/

THE REVIE
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY,

SERIES B: MEDICAL
AND VETERINARY.

(^

nn\on Jnsr';J:N

VOL. IX. \

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

LONDON :

THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,

41, QUEEN'S GATE, LONDON, S.W.7.

1921.

All Rights Reserved.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

HONORARY COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT.

THE EARL BUXTON, G.C.M.G., Chairman.

Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
iNIajor E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British ]^luseum

(Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.^I.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., C.B., C.B.E., F.RrS.,

^ledical Adviser to the Colonial Office.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman of the

Governing Body, Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministrj^ of Agriculture.
Sir Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H . Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and Technology.
The Hon. Sir E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Austraha.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Roj-al Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Daniel ^Iorris, K.C.^I.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in

Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical

Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoolog}-,

Ca,mbridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.

Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, ^luseum of Zoology, Cambridge.
Sir Arthur E. Shipley, G.B.E., F.R.S. , Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C. Sperling, C.M.G., Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart St'~'CKMan, Chief Veterinary Officer, ^Ministry of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is ex-officio a member of the Committee.

GENERAL SECRETARY.

Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Cffice).

DIRECTOR AND EDITOR.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, C.^I.G.

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR

Dr. S. A. Neave.

Head Office. — British ^Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.\V.7.
Publication Office. — 41, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7.

ERRATA.

Page 7 line 41 for " Wohlfartia "

35 „ 44 „ " A . hyrcanus [sinensis)

' Ornithodoros "

" sinensis, Wied., var.
pseudopictus, Grassi)"

' Scutophaga "

' Lov."

' Crescents "

' Crescents "

' stidus "
' M. corvina "
' Chironomid "
' chenpodii "
' Podicipes "
' onchochercosic
'' kertezi ' '
'BagneJ.).
' hifurcatus "
' tristigatum "
' jalcula "

' pappatasii "

40

/22\

" i24j''

49 line 39 ,

57

„ s ,

68

,. 3 ,

93 lines 32, ,

44, 48,

51

94 1ines|^}.

100 line 32 ,

105

„ 6 „

106

„ 17 ,

106

„ 45 ,

118

.. 43 „

120

>. 39 „

132

,. 51 „

140

„ 21 „

143

„ 16 „

184

,, 7 „

216

" /12l"
" 115J"

read " Wohlfahrtia "

" ,, " Anopheles

hyrcanus [sinen-
sis) "

,, " Ornithodorus "

,, "sinensis, Wied.)
var. pseudopictus,
Grassi,"

,, " Scatophaga "

,, "Lav."

., " Sporozoites "

,, " Sporozoites "

,, " sticticus "

,, " Musca corvina

,, " Chironomids "

,, " chenopodii"

" Podiceps"

,, " onchocerciasis

" kerieszi"

., "Bague (J.).

,, " maculipennis "

,, " iristrigatum "

,, " f ale Ilia "

„ " papatasii"

(5935) Wt.

1,500 4/22 Harrow G. 75

Renistered at the O.P.O. for Transmiation to Canada and Sewfoundland by Magazine Post.

VOL. IX. Ser. B. Part l.~pp. 1-24. JANUARY. 1921.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

SERIES B: MEDICAL

AND VETERINARY. ^^\

. FEB 10 1921

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

LONDON.

THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

4 1. QUEEN'S GATE. S.W. 7,

Price 8d. net.

All Rights Reserved.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

l>onorarp Comttiittee or matiasemeni.

VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman.

Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman of the

Governing Body, Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture.
Sir Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFad"^ ean. Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E, B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Sir Arthur E. Shipley, G.B.E., F.R.S., Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C. Sperling, C.M.G., Foreign Office.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is ex officio a member of the Committee.
eeneral Secretary.
Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

Director and Editor.

Dr. Guv A. K. Marshall, C.M.G.

Jlssistant Director.

Dr. S. A. Neave.

Head O^ce.— British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.7.
Publication Office. — 41, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. •

REVIEW

OF

APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY.

Series B.

Vol. IX.] [1921.

Walker (E. M.). Wohlfahrtia vigil (Walker) as a Human Parasite
(Diptera, Sarcophagidae).— //. Parasitology, Urbana, III., vii, no. 1,
September 192U, pp. 1-7, 2 plates.

Larvae of Wohlfahrtia vigil, Wlk., here described, have been extracted
from boil-hke sores on an infant in Toronto. A second case is recorded
in which the parasite is considered to be identical. The larvae were
subsequently fed on raw beef, ^nd under laboratory conditions they
disappeared into the soil for pupation by 29th June. The adult
flies emerged about 18th July.

Fantham (H. B.) & Porter (A.). On the Natural Occurrence of
Herpetomonads (Leptomonads) in the Blood oi a Fish, Dentex
argvrozona, and its Significance. — //. Parasitologv, Urbana, III., vii,
no."l, September 1920, pp. 16-22, 1 plate.

The flagellate, Herpetomonas denticis, sp. n., here described, was
found in the blood of a fish, Dentex argyrozona, near Cape Town.
This is an important discovery in view of the relation between
Herpetomonads and Leishmania.

Leishmaniases of mammals are caused by the introduction of
Herpetomonads, which are parasites of invertebrates such as insects,
into vertebrate hosts.

Report of Conference on Sleeping Sickness, held at Pretoria, 9th March

1920.— [/w/ow of S. Africa Dept. Public Health. [MS. received
from Colonial Office, 23rd October 1920.]

This Conference was called in connection with the recently reported
southward extension of sleeping sickness, and in particular to consider
the advisability of, and precautionary measures necessary in, the
introduction of native labour into Natal from the country between
the Limpopo and the Zambesi.

The species of Glossina at present found in Zululand were stated
to be G. pallidipes, G. brevipalpis and G. austeni, the species of tr\'-
panosomes being Trypanosoma brucei and T. pecorum. It is possible
that more than one species is at present included under the name of
T. brucei.

l(.7467— P) Wt. P1850/163 1/21 1500 D.St. B

The work that has been done in connection with human trypano-
somiasis in South Africa and Rhodesia was reviewed.

The Conference agreed that it was necessary to ensure that natives
should not come to Natal from a sleeping sickness area, should
not pass through the Zululand fly area, and should be effectively
controlled in Natal. As natives from the country between the
Limpopo and Zambesi might in certain cases have originally come
from an infected area, their introduction into Natal was declared to
be dangerous. At the same time recommendations were made for
the control of natives entering Zululand from outside the Union,
and of those entering Natal from any quarantined area.

The immediate necessity of a zoological survey of Zululand with
special reference to trypanosomiasis was emphasised, and it was also
considered very desirable that reliable information should be obtained
as to the distribution of Glossina, and the presence or absence of
sleeping sickness, in Mozambique.

Bodkin (G. E.). Report of the Economic Biologist. — Brit. Guiana
Dept. Sci. & Agric, Rept. 1918, Georgetown, 1919, Appendix iii,
9 pp. [Received 22nd October 1920.]

From mosquito larvae collected in experimental rice plots irrigated
with artesian well water the only species bred were Culex atratus,
Theo., and Uranotaenia geometrica, Theo. Provided there is a good
supply of running water, the danger of mosquitos breeding in these
plots is thought to be negligible. During a protracted spell of dry
weather, mosquitos became exd'eptionally abundant near Georgetown.
Upon investigation it was found that they were breeding in vats
containing the fresh water supply of the houses. Stegomyia fasciata, F.
{Aedes argentetts, Poiret) was the prevalent species. In a few localities
Taeniorhynchus {Mansonia) titillans, Wlk., occurred in large numbers.
The institution of artesian wells or a pipe-borne water-supply is
apparently the only sure means of eliminating the breeding places.

Two species of ticks new to the Colony, Amblyomma mantiquirense,
Arag., and A. ohlongoguttatiim, Koch, were taken on a wild hog,
Dicotyles labiatus.

Valadez (S. M.). Tiriasis de las Gallinas. [Phthiriasis of Fowls.] —
Revista Agricola, Mexico, v, no. 3-4, November-December 1919,
pp. 249-251, 2 figs. [Received 25th October 1920.]

The Gamasid, Dermanyssus gallinae, is frequently very abundant
in Mexico, infesting fowls and sometimes causing severe epizootics.
The mites attack the fowls at night, and in the daytime infest the walls
and all parts of the poultiy house, being sometimes so numerous as
to form in places a sort of lining of some millimetres in thickness.
Other domestic animals are subject to infestation by this mite, chiefly
horses stabled near poultry houses, or dogs, cats, rabbits, etc., that
frequent them.

Persons that have charge of poultry are also frequently troubled
by a rash on the hands caused by the mites, the fowls themselves
often being killed by the disease.

The best method of exterminating the mites is to destroy the infected
poultry houses by burning, or if this is not possible, to paint them
thoroughly with a lime solution. Wooden houses should be washed
out thoroughly each day with boiling water. Meantime, the birds

sliould be fumigated in special cages, one of which is described and
illustrated, the whole bird, except the head, being subjected to sulphur
fumes for 5 or 6 minutes. This should be sufficient to asphyxiate all
parasites present.

Engelberting (— ). Die Uebertragung der Raude des Pferdes auf
den Menschen. [The Transmission of Horse Mange to Man.] —
Deutsche Tierarztl. Wochenschr., Hanover, xxviii, no. 43, 23rd
October 1920, pp. 501-502.

WTiereas Sar copies scahiei communis is the only species of mite
involved in human mange, several other species also occur on animals.
In the latest text-books opinions vary as to the identity of the two
forms of mange and as to transmission from animals to man.

As a result of investigations conducted since the end of the war,
the author states that transmission from horses to man occurs more
commonly than is supposed. It may take place through a chance
contact or through the medium of dust containing mites or their eggs.
The susceptibility of man to infestation varies in different individuals.
The incubation period is short, varying from 18 hours to a few days.
Most human cases recover in 2-8 weeks without special treatment
if they are removed from the horses forming the source of infestation.
Horses may be infested from human beings, but transmission from man
to man is of the rarest occurrence.

SWELLENGREBEL (N. H.) & SWELLENGREBEL DE GrAAF (J. M. H.).

Researches on the Anophelines at some Stations of Java and
Sumatra in connection with the Occurrence of Malaria. — Meded.
Burg. Geneesk. Dienst. Ned.-Indie, Weltcvredcn, 1919, no. 10,
1920, pp. 1-67, 3 plates, 1 chart, 8 maps. [Also in Dutch.]

This is chiefly an extract of reports previously pubhshed since
February 1917 [R.A.E., B, vii, 97, 98, etc.].

SWELLENGREBEL (N. H.). Myohumi myzomiae, a parasitic Haplo-
sporidium found in the Intestinal Tract of some Anophelinae.—

Meded. Burg. Geneesk. Dienst. Ned.-Indie, Weltevreden, 1919,
no. 10, 1920, pp. 68-72, 2 plates. [Also in Dutch.]

A description is given of Myohium myzomiae found in some female
examples of Anopheles (Myzomyia) indefinitus at Modjowarno.

SWELLENGREBEL (N. H.) & SWELLENGREBEL DE GrAAF (J. M. H.).

Malaria in Modjowarno. — Meded. Burg. Geneesk. Dienst. Ned.-
Indie, Weltevreden, 1919, no. 10, 1920, pp. 73-112, 9 charts, 1
plate. [Also in Dutch.]

In the four villages forming the Modjowarno group a seasonal
malaria occurs from June to September. Anopheles {Myzomyia)
aconitus is the principal carrier concerned in the yearly epidemics ;
it appears from April to September. A. indefinitus is not thought
capable of starting an epidemic unaided, but can keep one going for
some time. In June and July all species caught as larvae were also
taken as adults, but not in the same proportion. In decreasing
frequency the larval catches were : A. barbirostris, A. aconitus,
A. indefinitus, A. fuliginosus, A. hyrcanus {sinensis), A. punctulatus,
A. kochi, and A. subpictus {rossi), whereas the order of adults in

(7467— B) ■ B 2

decreasing frequenc}- was : A. indefinitus, A. aconitus, A. puncttilatus,
A. kocM, A. harhirostris, A. ftdiginosus, A. hyrcanus, and A. siibpictiis.
It is not possible to reduce the number of rice-fields under cultivation,
but it is suggested that they should no longer be flooded after the rice
has matured, that no fields be left flooded after the harvest, and that
no second crop should be g^o^^•n except where the prospects are very
fair. If the first two points are rigorousty observed, the third is of
minor importance.

S^^"ELLE^•GREBEL (X. H.) & S^^-ELLE^-GREBEL DE Graaf (J. M. H.).
Report on the Occurrence of Malaria and Anophelines at Samarang.
— Meded. Burg. Geneesk. Dienst. Xed.-Indie, Weltevreden, 1919,
no. 10, 1920, pp. 113-168, 5 plates, 13 tables, 6 diagrams, 4 maps.
[Also in Dutch.]

The investigations recorded here were carried out in the municipahty
of Samarang from July to October 1918. Two malarial centres were
found, the larger one being along the coast and the smaller one at the
foot of the hills. The former is a centre of permanent, the latter
probablv of intermittent, malaria. The larval and adult distribution
of Anopheles ludloui covers the coastal malaria centre. The maximum
fl-^dng radius of A. ludloivi at Samarang is estimated at 1,700 3'ards ; it
certainly did not exceed 3,800 3-ards at the time the investigation
was made. The natural infection index was: A. hidlowi 4-1,
A. siihpictus {rossi) 0-7, and A. indefinitus 0 • 1 . B\' the end of November
the nimiber of Anophelines had considerably increased, though
A. ludlowi had decreased. The difference was due to an increase of
A. suhpictus and, in the coastal \dUages, to an even greater increase
of A. indefinitus.

Krausse (A.). Mittel gegen die MUcken. [Preparations for Use
against ^losquitos.j — Zeitschr. angew. Entom., Berlin, \ii, no. 1,
September 1920, p. 197.

Up to the present no repellent is kno^^•n that ^^ill afford protection
against mosqioitos for as long as 6 or 7 hours, and further experimental
work is necessary-. Wliite clothing is of some value in keeping these
pests awa}'. In Sardinia the cloth wound about the head as a protection
against the sun appears to dri^•e away mosquitos b}' flapping in the
wind.

Heerdt (W.). Die neuen Verfahren und Vorrichtungen zur Sanierung
von ungezieferverseuchten Wohnstatten. The new ]\Iethods
and Appliances for disinfecting \'ermin-infested Dwellings.]—
Zeitschr. angew. Entom., Berlin, vii, no. 1, September 1920, pp.
201-205.

Notes are given on the properties and action of hydrocj^anic acid
gas and sulphurous anhydride, and on the methods of using these
substances for disinfecting habitations.

HoDGKiNS (J. R.). Presence of Gastrophilus equi in the Dog. — Vet.
Jl., London, Ixxvi, no. 11, November 1920, pp. 417-418.

Attention is drawn to the occurrence of Gastrophilus equi in a dog.
The possibihty of this fly maturing in such a host is however thought
imhkely.

Cheetham (C. a.). Anopheles hifiircatus, L., in Yorkshire.— A'^/z^m-
list, London, no. 766, November 1920, p. 362.
Adults of Anopheles hifiircahis axe recorded in October in Yorkshire,
together with Theohaldia {Ctdicella) morsitans, T. annulata, Ochlerotatiis
nemorosus and Ciilex pipiens.

Sherman (F.). Notes on the Mosqiuito Fauna of North Carolina. —

//. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc, Chapel Hill, X.C., xxxvi, nu. 1-2,

September 1920, pp. 86-93.
A sketch is given of the outstanding features of mosquito biologv',
and the most important remedial measures are outlined. A list of 32
mosquitos so far recorded in North Carohna is given, with brief notes
relating to their specific habitats and importance as disease carriers.

Brethes {].). Algunas Notas sobre Mosquitos Argentinos, su Relacion

con las Enfermedades paliidicas, etc., y Descripcion de tres Especies

nuevas. 'Notes on some Argentine ^Mosquitos, their Relation to

Malaria, etc., and a Description of three new Species." — Anales

Mus. Xac. Hist. Xat., Buenos Aires, xxviii, 1916, pp. 193-218,

9 figs.

Much of the svnonymy of Argentine mosquitos here discussed has

been further considered in a later paper by Dyar 'R.A.E., B, \ii, 107].

As regards Anopheles {Cellia) argyrotarsis, R.D., the author disagrees

with the statement of Neiva, who'm 1909 gave the distribution of this

species as covering the whole of Brazil, and also with the latter's

treatment of A. albitarsis, L\-nch, as a s}-nonym of it. ^Accordmg to

Dyar A. albitarsis is a sjmonym of .-1. pidipennis, Phil.^ Larvae have

been found in Buenos Aires "and its \icinity that are in all probabihty

of this species and of A. annulipalpis, L^Tich, though this cannot be

verified until the adults have been reared. Cases of malaria have

definitely been recorded in Buenos Aires, and it is thought that this

marks the South American limit of the distribution of both .\nopheluies

and malaria. It is probable that these species are abimdant further

north, about Lake Ibera, in Paraguay and the south of Brazil.

Anopheles pseiidopunctipennis, Theo. [Proterorhynchus argentiniis,
Brethes) has only been recorded from \>nezuela and the Argentine
RepubHc, in spite of surveys in Peru, Bohvia, and other intermediate
regions.

A Culicine, Psorophora lynchi >aid by Dyar to be P. tibialis, R.D._,
is described from Buenos Aires. Five species of the genus Ciilex have
up to the present time been recorded from Buenos Aires and the
vicinity. Ochlerotatiis (C.) confirmatus, L\-nch, has been considered
synonymous with 0. (C.) scapular is, Rond., but the author doubts
this, as he considers it improbable that this species extends from the
north of Mexico to the Argentine Repubhc, as recorded by Neiva. _

Cidex bonariensis, sp. n., here described, was taken in San Isidro in
April and May, and it is thought that it will probably be found to be of
wider occurrence. C. {Choeroporpa) intrincatus, sp. n., is described from
a single male taken in San Isidro in May.

Peryassu (A.). Culicideos de Brazil nocivos ao Homen. [Brazihan
Culicidae injurious to Man.]— 5j:;c/.-. Rio d: Janeiro, ii, no. 1,
Januar}--Februar\- 1919, pp. 41-45.
There are 134 known species of Brazihan Culicidae ; this paper

deals with the Anophelines, represented by 18 species, a key to which is

6

given. The following are peculiar to Brazil : Anopheles mattogrossensis,
A. tibiomaciilatus, A. gilesi, A. (Myzorhynchella) hitzi, A. {M.) parvus,
A. (M.) nigritarsis, A. {Manguinhosia) lutzi, A. (Cycloleppteron) inter-
medius, A. (C) pseudomaculipes, A. {Chagasia) fajardoi, A. {Cellia)
braziliensis, and A . (C.) allopha. The other 6 species are : Anopheles lutzi,
A. {Cydoleppteron) mediopunctatus , A. (C.) maculipes, A. {Stethomyia)
nimbtis, A. {Cellia) argyrotarsis, and A. (C.) albimanus.

Peryassu (A.). Biologia dos Anofelinos brazileiros. [The Biology of
Brazilian Anophelines.] — Saude, Rio dc Janeiro, ii, no. 2, March-
April 1919, pp. 145-158.

The two principal Anopheline carriers of malaria in Brazil are
Anopheles {Cellia) albimanus and A. (C.) argyrotarsis. Other vectors
are A.' {Cellia) braziliensis, A. {Cycloleppteron) mactdipes, A. (C.)
pseudomaculipes, A. (C.) mediopunctatus, A. (C.) intermedius, A.
{Myzorhynchella) lutzi, A. {M.) parvus, and A. {Stethomyia) nimbus.

As regards breeding-places A. lutzi prefers Bromeliaceae ; A. argy-
rotarsis and A. albimanus, springs, tanks and swamps.

Among the natural enemies of mosquitos are a number of fish such
as Girardinus caudimaculatus, Poecilia vopora, Glaridodon januarius,
and Jenynosia lineata.

Mattos (W. B.). Sobre algumas Especies novas de Sarcophaga.
[Some New Species of Sarcophaga.] — Brazil Medico, Rio de
Janeiro, xxxiv, no. 5, 31st January 1920, pp. 66-68.

Of the nine species of Sarcophaga found in the Brazilian state of
S. Paulo, S. paiilistanensis, S. frerei, and 5. neivai are here described
as new. Those already known are : — S. chrysostoma, Wied., S.
georgina, Wied., S. tessellata, Wied., 5. plinthopyga, Wied., 5.
xanthophora, Wied., and S. comta, Wied.

Bras de Sa (J. L.). A Fauna anofelina da India Portuguesa (2a.

Communicagao). [The Anopheline Fauna of Portuguese India.
2nd Communication]. — Bol. Geral Med. e Farmdcia, Nova Goa,
Ser. V, no. 8, August 1919, pp. 290-294.

The Anophehnes found at Goa are : Anopheles subpictns {rossi),
A. ludlowi, A. stephensi, A. ycimcsi, A. fuliginosus, A. listoni, A.
barbirostris, A. hyrcanus {sinensis), A. elegans, A. culicifacies and
A. maculatus. A key is given to these species and to three others,
A. aitkeni, A. karwari, and A. pulcherrimus, previously recorded from
Goa, but not observed in these investigations.

Connor (M. E.). Yellow Fever Control in Ecuador. Preliminary
Report.—//. Amer. Med. Assoc, Chicago, III., Ixxiv, no. 10,
6th March 1920, pp. 650-651.

This paper describes the campaign against Stegomyia [fasciata]
at Guayaquil since 24th November 1918. The decrease of yellow fever
coincided with the screening of water-tanks and other containers.
There are nearly 7,000 tanks in use in the city, as the pipe-borne supply
is inadequate. Nearly 30,000 other containers had to be inspected.
The tanks were covered with either copper wire screens, galvanised iron,

or wooden covers. Galvanised iron proved the" most satisfactory and
cheapest. Wooden covers were often taken and used for firewood,
and the copper screens admitted rats.

Fish were also used. One of the perch family was found to be
a voracious destroyer of the larvae, but its habit of jumping 3 or 4 feet
out of the water in order to escape led to its replacement by two other
native species, which gave good results.

MoNzioLS (— ) & CoLLiGNON (— ). Quelques Faits cliniques et epide-
niiologiques interessants observes a Constantinople au Cours de
I'Epidemie de Peste de 1919.— Bulls, el Meins. Soc. Med. Hopitaux
de Paris, xxxvi, no. 5-6-7, 26th February 1920, pp. 215-217.

From October to December 1919 the authors were able to observe
44 cases of plague among the civil population of Constantinople.
Rats tend to avoid infected foci, and it was found impossible to capture
a living specimen in the mill where the epidemic started. All the dead
rats found were Mus rattiis. Fleas were present in thousands on the
ground and on the sacks of flour. A count gave the following per-
centages : Ctenocephaliis canis and C. felis 5, Piilex irritans 25,
Xenopsylla cheopis 70.

DA Matta (A.). Um novo Rediivido do Amazonas : Rhodnius brethesi,

n. sp. [R. brethesi, a new Reduviid from the Amazons.]— ^4 ma^owas

Medico, Manaos, no. 7 (ii, no. 3), July-September 1919,

pp. 93-94, 1 plate.

The information given here has already been noticed from another

source [R.A.E., B, vih, 41].

DA Matta (A.). Notas para o Estudo da Biologia do Rhodnius brethesi,
n. sp. [Notes for the Study of the Biology of R. brethesi.] —
Amazonas Medico, Manaos, no. 7 (ii, no. 3), July-September
1919, pp. 104-107.

In the Brazihan forests the Reduviid bug, Rhodnius brethesi, da
Matta, is commonly found on a palm [Leopoldina piassaba), which
attracts many mammals on account of its fruit and the shelter it
affords. Its fibres are put to several uses, and this circumstance
brings the bug into contact with man.

GoLDScHMiDT (W.). Einige Bemerkungen zur Frage der Ophthal-
momyiasis. [Some Remarks on the Question of Ophthalmomyiasis. ]
— Wiener Klin. Wochenschr., Vienna, xxxii, no. 48, 27th November
1919, pp. 1159-1160. (Abstract in Trop. Dis. Bull., London,
xvi, no. 2, 15th August 1920, p. 109.)

The author has observed cases of ophthalmomyiasis, chiefly among
children, in Central Asia, due to young maggots of Wohlfartia
{Sarcophila) magnifica, a viviparous fly well known in Europe to deposit
its larvae in the nasal passages of man.

FiEBiGER (J.). Zur Frage der Ophthalmomyiasis. [The Question of
Ophthalmomyiasis.] — Wiener Klin. Wochenschr., Vienna, xxxiii,
no. 5, 29th January 1920, p. 109.

Recorded cases of larvae of Rhinoestrus purpureus and Oestrus ovis
infesting the conjunctival sac of man are referred to in this paper.

8

Tyzzer (E. E.) & Walker (E. L.). A Comparative Study of Leish-
7nania 'infantum of Infantile Kala Azar and Leptomonas
{Herpetomonas) ctenocephali parasitic in the Gut of the Dog Flea. —

Jl. Med. Research, Boston, Mass., xl, no. 2, July 1919, pp. 129-176.
(Abstract in Trop. Dis. Bull., London, xv, no. 6, 15th June 1920,
pp. 439-441.)

Investigations were undertaken to determine, if possible, the generic
and specific relationship of the above two organisms. The material
used was obtained in the case of Leishmania infantttm from a case of
infantile kala-azar in a Greek child in Massachusetts ; in the case of
Leptomonas {Herpetomonas) ctenocephali from fleas collected on dogs
in San Francisco and Boston. The conclusion reached is that the
two organisms are not identical.

Story (C). The Spinose Ear-tick. Practical Suggestions for Sup-
pression.— Union S. Africa Jl. Dept. As,ric., Pretoria, \, no. 7,
October 1920, pp. 647-654, 5 figs.

This paper, which gives an account of studies on the spinose ear-tick
[Ornithodorus megnini, Duges], is reprinted from the Farmer's Weekly,
10th December 1919, p. 1977, with comments by Mr. Lounsbury.
The chief points of difterence between the observations here described
and those of previous authors [R.A.E., B, i, 139 ; vi, 32 ; vii, 93] are
in the hiding places of the adult ticks and the habits of the young
larvae. The favourite hiding place appears to be the loose, dry
manure that fills the spaces between the stones at the bottom of the
kraal wall and for some distance inwards, and numbers of adults and
newly-hatched larvae were found in this situation. The larvae are
described as crawling to their host, not waiting to be picked up as the
animal passes, as do Ixodid ticks.

Instances are recorded of natives working about cattle kraals being
attacked by 0. megnini. This tick also occasionally feeds on the skin
in the case of sheep.

0. megnini is much more a pest of the kraal than of the veldt. As
mating takes place away from the host, "the chances are against the
females finding the males in the open ; and as the unfed larvae are
short-lived, as compared with Ixodids, their chances of finding a host
in the open are proportionately reduced.

Young calves suffer most from this pest. Its bite seems to be highly
poisonous, producing swelling and abscesses, and ultimately death.
Infested kraals and cattle may be cleaned by systematic ear dressing
about once a fortnight in the manner described [loc. cit., vi, 32]. Care
must be taken not to smear the tar mixture on the hair in the ear,
otherwise when the ear is flapped the mixture reaches the eye and
causes rather severe irritation.

Brug (S. L.). Onderzoek naar de Geschiktheid van Culex fatigans te
Batavia als Overbrenger van Filaria bancrofti. [An Investigation
into the Capacity of C. fatigans at Batavia to convey F. bancrofti.'] —
Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indie, Batavia, Ix, no. 4, 1920, pp. 612-615.

Infection with Filaria bancrofti is comparatively rare at Batavia,
and this was thought to be perhaps due to a reduced susceptibility
to infection on the part of Batavian mosquitos. ^Culex fatigans, known

to be a good carrier of filariasis, is common Locally, and this species was
subjected to an investigation. As a result it appears that the parasite
develops quite as well' in C.faligans at Batavia as it does elsewhere.
The problem therefore remains unsolved. It is perhaps possible that in
freedom the mosquitos prefer to feed on healthy human Ix'ings rather
than on individuals suffering from filariasis.

Dyar (H. G.). The Classification of American AMcs (Diptera, Culicidae).

—Insecutor Inscitiae Mcnstrnus, Washington, D.C., \iii, no. 7-9,
July-September 1920, pp. 103-106.

The American species of Aedes are here divided into subgenera on
the characters of the male hypopygium [R.A.E., B, vi, 142]. A key
is given to the subgenera in question, viz., Howardina, Heteronycha
Taeniorhynclms, Finlaya, Stegoniyia, Aedes and Ecculex. Heteronycha
is also divided into groups, using the same characters, and a key is given
with a list of the species in each group. The present arrangement
replaces that given formerly [loc. cit.].

Dyar (H. G.). The American Aedes of the stimidans Group (Diptera,

CuUcidae). — Insecutor Inscitiae Menstriius, Washington, D.C., \\n,
no. 7-9, July-September 1920, pp. 106-120.

Notes are given on the adults and larvae of the American Aedes of
the stimidans group of the subgenus. Heteronycha [see above]. This
group is divided, with a key, into series, species and subspecies. The
following new subspecies are described : — Aedes stimidans mississippii,
A. stimidans classicus and A. stimidans albertae.

Dyar (H. G.). The Larva of Aedes campestris, Dyar& Knab (Diptera,
Culicidae). — Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington, D.C.,
viii, no. 7-9, July-September 1920, p. 120.

The larva of Aedes campestris, found in salt marshes in Utah, is
described.

Dyar (H. G.). A Note on Aedes niphadopsis, Dyar& Knab (Diptera,

Culicidae). — Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington, B.C.,
viii, no. 7-9, July-September 1920, pp. 138-139.

The male and larva of Aedes niphadopsis are here described from
Utah, the female onlv having been previously known [R.A.E., B,
vi, 86].

Dyar (H. G.). The Grabhamia Group of Psorophora (Diptera,
Culicidae). — Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington, D.C.,
viii, no. 7-9, July-September 1920, pp. 140-141.

The species of the Grabhamia group of Psorophora are themselves

divided into two series, in the second of which, comprising the

jamaicensis group, it is considered that too many names have been

, recognised. Of the four species here given as comprising the latter

group, one, Psorophora funiculns, from Colombia, is described as new.

10

MacDougall (A. H.). Spraying as a Preventive for Blow-flies. —

Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., Sydnev, xxxi, no. 9, September 1920, pp.
617-618.

As a result of experiments (which are still in progress) one part of
carbolic dip to ten parts of water is recommended for the treatment
of sheep infested with blow-flies. The affected part should be shorn
fairly closely, and a weaker solution should be used if the flesh is raw.

Cohen (L.). The Control of Cattle Tick.~Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., Sydney,
xxxi, no. 9, September 1920, p. 654.

It has been thought that arsenic oxide appearing in dips as the result
of oxidation of arsenious oxide has less effect on ticks than the original
form. The results of experiments carried out in Queensland show that
arsenate possesses a tick-killing power of about one-third that of
arsenite. Arsenical fluids apparently act more rapidly in summer than
in winter, and it is thought that weaker solutions applied at shorter
intervals, i.e., a 5 lb. solution with a four-day interval, might be more
successful than the present method of an 8 lb. solution at 5 to 10 day
intervals. Arsenate up to 0-3 per cent, by itself, or up to 0-2 per cent,
combined with 0-1 per cent, of arsenite, has no noticeably injurious
effect on cattle. The departmental mixture at full arsenical strength
has no deleterious effect on cattle, including dairy cows in full milk,
but even at less than half standard arsenical strength it will kill all
ticks except those undergoing the second moult at the time of treatment,
and these apparently resist all commonly employed concentrations.
Emulsion is not essential to the dip fluid, provided a thorough wetting
of every part of the animal is ensured.

Newstead (R.) & Morris (H. M.). Report on the Non-parasitic or Forage
Acari of the Family Tyroglyphidae. — Rept. Grain Pests {War)
Committee, Royal Society, London, no. 8, 1920, pp. 16-25, 6 plates.
[Received 4th November 1920.]

Certain Acarids frequently found upon domestic animals are
non-parasitic, but have accidentally been carried to an animal host
owing to their presence in some form of forage on which the animals
are fed, or in the dust about beams and ledges of a stable, whence they
can easily be transferred to a living host by contact or by flies. These
mites are usually harmless, but certain species, when very numerous,
may cause considerable irritation. In skin-scrapings from animals they
are frequently mistaken for mange Acarids.

Various records of the occurrence of such mites on animal hosts,
reported by previous authors, are quoted. The characteristics differen-
tiating mange mites, or Sarcoptids, from forage acari, or Tyroglyphids,
are described, and a key is given for the determination of mange mites
of the genera Psoroptes, Sarcoptes and Symhiotes and of the forage
mites.

Brief descriptions are given of the following Tyroglyphids : —
Tyroglyphus (Aleurobitis) farinae, de G., which is probably the com-
monest of the forage Acarids, occurring in meal, bran, maize, wheat,
flour, cheese, etc. It is frequently found in skin scrapings from horses,
and has also recently been found in the ears of a guinea-pig. Histiogaster
entomophagus, Lab., is considered a pest of primaiy importance in
connection with the storage of flour and mixed farinaceous foodstuffs.
Glyciphagus cadaverum, Schr. , has been found very abundantly in wheat

11

and mixed screenings, chaff, etc. ; G. domesiicus, de G., has recently
been taken in the ears of a guincei-pig and of a rabbit ; G. ornatus, Kram.,
has been taken from skin-scrapings from army horses in France, but
has not yet been recorded in the British Isles ; G. plmniger, Koch, and
G. canestrinii, Arm., are said to occur among hay in barns, etc., but have
not been found by the authors. Chortoglyphus arciiatus, Troup, has been
found in flour and in. dust, etc., on the beams and floors of stables
and barns. Tyroglyphtis longior, Gerv., and T. siro, L., which are very
similar in appearance, are commonly met with in the hypopial stage,
and have also been recorded in skin scrapings from horses in France
and Flanders.

Most of the forage Acarids that are found on domestic animals are
in the h3^popial nymph stage, though this stage does not occur in the
hfe-cycle of all individual mites and is apparently much commoner
in some species than in others. The mites in this stage are more resistant
to extremes of heat and drought, and are frequently more active than
at other times.

Cheyletus emditus, Schr., which has been taken in groomings from
healthy army horses in France and Flanders and also in the ears of a
guinea-pig, is predaceous upon many of the above-mentioned Acarids,
though it has never been found in sufficient numbers to be very
highly beneficial [R.A.E., A, vh, 92.]

Fillers (A. W. N.). Clinical Notes on the Non-parasitic or Forage

Mites. — Kept. Grain Pests {War) Committee, Royal Society, London,
no. 8, 1920, pp. 26-28. [Received 4th November 1920.]

Microscopical examinations of scrapings taken from a veiy large
number of animals evacuated for mange and contagious skin diseases
during a period of the War showed that 14-73 per cent, harboured
forage acari. Repeated records show that in time of war there is a close
relationship between grain Acarids and those known to cause mange.
Moreover, during harvesting, transport, mihing and storage operations
the horse is brought into close contact with the Acarids contained in
grain. In all moist conditions of the skin, casual mites may adhere
accidentally to wet places, but are not necessarily the cause of disease.
. Sarcoptid mites are difficult to find in the early phases of sarcoptic
mange, and as a defence for the presence of unnotified mange it has been
urged that the disease was due to forage acari, which are easily confused
with the mange mites. It seems possible also that some of the obscure
cases of shaking of the head in horses, sometimes followed by disastrous
results in runaways, may be due to forage acari having gained access
to the sensitive lining of the auditory canal. It is therefore of great
importance to recognise the non-parasitic acari that occur more or less
accidentally on the skin of domestic animals.

Hygiene. Mesures a prendre pour combattre la Maladie du Sommeil.

[Measures to combat Sleeping Sickness in the Belgian Congo.] —
Bull. Off. Congo Beige, Brussels, 13th Year, no. 10, 15th October
1920, pp. 1229-1256.

This ordinance on sleeping sickness was issued on 8th July 1920 at
Boma by the Governor-General of the Belgian Congo in view of the
need for new measures. The previous legislation on the subject is
reviewed, and details of the restrictions on the movements of both
natives and Europeans entering or leaving infected areas are given.

12

Clearing must be done on the banks of rivers, lakes, lagoons, at
European undertakings, native villages, plantations, washing places,
watering places, fords, landing places, bridges, places where native
salt is prepared by means of water-plants, and breeding-places of
Glossina. The banks must be cleared for a width of 50 metres at
high -water level for at least 1,000 metres above and below the point
to be protected. Trees more than 5 metres high may be left standing
provided that all branches up to 4 metres from the ground are lopped
off and that each tree has a clear radius of at least 15 metres around it.
If a river is less than 500 metres wide, the opposite bank must be
cleared as well, even if uninhabited. The debris from the clearing
must be dried and burned. The work of clearing must be done by the
occupiers or proprietors of the land, and in default it will be done at
their expense by the Government. European undertakings and native
villages away from water may be required to carry out clearings
within a zone specified by the territorial authorities.

Fishing on waters registered as fly -infested requires a local permit,
which is only given to non-infected persons. Infested waters may not
be crossed at prohibited points, and no camping is allowed within
500 metres of their banks.

The limits of infected districts may be surveyed by the authorities
and made known by means of posters or public proclamation. Natives
living in the districts bordering on the districts of the Lower Welle,
Upper Welle, Ituri, and Kivu are forbidden to enter them, but this
prohibition may be raised by the Vice-Governor-General of the Eastern
Province. Access to other frontier districts may be likewise regulated
by the competent authorities.

New villages, settlements, or halts must be at least 1,000 metres
from any water or swamp with uncleared banks. Stables and cattle
sheds must be placed at a distance (specified by the medical authorities)
from dwellings, and in localities infested with fly, no cattle, pigs, horses,
donkeys, or mules may be allowed nearer than 500 metres from a
dwelling.

Wood used as fuel for steamers must be cut at a considerable distance
from the banks and must be transported to them after sunset. On
.railways, steamers, and other transport systems all places where the
presence of staff or passengers is involved must be cleared. Passenger
coaches, cattle trucks and other wagons must be screened, and their-
doors kept closed.

The ordinance closes by defining the authorities charged with its
administration and with a statement of the penalties incurred by
disregard of its provisions.

Tejera (E.). La Tripanosomiosis Americana o Enfermedad de Chagas

en Venezuela. [American Trypanosomiasis or Chagas' Disease

in Venezuela.] — Anales Direc. San. Nac, Caracas, i, no. 1-2,

January- June 1919, 73-84, 3 figs. [Also in English.]

The information given in this paper has already been noticed

[R.A.E., B, viii, 16].

NujSez Tovar (M.). Nota sobre dos Conorinos del Estado Aragua.

[Notes on two Conorhinus from the State of Aragua, Venezuela.] —
Anales Direc. San. Nac, Caracas, i, no. 1-2, January-June 1919,
pp. 86-89, 2 figs. [Also in Enghsh.]
Among a number of Triatoma {Conorhinus) captured, two new species
are illustrated and briefly described, though not named.

13

Venezuelan Reduviids have a marked preference for roofs recently
thatched with Guinea grass, in which they multiply in such numbers
as to make the huts uninhabitable.

RivAS (J. A.). Contribucion al Estudio de los Ixodes de Venezuela.

[A Contribution to the Study of the Ixodidae in Venezuela.]—

Anales Direc. San. Nac, Caracas, i, no. 1-2, January-June 1919,

pp. 112-119. [Also in English.]

There is no new information in this paper, which briefly describes the

following ticks: — Rhipicephalns sanguineus punctatissimus , Gerst.,

transmitting Piroplasma [Babesia) canis to dogs ; R. simus, Koch,

transmitting Theileria parva to cattle ; R. bursa. Can., suspected of

transmitting Piroplasma ovis to sheep ; Margaropus annulatus australis,

Fuller, from which it is possible to infect cattle with Piroplasma bovis ;

Amblyomma cajennense, F. ; A. americanimi, L. ; A. concolor, Neum. ;

and Dermacentor nitens, Neum.

Nunez Tovar (M.). Fauna Anofelina de Venezuela. [The Anopheline
Fauna of Venezuela.] — Anales Direc. San. Nac, Caracas, i, no. 3,
July-September 1919, pp. 255-256. [Also in Enghsh.]
The Anopheles of Venezuela are : — A. tarsimaculatus, A. pnnctipennis,

A. pseiidopunctipennis, A. argyrotarsis, A. albimanns, and one

species as yet unidentified.

Nunez Tovar (M.). Nota Sobre un Brote de Tristeza en el Estado

Aragua. [Observations on an Outbreak of Texas Fever in the
State of Aragua, Venezuela.] — Anales Direc. San. Nac, Caracas, i,
no. 4, October-December 1919, pp. 434-437. [Also in EngUsh.]
[Received 10th November 1920.]
Observations are recorded on an outbreak of Texas fever in Vene-
zuela in 1919. It is not known in what other parts of Venezuela the
disease occurs, but its distribution probably includes ah territory
where climatic conditions are favourable to ticks. While certain
ticks are the usual transmitting agents of Piroplasma bigeminum,
the specific cause of the disease, recent observations indicate the
possibihty of certain blood-sucking Diptera, such as Stomoxys calcitrans,
also acting as intermediate hosts.

In the various countries where the disease is endemic there are certain
differences in the clinical manifestations and a number of different
ticks act as vectors. The collection of ticks obtained on the present
occasion from 50 cases of Texas fever was composed entirely of adult
examples of Boophilus annnlaius.

Christophers (S. R.). A Summary of recent Observations upon the

Anopheles o£ the Middle East.— /w^mn //. Med. Res., Calcutta, vii,

no. 4, April 1920, pp. 710-716, 3 maps. [Received 7th November

1920.]

The distribution of the Anophehne fauna of Asia Minor, Syria,

Palestine, Arabia, ' Mesopotamia, Persia, Turkestan, Afghanistan

and Baluchistan is discussed. The species involved include A. pul-

cherrimus, Theo., A. pharoensis, Theo. ; A. superpictus, Grassi ;

A. turkhudi. List. ; A. maculipennis, Meig. ; A. bifurcatus, L.; A. plum-

beus, Hal.; A. stephensi. List.; A. hyrcamts, Pall, {sinensis, Wied.) ;

A. costalis, Lw. ; A. rhodesiensis, Theo.; A. pretoriensis, Theo.;

A. cinereus, Theo. ; and A. culicifacies, Giles.

14

The Anopheline fauna of South Arabia is definitely African. The
European fades continues at least as far east as the south shores of the
Caspian Sea and also predominates in Palestine, Syria and Cilicia.

Donovan (C). Malaria of Monkeys at the Foot of the Nilgiris.—

Indian Jl. Med. Res., Calcutta, vii, no. 4, April 1920, pp. 717-721,

1 plate. [Received 7th November 1920.]

As a result of frequent statements that malaria may be contracted
in India in areas where there are no human beings, the common
monkeys, Macacus sinicus and Presbytis priamus, were examined for
the presence of malarial parasites. Of 86 individuals examined none
contained a malarial organism of any kind, but the Malabar squirrel
{Ratufa indica malaharica) was frequently found to be infected with
Plasmodium ratufae, sp. n., which closely resembles P. vivax found in
man. The so-called uninhabited malarious tracts at the foot of the
Nilgiris frequently have wild tribes wandering through and hving in
them.

Since writing this paper the author has recorded a case of Macacus
sinicus infected with a Plasmodittm morphologically identical with
P. cynomolgi found in Macacus cynomolgus.

P. pitheci has been found in the orang-utang and P. kochi in
Cercopithecus sp.

Patton (W. S.). Some Notes on the Arthropods of Medical and
Veterinary Importance in Mesopotamia, and on their Relation to
Disease. Part i. The Gad Flies of Mesopotamia.--/«rfza;i //.

Med. Res., Calcutta, vii, no. 4, April 1920, pp. 735-750, 1 plate,

2 figs. [Received 7th November 1920.]

The Tabanids described from Mesopotamia include Tabanus
pulchellus, Lw. {cyprianus, Ric), which appears in small numbers in
April, but later becomes extremely common and only disappears in
September or early October. Females of this species have been caught
from 5 to 6 miles away from the breeding grounds. Numerous
individuals are destroyed by dragonflies and a species of bee-eater
{Merops apiaster). T. persis, Ric, was almost always found in company
with the above-named species, but was less numerous.

T. glaber. Big., was very common from about August to November ;
it was found breeding along the banks of a creek, and apparently does
not breed in marshy areas. T. polygonus, Wlk., attacks mules and
horses from March to September, and breeds chiefly along the banks of
creeks. T. pulverifer, Wlk., occurred in the marshy area along the
Euphrates. T. sufis, Jaen., breeds along banks of creeks and water-
courses. It has been recorded from other places under the name of
T. alboventralis, Newst. Chrysops punctifer, Lw., was common along
creeks and water-courses in April and May. Only two examples of
the genus Haematopota were taken, and these were too much damaged
to be identified.

During the campaign of 1915-1917 more than* a thousand camels
were lost as the result of a fatal form of trypanosomiasis. Several
individuals from Sind escaped infection, although some of these were
present during two fly seasons, which would suggest that they were
immune to the Mesopotamian variety of trypanosome.

Except for a few individuals of Tahamis pulchellus, T. glaber was the
only species seen feeding on camels, and is apparently responsible for

15

the transmission of the disease. A species of Crithidia closely resembling
C. tabani was isolated from the hind-gut of this fly, but no parasites
were found in the salivary glands. The camels were noticed trying to
drive the fhes away by licking, thus infecting their lips with various
stages of the parasite. It is suggested that the parasite ingested by
the flies from the blood of the animals is a stage of Crithidia parasitic
in the fly, and when it comes in contact with the mucous membrane of
the mouth of the vertebrate host, it penetrates it and enters the
blood, assuming the trypanosome stage. Experiments to prove this
theory were interrupted, but their resumption is urged.

Observations on trypanosomiasis of camels in various parts of the
world are reviewed ; from these it appears that Tabanids only act as
mechanical carriers, and that trypanosomes soon disappear from
their alimentary tracts.

Owing to the enormous extent of the breeding areas the artificial
destruction of the early stages of these flies would be quite impossible,
but Chalcids parasitic on the eggs might be introduced with advantage.
All horses should be protected from the flies by housing in reed huts.

Patton (W. S.). Some Notes on the Arthropods o! Medical and
Veterinary Importance in Mesopotamia, and on their Relation to
Disease. Part ii. Mesopotamian House Flies and their AUies.—

Indian Jl. Med. Res., Calcutta, vii, no. 4, April 1920, pp. 13\-111,
4 plates, 6 figs. [Received 7th November 1920.]

The house-flies described from Mesopotamia include Miisca
determinata, Wlk., the generations of which under favourable conditions
may succeed one another in from 72 to 90 hours. The eggs are laid
in excrement and decomposing matter. M. hiimilis, Wied., is widely
distributed and the early stages are very similar to those of M.
determinata. This species breeds in cow-dung and isolated patches
of human excreta. The eggs of M. mesopotamiensis, sp. n., are laid
singly in patches of cow-dung in the field. The larvae migrate some
distance and enter the ground for pupation. From puparia coUected
in October and November the adults emerged in March, hibernation
thus occurring in the pupal stage. Large numbers of these flies were
seen on camels feeding on the exudation from the eyes, or from sores
and lesions made by biting flies.

M. tempestiva. Fall, probably breeds in cow-dung. This species
and M. vitripennis, Meig., are often seen on horses and cattle following
the biting flies to feed on the exuded blood. Other species recorded
include : — Philaematoniyia crassirostris, Stein {insignis, Aust.) ;
Stomoxys calcitrans, L. ; Lyperosia exigua, de Meij. ; L. minuta, Bez. ;
Calliphora erythrocephala, Macq. ; Chrysomyia (Pycnosoma) alhiceps,
Wied. ; Lucilia sericata, Meig. ; Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis, ¥.,
and Wohlfahrtia meigeni, Schin.

The destruction of breeding places and extermination of flies as
accomphshed at a camp in Mesopotamia are described. All refuse was
burnt, for which purpose closed incinerators are recommended. All
antiseptics such as borax, cresol, ferrous and ferric salts, etc., when
applied to the manure retard fermentation and thus prolong the
period for oviposition. As a result of experiments the biothermic
method of dealing with large quantities of equine manure is advocated
for use in the tropics. Anti-fly measures should be taken within five
days of removal of the manure from the stable, preferably on the

16

second or third day in the tropics. A shallow trench about 6 inches
wide and 4 inches deep with straight, steep sides was constructed to
encircle each mound of manure to trap the larvae that try to leave it.
For the destruction of adults, properly constructed, baited traps are
advocated. They may also be destroyed by means of burning torches
when they collect on the roof and walls of sheds at night. The
construction of such sheds and of bait traps is described and illustrated.
The principle of the bait trap is to attract the flies by means of food,
and to induce them to oviposit in the trap. For this purpose the
green, partially digested contents of the stomachs and intestines of
recently slaughtered cattle proved the most attractive bait. The trap
is baited in the early morning, clots of fresh blood being placed on the
top of the bait. At dusk the tray is removed and the bait containing
large numbers of eggs is placed in the incinerator. The adults soon
die after oviposition, and may be swept up at the bottom of the trap
once or twice a week.

LisTON (W. G.). The Use of Hydrocyanic Acid Gas for Fumigation. —

Indian J I. Med. Res., Calcutta, vii, no. 4, April 1920, pp. 778-802,
5 plates, 4 figs. [Received 7th November 1920.]

The observations made by previous authors in the use of hydrocyanic
acid fumigation are reviewed. The results of these show that this gas
may be safely used if generated in a machine placed in the open air.
Since an experimental machine was demonstrated at a Conference in
Lucknow [R.A.E., B., ii, 196] many similar machines have been in
use for the fumigation of infested houses in Bombay and Poona.
The advantages and disadvantages of various methods of fumigation
are discussed ; and the plant erected at the Alexandra Docks, Bombay,
for the treatment of soldiers' clothing and kit is described and illustrated.
Experiments show that an exposure for two hours to a concentration
of hydrocyanic acid gas starting with 100 parts in 100,000 and falling
gradually to 30 parts per 100,000 was sufficient to kill bugs, fleas, lice
and their eggs.

Boyd (J. E. M.). The Value of Small Fish regarding the Destruction
of Mosquito Larvae. — Jl. R.A.M.C, London, xxxv, no. 5, November
1920, pp. 406-409.

Fish, especially surface feeders such as minnows and sticklebacks,
destroy a considerable number of mosquito larvae, particularly in dykes
and places where the latter are not protected by weeds. In recent
observations on the intestinal contents of Gasierosteus pungitius,
as many as seven larvae, probably of Anopheles maadipennis, were
found in one individual, the average number being two.

PicciNiNNi (F.). I Veicoli d'Importazione del Contagio della Peste in
Italia e i Mezzi di Difesa. [The Carriers involved in the Importation
of Plague into Italy and Methods of Defence.] — Ann. d'Igiene,
Rome, XXX, no. 10, October 1920, pp. 604-613.

Plague is brought to Italy by sea. Of the carriers involved man is
the least dangerous, fleas are of veiy slight importance, and merchandise
is also neghgible except as a harbourer of the bodies of rats that have
died of plague. Rats are by far the most important carriers. The

17

methods of disinfection usually practised against these rodents leave
very much to be desired. It has been found that to exterminate rats
entirely on a wooden ship at Naples no less than three fumigations on
three consecutive days are necessary.

The measures needed include careful daily examination of all parts
of vessels and docks, sustained and intense rat-extermination work,
and the adoption in all harbours open to international traffic of a
separate sewer system entirely distinct from the municipal sewers
[R.A.E., B, vih, 202].

Scott (J. W.) & O'Roke (E. C). Sarcocystis tenella. The Muscle
Parasite o£ the ^\\q%v.— Wyoming Agric. Expt. Sta., Laramie,
Buh. 124, June 1920, pp. 69-94. [Received 11th November 1920.]

The results of a large number of experiments with lambs, here
described, indicate that infection with Sarcocystis tenella takes place
independently of the presence or absence of insects, and the feeding of
lambs with hundreds of the particular insects that appeared to be the
only possible carriers of the infection gave negative results. The theory
of an infective intestinal stage seems the most probable, infection
resulting when sheep eat food contaminated with infective faeces of
other sheep.

Scott (J. W.). Parasitology Department.— 2M Ann. Kept. Wyoming
Agric. Expt. Sta., 1918-1919, Laramie, 1920, pp. 154-157.
[Received 11th November 1920.]

The most serious parasites of the horse noted were bots, lice, and the
usual biting flies. Gastrophilus intestinalis (common bot fly) was
frequently encountered, but G. haemorrhoidalis was reported only
from the northern part of Wyoming. Swamp fever has not been
prevalent.

Of sheep parasites one of the most serious is the Hippoboscid fly,
Melophagus ovinns (sheep tick), which probably costs the State
£40,000 annuaUy for dipping alone. Several other common pests,
such as mites and hce of poultry, lice on horses and cattle, mosquitos
and biting flies, were present in their customary frequency.

Among human beings fewer deaths have occurred from Rocky
Mountain spotted fever than in former years. The disease is possibly
becoming less virulent, though it may be that better knowledge of it
has resulted in greater precautions being taken against ticks.

Hase (A.). Neue Beobaehtungen und Versuche iiber die Lebens-
Jahigkeit der Kleiderlause und ihre Eier. [New Observations
and Experiments on the Viabihty of Clothes Lice and their Eggs.]
—Centralbl. Bakt., Parasit. u. Infektionskr., Jena, Ite Abt., Orig.,
Ixxxii, no 6, 28th February 1919, pp. 461-468. [Received
17th November 1920.]

These results relating to Pediculus Immanus (vestimenti) are published
in the hope of prompting the publication of any divergent findings, in
view of the necessity for an accurate knowledge of the life-histories
of lice.

The maximum period during which P. humanus resisted starvation
was 7 days at summer temperatures, 10°-37° C. (50°-99° F.), and

(7467— b) c

18

10 days at winter temperatures, 0°-10° C. (32°-50°F.). As it is not
always possible to distinguish strictly between these seasonal tem-
peratures, the maximum period of 10 days must be used in practice.
The female may be considered capable of oviposition at a temperature
as low as 15° C. (59° F.), indicating that at winter temperatures ovi-
position ceases, though the lice are able to live longer, whereas they die
quicker at summer temperatures, but are able to breed. It may lead
to error if temperatures are considered when calculating the number
of days during which a starving female is able to oviposit, and for this
reason the time was taken after which no eggs are laid, even at
favourable temperatures. This time is 5 full days without any food.
Eggs do not hatch at a constant low temperature of 20° C.
(68° F.) ; at a constant temperature of 25° C. (77° F.) incubation
requires 16 days. At a constant temperature below the requisite
minimum, development ceases and hatching is delayed. In his
experiments the author was able to delay hatching for 11 days by
a daily change from a warm to a cool temperature, the latter varying
from 10°-12° C. (50°-54° F.), a condition quite common at night and
represented in practice by the laying aside of infested clothing at that
time. In another experiment the daily change of temperature was
replaced by an alternation of a series of warm and cold days, and it
was found that the eggs resist without injury a series of 5 successive
cold days at any point of their developmental period. A test was made
to ascertain how long newly hatched larvae can resist starvation, and
this period was found to be 5 days at a room temperature of 15°-20° C.
(59°-68° F.) ; at 10°-12° C. (50°-54° F.) this was prolonged to 7 days.
The above results lead to the conclusion that a period of 39 days
(5 + 16-fll+7) is necessary in practice if the starvation method of
killing lice is to be depended upon in order to render clothes, household
and other articles free from them.

Werner (H.). Zur Aetiologie der Febris quintana. [On the Aetiology
of Five-Day Fever.] — Centralbl. Bakt., Parasit. u. Infektionskr.,
Jena, Ite Abt., Orig., Ixxxii, no. 7, 25th March 1919, pp. 571-576,
2 figs. [Received 17th November 1920.]

The transmission of five-day fever from man to man may occur
through infected blood or through the bites of lice. This proves that
the virus circulates in the blood and is taken up by the louse. It is
not certain whether development occurs in the louse or whether trans-
mission is purely mechanical ; the latter is probable. As regards the
various supposed causal agents, it is not improbable that Rickettsia is
connected with the disease, but this is uncertain.

Prell (H.). Ueber eine enzystierte Fliegenlarve aus der Leibeshohle
des Grasfrosches. [An encysted Fly Larva from the Body-Cavity
of the Grass Frog.] — Centralbl. Bakt., Parasit. u. Infektionskr., Jena,
Ite Abt., Orig., Ixxxiii, no. 7, 31st October 1919, pp. 541-549,
5 figs. [Received 17th November 1920.]

Details are given regarding the presence of a fly maggot in a cyst
in a grass frog captured near Stuttgart, though this parasitism is
beheved to be quite accidental.

19

EcKSTi'ix (F). Zur Systematik der einheimischen Stechmucken.
3. Vorlaufige Mitteilung : Die Mannchen. |A Contribution to
the Systematic Study of Mosquitos native to Germany. Third
Prehminary Communication : The Males.] — Centralhl. Bakt.,
Parasit. it. Infektionskr., Jena, Ite Abt., Orig., Ixxxiv, no. 3,
15th March 1920, pp. 223-240, 23 figs. [Received 17th November
1920.]

This is the last of three preliminary papers on German mosquitos
[R.A.E., B, vii, 69, 173]. Generic and specific keys, based on the
male genital characters, are given together with brief notes on the 18
species concerned.

Bau (A.). Die Elehrachenbremse, Cephenomyia ulrichi, Brauer, und
ihre Larvenstadien. [The Elk Throat Bot-Fly, Cephenomyia
idrichi, Brauer, and its Larval Stages.] — Centralhl. Bakt., Parasit.
u. Infektionskr., Jena, Ite Abt., Orig., Ixxxiv, no. 7-8, 14th August
1920, pp. 541-554, 2 plates. [Received \lih November 1920.]

A detailed description is given of the various larval stages of the
Oestrid, Cephenomyia ulrichi, Brauer, infesting the nose and throat
cavities of the elk.

It is not possible to compile an accurate key to the third-stage
larvae of these flies, but the author gives, with some alterations,
Bergman's key to those of C. stimulator, Clark, C. riijibarbis, Mg.,
C. ulrichi, Br., and C. trompe, L. Brauer's key to the adults of these
four species is also quoted.

Paracampo (A.). Hygiene nos Campos. [Rural Hygiene. ]^5rasj7
Agricola, Rio de Janeiro, v, nos. 7 & 8, July & August 1920, pp. 212-
214, 236-242, 10 figs. [Received 17th November 1920.]

This is a popular article, a section of which deals with malaria and its
Anopheline transmitters and also with Chagas' disease, of which
Triatoma megisia is the vector. Illustrations are given of all stages of
this bug and of the typical thatched mud cabin in which it abounds.
The chief prophylactic measure advocated is the construction of well-
lit, airy dwellings of which the walls have a surface that is quite
smooth and without cracks. The introduction of these and other
sanitary measures has caused this disease to disappear entirely from
Bello Horizonte, which is now one of the healthiest towns in Brazil.

Fahrenholz (H.). Anopluren des Zoologischen Museums zu Hamburg.
(3. Beitrag zur Kemitnis der Anopluren.) [Anoplura of the
Zoological Museum at Hamburg. Third Contribution to the
Knowledge of Anoplura.] — Mitt. Zool. Mns. Hamburg, xxxiv
(1916), 1917, pp. 1-22, 5 figs.

Most of the Anoplura of the Hamburg Museum have been worked
out by Mjoberg, but the following additional species are described : —
Pediculus humanus chinensis, subsp. n., probably from Chinese ; Pedi-
ciniis paralleliceps colobi, subsp. n. ; Haematopinus stiis chinensis,
subsp. n. ; H. suis germanicus, subsp. n., from Sus scrofa domesticus ;
H. minor, sp. n., from Equus burchelli ; Linognathus coassus, sp. n.,
from a deer, Coassus sp. ; and L. gilvus, sp. n., from a duyker,
Cephalophus sp.

20

PioT BEy (J. B.). Organisation et Fonctionnement du Service Vet^ri-
naire a 1' Administration des Domaines. — Mem. Inst. Egypte,
Cairo, ii, 1920, pp. 1-98, 2 charts.

The work of the above-mentioned veterinary service, from its
inauguration about 1879 up to 1917, is here reviewed.

This report also gives a resume of the more important diseases of
stock and their treatment and prevention in Egypt and Northern
Africa.

Greschik (E.). Ixodes ricinits schmarotzt im Larvenstadium auch an

Sylvia atricapilla. [The Larva of /. ncinns also a Parasite of
5. atricapilla.] — Aquila, Budapest, xxvi (1919), 1920, p. 146.

In 1919 the author found the larvae of Ixodes ricinus on newly
hatched nestlings of Sylvia atricapilla. The birds were infested on the
head.

Martini (E.). Macedonische Culicinae. [Macedonian Culicinae.] —
Zeitschr. wiss. Insektenhiol., Berlin, xv, no. 4-6, 15th December
1919, pp. 119-120. [Received 20th November 1920.]

As a result of an examination of the literature published during
the War, the author finds that some mosquitos observed by him in
Macedonia have not been mentioned, and for this reason the following
full list is given : — Anopheles bifurcatus, L. ; A. maculipennis, Mg.,
A. plumheus, Hal. {nigripes, Staeg.) ; A. palestinensis, Theo. ; A.
hyrcanus, Pall, {sinensis, Wied.) ; tJranotaenia unguiculata, Edw. ;
Culex pipiens, L. ; C. hortensis, Fie. ; C. mimeticus, Noe ; Theobaldia
annulata, Schr. ; T. longiareolata, Macq. ; Taeniorhynclms richiardii,
Fie. ; Aedes [Ochlerotatus) dorsalis, Mg. ; A. vexans, Mg. ; A.
nemorosus, Mg. ; and A. ornatiis, Mg.

Few observations were made north of Uskub.

Engel (E. O.). Dipteren, die nicht Pupiparen sind, als Vogelparasiten.

[Non-pupiparous Diptera as Bird-Parasites.] — Zeitschr. wiss.
Insektenhiol., Berlin, xv, no. 10-12, 1st August 1920, pp. 249-258,
9 figs.

The Diptera the larvae of which actually parasitise birds, are not
very numerous, most of them being Muscids.

Of the flies the adults of which are parasitic, only two species, both
of the same genus, have been hitherto recorded from Central Europe.
Of these, Carmis hemapterns, Nitzsch, has been taken from Sturnus
vulgaris, Falco tinnunculus, F. sacer, Aquila imperialis, Silvia atrica-
pilla, and Jynx torquilla. The second species is C. setosus, Stobbe.

Little is known of the biology of the Dryomyzid, N eottiophilum
praeustum, Mg., but it is probably parasitic in the larval stage. Another
parasitic larva is that of Mydaea pici, Macq.

Protocalliphora sordida, Ztt., was reared from pupae taken from a
titmouse's nest. As the young birds had left it was evident that infes-
tation by the larvae is not always fatal. P. azurea. Fall., was obtained
from nests of Riparia riparia. Notes on the imaginal and larval
differences between these two species of Protocalliphora are given.
The author regards this genus as a subgenus of Phormia, R.D., and gives
a key to the following species : Phormia regina, Mg. ; P. groenlandica,
Ztt. ; Protocalliphora sordida, Ztt. ; P. azurea. Fall. Notes on the
synonymy are also given.

21

T.ARKoussE (F.). Nouvelle Espece am^ricaine du Genre Phlcbotomus,
Fhlchotomus hi'iiiiip/i, sp. nov.— />////. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiii.
no 8, October 1920, pp. 659-662, 3 figs.

Phlehotomus hnnnpti, sp. n., here described, was taken in May in the
State of San Paulo, Brardl. This species is said to bite man all the year
round except on very cold nights.

Noc (F.). Les Spirochetoses humaines a Dakar (Senegal).—/^////. Soc.
Path. Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 8, October 1920, pp. 672-679.

In August 1919 investigations were begun at Senegal to ascertain
the possible existence and normal conditions of development of certain
spirochaetes. In the absence of yellow fever cases an examination
was made of native children and animals for the presence of Leptospira
icteroides, but only one young cat was found to harbour extremely
small spirochaetes in the kidney tissue. The pathogenicity of this
organism in relation to man has not yet been proved. The mosquitos
Culex fatigans. Anopheles (Myzomyia) funestus and Stegomyia fasciata
{calopus) were, also examined," and only in the latter species were small
organisms that morphologically resemble L. icteroides found in the
Malpighian tubes. These organisms were, however, not sufficiently
numerous to warrant evidence of virus conservation in mosquitos in
the absence of direct infection from man. The sole transmitter of
yellow fever is 5. fasciata directly infected from man within the first
three days of illness.

The causal agent of spirochaetal jaundice [Spirochaeta icterohae-
morrhagiae] has been isolated in Dakar from November to April from
various species of rats. The virus, however, is widely distributed, and
may prove to be more abundant in the hot and rainy season. It still
remains to be determined whether this organism is distinct from that
causing yellow fever in man ; also whether it is the sole cause of
the lesions produced. It is possible that the virus transmitted by
Stegomyia is obtained from rodents, but further observations are
necessary on this point, as well as to determine whether the character
of this organism is of a specific nature or only the result of adaptation
in the invertebrate host.

Blackwater fever has not yet been determined to be of definite
spirochaetal origin. At Dakar its relative frequency during the
cold season has been found to be in direct relation to the reappearance
of Anophelines in localities where the disease occurred amongst
Europeans. • Numerous spirochaetes were found in a liver scraping
taken from a patient after death, but there is no evidence of these
being the cause of the disease.

Spirochaetes resembling those of recurrent fever are recorded,
apparently for the first time, in man at Dakar. Similar organisms
have already been found in a shrew, and proved pathogenic to
monkej^s. Further investigations on this subject are desirable.

Franca (C.) & Parrot (L.). Introduction a I'fitude systematique des

Dipteres du Genre Phlcbotomus. — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris,
xiii, no. 8, October 1920, pp. 695-708, 4 figs.

The need for systematic work on the genus Phlcbotomus is of
enhanced urgency in view of the fact that these Diptera are known

22

to transmit sandfly fever and are suspected of transmitting Oriental
sore and verruga.

Except for the work of Newstead, who alone up to the present
has successfully applied precise methods to the identification of
Phlebotomus [R.A.E., B. iii, 11 ; v, 5, etc.], the descriptive bibhography
of this genus is in a chaotic condition.

This paper is an attempt to establish, in accordance with Newstead's
and the authors' own researches, the general rules that should govern
the identification and description of the various species ; it also aims
at revising a number of imperfectly known species.

A description of the genus is given and its characters are discussed.
Differences in the male genital armature caused the senior author
to propose two subgenera, PJilehotomus s. sir., which includes P.
papatasii and its allied species or varieties, P. rouhaudi and P. duhoscqui,
and Newsteadia, in which all the other known species should be placed.
As Newsteadia is preoccupied as a generic name it is here replaced by
Sergentomyia. The characters differentiating these two subgenera
are given, and as there is between them a category for transitional
forms — in which P. malahariciis, Annandale, may perhaps be placed — ■
this third category would form a third subgenus, Neophlebotomus.

The terminology to be used and the points to be noted when preparing
specific descriptions are dealt with in detail. It is advised that females
be described from paired specimens only, unless the characters are quite
distinctive or the species is determined with certainty.

Carpenter (G. H.) & Hewitt (J. O'N.). The Warble Flies : Fifth
Report on Experiments and Observations as to Life-history and
Treatment. — Jl. Dept. Agric. Tech. Instruct. Ireland, Dublin,
XX, no. 4, 1920, pp. 452-459, 3 diagrams, 1 map.

The attempt to clear Mason Island of warble flies as mentioned in
the fourth report of this series [R.A.E., B, iii, 22] was given up, as
it was found that a large proportion of the islanders' cattle was trans-
ported to the mainland during the summer, and the animals were thus
necessarily subjected to the attack of the flies.

Clare Island, Co. Mayo, three miles from the nearest point of the
mainland, was then selected, and a systematic destruction of larvae
on all the cattle (by squeezing out and destroying the maggots) was
begun early in 1915 and has been carried on each year since. In 1915
over 6,000 maggots were found ; by 1920 they had been exterminated.
The time taken was longer than had been expected, but in a locality
where the conditions were easier, success might probably be attained
after two years' work.

Both Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatiim were found on the island,
and the statements previously published that calves and yearlings are
more heavily infested than older cattle, are strongly confirmed. An
important fact in the life-history of these flies brought out by these
investigations is that the period of emergence of mature maggots
extends to midsummer or later. It is therefore necessary to examine
all cattle every three weeks from January to July inclusive. Inspection
of imported cattle shows that continual watchfulness will be necessary
if the pest is to be kept out of the island in future, but the population
is fully alive to the benefits derived from the absence of the flies.

23

Fekmi (C). Sugli Anofeli e sulla Malaria in Relazione ai Risanamenti
antianofelo-malai'ici. Note sintetiche preliminari. lAii()i)lKliius

and Malaria in Relation to Anti-anoplielinc and Anti-malaria
Sanitation Work. Preliminary Synthetic Notes.] — 157 pp.
[Supplement to Ann. d'Igiene, Rome, xxx, 1920.]

The study of Anophcline mosquitos is steadily becoming more and
more important and requires intensified attention while the present
large-scale experiments in anti-mosquito work are in progress, and
state-conducted anti-mosquito and anti-malaria organisation is
imminent. This interesting paper aims at summarising results obtained
in Italy, of which a full account is to be published later. It deals with
the morphology and biology of Anophelines and Culicines in general,
observations on the Anopheles-msla.n-a. theory, researches on the early
and adult stages of Anophelines and measures against them. The
subject-matter is divided into 130 sections each of which briefly covers
a given point, and the mass of condensed information it contains
cannot be done justice to in an abstract.

Southwell (T.). Fish and Mosquito Larvae in Bengal, Bihar and
Orissa, India. — Ann. Trap. Med. & Pavasit., Liverpool, xiv,
no. 2, 27th November 1920, pp. 181-186.

The most important larvicidal fish that occur in fresh water in India
are Haplochilus panchax, H. melastigma and H. lineolatus ; there
are also many species of minor importance, such as Ambassis
nama, A. ranga, Badis badis, Barbiis spp., Anabas scandcns and
several others.

In any attempt to use fish against mosquito larvae, there are a
few points that have to be considered. It is impossible to keep ponds
or large areas of water stocked with larvae-destroying fish, because
they are themselves devoured by larger predatory fish. Consequently
the utiHty of fish for destroying mosquito larvae is very limited.
There is, however, no doubt that some slight improvement would result
if more care was taken to stop the introduction of predatory species
into ponds. This could be effected by stocking with pure fry only,
instead of with mixed species. Carp are not predatory, and so may be
cultivated along with larvicidal fish.

Oiling tends to kill small fish, and as it renders the water objectionable
for domestic purposes, this means of mosquito control is not considered
desirable by village populations.

Blacklock (B.) & Carter (H. F.). Further Experiments with
Anopheles phimbeus, Stephens ; its Infection with P. falciparum
in England ; also Notes on the Apparatus and Technique employed.

— Ann. Trop. Med. & Parasit., Liverpool, xiv, no. 2, 27th November
1920, pp. 275-282, 1 plate.

In these experiments, of twelve females of Anopheles plumbeiis fed
once on one or other of two cases of simple tertian malaria [Plasmodium
vivax), and subsequently kept at room temperature varying from a
maximum of'22°C. (71° F.) to a minimum of 13° C. (55° F.), none
became infected.

Of twelve females of A. plnmbeus fed once on a case of malignant
tertian malaria (P. praecox {falciparum) ) and subsequently kept at
28° C. (82° F.), none hved longer than eight days after the infected
feed ; one contained oocysts in the mid-gut.

24

A description of the methods and apparatus used during these
experiments is given, as the technique has been considerably improved
upon since those recently described [R.A.E., B, viii, 96].

Symposium on the Progress in Mosquito Work. — Proc. Fifth Ann.
Meeting, New Jersey Mosquito Extermination Assoc, Trenton,
1918, 116 pp. 1 plate. [Received 2nd December 1920.]

This includes a number of reports from various counties of New
Jersey detailing the particular remedial measures suitable to the locality
that have been carried out. It is estimated by R. F. Engle that 9,000
acres can be added to the area of drained marshland, which already
comprised 95,000 acres in 1917, the drained areas remaining free from
infestation. The latest mechanical devices and ditching macliines
are described by H. I. Eaton. Thoroughness in ditching and draining
operations are considered the most essential factors in mosquito
eradication by E. Winship, who describes the drainage operations in
Greater New York. The necessity for organising a proper patrolling
force is emphasised.

Young (D.). The Problem o£ Water Pollution in Relation to Mosquito
Control. — Proc. Fifth Ann. Meeting, New Jersey Mosquito Exter-
mination Assoc, Trenton, 1918, pp. 35-42. [Received 2nd
December 1920.]

The purification of rivers and streams after years of gross pollution,
which has encouraged intensive mosquito breeding, is a difficult
problem, and is likely to require far more expenditure than the public
is prepared for. Frequently the discharge of sewage and manufacturing
waste-products into ponds, pools and streams, while increasing mosquito
breeding, has destroyed fish and other natural enemies. In studying
the question of purification it is necessary to determine the origin,
character and quantity of the pollution. The only existing method of
mosquito destruction in polluted waters is oil spraying, and this is
a temporary expedient, hmited in its effect on large areas, only
minimum results being obtained from maximum effort. There are
also many specific problems dependent upon the kind and condition
of the polluting material present. For example, the discharge
from tanneries of tannic acid, Hme and clay waste causes discoloration
and affects fish life. The spent lye discharged from soap works, and
nitric and sulphuric acid from ammunition and powder factories,
destroy all insect life and fish. Sewage-polluted streams, and even salt
water, seem to have a particular attraction for the female of Culex
pipiens, while they preclude the presence of the kilhfish that are
natural enemies of mosquitos. In water polluted with commercial
waste both C. pipiens and [Aedes] sylvestris have been found breeding
prolifically, the only remedies being frequent trimmings of the banks
of open sewers and the liberal use of crude oil. Sewage-polluted
meadow pools are more troublesome than fresh or salt water, for C.
pipiens appears in these much sooner after oil treatment than in fresh
or salt water pools.

It is suggested that part of the responsibihty for river and stream
pollution rests with health officers, who frequently fail to enforce the
Board of Health ordinances and the State Sanitary Code enactments.

The discovery of a larvicide of such a chemical character that it
would be harmless to plant life and to domestic animals and would
remain effective during the season, would be of the greatest advantage.

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
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The Annual Subscription in advance to the Review, Series A
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Orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
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CONTENTS.

Precautions against Sleeping Sickness

Notes on the Habits of Ornithodoms megnini

: The Classification of Mosquitos . .

on the Classification and Nomenclature

Africa, South : The Natural Occurrence of Herpetomonads in a

Fish ..
Africa, South :
Africa, South :
America, NortiI
Argentina : Notes on the Classification and Nomenclature of

Mosquitos
Asia, Central : Wohlfartia magnifica infesting Man
Australia : Spraying as a Preventive for Blow-flies
Australia : The Properties of Arsenical Dips
Austria : Cases of Oestrid Larvae infesting Man
Congo, Belgian : Regulations dealing with Sleeping Sickness and

Glossina

Brazil : Notes on Anophelines

Brazil : Notes on New Species of Sarcophaga

Brazil : A New Blood-sucking Reduviid

Brazil : Measures against Insect-borne Diseases

Brazil : A New Species of Phlebotomns

British Isles : Infestation of a Dog with Gmstrophihis eqiii

British Isles : Notes on Mosquitos in Yorkshire . .

British Isles : Forage Acari of the Family Tyroglyphidae

British Isles : The Value of Fish against Mosquito Larvae

British Isles : Measures against Warble Flies in Ireland . .

British Isles ; Experimental Infection of Anopheles plumbeus with

Malaria
Canada : Wohlfartia vigil infesting Man
Colombia : A New Mosquito . .
Dutch East Indies : Mosquitos and Malaria
Dutch East Indies : A Parasite found in the Intestinal Tract of

Anophelines . .
Dutch East Indies : Mosquitos and Filariasis
Ecuador : Measures against Mosquitos and Yellow Fever
Egypt : Diseases of Domestic Animals
Germany : The Transmission of Horse Mange to Man

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CONTENTS— coM/rf.

Germany : Methods of Repelling Mosquitos . .

Germany : Hydrocyanic Acid Gas for Fumigating against Vermin

Germany : Observations on the Bionomics of Clothes Lice

Germany : An encysted Fly Larva from the Body-cavity of a Frog

Germany : The Classification of Mosquitos . .

Germany : Cephenomyia ulrichi and its Larval Stages

Germany : New Anoplura in the Hamburg Museum

Germany : Non-pupiparous Diptera as Bird -parasites

Guiana, British : Measures against Mosquitos

Hungary : Ixodes ricinus infesting Birds

India : AnopheUnes from Goa . .

India : Malaria of Monkeys

India : The Use of Fish against Mosquito Larvae . .

Italy : Measures against Plague

Italy : Mosquitos and Malaria

Macedonia : A List of Mosquitos

Mesopotamia : The Bionomics of Biting Fhes

Mesopotamia : Measures against Muscid Flies

Mexico : Measures against Mites on Fowls . .

Senegal : Insect-borne Spirochaetes of Man and Animals

Turkey : Fleas and Plague at Constantinople

U.S.A. : Notes on Mosquitos in North Carohna

U.S.A. : Sarcocystis tenella probably not transmitted by Insects

U.S.A. : Parasites of Man and Animals in Wyoming

U.S.A. : Measures against Mosquitos and Malaria in New Jersey

Venezuela : Notes on Trypanosomiasis and Reduviid Bugs

Venezuela : Ticks and Disease

Venezuela : Notes on Anophehnes . .

Venezuela : An Outbreak of Texas Fever due to Boophilus

annulatus
A Comparative Study of Leishmania infantum and Leptomonas

ctenocephali . .
A Summary of recent Observations upon the Anophelines of

Middle East

The Use of Hydrocyanic Acid Gas for Fumigation . .

The Transmission of Five-day Fever by Lice

The Classification of Phlebotomus

the

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Registered at the G. P.O.- /or Trait^wieaion tu Canada and- Newfoundland k-p Magazine Post.

VOL. IX. Ser. B. Pari 2. pp. 25^40.

FEBRUARY, 1921.

The review

OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY ^i^*""-

/ MAR 2 3 1921

\JV.

^«>t»l *«<&»«'"

SERIES B: MEDICAL
AND VETERINARY.

ISSUED BY THE MPERIAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

LONDON.

THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ^NTOMOUOGY

4 I , QUEEN'S GATE. S.W. 7.

Ppioa^ adi nat.

All Rights: Reserved.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

l^onorarp Committee or ^jf^anagetnetit.

VISCOUNT HARCOUET, Chairman.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, CLE., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
.Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman of the

Governing Body, Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture.
Sir Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology,
The Hon. Sir E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFad'^'Ean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Datton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Pkj feasor of Protozoology.

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Sir Arthur E. Shipley, G.B.E., F.R.S., Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge.
Mr. R. A, C. Sperling, C.M.Gi, Foreign Office.

Sir Stewa:Kt Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is ex officio a member of the Committee.
eencral Secmarp.
Mr. A. C C Parkinson (Colonial Office).

Director and €Uiior.
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, CM.G.

itssisvaiit Director.

Dr. S. A. Neave.

Head Office. — British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.7.
Publication Office. — 41, Queen's Gate, London, S.W,7.

Carter (H. F.), Ingram (A.) & .Macfti-: (J. W. S.). Observations on
the Ceratopogonine Midges of the Gold Coast with Descriptions
of New Species. - .1;;;;. 7>o/>. Med. & Payasil., IJvcrpnol, \W,
no. 2, 27th November 1920, ])}). 187-274, 27 ligs., 5 plates.

Small biting midges, colloquialh' called " sand-flies," are abundant
in the Gold Coast, and in many parts of the country are very trouble-
some. The first part of this paper describes observations on them
carried on from December 1919 to May 1920. In the second part, an
account, to be continued in subsequent papers, is given of the species
obtained, particularly those referable to the genera Culicoides,
Dasyhdea and Forcipomyia.

The methods of collecting, preserving and examining specimens arc
described in detail. The midges are higlil}- phototropic, as are also the
larvae to a certain extent. The adults collect in large numbers on the
inside of windows at dusk, where they are frequently attacked by
predaceous insects and small lizards. Of the former, a small Empid,
Elaphropeza sp., was observed to carry off a Culicoides, and also preys
upon Forcipomyia ingrami, Cart., and other species of this genus.
x\t the same time examples of Phlebotomus (probably P. minutus var.
africaniis) were repeatedly seen, engorged with blood, clinging
tenaciously to the lizards. The authors, who spent a considerable
time collecting on these occasions, were never conscious of being
bitten by any insects other than mosquitos, but it may be mentioned
that the one who made most of the collections suffered from nine
separate short attacks (one to seven days) of fever during the period,
and that on none of these occasions were malaria parasites found in
his blood.

The breeding places of these midges are indicated under the \'arious
species. Large numbers often emerge from small quantities of material.
The larvae of Culicoides are very active ; they normally develop in
water, but appear to be capable of surviving for several days in moist
situations where no water is present. The duration of the larval stage
is probably largely influenced by the food-supply, and may certainly
extend over several weeks. The pupae float on the surface, and are
rather sluggish, though more active than those of Forcipomyia ingrami
[R.A.E., B, vii, 81]. They are easily killed, and cannot sur\-ive
submergence for any length of time, but will live out of the water, if
they are kept moist and can get air. The pupal staga lasts three to
five days [see also R.A.E., B, viii, 212].

In the case of Dasyhelea, the larvae, though requiring moisture for
their development, are not truly aquatic, and are unable to sur\-i\'c
submersion in water. Their natural habitat appears to be the interstices
between the fibres of vegetable matter, preferably when rotting. They
are relatively sluggish, and when placed in water, crawl about labori-
ously at the bottom. They crawl rather more rapidly over solid
materials such as banana fibre, and quickly bury themselves in them.
They were never found on the surface of the materials they lived in.
They can climb a few inches up the sides of a glass jar. The duration
of the larval stage appeared to be long (several weeks), and is probably
largeh'- dependent on food-supply and temperature. Pupation takes
place close to the surface of the material in which the larvae developed,
the respiratory siphons and a little of the cephalo-thorax only protruding.
The pupae are very sluggish, and do not survive long in water. The
duration of the pupal stage is three or four da3's.

The second part of this paper relates to the classification of the
Ceratopogoninae. Besides descriptions of the species, an account

aT94) Wt.ri850/163 2/21 1500 Harrow (Gp. 75) D

26

is given of the external morphology of the various stages of the genus,
summarising the characters common to all the species that were
examined.

Cnlicoides inornalipennis, sp. n., was reared from materials taken
from a rot-hole in the stump of a silk-cotton tree {Eriodendron anfrac-
tuostim) together with other species, and from rotting materials taken
from the base of a banana plant, associated with several species of
Dasyhelea. C. schuUzei, End., was numerous on windows, while larvae
and pupae were found in puddles, in a backwater of a river, and in
rotting wood taken frt)m canoes. C. punctithorax, sp. n., was reared from
the rot-hole mentioned above. C. accraensis, sp. n., was taken on
windows, and its larvae were found in rot-holes in flamboyant
{Poinciana regia), silk-cotton {E. anfractnosnm) , cashew {Anacardium
occidentale), Cynometra sp., and other trees. C. clarkci, sp. n., was
reared from materials obtained from rot-holes in stumps of E. anfrac-
tiiosum, Cynometra sp. and another tree ; and C. confiisus, sp. n., from
similar material from E. anfractuosuin. C. eriodendroni was bred
from rot-holes in the stumps of E. anfractnosnm, Mangifera sp. (mango)
and another tree ; C. nigripennis from pupae in debris from a rot-hole
in mango ; and C. similis from material taken from a canoe.

C. fulvithorax, Aust., C. distinctipennis, Aust., C. praetermissus,
sp. n., C. neavei, Aust., C. citroneus, sp. n., C. austeni, sp. n., C. grahami,
Aust., and C. pallidipennis, sp. n., were aU collected as adults, chiefly on
windows in the evening.

Keys are given to both sexes of the species of Cnlicoides now known
to occur in the Gold Coast.

Headlee (T. J). Migration as a Factor in Control. — Proc. Fifth
Ann. Meeting, Neiv Jersey Mosquito Extermination Assoc,
Trenton, 1918, pp. 104-112. ' [Received 2nd December 1920.]

The evidence of mosquito flight is discussed, and many records of
previous authors are quoted. The cause of mosquito migrations is
obscure, but doubtless bears some relation to the necessities of food
and reproduction. The female usually alternates between places where
food occurs and where eggs may be laid. This is the type of movement
exhibited by the mosquitos that breed about human habitations ;
when, however, the same species breeds very densely over a large
area, it may migrate for as far as 2^ miles. In the case of species that
live in the wilds such as the malaria-carrying Anopheles, a distance of
half a mile or so may be covered in search of food, the return flight
being made before morning [R.A.E., B, iv, 97-99].

The fresh water swamp mosquitos such as Aedes sylvestris, when
in small numbers, seem to have the same movement as the house
mosquitos, such as Cidex pipiens, but w^hen breeding in great numbers
over a large area, may cover long distances in search of food, frequently
starting a fresh breeding-place in the food locality. A small brood
of the salt marsh mosquitos, A. cantator and A. sollicitans, will travel
only a short distance for food and return to the marsh for oviposition,
but a large one will throw off a number of migrants that will fly for long
distances over territory in which there is no suitable breeding-ground.
Intense breeding over large areas is followed by a wide distribution of
Cnlex pipiens, Aedes sylvestris, A. cantator, and A. sollicitans. It is
possible that under similar conditions some malaria-carrying Anophe-
lines will be found to behave in the same way. External factors, such
as low temperatures, light, atmospheric moisture and air movements.

27

liavc ii marked inllucnce upon mosquito activity, especially in long-
distance flights. Ordinarily these take place with a slow-moving, warm,
damp wind, but modifications in direction of flight may be due to
mountain ridges and possibly other unknown factors.

Might, therefore, may seriously interfere with projects for keeping
a specified locality free from mosquitos, and })lans and estimates for
eradication measures must be based on a study of the mosquito breeding
places within a specified area and must include an analysis of mosquitos
on the wing throughout that locality for at least one summer season.
A thorough knowledge of adult mosquitos will also enable a distinction
to be made between local breeding and invasions, and the latter should
be traced and the sources eliminated.

Symposium on Mosquito Control. — Pyoc. Sixth Ann. Meeting, New
Jersey Mosquito Extevniination Assoc, Trenton, 1919, pp. 19-55.
[Received 2nd December 1920.]

The records of mosquito work during 1919 in the various counties
of New Jersey are almost entirely concerned with the acreage of salt
marsh that has been drained in each mosquito-infested locality. In the
inland counties, where the salt marsh mosquito problem does not exist,
infestation of fresh water occurs in scattered localities, and there is not
much attempt at co-operation in dealing with them.

Headlee (T. J.). Summary of the State and County Work. — Proc.
Seventh Ann. Meeting, New Jersey Mosquito Extermination Assoc.,
Trenton, 1920, pp. 69-75. [Received 2nd December 1920.]

In summarising the reports of the State and county workers on
mosquito problems, the author remarks that during seven years'
experience in anti-mosquito measures he has found no more efficient
organisation than that now existing in New Jersey. The point of
difference from other large organisations is the part played by local
units, the working of which is described. Eleven counties are now
actively employed in anti-mosquito work, while ten are more or less
inactive. The expenses incurred and the work done are briefly reviewed.
Inspection or patrol work was carried out over some 320,000 acres
of upland and about 115,000 acres of salt-marsh. Oil was used as a
supplementary measure, and about 5,000 acres of salt-marsh and a
very large acreage of upland marsh were drained. The towns and
villages within the protected area suffered very little from mosquito
invasion, while man}'- of those outside were heavily infested. In most
of the. counties where drainage has been done not a single brood of
salt-marsh mosquitos appeared.

The problem of securing larvicides for future work i s becoming
acute, and further experimental work must be done with the object
of developing a larvicide to take the place of oil. The constant changing
of the relative importance of various species of mosquitos indicates
that their biology is not sufficiently understood. It is possible also that
an investigation of the agencies attracting the mosquito to man might
reveal other methods of attacking the problem.

Howard (L. O.). Efforts at Mosquito Control in Different Parts of the

World. — Proc. Seventh .inn. Meeting, Nca.' Jersey Mosquito
Extermination Assoc, Trenton, 1920, pp. 16-28. [Received
2nd December 1920.]

The literature that has been published and the chief lines of work in
mosquito extermination that have been carried on in all parts of the
(1794— B) d2

28

world since the first general convention to consider the question was
held in New York City sixteen years ago, are reviewed. The United
States has advanced further in the campaign than any other country,
owing perhaps in large measure to the motive of personal comfort
With the outbreak of the war, however, malaria control became a
world-wide problem. New Jersey is conducting the mosquito
campaign on a larger and more resourceful scale than any other region,
and the results have been surprising. It is especially noteworthy
that this success has been obtained under expert entomological advice,
and the necessity is urged for exact knowledge of local species and their
habits and for trained entomologists to investigate the biology and
taxonomy of the hundred or more species of mosquitos in North
America.

WiNSHip (E.). Methods and Results ot Mosguito Work in New York

City. — Proc. Seventh Ann. Meeting, New Jersey Mosquito

Extermination Assoc, Trenton, 1920, pp. 105-110. [Received

2nd December 1920.]

The year 1919 was a very unfavourable one as regards anti-mosquito

measures in Greater New York. Continual heavy rainfalls during the

summer months encouraged innumerable breeding-places, and mosquitos

appeared in localities previously free from them. In spite of this the

anti-mosquito campaign has been a most successful one, while the

drained areas formerly constituting salt-marshes have been free from

infestation. The ditching system in use is described, and is considered

the cheapest method of exterminating mosquitos. Some 5,000 gallons

of oil were used on the inland swamps, ponds and pools of New York

during 1919, and it is considered that the value of these measures is

enormous compared with the cost.

Howard (L. O.). Swarming o£ Anopheles. — Science, Philadelphia, Pa.,
lii, no. 1350, 12th November 1920, pp. 468-469.
As a result of the statement that no previous mention has been made
of the swarming of Anophelines [R.A.E., B., viii, 94] attention is
drawn to a paper by Knab [Psyche, February 1907) on the swarming
of Anopheles maculipennis. Say, also quoted in the monograph of the
mosquitos of North and Central America and the West Indies, with a
number of similar observations by other authors.

Cheetha:\i (C. A.). Theobaldia arctica, Edw., in Yorkshire. — Naturalist,
London, no. 767, December 1920, p. 407.
Attention is drawn to the occurrence of Theobaldia alaskaensis, Ludl.
[arctica, Edw.) in May 1919 in Yorkshire.

WiLHELMi (J.). Zur Ueberwinterung von Museiden. [Notes on the

Hibernation of Muscid Flics.] — Zeitschr. angew. Entom., Berlin,

vi, no. 2, Februaiy 1920, pp. 296-301. [Received 2nd December

1920.]

A knowledge of the conditions under which flies hibernate is necessary

if successful measures are to be taken against them. Up to the present

little is known on this point.

As the results of experiments, Pollenia rudis appears to hibernate
as an adult, which remains motionless. Nothing was learned regarding
the pre-imaginal stages.

29

Mttsca domestica hibernates as a mobile adult, and probably in a
prc-imaginal stage as well. The same applies to Fannia canicularis
and Siomoxys calcitrans.

Lyperosia irritans probably hibernates in a pre-imaginal stage.
Nothing is known about the adult stage in this connection.

Though the information obtained is scanty, it appears that each
species is able to hibernate in different stages. Mobile and motionless
imaginal hibernation does not, however, appear to occur in one and
the same species.

Eckstein (F.). Aus einer Feldstation fiir Stechmiicken. [^"tes from
a Mosquito Field-station.] — Zeitschr. angeiv. Enloni., Berlin, vi,
no. 2, February 1920, pp. 338-371, 11 figs. [Received 2nd
December 1920. J

These observations were made near Mannheim, at a bend of tlie
Rhine, which at times floods portions of it.

The following mosquitos are found : — Culicincs : Culex pipicns,
C. hortensis [territans), Theohaldia {Cidicella) morsitans, T. {Culiseta
anivulata, Taeniorhynchus -{Mansonia) richiardii, Ochlerotaius macidatus
{Cidicada cantans), 0. (C) vexans, 0. genictdatus (C. lateralis), 0.
(C) ammlipes, 0. (C.) diversiis, 0. (C.) ornatus, and Aedes cinereus.
Anophelines : Anopheles macnlipcnnis, A. hifurcatiis, and A. {Coelo-
diazesis) pliimbeiis.

0. macidatus is the commonest species, and with 0. vexans is
responsible for the plague of mosquitos at Mannheim. This is important,
for spraying the breeding-places in spring will result in a notable
decrease of the mosquitos in summer, because there is only one
generation, derived from the eggs that have hibernated. It is of course
necessary to spray repeatedly during the summer against the species
that have several generations.

The principal object of the author's visit was to test the various
repellents that have been recommended against mosquitos. It was
found that a given repellent does not always act in the same way against
different species. Under otherwise similar conditions the author was
bitten more often when wearing dark colours than when wearing
light ones. In no case did any of the 28 substances tried, or mixtures
of them, prove of more than fugitive value. A powerful odour does
not appear either to repel or attract mosquitos. For practical use
the repellent should be harmless, colourless, odourless, capable of
keeping mosquitos about 3 feet away, light in weight, cheap, and active
for 6-7 hours. Experiments in fumigation showed that the mosquitos
tend to become stupefied, but not killed. The palhatives advised
by Ewing are good [R.A.E., B, vii, 25], but ordinary 70 per cent,
alcohol proved quite satisfactory.

In a 1 per cent, solution of sodium silicate mosquito larvae die after
20 hours, and pupae in 5. Nitre cake, consisting of anhydrous sodium
sulphate and acid sodium sulphate [R.A.E., B, vi, 137], is useless
against Ctdex pipiens in Germany, for the larvae and pupae are not
killed, nor is the hatching of the eggs prevented.

Anopheles macidipennis and A. bifurcatus are abundant. Some of
the former (both larvae and adults) are infested with small red mites,
without any apparent effect. In the aquarium the mites remained on
the cast skins, thereby losing their hosts.

If larvae of different species are kept in an aquarium it will be seen
that Cidex pipiens and A. macidipennis usually remain at the surface ;

30

0. vexans remains below for longer periods ; and Aedes cinereus
is more often found below than above. In-the case of A. macnlipennis
this may be due to its long lateral bristles making swimming beneath
the surface difficult. In the case of the three other species the oxygen
content of the water may influence them. The functions of these
bristles should be studied. Their removal renders swimming at the
surface difficult, and causes severe injury, soon followed by death.

Aedes cinereus is found in clean water only, 0. vexans perhaps prefers
dirty water and Cnlex pipiens occurs in very dirty puddles, rain-
water casks, etc.

Anopheles plumbeus is the most interesting of the 3 German Ano-
phelines from a biological point of view. In the forests it attacks
man from 8 a.m. onwards in warm weather during July and August.
Even in cool weather it bites in the mid-day hours. It never occurs
in stables with A. macnlipennis and A. bifurcatus, and is even more
an out-door species than the latter. A captive female oviposited on
wet blotting paper instead of on water, and died within 18 minutes
of depositing the first egg. Probably, therefore, it oviposits on the
edge of the breeding-place in tree-holes, the eggs hatching when heavy
rain raises the water-level. It is probable tlrat hibernation takes place
at such places in the egg-stage.

Theohaldia morsitans is not known to bite in Germany, but appears
to feed on avian blood. In the Mannheim woods when shelters for wild
birds were examined, numerous gorged examples of T. morsitans were
found, with a few A. macnlipennis and A. bifurcatus, and two females
of Culex hortensis (the other non-biting German species).

LuTRARio ( — ). Note sur I'Emploi de I'Acide cyanhydrique dans les
Services de Prophylaxie. — Bull. Office Intemai. d'Hvg. Publique,
Paris, xii, no. 5, May 1920, pp. 484-492, 1 plan, 1 chart.

In experiments with gaseous reagents chloropicrin and phosgene
were found unsatisfactory. » Chloropicrin is slow in action on rodents,
3 hours at 1-07 c.c. per cu.^metre being necessary to kill them, fleas
are not affected by it and a ''special generator is required. Phosgene
at the rate of 1 gram of the liquid per cu. metre kills rats and fleas
in about 1 hour, but in damp places this gas rapidly decomposes and
loses all its efficiency ; it has the further disadvantage of corroding
metals.

With hydrocyanic acid gas 2\ grams of sodium cyanide per cu.
metre of space are recommended ; this will kill all rats and their
fleas in 1 hr. 45 min. Thirty minutes ventilation should suffice after
fumigation, but 1 hour is safer.

An indicator that will give a reaction in a dilution of 1 part of HCN
in 3 million of air is prepared by dipping paper in a 3-4 per cent,
solution of guiacum resin in alcohol. The paper is dried, and when
required for use it is sensitised with a 1 per cent, solution of copper
sulphate.

Apart from the cost of the Clayton apparatus necessary for fumigation
with sulphurous anhydride, the cost of the hydrocyanic acid method
is only about half as much.

An entirely successful result was obtained at Venice, where a grain
elevator with a content of 350,000 cu. metres and containing 25,000
tons of grain was fumigated against rats and their fleas, sodium cyanide
at the rate of 2| grams per cu. metre being used. Double this
strength was found efficient against all stages of Pediculns humanns

31

(vesfimenti), Hacwafopintts suis and bed-bugs, an exposure of
5 min. being given. This gas also gave good results in the disinfection
of railway carriages.

Leger (A.). Le Paludisme a Dakar en Milieu indigene.— Bull. Soc.
Med. Chir. Fran{'aise de I'Oiiest-Africain, i, June 1919, pp. 3-5.
(Abstract in Bull. Inst. Pasteur, Paris, xviii, no. 7, 15th April 1920
pp. 253-254.)

Between 75 and 80 per cent, of the Anophelines captured in the
town of Dakar were Anopheles (Pyretophorus) cost alls. A. {Myzomyia)
fiinesfiis and A. [Cellia) pharoensis also occvu-red.

Box^•E-^^'EPSTER (J.) & Bonne (C.) Een Plilebotomussoort in
Suriname, Plilebotomus squamipennis, Lutz & Neiva. \P. sqiiami-
pcnnis in Surinam.] — Geneesk. Tidschr. Ned. Indie, Balavia, lix
no. 5, 1919, pp. 676-679.

No species of Phlehoiomns appears to have been previously recorded
from any of the Guianas. Female examples of P. squamipennis have
been taken in shady places in the virgin forests of the interior of
Dutch Guiana.

Grabham (SI.). The House Ants of Jamaica as Carriers of Pathogenic
Micro-organisms. — Jamaica Public Health Bull. (1917), Kingston,
1918, pp. 29-34.

Ants, especially in tropical countries where they are common
indoors, are potential carriers of infection by means of their feet,
excrement, and casts disgorged after feeding. In Jamaica the five
species chiefly concerned are Iridomyrmex humilis, Mayr, Prenolepis
longicornis, F., Solenopsis geminata, ¥., Monomoriuin destructor,
Jerd., Tapinoma melanocephahtm, F., and Camponotus hannani.
For. The usual measures for destroying the nests are referred to.
In describing the method of exploding carbon bisulphide vapour at
the mouth of a nest in order to drive the fumes inwards, it is pointed
out that after the explosion the vapour continues to burn with a
colourless flame, so that any attempt to pour in more carbon bisulphide
may have fatal results. The hole should be closed with earth
immediately after the explosion. Natural enemies play a ver}^ large
part in keeping ants in check. They include a predatory ant, Phcidolc
fallax, For., a ground lizard, Ameiva dorsalis, and some birds.

Todd (J. L.). Tick-caused Paralysis. — Canad. Med. Assoc. J I.,
Toronto, ix, no. 11, November 1919, pp. 994-996.

Two cases of tick paralysis are described. One proved fatal, the tick
responsible being Haemaphysalis cinnabarina.

Self-cleaning Canal Screen. — Engineering Neics Record, New York,
15th January 1920. (Abstract in Trop. Dis. Bull., London, xvi,
no. 4, 15th October 1920, pp. 255-256, 4 figs.)

An arrangement for tlie removal of leaves and debris from small
channels and streams is described. This should pro\-e useful in minor
anti-malarial measures.

32

Pearson (A.). Some Notes on Fifteen Years' Experience of Malaria
in the Upper Congo. — //. Trop. Med. & Hvs,., London, xxiii,
no. 14, 15th July 1920, pp. 177-180.

These notes on malaria in Katanga, Belgian Congo, deal mainly
with quinine prophylaxis and treatment. The enormous importance
of mosquito prophylaxis is emphasised.

Wen YON (C. M.). Carriage of Malaria by Hibernating Mosauitoes. —

Lancet, London, cxcix, no. 5053, 3rd July 1920, p. 42.

During the summer and winter of 1918 large numbers of mosquitos
were captured in a village in Macedonia, where there is a high malaria
rate among the children, and where Anopheles palestinensis {superpichis)
abounds. Partly developed oocysts were found all through the
winter, and the question arose whether the parasites would continue
their arrested development when the temperature became more
favourable. This was found to be the case with artificially hibernated
mosquitos, and it is quite possible that it would also occur in nature.

Exposure of infected mosquitos with partly developed oocysts
to a low temperature in an ice-chest for 12 hours did not produce
degeneration in the oocysts, whereas a longer exposure did. It would
therefore seem that in nature a temporary exposure to a very low
temperature on an exceptionally cold night would not prevent
subsequent development.

Ja:mes (S. p.). Hibernating Mosquitoes as Carriers of Malaria. —

Lancet, London, no. 5054, 10th July 1920, cxcix, p. 99.

The results of field and laboratory work mentioned in the preceding
communication may perhaps explain the similar occurrence in England
of malarial infections prior to the incidence of the current year's
Anopheline mosquitos. Most of the infections of local origin in England
happen during August and September, but occasionally some occur
as early as May, and these may be explained by supposing Anopheles
maculipennis infected in autumn to be a carrier in spring.

Hehir (P.). Hibernating Mosquitoes as Carriers of Malaria. — Lancet,
London, cxcix, no. 5056, 24th July 1920, p. 217.

In India, in the United Provinces and the Punjab, there appear to
be two malaria seasons, one in late spring and early summer, and the
other in autumn. In order to explain the occurrence of the former, an
investigation into the infectibility of hibernating mosquitos should be
made. Positive results may lead to the devising of measures against
mosquitos in their winter quarters in addition to those hitherto adopted
in India during the breeding season.

PuRDY (W. C). Biological Investigation of California Rice Fields
relative to Mosquito Breeding. Progress Report. — Public Health
Repts., Washington, D.C., xxxy, no. 44, 29th October 1920,
pp. 2556-2570.

Investigations, similar to those carried out in 1918 in Arkansas
[R.A.E., B, vhi, 63], were made in 1919 in the rice-growing region of
northern California. They included one rice ranch and the waters
near by, and the points observed differed in several particulars from
the preceding ones. The breeding places of mosquitos (both Anopheles
and Cidex) are practically absent from the rice fields themselves,
but at the same time moderate or large numbers are bred in neighbouring

33

seepage puddles and natural drainage ditches. For 1 mosquito
produced by the rice ticlds the puddle produces 5 and the ditch 44.
The larval food-supply is evidently not responsible for this great
discrepancy in numbers of larvae, as it is evenly distributed throughout,
and the discrepancy is not, or only to a very minor degree, due to
the activity of larval enemies, because these are most numerous where
the larvae are most abundant, and vice versa. The seepage puddles
repeated on a larger scale the fluctuations of the rice fields in numbers
of larvae, food content, and number of enemies, but this was not
true of the ditches.

The most noticeable difference between the rice fields and the ditches
was the heavy growth of blue-green algae and the presence of surface
films on the former, the films being absent and the blue-green algae
not abundant on the latter. These films do not occur in the Arkansas
rice fields, where mosquito lar\"ae are moderately abundant, and green
algae predominate there, the normal growth not being very heavy.
Rain is frequent during the rice season in Arkansas, but usually absent
in California.

Consequently, the natural mechanism of control in the California
rice fields seems to be concerned, in part at least, with the general
condition of stagnation, the large amount of blue-green algae, and the
biological surface films. The last two of these conditions, however,
which prevailed on the rice fields from about 20th July to the latter
part of September, fail to account for the negative results obtained
during June and part of July.

It appears out of the question to control mosquito production in
natural, uncared-for waters b}' attempting to diminish the larval food
supply, or by the introduction of natural enemies, except perhaps
certain fish.

Further investigation in cfifterent parts of the State, to check the
negative results obtained from California rice fields, is desirable, and
it is also recommended that studies should be made of the biological,
chemical and physical conditions that obtain in a field where breeding
does not take place, to determine, if possible, the reason for such
negative results.

In collections of adult mosquitos. Anopheles quadrimaculatiis
occidentalis (thought to be an efficient vector of malaria) was the
most numerous. It was present throughout the year, and very abundant
in August and September. Males probably clo not live through the
winter, as none were found from 19th 'November to 27th April.
A. pseudopiinctipennis also occurred, as well as a few Culicines.

\\'oo (S. :\I.). Famine and Typhus Fever in China : A Simple Delousing

Building. — Cliina Med. Jl., S/uini(Iiai, xxxiv, no. 5, September
1920, pp. 572-574, 1 fig. [Received 3rd December 1920.]

In view of the fact that an epidemic of typhus may be expected
to occur during the next few months in the famine-stricken provinces
of China where typhus is endemic, a form of delousing station for
construction in or near the hospital compound is described. A small
box-shaped mud or brick building should be made, with gas-proof
walls and one small door opening outwards, with a capacity of 1 ,000 or
2,000 cu. ft. and a height of not over 7 ft. The clothes to be disinfected
should be hung on wooden poles laid across the room about 6 in. below
the ceiling and 1 ft. apart.

The usual methods of disinfection with sulphur or with hydrocyanic
acid gas are described.

34

Information concerning Rat Surveys and Rat Proofing ; with a Model
Ordinance designed to regulate Building with reference to Rat
Proofing. — Public Health Repts., Washington, D.C., xxxv, no. 45,
5th November 1920, pp. 2615-2628.

The danger of bubonic plague in the United States, and the economic
loss caused by it and by the depredations of rats in general are
emphasised, extensive quotations being given from a paper by Creel
in 1913 [Public Health Repts., xxviii, no. 27]. The annual loss due
to rats in the United States was there estimated at ;{33, 400,000. This
is followed by an account by C. V. Akin of the major requirements
necessary in the conduct of a rat survey in a given area with a view
to finding whether plague is present among the rats, as this may be
the case for some time before the infection is transmitted to man.
The methods of making buildings, etc., rat -proof are also detailed,
together with a specimen building ordinance adaptable to any given
district, requiring every building, etc., that is erected to be rat-
proofed.

Barbieri (A.) . La Substitucion de los Ranchos por Viviendas higienicas,
en las Provincias afectadas por el Paludismo. [The Substitution
of hygienic Dwelhngs for nati\'e Huts in the Provinces affected
by Malaria.] — Anales Dept. Nac. Higiene, Buenos Aires, xxvi,
no. 3, May-June 1920, pp. 185-198, 10 figs. TReceived 7th
December 1920.]

