in Mesopotamia, 478 ; Aphis

niaidis on, in Tripoli, 159.
soror, Lachnosterna ; Oscinis (see

Oscinella frit).
Sorosporella uvella, infesting Noctuid

larvae, 169.
Sorrel Cutworm (see Acronycta

rumicis).
Sosiopsila trisetosa, gen. et sp. n., in

Portuguese East Africa and

Nyasaland, 264.
Sour Sop (see Anona muricata).
Southern Corn Root Worm (see

Diabrotica duodecimpunctata) .
Southern Green June Beetle (see

Allorrhina nitida).
Southern Pine Beetle (see Den-

droctonus frontalis) .
Southern Tobacco Worm (see

Protoparce sexta) .

718

INDEX.

Sow-thistle (see Sonchus).

Soy Beans, Fseitdococcus corynibatiis

on, in India, 83 ; not attacked by

Blissus leucopterus in U.S.A., 505.
Soyniida febrifuga, food-plant of

Hypsipyla robusta, 165.
Spam, miscellaneous pests in, 122,

279, 367, 406, 451 ; olive pests

and their control in, 324, 514, 539;

Melanotus intercepted in U.S.A.,

from, 306.
Spalangia cameroni, liberation of,

Sigdiii\stLyperosiaexiguain):ia.\wa\i,

375.
Spalgis epiiis, natural enemy of

Pseiidococcus hivsutus in India, 83.
Spanish Broom (see Spartium jun-

ceum).
Spanish Moss (see Tillandsia iisne-

oides).
Spanish Oak (see Quevcus falcata).
Sparganothis, on avocado in Florida,

219.
Sparganothis indoeusalis, function of

anal comb of, 78.
SpavganoUiis pilleriana (Vine Moth),

measures against, in France, 38,

39, 211 ; utilisation of Hypono-

meuta spp. against, in Germany,

356 ; on vines in Portugal, 494 ;

in Kussia, 104 ; not present on

vines m lunis, 452.
Sparrow, importance of destruction

of, in Argentina, 299.
Spartium junceum (Spanish Broom),

Icerya purchasi on, not attacked

hy Novius cardinalis in Sicily, 122.
Spathius brachyrus, parasite of Pis-

sodes strobi m Connecticut, 338.
Spathius pallidus, parasite of Chryso-

bothns femorata in North America,

190.
Spathoglottis, Chliaria dendrobii on,

in Java, 40.
Spathulina bioculata, sp. n., in

Northern Nigeria, 264.
Spatulicraspeda castaneiceps (Nettle

Grub), on tea in Ceylon, 258, 520.
speciosa, Diabrottca.
speciosissimus, Microterys.
speciosus, Plagionotus.
spectabile, Asterolecanium.
spectra, Tettigonia {Tettigoniella).
Spelt, food-plant of Cephus cinctus

in U.S.A., 464.
Spence-Harvey System, for treating

cotton bolls against Anthononius

grandis, 285.
spengleri, Diaprepes.
Sperinophagiis semifasciatus, inter-
cepted in beans froin Venezuela,

533 ; in beans in British Guiana,
56.

spermotrophus, JMegastigmus.

Sphaerococcus casuarinae, on Casiia-
rina quadrivalviis in Australia, 63.

Sphaerolecaniuni prunastri (Prune
Scale), bionomics of, in Italy, 122-
124, 126.

Sp/iaerop/ioria cylindrica, predaceous
on Aphids in Canada, 259.

Sphaeropsis malorum (Frog-eye), on
apples, dusting experiments
against, in Virginia, 363.

sphagni, Pseudococcus.

sphegeus, Enoclerus.

Spheniscomyia neavei, sp. n., in
Nyasaland, 264.

sphenopJinri, Ceromasia.

Sphenophorus, on coconuts in Dutch
East Indies, 538.

Sphenophorus caviosus, on sugar-
cane in U.S.A., 79.

Sphenophorus niaidis (Maize Billbug
or Elephant Bug), in Kansas, 215.

Sphenophorus pertinax, bionomics of,
in U.S.A., 389.

Sphenophorus quadrimaculatus, on
bananas in San Thome, 493.

Sphenophorus sericeus (see Meta-
niasius).

Sphenopliorus striatus (see Cosmopo-
lites sordidns).

Sphex flavipennis, predaceous on
Protoparce Carolina in Santo
Domingo, 527.

Sphinx ligustri, on lilac in Russia,
105.

spiculata, Chionaspis .

Spiders, effect of meteorological
conditions on, in South America,
366 ; a possible hindrance to
establishment of Cerowa5;fl5^/;eno-
phori in Fiji, 25 ; not experimen-
tally parasitised by Scleroderinus
in Hawaii, 436 ; destro^nng
noxious insects in U.S.A., 78, 232.

Spilochalcis bergi, parasite of
Oeceticus platensis in Argentina,
298.

Spilographa cerasi (see Rhagoletis).

Spinach, Euxoa segetum on, in
Germany, 270 ; restrictions on
importation of, into Canada from
U.S.A., 416 ; Pegomyia hyoscyamt
on, in Tripoli, 159 ; pests of, and
their control in U.S.A., 32, 280,
339, 341, 385, 511.

Spinach Blight, insects transmitting,
4, 385.

Spinach Flea-beetle (see Disonycha
xanthomelaena).

spinarum, Atlialia (see A. colibri).

INDEX.

719

spinatov, Phrynieta.

Spindle Worm (see Achatodes zeae).

Spined Soldier Bug (see Alcaeor-
rhynchus grandis) .

spinicornis, Hoploccramhyx.

spinifera, Eiixoa.

Spiny Cotton Bolhvorm (sec Earias
insulana) .

Spiraea, food-plant of insect pests
in Germany, 176, 275.

Spiraea salicifolia, food-plant of
Otiorrhynchus rotundatus in Ger-
man}', 271.

Spiral Faggot-worm (see Clania
holmesi).

spiratus, Leiicotermes.

spirifex, Tarsonemus.

Spirostreptiis integer, infesting
bananas in San Thome, 494.

Spirostreptiis marginescaber, infest-
ing bananas in San Thome, 494.

spissicornis, Megalodontes (see M.
klugi) .

Spittle Insect (see Clastoptera obtiisa
and JMonccpJiora bicincta).

splendana, Cvdia.

splendidclla, Dioryctria.

Splitworm (see Phthorimaea oper-
citlella).

Spodoptera, on rice in Madras, 130.

Spodoptera inauritia (Swarming
Paddy Cutworm), in Ceylon, 520;
on rice in Dutch East Indies, 330 ;
in Madras, 130.

sponsor, Cryptus.

Sporotrichum glob ulife rum, infesting
Dvsderciis delaiinevi in St. Vincent,
2C)6.

Spotted Bollworm (see Earias in-
sulana) .

Spotted Owlet (see Athene brama).

Spray Calendars, notices of, for use
in U.S.A., 219, 234.

Spray Gun, utihty of, 113, 132, 222.

Spraying, dusting compared with,
94', 95, 207, 219, 249, 276, 310,
363, 462, 534 ; experiments with
new apparatus for, 43.

Spra^^s, compatibility of, 63 ; notice
of preparation of, for fruit pests,
188 ; effect of, on control of leaf-
hoppers by parasites, 430 ; (see
under the various insecticides).

Spring Army \A'orm (see Cirphis
iinipiincta) .

Spring Canker Worm (see Palaea-
crita vernata).

Springtails, injuring cotton in
Mauritius, 73 ; (see Smvnthurus).

Spruce, pests of, in Britain, 59,
138, 378, 379, 380 ; Lepidopterous
pests of, in Germany, 358 ; pests

of, in Lithuania, 420 ; Cherines,
spp. forming galls on, in Ontario,
2 ; bark-beetles in, in Silesia,
161 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 33,
88, 89; (see Picea).

Spruce, Blue, Chermes on, in U.S.A.,
89 ; (see Picea).

Spruce, Engelmann (sec Picea
etigelmanni).

Spruce, Norway (.see Picea excelsa).

Spruce, Red (see Picea rubens).

Spruce, Sitka, Chermes cooleyi on, in
Britain and U.S.A., 423.

Spruce, White (see Picea alba).

Spruce Gall Louse (see Chermes
strobi) .

spiimarius, PJiilaenus.

spuria, Gossyparia.

sputa tor, Agriotes.

sqiialida, Epicometis.

squalidus, Sciaphobiis.

squamosa, Geoica.

squamxdatus, Crossotarsus.

Squash, pests of, in Connecticut,
342 ; pests intercepted on, in
California, 508.

Squash Aphis (see Macrosiphum
cucurbitae) .

Squash Bug (see Anasa tristis).

Squash Ladybird (see Epilaclina
borealis) .

Squash Vine Borer (see Meliiiia
satyriniformis) .

stab His, Taeniocampa.

stabulans, Hydella.

Stachys, preferred food-plant of
CJirysomela fastuosa in Germany,
174.

stanfordiamis, Eriococcus.

S tape Ha, new scale-insect on, in
South Africa, 117.

Staphvlea tri folia (American Bladder
Nut), bionomics of Corythuca
bulbosa on, in U.S.A., 215.

Staphylococcus, effect of, on Galleria
niellonella, 163.

Starlings, destroying noxious insects,
266, 470.

Stauronotus rnaroccanus (see Docios-
taurus).

Stauropus a.lternus, on tea in Dutch
East Indies, 330, 455, 510, 537.

Steam, against pests of stored pro-
ducts, 241, 341 ; sterilisation of
soil with, 133, 441.

stebbingi, Monophlebtts.

Steel, Sirex gigas boring in, in
Austria, 81; contact witli, favour-
ing decomposition in liquid hydro-
cyanic-acid, 91.

Steel-blue Sawfiy (see Perga
dorsalis).

720

INDEX.

SteingeUa gorodetskia, on birches in

Britain, 34^^.
Stella, Paratrigonogastra.
stellifera, Vinsonia.
Stem-boring Surface Caterpillar (see

Gortyna micacea).
Stenocranus sacchari, on sugar-cane

in Formosa, 86.
Stenocranus [Delphax) saccharivorus

(West Indian Cane-fly), bionomics

of, on sugar-cane in Porto Rico,

483, 484.
Stenocratcs laborator, on sugar-cane

in Brazil, 291.
Stenogastev linenris, on Cordia

anbleiti in British Guiana, 55.
Stenomesius rufescens, parasite of

Hemerophila nemorana in France,

37.
Stenoscelis brevis, in Larix laricina

in U.S.A., 127.
stentae, Asterolecanium.
Stcphanitis , on apple and quince in

Mesopotamia, 478.
Stephanitis pyri, on pear in Italy,

142 ; food-plants of, in Russia,

104, 107.
Stephanodcres coffeae, considered a

synonym of S. hampei, 448
Stephanoderes hampei (Coffee-berry

Borer), food-plants of, in East

Africa and Belgian Congo, 449 ;

bionomics and control of, in

Dutch East Indies, 330, 406, 447-

449, 495, 522, 538 ; synonyms of,

448.
Stcrculia acerifolia (Flame Tree),

Notarcha clvtalis on, in Queens-
land, 157.
Sterculia caribaea (Mountain John

Bull Tree), possibly a good trap

for Dvsdercus delauneyi in St.

Vincent, 206.
Stericta albifasciata, measures

against, on avocado in Trinidad

and Tobago, 131.
Sternochetus gravis (Mango Weevil),

in India, 84, 444, 445.
Sternochetus mangiferae (Mango

Weevil), introduced into Ger-
many in nuts from Zanzibar, 160.
siernodontis, Sarcophaga.
Sthenias grisator, life-cycle of, on

mulberry in India, 10(3.
Siictaspis ceratitina, on bamboo in

India, 99.
Siictaspis striata, on bamboo in

India, 99.
sticticalis, Loxostege.
Sticiocephala inermis, on beans and

tomatos in Florida, 137.
Stictococciis diversiseta, parasitised

by Aethognathus afer var. cavila-
bris in Uganda, 243.
stigfna, Lepidiota.

Stigmaeus floridanus (Pineapple
Mite), intercepted in Hawaii, 431.
Stigmarodes cinctus, intercepted in
pineapple shoots in U.S.A., 307.
stigmata, Vekunta.
stigmatica, Chalcophora.
Stilpnotia salicis (Satin Moth),
measures against, on shade-trees
in ]\Iassachusetts, 464 ; on poplars
in Russia, 105.
Stink Bug (see Solubea pugnax).
Stirastona depressum, on cacao in
British Guiana and Trinidad, 55.
Stoat, destroying Panolis flammea

in Holland, 226.
stokesi, Gambrus.
Stomaphis pini, sp. n., on Pinus

densiflora in Japan, 322.
Stomaphis quercns, in Japan, 11.'
Stomaphis vanonis, on Celtis

sinensis in Japan, 1 1 .
Stomoceras ayyari, sp. n., parasite of

Parasa lepida in India, 19.
Stone Pine (see Pinus pinea).
Stop-rot, experiments with, against

termites in timber, 30 1 .
stoutii, Polvcaon.
Straits Settlements, pests of beans

and other crops in, 193, 282, 283 ;

pests of palms in, 276, 283 ; pests

from, intercepted in U.S.A., 307.
stramineum, Megacoeluni.
Stramonium, food-plant of Lema

bilineata in South Africa, 412.
strangulatus, Trochorrhopalus .
Strategus aloeus, on coconuts in

British Guiana, 472.
Strategus guadrifoveatus, measures

against, on coconut in Porto

Rico, 451.
Straussia, Anobiid boring in, in

Hawaii, 436.
Strawberry {Fragaria), 312 ; pests

of, in Britain, 139, 516 ; pests of,

and their control in Canada, 2,

233, 323 ; attacked by Cneorrhinus

plagiatus in Germany, 426 ;

Anoplognathus analis on, in New

South Wales, 410 ; pests of, and

their control in U.S.A., 80, 280,

339, 422, 437, 459, 481.
Strawberry Crown Borer (tee

A ristote'lia fragariae) .
Strawberry Guava (see Psidium

cattleyanum).
Strawberry Leaf Beetle (see Typo-

phorus canellus).
Strawberry Leaf-roller (see Ancylis

coinptana).