The majority of the native working population in Argentina lives
in unhghted, badly -ventilated huts exposed to all changes of climate,
and the result is that sucli diseases as malaria, tuberculosis, plague,
typhus, etc., are rife. Tlie use of wire screens at doors and windows as a
protection against mosquitos would be quite ineffective in these
habitations. It is suggested that this is a problem for the government
to face, and that the National Department of Hygiene might be
given facilities for gradually replacing these dwellings with hygienic
and convenient habitations. Investigation has shown that more than
50 per cent, of the poorer class dwellings in the northern provinces of
Argentina, which are zones of endemic malaria, consist of these
miserable huts. Model portable dwellings of ferro-concrete, suitable
for replacing the present huts, are described and illustrated, and their
approximate cost is worked out.

Movimiento tecnico y administrativo. [Technical and Administrative
Activities.] — Anales Dept. Xac. Higiene, Buenos Aires, xxvi,
no. 3, Mav-June 1920, pp. 227-234. [Received 7th December
1920.]

Cases of bubonic j)lague having been reported from the Province of
Catamarca, in April 1920, precautionary measures were taken, including
thorough disinfection of more than forty dwellings. Only nine cases
of plague occurred in all, and the rats were exterminated in all buildings
where they were likely to occur.

A circular has been prepared and distributed throughout the
provinces of Argentina, drawing attention to the dangers arising from
the presence of rats and fleas.

35

Fermi (C). Si pud col Metodo Grassi (Bonifica umana e Protezione
meccanica) smalarizzare 1' Italia in poclii Anni ? Prima Replica
alle Critiche mosse dal Grassi. Is it possiblr to free Italy from
Malaria in a few Years by t\\v Grassi Mctliod (Treatment of .Man
and mechanical Protection against Mosquitos) ? l-'irst Reply
to Grassi's Criticisms.] — Rome, Tipografia L. Adriani, 1920,
32 pp.

This paper is controversial in nature. Professor Grassi is quoted
as stating that Italy can be freed from malaria in a few years by the
prophylactic treatment of man and the use of screens without drainage
and other land reclamation work. The author believes anti-mosquito
work and land reclamation to be superior to screening and propliylaxis
by means of drugs.

^Iaktixi (E.). Ueber Stechmiicken, besonders dsren europaische Arten
und ihre Bekampfung. Mosquitos, particularly the European
Species, and their Control.]— .4 rcA. Scliifs- u. Trop.-Hyg., Lcipsic,
xxiv, Beiheft 1, August 1920, 267 pp., 117 figs., 4 plates.

This monograph is intended for the practical worker and should
prove very helpful. The general section deals with the economic
importance of mosquitos, their anatomy, life-history, classification
and natural enemies, and methods of collecting them. The second
section is devoted to the Anophelines of Central and Southern Europe.
Cuhcines form the subject of the third part. A fourth section describes
the protective and combative measures that are adopted against them.

The kej^s are supplemented by explanator}' figures. A list of 343
references completes the \-olume.

Martixi (E.). Miickenplage in der Marsch, Chaetotaxis der Culiciden-
larven und anderes. rrhe Mosquito Plague in the Marsh District,
Chaetotaxy of Culicid Lar\-ae, and other Notes.]— .4fcA. Schiffs-
II. Trop.-Hyg., Lcipsic, xxiv, no. 11, November 1920, pp. 337-340.

In observations made in June 1920 Culex pipicns, Acdcs annul ipcs,
and A. terriei began biting at dusk. In dull \\-eather, in buildmgs
or woods, all these species may bite by day, but in open country they
rarely attack during the day even in places where they swarm in the
evening. The typical forest species behave differently : Ochlcrotatns
maculatus {cantans) and 0. neinorosits bite throughout the day,
especially in the morning ; Aedcs cinereiis does the same, but prefers
the evening. .4. cinereiis and .4. sylvae bite as late as October.

Tests show that the action of repellents is quite temporary. Creosote
ointment, which was the best, proved effective for about 15 minutes.
When the treated part of the body is covered, if only with a loose
handkerchief, the effect is enhanced and is less fugitive. In the case
of animals the hair may thus preserve the effect of odorous substances.

Some notes on chaetotaxy are given. A. hyrcanus (sinensis) and
the species of the Myzorhynchiis group are characterised by a marked
development of bristles on the antennae ; this character, though to a
less extent, is also found in .4. maculipennis, A. pnnctipennis, and
related species. All these species appear to be comparati^'ely non-
susceptible to malignant tertian malaria, whereas carriers of this form
and of malaria generally are species with less development of hairs.

36

SiKORA (H.). Beobachtungen an Rickettsien, besonders zur Unter-
scheidung der R. proimzeki von R. pedicidi. Vorlaufige Mitteilung.

|''Obser\-ations on Rickettsia spp., particularb; concerning the
Differentiation of R. prowazeki from 7?. pedicnli. Preliminary
Communication.] — Arch. Schiffs- u. Trop.-Hyg., Lcipsic, xxiv,
no. 11, November 1920, pp. 347-353, 1 fig.
The contents of this paper are indicated by its title.

Fkiederichs (K.). Neues iiber Kriebelmiicken. [New Information
on Simuhids.] — Berliner Tien'irztl. Wochcnschr., Berlin, xxxvi,
no. 48, 25th November 1920, pp. 567-569.

Since the publication of a preliminary paper [R.A.E., B, viii, 215]
new facts render a further one desirable, and the key previously given
is reprinted in a more complete form.

Simiiliimi nolleri, sp. n., is described from Thuringia. Another
species, 5. atisteni, Edw., from Hamburg, appears to be new to
Germany. The male differs from S. morsitans, Edw., only in the form
of the h3^popygium.

Edwards has expressed doubt whether S. ornatum, S. aureum and
5. latipes are blood-suckers in England [R.A.E., B, iii, 140]. In
Mecklenburg cattle are never attacked by them, nor by S. pratorum.
In fact, they do not bite warm-blooded animals. There may be even
more non-biting species. This accounts for the absence of losses
among cattle in Mecklenburg, the biting species, 5. mactdatum,
S. reptans and 5. argyreatnm, being scarce there.

RuppERT ( — ). Beobachtungen iiber Schadwirkungen von Kriebel-
miicken bei Sehafen in der Umgebung von Friesack (Mark).
[Observations on Simuliid Injury to Sheep in the Neighbourhood
of Friesack (Mark).] — Deutsclie Tierdrztl. Wochcnschr., Hanover,
xxviii, no. 49, 4th December 1920, pp. 579-580.
An account is given of injury to sheep in 1920 as a result of Simuliid

bites. A number of the animals had to be slaughtered. Cattle were

also severely attacked in 1918, 1919 and 1920.

VAN Breemen (M. L.). Further Particulars relating to the Malaria

Problem at Weltevreden and Batavia. — Aledcd. Burg. Geneesk.

Dienst Ned. -Indie, Weltevreden, 1920, no. 4, pp. 63-115, 1 plate,

1 map.

In a previous report [R.A.E., B, vii, 96] the author attributed to

fishponds the responsibility for a large amount of malaria owing to

their breeding Anopheles {Myzomyia) ludlowi, Theo., in enormous

numbers. This paper contains final conclusions by the author and

Dr. A. L. J. Sunier on the subject.

Besides the marine fishponds, there are many other swamps in the
brackish water area that are important as breeding places. Under
certain conditions, such as the temporary or local absence of the fish,
Haplochihis panchax, and other enemies of mosquito larvae and pupae,
enormous quantities of mosquitos may be produced.

The only satisfactory means of making the fishponds entirely and
permanently harmless is to fill up the marine fishponds and to drain
thoroughly " and cultivate the whole brackish water area north of
Batavia.

37

At Batavia, fishponds in a well-drained littoral area may be harmless
as a source of malaria if (1) only sea- water is allowed to enter the
ponds, in order to keep the salt-content as high as possible ; (2) a
suflicient number of the fish, Chanos chanos, is kept in the ponds to
ensure that all under-water and other vegetation is eaten ; (3) care is
taken that, besides the other fish bred in the ponds, asufficient quantity
of Haplochilus panchax is maintained. Such harmless fishponds are
to be found north of Batavia. Their drawback is that there is no
excess of vegetation as food for C. chanos, which is therefore of less
market value. Artificial food might solve this difficulty.

From a hygienic standpoint, however, the abolition of the ponds is
the only satisfactory measure.

Lla;\ibias (J.) & Lorenzo (D.). Dermatose causee par un Parasite

du Ble. — C.li. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxxiii, no 35, 4th December 1920,

p. 1528.

Attention is drawn to the skin affection caused by Pediciiloides

ventricosus. The cases under observation were amongst men handling

sacks of corn, the mites being found on the sacking. Treatment with

a lotion of warm water and vinegar proved effective.

Olim.au (A.). Sur un petit Foyer de Paludisme reconnu pendant les
Annees 1919-1920 au Centre d' Aviation Maritime de Saint-Raphael

(Var). lA small Malarial Focus recognised during 1919-20 in
the Naval x\viation Centre of vSaint-Raphael (Var).] — Bull. Soc.
Path. Exot., Pans, xin, no. 9, 10th November 1920, pp. 729-732.

The establishment of a new malarial centre in the county of Var is
recorded. The 15 cases of primar}^ infection here described had never
previously resided in any known malarial district. Anopheles
macnlipennis is apparently abundant in the area under discussion,
and the climatic conditions are favourable to development of the
malarial parasite. This was probably introduced into the locality
by infected troops passing through it.

Mansion (J.). Une nouvelle Station de Phlebotomes en France. — Bull.
Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 9, 10th November 1920, pp.
735-738.

Attention is drawn to the finding of the female of a species of
Phlehotomus at Bron- Village (Rhone). Owing to lack of information
regarding the specific characters of the females of this genus, the
species cannot be identified with certainty. It does not agree with
Franga's description of the female of P. papatasii. The individuals were
caught in August, and it was observed that if the temperature dropped
appreciably below 20° C. [68° F.] for several days, the midges dis-
appeared.

Commenting on this paper M. Roubaud remarks that a
species apparently resembling the above was caught by him at
Clermont-Ferrand.

SuRCouF (J.). Note sur les Variations du Tahanus ncmoralis, Meigen.
—Bull. Soc. Entom. Erance, Pans, 1920, no. 16, pp. 268-269.

Tahanus ncmoralis var. ruficornis, n., is described from Algeria,
and has also been taken in Syria.

38

Brolemann (H. W.). Encore un Mot sur les Culicides [Dipt.]. — Bull.
Soc. Entoni. France, Paris, 1920, no. 16, 27th October 1920,
pp. 269-272.

The genital armature of Culicids is discussed, with reference to the
recent paper of Edwards [R.A.E., B, viii, 156] and his criticism of
the author's previous observations.

Seguy (E.). Note sur quelques Moustiques 'Dipt.] peu connus ou
nouveaux pour la Faune frangaise. — Bull. Soc. Entom. France,
Paris, 1920, no. 15, 13th October 1920, pp. 251-253.

The mosquitos dealt with in this paper, as being either new or little
known to the French fauna, are Culex laticinctus, Edw., conimon
in the Mediterranean region ; jAedes (Stegomyia) vittatus. Big. ; A.
{Finlaya) geniculatiis, 01., which is abundant and widely distributed,
and was previously recorded from Corsica as A . jugorum ; Ochlerotatus
maculatns, Meig., the larvae of which were found in a small, isolated
marsh at Meudon, in May ; 0. lesnei, Seguy, from Seine-et-Marne, etc. ;
0. niariae, Serg., from Toulon ; 0. curriei, Coq. ; 0. caspius, Pall. ;
0. punctor, Kirby ; 0. sticticiis, Meig. ; and Orthopodomyia pulchripaipis,
Rond., a rare species.

It is remarked that this latter species, hitherto placed in Grabhamia
or Ochlerotatus, should certainly belong to Orthopodomyia. The larvae
of this genus live in water-holes in trees, in company w'lih. A. geniculatus,
01., and Anopheles {Coelodiazesis) plumbeus, Hal.

Clarke (J. T.). Tropical Fleas. — Brit. Med. Jl., London, no. 3128,
11th December 1920, p. 921.
Attention is drawn to a paper by Bacot [R.A.E., B, viii, 3] in which
the world-wide distribution of Pulex irritans is emphasised. Similar
statements have been made elsewhere, and as the author's theory of
the transmission of rheumatic fever by fleas is based on their
geographical distribution [R.A.E., B, viii, 75], the occurrence of
P. irritans in the tropics would destroy it. A request is made for the
publication of the evidence on which the statements that P. irritans is
ubiquitous are based.

]\IuiR (F.). A convenient Mosquito Poison. — Hawaiian Planters' Record,
Honolulu, xxiii, no. 5, November 1920, p. 268.

A solution of two grains of powdered para-dichlorobenzene or
camphor, in lump or powder, to one litre of water, renewed every
10 days, has pro^^ed a successful measure against the yellow fever
mosquito [Stegomyia fasciata]. It is especially convenient for use in
such breeding places as flower vases and other water containers in
which the use of oil is impracticable.

Doten (S. B.). Biting-flies o£ Cattle. — Nevada Agric. E.xpt. Sta. Ann.
Rept. 1918-19, Reno, 1920, p. 38.

Progress towards the completion of the life-histories of Tahamis
phaenops and T. pnnctifer is described. The introduction of egg-
parasites for the control of T. phaenops was attempted, but the results
cannot yet be ascertained.

A difficult feature of the studies was the egg-laying habits of T.
pJuicnops, the most troublesome of the ffies recorded. A considerable

39

number of egg-masses were found on short grass and sedgy growths
in typical wet meadows. Lar\-ae in \-ari(nis stages of growtli were also
observed.

Tlie most important point still remaining for investigation is the study
of the moisture conditions in the soil that are suitable for the larvae.
Apparently the}' require soils wet and soft enough to allow them to
range freely in search of food. Attempts will be made to find out
whetlier they occur anywhere except in the swampy, undrained meadow
lands. These studies will probably show that the only hope of any
great decrease in the number of these Hies lies in the drainage and
reclamation of the valleys where they are now abundant. The intro-
duction of egg-parasites will, however, be continued, and mav in the
long run prove effective.

CniATTi (V.). La Zecca parassita degli Animali da Cortile. [The Tick
parasitising domestic Birds. ^ — Kiv. Agric, Parma, xxv, nt). 50,
10th December 1920, pp. 633-634.

This is a popular article on Aygas reflexus, and contains no new
information. The measures advised against this tick are those adopted
against A. pcrsicus {miniatus) [R.A.E., B, i, 115, etc.].

Eckstein (F.). Die einheimischen Stechmucken. [Mosquitos native
to Germany.] — EinzddaystcHitngt'n aiis deiii Gehiet dcr angeivandtcn
Wissenschaften, no. 3, Munich, Verlag Natur & Kultur, Dr.
F. J. Voller, 1920, 58 pp., 17 figs. Price 4 Marks.

This monograph describes the habits of German mosquitos and gives
Iceys for their determination with a view to aiding the efforts now being
made in anti-mosquito work on a large scale. Much of the information
has been already noticed [R.A.E., B, vii, 69, 173 ; ix, 19]. A concise
account of methods of carrying out remedial measures concludes this
work.

]\Ially (C. \\.). Some Zoological Factors in the Economic Development
of South Africa. — 5. African J I. Sci., Jolianneshiirg, xvii, no. 1,
NovemlxM- 1920, pp. 64-75.

Tlie big game still existing in South Africa is now regarded chieflv
as a source of danger from the standpoint of diseases that can be
transmitted to man, and it seems inevitable that it must eventuall}"
disappear in favour of the domestic animals that are associated with
man in Europe and America. It is suggested, however, that thorough
research on the reaction between the game animals and the pests
and diseases of which they are reservoirs, may lead to important
discoveries on the question of immunity or resistance. If possible,
colonies of all the species should be preserved under conditions that
will not permit of their being a source of hindrance or danger to man.

There is undoubtedly great need for thorough research into the
question of the connection between insects and disease. In particular,
the louse, Pediculus humanus, and the bedbug, Cimex lectularius,
require special attention on account of their influence on the efficiency
of labour. Cattle and sheep are dipped as a remedy for ticks and scab
for economic reasons, and it would also be an equally advantageous
practice, from an economic standpoint, to fumigate with hydrocyanic
acid the clothing and sleeping quarters of the poorer classes and the
natives against these pests. A problem in disease that has already-

40

been brought to the point where control is possible is the elucidation
of the life-cycle and economy of the bont tick [Amblyomma varicgatitni]
in its relation to heart-water in sheep, goats and cattle. This has made
it possible for the merino sheep and the Angora goat to be reared again
on farms that were abandoned 25 or 30 years ago on account of the
prevalence of the disease.

Milks (H. J.). The Diagnosis and Treatment oi certain Skin Diseases
o£ Small Animals. — Jl. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, Wasliingion, D.C.,
N.S. xi, no. 3, December 1920, pp. 289-300.

A few of the more important non-parasitic diseases are dealt with,
and also the different forms of mange — sarcoptic, otodectic and
follicular.

For parasitic otorrhea (ear mange) in cats and dogs. Glass advises
1 part of nitrate of mercury to 8 of almond oil, and the author had fair
success with 1 part of this ointment to 3 of lard, but the treatment must
be persisted in for a considerable time to effect a cure. The same treat-
ment also succeeded in some cases of the squamous type of follicular
mange.

Chamberlix (R. v.). South American Arachnida, chiefly from the
Guano Islands of Peru. — Bivoklvn Miis. Sci. Bull., Brooklyn, iii,
no. 2, 27th September 1920, pp. "35-44, 1 plate.

The ticks found were the Argasids, Ornithodoros amhliis, larvae,
probably of this species, being found on penguins {Spheniscus hnmholdti),
and Ornithodoros talaje, Guer., on a nestling booby [Siila nebouxi).

Fraser (A. D.). Notes on Blood-sucking Flies in North Russia during

the Summer of 1919. — Bull. Ent. Res., London, xi, pt. 3, December
1920, pp. 195-198.

Tabanids in North Russia are extraordinarily abundant and
aggressive, so much so that the inhabitants perform most of their
outdoor work during the night, and keep their animals in sheds during
the heat of the day. Paraffin is sometimes used as a repellent.

Flies of the genus Tahanus were the greatest pest, being much
more numerous than those of Haematopoia and Chrysops. Tahanus
tarandimis, L., T. macidicornis , Ztt., and T. nigrifacies, Gob., were
widely distributed, and were the predominating species in the first
half of the summer, after which the}/ were gradually replaced by others.
Haematopota appeared to be a more active biter than Tahanus, con-
sidering its smaller numbers. Flies of the genus Chrysops, of which
C. caecutiens was numerous near water, were not so troublesome,
owing to their smaller numbers and their habit of rarely commencing
to bite on first alighting.

There is no evidence that any of the flies with which this paper is
especially concerned conve3'ed any disease to man or domestic animals,
but much discomfort and annoyance was experienced from their
constant attacks, and some individuals suffered from bites that
developed into septic sores requiring medical attention.

In an appendix to this paper b}- Major Austen attention is drawn
to other papers on the same subject [R.A.E., B, iii, 195], and an
instance is quoted of settlers in parts of Siberia, such as the shores of
the river Om, having been compelled entirely to abandon the zone
infested by these flies. A list is given of the Tabanids and other biting
flies taken by Major Fraser and other collectors during 1918-19.

NOTICES.

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CONTENTS.

Africa, South : Zoological Factors in Economic Development

Algeria : A New Variety of Tahanus nemoralis

Argentina : The Importance of Hygienic Buildings as a Protec

tion from Malaria, etc.
Argentina : Measures against Plague and Fleas
Batavia : Fishponds and the Malaria Problem
British Isles : Theobaldia arctica in Yorkshire
Canada : Paralysis caused by Hcemaphysalis cinnabarina
China : Measures against Typhus and Lice . .
Congo, Belgian : Notes on Malaria . .
France : Fumigation with Hydrocyanic Acid Gas against Rats

and Fleas
France : Pediculoides ventricosus attacking Man
France : A New Focus of Malaria
France : An Unidentified Species of Phlebotomus
France : Notes on new or little-known Mosquitos

Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany

Notes on the Hibernation of Muscid Flies . .

Notes on Mosquitos at Mannheim

Notes on Mosquito Larvje

New Information on Simuliids . .

Simuliids attacking Sheep

The Native Species of Mosquitos
Gold Coast : Observations on Ceratopogonine Midges
Guiana, Dutch : The Occurrence of Phlehotomtis squamipennis
Italy : Measures against Malaria
Italy : Measures against Argas reflexus on Poultry
Jamaica : Ants as Carriers of Pathogenic Micro-organisms
Peru : Argasid Ticks found on Sea Birds
Russia, North : Notes on Blood-sucking Flies
Senegal : Anophelines at Dakar

U.S.A. : Measures against Mosquitos and Malaria in New Jersey
U.S.A. : Results of Mosquito Work in New York City
U.S.A. : The Swarming of Mosquitos . .

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36
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31
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31
40
40
31
26,27
28
28

CONTENTS— co?j/rf.

U.S.A. : The Relation of Rice Fields to Mosquitos in California

U.S.A. : Measures against Rats and Plague . .

U.S.A. :- The Bionomics of Tabainids in Nevada: : . .

U.S.A.: Treatment of Mange in Small Animals-. - ..

A Self-cleaning Canal Screen

Carriage of Malaria by Hibernating Mosquitos

Mosqnitos, particularly the -European Species, :andttIxeir=€3DnttJcd:-

(Review) . .
The Differentiation of Rickettsia prawazekiirom R. ipecHculi
The Classification of Mosquitos . .
The Distribution of Pulex irritans
A Convcmiient Mosquito. Poison , <

PAGE

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38,

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Registered at the O.P.O. for TraH»mi»$ion to Canada atid Newfoundland by Magazine Post.

VOL. IX. Ser. B. PartJ.— pp. 41-56. MARCH, 1921.

The review

OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

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IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

l>onorarp Committee or management.

VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman of the

Governing Body, Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture.
Sir Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Ofl&ce.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Of&ce

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Sir Arthur E. Shipley, G.B.E., F.R.S., Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C. Sperling, C.M.G., Foreign Office.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is ex officio a member of the Committee.

General Sccrctarp.

Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

Director and editor.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, C.M.G.

Assistant Director.

Dr. S. A. Neave.

Head O^c^.— British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.7.
Publication Office.— 41, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7.

( APR 1 1 1921

V

41

""•^i-ual JL^*<^*^^

Mayne (B.). One or several Species of Malaria Parasites ? A Review

of Recent Work bearing on this Question. -Public Health Kcpts.,

Washington, B.C., xxxv, no. 48, 26th November 1920, pp. 2846-

2858.

A review of a considerable amount of literature both lor and against

the unitarian theory of malaria [R.A.E., B, viii, 169, 195, 196; etc.]

is followed by an accoimt of inoculation experiments confirming the

idea of constancy of species. A typical illustration is also given of

a series of mixed infections as an example of a case that might be used

to defend either hypothesis. The conclusion reached is that without

more data from blood cultures and mosquito inoculation experiments

it is impossible definitely to prove that the plurality of species is

not the normal status ; and that the principle of transmutation remains

merely an interesting hypothesis.

Edwards (F. \\.). On the British Species of SimuUiim.^u. The
Early Stages; with Corrections and Additions to Part i. — Bulk
Ent. Res., London, xi, pt. 3, December 1920, pp. 211-246, 7 figs.

Notes are given on the habitat of tlie various larvae ; the diagnostic-
characters of the larvae and pupae ; seasonal variation, in the one or
two cases in which it occurs ; range of flight ; parasites, including a
worm of the genus Mennis, the sporozoans Glugca spp., and an
undetermined Grcgarine, none of which occur in large numbers ;.
and other points of interest.

The opinion expressed in the first part of this paper [R.A.E., B, iii,.
140] that some of the commonest British species of Simulium are
probably not blood-suckers is here altered in view of abundant evidence
that both S. ornatiim and S. latipes will attack man ; and though there
are still species (such as 5. anreum) against which there is no evidence,
it is assumed that all the species may develop this habit on occasion
The blood-sucking propensity apparently depends much more on the
weather than the particular species ; a still, warm and sunny afternoon,,
particularly in the spring, will always rouse the flies to activity.

Keys are given for the larvae and pupae, together with revisions of
those previously pubhshed for the adults of both sexes [loc. cit.]. The
male and female previously described as S. aureum, Fries, really belong
to different species — the former to S. angustitarse, Lundstr., while the
insect described as 5. angusiipes is the true male of S. atireiim. 5>
aurenm also occurs in North America under the name of S. hracteatum,
Coq. The insect described as S. aiisteni is so closely allied in all stages-
to the North American S. venustnm, Say, that it cannot be ranked as
more than a local race.

The following new species and varieties are described : — 5. ornatum
var. nitidifrons, S. snbornaium, S. reptans var. galeratiim, S. yerburyi,.
and 5. iredecimatmn. The last-named is described from the larvae
and one pupa only, the adult being unknown.

Dalziel (J. M.). Crab-holes, Trees, and other Mosquito Sources in

Lagos. — Bidl. Ent. Res., London, xi, pt. 3, Dcccmlxr 1920, pp.
247-270.

The importance of crab-holes as a breeding place for mosquitos is
often greatly underestimated. In many cases in Lagos the numbers
of mosquitos issuing from a very few holes in the vicinity of houses-

(2021) Wt. P.1850;iG3 1 '-00 3 21 Harro-.v E

42

is so great that even if the species are not those at present known to
be concerned in conveying disease, an effort to ehminate tlie breeding
places is called for if it can be shown that the insects contribute
appreciably to man's discomfort, reasonable comfort being one of the
first conditions of health maintenance in the tropics.

The holes in question are made by a land-crab, Caniisoma armatum.
Every crab-hole, except those daily washed by the tide, is a potential
source of mosquitos, if the water in it is not too brackish. The method
first employed in dealing with the holes was to pour into them a
disinfectant such as cyllin, with either cold or boiling water (about 1:9).
The latter was more effective in killing the crab, and had the further
advantage that cheap tar or crude creosote could be used. However,
a proportion of the crabs survived this treatment, and the hole
reappeared in a day or two ; and eventually the practice adopted
for general use was simply to dig out the crab. Mere obliteration of
the hole without destruction of the crab is a waste of time.

The mosquito larvae found in crab-holes were, in order of frequency,
Ochlerotatus irritans, Ciilex decens {invidiosus) , Uranotaenia annidata,
Ochlcyotattis nigricephalus, Stegomyia fasciata (7-3 per cent, of the total
number). Anopheles costalis, Ctdex insignis, Cidiciomyia nebidosa,
Ctdex thalassiiis, C. rima, C. salishuriensis , Uranotaenia bilineata
var. fraseri, Stegomyia luteocephala, and Micraedes inconspicuosus.
All except the last two were also taken as adults in the crab-holes, as
were in addition Ochlerotatus punctothoracis, 0. caliginosus, Culex
fatigans, C. consimilis, and Mansonioides africaniis. The peculiar
habit of the larva of M. africanus, however, in relation to water lettuce
{Pistia stratiotes) suggests that it does not breed in crab-holes ; the
other four probably do so occasionally.

References to crab-hole mosquitos in various parts of the world
are given [R.A.E., B, i, 64; etc.], and their relation to man is
considered. Crab-holes supply an almost domestic source of
5. fasciata ; their connection with A. costalis, however, seems
to be more or less accidental. Both these insects, which occurred,
in equal numbers, are carriers of Filaria bancrofti.

An account is given of the collection of mosquito larvae in tree-holes,
with lists of the species of mosquitos and trees concerned ; and an account
and lists are also given of the mosquitos breeding in wells, boats and
canoes, roof-gutters, native pots, and various domestic sources, and
of the adult mosquitos collected.

Lamborn (W. a.). The Habits of a Dipteron Predaceous on Mosquitos
in Nyasaland.— B////. Ent. Res., London, xi, pt. 3, December 1920,
pp. 279-281.

An Anthomyiid fly of the genus Lispa was observed to be predaceous
on mosquitos." The latter were usually attacked just before they had
emerged from the pupa-case, or before their wings had expanded
properly. In one case the fly drew a mosquito pupa from the water,
impaled on its proboscis. Another Dipteron also occurred that was
probably predaceous on mosquito larvae.

The pool where these observations were made was swarming with
Ctdex larvae, and there were a few predaceous larvae of a much larger
species of mosquito, probably either Toxorhynchites brevipalpis, Theo.,
or Culex tigripes, Grp., which were seen attempting to secure the
ordinary Ctdex larvae, and successfully preying on Syrphids.

43

IVIacGkegor (M. E.). a New Type of Entomological Killing-bottle.—

Bnll. Ent. Res., London, xi, pt. 3, JJcCAnnbcr 1920, pp. 283-285,
llig.

A killing-bottle for use with chloroform is described that has the
merit of pre\'entiiig the rapid eva])oration of the fluid, so that 5 cc. of
chloroform is sufficient for a week's use. The apparatus may be most
easily made with a large test-tube, but could be adapted if a very large
mouthed bottle were required. The chloroform is kept at the bottom
of the tube by a red rubber cork, through which passes a small piece
of glass tubing (internal diameter, 2 to 3 mm.). None of the chloroform
escapes owing to tiie air pressure at the upper end of the tubing, but
there is alwa>-s a high concentration of chloroform vapour in the
test-tube.

Newstead (R.). On the Genus P/Ucboloinns.— Part IN. —Bull. Ent.
Res., London, xi, pt. 3, December 1920, pp. 305-311, 4 figs.

Notes are given on a number of species of Phlehotonms with a view
to supplying materials for the study of the geographical distribution
of this group. Two forms, both pale and dark, of the male (hitherto
unknown) of Phleboiomus antennatus, Newst., are described from the
Gold Coast, as is P. signal ipennis, sp. n. P. caucasicus, Marz., is regarded
as a synonym of P. sergenti, Parr., both sexes of which are redescribed
from Persian specimens, and a variety of the male from Mesopotamia is
described. P. walkeri, sp. n., from the boundaries of Bohvia and
Brazil, has been pre\qously described, but recorded as P. longipalpis,
Lutz & Neiva [Bull. Ent. Res., v, pt. 2, p. 189].

Strixdberg (H.). Konnen die Mallophagen sich auch voni. Blut ihrer
Wirtstiere ernahren? Can the MaUophaga also feed on the
Blood of their Hosts ?]— Zoo/. Anzeiger, Leipzig, xlviii, no. 8,
16th January 1917, pp. 228-231.

It is stated that Xirmus spp. and Menopon spp. may feed on the
blood of their host under natural conditions. This is probably also the
case with Pkysostomnm spp., whereas Docophoriis spp. and others
do not do so.

RoDHAix (J.) & Beouaert (J.). Oestrides d'Antilopes et de Zebres
recueillis en Afriaue orientale, avec un Conspectus du Genre

Gasterophilus. fOestrids of Antelopes and Zebras collected in
Oriental Africa^ with a Re^'iew of the Genus Gastrophilus.] —
Rev. Zool. Africaine, Brussels, viii, no. 2, 15th November 1920,
pp. 169-228.

The Oestrids described in this paper were mostly collected in
ex-German East Africa during the Belgian campaign in 1917.

Larvae from antelopes [Damaliscus sp. and Bubalis sp.) appear to
be those of Gedoelstia hdssleri and G. cristata. Comparison of the
former and those previously described as G. paradoxa shows these two
species to be identical. The synonymy and geographical distribution
of G. cristata, R. & B., and G. paradoxa, R. & B., are dealt with.
(2021) e2

44

The Oestrids of zebras are :—Rhinoestrus pur pur ens, Br., found in
the cervical cavities, and Gastrophilus pecorum, F., var. zebrae, n.,
G. gedoelsti, sp. n., and other unidentified species of Gastrophilus all
taken from the stomach.

A synoptic table of Gastrophilus larvae in the third stage is given,
with lists of species arranged according to those known in the larval
or adult stage only, as well as those known in both stages.

Previous work on the pathological effect of the larvae and the method
adopted in America for their extermination is discussed.

WiLHELMi (J.). Ueber Stomoxys calcitrans, "L. — Sitzungber. Ges.
Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, March 1917, no. 3, pp. 179-195, 3 figs.

This paper deals with the results of various observations on Stomoxys
calcitrans, L., full details of which have been published elsewhere
[R.A.E., B, viii, 103].

WiLHELMi (J.). Zur Biologie der kleinen Stechfliege, Lyperosia irritans,
L. [Biology of L. irritans.] — Sitzungsbcr. Ges. Naturf. Freunde,
Berlin, October-December 1917, no. 8-10, pp. 510-516, 1 fig.

Lyperosia irritans, L., unlike Stomoxys calcitrans, is never found in
large numbers in stables. It is most abundant in the open, and has
apparently no preference for light or shade. It is a blood-sucker, and
although found on horses and dogs, it apparently chiefly attacks cattle ;
on one animal as many as 1,000 individuals may be seen at once.
This fly is mo^t abundant during June, but has not been seen after
August. About 15 to 23 eggs are laid by each female. These hatch in
from 2 to 3 days, pupation occurring about 7 days later and lasting
at least 8 days. The shortest period noticed, during fairly warm
weather, from egg to adult was 17 days, but under cooler conditions
it may require 30 days or more. Although eggs were found in cattle
dung, and this was used for breeding purposes under laboratory
conditions, it is not apparently the chief site for larval development,
as no pupae were ever found in manure heaps in the field. The
natural enemies of this fly are probably the same as those attacking
Stomoxys calcitrans [R.A.E., B, viii, 103]. During the present
observations a mite, apparently distinct from Holotaspis sp. attacking
5. calcitrans, was found on the adults, and the larvae were attacked by
larvae of an Anthomyiid fly, Hydrotaea dentipcs.

Hase (A). Beobachtungen iiber den Kopulationsvorgang bei der
Bettwanze [Cimex lectularius, L.). [Observations on the Pairing
of C. lectularius.'} — Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Frennde, Berlin,
October 1918, no. 8, pp. 311-321, 6 figs.

The contents of this paper are indicated by its title.

ScHULZE (P.). Bestimmungstabelle fiir das Zeckengenus Hyalomma,
Koch. [Identification Table for the Tick Genus Hyalomma,
Koch.] — Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, May- June
1919, no. 5-6, pp. 189-196, 6 figs.

A key is given to the species of the genus Hyalomma. The species
hippopotamense and monstrosum are not considered as belonging to
this genus, and the genera Cosmiomma and Nosomma respectively
have been erected for them.

45

The new species dealt with include H. delrilum, from Macedonia,
Transcaspia, Turkestan, Bokhara and Peking ; H. detrihim albipictum,
from Tsingtau ; H. piisillum from Arabia ; H. pusilliim alcxandriniim
from Egypt ; H. acgvpfiiiiii mcsopotamium from Mesopotamia ;
H. aegyptium albipaymatnm and //. planum from East Africa ; H.
depressiim h'om. Spain, the Canary Isles and North Africa; and
H. nilidmii on buffalos in Kamerun.

ScniJLZE (P.). Eine Bethylide (Hymen.) als Qualgeist des Menschen in

Mazedonien. [A Bethylid as a Tormentor of Man in Macedonia.] —

Sihini^shcr. Ges. natiirf. Freunde, Berlin, 1919, no. 9, pp. 378-381,

2 figs. ^

An insect much feared in Macedonia, where it bites man, usually at

night and cliiefiy indoors, has been identified as the Bethylid,

Sclerodermns sidncyaniis, Westw. It appears not to be a case of

dehberate attack, the insects probably seeking shelter in the clothing

and biting when disturbed by any movement.

A note is also given on a Reduviid bug, Ploiaria domesiica, Scop.,
found on walls and under mosquito nets. It apparently feeds on
engorged specimens of Phlcbotomus papatasii, Scop., and probably
also on bed-bugs.

Reichenow (E.). Der Entwicldungsgang der Hamococcidien

Karyolysiis und Schellackia nov. gen. [The Development of the

Haemococcidia, Karyolysiis and Schellackia, gen. n.] — Sitziingsher.

Ges. Naiiirf. Freunde, Berlin, December 1919, no. 10, pp. 440-447,

1 plate.
The information here given concerning Karyolysus has already
been noticed [R.A.E., B, viii, 208]. During these observations, which
were carried out in Spain, three parasites were found that could not
be placed in this genus owing to differences in their development, and a
new genus Schellackia was erected for their reception. Schellackia
■ bolivar i was found in Acanlhodactylus vulgaris and Psanimodromus
hispanicus, and its development in these lizards is described. This
parasite is also carried by the Gamasid mite, Liponyssus saurarum,
Oudms., but the latter is only a mechanical carrier and not at all
essential to the development of the parasite. Infection has been
produced by feeding healthy lizards on the livers of infected animals.

NiCHOLLS (H. M.). A Chalcid Parasite of Diptera. — Science & Industry,
Melbourne, ii, no. 10, October 1920, pp. 607-609, 3 figs.

An account is given of a parasite of Tabanids, blowflies and other
Diptera in Tasmania, wiiich attaches itself to the pseudo-tracheal tubes
of its host by strong, hooked jaws. It appears to be somewhat similar
to a hyper-parasite infesting larvae of Limnerium validum in the
caterpillars of Hyphaniria textor, which was found in America, and
proved to be a stage in the development of a Chalcid belonging to the
genus Perilampus. A somewhat similar stage in the life-history of
another Chalcid, Orasema viridis, had been named " planidium," to
indicate the motile and wandering habits that it possesses.

The Tasmanian parasite has a general resemblance to the American
ones, but differs somewhat in anatomical details, and also in its habits.

46

as it appears to be entirely an ecto-parasite, spending the whole of its
larval existence attached to the proboscis of its host. If it is removed,
it can, however, crawl about quite actively, and seems at home when
placed in water.

It is sometimes found in great numbers, especially on species of
Tahanus. No less than 74 individuals were found on a single proboscis.
When attacked to this extent the flies seem incapable of feeding
properly, and become weak and sluggish.

De Stefani (T.) . Myiasis negli Animali domestici. [Myiasis in domestic

Animals.] — Allevamenti, Palermo, ii, no. 1, 15th January 1921,

pp. 18-19.

This popular article on Diptera causing myiasis in domestic animals

describes cases due to Hypoderma bovis, De G., and Gastrophilus equi,

F. It is said that the offspring of an Anglo-Irish stallion in the Roman

Campagna sickened and died in winter owing to infestation by G. eqiii,

whereas native horses remained immune. The latter have strongly

developed skin muscles, the violent contractions of which not only

drive away the fly, but cause the larvae and eggs to drop off.

Krober (O.). Die Clirysops Arten der palaarctischen Region nebst
den Arten der angrenzenden Gebiete. [The species of Chrysops of

the Palaearctic Region and neighbouring Areas.] — Zool. Jahrb.,
Jena, Abt. System. Geogr. Biol., xliii, no. 1-4, 1920, pp. 41-160.
2 plates, 12 figs.

A list is given of the Palaearctic species of Chrysops and their
sjmonymy, as well as one arranged according to their geographical
distribution. Keys are given to both sexes of Nemorius, Chrysops
and Hcterochrysops.

Some 54 species are described, including the new species Chrysops
pseiidoricardoae, from Turkestan ; C. loewi, from Siberia ; C. hermanni,
from the Caspian Sea ; C. miniitus ; C. [Hetero chrysops) inter rnptus,
from Armenia, Caucasus, Kurdistan and Astrachan ; and C. beckeri,
from Turkestan.

Koch (A). Messende Untersuchungen iiber den Einfluss von Sauer-
stoff und Kohlensaure auf C ?//f .r-Larven bei der Submersion.
Studien an Culiciden. I. [Measuring Investigations on the Effect
of Oxygen and Carbonic Acid on Culex Larvae when submerged.
Studies on Culicides. I.]— Zoo/. Jahrb., Jena, Abt. Allgem.
Zool. & Physiol., xxxvii, no. 4, 1920, pp. 361-492, 21 figs.

The author's summary of this paper has already been noticed
[R.A.E., B, vii, 49]. As a result of subsequent experiments it has
been found that under conditions producing acute physiological
disturbances, the tracheae and body walls of Culex are capable of both
functions of respiration, i.e., the absorption of oxygen and expiration
of carbonic acid [loc cit. viii, 118].

Tsetse Fly Investigation. — //. Dept. Agric, Union S. AJrica, Pretoria, i,
no. 9, December 1920, p. 799.
Owing to the serious losses of stock from trypanosomiasis experienced
by recent settlers, arrangements are being made for a special investi-
gation of tsetse-flies [Glossina spp.] in the Empangeni area of Zululand.

47

The Union Government has agreed to support the plan suggested by
the Imperial Government to have the bionomics of tsetse-flies studied on
common lines by special entomologists stationed in suitable localities
in six widely separated fly belts. It is proposed that the work of the
various stations should be co-ordinated through the Imperial Bureau
of Entomology, London, and each station should be kept informed of
the progress made at the others. These investigations are expected
to extend over five years. The Union Government has undertaken
to carry out investigations according to this plan in Zululand at its
sole expense, l:)esides contributing annually to the common fund for
general purjx)ses.

Britt! X (H). Siphonaptera. Records in the Counties of Cumber-
land, Westmorland, Lancashire and Cheshhe.— Lancashire and

Cheshire Naturalist, Manchester, xii, no. 5-6, No\-ember-Dcccmber
1920, pp. 100-105.

The species dealt with include -.—Pulex irritans, L., on dogs, badger
and fox ; Archaeopsylla erinacei, Bch., on hedgehogs ; Spilopsylhis
cuniciili. Dale, on' rabbits, hares and small carnivora, and from a
starling's nest ; Ccraiophvllus gallinulae. Dale, abundant in robins'
and blackbirds' nests ; C'slyx, Roths., from nests of sand-martins and
the dipper ; C. hirundinis, Curt., in nests of house-martin ; C. garci,
Roths., abundant in nests of hawks and other birds ; C. gallinae,
Schr., abundant on poultry and other birds ; C. fringillae. Wlk.,
found in sparrows' nests and nests of carrion crow ; C. fasciatus,
Bosc, found chiefly on small animals such as moles, rats, etc. ; C.
sciurormn, Schr., found in nests of squirrels and dormice; C. peni-
cilliger, Grube, chiefly on voles ; C. italkcri, Roths., in \oles' and
moles' nests ; C. mustelae. Dale, on voles, mice and stoats ; Ctenoph-
Ihalmns agvrtes, Hell., on nearly all small animals ; Rhadinopsylla
pentacanthits, Roths., on stoat and weasel ; Doratcpsylla dasycncmus,
RoLhs., on brown rats ; Palaeopsylla minor, Dale, abundant on moles
and other small animals ; Leptopsylla musciili. Dug., abundant on
house mice ; L. spectabilis, Roths., on stoats ; Hystrichopsylla
talpae. Curt., abundant on moles ; and Isclinopsylla simplex. Roths.,
and /. hexactenus, Kolen., on bats.

Tick Control. — J I. Jamaica Agric. Soc, Kingston, xxiv, no. 9-11,
September-November 1920, pp. 315-316.

A copy is given of " The Tick (Control and Eradication) Law,
1920." This law empowers the Governor in Privy Council to issue
orders for the treatment, by any means thought desirable, of cattle
(including equines), and for the construction of dipping tanks ; and
to prohibit the removal of cattle from any given area. The orders
may refer to the whole Island or any part of it.

As a general rule tanks are to be paid for by the owner of the holding
on which they are made, and rented by the occupier at 10 per cent,
of the cost, oV alternatively paid for by the occupier, the cost being
refunded by the owner if the latter is bound by the law to construct
the tank.

Officials may be appointed to inspect cattle and to see that the
provisions of the law are being carried out.

48

Provision is also made for the construction of public dipping tanks,
and for declaring, with the consent of the owner, a private dipping
tank to be public. Fixed charges are paid by the owners of cattle
that are dipped in a public dipping tank.

Little (A.). The Fowl Tick [Argas persicns). — Rhodesia Agric. JL,
Salisbury, xvii, no. 6, December 1920, pp. 542-545.

The bulk of the information given here on Argas persicus has already
been noticed [R. A.E.. B, vii, 95].

Sanborn (C. E.). The Chicken Sticktiglit Flea [Sarcopsylla gallinacea,
Westw.). — Oklahoma Agric. Expt. Sta., Stillwater, Bull. 130,
February 1920, 8 pp., 4 figs. [Received 6th January 1921.1

The information contained in this revised bulletin [R.A.E., B, viii,
84] on Echidnophaga (Sarcopsylla) gallinacea, Westw., has been noticed
elsewhere [R.A.E., B, iii, 148, 232; iv, 35].

McCuLLocH (I.). Crithidia eiiryophthalmi, sp. no v., from the Hemip-
teran bug, Euryophthahnus convivus, Stal. — Univ. California
Pitbns. Zool., Berkeley, xviii, no. 5, 29th December 1917, pp.
78-88, 35 figs. [Received 6th January 1921.]

The flagellate, Crithidia eiiryophthalmi, sp. n., is described from the
digestive tract of Euryophthahnus convivus found in large numbers
in late summer and early autumn feeding upon Lupimis arbor etts on
sand dunes at San Francisco. This flagellate is compared with C.
leptocoridis, parasitic in Leptocoris trivittatus. The life-cycle and
morphology of C. euryophthalmi in E. convivus are described.

Plath (O. E.). a Muscid Larva oi the San Francisco Bay Region
which sucks the Blood of Nestling Birds. — Univ. California
Pubns. Zool.. Berkeley, xix, no. 5, 7th February 1919, pp. 191-
200. [Received 6th January 1921.]

The injury done to nestling birds by the larvae of Phorniia {Proto-
calliphora) azurea, Fall., and P. chrysorrhea, Meig., is discussed, and
earlier records of parasitism by fly larvae are quoted. It is estimated
that from 5 to 10 per cent, of parasitised nestlings die from loss of blood,
and that some of those that do become full-fledged are so weakened
that they fall an easy prey to their enemies. The subject has been
more fully dealt with in a subsequent paper [R. A.E., B, viii, 68].

McCuLLocH (I.). A Comparison of the Life Cycle of Crithidia with
that of Trypanosoma in the Invertebrate Host. — Univ. California
Pubns. Zool., Berkeley, xix, no. 4, 4th October 1919, pp. 135-190,
5 plates, 3 figs. [Received 6th January 1921.]

Among the conclusions arrived at in this paper are : — The crithidial
flagellates of the life-cycle of Trypanosoma are structurally like those
of the life-cycle of Crithidia. From the viewpoint of comparative
morphology the difterences existing between the crithidial forms of
C. eiiryophthalmi and the crithidial forms of T. lewisi are less marked
than are the difterences between similar stages of T. lewisi- and
Trypanosoma {Schizotry panum) cruzi.

49

Using the life-cycle of T. leicisi as a standard lor c(Hnj)arison of
the life-cycle of a haemoflagellate or a trypanosome, and the life-
cycle of C. euryophthalmi as the standard of the life-cycle of a more
primitive crithidial flagellate, there arc more parallel stages and
phases in these two life-cycles than exist between the life-cycle of
any trypanosome and the life-cycle of any herpetomonad, or of any
leptomonad now known. Furthermore, the close correlation between
the two life-cycles of T. lewisi and C. eiiryophthalnii affords new
evidence that the e\^olution of a trypanosome has ])r(jbablv taken
place from a crithidial flagellate rather than from a herpetomonad or
leptomonad flagellate.

The process of multiple fission by endogenous budding in the life-
cycle of C. euryophthalmi tends not only to establish another link in
common between the life-cycles of Trypanosoma {e.g., T. gambiense)
and the life-cycle of Crithidia, but also to link the life-cycle of Crithidia
more closely to the lower protozoan forms that contain numerous
Lcishmania-like bodies in their life-cycles.

Blanc (C). Recherches sur les Maladies a Spirochetes du Rat trans-
missibles au Cobaye. — Arch. Inst. I'aslcur, Tunis, x\, no. A,
December 1920, pp. 229-237, 1 fig.

Further work in connection with the virus of infecti\-e jaundice
in rats at Tunis [R. A.E., B, vii, 153] was carried out in 1919.

It was found that the rats are infected at all seasons of the year
and in all their different refuges, though the infection is greater in the
slaughter-houses and the harbour than in the town.

Experiments were made in insect transmission. Mosquitos infected
from guinea-pigs are not virulent after 24 hours, and Spirochaeta
icterohaemorrhagiae does not seem capable of development in Cidex
pipiens. Positive inoculations have shown that it exists for 24 hours
in a mosquito, but chsappears when the ingested blood is digested.
C. pipiens may be therefore excluded as a carrier.

Leger (L.). Moustiques de Camargue. Un Anopheline nouveau
pour la Faune franpaise. le Mvzorhvnchns sinensis, Weid. —
C. R. Sac. Bio!., Paris. Ixxxiii"^ no.'37, 18th December 1920,
pp. 1609-1610.

The only Anophelines hitherto known in France are A nobheles
■macidipennis, Meig., .1. bifurcatits, L., and A. phtmheus, Hal. In
1919 the author found Anopheles hyrcanus. Pall. {Myzorhynchus
sinensis, Wied., var. pseudopictus, Grassi), in Camargue [the island
lying between the two principal mouths of the Rhone]. This species,
which, according to Grassi and Kinoshita, is easily infected with
Plasmodium vivax (benign tertian malaria), does not appear to have
been previously recorded from France. It occurs in the southern
part of the island, in the uninhabited fresh-water swamp region, and
was observed in August in some numbers.

It was found together with Culex spp. Towards the east, where
canals and rice-fields occur, it is replaced by A. maculipennis, which
is more abundant but less aggressive. Near dwellings and brackish
water Cw/e.v spp., especially Culex [Ochlcrotatus) punciaius, Meig.,
constantly attack man.

50

RicARTw (G.). New Species of S. African Tabanidae (Diptera). —

Ann. S. African Miis., London, xvii, no. 6, 30th December 1920,
pp. 527-530.

Metoponaplos, gen. n., is erected for Pangonia parva, Wlk., with
which P. dirccta. Wlk., appears to be identical. It is redescribed from
the Cape. M . nigricans, sp. n., from Cape Colony, Silvius callosus,
sp. n., from Natal and 5. hirsuius, sp. n., from the Cape are also
described.

Howard i\.. O.). Report of the Entomologist. — U.S. Dcpt. Agric,
Bur. Ent., Washington, D.C., 7th September 1920, pp. 28-31.

Screw worms [CocJiliomvia macellaria'] are estimated to cause an
annual loss of about /800,000 in the United States, and another
heavy loss is due to wool-maggots of sheep. Remedial measures that
are being tried consist of burning of carcasses, trapping and poisoning
of ilies, modified range practices for prevention of attack, and the
development of a satisfactory larvicide and repellent for use on wounds.
A useful bait for blow-flies is gut slime, a product of meat-packing
houses, and it has been found that this can be dried and concentrated
for distribution. Other pests of animals dealt with are horseflies, ox
warbles [Hypoderma], and poultry parasites, including a mite Lipo-
nyssus sylviarum, which has not previously been known as a poultry
pest. A study has been made of insect carriers of hog cholera, the
house-fly [Musca domestica] and stable-fly [Stonioxys calcitrans] both
being implicated. Studies on the insects affecting the health of man
were largely concerned with anti-Anoplieline work, and with house-
flies. .Some experiments were carried out with substances for con-
trolling insects breeding in human excreta ; while these are not
completed, great promise has been shown by potassium cyanide
solution, sodium arsenate, and a pine-tar product acid.

Watson (J. R.). Controlling Poultry Lice. — Florida Agric. Expt.
Sta., Gainesville. Press Bull. 315, 13th December 1919, 2 pp.
[Received 7th January 1921.]

The remedies here recommended against poultry lice are sodium
fluoride powder, mercurial ointment and vaseline, and a powder
made by mixing two parts gasolene and one part carbolic acid with
plaster of paris.

DvAR (H. G.). The Aedcs of the Mountains of California and Oregon.

— ■ Insecutor Inscitiae Menstnius, Washington, B.C., viii, no.
10-12, October-December 1920, pp. 165-173.

Further observations are given on the peculiar mosquito fauna
of the Calif ornian mountains. To the species already noticed [R. A.E.,
B, V, 5 ; vi, 48] a new species or variety, Aedcs masamae, is added.
No males were obtained, so that its exact position cannot be stated.

DvAR (H. G.). A new Cidex from Panama. — Insecutor Inscitiae
Menstruns, Washington, D.C., viii, no. 10-12, October-December
1920, pp. 173-174.

Cidex (Choeroporpa) psathariis. sp. n., is described from two males
taken on screens at Colon.

51

DvAK (H. G.). Note on Aedes fulvus, WieAenmnn.— Insecuior
I)iscitiac Mciislniiis, Washington, D.C.. \iii, no. 10 12, October-
December 1920, pp. 174-175.'

The male of this species is descriljed from specimens taken on screens
at Colon, Panama. Its structure is identical with that of Aedes
bjmaculaius, Coq.

DvAR (H. G.). A Collection of Mosquitoes from the Philippine

Islands. — Insccutor Insciiiae Menstnius, Washington. !).('., \iii,
no. 10-12, October-December 1920, pp. 175-186.^

The following new species are included in a collection of 32 species
from Los Bahos, Philippine Islands : — Wyeomyia {Dodecamyia) mus,
bred from Nepenthes ; Hodgesia ampyx ; Rachionotomyia monelifera ;
Culex hensemaeon ; C.inelegans ; C. (Neoculex) fidelis ; and Maiisonia
[Coqtiilleitidia) diaeretits. A ke}- to the 32 species is given.

Dv.\R (H. G). Note on the Distribution of the Flood-Mosquitoes of
the West. — lusccutuy luscitiac Menstnius, ]]'ashingfon, D.C.,
viii, nos. 10-12, October-December 1920, pp. 198-199.

Aedes aldrichi, D. & K., apparently breeds nowhere else but in
flood-pools. Two other species, A. vexans, Meig., and A. cinereus.
Meig., occur in flood-pools, although not breeding exclusively in them.
All three species have been found in Washington, and the first two
also in Oregon. It seems possible that A. goninus, D. (a; K., from
Texas, is a flood-species allied to A . ahirichi.

D\\\i (H. G.). The Earliest Name for the Yellow Fever Mosquito

(Diptera, Culicidae).- — hisecutor Inscitiae Menstnius, Was]ii)igton,
D.C., viii, nos. 10-12, October-December 1920, p. 204.

In 1916 Knab showed that the name argenteus, Poiret, was an earlier
name for the yellow fever mosquito than fasciata, F. A still earlier
name is Culex aegypti, L., dating from 1762. Edwards has suggested
that the name fasciata should be retained, but the author does not
think it necessary to make an exception to the usual rule ; in cases
of doubt the name fasciata, F., could be added in parentheses.

i:wix(; (H. !•;.). U.S. Bur. Ent. New Predaeeous and Parasitic Mites
of the Superfamily Gam.asoidea (Acar.). — Ent. Neics, Lancaster,
Pa., XXXI, no. 10, December 1920, pp. 286-293.

Liponyssiis setiger, from a short-tailed shrew in Wisconsin, and
L. bermudaensis, from a wood rat in Bermuda, are among the new
species described in this paper.

IIiKST (S.). On Three New Parasitic Mites {Leptus, Schongastia and
Demodex). — Ann. & Mai^. Xat. Hist., London, vii, no. 37,
January 1921, pp. 37-39. '

The new mites described are: — Leptus {TromJjicula ?) similis and
Schongastia americana, from chickens in Texas, and Demodex melesimis,.
from a badger in Leicestershire.

52

The genus Psoropies, Gerv., is discussed. Megnin's specimens of
Psoroptes, found on a buffalo from Cochin China hving in the menagerie
of the Paris Museum and determined by him as P. communis, arc
really referable to P. natalensis.

Apparently two species of Psoroptes are parasitic on cattle, as
specimens referable to P. communis (var. hovis ) have been found
on cattle in South Africa.

Edwards (F. W.). New Species of Palaearctic Siniuliidae in the
British Museum (Diptera, Nematocera) — Ann. & Mag. Nai.
Hist., London, vii, no. 37, January 1921, pp. 141-143.

The new species are : — Simiilium {Prosmuiliiim) gallii, from Swit-
zerland ; 5. (P.) fulvipes, from Bulgaria ; and S. gvacilipcs, from
Morocco. The last-named was taken on a mule.

Malaria Control. Control oJ Yellow Fever— -6th Ann. Kept. 1919,
Intemat. Health Bd., Rockefeller Foundation, New York,
January 1920, pp. 148-157, 158-165. [Received 15th January
1921.]

The work of the International Health Board against malaria in
the United States and yellow fever in Central and South America
is here reviewed.

\^ Eiss (A.). Un Pulieide (Aphaniptere) nouveau de I'Afrique mineure

Archaeopsylla polymorphiis, n. sp. — Bull. Sac. Hist. Nat. Afr.
Nord, Algiers, xi, no. 9, 15th December 1920, pp. 171-176,
4 figs.

Archaeopsylla polymorphus, sp. n., from a hedgehog {Erinaceus
algirus) in Tunisia, is described.

Martini (E.). Anopheles in Niedersaehsen und die Malariagefahr.

[Anopheles in Lower Saxony and the Danger of Malaria.] —
Hvgienisch. Rundschau [sine loco], no. 22, 1920, pp. 673-677.

Martini (E.). Neuere, zur Beurteilung der Malaria- und Anopheles-
verhaltnisse in Deutsehland wiehtige Literatur. [Recent Litera-
ture important for estimating the Malaria and Anopheline Con-
ditions in Germany.]— Ibidem, no. 24, 1920, pp. 737-742.

Tlie information given in the first paper concerning the Anophelines
in the region between Bremen and Kiel is substantially that already
noticed [R. A.E., B, vih, 213].

The second article is complementary to the first, and contains a
list of 108 references to papers published since 1898.

53

Hkll]-;r (K. ^1). Ein neuer, im Neste der Kammratte (Ctenomys)
lebender Riisselkafer aus Argentinien. [V luw Curculi(Miid
living in tlu' Nest of Ctenomys in Argentina.] — Ent. Blatter,
Berlin, x\i, no. 10-12, 28th December 1920, pp. 239-241.

Ctenomyophila bruchiana, gen. et sp. n., of which the hir\'ae and
adults arc found in thousands in the nests of a rodent, Ctenomys
talariim, in Argentina, is described.

Pattox (W. S.). Cutaneous Myiasis in Man and Animals in India. —

Ind. Med. Caz., Calcutta, \\, no. 12, l)ec(inl)er 1920, ])j). 455 456.

Breeding experiments in connection with more than 120 cases of
cutaneous myiasis in man and animals show that the fly concerned
was Chrysomyia bezziana, Vill., a species that has so far only been ^
recorded from Africa, where its larvae have been found in the larger A
animals. In India there can be little doubt that it is the chief Calli-
phorine causing myiasis, and its larvae occur in man as commonly
as in animals.

The female fly lays its eggs on or in living tissues only, being attracted
by foul discharges. A mass of eggs was found in one case on a piece
of lint attached to an ulcer on the leg of a patient. The larvae die
if placed in the body of a recently dead or decomposing animal, in
which situation those of most blowflies flourish. They burrow into
the tissues, causing much destruction, and are secured from faUing
out by their many backwardly -directed spines. The adult flies ha\'e
never been seen in nature.

Tliis fly is a serious pest to man and animals in India, and the
author is desirous of receiving as many specimens from cases as
possible.

Other lar\'ae that have been received from cases of cutaneous
myiasis in animals are those of Lucilia argyrocephala, Macq. [serenis-
sima, ¥.), Chrysomyia dux, Esch., Aphiochaeta xanthina, Speis.
{fernu^inea, Brun.), and A. rufipes, Mg. ; the last two also attack man.
The larvae of Philaematomyia crassirostris. Stein, and of Sarcophaga
were received from a case of intestinal myiasis in man, and the latter
also from two cases of cutaneous myiasis in man. Fuller accounts
of Chrysomyia bezziana and cutaneous myiasis, and of Aphiochaeta
xanthina, will be published later.

Shircori: (J. O.). [Traps Jor Glossina ; Correspondence.] — Trans.
R. Sac. Trop. Med. & Hvg., London, xiv, no. 2, 18th June
1920, p. 30.

With reference to the use of artificial shelters as breeding places
for Glossina, mentioned by Carpenter [R. A.E., B, viii, 100], it is
suggested that logs smeared with some adhesive substance and
propped on supports two or three inches off the ground might act as
traps for the flies. It is also suggested that the sand in the shelter
be mixed with a poisonous chemical, but whether this would prevent
the emergence of the adults has not yet been ascertained.

54

Report of Glossina Sub- Committee of the Imperial Bureau o!
Entomology. — Tyans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. c- Hyg., London,
xiv, no. 4, 19th November 1920, pp. 59-62.

Attention is drawn in this report to the necessity for furtlier know-
ledge of the hfe-histories of Glossina spp., as well as their habits and
the factors that favour their increase or inhibit their spread, before
the wide areas over which they range can be reduced. The measures
hitherto recommended for the eradication of tsetse-f^ies cannot be
effectively carried out over large stretches of country, and will only
prove useful in restricted portions of such areas if persistently
maintained over a considerable time.

An essential line of investigation will be a thorough survey in each
infested locahty. The surveys will require checking at intervals
throughout the year, and should include estimates, on a standard
]:>asis, of the density of the fly. The points suggested for observation
and experiments are distribution of the flies, effects of clearing, breeding-
grounds, food of the flies, their parasites and other enemies, destruction
of adults, and influence of odours. Zululand, Southern Rhodesia,
Nyasaland, Tanganyika Territory, the Sudan and Northern Nigeria,
are suggested as the most suitable countries for the establishment
of experimental stations to investigate these problems. The precise
areas selected in these countries should represent different types of
environment, and should, as far as possible, be situated in localities
in which the presence of tsetse-flies is actually obstructing settlement
or is hkely to do so in the near future. Suggestions are made for
the organisation of the staff for these stations, which, as the work
progresses, wifl necessarily include a protozoologist.

YoRKE (W.). Research into the Trypanosomiasis Problem: a Critical
Consideration of Suggested Measures.^ Tmws. R. Soc. Trop.
Med. & Hvg., London, xiv, nos. 3 and 4, 15th October and 19th
November 1920, pp. 31-47 and 49-59.

The recommendations in the foregoing report are criticised mainly
on the ground that they deal only with the entomological aspects
of the problem. The reading of the paper led to a considerable
amount of discussion of a controversial nature.

Buxton (P. A.). The Capitulum of Psoropies {Acannsi).'- Parasitology,
Cambridge, xii, no. 4, December 1920, pp. 334-336, 2 figs.

This account of the capitulum and mouth-parts of Psoroptes has been
prepared as a preliminary to investigations that are being made
upon the bionomics of the itch mites. The material used has been
identified as Psoroptes eqiii, but it is considered probable that nearly
all the forms of Psoroptes occurring on domestic animals are merely
races or varieties of a single species.

Basii.e (C). Leishmania, Herpetomonas, and Crithidia in Fleas. —
Parasitology, Cambridge, xii, no. 4, December 1920, pp. 366-377.
2 plates.

In the intestines of various insects, and of fleas in particular, certain
Protozoa of the herpetomonad and crithidial types have been observed.
Their relationship to Leishmania is here considered. Though in

55

some stages Leishmania presents morphological characteristics almost
identical with Herpetomonas. it has been distinguished by the fact that
Herpetomonas undergoes its complete developmental cycle (flagellate
and non-liagellate) in the intestines of insects, while . Leishmania
completes its cycle in two hosts, one a vertebrate and the other
an invertebrate. In the vertebrate host it produces a disease with
characteristic symptoms — leishmaniasis.

Leishmania is non-fiagellate in the vertebrate host and flagellate
in the invertebrate (Ctenocephalus canis, Pulex irritans). Both
forms occur in artificial cultures. Three stages (which may also be
noticed in Herpetomonas and Criihidia) are found in the life-cycle of
Leishmania in fleas --the pre-flagellate, occurring in the flea's mid-giit,
the flagellate in the hincl-gut, and the post-flagellate in the rectum
and faeces.

In Leishmania, as opposed to Herpetomonas and Criihidia, the
flagellate form does not seem to be easily found. The post-flagellate
forms, expelled with the faeces, help to spread the species through
infection per os of other fleas, and perhaps also of other insects.
Probably, too, chfldren or dogs might be infected in this way, as well
as by inoculation. This would explain not only the widespread
distribution of leishmaniasis in dogs, but also the domestic localisation
of the disease, members of the same feimily becoming infected by
fleas, which themselves infect one another by means of the faeces.

An accurate study of the complete developmental cycle of the
various Herpetomonas and Criihidia already described in fleas reveals
certain morphological differences between them and the developmental
forms of Leishmania in the same insects ; on the other hand, the
morphological study, if it is not supplemented by biological and experi-
mental data, may be sometimes insufticient. It is necessary to bear
in mind that the herpetomonad and crithidial forms found in fleas
are not always insectan flagellates, since developmental stages of
trypanosomes {e.g., Trypanosoma lewisi) that possess a herpetomonad
or crithidial phase also occur in fleas.

Experiments and observations of natiu-al disease occurrence
[R. A.E., B, i, 130; iv, 102; etc.] show that in mammals, as in reptiles
flshes and amphibia (especially in those that are insectivorous), natural
herpetomoniases exist, or an infection with an insectan Herpetomonas
may be induced, either by wa}' of the chgestive tract or by inoculation.
Herpetomoniasis appears to be an infection that is not distinguishable,
either by the morphological and biological characteristics of the parasite
or by its symptoms, from visceral leishmaniasis. The author conse-
quently reaffirms his belief that the leishmaniases are produced by
Protozoa {Herpetomonas, and perhaps also Crithidia) that have adapted
themselves to live and multiply in vertebrate hosts ; this adaptation
is easier in the case of a vertebrate on which the in.sect hosts are
ectoparasitic.

The same species of Herpetomonas of insects, under dift'erent condi-
tions, may not have any pathogenic action, or may produce pathogenic
eftects in various degrees in different animal hosts. In Mecliterranean
leishmaniasis this theory explains the acute forms, the chronic forms,
and other spontaneously curable forms that have been distinguished.
The disease, and particularly slight cases of it, may be much more
frequent than has yet been realised.

The stud}' of visceral leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean regions,
the epidemiological factors of the close relations between leishmaniasis

56

in children and in dogs, and the close relations of contact between
children and dogs affected with leishmaniasis and fleas affected with
parasitic Protozoa that are morphologically and biologically indis-
tinguishable from Leishniania, tend to prove that visceral leishmaniasis
of the Mediterranean is produced by a species of Herpetomonas of
Pulex irritans and Ctenocephahis canis that has adapted itself to
live in children and dogs, themselves the habitual hosts of these
fleas.

Carter (H. F). Descriptions of the Adult, Larval, and Pupal Stages
of a New Mosquito from Lord Howe Island, S. Pacific.— P^oc.
Zool. Soc, London, 1920. pt. 4, December 1920 pp. 623-628,
3 f^gs.
I.,arvae and pupae of Ochlerotalits laiirci, sp. n., here described,
were taken from a hollow in a fallen tree-trunk containmg water.
Adults of another species of Ochlerotatiis were taken in a dwelling-
house at night.

Parkinson (W. H.) & Bell (H. D.). Insect Life on Sewage Filters.—

London, The Sanitary Publishing Co., Ltd., 1919, viii+64 pp. ,
8 figs. [Price 3s.] [Received 24th February 1921.1

This useful work deals with a Collembolan, Achorutes viaticm, L.

In 1910 the junior author found this springtail (then erroneously
called Podura aqiiatica) playing an important part in sewage purifica-
tion at the Corporation Sewage Works, Straff ord-on- A von, where
" ponding " has since been entirely eliminated as a result of its presence.
Sewage filters containing this Podurid maintain high nitrates, and
produce high percentage purification of the tank effluent. The con-
clusion drawn from experiments, a description of which forms the
major portion of this little volume, is that A. viaticus does contribute
to the production of ammonia and carbon dioxide, either by passing
air upward through a liquid containing sewage, as in the " activated
sludge " process, or by its action on growths deposited by tank effluent
in sewage filters.

A description of this species, its habits, distribution, food, and classi-
fication, is taken from Wilson and Johnson's work, " Organisms Found
in Sewage Filters." A. viaticus measures about 2 mm. in length.
About 9^000 weigh 1 gramme, or 4,000,000 to the lb. Though the name
Achorutes (" not dancing ") suggests lack of activity, this species can
show considerable vigour, especially in warm weather. It occurs
generally in connection with decaying animal or vegetable matter,
and has been recorded from Norway, Siberia, Denmark, Britain,
Greenland, South America, and in islands south of New Zealand.
It has appeared spontaneously at various sewage works in Great
Britain, and has been introduced on others. Its chief food is the
colloidal growths that separate out from sewage on any rough surface.
It also feeds on the larvae of Psychoda, a sewage fly that is a serious
nuisance at some works [cf. R. A.E., B, vii, 24, 90].

It is not yet possible to state why A. viaticus abounds on some
sewage works and is absent on others.

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com-
municate with the Assistant Director.

The Annual Subscription in advance to the Review, Series A
(Agricultural), is 12s. post free; Series B (Medical and Veterinary),
6s. post free.

Orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 41, Queen's Gate, London*
S.W.7, or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

Africa, East : Notes on Oestrids of Antelopes and Zebras

Africa, South : Tsetse Fly Investigations in Zululand . .

Africa, South : Notes on New Tabanidae

Argentina : A New Curculionid living in the Nest of Ctenomys . .

British Isles : Notes on Simulium spp.

British Isles : Notes on Fleas and their Hosts . .

France : The Occurrence of Anopheles hyrcanus . . . . . .

Germany : The Bionomics of Stomoxys calcitrans and Lyperosia irritans

Germany : Notes on Cimex lectularius

Germany : Notes on Anophelines

India : Cutaneous Myiasis in Man and Animals . .

Italy: Myiasis in Domestic Animals. .

Lord Howe Island : A New Mosquito

Macedonia : A BethyUd attacking Man

Nigeria : Breeding Places of Mosquitos in Lagos . .

Nyasaland : A Dipteron Predaceous on Mosquitos

Panama : New Mosquitos

Philippines : Notes on New Mosquitos

Rhodesia, Southern : The Fowl Tick, Argas persicus . .

Spain : Blood Parasites of Lizards carried by Mites

Tasmania : A Chalcid Parasite of Diptera

Tunis : Experiments in the Transmission of Infectious Jaundice

Insects
Tunis : A New Flea

Notes on Echidnophaga gallinacea in Oklahoma . .

A New Flagellate in Euryophthalmus convivus in California

A Muscid Larva attacking Nestling Birds.

Parasites of Man and Animals in 1919

Remedies for Lice on Poultry ., .

Notes on New Mosquitos

The Distribution of Flood Mosquitos

New Parasitic Mites . . . . . .

West Indies : Tick Eradication in Jamaica
A Criticism of the Unitarian Theory of Malaria
A New Type of Entomological Killing-bottle •

U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.

by

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CONTENTS-^mM.

New Species of the Genus Phlebotomus

The Feeding Habits of Mallophaga . .

New Ticks of the Genus Hyalomma . .

Notes on the Palaearctic Species of Chrysops

The Effect of Oxygen and Carbonic Acid on Culex Larvae

A Comparison of the Life-cycle of Crithidia with that of Tfypanosomaia

the Vertebrate Host
The Earliest Name for the Yellow Fever Mosquito.
Notes on New Parasitic Mites
New Species of Palaearctic Simuliidae
International Measures against Malaria and Yellow Fever
Suggestions for Traps for Glossina . .
Proposed Measures against Glossina . .
The Capitulum of Psoroptes

Studies of Leishmania, Herpetomonas and Crithidia in Fleas
Insect Life on Sewage Filters. {Review)
LEGISLATION : Against Ticks in Jamaica

PAGE

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Registered at the O.P.O. for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundland by Magazine Post.

VOL. IX. Ser. B. Part 4.— pp. 67-72. APRIL, 1921.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

SERIES B: MEDICAL
AND VETERINARY-rTvon an inc,/>x

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

^ MAY 1 6 1921 -^1

LONDON

THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY

41, QUEENS GATE. S.W. 7.

Pploe 8d. net.

All Rights Reserved.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

f>onorarp Coinmlttec of manasenicnl.

VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, CLE., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E, Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A, G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman of the

Governing Body, Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture.
Sir Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., CB., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Sir Arthur E. Shipley, G.B.E., F.R.S., Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C Sperling, C.M.G., Foreign Office.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye.
Mr. C Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is ex officio a member of the Committee.
eeneral Secretarp.
Mr. A. C C Parkinson (Colonial Office).

Director and €dUor.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, CM.G.

Usslstant Director.

Dr. S. A. Neave.

Head Office.— British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.7.
Publication Office.— 4\, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7.

^^ 1^^ MAY 1 G i92i

CoTTERELL ^G. S). The Life-history and Habits of the Yellow Dung
fly {Scafophaga sterconvia) ; a possible Blow-fly ' Check.^—i?;'C)c.

Zool. Soc, London, 1920, pt. 4, December 1920;''pp.:'.^,29-6<i7-r'
14 figs.

In a preface to this paper Prof. Lefroy states that Scafophaga
stercoraria preys on a large number of Diptera, especially Calliphora
and Mnsca. [According to Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., the statement
that Scutophaga normally attacks such large flies as Calliphora is
open to serious doubt. — Ed.]

The author describes the various stages of this fly. It is wideh^ dis-
tributed, both in temperate and sub-tropical countries, having" been
recorded as far north as Nova Zemblya and Siberia, and as far south as
the Canary Islands and South Africa, but apparently is not known
from India or Australia.

The eggs are laid over the surface of excrement, in batches of from
10 to 80, and each female lays from 100 to 150 eggs. Although any
excrement will serve as a breeding medium, sheep and cattle dung is
preferred for oviposition. The eggs hatch in from one to two days,
according to the temperature. There are three larval instars, the total
larval life lasting on an average 11 days, but this is governed by the
temperature and condition of breeding medium, the minimum time
observed being 8 days and the maximum 14 days. The pupal
stage lasts from 10 to 17 days, with a minimum of 6 and a maximum
of 18 days. The minimum period from adult to adult was 17 days,
and the maximum 31 days, with an average of 24 days. The life-cycle
from egg to egg takes from six to seven weeks. There are probably
five broods a year. Breeding continues from April to October. No
definite information has yet been obtained with regard to hibernation,
which probably takes place in the adult stage. In the field the fly
that is mainly attacked appears to be Borborus equinus, but it is
probable that all Diptera are preyed upon except Syrphids and
Stratiomyids, which are too active on the wing. Its method of
attacking its prey is described. The only natural enemy observed
w^as an unidentified Ichneumonid.

Lassalle (C. F.). Report on an Anopheles Survey of the Colony of
Trinidad and Tobago.— Co/mr/7 Papers nos. S9 and 129 of 1920,
Port of Spain, 1920, 218 pp., 5 charts, 2 maps.

The mosquito surveys of various districts of the Colony of Trinidad
and Tobago, begun in March 1914, had to be temporarily suspended,
and were only resumed in July 1917. The work is now completed,
and the reports from each district are given. The breeding areas are
described. The remedial measures advocated are based on the
measures adopted in the Panama Canal Zone. It may be impossible
to eradicate every breeding place throughout the colony, but those
within and for a certain distance around all towns, villages, estates
and other centres of population should be effectively dealt with.

In the second part of this report lists of mosquito breeding places
are given, arranged under the various districts. A complete list of
the Trinidad mosquitos is also appended [R. A.E., B, v, 59, 60].

Brunetti (E.). Catalogue of Oriental and South Asiatic Nemocera

Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, xvii, June 1920, 300 pp. [Received
28th January 1921.]
Mosquitos include a large portion of the species in this catalogue,
which incorporates all available names up to about the middle of 1919.

(2434) W't. P.3, 164 1500 4,21 Harrow G.75-3 F

\

58

MuRAz ( — ). Foyer de Trj^anosomiase humaine a Tchoa (Territoire

du Tchad). [A Centre of Human Tr^'panosomiasis at Choa.] —
Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 10, 8th December 1920,
pp. 789-791.

A centre of intense infection of sleeping sickness has been found
at Choa, in the Lake Chad region, Glossina palpalis being found
in great numbers by the author. According to local reports there
were 283 deaths from the disease in 1919-1920.

Aldige (E.). Trypanosomiase du Pore en Guinee Frangaise.^Bu//.

Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 10, 8th December 1920, pp.
792-796.

Trypanosomiasis of pigs was recorded in French Guinea in 1906,
the parasite being identified as Trypanosoma dimorphon. In September
1914 the author studied an epidemic of trypanosomiasis in a piggery
at Mamou, but it was obvious that the parasite causing the disease
was neither T. dimorphon nor T. cazalboui, but much more closely
resembled T. pecaudi. It may be a form allied to T. bnicei, which,
although not known to occur in French Guinea, is closely alhed to
T. togolense, occurring in Togoland. The only chronic case among
the infected pigs was a sow that had been imported two months
previously from a locahty where T. pecaudi is commonly found in
various animals, and it is probable that the epidemic arose from
this source.

Laver.an (A.) & Fr.\nchini (G.). Contribution a I'Etude de la
Flagellose des Euphorbes. [Contribution to the Study of Flagel-
losis of Euphorbia.] — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 10,
8th December 1920, pp. 796-800.

As a result of investigations recorded in this paper, the conclusion
is reached that the presence of flagellates in spurge {Euphorbia spp'.)
is not rare in Italy, especially at Bologna, where they have been found
in five species. Inoculations into both E. pilosa and E. saidiana
with cultures of Hcrpetomonas ctenocephali var. chattoni gave positive
results, and white mice inoculated in the peritoneum with the latex
of an infected plant of E. nereifolia showed slight infections.

Pringault (E.). Les Phlebotomes dans la Region Marseillaise. —

Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 10, 8th December 1920,
pp. 809-810.

In October 1918 the presence of Phlebotomus papatasii, Scop., was
recorded at Miramas. In 1920 observations were made in the vicinity
of Marseilles, with the result that between 15th July and 29th
September 196 individuals were captured, the species including P.
minutus, Rond., P. sergenti. Parrot, and P. perniciosus, Newst.
No individuals of P. papatasii were found. The midges were
numerous on 15th July, but after 13th September they had all
disappeared. They were found in rooms about an hour after
sundown.

59

OuziLi lAi (F). Enquete sur la Trypanosomiase au Moyen Oubangui
(Ibenga Motaba) en 1914. — />////. Soc. Path. Exot., Pans, xiii,
no. 10, 8th December 1920, pp. 817-829.

The results arc recorded of an investigation into the occurrence
of sleeping sickness in the territory of Ibenga-INlotaba, in the Ubangi
district of French Equatorial Africa in 1914. The situation in various
locahties of this district is described. The whole review occupied
three months, and in the course of the campaign 20,000 natives were
visited, 15.2 per cent, being found infected.

Clapier (P.). Enquete demographique et Etat actuel de la Trypano-
somiase au Pays Bangala (Af. Eq. Fr.). — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot.,
Paris, xiii, no. 10, 8th December 1920. pp. 830-847.

The Bangala tribes on the French banks of the Ubangi and Congo
Rivers are rapidly dying out. Glossma palpalis is abundant all the
year round ; Bangala is considered to be one of the oldest foci of
sleeping sickness, and deaths from the disease are very numerous
at the present day. While this is not the sole cause of the decreasing
population, a rapidly declining birthrate, the use of drugs, and the
employment of slaves for all physical work being contributory causes,
trypanosomiasis undoubtedly takes a large toll of the population ;
in a given time there are fewer births than cases of infant mortality
from the disease. It is estimated that in a quarter of a century the
race will have ceased to exist. While prophylaxis will protect the
individual, it cannot save the race in this district, and the situation is
a good example of the urgent necessity for perseverance in prophylactic
measures in any region that is threatened with a similar fate.

RoDHAiN (J.). Observations diverses concernant Onchocerca volvulus.
—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Pans, xiii, no. 10, 8th December 1920,
pp. 848-858.

From personal observation in the Belgian Congo the author describes
the general distribution of human onchocerciasis in the Belgian part
of the Congo basin, the local reactionary phenomena exhibited by
filarial nodules, the locaUsation of fibromatic nodules and their histology,
and finally a case of filarial tumour in a European, caused b\^ Onchocerca
volvulus. Microfilaria perstans was also found in the blood of this
patient. The case was that of a Belgian who had for many years
resided during long periods in Africa, and who had carried the cyst
for seven years without any local discomfort.

Bektarelli (E.). Tentative di Trasmissione della Malaria al Macaco.

[x\n Attempt to Transmit Malaria to a Macacus.] — Ann. d'I,s;iene,
Rome, XXX, no. 11, November 1920, pp. 689-690. [Received
21st January 1921.]

With reference to Mesnil and Roubaud's experiments in inoculating
chimpanzees with Plasmodium vivax [R. A.E., B, viii, 217], an account
is given of a similar attempt with Macacus cynomolgus, the blood
used being taken from a case of typical tertian malaria with gametes.
Some of the parasites were near sporulation, and there were a few
gametic forms also. The experiment proved negative.

(2434) f2

60

PiRAS (L.). Anofelismo senza Malaria. [Anophelism without
Malaria.] — -L'Igiene Moderna, 1920, p. 1. (Abstract in Ann.
d'Igiene, Rome, xxx, no. 11, November 1920, p. 714.) [Received
21st January 1921.]

This is a study of the question of the revival of an epidemic of
malaria in consequence of the return of infected troops to malarial
districts, or to districts where malaria has been absent for a long
time, though a few Anophelines are still present. The work was done
in the province of Genoa.

The following conclusions are reached : — The most probable causes
of the disappearance of malaria in some localities of Genoa between
1885 and 1890 are the reduction in the number of Anophehnes,
owing to sanitation work on a small scale, and to changes in methods
of cultivation. In the Genoese localities that were malarial and where
Anophelines are still present, the introduction of human cases has not
led to an epidemic owing to the lack of the necessary number of
mosquitos. The sole exception is the commune of Vezzano Ligure,
where malaria will disappear as soon as the number of Anophelines is
reduced. There is therefore no reason to fear an increase of malaria
in consequence of the return of soldiers infected with malaria.

Schumacher (F.). Holcocranum saturejae, Kol. (Hemipt.) im Neste
der Beutelmeise. \^H. saturejae in the Nest of Pants pendulinns.]
— Zeiischr. laiss. Insektenbiol., Berlin, xvi, no. 3-4, 31st December
1920, pp. 74-75.

A Lygaeid bug, Holcocranum saturejae, Kol., is recorded from a
nest of Pants pendttlinus from the Volga. Development must have
occurred in the nest, as larvae were found as well as adults. It is
considered probable that, as the bug is common on the banks of
streams and near marshes in situations where P. pendulinns nests,,
the infestation was accidental, and not a case of true parasitism.

Reyf,( — ). Milben in den Faces der Menschen. [Mites in Human
Excreta.] — Deutsche Med. Wochenschr., no. 37, 11th September
1919, p. 1026. (Abstract in Arch. Schiffs- n. Trop.-Hyg.,
Leipsic, xxiv (1920), no. 12, January 1921, p. 385.)

Tieche (1910) believed that mites could temporarily occur as internal
parasites in the human intestine, and Tsunoda (1910) thought, from
the large number of mites observed by him in human faeces, and from
the presence of their eggs, that they had lived in the intestine and
were capable of reproduction there. The author has found Tyroglyphid
mites and their eggs in many kinds of dried food-stuffs, and concludes
that the individuals found in human excreta are harmless.

Westphalen ( — ). Milben in den Faces der Menschen. [Mites in
Human Excreta.] — Deutsche Med. Wochenschr., no. 48, 27th
November 1919, p. 1333. (Abstract in Arch. Schiffs- n. Trop.-
Hyg., Leipsic, xxiv (1920), no. 12, January 1921, p. 385.)

With reference to the foregoing paper, it is mentioned that in a case
of chronic diarrhoea, periodically aggravated, mites, probably Tyro-
glyphids, were occasionally evacuated, apparently at times coinciding

61

with the increase of severity. As this occurred even when a well-
regulated sanatorium diet was given, introduction with the food seems
excluded and an increase of the mites in the intestine appears probable.
The case was finally cured.

Rothschild (N. C). The Generic Name of the Sand-flea. — Ecto-
parasites, London, i, no. 3, 15th January 1921, pp. 129-130.

Attention is drawn to the fact that Jarocki in 1838 proposed the
generic name Tiinga for the chigger. This name is a year older
than Dermatophilus, and has two years' priority over Sarcopsylla ;
it must therefore be employed, the correct name being Timga
penetrans, L.

Jordan (K.) &- Rothschild (X. C). A New Species of Sarcopsyllidae.
— Ectoparasites, London, i, no. 3, 15th Januarv 1921, pp. 131-132,
2 figs.

Tiinga caecigena, sp. n., is described from China, where it was tound
in the ears of sewer rats.

Jordan (K.) & Rothschild (X. C). Four New Palaearctic Ctenoph-
thahniis. — Ectoparasites, London, i, no. 3, 15th January 1921,
pp. 133-137, 6 figs.

The new species described are Ctenophilialmus apcrtiis, taken on
Apodemus sylvaticiis and other hosts in France ; C. pisticiis, on
Eutamias asiaticus, in Siberia ; C. vicarius, on Talpa europaea, in
Rumania ; and C. savii, on Pitymys savii and other mice, in Ital}-.

Jordan (K.) & Rothschild (X. C). Two New Palaearctic Siphon-

aptera. — Ectoparasites, London, i, no. 3, 15th January 1921, pp.
138-140, 3 figs.

Rhadinopsylla integella, sp. n., is described from France, on Microtiis
sp. ; and Palaeopsylla iherica, sp. n., from Spain, on Talpa and Microtus
ibericus.

Jordan (K.) & Rothschild (X. C). New Genera and Species of
Bat-fleas. — Ectoparasites, London, i, no. 3, 15th January 1921,
pp. 142-162, 37 figs.

The new bat-fleas here described include : — Ischnopsyllus emminiis,
from Xatal ; 7. comans, from Pekin ; Rliinolophopsylla capensis, from
Zululand ; Myodopsylla gentilis, from British ColumlDia ; Lagaropsylla
micula, gen. et sp. n., and L. puiilla, from India ; L. mera, from Java ;
and PtilopsyUa leptina, gen. et sp. n., from Paraguay. The new genera
Araeopsylla, Hormopsylla and Stcrnopsylla are also described.

Jordan (K.) & Rothschild (X. C). Eight New Ceratophylli.—
Ectoparasites, London, i, no. 3, 15th Januar}' 1921, pp. 163-177,
17 figs.

The new species described are : — Ceratopkyllus fimhriatiis, on
Sciuroptenis fimhriattis, from North-west India ; C. hipatus, on
Sciurus lateroides, from the Nepal-Sikkim frontier ; C. hastatus, on

62

Dremomys rufigenis, from N. Shan States ; C. sincerus, from Palestine ;
C. SHcinus, on Mtis musculus and Sorex sp., from Rumania ; C.
sarinns, on Afz^s sp., from Asia Minor ; C. spadix, from Burma ; and
C. apollinaris, on Mustela ajfinis, from Colombia.

Jordan (K.) & Rothschild (N. C). On CeratopkylUis fasciatus
and some allied Indian Species of Fleas. — Ectoparasites, London,
\, no. 3, 15th January 1921, pp. 178-198, 30 figs.

In view of Clarke's inquiry concerning the distribution in the
Oriental region of CeratopJiyllus fasciatus and Pulex irritans, in con-
nection with his hypothesis of the transmission of rheumatic fever
[R.A.E., B, viii, 75 ; ix, 38], an account is here given of the distri-
bution of C. fasciatus and of its near Indian allies, often erroneously
referred to as C. fasciatus in medical literature. C. californicus.
Baker, and C. oculatus. Baker, are apparently synonymous with
C. fasciatus.

The species dealt with include : — C. tamilanus, sp. n., on Epimys
sp., from Ceylon ; C. arcotus, sp. n., on Funamhuhis palmarum, from
Madras ; C. nilgiriensis, sp. n., on Epimys rattus, from Coonoor,
also on mice and Bandicota giganteus from Ootacamund ; C. argutus,
sp. n., on Mtis musculus and Funambuhis palmarum, from Dharwar ;
C. punensis, sp. n., on Funambulus sp., from Poona ; C.punjabensis,
sp. n., on Epimys rattus, from Amritsar ; and C. simla, sp. n., on
Epimys decumanus and Mus musculus, from Simla.

The material in this collection is decidedly in favour of Clarke's
contention that C. fasciatus does not occur in India at or near sea-
level, but should some forms of C. alladinis play the same biological
role as C. fasciatus, Clarke's argument loses its force.

Since the above was written the remarks concerning the occurrence
of C. fasciatus in India must be modified, as a specimen has since been
received from Bareilly, United Provinces, from a buffalo.

Ferguson (E. W.) & Hill (G. F.). Notes on Australian Tabanidae. —
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Sydney, xlv, pt. 3, 27th October 1920,
pp. 460-467.

Demoplatus nigrovittatus, sp. n., is described from New South Wales ;
and the synonymy of a number of other Australian Tabanids is
discussed. Two new names are necessary — Tahanus neopalpalis
for T. palpalis, Tayl. {nee Ric), and T. minusculus for T. minor,.
Tayl. {nee Macq.).

Startz (E.). Preparation of a Crude Oil Emulsion Dip for dipping
Cattle. — Montana Livestock Sanitary Bd., Helena, i, no. 3, 1st
January 1921, pp. 3-9.

General details are given about the physical condition of an emul-
sion, and the crude petroleum oil emulsion used for cattle-dipping
is described. The formula decided upon was 4 lb. resin, 1| lb. lye,
35 U.S. gals, crude oil, and water to make 100 U.S. gals. Resin
and lye are used instead of ordinary soap, as with the latter, the
emulsion is inclined to separate after a short time.

63

The lye is dissolved in about three U.S. gals, of water, the resin^
added, and the whole boiled until a clear dark brown solution is
obtained. Into an empty barrel, holding 50 U.S. gals., two U.S. gals,
of the oil are poured, then the hot resin and alkali solution, and the
mixture is briskly agitated. After a short time it becomes thick,
and finally assumes the consistency of a jelly. At this point more
oil (one U.S. gal., or a little niore) and about a quart of water are
added, and the whole agnin thoroughly agitated. This is continued
till all the oil and enough water to make 50 U.S. gals, of emulsion are
incorporated. In this way a homogeneous 70 per cent, crude oil
emulsion is obtained. This is emptied into the vat and the balance
of water added later to make a 35 per cent, dipping fluid.

Water used in making soap dips should contain as little as possible
of those mineral elements that constitute so-called hard waters. If
necessary, precipitation of these elements (lime and magnesia salts)
can be caused by the addition of a little h'e and sodium carbonate ;
but moderately hard water offers no difficulty in making the dip.

A simple instrument for testing the amount of crude oil contained
in the emulsion consists of a glass test-tube, the lower half of which
is divided into two 5 cu. cm. spaces, above which are ten 1 cu. cm.
divisions. To test the emulsion, 10 cu. cm. of it is put in the tube
and 5 cu. cm. of denatured alcohol added, followed by 5 cu. cm. of
50 per cent, hydrochloric acid. When the tube is well shaken, and
then gently tapped, the oil rises to the top. Each cubic centimetre
of the oil thus separated represents approximately 10 per cent, of oil
in the dip.

Even with a dip of 40 per cent, strength no ill effects, such as irrita-
tion and blistering, were observed, either in hot weather or cold
(when, owing to the longer hair, more of the dip is carried off by the
animals). This emulsion is easily made in hot or cold weather, and
does not deteriorate even when kept in a cement vat for several
davs during a frost.

Butler (W. J.). Directions for Dipping Cattle in Crude Oil Emulsions*
with Plans for the Construction of Dipping Vat, Chutes and Corrals.

—Montana Livestock Sanitary Bd., Helena, i, no. 3, 1st January
1921, pp. 10-15, 4 figs.

The great advantage of the crude oil emulsion dip described above
is that one dipping only is required, which does away with the necessity
of holding or regathering cattle. In addition, the dip is not heated,
and so is safer both in hot and cold weather. The cattle do not have
to be held in it, and it does not have to be changed at intervals, but
can be used as long as it is kept up to strength by adding more
concentrated em.ulsion. The cost is less than that of any recognised
dip where two dippings are required, but depends, of course, on the
locality. Experience with over 22,000 cattle showed it to be quite
effective against the scab mites and their eggs, and it will also kill
ticks and lice. The cattle suffered no ill effects, such as blistering or
stiffness.

Plans are given for the construction of a dipping vat, etc., so designed
as to effect the utmost economy in fluid. A diagram is also given
of an electric prod pole.

64

Bacot (A.). On the Probable Identity of Rickettsia pediaili with
Rickettsia quintana. — Brit. Med. Jl., London, no. 3135, 29th
January 1921, pp. 156-157, 1 chart.

During observations made in Warsaw in 1920, lice were found to
be infected with Rickettsia bodies indistinguishable from R. quintana.
The author contracted trench fever in the course of these investiga-
tions, although the disease was supposed to be non-existent in that
region. The history of the illness is described. Lice that had pre-
viously proved free of Rickettsia infection, after being fed on the
author showed the presence of R. quintana. It was found that
trench-fever patients are capable of infecting lice with R. quintana
for at least three months after cessation of febrile attacks or other
obvious symptoms of the disease.

Pierce (W. D.) & others. Sanitary Entomology. — Boston. Mass., The
Gorham Press, 1921, xxvi + 518 pp., 28 plates, 88 figs. [Price
$10.00.]

The field covered by the series of essays, written up from lectures,
that comprise this useful work is more extended than that of an
ordinary textbook. Disease transmission by insects is treated in its
widest sense, so that, for example, non-blood-sucking flies are regarded
as potential carriers of any bacterial or other disease in which the
organism ma}^ be reached b}' the fly in any possible way. From the
same point of view, the role that may belong to insects as intermediate
hosts of certain parasitic worms, whose life-history is in many cases
not fully known, is considered in detail.

As a result of this method of regarding the subject, many unworked
or insufficiently worked problems are indicated and possible lines of
research suggested. In the past a large part of the study of insect
transmission of disease has aimed at proving or denying transmission by
means of the bite of the insect, whereas the evidence here presented
shows that a large proportion of the cases of insect transmission are not
by the bite, but rather through contamination by the faeces. It may
therefore be considered that many of the conclusions that insects are not
involved in the transmission of certain diseases are unwarranted, and
that such cases should be studied anew and more scientifically.

The book is not, however, only a stimulus to research, but also
effectively covers the more obvious aspects of medical entomology,
while insect diseases in animals also receive notice. In conclusion
the information given is condensed into a valuable reference
table showing the disease, the organism causing it, and how it is,
or may be, transmitted b}' the insects concerned.

Froggatt (J. L.). A Study oi the External Breathing-apparatus of
the Larvae of some Muscoid Flies. — Proc. Linn. Sac. N.S.W..
Sydney, xliii, pt. 3, August-October 1918, pp. 658-667, 1 plate.

Dead or rotten larvae of flies may be identified by the spiracles,
especially the posterior ones. Descriptions are given of those found
in Anastellorhina augur, Pollenia stygia, Chrysomyia (Pycnosoma)
rufifacies. C. varipes, Lucilia scricata and Ophyra nigra. The spiracles

65

probably exercise an important function in the destruction of maggots
by poison. The possibilities of this point are receiving further
attention.

DoDD (A. p.). Two new Hymenoptera o£ the Superfamily Procto-
trypidae from Australia. — Pyoc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Sydney, xlv,
pt. 3, August-October 1920, pp. 443-446.

Heniilexomyia ahrnpta. gen. et sp. n., here described, is well estab-
lished in New South Wales, where it has been bred from pupae of a
sheep-maggot fly, as well as from those of Opkyra nigra, Wied., and
Polleniastygia, F. [Neopollinosavillosa. R.D.). [c/. 7v'. A.E., B, v, 166].

Foot (K.). THotes on Pediciilus vestimenti. — Biol. Bull. Marine Biol.
Lab., Woods Hole, Mass., xxxix, no. 5, November 1920, pp.
261-279.

The peculiar bcha\-ionr of lice, Pediculus humamis (vestinienti), whilst
feeding on an individual who was addicted to taking drugs suggested
a possible means of controlling these parasites by making the host's
blood distasteful or even injurious to them. Observations were made
on the reaction of lice to quinine, potassium iodide and sodium salicylate
in the blood of the host. Of these quinine caused the most abnormal
response, but its toxic effect is not sufficient to eliminate the parasites.
Experiments are being continued with a view to finding out the
reason of the apparent immunity of some individuals to the attacks
of lice, and the effect of other drugs upon the latter.

Hewitt (C. G.). Insects affecting Live Stock and other Animals.—

Rept. Domin. Ent. & Consulting ZooL, 1917-lS, Canada Dcpt.
Agric, Ottaica, 1920, p. 17. [Received 1st February 1921. j

Investigations have been made in connection with the biology of
the chief species of bot-flies [Gastrophilus] affecting horses in Western
Canada, the results of which have been published elsewhere [R.A.E.,B,
vii, 55] . These pests and warble flies [ Hypoderma] in cattle are appar-
ently increasing in abundance in Manitoba. The results of experiments
with a small wire insectary used as a trap for Tabanids suggest that
such a form of trap might be of great practical value in the vicinity
of cattle-yards. Further investigations are being made on the subject.

Hav.ashi N.). Etiology of Tsutsugamushi Disease.— J/. Parasit.,
Urbana, III., vii, no. 2, December 1920, pp. 53-68, 3 ])lates.

This paper deals chiefly with the clinical aspect of the disease and
the biology of the causal agent. The organism concerned is a hitherto
undescribed species, and is here recorded as Theileria isuisugamushi,
sp. n., but the author considers that further study will justify the
erection of a new genus for it. The disease is transmitted by
a mite, Trombidium {Leptus) akamushi, Brumpt. Bodies similar
in appearance and chstribution to those found in human cases have
been demonstrated in experimentally infected animals.

66

Herms (W. B.) & Freeborn (S. B.). The Egg-laying Habits o!
Californian Anophelines. — Jl. Parasit., Urbana, III, Vn, no. 2.
December 1920, pp. 69-79, 2 figs.

Observations made during May, June and July 1920 on the egg-
laying habits of Anopheles quadrimaciilatiis occidenialis, Say, A.
punctipennis, Say, and A. pseudopundipennis, Theo., are described
in detail. The factors governing the time of egg deposition are not
known, but light, temperature, humidity and wind probably have
an important influence.

The actual process of deposition was observed only in the case of
A. punctipennis. The incubation period of this species ranges from
two to six days, with an average of 3-2 days, that of A . qnadrimaculatiis
from two to four days, with an average of 2-5 days. It seems highly
probable that temperature exercises a decided effect on incubation,
particularly at the extremes, but within a range of 68° to 76° F.
little effect was noticed. In connection with desiccation experiments
it was found that the eggs of A. quadriviaculaUis could withstand
drying for 72 hours, but those of A. punctipennis failed to hatch
after drying for 24 hours.

Herms (W. B.). Malaria Control.— il/Z/z/j-. Bull. California State Bd.
Health, Sacramento, xvi, no. 5, November 1920, pp. 15-ld,.
[Received 4th February 1921.]

The danger of malaria and resulting economic losses, as well as the
possibihty of remedial measures, are briefly discussed. The University
of Cahfornia, in co-operation with the State Board of Health, have
undertaken investigations into the life-histories and habits of, as well
as remedial measures against, the mosquitos occurring within the limits
of the State [R.A.E.. B, viii, 92-93]. Observations here recorded
in connection with the eggs of the Californian Anophelines are noticed
in the preceding paper.

PuRDY (W. C). Should Rice-raising be prohibited near Towns?—

Mthly. Bull. California State Bd. Health, Sacramento, xvi,
no. 5, November 1920, pp. 78-81. [Received 4th February
1921.]

The advisability of prohibiting the cultivation of rice in the vicinity
of towns owing to the risk of malaria is discussed [cf. R.A.E., B,
V, 142]. The danger from the presence of this crop depends on the
relative abundance of malaria-carrying mosquitos. In justice to all
concerned it is suggested that careful investigations into the breeding-
places of mosquitos and the prevalence of malaria in the district
concerned should precede any curtailment of rice-growing.

Hornby (H. E.) . The relative Pathogenicity for Cattle of Trypanosoma
congolense and T. vivax. — Vet. JL, London, Ixxvii, no. 2,
February 1921, pp. 77-78.

As a result of examination of the blood and gland juice of cattle in
South Africa, it is concluded, in connection with inoculation experi-
ments, that native cattle may recover spontaneously from T. vivax
infection, but that no great immunity results therefrom. Infections
with T. congolense generally prove fatal.

67

Stirling (R. F.)- Existence of Trypanosoma dimorphon in Central
Provinces, India. - \'cl. Record,^ London, N.S. no. A, 22nd January
1921, p. 71.

Attention is drawn to the isolation of Trypanosoma dimorphon
from a bullock at Nagpur. In an editorial footnote it is stated that
this is apparently the first record of trypansomes of the dimorphon-
congolense group outside the African continent.

Panisset (M. L.). Nouveaux Moyens de Lutte contre la Vermine des

Poules. — La Vie Agric. ct Riir., Paris, xviii, no. 5, 29th January
1921, p. 75, 1 fig.

The usual methods of dealing with parasites infesting fowls and
other domestic birds are described in this article, which contains no
new information.

Both (G.) . Einfluss der Raude und ihrer Bekampfung au£ den Gesund-
heitszustand des Pferdes. [The Influence of Mange and of its
Treatment on the Health of the }Aorse.'\— Deutsche Ticrdrztl.
Wochenschr., Hanover, xxix, no. 5, 29th January 1921, pp.
55-56.

The literature on mange has been enormously increased owing
to the war, and this article describes an effort to co-ordinate it.
The work has been divided into two sections. The first deals with
the influence of mange on the health of the horse, and the second with
the effect of remedial measures.

A twofold effect, mechanical and toxic, is produced by the mites.
The toxic action has been carefully studied of late years, and now
appears to be the more important of the two. In ordinary cases of
mange the toxic action is local, but in advanced cases it affects the
entire organism and curative treatment is hopeless. Well fed and
well kept horses are less apt to contract mange, and the affection is
milder in their case.

As regards the effect of treatment on the health of the horse, it may
be said that any remedy active against mites can fulfil its purpose if
properly used ; no bad effect on the horse's health can result if the
composition of the remedy is accurately known and allowance made
accordingly. Fumigation with sulphur dioxide is the best method,
as it causes the least harm to the animal and permits of systematic
treatment on a large scale.

Bang (H.). Myiasis Mn^dins.— Vgcsh'ijl for Lacger, Copenhagen,
1919, p. 2121.

A case of creeping myiasis on the fingers of man, caused by a larva
of Gastrophiliis, is recorded from Denmark,

Enderlein (G.). Die Culiciden-Fauna Madagascars. [The Culicid

Fauna of Madagascar.]— IF /rnrr Ent. Ztg., Vienna, xxxviii,

no. 1-3, 10th November 1920, pp. 47-52. [Received 5th February

1921.]

This list of CuLiciDAE collected in Madagascar by Dr. Friederichs

includes ■.— Culex auritaenia, sp. n., C. alhigenu, sp. n., and C.fahgans

Wied. var. nigrirosiris, n.

68

Other Madagascan species are : — Anophelinae : Anopheles [Myzo-
myia) funestus, Giles, A. {Pyretoplwrus) costalis. Lw., A. (P.)
marshalli, Theo., A. {Myzorhynchus) coustani, Lov., A. (M.) harhiros-
tris, Wulp, A. [M.) mauritianits, Grp., A. {Cellia) pharoensis, Theo., A.
(C.) squamosus. Theo., and A. (C.) tananarivensis, Ventr. Culicinae :
Eretmopodites condei, Ventr., Stegomyia fasciata, F., S. lamherti, Ventr.,
5. cartroni, Ventr., Mansonioidcs {Mansonia) nniformis, Theo., Culex
gigantens, Ventr., C. neireti, Ventr., C. tigripes, Grp., C. insatiahilis,
Big., C. cartroni. Ventr., C. flaviis, Ventr., C. fatigans, Wied., C.
laurenti, Newst., C. ventrilloni, Edw., and Uranotaenia neireti, Edw.

Eckstein (P.). Die Stechmiickenplage der Walder. [The Mosquito
Pest in Forests.] — Naturw. Zeitschr. Forst- u. Landw., Stuttgart,
xviii, no. 11-12, November-December 1920, pp. 285-290.
[Received 11th February 1921.]

Mosquitos often prove very troublesome to foresters and forest
labourers, and most of the 22 species indigenous to Germany are found
in forests. They include Culex pipiens and Tlieobaldia [Cnliseta)
annidata, and as development in the latter requires only 14 days, a
neglected breeding- place may quickly give rise to huge swarms.
T. [Culicella) morsitans appears to attack birds only, and it may be the
vector of avian malaria. The Anophelines are Anopheles maculipennis
and A. hifurcatus, both being carriers of malaria. The Aedines are
the most common in forests. Owing to their habit of laying eggs
close to water in a dry situation the flooding of which leads to
hatching, they appear in summer immediately after rain or a rise of
the subsoil water.

Ochlerotatus {Culicada) ornatus and Anopheles plumheus (nigripes)
are tree-hole breeders, and for this reason they do not become pests.

Tanzer (E.) &: OsTERWALD (H.). Anopheles und Malaria in Halle.
Zugleieh ein Beitrag zur Morphologic und Biologic der Larve von

Anopheles maculipennis, Meigen. [Notes on Anopheles and
Malaria at Halle, being also a Contribution to the Morphology
and Biology of the Larva of A. maculipennis.'] — Arch. Schiffs-
u. Tropenhyg., Leipsic, xxiii, Beiheft 2, July 1919, 48 pp., 27 figs,
2 plates, 1 map. [Received 14th Februar}- 1921.]

The object of this work was to ascertain the distribution of Anopheles
maculipennis around Halle. An investigation of the biological con-
ditions of the breeding-places was also made.

The Halle region is in the nature of a plateau intersected by wide
valleys. There are no large expanses of stagnant water, but natural
ponds and pools are not uncommon in the low-lying parts, while
artificial ones occur in the higher parts.

The larvae of ^4. maculipennis are very common, but are never
found in well shaded water. Very dirty water is avoided, and small
collections of water are preferred to large ones. In running w'ater
the larvae are found along the banks, especially in the little bays
abounding in plants. The lack of vegetation and the agitated state
of the surface are probably the chief reason why the larvae are not
found in village ponds ; the presence of ducks, etc., does not appear
to be a primar3' factor. The larvae were sometimes found in water
far more than one metre deep [R. A.E., B, viii, 223]. The preference

69

for vegetation is very marked, being apparently due principally to the
protection it affords against wave motions.

Development from egg to adult requires six to eight weeks. The
authors draw a distinction between generations and generation-periods,
the difference being that the latter are generations in which individuals
of the same age occur at the same time. It should be remembered
that the progeny of a given female may be of different ages, owing to
successive oviposition. In the Halle region several generations occur
in the year, but it is not possible to speak of generation-periods, as
larvae occurred at all times. It is probable that the absence of
generation-periods obtains in most regions. It has been assumed that
the spring and autumn peaks of the malaria curve indicate two definite
generation-periods of the mosquito, and that the difference of three or
four weeks between the malaria and mosquito curves represents the
development of the plasmodia in the mosquito plus the incubation
period. If, however, two generation-periods do not occur, this assump-
tion cannot be sustained, and Ziemann's explanation is probable,
namely, that the May rise in the malaria curve is due to relapses or
new infections in warm dwellings, and that the autumn peak results
from a maturing of the oocysts in warmth due to natural conditions
and not to artificial heating.

Near Halle, as elsewhere in Germany, malaria was widespread in
the past. Its dechne is not due to lack of conditions favourable to
Anophelines or to circumstances unfavourable to plasmodial develop-
ment, but to improvements in agriculture and Hving conditions gener-
ally. There is, therefore, little danger of its increase, provided that the
unfavourable economic conditions due to the War are ameliorated.

In the authors' experience the value of natural enemies of mosquito
larvae and pupae has been overestimated. Nor did they observe any
practical effect in connection with water-plants, such as Utricularia
vulgaris and duck-weed [Lemna].

The Bedbug : Its Relation to Public Health, its Habits and Life-history,
and Methods of Control. — Public Health Repts., Washington,
B.C., XXXV, no. 50, 10th December 1920, pp. 2964-2970.
[Received 9th February 1921.]

The information given in this article has already been noticed
[R.A.E., B, V, 48].

Young (A. R.). The Cattle-tick and its Control. — New Zealand
Jl. Agric, Wellington, xxi, no. 6, 20th December 1920, pp.
318-323, 3 figs.

Most of the information on Haemaphysalis hispinosa contained in
this paper has been noticed elsewhere [R.A.E., B, vi, 115; viii,
34, 206].

IvERsoN (J. P.). Annual Report of the Division of Animal Industry,
1919-20.— A///z/v. Bull. Cal. Dept. Agric, Sacramento, ix, no.
10-11, October-November 1920, pp. 503-520, 8 figs. [Received
10th February 1921.]

Measures for the extermination of the Texas fever tick, Boophilus
{Margaropus)annulatus, are enforced by law in California. Dipping

70

in an arsenical solution two or three times at intervals of 21 days is
the method practised, the solution consisting of 24 lb. sodium car-
bonate, 8 lb. arsenic trioxide, 1 U.S. gal. pine tar, and water up to
500 gals.

Carnegie Dickson (W. E.). Mites as internal Parasites o? Man.—

//. Trop. Med. & Hyg.. London, xxiv, no. 3, 1st February 1921,
pp. 25-27, 1 fig.

Two cases of infection of the urinary tract in man by mites are
the subject of this note. In one the mites concerned were
identified as Tyroglyphus [Aleurohiiis) farinae, DeG., and in the other,
as Tarsonenvus sp.

LouGHNAN (W. F. M.). Seven-day Fever in Aden.— J/. R.A.M.C.,
London, xxxvi, no. 2, February 1921, pp. 137-141.

On the Aden littoral seven-day fever appears to be a very definite
and distinct disease. In British Arabia it is endemic, and attacks
Europeans and Orientals with equal severity.

There may be some relationship between the disease and the climatic
temperature and atmospheric humidity ; possibly the connection
is an entomological one. The fever appears about the end of April
and is present until the end of September. There are no Anophelines
within 10 miles. Culex fatigans and Stegomyia are present throughout
the year, chiefly breeding in shallow brackish wells, and in increased
numbers from the end of May to the end of September, when the fever
is most prevalent.

Pest Remedies and Stock Dips. — //. Dept. Agric. Union S. Africa,
Pretoria, ii, no. 1, January 1921, pp. 56-58.

Under Act No. 21ofl917a number of regulations have been framed
in connection with the sale of stock dips, and it is proposed that they
shall come into force from 1st April 1921. They deal with the regis-
tration of stock dips, the information to be placed on the labels of
receptacles of such preparations, and the sale of such preparations.
Any person dealing in a stock dip not registered under his own
name or brand must, when required to do so by a competent authority,
produce a statement of its composition guaranteed under these
regulations or other satisfactory proof of registration.

Pringault (E.). Presence de Spirochetes chez Phlehotonius per-
niciosus, Newstead. — C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxxiv, no. 4, 29th
January 1921, pp. 209-210.

A spirochaete has been found in PJileboiomus perniciosiis, Newst.,
in the Marseilles region, and the name of Spirochaeta phlebotomi is
suggested for it, as it appears to be a distinct species.

VAN Saceghem (R.). La Trypanosomiase du Ruanda. — C. R. Soc.
Biol., Paris, Ixxxiv, no. 5, 5th February 1921, pp. 283-286.

Evidence is adduced that appears to the author clearly to establish
the fact that pathogenic trypanosomes may be transmitted in nature
by flies other than Glossina.

71

Cattle in Ruanda are suffering from a severe epizootic of trypanoso-
miasis. Tiie whole district is above an altitude of 4,600 ft., and
Glossiiia is non-existent there. The disease appears to have been
(luite unknown a few years ago, and seems to have been introduced by
infected mules during the war. The Ruanda trypanosome is patho-
genic to cattle, sheep, guinea-pigs, and probably equines as well.
It is polymorphous, has no free flagellum, and resembles Trypanosoma
console use and T. pecorum. Slomoxys is common at certain seasons,
and is believed to be the vector. Examples that had recently fed on
infected animals contained living trypanosomes in the gut, but the
parasites had disappeared on the following day. The saliva of the
fly is not injurious to the parasites. The latter were not seen on the
proboscis of the fly.

WoLLMAN (E). Le Role des Mouches dans le Transport de Germes
pathogenes etudie par la Technique des Elevages aseptiques. —

C. R. liehdom. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxxii, no. 5, 31st January- 1921,
pp. 298-301.

Experiments with Calliphora vouiitoria, Liicilia caesar and house-
flies [Musca domestica] show that they may be infected with typhoid,
dysenteric or tubercle bacilli in the larval stage, in which case they
remain infective during the pupal stage. The pathogenic organism
is not, however, passed on to the adult, but these may become infected
by organisms adhering to the outside of the pupa.

House-flies infected in the adult stage remain infective only for a
few days, if removed from the source of infection. The loss of
infectivity is probably mechanical.

Ferrel (J. A.). Resultados de los recientes Esfuerzos para el Control
del Desarrollo de la Malaria. [The Results of recent Work in
controlling the Development of Malaria.] — Anales Dept. Nac.
Higiene, Buenos Aires, xxvi, no. 4, Julv- August 1920, pp. 253-262.
[Received 18th February 1921.]

This article briefly describes the results of anti-malaria work in the
United States since"l913.

Howard (L. O.). U.S. Bur. Ent. The House-Jly — Carrier of Disease.
— Ohio State Dept. Health, Columbus. Mav 1920, 16 pp., 11 flgs.
[Received 18th February 1921.]

This pamphlet is one of a series on public health prepared by the
American Medical Association. It contains a brief description of
Musca domestica and of its life-history, and deals with preventive and
remedial measures.

GoRGAS (W. C), Carter (H. R.) & Lyster (T. C). Yellow Fever:
Its Distribution and Control in 1920. — Southern Med. J I..
Birmingham, Ala., xiii, no. 12, December 1920, pp. 873-880.

Yelljow-fever areas have been enormously reduced in size and,
\vith the exception of the Yucatan Peninsula, those now existing are
well under control. The isolation of infected areas and anti-Stegomyia
work around them has reduced the areas of epidemics. The aetiologj'.

72

pathology and treatment of the disease are rapidly being put into
conclusive form. With the exception of Mexico, Latin- American
countries now co-operate in the work. Campaigns against Stegomyia
alone are beheved to be sufficient for the elimination of the disease.

Bonne-Wepster (J.) & Bonne (C). Notes on South American
Mosquitoes in the British Museum (^Diptera, Culieidae).—

Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington, D.C.. ix, no. 1-3,
January-March 1921, pp. 1-26.

Dyarina tripartita, gen. et sp. n., is proposed to replace Dyar's
genus Phoniomyia (not Phoniomyia as used by Theobald), and D.
lassalli, sp. n., is suggested for the mosquito from Trinidad recorded as
Phoniomyia trinidadensis, Theo., by Dyar and Knab. Keys are given
to the species of Sahethinus, Dodecamyia, Dyarina and Goeldia.

Dyar (H. G.). Comment on the preceding Paper (Diptera, Culieidae).

— Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington, B.C., ix, no. 1-3,
January-March 1921, pp. 26-31.

A number of comments are made on the questions of synonymy
raised in the foregoing paper.

Dyar (H. G.). The Male of Psorophora coffini, Dyar and Knab
(Diptera, Culieidae). — Insecutor Inscitiae 'Menstruus, Washington,
B.C., ix, no. 1-3, January-March 1921, p. 31.

Psorophora coffini, D. & K., the male of which is here described,
had hitherto only been known from the Bahamas, but has now been
bred from larvae in St. Thomas, Virgin Islands.

Dyar (H. G.). The Swarming of Culex quinquef asciatus, S&y (Diptera,

Cahciddie).^ Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington, B.C.,
ix, no. 1-3, January-March 1921, p. 32.

Attention is drawn to the swarming of males of Culex fatigans
{quinquefasciatus) round human beings at dusk in Texas.

Dyar (H. G.). Ring-legged Culex in Texas (Diptera, Culieidae).—

Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington, B.C., ix, no. 1-3,
January-March 1921, pp. 32-34.

The species dealt with are Ctilex tarsalis Coq., C. coronator, D. & K.,
and C. thriambus, sp. n., larvae of which were found in a dirty
pool beside a river.

Dyar (H. G.). Three new Mosquitoes from Costa Rica (Diptera,
Culieidae). — Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington, B.C.,
ix, no. 1-3, January-March 1921, pp. 34-36.

The new species described are Culex [Choeroporpa) alfaroi, C.
(C.) holoneus, and Aedes {Culiselsa) perichares. Culiselsa, as used
by the author, replaces Taeniorhynchus to avoid confusion caused by
the use of this name in the sense of Mansonia as employed by Theobald,
Edwards and others.

NOTICES.

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CONTENTS.

Aden : Notes on Seven-day Fever

Africa : The Transmission of Trypanosomiasis by Flies other than

A Glossina . .
Africa, French Equatorial : Outbreaks of Sleeping Sickness
Africa, South : The relative Pathogenicity for Cattle of Trypanosoma

congolense and T. vivax . .
Africa, South : Legislation restricting the use of Dipping Fluids
America, North : New Mosquitos
America, South : The Classification of Mosquitos

Asia : A Catalogue of Nemocera

Australia : Notes on Australian Tabanidae

Australia : The External Breathing-apparatus of the Larvae of Muscid

Flies . . ....

Australia : A Hymenopterous Parasite of Sheep Maggot-flies

British Isles : The Life-history of Scatophaga stercoraria

Canada : Pests of Domestic Animals in 1917-18

Congo, Belgian : Onchocerca volvulus attacking Man . .

CosTA Rica : Notes on New Mosquitos . .

Denmark : GastrophUus causing Myiasis in Man . .

France : Phlebotomus spp. near Marseilles

France : Measures against Parasites of Fowls

France : A new Spirochaete found in Phlebotomus

Germany : Mange and its Treatment in Horses . .

Germany : Notes on Mosquitos frequenting Forests

Germany : Anopheles maculipennis and Malaria near Halle

Guinea, French : Trypanosomiasis of Pigs

India ; The Occurrence of Trypanosoma dimorpkon in the Central

Provinces
Italy : Flagellates found in Euphorbia . .
Italy : Anophelines and the Incidence of Malaria
Madagascar : A List of Mosquitos
New Zealand : The Cattle Tick and its Control
Poland : The Carriage of Rickettsia quintana by Lice . .
Russia : A Bug breeding in the Nest of Parus pendulinus
Trinidad and Tobago : Report on an Anopheles Survey

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CONTENTS— coM/d.

U.S.A. : Preparation of a Crude Oil Emulsion Dip for dipping Cattle

U.S.A. : The Egg-laying Habits of Californian Anophelines

U.S.A. : The Relation of Rice Cultivation to Malaria in California

U.S.A. : Dips for Cattle Ticks in Cahfornia

U.S.A. : A Summary of Measures against Malaria

U.S.A. : The House-fly and Disease

U.S.A. : Notes on Culex spp. in Texas

West Indies : Psorophora coffini from the Virgin Islands

An Attempt to transmit Malaria to Macacus

Mites in the Human Intestine

The correct Generic Name for the Chigger

Notes on new Fleas . .

The Distribution of Ceratophilus fasciatus

The Effect on Lice of Drugs in the Blood of the Host . .

The Causal Agent of Tsutsugamushi Disease

The Bedbug and its Relation to PubUc Health . .

Mites as internal Parasites of Man . .

The Relation of Blow-flies and House-flies to Disease Organisms

Yellow Fever, its Distribution and Control in 1920

The Swarming of Culex fatigans

Sanitary Entomology {Review)

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Register f a at the G.P.O. for Transmission to Canada ana Newfoundfana Bv Magazine Post.

VOL. n. Ser. B. Part 5.— pp. 73.88, MAY, 1921.

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Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce* K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman of the

Governing Body, Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture.
Sir Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge,
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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Cambridge.
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Cambridge.
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Agriculture.
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England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is ex officio a member of the Committee.

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73

D^•AK TI. ('..). Notes on the North American Species of Chocroporpa
(Dipfcera, Culicidae). liisccutoy Inscitiac McnslniKs, Washington,
D.C., ix, no. 1-3, January-March 1921, i)p. 37 39.

The synonymy of various species is discussed, undC i(lcx{C/ioeyoporpa)
degustator, sp. n., is described.

Dyak (H. G.) & Ludlow (C. S.). Two new American Mosquitoes

(Diptera, Cuhcidae). — Insccntor Inscitiac jSIcnstruns, Washing/on,
B.C., ix, no. 1-3, January-March 1921, pp. 46-50.

The new species described are Ciilex [Mdanoconion) hoinocopas,
from New Orleans, possibly imported from Nicaragua, and C.
{Choeroporpa) dysmathes from the Panama Canal Zone. A key is
given to the described species oiMelanoconion, based on the characters
of the male hypopygium.

Hackek (H. p.). Federated Malay States Malaria Bureau Reports. —

ii, November 1920, London, 1921, 47 pp., 1 hg., 2 plans.
[Received 17th February 1921.]

This report continues the publication of data collected by the F.M.S.
Malaria Bureau [R.A.E., B, viii, 84], and contains a record of the
observations made during the three preceding years. Attention is
called to a number of recent changes in nomenclature [R.A.E., B,
viii, 49], Anopheles rossi var. indefiniius, Ludl., becoming A. vagus,
Don., the variety recorded as A. rossi, Giles, in vol. i, becoming
A. suhpidus, Grassi, var. malayensis, nov. ; and A. hunter i, Strickl.,
becoming A. separatus, Leic.

The first report deals with the distribution of Anophelines in the
Brickfields Road area of Kuala Lumpur. It was desired to find
out whether the eradication of the swamps was advisable, and also to
trace the source of a number of malaria cases from this area.

A method for grouping the species found as representative of f aunistic
areas has been introduced and will be applied to further results as a
method for elucidating problems of distribution. It is based on the
numerical frequency with which the various species are found together
in nature, ancl thereby shows which species are most commonly found
in the same breeding-place in association with any given species.
The number of times a species is found alone, added to the number of
times it is found in association in the same breeding-place with each
of the other species, gives the total number of " association units"
available for that species. It is necessary for the purpose of com-
parison to express the component parts of this number as percentages,
and it is permissible to do so if the total number of association units,
on which this series of percentages is based, is also shown. A con-
venient term for the percentage association of one species with each
of the other species is " association value." This method does not
depend on personal descriptions of individual breeding-places, but is
built up quite mechanically from the records of the species found in
a given number of breeding-places.

The most widely distributed species in the area were the large-pool
breeders, A . barbirostris and A . hyrcanus ; the recognised malaria-
carriers, A. fuliginosus and A. aconitus, although not numerous at

(■imi) Wt.P3/18i l.JUO 5/21 Harrow

74

the time of examination, have been shown to be closely associated
with these species by a preference for similar breeding-places. It is
possible, therefore, that under other conditions the carriers may
become much more numerous.

The small-pool breeders, A . vagus and A . kochi, were not so widely
distributed, but supplied proportionately more specimens. The
recognised carrier, A . macidatus, has been shown to occur in the same
kind of places as these species, and in more continuous wet weather
would probably be more numerous, owing to the increase in seepage
water and small pools in the districts characterised by the small-
pool breeders. The dry weather at the time of the examination was
unfavourable to A. maculatus, as many of the springs would be dry,
and those containing water would be flushed out by intermittent
•heavy rain.

An adequate cause of the malaria cases admitted to hospital has
been found, therefore, and a reclamation of the swamps is justified
as a measure for malaria prevention, apart from other considerations.

In the first of two notes appended to the above report, details are
given regarding the association method referred to, series of figures
being given in the case of each species. The grouping agrees closely
with what is generally known about the breeding-places. Group I,
depending on a common preference for small open pools or open hilly
country, includes A. kochi, A. vagus, A. macidatus, A. karwari,
and A. ludlowi. The last-named may separate itself from this group
as the chief member of a salt-water fauna when further data have
been collected. Group II, depending on a preference for large swampy
pools or low-lying country, includes A. barbirostris, A. hyrcanus,
A. aconitiis, A.fuliginosus, A. subpictus var. malayensis, A. separatus,
A. tessellatus, and A. umbrosus, and probably A. aurirostris. The
last three may separate themselves into a jungle-swamp fauna leaving
the rest of the group as an open swamp fauna. Group III, depending
on a preference for jungle, probably hilly jungle, includes A. aitkeni,
A. leiicosphyrus, A. albotaeniatus var. montanus, and A. ndvumbrosus.
Group IV (species with highly specialised breeding-places) is represented
by A. asiaticus.

The second note deals with artificial receptacles of water as breeding-
places of Anophelines. The following conclusions are reached : — Larvae
are found occasionally in such receptacles and more commonlj^ so when
the external conditions are unfavourable for their breeding. Age
and disuse render such receptacles more suitable for breeding. The
care of domestic collections of water and the clearing up of disused
tins and bottles are justified.

The second report deals with an outbreak of malaria on the banks
of the Perak River in January 1918. The Anophelines found were : —
A. ludlowi, A. vagus, A. kochi, A. tessellatus, A. aiirirostris, A.
leucosphyrus, A. hyrcanus and larvae resembling those of A. umbrosus.
As regards the pathogenicity of the various species, while no Anopheline
is free from suspicion, the important carriers are A. umbrosus and
A . ludlowi, especially the latter. From the data discussed it is con-
cluded th'at A . ludlowi was the main cause of the outbreak, that it was
enabled to travel up-river by the increase of the salinity of the water
during the dry weather, and that the onset of the rains made the w^ater
unsuitable for it to breed in and thereby stopped the outbreak.

The suggestions for the reduction of malaria in this area include
methods against the infection of mosquitos, and the reduction of

75

Anoi)hclinc breeding. The latter may be divided into methods directed
mainly aj^ainst A. liuilowi and against A. mnhrosiis.

Notes were made on the relation of Anopheline breeding to mangroves
in view of unpublished observations of Strickland's on this subject.
1 1 appears that it is not the question of mangrove by itself that governs
the presence of Anophelincs, but the question of the salinity of the
water. The observations hitherto made indicate that the belt of
mangrove and the belt of Anopheline distribution cut each other in
the estuary of the river, and this point possibly depends on the salinity
of the water above and below it. Further work is needed, and should
be controlled by the examination of the salinity of the water from each
breeding-place.

Miller (D.). Report on the Mosquito Investigation carried out in
the North Auckland Peninsula o£ New Zealand during the Summer
of 1918-19. Part I.— iV.Z. Dept. Health. Wellington, Pubn. no. 3,
1920, 38 pp.. 33 iigs., 7 maps.

The object of this mosquito survey of the North Auckland Peninsula
was to ascertain whether Stegomyia fasciata {Aedes calopus) or any
malaria-carrying Anophelines existed there, or whether conditions
favourable to them are present.

Prior to this investigation, the only mosquitos recorded from New
Zealand were ■.— Cull celsa albirostris, Macq., Culex pervigilans. Berg,
Taeniorhvnchus acer, Theo., T. iracundus, Wlk., and Uranotaenia
argvropus, Wlk. The first three are also known from Australia.
Additional species were found, including Ochlerotatus notoscriptits and
one which will form a new genus and probably subfamily. These will
be dealt with in a second part of this report.

The innumerable sluggish, weed-filled streams and swamps constitute
the permanent sources of mosquito infestation in the peninsula, but
the progress of agriculture is converting many of them into temporary
breeding-places. In places where there are no apparent collections
of water, the leaf-bases of epiphytic plants and the stems of dead
tree-ferns are a source of mosquito propagation, as they retain
sufhcient water to form excellent breeding-places. The innumerable
holes left by gum-diggers in kauri-gum lands and the stretches of country
formed of outcropping volcanic rocks are temporary areas of infesta-
tion. Though lakes and lagoons are common, no mosquitos breed in
them, owing to natural enemies such as Notonecta sp. (water-boatman),
dragon-fly larvae, etc. However, along the margins of extensive
sheets of water where depressions filled with soakage occur, mosquito
larvae abound. Catch-basins, gully-traps, tanks, water-troughs, old
tins and bottles, roof-gutters, etc., are most important sources of
artificial infestation invariably found in towns and cities.

The species most common in the peninsula are Culex pervigilans and
Ochlerotatus notoscriptus, the former being more generally distributed
than the latter, which was restricted almost entirely to Auckland
City. Both were frequently observed breeding in the same receptacle,
the former being nocturnal and inflicting painful wounds, and the
latter diurnal and not very troublesome.

From this investigation it may be stated that S. fasciata does not
occur in the North Auckland Peninsula. There was some mdication
that a certain unknown Anopheline occurred at Kaitaia. There is also
,a vague possibility of the occurrej]ce of a mal^ria-carrymg mosquito,

(2894) ^ 2

76

owing to symptoms resembling those of malaria being noticed in some
individuals who had never been out of New Zealand.

All the above findings point to the desirabihty of dealing with
mosquito-breeding grounds, at least in the more populated areas.

Carter (H. F.), Ingram (A.) & Macfie (J. W. S.). Observations
on the Ceratopogonine Midges o£ the Gold Coast, with Descriptions
of New Species. Part 3. — Ann. Trop. Med. & Parasit., Liver-
pool, xiv, no. 3, 8th February 1921, pp. 309-331, 13 figs.

In this continuation of a paper previously noticed [R.A.E., B,
ix, 25] several new species are described ; these are PrionognatJnis
marmoratus, gen. et sp. n., P. maciilipennis, P. psetidomaculipennis,
P. maculithorax, Atrichopogon xanthoaspidium and Stilobezzia spiro-
gyrae. The last-named is apparently the first species of this genus to
be described from Tropical Africa. The larvae were found associated
with an alga, Spirogyra sj).

Bezzi (M.). Musca inferior. Stein, Type of a New Genus of Philaema-
tomyne Flies (Diptera). — Ann. Trop. Med. S- Parasit., Liverpool,
xiv, no. 3, 8th February 1921, pp. 333-340.

The new genus, Ptilolepis, is erected with Musca inferior. Stein,
as the type. The work of various authors on the synonymy of this
species is reviewed and the characters of the new genus are described.

Breinl (A.). Preliminary Note on the Development of the Larvae

of Dirofilaria immitis in Dog Fleas, Clenocephalus felis and canis.
— Ann. Trop. Med. & Parasit., Liverpool, xiv, no. 3, 8th
February 1921, pp. 389-392.

The fact that Dirofilaria immitis does not require a definite genus
of mosquito for the successful completion of its life-history led to
further investigations to ascertain whether this parasite could not
Complete its life-cycle in other ectoparasites, such as fleas. As a result
of observations here described the fleas, Ctenocephalus felis and C.
canis, were found to be effective intermediary hosts. In one case a
mature larva had penetrated the unbroken skin of a puppy.

Garcia Banus (M.). Noguchi's Yellow Fever Research. — Lntemat.
Jl. Public Health, Geneva, ii, no. 1, January-February 1921,
pp. 50-60.

A resume is given of Noguchi's investigation on the causal agent
of yellow fever.

Among the reasons for regarding Leptospira icteroides as being the
organism concerned are its occurrence in and cultivation from yellow
fever cases ; inoculation of cultures of this organism reproduces the
disease in guinea-pigs, and the organism can be isolated from them ;
its properties and characteristics agree with those of the yellow fever
virus ; it is carried by Stegomyia [fasciata], and when thus carried it
reproduces the disease.

The only proof of identity that is unsatisfied by Noguchi's work is
the reproduction of the disease in man by means of pure cultures of
the organism.

77

The Progress and Diffusion of Plague, Cholera and Yellow Fever
throughout the World, 1914-1917. Mljiislry of Health. London,
Repts. on Public Health o- Med. Subjects, no. 'A, 1920, 276 pp.
Price 7-s. 6^/.

The title of this publication indicates its contents.

Leak (W. N .) . On the Improvement of Oiling Fluids for Anti-mosquito
Work.— //. Trop. Med. & Hvg., London, xxiv, no. 4, 15th
February 1921, i)p. 37 40.

Paraffin, universally used for oiling as an anti-mosquito measure,
is not an ideal film producer, and many attempts have been made to
improve on the ordinary film, though no deiuiite modifications are at
present largely in use. The admixture of linseed oil appears to have
been tried with some success by British troops in Persia, the chief
gain being increased permanence. Cotton-seed oil would give an even
'more permanent film, but th(^ addition of such oils tends to diminish
the spreading power.

When in Palestine, the author found that the addition of cresol
caused paraffin to spread remarkably well on water. An investigation
of the substances composing cresol showed castor-oil to be the active
factor. No other oil has nearly so marked an effect. If one drop of
paraffin will make a film five inches in diameter, on the same surface
a similar-sized drop with 1 per cent, castor-oil added will make a film
two feet in diameter, the spreachng power being increased about
twenty-five times. Paraffin in bulk, when poured on to water, will
spread up to a certain point, and then the edges get broken . The castor-
oil mixture film retains its continuity very much longer, and its edges
appear to retain their power of spreading actively as long as there is
space to be covered. On an exceptionally clean surface of water two
ounces of paraffin spread over an area of about five yards in diameter.
A similar quantity of 1 per cent, mixture in a quarter of an hour had
formed an unbroken film 30 yards in diameter, and was still activeh'
spreading.

Castor-oil is ordinarily said to be insoluble in mineral oils, but in a
warm climate a mixture up to 2 per cent, can be made that will not
separate appreciably in a week, while in a cool climate only about
0.5 per cent, will remain suspended for any length of time. Very
small additions make a decided difference in the behaviour of the
film, as little as one-tenth per cent, producing a very much more active
film in every way.

Perhaps the greatest advantage which such an active film might
be expected to show is in the presence of reeds, and this was found to
be the case by a practical test.

The mixture film is not only active, but also extremely tenacious.
If the film is broken by a stone being thrown in, the rapidity with which
the break is fihed up is remarkable. With a 1 per cent, film moderate
breezes wih not cause the breaks often seen at the top of each wave
with an ordinary film. The practical value of this tenacity in oiling
difficult places is very great. The eventual thickness of a film is, of
course, determined by the actual amount of oil allowed per unit of
area, provided the oil wih spread evenly.

The value of this mixture lies in greater economy, greater adapta-
bility, and greater certainty of action. The last quality is marked in
the presence of dust on the water, in the presence of soap or soapy

78

material in the water, and in the presence of oil or grease already on
the water. These are the three chief causes that prevent films of oil
from spreading, and they should always be considered when estimating
the required addition of castor-oil if oiling is to be done economically
and effectively.

Parrot (A.). A propos de I'identification des Phl6botomes de France.

— Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiv, no. 1, 12th January 1921,
pp. 21-22.

The female Phlehotomus taken by Mansion at Bron- Village (Rhone)
[R.A.E., B, ix, 37] is considered to be PhJebotomns perniciosus,
Newst. The scanty information regarding the specific characters of
the females of this genus is chiefly due to the lack of precision hitherto
prevailing in the matter of specific descriptions. The difficulties
attending determination compel the use of methods not quite usual
in systematic work. Franca and the author have endeavoured to
lay down the general rules to be followed [R. A.E.,1B>, ix, 21], and
the almost certain determination of the above-mentioned specimen
proves that existing lacunae are being filled.

pRANgA (C). Sur la Determination specifique d'une Femelle de
Phlebotome. — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot.. Paris, xiv, no. 1, 12th
January 1921, pp. 23-24.

The characters found in Phlehotomus perniciosus, Newst., and those
of the female specimen recorded in the preceding paper are given in
order to show their agreement.

The females of European species may be divided according to wing
and colour characters, and a key to them based on these is given.

Martial (R.) & Senevet (G.). Presence' a Fez d''Ornithodorus
talaje (Guerin-Meneville, 1849). — Action pathogene sur P Homme.

— -Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiv, no. 1, 12th January 1921,
pp. 24-26.

Some ticks found at Fez are believed to be Ornithodorus talaje ;
they are distinct from 0. maroccanus, already recorded from Morocco
[R.A.E., B, vii, 86]. The discovery was made as a result of bites
suffered in a native dwelling.

DEL PoNTE (E.). Contribucion al Estudio del Gen. Triatoma, Lap.
Primera Parte. Anatomia externa. [A Contribution to the
Study of the Genus Triatoma. First Part. The External
Anatomy.] — Rev. Inst. Bad., Buenos Aires, ii, no. 5, May 1920,
pp. 729-744, 23 plates. [Received 22nd February 1921.]

The subject-matter of this paper is indicated by its title.

ZiE]\L\NN (H). Einfluss der Tropenmedizin auf die medizinische
Wissenschaft. [The Influence of Tropical Medicine on Medical
Science.] — Arch. Schiffs- u. Trop.- Hyg., Lcipsic, xxv, no. 1,
February 1921, pp. 14-31.

This paper is divided into a number of sections, one of which deals
with the increasing importance of Arthropods in the transmission of
disease and the part played by Tropical Medicine in this connection.

79

A brief review of the numerous insects concerned is given. Another
section deals with the increased knowledge, due to Tropical Medicine,
of the biology and morphology of insect vectors.

EwiNG (H. E.). U.S. Bur. Ent. The Genus Troiibiciihi, Berlese, in
America and the Orient. — Ami. luit. Soc. Avier., Colitmhns, Ohio,
xiii, no. 4, l)eccnU)cr 1920, pp. 381-390, 3 figs.

A key to the genus is given, and Troinhicula splendcns, Ew., and T.
coarctaia, Berl., are described and compared. Although there is a strong
superficial resemblance between these two mites, close examination
proves them to be distinct. T. minor, Berl., is considered to be
the nymph of T. mediocris, Berl., by Miyajima, the former name
having priority ; but more data concerning tlie life-history of T. minor
are needed before the question can be settled with certainty.

T. cinnabaris, sp. n., is described from Virginia and Maryland.
The adults of this species feed chiefly on small Arthropods.

Debaisieux (P.). Coclomycidimn siiniili, nov. gen., nov. spec, et
Remarques sur VAmoebidium des Larves de Simulinm.- — La

Cellule, Lierre & Loiivain, xxx, no. 2, 1920, pp. 249-276, 2 plates.

The various stages and the systematic position of Coelomycidium
simuli, gen. et sp. n., a parasite of Simuliids, probably of Siimdium
(Melusina) maculatum, Meig., are described.

Ramakrishna Ayyar (T. V.). Note on a Musciphagous Wasp

(Bembex lunata). — -Rept. Proc. 3rd Ent. Meeting, Pitsa, February

1919, Calcutta, iii, 1920, pp. 909-910, 1 plate.

Bembex lunata is recorded from India as predaceous on various
blood-sucking flies, such as Stomoxys, Lyperosia and Philaematomyia.

Fletcher (T. B.) . Report of the Imperial Pathological Entomologist. —

Sci. Repts. Agric. Research Inst., Piisa, 1919-20, Calcutta,

1920, pp. 95-108. [Received 18th February 1921.]

Owing to the death of Mr. Howlett, this report has been written by
the Imperial Entomologist from the notes available.

A study was made from November 1919 to February 1920 of para-
sites of Tabanids ; these were obtained from egg-masses of Tabamis
sanguineus, T. albimedius, T. bicallosus, T. crassus, T. virgo, and
Chrysops stimulans. When egg-masses were being collected in
November 1919, no trace was found of T. hilar is, T. nemocallosus,
or T. brunnipennis, which are commonly found during the rains at
Pusa. The dates of emergence of the parasites from the various
Tabanids are recorded.

Among the parasites collected from birds' nests were two species of
blood-sucking midges of the genus Ciilicoides, found in large numbers
in crows' nests.

A Lygaeid known as the squirrel bug has been shown to suck the
blood of man, rabbit and goat under laboratory conditions, and was
generally found in squirrels' nests. No bug of this family has hitherto
been recorded to suck blood, though many of therii are known to harbour
flagellates, either Herpetomonas or Crithidia. A species of Stomoxys,
apparently 5. oblongata, was found to breed inside the nest materials

80

of a mynah and of a kite. Phlehotomus argentipes was observed to
emerge from nest materials in the laboratory, and though no larvae
were found, several empty pupal cases were discovered. These
midges were also observed in large numbers in the cages of ostriches
and other birds in the Victoria Garden at Bombay. Cimex hemipiera
{rotitndatiis) in all stages, and pupae of Hippobosca maculata, were
also found in a mynah's nest, and a Muscid was found breeding in the
nest of another bird.

Experiments on the effect of soluble and insoluble salts and poisons
on mosquito larvae and pupae seem to confirm the conclusion that
soluble substances operate chiefly cutaneously and insoluble ones
orally. A series of experiments were carried out on the deterrent
effects of many chemicals on Dacus (Choetodacus) zonatus with a
view to finding out the chemotactic reactions of fruit-flies and of
mosquitos. The numbers of flies that came to the various repellents
were as follows : — Cinnamic aldehyde, 0 ; turpentine, 38 ; camphor,
17 ; naphthaline, 22 ; kerosene, 12 ; benzine, 27 ; acetic acid, 19 ;
carbolic acid, 0 ; oxalic acid, 1 2 ; hydrochloric acid, 1 1 ; sulphuric
acid, 3 ; mercuric chloride, 0 ; soap, 13 ; formalin, 29 ; amyl acetate,
78 ; methyl eugenol, 33.

In attempting to discover the role of blood in ovulation in mosquitos,
eggs were obtained by feeding with peptone and milk, without any
meal of blood, from Stegomyia albopicta (scutellaris) and, in one instance,
from 5. vittata {sugens). Eggs were obtained in two out of four experi-
ments with shed goat's blood. Mosquitos enclosed with tender plants
died within four days without ovipositing. Saccharine and glycerine
in various strengths were offered to mosquitos, 'but they refused to
feed on these substances.

Experiments with bed-bugs [Cimex lectidariiis] at varying tempera-
tures showed that a two-minutes exposure to a temperature of 126°F.
is sufficient to kill them.

Tests with various repellent preparations against Armigeres
ohturbans were made, and the results are s'hown in a list giving the
average efficacy of each. It seems hardly possible to produce a pre-
paration that will remain fully effective for three hours. A list is
given of substances that remain effective for over nine minutes. Tests
of the repellent properties of about 40 substances at distances of three to
four inches were made. These led to the conclusion that the factors
concerned with distance repulsion and contact repulsion are probably
not identical. Neither method of repulsion is apparently proportional
to the poisonous effect on the mosquito of the vapour of the substance
used. Mosquitos probably cannot be kept at a distance from the
body by any practically applicable chemical repellent for any length
of time. A list of the chemicals tried is given in the order of their
merit, creosote, naphthaline and wood oil standing first.

M.vcKiNxoN (E.). The Relation of Insects to the Dissemination of
Diseases. — Science & Iiidiistrv, Melbourne, ii, no. 11, November
1920, pp. 652-658. [Received 2nd March 1921 .]

The relation of certain insects to the dissemination of diseases has
now become an accepted fact. The various ways in which micro-
organisms may be transmitted by insects, whether actively carried,
mechanically carried, or by means of indirect association, are briefly
described with examples.

81

Torrance (F.). Effect of Dipping on the Production of Milch Cows.-

Agric. Gaz., Canada, Oliaaui, y'm, no. I, Jamiaiy l'fl)iiiary 1921,

p;25.

Experiments show that cows may be dipped in the official hmc and
sulphur solution at a temperature of from 110°F. to 118°F. without
affecting the secretion of milk to any appreciable extent.

Dup.LET ( — ). L'Extrait de Chenilles de la Mite de la Ruche d'Abeilles
pour la Guerison de la Tuberculose experimentale. — ( .R. Soc. Biol..
Paris, Ixxxiv, no. 8, 26th In^bruary 1921, pp. 381-382.

In view of the resistance exhibited by the caterpillars of the wax
moth [Galleria mellonclla] to the tubercle bacillus [R.A.E., B, viii,
86], experiments have been made with a view to ascertaining the
curative property of an extract made from the bodies of these larvae.
Guinea-pigs inoculated with this vaccine, and subsequently with
tubercle bacilh, did not contract the disease,, and the possibility of
treating tuberculosis by this means is admitted. The method employed
should directly affect the pathogenic agent by preventing the acqui-
sition of the acid-resistant character or by destrox'ing it should it have
already formed, rather than by attempting to neutralise the toxin
secreted by Koch's bacillus.

Leger (M.). Microfilaire sanguine du Boeuf a la Guyane Franpaise. —
C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxxiv, no. 8, 26th Februai\- 1921,
pp. 419-420.

A filarial embryo has been isolated from the blood of a cow infected
with Trypanosoma guyanense in French Guiana. It has been
provisionally named Microfilaria guyanensis. Microfilariae are less
frequently met with in the blood of bovines than of equines.

Sergent (Et. cS: Ed.). Avantages de la Quininisation preventive
demontres et precises experimentalement (Paludisme des Oiseaux).

— Ann. Inst. Pasteur, Paris, xxxv, no. 2, February 1921, j^p.
125-141, 5 figs.

The experiments described were made on canaries infected with
Plasmodiiim relictum. The birds received subcutaneous injections of
quinine daily for three weeks from the day of inoculation and then
every second day. The birds thus treated did not show parasites in
the peripheral blood, or if infected, the infection remained latent from
the onset. As soon as the treatment was stopped the imm.unity
ceased.

As applied to man, those treated b}^ preventive quininisation are
only subject to latent infection, and are therefore less dangerous as
reservoirs than others presenting intense infection of the blood.

Bl.\\x (G.) cs: Camixopi: tkos (J.). Enqu§te sur le Bouton d'Orient en
Crete. Reflexions qu'elle suggere sur I'Etiologie et le Mode de
Dispersion de cette Maladie. [luiquiry into Oriental Sore in Crete.
Reflections suggested on the Etiology and Mode of Dispersion of
the Disease.] — Ann. Inst. Pasteur, Paris, xxxv, no. 2, February
1921, pp. 151-166, 2 fi.gs.

Oriental sore is chiefly disseminated in Crete by direct contact.
The biting flies occurring in the districts under observation are

82

Phlehotomus papatasii, Scop., P. sergenti. Parr., Stcgoniyia fasciata, F./
and Anopheles macidipennis, Meig., but they are not thought to be
incriminated in the transmission of the disease. Owing to the absence
or extreme rarity of camels and geckos in the island, man is considered
to be the only carrier of the virus. These observations confirm the
negative results of previous experiments with geckos as the reservoir
of the virus [R. A.E., B, viii, 181]. Experiments made with flies show
that five hours after contamination they are unable to transmit the
disease mechanically.

Wesenberg-Lund (C). Contributions to the Biology of the Danish
Culicidae. — Mem. Acad. R. Sci. & Lettres, Copenhagen. Sec. Sci.,
8th ser., vii, no. 1, 1921, 210 pp., 21 pis., 19 figs.

In this work are published the results of a number of years' obser-
vations on Danish mosquitos by the author and his assistant, Wx.
Kryger, the observations having been made in field and laboratory,
mainly during the years 1917-1920. The paper includes not only a
large amount of hitherto unpublished matter, but also a summary
and discussion of the previous. work of the author and of other writers
on European mosquitos.

An introductory chapter deals very fully with the morphology of
the Culicine larvae, especially as regards the mouth-parts and the
respiratory system. The relationship between structure and feeding-
habits (whether mainly at the water-surface or at the bottom) is
discussed, the conclusion being drawn that the mode of feeding is
connected with two distinct types of structure of the mouth-parts.
Modes of wintering, order of hatching in the spring, and blood-sucking
habits are also discussed.

The main portion of the work is devoted to a complete account of
the structure, biology and distribution of the known Danish Culicine
mosquitos, the larvae of each species (where known) being illustrated.
In the descriptions of the larvae, in addition to characters that have
been in common use, stress is laid for diagnostic purposes on the
mouth-parts, the hair-formula of the front margin of the thorax, and
the number of hairs in the tufts composing the anal brush.

The nomenclature has been revised to accord with the British
Museum practice, specimens of all the more obscure species having
been sent to Mr. F. W. Edwards for determination. The following
species are dealt yNii\v: — Aedes cinereus, Mg., Ochlerotatus caspius.
Pall., 0. curriei, Coq., 0. maculatus, Mg. {cantans, Mg.), 0. amiulipes,
Mg.,'o. vexans, Mg., 0. excrucians, Wlk., 0. lutesccns, F., 0. detritus,
Hai!, 0. communis, De G., 0. punctor, Kirby, 0. nigripes, Zett., 0.
prodotes, Dyar, 0. rusliciis, Rossi, 0. diantaeus, H. D. & K., 0. sticticus,
Mg., var. concinnus, Steph., 0. {Finlaya) genicidatus, 01., Taenio-
rhynchus richiardii. Fie, Theohaldia annulata, Schr., T. {Culicella)
morsitans, Theo., Cidcx pipiens. L., C. ciliaris. L_., C. nigritulus, Theo.

{nee Zett.).

Of these, 0. vexans, 0. pitnctor and 0. sticticus are very rare m
Denmark, and the larvae have not been found there. 0. nigripes is
described from Greenland only ; the author's previous record of this
species from Denmark proves to apply to a late autumn generation of
0. communis, which differs from the ordinary spring form in its some-
what larger size. C. ciliaris is distinguished from C. pipiens only
because of a peculiarity of habit of the adults. C. nigritulus is
described from larvae only, the adults having been lost. 0. excrucians.

83

0. Infescens {fldchcri). 0. prodotes and 0. diantaeus were known
chieHy as American, l)ut have recently been recorded in Europe under
other names by Martini, the synonymy being gix'en in an appendix,
in which a variety subochrca of Theobaldia anmdata is mentioned, and
the new name salinellus, Kdw., is given to the species recorded as
Aedes terriei, Theo., by Martini. 0. caspius, Pall., is recorded as a
great pest in the immediate neighbourhood of Copenhagen, and ().
curriei, Coq., is regarded as merely a variety of it.

A final chapter deals with the biology of the three Danish species
of Anopheles, particularly .4. maciilipiiuiis. The habits of this species
and their bearing on the disappearance of malaria from Denmark arc
vej-y fully discussed. The author concludes that the usual explana-
tions" of the disappearance of malaria (improvements in drainage,
diminution of Anophelines, cpiininisation, etc.), are inadequate, and
argues that there has been a marked change in the blood-sucking habits
of A. maculipennis within the last century ; from being mainly
dependent on human blood, it has become almost exclusively an
attacker of domestic animals, especially pigs, over most of Europe
north of the Alps. The author attributes this supposed modification
in habits in Denmark to the changes in agricultural methods that took
place early in the last century, cattle being kept in increasing numbers
and housed in large stables during the greater part of the year. He
also remarks that this change in habits appears to have been accom-
panied by an increase in size of the insects, so that at the present
day the non-malaria-carrying North European race may be distin-
guished from the still malaria-carrying South European race by its
larger average size. After writing this chapter, the author found his
conclusions largely confirmed by Roubaud [R.A.E., B, viii, 141).

Theiler (Sir A.). Diseases, Ticks, and their Eradication. — J I. Dept.
Agric, Pyetoria, ii, no. 2, Eebruary 1921, pp. 141-159.

The tick-borne diseases occurring in South Africa are briefly reviewed,
and their causal agents and transmitters enumerated. These include
biliary fever in horses, caused by Nuttallia equi, carried by Rhipi-
cephalus evertsi (red tick) ; redwater in cattle, caused by Piroplasma
bigeminum, carried by Boophilus decoloratus (blue tick) ; gall-sickness
in cattle, caused by Anaplasma marginale, which has been experi-
mentally transmitted by B. decoloratus, but is also carried by Rhipice-
phalus spp. ; fevers caused by Gondcria {Piroplasma) mutans, carried
by red and brown ticks {Rhipicephalus spp.) ; fevers caused by
Spirochaeta theileri, carried by B. decoloratus ; African Coast fever,
caused by Theileria parva, transmitted by Rhipicephalus spp., including
R. simus (black-pitted tick) ; heartwater in cattle, sheep and goats,
caused by an ultramicroscopic organism, transmitted by the bont tick,
Amblyomma hebraeum ; biliary fever in dogs, caused by Piroplasma
canis, transmitted by the dog tick ( Haemaphysalis leachi) and by the
brown tick ( R. sanguineus) ; and a form of paralysis of sheep and lambs
said to be connected with the presence of the tick, Ixodes pilosus.
These diseases are divided into two groups, namely, those in which the
animal retains the infection in the blood after recovery and acts as a
reservoir of the virus, and those in which the blood of an animal that
has recovered becomes sterile and harmless.

The life-histories of these ticks are given, and a list is included of
important points that require elucidation. The hosts of each are

84

enumerated and all possible methods of transmission are discussed.
The prevalence of ticks in various regions and at different seasons,
the number of ticks in proportion to the cattle, and the influence of
climate are touched upon.

Suggestions for eradication of the ticks include the burning of grass,
and it is pointed out that the later in the year this is undertaken
the greater is the number of ticks destroyed. Grass-burning alone,
however, will not eradicate ticks. Dipping is undoubtedly an efficient
means of destroying ticks, when carried out properly with a good dip.
The liquid must, however, reach the ticks, and it must be remembered
that these do not always die immediately ; females may even continue
to lay eggs though they do not hatch. B. decoloratus requires three to
four weeks to complete its life-cycle on an animal, and therefore dipping
must be practised every third week. Rhipicephalus cvcrtsi, on the
other hand, seeks its host twice, first as a larva, when it moults into
a nymph and remains on the host for 16 to 21 days before dropping,
and again as an adult, the female remaining on the host from 6 to 10
days. Dipping should therefore be practised at least every eighth day.
Hand-dressing as well as dipping is necessary in the case of this species,
owing to its habit of sheltering in the ear or under the tail, where it is
protected from the dip. The brown tick {Rhipicephalus appendiculatus)
seeks its host three times ; as a larva from three to five days, and
for the same time as a nymph, while the adult female requires
about a week before it drops to the ground. The best results are
therefore obtained if dipping is repeated every third day, and con-
tinued as long as the different stages can live in the grass, that is, at
least a year. The case of A. hebraeum is very similar, and dipping
should be practised at least about every four days for this species.
Dipping should be most regularly and energetically carried on through
the summer, when changes in tick-life are more rapid. The dips
recommended are those designed by Pitchford in Natal, as follows : —

3 days
Interval.

7 days
Interval.

14 days
Interval.

Sodium arsenite, 80%

Soft soap

Paraffin

Water

4 1b.
3 1b.
Igal.
400 gal.

8 lb.

3 lb.
. . 2 gal.
. . 400 gal.

12 lb.
6 lb.
2 gal.
. . 400 gal.

The method of preparation of the dip is described, and it is suggested
that a dip-tester or isometer is advisable in order to maintain a constant
strength. Cattle should be gradually accustomed to the dip by using
a weaker solution first, and then a stronger one. If a rapid reduction
of ticks to the minimum is desired, horses, goats, and sheep should
also be dipped. Animals that cannot be dipped should be sponged
and dressed at intervals, and as a supplementary measure all animals
should be sponged with the dipping liquid on those parts of the body
where the dip does not penetrate by the ordinary method.

The method of starving ticks by keeping certain areas free from
animals for a definite period is described. The eradication of diseases
in which the animals do not act as a reservoir of the virus, namely,
African Coast fever and heartwater, can be accomplished by keeping
them for the requisite time, i.e., for African Coast fever about 18 days,
in a clean quarantine area ; after this the njaiiphs will have dropped
off to moult, and the animals should be removed to another clean area,
and after another 18 days to repeat the process they may be safely moved

85

into a clean area, having ceased to be infective. After a period of
15 months the original pasture will have become tick-free, and the
animals can be moved back there. For heartwatcr, two quarantine-
periods of three to four weeks each will be sufficient.

For those diseases in which the animal remains infective — i.e., biliary
fever, redwater and gall-sickness — tick eradication is essential, and
dij^ping is the better method. Since practically the whole of Africa
is infected with redwater and gall-sickness, moving of cattle is of
little use.

For the eradication of the ear-tick {Ornithodorus megnmi), dipping
is useless, and alfected animals require hand-dressing. A better
method of attacking the ticks is to destroy the hiding-places of the
adults, by leaving them unused for as long as three years. The
erection of bush kraals, which are easily destroyed, or of simple wire
kraals that can be removed, would be a simple expedient.

The failure to eliminate African Coast fever after 12 years or more
of dipping is considered to be due to lack of regular and systematic
procedure. Dipping is such a certain cure for the disease that the fear
of it has disappeared, and remedial measures tend to l)e neglected.

HiLDEBKAXD (S. F.). Oii the Occui'veiice oi At'ilcs soUicHaiis in FvQsh
Water polluted by Acid Waste. — Science, Lancaster, Pa., liii,
no. 1364, 18th February 1921, p. 16v3.

Attention is drawn to the occurrence of Ochlerotatns (Aedes) sollici-
tans in fresh water polluted by acid waste from a guano factory. All
other animal life appeared to be extinct, the acid content of the water
being estimated at fully 3 per cent . The larvae occurred most frequently
along the edges of the ditches among decaying vegetation, and appeared
to be more resistant to the effects iof oiling than Ciilcx or Anopheles
occurring in less polluted portions of the same ditches.

Leishiniax (Sir W. B.). On an experimental Investigation of Spiro-
chaeta duttoni, the Parasite of Tick FeveT.~-Jl. K. A .M. C, London,
xxxvi, no. 3, ]\Iarch 1921, pp. 161-186.

The author considers that the life-history of Spirochaeta duttoni
is probably as follows. Starting from a patient suffering from tick
fever, whose blood contains 5. duttoni and who is bitten by a tick
[Ornithodorus moubata] the spirochaetes taken into the intestinal
tract of the tick lose their mobility, and many undergo structural
changes such as the formation of granules and the extrusion of buds.
The spirochaetes rapidly disappear, few being left by the eighth or tenth
day. The granules are liberated, probably by the breaking down of
the spirochaetes, persist throughout the life of the tick, and are to be
found at times in the intra-ovarian eggs, as well as in the young nymphs
hatched from them. In the young nymphs they are capable of nuilti-
plving, sometimes to an enormous extent.

Under certain conditions, of which high temperature is one, though
probably not the only one, spirochaetes tend to reappear in the tick
about ten days after feeding.

These young spirochaetes arise from granules antl tend to ])ersist
throughout the life of the tick, and there is some reason to think that
it is this form, or the granule stage immediately preceding it, that is
most infective.

86

It appears probable that the relapse in man and animals may be
dne to the development of fresh crops of spirochaetes from granules
formed by the organism that caused the first attack [c/. R.A.E.,
B, vi, 138].

Observations upon other pathogenic spirochaetes make it probable
that a similar cycle of development is common to them all.

MacArthur (W. p.). An Abnormal Development oJ Callip/wni
crythrocephala.—Jl. R.A.M.C.. London, xxxvi, no. 3, INlarch
1921, pp. 232-233.

Of several thousand examples of Calliphora erythrocephala that were
bred for experimental purposes, six were observed to develop in a
peculiar manner, the normal position within the puparium being
reversed, and the head of the imago directed towards the posterior
spiracles. The pupal case ruptured at the usual site, but none of the
insects managed to free themselves. In 500 pupae subsequently
dissected, one insect was found lying reversed in this manner.

Newstead has described a similar occurrence in the case of Aiich-
meromvia luteola, but this phenomenon does not appear to have been
recorded for any other species of Muscids. Experiments are being
carried out with the object of ascertaining the cause of this remarkable
development.

Pierce (W. D.). Lectures in Applied Entomology : Vol. 1. The
General Subject of Applied Economic 'Exiiomology.— Denver,

Colorado, The Mineral Metal and By-Products Company, 1920-21,
220 pp. multigraph.

This is the first volume of a course of lectures on Applied Entomology.
The course is not designed to deal with injurious and beneficial insects
in the manner of an ordinary text book, but rather with methods
and principles. The average entomologist has, owing to the vastness
of the science, been forced to specialise on only a limited part of
economic entomology, and so requires a concise summary of the field
before him in order that he may render the best service.

The first volume of the course comprises ten lectures on general
aspects of the subject, including one on the entomologist in relation
to sanitation.

Hearle (E.). The Larva and Breeding-place of Acdes aldrichi, Dyar
and Knab. (Culicidae, Diptera). — Canad. Ent., London, Out.,
liii, no. 2, February 1921, p. 48.
Aedes aldrichi breeds in wooded river bottoms in the Lower Eraser
Valley in British Columbia. During flood time these areas are con-
verted into temporarv swamps. .4. aldrichi is the chief species found,
but .4. vexaiis and .1. cinerciis also occur.

Gill (C. A.). The Influence of Humidity on the Life-history of
Mosquitoes and on their Power to transmit Infection. — Trans.
K. Soc. Trop. Med. (F- Hvg., London, xiv, no. 5, 21st January
1921, pp. 77-83.

The experiments here described were carried out in India with
Culex faiigans and bird malaria (Proteosoma grassii). They indicated
that a" mean relative humidity of not less than 48 per cent, (at a tem-
perature of 27X, [80-6°F.]) is essential to the existence of C". faligans

87

for a period of five days, and that any lower degree of relative livimidity
will cause the transmission of bird malaria to cease owing to the
premature death of the insect host. Relative humidity does not
appear to exert any direct influence on the degree of infection, or the
rate of development of the sexual parasite of l)ir(l malaria in the
mosquito.

It was noticed that the mosquitos did not feed when the daily mean
humidity was less than 40 per cent., and fed readily when it was o\'er
50 per cent. Again, it was the custom to clear the house of mosquitos
in the evening by lighting the verandah and darkening the rooms,
when the insects would stream out, but on one particular night which
was hot, dry and windless, the usual procedure was reversed — no mos-
quitos attempted to go out, while numbers began to enter the house.

Temperature exerts a direct effect on the malaria parasite in the
mosquito, low temperature inhil)iting the growth of the oocyst, while
its rate of development is dependent upon the mean temperature.
C.fatigans can live at a wide range of tempcrntun\ but at low tempera-
tures its vital functions are restricted.

With regard to malaria in general, it is probable that the factors
of relative humidity and temperature require to be somewhat delicately
adjusted in order that a period of potential infection may occur. Thus
a rise in mean temperature, which otherwise might be favourable to
the transmission of malaria, may occasion a fall in relative humidity
which will cause the cessation of infection. Similarly a fall in mean
temperature, in spite of a concomitant rise in relative humidity, may
have a like effect.

These considerations may explain the occurrence in a locality of
numerous Anophelines and many human carriers together with a
complete absence of new infections ; or the occurrence of new infections
in localities where Anophelines and human carriers are relatively
few.

A point of immediate practical importance is that, with a knowledge
of the lower limit of temperature and humidity necessary to create a
period of potential infection, it is possible in the case of any area for
which the necessary meteorological data are available, to determine
the season of the year and the precise duration of the period during
which malaria may be acquired.

Mackenzie (F.). Sheep-Management Notes. — N. Z. J I. Ai^nc,
Wellington, xxii, no. 1, 20th January 1921, pp. 41-42.

The importance of dipping sheep is emphasised, and llic jMecautions
necessary for successfully carrying out the operation are dealt wilh.

DvAK (H. G.). A new Mosquito from East Africa (Diptera, Culicidae). —

Insecutor Insciliac Mcnslnitts, Washijit^lun, D.C., ix, nos. 4-6,
April-June [issued 28th Feb.] 1921, pp. 51-52, 1 fig.

Aedes {Ecculex) rhecter, sp. n., is described from Portuguese East
Africa.

DvAK (H. G). The American Aedes of the fynnv/or Group (Diptera,

Culicidae). — Insccnlor Insciiiae Menstnius, Washington, D.C. ix,
no. 4-6, April-June [issued 28th Feb.] 1921, pp. 69-80, 1 plate.

The author proposes to substitute the subgeneric name Ochlerotatus
for the group of Aedes treated by him as Heteronycha [R.A.E,, B, ix, 9]

88

to conform with the usage of European authors and for a number of
other reasons. The p^mdor group of this subgenus may be divided
into two series, the pundor series proper, in which the spine on the
basal lobe of the side-piece of the male hypopygium is a normal one,
and the spenceri series, in which the spine is modified. The first series
is represented in the north European fauna almost species by species
with the American ; the second series is not, as far as is known,
represented in Europe at all.

Of the species of this group described, Aedes [OdileyotaUis] dysanor,
from the eastern United States, is new.

Bonne-Wepstek (J.) & Bonne (C). The First Sabdhes Larva found
(Diptera, Culicidae). — Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus. Washington,
D.C., ix, no. 4-6, April-June [issued 28th Feb.] 1921, pp. 98-99.

The hitherto unknown larva and pupa of Sabethes bipartipes, D. & K.,
are here described. The larvae were found in Surinam, in the water
of a hole in a fallen tree, feeding on Culex coronator, D. & K., C.
bonneae, D. & K., C. mollis, D. & K., and even Uranotaenia lowii, Theo.
Three adult females were bred from them.

Dyar (H. G.). Two New Culex from Costa Rica (Diptera, Culicidae).

Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington, D.C., ix, no. 4-6,
April-June [issued 28th Feb.] 1921, p. 100.

Culex {Choeroporpa) pasadaemon and C. (C.) merodaemon, both
from Costa Rica, are described.

Chandler (S. C). Salt Marsh Mosquitoes Far Inland.—//. Econ.
Ent., Concord, N.H., xiv, no. 1, February 1921, p. 141.

Anopheles crucians, Wied., and Aedes sollicitans, Wlk., have been
taken far from the coast in southern Illinois, but the area is probably
underlaid with salt, thus approximating sea-coast conditions.

Klein (W.). Schwere Raude bei Schafen durch die Akarusmilbe

{Demodex folliculorum) . [Severe Sheep Mange due to D.
follicidorum.]— Deutsche Tiercirztl. Wochenschr., Hanover, xxix,
no. 9, 26th February 1921, pp. 105-106.

Mange due to the mite, Demodex folliculorum, is recorded in two
large flocks of sheep.

Nandin (L.). Canine Piroplasmosis transmitted by Fleas. — Rev. Gen.
Med. Vet. (Abstract in L'Agric. Colon., Florence, xv, no. 2,
February 1921, p. 117.)

The author concludes from observations that Piroplasma canis may
be transmitted by fleas in marshy regions, especiafly in the
Mediterranean region. Trypanblue is an effective remedy.

Tonnoir (A.). Une Nouvelle Espece europeenne du Genre Phlcbotomus
{Phlebotomus ariasi). — Ann. Soc. Ent. Bdgique, Brussels, Ixi
no. 2, 4th March 1921, pp. 53-56, 3 figs.

Phlebotomus ariasi, sp. n., is described from Barcelona.

NOTICES.

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CONTENTS.

Africa, East : A new Mosquito . . . . . . • • • • • • 87

Africa, South : Ticks infesting Domestic Animals and their Control 83

America, North : Aedes punctor and its Allies . . . . . . • • 87

America, North : New Mosquitos . . . . . . • • • • • • 73

Belgium : A Parasite of Simuliids . . . . . . • • • • • • 79

Brazil : The Anatomy of the Genus Triatoma . . . . . . • • 78

Canada: Breeding Places of ^et^esaWn'c/n in British Columbia. . .. 86

Canada : The Effect of Dipping on the Production of Milk in Cows . . 81

Costa Rica : Notes on New Mosquitos . . . . • . • • • • 88

Crete : An Enquiry into Oriental Sore . . . . • . ' • • • • 81

Denmark : Contributions to the Biology of the Culicidae. (Review) , . 82

Dutch Guiana : The Discovery of the Larva of Safcei/^es . . .. .. 88

Federated Malay States : The Bionomics and Distribution of

Mosquitos . . . . . . . . ■ • • • • • • • • • 73

France : The Identification of Phlebotomus . . . . . . • • 78

French Guiana : A new Micro/i/ana infecting Cattle .. .. .. 81

Germany : Sheep Mange due to Demodex folliculormn . . . . • • 88

Gold Coast : New Ceratopogonine Midges . . . . • • • • 76

India : The Influence of Humidity on the Life-history of Mosquitos . . 86

India : Report x>i the Imperial Pathological Entomologist . . . . 79

India : Benibex lunala predaceous on Blood-sucking Flies . . • • 79

Morocco : The Presence of Ornithodorus talaje at Fez . . . . . . 78

New Zealand : The Importance of Dipping Sheep . . . . • • 87

New Zealand : A Mosquito Survey in the North Auckland Peninsula 75

Spain : A new Species of Phlebotomus . . . . ■ . . • • • 88

U.S.A. : Salt Marsh Mosquitos found far Inland in Illinois . . • . 88

U.S.A. : Breeding Places of Ochlerotatus . . . • •.• 85

A new Genus of Blood-sucking Flies . . . . . . • • _ • • • • 76

Note on the Development of the Larvae of DivOjIlaria immitis in Dog

Fleas . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • ^^

The Causal Organism of Yellow Fever . . . . . . • • • • '*'

The Progress and Diffusion of Plague, Cholera, and Yellow Fever through-
out the World, 1914-17 77

CONTENTS— <;ot>/rf.

On the Improvement of Oiling Fluids for Anti-Mosquito Work . .

The Influence of Tropical Medicine on Medical Science . .

Notes on Mites of the Genus Tromhicula . .

The Relation of Insects to the Dissemination of Disease . .

Resistance of the Larvae of Galleria mellonella to the Tubercle Bacillus

The Effect of Quinine on Malaria in Birds . .

The Development of Spirochaetes in Ticks . . . . . »

An Abnormal Development of Calliphora erythrocephala , .

Lectures on Applied Entomology (Review) . . . . , ,

Canijie Piroplasmosis transmitted by Fleas , .

PAGE

77
78
79
80
81
81
85
86
86
88

Registerecf at the G.P.O. for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundlana Ba Magazine Post,

VOL. vs.. Set. B. Part 6.- -pp. 89-104. JTJHE, 1921.

(^ JUL - 6 192^

THE REVIEW
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(Natural History).
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in Tropical Agriculture.
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89

WiLHELMi (J). Versuche zur Bekampfung der in Kot, Mist und
anderen organischen AbJallstoffen lebenden Muscidenbrut, insbe-
sondere der gemeinen Stechfliege, mit Kalisalzen und anderen
Cliemikalien. [Experiments with Potassium Salts and other
Chemicals against the Eggs and Larvae of Muscid FHes, especially
Stomoxys calcitrans in Faeces, Dung and other organic Waste.] —
Mitt. Landesanstalt Wasserhygiene, Berlin-Dahlem, 1920, no. 25,
p. 190. (Abstract in Biedermann s Centralbl., Leipsic, 1, no. 2,
February 1921, pp. 71-73.)

These laboratory experiments were made with Stomoxys calcitrans.
Musca domestica, and Lyperosia irritans ; fresh cattle dung was used,
the several chemicals being mixed with it. Slaked lime, borax and
gas lime, added at the rate of t^^^, ^io. and J^j, respectively, killed the
larvae and prevented the development of the eggs in cattle dung.

BouiLLiEz (M.). Au Sujet de la Communication de M. Muraz sur un
Foyer de Trypanosomiase humaine a Tchoa (Tchad). — Bull. Soc.
Path. Exot., Paris, xiv, no. 2, 9th February 1921, pp. 57-58.

With reference to Muraz's communication [R.A.E., B, ix, 58], the
author points out that this centre of human trypanosomiasis was
reported by him in 1916 [R.A.E., B, iv, 84]. There is no doubt,
however, that sleeping sickness has increased considerably in that
locality since that date.

Sergent (Ed.) & Sergext (Et.). Etude experimentale du Paludisme.
Paludisme des Oiseaux [Plasmodium reUctum). — Bull. Soc. Path.
Exot., Paris, xiv, no. 2, 9th February 1921, pp. 72-78.

For the purpose of an experimental study of preventive quininisation
the authors made use of Plasmodium relictum, causing avian malaria.
They find that preventive quininisation gives the results of acclima-
tisation to the disease. It permits the avoidance of the acute stage,
only allowing a latent infection that confers a relative immunity.

Preventive quininisation is useless before there is danger of infection,
but should be practised immediately there is any risk of infective
mosquito bites, and it should be continued without interruption.

Several other drugs were tried, but none gave the results obtained
with quinine, either in preventive or curative treatment.

In commenting on this paper, M. Laveran regrets the use of the term
■"avian malaria," as it appears certain tha.t P. relictum is distinct from
the organism causing malaria.

Pringault (E.) & Vigne (P.). Sur quelques Cas de Parasitisme par
Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Latreille, 1806. — Bidl. Soc. Path.
Exot., Paris, xiv, no. 2, 9th February 1921, pp. 91-93.

A case of pruritus evidently due to Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Latr.,
found on the patient, is recorded from France. The patient stated
that other persons on the same farm were also affected, and that the
trouble appeared after a wild boar had been killed that was covered
with similar ticks.

Some authors maintain that the pruritus produced by ticks is due
to the rostrum being left in the skin, but the three specimens examined
were intact, and furthermore the parts of the body that were affected
•were not those on which the ticks were found.

(3191) Wt. P.3,184 1500 e/21 Harrow H

90

Legendre (J). Plan de Campagne antipaludique pour Madagascar.—

Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiv, no. 2. 9th February 1921,
pp. 97-100.

In previous papers [R.A.E., B, ii, 86 ; vi, 157] the author showed
that rice-fields and swamps, etc., especially the former, harboured the
malaria mosquitos. Anopheles [Cellia) squamosus and .4. {C.) pharoensis,.
that the spleen-index of school children at Antananarivo increased
according to the situation of their dwellings, and that the lower figures
are due to the presence of mosquito-destroying fish in rice-fields in the
plains, whereas rice-fields on the hill-sides have no fish.

The measures required include anti-larval work, the prohibition of
certain crops needing irrigation [loc. cit.], and quinine prophylaxis.
The anti-larval work must include an ordered system of rice-field
irrigation, in which provision should be made for rapidly drying the-
fields after harvesting. This was enforced for agricultural reasons in-
the days before the French occupation, and is valuable against the last
generations of larvae. Pisciculture should be encouraged, and the
natives should be shown that crops more remunerative than rice
can be grown on the hill-sides.

RouBAUD (E.). Les Dipteres et la Pathologie exotique. — Bull. Soc.^
Path. Exot., Paris, xiv, no. 2, 9th February 1921, pp. 58-65.

The role played by Diptera in connection with disease was rapidly
reviewed in the course of this informal address to the Societe de
Pathologie exotique.

Velu (H.). La Piroplasmose bovine au Maroc et ses Rapports avee les
Piroplasmoses eireummediterraneennes. — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot.,
Pans, xiv, no. 2, 9th February 1921, pp. 116-124.

The forms of piroplasmosis in the Mediterranean region are rarely
pure strains. The haemoglobinuria of Central and Northern Europe
is exclusively due to Piroplasma bigeminum or P. bovis, and African
Coast fever exclusively to Theileria parva, while the piroplasmoses
of the Mediterranean basin are caused by associated parasites (P.
bigeminum and Theileria mutans, P. bigeminum and Anaplasma
marginale, T. parva and T. mutans), of which the types T. parva and
T. mutans seem to be peculiar to this region.

The presence of T. mutans has been recognised in Eritrea, and
piroplasms resembling it have been found in cattle from Tunisia.
On the White Nile T. mutans has been found associated with A . mar-
ginale. In the region of Trebizond cattle from Russia showed mixed
infections of P. bigeminum, T. annulata, and^. marginale. T. mutans
and P. bigeminum are said to be associated in Greek cattle. It is
possible that not P. bigeminum, but one of the pyriform organisms,
such as have been reported from various parts of the world, was-
concerned.

In Morocco bovine piroplasmosis seems to be a pure infection,,
permitting accurate research on the agents and their carriers, and-
thus helping towards the solution of the problem of preventive-
immunisation.

Martini (E.). Die biologische MalariabekampfungSH..

[Biological x\iiti-malaria Work in Macedonia.] — Zeitschr. angew.
Ent., Berlin, vii, no. 2, February 1921, pp. 225-286, 7 figs.

This paper describes in a comprehensive manner the anti-mosquito
measures on the German Balkan front, from February 1918 until the
retreat of September 1918 stopped all work and resulted in the loss of
a large mass of valuable material.

Descriptions are given of the country and the dwellings found in it,
the mosquito fauna, the malaria incidence and the organisation created
to combat it, anti-malaria methods, mechanical protection against
mosquitos, measures against mosquito larvae, and methods of dealing
with the breeding-places.

A list of the species of mosquitos met with has already been
noticed [R.A.E., B, ix, 20]. Anopheles maculipennis. Mg., is the
commonest species. It begins breeding at the end of March in warm
localities and in April in more northern and higher situations. In
suitable places all sizes of larvae occur in increasing numbers throughout
the summer, without however a corresponding increase in the adults,
owing to the disappearance of many breeding-places as summer
advances. Thus adults may be abundant in July and scarce in August.
The larvae occur in all kinds of water, from that in hoof-marks to large
rivers or lakes, but never in an actual current or open space, shelter
being sought not only against disturbance but also against natural
enemies. Artificial collections of water are likewise infested, but
stagnant water and pools thickly covered with duck-weed are avoided.
Warmth does not appear to affect the larvae. The larvae are regularly
associated with those of Culex hortensis, Fie.

The larvae oiA. hifurcatus, L., seem even more particular as to the
freshness of the water. This species is not very numerous, probably
owing to deforestation. It has been observed as high up as 5,000 feet.

Only the western variety {pseudopicius) of A. hyycamis. Pall, {sinensis
Wied.) was found, and then it was taken once only, near Gevgeli.
As the latter is an important commercial centre, it is possible that
this individual was an imported one.

A. palestinensis. Theo., is second in abundance to A. maculipennis,
but was not found in the northern part of the territory, though it may
possibly occur there. Its altitude range is also less than that of A.
maculipennis and A. hifurcatus, and it seems to require more warmth.
Its chief breeding-places are in the warm region of the lower Varda.
It is found in the quiet bays of swift-flowing streams, but at the bottom
of large valleys it occurs in slow-moving water full of algae. The
latter places are scarcely suited to Culex mimeticus, Noe, which other-
wise is constantly associated with it, so that these two species are
less closely connected than are /I. maculipennis and C. hortensis. The
fertilised females of A. palestinensis sometimes hibernate, but the
species is scarce in spring and the heavy rains appear to destroy entire
broods during the early warm weather. After the rains, A . palestin-
ensis rapidly increases, and it may predominate locally over /I. maculi-
pennis. This seasonal difference between it and A. maculipennis is
of some practical importance if it be remembered that benign tertian
malaria is at its height in spring and malignant tertian in autumn.
Measures against malignant tertian and those against A . palestinensis
would therefore appear to be of equal importance in many districts.
Lack of opportunity prevented careful investigation of another
(3191) H 2

92

observation, namely, that both mahgnant tertian and A. palestinensis
appear to have the same distribution in area and altitude.

.4. plumbcus, Hal. {nigripes, Staeg.) occurs, but is unimportant.
Uranotaenia unguiculata, Edw., occurred in a ditch containing
Culex pipiens, L., in abundance. C. pipiens is common everywhere,
especially in water-barrels and dirty ditches. The larvae were seldom
found in dwellings and cattle-sheds swarming with the adults.

The larvae of C. hortensis are common throughout Macedonia from
early spring onwards, appearing before A. maculipennis, with which
this species is associated ; it is, however, seldom seen in artificial collec-
tions of water. Its altitude distribution is about the same as
that of A. maculipennis. Macedonia is rich in wild- fowl, and it is
passible that the greatest abundance of C. hortensis coincides with their
breeding-time. C. hortensis seems less of a domestic species than
C. pipiens and more dependent on wild than on domestic birds.

C. mimeticus does not appear to be very closely connected with
A. palestinensis, and rarely occurs in the warm bottoms of valleys ;
it has been found at altitudes of about 4,000 feet and reaches farther
north than the Anopheline. It appears to be most common at mid-
summer. Theohaldia annulata, Schr., occurs throughout the territory
in the same waters as C. pipiens, though very foul water is avoided.
It is less abundant than C. pipiens in barrels, ditches, etc.
T. longiareolata, Mcq. {spathipalpis, Rond.) is also common in the same
places, but appears to prefer cleaner water. Taeniorhynchiis richiardii.
Fie, was taken once only, and is probably an imported species. Some
specimens of Ochlerotatus (Aedes) communis, De G., {nemorosus, Mg.)
were taken in the beech forest of the Leschnica valley at about
5,000 feet above -sea-level. Finlaya geniculata, 01. {A. ornatus, Mg.)
was also found in the same locality. In Germany complaints of a
mosquito nuisance only occur where species of the genus Ochlerotatus
are present, and although Culex and Anopheles were breeding nearly
everywhere in the Balkans, it was only where Ochlerotatus occurred
that complaints were made. The larvae of Ochlerotatus caspius, Pall.
[A. dorsalis, Mg.) were universally common in the spring, though less
so south of Uskub. They even occur in water almost too muddy for
any other species, such as ruts constantly touched by passing traffic.
A few larvae of Ochlerotatus {A) vexans, Mg., were taken from a pool
near Uskub in which 0. caspius abounded.

The restricted development of Ochlerotatus, as compared with Culex
and Anopheles, is very noticeable. It appears to be due to the character
of the country, its climate, and its lack of forests and meadows.

MoRSTATT (H). Die Rolle der tierischen Parasiten und Krankheits-
iibertrager im ostafrikanischen Feldzuge. [The Role of Animal
Parasites and Disease Carriers in the East African Campaign.] —
Zeitschr. angew. Ent., Berlin, vii, no. 2, February 1921, pp. 287-
295.

In the East African campaign the part played by diseases is compar-
able with that reported in earlier wars. After quoting from English
and Portuguese reports, the author gives his own observations on the
distribution and importance of the various parasites and disease
carriers. Malaria was the commonest and most important disease
during the campaign, especially in the rainy season. Severe benign
tertian appears to have steadily increased, and blackwater fever
caused many deaths.

93

Of the five East African species of Glossina, G. morsitans is the
commonest and most widely distributed ; it is sometimes replaced
by G. pallidipes, or both may occur together. G. brevipalpis is also
widespread. G. austeni occurs in the north of Tanganyika Territory
and in British East Africa, and G. palpalis is confined to the lake
region. The author is not aware of any war-time observations on
the spread of sleeping sickness by G. palpalis.

The midges Culicoides {Ceratopogon) spp., are able to pass
mosquito netting, and their bites cause an itching occasionally very
troublesome to troops on the coast. Though no species has been
accurately determined, it is certain that Phlebotomus occurs, and
the author records sandfly fever from Dar-es-Salaam.

Other pests were the Muscids, Cordylobia anthropophaga and
Atichmeromyia luteola; fleas, which seldom infested Europeans, except
in deserted camps, no cases of plague occurring among the troops ;
and the sand-flea, Ttmga {Dermatophilits) penetrans, L., which at
times was a serious pest.

Prior to the war only natives were infested with lice, but during
the operations Europeans were affected, especially as a result of night
marches, when direct contact with natives could not always be avoided.
The head-louse was never seen, and Phthinis pubis was noticed in a
very few cases only.

Ornilhodonis moubata is the only relapsing-fever tick in East Africa ;
there were several European cases of the fever, but none proved fatal.
Of other ticks, Rhipicephalus spp., the carriers of African coast fever,
are the most harmful.

MuHLENs (P.). Beobachtungen uber das Verhalten der Malaria-
parasiten in der Anophelesmiicke. [Observations on the
Behaviour of the Malaria Parasite in the Anopheline Mosquito.] —
Arch. Schiffs- u. Tropen-Hvg., Leipsic, xxv, no. 2, March 1921,
pp. 58-61, 5 figs.

Crescents have been found in the musculature of Culex artificially
infected with Proteosoma [see following paper]. Similar researches
by the author have proved negative. On the other hand, in sections
of Anopheles mamlipennis artificially infected with Plasmoditim vivax,
conditions were found corresponding to those observed by Mayer with
Proteosoma.

On 13th October 1919 mosquitos were fed on a tertian case and then
confined in a temperature of 23-25° C. (73-77° F.). Individuals that
died or were killed from 3rd to 5th November were cut into sections
and stained ; six out of eight were infected and showed sporozoites in
various parts of their bodies, but neither cysts nor signs of cysts were
visible in the stomachs.

Grassi believed that crescents collect around the salivary glands,
but this was certainly not so in this case, for no remains of stomach
cysts were visible 21 days after infection, and therefore the cysts must
have burst and released the sporozoites some days previously. Most
of the crescents must have passed into the blood stream.

Though no success has hitherto attended attempts to prove the
hibernation of the malarial organism in Anophelines, it is possible that
the discovery of crescents in the musculature, and especially in the
palpi and scutellum, may indicate these to be the places where the

94

sporozoites hibernate, and from which the crescents move to the
sahvarj' glands in spring. Experiments in this connection can only
be carried out in a climate in which Anophelines can live for a long
period.

Mayer (M.). Wandenmg der Malariasichelkeime in den Stechmiicken
und die Moglichkeit der Ueberwinterung in diesen. [The Move-
ments of Malaria Crescents in Mosquitos and the Possibihty of their
Hibernation in the latter.]— M^rf. Klinik, 1920, no. 50. (Abstract
in Arch. Schiffs- u. Tropen-Hyg., Leipsic, xxv, no. 2, March 1921,
pp. 64-65.)
Assuming that sporozoites in mosquitos might hibernate in places
other than the salivary glands, the author infected Culex with
Proteosoma in the autumn of 1919 with the intention of allowing the
mosquitos to hibernate. This was not possible, and earher examinations
had to be made. When four or five weeks had elapsed after infection,
sporozoites were found in the salivary glands and in the thoracic, head,
and leg muscles, and especially in the palpi. A second series of these
mosquitos was examined 48-52 days after infection, and only a few
isolated individuals were found in the muscles ; those in the salivary
glands already showed signs of degeneration, and there were no
sporozoites in the ovaries.

NicoLLE (C), CuENOD (A.) & Blanc (G.). Transmission o£ Trachoma
by Flies. — Presse Med.. 20th December 1919. (Abstract in Ann.
d' Igiene, Rome, xxxi, no. 1, January 1921, p. 66.)
Flies that have been in contact with eyes infected with conjunctivitis

are able to transmit the disease for at least 24 hours, and this is also

the case if they have touched infected bandages within six hours of

their removal from the affected eye.

Paraf (J.). The Spread of Baeillary Dysentery by ^lies.—Rev. d' Hyg.
et de Police sanitaire, 1920, p. 24. (Abstract in Ann. d' Igiene,
Rome, xxxi, no. 1, January 1921, p. 66.)

During an epidemic of dysentery atVineuil, the dysentery bacillus
was found in 12 out of 30 flies captured near the latrines, and in 7 out
of 36 captured in wards where cases of dysentery occurred. At table,
3 out of 38 flies harboured the bacillus. Milk for surgical cases
contained it 6 times out of 26, and bread, once in 12 times.

Experiments were made to ascertain whether flies spread dysentery
more readily by means of their feet or by their dejecta. Tests with
artificially infected flies showed that the feet were infected twice out
of 16 times and the intestine 11 times out of 24. The bacillus remains
in the intestine up to five days after the first infection.

Pricolo (A.) & Ferraro (G.). The Identification of the Trypano-

somes in the Colony of Eritrea. — Clinica Veterinaria, Milan, 29th

February 1920. (Abstract in Rev. Vet. e Zootechnia, Rio de

Janeiro, x, no. 2, 1920, pp. 120-121.) [Received 28th March 1921.]

The trypanosome found in Eritrean camels is Trypanosoma evansi

[R.A.E., B, vii, 131]; this form also infects equines. Bovines are

attacked by Trypanosoma vivax-uni forme. There is no reason for

95

supposing that under natural conditions T. evansi occurs in bovines
or T. vivax-uniforme in camels and equines, though under experimental
conditions the camel is susceptible to the latter.

Parrot (L.). Sur une Variety nouvelle de Phlehotomus minntus,
Rond. — Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afriquc dii Nord, Algiers, xii,
no. 2, 15th February 1921, pp. 37-40, 1 fig.

A description is given of Phlehotomus minntiis, Rond. var. fallax, n.,
from Algeria and Tunisia. The characters differentiating this variety
from the type of P. minutus, Rond., and from P. minutus var. africanus,
Newst., are described.

Nakano (H.) & Takaugi (S.). Dermatitis due to the " Karasoss." —

Hifukwa, Hitsunyokwa Zasshi [Jap. Jl. Dermatol. & Urol. J, xviii,
no. 3, 20th March 1918, pp. 1-9. (Abstract in China Mai. J I.,
Shanghai, xxxv, no. 1, January 1921, p. 74.)

A mite, probably the larva of a species of Tromhidimn, found under
leaves in wet, shaded regions, infests the human skin causing itching
and the local appearance after two or three days of small reddish spots,
which persist for five or six days. If it penetrates under the skin, the
inflammation spreads.

Treatment consists of applications of balsam of Peru and of sulphur.

Hegner (R. W.). The Relation o£ Medical Zoology to Public Health

Problems. — //. Amer. Med. Assoc., Chicago, Ixxv, 11th December,
1920, pp. 1607-1610.
The importance of medical zoology in relation to public health is
emphasised, and the work of the school of Hygiene and Public Health
of the Johns Hopkins University in this direction is briefly outlined.

Hegner (R. W.). Medical Zoology in Europe. — Science, Lancaster,
Pa., N.S. lii, no. 1356, 24th December 1920, pp. 591-597.

A short description is given of the institiitions working on the
various branches of medical zoology in Belgium, England, France,
Italy, Monaco and Switzerland. The author lays considerable stress
on the effect of the War, in spite of the stimulus it has given to certain
phases of medical zoolog}', in depleting the supply of young men, and
reducing the funds available for scientific work, both directly and
owing to the unfavourable exchanges.

Carter (H. F.). The Occurrence of Theohaldia arctica, Edw., in
England. — Entomologist, London, liv, no. 693, Februar^' 1921,
pp. 39-40.

Theohaldia arctica, Edw., is recorded from Cheshire. The occurrence
of this mosquito so far south emphasises the need for more consistent
and detailed work in connection with indigenous mosquitos in Britain.

Chapin (E. a.). Remarks on the genus Hystrichopsylla, Tasch., with
Description of a New Species (Siphonaptera.) — Proc. But. Soc.
Washington, D.C., xxiii, no. 2, February 1921, pp. 25-27.
Hystrichopsylla mammoth, sp. n., taken from Aplodontia californica in

California is described, and a key to the four known species of the

genus is given.

96

Arkwright (J. A.) & Bacot (A.). A Bacillary Infection of the Copu-

latory Apparatus of Pedicnlus Jmmanus. — Parasitology, Cambridge,
xiii, no. 1, March 1921, pp. 25-26.

During observations made on the association of Rickettsia with
trench fever [R. A.E., B, vii, 146], a bacillary infection of the excreta
and gut of lice {Pediculus JiMmanus) was noticed. Subsequent experi-
ments, here described, show this organism to be a parasite of the
copulatory apparatus of P. humanus, for which the name Bacillus
pedicidi is suggested.

Arkwright (J. A.), Atkix (E. E.) & Bacot (A.). An Hereditary
Rickettsia-Yike Parasite of the Bed Bug [Cimex lectidarins).—
Parasitology. Cambridge, xiii, no. 1, March 1921, pp. 27-36, 2
plates.

A new parasite discovered in the gut of Cimex lectidarius has been
tentatively named Rickettsia lectnlaria. The hereditary character,
cultivation and development of this parasite are described, and the
known species of Rickettsia are reviewed. Cimex hinmdinis is also
parasitised by an organism that may prove to be a hereditary
infection.

HoARE (C. A.). Some Observations and Experiments on Insect
Flagellates, with special Reference to artificial Infection of Verte-
brates.— Parasitology, Cambridge, xiii, no. 1, March 1921, pp. 67-85.

The relation of Crithidia melophagi, Flu, to the sheep trypanosome
Trypanosoma melophagi is discussed [cf. R.A.E., B, viii, 45]. Attempts
to infect mice artificially with Crithidia melophagi from Melophagiis
ovimis, Herpetomonas jacidum from Nepa cinerea, and H. calliphorae
from Calliphora sp., proved negative. The flagellates also proved non-
pathogenic to fish {Caster ostetis aculeatus), both when administered as
food and when inoculated. Although the experiments here described do
not disprove those of Laveran and his collaborators, they show that
further study is required before general conclusions as to the pathogenicity
of insect flagellates and their relation to leishmaniasis can be formed.

Riley (W. A.). An annotated List of the Animal Parasites of Foxes.—

Parasitology, Cambridge, xiii, no. 1, March 1921, pp. 86-96.

This list of parasites of foxes has been compiled in view of the
rapidly growing importance of breeding foxes for their fur, especially
in North America and Japan.

The Arthropod parasites recorded are : — Acarids, Demodex folli-
cidoriim, Sim., Sarcoptes scabiei vulpis, Fiirst., and Dermanyssits
gallinae, De G. ; Ixodids, Amblyomma americanum, 'L.,A. tttberculatmn,
Marx, Dermacentor variabilis, Say, Haemaphysalis bispinosa intermedia,
Warb. & Nutt., H. cinnabarina punctata, C. & F., H. inermis, Bir.,
H. leachi. Aud., Ixodes canisitga, Johnst., I. hexagonus, Leach, /.
marxi. Banks, /. ricinus, L., and Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Latr. ;
Mallophaga, Trichodectes quadraticeps, Chapm., and T. vulpis, Denny ;
Siphonaptera, Pulex irritans, L., P. pallidus, Tasch., Ctenocephalus
canis, Curt., Ceratophyllus metis. Walk., and Chaetopsylla vulpe^,
Motsh.

97

SwYXNEKTOx (C. F. M.)- An Examination of the Tsetse Problem in
North Mossurise, Portuguese East Africa.— L*////. Ent. Res.,
London, xi, pt. 4, March 1921, pp. 315-386, 9 plates, 1 map.

The important investigations here described, which should be con-
sulted in the original, were concerned chiefly with Glossina morsitans,
G. pallidipes and G. brevipalpis, though G. austeni is also noticed.
The Mossurise fly problem is of particular interest, not only because of
the presence in the district of so many different species of Glossina
and the very varied conditions of vegetation, elevation, rock-forma-
tion, etc., that affect them, but also because part of the area was,
under the Zulu domination, the scene of an artificially directed scheme
of settlement that resulted in the banishment of tsetse-flies. This
indicates that settlement, properly planned, is itself capable of clearing
the country affected of the two flies here concerned — G. hrevipalpis
and G. pallidipes.

Other points to which particular attention was given were an
analysis of the vegetation, and of the distribution and local behaviour
of the various woodland types. Each species of Glossina is dependent
on particular but different shade conditions, and a knowledge of the
types of woodland that provide these conditions and their response
to seasonal and other influences, burning, etc., is essential for an}'
clearing operations that may be undertaken in the future. A very
large amount of information was also collected concerning the habits
of the various tsetse-flies, the types and distribution of the animals
of^' which they feed, the methods and extent of their spread, their
natural enemies, etc.

Experiments were made in clearing the undergrowth in various
ways, and its effect on the several species of Glossina. Cattle were
taken successfully through a fly belt when the bush on each side of
the road had been cleared, and also by means of decoy animals so
placed with regard to the more valuable ones that the latter w'ere
not attacked.

But perhaps the most important of the recommendations made
as a result of these investigations concerns the particular form of
clearing produced by regulated burning. The Zulus used to regulate
burning for hunting purposes, but under European administration
everyone burns when he pleases. Irregular burning means that when
the later fires take place the areas burned earlier are already becoming
fit for the reception of the fly. A still worse effect is the encourage-
ment given by too early burning to the wooding, and particularly
to the formation of the thickets on which G. brevipalpis rather specially
depends. Late burning, on the other hand, finds the grass and fallen
leaves at their driest and achieves much actual destruction of young
growth, and a temporary destruction of much high shade as well, at
a hot, dry time that must be relatively critical for the fly. Late burning
is not an emergency measure, but would have to be kept up annually.
Apart from varying grass conditions, its effect should show first and
chiefly in relation to G. brevipalpis, and, in the area where it depends
mainly on coppice, G. pallidipes. Its effect in relation to G. morsitans
is less certain, as that fly and G. pallidipes in the same wooding appear
to be independent of undergrowth ; but the process will assuredly
tell, as the established fire-resisting trees pass maturity with nothing
to replace them.

Close settlement, as mentioned above, involving effective clearing,
will protect itself, and under the Zulus close settlement in the form

98

of a belt round high ground, denying access to game, also protected
the high ground. As settlement is bound to be the eventual policy,
it cannot be said that the ultimate future of the Mozambique Com-
pany's infested areas is seriously compromised by the presence in
them of these flies.

Barraud (P. J.). Mosquitos collected in Palestine and Adjacent
Territories.— 5a//. Ent. Res., London, xi, pt. 4, March 1921,
pp. 387-395.

The topography of the various regions in relation to mosquito
incidence in Palestine is discussed. From November to April there
is heavy rainfall over the larger part of the country, with much less
rain in the deserts of the south. In summer the whole country
becomes arid, and the inhabitants of towns and villages depend upon
wells or rain-water collected in catchment tanks. In some localities
there are perennial streams that sometimes form extensive marshy
tracts where mosquitos breed during the greater part of the year.
The major portion of Palestine, especially the central and northern
regions, Syria and Cilicia are malarious ; a fairly high percentage
of the native population is infected, and Anophelines abound. The
malaria season practically corresponds with the dry period, that is,
from May to November. In early summer the Bedouins, with their
flocks, descend to the plains for pasture and water ; it has been
thought that they may have been disseminators of the disease, but
definite investigations have not been made in this respect ; it may
be that the presence of their many domestic animals protects them ;
the conditions under which these are stabled would seem to be
favourable for the feeding and sheltering of Anophelines.

One of the most abundant domestic mosquitos of the country is
A. bifurcatus, which occurs very numerously in the rain-water cisterns
found beneath and around most private houses. In Jerusalem there
are more than 4,000 of these basement cisterns, besides ancient drains
and sewers, from which it is impossible to exclude mosquitos ; large
surface wells protected by masonry also form breeding-places. The
abolition of these, and the provision of an adequate piped water supply
to all the towns, is an urgent and important problem.

In Eg3'pt, where the incidence of malaria is much less, the three
chief malaria carriers of Palestine, A. macidipennis, A. bifurcatus
and A. superpictiis, are practicalh^ unknown. A. multicolor is there
considered to be the principal carrier. It is abundant in the Canal
zone and in the oases, where malaria is most prevalent, and where
the population is largely a nomadic one, tending to .spread the disease
from place to place. All the species of Anophelines as yet found
in Egypt occur also in Palestine, in spite of the wide strip of waterless
desert separating the two countries. There are, however, four or five
species in Palestine that are absent from Egypt.

The larvae of A. maciilipemiis, Mg., var., are usually found in
natural waters, both fresh and brackish. The adults are found in large
numbers in tents and huts in camps, and frequently cause a heavy
incidence of malaria. They sometimes travel a considerable distance
from their breeding-grounds. Breeding commences in April and May
in the marshy coastal belt of Palestine ; in the Jordan valley, at points
below sea-level, it probably begins earlier. Larvae of A. multicolor,

99

A. hyrcanus, A. mauritianus, Ciilex univiftatus and C. tipulifonnis
were found at the same time. A . hifuycatiis breeds almost exclusively
in rain-water cisterns and covered surface wells. In Syria larvae
and pupae were taken from a small, very shaded stream ; it appears
to be essentially a cool-water species. A. algeriensis, Theo., is perhaps
the species referred to by previous workers in Palestine as A . fragilis,
Theo., or A. aitkeni, James. It does not seem to be very general,
and breeds chiefly in large marshes away from human habitations,
and therefore is probably not a frequent malaria-carrier. A . hyrcanus,
Pall., also breeds in extensive marshes, and is found along the coastal
belt of Palestine, and sometimes inland, but not, as yet, in Egypt.
Adults occur nearly all the year round, but more abundantly in winter
and spring. A. mauritiamis, Grp., has practically the same distri-
bution and is commonest early in the year. A. superpictus, Grassi,
occurs in the larval stage in natural water, clear pools near fresh
springs, etc. The adults are among the chief malaria-carriers in
country districts. A. cnlicifacies, Giles, var. sergenti, Theo., occurs
sparsely in pools; A. multicolor, Camb. {chaudoyei, Theo.), the chief
malaria-carrier in Egypt, previously known in Palestine as A. tiirkhudi,
List., breeds in brackish marshes along the coast in late autumn,
spring and early summer; .1. pharoensis, Theo., abundant in some
parts of Egypt, and regarded as a doubtful carrier of malaria, is rare
in Palestine ; Stegomyia fasciata, F., a domestic species, occurs in
Palestine, Egypt and Syria, adults being abundant in the hot season ;
Ochlerotatus caspins, Pall., is abundant in Egypt, but less so in Pales-
tine, the larvae preferring brackish water ; 0. mariae, Serg., is a
sea-water species, abundant in salt pools along the coast, and trouble-
some owing to the adults biting in the daytime ; 0. detritus, Hal.
{salimis, Fie.) is abundant and troublesome during the wet season
and early spring, the larvae occurring chiefly in brackish water near
the coast. Culex pipiens, L., is ubiquitous and abundant near human
dwellings ; the larvae differ somewhat from examples from Western
Europe and Mesopotamia. C. laticinctus, Edw., is commonly found
in tents in camps, the larvae occurring in surface wells, tanks, etc. ;
C. iinivittaiiis, Theo., does not occur in great abundance, the larvae
being found in marshes and stream pools, generally away from dwellings ;
C. tipidiformis, Theo., and C. hortensis, Fie, are frequently present
in the same habitat ; C. mimcticns, Noe, has been found with
A. superpictus, but seems to be absent from Egypt. Theohaldia
longiareolata, Macq., is abundant in all localities in water-barrels and
other receptacles in gardens, surface wells, tanks and cisterns ; T.
annulata, Schr., is less common and is not found in Egypt ; T. morsi-
tans, Theo., was found in the larval stage in a quarry pool. Urano-
taenia unguiculata, Edw., breeding in large swamps, is widely
distributed in Egypt and is also found in parts of Palestine.

Laing (F.). The Cockroach. Its Life-history and how to deal with

it— Brit. Mus. [Naf. Hist.), London, Econ. Ser., no. 12, 1921,
18 pp., 1 plate, 2 figs. Price 6d.

The species of cockroaches commonly found in Britain are Blatta
orientalis, L. (common or oriental cockroach) and Blattella germanica,
L. (German cockroach) ; Periplaneta americana, L. (American cock-
roach) and P. australasiae, F. (Australian cockroach) are less fre-
quently seen. The life-history and habits of these insects, and their

100

depredations in houses, bakeries, etc., are described. Though cock-
roaches have not been definitely proved to convey disease to man,
it is quite possible that they may do so ; they contaminate food and
render it unfit for consumption, and sometimes do actual damage.
All places that might provide an entrance for them, such as brick
and tile work around fireplaces, entrance holes of pipes, etc., should
be cemented up. This should be followed by the use of an insect
powder, such as three parts of sodium fluoride to one part of pyrethrum
powder, which should be scattered about at night and swept up and
burnt with the dead insects next morning ; powdered borax and some
sweet substance, or a mixture of one part plaster of Paris and two
parts sugar may be substituted. Phosphorus paste is efficacious, but
is dangerous to^ animals ; it is used by spreading on cardboard and
placing in the runways of cockroaches. Traps, of which several are
described, are useful in places where powder cannot be spread. Stale
beer and peeled bananas have proved the best baits, and may be
placed in a jam jar covered with a cardboard lid pierced with a wide
hole through which a funnel-shaped paper cone is inserted. Fumi-
gation with 2 lb. sulphur per 1,000 cu. ft., or carbon bisulphide in the
same proportion, is efficacious, the room being closed for at least an
hour with the former treatment and for 36 hours with the latter.
In places that can be conveniently so treated, a temperature of 130° F.
may be used to kill the cockroaches, sufficient time being allowed for
the heat to penetrate to their hiding-places.

StGUY (E.). Note surTArinure genitale du Cnlex jiigonmi, Villen.— -

Bull. Soc. Entom. France, Paris, 1921, no. 3, 9th February 1921,
pp. 39-40, 1 fig.

The characters of the male genital armature of Culex jugorum,
Vill., are described and illustrated. These distinguish the males
of this mosquito from those of any other species of the group of
Aedcs communis, in which C. jugorum should be placed, next to
A. [Ochlerotatus) stictus, Mg.

Be 41. (W. P. B.). Report on Live Stock Industries of the Northern
Territories, Gold Coast.— MS. Report, dated 27th May 1920,
97 pp. _|_ 7 appendices, comprising 4 maps. (Abstract in Trop.
Vet. Bull, London, ix, no. 1, 28th February 1921, pp. 36-50.)

This is a report on the present-day conditions of rearing live-stock in
the Northern Territories of the Gold C6ast ; measures by which the
future of this industry might be improved are suggested.

It has been maintained [7^. yl.£., B, vi, 97] that a thorough search
would reveal t.setse-flies everywhere, but the author considers that
there are areas in the Territories free from them, varying from 1 to
10 sq. miles in extent. Glossina nwrsitans is fairly common, and is
an inland fly not seen in pure savannah districts, but occurring in the
so-called savannah forest districts. G. tachinoides is very common,
but is confined to the river system. During the rains it may be
found alongside rivers with grassy banks, but is chiefly confined to
rivers with banks covered with shrubs and small scrub. G. palpalis
is comparativelvrare, and is chiefly found on river banks covered with
a dense undergrowth. Among the indigenous live-stock, outbreaks of

101

trypanosomiasis with heavy mortality do not occur, but this is not
the case among horses, especially imported animals. No appreciable
harm seems to be caused to native stock in the fl\^ areas, so that it
would appear to have acquired a high degree of resistance.

The three types of trypanosomes in the Northern Territories are
Trypanosoma hrucei {pccaitdi), T. vivax {cazalboni) and T. congolense.
In horses the symptoms are nearly alike for all three, but infection
due to T. vivax is not so severe as that caused by T. bnicei, and most
of the recoveries that do take place occur after T. vivax infection.
In cattle T. vivax does not appear to do much harm, and no symptoms
were observed. T. hnicei is said to cause a sudden emaciation that
lasts for a year, after which the health of the animal improves.
T. congolense hitherto has only been found naturally in horses, but
experimentally it is very fatal to sheep, goats and dogs.

Stomoxys spp. are met with wherever there is live-stock, the most
common being S. calcitrans, which is confined to the villages, and,
as a rule, does not follow cattle out to grass. In 1912 the author
attributed the spread of trypanosomiasis among horses at Accra to
Stomoxys and Lyperosia found in the district [R.A.E., B, ii, 48].
Given a reservoir of infection, Stomoxys seems capable of maintaining
an enzootic centre in an area. These flies also act as carriers of two
worms, Hahronema microstoma and H. macrostoma, found in the
stomachs of horses and donkeys.

The common Hippoboscid is Hippobosca maciilata, which is said to
be capable of transmitting trypanosomiasis mechanically, like Stomoxys.

Many species of Tabanids occur and cause annoyance to cattle.
They are also believed to maintain an enzootic centre of trypano-
somiasis by mechanical transmission.

The following ticks occur in the Territories: — Amhlyomma splen-
didum, fairly rare, found on cattle ; not known to transmit disease.
A. variegatum, common, found on cattle and sheep, to which, however,
it does not appear to transmit any specific disease. Margaropiis
{Boophiliis) annidatus australis, common, found on cattle, transmits
redwater. B. annidatus decoloratus, very common, found on cattle,
sheep and goats, conveys redwater and also, it is said, spirochaetosis
in cattle. Haemaphysalis leachi, found on carnivora, especially dogs,
rarely on cattle, sheep, goats and horses ; transmits canine piro-
plasmosis. Hyalomma aegypticimi, common, found on all domesti-
cated animals, transmits bovine redwater. Rliipicephaliis sanguineus,
common, found on dogs, sheep and goats ; transmits canine piro-
plasmosis. R. simits, common, found on cattle, and being a trans-
mitter of African Coast fever, would become a serious factor should
this disease be introduced.

The onh' method at present adopted for ridding the country of ticks
is to burn the pastures at a certain time of the year, but this is unsatis-
factory. Stunting of growth, decreased milk yield, and marked
depreciation of the hides are the results of tick infestation.

The commonest forms of piroplasmosis of cattle in the Northern
Territories are those due to Piroplasma higeminum, Theileria mutans,
and a third parasite, Achromaticiis [macfiei] [R.A.E., B, viii, 62].
These parasites set up only benign affections, inasmuch as all calves
become infected shortly after birth.

The horse is also said to be subject to infection with Nuttallia equi,
producing a dangerous and frequently fatal anaenna. Up to the
present time piroplasmosis has not been detected in sheep.

102

Patton (W. S). Some Notes on the Arthropods of Medical and
Veterinary Importance in Mesopotamia, and on their Relation to
Disease. Part III. The Bot Flies of Mesopotamia.— /w^f. Jl. Med.
Res., Calcutta, viii, no. 1, July 1920, pp. 1-16, 2 plates, 2 figs.
[Received 11th April 1921.]

It is now considered established that Musca humilis, Wied. [R. A.E.,
B, ix, 15] is one of the most important house-flies in the East ; it is-
identical with M. euteniata, Big., and probably with M. condiicens,
Wlk., and M. praecox, Wlk. The genus requires revision, and the
author asks for specimens of Musca from any part of the world for
this purpose.

GastropJiilus intestinalis var. hengalensis, Macq., the adults of which
are seen in Mesopotamia in March and x\pril and August and September,
lay their eggs preferably on the hairs on the inner sides of the forelegs.
The larval stage is passed in the horse from about the end of October
or beginning of November until March, and again from April till about
the middle of August. The works of various authors on the method
by which the larvae reach the stomach and duodenum of horses and
mules are reviewed.

The eggs of G. nasalis, L., are laid singly on the hairs between the
rami of the jaws, close to the skin. The writer's observations confirm
those of Cameron [R.A.E., B, vii, 58] that G. nasalis never oviposits
on the skin of the lips, though in exceptional cases eggs may be found
on the hairs on the under-surface of the lower lip. The adults are
seen at the same time as G. intestinalis var. hengalensis, but are less
mmierous. Owing to the irritation, worry, loss of flesh and mechanical
injury due to rubbing or falls as a result of cumulative effects of a
number of these flies, horses and mules should be protected from them,
especially from G. nasalis. For this purpose the method suggested
by Hadwen and Cameron is advocated [loc. cit., vii, 56]. Special
attention should be paid to the clipping of egg-laden hairs and the
destruction of larvae dropped in the excreta. As a nfle well-nourished
animals do not suffer much from the presence of large numbers of
larvae. It has been definitely proved that Gastrophilns larvae do not
cause pernicious anaemia of horses ; no case of the disease has been
recorded from Mesopotamia.

Cephalopsis titillator, Clark {Ccphalomyia macidata, Wied.) is very
common in Mesopotamia ; it attacks dromedaries, and is probably
a variety of the species attacking camels. It is not oviparous, as is-
generally supposed. The larvae are deposited one or more at a time
inside the nasal orifice. They crawl up the nostrils to the nasopharynx,
where they remain until mature. There are two broods in the year.
The larvae of the early brood begin to leave the nasal cavity about
the middle of March. Larvae coUected on 22nd March pupated on
23rd to 27th, and adults began emerging about 10th April. Larvae
were deposited in the middle of April, and began leaving the nasal
cavity about the middle of August. The adults appeared again early
in September and deposited larvae in the same month.

Oestrus ovis, L. (sheep bot) is larviparous in India and Mesopotamia,,
the larvae being deposited just inside the nose. It has apparently
two broods in Mesopotamia, which correspond to those of Cephalopsis
titillator, though development is probably much more rapid in hot
weather.

As far as could be ascertained, the larvae of C. titillator in no way

103

interfere with the health of the animals, but a great deal of inflamma-
tory changes occur in the nasopharynx, especially if the larvae are
abundant. It should be easy to devise some mechanical contrivance
to prevent larviposition. Oestrus ovis produces the condition in sheep
known as staggers. The author knows of no means of controlling
this pest.

Patton (W. S.). Some Notes on Indian Calliphorinae. Part I.
Chrysomyia bezziamx, Villeneuve, the common Indian Calliphorine
whose Larvae cause Cutaneous Myiasis in Man and Animals.—

Ind.Jl. Med. Res., Calcutta, viii, no. 1, July 1920, pp. 17-29,
1 plate. [Received nth April 1921.]

The various stages of Chrysomyia bezziana, Vill., are described. This
is the common species causing myiasis of man and animals in India.
The eggs are laid either directly on the diseased tissue or in its
immediate vicinity, such as soiled dressings, etc. The larvae collected
hatched in about 28 hours. There can be very httle doubt that this
fly never oviposits in the bodies of dead animals. Attempts to raise
first and second stage larvae on decomposing matter failed, and only
a few were raised on recently killed rabbits. Several cases of attack
by this fly in man and animals are described, [cf R.A.E. B, ix, 53.]

P.\TTO\ (\V. S.). Note on the Occurrence of Passeromyia Jieterochaeta,
Villeneuve, in India.— 7«^. //. Med. Res., Calcutta, viii, no. l',
July 1920, pp. 30-31, 1 plate. [Received 11th April 1921.]

Passeromyia heterochaeta has been taken from nests of house sparrows
in India. As soon as a bird dies, it is attacked by the larvae, which
suck out the body fluids and even penetrate the abdomen.

Phormia azurea is recorded from birds' nests, especially those of
thrushes and chaffinches, in Great Britain.

Cragg (F. W.). Further Observations on the Reproductive System
o£ Cimex, with special reference to the Behaviour of the
Spermatozoa.—//^^. //. Med. Res., Calcutta, viii, no. 1, July
1920, pp. 32-79, 8 plates, 4 figs. [Received 11th April, 1921.]

The contents of this paper are sufficiently indicated by its title.

Aw ATI (P. R.). Bionomics of House-flies. IV. Some Notes on the
Life-history of Miisca.—Ind. Jl. Med. Res., Calcutta, viii, no. 1,
July 1920, pp. 80-88, 7 tables. [Received 11th April 1921.]

Musca divaricata and M. promisca were used for the experiments
described. Both species were found to oviposit throughout adult life,
and the flies usually died within a week after laving the last batch of
eggs. The first eggs are laid from 9 to 18 days after emergence. The
interval between the batches was generally short, but in some cases
lasted from 6 to 10 days. M. divaricata never laid less than 50 eggs,
while M. promisca never laid more. The latter species generally
chose fresh human faeces for oviposition, though it would also lay
eggs on fresh goat dung if the former was not available, but M. divari-
cata invariably oviposited on goat dung. The average life of the
individual was 16 days, the total life-cycle from e^^ to e^g occupying
about a month.

104

Friederichs (K.). Zur Kriebelmiickenfrage. [The Simulium Prob-
lem.]— Deutsche Tierdrztl. W ochenschr . , Hanover, xxix, no. 14,
2nd April 1921, pp. 171-173.

The names given in a key in a previous paper [R.A.E., B, ix, 36]
require revision as follows : — S. reptans becomes S. ornalum nitidifrons,
Edw. ; S. pictiim, S. reptans ; and S. venefica, sp. n., S. variegatum,
Meig.