INDEX.

721

Strawberry Root Weevil (sec

Otiory/iynchus ovatus) .
Strawberry Root Worm (see Typo-

p/ioi'us canellns).
Strawberry Tortrix (see Oxygrapha

cotnariana).

Strawberry Tree (see A rbutus unedo) .

Strawberry Weevil (see Anthonomus

signatus and Otiorrhynchus ovatus) .

Streblota bonariensis, on oranges in

Argentina, 434.
striata, Anastvcpha ; Stictaspis.
striatalis, Diatmea (sec D. venosata).
striatum, Anobiuni.
striatus, Anaphot/nips ; Aulacus ;
Lyctus ; Spheaophorus {see Cosmo-
polites sordidus) ; Thrips (sec
A naphotlirips obscurus) .
stricticollis, Lacon.
strictus, Dendrocalamus.
strigata, Coelopacidia.
strigatus, Eumerus.
strigipleuris, Pimp/a .
Strigoderma pygmaea, on cotton in

Florida, 137.
strigosa, Hylemyia ; Tciitliycdo (see

Macrophva rufipes).
Striped Blister Beetle (see Epicauta

vittata).
Striped Cucumber Beetle (see Dia-

brotica vittata).
strobi, Camptomyia ; Chermes
(Pineus) ; Lachniis ; Perrisia ;
Pissodes.
strobilobii, A dclgim vza.
strobilobius, Chermes {AdeJges,

Cnaphalodes).
Stromatimn unicolor, in Russia, 105.
Strongyloccphalus agrestis, on sugar-
cane and rice in Formosa, 86.
Strophosomus, rarely found in forests
in Lithuania, 420 ; on tobacco in
Transvaal, 425.
Sturmia bimaculata, parasite of

Cirphis unipuncta in Fiji, 27.
Sturmia distincta, parasite of Pholus

ac/zemo« in California, 113.
Sturnella neglecta (^Meadow Lark),
destroying Xylomvges eridaiiia in
Florida, 236.'
Suana, on tea in Java, 400.
suasa, Polia.
siibacutum, Lecaiiium.
subcompleta, Trypaiiea.
siibelongatus, Ips.
subfasciatus, Spermopliagus.
subgothica, Feltia.
subjuncta, Mamestra.
sublaevis, Heteronychus .
submucida, Lachnosterna.
subnitida, Rhopaea.
subopacum, Callidium.
subopacus, Logaeus ; Polygraphiis.
(3202

subrufa, Zygina.

subspi}iosus, Macrodactylus.

substriatus , Scarites.

subteralbata, A canihopsyche.

subterranea, Allopiilvinaria ; Coiio-
filippia ; Ripersia.

subtruncatus, Pteroporus.

subviresceiis, Tettigon ia.

succinctus, Trachydcres.

Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian, cotton and
other pests in, "l72, 173, 198, 497-

Sudan BoUworm (see Diparopsis
castanea) .

Sudan Grass (see Andropogon
sorghum sudancnsis) .

Sugar, in baits, 115, 194, 285, 412,
477, 507.

Sugar Pine (see Pinus lambertiana) .

Sugar Maple Borer (see Plagionotus
speciosus) .

Sugar-beet (see Beet).

Sugar-beet Nematode (see Hetero-
dera schachtii).

Sugar-beet Root Aphis (see Petn-
phigus betae).

Sugar-cane {Saccharum officinarum),
pests of, and their control in
Brazil, 290-292, 406; pests of,
and their control in British
Guiana, 41, 55, 56, 471, 533;
pests of, and their control in
Fiji, 25-28 ; pests of, in Formosa,
85, SQ ; pests of, in Hawaii, 19-21,
72, 430, 435, 461, 526; pests,
of, in India, 84, 99, 100, 445;
pests of, in Dutch East Indies,
140, 330 ; measures against pests
of, in Mauritius, 55, 73, 498 ;
Sesamia vuteria on, in Morocco,
121 ; pests of, and their control
in Porto Rico, 248, 446, 451,
483 ; pests of, and their control
in Queensland, 79. 132, 137, 155,
164, 209, 411, 465; pests inter-
cepted on, in Queensland, 157 ;
pests of, in Uganda, 119, 243;
pests of, in U.S.A., 8, 78, 97,
169, 370, 371, 396, 414 ; pests
intercepted on, in U.S.A., 71,
237, 307, 508; restrictions on
importation of, into L^S.A., 512 ;
pests of, in West Indies, 53, 72,
131, 206, 228, 296, 298, 371, 442,
471, 499, 531, 532; restrictions
on importation of, into St. Lucia
from Trinidad and Grenada, 216 ;
relation of insects to mosaic
disease of, 370, 414, 446, 483,
531 ; a possible food-plant of
Pyrausta nubilalis, 70.
Sugar-cane Army Worm (see Cirphis

unipujicta).
Sugar-cane Beetle (see Lepidiota).

722

INDEX.

Sugar-cane Beetle Borer (see Rhah-

docnemis obscura).
Sugar-cane Butterfly (see Calisto

archebates).
Sugar-cane Leafhopper (see Perkin-

siella saccharicida).
Sugar-cane Leaf-miner (see Cos-

mopteryx) .
Sugar-cane Leaf Scale (see Piilvi-

naria iceryi).
Sugar-cane Mealy-bug (see Pseudo-
coccus bromeliae and P. sacchari).
Sugar-cane Moth Borer (see Diatraca

saccharalis) .
Sugar-cane Root Borer (see Dia-

prepes abbreviatus).
sulcata, Phasgonophora.
sulcatus, Lopus ; Otiorrhynchiis.
sulcicollis, Ceuthorrhynchus ; Pachy-

tylus (see Locusta pardalina) .
sulcirostris, Panscopus {Phyma-

tiniis).
sulciventris, Oncoscelis.
Sulphate of Iron (see Iron Sulphate) .
Sulphates, spreaders for lead ar-
senate not improved by addition

of, 372.
Sulphur, dusting with, 2, 51, 136,

149, 207, 218, 129, 233, 277, 280,

283, 310, 313, 363, 409, 413,
454, 455, 504, 530 ; fumigation
with, 74, 94, 215, 239, 250, 258,

284, 520 ; an unsatisfactory fumi-
gant against Bruchus rufimanus
and wax moths, 167, 272 ; value
of, as a soil-dressing, 277, 287 ;
spraying with, 113, 208, 218, 277,
283, 409, 451, 529, 530; formulae
containing, 113, 363, 451, 529,
530 ; and lead arsenate, 2, 207,
233, 280, 310, 363; and white
arsenic, arsenious acid and
sulphur anhydride prepared from,
53 ; useless against Anaphothrips
striatus, 465 ; in mixture for
painting apple-trees against
Eriosoma lanigerum, 153 ; as a
wash against Eumarchalia
gennadiosi, 203.

Sulphur Dioxide, effect of fumiga-
ting cotton-seed with, 471 ; ex-
periments with, against furniture
beetles, 443.

Sulphuric Acid, effect of, on under-
ground insects, 482 ; in prepara-
tion of hydrocyanic-acid gas, 65.

Sulphurous Acid, experiments with,
against pests of stored products,
425 ; horse mange treated with,
428.

Sulphurous Anhydride, fumigation
with, against Atta spp., 53 ;

fumigation with, against Coleop-
terous book pests, 36 ; chloro-
picrin more effective against
grain pests than, 334.
Sumatra, coconut pests in, 329 ;
epidemic disease of Lepidopterous
pests of tea in, 510; Opatrum
depressum in, 425 ; (see also
Dutch East Indies).

sumatranus, Helopeltis.
Sumnins venardi, predaceous on
Monophlebus stebbingi octocauda-
tus in India, 100.

Sunda Islands, Kirbyana pagana in,
SQ.

Sundri (see Heritiera fames) .

Sunflower, Lygns on, in Germany,
289 ; bionomics of Homoeosoma
nebulella on, in Rumania, 274 ;
pests of, in Russia, 102, 104, 105.
106 ; food-plant of insect pests
in U.S.A., 98, 137, 235.

sunia, Xylomyges.

Sunhght, as a factor in forest
insect control, 365.

Sunn Hemp (see Crotalaria juncea).

supernotatus, Psenocerus.

superstitiosus, Dysdercus.

suppressalis, Chilo.

suppressaria, Biston.

surinamensis, Silvanus [Oryzae-
philus).

suspensus, Rhopalicus.

suturalis, Brumus ; Ips {Tomicus) ;
Nirvana.

Swallows, suggested utilisation of,
to destroy Perkinsiella sacchari-
cida in Hawaii, 20 ; increase of
Pieris probably favoured by
scarcity of, in Switzerland, 83.

Swamnierdamia pyrella, on apples in
Russia, 104.

Swamp Flag, food-plant of Pyrausta
ainsliei in Ohio, 130.

Swarming Paddy Cutworm (see
Spodoptera mauritia) .

Swede, pests of, in Britain, 58, 155 ;
flea-beetles on, in Denmark, 541.

Sweden, parasites of Enlecayiium
coryli in, 125, 126, 127 ; notes on
flea-beetles in, 49, 50 ; forest
pests in, 50, 1 18, 272 ; bionomics
of Miris dolabratus on cereals in,
6 ; Phaenodiscus aeneus in, 123.

Sweet Flag (see A corns calamus).

Sweet Pea, mosaic disease of, spread
by Aphids, 4.

Sweet Potato {Ipomoea batatas),
pests of, in Ceylon, 52 1 ; pests of,
in Dutch East Indies, 329, 399 ;
pests of, in Japan, 194, 321, 322 ;
Diacrisia on, in Madras, 130 ;

INDEX.

723

Herse convolvuli on, in Queens-
land, 157 ; pests of, in U.S.A.,
22, 95, 137. 191, 235, 248, 382;
pests intercepted on, in U.S.A.,
49, 306, 307, 508 ; quarantine
against introduction of Cylas
for)nicnrius on, into Virginia,
385 ; pests of, in West Indies, 51,
53, 71, 236, 296.
Sweet Potato Army ^^'ornl (see

Scotogramma trifolii).
Sweet Potato Caterpillar (see
Prodenia ornithogalli and Pro-
toparce cingiilata).
Sweet Potato Root Borer (see Cylas
fovinicariiis).

Sweet Potato Weevil (see Cylas
formicarius).

Swietenia macrophylla, food-plant of
Hvpsipyla robusta, 165.

Sivietenia niahagoni, food-plant of
Hvpsipyla robusta, 165.

Switzerland, new ant found in,
488; forest pests in, 201, 254,
470 ; miscellaneous pests in, 23,
37, 400 ; outbreaks of Pieris in,
82, 269 ; measures against vine
moths in, 326, 348, 400 ; cultiva-
tion of pyrethrum in, 375 ; import-
ance of protection of birds in,
252.

Syagvius fulvitarsis (Australian Fern
Weevil), measures against, in
Hawaii, 191, 375, 430 ; legislation
against, in Hawaii, 320 ; scarcity
of, in Queensland, 526.

svcophanta, Calosoma.

Sylepta derogata, on cotton in West
Africa, 474.

Svlepta multilinealis, on cotton in
' Ceylon, 520.

Sylvius, Microterys.

Sympherobius angustus (Brown
Lacewing), predaceous on

Ehrhornia cupressi in California,
394.

Sympherobius barberi, predaceous
on mealy-bugs in California, 318.

Sympherobius californicus, predace-
ous on mealv-bugs in California,
318.

Sympiesis dolichogaster, parasite of
Gracilaria in Florida, 219.

Synanthedon rutilans (see Aegeria).

Synedrella nodiflora, food-plant of
Tetranychus telarius in Dutch
East Indies, 454.

Svneta albida, on pears in U.S.A.,
'415.

Syringa, food-plant of Otiorrhyn-
chus rotundatus in Germany, 271.

Syrphidae, bionomics of ApHid-
(3202)

destroying species of, in Canada,

258.
Syrphus americanus, predaceous on

Aphids in North America, 9,

259, 501.
Syrphus opinaior, predaceous on

Aphis cuscutae in Utah, 8.
Syrphus ribesii, predaceous on

Aphids in Canada, 259.
Svrphus torvus, predaceous on Aphids

in Canada, 258.
Syrphus vitripennis, predaceous on

Eriosoma lanigerum in Britain,

59.
Syrup, in baits, 129, 188, 236.
Systates, experiments with baits for,

on maize in Southern Rhodesia,

322.
Systoechus cienopterus, destroying

locusts in Italy, 485.
Systoechus oreas (see Anastoechus).

T.

tabaci, Thrips [Heliothrips).

tabanifornie , Paranthrene.

Tabidia aculealis, on sweet potato

in Ceylon, 521.
tabidus, Trachelus.
Tachardia, notice of key to South

African species of, 117, 118;

intercepted in California, 388.
Tachardia affluens, sp. n., on

Eiiclea in South Africa, 117.
Tachardia karroo, sp. n., on Elytro-

pappits rhinocerotis in South

Africa, 117.
Tachardia lacca (Lac Insect),

cultivation of, in India, 229.
Tachardia minor, sp. n., on Elytro-

pappus rhinocerotis in South

Africa, 117.
tachardiaformis, Ceroplastes.
Tachina fera, parasite of Nygmia

phaeorrhoea in Russia, 105.
Tachina glabrata, probably parasitic

on Panolis flammea in Holland,

226.
Tachvnomvia, parasitic on Lamelli-

corn larvae in Australia, 211.
Tachyptilia populella, on Populus

tremula in Germany, 515.
taeniata, Ricania.
Taeniocampa stabilis, parasitised by

Rhogas circumscriptus in Britain,

331.
taeniopus, Chlorops.
Taeniothrips inconsequens (Pear

Thrips), in Canada, 2, 322.