Up to the present the regulation of pasturing at the danger periods
is the only practical means for preventing losses, and if the rules are
observed it suffices.

There appears to be no reason for disputing Wilhelmi's theory that
climate is a factor in the occurrence of outbreaks [R.A.E., B, viii, 217],
but this requires supplementing by information regarding the species
of Simulium concerned. Specific determinations have been made only
in a very few cases. S. reptans and 5. argyreatum are undoubtedly
dangerous. S. maculatum (which name the author retains on grounds
of convenience in preference to S. equinum, L., given by Edwards)
chiefly attacks horses' ears, but fatal cases do not appear to have been
recorded. From Thuringia a species described by the author as
5. nolleri has been bred from pupae, but there is as yet no definite
record of this species biting cattle in that region. It is absolutely
necessary to ascertain what species, if any, other than S. reptans and
5. argyreatum, cause mortality.

At present 14 species of Simulium are known from Germany, but
others undoubtedly occur there.

Enderlein (G.). Das System der Kriebelmucken (Simuliidae). [The
Classification of Simuliids.] — Deutsche Tierdrztl. Wochenschr.,
Hanover, xxix, no. 16, 16th April 1921, pp. 197-200.

In the present short preliminary paper the author, who appeals for
specimens accompanied by full data, gives the results of his own
observations and research.

Friedrichs has stated that these flies do not molest man, but the
author himself and other persons have been attacked, Simulium
{Boophthora) sericatum, Mg., being a species identified in some cases.
Specimens received seem to show that this species is responsible for
the marked losses among cattle around Hanover.

Swarming of the males, as in Chironomids, does not appear to have
been observed in Simuliids until the author noticed a swarm of males
of Wilhelmia nigra, Mg., mixed with W. nigra var. aurescens. End.,
in 1919 in Saxony.

Pupae collected after a spell of severe cold weather (— 10° C. =
14° F.) yielded adults in an apparently normal manner.

Parasites of Simuliids are almost unknown, but the author once
obtained the Braconids, Ademon decrescens, Nees, and Grypocampa
affinis, Nees, from pupae of Simidium (Nevermannia) aureimi. Fries.

A key to the subfamilies is given, stress being laid on the necessity
for using it for every specimen, owing to the great resemblance between
species of quite different groups. This key is followed by a list showing
the various species belonging to each genus ; there are 44 species,
divided among 15 genera, including 12 new ones erected by the author,
those mentioned above being amongst these.

NOTICES.

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CONTENTS.

PAGE

Africa, East : Insects as Disease Carriers . . . . . . . . . . 92

Africa, French Equatorial : The Effect of Quinine on Malaria in Birds . 89

Africa, French Equatorial : Sleeping Sickness near Lake Chad . . 89

Africa, Portuguese East : The Tsetse-fly Problem . . . . . . 97

Algeria : A New Variety of Phlebotomus minutus . . . . . . . . 95

British Isles : The Occurrence of Theobaldia arctica . . . . . . 95

British Isles : A Bacillary Infection of Pediculus humanus . . . . 96

British Isles : A Rickettsia-like Parasite of the Bed Bug . . . . 96

British Isles : Measures against Cockroaches . . . . . . . . 99

Eritrea : Trypanosomes found in Domestic Animals . . . . . . 94

France : Rhipicephalus sanguineus attacking Man . . . . . . 89

France : On Transmission of Disease by Flies . . . . . . . . 94

France: The Genitalia of Culex jugorum .. .. .. .. .. 100

Germany : Experiments against Fly Larvae . . . . . . . . 89

Germany : The History of the Malaria Parasite in the Mosquito . . 93, 94

Germany : The Bionomics and Classification of Simuliids . . . . . . 104

Gold Coast : Insect-borne Diseases of Domestic Animals . . . . . . 100

India : Chrysomyia bezziana causing myiasis in Man and Animals . . 103

India : Passeromyia heterochaeta infesting Birds' Nests . . . . . . 103

India : The Bionomics of Houseflies . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Japan : A Mite causing Dermatitis in Man . . . . . . . . . . 95

Macedonia : The Bionomics of Mosquitos . . . . . . . . . . 91

Madagascar : The Relation of Malaria to Rice Cultivation . . . . 90

Mediterranean Region : The Forms of Piroplasmoses . . . . . . 90

Mesopotamia : Notes on Bot-flies infesting Domestic Animals . . . . 102

Palestine : The Distribution of Mosquitos and Malaria . . . . . . 98

CONTENTS— «o«&i.

PAGE

U.S.A. : A New Flea from California 95

Flies and Disease .. .. .. •• •• •• •• •• 90

The Relation of Medical Zoology to Public Health Problems . . . . 95

Medical Zoology in Europe . . . . . . . . • • • • • • 95

Experiments on Insect Flagellates with reference to the Artificial Infection

of Vertebrates . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • 96

A List of the Parasites of Foxes . . . . . . . • • • • • 96

The Reproductive System of Cimex . . . . . . . . ■ • . . 103

Rggistered at t6e G.P.O. for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundtancf By Magazine Post.

VOL. K. Ser. B. Part 7.— pp. 105-120. JULY, 1921.

The review
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Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman of the

Governing Body, Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. F. Frver, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture.
Sir Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
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Town.
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Colonial Office.
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in Tropical Agriculture.
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Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
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Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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Cambridge.
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Agriculture.
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England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is ex officio a member of the Committee.
6«neral Secrctarp.
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ilssistant Director.

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London, S.VV.7.
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105

Aw ATI (P. R.). A Note on the Genitalia of Portchinsky's Species,
M. corvina (vivipara) and M. corvina (ovipara). — Ind. Jl. Med.
Res., Calcutta, viii, no. 1, July 1920, pp. 89-92, 1 plate, 2 tables.
[Received 11th April 1921.]

As a result of the examination of the genitaha of Portchinsky's
species of M. corvina, it appears that the viviparous and oviparous
forms cannot be seasonal varieties of the same species, but are two
distinct ones, and should be referred back to their respective names
M. corvina, F. (viviparous) and M. autumnalis, DeG. (oviparous).

Wright (R. E.). A Case of Myiasis of the Frontal and Ethmoidal
Sinuses and the Orbit. — Ind. Med. Gaz., Calcutta, Ivi, no. 2,
February 1921, pp. 58-59, 1 fig.

In the case of myiasis described, an entomological note by W. S.
Patton states that larvae of Chrysomyia bezziana were collected from
the lesion. The eggs were laid directly on the ulcerated surface, and
though the larvae were very near the brain tissue, they did not enter
the skull. This emphasises the fact that the larvae of this fly do
not penetrate bone or cartilage.

NicHOLLs (H. M.). Annual Report of the Government Microbiologist.

—Tasmania Dept. Agric. & Stock, Kept. 1919-20, Hobart, 1920.
pp. 21-25. [Received 12th April 1921.]

Sheep bot-flies [Oestrus ovis] are extensively distributed over Tas-
mania, but apparently are not of any great economic importance
under present conditions.

A plague of fleas was recorded during the year, the species concerned
being Ctenocephaltis canis (dog flea). The outbreak was apparently
the result of using soil from an old pigsty to improve a garden. Other
fleas recorded are Stephanocircns dasyuri from a bandicoot, and a bat
flea, Ceratopsylla sp.

Riley (W. A.). Division of Entomology and Economic Zoology.^

28th Ann. Rept. 1919-20, Minnesota Agric. Expt. Sta., Univ.
Farm, St. Paul, 1920, pp. 41-44. [Received 13th April 1921.]
Attention is called to the presence of flies of the genus Drosophila
in dissecting rooms and to the possibility of their being disease-carriers.
Their ability to breed in materials preserved in formalin solutions
and in various other reagents is being studied. Studies on the role
of rodents as carriers of parasites of man have been continued, as well
as work on fish parasites.

Sealy (S. T.). Mosquito Work, Season of 192Q.— Conn. Agric. Expt.
Sta., New Haven, BuU. 226, 1921, pp. 208-210.

During 1920 the drained salt-marshes were constantly patrolled,
the water kept in circulation, and the necessary supplementary draining
done. The mosquitos that have been the most troublesome have
come, not from the drained marshes, but from adjoining ones where
no ditches have been installed. As soon as any surface breeding was
noted on a drained area, it was immediately drained to the nearest
ditch. A detailed account is given of the work done in various
localities. In one district the settling tanks used to catch the waste
water from paper miUs were found to be the breeding-place of numbers

(3506) I

>

X

106

of Culex pipiens, and as these tanks frequently overflowed into a
neighbouring brook, the mosquitos became distributed in this manner.
A method of eliminating this is being worked out.

Senior- White (R. A.). New Ceylon Diptera. — Spolia Zevlanica,
Colombo, xi, no. 43-44, 7th March 1921, pp. 381-395, 2 plates.

The Tabanid, Haematopota rhizophorae, sp. n., is described from
Ceylon.

Friedrichs (K.). Zur Kriebelmiickenfrage. [The Simidium Problem.]
— Deutsche Tierdrztl. Wochenschr., Hanover, xxix, no. 17, 23rd
April 1921, pp. 212-213.

This is a supplement to the author's recent paper under the same
title [R.A.E., B, ix, 104], and discusses some criticisms recently
made by Wilhelmi. The author rather doubts the desirability
of the many genera proposed by Enderlein [loc. cit.].

Kieffer (J. J.). Chironomides d'Afrique et d'Asie conserves au
Museum National Hongrois de Budapest. [African and Asiatic
Chironomid in the Collections of the Hungarian National
Museum at Budapest.] — Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. Hung., Buda-
pest, xvi, pt. 1, 30th August 1918, pp. 31-136, 48 figs.
[Received 11th April 1921.]

Tables are given for the determination of the described species,
nearly all of which are new. The new species include two Asiatic
species of the genus Cnlicoides, C. albonotatus and C. nadayanus,
and ten African ones, C. griseidorsum, C. impressus, C. circumscriptus,
C. silvestrii, C. lugens, C. albosparsus, C. conjunctus, C. xanthogaster ,
C. remotus, and C. guineensis.

Laveran (A.) & Franchini (G.). Contribution a I'Etude des Inseetes
propagateurs de la Flagellose des Euphorbes. [A Contribution to
the Study of the Insects that transmit the Flagellates of
Euphorbia.] — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiv, no. 3, 9th March
1921, pp. 148-151.

In view of the frequent occurrence of flagellates of the genus
Herpetomonas in insects, it seems logical to suppose that those species
that suck the latex of Euphorbia should play an important role in
the occurrence of flagellates in that plant. This question has been
studied since 1910, and the knowledge regarding the relations between
certain insects and the disease in Euphorbia is briefly reviewed. In
1920 it was established that a bug, Stenocephalus agilis, is not only
a transmitter of the disease from one plant to another in Portugal,
but is also the primary animal host of the flagellate of Euphorbia
[R.A.E., B, viii, 216]. It would be interesting to know if 5. agilis
is found on infected Euphorbia in Italy ; it has not as yet been traced
among many insects taken on the plant. Among insects collected
on Euphorbia at Bologna, those capable of sucking the latex include the
Lygaeids, Ajysw.s sp. and Lygaeus sp.,the Pentatomid, Calocoris chen-
podii and the Ca.psid, Megaloccraea ruficornis. Nysius sp. has previous^
been found on Euphorbia infected with flagellosis in Mauritius and
in the Indies, and seems to have been rightly regarded as a trans-
mitting agent of the disease. It is possible that this insect may be,

107

like 5. agilis, the primary host of Herpetomonas davidi in certain
regions and may serve for its development. The absence of 5. agilis
among the insects collected at Bologna indicates that there is some
other species capable of playing the same role as that observed for
the former insect in Portugal. The four species cited above should
be examined for possible infection of the salivary glands.

Pringault (E.). Capture dans les Bouches-du-Rhone de Theohaldia
spathipalpis (Rondani). — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiv, no. 3,
9th March 1921, pp. 16v3-164.

During 1920 numerous breeding-places of Theohaldia longiareolata
{spathipalpis) were found near ]\Iarseillcs, this fairly widespread
mosquito being considered rare in France. Two individuals captured
at Gibraltar were found to be carriers of organisms morphologically
identical with Micrococcus melitensis and with Eberth's bacillus ;
this discovery, however, has not been subsequently confirmed. This
mosquito occurs in the district of Bouches-du-Rhone in almost all
ponds, overgrown ditches, drinking-troughs, etc.

In the laboratory the egg-stage, at a medium temperature for the
region, occupied 3 to 4 days, the larval stage 15 to 20 days, and the
pupal period 2 or 3 days. From all the pools examined, if a species
of Theohaldia occurred, either T. annnlata, Schr., or T. longiareolata,
Macq., were found, but never both species from the same pool, though
their preferred habitats are identical.

Seguy (E.). Note sur la Determination de nos Culieides indigenes. —

Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiv, no. 3, 9th March 1921, pp.
179-187.
Keys are given to facilitate the identification of the mosquitos
known to occur in France.

Salm (A. J.). Enkele nieuwe bloedzuigende Insekten. [Some new
Blood-sucking Insects.] — Genecsk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indie, Batavia,
Ixi, no. 1, 1921, pp. 58-64, 2 plates.
Descriptions are given of the following new species : — Ceratopogon

raphaelis, Culicoides csmoneti, and C. javanicus, all from Java.

Otten (L.). Dienst der Pestbestrijding. Verslag over het Jaar 1919.

[Anti-Plague Service. Report for 1919.] — Bijblad Gcneesk.

Tijdschr. Ned.-Indie, Batavia, Ix, no. 3, 1920, 135 -f xii pp.,

map and charts. [Received 13th April 1921.]

Observations have confirmed the view that .1f«sco;?.co/or is originally

an outdoor rat, occupying a secondary position as a house rat in

comparison with Mus rattus griseiventer, the true house rat.

Appendices to this report contain information on methods of con-
struction and materials the use of which is desirable in securing rat-free
dwellings.

Sergent (Ed.). Etude morphologique du Piroplasma (Gondcria)
miitans dwBoeul.^ Ann. Inst. Pasteur, Paris, xxxv, no. 3, March
1921, pp. 193-203, 1 plate.
A study of Piroplasma {Gonderia) mutans, made from 1,369 speci-
mens from Algerian cattle, showed that it occurs in two principal
forms, varying in their numerical proportion. One is annular, with
(3506) 2 1

108

a large vacuole, and the other is bacilliform. In the cases observed
the infestation was shght, an average of 5-9 per mille red corpuscles
being infected. The infection is compatible with excellent health.

Foley (H.). Microfilaires du chien dans le Sud-Oranais.— .4w«. Inst.
Pasteur, Paris, xxxv, no. ?>, March 1921, pp. 212-217, 1 plate.

Dogs in the South Oran district of Algeria harbour two microfilaria.
Microfilaria immitis and another described here as M. anqnieri, sp. n.

Bassett-Smith (P. W.). Trypanosomiasis. — //. Trop. Med. & Hyg.,
London, xxiv, no. 8, 15th AprH 1921, pp. 105-108.

The histor}^ of trypanosomiasis in man, mainly in Africa, is
reviewed. The question of immunity, especially among West African
natives, is discussed, and an account is given of the extermination
of Glossina palpalis on the Island of Principe [R.A.E., B, iv, 48].

Fisher (H. C). Report of the Health Department of the Panama

Canal for the Calendar Year 1919.— il/o//H^ Hope, C. Z., 1920,

134 pp., 20 plates. [Received 21st April 1921.]

Climatic conditions were probably the cause of the variation in

malarial incidence during the year in the Canal Zone, where the cases

were more numerous during 1919 than they had been since 1915.

Undrained swamps in the neighbourhood of Colon, Cristobal and

Gatun gave rise to unusual swarms of Anopheles alhimanus and A.

tarsimactdatus. A larvicide spray was used repeatedly as the easiest

way of destroying the mosquitos covering the screens. The nearest

breeding-ground was found to be nearly two miles away by direct

flight, with about a mile of open water intervening. Considerable

work has been already done in connection with the draining of

swamps, and the plans for future action are discussed.

In connection with the quarantine division of the Canal Zone,
provision is made for catching mosquitos on ships arriving from yellow
fever zones. Captures included Stegomyia fasciata (Aedes calopus)
from Colombia, and Anopheles alhimanus and Culex fatigans {qiiinque-
fasciaius) from Nicaragua. A continuation of intensive anti-mosquito
work, accompanied by regular monthly Stegomyia surveys as an index
of results, and a constant supervision of neighbouring ports, would
decrease the present danger and do much to eliminate the present
costly and annoying delays. During 1919, 80 vessels were delayed
in quarantine 173 days, and 15,839 passengers were detained for

16,328 days.
The mosquitos sent for identification included : — Anopheles puncti-

maada, A. alhimanus, A. tarsimaadatus, A. argyrotarsis, A. pseudo-
punctipennis, A. apidmacula, A. taeniorhynchus, three species of

Haemagogus, Lutzia allostigma, Deinocerites melanophylhtm, D. pseiides,

Taeniorhynchus {Mansonia) titillans, T. {M.) nigricans, T. (M.)
fasciolatus, Aedomyia squamipennis, Orthopodomyia fascipes, Psoro-

phora posticata, Uranotaenia geometrica, U. lowi and U. typhlosomata.
Para-dichlorobenzene or camphor are advocated for preventing the

breeding of the yellow fever mosquito {Stegomyia fasciata) [R.A.E.,

B, vih, 32.]

Unremitting dihgence is exercised to keep the Canal Zone as free

from flies as possible. Their breeding may be prevented by removing

109

manure from the pits as required after 15 days' composting and mixing
it thoroughly with an equal quantity of fresh earth and vising it at
once as a top dressing, three inches thick. Borax has also been used
with success. A system for killing larvae in all stables in Panama
every three weeks has been instituted, and a fine is imposed on anyone
on whose premises flies are found breeding.

Troop (J.). Entomology. — 33rd Ann. Rept., 1919-20, Purdue Univ.
Agric. Expt. Sta., Lafayette, Ind., 1920, pp. 22-23, 2 figs.

The mite, Liponyssus silvarum, is recorded as infesting poultry.
Various dips, as well as dusting with sulphur, proved successful against
this pest. For the treatment of a whole flock fumigation with nitro-
benzol is advocated. This method does not injure the birds, but it
must not be applied to laying hens, as the inhaled fumes apparently
render the unlaid eggs unfit for domestic purposes.

Mason (F. E.). Colocynth Tar (Ar. Zeif el Handal), its medicinal Uses,
with particular reference to the Cure of Scabies. — Agric. Jl.

Egypt, Cairo, x, 1920, pp. 48-53, 2 plates.

Colocynth tar, obtained by heating the seeds of the colocynth gourd
{Citrullus colocyntliis) , hdiS been foimd to be an effective remicdy against
mange in camels produced by Sarcoptes scahiei cameli. One appli-
cation proved sufficient to cure psoroptic mange in equines, in which
it will also cure sarcoptic mange. It is also efficient against ticks.
The methods of preparation and application are described.

Richardson (U. F.). Annual Report of the Chief Veterinary Ofl&cer.

— Uganda Dept. Agric. Ann, Rept. 1919-20, Entebbe, 1921,
pp. 35-39.

Stomoxys spp. were extremely numerous during May and June 1919,
and a large number of cattle died as a result of worry from these
flies. Trypanosomiasis has been encountered in almost every district
in which work has been carried on, and some herds of transport cattle
were almost completely wiped out. They have been replaced, and
since dipping was begun in July, no further cases have been recorded.

MoHLER (J. R.). Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry

[1919-20].— r/.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., 1920, 69 pp.
[Received 27th April 1921.]

During the year ended 30th June 1920 the Field Inspection Division
supervised 9,515,720 dippings for the purpose of eradicating scabies
in sheep, and 1,657,418 dippings for scabies in cattle. Against the
cattle tick {Boophilns annnlatus) 35,045 dipping vats were in operation
and 44,813,070 inspections or dippings were made, as compared with
the previous year [R. A.E., B, viii, 98]. Areas aggregating 50,555
sq. miles have been freed from ticks and released from quarantine
during the year. So far, 70 per cent, of the original infested area
has been released since 1906. The remedial measures advocated for
the control of pig lice and pig mange have already been noticed [loc. cit.
200]. Repeated applications of lime-sulphur dip or crude petroleum
proved effective for the eradication of light cases of sarcoptic mange

no

in horses. Of various remedies tried against screw-worms ( Cochliomyia
macellana), gasoline has proved the best, but is not entirely satisfactory.
The laboratory work on dips and disinfectants has followed the
same general lines as in previous years.

Abbott (W. S.). Results of Experiments with Miscellaneous Sub-
stances against Chicken Lice and the Dog Flea. — U.S. Dept.
Agric, Washington, B.C., Bull. 888, 13th October 1920, 15 pp.,
7 tables. [Received 27th April 1921.]

As the result of experiments with various substances for the destruc-
tion of lice in fowls, oil mixtures were found to be effective when
lightly sprayed on the birds, but dipping in the same substance or
rubbing it into the feathers proved fatal. As a spray for the roosts
and interiors of chicken-houses they proved useless. Oil emulsions
were not effective at a greater dilution than 1 to 100. Fumigation
with oils, by placing the bird in a sprayed or painted box for at least
30 minutes, although effective against the lice, is not advocated owing
to the injury caused to the fowls. Mercurial ointment was effective
when applied around or just below the vent of the fowl, but vaseline
and paraffin were useless applied in the same way. The information
in connection with naphthaline has already been noticed [R.A.E.,
B, viii, 13]. Powders containing nicotine, naphthaline and sulphur
were effective when added to the dust bath. Nicotine powders cannot
be relied upon at lower strengths than 1-15 or 1-25 per cent., and
even then require very careful application. Pyrethrum powder killed
all lice within 24 hours, and even when diluted to 5 per cent, it was
effective if thoroughly applied, though powdered pyrethrum stems
were of no value.

Against Ctenocephalus cams, Curt, (dog flea) pyrethrum powder
alone, or when forming not less than 50 per cent, of the mixture, proved
effective. Pure naphthaline was effective when well rubbed into the
hair. The various lice powders are effective in proportion to the
amount of active ingredients present and the fineness of the powder ;
thus 18 per cent, of sassafras oil was effective, but 10 per cent, and
less was of no value ; even 4-56 per cent, tobacco powder was not
completely effective. Emulsified disinfectants were effective at the
rate of 1 to 64 of water when used as sprays and as dips at 1 to 130.
Several liquids were effective as fumigants.

KiNGHORNE (J. W.) & Green (D. M.). Lice, Mites and Cleanliness.
— U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. 1110,
September 1920, 10 pp., 1 fig. [Received 27th April 1921.].

Much of the information on parasites of fowls contained in this
popular bulletin has been previously noticed[ R.A.E., B, vi, 14].

Hall (M. C). Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of Sheep. — U.S. Dept.
Agric, Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. 1150, December 1920,
53 pp., 34 figs. [Received 10th April 1921.]

This bulletin includes a brief description of the life-histories of and
remedial measures for the following insect parasites of sheep : —
the lice, Haematopiniis ovillus, Linognathiis pedalis and Trichodectes
avis ; the Hippoboscid, Melophagus ovinus ; the mite, Psoroptes
communis ovis ; the tick, Ornithodoros megnini ; and the flies, Cochlio-
myia macellaria, Phormia regina, Lucilia sericata and Oestrus ovis.

Ill

Parker (R. R). The Control of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in
the Bitter Root Valley.— Montana Stale Bd. But., Bozcman,
Circ. 1, March 1919, 23 pp. Revised March 1921, 20 pp.

The remedial measures for the tick [Dcrmacentor vcnustus] that
disseminates Rocky Mountain spotted fever consist of dipping, rodent
destruction, quarantine measures, hand-picking of ticks from cattle
and horses, tick repellents on stock and the regulation of grazing on
unfenced land. The newly-hatched ticks and nymphs feed onty on
rodents, their most important host being the ground squirrel, which
is much more abundant and more widely distributed than any other
rodent. iVdult ticks, within the hmits of control areas, feed almost
entirely on horses, cattle and sheep, and are present in dangerous
numbers only during the spring and early summer. If, therefore, all
ground squirrels could be killed off, or the adults be kept from feeding
on the larger domestic animals, the ticks would be practically eradi-
cated. Residents in Bitter Root Valley are therefore advised to
destroy every rodent possible. Ground squirrels may be trapped,
shot, or poisoned, the last being the cheapest and most effective
remed^^ The formula recommended contains 8 U.S. quarts of crushed
oats, 1 oz. strychnine alkaloid, 1 teaspoonful saccharine, ^ lb. starch,
1 oz. sodium bicarbonate, and | to f quart of water. This, when
mixed, should be placed on a bare spot at the side of, or just behind,
the hole, using one teaspoonful at each spot. By a regulation of the
State Board of Entomology, all landowners in tick-infested districts
are required to spread the poison over their territory twice during
each season, namely, during the first half of April and during the fxrst
10 days of June, the poison being obtainable from the Board of Ento-
mology Field Station at the cost of materials and preparation.

The methods by which adult ticks may be prevented from engorging
on horses and cattle are the prohibition or control of grazing on infested
territory, which results in the starvation of adult ticks, hand-picking,
dipping, and the use of repellents. Clearing and burning are of some
value as accessory measures. By keeping range animals from tick-
infested territory from 1st March until the adult tick season is over,
for a period of several successive years, practically 100 per cent, of
the adult ticks will be killed by starvation. In places where grazing
is the only remedial measure, five years would be the minimum time
possible for eradication, a longer period giving decidedly more satis-
factory results. Wliere both grazing and rodent destruction are
practised (the latter being thoroughly undertaken early in the spring)
a fair degree of control should be expected in three years. Indis-
criminate grazing on unfenced foot-hill areas is a constant source of
infestation, but experience has shown that this cannot be entirely
prohibited without hardships in some cases. It is, however, being
restricted to certain portions, and roadside grazing is prohibited.
Owners of dairy stock, work horses, etc., are required to free them
of ticks by hand-picking at least once each week and to destroy the
ticks. General compulsory dipping has been stopped for various
reasons, but the dipping vats are filled each spring and stock-owners
are urged to use them. As repellents, raw linseed and raw cottonseed
oils, particularly the latter, have proved the most successful, but the
real value of this method can only be proved by further experience.

Quarantine regulations are in force in each district included in the
tick control scheme from 1st March to 15th July of each year, during
which time the entrance or exit of horses, cows, mules, sheep and

112

goats is forbidden except under permit of the Secretary of the State
Board.

The Regulations of the Montana State Board of Entomology for
the eradication of ticks transmitting Rocky Mountain spotted fever
are given verbatim.

DE Stefani (T.). Importanza dell' Entomologia applicata neir
Economia sociale. [The Importance of Applied Entomology in
Social Economy] — Allevamenti, Palermo, ii, no. 4, 10th April
1921, pp. 101-103.

This is the fourth part of a popular paper on applied entomology
[R.A.E., A, ix, 268], and deals with the part played by insects as
disease carriers.

Crimi (P.). La Rogna sarcoptica degli Equini. Metodo curativo
efficace, rapido e semplice. [Sarcoptic Mange of Equines, and
an effective, rapid and simple Method of Cure] — Allevamenti,
Palermo, ii, no. 4, 10th April 1921, pp. 115-119.

The curative treatment described in this article has already been
noticed from another source [R.A.E., B, viii, 153].

BoNDAR (G.). Os Insectos damninhos. IX. As Pulgas. [Injurious
Insects. IX. Fleas. 1 — Characas c Oumtaes, S. Paulo, xxiii, no. 3.
15th March 1921, pp. 189-190, 3 figs.

This is a popular article compiled from sources alreadv noticed
[R.A.E., B, iv, 166].

ETriarte (L.). Profilaxis de la Peste de Oriente. Las Ratas y los
Bepositos de Mercaderias. [Prophylaxis of Bubonic Plague. Rats
and Food Depositories.] — Anales Dept. Nac. Higiene, Bueno
Aires, xxvi, no. 5, September and October 1920, pp. 293-318,
24 figs. [Received 29th April 1921.]

Owing to the ravages of bubonic plague in Argentina and the
impossibility of preventing its spread as long as rats are allowed to
breed on the quays where food materials are deposited, a project
has been formulated requiring that all buildings, flooring, or shelters
where food material is deposited within the zone of the port of Buenos
Aires must be rat-proof, and establishing certain conditions for the
installation of depositories for cereals. The National Department of
Hygiene has for a long time been aiming at improvement of the con-
ditions of depositories at the ports, railway stations, and in agricultural
districts. Many iUustrations are given of hygienic and rat-proof
buildings.

Tifus exantematico en la Provincia de Salta. — Anales Dept. Nac.
Higiene, Buenos Aires, xxvi, no. 5, September and October 1920,
pp. 339-347. [Received 29th April 1921.]

The Sanitary Commission in the Province of Salta has established
beyond doubt that exanthematous typhus is endemic in the valleys of
Calchaqui, where epidemics, particularly during extreme cold, deci-
mate the population and constitute a menace to neighbouring regions.
It is considered most probable that the disease has existed in the

113

north-east of Argentina since time immemorial, and (hiring epidemics
the mortality is estimated at approximately \5 to 20 per cent, of
the population. The Commission is carrying out an energetic pro-
phylaxis, especially with regard to the extermination of lice.

Coaxes (W. H.). The Sarcoptic Mange of the Dog in Man.— ByjV.
Med. JL, London, no. 3144, 2nd April 1921. p. 495.

Attention is drawn to a case of sarcoptic mange transmitted from
dog to man.

Dyar (H. G.). The Mosquitoes of Canada. — Trans. R. Canadian
Inst., Toronto, no. 29, xiii, pt. 1, February 1921, pp. 71-120.

This list of Canadian mosquitos includes a key to the tribes and
genera as weU as to the Canadian species of Culex, Theobaldia
\Culiseta), Aedes, Heteronycha (by the male genitalia) and Anopheles.

Torrance {¥.). Reports of the Veterinary Director-General.— Cawat^^

Dept. A^ric, Ottaiva, 1917, 19 pp., 1918, 24 pp., 1919 and 1920,
49 pp. '[Received 6th May 1921.]

Cattle mange in Canada is confined to certain parts of southern
Alberta and south-western Saskatchewan. Affected areas have been
under quarantine prohibiting, the movement of cattle except for
immediate slaughter at a designated abattoir, or unless they have
been twice dipped under the supervision of an officer of the Department
of Agriculture. By these means the extent of infection has been
gradually lessened, and the quarantine restrictions have been removed
from certain areas.

In 1920, a determined effort was made to stamp out the disease.
The whole of the affected area was sub-divided into dipping districts,
and each district was equipped with a staff selected by the farmers to
supervise the construction of new dipping vats where necessary and
the repairing of existing vats, and to maintain a general high standard
of thoroughness in dipping. The Department granted about ;£80
towards the construction of new vats, and it is hoped that it will
be possible to dip twice all the cattle in the mange area, and that
subsequently the restrictions now in force may be abolished.

Ferguson (E. \^^). A List of the Tabanidae (Diptera) in the South
AustraUan Museum, with Descriptions of New Species.— i^^corc/s
5. Australian Mus., Adelaide, 1, no. 4, 29th January 1921,
pp. 366-379. [Received 9th May 1921.]

The new species described are : Silviiis imitator, S. tepperi, Tabamis
heroni, T. flindersi, T. {Tlierioplectes) meridionalis and T. {T.)
alhohirtipes.

Cheireddin ( — ), Goldberg (L.) & Neschat Omer ( — ). Trypano-
somiasis der Kamele in Palastina. — Sitztingsber. K. Akad. Wiss.,
Vienna, Abt. 3, cxxvi, 1917, pp. 17-26, 2 plates. [Received
8th April 1921.]

The life-cycle of a tr\^panosome isolated from camels during the
campaign in Palestine in 1915 is described. Experimentally the disease

114

has been transmitted to horse, mule, donkey, dog, cat, rabbit, guinea-
pig, rat, cattle, goat and sheep, but the mode of transmission under
natural conditions has not been definitely ascertained. Biting flies
are the suspected factors, but brief experiments made with Tabanids
caught in the infested area gave negative results.

Legendre (J.) & Oliveau (A.). Role du Lapin domestique dans
I'Attraction et la Nutrition d'' Anopheles macnlipennis. — C. R.
Hehdom. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxxh, no. 13, 29th March 1921,
pp. 822-823.

Further experiments confirm those already noticed [R.A.E., B,
viii, 98] with reference to the preference shown by Anopheles maculi-
pennis for the blood of rabbits. The mosquitos congregate on the
ceiling in rabbit hutches, a habit that should simplify their destruction.

RoDHAiN (J.). Un Sarcoptid^, nouveau Parasite de la Roussette
africaine {Eidelon helvum, Kerr). — C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxxiv,
no. 14, 23rd April 1921, pp. 757-759.

A brief description is given of a new Sarcoptid mite found infesting
a bat {Eidelon helvum) in the Belgian Congo.

RoDHAiN (J.) & Gedoelst (L.). Les A££init6s du Sarcoptid^ de

VEidelon helvum. — C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxxiv, no. 14, 23rd
AprU 1921, pp. 759-760.

The systematic position of the Sarcoptid mite recorded in the
previous paper is discussed, and the name Nycteridocoptes pleropi is
proposed for it.

Hylkema (B.). De Ontwikkeling van de Parasiet der Quartana in de
Myzomyia ludlowi en haar Overbrenging op den Menseh. [The
Development of the Parasite of Quartan Malaria in Anopheles
ludlowi and its Transmission to Man.] — Meded. Burg. Geneesk.
Dienst Ned.- Indie, Batavia, 1920, no. 6, pp. 50-99, 2 plates.
(Also in English). [Received 5th May 1921.]

These experiments in the transmission of quartan malaria to man
were made at Belawan, an island mostly covered with mangrove,
which is the sea-port of the east coast of Sumatra and in which
Anopheles {Myzomyia) ludlowi is the only Anopheline found.

As the mosquitos could in most cases be infected to the extent
of 100 per cent, with subtertian, it was natural to expect them to be
not less susceptible to quartan malaria. It was found that they
could regularly be infected with quartan to the extent of 20 per cent,
and occasionally to 50 per cent. The percentage of mosquitos that
could be infected increased in proportion to the number of gametes
in the blood of the gamete-carriers. In 11-13 days after the gametes
had been introduced, the mosquitos proved capable of transmitting
the infection to man ; the period of incubation until the prodromal
attack amounted to a further 12 days. The period of development
of quartan in A . ludlowi lasts at the most only a little longer than that

115

of subtertian at the same temperature (about 23°-31° C. = 73°-87°F.).
The quartan cysts, which from the beginning are smaller than those
of subtertian, grow less quickly. It is not possible to distinguish
between quartan and subtertian cysts by means of the pigment only,
as the differences in it are too imimportant and too inconstant. In
both, the pigment fades and diminishes when the cysts grow larger ;
it then changes from coarse to fine. A period of captivity lasting
longer than usual, involving a more advanced age, lessens the
susceptibility of A. ludloici to quartan infection and delays the growth
of the quartan cysts ; it does not lessen the susceptibility of the
mosquito to subtertian malaria and only slightly delays the growth
of the subtertian cysts.

Martini (E.). Ueber Stechmiicken- und Kriebelmiickenzucht. [The
artificial Breeding of Mosquitos and Simuliids.]— /IrcA. Schiffs- u.
Trop.-Hyg., Leipsic, xxv, no. 4, April 1921, pp. 120-121.

Methods for breeding Aedcs larvae, for feeding those of Anopheles
and Stegomvia, and for breeding Simuliids, are briefly described. It
is stated that Stegomyia fasciata and A. plmnbeus {nigripes) are the
most suitable species of mosquitos for breeding in the laboratory.

SiKORA (H.). Ueber die Ziichtung der Rickettsia pediculi. [The
Breeding of Rickettsia pediculi.] — Arch. Schiffs- u. Trop.-Hyg.,
Leipsic, xxv, no 4, April 1921, pp. 123-124.

Laboratory methods of breeding Rickettsia pediculi, the harmless
micro-organism found in the stomach in lice, are described. R.
prowazeki, found in the epithelial cells of the stomach in lice, is the
causal agent of typhus.

Bogdanova-Katkova (L. I.) KpaiKifi npeABapmenbHbiM Otmbttj o
Pa6oTax-b QHTOMonornHecKaro OiAt/ia bi> 1916 rofly. [Brief

preliminary Report of the Work of the Entomological Department
in 1916.]— 3anMCKM 3HTOMOJiorMHecKaro OiAtna HMHonaeBCKoii

OnblTHOti CiaHLliM [Bull. Ent. Dept., Nikolaevsk Expt. Sta.],
Petrograd, pt. 1, 1918, pp. 43-61, 3 figs.

[Received 13th May, 1921.]

The blood-sucking and other flies recorded in this report include
Haematopota pluvialis, L., //. crassiconu's, Wahlb., Tabanus tarandinus,
L., T. tropicus, Panz., T. fulvicornis, Meig., T. montanus, Meig.,
T. solstitialis, Lunb., T. luridus, Fall., T. confinis, Zett., T. bovinus, L.,
Hypoderma hovis, L., Gastrophilus intestinalis DeG. {cqiii, CI.),
Stomoxys calcitrans, L., and Miisca domestica, L.

Phibbs (G. B.). Variations in the segmental Spines of the fourth-
stage Larva of Hvpoderma bovis.— Irish Naturalist, Dublin,
XXX, no. 5, May 1921, pp. 53-57, 4 figs.

The observations here described show that the number and character
of the spines of the larva of Hypoderma bovis cannot be taken as an
indication that more than four larval stages occur.

116

KotlAn (S.). Az ixodidak mely fajai kozvetitik a piroplasmosist
Magyarorszagon ? [What Kinds of Ixodids transmit Piroplas-
mosis in Hungary?] — Allatorvosi Lapok, Budapest, xlii, no. 5,
8th March 1919, pp. 34-35.

The author states that piroplasmosis of domestic animals has been
well known for a long time in Hungary, where it is known as " forest
disease " or " red water " and has been popularly supposed to be
caused by eating the young shoots or buds of coniferous trees.

The following ticks are recorded from Hungary : Ixodes ricmus, L.,
Dermacentor reticulatus, F., Rhipicephaliis bursa, C. & F., Hyalomma
aegyptium, L., Haemaphysalis punctata, C. & F., and Haemaphysalis
concinna, Koch.

In the author's opinion piroplasmosis of cattle in Hungary is trans-
mitted by Ixodes ricinus ; that of sheep probably by Rhipicephalus
bursa, as Motas has demonstrated to be the case in Rumania. In
view of the fact that piroplasmosis of horses is common in Albania,
Rumania and Macedonia, it is thought that it will be found to be
prevalent in the more wooded parts of Hungary also, but a more
extensive knowledge of the tick fauna is required before the disease
can be studied.

KotlAn (S.). Adatok a hazai kullancs-£auna ismeretehez. [Contri-
bution to Knowledge relating to Hungary's Ixodid Fauna.] —
Allattani Kozlemenyek, Budapest, xviii, no. 1-4, 7th May 1921,
pp. 33-36 and 48.

This paper emphasises the scantiness of information on Hungarian
IxoDiDAE, and the works of earlier Hungarian authors on these ticks
are reviewed.

From these it appears that the only Ixodids known from Hungary
in 1914 were : Ixodes vespertilionis, Koch, I. ricinus, 'L., I. hexagonus.
Leach, on dogs near Budapest, Rhipicephalus bursa, C. & F., from
south Hungary, and Dermacentor reticidatus, F., from Budapest and
the Transdanubian provinces on cattle, sheep and horses. Since
that date the author has found Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Latr.,
rare and occurring only in the southern part of the country ;
Hyalomma aegyptium, L., in Transsylvania and near Budapest on
cattle; Haemaphysalis concinna, Koch; H. cinnabarina punctata,
C. & F., and //. otophila, Schultze, in the Transdanubian provinces
on horses and dogs.

It seems probable that the tick fauna of Hungary, owing to its
geographical position, is transitional between that of the states to the
north and south. Hyalomma aegyptium came from the south,
probably from Rumania, and it is spreading northward froin the
neighbourhood of Budapest. The same is true of Rliipicephalus
bursa and R. sanguineus, which are only found in southern Hungary.
Haemaphysalis otophila is at present only known fromi the Balkans,
but as other species of this genus such as H. concinna and H. punctata
are cosmopolitan and can live in cold climates, it is probable that it
may spread to the north.

No species of the notorious genus Boophilus has been found in
Hungary, but the author has received B. annidatus calcaratus from
Albania on donkeys and horses.

117

Henriksen (Kai L.). Et nyt Tilfaelde af Hypoderma bovis hos
Mennesket. [A new case of Hypoderma bovis on man.] — Entom.
Meddel., Copenhagen, xiii, no. 6, 1921, p. 297.

A case is recorded of the larva of Hypoderma bovis infesting a boy
and causing a whitish swelling on the arm. The larva was removed
by means of a hot fomentation.

Malaria Control at Savannah, Ga.—Pttb. Health Repts., Washington,
D.C., xxxvi, no. 14, 8th April 1921, pp. 705-706.

During 1920 in and around the city of Savannah on an area of
25 square miles with a population of 100,000 persons, approximately
£10,000 (at par) was spent in anti-malaria operations.

Some abandoned rice fields, owing to the neglect of dykes, tide
gates and ditches, and to their being flooded periodically, were prolific
breeding places of Anopheles quadrimaculatus and A. crucians. The
control work included the repairing of tide gates and dykes, and con-
struction of additional gates. Elsewhere, control by larvicidal fish,
draining and oiling were the measures adopted, with regular inspections
of likely breeding places.

It was found that in the latter part of 1919 there were 5h times
as many cases of malaria as during a similar period in 1920 following
these operations.

It was recommended that £6,000 should be spent in the extension
and maintenance of anti-malaria work in 1921.

Pierce (W. D.), Hutchison (R. H.) & Moscowitz (A.). Modern
Steam Laundry Processes as a Means of Destroying Vermin.—

Pi(b. Health Repts., Washington, D.C., xxxvi, no. 14, 8th April
1921, pp. 710-717.

The experiments here described to determine whether the washing
of woollens by modern steam laundries completely destroys body
lice {Pediculus humanus var. corporis) have already been noted
[R.A.E., B, viii, 158].

JoHANNSEN (0. A.). The first Instar of Wohlfahrtia vigil, Walker.—
//. Parasitology, Urbana, vii, no. 3, March 1921, pp. 154-155.

The Sarcophagid, Wohlfahrtia vigil, Wlk. [R.A.E., B, ix, 1], is
apparently larviparous. The first larval instar is here described.

Yamada (S.) . A nopheles Mosquito. A new Species found in Hokkaita,
Japan. — Taiwan IgakukaiZasshi {Jl. Formosa Med. Soc.) no. 186,
28th April 1918, pr528. (Abstract in China Med. Jl., Shanghai,
XXXV, no. 2, March 1921, p. 177).

Some description is given of an unnamed Anopheline mosquito,
recorded from Hokkaita, Japan, which is apparently new. It
resembles A . hyrcanus (sinejisis) and the Indian species, A . lindesayi.

118

Koike (S.). The Caterpillar (probably Euprodis flava suhflava,
Bremer) causing urticarial Dermatitis in Kwan San. — Gunidan
Zasshi {Jl. Military Surgeons, Japan), no. 76, 30th April 1918,
pp. 206-210, 1 plate. (Abstract in China Med. JL, Shanghai,
XXXV, no. 2, March 1921, p. 177-178).

The caterpillar here described was the cause of an outbreak of
dermatitis among Japanese troops on manoeuvres.

Blacklock (B.). Notes on a Case of Indigenous Infection with

P. Jalciparum. — Ann. Trop. Med. & Parasit., Liverpool, xv,
no. 1, 27th April 1921, pp. 59-72, 2 figs.

A case is recorded of a patient suffering from an acute primary
attack of malignant tertian malaria, due to Plasmodium praecox
{falciparum), which proved fatal. The infection was probably acquired
at a northern health resort where Anopheles mactdipennis, A. bifurcatus
and A. plumheus are plentiful. The patient had never been out of
the British Isles.

Blacklock (B.) & Carter (H. F.). Observations on Mosquitoes in

the Isle of Man. — Ann. Prop. Med. & Parasit., Liverpool, xv,
no. 1, 27th April 1921, pp. 73-90, 5 plates, 1 map.

The mosquitos recorded from the Isle of Man are : Anopheles
bifurcatus, L., A. mactdipennis, Mg., A. plumbens, Steph., Ctdex
pipiens, L., Pheobaldia anntdata, Schr., P. {Culicella) morsifans,
Theo., and P. (C.) fiimipennis, Steph. Details are given of the type
of locality in which each species occurred, and also the names of the
places, arranged alphabetically.

Hill (G. F.). Notes on some unusual Breeding Places of Stegomyia
fasciata, Fabr., in Australia. — Ann. Prop. Med. & Parasit.,
Liverpool, xv, no. 1, 27th April 1921, pp. 91-92, 1 plate.

Stegomyia fasciata,F. , and Ochlerotatus notoscriptus, Skuse, are recorded
from Australia as breeding in a tin containing about 5 inches of water
and some decaying leaves which was found in dense scrub, 600 yds.
from the nearest dwelling. In addition to Macleaya tremula, Theo.,
and 0. quasiriihrithorax, Theo., 5. fasciata was also taken from a
rot-hole in a Poinciana tree.

Hill (G. F.). Musca domestica, L., as a " Bush Fly " in Australia. — ■

Ann. Prop. Med. S- Parasit., Liverpool, xv, no. 1, 27th April
1921. pp. 93-94.

Musca domestica, L., is recorded from Australia on freslily skinned
buffaloes that had been shot in scrub country from 3 to 6 miles from
the nearest habitation. In the bush and open grazing country
M. domestica , oviposits on fresh horse manure, but will also breed in
decaying vegetable matter. Adults have been bred from larvae
taken in nests of the black-throated grebe {Podicipes novae-hollandiae)
which had become stranded on the margin of a swamp and in which
the eggs had not hatched. Stomoxys calcitrans and Sarcophaga sp.
were breeding in the same nests and also in leaves, horse and cow

119

manure, etc., on the margin of the swamp. At a distance of from
2 to 21 miles from any habitation M. domestica was found associated
with Af. lusoria Wied. [aiistralis, Macq., feygusoni, J. & B.), M.
nebulo, F. {hilli, J. & B.), M. ventrosa, Wied. [nigrithorax, Stein),
and M. himtiiis, Wied. {veiustissima, Wlk.).

Newstead (R.) & Evans (A. M.). New Tsetse-flies {Glossina) from
the Belgian Congo. — Ann. Trop. Med. & Farasit., Liverpool,
XV, no. 1, 27th April 1921, pp. 95-102, 6 figs.

Glossina schwctzi, sp. n., and G.fusca var. congolensis,n., are described.
Tables are given to distinguish the genital armature of both sexes
of G. schwetzi and G. tahaniformis and of G. fiisca and the new variety
of it.

Nevv'stead (R.) & SiNTON (J. A.). On a Collection of Pappataei Flies

{Phlehotomiis) l£0VQ.ln6.m. — -Ann. Trop. Med. & Payasit., Liver-
pool, XV, no. 1, 27th April 1921, pp. 103-106.

The species recorded are : Pklehotomus papata^ii, Scop., P. minntiis,
Rond., P. minutus var. antennatns Newst., P. sergenti, Parrot, and
P. major, Annandale. With the exception of the last-named, which
was taken at Simla, numerous examples of all these species were
caught in the north-west Provinces.

The difference in the antennal segments upon which the erection
of a new species P. antennatns [R. A.E., B, 1, 34] was based, can no
longer be considered of specific importance ; this is therefore now
treated as a variety of P. minutus.

Blackshaw (G. N.). Arsenical Poisoning of Q2L\:i\ei.— Rhodesia Agric.
JL, Salisbury, xvin, no. 2, April 1921, pp. 188-190.

The commoner causes of loss of cattle by arsenical poisoning are
enumerated, and can be avoided if the following precautions are
taken.

All drums containing the dip when in use should be carefully super-
vised and kept locked up. Empty drums should be washed, and the
refuse buried. The capacity of the dip tank should be known in order
to adjust the strength of the solution before dipping. Draining pens
should be so constructed that dip cannot collect in them, and drying
kraals efficiently drained to prevent accumulation of arsenic. Cattle
should not be given access to land that has been splashed or saturated
with the dipping solution, and should be prevented from drinking
contaminated water. Tanks liable to flooding or overflowing should
be protected by drains.

CoNNAL (A.). Observations on Filaria in Chrysops from West Africa.

— Trans. R. Sec. Trop. Med. & Hyg., London, xiv, no. 6, 18th
February 1921, pp. 108-109.

Dissections were made of 2,255 individuals of Chrysops silacea,
Aust., and C. dimidiata, Lw., collected near Sapele, two days' journey
eastward from Lagos. This district has the reputation of being

120

heavily infested with blood-sucking Diptera, and a considerable
percentage of the inhabitants, both European and native, are infected
with Filaria (Loa) loa, as shown by the presence of embryos in the
peripheral blood.

Dissections showed 0-8 per cent, of C. silacea infected, and 2-4
per cent, of C. dimidiata. May, June and July are the wettest months,
and the largest number of flies was collected during this period.
Infected flies in many cases contained hundreds of filarial organisms,
situated mostly in the thoracic muscles. In two cases the mouth-
parts were infected.

In the discussion following the reading of this paper, it was suggested
that Chrysops should be reared in captivity in order to get clean
stock and that these should be fed on cases of infection with embryos
of F. loa in the blood. The flies could then be dissected daily,
and sections should be cut to show exactly where the development
takes place. By this means it should be possible to decide finally
the position of C. silacea and C. dimidiata as intermediate hosts of
F. loa.

Laveran (A.) & Franchini (G.). Spirochetose de Punaises des
Euphorbes et du Latex. — Bull. Sac. Path. Exot., Paris, xiv, no. 4,
13th April 1921, pp. 205-207, 2 figs.

In their stud}^ of flagellates occurring in Euphorbia [R. A. E., B, ix, 58,
106] the authors have found that the bugs that are the usual carriers of
the disease are sometimes infected with spirochaetes, and not flagellates,
and that this also applies to Euphorbia. Spirochaetes have been
found in the Lygaeid bugs, Nysius sp. and Lygaeits pratensis, and
in Anthocoris sylvestris. In the latex of Euphorbia pephts a few
spirochaetes [Herpetomonas) have been observed.

MoNTPELLiER (J.), Degouillon ( — ) & Lacroix (A.). Note comple-
mentaire sur la Gale filarienne et son Evolution. — Bidl. Soc.
Path., Exot., Paris, xiv, no. 4, 13th AprQ 1921, pp. 211-214.

Observations of 800 Senegalese troops showed that 156 had tumours
due to Onchocerca volvidns or were affected with filarial mange, and
in these 156, signs of filarial eruption were present in 150, of whom 98
harboured filarial cysts and 6 had tumours and no traces of eruption.

Thus 65 per cent, of the cases of filarial mange harboured cysts of
0. volvulus and only 4 per cent, had tumours without filarial mange.

This is claimed to confirm the conclusions previously reached
[R. A.E., B, viii, 183] as to the close relation between onchochercosis
and filarial mange.

Chatton (E.) & Courrier (R.). Sur un Trypanosome de la Chauve-
souris, Veperugo pipisfreUiis, a Formes crithidiennes intratissu-
laires et cystigenes. Hypothese relative a I'Etiologie du Goitre
endemique.— C R. hebdom. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxxii, no. 20,
17th May 1921, pp. 1254-1257.

A species of Schizotrypanum is recorded from bats {Vesperugo
pipistrellus) in lower Alsace. The possibility of this trypanosome
being the causal agent of goitre is discussed, and its probable trans-
mission by insects is suggested. Its hfe-cycle is described.

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CONTENTS.

Africa : New Species of Culicoides . .

Africa : The History of Sleeping Sickness in Man

Africa, West : Observations on Filaria infecting Chrysops

Africa, West : Filarial Mange in Man due to Onchocerca volvulus

Algeria : A Note on Piroplasma mutans infesting Cattle . .

Algeria : Microfilaria infesting the Dog

Argentina : Measures against Plague at Buenos Ayres , .

Argentina : The Incidence of Typhus

Asia : New Species of Culicoides

Australia : Parasites of Domestic Animals in Tasmania

Australia : Notes on new Tabanidae. . . .. . .

Australia : Some unusual Breeding-places of Stegomyia fasciata

Australia : Musca domestica as a " Bush Fly "

Brazil : Notes on Fleas

British Isles : Sarcoptic Mange of the Dog in Man

British Isles : Notes on the fourth-stage Larva of Hypoderma bovis

British Isles : A locally acquired Case of Malaria due to Plasmodium

■ praecox
British Isles : Observations on Mosquitos in the Isle of Man
Canada : A List of Mosquitos
Canada ; Measures against Mange in Cattle
Ceylon : A New Species of Haematopota
Congo, Belgian : A New Mite infesting Bats
Congo, Belgian : New Tsetse-flies {Glossina)
Denmark : Hypoderma bovis infesting Man . .
Dutch East Indies : Measures against Rats and Plague
Egypt : The Use of Colocynth Tar against Mange in Domestic Animals
France : Breeding Places of Theobaldia longiareolata
France : A Key to the Indigenous Mosquitos
France : Rabbits as Hosts of A nopheles maculipennis
France : A Trypanosome infesting Bats in Alsace

page
106
108
119
120
107
108
112
112
106
105
113
118
118
112
113
115

118
118
113
113
106
114
119
117
107
109
107
107
114
120

CONTESTS— contd.

PAGE

Germany : Notes on Simuliids . . . . . . . . 106

Hungary : Notes on Ixodid Ticks and Piroplasmosis of Domestic

Animals .. .. .. .. .. •• •• .. 116

India : Chrysomyia bezziana infesting Man and Animals . . . . . . 105

India: Notes on P/z/efeo/owMS spp. .. .. .. .. .. 119

Japan: A New Anopheline Mosquito .. .. .. .. .. 117

Japan: A Caterpillar causing urticarial Dermatitis .. .. .. 118

Java : New Ceratopogoninae . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Palestine: Trypanosomiasis of Camels .. .. .. .. .. 113

Panama Canal Zone : Insects and Disease in 1919 . . . . . . 108

Rhodesia, South : Precautions against Arsenical Poisoning of Cattle .. 119

Russia : A List of Blood-sucking and other Flies from near Petrograd . . 115

Sumatra: Experiments with /I j^op/te/es /wd/otwi and Quartan Malaria 114

Uganda: Parasites of Domestic Animals in 1919-20 .. .. .. 109

U.S.A. : Insects and Disease in Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . 105

U.S.A. : Measures against Mosquitos in Connecticut . . . . . . 105

U.S.A.: A Mite infesting Fowls in Indiana .. .. .. .. .. 109

U.S.A. : Measures against Parasites of Domestic Animals in 1919-20 . . 109

U.S.A.: Measures against Parasites of Fowls .. .. .. .. 110

U.S.A. : A List of Parasites of Sheep . . . . . . . . . . 110

U.S.A.: The Control of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Montana .. Ill

U.S.A. : The Cost of Anti-malarial Operations in Georgia . . . . . . 117

U.S.A.: Laundry Processes as a Means of Destroying Lice .. .. 117

U.S.A. : The First Instar of Wohlfahriia vigil 117

The Genitalia of Portchinsky's Species, Musca corvifia . . . . . . 105

Insects propagating Flagellosis of £Mp/!ori)?a .. .. .. 106,120

The Treatment of Mange in Horses .. .. .. .. .. .. 112

The Importance of Applied Entomology .. .. .. .. .. 112

The Artificial Breeding of Mosquitos and Simuliids. . . . . . . . 115

Methods of Breeding Rickettsia pediculi .. .. .. .. .. 115

Registtrecf at tHe G.P.O. for Transmission to Canada ancf Newfoundland 63/ Magazine Post.

VOL. IX. Ser. B. Part 8.— pp. 121-136. AUGUST, 192]

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Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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Mr. R. A. C. Sperling, C.M.G., Foreign Office.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of

Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is ex officio a member of the Committee.

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121 /"

Top Minnows as Yellow Fever ETSi6.ica,tovs}r^Sa)::}tce, LciAcasiei} Pa.
Vm, no. 1375, 6lh May 1921, pp. 432-1^1 ^ /

In view of the success that has attended the\^^M rt^p y^^^^ndw
{Gambusia) in eradicating malarial rnosquitos in vafiows-^Ttsof the
United States, this method has been adopted for the eradication of
the yellow fever mosquito [Stegomyia fasciata] at Tampico, Mexico,
in preference to oiling.

DE Stefaxi (T.). Importanza dell'Entomologia applicata nell'
Economia sociale. Entomologia legale e del Cadaveri. [The
Importance of Applied Entomology in Social Economy. Legal
Entomology in relation to Dead Bodies.] — Allevamenti, Palermo,
ii, no. 3, i.st May 1921, pp. 131-133.

Dead bodies are attacked by different series of insects, each of
which appears at a given stage of decomposition, a fact of practical
value in legal questions.

The first to appear are Musca domestica, Muscina {Cyrtoneura)
stabulans and CalUphora vomitoria. These are followed by Lucilia
caesar, Sarcophaga carnaria, S. arvensis and S. laticnis. A third
series, appearing at the butyric stage of fermentation, includes the
Coleoptera, Dermestes lardarius, D. fritschii and D. undulatus, and
a moth, Aglossa pinguinalis. A fourth, casein, phase of
fermentation attracts a new group of Diptera, including Piophila
casei [cheese maggot] and Anthomyia spp. ; the latter only occur in
the country and never in towns, so that their presence may indicate
the locality where death took place. This fourth group also includes
small beetles of the genus Corynetcs, such as C. yuficollis and C.
coerulens.

Ammoniacal fermentation follows, attracting the flies Tyreophora
cvnophila, T. furcata, T. anthropophaga, Lonchaea nigrimana, Ophyra
cadaverina and Phora aterrima, and Coleoptera such as Necrophorus
fossor, Silpha littoralis, S. obscura, Hister cadaverinus and Saprinns
rotundatiis. The larvae of the insects of this last group are those
specially engaged in reducing the remains to dust. Quite apart from
the groups mentioned are the Acari, which appear at the same time
and the action of which tends to mummify the body without
decomposition. They include Uropoda nummidaria, Trachynotus
cadavericus, Glyciphagits cursor, G. spinipes, Tyroglyphus spp., Serrator
spp. and Coepophagus spp. The mummified or partly mummitied
body attracts certain species of Dermestes, Attagenus and Anthrenus,
and such Lepidoptera as Aglossa pinguinalis, A. cuprealis,
Tinea pellionella and Tineola biselliella. The very last fragments
are attacked by the larvae of two Coleoptera, Tenebrio obscurus and
Ptinus brunneus.

A number of cases are instanced where the presence of insects
enabled the time and place of death to be ascertained.

Cura da "Peste das Gallinhas " ou Espiroquetose. [The Cure of
Spirochaetosis in Fowls.] — Chacaras e Quintaes, S. Paulo, xxih,
no. 4, 15th April 1921, p. 296, 1 fig.

This popular article contains data on the tick, Argas persicus
iminiatus), which is the vector of spirochaetosis in fowls.

(3812) Wt.P.3,184 1500 8/21 Harrow K

122

DE Beaurepaire Aragao (H.). Carrapato do Chao. [The Ground
Tick.] — Chacaras e Quintaes, S. Paulo, xxiii, no. 4, 15th April,
1921. p. 298, 1 fig.

This is a brief note on the tick, Ornithodoros rosirahis, Arag., which
hves in and attacks the inhabitants of roughly constructed huts.

ScHuuRMANs SxEKHOvEN Jr. (J. H.). Van de Wieg naar het Graf;
enkele Grepen uit het Leven van de Sehurftmijt van de Rat.

[From the Cradle to the Grave ; some Parts of the Life of the
Scab Mite of the Rsit.]—Tijdschr. Ned. Dierk. Ver. (2), v. 18,
Verslagen p. viii-xii, April 1919. (Notice in Vakblad voor
Biologen, Helder, ii, no. 5, January 1921, p. 78.)

The various stages in the life-history of the scab mite of the rat
are described as a result of careful observation of the isolated eggs,
larvae, nymphs and adults. The rat concerned is probably Mus
decunianus and the mite is probably Notoedres miiris, Megn., or perhaps
A'', muscidi, Oud., or A'', alepis, R & L.

Marchand (W.). The Early Stages of Tabanidae (Horse Flies). —

Rockefeller Inst. Med. Res., Neiv York, Monograph 13, 15th
November 1920, 203 pp., 15 plates. [Received 21st May 1921.]

The object of this monograph is to collate information on the develop-
ment and early stages of Tabanids, about which very little is known,
although the subject is an important one in view of the role played
by these flies in transmitting diseases of domestic animals. Previous
literature on the subject is not only reviewed, but the facts found
therein are quoted or reported, so that the work constitutes a valuable
compendium of information on the subject. The fact that the data
are all presented in English will, it is hoped, encourage English-
.speaking entomologists to make further investigations on the subject.
Short descriptions are also given of the larvae of 14 unidentified species
of Tahanus, with a list of the recorded parasites of flies of this family
and a complete bibliography.

Hauer (C. E.). a Guide to the Proper Rat-proofing of Buildings. —

Pw7;. Health Repts., Washington, B.C., xxxvi, no. 17, 29th
April 1921, pp. 930-940, 5 figs.

Various forms of rat-proofing for buildings are recommended.
Attention is drawn to important minor details to be adopted in
towns.

Artega (J. F.). Malaria in Cuba. — Rev. Medicinay Ciritrgia Hahana,
June 1920. f Abstract in Ann. d'Igiene, Rome, xxxi, no. 3,
March 1921, pp. 182-183.)

Malaria prophylaxis, neglected during the War for increased sugar
production, must be vigorously prosecuted in Cuba, especially as regards
anti-mosquito work. Besides possessing the conditions found else-
where that are favourable to mosquitos, Cuba has a number of Brome-
liaceous plants of the genera Hohenhergia, Tillandria and Guzmania
that may serve as breeding-places owing to the water collected in
their leaves. Against the larvae, petroleum, lime (15f grammes per
cu. metre water), and carbide residue are recommended. Fumigation
with sulphur, pyrethrum, leaves of Stramonium, creolin and tobacco
are advised against the adults. A repellent for individual use is a

123

mixture of essence of eucalyptus 30 grammes, talc 60 grammes and
starch 120 grammes. Another mixture consists of clove oil 10 grammes,
lanolinc 30 grammes and glycerine ointment 100 grammes. The
advantages of using quinine are illustrated by figures obtained from
Italian statistics.

Falcioni (D.). L'Esito di una piccola Bonifica e la Diffusione delle
Anofele. [The Result of a small Drainage Scheme and the Spread
of Anophelines.^; — Policlinico, Sez. Prat. 1921, no. 4. (Abstract
in Ann. d' Igienc, Rome, xxxi, no. 3, March 1921, p. 184.)

Cases of malaria were observed in dwellings close to more or less
water-logged quarries, while others about 600 or more yards away
remained immune. As a result of very rainy seasons the quarries
became swamped and malaria became the predominating disease in
the neighbouring houses. Oiling gave good results, bnt the drainage
and drying up of the quarries effected a radical cure.

This case led to an examination of the question of the radius of
influence of an Anophehne centre. It may be said that in practice
small centres extend their influence to under 600 yards, while the
large ones may do so up to 1,100-1,650 yards. The spread of malaria
may be considered to be due to successive stages of travel by successive
generations and not to an extended migration. To admit the latter
would lead to the assumption that rural districts may be breeding
places from which the Anophelines take neighbouring towns as their
objectives — a phenomenon that does not occur in practice.

This case also shows the value of reclamation work on a small scale,
it may be that many small efforts of a similar nature may prove more
efficient than huge programmes that are difficult to carry out.

Pin A (J. G.). Plagas del Ganado Vacimo en el Estado de Jalisco y
Modo de combatirlas. [Diseases of Cattle in the State of Jalisco
and Means of Combating them.] — Rev. Agric, San Jacinto, D.F.,
V, no. 10, February 1921, pp. 712-715, 1 map. [Received 28th
May 1921.]

In the State of Jalisco and the surrounding region, comprising
the greater part of the north-western States of Mexico, stock-raisers
lose thousands of heads of cattle every year from some disease, the
nature of which is not exactly known, and for which no remedy has
been found. The diseased cattle are generally free from ticks, and
the author has been unable to detect any parasite or other organism
that might be the causal agent. The popular belief is, however,
that biting-flies are responsible for the high rate of mortality, and it
has frequently been observed that after a bite from a fly animals
show signs of disease and eventuall}^ die. The symptoms of the
disease are described, and the author is inclined to ascribe them to
trypanosomiasis, as almost certainly some blood parasite is the cause.

ZoTTA (G.) . La Granulation azurophile dans les Leucocytes de Carausius
{Dixippus) morosiis et de la Chenille de Gallcria uicUoneUa. —
— C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxxiv, no. 18, 21st Mav 1921, pp.
928-930.

Azurophil gramflations as studied in constituents of the body fluid
of adults of Carausius morosiis and the larvae of Gallcria mellonella
present the same properties as similar constituents of human blood.

(3812) K 2

124

In both cases the successive stages of the evolution of these granulations
have been traced, and as a result of their quantitative and qualitative
development it is thought probable that they play a definite part in
the developmental activity of the leucocytes.

Larrousse (F.). Etude systematique et medicale des Phl^botomes. —

Paris, Vigot Freres, 1921, 106 pp., 20 figs.

Many scattered papers on the biology, classification and pathogenic
role of Phlehotomus spp. have been published. The author's aim is
to present a fairly complete survey of the knowledge now available
on these Psj'chodids without attempting to deal exhaustively with
this vast subject.

The first chapter deals with the anatomy and biology of the genus,
and includes Skuse's key to the families of Nematocera. Notes on
the preparation of specimens are given. The parasites found in
Phlebotonms are mentioned and briefly discussed.

The second chapter deals with the various species, giving the dis-
tinctive characters and habitat. They are divided into European,
African, Asiatic and American groups (no Australian species being
as yet known) with a specific key for each group.

The third chapter concerns the part played by these flies as disease-
carriers. Three-day fever has been proved to be transmitted by them ;
their role is not yet definitely established as regards Oriental sore,
American leishmaniasis or verruga in Peru.

The author refers to the difficulty in systematic study caused by
varying methods of description and to the difficulties of identifying
the females [R.A.E., B, ix, 22]. Doubtful points in the biology of
these flies can only be settled by breeding.

IyencxAr (M. O. T.). Preliminary Report of a Malaria Survey o£
Calcutta and Environs. — Ind. Jl. Med. Res., Calcutta, Spec.
Ind. Sci. Congress no., 1920, pp. 8-17. [Received 30th May 1921 .]

The mosquitos recorded from Calcutta during a two years' survey
are Anopheles stibpictus,GrsiSsi {rossi, Giles), A. barbirosfris, Wulp, .4.
hyrcaniis, Pall, [sinensis, Wied.), A.jamesi, Theo., A. fuliginosus, Giles,
A . minimus, Theo., var aconitiis, Don. [listoni, List., var. alboapicalis,
Theo.), A. stephensi. List., Desvoidya oUiirbans, Wlk., Stegomyia
fasciata, F., S. scutellaris, Wlk., Mimomyia cJiamberlaini, Ludl.
{Radiocnlex clavipalpHS , Theo.), Culex {Leucomyia) gelidns, Theo., Culex
impellens, Wlk., C. fatignns, Wied., C. concolor, R. — D., Mansonioides
annulifera, Theo., Aedomyia squamipennis, Arr., Ficalbia minima,
Theo. {Mimomyia minuta, Theo.), and a species not yet identified.

During January and February the numbers of Cnlex fatigans and
C. impellens increase suddenly in the central part of Calcutta and
in the southern and eastern suburbs, about the time of the easterly
winds from the Salt Lakes. Anopheles minimus var. aconitus generally
breeds in ponds, but may also be found in roadside drains in which
the rainwater collects during the monsoons. A. stephensi is very
prevalent in the densely populated areas of the town and probably
gives rise to a considerable amount of malaria. It can breed in rain
water in old tins on house terraces. The presence of silt in the water
does not prevent its breeding.

Cidex concolor was found associated with A. stephensi and is
destructive to all other mosquito larvae. Desvoidya obtiirbans is also a
predaceous species, feeding on larvae of Culex gelidns and A. snbpictus.
It is also a cannibal and will breed in stagnant water.

125

Toxorhynckitcs marshalli is common in Calcutta. The members
of this genus destroy 5/f5-o;;i_ym spp., but have not been observed to
attack AnopheHne larvae.

Malaria has been increasing in Calcutta during the last few years,
and the malarial parasite is always present. The abundance of
A. stephcnsi points to the need for further investigations and for
active remedial measures, supported by adequate legal powers. The
best measure would be to introduce a continuous water supply, and
this would also control Stcgomyia.

Cragg (F. W.). The Maggot Trap : A Means for the Safe Disposal

oJ Horse Manure and similar Refuse.— I ml. Jl. Med. Res., Calcutta,

Spec. Ind. Sci. Congress no., 1920, pp. 18-21 [Received 30th

May 1921.]

A maggot trap, the principle of which has already been noticed

[R.A.E., B, iii, 134] is advocated for the destruction of the larvae

of house-flies [Musca domcstica] in India. The breeding of mosquitos

in the trough 'may be prevented by frequently changing the water.

Cragg (F. W.). A Note on Relapsing Fever in India, with special
reference to its Seasonal Prevalence. — Ind. Jl. Med. Res., Calcutta,
Spec. Ind. Sci. Congress no., 1920, pp. 22-28. [Received 30th
May 1921.]

In the United Provinces epidemics of recurrent fever appear to occur
chiefly in the hottest part of the year— in March, April and May. It
therefore seems very unlikely that lice, Pediculus, are the trans-
mitting agents in these epidemics. No doubt distinct forms of the
disease occur, and should a form prove to be transmitted otherwise
than by the louse, it will have to be regarded as a separate entity in
spite oif clinical similarity and the apparent identity of the organism.
Brown has suggested a Pentatomid bug, Bagrada picta, as a possible Y,
transmitting agent.

Cragg (F. W.). The Distribution of the Indian Species of the Genus
Xenopsylla, with Reference to the Immunity of certain Areas
from Plague Epidemics.— /»(! Jl. Med. Res., Calcutta, Spec.
Ind. Sci. Congress no., 1920, pp. 29-34. [Received 30th May

1921.] ' :

The Plague Commission in India recognised only one flea of the y
genus Xenopsylla on rats. This species, A', cheopis, has until recently \

been universafly regarded as the predominant species on rats in
tropical and sub-tropical climates, and as the transmitter of plague.
The predominant species in Colombo, however, is A', astia [R.A.E.,

B, ii, 38.] Actual transmission of the disease by this species was effected
with great dilflculty. In collections of fleas from many different
parts of India the various species were represented as foflows : 64-5
per cent. X. cheopis, 29-8 per cent. X. astia, 2'7 per cent. X.
hrasiliensis and 2-89 per cent, a species of Ceraiophylliis distinct from

C. Jasciatus. Other species of Xenopsylla may be disclosed when
more time can be devoted to the examination of the collection.

X. cheopis appears to be the predominant species in the colder
parts of the country and X. astia in the warm and damp regions.
A^. hrasiliensis was only found in Poona, Mangalore, Bombay City and
Ootacanmnd. Should A', astia prove to be the species of the plague-
free area, its r61e as a vector of the disease as compared with A', cheopis
may be tested experimentally.

126

Sevvell (E.). a Note on the Importance of the Genus Hahronema
as an Economic Factor amongst the Equidae oJ the Punjab and
the North-West Frontier Province. — Agric. Jl. India, Calcutta,
xvi, pt. 2, March 1921, pp. 152-155.

In the stomachs of horses and mules destroyed for chronic debihty
in the Punjab and the North-West Frontier of India serious lesions
due to one or more species of Hahronema were found in every case.

The life-histories of H. megastoma, H. iniiscae and H. microstoma,
and remedial measures and treatment for them are quoted [R.A.E.,

B, vi, 13, 202; vii, 118, 157; viii, 51].

Oil of chenopodium is recommended as a vermifuge. It can be
used alone, or with chloroform followed by linseed oil and turpentine.

Root (F. M.). Experiments on the Carriage of Intestinal Protozoa
oJManbyFlies.— .4wtT. //. Hyg., i, no. 2, March 1921, pp. 131-153,
3 plates, 8 tables.

Flies have been proved to carry cysts of intestinal protozoa, including
Entamoeba histolytica which causes amoebic dysentery [R.A.E., B,
v, 117, 151], and the author describes experiments to prove whether
these cysts pass through the flies entirely unaltered or are killed by
too long a sojourn in the fly's alimentary tract.

It was found that free forms of E. histolytica and Chiloniastix
mesnili swallowed by flies die within an hour, never encysting.
Motile C. mesnili have appeared in the fly's faeces 7 minutes after
feeding on a stool containing them.

The survival of cysts of intestinal protozoa in the fly's intestine
varies according to the species. Half the cysts of E. liistolytica were
dead after 15 hours, the last living surviving 49 hours. Half the cysts
of E. coli were dead after 14 hours, the last living surviving 52 hours.
Half the cysts of Endolimax nana were dead after 18 hours, the last
living surviving 39 hours. Half the cysts of Giardia intestinalis were
dead after 8 hours, the last living surviving 16 hours. Half the cysts
of C. mesnili were dead after 36 hours, the last living surviving 80
hours. Cysts in drowned flies survive much longer. Half the cysts
of G. intestinalis were dead after 2 days, the last living surviving
4 days, and those of Entamoeba histolytica survived 7 days, half of
them dying in 3 days.

The amount a fly can eat depends on the period of starvation.
Experiments pro\^e that a common house-fly {Mitsca domestica)
can digest 0-0068 cc. of fluid, and a single blow-fly {Calliphora
erythrocephala) 0-022 cc.

An infection with Herpetomonas miiscae-domesticae was only found
in one of 225 specimens of Miisca domestica examined at Baltimore.
Two infections with H. calliphorae were found in 124 specimens of

C. erythrocephala.

The relation of flies to the spread of intestinal protozoan infections
appears to be that fly faeces are only dangerous to human beings if
deposited on moist or liquid foods. Flies may deposit infective forms
from a few minutes after feeding until the cysts are dead. The earlier
hours are the most dangerous as the larger proportion of cysts are
then alive. It is possible that human beings may be infected b}^
swallowing liquid in which flies have been drowned, as cysts live
about a week in these cases.

127

Balfour ( A.) . The Future o£ Research in Tropical Medicine : FaciUties
in Mauritius.— 7?^//. Med. JL, London, no. 3153, 4th June 1921,
pp. 834-835.

The advantages and facilities for entomological research work in
Mauritius are discussed, and suggestions are made for work on problems
still requiring elucidation.

Cleland (J. B.), Bradley (B.) & MacDoxald (W.). Further
Experiments in the Etiology o£ Dengue Fever. — JL of Hyg.,
Cambridge, xviii, no. 3, October 1919, pp. 217-254, 9 charts.

The conclusions reached in previous observations are reviewed
[R. A.E., B, iv, 196 ; vi, 213 ; vh, 61]. The experiments with Culex
fatigans and Stegomyia fasciata described in the present paper support
the theories suggested in the earlier papers with regard to the relation
of these mosquitos to dengue fever.

S. fasciata is clearly capable of carrying the infection ; C. fatigans
is probably not a vector of the disease ; and experiments with
Ochlerotatus {Cidicelsa) vigilax were inconclusive.

Much information is given with regard to the virus of the disease,
its nature, period of incubation and infectivity, distribution in the
blood, and transmission by injection. A detailed report of the cases
dealt with in the series of experiments is appended.

Buxton (P. A.). Carriage oJ Coliform Bacilli by the Oriental Hornet

( Vespa orientalis, Fabr.). — -//. of Hyg., Cambridge, xix, no. 1,
July 1920, pp. 68-71.

Vespa orientalis, F., frequents butchers' shops and fruit shops, and
also feeds on faeces, carrion and all sorts of house refuse in Mesopo-
tamia. Examination of the gut contents led to the conclusion that
this wasp is nearly as heavily infected with pathogenic coliform
organisms as the house-fly [Musca domestica], but as it rarely invades
kitchens and mess-rooms, it is probably of slight importance.

Gill (C. A.). Malaria in England, with special reference to the Role
of Temperature and Humidity. — //. of Hvg., Cambridge, xix,
no. 3, January 1921, pp. 320-332, 1 map. '

In India the transmission of malaria appears to be chiefly confined
to periods when the monthly mean temperature is not less than 61° F.,
and the monthly mean relative humidity not less than 63 per cent,
(as measured at 8 a.m.).

As the humidity in England is never below 70 per cent., the tem-
perature should be the sole factor limiting infection. It is only during
July and August, and only in certain parts of the country, that the
mean temperature reaches 61° F. It was found that in areas in which
the mean is over 62° F., 86-6 per cent, cases occurred; in areas of
61°-62°, 10-4 per cent, cases occurred; in areas of 60°-61°F., only
3 per cent, cases occurred ; and no cases occurred in areas under
60° F. These findings favour the author's conclusions as to the influence
of meteorology on malaria in India [R. A.E., B, ix, 86].

128

Pratt- Johnson (J.). The Distribution of Malaria in South Africa
and a Mosquito Survey of MiUtary Hospital Aieas.^Jl. of Hyg.,
Cambridge, xix, no. 4, March 1921, pp. 344-349.

The information given has been compiled chiefly from the reports
of Government Medical Officers and Health Officials circularised
regarding the areas affected in each district, the type or types of
malaria existing, the incidence of the disease, and the Anophelines
identified.

In spite of the introduction, since 1915, of infective material, no
indigenous cases of malaria seem to have occurred near East London,
and Anophelines are not common there. The larvae of Anopheles
(Myzorhynchiis) paludis, considered to be identical with Anopheles
mauritianiis, have been found. On one occasion a single imago of
A . {M.) natalensis was taken, but its breeding- place remained unlocated.

Prior to 1918 no cases of malaria had been reported in Durban for
10 years, but some have occurred since at an Indian labour camp
and in its neighbourhood. The mosquitos identified were Anopheles
(Pyretophorns) costalis and A . maiiritianiis. The Durban corporation
maintains a mosquito brigade.

In the Northern Transvaal there were outbreaks of malaria of a
malignant type in 1912 and 1913. A benign type is found every year
along the rivers.

A mosquito survey of military hospital areas gave the following
result: — From Roberts Heights: Anopheles costalis, A. squamosns,
A. manritianns, Stegomyia simpsoni, Ochleroiatus cahalhts, Theohaldia
longiareolata, Culex tipidifoymis , C. tigripes and C. faiigans. From
Potchefstroom : A . squamosus, Banksinella lineatopennis, 0. cabalhis,
T. longiareolata and C. faiigans. From Cape Town : A. cinereus,
A. mauritianus, T. longiareolata, A. tipidiformis , C. tigripes,
C. pipiens, C. fatigans and C. salisburiensis. From Durban :
A. mauritianus, A. squamosus, S. fasciata, S. simpsoni and
C. fatigans. A. costalis was also found in Durban, but not in the
hospital area there.

Craig (C. F.). The Etiology of Dengue Fever. — //. Amer. Med.
Assoc, Chicago, III., Ixxv, no. 18, 30th October 1920, pp. 1171-
1176.

This is a summary of present-day knowledge of the etiology of
dengue. The author concludes that this fever is caused by a parasite
very closely related to that believed to cause yellow fever {Leptospira
icteroides), and that a search for a similar organism offers the most
promising chance of demonstrating the causal agent.

While it appears to be proved beyond question that Stegomyia
fasciata transmits this disease in Australia, the author is also of opinion
that it has not yet been proved that Ctdex fatigans cannot transmit
the infection.

Connor (M. E.). Yellow Fever Control in Ecuador. Final Report.

— //. Amer. Med. Assoc, Chicago, III., Ixxv, no. 18, 30th October
1920, pp. 1184-1187, 2 figs.

The previous report has already been noticed [R.A.E., B, ix, 6].

A very definite correlation was established between the number
of tanks forming breeding places of Stegomyia [fasciata] and the number
of yellow fever cases. The disease was eradicated by rendering the

129

tanks mosquito proof. Fish are not recommended for tanks. The
rise and faU in the percentage of smaUcr containers (barrels, tins,
etc.) in which Stcgomyia bred had no effect on the incidence of the
disease, nor did rainfah bear any direct relation to the number of
cases.

Reichenow (E). Ueber das Vorkommen der Malariaparasiten des
Menschen bei den AJrikanischen Menschenaffen. [Occurrence of
the Malaria Parasites of Man in African Anthropoid Apes.] —
Centralb.f. Bakt., Parasit. it. Infektionskr . , Jena, lie. Abt. Orig.,
l.xxxv, no. 3, 1st November 1920, pp. 207-216, 3 figs., 1 plate.

The author asserts that all the malarial parasites of man occur
in the gorilla and chimpanzee in West Africa (Kamerun), and that
these apes may be a source of infection to Europeans in areas where
there are no native settlements. The danger, however, is infinitesimal
so long as the negro population constitutes a source of infection.

The' author has found parasites in apes that he identifies as
Plasmodium vivax and P. malariae.

DE Mello (F.) & Jacques (J. E.). Note sur I'Existence de V Herpcio-
monas muscae-domesticae a I'lnde portugaise. — Bol. Ger. Med.
e Farmacia, Nova-Goa, v, no. 5, May 1919, pp. 194-195.

Extreme polymorphism and a very great length of flagellum were
noticed in Herpetomonas muscae-domesticae, infesting less than 1 per
cent, of the house-flies in Goa.

Marker (A . ) . Die Beziehungen der Gastrophilus-Larven zur inJektiosen

Anamie. [The Relationship between the I,arvae of Gastrophihis
and [equine] infectious Anaemia.] — Ztschr. f. Immunitdtsf. u.
Experim. Therap., Ite. Teil. Orig., xxix, no. 1-2, 13th February
1920, pp. 1-10, 1 chart. (Abstract in Trop. Vet. Bull., London,
vhi, no. 3, 30th September 1920, p. 247.)

This work was done as a result of the studies published by MM.
Seyderhelm in 1914 upon the alleged capacity of oestrin to produce
equine infectious anaemia, a contention subsequently refuted by
Van Es & Schalk, de Kock, and Du Toit.

The author concludes that the larvae of Gastrophihis have no causal
connection with the disease, and that the larvae or their extracts,
in cases where they have been claimed to produce this disease, in
reality set up an anaphylactic reaction.

Chretien (A.). L'Onehocereose du Boeuf a Madagascar.— B/<//.

Soc. Cent. Med. Vet., 20th :\Iav 1920; Rec. Med. Vet.,,^cv\,
30th April-30th May 1920, nos. 8 and 10, pp. 168-172. (Abstract
in Trop. Vet. Bull., London, viii, no. 3, 30th September 1920,
pp. 213-215.)

Among the parasites of the cattle in Madagascar is a Nematode
that is often present in abundance and was found in almost all the
animals that came under observation of the author. He does not
believe it to be identical with Onchocerca hovis, and its presence does
not appear to produce any symptoms in the living animal.

130

VON Bassewitz (E.). a Sanguesuga " Hacnienteria offic." Trans-
missora da Pyroplasmose equina sul-americana "Mai de Cadeiras."

[The Medicinal Leech as Transmitter of South American Equine
Trypanosomiasis, Mai de Caderas.] — ■Brazil-Medico, Rio de Janeiro^
xxxiv, no 18, 1st May 1920, pp. 283-285.
In view of the author's statement as to the transmission of Mai de
Caderas by leeches [R.A.E., B, viii, 102], further details are given.
Subsequent to the application of common medicinal leeches ( Haemen-
teria officinalis) to a foal, the animal became affected with an inter-
mittent type of fever that developed into a typical case of Mai de
Caderas, the trypanosome of which was found in its blood.

The author has previously observed that infected horses could
safely be allowed to run with healthy ones even though blood-sucking
insects were present in numbers.

Gill (C. A.) & Harnam Singh (B.). Report on the Malaria in Thanesar
Town. — -Lahore, Supt. Govt. Printing, Punjab, 1920, v + 16 pp.,
2 maps. [Not for sale.]

Thanesar is a partly ruined town situated on mounds produced
by huge surrounding excavations, and is extremely unhealthy owing
to a high degree of endemic malaria. A chain of tanks and ponds
almost completely encircles it, and in these, as well as in the swamps
and drains surrounding them and in the pools among the ruins,
Anopheline larvae breed in large numbers. The ruined buildings
and the abundant vegetation in and around the town provide a suitable
environment for the adults. Mosquitos are exceptionally prevalent,
and even half a mile from the town, malaria-carrying species can be
readily captured even as late in the year as December.

During the winter months, and in the most suitable situations.
Anopheles fuliginosiis and A. siihpictus {rossi) were captured in small
numbers. In October the conditions were entirely different, and
.4. culicifacies and A. subpictus were present in large numbers
throughout the area. A. fuliginosits and A. fowleri were also
abundant, especially in stables and cowsheds, whilst a few examples
of ^. hyrcaniis (sinensis), A . stephensi and A . harhirostris were captured.
In March, A.fuliginosus was the only adult taken, except for a single
specimen of A. hyrcaniis.

A list of the breeding-places is given, together with the species of
larvae found.

The removal of the town to a more salubrious neighbourhood three
or four miles distant is the proposed solution for the elimination of
malaria.

Darling (S. T.). Experimental Inoculation of Malaria by means of

Anopheles ludlowi. — //. Experim. Med., Baltimore, Md., xxxii,
no. 3, 1st September 1920, pp. 313-329, 3 charts. (Abstract in
Trop. Dis. Bull., London, xvii, no. 2, 14th February 1921,
pp. 144-145.)
Experiments showing Anopheles ludlowi to be a carrier of malaria
are described.

In a village on the north shore of Java the splenic index was 97
and the parasitic index 29 per cent. The mosquitos were chiefly
A. ludlowi, and 6 out of 58 of them contained malarial zygotes. From
larvae from fish reservoirs only A. ludlowi emerged, while of 121
captured examples of A. snhpictns [rossi) all proved free from infection.

131

Of 40 A. liuilowi reared from larvae and fed on suitable carriers,
52 per cent, became infected. Six A. liidloi&i similarly fed were,
after the appropriate interval, again fed, on three uninfected
persons. All of these developed malaria in from 14 to 18 days.

Emphasis is laid on the importance of ascertaining whether an
Anopheline that feeds on man restricts itself to that host or is attracted
to others, such as A. umhrosns and A. iessellatus, which also feed on
fowls ; A. umbrosiis, A. subpictus and A. indefinitus, which also feed
on cattle ; and A . albimanus, which specially attacks horses. A species
that only attacks man will be corresponding^ dangerous in dissemin-
ating human malaria, since the parasites it carries will not be lost in
other hosts.

Geiger (J. C.) & PuRDv (W. C). The Malaria Problem of the Rice
Field of the United States. — Southern Med. JL, Biyiningha>n, Ala.,
xiii, no. 8, August 1920, pp. 577-584. (Abstract in Trop. Dis.
Bull., London, xvii, no 2, 14th February 1921, p. 133.)

The information given here has already been noticed from other
sources [R.A.E., B, vii, 74; vhi, 63, 64].

Seguy (E.). Les Moustiques de France. — Bull. Mus. National Hist.
Nat., Pay is, 1920, nos. 3, 4, 5 and 6, pp. 223-230, 322-329, 407-414
and 512-519, 19 figs.

These papers are continuations of those already noticed [R.A.E., B,
vih, 224J, and include keys to the species of Oclilerotatus and Theobald ia,
with a description of Ochlerotatiis les)iei, sp. n.

Rizzi (M.). Nuovo Indirizzo di Profilassi antimalarica. [A new Form
of Anti-malaria Prophylaxis.] — Ann. d'Igiene, Rome, xxix, no. 11,
30th November 1919, pp. 748-751.

Referring to Roubaud's suggestion that animal quarters should be
used to protect human dwellings from malaria [R.A.E., B, viii, 141],
the author claims that this point was first recognised and applied at
Trinitapoli, Italy. The following experiences at and around that
place show the conditions under which this method affords protection.

In a locality that was usually non-malarious, numerous Anophelines
were found in one stable, which had proved useful in concentrating
them in a house inhabited by one person, thus freeing the surrounding
zone containing many inhabitants. In one village in a malarious
locality Anophelines were only found in small numbers and in a few
outlying houses, but at two points, half a kilometre away, two large
cow and sheep shelters contained many individuals.

A third instance is that of Trinitapoli itself, a town that frequently
suffers from malaria. It was not possible to free all the large ponds
in the vicinity from Anophelines. The mosquitos steadily increased
in stables, etc., but at first only m the direction of the ponds. An
increase of their numbers in the stables was, however, followed by
their appearance in the nearest town dwelling ; but by supplementing
the protection afforded by the stables, by artificial anti-mosquito
measures, the town was kept free from fresh infections and from
mosquitos.

Reliance on the vicinity of stables, etc., is therefore not sufficient
in itself and may, indeed, prove definitely harmful.

132

The Poultry Tick.— //. Dept. Agric. S. Australia, Adelaide, xxiv,
no. 9, April 1921, pp. 756-757.
The importance of precautions against the poultry tick, Argas
persicHS, is emphasised. Not only do the mature ticks migrate from
place to place by night, but during hot days the larvae emerge from
their haunts in cracks, etc., and spread the spirochaetal infection,
which they are as capable of doing as the adults. All tick-infested
premises, carts, crates, etc., should be thoroughly treated with pure
kerosene or with a boiling emulsion of 10 to 20 per cent, kerosene,
all cracks and crevices being flooded and woodwork saturated.
Spraying is considered useless.

Sanderson (E. D.) & Peairs (L. M.). Insect Pests of Farm, Garden
and Orchard. — New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ; and London,
Chapman & Hall, Ltd., 1921, 2nd edn., vi + 707 pp., 604 figs.
Price 26s.

The present volume is the result of the junior author's revision of
the original work by Sanderson, and collates the results, more especially
those relating to methods of control, yielded by entomological inves-
tigation since the work was first issued in 1912. The main additions
are three chapters dealing with the insects directly attacking man
and domestic animals, and with those injurious to citrus fruits.

The discussions of life-histories, habits, and control are based upon
conditions east of the Rocky Mountains, practicahy no consideration
being given to the conditions of the Pacific Coast "or to those of the
irrigated country of the Far West. The illustrations adequately
meet the needs of such a work of general reference, and the volume
must rank as one of the standard works on applied entomology.

Webber (H. J.). Malaria-Mosquito Survey.— /l«w. Rept. 1919-20,
California Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., Berkeley, 1920, pp. 60-61.
A malaria-mosquito survey has been carried out in every county
in California. Endemic malaria was found at 5,482 feet, and three-
fifths of all the cases of malaria in the State occur in an area of 20,000
square miles. All major and minor foci have been located. Successful
measures were adopted in southern Shasti County, where 72 per cent,
of the people suffered from malaria, 25-2 per cent, showing positive
blood smears in the spring. In October 1919, the results of the
measures adopted were apparent, as only 12 per cent, showed positive
blood smears, while in March 1920 there were none. Owing to the
presence of malaria no property had been sold to new settlers, but
early in 1920 five times as much property changed hands as had been
recorded during the preceding three years.

DoLLFus (R. P.). Une Espece de Moustique nouvelle pour la Faune
Frangaise, Aedes {Ochlerotatus) zammitti, Theobald — C. R. Soc.
Biol., Paris, Ixxxiv, no. 19, 28th May 1921, pp. 971-972.

Aedes {Ochlerotatus) zammitti, Theo., is recorded from France,
apparentl3^ for the first time.

Carter (H. F.). A Revision of the Genus Leptoconops, Skuse.— Bull.
Ent. Res., London, xii, pt. 1, June 1921, pp. 1-28, 10 figs.
The following new species of the genus Leptoconops are described : —
L. longicornis and L. grandis from Western Australia, L. rhodesiensis
from North- Western Rhodesia, and L. siamensis from Siam. L. kertezi,
Keiff. var. americanus, n., is described from Utah.

133

A new genus, Acanthocoiiops, is erected and contains two species,

A. spinosifrons, sp. n., and A. albiventris, de Meij., of wliich the former
is the genotype.

Balfour (A.). Mosquito Breeding in Saline Waters. — Bull. Ent.
Res., London, xii, pt. 1, June 1921, pp. 29-34.

The subject of mosquitos breeding in salt or brackish waters is of
practical importance in anti-malaria work, for it has often been
suggested that ordinary mosquito breeding-places might be abolished
by the introduction of salt or sea water, and in some cases this pro-
cedure has actually been carried into effect. In the case of certain
species of mosquito, however, it is useless or worse than useless.

Moreover, information on the efficiency of larvicides in saline waters
is still defective.

In view of this, a number of annotated references on this subject
are given, supplementary to those furnished by Dr. Dalziel [R.A.E.,

B, ix, 41] and dealing almost entirely with mosquitos known to be
vectors of disease.

Hill (G. F.). The Bionomics of Tahamis aprcpcs, and other Australian

Tabanidae. — BitU. Ent. Res., London, xii, pt. 1, June 1921,

pp. 41-62, 2 plates, 21 figs.

The life-history, habits and developmental stages of Tabanus

aprepes, Tayl., and T. riifinotatus, Big., are described at length, and

similar details, so far as they are known, are given rather more briefly

concerning T. nigritarsis, Tayl., and Silimis notatiis, Ric.

Edwards (F. W.). Mosquito Notes. II. — Bull. Ent. Res., London,
xii, pt. 1, June 1921, pp. 69-80.

The new species described are: — Anopheles fiaviceps, from the
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan; A. amictus, from Queensland; Megarliimts
( Toxorhynchites) kempi, and M. {T.) gravely i, from India ; M. (T.) klossi,
from the Malay States ; Aedes {Stegomyia) dendrophila, from the
Gold Coast; A. {Ochlerotatus) asJnaorthi, from West Australia; A.
{Skiisea) punctipes, from Upper Burma ; Rachionotomyia aenca, from
the Malay States ; and R. piirpurata, from Fiji.

The suggestion that Anopheles immacnlatus, Theo., may be an
albinoid form of A. vagus, Don., is supported by the fact that an
examination of the male hypopygia has revealed no tangible difference
between the two forms. Besides the typical form of A. leucosphyrus,
Don., another well-marked form, A. leucosphyrus var. hackeri, occurs.
They are probably, however, not specifically distinct.

The author does not agree with Swehengrebel [R. A.E., B, viii, 136]
in attributing Anopheles {Nyssorhynchus) anmilipes var. mohiccensis
to that species, and considers that it is really a variety of A . ptinctulatus,
Don. He follows him, however, in treating A. tessellatiis, Theo., as
a variety only of A. pnnctulatus.

Opifex fuscus, Hutton, originally described from New Zealand as
a Tipulid, is actually a Culicine mosquito. It is difficult to place it
precisely in relation to the other genera ; it seems nearer to Aedes
than to Culex.

Both sexes, apparently of Aedes {Skusea) funerea, Theo., have been
received from Amboina. Another pair from Ceram are regarded as
A. funerea var. ornata, Theo. Lepidomyia lineata, Tayl., is regarded
as a synonym of this variety.

134

The following new names are proposed : — Ciilex crinicauda for
C. parvus, Ta}-!., nee Macq. (this species is not synonymous with
C. vishiui, Theo.) ; C. taylori for Leucomyia annulirostris, Tayl.,
nee Culex annulirostris, Skuse ; and C. basicinctus for Leucomyia
annulata, Tayl., nee Culex annulatus, Schrank.

Further examination shows Culex albigenn, End., to be synonymous
with C. ventrilloni, Edw. ; C. auritaenia. End., with C. quasigelidus ,
Theo. ; Lophoceratomyia curtipalpis, Edw., with Culex {L.) jenseni,
Meij. ; and Rachisoura sylvestris, Theo., and Mimeteomyia hilli,
Tayl., with Rachisoura fiUpes, Wlk. ; while Stegomyia quasiornata,
Tayl., should be placed in the genus Rachionotomyia.

Lamborn (W. a.). The Nature and Function of the Caudal Tufts of
Malayan Anopheline Larvae. — Bull. E)U. Res., London, xii, pt. 1,
pp. 91-97, 3 figs.

The larvae of certain Anophelines, particularly A. maculatns,
A. karivari and A. aitkeni, occur in streams so swift that their presence
would appear impossible without some mechanism that enables
them to maintain their position in the water. A pair of dorsal tail
brushes, terminated by booklets, provides this mechanism ; and there
is a counterpart, in the case of certain pupae, in the form of a pair
of hooks terminating the paddles.

Duke (H. L.). Annual Report of the Uganda Protectorate Bacterio-
logical Department for Year ended 31st December 1920, Entebbe,

1921, 20 pp.

Malaria is very common among the monkeys in the Uganda labora-
tory, the parasites resembling the benign tertian type. A natural
infection of a Plasmodium in a chimpanzee is interesting in view of
the recent experiments of Mesnil and Roubaud [R.A.E., B, viii, 217].

Experiments are in progress dealing with the affinities of the lake-
shore trypanosomes and their development in Glossina palpalis.
Feeding of 3,029 wild flies from around Entebbe on four monkeys
resulted in one of the latter developing the lake-shore trypanosome.

Four cases of sleeping sickness were reported from a village on the
northern shore of Lake Kwania, and in consequence a tour of the
district was undertaken, in the course of which 3,258 natives were
examined without any case of the disease being detected. A few
individuals of G. palpalis were obtained along the Kwania shores,
and it is considered that the sporadic cases of trypanosomiasis in that
region are due to their agency. There is no evidence that any tsetse
other than G. palpalis is the vector of human trypanosomiasis in
Uganda ; actual experimental examination of the trypanosomes carried
by the inland bush flies could not, however, be made. Clearing
should reduce the already small danger of human infection, and the
conditions are not such as to justify the fear of an epidemic.

Sleeping Sickness. — Tanganyika Territory : Ann. Repts. Principal Med.
Officer and Senior San. Officer, November 1918 to November 1920,
pp. 15-18. [Received 14th June 1921.]

A review is given of the conditions with regard to sleeping sickness
and the occurrence of Glossina in Tanganyika territory according to
German records. The present position is not very clear, indicating

135

the need for organised investigations. The existing restrictions and
precautionary measures adopted by the Germans are being carried
out as far as possible. So far no case of human trypanosomiasis of
either form has been found by the civil staff.

Rose (F. G.) . Report of the Government Bacteriologist, British Guiana,
to the Tropical Diseases Research Fund Committee for the period
January 1919 to March 1920.^Proc. R. Soc. Med., Sect. Trop.
Dis. & Parasit., London, xiv, pt. 8, June 1921, pp. 1-17.

This report includes the results of investigations to determine the
usual mosquito carriers of Filar ia bancrofti in Georgetown.
Some 1,500 female mosquitos were dissected, of which 237 were
Stegomvia fasciata , 105 Anopheles {Cellia) argyritarsis, 27 Taeniorhyn-
chits (Mansonia) titillans, and 1,131 Culex fatigans. The latter is
apparentlv the only carrier of Filaria bancrofti of any practical
importance in Georgetown. Approximately 7-4 per cent, of this
species were found to be infected with the organism, which was not
found in any of the other mosquitos.

Lanzenberg (A.). Un Cas de Paludisme autochtone a Plasmodium
praecox. — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiv, no. 5, 11th May
1921, pp. 266-268.

Before the war the cases of malaria in France in the endemic centres,
or the few isolated cases occurring near patients from abroad, were
all due to Plasmodium vivax, the agent of benign tertian, and it seemed
that indigenous Anophelines were incapable of developing or trans-
mitting P. malariae or P. praecox {falciparum).

The large influx of malaria Carriers from abroad has, however, led
to numerous cases in France, and a few of these are due to P. praecox.

Keukenschrijver (N. C). Eenige Waarnemingen over Malaria
bij de Hollandsch-Amerikaansche Plantage Mij. te Kisaran.

[Some Observations on Malaria at the Dutch-American Plantation
Company's Estates at Kisaran.] — Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned.- Indie,
Batavia, Ixi, no. 2, 1921, pp. 202-210, 2 plates.

Kisarang is situated about 12 miles from the coast of Sumatra at
an altitude of about 60 ft. The soil, consisting chiefly of clay and
sand, is very impermeable. Malaria is due to the resulting bad
drainage and to the river beds being too high as compared with the
land around them.

The following Anophelines occur in the virgin forests : — Anopheles
barbirostris , A. umbrosiis, A. hyrcanns {sinensis) and A. leucosphyrns.

In the rubber plantations the species found are A . barbirostris (very
few), A. umbrosus (few), A. novumbrosus {similis, Strickl.) (sporadic),
A. albotaeniatus (few), A. kochi (numerous), A. indefinitns (formerly
abundant, now sporadic), A. puncttdatus (sporadic), A. fuliginosus
(a few specimens), A. leucosphyrns (a few specimens), and A. hyrcamis
(formerly few, now more numerous).

In buffalo-sheds the percentages of Anopheles to Culex were from
2 to 5 per cent. ; sometimes, however, 30 per cent, of A. indefinitns
were present. None of the Anophelines captured in the buffalo-
sheds were infected, but one specimen of A. kochi, taken indoors, was.

136

The larvae of A. kochi, A . indefmihis &nd A . hyrcamis a.Te easy to
find in drains and wet places near trees, but those of A. umbrosus
and A . albotaeniatus have not been seen ; they probably live in the
damp earth and in the dead leaves lying beneath trees.

A. indefinitus was easily experimentally infected to the extent of
10 per cent, with benign tertian and malignant tertian malaria, and
A. kochi to the extent of 5-10 per cent. A. umbrosus, A. albotae-
niatus, A. barbirostris and A. novmnbrosus remained uninfected. In
the case of the remaining species the number of specimens was too
small to permit of a proper test. A. kochi may therefore be said to
play an important role in the spread of malaria.

The spleen indices varied from 50 to 25 per cent. The parasite
indices varied from 15 to 5 per cent. ; formerly — in 1919 — they some-
times reached 50 per cent. Two-thirds of the infection is malignant
tertian and one-third benign.

Better nourishment and not too hard work for the coolies and the
reduction of breeding-places by better drainage and extensive oiling
should diminish the chances of infection to a point where the
administration of quinine wih give better results.

DA Costa Lima (A.). Contribuipao para o Conhecimento dos Insectos
da Familia Polyctenidae (Hemiptera). [A Contribution to the
Knowledge of the Insects of the Family Polyctenidae.] — Arch.
Escola Sup. Agyic. e Med. Vet., Nictheroy {Rio de Janeiro), iv,
no. 2,December 1920, pp.61-76,1 plate. [Receivedl4thjunel921.]

This sytematic paper contains a list of the species of the
Polyctenidae with a key to the genera of these parasitic Rhynchota.

Paisseau (G.) & LouBRiEU ( — ). Paludisme autochtone a Plasmodium
praecox. — Bidl. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiv, no 5, 11th May 1921,
pp. 268-273.

A case of indigenous infection with P. praecox is described and
discussed in conjunction with the 12 other cases observed in France
since 1917.

Of the 13 cases 6 were syphilitic, leading to the assumption that
the predisposing role ascribed to parasitic diseases, such as dysentery,
may be extended, especiahy in a temperate climate like that of France,
to syphilis.

The abnormal climatic conditions do not appear to modify either
the virulence of the parasite or the gravity of the affection caused
by it.

There appears to be a possibility that the indigenous cases of P.
praecox do not follow the rule that infections with this parasite change
with age into infections with P. vivax. Further investigation is,
however, needed to investigate this point.

Referring to the above observations, M. Roubaud mentioned two
further cases showing the persistence of the infection with P. praecox
during several years. One of them had syphilitic antecedents.

Laveran (A.) & Franchini (G.). Sur un Herpetomonas du Loir.—
Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiv, no. 5, 11th May 1921,
pp. 278-280, 1 fig.

A new Herpetomonad, and for which the name Herpetomonas myoxi,
is proposed, is recorded from the blood of the dormouse {Myoxus
glis) at Bologna.

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CONTENTS.

Africa, South : The Distribution of Mosquitos and Malaria . . . . 128

Africa, West : Malaria Parasites of Man in Anthropoid Apes . . . . 129

America, South :The Transmission of Equine Trypanosomiasis by

Leeches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . 130

Australia : The Relation of Mosquitos to Dengue Fever . . . . 127, 128

Australia: Ptecsiutions agSiinst A rgas persicus .. .. .. ,. 132

Australia : The Bionomics of Tabanidae . . . . . . . . , . 133

Brazil: Spirochaetosis in Fowls .. .. .. .. .. .. 121

Brazil : Ornithodoros rostratus infesting human Habitations . . . . 122

British Guiana : Transmission of Filariasis by Cw/e;!^ /a^i^aws .. .. 135

British Isles : The Influence of Temperature and Humidity on Malaria 127

Cuba : Measures against Mosquitos and Malaria . . . . . . . . 122

Dutch East Indies : Experimental Transmission of Malaria by Anopheles

ludlowi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Dutch East Indies : Mosquitos and Malaria in Sumatra . . ..^ .. 135

Ecuador : Yellow Fever and Stegomyia . . . . . . . , . , 128

France : A New Mosquito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

France: The Occurrence of Aedes zainmitti .. .. .. .. 132

France : Indigenous cases of Malaria due to Plasmodium praecox . . 135, 136

Holland : Mites infesting Rats . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

India : A Mosquito Survey of Calcutta and its Environs . . . . . . 124

India : A Trap for House-fly Larvae . . . . . . . . . . 125

India : The Seasonal Prevalence of Relapsing Fever . . . . . . 125

India : The Distribution of Fleas of the Genus Xenopsylla . . . . 125

India : Habronema spp. infesting Equines in the Punjab . . . . 126

India : Hevpetonionas muscae-domesticas infesting House-flies in Goa . . 129

India : Report on Malaria in Thanesar . . . . . . . . . . 130

Italy : Drainage against Anophelines . . . . . . . . . . 123

Italy : Domestic Animals as a Protection from Malaria . . . . . . 131

Italy : A new Herpetomonas found in the Dormouse . . . . . . 136

Madagascar : Onchocercosis of Cattle . ^ . . . . . . . . 129

CONTENTS— co«/d.

Malaya : The Function of the Caudal Tufts of AnopheUne Larvae

Mauritius : Facilities for Research in Medical Entomology

Mesopotamia : Carriage of Bacilli by Vespa orientalis

Mexico : The Utilisation of Fish against Mosquito Larvae

Mexico : A supposed Fly-borne Disease of Cattle . .

Tanganyika Territory : Conditions respecting Sleeping Sickness

Uganda : Sleeping Sickness in 1919-20

U.S.A. : A Guide to the Proper Rat-proofing of Buildings

U.S.A. : The Carriage of Intestinal Protozoa of Man by Flies

U.S.A. : The Malaria Problem of Rice Fields

U.S.A. : A Malaria-Mosquito Survey in California . .

The Sequence of Insects found in Corpses

A Monograph on the early Stages of Tabanidae

Azurophil Granulations in the Leucocytes of Galleria niellonella, etc

A Systematic Study of the Genus Phlehotomus

The Etiology of Dengue Fever

The Relation of the Larvae of Gastrophilus to Infectious Anaemia

Insect Pests of Farm, Garden and Orchard ( Review)

A Revision of the Genus Lepioconops

A Bibliography of Mosquitos Breeding in Saline Water

Notes on the Classification of Mosquitos

Insects of the Family Polyctenidae . .

page

134
127
127
121
123
134
134
122
126
131
132
121
122
123
124
127, 128
129
132
132
133
133
136

Registered at tfie G.P.O. for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundtand Bv Magazine Post.

VOL. IX. Ser. B. Part 9. -pp. 137-160. SEPTEMBER, 1921.