724

IXDEX.

Tahiti, pests from, intercepted in

California, 13. 49, 388, 480.
taitensis, Diocalmidra (Calandra).
taiwanensis, Piirohita.
Talisia princeps, Tetranychiis

talisiae on, at Kew, 466.
talisiae, Tetranychits.
Tallowwood (see Eucalyptus

microcovys).
Taniala littoralis, native food-plant

of Crvptothrips floridensis in

Florida, 134.
Tamarack (see Larch).
Tamarack Sawfly (see Lygaeone-

niatus erichsoni).
taiiiaricis, Haltica.

Tamarind {Tainarindiis), new scale-
insect on, in India, 205 ; pests

intercepted in, in U.S.A., 182,

307, 480, 508.
Tamarind Bruchid (see Pachymenis

gonagra).
tamarindi, A spidioius.
Tamarisk, destruction of, against

elephant beetle in Australia, 164.
Tamarix articulata, pests of, in

India, 60, 205.
Tamarix stricta, new scale-insect on,

in Eastern Persia, 205.
Tambera Disease of Potato, measures

against mites causing, in India,

409.
Tanaomastix abnormis, establish-
ment of, against mealy-bugs in

California, 318.
Tangerine, Hemichionaspis aspidis-

tvae intercepted on, in California,

240; Aleurocanthiis woglumi on,

in Jamaica, 480.
Tanglefoot, banding with, 131, 167 ;

flea-beetles trapped with, 341.
Tannia (see Colocasia xanthosoma).
Tannic Acid, 325.
Tanyinecus, experiments with baits

for, in South Rhodesia, 322.
Tanymecus palliatus, on vines in

France, 432.
Taomyia mavshalli, gen. et sp. n.,

in Natal, 264.
Taonaba japonica, Aleurodes tao-

nabae on, in Japan, 397.
taonabae, A leurodes.
tapetiella, Trichophaga (see T. tapet-

zella) .
tapetzella, Trichophaga.
Taphrocerus elongatits, bionomics

of, on rushes in Argentina, 140.
Tar, in formula for spray against
Heliothrips rubrocinctus, 201 ; for
trapping locusts and bean mag-
gots, 42, 44; used in apparatus for
collecting Meligethes aeneus, 6 ;

for protecting tea bushes from
termites, 111, 258, 456; trees
treated with, against Xylebonis,
243.

Tar-oil, spraying with, against scale-
insects, 252, 451.

Taragama dorsalis, on dadap in
Ceylon, 520.

tarandns, Orycies.

Targionia bronieliae, intercepted on
pineapple in U.S.A., 307.

Targionia covilleae (see T.yuccaruni) .

Targionia hartii (see A spidioius).

Targionia nierrilli, sp. n., on Rhizo-
phora mucronata in Philippines,
301.

Targionia sacchari, intercepted on
sugar-cane in U.S.A., 307.

Targionia vitis (Grey Scale), mea-
sures against, on vines in France,
212 ; measures against, on vines
in Italy, 252.

Targionia yuccarum, recorded in
error as T. covilleae sp. n., 188,
259.

Tarichiuni, 273 ; systematic posi-
tion of, 345.

Tarichiuni niegaspernium, infesting
Euxoa segetum in Germany, 271.

Tarnished Plant Bug (see Lygiis
pratensis) .

Taro (see Calocasia aniiqiioruin).

Tarred Discs, for protecting cabbages
from Phorbia brassicae, 4, 323.

tarsoleucus, Cryptus.

Tarsonemus, citrus disease caused
by, in Queensland, 158 ; inter-
cepted on narcissus in U.S.A.,.
307.

Tarsonemus lains, measures against,.
on citrus in Cuba, 53.

Tarsosemits spirifex (Oat Mite), in
Germany, 358.

Tarsonemus translucens, measures
against, in Dutch East Indies,
454.

Tarsostenus univittahis, predaceous-
on Lyctus inipressus in France,
433.

Tartaric Acid, in baits for ants,
115, 285, 507; formulae con-
taining, 115, 285.

Tartcssiis ferrugineus, on figs and
oranges in Formosa, 86.

iaschenbergi, Hemiteles.

Tasmania, Lyctus cavaliculatus bor-
ing in lead in, 81 ; orchard pests
in, 153, 336, 410; list of scale-
insects and their control in, 337.

tasmanicus, Polistes.

iasmaniensis, Campsomeris.

tatarica, Schistocerca.

INDEX.

tau, Aglia.

tavaresi, Aphis.

taxifoliella, Rhyacionia {Evetria).

Taxodiiim distichum (Bald Cypress),
Trachvkele lecontei in, in U.S.A.,
295.

Taxus, pests intercepted on, in
Connecticut, 337, 338.

Tea, Lepidopterous larvae inter-
cepted in, in California, 114;
pests of, and their control in
Cevlon, 109, 110, 111, 209, 210,
258, 304, 457, 519 ; legislation
regarding Xyleborus fornicatus on,
in Ceylon, 168 ; Chlorita flave-
scens on, in Far East, 86 ; pests
of, in Formosa, 86 ; oests of, in
India, 86, 204, 205, 453, 455, 530 ;
pests of, and their control in
Dutch East Indies, 330, 400, 452,
453, 455, 456, 457, 495, 513, 537 ;
new thrips on, in Japan, 144 ;
pests intercepted in cliests con-
taining, in Queensland, 157.

Tea Bark-eating Borer (see Arbela
dea).

Tea Green Fly (see Einpoasca
flavescens) .

Tea Leaf-miner (see Oscinis theae).

Tea Leaf-roller (see Gracilaria thei-
vora) .

Tea Mosquito (see He lope! lis tlici-
vora).

Tea Nettle Grub (see Spaiulicras-
peda castaneiceps).

Tea Tortrix (see Homona coffearia).

Teak {Tectona grandis), immune to
termites in Formosa, 301 ; pests
of, in India and Burma, 171 ;
Xyleborus destruens in, in Dutch
East Indies, 329 ; not attacked
by Rhinotermes tvmislucetis in
Dutch East Indies, 495 ; Xylo-
trechus qiiadripes in, in Tonkin,
112.

Teak Canker Grub (see Haplo-
hammus cervin us) .

Teara tephrosia (see Epiconia).

Teconia grandiflora, PJienacoccus
hirsutus on, in India, 83.

Tectocoris banksi (Shield Bug), on
cotton in Queensland, 155.

Tectona grandis (see Teak) .

iectonae, Calotermes.

tectus, Ptinus.

tedella, Eucosma.

Teff Grass, 412.

tegalensis, Chionaspis.

Tegonotus, new species of, in Java,
399.

Teinostachyum attenuatiim, new
Coccid on, in Cevlon, 198.

telarius, Tetranychus.

Telenomus dalmani, parasite of
Lepidoptera in U.S.A., 509.

Telenomus edessae, sp. n., parasite of
Edessa riifomarginata in South
America, 474.

Telenomus euproctidis, sp. n., para-
site of Euproctis conspersa in
Japan, 509.

Telenomus hemcrocampae, sp. n.,
parasite of Hemerocampa leuco-
stigma in U.S.A., 509.

Telenomus rufiventris, parasite of
Eurvgaster integriceps in Russia,
103.'

Telenomus schrottkyi, sp. n., parasite
of Edessa rufomarginata in South
America, 475.

Telenomus semistriatus, parasite of
Eurvgaster integriceps in Russia,
103.

Telenomus tntncativentris, sp. n.,
parasite of Antestia lineaticollis
in East Africa, 377.

Telephone Cables, damaged by
Sinoxylon ruficoriie in South
Africa, 81 ; damaged by wood
borers in New South Wales, 374 ;
damaged by insects in U.S.A.,
81, 96.

Telephone Posts, method of protect-
ing, from termites, 456.

Temperature and its Effects, on
fumigation, 30, 272, 481 ; on
Nematodes, 415, 441 ; on pests
of manufactured and stored
products, 167, 178, 179, 231, 250,
255, 286, 425, 443.

teneb\icosa, Capnodis.

tenebricosus, Chrysomphahts.

Tenebrio molitor, intercepted in Con-
necticut, 338 ; measures against,
in Germany, 272, 425 ; in flour
in Russia, 105 ; lead possibly
damaged by, 81 ; immune to
Bacillus thuringiensis, 253.

Tenebrio obscurus, in flour in Russia,
105.

Tenebrio tenebrioides, in Larix lari-
cinain U.S.A., 127.

tenebrioides, Tenebrio.

tenebrioides, Zabrus.

tenebrionis, Capnodis.

Tenebroides mauritanicus, intercep-
ted in maize in California, 49 ;
in stored grain in France, 260 ;
Sclerodernius immigrans experi-
mentally bred from, in Hawaii,
436 ; value of chloropicrin
against, in Italy, 334 ; inter-
cepted in dried fruit in Queens-
land, 157 ; bionomics of, in

726

INDEX.

Russia, 105, 107 ; destroying
other insects, 107.
teneUa, Eiitettix ; Galeruca.
Tennessee, measures against Aniho-
nomus signatus on strawberries
in, 280.
Tent Caterpillar (see Malacosoina).
tentaculata, Aonidia.
Tenthredo adumbrata (see Eriocam-

poides limacina).
Tenthredo strigosa (see Macrophya

rufipes) .
ienuicornis, Aenasioidea ; Elenchiis ;

Fran klin othrips .
tenuicorpus, Trichosipliiim.
temiidisculus, Chionaspis .
tenuimaculatus , A doretiis.
Tenuipalpus, on citrus in Queens-
land, 156 ; citrus disease caused

by, 158.
Tenuipalpus calif orniciis, a minor

citrus pest in Cuba, 53.
tenuis, Hypophloeits.
Teosinte (see Euchlaena luxurians).
Tephraea ancilla, in San Thome,

493.
Tephromvia grisea, parasite of

locusts in Italy, 485.
Tephromvia lineata, parasite of

locusts in Italy, 485.
Tcphrosia, attacked by Xyleborus

fornicatus in Ceylon, 110.
Tephrosia Candida, pests of, in

Ceylon, 520.
Tephrosia vogeli, Riptortits on, in

Gold Coast, 9.
tephrosia, Epicoma [Teara).
Terastia tneticulosalis, on dadap in

Ceylon, 520.
Terebene, experiments with, for

protecting furniture from beetles,

443.
terebrans, Chelura ; Pimpla.
Teredolaemus major, sp. n., in

Pinus longifolia in India, 10.
Terias hecahe, on Robinia in Queens-
land, 156.
Terias silhetana, on Albizzia in

Ceylon, 111.
Ternies, in Bengal, 445.
Termes bellicosus, attacking clove

trees in Zanzibar, 118.
Termes osientans, on cacao in San

Thome, 493.
Terminaliacaiappa(Indian Almond) ,

food-plant of Heliothrips riibro-

cinctiis in Dutch Guiana, 537 ;

food-plant of Ceratitis capitata

in Hawaii, 171 ; food-plant of

Apoderiis tranquebaricus in India,

101.
icrminalis, Pissodes.
terminaia, Mo^iophylla.

terminatns, CeuthorrhvncJius.

Termites, bionomics and control of,
in Australia, 154, 157 ; measures
against, on tea in Cevlon, 110,
258 ; measures against, in
tiinber in Formo.sa and Japan,
301 ; bionomics and control of,
in France, 39, 421, 434, 472 ; on
sugar-cane in British Guiana,
471 ; in Hawaii, 375 ; destroyed
by Athene brania in India, 409 ;
and their control in Dutch East
Indies, 329, 456 ; measures
against, in U.S.A., 22, 181 ;
attacking clove trees in Zanzibar,
118; new species of, 491;
revision of Nearctic species of,
286 ; methods of forming new
colonies by, 371, 421 ; and
termitophiles, 259.

termitoxena, Rioxa.

tessellaris, Halisidota.

tessellata, Euxoa.

tessellatus, Prociphilus.

testaceimanus, Lygocerus .

testaceipes, Lysiphlebus {Aphidius).

testaceoides, Prodenia (see P. litura).

testudinea, Hoplocampa.

testiilalis, Mariica.

Tetanus, effect of causal agent of,
on Galleria tnellonella, 163.

Tetracncmus, attempted establish-
ment of, against mealy-bugs in
California, 336.

Tetraneura oryzae, on rice in Dutch
East Indies, 330.

Tetraneura tthiii, attempts to
transfer, from one species of
Ulmus to another in Germany,
359 ; on maize and elms in
Russia, 104.

Teiranychiis (Red Spider, Red Mite),
on cotton in West Africa, 474 ;
measures against, in Austria, 262 ;
on jute in Bengal, 444 ; inter-
cepted in California, 49, 114, 508 ;
notice of key to English species
of, 466 ; on bananas and guava
in Hawaii, 136 ; food-plants of,
in iNlesopotamia, 478 ; measures
against, in orchards in New
Zealand, 324, 344, 431 ; control
of, in U.S.A., 135,247,401.

Tetranychiis althaeae (see Parate-
tranychus).

Tetranychus bimaculatiis, measures
against, on cassava in Cuba, 52 ;
on cassava and cinchona in
Dutch East Indies, 329 ; bio-
nomics and control of, in Korea,
320 ; considered distinct from
T. telaritts, 145.

INDEX.