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Adviser to the Colonial Office.
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(Natural History).
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Technology.
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Colonial Office.
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in Tropical Agriculture.
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Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
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Cambridge. .
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Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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England.
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is ex officio a member of the Committee.
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137

Sella (M). The Antimalarial Campaign at Fiumicino (Rome), with
Epidemiological and Biological Notes. -Internal. J I. Public Heullh,

Geneva, i, no. 3, November 1920, pp. 316-346, 7 figs. [Received
21st June 1921.1
This paper gives a brief outline of the results ol)tained during the
antimalaria campaign at Fiumicino [R.A.E., B, viii, 221].

Strong (R. P.). The Anti-Typhus Campaign in 1915 in Serbia

considered in connexion with the present Typhus Epidemic in

Poland. — ■ Internal. Jl. Pub. Health, Geneva, i, nos. 1 and 2, July

and September 1920, pp. 7-33 and 188-210. [Received 21st June

1921.1

An account is given of the condition of Serbia during the typhus

epidemic of 1915, and of the work of the Commission sent out to deal

with it. Owing to the large number of doctors who contracted the

disease, in spite of every precaution against lice, it is concluded that

there is in all probability some other method of infection, and that

while lice are undoubtedl}' the main vectors and the cause of epidemics,

it is possible that infection may be conveyed by the droplet method

of infection after coughing.

As a result of Polish appeals to the nations for assistance in dealing
with the disease, a fully equipped Commission has been sent out,
and the Polish Government is expected to support and assist the
campaign. The plan includes a comprehensive scheme for dealing
with Central Poland, as the disease is established throughout Polish
territory and is spreading from foci in the interior.

The essentials for combating the disease on a large scale are the
establishment of sanitary cordons, hospitals and delousing stations, the
provision of food and fuel, and expert direction of the work. The
campaign has not, however, up to the present time, been prosecuted
by the Polish Government in a sufficiently energetic and satisfactorv
manner. In Serbia the disease was so general that practically every
family in the country had suffered from it, and the mortality was
about 50 per cent., but in Poland the mortalit\' has seldom as yet
been above 9 per cent., and the people as a whole are not willing to
submit to the inconveniences of delousing measures. Every effort
is being made to arouse and stimulate the interest of the people in
eradication measures. The danger of the disease spreading to western
Europe is great, and it is pointed out that it is at present costing the
world more to tolerate typhus than to eliminate it.

WoLBACH (S. B.), Todd (J. L.) & Palfrey (F. W.). Notes on Typhus.
(Being a Preliminary Report from the Typhus Research Com-
mission of the League of Red Cross Societies to Poland.) — Internal.
Jl. Pub. Health, Geneva, \, no. 2, September 1920, pp. 211-215.
[Received 21st June 1921.]
Experiments undertaken in the course of anti-typhus work in Poland
showed that in lice fed upon typhus patients under favourable con-
ditions, a peculiar pleomorphic micro-organism is constantly present,
and is identical with that named Rickettsia proicazeki by da Rocha
Lima [i?. .4.£., B, v, 110; vi, 58]. In the vascular lesions of
experimental animals infected with typhus, a minute micro-organism
has been demonstrated, which in morphology and staining reactions
is consistent with this organism in at least two of the forms in which
it is seen constantly in hce,

(40.S7) Wt.r.3, 181 9;21 Harrow

138

Griffitts (T. H. D.). Anopheles and Sea Water, with Observations
on the Influence o! SaUnity on the Development of American
Species. — Publie Health Repts., Washington, xxxvi, no. 18,
6th May 1921, pp. 990-1000'.

The observations of various authors on mosquitos thriving in sea-
water are quoted, and the author's notes on Anopheles quadrimaculatus,

A. crucians and A. pnnctipennis are given. It was found that
A. crucians can breed in diluted sea-water with a maximums ahnity
of 10,088, or slightly more than 50 per cent, average sea-water.

A. quadrimaculatus may possibly withstand a higher salinity inter-
mittently, but was not found to breed in sufhcient numbers to be of
sanitary importance in a higher salinity than 10,003, or 1 -5 per cent,
sea-water. Individuals transferred from fresh pond water to water
with a sahnity of 10,160 were all killed within 12 hours. Although

A. pnnctipennis breeds under a wider range of conditions than either
of the other two species, it apparently does not survive in salt or
brackish water, and larvae placed in sea-water all died within seven
hours.

Theiler (Sir A.). African Horse Sickness [Pestis eqnorum). — Union
S. Africa Dept. Agric., Pretoria, Sci. Buh. 19, 1921, 32 pp.
[Received 21st June 1921.]

Horse-sickness is a disease of equines caused by an ultra-visible virus
which is probably transmitted by a blood-sucking insect. It is notice-
able that this disease of horses frequently appears simultaneously with
malarial fever in man, especially in the low-lying regions of the Transvaal
and Natal. The area of distribution of the disease, however, is not
the same, horse-sickness occurring over a much wider area and
at much higher altitudes. Evidence definitely points to insect
transmission ; this is particularly demonstrated in the safety of horses
stabled in insect-proof premises. No proof has, however, as yet been
brought forward as to the identity of the insect that is the actual carrier;
Anophelines cannot be implicated for the reason indicated. Enzootic
outbreaks appear suddenly after heavy, prolonged rain, and many
deaths occur within a short time. The disease may appear in farms
or other places that are not well supplied with running or even standing
water, and cannot therefore be regarded as providing permanent
breeding-places for mosquitos. The transmitting insect must therefore
be one that does not require running water for its evolution and of
which the cycle is rapid, for the adults must appear very soon after
the rains. In fact, evidence shows that the insect must be able in
one stage of its development to maintain life without water. Obser-
vations over a number of years point to the possibility of some species
of Culicine, such as Ochlerotatus, being the vector. The larvae of
these mosquitos are found in hoof-holes, and the eggs can remain
alive in moist earth for a considerable time, while the life-cycle is com-
pleted in a week. The circumstances suggest that the adults emerge
infected, the infection having passed from adult to egg and having
survived through the subsequent stages. The question of where
the transmitting insects obtain the original infection has not been
definitely settled. The blood of a sick animal is infective and remains
so until some time after recovery, in some cases the blood of a recovered
horse when infused in large quantities into susceptible horses can
produce the disease. In one instance the blood of such a recovered

139

horse was still infective 90 days after injection of the virus. It is
possible that donkeys, dogs and goats may prove to be susceptible.
The fact that horse-sickness appears in parts of x\frica where there
have been no equincs points definitely to a non-equine as the reservoir.

Ward 1 1: (R. A). The Protection of Meat Commodities against

Blowflies. — Aiui. App. lUoL, Cambridge, viii, no. 1, June 1921,
pp. 1-9.

Substances containing animal proteins, especially albumins and
globulins, are preferred by blowflies for oviposition, but albuminoid
substances are not attractive. As the stimulus to oviposition, whether
olfactory or gustatory, apparently lies in the exuding juices such as
blood and muscle plasma, the protein content, to be suitable, must
not have been coagulated by heat or washed out by water or salt
solution. Further experiments may indicate that amino-acids con-
tain the stimulus to oviposition, and that in Calliphora this is chiefly
gustatory, whilst in Sarcopliaga it is olfactory. This would account
for the difference in response to skatol. There is a great difference
in response to light between species of Calliphora and Lucilia. This
would also account for the predominance of C. vomitoria in houses
and like situations, where the odours from dark places may attract
it more readily. Lucilia caesar, on the other hand, is very strongly
phototactic. Both species are apparently equally chemotactic.
Lucilia presumably prefers carrion in bulk, and is primarily a fly
infesting carcases in the open ; it thus does not have the economic
significance of CallipJiora as regards foodstuffs.

Repellent substances may be divided into those directly applicable
to foodstuffs and those indirectly applicable. Of the former,
precipitated chalk will protect fresh meat as long as it remains
unsaturated by exuding juices of muscle plasma or putrefaction.
Of the various substances applied indirectly, aniseed oil proved
most effective. A cotton net with a quarter inch mesh was
impregnated with the oil by moistening the palms of the hands and
rolling the net between them. This method protected the meat for
24 hours. The efficiency of emulsions and dilutions of the oil vary
directly in proportion to the percentage of oil present.

The Malarial Danger. — Med. Jl. Australia, Svdncv, 8th Year, i, no. 19,
7th May 1921, pp. 385-386.

Several cases of indigenous malaria ha\'e recently been recorded
from Australia. The need for preventing its spread b}- controlling
the intermediary hosts is emphasised.

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchns) annul ipes is apparently the mosquito
chiefly concerned in the transmission of the disease.

DoDD (S.). Tick Paralysis.— .•l,«';'/r. Gaz. N.SAV., Svdnev, xxxii,
nos. 4 and 5, April and May 1921, pp. 265-272, 331-337.

On the eastern coast of Australia a paralysis that is most common
in domesticated animals, and is occasionally reported in human beings,
is well known, and has been ascribed to a tick. The disease generally
occurs in spring and summer, i.e., when ticks are most prevalent in
the bush. In the more northern parts of Australia, where the winters
are seldom cold enough to arrest the life-cycle of ticks in general, it
may occur at any period of the year. In susceptible individuals one
(4057) L 2

140

tick is quite sufficient to cause grave symptoms and even death.
The younger the animal, the less favourable the prognosis. Most of
the cases of tick paralysis in adult cattle, horses and dogs narrated
to the author were seen where the animal had been heavily infested
with ticks. Animals indigenous to the country appear to be naturally
immune, but this fact is not definitely established. Recovery from
an attack results in a lasting immunity.

The symptoms are described and historical notes are given on the
disease in Australia, the first record being by Bancroft in 1884.

Experiments with guinea-pigs and dogs confirm the fact that one
species of tick can produce a very fatal affection in animals, the main
feature of which is a progressive motor paralysis. This tick has been
definitely identified as Ixodes holocychts. There is a period of 5-6
days between the attachment of the tick and the appearance of
symptoms.

The question as to whether the condition is due to a living organism
or to a toxin is not a simple one. The fact that no paralysis results
if ticks be removed before symptoms set in, although they ma}' have
been attached for a day or two, can be used as an argument in favour
of both hypotheses.

Bagne [].). Annual Report of the Veterinary Inspector. — Ann. Rcpf.
Porto Rico Insular Expt. Sta., 1919-20, Rio Piedras, 1920,
pp. 95-101. [Received 21st June 1921.]

Previous work in connection with cattle tick eradication in Porto
Rico has not been very successful. As a result of the action of the
Legislature in allocating for this purpose about £3,000 to the Insular
Experiment Station, a campaign against ticks has been undertaken.
The work was begun in July 1919, when 22 dipping vats were in use
on the Island. After seven months the work was turned over to the
Bureau of Agriculture, the number of vats having been increased
to 43 and 17,409 animals havmg been dipped.

Austen (E. E.). The Prey of the Yellow Dung-fly, Scaiophaga
stercoraria, L. — Ann. Man. Nat. Hist., London, viii, no. 43,
July 1921, pp. 118-123.

With reference to the statement that Scatophaga stercoraria, L.,
preys on Calliphora [R.A.E., B, ix, 57] , doubt is expressed as to whether
this species is really of any importance in the natural control of
blow-flies. Statements by numerous authors regarding the prey of
5. stercoraria are quoted, showing that the normal food consists of
much smaller flies. The occasional attacks on Calliphora by this
fly are considered accidental and probably due to abnormal conditions.

Senevet (G.) . A propos de la Reproduction chez Hyalomma aegyptium ,
L. — Bidl. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afr. Nord, Algiers, xii, no. 5, 15th
May 1921, pp. 104-105.

In the case of Hyalomma aegyptium, L., Lounsbury recorded a pre-
oviposition period of 14 days in February in the southern hemisphere,
and Nuttall has given an average of 6-12 days at a temperature of
15°-19°C. (59°-68°F.), but he notes a case in which oviposition began
only 49 days after the tick had been separated from its host. The
author records here a series of seven ticks, the preoviposition periods of
which are even longer, the number of days being 4, 125, 149, 150, 153,

141

157, and 157. The e^gs from these retarded ovipositions seem as
numerous as in normal cases. The third tick in the above series
laid 8,307 eggs, a figure inferior to the average of 10,000-15,000 given
by Nuttall, but larger than that of 4,300 found In' that worker_ for
ticks from Algeria. The series was kept at a temperature of 19'-25°_C.
(59°-77'' F.),so that lack of warmth is no reason for the delay. Nor
can lack of food be adduced.

In any case all measures directed towards the destruction of H.
ae^vpliiim must have regard to the possibility of a long preoviposition
period. Pasture rotation, already of doubtful efficacy owing to the
long resistance offered by the larvae to starvation, is now faced with
this fresh difficulty.

Hkarle (E.). The Mosquito-control Act of British Columbia.— .4°^^ /r.

JL, Victoria, B.C., vi, no. 4, June 1921, p. 98.

This Act, passed in 1919, has just been repealed as a result of data
collected by the author, who was the Federal Officer studying mosquitos
in the Fraser Valley. The Act authorised the formation of locahsed
mosquito-control districts with funds derived from a municipal tax
on real property, and such legislation would be admirably suited to
cope with certain mosquitos where the trouble was caused by general
breeders with a small range of flight. In the Fraser Valley, out of a
mosquito fauna of over twenty species, only two are of economic
importance, and these only occurred in great numbers when the
river freshets exceeded certain levels.

Little real progress in controlhng these mosquitos can be expected
until the larger areas subject to flooding have been reclaimed. Once
the reclamation of these is completed, it will be feasible to deal with
the smaller ones by artificial methods. There is little hope of much
being accomplished until the municipalities and other bodies in the
affected region co-operate and vest their authority in a central mosquito-
control commission.

Webb (J. L.). Arsenical Poisoning of Stock.—//. Dept. Agric. Union
S. Africa, Pretoria, ii, no. 6, June 1921, pp. 5o7-561.

Dipping in arsenical fluids has entailed an occasional loss of farm
stock from poisoning, which is avoidable in many cases. The most
common causes are : dipping solution made too strong ; dipping on
misty or wet days, or through such weather coming on after animals
have been dipped ; working cattle during the heat of the day that
are being regularly dipped in full strength solution every five or seven days
and continuing to work them after they show signs of distress ; leaving
dips exposed to the access of stock ; drinking dip during the process
of dipping ; too frequent dipping or spraying ; and the malicious
poisoning of cattle with arsenic. These points are discussed and
the symptoms of arsenical poisoning and post-mortem appearances
are described.

The best chemical antidote is ferric hydrate. This may be prepared
by diluting 3 oz. of tincture of iron perchloride with 4 oz. water ;
dissolve 1 oz. sodium carbonate (washing soda) in | pint of water ;
mix the two solutions and administer. These quantities will render
insoluble 10 grains of arsenic. Three doses at least should be given,
repeated at intervals of a quarter of an hour. The above doses are
for horses or cattle. To be of any use the antidote must be adminis-
tered within a very short time of the poison being taken, and in animals

142

the diagnosis can rarely be made soon enough to give the antidote a
chance. If the chemical antidote is not at hand, or if several hours have
elapsed, demulcent drinks, such as well-boiled flour or oatmeal gruel
thinned with plenty of fresh milk, together with a sedative, such as
tincture of opium or chlorodyne, may be tried. For adult horses and
cattle the dose of these di"ugs is 1-2 oz. according to size, repeated
every six hours whilst the pain and diarrhoea continue. The
subcutaneous injection of 4-grain doses of morphia in the first stages
retards absorption of the arsenic, and in later stages relieves the pain
and inflammation. Purgatives are contra-indicated.

Carron oil, made by shaking together equal parts of lime-water
and linseed oil, will soothe cases of scalding of the skin caused by
dips.

Hesse (E.). Bemerkung zu : E. Engel, Dipteren, die nicht Pupi-
paren sind, als Vogelparasiten. [A Note on Engel's Paper,
" Non-pupiparous Diptera as Bird-Parasites."] — Zeitschr. wiss.
InsektcnbioL, Berlin, xvi, no. 7-8, 1st June 1921, p. 154.

To the species mentioned in Engel's paper [R.A.E., B, ix, 20]
the author adds Lucilia cacsar, L., of which he found three females
ovipositing on a live nestling of Turdus viscivoriis.

Federici (E). Sulla Lotta naturale contro le Larve di Anopheles
per Mezzo degli Insetti acquatiei. [Natural Control of the Larvae

of Anopheles by means of Aquatic Insects.] — Rend. R. Accad.
Naz. Lineei, Rome, Classe Sci. fisiche, matemat. e naturali, xxix,
nos. 3-6, 7-8, 1920, pp. 170-173, 244-247.

As a result of a study of the natural control of Anopheline larvae
by aquatic insects, it is pointed out that the larvae are to a great
measure protected by their horizontal position at the surface and close
to plants, and that their peculiar life-conditions also tend to assist
them. Rhynchota of the genera Naitcoris, Notonecta and Corisa, and
Odonata of the genera Aeschna, Anax, Calopteryx, Goniphus, Agrion
and Lestes do destroy some larvae, but not in sufficient numbers to be
of real value.

Grassi (B.). L'Anofele pud propagare la Malaria anche direttamente ?

[Can y4;?o/)//t'/t's also transmit Malaria directly ? J — Rend. R. Accad.
Naz. Lineei, Rome, Classe Sci. flsiche, matemat. e naturali, xx.x,
no. 1, 2nd January 1921, pp. 7-8.

During the summer of 1920 few Anophelines were met with at
Fiumicino and intestinal examination of over 200 specimens showed
them to be regularly free from malarial parasites. Furthermore, cases
of malaria relapse were very rare. There seemed, therefore, a certainty
that new infections would not occur. On the contrary, however,
several did occur, and some of them under conditions that seem to point
to a direct transmission in the sense that an Anopheline that is biting
an infected person may, when driven off, bite a healthy individual
and infect him by regurgitating the infected blood just obtained. An
experiment to test this hypothesis is about to be made.

143

Bora (E). Contributi alia Storia naturale degli Anofeli e alia Lotta
biologica contro di essi. LContributions to the Natural History
of Anopliclincs and to their Biological Control.]— Rend. R. Accad.
Xaz. Lined, Rome, Classe Sci. fisiche, mateinat. c naturali, xxx,
no. 4, 20th February 1921, pp. 122-125.

At Fiumicino experiments, during which a stable was opened and
closed at varying times, showed that xAnophelines entered chiefly
in the early morning, that considerable mmibers also enter at sunset,
that isolated arrivals occur during the night, and that by day only
a few enter, and, as a rule, only if the stable is near to mosquito-infested
water. The Anophelines entering during the night are nearly all
engorged with blood ; of the others, only a small percentage. Anophe-
lines do not bite for some hours after they enter, appearing to await a
favourable opportunity.

A section of canal, about 100 yards long, was foimd in July 1920
to harbour many larvae of Anopheles bifurcatus {elavigey) and large
numbers of a small tish, Cyprinodon calaritanus. In the first fortnight
of August both fish and larvae disappeared. This does not seem to
favour the method of employing fishes to destroy the larvae.

In a section of canal, about 150 yards long, where larvae were abun-
dant, 18 ducks were kept for a month without any visible decrease in
the number of larvae. Some hundreds of larvae and Myriophyllnm
grass were placed in a tub surrounded with wire netting, into which
two ducks that had been kept without food were admitted.
Examination of their stomachs after two hours showed no larvae, but
only fragments of MyriopJiyUum and some snails. This appears to
show that ducks are of little use in anti-larval work.

Martini (E.). Berechnungen und Beobachtungen zur Epidemiologie
und Bekampfung der Malaria auJ Grund von Balkanerfahrungen.

[Calculations and Observations based on Experience gained in the
Balkans, relating to the Epidemiology and Control of Malaria]. —
Hamhnrg, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, W. Gente, 1921, 107 pp.
[Price 15 Marks. j

This study on the epidemiology and control of malaria is based on
observations made in 1918 in the Balkans.

Important problems, such as the number of simple and multiple
infections to be expected among the cases that occur when a number
of troops are billeted in a malarial region, and the effect of quinine
on the incidence of malaria, are outlined, and an attempt is made to
solve them by means of applied mathematics, the work having been
nearly completed when the author became acquainted with Ross's
important mathematical study on the epidemiology of malaria.

The author's views on the unicist theory of malaria and the section
dealing with Anopheline mosquitos have already been noticed [R. A.E.,
B, viii, 169; ix, 91].

SuRCOi'F (J. M. R.). Note synonymique sur la Diachlorns maroecanus.
Bigot (Dipt. Tabanidae). — lUtll. Soe. Ent. France, Paris, 1921,
no. 9, 11th May 1921, p. 143.

Bigot, in 1892, described Diaehlorns niaroccanns from a male cap-
tured at Tangiers. It was thought unlikely that a species of

144

this genus should occur in Morocco, and upon further examination
of Bigot's type, it is found that the insect belongs to the subgenus
Mesomyia, created by Macquart for some species taken out of the
genus Silvius, Meig. Some further individuals have been captured at
Tangiers, and a comparison of these with Meigen's specimens indicate
that D. maroccanus, Bigot, is the hitherto imknown male of Chrysops
singularis, Meig. This species has been considered to belong, first to
Chrysops and then to Nemoriits, but differs from both and should
undoubtedly be placed in the genus Mesomyia.

Seguy (E). Notes synonymiques sur quelques Moustiques pale-
arctiques. — Bull. Sac. Ent. Fyance, Paris, 1921, no. 10, 25th May
1921, pp. 162-166.

This paper is a collection of references to recent changes in synonymy
of Culicines, taken from the work of Lang, Martini, Wesenberg-
Lund, and Edwards.

ZoTTA (G.). Sur la Transmission experimentale du Lcpiomonas pyrrho-
coris, Z., chez des Insectes divers. — C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxxv,
no. 23, 25th June 1921, pp. 135-137.

This paper records the results of experiments in the direct
inoculation of Leptornonas pyrrhocoris into the general cavity of
Galleria mellonella (caterpillar), Carausins morosiis, Calliphora sp.,
and Tenebrio molitor (larvae), which have no flagellosis of their own,
and Notonecta glaitca and Navcoris cimicoidcs, which have a special
Leptomonad intestinal parasite.

L. pyrrhocoris, the normal parasite of Pyrrhocoris apferiis, can be
successfully inoculated into A^. glaitca, N. cimico''ides, G. mellonella
(caterpillar), and Calliphora sp. In these the flagellates find an
excellent developmental medium and — especially in the larvae of T.
molitor and G. mellonella — multiply greatly after 24-36 hours. After a
few passages their virulence is so much increased that a small quantity
of infected blood suflices to reproduce the infection. The larvae of T.
molitor, and particularly those of G. mellonella, can resist the infection
for a somewhat long period, and by regular passages it is possible to
maintain the flagellates indefinitely in these insects. The caterpillar
of G. mellonella is an excellent laboratory reservoir of the virus.

Infection was not achieved with the adult of Hydrophilits piceiis, and
a Phasmid, Carausins morosus, was also refractory, though the resis-
tance of the latter does not seem to be absolute and may break down
with a different technique.

In insects liable to infection there occurs an intensive phagocytosis,
which is, however, unable to check the course of the infection. In
C. morosus, in which the infection does not succeed with certainty,
progressive degeneration of the flagellates free in the plasma points to
a marked humoral reaction side by side with the intense phagocytosis.

The infection is usually fatal in the caterpillar of G. mellonella, and
though pupation often occurs, the pupae die. In T. molitor the infec-
tion persists through all stages, and the imagines always harbour
Leptomonads in their blood fluid.

In order to speak of a true and definitive adaptation of L. pyrrhocoris
to the insects mentioned above it is necessary to achieve an infection
per OS as well. A paper on this subject will be published later.

145

Re.my (P.). De I'Action des Vapeurs de Chloropicrine sur VArgas

reflexus, F. — C. K. Hcbdom. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxxii, pt. 25,
20th June 1921, pp. 1619-1621.

All individuals of Argas reflexus exposed to chloropicrin gas at the
rate of 20g. to 30g. per cubic metre for a day, were killed. This should
be repeated at the end of a month to destroy newly emerged individuals.

ViLLEXEUVE (J.). Sur Ochrops [Atylotus) fiilvus, Meig. — Ann. Soc.
Ent. Belg., Brussels, Ix, 1920, "pp. 65-66. [Received 5th July
1921.]

The genus Ochrops, Szilady, includes closely allied species. One of
these, Ochrops fulvus, Meig., may be divided into two easily differen-
tiated forms. Loew placed 0. fulvus, Meig., in the group of Tabanns,
with " eyes thickly covered with hair." This is the second form,
for which the name 0. loeicianus, sp. n. {fulvus apud Loew, Schiner,
Brauer) is suggested here. Other differences between it and 0. fulvus,
Meig., are mentioned. The latter appears to be more a northern
species, and 0. loewianus more a southern one.

Pattox (\\. S.). Some Notes on the Arthropods of Medical and
Veterinary Importance in Mesopotamia, and on their Relation to
Disease. Part iv. Some Mesopotamian Nematocera of Economic
Importance. Fart v. Some Miscellaneous Arthropods. — Ind. Jl.
Med. Res., Calcutta, viii, no. 2, October 1920, pp. 245-256,
1 plate. [Received 6th July 1921.]

Swarms of Ceratopogoninae (biting midges) appear in the early
spring when the Euphrates rises in flood and converts the adjacent land
into vast, shallow marshes. Culicoides mesopotamiensis , sp. n., was
extremely abundant along the river banks and creeks during the summer
months. It is troublesome to animals, biting horses, mules and cattle.
The larvae were numerous in algal matter in pools, streams and creeks.
Leptoconops (Tersesthes) mesopotamiensis, sp. n., was present in large
numbers during the heat of the day in May, but though it entered the
tents and crawled over the occupants, it was not considered to be a
blood-sucker. It is possible that it feeds chiefly on animals, and may
perhaps in time become a pest of man. The opinions of other authors
regarding the possibility of Ctdicoides being a transmitting agent of
oriental sore and horse-sickness are discussed. Phlebotomus papatasii.
Scop., and P. minutus, Rond., are both found ; the former is the commoner
of the two and is one of the most serious insect pests in Mesopotamia.
It is extremely abundant, appearing in early March, almost disappearing
during the hottest months, and reappearing in large numbers from
August to November, when it disappears entirely. P. minutus appears
a little later in the spring, and is again seen in August and September.
Hibernation probably takes place in the larval stage. Both species
occur in places where there is no human host, and evidently feed upon
some small mammal or reptile, such as desert rats and lizards. The
breeding grounds of both species are evidently very wide, breeding
occurring in cracks and crevices in the ground in almost any locahty.
Both species transmit the unknown parasite of sand-fly fever, which
is very prevalent in IMesopotamia. The author has recently propounded
a new theory regarding the spread of the parasite of oriental sore
in Mesopotamia [R.A.E., B, vih, 15]. He does not beheve that an
intermediate host, such as the gecko, is necessary as a reservoir for the

146

parasite ; the presence of the parasite resembhng Herpetomonas in
the gecko may only be due to that animal eating the flies. The eificient
control of these pests on a large scale in Mesopotamia is impossible ;
the individual may protect himself from them to a certain extent by
the use of such repellents as kerosene oil, vermijelli, eucalyptus oil,
anise oil, etc. Spraying cracks and crevices with kerosene emulsion
was tried over a small area in a camp, and certainly reduced the number
of PJiIehotomits.

Anopheles pnlchernmtis, Theo., is the commonest species of Anophe-
hne in Mesopotamia, abounding in all the marshy areas, particularly
along the Euphrates. It was always found to accompany the swarms
of midges referred to above, and at once entered the tents, biting in
the dayhght. It was found breeding on the marsh, in channels, water-
cuts and ponds. A. stephensi, List., is the most important species,
as it is the natural malaria carrier. It is somewhat localised, being
commonest in and around Basra, where it breeds in the channels and
water-cuts among the date-palms. Its exact distribution requires
to be worked out. A . hyrcanus, Pall, {sinensis, Wied.) is not frequently
found ; the author took a few individuals in the marshy areas along
the Euphrates. A. lukisii, Christ., and A. maculipennis, Meig., have
also been recorded from Mesopotamia, and Stegomyia fasciata, F.
{Aedcs calopus) was taken in a few locahties.

Arthropods, other than Diptera, that were collected and observed
and that may be of some economic importance, include the Pulicids,
Pidex initans, L., and Ctenocephahis canis, Bch. The former abounds
in the early spring about the Arab huts and villages. A simple method
employed for clearing badly infested premises was to wrap sheets of
sticky paper used for catching flies round the bare legs of people
walking about the infested houses or areas. The papers were soon
covered with fleas, and after renewing them a few times the premises
were clean. C. canis is frequently found on the dog or cat, but does not
apparently become a pest. No case of canine kala-azar was seen or
heard of in Mesopotamia. Cimex hemiptera does not occur in ]\Iesopo-
tamia, except in Basra and Baghdad, where it has been introduced
by Indians. In the purely Arab towns and villages it is unknown.
The cases of kala-azar recorded among the inhabitants of lower Meso-
potamia were almost undoubtedly contracted in India. Pediculus
hiimanns and P. capitis are both common pests.

The ticks coUected, which probably do not represent anything like
the true tick fauna of the country, include the Argasid, At gas vesper-
tilionis, Latr., found on tents, furniture and clothes, having probably
left its host (a species of pipistreUe) when resting on the tents at night ;
and the Ixodids, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Latr., on pariah dogs ;
Boophilus annulatus. Say, on cattle and buffaloes ; Hyalomma
aegvptium, L., chiefly on dromedaries; and Haemaphysalis bispinosa,
Neum., and H. flava, Neum., a few individuals being collected off
calves and dogs, respectively.

It is remarked in conclusion that Phlebotomus spp., gadflies and
houseflies require further study in Mesopotamia.

Senior-White (R . A.) . A Survey of the Culicidae of a Rubber Estate.—

Ind. Jl. Med. Res., Calcutta, viii, no. 2, October 1920, pp. 304-
325, 3 plates, 2 figs. [Received 6th July 1921.]

The situation and topography of a rubber estate in Ceylon, where
observations were made on the Cuhcid fauna, is described, and all

147

the breeding places are reviewed in some detail, with a map and
illustrations. The Malayan element in the fauna of the lower hills
is very marked. Notes are given regarding nine species of Anopheles
and twenty-one other Culicids collected during the survey. The only
malaria-carrier of importance on the estates in the area examined was
A. niaculatus. This species breeds all the year round, and in every
natural collection of water except the river. The malarial incidence
is, however, insufficient to justify any very expensive m.easures for its
eradication. Siegoinyia fasciata, the yellow fever mosquito, has not
been found.

Ferguson (E. \\'.). The Malaria Danger. [Correspondence.] — Med.
JI. Australia, Sydney, 8th Yr.. i, no. 21, 21st May 1921, p. 432.

The question of the establishment of endemic foci of malaria in New
South Wales has prompted the author to record in this letter the
occurrence of Anopheline mosquitos. The information has been col-
lected from records mostly already published.

There are five species oi Anopheles in Australia : — A . anmilipes. Walk.,
A. atraiipes, Skuse, .4. stigmaticus, Skuse, A. corcthroides, Theo.,
and .4. barbirostris, Wulp, var. bancrofti, Giles. The two latter occur
in southern Queensland and have not been recorded in New South
Wales. The most common mosquito is A. annulipes. Its range
probably extends over the whole of Australia and it occurs throughout
New South Wales, with the possible exception of the higher mountain
ranges and the trans-Darling country. Along the coast the species
is widespread but not as abundant as it is inland.

It is thought that there is httle likelihood of endemic malaria
following the return of infected troops, owing to the relative scantiness
of mosquitos in urban areas, and the scattered population in country
areas. Settlers known to have suffered from the disease have been
excluded from one district likely to prove an exception.

The estimation of the chances of infection in any locality is not
simple. As Ross points out this depends on the average of the popula-
tion, the number of infected persons, the number of those whose blood
contains enough sexual forms of the parasite to infect Anophelines,
the number oi Anopheles, the number of those which feed on a single
person, the proportion surviving one week, and the proportion of sur-
vivors that bite again. Ross calculates that one quarter of Anophelines
succeed in biting human beings and only a third of these survive a
w^eek, and only a quarter of the remainder succeed in biting a second
person. Hence only one in forty-eight is ever likely to give infection.
In the future it is hoped to continue mapping out the distribution of
mosquitos and investigation of places from which endemic cases are
reported.

Keilix (D.). On the Life-history of Helicosporidiuni parasiiicuni,
n. g., n. sp., a new Type of Protist parasitic in the Larva of
Dasyhc/ea obsciira, Winn. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) and in some

other Arthopods. — Parasitology, Cambridge, xiii, no. 2, June 1921,
pp. 97-113, 3 plates, 5 hgs. "

The systematic position and life-history of Helicosporidium
parastticiim are described. The larvae of Dasyhelea obscura are
susceptible to infection in all stages, probably owing to their feeding
habits. Those examined were found in the decomposed sap in

148

Avounds of elm and chestnut trees. The other hosts of this parasite
are Rhyphtis fenestralis, Scop., Mycetobia pallipes, Meig., Anlacogaster
riifitarsis, Meig., larvae of Eristalids, Systeiius adpropinqttans, Loew,
Phaonia cincta, Zett., and the T}'roglyphid, Hericia hericia, Robin.

Buxton (P. A.) . The External Anatomy of the Sar copies of the Horse. —

Parasitologv,Ca}iibyidge, xiii, no. 2, June 1921, pD. 114-145, 1 plate,
22 figs.

As a result of the suggestion made by Warburton [R. A.E., B, viii,
'219] the anatomy of the various stages of Sarcoptes scahiei equi are here
described as accurately as possible. A key for distinguishing the larva,
nymph, and male and female adult, is given.

Buxton (P. A.). On the Sarcoptes of Man. — Parasitology, Cambridge,
xiii, no. 2, June 1921, pp. 146-151, 9 tigs.

A comparison is drawn between the anatomy of Sarcoptes scahiei
Jiominis, Hering, and S. scabiei equi [see preceding paper]. The species
known as Sarcoptes scabiei-crustosae, Fiirst., can only be distinguished
from typical S. scabiei by characters that require an oil-immersion
lens and micrometer for their appreciation ; it must therefore be
relegated to varietal rank, the name being Sarcoptes scabiei scabiei-
crustosae, Furst. The minuteness of the morphological differences
between the species and variety is urged in opposition to the view held
that S. scabiei hominis and 5. scabiei scabiei-crustosae are distinct
organisms producing essentially different diseases. Were the mite
causing Norwegian crusted scabies really distinct from 5. scabiei
Jiominis it would probably have become extinct, as the disease is very
rare. The need for further investigations on this subject is indicated.

HiNDLE (E.). Notes on Rickettsia. — Parasitology, Cambridge, xiii,
no. 2, June 1921, pp. 152-159.

The results obtained from the examination of lice completely agree
with those already recorded [R.A.E., B, vi, 237; ix, 137]. It is
suggested that the positive results obtained by Continental observers
may be due to the prevalence of typhus and trench fever or to the
existence in the alimentary canal of the louse of a Rickettsia that
is non-pathogenic to man. Rickettsia were unquestionably very occas-
ionally found in lice that had never fed on any one infected with either
trench fever or typhus. The relation between R. quintana and
R. pediculi may be an instance of a non-pathogenic Rickettsia having
acquired the capacity of living in the blood of man and producing the
pathogenic variety R. quintana. In the case of the latter the insect
host merely furnishes a living culture tube in which the organisms grow
and multiply without passing through any cyclical changes such as take
place in the case of Protozoa.

R. melophagi, isolated from Melophagus ovinus, was found in the
young offspring of infected Melophagus, audit seems probable that this
infection is hereditary. It was also frequently associated withCrithidia
melophagi. Other species dealt with are R. trichodectae, sp. n., from
Trichodectes pilosus from the horse, and R. linognathi, sp. n., from the
alimentary canal of the goat louse, Linognathus stenopsis.

As a result of various observations these organisms have been found
to occur at least in two insects, Trichodectes sp. and Psocus sp., that
do not feed on blood ; it is therefore probable that Rickettsia represent

149

a group of micro-organisms which primarily inhabit the alimentary
canal of insects and other Arthropods. Some of these live saprophytic-
ally in the mid gut, whilst others, such as R. prowazeki, invade the
tissues of their host. In the absence of an intermediate vertebrate
host infection is probably transmitted by the presence of the organism
in the excreta of the insect.

Keilin (D). Supplementary Account of the Dipterous Larvae feeding
upon Molluscs. — Parasitology, Cambridge, xiii, no. 2, June 1921,
l)p. 180-183.

In this collection of Dipterous larvae known to feed on molluscs,
the species recorded are: Melinda cognata, Meig. [R.A.E., B, viii,
24] ; Sarcophaga fdia, Pandelle ; 5. melantira, Meig. ; Engyzops
pecchiolii, Rond. ; Chrysomyia {Lucilia) dux, Esch. ; and Sciomyza diihia,
Fin. Individuals previously recorded by the author as Phora sp.,
have now been identified as Phora notata, Zett., by Lundbeck, who has
also proved that the species described by the present author as Phora
hcrgenstammi, Mik., is P. (7o;;u's/;'m, Wood (1906). These two species
are distinct and the differences are here noted.

XuTTALL (G. H. F.) & Keilin (D.). On the Nephrocytes of Pcdicuhis
hmnanus. — Parasitologv, Cambridge, xiii, no. 2, June 1921, pp.
184-192, 5 figs.

The hitherto unknown function of the two groups of special cells-
occurring in the thorax of Pedicithis hmnanus has been determined
as excretory-accumulatory and they are here referred to as nephrocytes.
The observations described confirm those of previous authors with
regard to the structure of these cells. Similar cells occur also in Mal-
lophaga and have been wrongly described by some authors as salivary
glands.

Rapport van de Plaatselijken Gezondheidsdienst te Soerabaja over hefc
Jaar 1917. [Report of the Public Health Service at Soerabaya
in 1917.] — Meded. Burg. Geneesk. Dienst Ned.- Indie, Batavia,
ix, 1920, pp. 2-77, 8 plates, 9 maps, 4 charts, 9 appendices. (Also
in English.) [Received 7th July 1921.]

The data relating to the incidence of malaria and the occurrence of
Anopheline mosquitos in the Dutch East Indies have already been
noticed from other papers.

Franc^.a (C). Observations sur le Genre Phkbotonius. II. Phlebo-
tomes du Nouveau Monde.— 5;<//. Soc. Poring. Sci. Nat., Lisbon,
viii, pt. 3, 1920, pp. 215-236, 4 figs. [Received 7th July 1921.]

As a result of the author's paper on the European and North African
species of Phlebotomus [R.A.E., B, viii, 20] it was suggested that he
should undertake the study of the American species. The present
paper deals with the following species ; P. longipalpis, Lutz cS: Neiva ;
P. intermedius, Lutz & Neiva, and P. squamiventris, Lutz & Neiva,
from Brazil ; and P. migonei, sp. n., from Paraguay.

150

Wilson (C. E.). Insect Notes. — Rept. Virgin Islands Agric. Expt.
Sta., 1920, Wasliington, D.C., 18th Aprif 1921, pp. 32-33.

Every month of the year Boophilus {Margaropv.s) annulatiis australis
(cattle tick) was found on cattle. The heaviest infestation was in
May, June and July.

Toads received from Barbados in January were infested with Amhly-
omma dissimile (reptile tick).

At St. Croix only three species of mosquitos were found : Stegomyia
fasciata {Aedes calopns), Anopheles albimanns, and Ciilex fatigans
{quinqiiefasciatus). The control measures used were draining mud-
holes and standing water, and spraying septic tanks, etc., with kerosene.

Mesnil (F.). Variete des Voies d'Acees des Parasites a leurs Hotes.

[Different Methods of Access of Parasites to their Hosts.] — Bull.
Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiv, no. 6, 8th June 1921, pp. 310-315.

The known facts regarding the different methods by which parasites
may gain access to their hosts are here detailed and the discoveries
of various authors contributing to the knowledge of the subject are
briefly reviewed.

Delanoe (P.). De la Spiroehetose des Gallinaees dans le Cerele
des Doukkala. [Spirochaetosis of Poultry in the Doukkala
District, Morocco.] — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiv, no. 6,
8th June 1921, pp. 316-320.

The occurrence of spirochaetosis in fowls, ducks and geese in the
Doukkala district is recorded. The malady may be either acute,
rapidly ending in death, or chronic, causing more or less complete
paralysis of the lower limbs. It is very probable that there is also
a benign form, with more or less complete absence of symptoms of
disease. The carrier is Argas persicus, Fsch., which is abundant
in all fowl-houses, especially in summier, to such an extent that it
is impossible to keep the birds shut up. It would be interesting to
discover whether the causal agent of spirochaetosis of fowls in
Morocco is the same as that in Algeria.

Laveran (A.) & Franchini (G.). Des Hematozoaires du Gecko et
specialement de Herpeiomonas larentolac. Procede simple de
Culture des Herpctomonas. — Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiv,
no. 6, 8th June 1921, pp. 323-326.

The findings of various haematozoa in the gecko [Tarcntola mauri-
tanica) in Algeria and Tunisia by different workers are briefly reviewed.
During the summer of 1920 the authors examined 17 individuals of
T. matiritanica from various parts of Italy. Trypanosomes were
found in seven of these, though only numerously in one, while eight
revealed Herpeiomonas. In three cases the former only were found,
and in four cases the latter only ; in four cases both occurred together.
These Haematozoa frequently escape observation by direct examina-
tion ; the cultural method of determining their presence is described.

Sexevet (G.) & Vialatte (C). Apropos dWrnithodortis marocanns,
Velu, 1919.— B;///. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiv, no. 6, 1921,
pp. 331-333.

Velu in 1919 described a new species of Ornithodorus, to which
he gave the name 0. marocanns, enumerating the characteristics

151

distini^uishing it from 0. iuricata, to which it is nearly alHed [R. A.E., B,
vii, 86j. The authors of the present paper, examining some individuals
of Oynithodorus collected in Morocco, observed a constant character-
istic not mentioned by Vein, though it occurs in his type specimens,
namely, the presence on each side of the camerostome of two processes
which incompletely covered the buccal parts. These structures are
generally composed of three or more pieces. Vein's description is
therefore completed by the addition of this feature. The authors
regard the species in question not only as resembling O. iuricata,
but as being intermediate between 0. titricala and 0. talajc.

RouBAiD (E.) & Lf,ger (j\I.). Observations sur le Paludisme en Corse,
(Mars-Avril 1921). [Observations on Malaria in Corsica (March-
April 1921).]— Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Pan's, xiv, no. 6, 1921,
pp. 340-351.

The Institut Pasteur had been studying the problem of malaria in
Corsica since 1912, but research was interrupted by the War. Clinical
reports during the last few years have all recorded a distinct recru-
descence of the disease, many cases occurring even in the winter,
under circumstances that made it impossible to decide whether they
were primary or recurrent attacks. The authors therefore undertook
a survey of the island during March and April, visiting principally the
more highl}^ infected regions. The incidence of the disease in various
districts is discussed ; a marked recrudescence was noticeable in all
directions ; in Casabianda, for example, the index for children examined
was 37i per cent., as com.pared with 12| per cent, in 1912. The cause
of this general recrudescence was unknown. Meteorological conditions
in the preceding year had been adverse to the multiplication of Anophe-
lines, the season being so dry that breeding-places were reduced to the
minimum. Certain conditions may, however, have fostered the disease,
such as movements of the population, introduction of the parasite
from outside sources, the different standard of living, etc.

At the season in which these observations were made, when Anophe-
line activity was onh^ just beginning, no gravid females were found
in houses ; all those examined showed ovules still in course of develop-
ment, so that all the haematozoa found in human beings were due to
previous infections.

Out of sixteen cases examined, gametes were only found in three
{Plasmodium vivax twice, P. praecox once), which points to the impor-
tant conclusion that the sexual elements upon which the next epidemic
will depend appear at the same period, practically in the same pro-
portions for the two forms, without their relative frequency bearing
any relation to the schizonts in the blood. This is contrary to pre-
vious observations recorded by Grassi, who found the crescent form
appearing in Italy only in July, quite suddenly, in primar}- infections.
In Corsica, Anophelines may evidently become infected by the parasites
of both forms almost equally from the beginning of spring. In two
children examined, who showed no symptoms of disease, one revealed
gametes of P. vivax and the other of P. praecox in almost the same
proportion, without any admixture with schizonts. This finding is
in accordance with the theory previously expounded [R.A.E., B,
vi, 230-235], namely, that the ulterior differentiation of the primary
infection in favour of the benign tertian type, during the early warm
months, is due, at least in part, to the more rapid development in the
mosquito of P. vivax. This organism, entering the human S3-stem first

152

owing to its more rapid development in the mosquito, will later on
mask at first the manifestations of the aestivo-autumnal parasite,
inoculated later. This theory explains, at least in part, the curious
facts of succession of the seasonal epidemiology of the two parasites,
without recourse to the hypothesis of problematical and inexplicable
change advanced by the partisans of the unicist theory. Doubtless
the direct action of" climate has some influence also on the seasonal
appearance of the various species of Plasmodium in the blood.

A study of the relations of Anophelines to farm animals and poultry
in Corsica is of particular interest for the purpose of comparison with
observations in those parts of the Continent where the same species
( .4. maculipennis) occurs, as in la Vendee, where it appears in no less
numbers, although malarial infection is very much less [R.A.E., B,
viii, 141]'. In the most heavily infected parts of Corsica, such as the
eastern coast, domestic animals are present in considerable numbers,
at least until the summer emigration of the herds to the hills. In all
the locahties visited by the authors, however, in spite of the most
thorough examinations of the buildings occupied by animals, Anophe-
lines were practicallv never found there, although in human habitations
they were nearly always present. In Corsica 80 per cent, of the Anophe-
lines taken in "houses were gorged with blood, while in the Vendee
region the percentage was only 14. The conclusion has been reached,
after careful observations, that A. maculipennis is as much attracted
to cattle in Corsica as on the Continent, but that the type of building
used for sheltering animals is totally unattractive to the mosquito.
The stables and sheds are frequently open to the air, or have holes
in the roofs where the wind and sun can penetrate ; others are too
large and have very high ceilings. This confirms Wesenberg-Lund's
theory, that in Denmark the disappearance of malaria coincides with
agricultural development and with the perfecting of the stabling of
animals that previously had only primitive or no shelter for the
night [R.A.E., B, ix, 82].

Prophylaxis against malaria is progressing satisfactorily in Corsica,
but is not sufficient without other protective measures. Anti-larval
measures have scarcely been begun, and require much more serious
attention. The recent" introduction of trioxymethylene powder as an
efficient larvicide should much facihtate control on the large stretches
of marshy ground. Drainage is an important question. Animal
prophylaxis seems to be one of the principal means of ridding human
habitations of the mosquito pest ; it is absolutely necessary for this
that the animals should be sheltered in permanent stables, at least
after sundown, the buildings being not too high and properly built.
Simple shelters made of branches or pressed earth and covered with
a thatch are quite sufficient, but the tops of these must be thoroughly
closed in and protected by a strong roof and sides ; small, low shelters
are much preferable to the high buildings so common in Corsica ; the
height should not be more than 11 ft. 6 in. from the ground. The
chief objection to such buildings is that cattle would feel the heat
too much in the hot season ; to obviate this, the lower part could be
made easily removable ; the essential is that, about halfway up, the
walls should become so thick and dark that the Anopheline, im-
mediately after having fed, would find suitable shelter. The con-
struction of rabbit hutches should follow the same plan. Poultry are
useless in this respect, as A. maculipennis only very exceptionally
attacks them.

153

At the i)rescnt time there is a general emigration of men and cattle
in the hot season, especially from the east coast of Corsica, to the hills.
The result is tliat during the period when Anophelines reach their
maximum numbers there remain in the plain only a few small agri-
culturists, indispensable railway officials, etc., in the presence of an
excessive and very hungry Anophelinc population that finds no other
host. The danger to man is obvious. It is hoped, however, that if
considerable improvements are made in the conditions of life on the
plain, by better water supply, quinine prophylaxis, antilarval measures
and suitable stabling for animals, it may be possible to retain both
agriculturists and their cattle there during the hot season. The
task is a heavy one, but the future development, even the life itself
of Corsica, depends upon its execution.

Wesent!Erg-Luxd (C). Sur les Causes du Changement intervenu dans
le Mode de Nourriture de I Anop/iclcs )ii(iculipcnnis. — C.R. Soc.
Biol., Paris, Ixxxv, no. 26, 16th July 1921, pp. 383-386.

In this paper the author amplifies his theory regarding the change
of habits of Anopheles macttlipennis in Denmark and the consequent
disappearance of malaria from that country [R. A.E., B. ix, 83]. He
considers that, besides the change in agricultural practices, the geo-
graphical situation of the country has also had some bearing on the
phenomenon, Denm.ark being the extreme northern limit of the species.
It is a noticeable fact that the change remarked in Denmark may also
be traced in other regions of Europe where malaria has previously
been prevalent and has now almost entirely disappeared. This is
particularly true of the countries north of the Alps, where, by
reason of easy conditions of life and abundant nourishment in cattle
sheds, A. maculipcnnis is found to have appreciably increased in
size, while south of the Alps, where it is always the chief malaria-carrier,
the domestic animals spend the greater part of the year entirely out of
doors. A hypothesis that appears probable to the author, but which
requires further research in Germany for its verification, is that the
Anopheles that now attack man are those that have over-wintered,
while the summer generations feed only on the blood of animals. This
would explain the curves of malaria incidence which, towards the north,
do not generally show two maximum heights, but only one, which falls
in May. Much still remains to be discovered on this subject ; in par-
ticular, information is desirable on the life of the malarial parasites
during the periods when epidemics remain stationary.

The author again calls attention to the work of Roubaud [R. A.E.,
D, viii, 141], according to whom the changes in the life of A. mactdi-
pennis are the results of a slow and steady evolution in the feeding
habits of the Anophehne. The author views them, however, as a
phenomenon that has appeared with almost incredible rapidity. He
believes that A. maculipennis, as living north of the Alps, does not
represent a distinct subspecies or local race, but is simply a con-
tingent of individuals developing physical and physiological features
other than those that usually characterise their species. For the
moment, the bond between Anopheline and man is broken in the
latitude in question, but the cycle might be resumed at any time,
though as a matter of fact the renewal of great malarial epidemics
is a most unlikely occurrence.

(4U57) M

154

Wesenberg-Lund (C). Les Anophelines du Danemark et les Fievres
paludeennes. [The Anophelines of Denmark and Malarial Fevers].
— C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxxv, no. 26, I6th July 1921, pp. 386-
.387.

Three species of Anophelines occur in Denmark : — Anopheles plum-
bciis, which is rare ; A . bifurcalus, which lives for preference in the
forests and bites at nightfall ; and A. maculipennis, which when the
present study was undertaken was almost undiscoverable. Two
years' study of A . maculipennis has shown that this species lives all its
life in stables and outhouses, only leaving them for mating and ovi-
position, feeding always on domestic animals and attacking man only
in default of cattle. The chain of events that has led to the disappear-
ance of malaria in the country where it was formerly so prevalent is
briefly touched upon [see preceding papers].

Metalnikow (S.) & CiAscHEN (H.). Sur la Rapidite d'Immunisation
chez la Chenille de Galleria. — C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxxv, no.
24, 2nd July 1921, pp. 224-226.

Pursuing the investigation of the immunity of Galleria mellonclla
to various microbes, further experiments were made, such microbes as
Proteus, Bacillus coli and the cholera vibrio, all of which are highly
virulent to the caterpillar, being used as vaccines. Immunity was again
easily obtained. It was also found that protection against fatal
doses could be assured within three hours of the injection of the vaccine,
and that weak doses of the latter acted more rapidly than strong ones.
Furthermore, the caterpillars transmit their immunity to the resultant
moths.

ZoTTA (G.). Un Lcptoinonas du Type /.. dnvidi, LaS., chez des Euphor-
bes de France. — C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxxv, no. 24, 2nd Julv
1921, pp. 226-228.

A flagellate, held by the author to be Leptomonas davidi, Laf., was
observed by him in Etiphorbia esula var. mosana and E. helioscopia
from Maine-et-Loire, this being the first record of Leptomonads
in Euphorbia in France.

The various published papers on Leptomonad infection in Euphorbia
are mentioned with references.

DU BuYssoN (H.). Observations sur les Moeurs du Simulium cinereum,
Macq. (Dipt.). — Miscellanea Ent., Uzcs, xxv, no. 9, May-June
1921, pp. 65-66.

Simulium cinereum, Macq., is recorded as causing discomfort to
cattle and horses while out in pasture in March, by continually attack-
ing the inside of their ears. It is suggested that it may possibly convey
certain diseases, such as foot and mouth disease and other septic
infections. To prevent attack a diluted sohition of cresol shoiild be
applied to the cars of animals put out to pasture during this season of
the year.

155

Pii.T (R). Igiene del Coniglio e degli Animali di Bassa Corte. [The
Hygiene of the Rabbit and of Domestic Dirds.] — Allcvnmcnti,
Palermo, ii, no. 7, 1st Jnly 1921, pp. 212 216.

Rabbit mange is due io Sairopirs, if in tlie nose, and to Dermato-
dcctes ciiniciili, if in the ears. The infestation yields to treatment
with quassia soap, Hehiierieh's pomade [R.A.E., B, vi. 111], or
that advised by Prof. Alessandrini, which is made up of cliloroform
1 part, petroleum 1 part, and olive oil 2 parts.

Franca (C). An early Portuguese Contribution to TropicalMedieine.—

Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. & f^^'g-, London, xv, no. 1-2, 18th
March-20th May 1921, pp. 57-60. "'^

This paper deals with the scientific discoveries made ])y the Portu-
guese in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Caspar Affonso (1596) gives one of the most complete accounts of
Dermatophiliis penetrans, showing that these fleas, contrary to the
statements in works on tropical pathology, existed in the sixteenth
century in India as well as Brazil.

In 1587, Gabriel Scares de Souza, in an interesting description of
Brazil, clearly states the part insects play in the transmission of Fram-
hoesia tropica. He says that flies suck poisons from sores, then leave
them in abrasions on healthy persons, and thus many people are infected.
It is not until recent times that the conditions necessary for the trans-
mission of this disease by flies has begun to be understood, and in
1907 Castellani demonstrated experimentally that flies can transmit
Treponema pertenne.

Johnston (T. H.). The Sheep Maggot Fly Problem in Queensland.—

Queensland Agric. JL, Brisbane, xv, pt. 6, June 1921, pp. 244-
248, 1 plate.

vSheep-maggot flies in Queensland cause an annual loss of sheep
of about 5 per cent. Artificial control, by means of chemical applica-
tions, however successful, does not reduce the fly preponderance, and
has to be repeated each year. This paper deals with investigations
into methods of reducing the pest by means of natural enemies,
which have been carried out in Brisbane for the last few years.

The following are the more important blowflies recorded near Bris-
bane : Chrysomyia {Pycnosoma) rufifacics (sheep or hairy maggot fly),
Chrysomyia {Microcalliphora) varipes (small hairy maggot fly), Lncilia
spp. (L. sericata is usually applied, but several distinct species are
included in this term in Australia), Anastellorhina [Paracalliphora)
augur, Ophyra nigra (small shining black blowfly), Sarcophaga sp.,
Clirysomyia {Lucilia) dux (deep blue l)lowil\), Chrysomyia mcisur alls,
Neocalliphora ochracea, PoUenia {Neopollenia) sfygia (golden-
haired blowfly), Svnthesio7nyia hrasiliana, Muscina slabulans, Ophyra
analis, and Calliphora crylhrocephala (which occurs in vSydney, but
has not been observed in Queensland) . A summary of results regarding
the first six flies from work carried out in the University Laboratory
is here given. The total life-cycle of the first three lasts from
9-14 days, and the next three from 19-40 days.

The following Hymenopterous parasites, which destroy the flies
in either the pupal or larval stage, have been studied in New South
Wales and Brisbane. The Chalcid, Nasonia hrevicornis, has been
widely distributed [R.A.E., B, vii, 100]. The female lays an average

156

of 20 eggs in each pupa. Dirhinus sarcophagae [R. A.E., B, viii, 60],
has a hfe-cycle of 28 days in Brisbane. Spalangia mnscidariim attacks
house, bush and stable flies, blowflies and flesh flies. A single parasite
emerges in 21-28 days from each infested pupa. Several other species
have been recorded from Queensland, but their habits are not known.
Chalcis calliphorae [R-ATe., B., iv, 179] attacks the maggot stage,
but has only once been recorded in Brisbane. An Encyrtid discovered
last year attacks the maggots, which are destroyed after pupation,
the adult parasites emerging in 21-23 days. It is being bred now in
the Laboratory and should be tried in conjunction with Nasonia and
Spalangia. Hemilexomyia ahnipta has been found occasionally in
New South Wales, but' has not yet been recorded in Queensland.
Diapriid parasites related to, but distinct from, the latter have been
bred on one occasion from blowfly pupae. Pachycrcpoideiis diibius
has been recorded from North Queensland as destroying house-flies,
but its effect on blowflies is not known.

Unsuccessful attempts (as it was mid-winter) were made to obtain
from England pupae parasitised by Alysia manducator, which oviposits
in blowfly larvae, the adult emerging from the pupa. The accessibiUty
of pupae to pupal parasites is a very important factor. Experiments
prove that only 4 per cent, of the larvae pupate on the surface of the
soil. Owing to the wandering habits of the larvae, the parasites that
attack this stage have more opportunity of infesting them.

The Blowfly Pest. — Queensland Agric. Jl., Brisbane, xx, pt. 6, June
1921, pp. 249-253, 2 plates.

The work of the Special Blowfly Committee, appointed by the
Commonwealth Institute of Science and Industry, was extended at
Dalmally in February 1918, with a view to checking blowfly ravages
in flocks. A flock of 14,000 was treated. The apparatus employed
included a power dip and spray and jetting plant. The work and life-
history of the Chalcid [Nasonia brevicornis] was also closely studied.

The various applications used in the experiments are given. Soap
and water solution failed and the fly-trap method was not satisfactory.

Mr. W. A. Russell found from measures taken on his property
that the jetting process checks fly attacks immediately, prevents
losses, and for a time arrests further infestation. This process con-
sists in forcing a mixture of arsenic and sheep dip through a mechani-
cally operated nozzle at a pressure of 100 to 120 lb. Only the breech
of the sheep is treated, and it is possible for one man to treat over
1,000 sheep a day in this way. Complete immunity may be secured
for three or four months, though virulent attacks abate after a few
weeks. So far non-poisonous specifics have proved valueless and the
stronger the poison the greater the protection. Arsenic and other
poisons are now being used in strengths that would have once been
thought fatal. Very httle arsenic is retained in the wool, and experi-
ments with a much greater strength are going to be undertaken in
order to fix it in the wool and so give complete immunity. Crutching
is not necessary when jetting is done. Every remedy suggesting reason-
able chances of success has been experimented with. An arsenical
and oil mixture was tried with success, the arsenic being held in sus-
pension, but this was a more expensive process. Mr. Russell attributes
the failure of jetting in some cases to the use of an inferior grade of
arsenic, and to its not being properly dissolved. He uses specifics
mixed with arsenic up to 101b. to 100 gals., but does not recommend
this strength for general use.

157

Mr. Russell considered Chalcid parasites imjwrtant factors in the
control of this pest. When a fly attack occurs, the parasites also
become numerous and reduce the outbreak to normaL It is not thought
that the parasites will control the pest so as to prevent it harming sheep,
but an imported Chalcid might prove more effective. ¥\y attacks
vary in severity according to the time of the outbreak and the species
of tiy then prevalent.

The Government Analyst stated that it had been proved that arsenic
mainly adheres to the butt and middle of the wool. In new wool its
pressure was greatest in the middle. He had fcumd tluH'c months
was the period of protection afforded by the jetting process.

Davel (D.). Sarna ovina. [Sheep Mange.] — Bol. MinisL Agric.
Nac, Buenos Aires, xxvi, no. 1, Januar\' -March 1921, i>p. 93-95.
[Received 21st July 1921.]

The object of this article is to indicate practical measures against
sheep mange. For curing the affection dips of lime-sulphur or lime-
caustic soda are recommended. Prophylaxis includes isolation from
infected places and disinfection of all sheds, etc., and of any sheep
introduced from other establishments.

Cassamagnaghi (A.). Contribuigao para o Estudo da Piroplasmose,
e a ImportaQao no Brasil de Reproductores finos. [A Contribution
to the Study of Piroplasmosis and to the Importation into Brazil
of Pedigree Breeding Stock]. — Ann. Soc. Rnr. Brasileira, S. Paulo,
no. 10, April 1921, pp. 600-606. [Received 21st July 1921.]

The conclusions reached by the author are, that the resistance
acquired by bovines to piroplasmosis is not a vaccine immunity but an
infection leading up to a tolerance on the part of the animal, and that
if this peculiar condition is to be maintained, it is necessary that the
infection be maintained, either by ticks or by virulent fluids. The
success of immunisation depends on a number of factors, including
the size of the dose, the age of the subject and its breed.

In very dry years ticks disappear owing to the lack of protective
vegetation, but when later on rainy years set in, cattle begin to die.
The fact that ticks are not uniformly distributed in the pastures
accounts for the fatal cases that occur when animals are moved from
one part of a ranch to another.

Hall (M. C). Cuterehra Larvae from Cats, with a List of those
recorded from other Hosts. — Jl. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, WasJiing-
ion, D.C., lix (N. S. xh), no. 4, July 1921, pp. 480-184.

Dipterous larvae belonging to the genus Cuterehra, Clark, which
includes such later genera as Rogenhofera, Brauer, Bogeria, Austen,
and Atrypoderma, Townsend, were found on cats in Washington. The
author presumes that, though cats are fairly often infested with
Cuterehra, they are not the usual host.

A list is given of the larval forms of various species of Cuterehra
occurring in a wide range of hosts. The first stage larva of C. amen-
cana has recently been noticed [R. A.E., B, viii, 108].

158

BisHOPP (F. C). Flytraps and their Operation. — U.S. Dcpt. Agric,
Washington, B.C., Farmers' Bull. 734, March 1921 (2nd revision),
16 pp., 7 figs. [Received 22nd July 1921.]

This bulletin is a revision of a previous edition, and the bulk of the
information has already been noticed \_R.A.E., B, iv, 181].

A modification of the conical hoop trap is described.

Experiments in Texas prove that properly baited traps are a success-
ful measure against the screw-worm fly, Cochliomyia {Chrysomyia)
maceUaria, F., injuring live-stock. All carcasses and animal refuse
should be promptly burnt to prevent breeding. Traps should be kept
near watering places and where cattle congregate. The conical traps
here described should be set on a board platform two feet square,
securely fastened to a tree, where the trap and bait will be the least
cUsturbed by animals. Dried gut slime, 1 pt. slime to 10 or 20 pts.
water, is a satisfactory bait.

An attractive bait for house-flies etc., is 1 lb. curd from milk and
J lb. brown sugar, with sufficient water to moisten it ; this will be
effective for ten days or more if kept moist. Bran mash made thin with
equal parts water and milk, with the addition of a few tablespoonfuls
of brown sugar, and cornstarch and a yeast cake, is also a lasting bait.

HixE (J. S.). Description oJ Horseflies from Middle America. II. —

Ohio Jl. Sci., Columbus, xx, no. 8, June 1920, pp. 311-319, 1 fig.
[Received 25th July 1921.]

A key is given to separate the genera of Pangoniinae occurring in
Middle America, and the following new species are described : —
Pangonia melanopus from Mexico, P. delta from Arizona, and P. parishi
from Ecuador. The following new Tabaninae are also described : —
Tahanus pundipleura, Dichelaccra inelanosoma, and D. anaiis from
Costa Rica, T. fumomarginatus from Brazil, D. mclanoptcra and
D. ochracca from British Guiana, and D. caloptcra from Mexico.

Kuniiakdt (J. C. G.) cv- Chitre (G. D.). An Experiment in the Eradi-
cation of Plague Infection carried out in the Poona and adjacent
Districts; First Report for the Period 1914-16. — Indian J I.
Med. Res., Calcutta, viii, no. 3, January 1921, pp. 409 445, 13
tables, 13 charts, 5 maps.

KuNHARDT (J. C. (i.) cv CiiiTRE (G. D.). Furtlicr Experiments in
Plague Prevention carried out at Poona ; Second Report for the
Period 1916-18.-^ /6/(/., pp. 446-489,27 tables. [Received 28th
July 1921.]

The first report describes experiments carried out in the Poona
District from 1914-16 to eradicate plague by means of intensified
rat destruction, but chiefly owing to the inadequacy of the methods
employed the experiments were not successful.

The second report describes the technique employed in 1916-18
to determine the efficiency and the ingredients of various rat baits,
and miscellaneous experiments with these baits, from which it was
found that barium carbonate is the most efficient rat poison, and
arsenious acid is a suitable substitute.

159

Christophers (S. K.) & Siiouir (M. J*:.). Malaria in Mesopotamia. —
Indian J I. Med. Res., Calcitlla, \iii, no. 3, J.Liiiiaiy 1921,
pp. 508-552, 4 maps, 1 chart, 2 plates, 10 tables. [Received
28tli Jul}' 1921.1

The geography, physical features and climate of Mesopotamia, and
their relation to malaria are briefly described. The breeding places
of Anophelines are peculiarly dependent on irrigation. The system
of tidal creeks and channels on the lower rivers is very favourable to
malaria, and makes au}^ anti-malaria measures difficult The river
level has a marked effect on malaria. The long cold season, the limited
period of rainfall, the salinity of the subsoil water and river water,
and the great desiccation which tends to make surface waters unsuitable
for the breeding of Anophelines, are all influences against malaria,
while in lower Mesopotamia flsh (Cyprinodontidae) are an im]:)ortant
factor.

The following mosquitos have been found ; — AnopJieles 'ptdcJierrimiis,
Theo., A. stephcnsi, List., A. liyrcanus {sinensis) var. mesopotmniae,
Christ., A. hyrcanus (sinensis) var. vanus, Theo., A. algericnsis,
Theo., A. palestifiensis, Theo. [super picliis, Grassi), A . macrdipennis ,
Meig., A. inaculipcnnis var., A. bifiircafits, L., and A. rhodcsiensis,
Theo.

In the south the most important species are A. pulclierrimus and
A. stephensi. The former is ciiiefly found in great swamps and the
alluvial desert, while the latter is common in palm grove belts, breeding
mainly in excavated ground and irrigation ditches. The most
important species in the north are .4 . palcstinensis and A . maculipennis.
The habits of all species differ considerably. In the south breeding
places are ubiquitous, in the north the facilities are diminished, but
they increase in the submontane and hilly regions. In no part were
wells found to be important breeding places. The breeding of A. piil-
cherrimns was at a standstill below 70°F., and above this it increased
rapidly. A . paleslinensis and A . maculipennis tolerated low tempera-
tures. To the north of Baghdad the species are palaearctic and
Mediterranean, while to the south they are partly oriental and partly
indigenous. The chief malaria-carrier in the north is A. palcstinensis,
and in the south A. stephensi. In the former sporozoites were found
in nature, also the zygotes of malignant tertian malaria. A. pidcher-
rimiis is little associated with malaria and the remainder are rare or
winter species.

The distribution of endemicity shows moderate spleen rates on the
low rivers, low endemicity throughout the plains, and hyperendemicity
in the northern submontane country.

Christophers (S. R.) & Shortt (H. E.). Incidence of Malaria among
Troops in Mesopotamia, 1916-19. — Indian Jl.Med. Res., Calcutta,
viii, no. 3, January 1921, pp. 553-570, 5 tables, 1 chart. [Received
28th July 1921.]

This paper contains information regarding malaria in the British
forces operating in Mesopotamia during 1916-19. In various tables
and appendices may be found figures of admissions to hospitals, data
obtained from bacteriological laboratories, and the infection rate in
troops shown by random samplings.

Nearly one-half of the total malaria in the forces occurred at the
base. The admissions at the base were lowest in February, increasing

160

slightly up to June. The highest occurred in October to December,
although there was a considerable incidence in July. There was little
evidence of local epidemic prevalence, except in areas where Anophe-
line breeding places were abundant. The fluctuations in malaria
are clearly related to meteorological and physical conditions.

Tables are given showing the incidence of malaria in individual
units. In 1917 residual and imported malaria was severe, owing to
an epidemic prevalent in northern India, All three forms of parasites
have occurred among troops, but quartan [Plasmodium malariae]
was only 1 per cent, of the infections. The malignant tertian parasite
[P. praecox] was more prevalent in the northern than in the Basra
area.

The extremely complicated circumstances associated with malarial
incidence in a large army as demonstrated in the Mesopotamian force
are described.

Christophers (S. R.) & Shortt (H. E.). Anti-malaria Operations at
Busra, 1916-19. — Indian Jl. Med. Res., Calcittla, viii, no. 3,
January 1921, pp. 571-592, 4 plates, 2 maps, 4 tables. [Received
28th July 1921.]

Systematic anti-mosquito operations were carried out on a large
scale at the base, as here the camps were relatively permanent,
and the conditions being highly malarious, it was important to protect
the depots through which all troops had to pass. In the advanced
area, however, other measures had to be relied on, owing to the immense
areas concerned and the constant movement of the troops.

Many disadvantages had to be contended with, such as the natural
conditions of the country, and the extensive excavations that had to
be carried out, these latter often adding considerably to favourable
mosquito breeding places.

Oiling of extensive areas and any kind of drainage operations were
impossible, so the chief control method employed was the protection
of excavated areas in the neighbourhood of troops by cutting off
irrigation. This method alone .showed promise of results and definite
reductions in sickness were indicated. Reclamation by means of
dredging proved the best control method ; unfortunately the areas
that could be so dealt with were too small to allow other measures to
be rejected.

The' protective action taken in different areas and that undertaken
by the Sanitary Section are described. Tables showing an analysis
of admissions to hospital from protected and unprotected areas are
given.

Spinose Ear Tick. — //. Debt. Agric. Union S. Africa, Pretoria, iii,
no. 1, July 1921,'p. 15.'

The occurrence of the spinose ear tick [Ornithodonis megnini] is
recorded from Avoca, Cape Province, where it was taken from the
ear of a Friesland calf. The neighbourhood is not considered
favourable for ticks that live on cattle, and apparently 0. megnini
has but recently been introduced. It remains to be seen whether it
will become fully established.

NOTICES.

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CONTENTS.

158
149
157
139
139

Africa, South : The Transmission of Horse Sickness by Insects . . 138

Africa, South : The Causes and Treatment of Arsenical Poisoning of

Stock 141

Africa, South : The Spinose Ear Tick in Griqualand . . . . . . 160

Algeria : The Bionomics of Hyalomma aegyptium . . . . . . 140

America : New Species of Tabanids

America, South : Notes on Phlebotomus . .

Argentina : Measures against Sheep Mange

Australia : Mosquitos and Malaiia

Australia : Tick Paralysis . .

Australia : Tlie Malaria Danger in New South Wales . . . . . . 147

Australia : Sheep Maggot Flies, their Parasites and Control in Queens-
land 155, 156

Brazil: The Cause of Immunity of Cattle from Piroplasmosis .. .. 157

British Isles : The Protection of Meat from Blowflies . . . . . . 139

British Isles : The questionable Value of Scatophaga siercoraria against

Blowflies 140

British Isles: A Protist parasitic on Arthropods .. .. .. 147

Canada : The Mosquito Problem in British Columbia . . . . . . 141

Ceylon : A Survey of the Culicidae of a Rubber Estate . . . . 146

Corsica: Observations on Malaria .. .. .. .. ..151

Denmark : Notes on Anophelines and Malaria . . . . . . ..154

Dutch East Indies : The Occurrence of Mosquitos and Malaria . . 149

France: Fumigation with Chloropicrin against Ticks .. .. 145

France : Leptomonad Infection in Euphorbia

France : Notes on Simulium cinereum

Germany : Lucilia caesar infesting Nestling Birds

India : Notes on Plague Prevention . .

Italy : The Antimalarial Campaign at Fumicino

Italy : Insect Enemies of Mosquito Larvae

Italy : A possible Case of Direct Transmission of Malaria by Mosquitos 142

Italy : Notes on the Bionomics and Natural Control of Anophelines . . 143

Italy : Notes on Blood Parasites of the Gecko . . . . . . . . 150

Italy : The Treatment of Rabbit Mange . . . . . . . . . . 155

154
154
142
158
137
142

CONTENTS— am<i.

PAGE

Japan : The Relation of Birds to Tsutsugamushi Disease . . . . 158

Mesopotamia : Some Arthropods of Medical and Veterinary Importance 145

Mesopotamia : Measures against Malaria and Mosquitos. . . . 159, 160

Morocco : The Synonymy of Diachlovus maroccanus

Morocco : Spirochaetosis of Poultry

Morocco : A Note on the Anatomy of Ornithodorus marocanus

Poland : The Campaign against Typhus

PoRTO Rico : Measures against Ticks on Domestic Animals

Serbia : The Campaign against Typhus

U.S.A. : The Breeding of Anophelines in Sea-water

U.S.A. : Cuterebra Larvae from Cats and other Hosts

U.S.A. : Traps for Screw-worm Flies and House-flies

West Indies : Notes on Ticks and Mosquitos in the (U.S.) Virgin

Islands in 1920

The Causative Agent of Typhus

Calculations relating to the Epidemiology and Control of Malaria

Notes on the Synonymy of Palaearctic Mosquitos . .

The Transmission of Leptomonas pyrrhocoris to various Insects

Notes on Ochrops fulvus . .

Thfe External Anatomy of the Sarcoptes of the Horse

On the Sarcoptes of Man

Notes on Rickettsia

Dipterous Larvae feeding upon Molluscs

On the Nephrocytes of Pediculus humanus . .

Methods of Access of Parasites to their Hosts

The Causes of the Change in Feeding Habits of Anopheles mactdipennis

The Resistance of the Larva of Galleria mellonella to various Microbes

An early Portuguese Contribution to Tropical Medicine

Studies on Insect Flagellates . .

143
150
150
137
140
137
138
157
158

150
137
143
144
144
145
148
148
148
149
149
150
153
154
155
159

Rtgisteredat the G.P.O. for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundland Bv Magazine Post.

VOL. IX. Ser. B. Part 10.— pp. 161-176. OCTOBER. 1921.

The review

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Museum (Natural History).
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Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., C.B., C.B.E., F.R.S.,

Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office,
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Governing Body, Lister Institute.
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(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
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Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
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in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.CM.G., CB., Colonial Office.
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Cambridge.
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Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C Sperling, CM.G.. Foreign Office.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of

Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye.
Mr. C Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is ex officio a member of the Committee.

General Secretary.

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Director and eai^or.
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/issistaiit Director.
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161

Kawai^iura (R.). Hattori (T.) & Yamaguchi (M.). On the Relation
between the Bird and the Red Mite, in Special Reference to the
Prevention o£ Tsutsugamushi Bisesise.— Tokyo IjiShinshi [Tokyo
Med. News] no. 2213, Februarv 1921. (.Abstract in Japan Med.
World, Tokyo, i, no. 2, 20th June 1921, p. 21.)

On examination, the authors found birds of all the species in which
the tsutsugamushi disease occurs, infested with red mites, except
water- fowl and hawk-eagles. The species of red mites and the .season
in which they occur agree completely with those found in experimental
mammals, the buds being infested in the same manner.

The authors think that the eradication of rats is rightly considered
an essential factor in the prevention of this disease, though all warm-
blooded animals must be regarded as dangerous.

Patton (W. S.) & SuNDARA Rao (— ). Studics on the Flagellates of
the Genera Herpetomonas, Crithidia and Rhynchoidomonas.
No. 2. The Morphology and Life-history of Crithidia cienocephali,
sp. nov., parasitic in the Alimentary Tract of Ctenocephalus canis,
Curtice.

Patton (W. S.). No. 3. The Morphology and Life-history of Rhyn-
choidomo7ias siphunculinac, sp. nov., parasitic in the Malpighian
Tubes of Siphuncidinafunicola, de Meijere.

Patton (W. S.). No. 4. The Morphology and Life-history of Herpeto-
monas siphuncidinae, sp. nov., parasitic in the Ahmentary Tract
of Siphunculina funicola, de Meijere.

Patton (W. S.) & Sundara Rao (S.). No. 5. The Morphology and
Life-history of Herpetomonas pulicis, sp. nov., parasitic in the
Alimentary Tract and Malpighian Tubes of Pulex irritans, L.

Patton (W. S.), La Frenais (H. M.) & Sundara Rao (— ). No. 6.
Note on the Behaviour of Herpetomonas pulicis, Patton and Sundara
Rao, Crithidia ctenocephali, Patton and Sundara Rao, and Her-
petomonas miiscae domesticae, Burnett, in the Bed Bug, Cimex
hemiptera, Fabr. — Indian Jl. Med. Res., Calcutta, viii, no. 4,
April 1921, pp. 593-632, 5 plates. [Received 28th July 1921.]

These papers, as indicated in their titles, give an account of various
Herpetomonas, Crithidia and Rhynchoidomonas known to occur in
fleas, eye flies and bed-bugs.

The conclusions of the authors are as follows ■.— Crithidia ctenocephali
is a typical member of the genus, and is parasitic in the alimentary tract
of the larva, pupa and adult of Ctenocephahts canis. It is acquired
by the larva when feeding on the excreta of the adult insects. The
small round preflagellates closely simulate the round stage of the
parasite of kala-azar and should" not be confused with any stages of
these pathogenic flagellates. The flagehate stage is best seen in the
stomach of the larva. The post-flagellate stage may be found in the
larva, but more usually in the hind gut and rectum of the adult insect ;
it is passed out in the faeces of the flea and is again ingested by the
larva. So far as is known this parasite has no connection with any
■ trypanosome in the blood of the dog, never having been found in
the blood of the dog or in the stomachs of dog fleas, so it is a natural
parasite of the flea. It has not proved possible to infect dogs with
it, but it is probable that white mice may be infected.

(4334) Wt. P. 3/184 1500 10/21 Harrow G.75 N

162

Rkynchoidomonas sipknncidinac is a natural parasite of the eye
fly, Siphnncidina funicola, living in its malpighian tubes, but is in no
way connected with the Herpetomonas found in the alimentary tract.
It is never acquired by the larvae in feeding, whereas Herpetomonas
develops normally in the larva. It is a typical flagellated organism
and is distinct from either Herpetomonas or Crithidia. The life-
history of the parasite is identical with that of the other insect flagel-
lates of the genera Herpetomonas and Crithidia. It is acquired by the
fly when it ingests the post-flagellate stages passed out in the faeces
of another fly.

Herpetomonas siphtnculinae is a natural parasite of the eye fly,
living in its alimentary tract. It develops normally in the alimentary
tract of the larva. At a late stage, this parasite exhibits a character-
istic trypanosome appearance, and may easily be mistaken for a true
trypanosome. It is in no way connected with any blood parasite.
In the process of time it may become a pathogenic organism, as ita
host feeds on discharges from sores, etc. For this reason it is important
that the natural breeding grounds of Siphnncidina funicola be dis-
covered, though large numbers collecting on bits of string, cobwebs,
etc., may be destroyed by burning.

Herpetomonas pidicis is a natural flagellate of Pnlex irritans and
probably occurs wherever the host is found. The flea is infected in
its larval stage, the parasites then living in the stomach of the larva
and pupa, only appearing in the malpighian tubes of the adult insect
some time after it has emerged. The parasites collect in the flea's
rectum, and forming small round resistant post-flagellates are passed
out in the faeces of the flea. The parasite can be cultivated on the
well known NNN medium, and fleas feeding on the cultures are readily
infected.

Experiments were carried out to observe the behaviour of Herpe-
tomonas pidicis, H. miiscae-domcsticae and Crithidia ctenocephali in
the alimentary tract of the bed-bug, Cimex hemiptera, F. The bugs were
fed on cultures of the parasites, and their mid-gut, hind-gut, and rectal
contents cultured on successive days. It was found that the three
flagellates were able to live in the alimentary tract of the bed-bug,
which is not their normal insect host, for long periods {H. pidicis
37 days, C. ctenocephali 8 days, and H. miiscae-domesticae 45 days),
which shows that the mid- gut, hind- gut and rectum of the bug is an
excellent environment for their growth and multiplication.

Gill (C. A.). The Role of Meteorology in Malaria.— /«^. Jl. Med.
Res., Calcidta, viii, no. 4, April 1921, pp. 633-693, 1 map, 1 fig.,
1 chart. [Received28th July 1921.J

This study of the influence of meteorology in the incidence of
malaria in the Punjab leads to certain conclusions, which are however
put forward tentatively, and it is recognised that further investigation
for the purpose of their corroboration and amplification is necessary.

The climate and meteorology of the Punjab, the distribution of
endemic and epidemic malaria, the correlation between temperature,,
humidity, rainfafl and malaria, and the potential infection period, are
discussed. Experimental observations on the effect of humidity,
temperature and pressure on the longevity and habits of mosquitos"
and their power to transmit infection, show that Ctdex fatigans
is influenced to a marked degree in its longevity and habits,
by the relative humidity of the atmosphere [R.A.E., B, ix, 86]. A&

163

regards pressure, experiments have shown that at a temperature between
77°F. and 83°F. and a relative humidity of approximately 100 per cent,
and at an atmospheric pressure of approximately 23 inches of mercury,
the longevity of C.fatigans, up to ten days, is not affected by a reduction
in pressure corresponding to a height of between 5,000 and 6,000 feet
above sea-level. Under the above conditions, the development of
Proteosoma gyassii (the parasite cf bird malaria) in C. fatigans
proceeds in a normal manner.

Fauntlerov (C. M). a Portable Cyanide Gas Generator for fumigating
small Compartments. — Pub. Health Rcpts., Washington, D.C.,
xxxvi, no. 26, 1st July 1921, pp. 1504-1510, 1 plate, 1 fig.

The apparatus described and illustrated is designed for use in the
fumigation of small compartments on ships by fractional generation
of hydroc3^anic acid gas. The gas is produced by a combination of
dilute commercial sulphuric acid and dry sodium cyanide in a portable
generator, and is discharged into the sealed compartments, from the
outside, through a keyhole, ventilator or other small opening. The
keg generator consists of an ordinary 15-gallon beer keg, with a simple
superstructure comprising a cyanide hopper, long-stem valve and
discharge pipe. A sectional diagram of the apparatus is given, with
explanations of structure, materials and measurements, all the parts
being easily obtainable and readily put together. The preparation
for fumigation and»the actual operation are described and also the
method of cleaning the apparatus (which is most important). The
advantages of this apparatus are that it is portable, safe, efficient
and rapid, requiring little labour, entailing very little expense and will
remain in serviceable condition over a long period of time.

HiLDEBRAXD (S. F.). SuggestloHs for a Broader Application of
Gambiisia for the Purpose of Mosquito Control in the South. —

Pub. Health Repts., Washington, B.C., xxxvi, no. 25, 24th June
1921, pp. 1460-1461.

The value of the fish, Gambusia, in mosquito control is discussed
[cf. R.A.E., B, vii, 162], and its distribution to all standing and sluggish
waters, so far as possible, is suggested. Ponds that are easily accessible
and adapted to the propagation of the fish should be used to breed
them for general distribution. Every effort should be made to
educate the public as to the importance of this fish and where a
supply of it may be obtained free.

SiNTON (J. A.). Relapsing Fever at Meshed, North-East Persia. —

Indian Med. Gaz., Calcutta, Ivi, no. 7, July 1921, pp. 241-250,
5 tables, 11 charts.

A number of cases of recurrent fever are described that occurred in
north-east Persia in 1918. The infection was apparently carried by
lice [Pediculiis], as measures directed against them stopped the spread
of the outbreak among the troops and hospital personnel, although no
measures were taken against bed-bugs [Cimex] which were also present
in the quarters of the troops. No ticks were observed in the hospital
buildings. The presence of numerous spirochaetes in a louse taken
from a patient tends to confirm this theory.

(4334) N 2

164

Jepson (F. p.) & Knowles (C. H.). Division of Entomology. — Fiji
Dept. Agric. Ann. Rept. 1919, Suva, Council Paper no. 65, 1920,
pp. 7-14. [Received 3rd August 1921.]

A disease to which young chickens in Fiji are particularly liable is
known as chicken-pox warts or sorehead. It is commonly thought
to be caused by mosquito bites, the sores arising from the scratching
of irritating spots. As nothing is definitely known regarding the
connection between mosquitos and the disease, it is suggested that
some birds should be kept in mosquito-proof enclosures in order to
see whether the disease would arise and spread among them.

Barge (J.). L'Emploi du Jus de Nicotine contre les Insectes. — Rev.

Agric. Afr. Noni, Algiers, xix, no. 104, 29th July 1921, p. 585.

Nicotine solutions are said to be very efficacious in curing mange in
animals. For sheep, a lotion is made containing 0- 12 or 0- 13 per cent,
of nicotine ; to this is added a weight of soda crystals double the weight
of the pure nicotine.

Ghesquiere (J.). Note sur quelques Parasites des Oiseaux au Congo
beige. — A nn. GemUonx, Brussels, xxvii, no. 7, July 1921 , pp. 239-242.

The parasites of poultry and other birds in the Belgian Congo
include : — Filaria gallinarmn, Theil., causing intestinal filariasis in
about 80 per cent, of fowls and having for its intermediate host the
termite, Hodotermes pretoriensis, Full. ; the Acarid, Cnemidocoptes
mutans, Rob., causing mange of the feet, especially in native fowls ;
the tick, Argas persicns, Oken, which apparently causes death in
poultry, although the presence of Spirochaeta gallinarum has not been
recorded ; Mallophaga, causing phthiriasis ; the flea, Echidnophaga
{Sarcopsylla) gallinacea, Westw., which produces a high mortality
among fowls, generally infesting the head in large numbers, and having
dogs and cats for alternative hosts ; AmUyomma hehraeum, Koch,
causing heartwater, frequently ending fatally, in turkeys ; the Hippo-
hoscid^y , Lynchia maur a, mg., transmitting Haemoprotens columbae
in pigeons and very common in pigeon lofts.

A tour of the eastern and western provinces of the Belgian Congo,
undertaken after the writing of this paper, has disclosed the following
additional poultry parasites : — the Acarid, Dernianysstis gallinae ;
a new species of Reduviid ; Lipeurus ? heterograplius ; and the Acarid,
Sarcoptes laevis, causing mange.

These parasites are responsible for a certain mortality, and are the
cause of epizootics, many of them, in the absence of their preferred host,
attacking other animals, including man. A note will be published
shortly on the remedial measures that have been used with success.

Alfieri (A.). Note sur la derniere Invasion de Periplaneta americana,
L. (Orthop.).— L'/?//. Soc. Ent. Egvpte, Cairo, xiii (1920), 1921,
pp. 16-17.

In the summer of 1919 the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, L.,
was remarkably abundant in Egypt, presumably in consequence of the
presence of large supplies of food for the army. Spreading from the
depots, storehouses and cellars the cockroaches entered houses,
particularly during the night through open doors and windows, thus

165

rendering remedial measures almost useless. Killing the larvae and
adults, plastering up holes likely to shelter them, and destroying the egg-
masses were all tried without appreciably diminishing the numbers
present the next day. Borax however proved of great utility, either
scattered about in corners or mixed with a thick syrup and spread on
pieces of tinplate and placed under cupboards or other places where
the cockroaches sheltered.

WiLHiiMi (J). Das Panke-Lietzengrabengelande bei Berlin als
Kriebelmiickenschadgebiet und die Immunitatsfrage. [ Ihe Districts
aroinid the Panke and Lietzengraben near Berlin as a dangerous
Simuliid x\rea and the Question of Immunity.] — Deutsche ticrdztl.
Wochenschr., Hanover, xxix, no. 31, 30th July 1921, pp. 383-384.

The area around the Panke and the Lietzen canal near Berlin is
fa^'ourable for studying the bionomics of Simuliids. An examination
on 7th March 1921 showed an abundance of larvae, but no pupae,
which corroborates previous negative findings as to pupal hibernation.
Furthermore, the larvae were found in channels where none had been
seen in the preceding summer, when the water was at a lower level. The
winter level must therefore be taken as the standard, and this all the
more so as the dangerous spring swarms come from eggs laid in autumn.
On 30th March mature pupae of SimnUum {Odagnia) ornatiim and a
few adults were found. The swarming period closed on 28th April.
On the 27th a bull died that had been put out to graze the previous
day, and the author believes this death to be caused by S. ornatum. A
toxicological examination of dried specimens of this Simuliid is being
made with a view to clearing up this point. As regards immunity,
this case affords another instance of an animal dying shortly after
being put out to pasture, whereas others that have been grazing for a
longer period survive. It is possible that in the case of early pasturing
in regions with a sea climate and with a transition climate, immunity
is conferred owing to the early and gradual emergence of the Simuliids,
and that the varying number of deaths in regions with a land climate
ma}^ be due to a more or less sudden emergence and to the varying
degree of imnmnity acquired. It is remarkable that draught cattle,
which spend the winter in the open or are put out early in the year,
remain almost unaffected, even in dangerous zones. Experiments in
immunisation are to be carried out in connection with the toxicological
work mentioned above.

Reh (L.). Schweflige Saure, Blausaure, Zyklon. [Sulphurous Acid
Gas, Hydrocyanic Acid Gas, and Zyklon.] — Der Praktische
Desinfekior, Dresden, xiii, no. 5, May 1921, pp. 35-37. [Received
5th August 1921.]

From a careful study of sulphurous acid gas, Zj-klon, and hydro-
cyanic acid gas the author states that the last-named is undoubtedly the
most poisonous. Under equal conditions one volume of it per cent, kills
most living creatures in one to two hours, whereas Zyklon requires two
volumes and six hours, and sulphurous acid H-2 volumes and 24 hours.
Its penetrative power is greater than that of either of the others, as it is
lighter than them and than air. It is also the least injurious to metals,
fabrics, etc. ; only living plants and moist or oily food-stuffs require
to be removed from its influence. It is, however, much less convenient

166

to use than the others, especially as regards disposal of residues. Its
volatile nature permits of rapid airing, so that the total time required
for all fumigation operations is shorter than with the other two
gases. As regards cost no reliable estimate can be made until the
present monopoly prices are done away with in Germany.

Lange ( — ). Versiiche iiber die Verwendbarkeit des Holzessigs als
Ersatz fur den Sabadillaessig bei der Lausebekampfung. [Experi-
ments on the Use of Wood Vinegar as a Substitute for Saba-
dilla Vinegar in combating Lice.] — Arb. Reichsgesundheitsamt,
Berlin, xcii, no. 3. (Abstract in Der Praktisc/ie Desinfekior,
Dresden, xiii, no. 5, Mav 1921, pp. 38-39.) [Received 5th August
1921.]

Both wood vinegar and sabadilla vinegar have about the same content
of acetic acid. In the former the action of the acid is supplemented by
that of other distillation products, especially by that of tar constituents
(perhaps also methyl alcohol or acetone). In sabadilla vinegar an
almost specific action is ensured by its alkaloids. The action of the
two vinegars is therefore different, but the dissimilarity (consisting
in a greater toxicity of sabadilla) is limited to a short period of action
quite inadequate in practice. If the period is such as obtains in
ordinary practical work, both vinegars produce the same satisfactory
final result, and as wood vinegar has been found to have no irritant
effect on the skin, it provides a good substitute for sabadilla vinegar
in the destruction of lice and their eggs.

DiFFLOTH (P.). La Mouche des Etables. [Stomoxys calcitrans.] —
La Vie Agric. & Riir., Paris, xix, no. 32, 6th August 1921,
pp. 101-104, 3 figs.

In moist seasons, generally during August and September, consider-
able harm is done to horses and cattle by the attacks of the stable-fly,
Stomoxys calcitrans. The life-history of the fly and its habits are
described. Natural enemies include poultry, Carabids, wasps, spiders,
and the parasitic Hymenopteron, Spalangia mitscidarum.

Various remedies against the fly are suggested. One of the best
dressings for animals consists of 1 gal. fish oil, ^ lb. coal-tar oil and 1 pint
of kerosene ; but it is preferable to protect the animal by means of a
cloth covering. The mane and tail, which are a horse's natural means
of defence, should not be cut. It is advisable to screen all doors and
windows of stables with fine wire gauze, and animals should be brushed
down before l)eing returned to the stable. Sheep and pigs are not so
severely attacked, and can easily keep themselves free from the flies
if provided with a slope or trench, which is more efficacious if sprinkled
with parafiin. Two furrows of a plough are quite sufficient.

A trap for the flies consists of a wooden frame exactly fitting the only
opening in a stable, preferably on the sunny side. There is a slit
about half an inch wide and occup\dng the whole width of the frame at
its base. Flies entering this opening find themseh'es under a fine mesh
net at an acute angle and having in its upper part holes large enough
for them to pass through. This arrangement can be repeated several
times, so that the flies pass to various levels and in all directions.
If a bait be put into the trap it will also attract the house-fly [Musca
domestica], but for 5. calcitrans the odour of the animals is sufficient.

167

For destruction of the larvae, which breed chiefly in rotting straw,
all straw stacks, particularly oat stubble, should be carefully piled on
a clean floor so that they will not become damp. Any unusable stubble
should at once be removed. As manure-heaps also serve as breedmg-
places, all litter should be removed from stables at least once every
three 'days, and the surface of manure heaps should be constantly
moved in order to expose the larvae to air, sun, and their natural
enemies.

Grassi (B.). Osservazioni suUa Biologia degli Anofeli. [Observations
on the Biologv of Anopheliues.j— .l/nr. d' Igicne, Rome, xxxi,
no. 6, June 1921, pp. 329-349. [Received 8th August 1921.]
The term " hibernating " may be rightly applied to Anophelines
that are fat and do not contain blood, and the author believes that the
females emerging in the environs of Rome in late autumn (at the first
onset of cold\veather) suck blood after being fertilised and digest it ;
the eggs, however, remain small in size and the mosquitos become fat.
The intestines of fat individuals are empty, and no success attended
repeated attempts to make these mosquitos bite. It is not known
whether more than one meal is needed to ensure fattening. In the
Roman climate only a limited number of individuals become fat.
They have to remain in surroundings that are not warm enough to
cause the ingested blood to be used for maturing the eggs. In the
last months of the }'ear the appearance of fresh fat indu'iduals is always
possible. .

It may be thought that fattening is an annual occurrence m the lite
of the species independent of temperature. In this connection the
author thinks it possible that in late autumn Anophelines can fatten
when the surrounding temperature is, on the whole, warmer than in
spring, at which latter season the maturing of eggs takes the place of
fattening. This is quite probable and may be explained by assuming
that in spring Anophelines prefer— to a greater degree than in autumn-
warm situations promoting the maturing of eggs instead of fattening
It is, however, certain that hibernation is not a necessary link m the
continuation of the species. Some individuals wuth developing or
mature eggs may be found contemporaneously with fat specimens.
At the beginning of winter Anophelines that contain no blood and
are thin may be found. Some of them have emerged recentl}-, and
others have been fat and have become thin once more.

The spring awakening of Anophelines is doubtless connected with
loss of fat. Individuals that have suffered such a loss leave their refuges
and assemble in the sheds of domestic animals. In Anophelines that
have lost fat the eggs are always in the backward condition they were
in before fattening and they do not grow in size unless blood is taken.
An Anopheline that has hibernated {i.e., lost fat) can mature its eggs
as the result of one blood-feed ; the author does not believe this to
be exceptional. It is certain that at least some of the first indn'iduals
that mature at the end of winter have a smaller abdomen than others
and produce a smaller number of eggs.

The above data apply to Anopheles inaciiUpennis {clainger), but
A. bifiircatus exhibits similar phenomena.

It is possible that the malaria epidemics that occur in spring in
northern countries may be related to the awakening of Anophelines
(that have hibernated, i.e., lost fat) containing sporozoits in the salivary
glands. This is important because Anophelines that are not fat may

168

in the course of the winter suck blood, fruit or water, and thus cleanse
themselves, whereas fat specimens do not feed at all.

As regards the entry into and exit from buildings it appears that
these movements coincide with the variation in sunrise and sunset.
Further research is necessary on this point. All the facts detailed
here yield the result that Anophelines with mature eggs, unfed and
unfertilised females, and males issue for the most part from their
shelters in the evening before nightfall ; a few do so before daybreak.
The shelters are entered partly in the evening before night and partly
in the morning before full daylight. The number entering in the morn-
ing is much larger than that in the evening. The Anophelines that enter
are males, unfed females that have not yet been fertilised, or females
that have produced eggs. Entrance maj^ also occur, though only in a
small degree, during the night or even by day.

' The exit of the Anophelines has evidently two objects, one being
to provide an opportunity for the fertilisation of the females, and the
other to provide an opportunity for oviposition by mature individuals.

The entrance likewise has two objects, one the desire for a temporary
shelter on the part of newly emerged males and of females awaiting a
suitable time (sunset) for mating in the open, and the other, the desire
of fertilised females to suck blood and to shelter in order to digest their
food and mature the eggs.

Other experiments show the incorrectness of the opinion that Ano-
phelines feed daily and that they daily leave their shelters for the
open air. This is of importance in connection with the spread of
malaria.

Miller (D.). Sheep Maggot-flies and their Allies. — 'N.Z. Jl. Agric,
Wellington, xxii, no. 6, 20th June 1921, pp 321-334, 17 figs.

This paper is a preliminary review of several species of maggot-flies
collected in New Zealand. Their principal characters are given, together
with their life-history, and nature of the damage caused to sheep.

There are at least 15 species in New Zealand. The only indigenous
ones are Calliphora quadrimaciilata, Swed., C. hortona, Wlk., C. icela,
Wlk., and Pyrellia antennatis, Hutton. Short descriptions of each
insect are given, and the local information regarding specimens forwarded
by sheep owners is tabulated. The most important wool-blowing flies
in New Zealand are Pollenia stygia and Lucilia sericata, and in Australia
P. stygia and Chrysomyia (Pycnosoma) rufifacies. The larvae of the
latter resemble those of Fannia caniciilaris, but its presence in New
Zealand is doubtful.

Bluebottles have been reported as attacking sheep, but only C. hortona
has been bred from wool. The others have not yet been identified,
but it is thought that C. erythrocephala and C. quadrimaculata on rare
occasions infest sheep, especially if they are dirty. Spinose maggots
have been found infesting wool and burrowing into the skin, but
attempts to rear the adults were unsuccessful. They may have been
F. canicularis or Chrysomyia rufifacies.

Lambs suffer most from maggot-flies, and ewe lambs more than
wethers. Flies are attracted by blood at docking time and have also
been known to strike round a ram's horns. Dirty sheep are usually
attacked, but clean sheep may be blown at the shoulders. Decaying
feet in foot-rot, dog-bites and other wounds are also blown. In some
parts the flies are active throughout the winter. They are more trouble-
some in sheltered places and in moist and hot seasons. Blowing continues

169

through December till the autumn, though where sheep are clean after
shearing, January and February may be periods of immunity. In
Australia, where wool-blowing has greatly increased of recent years,
clean wool is now often infested.

The chief remedial measures have been crutching, arsenical dips,
and shearing of lambs. The control experiments described here as
carried out in Australia have already been noticed [R.A.E.,B, vii, 114].
Destruction of the carcases of animals, in which the flies normally
breed, by burning or burying is important. The utility of parasites
as a means of control is" uncertain. No definite results have been
obtained from the introduction from Australia of Chalcis caUiphorae.

Ferguson (E. W.). New Australian Tabanidae, with Notes on pre-
viously described Species.— Proc. R. Soc. Victoria, Melbourne,
N.S., xxxiii, 1921, separate, 29 pp., 2 plates, 3 figs.
The new species described are : — PelecorJiynchiis flavipennis ;

Erephopsis delandi, found biting horses ; E. subcontigua ; E. rufonigcr ;

E. xanthopilis ; Parasilvius fulvus, gen. et sp. n. ; Ectenopsis {?)

victoriensis ; Silvius sulcifrons ; 5. nigroapicalis ; Tabanus latifrons ;

T. tasmanictis ; T. bassii ; T. dixoni and T. dienianensis.

Bruks (C. T.). Insects and Human Welfare. An Account o£ the More
Important Relations of Insects to the Health of Man, to Agriculture,

and to Fovestry.— CcDHbridge, Mass., Harvard Univ. Press; and
London, Humphrey Milford, 1920, xii + 104 pp., 42 figs. Price
$2.50. [Received "27th September 1921.]

This volume presents some of the principles and practices of applied
entomology in a form illustrative of the biological relationships of
insects to their environment ; but few of the details to be found in
various other, larger, and more or less encyclopaedic treatises are
included, and matters not directly necessary for a brief consideration
of insects as they effect human welfare are avoided.

Our present knowledge regarding the insect dissemination of such
diseases as malaria, vellow fever, sleeping sickness, typhus, trench
fever and bubonic plague is summarised in a chapter on " Insects and
the Public Health," and several of the insects concerned, as well as
others, receive attention in one devoted to " Household Insects."

The biological method of reducing the numbers of noxious insects
offers, at present, the most promising field in which to speculate con-
cerning the future development of entomological practice, to which
the concluding chapter is devoted.

IsMERT (R.). Les Maladies du Sang : Les Piroplasmoses.— A'a'. Agric.

Afr. Nord, Algiers, xix, no. 105, 5th August 1921, pp. 612-613.

A general account is given of piroplasmosis and of its economic
importance, especially in the plains, where it causes the death of many
animals. In a later paper, the modes of infection and the exact role
of ticks in the transmission of the disease will be discussed.

Sergent (Et. & Ed.). Etude Experimentale du Paludisme.— .4;t/2.

Inst. Pasteur Afr. Nord, Algiers, i, no. 1, March 1921, pp. 1-32.
[Received 8th August 1921.]
In the course of this description of the effect of quinine and other
drugs on Plasmodium relictum, which is the causal agent of malaria

170

in birds, it is stated that, at a temperature of 77° to 85° F., there is a
period of incubation lasting from 12 to 15 days during which the parasite
is present in the form of zygotes encysted in the wall of the stomach
of the mosquito {Culex pipiens), before the sporozoits appear.

Sergent (Et.). Existence de Leptomonas davidi dans le Latex

d'Euphorbiac^es d'Algerie (£. peploides). — Arch. Inst. Pasteur

Afr. Nord, Algiers, i, no. 1, March 1921, p. 58. [Received

8th August 1921.]

A search has been carried on for some years for Lafont's flagellate

in the latex of several hundreds of Euphorbiaceae in Algeria, especially

Euphorbia peplus, E. peploides and E. helioscopia. The investigations

were generally made in the spring, when Euphorbia was abundant,

and only on one occasion were protozoa found in May, in the latex

of E. peploides. This is the first time that Leptomonas davidi has been

recorded in northern Africa, and apparently its first record from the

latex of this species [cf. R.A.E., B, ix, 154].

Sergent (Et.) & Gouillon (P.). Essais d'Inoculation a un Singe
d'une Filariose humaine par des Piqures de Culex pipiens. — Arch.
Inst. Pasteur Afr. Nord, Algiers, i, no. 1, March 1921, p. 85.
[Received 8th August 1921.]

On 22nd November 1919, more than 100 individuals of Ctd ex pipiens
were fed on a Senegalese who was known to harbour embryos of
Acanthocheilonema {Filaria) per stuns, the insects being removed
immediately afterwards to an incubator heated to 75 to 77° F. After
two months they were fed on a monkey {Macacus sinicus) . The result
was negative in spite of the fact that examination was continued for
eight months. Microscopic examination of the thoracic and cephalic
content of 20 individuals of Culex fed on blood infected with
A . Persians revealed no filariae.

Only one case of filariasis contracted in Algeria has as yet been
recorded (in 1908), but, particularly since the war, thousands of natives
harbouring embryonic filariae have travelled about Algeria.

Parrot (L.). Sur I'Armure genitale des Phlebotomes du Groupe
minutns, Rondani, et sur Phlehotonms fallax, nov. sp.— ^rr/z.
Inst. Pasteur Afr. Nord, Algiers, i, no. 1, March 1921, pp. 99-
102, 1 fig.

This systematic paper discusses the reasons, based on the genital
armature, for giving Phlebotomus minutus, Rond., var. fallax, Par.
[R.A.E., B, ix, 95] the status of a species.

Franca (C). Sur un Cas de Nanisme chez Phlebotomus papatasii,
^QO^.— Arch. Inst. Pasteur Afr. Nord, Algiers, i, no. 1, March
1921, pp. 103-106.

A dwarf individual of P. papatasii, Scop., is recorded from a number
taken in :\Iesopotamia in 1916, and a table shows the relative measure-
ments of indi\-iduals taken in Mesopotamia, Algeria and Salonica.

171

KiEFiKR (}. J). Sur quelques Dipteres piqueurs de la Tribu des
Ceratopogoninae.— .4;'r//. Inst. Pasteur Afr. Nonl, Algicys,
i, no. 1, Clinch 1921, pp. 107-115, 6 figs.

A key is given to certain genera of Ceratopogoninae allied to
Leptoconops. The species described include Microconops vexans,
gen et sp. n., Tersesthes camelormn, sp. n., and Cnlicoides {Diplosclla)
sergenti, subg., and sp. n., all taken on camels in Algeria ; Holocvnups
transversalis, sp. n., from Tunis ; and Culicoides cordatus, sp. n., from

Courland. . . , .-i-j.

Other new genera erected are Lasiohelea, for Atrichopogonpilosipennis,
Kieff. ; Gvmnohelea, for A. singiilaris, Kieff., and A. longiserra,
Kieff. '; Protersesthes for Tersesthes brasiliensis, Lutz ; and Styloconops
for Leptoconops albiventris, Meij. {spinosipes, Kieff.).

LouGHNAN (W. F. M.). Unclassified Fevers in Jamaica.— J/. Prop.

Med. & Hvg., London, xxiv, no. 13, 1st August 1921, pp. 201-

204.
The etiology of various unclassified fevers is unknown, but they are
probably protozoal in origin. There are at least three types of such
fevers in Jamaica, and these are here described. Culicoides macidi-
thorax is the most common blood-sucking insect in the island. It is
ubiquitous and may be a vector of sand-fly fever. Simulium has been
found, but not where the fever is prevalent.

Laake (E. W.). Distinguishing Characters of the Larval Stages ol
the Ox-Warbles Hvpodenua bovis and Hypoderma lineatuni, with
Description of a new Larval Stage.—//. Agric. Res., Washington,
D.C., xxi, no. 7, 1st July 1921, pp. 439-457, 24 figs.

The value of the posterior stigmal plates and other characters for
differentiating the four known larval stages of Hypoderma lineatuni,
De Villiers, and H. bovis, DeG., is discussed, and a new larval stage
of H. lineatum in the oesophagus of the host is described.

Van Saceghem (R.). La Trypanosomiase du Ruanda.— B/^//. Agric.
Congo Beige, Brussels, xii, no. 2, June 1921, pp. 294-302.

In an earlier paper [R.A.E., B, v, 12] the author expressed the
opinion that pathogenic trypanosomes can be transmitted in nature
from one animal to another by blood-sucking Diptera other than
Glossina, and this has subsequently been confirmed by other observers.
A severe epizootic of trypanosomiasis has recently broken out in
Ruanda, where the altitude in many districts is above 4,600 ft. and
where Glossina does not occur. The disease, which was unknown
there a few years ago, seems to have been introduced by the mules
used by the troops in the war, and has spread throughout the region.
The trypanosome is pathogenic to cattle, sheep, guinea-pigs and
probably to equines, and investigation has shown that it is identical
with T. congolense-pecortim. Though Glossina is absent, Stomoxys
spp. occur at certain times in great numbers. Many of these flies
that had recently fed on infected animals were examined, and living
trypanosomes were easily found in the intestines of all of them. By
the following day these had disappeared. The presence of these
living trypanosomes proves that the salivary juice of Stomoxys is

172

harmless to them, though repeated investigations have failed to reveal
them in the proboscis. Experimental infection with Stomoxys is
being tested.

Russ (V.) and others. Studien iiber die Malaria in Niederosterreich,

[Studies on Malaria in Lower Austria.] — Veroffentlichungen des
Volksgesundheitsamtes, Vienna, no. xiv, 1921, 39 pp.

This publication comprises five sections, of which four are noticed
here. Of these the introductory notes, the section on the epidemiology
of malaria in Lower Austria, and the concluding notes, are by Dr.
Russ, whilst that dealing with the distribution of Anophelines is by
Dr. Franz Maidl.

The fact that the collapse of the Austrian front occurred at the
end of October 1918, when the malaria season was ended, permitted
measures to be taken against an epidemic in 1919. These included
the formation of a Malaria Sanitary Column, which comprised a
medical and a zoological side. The latter carried out a system of
Anopheline surveys from May 1919 onwards, the method usually
followed being a search for larvae, adults being looked for in special
cases only. Both the species foimd in Lower Austria, A . maculipennis,
Mg. {claviger, F.) and A. bifurcahis, L., are recognised carriers of
malaria.

A long list of infested localities is given. Definite Anopheline areas
are the plains, such as the Vienna basin and the Danube valley. From
these the mosquitos appear to have penetrated into the valleys of the
smaller rivers and streams, and their distribution is practically universal,
occurring wherever conditions are favourable. In several localities
A. maculipennis and A. bifurcatus occurred together, with a general
predominance of the former. Neither the plains nor the mountain
valleys appear to favour either of them specially. Larvae were found
in both stagnant and running water, as well as in waters that were
both clean and foul.

They were less abundant away from villages and in uninhabited
situations, probably owing to the lack of winter shelters. The adults
are chiefly found in privies and in the shelters of domestic animals
of all kinds, though cattle sheds adjoining horses' stables appear to
be preferred to the. latter. The date of appearance of the larvae
depends principally on the temperature of the water. Floods and
high water-levels destroy the larvae, and drought, involving the dis-
appearance of breeding places, has a like result. In spring and summer
larvae of various sizes occur together, and this explains why there
is no distinct periodicity in the abundance of larvae and adults.

The epidemiological observations that were made lead to the con-
clusion that malaria in Lower Austria is not an exotic disease, but
is even now one of long standing and somewhat rare occurrence.

As malaria carriers (chiefly from Italy and Albania, and nearly all
cases of benign tertian or of a mixed infection of benign and malignant
tertian — quartan being very rare) and Anophelines are abundant
in Lower Austria, the absence of epidemics in 1919 and 1920 point
to the absence of a third factor needed to complete the chain. This
appears to be the climate, which seems to prevent either the union
of the gametes or their development subsequent to union. Dr. Russ
inclines to the opinion that this climatic factor was not peculiar to
1919 and 1920, but that the mean summer temperature is normally
too cold.

173

A comprehensive system of malaria prophylaxis seems impossible
under present conditions, nor does it appear necessar}-. Anti-
mosquito work on a small scale should be supplemented by the cure
or segregation of freshly-infected cases and of plasmodia-carriers.

Brumpt (E.). Comment ameliorer notre Betail colonial. How to

improve our Colonial Cattle.] — Rev. HisL Nat.App., Paris, liere
Partie, ii, no. 7, July 1921, pp. 205-216.

The danger incurred by the transportation of cattle from infected
to non-infected areas is discussed with special reference to the occurrence
of piroplasmosis, anaplasmosis and trypanosomiasis. The move-
ment of cattle from one hot climate to another is particularly dangerous,
and special care should be taken to prevent the introduction of African
coast fever into Madagascar, as one of the ticks transmitting it,
Rhipicephalus simus, is already present there. There is no danger of
introducing fresh diseases into hot climates from regions to the north
of 44*^ latitude ; but all cattle intended for export from such regions
should be immunised before embarkation.

W'oLLMAN (E.). Le Role des Mouches dans le Transport des Germes
pathogenes etudie par la Methode des Elevages aseptiques. — Ann.
Inst. Pastcny, Pun's, xxxv, no. 7, July 1921, pp. 431-449, 3 figs.

This paper has alreadv been noticed from another source [R.A.E.,
B, ix, 71].

SwELLENGREBEL (N. H.). Db mannelijke Genitalien der Neder-
landsch Indische Anophelinen. [The Male Genitalia of Dutch
East Indian Anophelines.] — Tijdschr. Ent., The Hague, Ixiv,
no. 1-2, 1st August 1921, pp. 36-45, 7 figs.

This paper is complementary to the list of Anophelines alreadv
noticed [R.A.E., B, viii, 162] and deals with such male genitaha as
have not been described by Christophers [R.A.E., B, iv, 24] or of
which the author's observations differ from those of Christophers.
The latter's findings relating to Anopheles subpictus [rossi), A. vagus
and A . ludlowi are compared with those of the author. The other species
dealt with are A. hyrcaniis, Pall, {sinensis, Wied.), A. barbirostris,
Wulp, A. albotaeniafus, Theo., -4. umbrosus, Theo., ,4. aitkeni,
James, A. immactdatus, Theo. (previoush^ recorded as flavus, vSw.),
and A. annulipes, Wlk., var. mohiccensis , vSw. A ke}^ is given to the
known male genital characters of Dutch East Indian Anophelines,
Christophers' description being used for A^ gigas, A. janiesi, and
A. fidiginosus var. nivipes.

Manetti (C). Gli AUevamenti dell 'Africa tropicale occidentale e
le possibili Attivita italiane nella Regione. [Stock Breeding in
Tropical West Africa and possible Italian Undertakings in that
Region.] — L' Agric. Colon., Florence, xv, no. 8, August 1921,
pp. 421-433.

This is the first portion of a review of the means adopted in tropical
West Africa against various pests and diseases of stock, written with
the object of deducing the principles to be observed by breeders in
Italian Africa.

174

A list is given of the known forms of trypanosomiasis and their
insect earners from the tropical regions of the world.

Flu (P. C). Enkele epidemiologische Waarnemingen over Pest.

[Some epidemiological Observations on Plague.] — Geneesk.
Tijdschr. Ned.- Indie, Batavia, Ixii, no. 3, 1921, pp. 263-287.

Numerous epidemiological observations on rat-plague were made
at Batavia and other places where an outbreak occurred in 1920.

Xenopsylla cheopis was found in storehouses, sometimes in important
numbers. ' These fleas are to be found at all times, but especiall}/
when rat-plague is present. They are most abundant in stores
containing goods attractive to rats, especially rice.

The importance of rice in the spread of plague has long been known
in Java, but hitherto rats were considered to be chiefly responsible
by being transported with their nests, which were supposed to be
inside the rice-bags. The author found that if dead plague rats were
seen in a rice-store it was sufficient to take up the flooring to find large
numbers beneath in various stages of decomposition. Their fleas
must attempt to escape and some of them infest the fabric of the bags,
or work their way into the mass of rice. The weight of a pile of bags
tends to force apart the threads of the fabric, so that entry is easy.
It was found that individuals of A', cheopis do occur on the floor and
among the stacked goods, having probably come from infested rats.
They are able to remain at least three days in a gunny bag. Fleas
are therefore quite as important as rats in the spread of plague. The
author is indeed inclined to think them of greater importance, as
living rats "seldom harbour fleas infected with plague.

The pi-ospects of an effective quarantine against plague are not
promising in view of the author's reseaich on the killing power of
SO2 on fleas in rice-bags. At present the most powerful weapon in
plague quarantine is fumigation with this gas, but it appears that
reliance solely on this method may be mistaken. It has been found
that rice weevils are able to avoid the effects of sulphurous acid fumes
or of steam at 60°C. [140°F.] by burrowing into the mass of the grain.
When native dwellings are fumigated with sulphur dioxide, the
fleas (which are more resistant to the fumes than are their rat -hosts)
abandon the rats and burrow into the sand covering the floor.

Using hermetically sealed jars it was ascertained that if the enclosed
air contained | per cent, of SOg, about 40 minutes elapsed before all
the fleas within were motionless ; on opening the j ars two hours after-
wards the fleas appeared to be dead. At a strength of 4 per cent,
immobility ensued immediately.

In another test a pound of rice in a gunny bag was placed with
about 100 fleas in a jar into which air containing 2\ per cent, of SOg
was introduced. After a few minutes all the visible fleas were
motionless. The jar was opened two hours later, when a number of fleas
were found alive beneath the bag and on its fabric. The rice was
then spread out and all the weevils and other insects present were
found to be alive.

These results do not inspire confidence in the method of burning
sulphur in open containers with a view to destroying the ectoparasites
of rats, though it is an excellent method of killing the rats themselves.

In experiments with Clayton gas on fleas on and in sacks of rice
in a specially sealed native boat it was found that when 3 per cent,
of SO2 was registered at the inlet the strength at the outlet was less

175

than 1 per mille. Further there is always some water at the bottom
of such boats, beneath the planking carrying the cargo. The experi-
ment showed that some of the fleas were not killed by the gas and that
rice weevils are even more resistant than fleas, so that they provide a
good control for experiments. The chances of escape for the fleas
increase with the size of the hold and the dampness of the cargo.

Clayton gas however gives better results than any other substance
except hydrocyanic acid gas, which does not injure the goods, acts
more quickly, and is cheaper. Hydrocyanic acid gas may also be used
for cargoes that are not attractive to rats, such as machinery — in a
shipment of which fleas have been found. Experience has shown
that plague may be introduced in such cargoes.

VAN Slooten (J.). Mededeeling omtrent eenige Proeven tot het
Ontratten van Goederenloodsen door Middel van Zwaveldioxyde
in zwakke Concentratie. [A Communication on some Tests
in freeing Goods-sheds from Rats by Fumigation with weak
Sulphur Dioxide.]— -Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned.- Indie, Batavia,
Ixii, no. 3, 1921, pp. 340-345.

During the outbreak of rat-plague at Tandjong-Priok in 1920,
an experiment was made to ascertain whether sulphur dioxide could
be used to drive rats into traps out of goods-sheds that did not admit
of regular fumigation as they could not be sufficiently sealed. It had
been noticed that animals try to avoid the fumes of SO, much too
weak to prove fatal. During some of the experiments from 0-054
to 0'21 volumes of SO2 per 1,000 of air were registered. Only some
of a number of marked rats were found in the traps, and the conclusion
reached is that SO,, used at a weak concentration, is not effective
in driving out rats under such circumstances.

Leon (N.). A Case of Urethral Myiasis. — //. Parasitology, Urhana,
III., vii, no. 4, June 1921, pp. 184-185.

A case of urethral myiasis from Rumania is recorded in which larvae
of Musca domestica were the causal agent.

Campion (H.). Some Dragonflies and their Prey — ii. With Remarks
on the Identity oJ the Species of Orthetmvi involved. — Ann. &
Mai^. Nat. Hist., London, viii, no. 45, September 1921, pp. 240-
245*; 3 figs.

Among the dragonflies recorded from Nyasaland, OrtJietntm brachiale,
P. de B., and 0. chrysostigma, Burm., are apparently the chief species
preying on Glossina morsitans, We.stw.

WiLLiAiNis (C. B.). A Blood-sucking Thrips. — Entomologist, London,
liv, no. 698, July 1921, pp. 163-164.

A Phloethripid, probably Trichothrips sp., is recorded as biting
man in Trinidad. In the subsequent number of this journal, p. 198,
Mr. E. E. Green describes similar experiences in Ceylon, and suggests
that the species concerned may be naturally a predatory one. It is
conceivable that in time a habitually blood-sucking race of thrips
may be evolved.

176

King (H. H.). The Fowl Tick (Argas persicus, Oken.). — Wellcome
Trop. Res. Lab., Khartoum, Ent. Bull. 16, July 1921, 6 pp.

A common poultry pest in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan is the fowl
tick {Argas persicus). It essentially attacks fowls, turkeys, ducks
and geese, but it has been recorded as infesting pigeons, and in Persia
is said to attack man. Its life-history and habits have already been
noticed [R.A.E., B, i, 23, 115; ii, 115]. In addition to causing
ill health in fowls, it is the carrier of Spirochaeta marchouxi, the
causal agent of fowl spirochaetosis.

Trapping is an effective remedial measure. Fowl houses made of
mud brick should be sand plastered, the doors tarred and all crevices
filled in. The floor should be of cement or rammed earth. The perches
should be wooden, resting on iron brackets arising from the floor,
or on wooden trestles. They should be easily detachable and have at
least one deep crack. Nesting boxes should be of wood and should not
touch the walls. Any larval ticks, after leaving their host, will hide
in the cracks in the perches, or woodwork of the trestles, or the crevices
of the nest boxes when the hens are broody. These perches and the
other crevices should be thoroughly scalded once a week, and this
should be continued even if no ticks are found. Scalding water alone
should be used, as other substances may render the cracks unattractive
as hiding places. Fowls should not be allowed to roost in trees or
on walls. If the roofs become infested, spraying with paraffin is
recommended. They should preferably be made of con-ugated iron
resting on iron bars, as these furnish no shelter for ticks.

Mazzaccara (G.). L'Estro equino {Gastrophilus equi). [The Horse
Bot.] — Allevamenti, Palermo, ii, no. 8, 1st August 1921, p. 238.

A bdef account is given of the life-cycle of and injury done by
Gastrophilus intestinalis {equi). Infested horses should be given
daily four gelatine capsules each containing I oz. of carbon bisulphide.
Such larvae as are expelled alive must be killed. The adult fly may
be kept away from grazing animals by washing them with a solution
of tobacco or other repellent.

Memorandum on the Cattle Industry of Southern Rhodesia, 1921.

—Rhodesia Agric. Jl., Salisbury, xviii, no. 3, June 1921, pp.
237-314, 3 tables.

The general health conditions of cattle in Rhodesia are remarkably
good compared with other countries. Cattle owners are more affected
by the quarantine restrictions imposed for x\frican coast fever than by
actuaMosses of animals from the disease. From 1906-1919 inclusive
the mortality from this disease was only 500 head a year. At present
there is only one centre where deaths occur, and it is hoped to eradicate
this disease entirely from the country.

Imported cattle suffer from redwater and gall-sickness, but preventive
inoculation for these diseases is being improved. The blood parasites
Piroplasma bigeminum and Anaplasma marginale are prevalent in all
indigenous cattle, causing stunted growth as well as injury from the
direct action of the disease. Ticks transmit the disease to imported
cattle, the most virulent forms always attacking the better bred animals.

Compulsory weekly dipping of cattle is universal, except in a few
remote localities. There are to-day 1,639 dipping tanks in Southern
Rhodesia, or upwards of one to every thousand head of cattle.

NOTICES.

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The Annual Subscription, in advance, to the Review, Series A
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CONTENTS.

Africa : Measures against Insect-borne Diseases of Stock . .

Africa, East : The Transmission of Trypanosomiasis by Stomoxys

Algeria : Piroplasmosis in Domestic Animals

Algeria : The Occurrence of Leptomonas davidi in Euphorbia

Algeria : Experiments with Culex pipiens and Filariasis . .

Algeria : New Ceratopogoninae . .

Australia : New Species of Tabanidae

Austria : The Distribution of Anophelines and Malaria . .

Congo, Belgian : A List of Poultry Parasites

Dutch East Indies : The Male Genitalia of Anophelines . .

Dutch East Indies : Experiments in Fumigation against Rats

Fleas . . ....

Egypt : Measures against an Outbreak of Cockroaches

Fiji : Notes on Poultry Diseases

France : Measures against Stomoxys calcitrans

Germany : Simuliids and their Effect on Cattle

Germany : The Use of Vinegar against Lice

India : The Role of Meteorology in Malaria

Italy : Observations on the Bionomics of Anophelines

Italy : Measures against Gastrophilus intestinalis . .

Jamaica : Unclassified Fevers and Culicoides

Japan : The Relation of Birds to Mites conveying Tsutsugamushi

Madagascar : The Danger of introducing African Coast Fever

Mesopotamia : The Occurrence of Phlebotomus papatasii . .

New Zealand : Sheep Maggot-flies and their Control . .

Nyasaland : Dragonfly Enemies of Glossina niorsitans . .

Persia : Transmission of Recurrent Fever by Lice

Rhodesia, South : Successful Measures against Ticks on Cattle

Rumania : Musca domestica causing Urethral Myiasis in Man

Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian: Measures against the Fowl Tick {Argas

persicus)
Trinidad : A Thrips attacking Man

U.S.A. : The Utilisation of Gambusia for Mosquito Control
Studies on Insect Flagellates . .
Method of Using Hydrocyanic Gas on Ships . .
The Use of Nicotine against Mites causing Mange . .
Hydrocj^anic Acid Gas as a Fumigant
Insects and Human Welfare {Review)

The Development of Plasmodium relictum in Culex pipiens
The Genital Armature of Phlebotomus
The Larval Stages of Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatum
The Relation of Flies to Disease

Disease

page

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Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History). *
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., C.B., C.B.E., F.R.S.,

Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman of the

Governing Body, Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture.
Sir Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Ad^dser to the Colonial Office

.in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.CM.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Sir Arthur E. Shipley, G.B.E., F.R.S., Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C Sperling, C.M.G., Foreign Office.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of

Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is ex officio a member of the Committee.
6eneral Secretarp.
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Director and €ditor.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, C.M.G.

Jlssistant Director.

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Publication Ojffice.—il, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7.

177

Metalnikow (S.) & Gaschen (H.). Immunity et Hypersensibilit6
Chez la Chenille.— C. R. Hebdom. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxxiii,
no. 5, 1st August 1921, pp. 336-338.

The experiments here described show that larvae of Galleria
mellonella become immunised against cholera infection within three
hours after the injection of the vaccine [cf. R.A.E., B, ix, 154].
Although the treated larvae are immune to "the minimum fatal dose
they appear to succumb more rapidly to larger doses than the untreated
larvae.

These observations support the hypothesis that the anaphylactic
shock is the result of a too rapid cellular reaction stimulated by
immunisation.

KoNsuLOFF (.S.). Die Lebensbedingungen der Anophelinen in
Bulgarien in Zusammenhang mit der Malariaverbreitung. [The
Bionomics of Anophelines in Bulgaria in connection with
the Diffusion of Malaria. 1 — Arch. Schiffs-u. Trop.-Hyg., Leipsic,
XXV, no. 8, August 1921, pp. 227-240.

Since the war malaria has increased to such an extent in Bulgaria
that at the Malaria Conference, held at Sofia in October 1920, it was
recognised as the most widely spread disease in the country, the
epidemic of 1920 being more severe than any in the preceding
twenty years.

The Bulgarian Anophelines are Anopheles maculipennis, Mg., A.
bifurcatus, L.,.4. hyrcanus, Pall. {Myzorhynchus pseudopictus, Gr.), and
A. palestinensis, Theo. {Pyretophorus ^superpictus, Gr.). The first-
named is the most common and occurs in the plains and mountainous
districts up to about 4,000 feet. A. bifurcatus is rare, a few specimens
being occasionally found together with A. maculipennis. A. hyrcanus
formerly occurred as a rare species in north-eastern Bulgaria, but
latterly it has appeared in the rice-fields in the south. In the evening
swarms of this species occur in the rice-fields, though it is never found
in adjacent houses, where the ceilings may be covered with A. maculi-
pennis. It probably plays a part in the infection in the open, which
seems to be common in Bulgaria, where in summer the agricultural
population are in the habit of sleeping out of doors. A. pales-
tinensis occurs in the Struma region in south-west Bulgaria, the
small, algae-containing pools in ravines being its preferred breeding-
places. Its larvae may also be found in collections of water so small
as to appear quite unsuitable for mosquitos. Neither in Bulgaria
nor in Macedonia has the author ever seen the larvae of A . palestinensis
in the ponds in the plains, which have a muddy bottom, contain
much grass and are the preferred breeding-places of A . maculipennis.
A. palestinensis breeds in standing or slow-moving water with a sand or
rubble bottom. Though A. maculipennis prefers the waters described
above, it does not entirely avoid the breeding-places of A. palestinensis.

The latter appears to play an important role in the transmission
of malaria in the southern part of the Balkans, but it is remarkable
that only small numbers of it are found indoors in districts where it
occurs. Of two Bulgarian regiments, one quartered in a district
infested with A maculipennis and the other in a district infested
with A. palestinensis, the latter suffered more from malaria.

It would be interesting to know whether in Greece also malaria
is more diffused in hilly districts lacking much stagnant water
{A. palestinensis regions) than in marshy districts unsuitable to

(4669) Wt P.3/181 1500 11/21 Harrow G.75 O

178

A. palestinensis {A. niaculipennis regions). Existing statistics by
Savas on malaria in Crete and Greece show that the chief incidence of
malaria occurs in districts with few or no swamps.

The abundance of Anophelines in Bulgaria is subject to marked
annual variations due to the temperature in spring and to the amount
of water in summer.

It is possible to differentiate zones where these variations occur
in different degrees. These zones, where malaria epidemics are also
subject to characteristic variations, are as follows : — (1) the neighbour-
hood of the big lakes along the Danube and Black Sea ; (2) the neigh-
bourhood of the big inland rivers that form large pools and swamps ;
(3) the neighbourhood of the rice-fields ; (4) the plains without lakes,
or large rivers, where Anopheline breeding-places are small collections
of water ; (5) the hill country in the basin of the Struma and its tribu-^
taries, which is the region infested by A . palestinensis. In some years
there is little malaria in all these zones, but in others there are important
outbreaks in some of them.

In a normal year the females oviposit throughout April ; owing
to the low temperature development is slow, the adults emerging
between mid-May and 1st June. Oviposition occurs again during
the first three weeks in June, the adults emerging throughout July.
A third generation appears from mid-August to mid-September, and
there may be an exceptional fourth generation, which may be dis-
regarded, as the malarial parasites do not develop in such mosquitos
owing to the low autumn temperature. This sequence is not uniform
in practice, and individuals of two generations may be contemporaneous.
Development is also markedly modified by the available amount of
water. The Bulgarian spring is rather wet, and all small collections
of standing water contain enough to ensure development. The very
dry Bulgarian summer causes all small collections to disappear in
August, and conditions are unfavourable for the larvae of the third
generation. This effect of drought is most marked in the plains.

A spring temperature that is much lower than usual and lasts a long
time results in a great diminution of Anophelines in summer. This,
holds good for all zones and is due to retarded development and to
the disinclination of females to suck blood until the advent of warm
weather. In 1919 the eggs giving rise to the second generation began
to be laid as late as the second half of June.

In the zones peculiar to A . maculipennis and A . hyrcanus the spring
rain showers do not influence the abundance of Anophelines in summer,,
but rain showers in July and August are very much in their favour.
In the A. palestinensis zones points of great importance are the number
of showers and the consequent number of floods that sweep out the
stream beds, and the incidence of these showers in spring and early
summer. Floods at the end of April or early in Ma}^ destro}^ most
of the larvae of the first generation, so that few females are available
to produce the second. Furthermore, if the interval between two-
floods is shorter than the length of the larval period such larvae as.
have hatched after the first flood will be destroyed by the second.

Bass (C. C). An Attempt to explain the greater Pathogenicity o£
Plasmodium falciparum as compared with other Species.^ ylwzt'r.

Jl. Trop. Med., Baltimore, i, no. 1, January 1921, pp. 29-33.
[Received 23rd August 1921.]

The most pathogenic of the three common species of malarial
parasites, Plasmodium vivax, P. malariae and P. praecox {falciparum),

179

is undoubtedly the latter. The theoretical explanation offered for this
is that the shape of the parasite and the unyielding consistency of its
substance results in its lodgment in the capillaries to a greater extent,
and in that position larger numbers multiply and survive than m
the case of the other species.

King (W. V.). U.S. Bur. Ent. Natural Malaria Infection in

Anopheles Mosquitoes.— .4 wjcr. //. Trop. Med., Baltimore, i.

no. 1, January 1921, pp. 35-39. [Received 23rd August 1921.]

In 1917 a series of examinations were made of Anophehnes collected

under natural conditions in Louisiana and Mississippi to determine

the rate of infection in malarial regions. The results obtained at the

end of the first season were not entirely complete, but 5,878 dissections

and examinations were carried out, the species concerned being

Anopheles quadrimacidatus, A. crucians and .4. pnnctipennis. The

first named was by far the most numerous (5,673 individuals), and

0 • 54 per cent, were infected, though only two were in the infective

stage when captured. No examples of A. crucians or A. pnnctipennis

were found infected.

Craig (C. F.). The Classification and Differential Diagnosis of the
Aestivo-Autumnal Malaria Plasmodia.— ^1 ;n^r. //. Trop. Med.,
Baltimore, i, no. 2, March 1921, pp. 57-96, 6 charts, 3 plates.
[Received 23rd August 1921.]

In 1909 the author proposed a separation of the two species of
malarial parasites associated with aestivo-autumnal infection, and
named the quotidian parasite, Plasmodium falciparum quotidianum.

The points of difference in the morphology and development of
P. praecox [falciparum) and P. praecox quotidianum, as observed in
the blood of man, are here described and summarised in tabular form.
Their morphological differences are as constant and distinctive as
those between P. vivax and P. malariae, while the striking difference
in the temperature curves to which they give rise serves to differentiate
them still further.

There is no direct experimental evidence that they are two distinct
species, as there are no records of experimental production of quotidian
aestivo-autumnal malaria by inoculating P. praecox quotidianum into
susceptible individuals or through the bites of experimentally infected
mosquitos. Successful experiments have been recorded, but the
exact species of aestivo-autumnal malaria used was not ascertained,
it being thought that only a single one was concerned.

The author considers that the evidence now given is almost
sufficient to entitle quotidianum to full specific rank, but until this is
actually proved, this organism should be regarded as a subspecies
of P. praecox.

SiNTOx (J. A.). Some Cases of Myiasis in India and Persia, with a
Description of the Larvae causing the Lesions.— /h(//V?« //.

Med. Res., Calcutta, ix, no. 1, July 1921, pp. 132-162, 4 plates,

8 figs.

Previous records of myiasis are reviewed, and six cases from the

author's personal observations in India are dealt with. These include

nasal, buccal and cutaneous myiasis in man, and the latter also in a

dog and camel. The flies concerned are Chrysomyia {Pycnosoma)

(4669) o 2

180

dux, Esch., Liicilia sericata, Mg., Sarcophaga mficornis, F., and
Wohlfahrtia sp., the various stages of which are described.

A table distinguishing the larval and pupal characters is given,
and the technique employed in removing the larvae and preparing
them for identification is explained.

KoBAYASHi (H.). Overwintering of Flies. — Japan Med. World,
Tokyo, i, no. 3, 15th July 1921, pp. 11-14.

In Korea, the adults of Musca domestica, chiefly the females, survive
throughout the winter if fed. The flies are not in a state of hibernation,
active movement and oviposition occurring at times.

Some authors maintain that living pupae are found in the winter,
while others say it is impossible to keep them. The author's experi-
ments in this connection show that in an ordinary room temperature
the pupae emerge after a few weeks, while the larvae can hardly
develop under these conditions. Experiments showed that the eggs
are the least resistant to low temperatures, the larval and pupal
stages being next, and the adults the most resistant. Outdoor tempera-
tures prevent M. domestica from breeding in the winter. Stomoxys
calcitrans, Sarcophaga carnaria, and Fannia canicularis hibernated
in the larval and pupal stages at a room temperature.

Observations on adult flies under natural winter conditions are as
follows : — In Seoul it is probable that there are certain places where
M. domestica breeds continuously in the winter, but there are no exact
data confirming the overwintering of larvae and pupae. Scatophaga
sfercoraria and Calliphora lata may overwinter in the adult stages.
Larvae and pupae were collected in Keigo, and breeding experiments
show that the following species overwinter in those stages : Stomoxys
calcitrans, Sarcophaga carnaria, Fannia canicularis, Sepsis sp. and
(?) Ophyra nigra.

ViLLENEUvE (J.). Description de Dipteres nouveaux. — Ann. Soc.
Ent. Belg., Brussels, Ixi, pt. 5-6, 1st July 1921, pp. 157-161.

The species described include Haematopota {Chrysozona) Iambi,
sp. n., from Beausset (Var). At Montpellier a variety of H. bigoti,
Gob., is frequently met with, for which the author suggests the name
var. monspellensis, n.

Clapier (P.). Evolution et Etat aetuel de la Trypanosomiase humaine
dans le Secteur de Prophylaxie No. II (Moyen-Congo).— ^m//.

Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiv, no. 7, 13th July 1921, pp. 405-423.

This is a study of the situation as regards sleeping sickness throughout
the large region of the Middle Congo, and a general review of the present
status of the disease on the lower Ubangi and its tributaries is given.
It is not considered possible as yet to determine whether regular
atoxyl prophylaxis, carried on in each zone for 16 or 18 months, can
be said to have been successful.

Di DoMizio (G.). Su due Tripanosomi del Bestiame nella Somalia
Italiana. [Two Trypanosomes in Cattle in Italian Somaliland.]
—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiv, no. 7, 13th July 1921, pp.
423-433, 2 figs.

After refen-ing to the studies by Martoglio and by Croveri on
trypanosomiases in Italian Somaliland [R.A.E., B, vii, 189] the

181

author describes his observations of numerous cases in bovines, equines
and camels.

From the first, great morphological differences were visible between
the trypanosome in bo\-ines and that in equines. The bovine trypano-
some belongs to the group including Trypanosoma dimorphon,
T. congolcnse, T. nanum and T. pccormn. Unlike T. nammi it can
be inoculated into small manmials, and it is probably identical with
one of the three others. The cattle contract the disease on the banks
of the Webi Shebeli and Juba rivers and in the adjacent lands covered
with thick bush, where Glossina pallidipes occurs. The natives apply
the name " ghindi " to this fly and to the trypanosome or trypanosomes
conveyed by it.

The trypanosome observed in equines has a marked dimorphism
that brings it into the brucei-pecaudi group ; it is not certain whether
it is T. brucei or T. pecaudi, or a variety of one of these.

T. somalilense and T. cellii, described by Martoglio in 1911 as
the respective agents of " ghincU " and " gobiat," do not exist. Each
of these is a plural species resulting from a mixture of the two trypano-
somes described here, with perhaps the further admixture of a third,
such as a pathogenic species quite recently observed in cattle by the
author, who refers it to the type of T. cazalhoiii.

Sergent (Ed.). Sur I'Hypothese de rEvolution des Sarcocystis du
Boeuf Chez un Insecte hematophage, Hote definitiL— C.i^. Soc.

Biol, Paris, Ixxxv, no. 27, 23rd July 1921, pp. 408-411.

Microscopical examination of the blood of a calf, taken from the
cheek, showed the presence of spores of Sarcocystis, although previous
and subsequent weekly examinations of blood from the same region
proved negative. The observations here described show that it is
possible for insects such as Tabanids or Stomoxys to ingest large
numbers of these spores at one feed. The spores are dimorphic,
some having the characters and elements of males and others those
of females. This supports the theory of previous authors that insects
may prove to be alternative hosts of this organism.

Sergent (Et. & Ed.). Formes Leishmaniennes et Leptomonadiennes
Chez les Punaises de Chauves-Souris. — C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris,
Ixxxv, no. 27, 23rd July 1921, pp. 413-415, 1 fig.

A Leptomonas and another leishmaniform organism have been
isolated from the blood of Cifnex pipistrclli, Jenyns, taken from
bats in the department of Oran. It remains to be seen whether
these organisms and the trypanosomes of bats in Algeria are allied.
Attention is drawn to the recent discovery of Schizotrypannm in bats
in Alsace [R.A.E., B, ix, 120].

SwEZEY (O. H.). Ox Bot-fly or Warble Fly, Hypodcrma lincata.—
Hawaiian Planters' Record, Honolulu, xxv, no. 1, July 1921,
pp. 23-25, 6 figs.

The presence of Hypoderma lineatum (warble-fly) on cows in the
Island of Kanai is recorded. These animals had been imported from
the mainland some few months previously, and were doubtless infested
before they were shipped. Although the same thing has probably
occurred before, the fly does not seem to have become established

182

in the island. The Hfe-history and habits of this pest as occurring
in the United States are described. If the fly should become
estabhshed in the Ha^'aiian Islands, it is thought that the life-cycle
might be shortened and that development might be continuous as
in the case of the house-fly [Mttsca domestica] and horn-fly [Lyperosia] .
Warbles found on imported cattle should be destroyed either by
removing them by pressure or by rubbing into the afiected parts of
the hide a little kerosene or mercurial ointment.

Babcock (O. G.). U.S. Bur. Ent. & Bennett (D. H.). The Screw
Worm and the Wool Maggot. — Texas Agric. Expt. Sta., College
Station, Circ. 27, April 1921, 15 pp., 7 figs. [Received 31st
August 1921.]

Cattle in Texas suffer considerably from the attacks of Cochliomyia
(Chrysomvia) macellaria, F. (screw-worm fly), which is said to cause
an annual loss of at least ;/;800,000 in the United States alone. The
life-history and habits of the fly are described [R.A.E.,V,, vi, 148-150].
The method of dispersion is by flight, marked flies having been known
to travel at least 15 miles. Several days of warm weather, with a
maximum temperature of about 80° F. are necessary before oviposition
takes place, this seldom occurring before May. Warm, showery
weather favours breeding, which ceases about the middle of December.

Clean sanitation and the immediate destruction of ah carcasses
is one of the best measures for preventing the increase of the fly.
A carcass should be completely burnt by placing it on a pile of wood,
or by digging a trench about a foot deep, filling it with wood and rolHng
the animal on to the pile. It is questionable whether vultures and
other scavengers are of much use in this connection ; in any case
they do not destroj' carcasses sufficiently to prevent breeding of the
flies.

Various methods of poisoning the flies have been tried. Carcasses
have been partly skinned, and the exposed flesh slashed and treated
with a solution of 1 lb. white arsenic in 5 U.S. gals, of boiling water.
A more successful method is to kill a goat or sheep, skin and partly
gut it and suspend it from a tree, with the head, neck and shoulders
in a tub containing such a poison as 4 liquid oz. sodium arsenite or
1 or U U.S. gals, of arsenical dip mixed with 7 to 10 U.S. gals, of
water. " Both screw-worm flies and blow-flies are attracted to the
bait, and most of them sip some of the poison before leaving. These
baits, however, do not remain attractive for more than a week or
ten days.

A trap that has given much success consists of a cylinder of wire
gauze 24 in. high and 18 in. in diameter, with a screened top and,
at the bottom, a cone 22 in. high, with a 1-| in. opening at the top.
This trap is set on a platform and placed in a tree, somewhere along a
stream or water-hole, where the flies seem to congregate, at about
4 or 5 ft. above ground and in the shade. The bait may be a rabbit
cut open and placed in the bait-pan, meat of any kind, entrails of
animals, or, best of all, a large rattlesnake. Dried gut slime, using
about 6 oz. to 2 quarts of water, seems a promising bait. Trapping
and poisoning alone, however, are not dependable methods without
systematic destruction of carcasses.

The prevention of wounds or raw places on animals is of the greatest
importance, and when they occur they should be protected from
infestation. "Wlien maggots are already present, they should first

183

be killed with the stock chloroform and then removed from the wound
before the repellent dressing is applied. The following are successful
repellents : — A powder consisting of 80 parts (by weight) powdered
alum, 60 parts zinc oxide, 30 parts powdered l)oric acid and 6 parts
gum camphor ; or a powder of 5 parts gum camphor, 100 parts powdered
charcoal, 50 parts laundry starch, 10 parts boric acid and 10 parts
tannic acid. An efficient liquid repellent is composed of 1 quart
each of pine tar and machine oil, and 1 lb. chloroform (U.S.?.) and
4 oz. gum camphor. Wlien required, one part of the chloroform
mixture should be used with four parts of the oil mixture. Other
formulae are 4 oz. pine tar, 6 oz. castor oil, 10 oz. kerosene oil and 1 oz.
turpentine ; or, 20 oz. pine tar, 10 oz. glycerine and 1 oz. turpentine.

Practices in range management that tend to prevent outbreaks
of screw-worm cases are discussed, such as suitable fencing, the best
season for breeding stock, and for dehorning cattle, and the avoidance
of overstocking.

Eiiphormia [Phormia) rcgina, Meig. (black blow-fly or wool maggot)
is the real wool-maggot fly of Texas. It seldom appears before
October and increases throughout November. During cold weather
it is not active, but quickly appears on warm days in January and
February. To reduce its numbers, dehorned cattle should have a
pine-tar dressing or a good dusting powder applied to the wound.
The burning of carcasses and the use of traps for C. macellaria will
also destroy many of the blow-flies.

Bennett (D. H.). Internal Parasites affecting Sheep and Goats.—

Texas Agric. Expt. Sta., College Station, Circ. 28, AprU 1921,
16 pp., 9 figs. [Received 31st\A.ugust 1921.]

The sheep bot [Oestrus ovis) deposits larvae in the nostrils of sheep
and goats, the gi'eatest infestation occurring during the hot periods
of the year, but also taking place on warm days in late autumn,
winter and early spring. During fly attacks sheep stand huddled
in the shade, protecting their noses either in the grass or under other
sheep.

The most pronounced symptoms are seen when the larvae work
their way to the upper air passages of the head and horns. During
this time a mucous nasal discharge is seen. This stage generally occurs
in the summer or early autumn. In about 6-8 weeks the larvae
become stationary, and the secretion decreases ; when mature, they
descend to bury themselves in the ground to pupate. Practically
the same symptoms may be seen during the descent as during the
invasion.

No safe remedy has yet been found, as one strong enough to kill
the larvae would probably kill the animal through imtation of the
mucous membrane. The f oho wing method is recommended : —
A plank with holes bored at intervals should be placed over a salt
trough. The salt should be kept at such a level that the nose of the
animal, when licking it, must touch the edge of the holes. The
entire surface of these holes should be smeared once every three
days with 1 pint white pine tar to 2 oz. oil of eucalyptus. Larvae
deposited in this mixture smeared on the animal's nose usually die.
The mixture may also be smeared with a brush on the nose and
adjacent parts at least every week or ten days. The latter method
is practicable only for young animals or registered stock.

184

Enderlein (G.). Neue palaarktische Simuliiden. [New Palaearctic

Simuliids.l — Sitzungsber. Gcs. naturf. Frcunde, Berlin, October-
December" 1920, no. 8-10, June 1921, pp. 212-224. [Received
29th August 1921.]

Descriptions are given of the following new Simuliids (arranged
under numerous subgenera) : — Simnlmni augtcstifrons , from France,
5. tristigatum, from France and Spain, 5. hulgaricum, from Bulgaria,
S. lapponictim, from Lapland, S. heymonsi, from Norway and Finland,
5. fyabeatum, from Italy, S. jalcula, from Germany and England (of
which 5. angustitarsis, Edw., nee Lundstr., is said to be a synonym),
5. dahlgrilni, from Sardinia, S. tomosvaryi, from Germany, S. maUkics-
seni, from Germany and South Russia, S. peetsi, from Germany,
S. specularifrons, from Norway, S. wilhelmianum, from Germany,
5. angiistimanus , from Germany, 5. latimanus, from Germany and
England, S. schonbaueri, from Hungary, S. heidenreichi, from Germany.
5. alternans from Hungary, S. parvum, S. montanum, from Germany,
5. teniiifrons, from Germany, S. tenuimanus, from Germany and
Finland, 5. transcaspicum, from Transcaspia, and S. ochrescentipes.

Stempell (W). Ueber das Vorkoramen von Anopheles im Bezirke

des Jriiheren VII Armeekorps (hauptsachlich Westfalen). [The

Occurrence of Anopheles in the District of the former 7th Army

Corps (chiefly Westphalia).] — MiU. Zool. Inst. Westf. Wilhelms-

Univ., Munsfer i. IF., no. 3, 5th August 1921, pp. 13-19, 1 fig.

Collections made from 13th August to 29th October 1918, in 45
localities, showed that Anophelines occur everywhere — in some
places abundantly. Anopheles maculipennis was the most common,
A. bifnrcatiis being half as numerous, while A. plmnbens [nigripes)
was found at Dortmund only.

Kreisel (C). Ueber den Einfluss von Sauerstoff, Kohlensaure und
Neutralsalzen auf Culieiden-Larven und -Puppen. [The Influence
of Oxygen, Carbonic Acid and Neutral Salts on Culicid Larvae
and Pupae.'' — MiU. Zool. Inst. Westf. Wil helms- Univ., Miinster i.
IF., no. 3, 5th August 1921, pp. 26-30.

In further tests of the effect of neutral salts — the chlorides, nitrates
and sulphates of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium — on the
tracheal system of Culicid larvae [R. A.E., B, vii, 49; viii, 117], Cidex
pipiens, L., Theobaldia annidata, Schr., and Anopheles maculipennis,
Meig., were the mosquitos used. In this connection it is noted that
newly-hatched larvae of C. pipiens were taken at the end of December,
showing that this species can hibernate in this stage.

The first experiments were made with larvae and pupae oi C . pipiens
placed in salt solutions in specimen glasses exposed to the air. The
mortality of the larvae amounted to 80 per cent., as against 25 per cent,
for the pupae, the higher figure being due to absorption through both
mouth and anus, whereas in the pupae only the skin is involved.

In experiments in which pupae of C. pipiens were submerged in
pipe-borne water with a normal gas content, in distilled water with a
high content of COg or O2, and in solutions of neutral salts, it was found
that their age was immaterial. In pipe-borne water with a normal gas
content the length of life depends on the length of the tubes contain-
ing the liquid — all being of the same diameter — and was 80 minutes

185

with tubes about 24 in. long and 40 minutes with tubes of about
11 in. These tests prove the dependence of the pupae on the
amount of oxygen dissolved in the submersion medium and, therefore,
the fact of respiration through the skin. In spite of this, submersion
causes the pupae to die more quickly than the larvae owing to lack of
intestinal respiration and because they have a greater need for oxygen,
which Weinland believes to be connected with the building up of fat
during pupation.

In water containing much CO2 (O'S gm. per litre), gas bubbles appear
at the tips of the pupal spiracles and are slowly reabsorbed by the
liquid. In this respect the pupae differ from the larvae ; Koch found
no bubble production in the latter.

The length of life when submerged in salt solutions is shorter than
in pipe-borne water. Tlie most marked effect of salts on larvae sub-
merged in them was the production and delivery of gas bubbles at
the abdominal spiracles in the case of C. pipiens and T. anniilata.
This was not seen in Anopheline larvae. The number of bubbles
varies with the composition and concentration of the fluid. Nitrates
were the most active ; these were followed by the chlorides and then
by the sulphates. Among the latter, magnesium sulphate was an
exception, behaving like the nitrates. Gas bubbles may be produced
by solutions weaker than those causing death. The bubbles must
consist of used air, i.e., COg, perhaps mixed with nitrogen from
atmospheric air. The mechanism of this carbonic acid excretion is
discussed.

No bubbles are formed or delivered in the case of Anophelines,
because the body- wall is highly permeable to this gas. Larvae of
Culex and Theobaldia, especially in the older stages, show gas bubbles
in salt solutions, but not in water free from salts or in water rich in
CO2. Under normal conditions intestinal respiration probably suffices
for excreting the gas.

As there is no reason to think that under normal conditions the
excretion of CO2 takes place in a different manner, these data should
apply to Cuhcid larvae imder all natural conditions except when a
moult is imminent, when part of the carbonic acid must be eliminated
through the spiracles.

The pupae of Culex behave in the same manner as the larvae of
Anopheles. No gas bubbles are given off in salt solutions, but bubble
formation and delivery occurs in water rich in COg.

Koch (A.). Die Atmung der Culiciden-Larven. Weitere Studien an

Mochlonyx vehitina (Ruthe). [The Respiration of ("ulicid Larvae.
Further Studies on M. velutinus.] — Mitt. Zool. Inst. Westf.
Wilhelms-Univ., Miinster i. W., no. 3, 5th August 1921, pp. 31-41.

These studies on the larvae and pupae of Mochlonyx velittiniis, Ruthe,
continue experiments already noticed [R.A.E., B, viii, 118]. The
salts were the same as those used in the preceding paper. Sodium
chloride was found to have the most injurious effect, and evidence was
obtained that light is injurious to both larvae and pupae.

Fillers (A. W. N.). Sarcoptic Scabies (or Itch) in the Chimpanzee.—

Vet.Jl. London, Ixxvii, no. 9, September 1921, pp. 329-333, 3 figs.

There appears to be no previous record in existing literature of
scabies in the chimpanzee. Many of these animals imported from

186

West Africa are affected with a skin disease that yields to treatment
with sulphur ointment. Attendants may become infested on their
arms, but when the animal is -cured the symptoms soon disappear.
The position and extent of the lesions on an animal that was only
examined after death are described, and in this case a species of
Sarcoptes was found. A table is given showing the measurements of
the various stages of the parasite.

Stadtmann-Averfeld (H.). Uebersicht tiber die Morphologie der
vier Larvenstadien einiger Culiciden. [A Survey of the Morphology
of the four larval Stages of some Culicidae.] — Mitt. Zool. Inst.
Westf. Wilhelms-Univ., Miinster i. W., no. 3, 5th August 1921,
pp. 42-43.

Details are given of the morphology of the four larval stages of
Culex pipiens, L., Theohaldia annidata, Schr., Aedes diversus, Theo.,
and Mochlonyx {Corcthra) velntimts, Ruthe.

Hegh (E.). Les Moustiques. Moeurs et Moyens de Destruction. —

Brussels, Imprimerie Industrielle & Financiere, 1921, 239 pp.,
105 figs. Price 12 Francs.

This is a second edition, revised and brought up to date, of the
author's previous work [R. A.E., B, vi, 161]. The arrangement of the
text remains unaltered, but slight modifications and additional informa-
tion increase the original 200 pages to 239. This edition .should be of
even greater value to residents in Africa than the former one.

Lawrence (H.). The Pathogenicity of the Demode x (Owen) in the
Human Being.— .1/^^. //. Australia, Sydney, 8th Year, ii, no. 3,
16th July 1921, pp. 39-40.

Several cases of skin eruptions due to Demodex are recorded that
are considered to support the view that the presence of this parasite
in man may have a definite pathological significance. Further micro-
scopical study may decide whether the parasites concerned are really
all varieties of D. folliculonmi, or some acquired Demodex such as that
found in the skin of the dog.

Headlee (T. J.) & Beckwith (C. S.). Sprinkling Sewage Filter Fly,

Psychoda alternata, Say.—Rept. New Jersey Agric. Expt. Sta.,
1917-18, Neiv Brunswick, N.J., 1919, pp. 214-221, 3 tables.
[Received 6th September 1921.]

This paper is practically identical with one that has already been
noticed [R.A.E., B, vii, 24]. Haseman's description of the adult
fly is quoted.

Headlee (T. J.) . Report on Mosquito Work. — Rept. New Jersey Agric.
Expt. Sta., 1917-18, New Brunswick, N.J., 1919, pp. 243-245 and
292-295. [Received 6th September 1921.]

Particulars of the drainage operations carried out in various areas
and shipyards and an outline of future plans for mosquito control are
given. The mosquitos observed during the year included Aedes
(Ochlerotatus) cantator, A. sollicitans, A. sylvestris and Cidex pipiens.

187

Carroll (M.). ^Report on Mosquito Work.]— A^'/)/. Neio Jersey Agric.
Expt. Sia., 1917-18, New Brunswick, N.J., 1919. pp. 245-276
and 284-291. [Received 6th September 1921.]

Various areas were studied by the author, who has recommended
that certain drainage operations should be carried out, and these are
here described.

C.\RROLL (M.) .S: Rkitev (F. A.). Plans, Specifications and Estimates
for Relieving the Ellwood, N.J., Plant of the Atlantic Loading Co.,
and the May's Landing, N.J., Plant of the Bethlehem Steel Co.—

Rcpt. New Jersey Agric. Expt. Sla., 1917-18, New Briins-wick,
N.J., 1919," pp. 277-284, 3 tables. [Received 6th September
1921.]

Of the mosquitos troublesome at the points in question 99 per cent,
breed on salt marshes, and fly or are carried by wind to the areas
investigated. The salt marsh mosquitos concerned travel on winds
of low velocity, 10 miles an hour or less ; of high humidity, 70 per cent,
or more ; and of high temperature, about 80° F. The prevailing
winds from May to September, especially July and August, come from
the south and south-west, and the marshes in these directions are
therefore special sources of infestation.

Headlee (T.J.). Sewage Filter Fly.— 7^6'/)/. Agric. Expt. Sta., 1918-19.
New Brunswick, N.J., 1920, pp. 444-447. [Received 6th
September 1921.]

During the year ending 29th June 1919, the sewage filter fly
[Psychoda alternata] was successfully controlled by flooding with
ordinary sewage.

Headlee (T. J.) & Carroll (M.). Report of Mosquito Woik.—Repi.

Agric. Expt. Sta., 1918-19, New Brunswick, N.J., 1920, pp.
460-464, 474-519, 7 tables. [Received 6th September 1921.]

Much of the information given in this account of measures against
mosquitos in New Jersey has alreadv been noticed [R.A.E., B, ix,
26-28, etc.].

Beckwith (C. S). Construction of the Sawmill Creek Sluices and

Tide Gates.— Ad^^^. Agric. Expt. Sta., 1918-19, New Brunswick,
N.J., 1920, pp. 465-470. [Received 6th September 1921.]

The construction of automatic sluice gates to improve the sanitary
conditions by removing water where mosquitos breed is here described.

CusHixr; (Ci. J. H.). The Joint Project for Mosquito Control in Camden
and Gloucester, undertaken to protect the War Workers at the New
York Shipyards, the Pennsylvania and New Jersey Shipyards
and Camden Foige.—Repl. Agric. Expt. Sta., 1918-19. New
Brunsicick, N.J., 1920, pp. 471-473. [Received 6th Septem-
ber 1921.]

A successful campaign undertaken to protect shipyards and war
industries from mosquitos, which are particularly troublesome to
workers on night shifts, is described.

188

Headlee (T. J.). The Mosquitoes of New Jersey and their Control.

— Nciv Jersey Agric. Expt. Sta., Ah^ic Brunsunck, N.J.,
Bull. 348, 1st" January 1921, 229 pp., 129 figs. [Received 6th
September 1921.]

This revision of a paper already noticed [R.A.E., B, iii, 212] also
describes the present position with regard to mosquito control in New
Jersey and discusses the work as carried out up to the end of 1919.
[R.A.E., B, ix, 26, 27, etc.]

State Laws concerning Mosquito Control Work in New Jersey. — Neu^

Jersey Agric. Expt. Sta., New Brunswick, N.J., Circ. 110,
10th July 1919, 8 pp. [Received 6th September 1921.]

The State laws of New Jersey of 1904, 1906, 1915 and 1912, as.
amended in 1919, concerning the control of mosquitos are given,
verbatim.

Headlee (T. J.) & Carroll (M.). The Mosquito must go.— New-
Jersey Agric. Expt. Sta., Neiv Brunswick, N.J., Circ. Ill, 17th
April' 1919, 44 pp., 10 figs. [Received 6th September 1921.]

A popular account is given of the advantages to be gained by sup-
pressing salt marsh mosquitos in New Jersey, and previous work is.
reviewed. It is proposed that the state of New Jersey shall expend
an average of about £45,000 annually to complete the drainage of
certain salt marshes in five years.

Francis (E.). Tularaemia Francis 1921. I. The Occurrence of
Tularaemia in Nature as a Disease of Man. — Public Health Repts.,
Washington, xxxvi, no. 30, 29th July 1921, pp. 1731-1738.

An account is given of seven cases of tularaemia in Utah in 1919
and 1920 [cf. R.A.E., B, vii, 188]. The disease occurs from June to^
August and originates from the bite of an insect, most probably
Chrysops discalis. The causal agent is Bacterium tularense, and the
fly acquires infection by biting jack rabbits suffering from the attack
of this organism. Inoculations and cultures prepared from ground
squirrels {Citellus mollis), also suspected of harbouring the disease,
produced lesions in guinea-pigs from which Bacterium tularense was,
isolated.

Francis (E.) & Mavne (B.). Tularaemia Francis 1921. II. Experi-^
mental Transmission of Tularaemia by Flies of the Species

Chrysops discalis. — Public Health Repts., Washington, xxxvi,.
no. 30, 29th July 1921, pp. 1738-1746.

As a result of these experiments, details of which are given, it was
found that Chrysops discalis is capable of carrying the infection of
Bacterium tularense in nature from infected jack rabbits to man.
Under laboratory conditions the flies were constantly infected up to-
five days, the longest period being fourteen days. The longer they were
kept the less tendency they showed to be infected, which would
indicate that C. discalis merely acts as a mechanical transmitter of
the disease and that the virus does not multiply in the fl}^

189

Francis (E.) cl- Lake (G. (.) Tularaemia Francis 1921. III.
Experimental Transmission of Tularaemia in Rabbits by the Rabbit
Louse, HacmodipsHS vcntricosus [Benny).— Public Health Rcpts.,
Wns/iington, xxxvi, no. 30, 29th July 1921, pp. 1747-1753.

The successful transmission of tularaemia from diseased rabbits to
healthy ones and to guinea-pigs by means of the rabbit louse, Haemo-
dipsns ventricosiis, Denny, offers an explanation of the means by which
the infection is maintained throughout the \-ear in jack rabbits in
Utah.

DupoNT (P. R.). Entomological and Mycological '^oies.— Seychelles :
Ann. Rept. Agnc. & Croicii Lands, 1V20, Mctoria, 1921, p. 7.
[Received 7th September 1921.]

The tick, Boophiliis annulatiis anstralis, Fuller, is reported as causing
severe injury to milch cows in Seychelles. Steps are being taken to
use a spray against it, pending the time that compulsory dipping is
adopted by the government.

Nagler (A.). Bekampfung der Scliairaude durch Begasung. [The
Treatment of Sheep Mange by Fumigation.]— L'rr/nztT Tierdrzil.
Wochenschr., 1920, p. 553. ' (Abstract in Deutsche Tierdrztl.
Wochenschr., Hanover, xxix, no. 36, 3rd September 1921, p. 458.)

Mange in sheep has been successfully treated by fumigation with
SOo (sulphurous anhydride) in a wooden disinfection chamber accom-
modating four animals, and allowing their heads to project through
special gas-tight collars. Unshorn animals required 40 minutes at
a strength of 6 per cent., increased to 7-8 per cent, if the infestation
was severe. Two such applications made within five days kill all
mites and eggs. The treatment may be carried out in winter, in any
locality, entails no shearing, permits 48 animals to be dealt with in
ten hours, and is much cheaper than any other method. After fumiga-
tion the animals must be allowed to remain in the open air for a few
hours.

Carpenter (G. H.). Insect Transformation. — London, Methuen & Co.,
Ltd., 1921, X + 282 pp., 4 plates, 124 hgs. Price 12.s. Qd. net.

In this book the subject of metamorphosis among insects is
expounded in a manner that may prove of service to the student and
to the general reader. The descriptions of outward and inward growth
and change are fully illustrated by selected drawings.

The chapter of the greatest interest from the economic standpoint
is that headed " Growing Insects and their Surroundings." This is
a study of the relation of environment to insect transformation, and
the numerous insects that are selected as illustrations are almost all
of economic interest. The artificial control of such insects as mosquitos,
house-flies, sheep-maggot flies, ox warble-flies, and in fact, to a greater
or less degree, all insects of medical or veterinary importance, largely'
consists in altering the environment so as to render it unsuitable for
them ; and the general survey here provided is likely to pro^^e very
helpful in this connection.

190

Lamborn (W. a.), a Protozoon Pathogenic to Mosquito Larvae. —

Parasitology, Cambridge, xiii, no. 3, August 1921, pp. 213-215.

The discovery of a Protozoon [see next paper], in the gills of the
larvae of Stegomyia albopicta, Skuse {sciitellaris, Theo.) is recorded
from the Malay States. In most cases the organisms were restricted
to the gills, but in some they had pervaded the body cavity, the
head and even the interior of the antennae. They escape from the
mosquito larva while it is still alive by the rupture or complete
separation of the gills. The larvae are apparently not greatly affected
by the loss of one gill ; occasionally individuals were found that had
lost all four. The larvae all died before pupation. Healthy larvae
placed with the infected dead ones sometimes became attacked, but
not until three months after the death of the original infected
individuals.

Keilin (D.). On a New Ciliate: Lamhomella stegomyiae, n.g., n. sp.»
parasitic in the Body-cavity of the Larvae of Stegomyia scutellaris,
Walker (Diptera, Nematocera, Cuhcidae). — Parasitology, Cambridge,
xiii, no. 3, August 1921, pp. 216-224, 6 figs.

The organism recorded in the preceding paper is described as Lam-
bornella stegomyiae, gen. et sp. n. Infection is probably acquired by
ingestion. It is likely that parasitic cihates undergo a process of
multiplication within the cyst-wall, and that only those cysts that are
filled with young cihates capable of penetrating the walls of the
alimentary canal of the host are infective when ingested by the latter.
This would account for the delayed infection obtained.

A list of ciliates parasitic in insects and Arthropods in general is
appended.

Keilin (D.). On a new Type of Fungus: Coelomomyces stegomyiae,
n.g., n. sp., parasitic in the Body-cavity of the Larva of Stegomyia

sciitellaris. Walker (Diptera, Nematocera, Culicidsie).^ Parasitology,
Cambridge, xiii, no. 3, August 1921, pp. 225-234, 7 figs.

During the examination of larvae of Stegomyia albopicta, Skuse
{scutellaris, Theo.) for the presence of Lambornella stegomyiae [see
preceding paper], several individuals were found to be infected with a
fungus here described as Coelomomyces stegomyiae, gen. et sp. n. A
list of the parasites of mosquitos recorded by various authors is given.

VAN LoNKHuijzEN (J. J.). Considerations on the Task which the
Provincial Council of Cheribon might undertake for improving
the Hygienic Conditions in that Province. — Meded. Burg. Geneesk.
Dienst. Ned.- Indie., Batavia, x, 1920, pp. 51-75. (Also in Dutch.)

Malaria is said to be one of the most important diseases in the
province of Cheribon, which has a coast-hne of 104 miles. At the
present time the difficulties of antimalaria work in Java are almost
insurmountable. There is nothing Hke a complete knowledge of the
species of Anophelines concerned, of the biological conditions on which
they depend, or of their flight-radius. The problem requires to be
dealt with by the Java Civil Medical Service with the co-operation of
the local authorities. Various points requiring the attention of the
latter, not only as regards malaria but sanitation in general, are dealt
with.

191

FiLiPPiNi (A.). L'Acido cianidrico nella Disinfestazione. [Hydrocyanic
Acid Gas as a Disinfectant. | - Ajdi. d'Igicnc, Rome, xxxi, no. 7,
July 1921, pp. 419-427.

This is a general review of the properties and use of hydrocyanic
acid gas, which is considered a most valuable fumigating agent.

Experiments made by Prof. Alessandrini, using 5 grammes of sodium
cyanide per cubic metre of space, show that the following are the number
of minutes required to cause death : — Diptera : Mttsca domestica,
Lucilia and Sarcophaga, 2 ; Calliphora and Stomoxys, 2-3 ; Cidex
and Anopheles, 3-4 ; larvae of Stomoxys and Calliphora (10 grammes,
per cu. m.), 60. Lice and other parasites: Fediculus capitis and
P. hiimanits [vestimenti) , 4-5; Phthirus pubis, Cimex [Acanthia)
lectulariits, 5; Haematopinus sitis, 5-6; Pulex, 5-8; and Tyroglyphus
farinae, 8-10, development of the eggs being unaffected.

Sella (M.). Campagna antimalarica nella Spagna. [Antimalaria
Work in Spain.]— £/ Sol [Madrid], 25th June 1921, El Liberal
[Madrid], 26th June 1921. (Notice in Ann. d'Igiene, Rome,
xxxi, no'. 7, July 1921, pp. 435-436.)

This is a notice of a lecture on the antimalaria work organised in the
Spanish province of Caceres by the League of Red Cross Societies with
the co-operation of the Spanish Red Cross.

Malaria causes 11 deaths a year per 100,000 inhabitants in Spain ;
in some provinces the mortality is as high as 107T. From 300,000 to
400,000 persons are affected by the disease.

Among the methods that the author proposes to employ are drainage,
oiling, screening, quinine prophylaxis, and the use of Gambitsia. The
U.S. Bureau of Fisheries has despatched shipments of this iish to Spain,
and its acclimatisation is to be attempted.

The quinine monopoly resulting from the trust of the Java cinchona
planters makes quinine very costly, and constitutes a serious obstacle
to work against malaria.

McDuxxouGH (J.). A Revision of the Canadian Species of the affinis

Group of the Genus Tabanits (Di^ieidt).— Canadian Ent., Gnelph,

liii, no. 6, June 1921, pp. 139-144. [Received 20th September

1921.]

The Tabanids dealt with include the new species Tabanus trcpidus,

T. niidus, T. nipestris (from Montana) and T. atrobasis.

The author does not accept Hine's treatment of T. californicits,
Marten, as a synonym of T. epistates, O.S., and T. hacmorphonts.
Marten, as a synonym of T. sonomensis, O.S. A key is given to the
females of the species concerned.

KiEFFER (J. J.). Chironomides de Philippines et de Formose.—

Philippine Jl. Sci., Manila, xviii, no. 5, May 1921, pp. 557-593.
[Received 20th September 1921.]

The new Chironomids described include -.— Ceratopogon {Prohelea)
chrysothrix, from the Philippines and Formosa ; C. (P.) ftiscimanus,
Atrichopogon pruinosus, A. haemorrhoidalis, A. insidaris and
A. rufescens from Formosa ; A.flavidus and Cidicoidcs philippinensis V
from the Philippines ; and C. alboguttattis from Formosa. Keys are ' \

given to the species of the various genera dealt with.

192

YoFE (H.)- Proposals for Antimalaria Work in Palestine. — Internat.
Jl. Public Health, Geneva, ii, no. 5, September-October 1921,
pp. 478-487.

With malaria under control Palestine should become one of the
healthiest countries in the world, for it has a mild climate, regular
winds and no sudden changes of temperature. The topography of
the country is described.

The suggestions here outlined for measures against malaria comprise
drainage, intensive treatment of reservoirs of the parasite, quinine
prophylaxis, general hygiene, destruction of Anophelines and propa-
ganda. In undertaking extensive schemes agricultural interests as well
as the purely sanitary point of view should be considered.

The basis of the necessary work would be simple canalisation with
extensive cultivation of the drained territory and the trimming of
the bed and banks of the Jordan.

KoNsuLOFF (S.). Einige Worte fiber die Mosquito handschuhe. [Some
Remarks on Mosquito Gloves.] — Arch. Schiffs- it. Trop.-Hyg.
Leipsic, xxv, no. 9, September 1921, pp. 285-287.

On the Macedonian front the author attained success with a com-
bination of the mechanical protection against mosquitos given by a
glove with that afforded by an odorous substance used, not as a repel-
lent, but to disguise the smell of the skin. Mosquitos are guided in
the dark by this emanation and can bite through gloves unless they
are so thick as to be uncomfortable.

Very slightly volatile substances without a strong smell were used.
Cambric gloves were lightly impregnated with cresol soap or crude oil,
but any substance with the requisite qualities may be used. The
gloves, which had an almost imperceptible smell and required
treating only once a month, were carried in a small bag. The first
tests, made on the banks of Lake Doiran, where Anopheles maculipennis
abounded, were entirely successful, and further experiences were quite
as satisfactory.

Imes (M.) & Schneider (F. L.). Experimental Treatment oJ Cattle
to prevent Ox Warble Infestation. — Jl. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc,
Washington, B.C., lix, N.S. x, no. 6, September 1921, pp.
722-727.

Previous experiments in dipping and spraying cattle, with the object
of destroying the larvae of Hypodernia hovis and H. lineatmn after
they had established themselves in the host, proved unsuccessful.
The present ones were undertaken with the object of testing the value
of insecticidal treatment in preventing oviposition or the destruction
of the larvae before they enter the skin of the host. Very few larvae
were found in the winter on cattle that had had their legs protected
below the knees and hocks during the preceding fly season. Of the
substances tested, a two per cent, solution of coal-tar creosote dip
proved the most effective. The results obtained with a wading tank
indicate that this method may prove of great practical value, and
should further trials confirm its efficacy, it could probably be adapted
to meet the requirements in treating range cattle.

NOTICES.

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The Annual Subscription, in advance, to the Review, Series A
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CONTENTS.

PAGE

Algeria : Leptomonads infecting Cimex on Bats . . . . . . 181

Bulgaria : The Distribution of Anophelines and Malaria . . . . 177

Canada : Notes on New Species of Tabanus . . . . . . . . 191

Congo, Belgian : The Situation as regards Sleeping Sickness . . 180

Dutch East Indies : Measures against Malaria in Java . . . . 190

Formosa : New Chironomids . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

France : A New Species of Haematopota . . . . . . . . 180

Germany : The Distribution of Anophelines in Westphalia . . . . 184

Germany : The Treatment of Sheep Mange by Fumigation . . . . 189

Hawaii : The Presence of Hypoderma lineata in imported Cattle . . 181

India : Myiasis in Man and Animals .. .. .. .. .. 179

Korea : Notes on the Hibernation of Flies . . . . . . . . 180

Malaya : Organisms Pathogenic to Mosquito Larvae . . . . . . 190

Palestine : Proposals for Anti-malaria Work . . . . . . . , 192

Philippines : New Chironomids .. .. .. .. .. ., 191

Seychelles : Measures against Cattle Ticks . . . . . . . . 189

Somaliland, Italian : Trypanosomiasis of Domestic Animals . . 180

Spain : A Campaign against Malaria . . . . .... . . 191

U.S.A. : Natural Malaria Infection in Anophelines . . . . . . 179

U.S.A. : Measures against the Screw-worm Fly in Texas . . . . 182

U.S.A. : Measures against Oestrus ovis in Sheep and Goats in Texas . . 183

U.S.A.; The Sewage Filter Fly {Pyschodaalternata) in New Jersey .. 186, 187
U.S.A. : Reports on Mosquito Work in New Jersey . . . . 186, 187, 188

U.S.A. : Bacterium tularense transmitted to Man by Insects . . . , 188, 189

U.S.A. : Methods of Protecting Cattle from Warble Flies . . . . 192

Immunisation Experiments with Larvae of Galleria mellonclla . . 177

An Explanation of the Greater Pathogenicity of Plasmodium praecox 178

The Classification of the Aestivo-autumnal Malaria Plasmodia . . 179

The Possibility of Transmission of Sarcocystis by Blood-sucking Insects 181

Descriptions of new Palaearctic Simuliids . . . . . . . . 184

The Effect of Oxygen, Carbonic Acid and Neutral Salts on Culicid

Larvae and Pupae. . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..184, 185

Sarcoptic Scabies in the Chimpanzee .. .. .. .. .. 185

A Survey of the four Larval Stages of some CuLiciDAE , . .. .. 186

Mosquitos and their Destruction (i?mei£/) .. .. .. .. 186

The Pathogenicity of Demode x in Man . . . . . . . . . . 186

Insect Transformation ( i?ez;me;) .. .. .. .. .. .. 189

Hydrocyanic Acid Gas as a Fumigant .. .. .. .. .. 191

Methods of Protection against Mosquitos . . . . . . . . . . 1 92

Registered at tfje G.P.O. for Transmission to Canada and Newfouncffana /y Magazine Post

VOL. K. Ser. B. Part 12.— pp. 193-218. DECEMBER, 1921.

f . ■ ■

The review C '■.^'
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Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., C.B., C.B.E., F.R.S,,

Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office.
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(Natural History).
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Technology.
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Edinburgh University.
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in Tropical Agriculture.
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Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
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Cambridge.
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Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

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193

VoGEL ( R . ) . Ueber Vorkommen und Biologie von A nop/uies im Bereicli
des Etappangebietes der 5. Armee (ostliches Frankreicli und
angrenzendes Belgien). [The Occurrence and ]:>i(jl()iiy of Ano-
pheles in the Region of the German 5th Ami}' (Eastern France
and adjoining Belgian Territory.] — Arch. Schiffs- u. Trop-Hyg.,
Leipsig, XXV, no. 9, September 1921, pp. 279-284.

These observations were made in the Meuse region between Sedan
and Verdun and in the hilly and wooded French and Belgian territory
to the east of it. Anophelines occurred wherever suitable conditions,
especially stagnant water with green vegetation, were present. The
area is densely populated, and there is no lack of food for moscpiitos.
The latter were very abundant in the low land near the Meuse canal,
the numerous marshes and places subject to flooding being most
favourable breeding-places, and also on the hills along the Meuse,
which are wooded and contain many pools. The Meuse canal itself
was free from larvae, at least within a few hundred yards of the locks.

The absence or rare occurrence of Anophehnes in the French indus-
trial district of Longwy and Mont St. Martin is due to the enormous
development of ironworks which pollute nearly all stagnant waters
and prevent breeding.

Sheds for cattle and sheep yielded most mosquitos ; pig sheds were
not so markedly infested, and stables for horses even less. In the open,
Anophelines were seen daily throughout the summer, and were common
on walls sheltered from wind and light.

Hibernating individuals were scarce and were represented only by
Anophsles macnUpennis. A. bifiircatns appears to hibernate in the
larval stage. Cellars, store-rooms and ground-floors were the winter
quarters of the few individuals observed. These two species occur
together in the Meuse and Crusnes valleys, and probably do so
throughout the whole territory.

A. niacnUpennis attacked chiefly at evening twilight and during the
subsequent hours, whereas A. hifurcatns did so in the early morning
and also in daylight. A . macuUpennis attacks man in the evening in the
open, but the author was only bitten in the absence of domestic animals.

Roubaud's observations around Paris [R.A.E., B, viii, 141] seem
therefore to hold good for the Meuse region, but the author points
out that A. macnlipennis , both in France and Germany, is widespread,
not only as a domestic species but also as an open air one. On the
other hand, A. bifiircatiis cannot be regarded as a purely open air
species, for it was taken, full of blood, together with A. macnlipennis
in cattle sheds.

The numerical proportion between A. macnlipennis and A. hifur-
catns varies at different times in the same sheds. At Inor the relation
was as 9 to 6 in July, but during September A. bifnrcatns slowly
increased, so that on 26th September 21 individuals were taken to 1
of A. m%culipennis.

There is no certain record of a case of locally acquired malaria
infection in the territory dealt with.

Se^uy (E.). Description d'un nouveau Moustique franpais du
Groupe de VAedes mariae et Synopsis des Espeses de ce Groupe. —

Bull. Soc. Ent. France, Paris, no. 13, 13th July 1921, pp. 192-
195, 1 fig.
Aedes {Ochlerotatns) herlandi, sp. n., is described from France, and
a key to the species alhed to A. mariae is given.

(4S83) \Vt.P3'18t 1.500. !2''21 Harrow G7-5 P

194

Austen (E. E). A Contribution to Knowledge o£ the Blood-sucking
Diptera of Palestine, other than Tabanidae. — Bull. Ent. Res.,
London, xii, pt. 2, September 1921, pp. 107-124, 1 plate, 3 figs.

The species dealt with are : the Chironomids, Leptoconops kerteszi,
Kieff. (the author agreeing with Kieffer in treating Tersesthes, Towns.,
as a synonym of Leptoconops, Skuse), Cidicoides vitreipennis, sp. n.,
C. piiripennis, sp. n., C. tentorius, sp. n., C. odiatiis, sp. n., C. newsteadi,
sp. n., C. guttularis, Kieff., C. odibilis, sp. n., C. circumscriptus, Kieff.,
and Forcipomyia (?) bipunctata, L., var. ; the Culicids, Culex tri-
taeniorhynclms, Giles, and C. modestiis. Fie, which are additional
to the mosquitos already noticed [R.A.E., B, ix, 98] ; the Simuhids,
Simidium flavipes, sp. n. (attacking horses), and 5. equinnm, L. ; the
Psychodids, Phlebotomns papatasii, Scop., and P. minutus, Rond., var.
africanus, Newst. ; the Muscids, Philaeniatomyia crassirostris, Stein,
Stomoxys calcitrans, L., and Lvperosia irritans, L. ; and the Hippo-
boscids, Hippobosca equina, L., H. capensis, v. Olf., H. canielina.
Leach, Lynchia uiaura. Big., and Lipoptcna caprina, sp. n., the last
named infesting a goat.

A key to the eight species of CuUcoidcs is given.

For bionomic notes on the Anophehnes the author refers to his,
previous paper [R.A.E., B, viii, 51].

BisHOPP (F. C.) & Laake (E. W.). Dispersion of Flies by Flight.—
//. Agric. Res., Washington, D.C., xxi, no. 10, 15th August
1921, pp. 729-766, 3 figs, 11 tables.

The following is part of the authors' conclusions to this paper, a
summary of which has already been noticed [R. A.E., B, vii, 121].

The experiments carried out show that under rural and urban
conditions flies have marked powers of diffusion. The maximum
distance of spread from the point of release as recorded in these tests-
was as follows for the several species : Musca domestica, 13T4 miles ;
Cochlioniyia {Chrysomyia) macellaria, 15T miles ; Phormia regina,
10'9 miles ; Lucilia sericata, T2 miles ; L. caesar, 3 5 miles ; Svnthe-
siomyia brasiliana, 0"5 miles ; Sarcophaga spp., 3 miles ; Ophyra-
leucostoma, 7 miles; 0. aencsccns, 4T miles. The estimated total
number of marked flies liberated in all the experiments reported upon
was 234,000, but it is considered that too few individuals of species
other than Musca domestica, Cqchliomyia macellaria, and Phormia
regina were liberated to form a reliable guide to their dissemination
tendencies.

Marked flies of all species dispersed in all directions from the point of
liberation. Among the stimuli inducing dispersion the desire for food
and the desire for places for oviposition appear to be among the
strongest. The fact that many towns, farmhouses, and other favour-
able feeding and breeding grounds were passed by the flies shows that
M. domestica, C. macellaria and P. regina at least are not satisfied
by the mere finding of these places, but have marked migratory habits.
C. macellaria evinces stronger tendencies toward migration than does.
M. domestica. This tendency in P. regina under optimum climatic
conditions for the species is probably equal to that in C. macellaria..
The other species were liberated in numbers too few for conclusions
to be drawn, but Ophvra leucostoma and 0. acnescens show marked^
ability to travel considerable distances.

195

The exact relation between direction of dispersion and direction of
wind could not be determined because of the fluctuating wind condi-
tions experienced. There appears to be a tendency for M. domesiica
and C. macellaria mainly to follow the direction of the wind, but they
are shown to travel against it and at right angles to it as well. It is
concluded that under natural conditions the influence of moderate
winds on dissemination is not of great importance.

The evidence gained justifies the conclusion that the passing of
vehicles along highways w^as not a dominating factor in the dispersion
of any species of flies in these tests. This does not mean, however,
that flies under other conditions may not be widely scattered by
artificial means.

These tests show that the house-fly, screw-worm fly, and black blow-
fly spread rapidly for many miles. C. macellaria was recorded about
eight miles from the point of liberation in less than 24 hours, and ten
miles in less than 48 hours, after liberation. P. regina was recovered
about eleven miles away in less than 48 hours after release. M.
dornestica was recovered over six miles from the point of release in
less than 24 hours. Males as well as females of the principal species
used in these experiments may travel many miles.

The maximum longevity of the marked flies after liberation as shoN\n
by the records of capture was : M. domesiica, 15 days ; C. nuiccllaria,
17 days; P. regina, 10-11 da^'s ; Ophyra aenescens, 6-8 days;
Sarcophaga spp., 11-12 days.

While in the fourth experiment no marked flies were captured in
the more distant traps (about 17 mfles from the point of release),
it is the authors' belief that the limits of dispersion were not reached
in that test, and that where great numbers of flies are constantly
emerging the distance traversed may be much farther than the
maximum here determined.

The facility with which flies travel many miles emphasises the import-
ance of the general apphcation of sanitary measures looking toward
the suppression of fly breeding.

Davies (L. W.) & JoHxsox (W. B.). Notes upon the Occurrence of a
Twelve-day Fever of Dengue Group in Nigeria. — //. Trop. Med.

& Hyg., London, xxiv, no. 14, 15th July 1921, pp. 189-193.

The occurrence is recorded in the Northern Provinces of Nigeria
of a fever lasting about 12 da\-s and showing many similarities to
dengue fever. The evidence points to the probabilit}" of infection
by means of a biting insect, and the resemblance to dengue fever
would sviggest a mosquito. The seasonal occurrence of the disease
(July to October) corresponds to the period immediately after the
maximum abundance of Ctdex spp. Sand-flies {Cidicoides sp.) are
very troublesome at the same time.

Edwards (F. W.). Diptera Nematocera from Arran and Loch Etive. —

Scottish Nat., Edinburgh, nos. 111-112, 113-114 .\: 115-116,
March-August 1921, pp. 59-61, 89-92 & 121-125, 12 figs.

This list includes the following Chironomids recorded for the first
time from Britain : Forciponiyia canalicidata, Goet., Atrichopogon
hamiferus, Goet., Dasyhelea diplosis, Kieff., D. polita, sp. n., Culicoides
guttidaris, Kieft"., C. heliophilus, sp. n., Psilohelea edentata, sp. n.,
P. sociabilis, Goet., P. niiidnla, sp. n., P. perpusilla, sp. n., Palponiyia
nigripes, Mg., Clinohelea subsessilis, Goet., a.nd Bezzia tenebricosa, Goet.

(4S86) p 2

196

Nicholson (A. J.)- The Development of the Ovary and Ovarian Egg

of a Mosquito, Anopheles macnlipennis, Meig. — Qtrlv. Jl. Micros.

Sci., London, Ixv, pt. 3, N.S., no. 259, August 1921, pp. 395-448,

4 plates.

The examination of mosquito ovaries was begun with the object of

finding out at what period these organs mature in the hibernating

female so that an accurate date for the first oviposition of the season

might be determined.

The technique employed and the various stages of development,
as well as the anatomy of the structures involved, are fully described.
In Anopheles macnlipennis development generally begins about the
middle of March or beginning of April, but this varies according to
the season and locality. A meal of blood is essential for the produc-
tion of eggs. One meal is sufficient, and the eggs are fully developed
six days after it.

Hirst (S.). On some new or httle known Acari, mostly Parasitic in
Habit— Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1921, pt. 2, June 1921, pp
357-378, 15 figs.
The new species described include four species of Rhinonyssiis
from the nasal cavities of sea birds and plovers from the Shetland
Islands ; Liponyssits berlesei parasitic on Myospalax scamns in North
China; L. arahicns taken on a lizard {Agama adramitana) in South
Arabia; Listrophor us frontalis and L. argentinus parasitic on rodents
in Argentina ; Demodex chiropteralis on the long-eared bat {Plccotus
anritus) ; D. gliricolens on water rats {Arvicola amphibius) ; and
D. taipae from moles {Talpa europaea).

A new genus, Acarapis, is proposed for Tarsonemus woodi, Rennie
[R.A.E., A, ix, 275, 338], and the structural differences between it
and Tarsonemus are described.

Duncan (F. M.). On the Presence of two Spermathecae in the rare

Mole Flea {HystricJiopsyUa taipae), and the Flea as Distributor of

a Tyroglyphid. — //. R. Microscop. Soc, London, 1921, pt. 3,

September 1921, pp. 245-247, 1 plate, 3 figs.

Hystrichopsylla taipae is parasitic on moles and occasionally on

field voles. It has also been found in nests of bumble-bees, into which

it was probably carried by voles.

Several hypopial nymphs of a Tyroglyphid mite were found clinging
to the abdomen of this flea. The species concerned is thought to be
related to Glycyphagus dispar, and H. taipae probably acts as its
natural distrilDutor.

Pearce (E. K.). Typical Fhes : A Photographic Atlas. Second

Sevies.— Cambridge, The Univ. Press, 1921, x -f 38 pp., 125 figs.

Price 15s. net.
This volume is supplementary to a previous one with the same title
published in 1915, and endeavours to complete the series of t3qDical
British Diptera. The preface to the first series, containing instructions
for collecting and setting flies, and Brauer's Classification of Diptera
are reprinted from the preceding volume. The preface to the present
one includes a short hst of books that may be of use to the student.
Considering the difficulty of the subjects the photographs show an
unusual amount of detail, and each is supplemented by useful notes.

197

DEL PoNTE (E.). Contribucion al Estudio del Gen. Triatonui, Lap. —
Rev. Inst. Bad., Bitcnos Aires, ii, no. 5, May 1920, pp. 729-744,
& iii, no. 1, January 1921, pp. 133-197, 15 plates. [Received
1st October 1921.1

The genus Triatoma is abundant in Argentina and neighbouring
countries, and is of great importance owing to the fact that it is the
transmitting agent of American trypanosomiasis (due to Trypanosoinci
crnzi).

This study includes detailed descriptions of the external and internal
anatomy of these Reduviids. An attempt is made to construct a
key to most of the known species with the aid of the descriptions of
several other authors ; forty-one species are recorded, the majority
of which are included in the key.

Kraus (R.). La Fiebre Petequial en la Repiiblica Argentina (Prov.
de Salta). [T\-phus Fever in the Argentine Republic] — Rev.
Inst. Bad., Buenos Aires, iii, no. 1, January 1921, pp. 1-41,
6 maps, 34 figs. [Received 1st October 1921. 'j

Previous to 1918 typhus was unknown in Argentina as an endemic
disease, though there had been two local epidemics in 1894 and 1896 in
Entre Rios, introduced probably by Russian immigrants. In 1919, the
author wrote an account [Rev. Inst. Bad., ii, no. 1] of the history and
epidemiology of the disease in South and Central America. In Mexico,
Peru and Chile it has evidently occurred for many years, endemic foci
remaining to the present day. In 1920, a delegation was sent to deal
with an alarming outbreak in the Provinces of Salta and Jujuy
[R.A.E., B, viii, 220]. As a result, many decrees and regulations
have been drawn up. Instructions are given for disinfection of houses
with carbon bisulphide.

As the greatest obstacle in dealing with the disease is the total lack
of hygiene among the population, who are extremely poor and almost
entirely uneducated, efforts are being made to educate the public
in these matters. To prevent the spread of the disease to the capital
of the Province, a sanitary station has been established through which
all travellers coming from the infected zone have to pass and where
they are thoroughly disinfected and freed from lice. The campaign
must be continued for some seasons, but once the system is initiated
and well organised, the prevention of infection from neighbouring
countries and the extinction of endemic foci should be possible.

Wernicke (R.). Ensayos con la Camara desinseetante de Hartmann
(Aire caliente eirculante). [Tests with Hartmann's Disinfecting
Chambers (hot circulating Air).] — Rev. Inst. Bad., Buenos Aires,
iii, no. 1, January 1921, pp. 41-48, 7 figs. [Received 1st October
1921.]

The apparatus used in these tests is described and illustrated.
The Hartmann chamber differs from that of Vondran in that there is
no particular apparatus for causing circulation of the air, beyond
that produced by the draught set up by the combustion of naphtha,
which also gives rise to a certain amount of moisture in the air. The
conclusions drawn from the experiments are that the disinfesting
and disinfecting action of dry, warm, still air is in every way equal to
the same air in motion. The use of circulating steam, however, is

198

advocated whenever the material can stand it. Vondran's apparatus
requires the same time for its action as the still, hot air plant, is very
expensive, and serves only for disinfestation and not for disinfection.
For disinfestation on a large scale, the same effect is more economically
obtained b}^ the use of hot-air chambers provided with ventilators.

Carbonell (M. v.). Experiencias de Desinfeccion por Medio del Aire

caliente agitado. [Experiments in Disinfection by means of
circulating hot Air.] — Rev. Inst. Bad., Buenos Aires, iii, no. 1,
January 1921, pp. 49-54. [Received 1st October 1921.]

The disinfection of clothing, etc., by means of circulating hot air
is considered very effective, its killing power being better than that
of formol, which only affects the surface and is apt to injure the objects

treated.

Smyth (E. G.). La Mosca del Ganado. [The Horn Fly.] — Porto
Rico Ins. Expt. Sta., Rio Piedras, Circ. 39, Februar\- 1921,
17 pp., 4 plates. [Received 1st October 1921.]

This is a revision of an earlier paper on Lyperosia irri^ans [R. A.E.,
B, viii, 201]. It is still hoped that further efforts will be made to
introduce insect enemies, though attempts in this direction have
hitherto failed.

Departmental Activities : Entomology. — //. Dept. Agric. Union
S. Africa, Pretoria, iii, no. 3, September 1921, pp. 208-210.

A theory is propounded b}' Mr. R. H. Harris, who is engaged on
tsetse-fly investigations in Zululand, in explanation of the extension
of infested areas. The fly [Glossina pallidipes] only persists where
shade is present, and it is suggested that areas that were once open
country are gradually becoming covered with Acacia, and consequently
favourable to the fly, through irregularity of burning off the grass.
The germination of the seeds of this thorn is greatly accelerated by-
heat, and after a bush fire young trees soon appear. If, however, the
ground were burnt regularly every year, the chance of survival of the
seedlings would be remote, but each year that they escape a fire
they become more resistant to it. Neglect of burning for a few years
therefore causes a gradual transformation from open grass to thorn
scrub ; this change takes place almost imperceptibl\-, but its resulting
influence on the numbers of tsetse-fly is very marked.

Bates (L. B.), Dunn (L. H.) & St. John (J. H.). Relapsing Fever
in Panama. The Human Tick, (Jr)iitliodoros talaje, demonstrated
to be the transmitting Agent of Relapsing Fever in Panama by
Human Experimentation. — Ajiicr. Jl. Trap. Med., Baltimore, i,
no. 4, Julv 1921, pp. 183-210, 4 charts. [Received 3rd October
1921.]

Several cases of relapsing fever are recorded from a village outside
the Panama Canal Zone and about eight miles from Balboa. The
tick, Ornithodorus talaje, Guer., was thought to be the transmitting
agent, and this was confirmed by experiments on various animals,
including monkeys {Macacits rhesus) and man.

The authors have not been able to trace any previous record of
relapsing fever being definitely transmitted by 0. talaje.

199

Grassi (B.). Osservazioni suUa Vita degli Anofeli. [Observations on
the Life of Anophelmes.\— Rend. R. Accad. Naz. Lined, Rome,
Classe Sci. fisiche, matemat. e naturali, xxix, nos. 10-11, 21st
November-5th December 1920, pp. 307-313, 339-344.

During the summer of 1920 fourteen batches of about 10,000 marked
AnopheHnes were released in a locahty where mosquitos find httle
shelter, so that the conditions for recapture were most favourable.
In spite of dihgent efforts, only 1 -8 per cent, were retaken, and hardly
any after 12-14 da vs. The author concludes that in the warm season
the life of xAnophelines is very brief. This is supported by the obser-
vation that most infected Anophelines harbour zygotes in early stages
of development, and as a rule the Anopheline host perishes before
the zygote matures. Sella has observed that in warm weather the
development of each batch of eggs only requires 2-4 days, so that the
mosquitos would increase enormously were it not for the high mortahty.
Roubaud and Griffith ascribed the disappearance of marked specimens
to migration, but the conditions attending the author's experiments
point to a high death-rate being the probable explanation.

This mortality of Anophelines may help to explain their presence
in the absence of malaria, for of a hundred specimens that have fed
perhaps only one lives for the period of 13-15 days necessary for the
sporozoits to reach the salivary glands and to transmit infection.
This also explains why the return of malaria-infected troops only
causes a temporary increase of malaria in places that are not decidedly
mosquito-infested.

AnopheHnes, while the\- frequently go away from the locality where
they have fed, tend to return there. This tendency to return is
hmited, but suggests measures against the adults in dwellings —
particularly where cases of malaria exist — rather than in pigsties, etc.

Grassi (B.). L'Anofele pud propagare la Malaria direttamerite ?

[Can Anopheles also transmit Malaria chrectly ?] — Reud. R.
Accad. Naz. Lincei, Rome, Classe Sci. lisiche, matemat. e naturah,
XXX, no. 11, 3rd June 1921, pp. 336-337.

Experiments are described which appear to prove that the author's
hypothesis that malaria may be directly transmitted [R.A.E., B,
ix, 142] has no foundation.

Grassi (B.). L'Anofele pu6 propagare la Malaria direttamente ?

[Can Anopheles also transmit Malaria directly?] — Atti R. Accad.
Naz. dei Lincei, Rome, xxx, August 1921. (Abstract in Ann.
d'Igiene, Rome, xxxi, no. 9, September 1921, pp. 582-583.)

Continuing the experiments referred to in the preceding paper,
further work has been carried out with the same negative result.

The saliva of Cnlex kills the human malarial parasite, while that of
Anopheles does not do so. Furthermore it is known that an Anopheline
driven away before it is satisfied may immediately bite anew, and
there might be a possibility of the new host being infested by a regur-
gitation of infected blood" previously obtained. Hence the need for
these experiments.

200

Grassi (B). Osservazioni suUa Biologia degli Anofeli. Gli Amori
degli Anofeli. [Observations on the Biology of Anophelines. The
Mating of Anophehnes.] — Ann. d'Igiene, Rome, xxxi, no. 8,
August 1921, pp. 453-456.

In 1921 the author was able to test his theory that Anophehnes
mate in the open air. The observations were made in a locality on
the Bay of Naples where malaria does not occur. Wesenberg-Lund
in his work on Danish Culicids [R. A.E., B, ix, 82] recorded the males
of ^. maciilipennis (daviger) in small swarms in June at sunset, approxi-
mately 50 yards from a stable where about one hundred gorged females
were present ; a few females that did not come from the stable and
had apparently not had a feed of blood were seen entering the swarms.
The author and other observers noticed on 1 1 th July that the swarms
of males, which usually occur near pigsties, began to form at 6.50
p.m., the sky being overcast, the temperature relatively low, with no
perceptible wind and with intermittent rain. On i2th July the
swarms formed at 7.5 p.m., the weather being fine with a moderate
wind. The swarms occurred over reed-thatched pigsties, manure
heaps and straw heaps, at heights varying from about 20 inches to
6h feet. They gradually increased in size.

Females, presumably coming from the pigsties or from adjacent
houses, separately approached the swarms, and though the exact
point where mating began was not noticed, pairs were seen either
close to the swarms or in them. Immediately after uniting the pairs
fly away, usually with the wind. Of three captured pairs one of the
females contained blood, apparently ingested some hours before.
Relatively few mating individuals were, however, seen during the
50-70 minute period of swarming. With the advance of darkness
the swarms decrease. On 11th July they disappeared under heavy
rain at 7.30 p.m., and on the 12th July at 8.5 p.m., the weather being
fine. During these observations, the only mosquitos that attempted
to bite the ol3servers were species of Culex. There is no explanation
of the fact that so few Anophelines mated. In one instance a swarm
captured en masse yielded several hundred males and only two females,
while on other occasions no females were taken. The females were
never seen to swarm.

There is little doubt that swarming aims at attracting the females,
but it is remarkable that so many males return unmated to their
shelters. That some, at least, do return has been proved by tests
with marked individuals. It is probable that the most important
time of pairing has not been discovered ; possibly it occurs at night.
On 20th July a very small swarm was observed at daybreak. This
agrees with a previous observation that a few Anophelines come into
the open before daybreak [R.A.E., B, ix, 168].

It is not possible to say how often mating takes place. In one
experiment five mature females died without ovipositing, while twenty-
five deposited eggs, three dying immediately after doing so. Of the
remainder, twenty-one had been fertilised and one had not been. Of
the twenty-five batches of eggs two did not develop. In anj^ case it
is clear that one mating suffices for more than one oviposition.

As a measure against malaria it is not certain whether the capture
of swarms is useful. On the one hand it would check the increase of
Anophelines, but on the other it would increase the number of females
that suck blood without having been fertilised, and it is probable

201

tliat the consequent prolongation of their hfc would favour the com-
pletion of the sexual cycle of the malarial parasites and the probability
of their transmission to man.

Klein (\^.). Wirkung der schwefligen Saure auf den Organismus
mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der perkutanen Saurevergiftung.

[The Action of Sulphurous Acid on the Animal Organism with
special Regard to Acid Poisoning through the Skin.] — Berliner
Tierdrztl. Wochenschr., 1921, p. 49. • (Abstract in Deutsche
Tterdrztl. Woc/ienschr., Hanover, xxix, no. 40, 1st October 1921,
p. 513.)

Of some thousands of horses fumigated with sulphurous acid (SOg)
against mange, 7 per cent, showed symptoms of slight poisoning,
while 1 per cent, were severely affected. The latter, however, regained
consciousness about 10 minutes after their removal from the disin-
fection chamber, and their recovery was complete in a short time.
Fumigation has a beneficial effect on wounds that are slow to heal
and on cancer of the hoof.

ScHEiN (H.). Les Piroplasmoses en Indochine. — Bull. Agric. Inst.
Sci., Saigon, iii, no. 9, September 1921, pp. 269-283, 1 plate.

Present knowledge concerning the various forms of piroplasmosis
occurring in domestic animals in Indo-China is reviewed, with notes on
their aetiology, though much remains to be learnt in this respect.
The importance of tick destruction is emphasised, and it is suggested
that various methods, such as rotation of pastures, dipping, burning
and closing the pastures until all ticks die out, should be combined,
as is done in the United States. If the cattle-breeding industry in
Indo-China increases in importance, it will be necessary to maintain
a campaign against ticks.

Carter (H. F.), Ingram (A.) cS: M.^cfie (J. W. S.). Observations on
the Ceratopogonine Midges of the Gold Coast with Descriptions
of New Species. Part IV. — Ami. Trap. Mtil. ('-■ Parasit., Liverpool,
XV, no. 3, 30th September 1921, pp. 177-212, 13 tigs.

The history of the erection of genus Dasyhelea and its subgenera
is given, and the points of difference between "the anatomy of Dasyhelea
and Culicoides in all stages are detailed.

The following new species are described : D. pallidihaltcv, D. fiisci-
scutellata, D. similis, D. liiteoscutellata, and D. flava,hre([ from material
collected at the base of banana plants ; D. inconspicuosa, D. flavi-
formis, and D. fusca, bred from water and rotten wood in canoes ;
D. nigrofxisca, bred from materials collected in rot-holes in a mango
tree ; D. fiisciforniis, reared from material collected in rot-holes in
a tree {Cynometra sp.) ; D. nigricans; and D. fnscipleiiris. A key
to both sexes of these new species is given.

Gordon (R. M.) & Young (C. J.). The Feeding Habits of Stegomyia
calopus, Meigen. — Ann. Trop. Med. & Parasit., Liverpool, xv,
no. 3, 30th September 1921, pp. 265-268.

In 1906 Marchoux and Simond stated that Stegomyia fasciata
(calopus) under normal conditions does not bite man during the day
after the first five or six day^s of its adult life, and that yellow fever

202

is not transmitted between 7 a.m. and 5.30 p.m. ; but Seidelin and
Connal in 1914, and Macfie in 1915, showed that S. fasciata, when in
captivity, bites at any hour irrespective of age.

In the experiments here described, the conclusions reached were
that, under natural conditions, S. fasciata will bite either by day or
night, for 14 days after the first blood meal.

Kewstead (R.) & Evans (A. M.). Report on Rat-flea Investigation.—
Ann. Trop. Med. & •Parasit., Liverpool, xv, no. 3, 30th September
1921, pp. 287-300, 7 tables, 4 charts.

The investigations here described were undertaken to determine
the distribution of fleas occurring on rats in the Port and City of
Liverpool, with special reference to those species responsible for
transmitting plague. Tables show the number of rats taken on ships
and the ports they came from, the distribution of the rats, Mas rattus
and M. norvegicits, and of the fleas, of which five species occurred,
namely : XenopsyUa cheopis, Rothsch., Lcptopsylla musculi, Duges,
Ccratophylliis fasciatiis, Bosc, C. londoniensis, Rothsch., and Cteno-
ccphaliis canis, Curtis. The first named occurred freely on rats in
ships, and was found on rats from dock sheds ; isolated specimens
were also taken from warehouses and in the city. A permanent
breeding place was discovered in certain premises in the warehouse
zone. Ceratophylliis fasciatiis was universally prevalent. The number
of fleas per rat was greatest during the summer months, but the curve
of frequency could not be correlated in detail with that of the average
temperature. Ceratophylliis londoniensis was found rarely in the
city and docks. L. mnscidi seldom occurred on ship rats and was
most prevalent on rats from the docks. One individual of Cteno-
cephaliis canis was taken in the city. Ctenoplithalmits agyrtes, Heller,
was not found.

Young (C. J.). Natural Enemies oJ Stegomyia calopus, Meigen. —
Ann. Trop. Med. & Parasit., Liverpool, xv, no. 3, 30th September
1921, pp. 301-313, 2 figs., 2 plates.

The absence of larvae of Stegomyia fasciata (calopus) from many
suitable breeding places in Brazil, attracted attention during their
collection in Manaos. They proved capable of developing in such
places except where aquatic insects were present, and experiments
proved that the larvae are destroyed in varying degrees by the larvae
of dragonflies, water beetles and various Rhynchota. The mosquito
larvae most commonly found were those of S. fasciata and Culex
fatigans. The latter are less liable to attack by predaceous enemies,
as they are more active and can remain stationary at the surface for
long periods.

Experiments were carried out with the larvae of dragonflies
(Aeschnidae and Libellulidae) and water bugs [Zaitha spp.). The
former larvae were found all the year and can live in comparatively foul
water. One species used experimentally, Pantala flavescens, destroys
larvae and pupae of S. fasciata of all sizes. The water bugs were
less common. They feed on aquatic insects and others, such as grass-
hoppers, that fall into the water. The results show that dragonfly
larvae alone are most eft'ective against S. fasciata, and a combination
of water bugs and dragonfly larvae against C. fatigans. In experi-
ments under natural conditions, two barrels containing larvae of

203

Stcgomyia were cleared in 24 and 48 hours after the introduction
of five dragonfly larvae. Individuals of both dragonfly and water
bug larvae at times destroyed over a hundred mosquito larvae in
24 hours.

It was also proved that dragonfly adults pursue and destroy
S. fasciata.

BiSHOPP (F. C). Soleiiopofes capiUahts, a sucking Louse oJ Cattle
not heretofore known in the United States. — //. Agric. Res.,
IVasIiiugtoii, D.C, xxi, no 11, 1st September 1921, pp. 797-801,
6 figs.

A full description is given of all stages of both sexes of Solenopotes
capiUatus. Enderlein described this louse on cattle in Germany,
in 1904, but in 1916 Ferris considered it to be synonymous with
Linognat/iiis vitiili. L. Further material collected on cattle, which
was neither L. viiuli nor Haeinatopinus eiirysteniiis, Nitzsch, has
proved to be 5. capillaius, as described by Enderlein.

CooLEY (R. A.). 18th Annual Report of the State Entomologist of
Montana. — Moiitana Agric. Expt. Sta., Bozcinaii. Bull. 139,
January 1921. p. 15. [Received 10th October 1921.]

The most troublesome parasite of domestic animals in Montana is
Gastrophilus haemorrhoidalis, L. (nose-fly). This fly, though formerly
occurring in the eastern countries only, has spread during the last few
\'ears over the entire State. Hypoderma lineatiiin, Villers (ox-warble
fly) has been reported as attacking horses. Sarcopliaga kcllyi, Aid.,
is chiefly important as being destructive to grasshoppers.

Fighting Mosquitoes with Fish. — 7'th Ann. Rept. Inter nat. Health Bd.,
Rockefeller Foundation. 1920, Neio York, Januarv 1921. pp. 20-23,
4 figs. [Received 14th October 1921.]

The efficacy of top minnows {Ganibnsia affinis) as destroyers of
Anopheles larvae is emphasised. In 89 per cent, of the waters in
Hinds county, Mississippi, in 1919, and in 85 per cent in 1920, mosquito
breeding was completely controlled by this fish. This method is now
being adopted in Mexico, Central America and Peru throughout the
region where yellow fever occurs.

Operations against Yellow Fever. — 7th Ann. Rept. Internal. Health
Bd., Rockefeller Foundation, 1920, New York, Januar\- 1921,
pp.. 102-109, 4 figs. [Received 14th October 1921.]

During 1920 co-operative work against \-ellow fever was undertaken
in every region m which it is known to exist, and steady headway
is being made towards its control. In Mexico and Central America
the inauguration of control measures throughout the infected districts
has been authorised, provision has been made for the creation of a
special yellow fever commission, and about £5,000 at par have been
set aside for carrying out the work. Under the direction of the Board
of Health the epidemic in iMexico during the last six months of 1920
was checked.

In July 1920 the entire eradication of yellow fever from Ecuador
was officially announced. The infection present in Guayaquil since
1842 has been completely controlled, and there is every reason to believe

204

that it has been entirely suppressed. A modern water supply is being
installed in the city, but until it is in operation strict supervision of all
water containers will be maintained so as to prevent the breeding of
Stegomyia. The responsibility for the continued maintenance of the
work was taken over by the Government on 29th November 1920.

During 1920, yellow fever occurred in Salvador and Guatemala,
and a few cases were reported from Nicaragua. As a result of prompt
action in the former States, the disease had almost entirely disappeared
by the end of the year. Anti-mosquito measures, including control
by means of fish, are to be continued for at least a year after the dis-
appearance of the last case of the disease. In Nicaragua and Honduras
anti-mosquito work was carried on throughout 1920. Protective
measures were also successfully employed in Peru and Brazil, but in
Peru the disease reappeared in February 1921 at a point south of the
region previously infected.

In July 1920 a special commission began investigations in Nigeria,
Dahomey, the Gold Coast, Senegal, and the Belgian Congo, but no
authentic cases of yellow fever were observed, although statistics
indicate that yellow fever, or an infection closely allied to it, had
existed endemically and epidemically for many years. The study of
yellow fever in this area is likely to prove a most arduous task and will
require prolonged local residence ; the commission only remained
fifteen weeks on the West Coast of Africa. It is suggested that another
body of investigators be sent to undertake the work and to suggest
definite measures for the suppression of the disease should it be found.

Lavier (G). Les Parasites des Invertebres Hematophages. — Lah.

Paras. Fac. Med., Pans, 1921, 218 pp.

The parasites of blood-sucking invertebrates can be divided into
two categories. The first includes those that are common to both
vertebrates and invertebrates, that is, those that the invertebrate is
capable of transmitting. These parasites can again be divided into
two classes according to their behaviour in the invertebrate host ;
that is, those that undergo no development in the invertebrate but are
mechanically transmitted to a vertebrate, and those that develop
in the invertebrate from harmless to dangerous forms capable of
pi'oducing disease in a vertebrate. In some cases the intermediate
host is exclusive, as in the case of the parasites of human malaria,
which develop always in Anopheles, and of certain trypanosomes
which can develop only in Glossina ; others have a wider choice
of hosts, such as Trypanosoma cntzi, which can develop in many
species of Reduviids, some species of Cimex and certain Acarids.

The parasite can be transmitted from invertebrate to vertebrate
by a simple puncture, when it is injected with the saliva or by regur-
gitation of the stomach contents ; or by a similar biological process
producing a similar result, such as the piercing of the Dutton membrane
in the proboscis of the mosquito by the escaping Filaria, or the passage
of spirochaetes in the coxal fluid secreted by Ornithodonis when
engorging. It may also be transmitted by crushing the invertebrate
host, such as the louse, which may then contaminate the skin with
liquid harbouring Treponema recurrentis ; or by ingestion of the
invertebrate, in such cases as the dog swallowing fleas and becoming
infected with Dipylidium caninnm or the rat with Trypanosoma
lew I si.

205

The second category comprises parasites that arc apparenth/ peculiar
to invertebrates, but these also would appear to be pathogenic to
vertebrates in certain circumstances ; in this respect the intestinal
flagellates of insects should especially be studied. Investigations
do not at present admit of definite conclusions, but it may be that
the trypanosomes in the blood of vertebrates will be traced to this
origin. Among the parasites exclusive to invertebrates are certain forms
(fungi, microsporidia and Hymenoptera) that are definitely harmful
to them ; by elucidating their biology it will be possible to use them
as valuable auxiliaries in the campaign against such dangerous insects
as Glossina.

The author has collected information from all available sources
on the subject of the parasites of blood-sucking organisms. Each
of the latter is dealt with under the group to which it belongs. Indices
are appended of the invertebrate hosts and of the parasites, and a
complete bibliography is also given.

Chanal (I..). Role pathogene des Moustiques en Pathologie huraaine
at comparee. — Lab. Paya$. Fac. Med., Paris, 1921, 91 pp.

This is a useful compilation of the published data regarding the
species of mosquitos that are suspected of being pathogenic, and their
relation to disease, particularly to malaria. The synon3miy of each
species is recorded, though the author does not claim that it is complete.
The disease or diseases transmitted by each species are discussed.

With regard to malaria, it is recorded whether the species in question
has been found naturally infected, and in what proportion, and, wherever
possible, any experiments regarding the development of the malarial
parasite in it are described. A list of mosquito-borne diseases is given,
with the species responsible for their transmission. A useful index
is appended, distinguishing the valid species from the synonyms.

Of 46 species of Anopheles that have been studied for the develop-
ment of malarial parasites, complete development of at least one
species of human Plasmodium has been shown to be possible in 41 ;
in the remainder it did not occur. The degree of receptivity varies
with the species ; for example, in the case of P. praccox (falciparum),
100 per cent, of A. ludlowi proved infective, ancl only 1-5 per cent, of
A. indefinitus. It also varies for the same species of Anopheles accord-
ing to the species of Plasmodiitm used ; thus, A . ludlowi became
infected with P. praecox 37 times in as many tests ; with P. vivax,
38 times out of 47, and with P. malariae, 5 times only out of 107.
Recent experiments with large numbers of mosquitos have shown the
possibility of infection in some species hitherto not recognised as
carriers ; it seems, in fact, as though no species of Anopheline is abso-
lutely resistant to development of the malarial parasite, but that in
certain species the receptivity is so slight that it is only discoverable
after a long series of tests. '

It is pointed out that the facility with which the Plasmodiiiin develops
in an Anopheline is not the only factor m the epidemiology of malaria ;
other points to be considered are the abundance of the mosquito
concerned and its biolog^^ The fact that a domestic species that is not
easil}^ infected is infinitely more dangerous than a highly susceptible
forest species has been largely overlooked, but is of the greatest
importance both as elucidating the epidemiology of malaria and also
as indicating lines of prophylaxis.

206

Of eighteen species of Culicines tested, none showed a trace of
development of anv human Plasmodium. On the other hand, seven
transmit P. danileivskyi to birds ; ten have been found to transmit
Filaria hancrofti, though neither Acanthocheilonerna {¥.) perstans nor
F. juncea show any development in mosquitos. Dirofilaria immifis
of the dog can complete development in two species of mosquitos.
Stegomyia fasciata is the only mosquito known to transmit yellow
fever. Dengue fever is transmitted by four species of Culicines. Two
Culicines of the genus Janthinosoma carry the eggs of Dermatobia
hominis {cyaniventris) and thus disseminate human and animal
myiasis. The mechanical transmission of human and animal
trypanosomes has also been obtained in the case of two species of
mosquitos. Further research will undoubtedly reveal an even greater
scope of pathogenicity of mosquitos both in animal and human
diseases.

Fillers (A. W. N.). Scaly Leg in Fowls. — TV^. Record, London,
N.S., no. 42, 15th October 1921, pp. 827-829, 4 figs.

Scaly leg in fowls due to the Sarcoptid mite, Cnemidocoptes mtttans,
is described and illustrated, and the usual remedial measures are
advocated [R.A.E., B, ii, 44].

Prompt Mosquito Control by use of the Top Minnow, Gamhusia. —
Public Health Repts., Washington, D.C., xxxvi, no. 36, 9th
September 1921, pp. 2220-2221.