727

Tetranychus hioculatus (Red Spider),
on tea in India, 530.

Tetranychus cvataegi, sp. n., on
hawthorn in Britain, 466.

Tetranychus gloveri, considered a
synonym of T. bimaculatiis , 145.

Tetranychus modestus (see Parate-
tranychiis) .

Tetranychus mytUaspidis (see Schi-
zotetranvchus).

Tetranychus pacificus, sp. n., food-
plants of, in U.S.A., 145.

Tetranychus salicicola, sp. n., on
poplarand willow in Germany, 426.

Tetranychus sexmaculatus .considered.
distinct from T. tclarius, 145 ;
on citrus in Cuba, 53.

Tetranychus talisiae, sp. n., on
Talisia princeps at Kew, 466.

Tetranychus telarius (Red Spider,
Cinchona or Cassava Mite), doubt
as to occurrence of, in North
America, 145 ; in Austria, 261 ;
measures against, on carnations in
Britain, 441 ; control of, on
currants and gooseberries in South
Dakota, 218; food -plants of, in
Italy, 142 ; control and food-
plants of, in Java, 454 ; in
Ontario, 2 ; on apple in Russia,
103 ; in Uruguay, 214.

Tetranvchtis viennensis, sp. n., food-
plants of, in Austria and Germany,
426.

Tetranychus yothersi (Avocado Red
Spider), bionomics of, in Florida,
218, 219, 530.

Tetraplasandra inciandra, Nesotocus
giffardi on, in Hawaii, 435.

Tetraplasandra oahuensis, Nesotocus
giffardi on, in Hawaii, 435.

Tetrastichus, parasite of Magdalis
aenescens and Diarthronomyia
hypogaca in U.S.A., 76, 365.

Tetrastichus bruchophagi, parasite of
Bruchophagus funebris in U.S.A.,
361.

Tetrastichus fasciatus, parasite of
Cecidoinyia manihot in the Philip-
pines, 521.

Tetrastichus giffardianus, liberation
of, against Ceratitis capitata in
Hawaii, 375.

Tetrastichus oeceticola, sp. n., para-
site of Oeceticus platensis in South
America, 298, 299.

Tetrastichus platensis, parasite of
Oeceticus platensis in Argentina,
298.

Tetrastichus venustus, parasite of
Bruchophagus funebris in U.S.A.,
361.

Tetrastichus zemani, sp. n., parasite
of Ceroplastes rusci in Argentina,
299.

tctrastigma, Phyllotreta.

tetrichus, Bruchus.

Tctropium gabricH, damaging lead.
81.

Tettigonia, relation of, to mosaic
disease of sugar-cane in U.S.A.,
414.

Tettigonia [Decticus] albifrons, bio-
nomics and control of, in Cyren
aica, 200 ; attacking cereals in
Mesopotamia, 372, 479.

Tettigonia spectra, on sugar-cane in
Formosa, 86 ; on rice in India,
473.

Tettigonia subvirescens, on sugar-
cane in Formosa, 86.

Tettigonia viridis, in Formosa, 86.

Tettigoniclla spectra (see Tettigonia).

texana, Walstiomyia.

Texas, bionomics of Aphis gossypii
in, 501 ; bionomics and control of
Bruchus quadrimaculatus on cow-
peas in, 501 ; bionomics of Gal-
leria mellonella in, 22 ; measures
against Platyedra gossypiella
in, 13, 244, 326 ; pests from,
intercepted in California, 182, 319.

tcxtor, Hyphantria.

Thalessa lunata, parasite of borers
in U.S.A., 529.

Thalpochares (see Eiiblemma).

Thanasimus dubius, predaceous on
bark-beetles in U.S.A., 510.

Thanasimus nigriventris, predaceous
on bark-beetles in U.S.A., 510.

Thaumetopoea pinivora (see Cnetho-
campa) .

Thea vigintiduopunctata, parasitised
by Aphiochaeta fasciata, 212.

theae, Eriophyes {Phytoptus) ; 05-
cinis ; Penthimia.

Thecodiplosis mosellana (see Sito-
diplosis).

theivora, Gracilaria ; Helopcltis.

theobromae , Lasiodiplodia ; Micro-
cerotermes parvus ; Nisotra ;
Sahlbergella ; Zetesima.

Theretra gnoma, on vines in India,
84.

Thereva nobilitata, infesting rye in
Germany, 270, 332.

Thermesia, Calosoma indica pre-
daceous on, in India, 100.

Thersilochus nwrionellus, Isiirgus
heterocerus probably recorded as,
542.

Thespesia populnea, not a food-
plant of Platyedra gossypiella
in India, 83.

728

I.XDEX.

Thin-leaved Plantain (see Plantago

lanceolata) .
Thistle [Cardints), Aphids on, in

Africa, 447 ; usual food-plant of

Lixus algirus in Austria, 470 ;

Macrosiphmn jaceae on, in Britain,

58.
thoantiades, Papilio.
thomensis, Camponohis macidatits ;

Monochamus ; Toxoptera coffeae.
Thomsoniella albomaculata, on rice

in India, 473.
thoracica, Elis.
Thosea, parasitised by Eiirytouia

parasae in India, 19 ; on tea in

Dutch East Indies, 510.
Thosea cervina (Nettle Grub), on

tea in India, 530 ; bionomics

and control of, in Dutch East

Indies, 330, 455, 510.
iJiraso, Eantis.
thrax, Erionota.
Thrips, notice of list of, in Austria,

515 ; measures against, in Cuba,

51 ; measures against, in Florida,

293, 530 ; on wheat in Germany,

468 ; on onion in Hawaii, 136 ;

new species of, in Japan, 144 ;

on wheat in Mesopotamia, 478 ;

on bananas in Queensland, 156 ;

measures against, on palms in

Straits Settlements, 283.
Thrips arizonensis , on cotton in

Arizona, 10.
Thrips robustus (see KakotJirips

pisivora).
Thrips striatiis (see AnapJiotJirips

obscurus) .
Thrips tabaci (Onion Thrips),

measures against, in Britain, 441 ;

measures against, in Canada, 281,

362 ; control of, in Idaho, 286 ;

on onions in Queensland, 156.
Thrips, American Grass (see Anapho-

thrips obscurus) .
Thrips, Bean (see Heliothrips

fasciatus) .
Thrips, Cacao (see Heliothrips

rubrocinctus) .
Thrips, Camphor (see Crvptotlivips

floridensis) .
Thrips, Citrus (see Scirtothrips

citri) .
Thrips, Flower (see FranklimeUa

tritici) .
Thrips, Grass (see Anaphoihrips

striatus).
Thrips, Onion (see Thrips tabaci).
Thrips, Pea (see Kakothrips

pisivora) .
Thrips, Pear (see Taeniothrips

inconsequcns).

Thrips, Tobacco (see Frankliniella
fusca).

Thuja plicata (Western Red Cedar),
TracJiykele blondeli in, in U.S.A.,
295.

thurberiella, Biiccidatrix .

thuringiaca, A narthronota .

thuyae, Phloeosinus.

Thymol, injections of, against boring
beetles, 538.

Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, on
shade-trees in U.S.A., 247.

tibialis, Exochiis ; Laelius ; Paragus.

Tibicen septenidecim (Seventeen-year
Locust, Periodical Cicada),
measures against, in U.S.A., 95,
331, 385 ; digestive system of,419.

Tibraca linibativentris, on rice in
British Guiana, 145.

Tickweed (see Meiboniia).

Tiger Beetle (see Cicindela) .

Tilia (see Lime).

tiliae, Ernoporus ; Eucallipterus.

Tillandsia usneoides (Spanish Moss),
legislation respecting removal of,
in Hawaii, 320.

Tillus notatus, predaceous on
Dinoderus minutus in Dutch East
Indies, 495.

Tillus unifasciatiis, predaceous on
Coleoptera in France, 434.

Timber, pests of, and their control in
Australia, 154, 333, 374 ; Coleop-
tera in, in Austria, 176, 264 ;
Catorama herbarium in, in Brazil,
36 ; measures against termites
infesting, in Formosa and Japan,
301 ; fumigation experiments
against pests of, in Germany,
272 ; new immigrant termite
attacking, in Hawaii, 435 ;
Xiphydria accepta in, in New
Zealand, 63 ; measures against
pests of, in U.S.A., 242, 341 ;
notice of pests of, in Zanzibar,
118; measures against Crustacea
infesting, 355.

Timothy Grass {Phleiini pratense),
482 ; unattractive to Oscinella
frit in North America, 183 ; pests
of, in U.S.A., 129, 464.

Tin, Sirex gigas boring in, in
Austria, 81.

tinctana, Platynota.

tinctorius, Porococcus.

Tinea cloacella, bred from fungi in
U.S.A., 15.

Tinea complanella (see Tischeria).

Tinea granella, in stored grain in
France, 260 ; measures against, in
stored wheat in Germany, 425 ;
value of chloropicrin against, in

INDEX.

729

Italy, 334 ; in stored grain in
Russia, 104.
Tinea misella, in Russia, 104.
Tinea {Tineola) pellionella (Case-
bearing Clothes Aloth), parasitised
by Apanteles riograndensis in
South America, 299 ; fumigation
with hydrocyanic-acid against, in
Germany, 270 ; in Uganda, 244 ;
in stored tobacco, 425.
Tineola biselHcUa, fumigation
against, in German}-, 269, 272 ;
in Russia, 104.
Tineola pellionella (see Tinea).
Tingis pyri (see Stephanitis) .
Tipburn, of potato, relation of
Empoasca niali to, in U.S.A., 311,
312.
Tiphia parallela, parasite of Pliv-
taliis smithi in ^Mauritius, 55, 73,
499.
Tipula gigantea, parasitised by

Siphona cristata, 523.
Tipiila oleracea, control and natural
enemies of, in Britain, 135, 441,
523.
Tipula palitdosa, bionomics of, in

Britain, 155, 523.
Tipula vernalis, on cereals in Britain,

155.
tipulariarnm, Torynius.
iipuliforniis, Aegeria (Sesia).
Tirocala plagiata, on bananas in

Queensland, 156.
Tischeria {Tinea) complanella (Oak
Miner), in Central Europe, 288 ;
not abundant in forests in
Lithuania, 420.
Tischeria malifoliella, 78.
tilillator, Motiocharnus [MonoJiam-

nius).
Tits, destroying noxious insects,

255, 380, 496.
Tmetocera ocellana (see Eiicosnia) .
Toads, value of, against insect pests

in West Indies, 108, 484.
Tobacco, pests of, in Africa, 424 ;
Tenia trilineata on, in South
Africa, 412 ; Agrotis ypsilon on,
in Assam, 461 ; pests of, and
their control in Australia, 152,
443, 465 ; measures against pests
of, in France, 39 ; Euxoa segetum
on, in Germany, 270 ; control of
pests of, in Guam, 148 ; Lasio-
derma serricorne on, in British
Guiana, 55 ; Nematodes causing
root knot disease of, in Hawaii,
136 ; pests of, in India, 130, 519 ;
pests of, in Dutch East Indies,
330, 538, 540 ; attacked by
Orthacanthacris aegyptius in Italy

and Dalmatia, 424 ; cutworms on,
in Ontario, 1 ; pests of, and their
control in Rhodesia, 134, 193,
207 ; measures against Protoparce
Carolina on, in Santo Domingo,
527 ; pests of, and their control in
U.S.A., 97, 231, 364; mosaic
disease of, spread by Aphids, 4 ;
food-plant of Prodenia litiira, 27.

Tobacco (Stored), pests of, in Africa,
425 ; measures against Lasio-
derma serricorne in, in Connecticut,
341 ; Lasioderma serricorne in, in
British Guiana, 55 ; measures
against pests of, in Dutch East
Indies, 330 ; measures against
Lasioderma serricorne in, in
Tonkin, 221.

Tobacco, as an insecticide, dusting
with, 342, 365 ; fumigation with,
43, 342 ; as a soil-dressing, 287,
369 ; and lead arsenate, 7 ; in
sprays for Aphids, Coccids, etc.,
7, 51, 109, 262, 266, 322 ; against
flea-beetles, 287, 541 ; ineffective
against Gonocephaluni, 64 ; in
sprays against vine moths, 223,
224 ; addition of, to lime-copper
solution, 224, 348 ; and resinol
solution, 543; (see Nicotine).

Tobacco Bud Worm (see Heliothis
ohsoleta).

Tobacco Flea-beetle (see Epiirix
parvula).

Tobacco Miner (see PJithorimaea
operculella).

Tobacco Moth (see Setomorpha
luargalacsiriata).

Tobacco Thrips (see Franhliniella
fuse a) .

Tobago, pests of avocado in, 131.

Tobago Bread-nut Tree (see Pachira
aquatica).

" Tocco," Xvleboi'us attacking tea in
Java not identical with beetle
known as, 456.

tocullionana, Eucosina.

Toluene, experiments with, as a soil
sterihser, 441, 442.

Tolumnia immaculata, on Indigofera
in Ceylon, 521.

Toinaspis (Froghopper) , measures
against, on sugar-cane in British
Guiana, 42.

Tomaspis bicincta, on sugar-cane in
U.S.A., 79.

Tomaspis flavilatera, on rice and
sugar-cane in British Guiana, 145,
533.
Tomaspis parana, measures against,

on sugar-cane in Brazil, 406.
Tomaspis saccharina, bionomics and

730

INDEX.

control of, on sugar-cane in

Trinidad, 131, 227, 499, 531, 532.

Tomaspis varia (see T. saccharina).