A case is recorded in which the numbers of Anopheline larvae
were greatly checked by the introduction of top minnows { Gamhusia
sp.) into a pond.

Dyar (H. G.) . The Genus Haemagogv.s, Williston. (Diptera, Culieidae.)

— Inseciitor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington, D.C., ix, no. 7-9,
July-September 1921, pp. 101-114.

In the genus Haemagogus the females of many species are practically
indistinguishable, whereas the male genitalia show marked characters.
Some of the older species cannot be recognised at present as they are
described from females, and no males are available from type localities.

A key to the species, based on the male genitalia, is given, those
dealt with including Haemagogus {Stegoconops) pajiarchys, sp. n.,
from Ecuador; H. {Haemagogus) iridicolor, sp. n., from Costa Rica ;
H. gladiator, sp. n., from Panama, in tree-holes ; H. chalcospilans,
sp. n., bred from larvae occurring in salt pools in Panama ; and
H. janthinomys, sp. n., bred from larvae in tree-holes in Trinidad.

Dyar (H. G.). Illustrations of certain Mosquitoes. — Insecutor Inscitiae
Menstruus, Washington, D.C., ix, no. 7-9, July-September 1921,
114-118, 1 plate.

The species dealt" with include : Culex {Helcoporpa) irifidus, sp. n.,
from Costa Rica; C. (Ctdex) chidesteri, sp. n., from Panama; and
Uranotaenia orthodoxa, sp. n., from Costa Rica.

207

TowNSEND (C. H. T.). Some new Muscoid Genera, ancient and

recent. — hisecidor IiiscHiac Moialt'ints, Wcis/iiiigtun, D.C., ix,.
no. 7-9, July-September 1921, pp. 132-134.

The new genera proposed include A usteniria for Glossina brcvipaJpis,
Xewst. ; AiCatia for Mitsca indica, Awati ; and N exvsteadina for
Stomoxys fitscus, \Mk.

Dy.\r (H. G.). Two new Mosquitoes from China (Diptera, Culicidae).

— Insecutor Inscitiae Menstrims, Washington, D.C., i\, no. 7-9,
July-September 1921, pp. 147-148.

Aedes {Finlaya) euckptes, sp. n., and .-1. {Siegomyia) christianns,.
sp. n., are described from China.

Dyar (H. G.). The Mosquitoes of Argentina.— //^stT/r/o/- Inscitiae
Mcnstyuns, Washington. D.C., ix, no. 7-9, July-September 1921,.
pp. 148-150.

Since the publication of the author's previous paper [R.A.E., B,
vii, 107] further material from Argentina has been examined and the
mosquitos dealt with include : Sabethes cyaneits, F., Limatiis leontiniae,
Brethes, Aedes scapularis, Rond., and Uranotaenia pulcherrima,
L\-nch.

' Culex dolosa of Lynch [loc. cit.] must be restricted to his male
(= bonariensis, Brethes), while his female becomes A edes lynchii, Brethes.
Psorophora apicalis, Theo., and P. neoapicalis, Theo., are synonyms
of P. confinnis, Lynch. Haemagogns spegazzinii, Brethes, is the same
as H. capricorni i~ lAXiz, from Brazil, but the exact status of the latter
species must await the discovery of the male. It may be s3aionymous
with H. equinus, Theo.

Hornby (H. E.). Trypanosomes and Trypanosomiases of Cattle. —

//. Conip. Path. & Therap., Edinburgh, xxxiv, pt. 3, September
1921, pp. 211-240, 1 fig.

A summary is given of the African tr^-panosomes of cattle. They
are : Trypanosoma congolense, very pathogenic, transmitted by
Glossina spp. ; T. vivax, pathogenic, transmitted by Glossina spp. ;
T. iinifonne, possibly identical with T. vivax, pathogenic and trans-
mitted by G. palpalis ; T. evansi, slightly pathogenic and also occurring
in South'Asia, the Philippines and Mauritius, transmitted mechanically
by Tabanids and other biting ffies ; T. britcei, slightly pathogenic,
transmitted by Glossina spp. ; T. gambiense, sHghtly pathogenic,
transmitted by G. palpalis ; T. theileri, non-pathogenic, occurring
in every part of the world, transmitted by Hippobosca, and probably
by Tabanus glancopis in Germany ; and T. ingens, non-pathogenic.

Patton (W. S.). Studies on the Flagellates of the Genera Herpeto-
monas. Crithidia and Rltynchoidonwnas. No. 7. Some
miscellaneous Notes on Insect Flagellates. — Ind. Jl. Med. Res.,
Calcutta, ix, no. 2, October 1921, pp. 230-239, 3 plates.

Herpetomonas craggi, sp. n., is parasitic in the ahmentary tract
of adults of Musca bezzii, where it evidently completes its life-cycle,
as it has not been found in either mature or immature larvae. Although
over 30 per cent, of the females of M. bezzii are also infected with a

208

yeast and about 5 per cent, with a species of Hahronema that destroys
the ovaries, the species is abundant wherever it occurs. This fly
has a habit of worr^ang a blood-sucking fly, such as Stomoxys
calcitrans, on cattle till the latter withdraws its proboscis ; M. hezzii
then feeds on any blood that exudes [R.A.E., B, i, 209]. It also
feeds on dried spots of blood.

Herpetomonas mirabilis, Roub., has been recorded from the alimen-
tary tract of Chrysomyia albiceps [putoria) from West Africa and
from C. megaceph'ala and Lucilia craggi in India. It also develops
in the alimentary tract of the larva of L. argyricephala, the infection
being carried over to the adult stage through the pupa. This flagellate
cannot be transmitted to Miisca nebiilo, and the author has only found
it in the Calliphorixae in India.

H. muscae-domesticae, Burnett, is parasitic in Musca nehulo,
M. humilis, Fannia canicularis, Borhorns sp., Drosophila sp., Lucilia
■argyricephala, L. craggi and several other Calliphorixae. It is
ingested bv the adults when feeding on infected excreta, and it can
also live and multiply in the alimentary tract of the larvae of some
of its hosts. The larvae of M. nehiilo are commonly infected with this
flagellate, the infection persisting to the adult stage. The larvae
also acquire the parasite by ingestion. This Herpetomonas, like all
•others, cannot live in the NNN medium with bacteria, as they soon
overgrow it and kill it, but in the alimentary tract of the host it may
be present with faecal bacteria as long as the latter do not gain the
ascendency.

H. sarchphagae, Prowazek, is common in many species of Sarcophaga
and is generally found in the hindgut in- the round post-flagellate stage.
Attempts to infect Musca nebulo with this species failed. A Crithidia
showing some peculiarities common to certain trypanosomes was
found in two species of Sepsids. The flagellate in question could
under no circumstances have been acquired from the blood of a verte-
brate, as it was found in a purely dung-feeding fly. A species of
Herpetomonas was also present in one of these flies.

It is suggested that the study of the life-histories of these insect
flagellates would be of great value as an aid to the understand-
ing of the related forms likely to become pathogenic to man and
animals. White mice were not found suitable for experiment with
Herpetomonads.

Pattox (W. S.), LaFrexais (H. I\I.) & Suxdara Rao (— )• Studies
on the Flagellates of the Genera Herpetomonas, Crithidia and
Rhynchoidonwnas. No. 8. Note on the Behaviour of Herpeto-
monas tropica, Wright, the Parasite of Cutaneous Herpetomonas
(Oriental Sore) in the Bed Bug, Cimcx heniiptera, Fahv.—Ind. Jl.
Med. Res., Calcutta, ix, no. 2, October 1921, pp. 240-251, 2 plates,
1 fig.
Previous experiments carried out by the senior author show that
Musca nebulo and body and head lice [Pediculus humanus and P. capitis]
play no part in the transmission of the parasite of Oriental sore from
man to man, and there is no evidence to incriminate Pulex irritans
or Ctenocephalus canis. Cimex hemiptera appeared to be the only
possible insect carrier, though the parasite is not transmitted by the
bug in the act of sucking blood. In Mesopotamia the organism
causing Oriental sore is Herpetomonas phlebotomi, which produces the
sore by multiplying in the skin.

209

This ])aper records observations on the behaviour ot Hcrpclouionas
tyopica in the ahmentary tract of Cimex hemiptera and also reviews
some points in the etiology of the disease. The technique employed
is described in detail.

Living Herpdomonas tropica may be found in the rectum of an
adult bug 24 hours after feeding them on cultures of the parasite.
In microscopic preparations the organisms may be found in the
alimentary tract as late as the 19th day after the feed. From micro-
scopic examinations it would seem that the parasite disappears from
the midgut if the bugs are not fed again after the original feed on the
culture. If re-fed on clean human blood, a number of round, growing
flagellates appear in the midgut which multiply and produce an intense
infection.

It was found that H. tropica can live for 23 days in the alimentary
tract of starved bugs ; 34 days in the stomach of adults re-fed on
clean blood ; 44 in the hind intestine and 34 in the rectum ; 33 in
the midgut of a nymph re-fed on clean blood ; 36 in the hind
intestine and rectum, and at least 9 in the midgut of a fed larva.

Future observations may show that the organism can live for several
months. It is considered that the above observations support the
hypothesis that Cimex hemiptera is the true invertebrate host of
H. tropica in India. It was also found that H. tropica has an
intracellular stage in the cells of the midgut of Cimex hemiptera
similar to that of H. donovani. The discovery of this stage in the
life-history of the parasite is considered to prove conclusively that
C. hemiptera is the true invertebrate host.

Patton (W. S.), LaFrenais (H. M.) & Sundara Rao ( — ). Studies
on the Flagellates of the Genera Hcvpetoinoiias, Crithidia and
Rhynchoidoiiioihis. No. 9. Note on the Behaviour of Herpeto-
nionas donovani, Laveran and Mesnil, in the Bed Bug, Cimex
hemiptera, Fabricius. — Ijid. Jl. Med. Kes., Calcutta, \x, no. 2,
October 1921, pp. 252-254.

Herpetomonas donovani, the organism causing kala-azar, can live
as long as 41 days, probably longer, in the midgut of Cimex hemiptera
even when the latter is fed six times on clean human blood after the
one infected meal.

Adie (H. a.). Prehminary Note on the Development of the Leishman-
Donovan Parasite in Spleen Juice and in the Alimentary Tract of

Ciincx Icctulariiis (Lin.).- Ind. jl. Med. Res., Calcittla, ix, no. 2,
October 1921, pp. 255-260, 4 plates.

The experiments described were carried out with Cimex hemiptera
{rotnndatns) and C. lectulariits, L., fed on spleen-juice mixed with
patients blood.

It appears that the vegetative intracellular and propagative phases
of Leishman-Donovan parasites react to stimuli and environment.
This is perhaps the reason why kala-azar flourishes in Assam, Madras
and the Mediterranean, and other regions where the optimum temper-
ature is not exceeded for prolonged periods. The development of
the parasite in the human spleen and the stomach of Cimex lectnlarius
is described. The flrst part of the intracellular stage in the bed-bug

(4886) Q

210

is exactly similar to that of Trypanosoma Icwisi in the rat-flea. The
final stages of the extra-corporeal cycle in the bug may also prove
similar to the above. A complete report of these observations is
under preparation.

SiNTON (J. A). Infection with Nuttallia nincnsc among Hedgehogs
in the North- West Frontier Province, India.— /nr/. Med. Jl. Res.,
Calcutta, ix, no. 2, October 1921, pp. 359-363, 2 plates.

Hedgehogs {Erinaceus sp.) from the North-West Frontier have
been found to be infected with a piroplasm that is almost certainly
the same as that from Erinaceus europaeus in Russia, described by
Yakimoff as Piroplasma ninense. The various forms of it are described.
On account of the resemblance of this parasite to Nuttallia equi it
was thought possible that it might be identical, in which case the
hedgehog might act as a reservoir for infections of equine piroplas-
mosis, but Yakimoff's infection experiments with a foal, a dog,
rabbits, and various other animals gave negative results.

Aw ATI (P. R.). Some Notes on Conorhinus ruhrofasciatus (De Geer). —
Ind. Jl.'Med. Res., Calcutta, ix. no. 2, October 1921, pp. 371-373.

y When Triatonui {Conorhinus) rubrojasciata was suggested by

Donovan as a possible carrier of kala-azar [R. A.E., B, i, 208], it was
pointed out that neither the adult bug nor any of its early stages
were found in houses. This species is, however, now recorded from
houses in various villages of the infected area in Assam, some
individuals containing ingested mammalian blood. None was found
in an area supposed to be free from kala-azar.

Cragg (F. W.). The Geographical Distribution of the Indian Rat
Fleas as a Factor in the Epidemiology of Plague : Preliminary
Observations.— 7;/^;'. //. JSIed. Res., Calcutta, ix, no. 2, October
1921, pp. 374-398, T plate, 1 map, 8 tables, 3 charts.

In an earlier paper the author discussed the distribution of the
Indian species of the genus Xenopsylla with reference to the immunity
of certain areas from plague epidemics [R.A.E., B, ix, 125] ; in the
present paper the subject is more fully dealt with. The reasonable
forecast, after the introduction of plague into Bombay in 1896, would
\ have been that the disease would spread rapidly until the whole country

X was involved, since rats occur practically everywhere throughout the
country and all the rats harbour fleas. The failure of the disease to
appear in certain areas is, however, a striking fact. Although various
factors may be more or less favourable to the rat-flea in different
parts of the country, it can be decisively affirmed that there is
practically no part where the known conditions are definitely and
permanently against the establishment of an epidemic, and the escape
of large and populous areas for many years cannot be explained on
the facts at present known. The observations here recorded indicate
that the missing factor is the geographical distribution of the species
of Xenopsylla. Of these, there are three, namely : X. astia, X. brasi-
liensis, and X. cheopis. X. astia was recorded in 1913 as the common
rat-flea of Colombo, and as predominating in Madras ; the
author has worked on the theory that these species may be unequally
distributed and may not be equally efficient as vectors of plague,

211

He therefore secured collecti<ms of rat-fleas in tlie Punjab, Madras
and Bombay Presidencies, Central India and Hurma. A total of
17,358 fleas was examined, the technique employed being described.
The results, given in tables, show that X. astia and X. cheopis are
both common fleas in those parts of India, 53-9 per cent, of those
examined being X. cheopis and 36 per cent. X. astia ; minor species
being X. brasiliensis (7 -1 per cent.), CeratophyUus (2-1 per cent.),
and Leptopsylla nmsculi (0-3 per cent.). The tables show that the
distribution of the three main species is very irregular, and, in the case
of X. astia and X. cheopis, is not clearly correlated with any of the
factors that ordinarily govern the geographical distribution of animals.
The case of A', brasiliensis is less obscure.

India may be regarded as consisting, roughly, of Peninsular India
(the tableland of the Centre and South) and Extra-Peninsular
India (the Indo-Gangetic Plain extending from the coast to the foot
of the Himalayas on either side of the Peninsular and rising only a
few hundred feet above sea-level). The habitat of X. brasiliensis
is clearly Peninsular India, the characteristics of which are the absence
of extremes of temj^erature and moderate humidity. CeratophyUus
piinjabensis and A', brasiliensis were not found to occur together.
A', astia and A', cheopis occur equally in the Peninsular and Extra-
Peninsular portions, but it is evident that X. cheopis is the commoner
species in the Punjab, and A', astia on the Madras Coast ; in some
stations on the Peninsular A', astia seems to be replaced by X. brasi-
liensis ; all batches of fleas containing A', brasiliensis also contain
A. cheopis. A map, showing the means of temperature and humidity,
indicates the bearing of climate on the relative prevalence of the chief
species ; the Punjab stations with an annual mean temperature of
less than 77 • 5° F. show a high percentage of A', cheopis ; those with a
mean annual temperature of 77-5 to 79° F. show a higher proportion
of A. astia. Of 1,421 fleas sent from Akyab, however, only 2-2 per
cent, were A^. cheopis, while at Rangoon, not far distant and with
a similar climate, the numbers of this species and of A', astia were
equal ; this and other examples clearly show that it is not possible
to correlate the constitution of the flea population with climatic and
geographical conditions. Unfortunately the collections are insufficient
to allow of conclusions being drawn regarding seasonal prevalence
of the species ; indications are that A', cheopis rises to a higher
prevalence during low temperature and a high degree of humidity
than either A', astia or A', brasiliensis.

An examination of the hosts from which the fleas were obtained
shows that either A. astia or X. cheopis may exist on any one of
several rodents, as would be expected.

Of the other rat-fleas, eight species of CeratophyUus have been
recorded from rats and squirrels in India, of which C. fasciatus,
common on rats in Europe, is very rare. C. punjabensis was fairly
abundant throughout the Punjab, but disappeared during the hot
weather ; C. nilgiriensis occurred in numbers in Madras. The genus
was represented by only one individual in collections from Bombay.
L. muscidi was found only at Ootacamund. The absence of fleas
other than rat-fleas proved remarkable ; only ten individuals of Cteno-
cephalus felis (the common flea of dogs and cats in India) occurred,
and not a single Pulex.

As regards the relation of rat-fleas to the epidemiology of plague,
the present observations are not sufhcicnt for conclusive results, but

212

are nevertheless remarkable. A', astia and A', cheopis together make
up 90 per cent, of the total number of fleas present, and there appears
to be a close relation between the predominance of X. cheopis and
high plague mortality. A'. cJieopis, in fact, is clearly indicated as
the true " plague flea," while A", astia predominates in the areas that
have remained free from plague or have suffered only lightly. The
Punjab has throughout been the most heavily infected part of India ;
this region shows 3,386 individuals of A. cheopis in the collections
against 2,017 of A. astia ; in certain districts of the Punjab, however,
tlie plague incidence has been light, and there A. astia usually
predominated. Observations with regard to X. brasiliensis and
Ceratophy litis are not sufficient to justify any inference.

If more extended examination and the addition of more precise
data confirm the theory that A. cheopis is the plague flea, while

A. astia is not a carrier, it will l:>e possible by examining the fleas of any
locality to estimate precisely its liability to plague, and, in fact, to
map out A", cheopis-hclts, just as tsetse-belts have been mapped
out in Africa. Moreover, the significance of an imported case of
plague will depend largely on the local species of flea.

Hoffmann (W. H.). Chrysops costata, a Blood-sucking Fly from Cuba.

— Amer. Jl. Trop. Med., Baltimore, i, no. 5, September 1921,
pp. 311-312.

Observations are recorded on a blood-sucking fly which repeatedly
attacked the author in Havana during the cool and dry season from
November to March. It was unknown to the residents, but has been
identified as Chrysops costata, F. It bites at all times of the day,
and always attacks the head.

RouBAUD (E.). La Fermentation du Tas de Fumier au Service de
la Basse-Cour dans la Lutte contre les Mouches. — Bull. Mas.
Natnl., Hist. Nat., Paris, 1921, no. 1, pp. 48-52, 1 fig.

Numerous larvae of Miisca domestica are destroyed by fowls.
Experiments show that this number may be further increased by
enclosing manure heaps at the sides. When fermentation begins, the
larvae in the enclosed heap are forced to come to the surface, where
poultry can destroy them ; whereas should the sides be exposed, a large
number of larvae will be able to migrate and escape destruction.

Friederichs (K.). Untersuchungen iiber Simuliiden. (Teil II.)

[Investigations on Simuliids. Part 11.1 — Zcitschr. angeiv. Ent.,
Berlin, viii, no. 1, September 1921, pp. 31-92, 11 figs.

The first part of this paper has already been noticed [R.A.E.,

B, viii, 134] as have some notes published subsequently [R.A.E., B,
viii, 215 ; ix, 36, 104]. The keys to German Simuliids hitherto avail-
able are unsatisfactory, but as a result of additional material the
author considers that information for this purpose is now sufficient
as regards the following species : Simidiiim ornatitm, Mg., S. monticola,
Friederichs, 5. austeni, Edw., 5. nolleri, sp. n., 5. variegatum, Mg.
(henefica, Friederichs), S. argyreatum, Mg., S. reptans, L., 5. auricoma,
Mg., S. costattmi, Friederichs, 5. latipes, Mg., 5. anreuni. Fries,
5. angustipes, Edw., S. maculatum, Mg., and 5. hirtipes. Fries. The
adults, larvae and pupae of these are described, with keys to the
pupae and adults.

213

The German spocios may ho divided into two f^roujis, tlioufth this
is not entirely satisfactory. luxlerlcin's proposal to rei:)lace the genus
Sinutlimn by two subfamilies and no less than lifteen genera [R. A.E.,
B, ix, 104] is not likely to be generally accepted.

The distribution of Simuliids in parts of Hanover, Mecklenl)urg,
Hamburg and the Harz Mountains is recorded in detail. Waters in
which Simuliids breed usually contain several species together.
There is scarcely a stream too small for some species, while broad
rivers may be infested if they are shallow and contain vegetation.
Entirely shaded streams or parts of streams are avoided, but for some
species quite a slight current suffices. In general, certain species are
connected with streams of a certain size and character. The smaller
German species (5. argyreatum and S. reptans) seem chiefly to inhabit
rivers, while the largest species (5. ornatum) is usually found in small
streams.

In Germany tlie flight-period of Simuliids extends from April to
October. The date at which the pupae, occur is given for thirteen
species, and as the pupal period is short, this also indicates the
occurrence of the adults.

In north-eastern Mecklenburg the species most common there,
5. ornatum, S. ornatum pratorum, subsp. n., and S. aitremn, do not suck
blood of warm-blooded animals, and perhaps suck no blood at all.
On one occasion, however, a female of 5. ornatum nitidifrons, Edw.,
was observed to take blood.

5. monticola is recorded as biting horses in the Harz. Noller recorded
that .S. nolleri bites cattle, but the specimens collected from cattle
by him do not belong to this species. S. reptans has long been known
as a pest. S. argyreatum is the most dangerous species in Hanover.
5. maculatiim probably plays some part in outbreaks, but the absence
of fatal cases in cattle in districts where it predominates points to its
being less dangerous than S. argyreatum. It has been noticed biting
horses. Man is only occasionally attacked in Germany, 5. ornatum
nitidifrons being one of the species concerned.

Bresslau (E.). Ueber ein angebliches Fliegenbekampfungsmittel.

[An alleged ettective Fly-destroying Preparation.] — Zcitschr.
angew. Ent., Berlin, viii, no. 1, September 1921, pp. 176-178.

Referring to the memorandum submitted to the German Imperial
Chancellor requesting the prohibition of the sale of remedies for plant
pests and diseases [R.A.E., A, viii, 467] unless they have been duly
authorised, the author asks that the matter of control of pests other
than those of plants should be included within its scope. A prepara-
tion called " Hidot," claimed to have as its active principle the fungus
Empusa muscae, was tested against flies with entirely negative results.

Zuelzer (M.). Beitrage zur Biologie von Argas persicus, Wldh.

[Contributions to the Biology of A. persicus.] — Arb. aus dem

Reichsgesundheitsamt, Hi, no. 1, 1920. (Abstract in Zeitschr.

angew. Ent., Berlin, viii, no. 1, September 1921, p. 225.)

The absorption of food by Argas Persians, lasting from 20 minutes

to one hour, increases the volume of the body fourfold. After feeding

on a fowl, any excess of albumen is passed unchanged through the

coxal glands, and it is possible that spirochaetes ingested with blood

may pass these glands without hindrance. Defecation occurs 1-2

hours after feeding. The female is particularly likely to mate after

214

a blood-meal. On an average one hundred eggs are laid. After
20-25 days, according to the temperature, a six-legged larva hatches,
and there are three eight-legged nymphal stages.

NoLLER (W.). Die Behandlung der Pferderaude mit Schwefeldioxyd.

[The Treatment of Horse Mange with Sulphur Dioxide.] — Berlin,

Verlag R. Schoetz, 1919, 63 pp., 11 figs., etc. Price M. 3-60.

(Notice in Zeitsclir. angci0. Ent., Berlin, viii, no. 1, September

1921, pp. 225-226).
As a result of experience gained in treating 70,000 horses this book
gives a considerable amount of information on the subject of fumigation
with sulphur dioxide against mange. The qualities and action of
sulphur dioxide (SOg), the practical details of fumigation and the
merits of the various forms of gas chambers are discussed For
fumigation to be successful the temperature should not be below 68° F.,
as the mites breathe very little at low temperatures and thus escape the
action of the gas, nor should it- be above 104° F. , or the horses will sweat.

Megaw (J. W. D.). A Typhus-like Fever in India, possibly trans-
mitted by Ticks.— /«c/. Med. Gaz., Calcutta, Ivi, no. 10, October
1921, pp. 361-371.
The first part of this paper consists of a summary of a report by
Lieut. -Col. McKechnie of a fever studied by him in the districts of
Sat Tal and Bhim Tal (small hill stations at a height of some 4,500 ft.
in the Kumaon Division). After studying a number of cases, he was
forced to the conclusion that the disease in question was typhus.
From McKechnie's observations and his own experiences the author
is quite convinced that the fever belongs to the typhus group, and
discusses the possibilities of ticks or lice being the carriers. Points
in favour of the tick hypothesis are that in two of the cases in the
author's experience there was a tick bite previous to the attack ;
that the fever very closely resembles Rocky Mountain fever, which
is known to be tick-borne ; that in all the cases reported in India
tick bites might quite probably have occurred ; that the incidence
of the disease appears to be quite different from that of louse-borne
maladies ; and that the disease appears to be strictly confined to
certain localities year after year. If it were due to lice it could hardly
remain so localised among a chstinctly migratory population. More-
over, the freedom of Europeans from louse-borne fever indicates
that such infection is not readily communicated to them under the
hygienic conditions in which they live. Against the tick theory is
the fact that there is no direct evidence of tick bite.

The author strongly suspects that the disease is one affecting animals
of the jungle and that it is conveyed to man by a tick, the disease
being either the same as Rocky Mountain fever or very closely related
to it. It is probably widely distributed in India and other parts of
the world, but is frequently mistaken for typhoid fever. Further
research in connection with the disease is urgently needed, and meantime
precautions against tick bite should be taken in the affected localities
on the lines that have proved successful in the Rocky Mountains.

Megaw (J. W. D.). A Note on the Twelve-day Fever of Nigeria.—

Ind. Med. Gaz., Calcutta, Ivi, no. 10, October 1921, pp. 371-373.

The author comments on a recent record of a newly discovered fever

of 12 days' duration in Nigeria [R.A.E., B, ix, 195]. He considers

215

that the disease as described dithers in many points from dengue
fever, but, on the other hand, corresponds in every essential with the
fever descril)ed in the previous jxipcr by McKechnie and by himself
as a fever of the typhus g,vonp, probably carried by a tick. He
hopes that further light may be thrown on this (juestion, and reuiarks
that a similar fever was described a few years ago by McNaught in
South Africa.

Trvon (H). Special Cattle Fatality in the Maranoa District, and its
Relation to the Larvae of I'/ciygophonts unalis, Costa. — Qiiccns-
laiid A'^i-ic. /I:; Brishtntc, xv'i, pt. 3, September 1921, pp. 208-216
2 plates.

A fatal disease of cattle in the Maranoa district results from their
eating the larvae of a sawllx', Plerygophonis unalis, Costa, which is
fully described in this paper.

The silver-leaved ironbark tree {Eiicalypliis inclaiwphloia) is the
principal food-plant. Twelve or more eggs are laid at a time in the
tissue between the leaf surfaces in a row along the leaf-edge. The
larvae feed on the leaves and when mature, late in June, the}^ crawl
to the ground, congregating in fieaps at the base of the tree. They
enter the soil to pupate, and they are still gregarious in this stage,
except in sandy .soil. Ordinarily the adults emerge late in August
or in September, but under drought conditions much later.

The natural enemies of this pest include opossums, which feed on the
leaves on which the eggs are deposited. Unfortunately numbers of
opossums have been destroyed in recent years, which accounts for the
prevalence of the sawfly. A Tachinid fly parasitises the larvae, and
insectivorous birds, which occur in numbers locally, are also
powerful checks. Under drought conditions pupation is retarded,
and the larvae often succumb to fungus and other diseases, while
wet weather kills them before they enter the ground.

Cattle congregate at the foot of the trees, and eagerly consume
the insects, chiefly dead and decaying ones, in preference to grass.
This abnormal appetite is perhaps due to some factor of diet deficiency ;
in one paddock, which had been salted, the cattle ignored the sawfly
larvae.. Cattle of all ages are affected and they usually die within
two or three days, though some have been known to survive. The
symptoms apparently were not those of a local irritation such
as arises from the consumption of hairy caterpillars, but rather
those of a general toxaemia. Cattle should be removed from
pastures where the food-plant grows, or the latter should be destroyed
on land permanently devoted to grazing. Boughs placed at the
bases of the trees will prevent cattle from reaching the insects, and
spraying the masses of larvae with a strongly odorous substance or
bone-oil might make them repeUent. Investigations should be
undertaken for the direct treatment of cattle.

Johnston- (T. H.) & Tiegs (O. W .). New and little-known Sarco-
phagid Flies from South Eastern Queensland, /^/oc. A'. Soc.

Qitccnsland, Byisbane, xxxiii, no. 4, 18th |uly 1921, pp. 46-90,
26 figs. [Received 31st October 1921.]

The literature on the various species of Sarcophagid flies from
Queensland is reviewed in this paper. The following are described :
Hdicobia australis, sp. n., bred from decaying meat ; Sarcophaqa

216

impaticns, Wlk., S. tryoni, sp. n. {frontalis, in part, of Australian
authors), S. alpha, sp. n., 5. beta, sp. n., S. gamma, sp. n., 5. irreqitieta,
Wlk., [ochripalpis, Thomson), 5. eta, sp. n., S.misera, Wlk. {frontalis,
Thomson), S. misera, Wlk., var. dux, Thomson {subtuberosa, Parker),
vS". aitrifrons, Macq., 5. zeta, sp. n., 5. theta, sp. n., 5. iota, sp. n.,
5. kappa, sp. n., 5. sigma, sp. n., and 5. {Parasarcophaga) omega, subgen.
et sp. n., bred from bad meat ; 5. delta, sp. n., found on flowers ;
S. omikron, sp. n., bred from wool and rotten potatoes ; 5. froggatti,
Taylor {knabi, Parker) ; and S. bancrofti, sp. n.

Strong (W. M.). Phlebotomus Flies in Papua. — Med. J I. Australia,
Sydney, 8th Yr., ii, no. 10, 3rd September 1921, p. 193.

A species of Phlebotomus greatly resembling P. pappatasii is recorded
from Papua. It is probably the • transmitter of three-day fever.
This species may also occur in tropical Australia. The points of
difference between it and P. pappatasii are described.

SwELLENGREBEL (N. H). De Anopheliiien van Nederlandsch Oost-

Indie. [The Anophelines of the Dutch East Indies.] — Kolon.
Inst, te Amsterdam, Meded., no. XV, Afdeeling Trop. Hygiene
no. 10, 1921, x + 155 pp., 76 text figs., 20 plates. [Price //. 6-50 ]

This is a revised edition of the monograph already noticed [R. A.E.,
B, vii, 19] which was later completed and amended [B, viii, 136].
As regards the pathogenic importance of the various mosquitos much
uncertain information included in the first edition has been removed,
and of the Anophelines of neighbouring countries only those of Malacca
and New Guinea are mentioned, as the identity of the others is too
little known.

Fernandez (S). L'AUevamento dei Pipistrelli per distruggere le
Zanzare. [The Breeding of Bats for the Destruction of
Mosquitos.] — Cronica Med.-Quirurgica de la Habana, xlvii, no 3,
March 1921, pp. 79-84. (Abstract in Ann. d' Igiene, Rome, xxxi,
no. 9, September 1921, pp. 579-580.)

The author advocates the breeding of bats as mosquito-destroyers
by providing suitable shelters and protection against rats and mice,
as had been suggested in the United States [R.A.E., B, i, 176 ; but
cf. viii, 203].

PiATTi ( — ). Azione della Chloropierina. [The Action of Chloro-
picrin.] — Riv. di AnipcL, Leghorn, no. 9. (Abstract in Riv.
Agric, Parma, xxvi, no. 41, 14th October 1921, pp. 593-594.)

Experiments in destroying rats with chloropicrin were made in
1917 in the laboratory and on two steamers with holds of about 28,000
and 38,000 cu. ft. capacity.

The liquid was contained in a galvanised tank placed on deck, and
fell drop by drop into tubes containing cotton and hanging in the
hold. Using 900 cc. of chloropicrin all rats placed at various heights
in the hold were killed in 2| hours.

Bertrand's experiments [R.A.E., B, viii, 76], made With higher
concentrations of chloropicrin, confirm these results and show that
the rat-fleas are killed before their hosts, a point of the utmost
importance in anti-plague work.

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
their publications with those of the Bureau are requested to
communicate with the Assistant Director.

The Annual Subscription, in advance, to the Review, Series A
(Agricultural), is 12s. post free; Series B (Medical and Veterinary),
6s. post tree.

Orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 41, Queen's Gate, London,
S.W.7, or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

.. 207
.. 198
.. 206
.. 197
197, 198
.. 207

Africa : Trypanosomes and Trypanosomiasis of Cattle

Africa, South : The Influence of Bush Fires on Glossina

America, Central : Notes on New Mosquitos

America, South : A Study of the Genus Triatoma . .

Argentina : Measures against Typhus and Lice

Argentina : Additions to the Mosquito Fauna . . ' . .

Australia : A Disease of Cattle due to eating Sawfly Larvae . . . . 215

Australia : New and Little Known Sarcophagid Flies from Queensland 215

Brazil : Natural Enemies of Stegomyia fasciata . . . . . . . . 202

British Isles : New Chironomids . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

British Isles : The Development of the Ovary and Ovarian Egg of

Anopheles macUlipennis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

British Isles : The Mole Flea, Hysirichopsylla talpae . . . . . . 196

British Isles : Fleas infesting Rats at Liverpool . . . . . . . . 202

British Isles : Cnemidocoptes mutans infesting Fowls . . . . . . 206

China : Notes on New Mosquitos . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Cuba : Chrysops costata attacking Man .. .. .. .. ..212

Dutch East Indies : The Anopheline Fauna . . . . . . . . 216

France : Anophelines on the Belgian Frontier . . . . . . . . 193

France : A New Mosquito . . . . . . ■ . • • • • • • 193

France : Measures against Flies in Manure Heaps . . . . . . 212

Germany : The Treatment of Mange in Horses 201, 214

Germany : Investigations on Simuliids . . . . . . . . . . 212

Germany : The Importance of regulating the Sale of Secret Remedies
Germany: Notes on the Life-history of yir^as^ersicws ..

Gold Coast : Observations on Ceratopogonine Midges

India : Notes on Insect Flagellates . .

India : The Organisms carried by Bed-bugs

India : The Infection of Hedgehogs with NuUallia ninense

India : Notes on Conorhinus rufofasciatus in Assam

India : The Geographical Distribution of Fleas

India : A Typhus-like Fever possibly transmitted by Ticks

Indo-China : Measures against Tick-borne Diseases

Italy : Observations on the Biology of Anophelines

Italy : Anophelines and the Direct Transmission of Malaria

Italy : The Breeding of Bats to destroy Mosquitos

Nigeria : A Twelve-day Fever, possibly Insect-borne

Palestine : Notes on Blood-sucking Diptera

Panama : The Transmission of Relapsing Fever by Ornithodorus talaje

Papua : Phleboiomus and Three-day Fever . .

Porto Rico : The Horn Fly Problem

U.S.A. : The Dispersion of Flies by Flight

U.S.A. : Solenopotes capillatus, a sucking Louse of Catt

U.S.A. : Insect Enemies of Domestic Animals in Mon

U.S.A. : The Value of Fish against Mosquitos

New or Little Known Acari

Typical Flies (Review) . .

The Feeding Habits of Stegomyia fasciata

The Progress of World-wide Measures against Yellow Fever

The Parasites of Blood-sucking Invertebrates

Mosquitos as Carriers of Human Disease

The Classification of Mosquitos

Descriptions of New Genera of Muscids

Chloropicrin as a Fumigant for Ships . .

208,

213
213
201
207
209
.. 210
.. 210
.. 210
.. 214
.. 201
199, 200
.. 199
.. 216
195, 214
.. 194
.. 198
.. 216
.. 198
.. 194
.. 203
.. 203
203, 206
.. 196
.. 196
.. 201
.. 203
.. 204
.. 205
206, 207
.. 207
.. 216

VOL. IX. Ser. B. Title-page and Index. [Issued April, 1922.]

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED

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(Natural History).
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Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical

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217

Index of Authors.

A reference in heavy type indicates thaf a paper by the author has

been abstracted.

Abbott, W. S., 110.

Adie, H. A., 209.

Affonso, G., 155.

Akin, C. v., 34.

Aldige, E., 58.

Alessandrini, 155, 191.

Alfieri, A., 164.

Aragao, H. de Beaurepaire, 122.

Arkwright, J. A., 96.

Artega, J. F., 122.

Atkin, E. E., 96.

Austen, E. E.. 40, 57, 140, 194.

Averfeld, H. Stadtmann, 186.

Awati, P. R., 103, 105, 210.

Ayyar, T. V. Ramakrishna, 79.

Babcock, O. G., 182.

Bacot, A., 38, 64, 96.

Bagiie, J., 140.

Balfour, A., 127, 133.

Bancroft, 140.

Bang, H., 67.

Banus, M. Garcia, 76.

Barbieri, A., 34.

Barge, J., 164.

Barraud, P. J., 98.

Basile, C, 54.

Bass, C. C, 178.

Bassett-Smith, P. W ., 108.

Bassewitz, E. von, 130.

Bates, L. B., 198.

Bau, A., 19.

Beal, W. P. B., 100.

Beaurepaire Aragao, H. de, 122.

Beckwith. C. S., 186, 187.

Bell, H. D., 56.

Bennett, D. H.. 182, 183.

Bequaert, J., 43.

Bergman, 19.

Bertarelli, E., 59.

Bertrand, G., 216.

Bezzi, M., 76.

Bigot, 143, 144.

Bishopp, F. C, 158, 194, 203.

Blacklock, B., 23, 118.

(5935)

Blackshaw, G. N., 119.

Blanc, G., 49, 81, 94.

Bodkin, G. F., 2.

Bogdanova-Katkova, L. F, 115.

Bondar, G. 112.

Bonne, C, 31, 72, 88.

Bonne-Wepster, J., 31, 72, 88

Bora, E., 143.

Both, G., 67.

Bouilliez. M., 89.

Boyd, J. E. M., 16.

Bradley, B., 127.

Bras de Sd, J. F., 6.

Brauer, 19, 145, 196.

Breemen, M. F. Van, 36.

Breinl, A., 76.

Bresslau, E., 213.

Brethes, J, 5.

Britten, H., 47.

Brolemann, H. W., 38.

Brown, 125.

Brues, C. F., 169.

Brug, S. F., 8.

Brumpt, E.. 173.

Brunetti, E., 57.

Butler, W. J., 63.

Buxton, P. A., 54, 127, 148.

Buysson, H. du, 154.

Cameron, A. E., 102.
Caminopetros, J., 81.
('ampion, H., 175.
Carbonell, M. V., 198.
Carnegie Dickson, W. E., 70.
Carpenter, G. D. H., 53.
Carpenter, G. H., 22, 189.
Carroll, M., 187, 188.
Carter, H. F., 23, 25, 56, 76, 95,

118, 132, 201.
Carter, H. R., 71.
Cassamagnaghi, A., 157.
CastcUani, 155.
Chamberlain, R. V., 40.
Chanal, F., 205.
Chandler, S. C, 88.

218

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

Chapin, E. A., 95.

Chatton, E., 120.

Cheetham, C. A., 5, 28.

Cheireddin, 113.

Chitre, G. D., 158.

Chretien, A., 129.

Christophers, S. R., 13, 159, 160,

173.
Cimatti, V., 39.
Clapier, P., 59, 180.
Clarke, J. T., 38, 62.
Cleland, J. B., 127.
Coates, W. H., 113.
Cohen, L., 10.
Collignon, 7.
Connal, A., 119, 202.
Connor, M. E., 6, 128.
Cooley, R. A.. 203.
Costa Lima, A. da, 136.
Cotterell, G. S., 57.
Courrier, R., 120.
Cragg, F. W., 103, 125, 210.
Craig, C. F., 128, 179.
Crimi, P., 112.
Croveri, P., 180.
Cuenod, A., 94.
Cushing, G. J. H., 187.

Da Costa Lima, A., 136.

Dalziel, J. M., 41, 133.

Da Matta, A., 7.

Dariing, S. T., 130.

Da Rocha Lima, H., 137.

Davel, D., 157.

Davies, L. W., 195.

Debaisieux, P., 79.

De Beaurepaire Aragao, H., 122.

Degouillon, 120.

De Graaf, J. M. H. Swellengrebel,

3 4
Dekock, 129.
Delanoe, P., 150.
Del Ponte, E., 78, 197.
De Mello, F., 129.
De Sa, J. L. Bras, 6.
De Stefani, T., 46, 112, 121.
Dickson, W. E. Carnegie, 70.
Di Domizio, G., 180.
Diffloth, P., 166.
Dodd, A. P., 65.
Dodd, S., 139.
Dollfus, R. P., 132.
Domizio, G. di, 180.
Donovan, C, 14, 210.
Doten, SB., 38.

Dublet, 81.
Du Buysson, H., 154.
Duke, H. L., 134.
Duncan, F. M., 196.
Dunn, L. H., 198. '
Dupont, P. R., 189.
DuToit, 129.

Dyar. H. G., 5, 9, 50, 51, 72, 73,
87, 88, 113, 206, 207.

Eaton, H. L, 24.
Eckstein, F., 19, 29, 39, 68.
Edwards, F. W., 38, 41, 51, 52,

72, 82, 133, 144, 195.
Enderlein, G., 67, 104, 106, 184.

203, 213.
Engel, E. O., 20, 142.
Engelberting, 3.
Engle, R. F., 24.
Evans, A. M., 119, 202.
Ewing, H. E., 29, 51, 79.

Fahrenholz, H., 19.

Falcioni, D.. 123.

Fantham, H. B., 1.

Fauntleroy, C. M., 163.

Federici, E., 142.

Ferguson, E. W., 62, 113, 147,

169.
Fermi, C, 23, 35.
Fernandez, S., 216.
Ferraro, G., 94.
Ferrel, J. A., 71.
Ferris, 203.
Fiebiger, J., 7.
Filippini, A., 191.
Fisher, H. C, 108.
Fletcher, T. B., 79.
Flu, P. C, 174.
Foley, H., 108.
Foot, K., 65.
Franca, C, 21, 37, 78, 149, 155,

170.
Franchini, G., 58, 106, 120, 136,

150.
Francis, E., 188, 189.
Eraser, 40.
Eraser, A. D., 40.
Freeborn, S. B., 66.
Frenais, H. M. La, 161.
Friederichs, K., 36, 67, 104, 106,

212.
Froggatt, J. L., 64.

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

219

Garcia Banus, M., 76.

Gaschen, H., 154, 177.

Gedoelst, L., 114.

Geiger, J. C, 131.

Ghesquiere, J., 164.

Gill, C. A., 86, 127, 130, 162.

Glass, 40.

Goldberg, L., 113.

Goldschmidt, W., 7.

Gordon, R. M., 201.

Gorgas, W. C, 71.

Gouillon, P., 170.

Graaf, J. M. H. Swcllengrebel de,

3 4.
Gra'bham, M., 31.
Grassi, B., 35, 49, 93, 142, 151, 167,

199, 200.
Green, D. M., 110.
Green, E. E., 175.
Greschik, E., 20.
Griffith, 199.
Griffitts, T. H. D., 138.

Hacker, H. P., 73.

Hadwen, S., 102.

Hall, M. C, 110, 157.

Harnam Singh, B., 130.

Harris, R. H.. 198.

Hase, A., 17, 44.

Haseman, 186.

Hattori, T., 161.

Hauer, C. E., 122.

Hayashi, N., 65.

Headlee, T. J., 26, 27, 186, 187,

188
Hearle, E., 86, 141.
Heerdt, W., 4.
Hegh, E., 186.
Hegner, R. W'., 95.
Hehir, P., 32.
Heller, K. M., 53.
Henriksen, K. L., 117.
Herms, W. B., 66.
Hesse, E., 142.
Hewitt, C. G., 65.
Hewitt, J. O'N., 22.
Hildebrand, S. F., 85, 163.
Hill, G. F., 62, 118, 133.
Hindle, E., 148.
Hine, J. S.. 158, 191.
Hirst, S., 51, 196.
Hoare, C. A., 96.
Hodgkins, J. R., 4.
Hoftmann, W. H., 212.
Hornby, H. E., 66, 207.

(5935)

Howard, L. O., 27, 28, 50, 71.

Howlett, 79.
Hutchison, R. H., 117.
Hylkema, B., 114.

Imes, M., 192.
Ingram, A, 25, 76, 201.
Ismert, R., 169.
Iverson, J. P., 69.
Iyengar, M. O. T., 124.

Jacques, J. E., 129.
James, S. P., 32.
Jarocki, 61.
Jepson, F. P., 164.
Johannsen, O. A., 117.
Johnson, 56.
Johnson, W. B., 195.
Johnston, T. H., 155, 215.
Jordan, K., 61, 62.

Kawamura, R., 161.

Keilin, D., 147, 149, 190.

Keukenschrijver, N. C, 135.

Kieffer, J. J., 106, 171, 191, 194.

King, H. H., 176.

King, W. v., 179.

Kinghorne, J. W., 110.

Kinoshita, 49.

Klein, W., 88, 201.

Knab, 51, 72.

Knowles, C. H., 164.

Kobayashi, H., 180.

Koch, A., 46, 185.

Kockde, 129.

Koike, S., 118.

Konsuloff, S., 177, 192.

Kotlan, S., 116.

Kraus, R., 197.

Krausse, A., 4.

Kreisel, C, 184.

Krober, O., 46.

Kryger, 82.

Kunhardt. J. C. G., 158.

Laake, E. W., 171, 194.

Lacroix, A., 120.

Lafont, 170.

La Frenais, H. M., 161, 208, 209.

Laing, F., 99.

Lake, G. C, 189.

Lamborn, W. A, 42, 134, 190.

Lang, 144.

220

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

Lange, 166.

Lanzenberg, A., 135.

Larrousse, F., 21, 124.

Lassalle, C. F., 57.

Laveran, A., 58, 89, 96, 106, 120,

136, 150.
Lavier, G., 204.
Lawrence, H.. 186,
Leak, W. N., 77.
Lefroy, H. M., 57.
Legendre, J., 90, 114.
Leger, A., 31.
Leger, L., 49.
Leger, M., 81, 151.
Leishman, Sir W. B., 85.
Leon, N., 175.
Lima, A. da Costa, 136.
Lima, H. da Rocha, 137.
Listen, W. G., 16.
Little, A., 48.
Llambias, J., 37.
Lonkhuijzen, J. J. van, 190.
Lorenzo, D., 37.
Loubrieu, 136.

Loughnan, W. F. M., 70, 171.
Lounsbury, C. P., 8, 140.
Ludlow, C. S., 73.
Lund, C. Wesenberg, 144, 153, 154.
Lundbeck, 149.
Lutrario, 30.
Lyster, T. C, 71.

Macarthur, W. P., 86.
McCuUoch, L, 48.
Macdonald, W., 127.
Macdougall, A. H., 10.
McDunnough, J., 191.
Macfie, J. W. S., 25, 76, 201, 202.
'Macgregor, M. E., 43.
McKechnie, 214, 215.
Mackenzie, F., 87.
Mackinnon, E., 80.
Maidl, F., 172.
Mally, C. W., 39.
Manetti, C, 173.
Mansion, J., 37, 78.
Marchand, W., 122.
Marchoux, 201.
Martial, R., 78.
Martini, E., 20, 35, 52, 83, 91, 115,

143, 144.
Martoglio, 180, 181.
Marxer, A., 129.
Mason, F. E., 109.
Matta, A. da, 7.

Mattos. W. B., 6.
Mayer, M., 94.
Mayne, B., 41, 188,
Mazzaccara, G., 176.
Megaw, J. W. D., 214.
MeUo, F. de, 129.
Mesnil. F., 59, 134, 150.
Metalnikow, S., 154, 177.
Milks, H. J., 40.
MiUer, D., 75, 168.
Miyajima, 79.
Mjbberg, 19.
Mohler, J. R., 109.
Montpellier, J., 120.
Monziols, 7.
Morris, H. M., 10.
Morstatt, H., 92.
Moscowitz, A., 117.
Miihlens, P., 93.
Muir, F., 38.
Muraz, 58, 89.

Nagler, A., 189.

Nakano, H., 95.

Nandin, L., 88.

Neiva, 5.

Neschat Omer, 113.

Newstead, R., 10, 22, 43, 86, 119,

202.
Nicholls, H. M., 45, 105.
Nicholson, A. J., 196.
Nicolle, C, 94.
Noc, F., 21.
Noguchi, 76.
NOller, W., 213, 214.
Nunez Tovar, M., 12, 13.
Nuttall, G. H. F., 140, 141, 149-

Oliveau, A., 37, 114.
O'Roke, E. C, 17.
Osterwald, H., 68.
Otten, L., 107.
Ouzilleau, F., 59.

Paisseau, G., 136.
Palfrey, F. W., 137.
Panisset, M. L., 67.
Paracampo, A., 19.
Paraf, J., 94.
Parker. R. R., 111.
Parkinson, W. H., 56.
Parrot, A., 78.
Parrot, L., 21, 95, 170.

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

221

Patton, W. S., 14, 15, 53, 102, 103,

105, 145, 161, 207, 208, 209.
Peairs, L. M., 132.
Pearce, E. K., 196.
Pearson, A., 32.
Peryassu, A., 5, 6.
Phibbs, G. B., 115.
Piatti, 216.
Piccininni, F., 16.
Pierce, W. D., 64, 86, 117.
Pili, R., 155.

Pillers, A. W. N., 11, 185, 206.
Pina, J. G., 123.
Plot Bev, J. B., 20.
Piras, L., 60.
Plath, O. E., 48.
Ponte, E. del, 78, 197.
Porter, A., 1.
Pratt- Johnson, J., 128.
PreU, H., 18.
Pricolo, A., 94.
Pringault, E., 58, 70, 89, 107.
Purdy, W. C, 32, 66, 131.

Ramakrishna Ayyar, T. V., 79.
Rao, S. Sundara, 161, 208, 209.
Reh, L., 165.
Reichenow, E.. 45, 129.
Reiley, F. A., 187.
Remv, P., 145.
Reye, 60.
Ricardo, G., 50.
Richardson, U. F., 109.
Riley, W. A., 96, 105.
Rivas, J. A., 13.
Rizzi, M., 131.
Rocha Lima, H. da, 137.
Rodhain, J., 43, 59, 114.
Root, F. M., 126.
Rose, F. G., 135.
Ross, 143, 147.
Rothschild, N. C, 61, 62.
Roubaud, E., 37, 59, 83, 90, 131,
134, 136, 151, 153, 193, 199, 212.
Ruppert, 36.
Russ, v., 172.
Russell, W. A., 156, 157.

Sa, J. L. Bras de, 6.
Saceghem, R. van, 70, 171.
Sahn, A. J., 107.
Sanborn, C. E., 48.
Sanderson, E. D., 132.
Schalk, 129.
Schein, H., 201.

Schincr, 145.

Schneider, F. L., 192.

Schiilze, P., 44, 45.

Schumacher, F., 60.

Schuurmans Stekhovcn, Jr., J. H.,

122.
Scott, J. W., 17.
Sealy, S. T., 105.
Segu^ , i: , 38, 100, 107, 131, 144,

193
Sella.M., 137,191, 199.
Scnevet, G.. 78,140,150.
Senior- White, R. A., 106, 146.
Sergent, Ed., 81, 89, 107, 169, 181.
Sergent, Et., 81, 89, 169, 170, 181.
Sewell, E., 126.
Seyderhelm, 129.
Sherman, F., 5.
Shircore, J. 0., 53.
Shortt, H. E.. 159, 160.
Sikora, H., 36, 115.
Simond, 201.
Singh, B. Harnani, 130.
Sinton, J. A., 119, 163, 179, 210.
Skuse, 124.
Slooten, J. van, 175.
Smyth, E. G., 198.
Soares de Souza, G., 155.
Southwell, T., 23.
Souza, G. Soares de, 155.
Stadtmann-Averfeld, H., 186.
St. John, J. H., 198.
Startz, E., 62.
Stefani, T. de, 46, 112, 121.
Stekhoven, Jr., J. H. Schuurmans,

122.
Stempell, W.. 184.
Stirling, R. F., 67.
Story, C, 8.
Strickland, 75.
Strindberg, H., 43.
Strong, R. P.. 137.
Strong, W. M., 216.
Sundara Rao, S., 161, 208, 209.
Sunier, A. L. J., 36.
Surcouf, J. M. R., 37, 143.
Swellengrebel, N. H., 3, 4, 133.

173, 216.
Swellengrebel de Graaf, J. M. H.,

3 4.

Swe'zey, O. H., 181.
Swvnnerton, C. F. M., 97.

Takaugi, S., 95.
Tanzer, E., 68.
Tejera, E., 12.

222

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

Tieche, 60.
Tiegs, O. W., 215.
Theobald, F. V., 72.
Theiler, Sir A., 83, 138.
Todd, J. L., 31, 137.
Toil, du, 129.
Tonnoir, A., 88.
Torrance, F., 81, 113.
Tovar, M. Nunez, 12, 13.
Townsend, C. H. T., 207.
Troop, J., 109.
Tryon, H., 215.
Tsunoda, 60.
Tyzzer, E. E., 8.

Uriarte, L., 112.

Valadez, S. M., 2.

Van Breemen, M. L., 36.

Van Es, 129.

Van Lonkhuijzen, J. J., 190.

Van Saceghem, R., 70, 171.

Van Slooten, J., 175.

Velu, H., 90, 150, 151.

Vialatte, C, 150.

Vigne, P., 89.

Villeneuve, J., 145, 180.

Vogel, R., 193.

Von Bassewitz, E., 130.

Walker, E. L., 8.
Walker, E. M., 1.
Warburton, C, 148.
Wardle, R. A., 139.

Watson, J. R., 50.

Webb, J. L., 141.

Webber, H. J., 132.

Weinland, 185.

Weiss, A., 52.

Wenyon, C. M., 32.

Werner, H., 18.

Wernicke, R., 197.

Wesenberg-Lund, C, 82, 144, 152,

153, 154, 200.
Westphalen, 60.

Wilhelmi, J., 28, 44, 89, 106, 165.
WiUiams, C. B., 175.
Wilson, 56.
Wilson, C. E., 150.
Winship, E., 24, 28.
Wolbach, S. P., 137.
Wollman, E., 71, 173.
Woo, S. M., 33.
Wright, R. E., 105.

Yakimoff, 210.
Yamada, S., 117.
Yamaguchi, M., 161.
Yofe, H., 192.
Yorke, W., 54.
Young, A. R., 69.
Young, C. J., 201, 202.
Young, D., 24.

Ziemann, 69.
Ziemann, H., 78.
Zotta, G., 123, 144, 154.
Zuelzer, M., 213.

223

General Index.

In the case of scientific names the page reference Is cited only
under the heading of the generic name.

When a generic name is printed in brackets it signifies that the
name is not adopted.

A.

abrupla , Hemilexomyia .

Acacia, sheltering Glossiua palli-

dipes in Zululand, 198.
Acanthia lectularius (see Cimex).
A canthocheilonenia {Microfilaria)
Persians, infesting man in Africa,
59, 170 ; experiments in trans-
mission of, 170 ; not developing
in mosquitos, 206.
Acanthoconops, gen. n., 133 (see

Styloconops) .
Acanthodactylns vulgaris, new genus

of Haemococcidium in, in Spain,

45.
A car apis, gen. n., proposed for

Tarsonenms woodi, 196.
accraensis, Culicoides.
acer, T aeniorhynchus .
Acetic Acid, as a repellent for Dacus

zonatiis, 80 ; in vinegar, 166.
Acetone, in wood vinegar, 166.
Achorutes viaticus, bionomics and

role of, in sewage purification, 56.
Achromaticus macfiei, . -infesting

cattle in Gold Coast, 101.
aconitus, Anopheles [Myzomyia]

minimus.
A demon decrescens, parasite of

Simulium aureum in Gernaany,

104.
adpropinquans, Systenus.
Aedes, possibly transmitting horse

sickness in South Africa, 138 ;

subgenera of, 9, 87 ; notice of key

to Canadian species of, 113 ;

methods of breeding, 115 ; (see

also under Ochlerotatus, Stego-

myia, etc.).
Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictiis {scutel-

laris) in India, 80, 124 ; parasites

of, in Malay States, 190 ; ovi-

position of, without a blood meal,

80.
Aedes aldrichi, breeding-places of , in

North America, 51, 86.

Aedes [Ochlerotatus] annul ipes, in
Denmark, 82 ; habits of, in
Germany, 29, 35.
Aedes [Stegomyia) avgenteus, earlier
name for A. (5.) fasciatus (q.v.),
51.
Aedes [Ochlerotatus) ashworthi, sp. n.,

in West Australia, 133.
Aedes [Ochlerotatus) berlandi, sp. n.,

in France, 193.
Aedes biniaculatus, 51.
Aedes [Ochlerotatus) caballus, in

South Africa, 128.
Aedes [Ochlerotatus) caliginosus, in

crab-holes in Lagos, 42.
Aedes calopus (see A. [Stegomyia)

fasciatus).
Aedes campestris, breeding in salt

marshes in Utah, 9.
Aedes [Ochlerotatus) cantons (see A.

maculatus) .
Aedes [Ochlerotatus) cantator, in New
Jersey, 26, 186 ; migrations of,
26.
Aedes [Stegomyia) cartroni, in Mada-
gascar, 68.
Aedes [Ochlerotatus) caspius [punc-
tatus), in Denmark, 83 ; in
France, 38, 49 ; in Egypt and
Palestine, 99 ; in Macedonia, 92 ;
breeding-places of, 92, 99 ; -^ •
(O.) curriei considered a varietv
of, 83.
Addes [Stegomyia) christianus, sp. n..

in China, 207.
Aedes cinereus, in British Columbia,
86 ; in Denmark, 82 ; in Ger-
many, 29, 30, 35 ; m U.S.A., 51 ;
bionomics of, 30, 35, 51.
Aedes [Ochlerotatus) communis [nemo-
rosus) , generations of, in Denmark,
82 ; habits of, in Germany, 35 ;
in forests in Macedonia, 20, 92 ;
species allied to, 100.
Aedes [Ochlerotatus) confirmatus, in
Argentina, 5.

224

INDEX.

Aedes {Ochlerotatus) curriei, in
France, 38 ; considered a variety
of O. caspius, 83.

Aedes [Stegomyia) dendrophila, sp. n.,
in Gold Coast, 133.

Aedes (Ochlerotahis) detritus, in Den-
mark, 82 ; breeding-places of, in
Palestine, 99.

Aedes [Ochlerotatus] diantaeits, in
Denmark, 83 ; synonymy of, 83.

Aedes {Ochlerotatus) diversus, in
Germany, 29 ; larva of, 186.

Aedes {Ochlerotatus) dorsalis, Meig.,
in Macedonia, 20.

Aedes dorsalis, Tlieo. (see A. {Och-
lerotatus) caspius).

Aedes {Ochlerotatus) dysanor, sp. n.,
in eastern United States, 88.

Aedes {Finlaya) eitcleptes, sp. n., in
China, 207.

Aedes {Ochlerotatus) excrucians, in
Denmark, 82 ; synonymy of, 83.

Aedes {Stegomyia) fasciatus, in South
Africa, 128'; in West Africa, 21,
42 ; in Australia, 118, 128 ;
natural enemies of, in Brazil,
202-203 ; ni Calcutta, 124, 125 ;
intercepted in Panama Canal Zone
from Colombia, 108 ; not trans-
mitting Oriental sore in Crete, 82 ;
in Ecuador, 6, 128 ; in British
Guiana, 2, 135 ; in Hawaii, 38 ;
in INIadagascar, 68 ; in Mesopo-
tamia, 146 ; in Mexico, 121 ; in
Palestine, Egypt and Syria, 99 ;
in Panama Canal Zone, 108 ; in
St. Croix, 150 ; not occurring in
Ceylon, 147 ; not occurring in
North Auckland Peninsula in
New Zealand, 75 ,' transmitting
dengue, 127, 128 ; transmitting
Filaria bancrofti, 42 ; and Lepto-
spira icteroides, 21, 76 ; and
yemnx fever, 71, 108, 128, 201,
206 ; measures against, 6, 38, 108,
121 ; feedmg habits of, 201 ;
breeding-places of, 42, 118 ; suit-
able for breeding in laboratorv,
115 ; earlier names for, 51.

Aedes {Ochlerotatus) fietcheri (see

i- A . lutescens).

Aedes fulvus, male of, in Panama, 51.

Aedes (Skusea) funerea, in Amboina,
133.

Aedes {Skusea) funerea var. ornata,
in Ceram, 133 ; Lepidomyia
lineata, a synonym of, 133.

Aedes {Finlaya) geniculatus {orna-
tus), in Corsica and France, 38 ; in
Denmark, 82 ; in Germanv, 29,
68 ; in Macedonia, 20, 92 ;
breeding-places of, 38, 68.

Aedes goiiinus, breeding-places of, in

U.S.A., 51.
Aedes {Ochlerotatus) irritans, breed-
ing in crab-holes in Lagos, 42.
Aedes {Ochlerotatus) jugorum, A.

geniculatus recorded from Corsica

as, 38 ; genital armature of, 100.
AMes {Stegomvia) lainberti, in Mada-
gascar, 68.
Aedes {Ochlerotatus) laurei, sp. n.,

breeding-places of, in Lord Howe

Island, 56.
Aedes {Ochlerotatus) lesnei, sp. n., in

France, 38, 131.
Aedes {Stegomvia) luteocephalus,

breeding in crab-holes in Lagos, 42.
Aedes {Ochlerotatus) lutescens, in

Denmark, 83 ; synon3'my of, 83.
Aedes Ivnchii, formerlj^ recorded as

female of Culex dolosa, 207.
Andes {Ochlerotatus) niaculatus, in

Denmark, 82 ; habits of, in

Germany, 29, 35 ; breeding-places

of, in France, 38.
Aedes {Ochlerotatus) )nariae, in

France, 38 ; breeding-places of,

in Palestine, 99 ; kev to species

allied to, 193.
Aedes masamac, sp. n., in California,

50.
Aedes {Ochlerotatus) nemorosus, Mg.

(see A . communis) .
Aedes {Ochlerotatus) nemorosus, auct.

nee Meig. (see A. punctor var.

meigenaniis) .
Aedes {Ochlerotatus) nigricephalus,

breeding in crab-holes in Lagos, 42.
Aedes {Ochlerotatus)' nigripes, in

Greenland, 82 ; not occurring in

Denmark, 82.
Aedes niphadopsis, in Utah, 9.
Aedes {Ochlerotatus) notoscriptus,

breeding-places of, in Australia,

118 ; in New Zealand, 75.
Andes ornatus (see A. {Finlaya)

geniculatus) .
Aedes {CuUselsa) perichares, sp. n.,

from Costa Rica, 72.
Aedes {Ochlerotatus) prodotes, in

Dennaark, 83 ; synonymy of, 83.
Aedes {Ochlerotatus) pulchripalpis

(see Orthopodomyia) .
Aedes {Skusea) punctipes, sp. n.,

from Upper Burma, 133.
Aedes {Ochlerotatus) punctor, rare in

Denmark, 82 ; in France, 38 ;

anatomy of species allied to, 88.
Aedes {Ochlerotatus) punctor var.

meigenanus {nemorosus), in Eng-
land, 5.
Aedes {Ochlerotatus) punctothoracis,

in crab-holes in Lagos, 42.

INDEX.

225

Aedes {Stegomyia) quasiornatus, re-
ferred to Rachionotomyia, 134.
Aedes [Ochlcrotattis) quasirubrilhorax,
breeding-places of, in Austrtilia,
118.
Aedes {Ecculex) rhecter, sp. n., in

Portuguese East Africa, 87.
Aedes {Ochlerotatus) rusticus, in

Denmark, 82.
Aedes salinel/iis [tervici], habits of,

in Gcnnauy, 35 ; recorded as A.

terriei, 83.
Aedes [Ochlevotatus) salinus (see A.

detritus] .
Aedes [Ochlerotatus) scapular is, in

Argentina, 207 ; in Mexico, 5.
Aedes (Stegomyia) scutellaris (see A.

albopictus) .
Aedes {Stegoinvia) simpsoni , in South

Africa, 128.'
Aedes [Ochlerotatus] sollicitans, in

U.S.A., 26, 85, 88, 186 ; breeding-
places of, 85, 88; migrations of, 26.
Aedes spencer i, anatomy of species

allied to, 88.
Aedes [Ochlerotatus) sticticus, in

France, 38 ; allied to AUdes

communis 100.
Aedes [Ochlerotatus) sticticus var.

concinnus , rare in Denmark, 82.
Aedes [Heteronycha) stitniilans,

species related to, 9 ; new sub-
species of, 9.
Aedes [Stegomyia) sugens (see A.

vittatus) .
Aedes sylvae, habits of, in Germany,

35.
Aedes sylvestris, bionomics of, in

New Jersey, 24, 26, 186.
Andes terriei, A. saliiiftlus recorded

as, 35, 83.
Aedes [Ochlerotatus) vexans, in

British Columbia, 86 ; rare in

Denmark, 82 ; in Germany, 29,

30 ; in :\Iacedonia, 20, 92 ; in

U.S.A., 51 ; breeding-places of,

51, 92.
Andes [Stegomyia) vittatus, in France,

38 ; oviposition of, without a

blood meal, 80.
Aedes [Ochlerotatus) vigilax, possibly

transmitting dengue, 127.
Aedes [Ochlerotatus) zaynmitti, in

France, 132.
Aedomyia squamipennis, in Calcutta,

124 ; in Panama Canal Zone, 108.
aegypti, Culex.
aegyptium, Hyalomma.
aenea, Rachionotomyia.
aenescens, Ophyra.
Aeschna, predacious on Anopheline

larvae, 142.

affDiis, Grypocampa ; Tabanus.

Afghanistan, Anophelines of, 13.

Africa, new midges from, 106 ;
history of sleeping sickness and
Glossi'na in, 108 ; trypanoso-
miasis of cattle in, 207.

Africa, East, malaria in, 92 ; mos-
quitos from, 87 ; Gestrids ni, 43 ;
sand-fly fever in, 93 ; sleeping
sickness and Glossina in, 93 ;
ticks and disease in, 45, 93 ;
trypanosomiasis of domestic
animals in, 71, 171.

Africa, P'rench Equatorial, sleeping
sickne.ss and Glossina in, 58, 59,89.

Africa, North, Hyalomma depressuni
in, 45.

Africa, Portuguese East, tsetse
problem in, 97.

Africa, South, new bat fleas m, 61 ;
Glossina and disease in, 1, 39, 46,
47, 66 ; Herpetomonas denticis
infesting fish in, 1 ; aetiology of
horse sickness in, 138 ; Lepto-
conops rhodesiensis in, 132 ; mites
on cattle in, 52 ; mosquitos and
malaria in, 128, 138 ; Scatophaga
siercoraria in, 57 ; new Tabanids
in, 50 ; ticks and tick-borne
diseases and their control in, 8,
40, 70, 83 85, 141, 160 ; a fever
resembling twelve-day fever in,
215 ; (see Rhodesia).

Africa, West, pests and diseases of
cattle in, 173 ; Chrysops and
filariasis ni, 119 ; Herpetomonas
mirabilis in Chrysomyia albiceps
in, 208 ; human malaria in apes
in, 129 ; scabies in chimpanzee in,
186 (see Gold Coast and Nigeria).

African Coast Fever, in East Africa,
93 ; in South Africa, 83 ; not
occurring in Gold Coast, 101 ;
danger of introduction of, into
Madagascar, 173 ; in Rhodesia,
176 ; caused by Theileria parva,
90 ; ticks transmitting, 83, 93.

africanus, Mansonioides ; Phlebo-
tomus minutus.

Agama adramitana , new mite on, in
Arabia, 196.

agilis, Stenocephalus .

Aglossa cuprealis, in dead bodies,

121.

Aglossa pinguinalis, in dead bodies,

121.

Agrion, predacious on Anopheline

larvae, 142.

agyrtes, Ctenophthahn us .
aitkeni. Anopheles,
akamushi, Trombidium [Leptus).
alaskaensis, Theobaldia.

226

INDEX,

Albania, malaria in, 172 ; ticks and
diseases of equines in, 116.

albertae, Aedes stimulans .

albiceps, Chrysomyia [Pycnosoma] .

albigenu, Culex (see C. ventrilloni).

albimanus. Anopheles [Cellia).

albimedius, Tabanus.

albiparniatum, Hyalomma aegyptium.

albipictuni, Hyalomma detritum.

albirostvis, Culicelsa.

albitarsis. Anopheles.

albiventris, Styloconops [Arantho-
conops, Leptoconops) .

alboapicalis. Anopheles listoni (see A .
minim-US var. aconitus).

alboguttatus, Culicoides.

albohirtipes, Tabanus [Therioplec-
tes).

albonotatus, Culicoides.

albopictus, Aedes [Stegomyia).

albosparsus, Culicoides.

albotaeniatus, Anopheles.

alboventralis, Tabanus.

Albumins, stimulating oviposition
of blow-flies, 139.

Alcohol, as a repellent for mos-
quitos, 29.

dldrichi, Aedes.

alepis, Notoedres.

Aleurobius farinae (see Tyrogly-
phus).

alexandrinum , Hyalomma pusillum.

alfaroi, Culex [Choeroporpa] .

Algae, larvae of Stilobezzia spiro-
gyrae associated with, in Gold
Coast, 76 ; effect of, on naosquito
breeding, 91, 177.

Algeria, blood parasites of bats in,
181 ; filariasis of dogs in, 108 ;
organisms in gecko in, 150 ;
Leptomonas davidi in Euphorbia
in, 170 ; midges ni, 95, 170, 171 ;
Tabanus nemoralis var. ruficornis
in, 37 ; ticks and disease in, 107,
141, 150, 169.

algeriens is, A nopheles .

Alkaloids, value of, in sabadilla
vinegar against lice, 166.

alladinis, Ceratophyllus .

allopha, Anopheles [Cellia).

allostigma, Lutzia.

Almond Oil, in ointment against
mange, 40.

alpha, Sarcophaga.

alternans, Simulium.

alternata, Psychoda.

Alum, in repellent for screw-worm
flies, 183.

Alysia manducator, failure to intro-
duce into Australia, 156.

Ambassis nama, predacious on mos-
quito larvae in India, 23.

Ambassis ranga, predacious on m.os-
quito larvae in India, 23.

amMus, Ornithodorus.

Amblyomma americanuni, in Vene-
zuela, 13 ; infesting foxes, 96.

Amblyomma cajennense, in Vene-
zuela, 13.

Amblyomma concolor, in Venezuela,
13.

Amblyomma dissimile, on toads in
Barbados, 150.

Amblyomma hebraeum (Bont Tick),
transmitting heartwater to do-
mestic animals in Africa, 83, 164 ;
dipping against, 84.

Amblyomma nianiiquirense, on
Dicotyles labiatus in British
Guiana, 2.

Aynblyomyyia oblongoguttatum , on
Dicotyles labiatus in British
Guiana, 2.

Amblvomma splendidum, on cattle in
Gold Coast, 101.

Amblyomma tuberculatum, infesting
foxes, 96.

Amblyomma variegatum (Bont Tick),
causing heartwater in domestic
animals in South Africa, 40 ; on
cattle and sheep in Gold Coast,
101.

Ameiva dorsalis, destroying ants in
Jamaica, 31.

America, Central, mosquitos and
yellow fever in, 52, 203, 204 ; new
Tabanids in, 158.

America, North, Simulium spp. in,
41 ; (see Canada and U.S.A.).

America, South, Achorutes viaticus
in, 56 ; yellow fever in, 52.

American Trypanosomiasis (see
Trypanosoma cruzi) .

americana, Cuterebra ; Periplaneta ;
Schongastia.

americanum, A mblyomma.

americanus, Leptoconops kerteszi.

am ictus, Anopheles.

Amino-acids, stimulating oviposi-
tion of blow-flies, 139.

Ammonia, production of, in sewage,
by Achorutes viaticus, 56 ; at-
tracting insects to dead bodies,
121.

Amoebic Dysentery (see Entamoeba
histolytica) .

ampyx, Hodgesia.

Amyl Acetate, as a repellent for
Dacus zonatus, 80.

A nabas scandens, predacious on
mosquito larvae in India, 23.

Anacardium occidentale (Cashew),
Culicoides accraensis breeding in,
in Gold Coast, 26.

INDEX.

227

Anaemia, Pernicious, of horses, not
caused by Gasirophilus, 102, 129.

analis, Ophyra ; Pterygophorus.

Anaplasma marginale, causing gall-
sickness in cattle in South Africa
and Rhodesia, 83, 176 ; in the
Mediterranean region, 90.

Anaplasmosis, of cattle, 173.

A nastellorh ina [Paracalliphora]

augur, life-cycle of, in Australia,
155 ; anatomy of larva of, 64.

anatis, Dichelacera.

Anax, predacious on Anopheline
larvae, 142.

angiistifrons, Simulium.

angustimanus, Simulium .

angustipes, Simulium.

angustitarsis, Simulium .

Aniseed, oil of, as a repellent for
Diptera, 139, 146.

anniilata, Leucomyta (see Culex
basicinctus) ; Theileria ; Theo-
baldia ; IJyanotaenia.

annulatus, Boophilus [Margaropus] .

annulifera , Manson ioides .

annulipalpis, Anopheles.

annulipes, Aiides {Ochlerotaius, Culi-
cada) ; Anopheles {Nyssorhyn-
chus).

annulirostris, Culex ; Leucomyia
(see Culex taylori).

Anopheles, not transmitting horse
sickness in South Africa, 138 ;
list of Australian, 147 ; notice of
key to Canadian species of, 113 ;
in Ceylon, 147 ; change of feeding
habits of, in Denmark, 83 ;
review of, in Dutch East Indies,
216 ; bionomics of, in Italy, 143,
199, 200 ; new species of, from
Japan, 117 ; of Middle East, 13 ;
survey of, in Trinidad and To-
bago, 57 ; control of, in U.S.A.,
85, 203 ; in Venezuela, 13 ;
species of, transmitting malaria,
205 ; experiments in direct
transmission of malaria by, 142,
199 ; effect of humidity on trans-
mission of malaria by, 87 ; effect
of temperature on life of, 199 ;
effect of hydrocyanic acid gas on,
191 ; methods for breeding, 115 ;
function of caudal tufts in larvae
of, 134 ; hibernation of, 167 ;
range of flight of, 123 ; migration
of, 26 ; swarming of, 200 ;
presence of domestic animals a
protection against, 83, 114, 131,
135, 152, 153, 154, 172, 193.
Anopheles aitkeni, in Dutch East
Indies, 173 ; in Portuguese India,
6 ; breeding-places of, in Malaya,

74, 134 ; A . algericnsis possibly
recorded as, in Palestine, 99 ;
anatomy of, 173 ; and malaria, 74.
Anopheles [Cellia] albimanus, trans-
mitting malaria in Brazil, 6 ;
intercepted from Nicaragua, 108 ;
in Panama Canal Zone, 108 ; in
St. Croix, 150 ; in Venezuela,
13 ; attacking horses, 131.

.4nopheles albttarsis, in Brazil and
Argentina, 5 ; probably a syn-
onym of A . pictipennis, 5.

Anopheles albotaenintus, in Dutch
East Indies, 135, 136, 173 ;
anatomv of, 173 ; breeding-places
of, 135, 136.

Anopheles albotaeniatus var. mon-
tanus, breeding - places of, in
Malaya, 74 ; and malaria, 74.

Anopheles algeyiensis {lukisi), in
Mesopotamia, 146, 159 ; breeding-
places of, in Palestine, 99.

Anopheles {Cellia) allopha, only-
occurring in Brazil, 6.

Anopheles amiclus, sp. n., in Queens-
land, 133.

Anopheles annulipalpis, in South
America, 5.

Anopheles {Nyssorhynchus) annu-
lipes, in Australia, 139, 147 ; and
malaria, 139.

Anopheles [Nyssorhynchus] annu-
lipes var. moluccensis, in Dutch
East Indies, 173 ; considered a
variety of A . punctulatus, 133 ;
anatomy of, 173.

Anopheles apicimacula, in Panama
Canal Zone, 108.

Anopheles {Cellia) argyritarsis, in
South America, 5, 6, 13 ; Filar ia
bancrofli not found in, in British
Guiana, 135 ; in Panama Canal
Zone, 108 ; transmitting malaria,
6.

Anopheles asiaticus, breeding-places
of, in Malaya, 74 ; and malaria,
74.

Anopheles atralipes, in Australia,
147.

Anopheles aurirostris, breeding-
places of, in Malaya, 74 ; and
malaria, 74.

Anopheles barbirostris, in India, 124,
130 ; in Dutch East Indies, 3, 4,
135, 136, 173 ; in Portuguese
India, 6 ; in Madagascar, 68 ;
breeding-places of, in Malaya, 73,
74 ; anatomy of, 173.

Anopheles barbirostris var. bancrofli,
in Australia, 147.

Anopheles bif meatus, in Austria,
172 ; in Belgium, 193 ; in British

228

INDEX.

Isles, 5, 118 ; in Bulgaria, 177 ;
in Denmark, 154 ; in Egypt, 98 ;
in France, 49, 193 ; in Germany,
29, 30, 68, 184 ; in Italy, 167 ; in

Macedonia, 20, 91 ; in Mesopo-
tamia, 159 ; in Palestine, 98 ; in
South West Asia, 13 ; and
malaria, 68, 98, 118, 172 ; bio-
nomics of, 91, 98, 99, 167, 193.
Anopheles [Cellia) bvaziliensis, trans-
mitting malaria in Brazil, 6.
A nopheles chandoyei (see A . multi-

colov) .
Anopheles cinereus, in South Africa,

128 ; in South West Asia, 13.
Anopheles claviger (see A. inaculi-

pennis) .
Anopheles corethroides, in Australia,

147.
A nopheles (Pyretophoriis) costalis,
and malaria in South Africa, 128 ;
in West Africa, 31, 42 ; in South
West Asia, 13 ; in Madagascar,
68 ; transmitting Filaria ban-
crofti, 42.
Anopheles constant , in Madagascar,

68.
Anoplieles crucians, breeding-places

of, in U.S.A., 88, 117, 138, 179.
Anopheles cruzi [Intzi), breeding in

Bromeliaceae in Brazil, 6.
Anopheles culicifacies, in South West

Asia, 13 ; in India, 6, 130.
Anopheles culicifacies var. sergenti,
breeding-places of, in Palestine, 99.
Anopheles elegans, in Portuguese

India, 6.
Anopheles [Chagasia) fajardoi, only

occurring in Brazil, 6.
Anopheles jiaviceps, sp. n., in Sudan,

133.
Anopheles flavus, A. immaculatus

previously recorded as, 173.
Anopheles fowleri , in India, 130.
Anopheles fragilis, A. algeriensis
possibly recorded as, in Palestine,
99.
Anopheles fuliginosus, in India, 6,
124, 130 ; in Dutch East Indies,
3, 4, 135 ; breeding-places of, in
Malaya, 73, 74 ; and malaria,
73.
Anopheles fuliginosus var. nivipes,
in Dutch East Indies, 173 ;
anatomy of, 173.
A nopheles funestus, in Madagascar,

68 ; in Senegal, 21, 31.
Anopheles gigas, in Dutch East
Indies, 173 ; anatomy of, 173.
Anopheles gilesi, only occurring in

Brazil, 6.
Anopheles hunteri (see A. separatus).

Anopheles hyrcanus, in South West
Asia, 13 ; and malaria in Bul-
garia, 177 ; not recorded from
Egypt, 99 ; comparatively non-
susceptible to malignant tertian
malaria in Germany, 35 ; in
India, 6, 124, 130 ; in Dutch East
Indies, 3, 4, 135, 136, 173 ; new
mosquito resembling, in Japan,
117 ; in Macedonia, 20 ; in
Malaya, 73, 74 ; in Mesopotamia,
146 ; in Palestine, 99 ; breeding-
places of, 73, 74, 99, 135, 136 ;
anatomy of, 173.
Anopheles hyrcanus var. niesopo-

tamiae, in Mesopotamia, 159.
Anopheles hyrcanus var. pseudo-
pictiis, in France, 49 ; in Mace-
donia, 91.
Anopheles hyrcanus var. vanus, in

Mesopotamia, 159.
Anopheles immaculatus, in Dutch
East Indies, 173 ; probably a
form of A . vagus, 133 ; anatomy
of, 173.
Anopheles {Myzomyia) indefinitus ,
and malaria in Dutch East Indies,
3, 4, 135, 136 ; infectivity of
Plasmodium praecox to, 205 ;
attacking cattle, 131 ; Haplo-
sporidium infesting, 3.
Anopheles [Cycloleppteron) inter-
medins, and malaria in Brazil, 6.
Anopheles jamesi, in India, 6, 124 ;
in Dutch East Indies, 173 ;
anatomy of, 173.
Anopheles karwari, breeding-places
of, in Malaya, 74, 134 ; in Portu-
guese India, 6.
Anopheles kochi, and malaria in
Dutch East Indies, 3, 4, 135, 136 ;
breeding-places of, in Malaya, 74.
Anopheles leucosphyrus 133 ; breed-
ing places of, in Malaya, 74 ; in
Sumatra, 135 ; and malaria, 74.
Anopheles leucosphyrus var. hackeri,

133.
Anopheles lindesayi, in India, 117.
Anopheles listoni, in Portuguese

India, 6.
Anopheles listoni var. alboapicalis

(see A . minimus var. aconitus) .
Anopheles {Myzomyia) ludlowi, in
Dutch East Indies, 4, 36, 114, 130,
131, 173 ; breeding-places of,
in Malaya, 74 ; in Portuguese
India, 6 ; and malaria, 4, 36, 74,
114, 130, 131, 205 ; infectivity
of Plasmodium spp. to, 205 ;
anatomy of, 173.
A nopheles lukisi (see A . algeriensis) .
Anopheles lutzi (see A. cruzi).

INDEX.

229

Anopheles (Mangninhosia) lutzi (see

A . peryassui) .
Anopheles {Myzorhynchella) lutzi,

and malaria in Brazil, 6.
A nopheles maciilatus, and malaria in
Cevlon,147 ; in Portuguese India,
6 ; breeding-places of, in Malaya,
74, 134.
Anopheles niaciilipennis, in South
West Asia, 13 ; in Austria, 172-;
in Belgium, 193 ; in British Isles,
16, 32, 118, 196 ; in Bulgaria,
177 ; in Corsica, 152 ; not trans-
mitting Oriental sore in Crete,
82 ; in Denmark. 83, 153, 154,
200 ; m France, 37, 49, 114, 193 ;
in Ge^nan^^ 29, 30, 35, 68, 69,
184, 193 ; m Italy, 143, 167 ; m
Macedonia, 20, 91, 192 ; in
Mesopotamia, 146, 159 ; and
malaria, 32, 35, 37, 68, 69, 93, 118,
152, 172, 177 ; comparatively
non-susceptible to malignant ter-
tian malaria, 35 ; hibernation of
Plasmodium vivax in musculature
of, 93 ; relation of domestic
animals to, 83, 114, 152, 153, 154
bionomics of, 68, 69, 91, 143, 193 :
development of eggs in, 196 :
effect of neutral salts, etc., on
184, 185 ; swarming of, 28, 200
Anopheles macidipennis var., in
Mesopotamia, 159 ; bionomics of
in Palestine, 98 ; and malaria
98.
Anopheles {Cycloleppieron) macu-

lipes, and malaria in Brazil, 6.
Anopheles marshalli, in Madagascar,

68.
A nopheles mattogrossensis , only oc-
curring in Brazil, 6.
Anopheles mauritianus, and malaria
in South Africa, 128 ; in Mada-
gascar, 68 ; distribution of, in
Palestine, 99.
Anopheles {Cycloleppieron) medio-
punctatus, and malaria in Brazil, 6.
Anopheles [Myzomyia) minimus var.
aconitus, in Calcutta, 124 ; in
Dutch East Indies, 3, 4 ; in
Malava, 73, 74 ; breeding-places
of, 73, 74, 124 ; and malaria, 3, 73.
Anopheles multicolor, and malaria in
Egypt, 98 ; previously recorded
as A . turkhudi in Palestine, 99 ;
breeding-places of, 99.
Anopheles natalensis, in Cape CoIoua-,

128.
A nopheles nigripes (see A . plum-

beus).
Anopheles {Myzorhynchella) nigri-
tavsis, only occurring in Brazil, 6.

Anopheles {Stethoniyia) nimbus, and

malaria in Brazil, 6.
Anopheles novitmbrosus, breeding-
places of, in Malaya, 74 ; in
Sumatra, 135, 136 ; and malaria,
74.
.1 nopheles palestincnsis (see A . super-

pictus) .
Anopheles [Myzorhynchus] paludis, a,
synonym of A . mauritianus , 128.
Anopheles {Myzorhynchella) parvus,

and malaria in Brazil, 6.

Anopheles {Manguinhosia) peryassui

[lutzi), only occurring in Brazil, 6.

Anopheles (Cellia) pharoensis, in

Senegal, 31 ; in South West Asia,

13 ; in Egypt and Palestine, 99 ;

in Madagascar, 68, 90 ; and

malaria, 90, 99.

xinopheles pictipennis, in Brazil, 5 ;

A. albitarsis probably a synonym

of, 5.

Anopheles [Coelodiazesis) pliimbeus,

in South West Asia, 13 ; and

malaria in British Isles, 23, 118 ;

in Denmark, 154 ; in France, 38,

49 ; in Gennany, 30, 68, 184 ; m

^Macedonia, 20, 92 ; bionomics of,

30, 38, 68 ; suitable for breeding

in laboratory, 115.

Anopheles pretoriensis, in South

West Asia, 13.
Anopheles {Cvclolepptcron) pseudo-
maculipes, and malaria in Bi^azil, 6.
Anopheles pseudopunctipennis, dis-
tribution of, in S. America, 5, 13 ;
in Panama Canal Zone. 108 ;
bionomics of, in U.S.A., 33, 66.
Anopheles pulcherrimus, in South
West Asia, 13 ; bioncmaics of, in
Mesopotamia, 146, 159 ; in Por-
tuguese India, 6.
Anopheles punctimacula, in Panama

Canal Zone, 108.
Anopheles punctipennis, in \'ene-
zuela, 13 ; in U.S.A., 66, 138,
179 ; antennae of, 35 ; bionomics
of, 66, 138.
Anopheles punctulatus, in Dutch
East Indies, 3, 4, 135 ; varieties
of, 133.
Anopheles quadrimactilatus, in
U.S.A., 117, 138, 179 ; and
malaria, 179 ; breeding-places of
117, 138.
A nopheles q uadrimaculatus occiden-
talis, in I'.S.A., 33, 66 ; and
malaria, 33 ; egg-laying habits of,
66.
Anopheles rhodesiensis, in South
West Asia, 13 ; in Mesopotamia,
159.

230

INDEX.

Anopheles rossi (see A. subpictus) .

A nopheles rossi var. indefinitiis (see
A . vagus) .

Anopheles separatus, breeding-places
of, in Malaya, 74 ; A. hunteri a
synonym of, 73.

Anopheles similis (see A. novum-
brosus).

Anopheles sinensis (see A . hyrcanus) .

Anopheles {Cellia) squamosus, in
South Africa, 128 ; and malaria
in Madagascar, 68, 90.

Anopheles stephensi, in South West
Asia, 13 ; in India, 6, 124, 125,
130 ; in Mesopotamia, 146, 159 ;
and malaria, 124, 125, 146, 159.

Anopheles stigmaticus , in Australia,
147.

Anopheles subpictus [rossi), in India,
6, 124, 130 ; in Dutch East
Indies, 3, 4, 131, 173 ; attacking
cattle, 131 ; anatomy of, 173 ;
transmitting malaria, 4.

Anopheles subpictus var. malayensis,
n., breeding-places of, in Malaya,
74 ; recorded as A . rossi, 73.

Anopheles superpictus (palestinensis),
in South West Asia, 13 ; in
Bulgaria, 177 ; in Macedonia, 20,
32, 91, 92 ; in Mesopotamia, 159 ;
in Palestine, 98, 99 ; and malaria,
32, 98, 99, 159, 177 ; bionomics
of, 91, 92, 99,

A nopheles taeniorhynchus, in Panama
Canal Zone, 108.

Anopheles tananarivensis, in Mada-
gascar, 68.

Anopheles tarsiynaculatus, in Panama
Canal Zone, 108; in Venezuela, 13.

Anopheles tessellatus, breeding-places
of, in Malaya, 74 ; attacking
fowls, 131 ; considered a variety
of A . punctulatus, 133.

Anopheles tibiomaculatus, only occur-
ring in Brazil, 5.

Anopheles tipuliformis, in South
Africa, 128.

Anopheles turkhudi, in South West
Asia, 13 ; ^ . multicolor previously
recorded as, in Palestine, 99.

Anopheles umbrosus, in Dutch East
Indies, 135, 136, 173 ; and
malaria in Malaya, 74 ; breeding-
places of, 74, 135, 136 ; attacking
domestic animals, 131 ; anatomy
of, 173.

Anopheles vagus, in Dutch East
Indies, 173 ; breeding-places of,
in Malaya, 74 ; A . immaculatus
probably a form of, 133 ; re-
corded as A . rossi var. indefinitus,
73 ; anatomy of, 173.

Antelopes, Oestrids infesting, in
East Africa, 43.

antennatis, Pyrellia ; Phlebotomus
minutus.

Anthocoris sylvestris, spirochaetes in,
on Euphorbia, 120.

Anthomyia, in dead bodies, 121.

Anthrenus, in dead bodies, 121.

anthropophaga, Cordylobia ; Tyreo-
phora.

Ants, control and natural enemies of,
in Jamaica, 31 ; and disease, 31.

apertus, Ctenophthabnus .

Apes, human malaria in, in West
Africa, 59, 129, 134 ; scabies of,
185.

Aphiochaeta ferruginea (see A. xan-
thina) .

Aphiochaeta rufipes, causing myiasis
in man and animals in India, 53.

Aphiochaeta xanthina, causing myia-
sis in man and animals in India, 53.

apicalis, Psorophora (see P. con-
finnis) .

apiciniacula, Anopheles.

Aplodontia californica, new flea on,
in California, 95.

Apodemus sylvaticus, Ctenophthal-
mus apertus on, in France, 61.

apollinaris, Ceratophyllus .

appendiculatus , Rhipicephalus.

aprepes, Tabamts.

apterus, Pyrrhocoris.

aquatica, Podura.

Aquila imperialis, Camus hemap-
terus infesting, in Central Europe,
20.

Arabia, African character of Ano-
phelines of, 13, 14 ; Hyalomma
pusillum in, 45 ; new m.ite on
lizards in, 196 ; seven-day fever
in, 70.

arabicus, Lipoiiyssus .

Araeopsylla, gen. n., 61.

Archaeopsylla erinacei, infesting
hedgehogs in England, 47.

Archaeopsylla polymorphus, sp. n.,
on hedgehogs in Tunisia, 52.

arcotus, Ceratophyllus.

arctica, Theobaldia (see T. alaskaen-
sis) .

arcuatus, Chortoglyphus.

A rgas miniatus (see A . persicus) .

Argas persicus (Poultry Tick, Fowl
Tick), in Australia, 132 ; in
Brazil, 121 ; in Belgian Congo,
164 ; in Morocco, 150 ; attacking
man in Persia, 176 ; in Rhodesia,
48 ; in Sudan, 176 ; measures
against, 132, 176 ; causing spiro-
chaetosis in poultrv, 121, 150,
176 ; biology of, 213.

INDEX.

231

Argus reflexus, chloropicrin gas
against, in France, 145 ; attack-
ing domestic birds in Italy, 39.

Argas vespcrtilionis, in Mesopo-
tamia, 146.

argenteus, Aedes {Slegotnyia) (see A.
fasciatus) .

Argentina, mosquitos and malaria
in, 5, 34, 207 ; measures against
insect-borne diseases in, 34, 112,
197 ; sheep mange in, 157 ; new
mites in, 196 ; new weevil in
nests of rodents in, 53.

argentinus, Listrophorus ; Protero-
rhynchus (see Anopheles pseudo-
piinctipennis) .

argentipes, Phlebotomiis .

argutus, Ceyatophyllus.

aygyreatum , Sim ulium .

argyricephala, Lucilia.

argyritarsis, Anopheles {Cellia).

argyropus, Uranotaenia.

ariasi, Phlebotomiis.

Arizona, Pangonia delta in, 158.

Armenia, Chrysops interruptus in, 46.

Armigeres [Desvoidya) obturbans, in
India, 80, 124.

Arsenic, causes and symptoms of
poisoning by, in cattle, 141 ; in
mixture for jetting sheep against
blowflies, 156.

Arsenic Oxide, formation of, in dips,
10.

Arsenic Trioxide, in cattle dips,
70.

Arsenical Dips, formulae for, 10, 84 ;
properties of, 10 ; (see Dips).

Arsenical Poisoning, of cattle, pre-
cautions against, 119, 141.

Arsenicals, in poisons for screw-
worm flies, 182.

Arsenious Acid, as a rat poison, 158.

Arsenious Oxide, oxidation of, pro-
ducing arsenic oxide in dips, 10.

arvensis, Sarcophaga.

Arvicola amphibius, new mite on,
196.

ashworthi, Aedes [Ochlerotatus).

Asia, new midges in, 106.

Asia, Central, Hyalomma detritum in,
45 ; Wohlfahytiamagnificaca,nsing
ophthalmomyiasis in man in, 7.

Asia Minor, Anophelines of, 13 ;
Ceyatophyllus sayinus on rats in,
62.

asiaticus, Anopheles.

astia, Xenopsylla.

Astrachan, Chyysops intevyuptus in,
46.

ateyyima, Phoya.

Atoxyl, against sleeping sickness,
180.

atyatipes, Anopheles.

atratus, Culex.

Atyichopogon flavidus, sp. n., in
Philippines, 191.

Atyichopogon haemoyyhoidalis, sp. n.,
in FoiTnosa, 191.

Atyichopogon hamifeyus, in Britain,
195.

Atyichopogon insulayis, sp. n., in
Formosa, 191.

Atyichopogon longiseyya (see Gymno-
helea) .

Atyichopogon pilosipennis (see Lasio-
helea).

Atyichopogon pruinosus, sp. n., in
Formosa, 191.

Atyichopogon rufescens, sp. n., in
Formosa, 191.

Atyichopogon singiilayis (see Gymno-
helea) .

Atyichopogon xanthoaspidium , sp. n.,
in Gold Coast, 76.

atyobasis, Tabanus.

Atyypodeyma, 157.

Attagenus, in dead bodies, 121.

Atylotus fulvus (see Ochyops).

Auchmeyomyia luteola, attacking
man in East Africa, 93 ; abnor-
mal development of, 86.

augur, Anastelloyhina [Paracalli-
phova ) .

Aulacogastey yufitaysis, Helicospori-
dium payasiticum infecting, 148.

auquieri, Micyofilaria.

auyescens, Simiilium [Wilhelmia]
nigyum.

aureum, Sim.uliuyn {Neveymannia).

auricoma, Simulium.

auyifrons, Sarcophaga.

aiiriyostris, Anopheles.

auyitaenia, Culex (see C quasigeli-
diis) .

ansteni, Culicoides ; Glossina ; Si-
mulium.

Austenina, gen., n. proposed for
Glossina byevipalpis, 207.

austyalasiae, Periplaneta.

Australia, parasites and control of
blow-flies in, 10, 65, 155-157,
168 ; cattle killed by eating saw-
fly larvae in, 215 ; Demode x in-
festing man in, 186 ; new species
of Leptoconops in, 132 ; mos-
quitos and disease in, 118, 128,
133, 139, 147 ; breeding-places of
iMuscid flies in, 118 ; Phlebotomus
possibly occurring m, 124, 216 ;
new Sarcophagid flies in, 215 ;
Scatophaga steycoraria not re-
corded in, 57 ; Tabanids in, 62,113,
133, 169 ; ticks and tick-borne
diseases in, 10, 132, 139.

232

INDEX.

australis, Boophilus (Margaropus)

annulatus ; Helicobia ; Musca

(see M. hisoria).
Austria, mosquitos and malaria in,

172.
aiitumnalis, Musca.
Aivatia, gen. n., proposed for Musca

indie a, 207.
az'jyea, Phovmia [PyotocaUiphora) .

B.

Babesia canis (see Piroplasma).
Bacillus coli, immunisation of Gal-

leria tnellonella to, 154.
Bacillus pediculi, sp. n., infesting

Pediculus humanus, 96.
Bacterium iularense, causal agent of

tularaemia, 188.
Badger, fleas and mites infesting, in

England, 47, 51.
Badis badis, predacious on mosquito

larvae in India, 23.
Bagrada picta, possibly transmitting

relapsing fever in India, 125.
Bahamas, Psorophora coffini in, 72.
Baits, for cockroaches, 100 ; for

house-flies, 158 ; for screw-worm

flies, 158, 182.
Balkans, mosquitos and nralaria in,

143.
Balsam of Peru, against Trombi-

dium infesting man, 95.
Baluchistan, Anophelines of, 13.
Bananas, midges bred from material

at base of, in Gold Coast, 26, 201 ;

as a bait for cockroaches, 100.
bancrofti, Anopheles barbirostris ;

Filar ia ; Sarcophaga.
Bandicoot, Stephanocirciis dasyuri

on, in Tasmania, 105.
Bandicota giganteus, Ceratophyllus

nilgiricnsis on, in India, 62.
Banksinella lineatopennis, in South

Africa, 128.
Barbados, ticks on toads in, 150.
barbirostris, Anopheles.
Barbus, predacious on mosquito

larvae in India, 23.
Barium Carbonate, as a rat poison,

158.
basicinctus, Culex.
bassii, Tabanus.
Bats, breeding of, advocated against

mosquitos, 216 ; blood parasites

of, 120, 181 ; external parasites

of, 47, 105, 114, 146, 196.
beckeri, Chrysops.

Bed-bugs, Ploiaria domestica pre-
dacious on, in Macedonia, 45 ; in
U.S.A., 69 ; Rickettsia lectnlaria
in, 96 ; fumigation against, 16,
31 ; eltect of heat on, 80 ;
anatom.y of, 103 (see Cimex).

Beer, in baits for cockroaches, 100.

Belgium, mites infesting horses in,
11 ; mosquitos in, 193 ; organi-
sation of medical zoology in, 95.

Bembex lunata, predacious on blood-
sucking flies in India, 79.

beneficd, Siniulium (see S. varie-
gatum).

bengalensis, Gastrophilus intestinalis.

Benign Tertian Malaria (see Plas-
jnodium vivax).

Benzine, as a repellent for Dacus
zonatus, 80.

bergenstammi, Phora.

berlandi, Aedes [Ochlerotatus).

berlesei, Liponyssus.

Bermuda, Liponyssus bermudaensis
on wood rat in, 51.

bermudaensis, Liponyssus.

beta, Sarcophaga.

Bezzia tenebricosa, in Britain, 195.

bezziana, Chrysomyia.

bezzii, Musca.

bicallosus, Tabanus.

bifurcatus, Anopheles.

bigeminum , Piroplasma.

bigoti, Haematopota.

Biliary Fever, ticks transmitting, in
South Africa, 83.

bilineata, Uranotaenia.

biniaculatus, Aedes.

bipartipes, Sabethes.

bipunctata, Forciponiyia.

Birds, Cidicoides in nests of, in
India, 79 ; external parasites of,
20, 40, 47, 161, 196 ; maggots
infestmg nests of, 48, 103, 142 ;
malaria of, 68, 81, 86, 89, 163, 170,
206 ; mosquitos attacking, 30, 92,
163.

biselliella, Tineola.

bispinosa, Haemaphysalis .

Black Blow-fly (see Euphcrmia
regina) .

Black-pitted Tick (see Rhipicepha-
lus simus) .

Blackwater Fever, in East Africa,
92 ; associated with Anophelines
in Senegal, 21 ; possible spiro-
chaetal origin of, 21.

Blatta orientalis, bionomics and
control of, in Britain, 99.

Blattella germanica, bionomics and
control of, in Britain, 99.

Blow-flies, bionomics and control of.
in Australia, 10, 45, 65, 155-157 ;

INDEX.

233

parasitised bv Alysia >}iatidiicator
in England, 156 ; and their con-
trol in New Zealand, 168, 169 ;
relation of, to disease, 71, 126,
173 ; dispersion of, by tiiglit,
194 195 ; effect of hydrocyanic
acid gas on, 191 ; snbstances
preventing oviposition of, 139 ;
parasitising birds, 142 ; anatomy
of larvae of, 64.

Blue Tick (see Boophilns decolora-
tus).

Boar, Wild, Rhipicephalus san-
guineus on, in France, 89.

Bogeria, 157.

bolivari, Schellackia.

Bolivia, xinopheles pseudopunctipen-
nis not occurring in, 5 ; Phle-
botomus walkeri in, 43.

bonariensis, Ciilex (see C. dolosa).

Bone-oil, spraying with, for render-
ing sawfly larvae unattractive to
cattle, 215.

bonneae, Culex.

Bont Tick (see A mblyomma hebvaeuni
and A . variegatum) .

Booby (see Sula nebouxi).

Boophilus, not recorded in Hungar}^
116.

Boophilus annulatus (Texas Fever
Tick), on bovines in Mesopo-
tamia, 146 ; dipping against, on
cattle in U.S.A., 69, 109 ; trans-
m.itting Piroplasma bigetninmn in
Venezuela, 13.

Boophilus {Margaropus) annulatus
australis, transmitting redwater
in cattle in Gold Coast, 101 ;
measures against, on cattle in
Seychelles, 189 ; transmitting
Piroplasma bovis in Venezuela,
13 ; in Virgin Islands, 150.

Boophilus annulatus calcaratus, on
ecpiines in Albania, 116.

Boophilus annulatus decolor atus
(Blue Tick), and diseases of
domestic animals, in Africa, 83,
84, 101.

Boophthora sericatum (see Simu-
lium) . .

Borax, against cockroaches, 100,
165 ; against early stages of
Muscid files, 89, 109 ; unsuitable
for treating manure against
hoviseflies, 15.

Borborus, Hcrpetomonas muscae-
domesticae in, in India, 208.

Borborus equinus, Scatophaga ster-
coraria predacious on, 57.

Boric Acid, in repellents for screw-
worm flies, 183.

Bot-flies (see Gastrophilus and
Cephenomyia) .

bovinus, Tabanus.

bovis, Hypoderma ; OncJiocerca ;
Piroplasma ; Psoroptes commuyiis.

brachiale, Orthetrum.

bracteatum, Simulium.

brasiliana, Synthesiomyia.

brasiliensis , Protersesthes {Terses-
thes) ; Xenopsylla.

Brazil, fleas in, 112, 155 ; ilies and
disease in, 155 ; mosquitos and
malaria in, 5, 6, 19, 202, 207 ;
fish predacious on mosquito
larvae in, 6 ; measures against
yellow fever in, 204 ; Phle-
botomus spp. in, 21, 43, 149 ;
Rhodnius brethesi attacking nian
in, 7 ; Sarcophaga spp. in, 6 ;
new Tabanid in, 158 ; ticks and
disease in, 121, 122, 157 ; Tria-
toma niegista transmitting Chagas'
disease in, 19.

braziliensis, Anopheles [Cellia).

brethesi, Rhodnius.

brevicornis, Nasonia.

brcvipalpis, Glossina [Attstenina] ;
Toxorhynchites .

British Columbia, failure of legis-
lation against mosquitos in, 141 ;
Myodopsylla gentilis on bats in, 61.

British Isles, Achorutes viaticus in,
56 ; Alysia manducator parasi-
tising blow-flies in, 156 ; Chiro-
nomids in, 195 ; bionomics and
control of cockroaches in, 99 ;
atlas of Diptera of, 196 ; fleas in,
47, 196, 202 ; mites infesting man
and animals in, 10, 11, 51, 113,
196, 206 ; mosquitos and malaria
in, 5, 16, 23, 28, 32, 95, 118, 127,
196 ; A nopheles plumbeus ex-
perimentally infected with ma-
laria in, 23 ; Oestrids infesting
domestic animals in, 4, 22, 115 ;
Phormia azurea in birds' nests in,
103 ; bionomics of Scatophaga
stercoraria in, 57, 140 ; new
Simuliids in, 41, 184 ; organi.sa-
tion of medical zoology in, 95.

Bromeliaceae, Anopheles breeding in,
in Brazil, 6.

Brown Tick (see Rhipicephalus ap-
pendiculatus and R. sanguineus).

brucei, Trypanosoma.

bruchiana, Ctenomyophila .

brumpti, Phlebotomus.

brunneus, Ptinus.

brunnipennis, Tabanus.

Bubalis, Oestrids infesting, in East
Africa, 43.

(S93S)

234

INDKX.

Buffalo, Asiatic, external parasites

of, 52, 62, 146.
Bulgaria, mosquitos and malaria in,

177, 178 ; Siinulium spp. in, 52,

184.
hulgaricum, Simulium.
Burma, Aedes punctipes in, 133 ;

Ceratophyllus spadix in, 62.
bursa, Rhipicephalus.
Butyric Acid, attracting insects to

dead bodies, 121.

c.

caballus, Aedes {Ochlerotatus).

cadavericus, Trachynotus.

cadaver 'ma, Ophyra.

cadaverinus, Hister.

cadaverum, Glyciphagiis.

caecigena, Tunga.

caecutiens, Chrysops.

caesar, Lucilia.

cajennense, A niblyomma.

calcaratus, Boophilus {Margaropus)
annulatus .

calcitrans, Stomoxys.

Calcium, effect of salts of, on early-
stages of mosquitos, 184, 185.

calif ornicus, Ceratophyllus ; Tabanus.

caliginosus, Aedes {Ochlerotatus) .

Calliphora, Herpetomonas calliphorae
in, 96, 126 ; inoculation of, with
Leptomonads, 144 ; doubtful
value of Scatophaga stevcoraria
against, 57, 140 ; effect of hydro-
cyanic acid gas on, 191.

Calliphora erythrocephala, in Aus-
tralia, 155 ; in Mesopotamia, 15 ;
possibly infesting sheep in New
Zealand, 168 ; abnormal develop-
ment of, 86.

Calliphora hortona, infesting sheep in
New Zealand, 168.

Calliphora icela, in New Zealand,
168.

Calliphora lata, hibernation of, in
Korea, 180.

Calliphora quadrimaculata, possibly
infesting sheep in New Zealand,
168.
Calliphora vomitoria, in U.S.A., 71,
173 ; relation of, to disease, 71,
173 ; in dead bodies, 121 ;
stimuli to oviposition of, 139.
calliphorae, Chalcis ; Herpetomonas.
callosus, Silvius.

caloptera, Dichelacera.

calopus, Aedes (see A. (Stegomyia)
fasciatus) .

Calocoris chenopodii, on Euphorbia
in Italy, 106.

Calopteryx, predacious on Anophe-
line larvae, 142.

cameli, Sarcoptes scabiei.

canielina, Hippobosca.

camelorum, Tersesthes.

Canaels, midges attacking, in Al-
geria, 171 ; not a reservoir of
Oriental sore in Crete, 82 ;
myiasis in, in India, 179 ; insect
enemies of, in Mesopotamia, 15,
102, 146 ; trypanosomiasis of, in
Palestine and Italian Somaliland,
94, 95, 113, 181 ; treatment of
mange on, 109.

campestris, Aedes.