Tomato {Lycopersicum esctilentum) ,
Nezara viridula on, in Antigua,
296 ; Mechanites nessaea Ivsininia
on, in Brazil, 406 ; pests of,
and their control in Britain,
61, 138, 473, 518; pests inter-
cepted in, in California, 49, 240,
319, 388, 479, 480, 508 ; mite on,
in Hawaii, 136 ; pests of, in India,
519 ; immune to tambera disease
caused by mites in India, 410 ;
Nezara viridula on, in Mesopo-
tamia, 478 ; Epitrix cucumeris
on, in Quebec, 2 ; pests of, in
Queensland, 155, 156, 157 ; pests
of, in Tripoli, 159 ; pests of, and
their control, in U.S.A., 42, 98,
137, 187, 188, 240, 280, 285, 339,
341, 382 ; Epicaula adspersa on,
in Uruguay, 214 ; experiments
with decoction of, as an insecticide
400, 429 ; odour of, probably a
repellant for Pieris, 83 ; as a trap
crop for Pvotoparce Carolina, 527.

Tomato Caterpillar (see Prodenia
litura).

Tomato Worm (see Pvotoparce sexta) .

tomentosus, Bytiirits ; Tychius.

Tomicus (see Ips).

tomlini, Ripersia.

Tomostethus, bionomics and control
of, on rushes in Japan, 144.

Tonkin, coffee pests and their
parasites in, 111, 220; rice pests
in, 7, 111, 402.

Toon, bionomics and control of
Hypsipvla robusta on, in India,
164-167.

Toon Shoot Borer (see Hypsipyla
robusta).

Torpedo Bug (see Sipkanta galcata).

Tortoise-shell Scale (see Lecanimn).

tortricis, Copidosonia.

Tortrix, attacked by Ephestia
kiihniella under laboratory con-
ditions in Britain, 139 ; parasi-
tised by Copidosonia in Italy, 516 ;
on pigeon peas in Mauritius, 73.

Tortrix argyrospila (Fruit-tree Leaf-
roller), in Ontario, 1 ; in U.S.A.,
128, 529.

Tortrix ashworthana (Light Brown
Apple Moth), measures against, in
Austraha, 164.

Tortrix buoliana (see Rhyacionia).

Tortrix cerasivorana (Cherry-tree
Tortricid) , control of, in Maine, 219.

Tortrix citrana (Orange Tortrix), in
California, 508.

Tortrix dividsana (Lucerne Web-
w-orm), in Queensland, 156.

Tortrix glaphyrana{see T. dividsana) .

Tortrix grunertiana (see Cydia
pactolana) .

Tortrix heparana, food-plants of, in
Russia, 104, 107.

Tortrix isocyrta, sp. n., on lucerne in
Bengal, 534.

Tortrix laevigana (see T. rosana).

Tortrix pilleriana (see Sparganothis).

Tortrix pomivora, sp. n., infesting
apples in India, 534.

Tortrix resinella (see Rhyacionia).

Tortrix ribeana, in Russia, 104.

Tortrix rosaceana (Rose Leaf-roller),
in Canada, 2, 323 ; bionomics and
control of, on currants and goose-
berries in South Dakota, 218.

Tortrix rosana, food-plants of, in
Russia, 104, 107.

Tortrix turionana (see Rhyacionia).

Tortrix variegana (see Argyroploce).

Tortrix viridatia (Oak Tortrix), in
forests in Britain, 352 ; in Russia,
104 ; in Spain, 279, 368.

Tortrix xylosteana, on ash and rasp-
berry in Russia, 107.

torvus, Syrphus.

Torymus artemisiae , in galls of Ceci-
doniyia artemisiae in France, 37.

Torymus tipulariaruni, hosts of, in
France, 37.

Torymus viridis, in galls of Rhodites
eglanteriae in France, 37.

Torymus viridissimus, in galls of
Biorrhiza pallida in France, 37.

Tosca, gen. nov., 381.

Tosca plutonella, sp. n., on Prunits
in U.S.A., 381.

Touuievella liriodendri, on shade-
trees in U.S.A., 247.

Toumeyella pinicola, sp. n., on Piniis
radiata in Santa Cruz Peninsula,
416.

Toxoptera, natural enemies of, on
privet in Italy, 159.

Toxoptera aurantiae, on cacao in
Ceylon, 520.

Toxoptera coffeae thomensis, on cacao
in San Thome, 492.

Toxotrypana curvicauda, measures
against, on papaw in Cuba, 54.

Trabutina, 187.

Trachea atriplicis, in Russia, 105.

Trachea basilinea, on wheat in
Russia, 105.

Trachea finitima cerivana (Brome-
grass Cutworm), bionomics and
control of, in Canada, 437.

Trachea piniperda (see Panolis
flammea).

INDEX.

731

Trachelns iabidiis (European Black
Grain-stem Sawfiv), on cereals in
Russia, 107 ; bionomics and con-
trol of, in U.S.A., 347.

trachoides, Aleurodes.

Tr achy centra chlorogyamma, meas-
ures against, on sugar-cane in
Fiji, 27.

Trachydcrcs succiiicUis, on Para
grass in British Guiana, 55.

Trachykcle blondeli, in forest trees
in U.S.A., 295, 394.

Trachykcle lecontei, in Taxodimn
distichum in U.S.A., 295.

Trachykcle nimbosa, in forest trees
in U.S.A., 295.

Trachvkele opulenta, in forest trees
in U.S.A., 295.

Trachynotiis, measures against, on
tobacco in South Rhodesia, 194.

Trachynotiis griseus, on tobacco in
Rhodesia, 425.

trachypygus, Dyscinetiis.

Trachys bicolor, bionomics of, on
Biiiea frondosa in India, 514.

Tragopogon pratensis, food-plant of
Anthonomus ritbi in Austria, 290.

Trainetes pulchra, new thrips on, in
Argentina, 474.

tranqiicbaricus, Apoderits.

translucens, Rhinotermes ; Tarson-
emus.

transparcns, A spidiotiis.

Transvaal, new Aphids and their
food-plants in, 447 ; Belenois
mesentina in, 412 ; tobacco pests
in, 424, 425 ; new weevils on
orange in, 264.

transversogiittata, Coccinella.

Transsvlvania, Stephanoderes hatnpci
in, 448.

trapezalis, Maras)nia.

trapezina, Calyinnia.

Traps, for Coleoptera, 118, 154, 287,
371, 378, 379, 380, 394, 410;
for Hylemyia antiqua, 75 ; for
mole-crickets, 400 ; for Platycdra
gossypiella, 203.

Treacle (see jNIolasses).

trcmiilae, Melasoma.

Triaena plebeja, intercepted on
imported nursery stock in Con-
necticut, 338.

Trialeurodes floridcnsis (Avocado
Whiteflv), parasites of, in Florida,
218, 219 .

Triboliiim castancum [ferrugineuui),
66 ; intercepted in maize meal
in California, 49 ; in stored grain
in France, 260 ; Sclerodermiis
immi grans experimentally bred
from, in Hawaii, 436 ; infesting

stored grain in Dutch East
Indies, 495 ; in stored peanuts in
Queensland, 62 ; in Russia, 105 ;
immune to Bacillus thuringicnsis,
253.

Tribolinni confusum, in stored
tobacco in Africa, 425 ; inter-
cepted in acorns in California,
480.

Tribolium ferrugincum (sec T. cas-
taneian).

Tribolium navale, in stored grain,
effect of chloropicrin on, in
France, 162 ; measures against,
in stored cereals in Germany,
425 ; infesting cake of Vigna
catjang, 538.

tribuhis, Ancylonotiis.

tricarinatus, Laelius.

Trichiocampus iilmi, on birch and
elm in Russia, 106.

trichocrossa, Laspeyresia (see En- .
cosma criiica).

trichodactyla, Phorbia [Chortophila).

Trichogramminae, notes on Euro-
pean, 541.

Trichogramma evanescens, hosts of,
541.

Trichogramma minutum, parasite of
Eriocampoides limacina in Onta-
rio, 1 ; parasite of Lepidoptera
in U.S.A., 78, 99.

Trichogramma pretiosa, parasite of
Plathypena scabra in U.S.A., 391.

Trichogrammatoidea lutea, parasite of
Cydia pornonella in South Africa,
284.

Trichomalus hesperocharidis, sp. n.,
parasite of Hesperocharis in South
America, 299.

Trichomona cariniventris, parasite
of Cydia pornonella in South
Africa, 284.

Trichophaga tapetiella (see T.
tapetzclla).

Trichophaga tapetzella, fumigation
with hydrocyanic-acid against,
in Germany, 270.

Trichopoda pennipcs, parasite of
Kezara viridula in Florida, 382,
383.

Trichopria hypobori, hosts of, in
France, 260.

Trichosiphuni dubium, sp. n., in
India, 55.

Trichosiphuni montaniiin, sp. n., in
India, 55.

Trichosiphuni tenuicorpus, resemb-
ling Neophyllaphis podocarpi, 152.

tricolor ella, Mineola.

Tridax procumbens, food-plant of

732

INDEX.

Tetranychus telaritis in Dutch
East Indies, 454.
tridens, Acronycta.
tridentata, Ancepaspis {Profodiaspis);

Cydocephala.
trifoliatus, Sapindus.
trifolii, Pseudococcus ; Sciaya ; Sco-

togramnia (Mamestra) .
Trifolium hybridimi, Tychius pici-

rostris in, in Germany, 174.
Trifolium pratense (Red Clover),
Pseudococcus trifolii on, in South
America, 62 ; pests of, in Ger-
many, 174, 176 ; Nematode
attacking, in U.S.A., 422.
Trigonotylus ruficornis, on maize in

Russia, 104.
Trigonura annulipes, sp. n., parasite
of Platyedra gossypiella in Brazil,
445.
trilineata, Lenia.
. trilineatus, Iclineumon.
Trilobia aphidisuga, gen. et sp. n.,
predaceous on Aphis nnuicis in
Italy, 159.
Trilobiella sipliae, gen. et sp. n.,
predaceous on Sipha viaidis in
Italy, 160.
trilobitiformis, Pseudaonidia.
trimaculata, PJiaonia.
Trimeromicrus niaculatus, parasite
of Briichophagus funebris in
U.S.A., 361.
Trinidad, pests of avocado in, 131 ;
cacao pests in, 55, 440 ; sugar-
cane pests in, 131, 227, 499. 531,
532 ; Franklinotlirips tenuicornis
in, 422 ; new parasites of fruit-
flies in, 11; successful dissemin-
ation of Metarrhizium anisopliae
in, 228 ; legislation against im-
portation of certain plants into
St. Lucia from, 216.
trinidadensis, Opiits.
Trionymus, 187.
Trionymus bromi, sp. n., food-plants

of, in California, 187.
Trionymus distichlii, sp. n., on
Distichlis spicata in California,
187.
Trionymus grindeliae, sp. n., on
Grindelia robusia in California,
187.
Trionymus insiilaris, parasitised by
Xanthoencvrtiis apterus in Hawaii,
437.
Trioza alacris, bionomics and con-
trol of, on bay trees in New
Jersey, 43.
Triphaena fimbria, parasitised by
Rhogas circumscriptus in Britain,
331.

Triphaena pronuba (see Agrotis) .
Triphleps insidiosus, predaceous on

Empoasca mali in U.S.A., 232.
tripidiperda, A delginiyza.
Triplaris surinamensis , food-plant

of Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis in

Dutch Guiana, 537.
Tripoli, vegetable pests in, 159.
tripolii, Aphis,
tripunctata, Pilocrocis.
Trirhithrum validum, sp. n., in

Uganda, 264.
irisetosa, Sosiopsila.
Trissolcus edessae, sp. n., parasite of

Edessa bifida in U.S.A., 295.
trisiis, Anasa ; Ichneumon ; Rhogas.
tritici, Contarinia ; Frankliniella

{Euthrips, Haplothrips) ; Har-

rtiolita [Isosonia).
Trochiliimi apiforme, in Russia, 104,

107.
Trochorrhopahis strangulatus, mea-
sures against, on sugar-cane in

Fiji, 25.
tvoglodytella. Coleophora.
Trogocarpus ballestrerii (see Mega-

stigmiis).
trogoderniatis, Laelius.
Trogosita mauritanicus (see Tene-

broides) .
Trogoxylon impressus (see Lyctiis).
Trombidium, natural enemy of

locusts in Canada, 316.
Trombidiiiin locustarum, natural

enemy of locusts in British Colum-
bia, 323.
Tropidacris cristata, in Argentina,

515.
Tropidocephala formosana, on sugar-
cane in Formosa, 86.
Tropidocephala saccharivorella, on

sugar-cane in Formosa, 86.
Tropinota crinita, food-plants of, in

Morocco, 121.
Tropinota hirta (see Epicometis).
truncativentris, Telenomus.
tryoni, Bactrocera (see Dacus ferru-

gineus) ; Diachasma.
Try pane a hemimelaena, sp. n., in

Gold Coast, 264.
Trvpanea siibconipleia, sp. n., in

British East Africa, 264.
Trypanosomiasis, effect of causal

agent of, on Galleria tncllonella,

1(33.
Trypodendron lineatum, in felled

spruce in Britain, 379.
Tryxalis turrita (see A crida) .
Tsuga mertensiana (Mountain Hem-
lock), Trachykele nimbosa in, in

U.S.A., 295.
tsiineonis, Dacus.

INDEX.

733

Tuba-root (see Devvis elliptica).
tiiberculatits, Ephialtes ; Eumerus.
tnberculifeya, Microplitis.
Tuberculosis (see Bacillus kochi).
Tiibevodryobius persicac, on almond

in Palestine, 71.
Tuberose, Pseudococcns intercepted

on, in California, 479.
tujafilina, Lachniella.
tidipae, Anuvaphis.
tiiinidicostalis, A rgyria.
twnidus, Septanyclius [Paraletrany-

cllHS).

tiiimtlifeyn, Cremastogastey hvevis-

pinosa.
Tunis, studies of Coccobacillus acrid-

ioyiun in locusts in, 4 1 ; measures

against Dacus oleae on olives in,

83 ; vine pests in, 450, 452.
tuycipennis, Cylas (see C. foymi-

carius).
tuyionana, Rhyacionia [Toytyix).
tuyionellac, Piiiipla.
Turlcestan, new Scolytids from,

175.
Turkey, Asiatic, campaign against

locusts in, 352.
iurneyi, Opius.
Turnips, pests of, in Britain, 58,

351 ; wireworm - infested land

planted with, in Britain, 349 ;

flea-beetles on, in Denmark, 541 ;

pests of, in Germany, 270, 274,

359 ; not attacked by Phosphuga

in Germany, 274 ; CeuthoyyJiyn-

chus sulcicollis on, in Italy, 142 ;

Phorbia byassicae on, in Ontario,

2 ; pests of, in Queensland, 157 ;

pests of, in U.S.A., 43, 98, 382 ;

not attacked by Sphenophoyus

peytinax in U.S.A., 390.
Turnip Flea Beetle (see Phyllotyeta

ncmoyitin).
Turnip Gall Weevil (see Ceuthoy-

yJiyiichus pleuyostiguia) .
Turnip Seed Beetle (see Ceuthoy-

rliyncli us assiniilis) .
Turpentine, 70 ; for protecting

furniture from beetles, 443.
Turpentine Tree, immune to attacks

of boring Crustacea, 355.
tuyyita, Acyida [Tryxalis).
Tussock Moth, on cypress in Cali-
fornia, 394 ; (see Heynerocampa

and Oygyia postica) .
Twelve-spotted Cucumber Beetle

(see Diabyotica duodeciitipunctata) .
Two-lined Chestnut Borer (see

Agyilus bilineatus) .
Two-striped Locust (see Mclanoplus

bivittaUts).
Two-toothed Pine Beetle (see

Pityogencs bidentatus).
Tychius piciyostyis, in Tyifolium

hybyidum in Germany, 174.
Tychius tomentosus, in Tyifolium

^ra^ense in Germany, 174.
Tydeus, citrus disease caused by, in

Queensland, 158.
Tylenchomoyphus, parasite of

Hylobius ahietis in Britain, 381.
Tylenchns, in potatoes in Mesopo-
tamia, 478 ; AphclcncJnis allied to,

(S7.
Tylenclius coffcac, T. mahogani

resembling, 459.
Tylenchusdevastatyix (see T. dipsaci).
Tylenchus dipsaci {devastatyix), in

Austria, 261 ; measures against,

on carnations in Britain, 441 ;

in decayed potatoes in Central

Europe, 288 ; measures against,

in Holland, 199 ; on red clover

and strawberry in U.S.A., 79. 422.
Tylenchus mahogani, sp. n., on

mahogany in Barbados, 459.
Tylenchus musicola, T. mahogani

resembling, 459.
Tylenchus sacchayi, associated with

root disease of sugar-cane in

Mauritius, 73.
Tylenchus scaiuiens, on cereals in

Britain, 155 ; on wheat in Mesopo-
tamia, 478.
Tylococcus, 187.
Tylophoya asiatica, Aphis neyii on,

in India, 55.
Typha lati folia (Cat-tail Weed),

Nonagria on, in Germany, 408 ;

food-plant of Pyrausta ainsliei

and Sphenophorus peytinax in

U.S.A., 130, 389.
Typhlocyba comes, on poplars in

Colorado, 128.
Typhlodromus oleivoyus (see

Eyiophyes) .
Typhoea fumata, intercepted in

Connecticut, 338.
Typhula, infesting beet, relation of

Euxoa segetum to, in Azores, 466.
Typhus abdominalis, effect of organ-
isms of, on Galleyia mellonella, 163.
typographus, Ips (Tomicus).
Typophoyus canellus (Strawberry

Leaf Beetle, Strawberry Root

Worm), measures against, in

U.S.A., 312, 437.
Typophoyus canellus var. qiiadyino-

talus, measures against, on roses

in New Jersey, 43.
Tyyannus dominicensis, destroj-ing

Diapyepes abbyeviatus in Virgin

Islands, 35

734

INDEX.

Tyroglyphus, natural enemy of silk-
worms in Japan, 24 ; in flour in
Russia, 103.

Tvroglyphns farinae , associated with
' Calandra granaria in Germany,
331 ; in Russia, 103.

Tyvoglyphus siro (Cheese Mite),
measures against, in flour in
Germany, 425 ; in stored tobacco,
425.

u.

uchidae, Cosmoscarta.

Ufensniger, parasite of Diatraea sac-
charaUs crambidoides in U.S.A., 78.

Uganda, Aphids and their food-
plants in, 447 ; new fruit-flies
from, 264 ; miscellaneous pests
in, 243; scale-insects from, 119.

uhleri, Horistonohis.

ulmi, Eriosoma {Schizoneiira) ;
Exaereta ; Gossyparia ; Kalio-
sysphinga ; Lepidosaphes ; Necy-
dales ; Tetraneura ; Trichio-
campus.

Ulmus (see Elm).

Ulmus atropiirpurea, attempts to
transfer Eriosoma and Tetraneura
from, to other elms in Germany,
359.

Ulmus campestris, Eulecanium
coryli on, in Italy, 124.

Ulmus montana, Scolytus laevis in,
in Austria, 176 ; attempts to
transfer Eriosoma and Tetraneura
from, to other elms in Germany,
359.

Ulmus pendula, attempts to transfer
Eriosoma and Tetraneura from,
to other elms in Germany, 359.

ulteriorana, Rhyacionia [Evetria).

umboniferus, Chrysomphalus [Aspi-
diotus) .

umbrosus, Adorettis.

uncinaius, Cladius (see Trichio-
campus ulmi) ; Platypus.

Uncinulella eriosomiperda, gen. et
sp. n., predaceous on Eriosoma
lanigerum in Italy, 159.

undalis, Hellula.

undata, Blitophaga.

undatus, Ocneros.

Underground Insects, experiments
with insecticides against, in
U.S.A., 481, 482 ; automatic
collector for study of, 352.

undulata, Anomala ; Kermes (see
K. quercus) ; Phyllotreta.

undulatus, Xylotrechus.

tmicolor, Agrotis ; Stromatium.

unifasciatus, Tillus.

uniformis , Nisotra.

unipuncta, Cirphis [Heliophila,
Leucania) .

unipunctana, Maroga [Cryptophaga).

uniseriata, Hylemyia.

United States of America, cereal
pests in, 9, 22, 32, 75, 89, 116,
134, 190, 207, 235, 247, 300, 314,

334, 347, 374, 376, 388, 389, 464,
479, 511, 531; citrus pests in,

115, 137, 230, 235, 292, 293, 318,

335, 336, 382, 384, 506, 508 ;
clover pests in, 79, 188, 223, 279,
303, 313, 341, 345, 361, 384, 390,
422 ; cotton pests in, 10, 13, 22,
74, 96, 137, 158, 181. 187, 234.
245, 285, 302, 326. 342, 343, 396,
457-459 : forest pests in, 15, 23,
33, 34, 63, 77, 82, 87. 88, 89, 127,
128, 129, 190, 247, 260, 278, 295,
338, 341, 364, 381, 423, 428, 462,
463, 479, 510, 516, 523-525 ;
lucerne pests in, 49, 94, 148. 247.
313. 314. 361. 384. 396, 462 ;
miscellaneous pests in, 14, 31, 76,
93-97, 215, 248, 250, 285, 312,
331, 342, 364, 417, 419, 464, 507 ;
orchard pests in, 16-19, 33, 77.

116, 189, 190, 232, 234, 304, 305,
309, 387, 415, 462, 463, 504, 505-
527, 529 ; pests of stored food,
stuffs in, 185 ; sugar-cane pests
in, 8, 78, 97, 169, 370, 396, 414;
pests of sweet potatoes in, 22, 95,
137, 191, 235, 248, 382 ; vegetable
pests in, 32, 119, 167, 168, 185.
249, 280, 366, 403, 414, 508, 532 ;
vine pests in, 43, 47, 94 1 13, 507 ;
parasites and other beneficial in-
sects in, 11, 16, 57, 81, 108, 148.
149, 184, 223, 249, 295, 335. 381.
392, 396. 416, 446, 509, 521 ;
bionomics and control of Aphids
in, 16-19, 28, 30, 116, 387, 417;
new Coccids and their food-
plants in, 187 ; bionomics and
control of Harniolita spp. in, 207 ;
new species of Lachnosterna in,
505 ; measures against locusts
and grasshoppers in, 228, 313 ;
a migrating army of millipedes
in, 80 ; bionomics and control of
Plathypena scabra in, 384, 390 ;
precautions against Platyedra
gossypicUa, etc., in, 234, 342.'343 ;
bionomics and control of Pvraiista
nubilalis in, 32, 33, 1 16, 190, 235,
244, 247, 334, 528 ; notice of
measures against termites in.

INDEX.

735

181 ; proportion of sexes of
Lepidoptera taken at light-traps
in, 184 ; relation of insects to
plant diseases in, 87,311,312,370,
397, 413, 414, 422; bee diseases
in, 242, 377, 414 ; value of birds
in orchards and forests in, 174 ;
report of the Federal Horticul-
tural Board in, 186 ; report of
the Insecticide and Fungicide
Board in, 186 ; conference on
quarantine measures in 479 ;
development and organisation of
economic entomology in, 148, 244,
245, 396, 462 ; pests from, inter-
cepted in other countries, 23,
460 ; pests from, introduced
into other countries, 260 ; pests
intercepted in, 236, 306, 365,
387 ; pests introduced into, 13,
33, 222 ; plant pest legislation
in, 12, 234, 256, 306, 315, 330,
334, 511, 544; (see also under
separate States).

Universal White Ant Destroyer.
494.

univittatus, Tarsostenus.

Uracanthus cryptophagus (Stem-
girdling Beetle Borer), on citrus
in Queensland, 156.

Urania Green, against Fepidoptera
and sawflies, 224, 468 ; addition
of, to lime-copper solution, 224.

Uranotes melinus (Grey Hair-streak
Butterfly), measures against, on
Lima beans in Connecticut, 341.

Urena lobnta, destruction of, against
Alabama argillacea in Porto Rico,
303.

Urocevus albicornis, in Larix laricina
in U.S.A., 127.

Urogaster balthazari (see Apanteles).

Uropoda, a minor pest of sugar-
cane in U.S.A., 79.

iirticae, Macrosiphum ; Phyllobius ;
Vanessa.

Uruguay, fruit and vegetable pests
and their control in, 214; methods
of utilising dried locusts in, 251 ;
Novius cardinalis imported into
Brazil from, against Icerya
piirchasi, 405.

Uriistigma, Azochis gripusalis on, in
Brazil, 211.

Uscana semifumipennis, parasite of
Bruchids in Hawaii, 431, 436 ;
parasite of Briichus qiiadrimacn-
latus in U.S.A., 501.

Utah, measures against Hypera
variabilis in, 12 ; Heterodera
radicicola probably on potatoes
in, 401 ; pests from, intercepted

in California, 49, 182, 388, 480 ;
legislation regarding importation
of lucerne into Canada from, 416.

utahensis, Pleurotropis.

Utetheisa pulchella, Agrypnus
fuscipes predaceous on, in India.
100 ; on sunn hemp in Mesopo-
tamia, 478.

utilis, Laelius ; Scymims.

uvae, Aspidiotiis.

V.

vacciniana, Rhopobota.

Vaccinium (Blueberrj'), Lachnos-

terna foxii on, in U.S.A., 505.
Vaccinium myrtillus, Eulecaniiim

coryli on, 124.
Vaciina calif or nica, sp. n., on oaks

in California, 63.
Vacuum Process, of fumigation, 241

507.
vagans, Phyllotoma ; Rhopalosi-

phiim.
vagclla, Hotnoeosouia.
vaginicola, Harmolita.
Valerianic Acid, chemotropic effect

of, on insects, 327.
validum, Trirhithrum.
Vancouver, Forftcula auricular ia in

houses in, 324.
Vancouver Island, mites on black

currant imported into, from Bri-
tain, 438 ; Panscopus sulcirostris

infesting Lilium pardalinum in,

438.
Vanessa antiopa, in Quebec, 2 ; on

shade-trees in U.S.A., 247.
Vanessa io, experiments with insec-
ticides on, in Prussia, 141.
Vanessa polychloros, on elms in

Russia, 104.
Vanessa urticae, effect of entomo-

phytous microbes on, 36, 251.

421.
Vanilla, pests of, in Mauritius, 499.
vaporariorum, Aleiirodes {Asiero-

c hi ton),
varia, Toniaspis (see T . saccharina) .
variabilis, Hypera ; Hyponomcuta ;

Microparsus ; Mylabris ; Oscinis.
varians, A no mala ; lilyzus.
variator, Bracon.
varicornis, Leptocorisa.
variegana, Argyroploce [Olethreutes,

Tortrix) .
variegata, Clania.
variegatum, Apion.

736

INDEX.

variegatus, Liopus.

variicolor, Limidus.

variitarsum, Agrypon.

variolosum, A sterolccanium.

varipenne, Xiphidium.

varipcs, Promecotheca.

varius, Anthribus ; Clytanthus.

Vaseline, against Eriosoma lani-

gevum, 431 ; banding mango

trees with, against Monophlebus,

109.
vastatrix, Delphacodes ; Phylloxera.
Valeria indica, new scale-insects

on, in India, 205.
valeriae, Parlaloria.
vehemens, Lachnosterna.
vejdovskyi, Ortheziola.
Vekunta nigrolineata, on sugar-cane

in Formosa, 86.
Vekunla sligmata, on sugar-cane in

Formosa, 86.
Velvet Beans (see Beans, Velvet).
Venezuela, Bruchids intercepted in

beans from, 533.
venosata, Dialraea.
ventralis, Rhizobzus.
ventricosiis, Nematus (see Pleronns

ribesii) ; Pediculoides.
venusla, Schistocerca.
vemisttis, Tetrastichus.
verae, Austrothrips.
verbasci, Anthrenns ; Asphondylia ;

Clylanthus.
Verbascum sinualuin, Asphondylia

verbasci on, in France, 37.
Verbena, food-plant of Panlomorus

fulleri in Hawaii, 526.
Verbena Bud JNIotli (see Olcthreides

hebesana) .
vermiculata, Podops.
Vermorel Injector, for apphdng car-
bon bisulphide to soil against

Coleoptera, 291.
vernalis, Tipula.
vernata, Palaeacrita.
Vernette Plough, for applying car-
bon bisulphide to soil against

Coleoptera, 291.
Vernonia arborea, probably attacked

bv Dichodontus croesus in Dutch

East Indies, 329.
Vernonia cinerea, food-plant of

Tetranychus telarius in Dutch

East Indies, 454.
Veronica, Tetranychus telarius on, in

Italy. 142.
versicolor, Meteorvts.
versutus, Adoretus.
Verticillvuni, infesting Suana con-
color in Ceylon, 457.
vesicator, Pontania.
vesicatoria, Lytta.

Vespa crabro, in nurseries in New
Jersey, 301.

Vespa vulgaris, chemotropic re-
sponse of, 327.

vespiformis, Franklinothrips.

vestigialis, Euxoa (Agrotis).

vestita, Rhopaea.

Vetch, Plathypena scabra on, in
Connecticut, 339 ; control of
flea-beetles on, in Germany^, 287.

Vibidia duodecimguttata, parasitism
of, by Aphiochaeta fasciata, 212.

viburni, Lichtensia.

viburnicola. Aphis.

Viburnum, Clastoptcra proteiis on, in
U.S.A., 149.

Vicia, Tetranychus pacificus on, in
Oregon, 14v5.

Vicia faba, attacked by Lixus
algirus in Austria, 470 ; Aphis
rumicis on, in Italj', 160 ; pests
of, in Tripoli, 159.

Vicia sativa, AmphoropJiora viciae
on, in Britain, 5S.

viciae, Amphorophora.

vicina,' Phorbia [Pegcniyia] .

vicinus, Scapteriscus.

Victoria, Diphucephala colaspidoides
migrating from black wattle to
orchards in, 410 ; tobacco pests
and their control in, 152.

viduatus, Aspongopus.

viennensis, Tetraitychus {Epiteirany-
chus).

vigintiduopunctata, Thca.

vigintioctopunctata , Epilachna.

Vigna catjang, pests of, in Dutch
East Indies, 538.

Vigna- sinensis (Red Gram), Brucho-
piiagus mellipes reared from galls
on pods of, in India, 19.

villica, Arctia.

villosa, Cyclocephala.

villosiila, Xanthoma.

villosum, Elaphidion.

villosus, Eriococcus ; Himatismus.

Vine, Grape, pests of, in South
Africa, 69, 447 ; pests of, in
Algeria, 419, 451 ; legislation
regarding importation of, into
Algeria, 80 ; pests of, in Australia,
155, 157, 164, 410; pests of, in
Austria, 276, 353 ; Ceresa bubalus
possibly introduced into Europe
from U.S.A. with, 260 : pests of,
and their control in France, 38,
39, 212, 368, 369, 374, 394, 432,
433, 434, 446, 478, 496 ; measures
against pests of, in Germanv, 223,
224, 268, 272, 356, 359, 427', 522 ;
pests of, in India, 83, 84 ; Lopus
sukatus on, in Dutch East Indies,

INDEX.

737

453; pests of, in Italy, 141, 142,
203, 252 ; pests of, in japan, 397 ;
measures against pests of, in
Luxemburg, 223, 224 ; pests of,
in Mesopotamia, 3-4(->, 478 ; pests
of, in Morocco, 3S, 121; measures
against Phylloxera on, in New
Zealand, 408 ; pests of, in Por-
tugal, 494 ; pests of, in Russia,
103, 104, 106 ; measures against
Haltica ampelophaga on, in Spain,
367 ; measures against pests of,
in Switzerland, 326, 348, 400 ;
pests of, in Tunis, 450, 452 ; pests
of, and their control in U.S.A.,
43, 47, 94, 113, 181, 234, 239, 403,
463, 507 ; methods of cultivating,
against Phylloxera, 267.

Vine Leaf Blister ]\Iite (see Erio-
phyes vitis).

Vine Moth (see Clysia ambiguella and
Polychrosis hotrana).

Vine ' Pyralid (see Sparganothis
pilleriana) .

vinitor, Nysins.

Vinsonia stellifera, intercepted on
sapodilla in Florida, 71 ; on
coconut in San Thome, 494.

vinula, Dicrannra.

Viola, Euxoa segetitm experimentally
fed on, in Germany, 271.

violacella, Gracilaria.

violae, Fullaivayella [Rhopalosiphitui,
Neotoxoptera) ; Phorodon.

Violet, identity of Aphid on, in
Africa, 28 ; Tetranychns mytilas-
pidis intercepted on, in Cahfornia,
388.

Virachola isocrates, on peach in India,
85.

Vireo, destroying noxious insects in
U.S.A., 174.

virescens, Heliothis ; Selenocephalus.

virgatus, Pseudococciis.

Virgin Islands, miscellaneous pests
in, 34 ; Pseudococciis sacchari in-
tercepted in U.S.A. on sugar-cane
from, 307.

Virginia, pests of kale and their
control in, 402 ; Laelius utilis
parasitic on Dermestid larvae in,
223 ; experiments against Macro-
siphum solanifolii on potatoes in,
477 ; measures against orchard
pests in, 354, 363 ; miscellaneous
pests in, 385.

virginiensis, Fontaria.

viridana, Pristiphora ; Tortrix.

viridescens, Meligethes.

viridicator, Elaeochlora.

viridicolor, Scolia.

viridis, Balclntha ; Cassida ;

(3202)

Chermes (see C. abietis) ; Coccus
{Lecanium) ; Smynthurus ; Tetli-
gonia ; Torymus.

viridissimiis, Torymus.

viridisuturalis, Buprestis.

viridula, Nezara.

visci, Anihocoris ; Diaspis ; Hyp-
seloecus ; Psylla.

viscicola, Lygus.

viteana, Polychrosis.

Vitellus, on oranges in Madras, 130.

vitiensis, Perkinsiella.

vitis, Anomala ; Eriophyes [Phy-
toptus) ; Phyllocoptes ; Pseudococ-
ciis (Dactylopius) ; Pulvinaria ;
Targionia [A spidiotus) .

vitripennis, Syrphus.

vittata,Diabrotica : Epicaiita ; Lep-
tiira.

vittaticollis, Agrilus.

vittatus, Euphalerus ; Pteleobius.

vittipes, Catantops.

vittula, Phyllotreta.

Volcano, Paranagrus optabilis not
affected by fumes of, 21.

volucris, Eupodes.

vorana, Rhyacionia [Evetria).

vorax, Anthrenus.

vulgaris, Gryllotalpa (see G. gryllo-
talpa) ; Melolontha (see M. melo-
lontha) ; Vespa.

vulgatissimus, Physapus.

vulpinus, Dermestes.

vuteria, Sesamia.

w.

Waddywood (see Pseudomorus brun-
noniana) .

walkeri, Centrobia ; Pseudococcus.

Walkeriana, Cryptochaetum preda-
ceous on, 59.

Walkeriana digitifrons, sp.n., on
Baikea eniini in Uganda, 119.

Wallflower, measures against ter-
mites on, in France, 40.

Walnut [Juglans), pests intercepted
on, in CaUfornia, 182, 479 ; pests of,
in India, 84 ; Cydia splendana on,
in Italy, 141 ; a temporary food-
plant of Porthetria dispar in
Switzerland, 202 ; pests of, and
their control in U.S.A., 130, 234,
238, 416, 505.

Walnut Aphis (see Chromaphis jug-
landicola) .

Walnut Curculio (see Conotrachelus
juglandis) .

738

INDEX.

Walshcmyia texana, on cedar, para-
sitised by Platygaster feltn in
U.S.A., 295.

Warbler, destroying noxious insects
in U.S.A., 174.

warioni, Cicadida.

Washington, pests of currants, rasp-
berries, etc., and their control in,
208, 345, 459 ; Hylastinus ohscunis
on clover in, 345 ; miscellaneous
pests in, 135 ; pests from, inter-
cepted in California, 49, 114, 182,
240, 319, 388, 480.

Wasps, introduction of beneficial,
75, 236, 276, 297 ; used as food
in Japan, 197.

Water, Hot, against insect pests, 39,
61, 131, 231, 242, 290, 441.

Watermelon, pests of, in Brazil, 366;
not attacked by Epilachna vigin-
tioctopwictata in Queensland, 157 ;
pests of, in U.S.A., 32, 235.

Water-hyacinth, Siphonaphis nym-
phaeae on, in India, 55.

Water-lilies, bionomics of Pyrausta
penitalis infesting, in U.S.A., 14.

waterstoni, Antonina.

Wattle, Black, Diphucephala colaspi-
doides migrating to orchards from,
in Tasmania and Victoria, 410.

Wax Moth (see A chroia grisella and
Galleria mellonella) .

W'ax Scale, Pink (see Ceroplastes
rubens) .

Wax Scale, Wild Mango (see Cero-
plastes niurrayi) .

Weasel, destroying Panolis flammea
in Holland, 226.

websteri, Hannolita.

Websteriella papulosa (see Par-
latoria) .

Webworm, Beet (see Loxostege
sticiicalis) .

Webworm, Corn (see Cr ambus cali-
ginoselliis) .

Webworm, Fall (see Hyphantria

■ cunea).

Webworm, Lucerne (see Toririx
divulsana).

Webworm, Parsnip (see Depressaria
heradeana) .

Webworm, Sod (see Crambus).

West African Oil Palm (see Elae'is
guineensis) .

West Indian Cane-fly (see Steno-
cranus saccharivoriis).

West Indian Fruit-fly (see Anas-
trepha fraterculiis) .

West Indies, notice of insect pests
in, 410; Nematodes causing
disease in coconuts in, 66, 67, 411;
Siephanoderes hampei in, 448 ;

value of toads against insect pests
in, 108 ; danger of introduction of
fruit-flies into Florida from, 293 ;
pests from, intercepted in U.S.A.,
306, 307 ; (see under the various
Islands).

Western Corn Borer (see Helotropha
reniformis atra).

Western Grass-stem Sawfly (see
Cephus cinctus).

Western Juniper (see Junipcrus
occidentalis).

Western Pine Bark-beetle (see Den-
droctonus brevicomis).

Western Red Cedar (see Thuja
plicata).

Western Tussock Moth (see Hemero-
campa vetusta gulosa).

Western Twig-borer (see Apate
piinctipennis) .

Western Wheat-stem Sawfly (see
Cephus cinctus).

Western White Pine (see Pinus
nionticola) .

W'estern Yellow Pine (see Pinus
ponderosa) .

Whale-oil Soap, spraying with,
against scale-insects, mites and
whiteflies, 51, 52, 228; watering
lawns with, against Scapteriscus
vicinus, 234.

Wheat, pests of, in South Africa,
264, 412 ; bionomics of Oscinella
frit on, in North America, 183 ;
pests of, in Argentina, 405 ; pests
of, in Austraha, 155, 502 ; in-
directly damaged by Apanteles
glonieratiis in Bohemia, 346 ; pests
of, in Britain, 138, 155, 351, 514 ;
pests of, and their control in
Canada, 3, 278 ; attacked by
Tettigonia albifrons in Cyrenaica,
201 ; pests of, in Germany, 253,
358, 468 ; Cirphis unipimcta on,
in India, 100 ; pests of, in Italy,
142 ; pests of, in Japan, 86 ; pests
of, in Mesopotamia, 372, 478 ;
pests of, in Russia, 103, 104, 105,
106, 107 ; Oscinella frit on, in
Scandinavia, 468 ; pests of, in
Sudan, 172, 497 ; pests of, and
their control in U.S.A., 76, 89, 92,
93, 117, 129, 135, 138, 152, 184,
186, 188, 207, 208, 312, 314, 347,
376, 392, 464, 504, 531.

Wheat (Stored), measures against
weevils infesting, in Australia, 2 1 ;
measures against pests of, in
Britain, 178, 179, 180 ; pests of,
and their control in Germany, 425 ;
pestsof, in Mesopotamia, 479; Sito-
troga cerealella in, in Russia, 104.

INDEX.

739

Wheat Bran, in formula for bait

for grasshoppers, 48.
Wheat Bulb Fly (see Hykmyia

coarctata).
Wheat Gall Midge (see Sitcdiplcsis

mosellana).
Wheat Joint-worm (see Harmolita

triiici).
Wheat Midge (see Ccntarinia

iriiici) .
\\'heat-straw Worm (see Harmolita

grandis).
Wheel Bug (see Arilits cristatus).
White Alder (see Alints rhombijolia).
White Ants (see Termites).
White Birch (see Bctula alba).
White Blotch Oak Leaf-miner (see

Phyllorvcter hamadryadella).
White Cabbage Butterfly (see Pieris

brassicae).
White Cedar (see Melia ccmposita).
White Cedar Scale (see Aspidiotus

lataniae).
White Coffee Stem-borer (see

AntJiores leiiconotus).
White Fir (see Abies covcolor).
White Grubs (see Lachnosterna and

Lepidiota).
White Lead Paint, effect of, on

Phryneta spinator, 70.
White :Moth Borer (see Scirpophaga

xanthogastrcUa) .
White Pine (see Pinus strobiis).
White Pine Aphis (see Lachnus

strobi).
White Pine Blister Rust (see

Cronartium ribicola) .
White Pine Weevil (see Pissodes

strobi).
White Poplar (see Populus alba).
White Scale (see Aspidiotus hederae

and Pseudococcus vitis).
White Spruce (see Picea alba).
White-ear Disease of Cereals, caused

by Limothrips cerealium in

Germany, 359.
White-marked Tussock Moth (see

Hemerocampa leucostigma) .
White-striped Weevil (see Perpenis

instdaris) .
Whiteflies, parasites and control of,

in Cuba, 5L 54 ; measures against

on Citrus in Florida, 293 ; (see

Aleurodes, etc.).
Whiteliy, Avocado (see Trialeurodes

floridensis).
Whitefiy, Citrus (see Dialeurodes

citri) .
Whitefly, Cloudy-winged (see

Dialeiirodes citrifolii).
Whitefly, Greenhouse (see Aleurodes

vapor arionim).

Whitefly, Woolly (see Aleurothrixus
Jwwardi).

whitei, Myztis.

Wild Almond (see Brabeium stellati-
folium).

Wild ]\Iango Wax Scale (see Cero-
plastes murrayi).

Willow (Salix), bionomics of Phry-
■neta spinator on, in South Africa,
70 ; pests of, in Britain, 58, 146,
343 ; Lepidopterous larvae inter-
cepted in, in California, 319 ;
Cecidomyiids forming galls on,
in France, 37 ; pests of, in
Germany, 268, 357, A'lQ ; aimxst
free from insect-galls in Lithuania,
420 ; Porthetria dispar on, in
Switzerland, 202 ; pests of, in
U.S.A., 187, 381, 464, 505.

Willow Borer {seePhryneia spinator).

Wilt Disease, 220 ; Bacillus thur-
ivgiensis infesting Ephesiia
huhniella with, in Germany, 252 ;
of Bcmbyx mcri, studies on, 257.

Wind, influence of, on movements
of insects and plant diseases,
361, 393, 413, 502.

Winncrtzia ccnoruni, sp. n., in
Picea excelsa in Germany, 255.

Winter Moth (see Cheimatobia
brurnata).

W inthemia qiiadripustulata, natural
enemy of Protoparce spp. in
Kentucky, 364.

Wireworms, bionomics of, in
Britain, 137, 155, 348, 351 ;
variation in life-cycles of, in
Canada, 3 ; measures against, on
tobacco in France, 39 ; on sugar-
cane in Hawaii, 461, 526 ; in
Holland, 133 ; on cereals in
]\resopotamia, 372 ; and their
control in U.S.A., 5, 45, 137, 188,
340, 509 ; destroyed by chloro-
picrin, 441 ; (see Agriotcs, etc.).

Wisconsin, Cydia nigricana imported
into, from Canada, 95.

Wistaria, new scale-insect on, in
South Africa, 447 ; pests inter-
cepted on, in U.S.A., 307.

li'istariae, Lecaniuni .

woghimi, A leiirocanthus.

Woodlice, Dipterous parasites of,
in France, 261 ; intercepted in
Kansas, 14.

Woodpeckers, destroying insect
pests, 174, 190, 266, 332, 381,
506.

Woollen Goods, attacked by
Avthrenus s^-p., 158, 173, 270.

Woolly Apple Aphis (see Eriosotna
lanigerum).

740

INDEX.

Woolly Whitefly (see Aleurothrixus
howardi) .

Wren, destroying noxious insects in
U.S.A., 174.

Wyoming, Lepidosaphes beckii inter-
cepted in California on grape-
fruit from, 182; legislation regard-
ing importation of lucerne into
Canada from, 416.

X.

xanthaenohaves , Dioryctria.
xanthenes, Gortyna (Hydroecia).
xanthindynia, Cosmophila (see

Anomis erosa).
Xanthium, food-plant of Pyrausta

ainsliei in U.S.A., 1 16.
Xanthoencyrtus apterus, parasite of
Trionymus insularis in Hawaii,

437.
xanthogastvella, Scirpophaga.
Xanthogramma, predaceous on

Aleurodes comata in Fiji, 27.
xanthomelaena, Disonvcha ; Gale-

ruca (see Galerucella luteola).
Xanthoma villosula, in forests in

New York, 33.
Xanthovhoe praefectata (New Zealand

Flax Grub), parasitised by Panis-

cus productus in New Zealand, 63.
Xenodosus sanguineus, predaceous

on bark-beetles in U.S.A., 510.
Xesmatia flavipes, gen. et sp. n., in

Hawaii, 437.
Xestobium rufovillosum (Death-
watch Beetle), measures against,

in furniture in Britain, 443.
Xiphidium varipenne, predaceous on

Perkinsiella saccharicida in Hawaii

20.
Xiphispa, possibly the correct

generic name for Brontispa chaly-

beipennis, 254.
Xiphydria accepta, in dead timber

in New Zealand, 63.
Xiphydria camelus (Wood wasp), in

birch, parasitised by Aulacus

striatus in Holland, 407.
Xorides, notice of key to species of,

417.
Xyleborinus pecanis, in sweet

potatoes in U.S.A., 248.
Xyleborinus saxeseni (see Xyleborus

xylographus) .
Xyleborus, attacking tea in Dutch

East Indies, 456 ; in Madras, 130 ;

intercepted in wistaria in U.S.A.,

307.
Xyleborus biporus, measures against,

in Hevea in South India, 243.

Xyleborus coffeae, in coffee in Dutch
East Indies, 330, 406.

Xyleborus coffeivorus (see Stephano-
deres hampei).

Xyleborus compactus, measures
against, in Colfea robusta in South
India, 243.

Xyleborus destruens, in teak in

Dutch East Indies, 329.
Xyleborus dispar, in barked oak
logs in Austria, 176 ; in Morocco,
121 ; in Russia, 106.

Xyleborus fornicatus (Shot - hole
Borer of Tea), 456 ; bionomics
and control of, in Ceylon, 1 10, 209,
210, 304, 519, 521 ; legis-
lation against, in Ceylon, 168 ;
food-plants of, in India and
Penang, 209 ; apparently not
present in South India, 243 ; in
tea in Dutch East Indies, 330,
537.

Xyleborus kraatzi (see X. perforans) .

Xyleborus monographus, in oak in
Russia, 106.

Xyleborus perforans, in cacao in
Dutch Guiana, 536 ; in rubber in
Dutch East Indies, 494.

Xyleborus schlichi, in Heritiera fomes
in India, 60.

Xyleborus xylographus, in barked
oak logs in Austria, 176.

Xylechinus bergeri, sp. n., in Phello-
dendron amurense in Siberia, 10.

Xyleutes boisduvali, on Eucalyptus
iereticornis in Queensland, 156.

Xylina antennata (see Graptolitha) .

Xylococcus alni, sp. n., on Alnus
japonica in Japan, 375.

Xylococcus betulae, notice of life-
cycle of, 419.

Xylococcus niacrocarpae, on cypress
in California, 394.

xylographus, Xyleborus.

Xylomyges eridania (Semi-tropical
Army Worm), bionomics and
control of, on castor-oil plants in
Florida, 235 ; effect of inocula-
ting with Sorosporella uvella, 169,
170.

Xylomyges sunia, occasionally found
on cotton in Porto Rico, 303.

Xylonites retusus, on elm in Russia,
105.

Xylonomus propinquus, parasite of
Hesperophanes griseus in France,
37.

Xylopertha, damaging lead in
Queensland, 81.

Xylopertha declive, damaging lead-
covered cables in California, 81
(note).

INDEX.

741

Xylopertha sinuata, natural enemies

of, on vines in France, 434.
xylosteana, Tortrix (Cacoecia).
xylostei, Siphocoryue.
Xyloterus domesticits, in l)arked oak

logs in Austria, 176.
Xyloterus lineatus, in coniferous

logs in Austria, 176; not abundant

in timber in Lithuania, 420.
Xvloterus signatiis, in barked oak

logs in Austria, 176 ; in birch in

Lithuania, 420.
Xylothrips Jlavipes, boring in timber

in Dutch East Indies, 538.
Xylothrips gibbicollis, damaging lead,

"81.
Xylotreclms pyrrhoderus, bionomics

of, in vines in Japan, 398.
Xvlotrechus quadripcs (Coffee Borer),

bionomics of, in Tonkin, 111, 220.
Xylotrechus imdidatus, in Arctic

Canada, 192.
Xylotrupes, on coconuts in Dutch

East Indies, 538.
Xvlotntpes gideon, on coconuts in

Indo-China, 275.
Xvlotrupes lorquiiii, on coconuts in

Indo-China, 275.
Xyphidria aunidaia (see A', longi-

collis) .
Xvphidria longicollis, on oak- in

Russia, 106.
Xystrocera globosa, Scleroderumi

iimnigrans experimentally bred

from, in Hawaii, 436.

Y.

Yam [Dioscorea batatas), Palaeopus
costicollis imported into Florida
from Jamica in, 236 ; Prenolepis
intercepted in, in Hawaii, 460 ;
pests intercepted in, in U.S.A., 49,
237, 306, 307, 383.

Yam (Dried), Araecerus fascicidatus
intercepted in, in California, 114.

Yam Weevil (see Palaeopus costi-
collis) .

vanonis, Stomaphis.

Yellow^ Fungus (see Aschersonia
flavocitriiui).

Yellow Gooseberry Fly (see Epoch ra
canadensis).

Yellow INIigratory I-ocust (sec
Schistocerca pcrcgrina).

Yellow Pine (see Pinus ponderosa).

Yellow Sugar-cane Aphis (see Sipha
flava) .

Yellow-necked Apple Caterpillar
(see Daiaiia niiuistra).
(3202)

Yellow-winged Grasshopper (see

Caiunula pellucida).
Yemane (see Gmelina arborea).
yothersi, Tetranychits.
ypsilon, A gratis ; Mormidea.
Yucca, new Coccid on, in U.S.A.,

187.
yitccae, Fonscoloinbia ; Pseudodi-

aspis.
vuccaru))!, Targionia.

z.

Zabrus tencbrioides (Corn Ground
Beetle), notice of control of, in
Austria, 263 ; on wlieat in
Germany, 468.
Zabulon, addition of, to lime-copper
solution against vine moths, 224.
zachrysa, Gracilaria.
zaniiae, Diaspis.
Zanzibar, miscellaneous pests in.

1 18 ; Sternochetus inangifcrae in-
troduced into Germany from, 160.
zappci, Ilycorsia.
Zea mays (see Maize).
zeae, Achatodcs ; Anthomyia (see

Phorbia ftisciceps) .
zealandica, Odoritria.
Zebra Caterpillar (see Ccramica

picta) .
zebra, Perissopterus.
zebrinum, Lecanium .
Zelkoiva keaki, new Aphid on, in

Japan, 11.
zclkowae, Myzocallis.
Zelus rubidiis, in Guadeloupe, 298.
zemani, Teirastichus.
Zeiesima theobromae, sp. n., on

cacao in Dutch Guiana, 232, 536.
Zeiigophora abnonnis, bionomics and

control of, on poplars in Canada,

151.
Zeiigophora scutellaris, bionomics

and control of, en poplars in

Canada, 151.
Zeiizera, on cacao in San Thome,

493.
Zeuzera coffeae (Red Borer of Tea),

in Ceylon, 520 ; on tea in India,

530 ; on coffee, tea, etc., in E)utcli

East Indies, 329, 330, 495, 537.
Zeuzera pyrina (Leopard Moth).

measures against, on quinces in

Egypt, 282; in ^Morocco, 121;

food-plants of, in Russia, 104 ;

en shade-trees in LT.S.A., 247.. 341.
zcuzeroides, Langia.
zeylanicum, Ceresimn.
zimmermani, Pinipestis.

742

INDEX.

Zinc, pure, resistant to liquid

hydrocyanic-acid, 91.
Zinc Arsenate, 444 ; spraying with,

against Scepiicus insitlaris, 322.
Zinc Arsenite, in sprays, 95, 120,

128, 383, 404, 412; "in mixture

for dusting against Lapliygma

frugiperda, 236 ; and Bordeaux

mixture, 383, 404.
Zinc Cliloride, for treating timber

against termites, 242.
zinckenella, Etiella.
Zinckenia fascialis, bionomics of,

on beet in Japan, 398.
Zinnia, pests of, in U.S.A., 511;

legislation restricting importation

of, into Canada from U.S.A., 416.
ziziplii, Inglista.
Zizypliiis, new scale-insect on, in

South Africa, 447.
ziziphus, Parlatoria.
zoilus, Oxyligyriis.
zonata, Antonina.

Zonocerns elegans, on tobacco in
Africa, 424.

Zonosema alternata, on barley in
Central Europe, 288.

Zophosis, on tobacco in South
Rhodesia, 193, 425.

zitleana, Catephiodes.

zwickii, Anisoplia.

Zygina apicalis, bionomics and con-
trol of, on vines in Japan, 397.

Zygina circumscripta, in sugar-cane
in Formosa, 86.

Zygina funiosa, on grasses, etc., in
Formosa, 86.

Zygina maciilifrons, in sugar-cane in
Formosa, 86.

Zygina mori, causing disease in
silkworms in Japan, 24.

Zygina siibriifa, on rice and sugar-
cane in Formosa, 86.

Zygohothria nidiccla, parasite of
Nygmia pliacorrJioea in U.S.A., 96.

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