Camphor, as a repellent for Dacus
zonatus, 80 ; against mosquito
larvae, 38, 108.

Caniponotus hannani, in houses in
Jamaica, 31.

Canada, measures against cattle
mange in, 81, 113 ; flies infesting
man and domestic animals in, 1,
65 ; mosquitos and their control
in, 86, 113, 141 ; tick paralysis
in, 31.

canaliculata, Forcipomyia.

Canaries, effect of quinine on malaria
in, 81.

Canary Isles, Hyalomma depressum
in, 45 ; Scatophaga ster cor aria in,
57.

canestrinii, Glyciphagus.

canicularis, Fannia.

caninum, Dipylidium.

canis, Ctenocephalus ; Piroplasma
(Babesia).

canisuga, Ixodes.

cantans, Aedes, Culicada (see A.
(Ochlerotatus) niaculatus) .

cantator, Aedes (Ochlerotatus).

capensis, Hippobosca ; Rhinolopho-
psylla.

capillatus, Solenopotes.

capitis, Pediculus.

capricornii , Haemagogus,

caprina, Lipoptena.

Carausius (Dixippus) morosus, azur-
ophil granulations in leucocytes
of, 123 ; reaction of, to inocu-
lation with Leptomonas pyrrho-
coris, 144.

Carbide Residue, against mosquito
larvae, 122.

Carbolic Acid, against lice on poul-
try, 50 ; as a repellent for Dacus
zonatus, 80.

INDEX.

235

Carbolic Dip, against blow-flies on

sheep, 10.
Carbon Bisulphide, fumigation with,
against cockroaches, 100 ; against
Gastrophilus \iirviie,17Q ; for dis-
infecting houses against t\-phus,
197.
Carbon Dioxide, effect of, on early

stages of inosquitos, 184, 185.
Carbonic Acid, effect of, on larvae of

Culex, 46.
Cardisoma armatum (Land Crab),
mosquitos breeding in holes of, in
Lagos, 42.
carnaria, Sarcophaga .
Camus hemapterus, infesting birds in

Central Europe, 20.
Camus setosns, infesting birds in

Central Europe, 20.
Carolina, North, mosquitos and

disease in, 5.
Carp, suitable for associating with

larvicidal fish, 23.
Carron Oil, for treatmg scalding

caused by dips, 142.
cartroni, Aedes [Stegomyia) ; Culex.
casei, Piophila.
Casein, attracting insects to dead

bodies, 121.
Cashew (see A nacardium occidentale).
Caspian Sea, Chrysops hermanni

from, 46.
caspius, Aedes {Ochlerotatus) .
Castor Oil, against mosquito larvae,
77 ; in repellent for screw-wonn
flies, 183.
Cats, fleas on, 2, 146, 164, 211 ;
Leptospira icteroides in, in Senegal,
21 ; parasites of, in U.S.A., 40,
157 ; camel trypanosome experi-
mentally transmitted to, 114.
Cattle, trypanosomiasis of, in Africa,
46, 66, 71, 94, 101, 114, 171, 181,
207 ; blood parasites of, in
French Guiana, 81 ; Nematodes
in, in Madagascar, 129 ; supposed
fiv-borne disease of, in ]\Iexico,
123 ; poisoned by eating sawfly
larvae in Queensland, 215 ; insect
enemies, parasites and diseases of,
in USA, 17, 38, 50, 62, 63, 69,
109, 111, 182, 192, 203 ; blood-
sucking flies attacking, 15, 36, 38,
44, 67, 101, 104, 109, 113, 145,
154, 165, 166, 208 ; methods of
protecting from Glossina 97 ;
mites infesting, 52, 65 ; distribu-
tion of piroplasms infesting, 90 ;
Sarcocystis probably transmitted
by insects to, 181 ; warble flies
infesting, 22, 181 ; tick-borne
diseases of, and their control, 8,

(5935)

10, 13, 38, 39, 40, 47, 62, 63, 69,
83 85, 101, 107, 109, 111, 116,
140, 146, 150, 157, 160, 176, 189,

201 ; effect of dippmg, on milk
production in, 81 ; method of
testing dips for, 63 ; measures
against arsenical poisoning of,
119, 141, 142 ; danger of trans-
portation of, in hot climates, 173,
Cattle Tick (see Boophilus annu-

latus) .
caucasicus, Phlebotomus (see P. ser-

genti) .
Caucasus, Chrysops inierruptusm, 46.
cazalboui, Trypanosoma.
Cellia (see Anopheles) .
cellii, Trypanosoma.
Cephalomyia maculata (see Cephalop-

sis titillator).
Cephalophiis, Linognathus gilvus on,

19.
Cephalopsis titillator, attacking

camels in Mesopotamia, 102.
Cephenomyia, notice of key to larvae

and adults of, 19.
Cephenomyia rufibarbis, 19.
Cephenomyia stimulator , 19.
Cephenomyia trompe, 19.
Cepltenomyia ulrichi (Elk Throat

Bot-fly), larva of, 19.
Ceratophvllus, on rats and squirrels

in India, 211, 212.
Ceratophyllus alladinis, in India, 62.
Ceratophyllus apollinaris, sp. n., on

Muste'la affinis in Colombia, 62.
Ceratophyllus arcotus, sp. n., on
Funambubis palmanmi in India,
62.
Ceratophyllus argutus, sp. n., hosts

of, in India, 62.
Ceratophyllus californicus, probably

a synonym of C. fasciatus, 62.
Ceratophyllus fasciatus, in England,
47, 202 ; on rats in Europe, 211 ;
in India, 62, 211 ; species distinct
from, in India, 125 ; possible
relation of, to rheumatic fever, 62.
Ceratophyllus fimbriatus, sp. n., on
Sciuropterus fimbriatus in North-
west India, 61.
Ceratophyllus fringillae, infesting

birds in England, 47.
Ceratophyllus gallinae, infesting
poultry and other birds in Eng-
land, 47.
Ceratophyllus gallinulae, infesting

birds in England, 47.
Ceratophyllus garei, infesting birds in

England, 47.
Ceratophyllus hastatus, sp. n., on
Drernomys rufigenis in Shan
, States, 61, 62.

c2

236

INDEX.

Ceratopliylliis liintndinis, infesting

house-martins in England, 47.
Ceratophyllus londoniensis, on rats in

Liverpool, 202.
Ceratophyllus lupatus, sp. n., on

Sciurus later 0 ides from Nepal,

61.
Ceratophvllus nielis, infesting foxes,

96.
Ceratophvllus nnistelae, hosts of, in

England, 47.
Ceratophyllus nilgiriensis , sp. n.,

hosts of, in India, 62, 211.
Ceratophyllus oculatus, probabh' a

synonym of C. fasciatus, 62.
Ceratophyllus penicilliger , infesting

voles in England, 47.
Ceratophyllus punensis, sp. n., on

Funambulus in India, 62.
Ceratophyllus ptmjabcnsis, sp. n., on

rats in India, 62, 211.
Ceratophyllus sarhius, sp. n., on Mus

in Asia Minor, 62.
Ceratophyllus sciurorum, infesting

squirrels and dormice in England,

47.
Ceratophyllus siiiila, sp. n., hosts of,

in India, 62.
Ceratophyllus sincerus, sp. n., in

Palestine, 62.
Ceratophyllus spadix, sp. n., in

Burma, 62.
Ceratophyllus styx, infesting birds

in England, 47.
Ceratophyllus sucinus, sp. n., hosts

of, in Rumania, 62.
Ceratophyllus tamilanus, sp. n., on

Epimys in Ceylon, 62.
Ceratophyllus walkeri, infesting voles

and moles in England, 47.
Ceratopogon [Prohelea) chrysothrix,

sp. n., in Philippines and For-
mosa, 191.
Ceratopogon {Prohelea) fuscinuinus,

sp. n., in Formosa, 191.
Ceratopogon raphaelis, sp. n., in

Java, 107.
Ceratopogonini, bionomics and new-
species of, 25, 76, 106, 107, 132,

145, 171, 191, 194, 195, 201.
Ceratopsyllu, on bats in Tasmania,

105.
Cercopithecus, infected with Plas-
modium kochi, 14.
Ceylon, Ceratophyllus tamilanus on

rats in, 62 ; Haetiiatopota rhizo-

phorae in, 108 ; mosquitos and

malaria in, 146 ; thrips attacking

man in, 175.
Chaetodacus zonatus (see Dacus).
Chaetopsylla vulpes, infesting foxes,

96.

Chagas' Disease (see Trypanosoma
cruzi) .

Chagasia (see Anopheles) .

Chalcis calliphorae, parasitising
blow-flies in Australia, 156, 169 ;
introduced into New Zealand, 169.

chalcospilans, Haemagogus .

Chalk, Precipitated, protecting
nieat from blow-fiies, 139.

chamberlaini , Mimomyia.

Chanos chanos, destroying weeds in
mosquito breeding-places in
Dutch East Indies, 37.

Charcoal, in repellent for screw-
worm flies, 183.

chattoni, Herpetomonas ctenocephali.

chaudoyei, Anopheles (see A. multi-
color) .

Cheese Maggot (see Piophila casei).

Chemotropism, in blow-flies, 139.

chenopodii, Calocoris.

Chenopodium, oil of, as a vermifuge,
126.

cheopis, Xenopsylla.

Cheyletus eruditus, on horses in
France, 11 ; predacious on forage
mites in Britain, 11.

Chicken Sticktight Flea (see Echid-
nophaga gallinacea) .

chidesteri, Culex.

Chile, typhus in, 197.

Chilomastix mesnili, carriage of, by
flies, 126.

Chimpanzee, experiments with ma-
laria in, 59, 129, 134 ; sarcoptic
scabies of, 185.

China, new fleas in, 61 ; lice and
typhus in, 33 ; new mites in, 196 ;
mosquitos in, 207 ; ticks in, 45.

chinensis, Haematopinus suis ; Pedi-
culus humanits.

chiropteralis, Demodex.

Chlorodyne, for treating arsenical
poisoning in stock, 142.

Chloroform, against mange in rab-
bits, 155 ; against screw-worm
flies, 183 ; as a vermifuge, 126 ;
description of killing-bottle for
use with, 43.

Chloropicrin, against rats and fleas,
216 ; unsatisfactory against rats
and fleas, 30 ; against ticks,
145.

Choeroporpa (see Culex).

Cholera, distribution of, 77 ; im-
munisation of Galleria mellonella
to, 154, 177.

Chortoglyphus arcuatus, in stables in
Britain, 11.

christianus, Aedes {Stegomyia).

Chrysomyia [Pycnosoma) albiceps,
Herpetomonas mirabilis in, in

INDEX.

237

West Africa, 208 ; in Mesopo-
tamia, 15.

ChrysoinyUi bczziana, bionomics of,
causing myiasis in India, 53, 103,
105.

Chrysomyia dux, in Australia, 155 ;
causing myiasis in India, 53, 179 ;
larva of, attacking molluscs,

149.

Chrysomyia incisiiralis, in Australia,

155.

Chrysomyia macellaria (see Cochho-

myia) .
Chrysomyia megacephala, Hcrpeto-

monas mirabilis in, in India,

208.

Chrysomyia putoria (see C. albiceps).
Chrysomyia [Pycnosoina) rufifacies,
infesting sheep in Australia, 155,
168 ; possibly occurring in New
Zealand, 168 ; anatomy of larva
of, 64.
Chrysomyia [Microcalliphora) vari-
pes, life-cycle of, in Australia,
155 ; anatomy of larva of, 64.
Chrysops, classification and distri-
bution of Palaearctic species of,
45.
Chrysops beckevi, sp. n., from Tur-
kestan, 46.
Chrysops caecntiens, in North Russia,

40.
Chrysops costata, attacking man in

Cuba, 212.
Chrysops dimidiata, Filaria loa in,

in West Africa, 119.
Chrysops discalis, transmitting tula-
raemia to man in U.S.A., 188.
Chrysops hermanni, sp. n., from

Caspian Sea, 46.
Chrysops [Heterochrysops) interrup-

tus, sp. n., in Armenia, etc., 46.
Chrysops loewi, sp. n., from Siberia,

46.
Chrysops minutus, sp. n., 46.
Chrysops pseudoricardoae, sp. n., in

Turkestan, 46.
Chrysops punctifera, \n Mesopo-
tamia, 14.
Chrysops silacea, Filaria loa in, in

West Africa, 119.
Chrysops singularis (see Mesomyia).
Chrysops stimulans, egg-parasites of,

in India, 79.
chrysorrhea, Phormia.
chrysostigma, Orthetrnm .
chrysostoyiia, Sarcophaga.
chrysothrix, Ceratopogon [Prohelea).
Chrysozona Iambi (see Haematopota) .
ciliaris, Culex.

Cilicia, mosquitos and malaria in,
98, 99.

Cimex, relapsing fever not trans-
mitted by, in Persia, 163 ; trans-
mitting Trypanosoma criizi, 204 ;
anatomy of, 103 ; (see Bed-bugs).
Ci))7ex hemiptera (Bed-bug), infesting
birds' nests in India, 80 ; in
Mesopotamia, 146 ; experiments
with flagellates of other insects
and, 162 ; development of Her-
petomomis spp. in, 208, 209.
Cimex hirundinis, organism infest-
ing, 96.
Cimex lectularius (Bed-bug), in
South Africa, 39 ; bionomics of,
44 ; effect of heat on, 80 ;
development oi Herpetomonas
donovani in, 209 ; effect of hydro-
cyanic acid gas on, 191 ;
Rickettsia lectularia in, 96.
Cimex pipistrelli, on bats in Algeria,

181.
Cimex rotundatiis (see C. hemiptera).
cimicoides, Naucoris.
cincta, Phaonia.
cinerea, Nepa.
cinereum, Siniulium .
cinerens, Aedes ; Anopheles,
cinnabarina, Haemaphysalis .
cinnabaris, Trombicida .
Cinnamic Aldehyde, as a repellent

for Dacus zonatus, 80.
circumscriptiis, Culicoides.
Citellus mollis, tularaemia trans-
mitted to guinea-pigs from, in
U.S.A., 188 ; (see Ground Sc^uir-
rels) .
citroneus, Culicoides.
Citrullus colocynthis (Colocynth
Gourd), colocynth tar obtained
from, 109.
classicus, Andes stimulans.
claviger, Anopheles (see A. maculi-

pennis).
clavipalpus, Radioculex (see Mimo-

niyia chamberlaini) .
Clayton Apparatus, fumigation with,

30, 174.
clelandi, Erephopsis.
Clinohelca subsessilis, in Britain, 195.
Clove Oil, in repellent for mos-
quitos, 123.
Cnemidocoptes miitans, infesting
fowls in Belgian Congo. 164 ;
causing scaly leg in fowls, in
British Isles,' 206.
Coal Tar, in dip a.gainst Hypoderma,

192.
Coal Tar Oil, in repellent for

Stomoxys calcitrans, 166.
coarctata, Trombicula.
Coassus, Linognathtis coassus on, 19.

238

INDEX.

Cochliomyia macellaria (Screw-worm
Fly), measures against, in U.S.A.,
50, 110, 158, 182, 183, 194^195 ;

dispersion of, by flight, 194-195.

GDckroaches, bionomics and control
of, in Britain, 99 ; measures
against, in Egypt, 164 ; baits for,
165 ; (see Blatta, Periplaneta,
etc.).

Coelodiazesis (see Anopheles).

Coelomomyces stegomyiae, gen. et sp.
n., in larvae of Stegomyia albopicta
in Malay States, 190.

Coelotnycidium siniitli, gen. et. sp. n.,
infesting Simuliids, 79.

Cospophagus, in dead bodies, 121.

coeruleus, Corynetes .

coffini, Psorophora.

cognata, Melinda.

coli, Bacillus ; Entamoeba.

CoUembola, r61e of, in sewage
purification, 56.

colobi, Pedicinus paralleliceps.

Colocynth Gourd (see Citrullus
colocynthis) .

Colocynth Tar, against mange and
ticks, 109.

Colombia, new flea in, 62 ; new
mosquito in, 9 ; Stegomyia fas-
ciata intercepted in quarantine in,
108.

columbae, Haemoproteus.

comans, Ischnopsyllus.

communis, Aedes [Ochlerotatus) ;
Psoroptes ; Sarcoptes scabiei.

comta, Sarcophaga.

concinna, Haemaphysalis.

concinnus, Aedes [Ochlerotatus)
sticticus.

concolor, Amblyomma; Ciilex.

condei, Eretmopodites.

conducens, Musca.

confinis, Tabanus.

confinnis, Psorophora.

confirmatus, Aedes (Ochlerotatus,
Culex) .

confusus, Culicoides.

Congo, Belgian, filariasis in, 59 ;
new Gloss ina in, 119 ; new mite
infesting bats in, 114 ; mos-
quitos and malaria in, 32 ; para-
sites of poultr}^ in, 164 ; measures
against sleeping sickness in, 11 ;
yellow fever probably occurring
in, 204.

Congo, French, sleeping sickness in,
180.

congolense, Trypanosoma.

congolensis, Glossina fusca.

Conjunctivitis, transmission of, by
flies, 94.

conjunctus, Culicoides.

Conorhinus (see Triatoma).

consimilis, Culex.

convivus, Enryophthalmus .

Copper Sulphate, for preparing an
indicator for hydrocyanic acid
gas, 30.

Coquillettidia diaeretus (see Man-
sonia) .

cordatus, Culicoides .

Cordylobia anthropophaga, attacking
man in East Africa, 93.

Corethra velutinus (see JMochlonyx).

corethroides, Anopheles.

Corisa, predacious on Anopheline
larvae, 142.

coronator, Culex.

corporis, Pediculus humanus.

Corsica, mosquitos and malaria in,
38, 151-153.

corvina, Musca.

Corvnetes coeruleus, in dead bodies,
121.

Corynetes ruficollis, in dead bodies,
121.

Cosmiomma, gen. n., erected for
Hyalomma hippopotamense, 44.

Costa Rica, mosquitos in, 72, 88,
206 ; new Tabanids in, 158.

costalis, Anopheles [Pyvetophorus).

costata, Chrysops.

costatum, Sim ulium .

Cotton-seed Oil, and paraffin
against mosquito larvae, 77.

coustani. Anopheles.

Crab-holes, mosquitos breeding in,
in Lagos, etc., 41, 42.

craggi, Herpetomonas ; Lucilia.

crassicornis, Haematopota.

crassirostris, Philaematomyia .

crassus, Tabanus.

Creolin, fumigation with, against
mosquitos, 122.

Creosote, in dip against Hypoderma,
192 ; against land-crabs, 42 ;
as a repellent for mosquitos, 35, 80.

Cresol, as a repellent, 154, 192 ;
luisuitable for treating manure
against house-flies, 15; and paraf-
fin against mosquito larvae, 77.

Crete, malaria in, 178 ; Oriental
sore in, 81.

crinicauda, Culex.

cristata, Gedoelstia.

Crithidia, in Sepsids in India, 208 ;
infesting Lygaeid bugs, 79 ; rela-
tion of, to Leishmania, 49, 54-56 ;
relation of, to Trypanosoma,
15, 48, 49.

Crithidia ctenocephali, sp. n., biono-
mics of, infesting Ctenocephalus
canis, 161 ; in Cimex hemiptera,
162.

INDEX.

239

Crithidia euryophthahni, sp. n., in-
festing Eiiryop/ithnlmus convivus
in U.S.A., 48 ; comparison of,
with Trypanosoma spp., 48, 49.
Crithidia leptocoridis, infesting Lep-
tocoris trivittatus, 48.

Crithidia melophagi , Rickettsia melo-
phagi associated with, 148 ; re-
lation of, to Trypanosoma melo-
phagi, 96.

Crithidia tabani, species resembUng,
in Tabanus glaber in Mesopotamia,
15.

Crow, Ceratophyllns fringillae on,
in England, 47 ; Cidicoides in
nests of, in India, 79.

crucians, Anopheles.

crustosae, Sar copies scabiei.

cruzi. Anopheles ; Trypanosoma
(Schizotrypanum) .

ctenocephali , Crithidia; Herpe-
tomonas (Leptomonas) .

Ctenocephalus canis (Dog Flea), not
transmitting Oriental sore in
India, 208 ; on rats in Liverpool,
202 ; in IMesopotamia, 146 ; in
Tasmania, 105 ; in Turkey, 7 ;
measures against, in U.S.A., 110 ;
infesting foxes, 96 ; blood para-
sites found in, 55, 56, 161 ;
intermediate host of Dirofilaria
immitis, 76.

Ctenocephalus felis, on dogs and
cats in India, 211 ; in Turkey, 7 ;
intermediate host of Dirofilaria
immitis, 76.

Ctenomyophila bruchiana, gen. et.
sp. n., in nests of Ctenomys
talarum in Argentina, 53.

Ctenomys talaruni, new weevil in
nests of, 53.

Ctenophthalmiis apertus, sp. n., hosts
of, in France, 61.

Ctenophthalmus agyrtes, hosts of, in
England, 47 ; not found at
Liverpool, 202.

Ctenophthalmus pisticus, sp. n., on
Eutamias asiaticus in Siberia, 61.

Ctenophthalmus savii, sp. n., on mice
in Italy, 61.

Ctenophthalmus vicarius, sp. n., on
Talpa europaea in Rumania, 61.

Cuba, Chrysops costata attacking
man in, 212 ; mosquitos and
malaria in, 122, 216.

Culex, in Argentina, 5 ; notice of
key to Canadian species of, 113 ;
in Italy, 200 ; mosquito larvae
predacious on larvae of, in Nyasa-
land, 42 ; in Sumatra, 135 ; in
U.S.A., 32, 85 ; human malarial
parasite killed by saliva of, 199 ;

effect of hydrocyanic acid gas on,
191 ; hibernation of Proteosonia
in the musculature of, 93, 94 ;
respiration of larvae of, 46.

Culex aegypti, earlier name for
Andes {Stegomyia) fasciatus, 51.

Culex albigenu, sp. n., in Madagascar,
67 ; considered a synon^-m of
C. ventrilloni, 134.

Culex (Choeroporpa) alfaroi, sp. n.,
in Costa Rica, 72.

Culex annulirostris, 134.

Culex atratus, breeding-places of, in
British Guiana, 2.

Culex auritaenia, sp. n., in Madagas-
car, 67 ; considered a synonym of
C. quasigelidus, 134.

Culex basicinctus, n. n. proposed for
Leucomyia annulata, 134.

Culex bonariensis, sp. n., in Argen-
tina, 5 ; considered a synonym
of Culex dolosa, 207.

Culex bonneae, breeding in tree-
holes in Surinam, 88.

Culex cartroni, in Madagascar, 68.

Culex chidesteri, sp. n., in Panama,
206.

Culex ciliaris, in Denmark, 82.

Culex concolor, predacious on mos-
quito larvae in Calcutta, 124.

Culex confirmatus (see Aedes).

Culex consimilis, in crab-holes in
Lagos, 42.

Culex coronator, breeding in tree-
holes in Surinam, 88 ; in U.S.A.,
72.

Culex crinicauda, n. n. proposed
for C. parvus, Tayl., nee Macq.,
134.

Culex decens, breeding in crab-holes
in Lagos, 42.

Culex [Choeroporpa) degustator,
sp. n., in U.S.A., 73.

Culex dolosa [bonariensis] , in Argen-
tina, 5 ; synonymy of, 207.

Culex [Choeroporpa) dysmathes, sp.
n., in Panama, 73.

Culex fatigans, in South Africa,
128 ; possible relation of, to
seven-day fever in British Arabia,
70 ; natural enemies of, in Brazil,
202 ; transmitting Filaria han-
crofti in British Guiana, 135 ;
bionomics of, in India, 86, 124,
162 ; in Dutch East Indies, 8 ;
in crab-holes in Lagos, 42 ; in
Madagascar, 68 ; intercepted in
quarantine from Nicaragua, 108 ;
in St. Croix, 150 ; Leptospira
icteroides not found in, in Senegal,
21 ; swarming of, in U.S.A., 72 ;
a doubtful vector of dengue, 127,

240

INDEX.

128 ; transmitting Proteosoma
grassii, 86, 162.

Culex fatigans var. nigrirostris, n.,
in Madagascar, 67.

Culex {Neoculex) fidelis, sp. n., in
Philippines, 51.

Culex flavus, in Madagascar, 68.

Culex gelidus, Desvoidya obturbans
predacious on, in Calcutta, 124.

Culex giganteus, in Madagascar, 68.

Culex hensernaeon, sp. n., in Philip-
pines, 51.

Culex [Choeroporpa) holotteus, sp. n.,
in Costa Rica, 72.

Culex {Melanoconion) Jiomoeopas,
sp. n., in New Orleans, possibly
imported from Nicaragua, 73.

Culex hortensis, attacking birds in
Germany, 29, 30 ; bionomics of,
in Macedonia, 20, 91, 92 ; breed-
ing-places of, in Palestine, 99.

Culex impellens, bionomics of, in
Calcutta, 124.

Culex inelegans, sp. u., in Philip-
pines, 51.

Culex insatiabilis, in Madagascar, 68.

Culex insignis, breeding in crab-
holes in Lagos, 42.

Culex [Choeroporpa) intrincatus, sp.
n., in Argentina, 5.

Culex invidiosus (see C. decens).

Culex (Lophoceratomvia) jenseni, L.
curtipalpis a synonym of, 134.

Culex jugorum [see Aedes).

Culex laticinctus, in France, 38 ;
bionomics of, in Palestine, 99.

Culex laurenti, in Madagascar, 68.

Culex (Choeroporpa) merodaemon,
sp. n., in Costa Rica, 88.

Culex mimeticus, not recorded in
Egypt, 99 ; bionomics of, in
Macedonia, 20, 91, 92 ; breeding-
places of, in Palestine, 99.

Culex niodestus, in Palestine, 194.

Culex mollis, breeding in tree-holes
in Surinam, 88.

Culex neireti, in Madagascar, 68.

Culex nigrihilus, in Denmark, 82.

Culex parvus, Tayl., nee Macq.,
C. crinicauda, n. n. proposed for,
134.

Culex [Choeroporpa] pasadaemon,
sp. n., in Costa Rica, 88.

Culex pervigilans, in Australia and
New Zealand, 75.

Culex pipiens, in South Africa, 128 ;
in British Isles, 5, 118 ; in
Denmark, 82 ; bionomics of, in
Germany, 29, 35, 68 ; bionomics
of, in Macedonia, 20, 92 ; in
Palestine, 99 ; bionomics of, in
U.S.A., 24, 26, 106, 186 ; larva

of, 99, 186 ; hibernation of, 184 ;
effect of neutral salts, etc., on,
184, 185 ; nitre cake ineffec-
tive against, 29 ; incubation of
Plasmodium relictum in, 170 ;
not experimentally transmitting
Acanthocheilonema perstans, 170 ;
Spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae
not developing in, 49.

Culex [Choeroporpa) psatharus,
sp. n., in Panama, 50.

Culex punctatus (see A edes caspius) .

Culex quasigelidus, in Madagascar,
67 ; synonymy of, 134.

Culex quinquefasciatus (see C. fati-
gans).

Culex rima, breeding in crab-holes
in Lagos, 42.

Culex salisburiensis, in South Africa,
128 ; breeding in crab-holes in
Lagos, 42.

Culex scapularis (see Aedes).

Culex tarsalis, in U.S.A., 72.

Culex taylori, n. n. proposed for
Leucomyia annulirostris, 134.

Culex thalassius, breeding in crab-
holes in Lagos, 42.

Culex thriambus, sp. n., breeding-
places of, in U.S.A., 72.

Culex tigripes, in South Africa, 128 ;
in Madagascar, 68 ; probably
predacious on mosquito larvae in
Nyasaland, 42.

Culex tipuliformis, in South Africa,
128 ; breeding-places of, in
Palestine, 99.

Culex [Helcoporpa) trifidus, sp. n., in
Costa Rica, 206.

Culex tritaen tor hynchus, in Palestine,
194.

Culex univittatiis, breeding-places of,
in Palestine, 99.

Culex ventrilloni, in Madagascar, 68 ;
C. albigenu a synonym of, 67, 134.

Culex vishnui, 134.

Culicada (see Aedes).

Culicada cantans (see Aedes macu-
latus).

Culicada lateralis (see Aedes genicu-
latus) .

Culicella, a subgenus of Theobaldia,
q.v.

Culicelsa albirostris, in Australia and
New Zealand, 75.

culicifacies, Anopheles.

Ctilicoides, attacking man in East
Africa, 93 ; bionomics of, in Gold
Coast, 25 ; infesting crows' nests
in India, 79 ; in Nigeria, 195 ;
possibly transmitting Oriental
sore and horse sickness, 145 ;
compared with Dasyhelea, 201.

INDEX.

241

Culicoides accraensis, sp. n., breeding-
places of, in Gold Coast, 26.
Culicoides albonotatus, sp. n., in

Asia, 106.
Culicoides albogiittatus, sp. n., in

Formosa, 191.
Culicoides albosparsus, sp. n., in

Africa, 106.
Culicoides austeni, sp. n., in Gold

Coast, 26.
Culicoides circumscriptus, sp. n., in

Africa, 106 ; in Palestine, 194.
Culicoides citroneus, sp. n., in Gold

Coast, 26.
Culicoides confusus, sp. n., breeding-
places of, in Gold Coast, 26.
Culicoides conjunctus, sp. n., in

Africa, 106.
Culicoides cordaius, sp. n., in Cour-

land. 171.
Culicoides distinctipennis, in Gold

Coast, 26.
Culicoides eriodendroni, sp. n., breed-
ing-places of, in Gold Coast, 26.
Culicoides esmoneti, sp. n., in Java,

107.
Culicoides fulvithorax , in Gold Coast,

26.
Culicoides grahami, in Gold Coast, 26.
Culicoides griseidorsiim , sp. n., in

Africa, 106.
Culicoides guineeyisis, sp. n., in

Africa, 106.
Culicoides guttularis, sp. n., in
Palestine, 194 ; in Britain, 195.
Culicoides heliophilus, sp. n., in

Britain, 195.
Culicoides imprcssus, sp. n., in

Africa, 106.
Culicoides inornatipennis, breeding-
places of, in Gold Coast, 26.
Culicoides javanicus, sp. n., in Java,

107.
Culicoides lugens, sp. n., in Africa,

106.
Culicoides niaculitliorax , possibly a
vector of sand-fl\' fever in
Jamaica, 171.
Culicoides inesopotamiensis, sp. n.,
attacking domestic animals in
Mesopotamia, 145.
Culicoides nadayanits, sp. n., in Asia,

106.
Culicoides neavei, in Gold Coast, 26.
Culicoides newsteadi, sp. n., in

Palestine, 194.
Culicoides nigripennis, breeding-
places of, in Gold Coast, 26.

Culicoides odiatus, sp. n., in Pales-
tine, 194.

Culicoides odibilis, sp. n., in Pales-
tine, 194.

Culicoides pallidipennis, sp. n., in
Gold Coast, 26.

Culicoides philippinensis, sp. n., in
Philippines, 191.

Culicoides praetermissus, sp. n., in

Gold Coast, 26.
Culicoides punctithorax , sp. n.,
breeding-places of, in Gold Coast.

26.

Culicoides puripennis, sp. n., in

Palestine, 194.
Culicoides remotus, sp. n., in Africa,

106.
Culicoides schultzei, breeding-places

of, in Gold Coast, 26.
Culicoides [Diplosella) sergenti, sp.

n., on camels in Algeria, 171.
Culicoides silvestrii, sp. n., in Africa,

106.
Culicoides similis, breeding-pkices of,

in Gold Coast, 26.
Culicoides tentorius, sp. n., in Pales-
tine, 194.
Culicoides vitreipennis, sp. n., in

Palestine, 194.
Culicoides xanthogaster, sp. n., in

Africa, 106.
Culicioinyia ncbulosa, breeding in

crab-holes in Lagos, 42.
Culiselsa, suggested to replace

Taeniorhynchus, 72 ; (see Ai^des).
Culiseta (see Theobaldia).
cuniculi, Dermatodectes ; Spilo-

psyllus.
cuprealis, Aglossa.
curriei, A'edes {Ochlerotalus).
cursor, Glyciphagus.
curtipalpis, Loplioceratomyia (see

Culex jenseni).
Cuterebra, attacking cats in U.S.A.,

157.
Cuterebra americana, larva ol, in

U.S.A., 157.
cyaneus, Sabethes.
cyaniventris, Derniatobia (see D.

hominis).
Cycloleppteron (see Anopheles].
Cyllin, against land-crabs, 42.
Cynornetra, midges breeding in, in

Gold Coast, 26, 201.
cynomolgi, Plasmodiuw .
cvnophila , Tyreophora .
cyprianus, Tabanus (see T. pul-

chellus) .
Cyprinodon calaritanus, of doubtiul

value against mosquito larvae, in
Italy, 143.
Cyrtoneura stabulans (see Muscina).

242

INDEX.

D.

Dacus (Choetodacus) zonatus, experi-
ments with repellent for, in India,
80.

dahlgriini, Simuliiim.

Dahomey, yellow fever probably
occurring in, 204.

Damaliscus, Oestrids infesting, in
East Africa, 43.

danilewski, Plasmodium.

dasycnemus, Doratopsylla.

Dasyhelea, bionomics of, in Gold
Coast, 25, 201.

Dasyhelea diplosis, in Britain, 195.

Dasyhelea flava, sp. n., breeding-
places of, in Gold Coast, 201.

Dasyhelea flaviforynis, sp. n., breed-
ing-places of, in Gold Coast, 201.

Dasyhelea fusca, sp. n., breeding-
places of, in Gold Coast, 201.

Dasyhelea fusciformis, sp. n., bred
from rot-holes in trees in Gold
Coast, 201.

Dasyhelea fuscipleuris, sp. n., in
Gold Coast, 201.

Dasyhelea fusciscutellata, sp. n.,
breeding-places of, in Gold Coast,
201.

Dasyhelea inconspicuosa, sp. n.,
breeding-places of, in Gold Coast,
201.

Dasyhelea luteoscutellata, sp. n.,
breeding-places of, in Gold Coast,
201.

Dasyhelea nigricans, sp. n., in Gold
Coast, 201.

Dasyhelea nigrofusca, sp. n., bred
from rot-holes in mango trees in
Gold Coast, 201.

Dasyhelea obscura, Helicosporidium
parasiticum infecting, 147.

Dasyhelea pallidihalter, sp. n., breed-
ing-places of, in Gold Coast, 201.

Dasyhelea polita, sp. n., in Britain,
195.

Dasyhelea similis, sp. n., breeding-
places of, in Gold Coast, 201.

dasyuri, Stephanocircus.

davidi, Leptomonas {Herpetomonas).

Dead Bodies, insects attacking, in
different stages of decomposition,
121.

decens, Culex.

decoloratus, Boophilus (Margaropus)
annulatus.

decrescens, A demon.

degustator, Culex [Choeroporpa).

Deinocerites melanophyllum, in
Panama Canal Zone, 108.

Deinocerites pseudes, in Panama

Canal Zone, 108.
delta, Pangonia ; Sarcophaga.
Demodex, possibly transmitted from

dog to man in Australia, 186.
Demodex chiropteralis, sp. n., on

bats, 196.
Demodex foil iculorum , infesting man,

in Australia, 186 ; causing sheep

mange in Germany, 88 ; infesting

foxes, 96.
Demodex gliricolens, sp. n., on water

rats, 196.
Demodex melesinus, sp. n., on badger

in England, 51.
Demodex talpac, sp. n., on moles,

196.
Demoplatus nigrovittatus , sp. n., in

New South Wales, 62.
dendrophila, Aedes [Stegomyia).
Dengue, in Australia, 128 ; fever

resembling, in Nigeria, 195 ;

transmitted by mosquitos, 127,

128, 206 ; causal agent of, 128.
Denmark, Achoriites viaticus in, 56 ;

disappearance of malaria in, 83,

152, 153, 154 ; mosquitos in, 82,

83, 152, 153, 154, 200 ; Oestrids

infesting man in, 67, 117.
Dentex argyrozona, infested with

Herpetomonas denticis in South

Africa, 1.
denticis, Herpetomonas.
dentipes, Hydrotaea.
depressum, Hyalomma.
Dermacentor nitens, in Venezuela,13.
Dermacentor reticulatus, in Hun-
gary-, 116.
Dermacentor variabilis, infesting

foxes, 96.
Dermacentor venustus, transmitting

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in

U.S.A., 111.
Dermatitis, caused by caterpillar,

118 ; caused by mites, 37, 95 ;

caused by ticks, 89.
Dermatodectes cuniculi, causing

mange in rabbits in Italy, 155.
Dermatophilus penetrans (see Tunga) .
Dermanyssus gallinae, infesting

poultry in Belgian Congo, 164 ;

measures against, in Mexico, 2 ;

infesting foxes, 96.
Dermatobia hominis (cyaniventris),

causing myiasis, 206.
Dermestes fritschii, in dead bodies,

121.
Dermestes lardarius, in dead bodies,

121.
Dermestes undidatus, in dead bodies,

121.
destructor, Monomorium.

INDEX.

243

Desvoidya ohturbans (see Armigeves).
deter minata, Musca.
detritum, Hyalonima.
detritus, Aedes [Ochlerotatus) .
Diachlorus maroccanus (see Meso-

myia singularis) .
diaeretus, Mansonia {Coquillettidia).
diantaeus, Aedes {Ochlerotatus) .
Dichelacera anatis, sp. n., in Costa

Rica, 158.
Dichelacera caloptera, sp. n., in

Mexico, 158.
Dichelacera rnclanoptera, sp. n., in

British Guiana, 158.
Dichelacera nielanosoma , sp. n., in

Costa Rica, 158.
Dichelacera ochracea, sp. n., in

British Guiana, 158.
Dicotyles labiatus, ticks infesting,

in British Guiana, 2.
diemanensis, Tabanus.
dimidiata, Chrysops.
dimorphon, Trypanosoma.
Diplosella, a new subgenus of

Culicoides, 171 {q-v.).
diplosis, Dasyhelea.
Dips and Dipping, legislation regu-
lating sale of, in South Africa, 70 ;
against Hvpoderma, 192 ; against
mites and lice, 63, 109, 113 ; for
sheep, 17, 87, 109, 156, 157, 169 ;
against ticks, 10, 63, 69, 84, 109,
111, 119, 140, 141, 176 ; formulae
for, 62, 70, 84 ; apparatus for
testing, 63 ; and arsenical poison-
ing of cattle, 119, 141 ; eftect of,
on milk production, 81 ; treat-
ment of scalding caused by, 142.
Dipylidiimi caninum, infecting dogs

and fleas, 204.
directa, Pangonia (see Metoponaplos

parva) .
Dirhinus sarcophagae, parasitising

blow-flies in Australia, 156.
Dirofilaria immitis (see Filar la).
discalis, Chrysops.
dispar, Glyciphagus.
dissimile, Amblyomma.
distinctipennis, Culicoides.
divaricata, Musca.
diversus, Aedes (Ochlerotatus, Ciili-

cada) .
Dixippus morosus (see Caraiisins).
dixoni, Tabanus.

Docophorus, not feeding on blood, 43.
Dodecamyia, notice of key to, 72.
Dodecaniyia nius (see Wyeomyia) .
Dog Flea (see Ctenocephalus canis).
Dog Tick (see Haemaphysalis leachi) .
Dogs, possibly susceptible to horse
sickness in South Africa, 139 ;
filariasis of, in Algeria, 108 ;

parasites and diseases of, in
Australia, 140, 186 ; parasites of,
in British isles, 4, 47, 113 ;
Echidnophaga gallinacea on, in
Belgian Congo, 164 ; attacked
by Lyperosia irritans in Germany,
44 ; insect-borne diseases of, in
Gold Coast, 101 ; ticks on, in
Hungary, 116 ; fleas and ticks
on, in Mesopotamia, 146 ; Derma-
nyssus gallinae on, in Mexico, 2 ;
parasites of, in India, 179, 211 ;
parasites and diseases of, in U.S.A.
8, 40, 110 ; ticks transmitting
Piroplasma canis to, in Venezuela,
13 ; camel trypanosome experi-
mentally transmitted to, 114 ;
infected with Dipylidium caninum
204 ; Dirofilaria immitis, infest-
ing 76, 206 ; fleas and diseases
of, 2, 8, 47, 76, 146, 164, 204,
211 ; transmission of leishma-
niasis to, 55, 56 ; mange of,
transmitted to man, 113, 186 ;
Nuttallia ninensis not experi-
mentally transmitted to, 210.
dolosa, Culex.

domestica, Musca ; Phora ; Ploiaria.
domesticus, Glyciphagus.
Donkeys, possibly susceptible to
horse sickness in South Africa,
139 ; Boophilus annulatiis cal-
caratus on, in Albania, 116 ;
Habronema spp. transmitted by
flies to, in Gold Coast, 101 ;
camel trypanosome experiment-
ally transmitted to, 114.
donovani, Herpetonionas.
Doratopsylla dasycnemus, infesting

brown rats in England, 47.
Dormouse, Ceratophyllus sciurormn
infesting, in England, 47 ; new
Herpetomonas in, 136.
dorsalis, AMes [Ochlerotatus).
Dragonflies, predacious on Tabanus
pulchellus in Mesopotamia, 14 ;
predacious on Glossina morsitans
in Nyasaland, 175 ; predacious
on mosquito larvae, 75, 142, 202 ;
predacious on mosquitos, 203.
Dremomys rufigenis, Ceratophyllus

hastatus on, in Shan States, 62.
Drosophila, Herpetomonas muscae-
domesticae in, in India, 208 ;
possibly carrying disease in
U.S.A.,^ 105.
dubia, Sciomyza.
dubius, Pachycrepoideus.
duboscqui, Phlebotomus.
Ducks, of little value against mos-
quito larvae, 68, 143 ; tick-borne
diseases of, 150, 176.

244

INDEX.

Duckweed (Lemiia), of little effect
on mosquito larvae in Germany,
69 ; pools covered with, avoided
by Anopheles maculipennis, 91.

Dutch East Indies, Culex fatigans
and filariasis in, 8 ; fleas and
plague in, 174 ; mosquitos and
malaria in, 3, 4, 36, 149, 173,
190, 216 ; measures against rats
m. 107.

duttoni, Spirochaeta.

dux, Chrysomyia (Lucilia, Pycno-
soma) ; Sarcophaga tnisera.

Dyarina, notice of key to, 72.

Dyarina lassalli, sp. n., in Trinidad,
72.

Dyarina tripartita, gen. et. sp. n.,
in South America, 72.

dysanor, Aedes {Ochlerotatus).

Dysenterv, relation of flies to, 71,
94, 126, 173.

dysniathes, Culex [Choeroporpa).

Eberth's Bacillus, carried by Theo-
baldia longiareolata in Gibraltar,
107.

Ecculex, a subgenus of Aedes, q.v.

Echidnophaga gallinacea (Chicken
Sticktight Flea), infesting domes-
tic animals in Belgian Congo, 164 ;
in Oklahoma, 48.

Ecienopsis victoriensis, sp. n., in
Australia, 169.

Ecuador, mosquitos in, 6, 128,
206 ; Pangonia par is hi in, 158 ;
control of yellow fever in, 128,
203, 204.

edentata, Psilohelsa.

Egypt, measures against cock-
roaches in, 164 ; Hyalonima
pusillum alexandrinimi in, 45 ;
measures against mange in, 109 ;
mosquitos and malaria in, 98,
99 ; organisation of Veterinary
Service in, 20.

Eidelon helvum, new mite infesting,
in Belgian Congo, 114.

Elaphropeza, predacious on midges
in Gold Coast, 25.

elegans, Anopheles.

Elk, infested with Cephenomyia
ulrichi, 19.

Elk Throat Bot-fly (see Cephenomyia
ulrich i ) .

emminus, Ischnopsyllus.

Enipusa muscae, 213.

Endolimax nana, carriage of, bv
flies, 126.

Engyzops pecchioUi, larva of, attack-
ing molluscs, 149.

Entamoeba coli, carriage of, by
flies, 126.

Entamoeba histolytica (Amoebic
Dysenter}^), carriage of, bj^ flies,.
126.

entomophagus, Histiogaster.

Epimys (see Mus).

epistates, Tabanus.

equi, Gastrophilus (see G. intes-
tinalis) ; Nuttallia ; Psoroptes ;.
Sarcoptes scabiei.

equina, Hippohosca.

equinum, Simuliuni.

equinus, Borborus ; Haemagogus.

Equus burchelli, Haematopinus
}ninor on, 19.

Erephopsis clelandi, sp. n., attacking
horses in Australia, 169.

Erephopsis rufoniger, sp. n., in
Australia, 169.

Erephopsis subcontigua, sp. n., in
Australia, 169.

Erephopsis xanthopilis, sp. n., in
Austraha, 169.

Eretmopodites condei, in Madagascar,.
68.

erinacei, Archaeopsylla.

Erinaceus, Nuttallia ninensis infest-
ing, in India, 210.

Erinaceus algirus, new flea on, in
Tunisia, 52.

Erinaceus europaeus, Nuttallia ni-
nensis infesting, in Russia, 210.

Eriodendron anfractuosum (Silk-
cotton Tree), Culicoides breeding
in, in Gold Coast, 26.

eriodendroni, Culicoides.

Eritrea, blood parasites of domestic
animals in, 90, 94.

eruditus, Cheyletus.

erythrocephala, Calliphora.

esmoneti, Culicoides.

eta, Sarcophaga.

Eucalyptus, oil of, in repellefit for
mosquitos and midges, 123, 146 ;
against Oestrus ovis, 183.

Eucalyptus melanophloia , a food-
plant of Pterygophorus analis in
Queensland, 215.

eucleptes, Aedes {Finlaya).

Euphorbia (Spurge), flagellates found
in, 58, 106, 120, 154, 170.

Euphonnia (Phormia) regma, meas-
ures against, on cattle in Texas,.
183.

Euproctis flava subflava, probably
causing dermatitis of man in
Japan, 118.

Europe, forms of piroplasmosis in,
90.

INDEX.

245

Europe, Central, parasites of birds
in, 20.

eurvophthalmi, Crithidia.
Eiiryophthalmus convivHS, new lla-

gellate found in, in U.S.A., 48.
eurysterniis, Haematopinus.
Eutamias asiaticus, Ctenophthahuus

pisiicus on, in Siberia, 61.
euteniata, Musca (see M. humilis).
evansi, Trypanosoma,
evertsi, Rhipicephalus.
■excrucians, A'edes {Ochleyotaius).
ex ig ua, Lyperos ia .

Jajardoi, Ayiopheles {Chagasia).
falciparum, Plasmodium (see P.

praecox) .
Falco sacer, Camus hemapterus in-
festing, in Central Europe, 20.
Falco tinnunculus, Camus hemap-
terus infesting, in Central Europe,

20.

fallax, Pheidole ; Phlebotomus.
Fannia canicularis, Herpetomonas
niuscae-domesticae in, in India,
208 ; in Korea, 180 ; possibly
infesting sheep in New Zealand,
168 ; hibernation of, 29, 180.
farinae , Tyroglyphus {A le urob i us ) .
fasciaius, Aedes [Stegomyia] ; Cera-

tophyllus.
fasciolahts, Taeniorhynchus {Man-

sonia) .
Jascipes, Orthopodomyia.
fatigans, Culex.
felts, Ctenocephalus .
fenestralis, Rhyphus.
ferruginea, Aphiochacta (see A .

xanthina) .
Ferric Hydrate, as an antidote for

arsenical poisoning, 141.
Ferric Salts, unsuitable for treating

manure against house-flies, 15.
fergusoni, Musca (see M. lusoria).
Ficalbia minima, in Calcutta, 124.
fidelis, Culex {Neoculex).
Fiji, mosquitos possibly causing
sores in chickens in, 164 ; Rachi-
onotomyia purpurata in, 133.
Filaria, method of transmission of,

204.
Filaria bancrofti, rarity of, in
Batavia, 8 ; in British Guiana,
135 ; in Lagos, 42 ; transmitted
b\- mosquitos, 42, 135, 206.
Filaria gallinaruin, in fowls in
Belgian Congo, 164 ; termites as
intermediate hosts of, 164.

Filaria {Dirofilaria) imniitis, in-
festing dogs, 108, 206 ; fleas as
intermediate hosts of, 76.
Filaria juncea, not developing in

mosquitos, 206.
Filaria [Loa) loa, carried by Chry-

sops in West Africa, 120.
Filaria perstans (see Acanthochei-

lonema).
Filarial IMange, relation of, to oncho-
cercosis, 120.
Filariasis, hi Belgian Congo, 59,
164 ; transmission of, l)\- mos-
quitos, 8, 42, 135, 170 ; possible
transmission of, by Diptera other
than mosquitos, 119 ; (see Fi-
laria, Microfilaria, etc.).
filia, Sarcophaga.
filipes, Rachisoura.
fimbriatus, Ccratophyllus .
Finland, new Simuliids in, 184.
Finlaya, a subgenus of Aedes, q.v.
Fish, Herpetomonads infesting, 1,
55 ; insect flagellates not experi-
mentally pathogenic to, 96 ;
against mosquito larvae, 6, 7,
16, 23, 33, 36, 37, 90, 117, 121,
129, 159, 163, 191, 203, 204, 206 ;
of doubtful value against mos-
quito larvae, 143 ; effect of water
pollution on, 23, 24.
Fish Oil, in repellent for Stomoxys

calcitrans, 166.
Five-day Fever, transmitted bv lice,

18.
Jiava, Dasyhelea ; Euproctis ; Haema-

physalis.
flavescens, Pantala.
flaviceps, Anopheles,
fiavidus, A trichopogon .
jlaviformis, Dasyhelea.
flavipennis, Pelecorhyru-hus.
flavipes, Simulium.
Jiavus, Anopheles ; Culex.
Fleas, lists of, in England, 47, 202 ;
distribution of, in India, 125,
210-212 ; in Tasmania, 105 ;
infected with Dipylidium caninum ,
204 ; intermediate hosts of Diro-
filaria immitis, 76 ; bionomics of
flagellates of, 8, 54-56, 161 ; not
transmitting Oriental sore, 208 ;
transmitting Piroplasma canis in
Mediterranean Region, 88 ; and
plague, 7, 16, 34, 112, 125, 174,
202, 210-212 ; possibly trans-
mitting rheumatic fever, 38 ;
Trypanosoma lewisi in, 204, 210 ;
fumigation against, 16, 30, 191,
216 ; classification and new
species of, 52, 53, 61, 62, 95.

246

INDEX.

fletcheri, Aedes [Ochlerotatus) (see A.
lutescens).

flindersi, Tabanus.

folliculorum, Demodex.

Foot and Mouth Disease, possibly-
conveyed by Simulium cinereum
in France, 154.

Forage Mites, relation of, to mange,
10,11.

Forcipomyia hipundata var., in
Palestine, 194.

Forcipomyia canaliculata, in Britain,
195.

Forcipomyia ingrami, Elaphropeza
predacious on, in Gold Coast, 25.

Foimalin, as a repellent for Dacus
zonatus, 80 ; Drosophila breeding
in materials preserved in solutions
of, 105.

Formol, not effective against lice,
198.

Formosa, new midges in, 191.

fossor, Necrophorus.

Fowl Spirochaetosis (see Spirochaeta
tnarchouxi) .

Fowl Tick (see Argas persicus).

fowleri, Anopheles.

Fowls, tick-borne diseases of, in
North Africa, 150 ; Argas persicus
transmitting spirochaetosis to, in
Australia and Brazil, 121, 132 ;
parasites of, in Britain, 47, 206 ;
parasites of, in Belgian Congo,
164 ; mosquitos possibly causing
sores in, in Fiji, 164 ; measures
against parasites of, in France,
67 ; ticks attacking, in Italy, 39 ;
infested with Dermanyssus galli-
nae in Mexico, 2 ; tick-borne
diseases of, in Sudan, 176 ; para-
sites of, and their control in
U.S.A., 17, 50, 51, 109, 110 ;
rarely attacked by Anopheles
maculipennis, 152 ; destroying
larvae of Muscid flies, 166, 212 ;
food absorption by A rgas persicus
on, 213.

Fox, Pulex irritans on, in England,
47 ; list of parasites of, 96.

fragilis, Anopheles.

Framboesia tropica, transmitted b}^
flies in Brazil, 155.

France, blood-sucking flies in, 154,
166, 180 ; new fleas in, 61 ;
possible relation of insects to
goitre in, 120 ; Leptomonads in
Euphorbia in, 154 ; mosquitos
and malaria m, 37, 38, 49, 107,
114, 131, 132, 135, 136, 193 ;
measures against Miisca domestica
in, 166, 212 ; parasites of man
and animals in, 11, 67, 89, 145 ;

Phlebotomus spp. in, 58, 70, 78 ;

Schizotrypanum in bats in, 120,
181 ; new Simuliids in, 184 ;
organisation of medical zoology in,
95.

fraseri, Uranotaenia hilineata.

frerei, Sarcophaga.

fringillae, Ceratophyllus .

fritschii, Dermestes.

Frog, encysted fly larva in, 18.

froggatti, Sarcophaga.

frontalis, Listrophorus ; Sarcophaga
(see S. miser a).

fuliginosiis, Anopheles.

fulvicornis, Tabanus.

fulvipes, Simulium (ProsimuHum) .

fulvithorax, Culicoides.

fulvus, Aedes; Ochrops [Atylotus) ;
Parasilvius.

fumipennis, Theobaldia (Culicella) .

fumomarginatus , Tabanus.

Funambulus palmarum, Ceratophyl-
lus spp. on, in India, 62.

funereus, Aedes {Skusea).

funestus, Anopheles.

funicola, Siphunculina.

funiculus, Psorophora.

furcata , Tyreophora .

fusca, Dasyhelea ; Glossina.

fusciformis, Dasyhelea.

fuscipleuris, Dasyhelea.

fuscimanus, Ceratopogon {Prohelea).

fusciscutellata, Dasyhelea.

fuscus, Opifex ; Stomoxys.

Gad Flies (see Tabanidae).

galeratum, Simulium reptans.

Galleria mellonella (Wax Moth),
inoculation experiments with
larvae of, 123, 144, 154, 177 ;
tubercle vaccine obtained from
larvae of, 81.

gallii, Simulium {ProsimuHum).

gallinacea, Echidnophaga [Sarcop-
sylla) .

gallinae, Ceratophyllus ; Dermanys-
sus.

gallinarum, Filaria ; Spirochaeta.

gallinulae, Ceratophyllus.

Gall-sickness, ticks transmitting, in
South Africa, 83 ; inoculation
against, in Rhodesia, 176.

gambiense, Trypanosoma.

Gambusia (Top Minnow), against
mosquito larvae in America, 121,
163, 203, 206 ; introduction of.
into Spain, 191.

INDEX.

247

Game, as reservoirs of disease in
South Africa, 39.

gamma, Sarcophaga.

garei, Ccratophyllus.

Gas Lime, against the eggs and
larvae of Muscid fhes, 89.

GasoHne, against hce on poultry,
50 ; against screw-worm flies, 110.

Gasterosteus aculeatus, insect flagel-
lates not experimentally patho-
genic to, 96.

Gasterosteus pungitius, predacious on
mosquito larvae, 16.

Gastrophilus, infesting horses in
Canada, 65 ; causing creeping
myiasis in inan in Denmark, 67 ;
not causing infectious anaemia in
horses, 129 ; traps for, 65 ; notice
of key to larvae of, 44.

Gastrophilus equi (see G. intestinalis).

Gastrophilus gedoelsti, sp. n., infest-
ing zebra in East Africa, 44.

Gastrophilus haeinorrhoidalis (Nose-
fly), infesting domestic animals in
U.S.A., 17, 203.

Gastrophilus intestinalis [equi), in-
festing a dog in British Isles, 4 ;
measures against, in Italy, 46,
176 ; in Russia, 115 ; infesting
horses in Wyoming, 17.

Gastrophilus intestinalis var. benga-
lensis, bionomics of, in Mesopo-
tamia, 102.

Gastrophilus nasalis, bionomics of,
in Mesopotamia, 102.

Gastrophilus pecoriini var. zebrae,
infesting zebra in East Africa, 44.

Gecko (see Tarentola mauritanica) .

gedoelsti, Gastrophilus.

Gedoelstia cristata, infesting ante-
lopes in East Africa, 43.

Gedoelstia hdssleri, infesting ante-
lopes in East Africa, 43.

Gedoelstia paradoxa, identical with
G. hdssleri, 43.

Geese, ticks on, and diseases of, in
Africa, 150, 176.

gelidus, Culex {Leucomyia).

geminata, Solenopsis.

geniculatus, Aedes [Ochlerotatus, Fin-
laya) .

gentilis, Myodopsylla.

geometrica, Uranotaenia.

georgina, Sarcophaga.

germanica, Blattella.

germanicus, Haematopinus suis.

Germany, biting flies attacking
cattle in, 44 ; flies parasitising
birds in, 142 ; mosquitos and
malaria in, 19, 29, 35, 39, 52, 68,
69, 184, 193 ; parasites of domes-
tic animals in, 88, 189, 203 ;

bionomics and classification of
Simuliids in, 104, 165, 184, 212-
213 ; importance of controlling
the sale of insecticides, 213.

Ghindi, form of tr^^panosomiasis in
Somaliland, 181.

Giardia intestinalis, carriage of, by
flies, 126.

Gibraltar, bacilli found in Theo-
baldia longiareolata in, 107.

giganteus, Culex.

gigas. Anopheles.

gilesi , A nopheles .

gilvus, Linognathus .

Girardinus caudimaculatus, preda-
cious on mosquito larvae in
Brazil, 6.

glaber, Tabanus.

gladiator, Haeniagogus.

Glaridodon jamiariits, predacious on
mosquito larvae in Brazil, 6.

glauca, Notonecta.

glaucopis, Tabanus.

gliricolens, Demode x.

Globulins, stimulating oviposition of
blow-flies, 139.

Glossina, and sleeping sickness,
measures against, 1, 12, 108, 134 ;
and trypanosomiasis of domestic
animals, 100, 101, 204, 207 ;
transmission of trypanosomiasis
by insects other than, in Africa,
71, 101, 171, 207 ; list of try-
panosomes transmitted by, in
Africa, 207 ; plans for investiga-
tion of, in Africa, 46, 47, 54 ;
suggested utilisation of parasites
of, 205 ; eftect of settlement and
clearing on, 97, 198 ; traps for,
53.

Glossina austeni, in East Africa, 93 ;
in Zululand, 1.

Glossina brevipalpis, in East Africa,
93 ; bionomics of, in Portuguese
East Africa, 97 ; in Zululand, 1 ;
Aiistenina, gen. n., proposed for,
207.

Glossina fusca, key to species allied
to, 119.

Glossina fusca var. congolensis, n.,
in Belgian Congo, 119.

Glossina tnorsitans, in East Africa,
93 ; distribution of, in Gold
Coast, 100 ; dragonflies preda-
cious on, in Nyasaland, 175 ;
bionomics of, in Portuguese East
Africa, 97.

Glossina palUdipes, bionomics of, in
East Africa, 93, 97 ; transmitting
try^panosomiasis of cattle in
Somaliland, 181 ; causes of
spread of, in Zululand, 1, 198.

248

INDEX.

Glossina palpalis, confined to Lake
Region in East Africa, 93 ; and
sleeping sickness in French Equa-
torial Africa, 58, 59 ; distribution
of, in Gold Coast, 100 ; exter-
mination of, in Principe, 108 ;
trypanosomes transmitted bv, in
Africa, 134, 207.
Glossina schivetzi, sp. n., in Belgian

Congo, 119.
Glossina tabaniformis, key to species

allied to, 119.
Glossina tachinoides, distribution of,

in Gold Coast, 100.
Glycerine Ointment, in repellent for
mosquitos and screw-worm flies,
123, 183.
Glyciphagus cadaverum, in wheat

screenings in Britain, 10.
Glvciphagiis canestrinii, in Britain,

11.
Glvciphagus cursor, in dead bodies,

121.
Glyciphagus dispar, species allied to,
on Histrichopsylla talpae in
Britain, 196.
Glvciphagus domesticus, infesting
rabbits and guinea-pigs in Britain,
11.
Glyciphagus ornatus, in skin-scrap-
ings from horses in France, 11.
Glyciphagus plumiger, in Britain, 11.
Glvciphagus spinipes, in dead bodies,

121.
Glugca, infesting Siinuliuiii in

Britain, 41.
Goat Louse (see Linognathus stcnop-

sis).
Goats, tick-borne diseases of, in
South Africa, 40, 83 ; insect-
borne diseases of, in Gold Coast,
101 ; Lygaeid bug attacking, in
India, 79 ; Lipoptena caprina
infesting, in Palestine, 194 ; para-
sites of, in U.S.A., 112, 183 ;
camel trypanosome experiment-
ally transmitted to, 114 ; possibly
susceptible to horse sickness, 139.
Gobiat (see Trypanosoma cellii).
Goeldia, notice of key to, 72.
Goitre, possible relation of insects

to, in France, 120.
Gold Coast, pests and diseases of
domestic animals in, 100 ; bio-
nomics of biting midges ni, 25, 43,
76, 201 ; mosquitos in, 133 ;
yellow fever probably occurring
in, 204.
Goniphus, predacious on Anopheline

larvae, 142.
Gonderia mutans, ticks transmitting,
in South Africa, 83 ; forms of, in

cattle in Algeria, 107 ; in the
Mediterranean Region, 90.

goninus, Aedes.

Gorilla, human malaria in, in West
Africa, 129.

Grabhamia jamaicensis (see Psoro-
phora) .

Grabhamia pulchripalpis (see
Orthopodomyia) .

gracilipes, Simulium.

grahami, Culicoides.

grandis, Leptoconops.

Grasshoppers, parasitised by Sarco-
phaga kellyi, in Montana, 203.

grassii, Proteosoma.

gravelyi, Megarhinus {Toxorhyn-
chites) .

Greece, mosquitos and malaria in,
177.

Greenland, Achorutes viaticus in,
56 ; Ochlerotatus nigripes in, 82.

griseidorsum, Culicoides .

groenlandica, Phormia.

Ground Squirrels, destruction of,
against Dermacentor venustus, 111;
(see Citellus).

Grypocampa affinis, parasite of
Simulium aureum in Germany,
104.

Guatemala, measures against yellow
fever in, 204.

Guiacum Resin, for preparing an
indicator for hydrocyanic acid gas
30.

Guiana, British, filariasis in, 135 ;
mosquitos in, 2, 135 ; new
Tabanids in, 158 ; ticks in, 2.

Guiana, Dutch, Phlebotonius squami-
pennis in, 31 ; mosquitos in, 88.

Guiana, French, blood parasites of
domestic animals in, 58, 81.

Guinea-pigs, inoculation of Lepto-
spira icteroides producing yellow
fever in, 76 ; mites infesting, 10,
11 ; experiments with Spiro-
chaeta icterohaemorrhagiae and,
49 ; tick paralysis experimentally
produced in, 140 ; trypanosomes
pathogenic to, 71, 'll4, 171 ;
inoculated with vaccine against
tuberculosis, 81 ; tularaemia ex-
perimentally transmitted to, 188,
189.
guineensis, Culicoides .
Gum Camphor, in repellents for

screw-worm flies, 183.
Gut Slime, as a bait for blow-flies
and screw- worm flies, 50, 158,
182.
guttularis, Culicoides .
guyanense, Trypanosoma,
guyanensis, Microfilaria.

INDEX.

249

Guzmania, mosquito larvae breeding

in, in Cuba, 122.
Gymnohelea, gen. n., 171.
Gymnohclea [A trichopogon) longi-

serra, 171.
Gymnohelea [A trichopogon) singu-

laris, 171.

H.

hackeri, Anopheles leucosphyrus.
Haemagogiis, in Panama Canal Zone,

108 ; notice of key to species of,

206.
Haemagogiis capricornii, in South

America, 207.
Haemagogiis chalcospilans, sp. n.,

bred from salt pools in Panama,

206.

Haemagogiis equinus, H. capricornii
possibly a synonym of, 207.

Haemagogiis gladiator, sp. n., in
tree-holes in Panama, 206.

Haemagogiis iridicolor, sp. n., in
Costa Rica, 206.

Haemagogiis janthinomys, sp. n.,
bred from tree-holes in Trinidad,
206.

Haemagogus {Stegoconops) panar-
chys, sp. n., from Ecuador, 206.

Haemagogus spegazzinii, a synonyni
of H. capricornii, 207.

Jiaemaphorus, Tabanus.

Haemaphysalis bispinosa, on cattle
in Mesopotamia, 146 ; on cattle
in New Zealand, 69.

Haemaphysalis bispinosa inter-
media, infesting foxes, 96.

Haemaphysalis cinnabarina, causing
paralysis in Canada, 31.

Haemaphysalis cinnabarina punctata,
in Hungary, 116 ; infesting foxes,
96.

Haemaphysalis concinna,m Hungary ,
116.

Haemaphysalis flava, on dogs in
Mesopotamia, 146.

Haemaphysalis inermis, infesting
foxes, 96.

Haemaphysalis leachi (Dog Tick), in
South Africa, 83 ; infesting
domestic animals in Gold Coast,
101 ; infesting foxes, 96 ; trans-
mitting canine piroplasmosis, 83,

101.

Haemaphysalis otophila, on horses
and dogs in Hungary, 116.

Haemaphysalis punctata, in Hungary
116.

Haematopinus eurysternus, 203.

(5935)

Haematopinus minor, sp. n., on

Equus burchelli, 19.
Haematopinus ovillus, on sheep in

U.S.A., 110.
Haematopinus suis, hydrocyanic

acid gas against, 31, 191.
Haematopinus suis chincnsis, subsp.

n.. 19.
Haematopinus suis germanicus,

subsp. n., on pigs, 19.
Haematopota, in Mesopotamia, 14 ;

in North Russia, 40.
Haematopota bigoti var. monspel-

lensis, n., in France, 180.
Haematopota crassicornis, in Russia,

115.
Haematopota (Chrysozona) Iambi,

sp. n., in France, 180.
Haematopota piuvialis, in Russia,

115.
Haematopota rhizophorae, sp. n., in

Ceylon, 106.
Haementeria officinalis, conveying

mal de caderas in Brazil, 130.
Haemodipsus ventricosus (Rabbit

Louse), transmitting tularaemia

in U.S.A., 189.
Haemoproteiis columbae, Lynchia

maura transmitting, to pigeons in

Belgian Congo, 164.
haemorrhoidalis, A trichopogon ; Gas-

trophilus ; Sarcophaga.
Habronema, infesting Musca bezzii

in India, 208.
Habronema macrostoma, files trans-
mitting, to equines in Gold Coast,

101.

Habronema megastoma, infesting
equines in India, 126.

Habronema microstoma, flies trans-
mitting, to equines in Gold Coast,
101 ; infesting equines in India,
126.

Habronema muscae, infesting equines
in India, 126.

hamiferus, A trichopogon.

hannani , Camponotus .

Haplochilus lineolatus, predacious
on mosquito larvae in India, 23.

Haplochilus melastigma, predacious
on mosquito larvae in India, 23.

Haplochilus panchax, predacious on
mosquito larvae in India and
Dutch East Indies, 23, 36, 37.

Haplosporidiiim, infesting Anopheles
indefiniius in Dutch East Indies, 3.

Hares, Spilopsyllus cuniculi infest-
ing, in England, 47.

Hartmann's Disinfecting Chambers,
against lice, 197-198.

hdssleri, Gedoelstia.

hastatus, Ceratophyllus.

250

INDEX.

Hawaii, measures against Hy^O(ie»'ma
lineatum in, 181, 182 ; Musca
domestica and Lyperosia in, 182 ;
larvicides against Stegoniyia fas-
ciata in, 38.
Hawks, Ceratophyllus garei infesting,

in England, 47.
hebraeum, Ambly omnia.
Head Louse (see Pediculiis capitis).
Heartwater, ticks transmitting, in
Africa, 83, 164 ; organism caus-
ing, 83.
Heat, effect of, on bed-bugs, 80 ;

against cockroaches, 100.
Hedgehogs, Nuttallia ninensis in-
fecting, in India and Russia,
210 ; fleas on, 47, 52.
heidenreichi, Simuliuni.
Helcoporpa trifidus (see Culex) .
Helicobia australis, sp. n., bred from

meat in Queensland, 215.
Helicosporidimn parasiticum, gen.

et sp. n., hosts of, 147.
heliophilus, Culicoides.
Helmerich's Pomade, against mange

in rabbits, 155.
hemapterus, Camus.
Hemilexomyia abrupta, gen. et sp. n.,
parasitising blow-flies in Australia,
65, 156.
hemiptera, Cimex.
hensemaeon, Culex.
Hericia hericia, Helicosporidium

parasiticum infecting, 148.
hermanni, Chrysops.
heroni, Tabanus.

Herpetomonads, try panosomes prob-
ably not evolved from, 49.
Herpetomonas, insects transmitting,
to Euphorbia, 106, 120 ; in
geckos, 146, 150 ; compared with
Leishmania, 54-56 ; in Lygaeid
bugs, 79 ; in Sepsids, 208.
Herpetomonas calHphorae, in Calli-
phora erythrocephala in U.S.A.,
126 ; not experimentally infect-
ing mice and fish, 96.
Herpetomonas craggi, sp. n., in

Musca bezzii in India, 207.
Herpetomonas {Leptomonas) cteno-
cephali, not identical with Leish-
mania infantum, 8.
Herpetomonas ctenocephali ' var.
chattoni. Euphorbia experiment-
ally infected with, 58.
Herpetomonas davidi (see Lepto-
monas) .
Herpetomonas denticis, sp. n., in fish

in South America, 1.
Herpetomonas donovani ,develo-pm.ent

of, in Cimex, 209.

Herpetomonas jaculum, not experi-
mentally infecting mice and fish,
96.
Herpetomonas mirabilis, infesting
Calliphorinae in India and West
Africa, 208.
Herpetomonas miiscae - domesticae,
Cimex hemiptera experimentally
infected with, 162 ; bionomics of,
in flies, 126, 129, 208.
Herpetomonas myoxi, sp. n., in dor-
mouse in Italy, 136.
Herpetomonas phlebotomi, causing
Oriental sore in Mesopotamia, 208.
Herpetomonas pulicis, sp. n., infest-
ing Pulex irritans, 162 ; Cimex
hemiptera experimentally infected
with, 162.
Herpetomonas sarcophagae , in Sarco-

phaga in India, 208.
Herpetomonas siphunculinae, sp. n.,
infesting Siphunculina funicola,
162.
Herpetomonas tarentolae, in gecko

in Italy, 150.
Herpetomonas tropica, probably
transmitted by Cimex hemiptera
in India, 208-209.
heterochaeta, Passeromyia.
Heterochrysops, notice of key to, 46;

(see Chrysops).
heterographus, Lipeurus.
Heteronycha, subgenus of Aedes, 9 ;
substitution of Ochlerotatus for,
87 ; notice of key to Canadian
species of, 113 ; (see Aedes).
hexactenus, Ischnopsyllus.
hexagonus, Ixodes,
heymonsi, Simuliuni.
hilaris, Tabanus.
hilli, Mimeteomyia (see Rachisoura

filipes) ; Musca (see M. nebulo).
Hippobosca, transmitting Trypano-
soma theileri, 207.
Hippobosca camelina, in Palestine,

194.
Hippobosca capensis, in Palestine,

194.

Hippobosca equina, in Palestine,
194.

Hippobosca maculata, possibly trans-
mitting trypanosomiasis in Gold
Coast, lOi ; breeding in birds'
nests in India, 80.

hippopotamense, Cosmiomma (Hya-
lomnia).

hirsutus, Silvius.

hirtipes, Simulium.

hirundinis, Ceratophyllus ; Cimex.

Hister cadaverinus, in dead bodies,
121.

INDEX.

251

Histiogaster entoniophagus, a pest of
stored food-stuffs in Britain, 10.

histolytica, Entamoeba.

Hodgesia ampyx, sp. n., in Philip-
pines, 51.

Hodotermes pretoyiensis, intemiediale
host of Filaria gallinaruDi in
Belgian Congo, 164.

Hohenbergia, mosquito larvae breed-
ing in, in Cuba, 122.

Holcocranmn saturcjae, in nests of
Pariis penduliniis in Russia, 60.

Holoconops transversalis, sp. n.,
from Tunis, 171.

holocyclus, Ixodes.

holoneus, Culex {Choeroporpa).

Holotaspis, attacking Stomoxys cal-
citrans in Gennany, 44.

hominis, Derniatobia ; Sarcoptes
scabiei.

homoeopas, Culex {Melanoconion) .

Honduras, measures against yellow-
fever in, 204.

Hormopsylla, gen. n., 61.

Horn-liy (see Lyperosia).

Horse Sickness, possibly transmitted
by Culicoides in Mesopotamiia,
145 ; (see Pestis equorum).

Horses, diseases of, in South Africa,
138 ; leeches conveying nial de
caderas to, in Brazil, 130 ;
Habronema infesting, 101, 126 ;
measures against nrites and mange
on, 2, 3, 10, 11, 67, 109, 112, 148,
201, 214 ; Oestrids mfesting, 17,
46, 102, 129, 176, 203 ; Simuhids
attacking, 104, 154, 194, 212 213 ;
other flies attacking, 14, 15, 44,
65, 145, 166, 169 ; ticks on, and
diseases of, 47, 83, 101, 111, 116,
140, 210 ; trypanosonaiasis of, in
Africa, 71, 94. 101, 114, 171, 181 ;
treatment of arsenical poisoning
in, 141, 142.

hortensis, Culex.

hortona, Calliphora.

House-flies, 189 ; bionomics of, in
India, 103 ; bionomics and con-
trol of, in Mesopotamia, 15 ;
measures against, in Panama
Canal Zone, 108 ; measures
against, in U.S.A., 50 ; baits for,
158 ; methods of treating manure
against, 15 ; overwintering of, 29,
180 ; relation of, to disease, 71,
90, 94, 126, 155, 173 ; (see Musca
domestica) .

House-martins, Ceratophyllus hirun-
dinis infesting, in England, 47.

Howardina, subgenus of Acdes, 9.

humanus, Pediculus.

humilis, Iridomyrmex ; Musca.

(5935)

Hungary, pir(jplasmosis of domestic
animals in, 116 ; new Simuliids
in, 184.

hunteyi, Anopheles (see A. separa-
tus).

Hyalomma, notice of key to, 44.

Hyalomma, aegyptium, on domestic
animals in Gold Coast, 101 ; on
cattle in Hungary and Rumania,
116 ; on camels in Mesopotamia,
146 ; transmitting bovine red
water, 101 ; pre-oviposition
period of, 140.

Hyalomma aegyptium albiparmatum,
subsp. n., in East Africa, 45.

Hyalommaaegyptiummesopotamium,
subsp. n., in Mesopotamia, 45.

Hyalomma depvessmn, sp. n., dis-
tribution of, 45.

Hyalomma dctritum, sp. n., distri-
bution of, 45.

Hyalomma detritum albipictum, sub-
sp. n., in China, 45.

Hyalomma hippopotamense (see Cos-
iniomma).

Hyalomma monstrosum (see Nosom-
m.a).

Hyalomma nitidmn, sp. n., on
buffalos in Kamerun, 45.

Hyalomma planum, sp. n., in East
Africa, 45.

Hyalomma pusillum, sp. n., in
Arabia, 45.

Hyalomma pusillum alexafidrinum,
subsp. n., in Egypt, 45.

Hydrochloric Acid, for testing cattle
dips, 63 ; as a repellent for Dacus
zo)iatus, 80.

Hydrocyanic Acid Gas, fumigation
with, against rats, fleas, lice and
bed-bugs, 4, 16, 30, 31, 33, 39, 175,

191 ; experiments with, 30, 191 ;
compared with other fumigants,
165 ; generator for fumigating
with, 163.

Hydrophilus piceus, not experi-
mentally infected with Lepto-
monas pyrrhocoris, 144.

Hydrotaea dentipes, attacking Lype-
rosia irritans in Germany, 44.

Hyphantria textor, hvperparasite
of, 45.

Hypoderma, infesting cattle in North
Am.erica, 50, 65 ; traps for, 65.

Hypoderma bovis, infesting man in
Denmark, 117 ; bionomics and
control of, on cattle in Ireland, 22,
115 ; infesting domestic animals
in Italy, 46 ; in Russia, 115 ;
measures against, in U.S.A., 171,

192 ; larval stages of, 115, 171.

d2

252

INDEX.

Hypoderma lineatum (Ox-warble I'ly)
measures against, in Hawaiian
Islands, 181, 182 ; bionomics and
control of, in Ireland, 22 ; bio-
nomics and control of, in U.S.A.,
171, 182, 192, 203 ; attacking
horses, 203 ; new larval stage of,
171.

hyrcanns. Anopheles.

Hystrichopsylla, notice of key to
species of, 95.

Hystrichopsylla mammoth, sp. n., on
Aplodontia californica in Cali-
fornia, 95.

Hystrichopsylla talpae, on moles in
British Isles, 47, 196.

I.

iberica, Palaeopsylla.

icela, Calliphora.

icterohaemorrhagiae , Spirochaeta.

icteroides, Leptospira.

imitator, Silvius.

immaculatus, Anopheles.

immitis, Filaria (Dirofilaria, Micro-
filaria) .

impatiens, Sarcophaga.

impellens, Culex.

impressus, Ciilicoides.

incisiiralis, Chrysomyia.

inconspicuosa, Dasyhelea.

inconspicnosiis, Micraedes.

indefinitus. Anopheles {Myzomyia) ;
Anopheles rossi (see A. vagus).

India, fleas, rats and plague in, 16,
61, 62, 125, 155, 158, 210-212 ;
flies causing myiasis in, 53, 103,
105, 179 ; bionomics of blood-
sucking flies in, 79, 80 ; Habro-
nema infesting equines in, 126 ;
bionomics and control of house-
flies in, 103, 125, 129, 208 ; studies
of insect flagellates in, 207-210 ;
mosquitos and malaria in, 6, 14,
23, 32, 86, 124, 127, 130, 133, 162 ;
NuttaUia nincusis in hedgehogs in,
210 ; Passeromyia heterochaeta in
birds' nests in, 103 ; Phlebotomus
spp. in, 119 ; recurrent fever
possibly transmitted by Bagrada
picta in, 125 ; Scatophaga sterco-
raria not recorded in, 57 ; a fever
probably carried by ticks in, 214 ;
Trypanosoma dimorphon in cattle
in, 67.
indica, Musca.

Indo-China, tick-borne diseases of,
domestic animals in, 201.

inelegans, Culex.

inermis, H aemaphy sails .

infantum, Leishmania.

inferior, Musca.

ingens, Trypanosoma.

ingrami, Forcipomyia.

inornatipennis , Culicoides.

insatiabilis, Culex.

insignis, Culex ; Philaematomyia
(see P. crassirostris) .

insularis, Atrichopogon.

integella, Rhadinopsylla.

intermedia, H aemaphy salis bispi-
nosa.

intermedius, A nopheles [Cyclolepp-
teron) ; Phlebotomus.

interruptus, Chrysops [Heterochry-
sops) .

intestinalis, Gastrophilus ; Giardia.

intrincatus, Culex (Choeroporpa).

invidiosus, Culex (see C decens).

iota, Sarcophaga.

iracundus, Taeniorhynchus.

iridicolor, Haemagogus.

Iridomyrmex humilis, in houses in
Jamaica, 31.

Iron Perchloride, in antidote for
arsenical poison, 141.

irrequieta, Sarcophaga.

irritans, Aedes [Ochlerotatus) ; Lype-
rosia ; Pulex.

I schnopsyllus comans, sp. n., on bats
in China, 61.

I schnopsyllus emminus, sp. n., on
bats in Natal, 61.

Ischnopsyllus hexacteniis, infesting
bats in England, 47.

Ischnopsyllus simplex, infesting bats
in England, 47.

Italy, Argas reflexus in, 39 ; flagel-
lates found in Euphorbia in, 58,
106, 107 ; measures against rats,
fleas and plague in, 16, 30, 61, 216 ;
organisms in gecko in, 150 ; new
Herpetomonas in dormouse in, 136:
rabbit mange in, 155 ; mosquitos
and malaria in, 23, 35, 60, 123, 131,
137, 142, 143, 167, 168, 172, 199,
200 ; myiasis in domestic animals
in, 46 ; Siniulium trabeatmn in,
184 ; organisation of medical
zoology in, 95.
Lxodes canisuga, on foxes, 96.
Ixodes hexagonus, on dogs in Hun-
gary, 116 ; on foxes, 96.
Ixodes holocyclus, causing tick

paralysis in Australia, 140.
Ixodes marxi, infesting foxes, 96.
Ixodes pilosus, causing paralysis in
sheep in South Africa, 83.

INDEX.

253

Ixodes ricinus, hosts of, in Hungary,
20, 116 ; on foxes, 96 ; probably
transmitting piroplasmosis of
cattle, 116.

Ixodes vespertilionis, on dogs in
Hungary, 116.

J.

Jack Rabbit, the reservoir of
tularaemia in U.S.A., 188, 189.

jaculum, Herpetomonas.

jalcula, Simulium.

Jamaica, fumigation against ants
in, 31 ; insects and unclassified
fever in, 171 ; legislation against
ticks in, 47.

jamaicensis, Psorophora{Grabhainia).

janiesi, Anopheles.

janthinomys, Haemagogus.

J anthinosoma , carrying the eggs of
Dermatobia hominis, 206.

Japan, new unnamed Anopheles in,
117 ; dermatitis caused by cater-
pillar in, 118 ; mites infesting
man in, 95 ; tsutsugamushi
disease in, 161.

Jaundice, Infective (see Spirochaeta
icterohaemorrhagiae) .

Java, new fiea on bats in, 61 ;
midges in, 107 ; mosquitos and
malaria in, 130 ; (see Dutch East
Indies).

jav aniens, Culicoides.

jenseni, Culex {Lophoceratoniyia) .

Jenynosia lineata, predacious on
mosquito larvae in Brazil, 6.

jugorum, Aedes [Culex).

juncea, Filar ia.

Jynx torquilla, Camus hemaptents
infesting, in Central Europe, 20.

K.

Kala-azar, 161 ; aetiolog\^ of, in
India, 209, 210 ; in Mediter-
ranean, 209 ; probably an intro-
duced disease in Mesopotamia,
146 ; identity of organisms caus-
ing, in U.S.A., 8.

Kamerun, Hyalonima nitidiim on
buffalos in, 45.

kappa, Sarcophaga.

karwari. Anopheles.

Karyolysus, development of, in
lizards in Spain, 45.

kellyi, Sarcophaga.

kenipi, Megarhiniis ( Toxorhynchites) .

Kerosene, as a repellent for various
Diptera, 80, 146, 166, 183 ;

against Hypodcrma lineatum, 182 ;

against mosquito larvae, 150 ;

against poultry ticks, 132.
Kerosene Emulsion, spraying with,

against Phlebotomus, 146.
kerteszi, Leptoconops.
Killing-bottle, description of, for

use with chlorofomi, 43.
Kite, Stomoxys oblongata breeding in

nest of, in India, 79, 80.
klossi, Megarhiniis [Toxorhynchites) .
knabi, Sarcophaga (see S . froggatti) .
kochi. Anopheles ; Plasmodium.
Koch's Bacillus (see Tubercle).
Korea, overwintering of flies in, 180.
Kurdistan, Chrysops interruptus in,

46.

laevis, Sar copies.

Lagaropsylla mera, gen. et sp. n., on

bats in Java, 61.
Lagaropsylla niicula, sp. n., on bats

in India, 61.
Lagaropsylla putilla, sp. n., on bats

in India, 61.
Lagos, mosquitos breeding in crab-
holes, etc., at, 41.
lamberti, Aedes [Stegoniyia).
Iambi, Haematopota [Chrysozona).
Lambornella stegomyiae, gen. et sp.

n., parasite of Aedes (Stegomyia)

albopictus in Malay States, 190.
Land Crab (see Cardisoma armatum) .
Lanoline, in repellent for mosquitos,

123.
Lapland, Simulium lapponicum in,

184.
lapponicum , Simulium .
lardarius, Dermestes.
Lasiohelea, gen. n., 171.
Lasiohelea [A trichopogon) pilosi-

pennis, 171.
lassalli, Dyarina.
lata, Calliphora.
lateralis, CuUcada (see Aedes geni-

culatus) .
laticinctus, Culex.
laticrus, Sarcophaga.
latifrons, Tabanus.
latimanus, Simulium.
latipes, Simulium.
Laundering, effect of, on lice, 117.
laurei, Aedes [Ochlerotatus).
laurenti, Culex.
leachi, H aemaphysalis .
lectularia, Rickettsia.

254

INDEX.

lectularius, Cimex (Acanthia).
Leeches, conveying mal de caderas

in Brazil, 130.
Legislation, regulating the sale of
stock dips in South Africa, 70 ;
against cattle ticks in California,
69 ; against sleeping sickness in
Belgian Congo, 11 ; against ticks
in Jamaica, 47.
Leishmania, compared with Herpe-
tomonas and Crithidia, 1, 49,
54r-56 ; life-history of, 55.
Leishmania infantum, not identical

with Leptomonas ctenocephali, 8.
Leishmaniasis, transmission of, by
fleas to man and dogs, 55 ;
relation of insect flagellates to,
96.
Leishmaniasis, American, possibly
transmitted by Phlebotomus, 124.
Lemna (see Duckweed).
leontiniae, Limatus.
Leopoldina piassaba, sheltering

Rhodnius brethesi in Brazil, 7.
Lepidomyia lineata, a synon;ym of
A'edes funereus var. ornatus, 133.
leptina, Ptilopsylla.
Leptoconops, revision of, 132, 194 ;

key to genera allied to, 171.
Leptoconops albiventris (see Stylo-

conops) .
Leptoconops grandis, sp. n., in

Western Australia, 132.
Leptoconops kerteszi, in Palestine,

194.
Leptoconops kerteszi var. americanus,

n., in Utah, 132.
Leptoconops longicornis, sp. n., in

Western Australia, 132.
Leptoconops ( Tersesthes) mesopo-
tamiensis, sp. n., bionomics of, in
Mesopotamia, 145.
Leptoconops rhodesiensis, sp. n., in

Rhodesia, 132.
Leptoconops siamensis, sp. n., in

Siam, 132.
Leptoconops spinosipes (see Stylo-

conops albiventris) .
leptocoridis, Crithidia.
Leptocoris trivittatiis, Crithidia lepto-
coridis infesting, 48.
Leptomonads, trypanosomes prob-
ably not evolved from, 49.
Leptomonas, in Cimex pipistrelli on

bats in Algeria, 181.
Leptomonas ctenocephali (see Herpeto-

monas).
Leptomonas [Herpetomonas) davidi,
insects transmitting, to Euphorbia,
106, 107, 154, 170.
Leptomonas pyrrhocoris, inoculation
of, into various insects, 144.

LeptopsyUa musciili, hosts of, in

England, 47, 202 ; in India, 211.

Leptopsylla spectabilis, on stoats in

England, 47.

Leptospira icteroides, infecting a

cat in Senegal, 21 ; supposed

relation of, to yellow fever, 21,

76 ; organism related to, probably

the causal agent of dengue, 128.

Leptus akaniushi (see Trombidium) .

Leptus similis, sp. n., on fowls in

U.S.A., 51.
lesnei, A'edes [Ochlerotatus).
Lestes, predacious on Anopheline

larvae, 142.
Leucomyia annulata, C^ilex basi-

cinctus, n. n., proposed for, 134.
Leucomyia annulirostris, Culex

taylori, n. n., proposed for, 134.
Leucomyia gelidtis (see Culex) .
leucosphyrus, Anopheles,
leucostonia, Ophyra.
lewisi, Trypanosoma.
Lice, and five-day fever, 18 ; and
trench fever, 64, 148 ; trans-
mitting Treponema recurrentis,
204 ; and typhus, 33, 112, 115,
137, 148, 197 ; typhus-like fever
probably not transmitted by, in
India, 214 ; form of recurrent
fever probably not transmitted
b5^ in India, 125 ; not trans-
mitting Oriental sore in India,
208 ; probably transmitting re-
current fever in Persia, 163 ; and
their control on domestic animals
and poultry in U.S.A., 17, 50,
63, 109, llO ; Bacillus pediculi
infesting, 96 ; Rickettsia spp.
infesting, 115, 148 ; reaction of,
to drugs in blood of host, 65 ;
effect of starvation and temper-
ature on, 17 ; effect of laundry
processes on, 117 ; tests with hot
air chambers against, 197, 198 ;
measures against, on man, 16,
18, 19, 30, 33, 93, 166, 191, 197.
Limatus leontiniae, in Argentina,

207.
Lime, against mites in fowl houses,
2 ; against mosquito larvae, 122 ;
affectinglarvicidalfish, 24 ; against
the eggs and larvae of Muscid
flies, 89 ; and caustic soda in
dips against sheep mange, 157 ;
(see Pediculus).
Lime-sulphur, in dips, 81, 109, 157.
Limnerium validum, parasite of
Hyphantria textor in America, 45.
lindesayi. Anopheles,
lineata, Lepidomyia (see Aedes
funereus var. ornatus).

INDEX.

255

lineatopennis, Banksinella.
lineatum, Hypoderma.
linognathi, Rickettsia.
Linognathus coassus, sp. n., on

Coassus sp., 19.
Linognathus gilvus, sp. n., on

Cephalophus sp., 19.
Linognathus pedalis, on sheep in

U.S.A.. 110.
Linognathus stenopsis (Goat Louse),

new Rickettsia in, 148.
Linognathus vituli, Solenopotes capil-

latus not a synon>an of, 203.
Linseed Oil, as a repellent for

Dermacentor venustus, 111 ; and

paraffin, against mosquito larvae,

77 ; as a vermifuge, 126 ; in

making carron oil, 142.
Lipeurus heterograpJius, infesting

poultry in Belgian Congo, 164.
Liponyssus arabicus, sp. n., on

lizards in Arabia, 196.
Liponyssus berlesei, sp. n., infesting

Myospalax scanius in North China,

196.
Liponyssus bermudaensis, sp. n., on

a wood rat in Beimuda, 51.
Liponyssus saurarum, transmitting

blood-parasites in lizards in Spain,

45.
Liponyssus setiger, sp. n., on shrew

in Wisconsin, 51.
Liponyssus silvarum, measures

against, on poultry in U.S.A., 50,

109.
Lipoptena caprina, sp. n., infesting

goats in Palestine, 194.
Lispa, predacious on mosquitos in

Nyasaland, 42.
listuni, Anopheles.
Lisirophorus argentinus, sp. n., on

rodents in Argentina, 196.
Lisirophorus frontalis, sp. n., on

rodents in Argentina, 196.
littoralis, Silpha.
Lizards, new mite on, in Arabia,

196 ; Phlebotomus attacking, in

Mesopotamia, 145 ; blood-para-
sites of, in Spain, 45 ; destroying

noxious insects, 25, 31.
loa, Filaria {Loa).
loewi, Chrysops.
loewianus, Ochrops.
Lonchaea nigrimana, in dead bodies,

121.
londoniensis, Ceratophylliis.
longiareolata, Theobaldia.
longicornis, Leptoconops ; Preno-

lepis.
longior, Tyroglyphus.
longipalpis, Phlebotomus.

longiserra, Gymnohelea [Atricho-
pogon) .

Lophocer atomy ia curtipalpis, a.
synonym of Culex jenseni, 134.

Lophocer atomyia jenseni (see Culex).

Lord Howe Island, Ochlerotatus
spp. in, 56.

lowi, Uranotaenia.

Lucilia, in Australia, 155 ; effect
of hydrocyanic acid gas on, 191.

Lucilia argyricephala, Herpetomonas
spp. in, in India, 208 ; causing
myiasis, 53.

Lucilia caesar, ovipositing on nest-
ling birds in Gcnnanv, 142 ;
in U.S.A., 71, 173, 194 ; dis-
persion of, by flight, 194 ; stimuli
to oviposition of, 139 ; relation
of, to disease, 71, 173 ; in dead
bodies, 121.

Lucilia craggi, Herpetomonas spp. in,
in India, 208.

Lucilia dux (see Chrysomyia).

Lucilia serenissima (see L. argyrice-
phala) .

Lucilia sericata, life-cycle of, in
Australia, 155 ; causing myiasis
in India, 180 ; in Mesopotamia,
15 ; in New Zealand, 168 ; in
U.S.A., 110 ; 194 ; dispersion
of, by flight, 194 ; infesting
sheep, 110, 155, 168 ; anatomy
of larva of, 64.

ludlowi, Anopheles [Myzomyia).

lugens, Culicoides.

hikisi, Anopheles (see A . algeriensis).

lunata, Bembex.

lupatus, Ceratophyllus .

Lupinus arboreus, new flagellate in
bug on, 48.

luridus, Tabanus.

lusoria, Mnsca.

luteocephalus , Aedes {Stegomyia) .

luteola, Aiichmeromyia.

luteoscutellata, Dasyhelea.

lutescens, Aedes {Ochlerotatus).

lutzi. Anopheles (see A. cruzi) ;
Manguinhosia (see A . peryassui) ;
Myzorhynchella (see Anopheles).

Lutzia allostigma, in Panama Canal
Zone, 108.

Lye, effect of, on mosquito larvae,
24 ; in cattle dips, 62, 63.

Lygaeus, on Euphorbia in Italv,
106.

Lvgaeus pratensis, spirochaetes in,
120.

Lynchia maura, transmitting Haemo-
proteus columbae to pigeons in
Belgian Congo, 164 ; in Pales-
tine, 194.
lynchi, Aedes ; Psorophora.

256

INDEX.

Lyperosia (Horn-fly), transmitting
trypanosomiasis and Habronenia
in Gold Coast, 101 ; in Hawaii,
183 ; Bembex lunata predacious
on, in India, 79.

Lyperosia exig^ia, in Mesopotamia,
15.

Lyperosia irritans, bionomics of, in
Germany, 44 ; in Palestine, 194 ;
measures against, in Porto Rico,
198 ; experiments against eggs
and larvae of, 89 ; hibernation of,
29.

Lyperosia niinuta, in Mesopotamia,
15.

M.

Macacus cynomolgus, infected with
Plasmodium cynomolgi in India,
14 ; not exoerimentally infected
with Plasmodium vivax, 59.
Macacus rhesus, relapsing fever ex-
perimentally transmitted to, by
Ornithodoriis talaje, 198.

Macacus sinicus, infected with Plas-
modium cynomolgi in India, 14 ;
filariasis not transmitted to, by
Culex pipiens, 170.

Macedonia, Hyalomnia detritum in,
45 ; insects attacking man in,
45 ; mosquitos and malaria in,
20, 32, 91, 92, 192 ; piroplas-
mosis of horses in, 116.

macellaria, Cochliomyia {Cliry-
somyia) .

macfiei, Achromaticus.

Machine Oil, in repellent for screw-
worm flies, 183.

Macleaya tremula, breeding-places
of, in Australia, 118.

macrostoma, Habronema.

maculata, Cephalomyia (see Cepha-
lopsis titillator) ; Hippobosca.

maculatum, Simulium.

maculatus, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) ;
Anopheles.

niaculicornis, Tabanus.

maculipennis, Anopheles ; Priono-
gnaihus.

maculipes, Anopheles {Cyclolepp-
teron) .

maculithorax , Culicoides ; Priono-
gnathus.

Madagascar, malaria in, 90 ; mos-
quitos of, 67, 68, 90 ; Nematodes
in cattle in, 129 ; danger of
introduction of African coast
fever into, 173.

Magnesium, effect of salts of, on
early stages of mosquitos, 184,
185.

magnifica, Wohlfahrtia {Sarcophila).

major, Phlebotomus .

Mai de Caderas [Trypanosoma
equinum), transmitted by leeches
to horses in Brazil, 130.

Malabar Squirrel (see Ratufa).

malabaricus, Phlebotomus.

Malacca, Anopheles in, 216.

Malaria, 169 ; in East Africa, 92 ,*
in South Africa, 128, 138 ; m
Argentina, 5, 34 ; in Australia,
139, 147 ; in Austria, 172 ; in
the Balkans, 143 ; in Belgian
Congo, 32 ; in Brazil, 6, 19 ;
in British Isles, 23, 32, 118, 127 ;
in Bulgaria, 177, 178 ; in Ceylon,
146 ; m Cilicia, 99 ; in Corsica,
151-153 ; in Crete, 178 ; in
Cuba, 122 ; disappearance of, in
Denmark, 83, 152, 153, 154 ; in
Dutch East Indies, 3, 4, 36, 114,
130, 135, 136, 149, 190, 216 ; in
Egypt, 99 ; in France, 37, 38, 49,
135 ; in Gennany, 52, 68, 69 ; in
Greece, 177 ; m India, 14, 32,
86, 124, 127, 130, 162 ; m
Italv, 23, 35, 60, 123, 131, 137,
142, 143, 167, 168, 199, 200 ; m
Macedonia, 32, 91, 92 ; in Mada-
gascar, 90 ; m Malaya, 73 ; in
Mesopotamia, 146, 159-160 ; in
New Zealand, 75 ; in Palestine,
99, 192 ; in Panama Canal Zone,
108 ; in Spain, 191 ; in Syria, 99;
in Trinidad. 57 ; in U.S.A., 24,
26-28, 52, 66, 71, 117, 131, 132,
179 ; and mosquitos, 3, 4, 5, 6,
19, 23, 24, 26-28, 32, 34, 36, 37,
38, 49, 52, 57, 60, 66, 68, 69,
73, 75, 83, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93,
94, 99, 108, 114, 117, 118, 122,
123, 124, 128, 130, 131, 132,
135, 136, 139, 142, 143, 146,
147, 149, 151-153, 154, 159-160,

162, 167, 168, 172, 177, 178,
179, 190, 191, 192, 199, 200,
204, 205, 216 ; hibernation of
parasite of, in the musculature of
mosquitos, 93, 94 ; transmission
of, by hibernated mosquitos, 32 ;
possible direct transmission of,
by Anophelines, 142, 199 ; para-
site of, killed bv saliva of Culex,
199 ; in apes and monkeys, 14, 59,
129, 134 ; in birds, 68, 81, 86, 89,

163, 170, 206 ; economic loss due
to, 132 ; effect of meteorological
conditions on, 86, 87, 127, 159,
160, 162, 172, 178, 199 ; effect of

INDEX,

257

quininisation on, 81, 89 ; value
of prophylaxis against, 35 ; re-
lation of rice cultivation to, 2, 4,
32, 33, 49, 66, 117, 131, 177, 178 ;
factors inlluencing incidence
curves of, 153 ; calculation of
liability to infection with, 143,
147 ; causes of the reduction
of, 60, 69 ; controversy on tlie
unitarian theory of, 41, 143, 152 ;
associated witli horse sickness,
138.

Malaria, Benign Tertian (see Plas-
modium vivax) .

Malaria, Malignant Tertian (see
Plasmodium praecox) .

Malaria, Quartan (see Plasmodium
malariae) .

Malaria, Quotidian (see Plasmodium
praecox quotidianum) .

Malaria, Subtertian (see Plasmodium
praecox) .

malariae, Plasmodium.

Malaya, malaria in, 73 ; mosquitos
in, 73, 133, 134, 190.

malayensis, Anopheles subpictus.

Mallophaga, causing phthiriasis of
fowls in Belgian Congo, 164 ;
genera of, feeding on blood, 43 ;
anatomy of, 149.

mammoth, Histrichopsylla.

Man, possible immunity of, to
sleeping sickness in West Africa,
108 ; blood-sucking insects attack-
ing, in Brazil, 7, 21 ; Chrysops
costata attacking, in Cuba, 212 ;
Simuliids attacking, in Germany,
104, 212-213 ; midges possibly
transmitting fever to, in Gold
Coast, 25 ; Lygaeid bug attacking,
in India, 79 ; caterpillar causing
dermatitis in, in Japan, 118 ;
spirochaete resembling recurrent
fever in, in Senegal, 21 ; insects
destroying dead bodies of, 121 ;
lilariasis in, 59, 119, 170 ; possible
transmission of goitre to, by
insects, 120 ; flies causing myiasis
ni, 1, 7, 53, 67, 93, 103, 105, 117,
175, 179, 206 ; leishmaniasis and
Oriental sore in, 8, 55, 56, 82,
209 ; lice and their control on,
16, 18, 19, 30, 33, 93, 166, 191,

197 ; lice transmitting five-day
fever to, 18 ; mites infesting, 2,
37, 60, 70, 95 ; forms of mange in,
3, 113, 120, 148, 186 ; not an im-
portant carrier of plague, 16 ; ticks
attacking, 8, 78, 89, 122, 139, 176,

198 ; tularaemia transmitted to,
by insects in U.S.A., 188.

manducator, Alysia.

Mange, measures against, on camels,
109 ; in chimpanzees, 185 ;
measures against, on domestic
animals, 3, 40, 52, 67, 88, 109,
112, 113, 155, 157, 164, 189, 201,
214 ; forms of, in man, 3, 113,
120, 148, 186 ; mites causing,
11, 52, 88, 155 ; relation of forage
mites to, 11.

Mango, midges breeding in rot-holes
in, in Gold Coast, 26, 201.

Mangroves, relation of, to mosquito-
breeding, 75.

Manguinhosia (see Anopheles) .

Mansonia, 72.

Mansonia {Coquillettidia) diaeretus,.
sp. n., in Philippines, 51.

Mansonia fasciolatus (see Taenio-
rhynchus) .

Mansonia nigricans (see Taenio-
rhynchus) .

Mansonia richiardii (see Taenio-
rhynchus) .

Mansonia titillans (see Taenio-
rhynchus) .

Mansonia uniformis (see Man-
sonioides) .

Mansonioides africanus, bionomics
of, in Lagos, 42.

Mansonioides annulifera, in Calcutta,
124.

Mansonioides {Mansonia) uniformis,
in Madagascar, 68.

mantiquirense, A mblyomma.

Manure, methods of treating, against
house-flies, 109.

marchouxi, Spirochaeta.

Margaropus (see Boophilus).

marginale, Anaplasma.

mariae, Aedes {Ochlerotatus).

niarmoratus, Prionognathus.

niarocanus, Ornithodorus .

maroccanus, Diachloriis (see Meso-
niyia singularis) .

marshalli, Anopheles ; Toxorhyn-
chites.

marxi, Ixodes.

masamae, Aedes.

m.atthiesseni, Simulium.

mattogrossensis, Anopheles.

maura, Lynchia.

mauritianus, A nopheles.

Mauritius, flagellosis of Euphorbia-
in, 106 ; suggested organisation
of medical entomology in, 127.

Medical Entomology, 80 ; organi-
sation of, in Europe and America,
95 ; suggested organisation of, in
]Mauritius, 127 ; importance of,,
78, 112 ; early discoveries in,.
155 ; notice of lecture on, 86.

mediocris, Trombicula.

258

INDEX.

mediopunctatus, Anopheles [Cyclo-

leppteron) .
Mediterranean Region, forms of

piroplasmosis in, 88, 90.
megacephala, Chrysomyia.
Megaloceraea ruficornis, on Euphor-
bia in Italy, 106.
Megarhinus [Toxorhynchites) grav-

elyi, sp. n., in India, 133.
Megarhinus [Toxorhynchites) kempi,

sp. n., in India, 133.
Megarhinus {Toxorhynchites) klossi,

sp. n., in Malay States, 133.
megastoma, Habronema.
■megista, Triatoma.
megnini, Ornithodorus.
meigenanus, Aedes [Ochlerotatus)

punctor.
meigeni, Wohlfahrtia.
■melanocephalum, Tapinoma.
Melanoconion, notice of key to

species of, 73 ; (see Ciilex).
melanophyllum , Deinocerites.
nielanoptera, Dichelacera.
melanopus, Pangonia.
melanosoma, Dichelacera.
nielanura, Sarcophaga.
melesinus, Demodex.
Melinda cognata, larva of, attacking

molluscs, 149.
metis, Ceratophyllus .
melitensis, Micrococcus,
■mellonella, Galleria.
melophagi, Crithidia ; Rickettsia ;

Trypanosoma.
Melophagus ovinus (Sheep Tick), in
U.S.A., 17, 110 ; organisms in,
96, 148.
Melusina (see Simulium).
Menopon, feeding on blood, 43.
■mera, Lagaropsylla.
Mercuric Chloride, as a repellent for

Dacus zonatus, 80.
Mercur}^ Ointment, against Hypo-
derma lineatum, 182 ; against lice
on poultry, 50, 110 ; against
mange, 40.
■meridionalis, Tabanus [Therioplec-

tes).
Mermis, infesting Simulium in

British Isles, 41.
merodaemon, Culex [Choeroporpa) .
Merops apiaster, predacious on

Tabanids in Mesopotamia, 14.
mesnili, Chilomastix .
Mesomyia singularis, Diachlorus
niaroccamts found to be the male
of, 143, 144 ; in Morocco, 144.
Mesopotamia, insects and disease
in, 14-16, 102, 127, 145, 146 ;
mosquitos and malaria in, 13, 99,
146, 159-160 ; Oriental sore in,

208 ; Phlebotomus spp. in, 43, 145,
170 ; ticks in, 45, 146.

mesopotamiae, Anopheles hyrcanus.
tnesopotamiensis , Culicoides ; Lepto-

conops [Tersesthes) ; Musca.
niesopotamium, Hyalomnia aegyp-

tium.
Meteorological Conditions, effect of,
on distribution of Xenopsylla spp.
in India, 211 ; on malaria, 86, 87,
127, 159, 160, 162, 172, 178, 199 ;
on flight of mosquitos, 187 ; on
yellow fever, 129 ; possible effect
of, on seven-day fever, 70.
Methyl Alcohol, in wood vinegar,

166.
Methyl Eugenol, as a repellent for

Dacus zonatus, 80.
Metoponaplos nigricans, gen. et sp.

n., in Cape Colony, 50.
Metoponaplos {Pangonia) parva, in
Cape Colony, 50.

Mexico, a supposed fly-borne disease
of cattle in, 123 ; mites on fowls
in, 2 ; mosquitos in, 5, 121, 203 ;
new Tabanids in, 158 ; tvphus in,
197 ; yellow fever in, 71, 72, 203.

Mice, protection of bats against,
216 ; fleas on, 47, 61, 62 ; experi-
ments with insect flagellates and,
58, 96, 161, 208.

Micraedes inconspicuosus, breeding
in crab-holes in Lagos, 42.

MicrocaUiphora varipes (see Chry-
somyia).

Micrococcus melitensis, carried bj^
Theobaldia longiareolata in Gib-
raltar, 107.

Microconops vexans, gen. et sp. n.,
attacking camels in Algeria, 171.

Microfilaria aiiquieri, sp. n., in dogs
in Algeria, 108.

Microfilaria guyanensis, sp. n., in
cattle in French Guiana, 81.

Microfilaria immitis (see Filaria).

Microfilaria perstans (see Acantho-
cheilonema) .

Microsporidia, infesting insects, 205.

microstoma, Habronema.

Microtus, Rhadinopsylla integella on,
in France, 61.

Microtus ibericus, Palaeopsylla iber-
ica on, in Spain, 61.

micula, Lagaropsylla.

migonei, Phlebotomus.

Mimeteomyia hilli, a synonym of
Rachisoura filipes, 134.

mimeticus, Culex.

Mimomyia chamberlaini, in Calcutta,
124.

Mimomyia miniita (see Ficalbia
minima) .

INDEX.

259

miniatus, Argas (see A. persicus).

minima, Ficalhia.

minimus, Anopheles.

minor, Haematopiniis ; Palae-
opsylla ; Tabanus ; Trombicula.

minusciilus, Tabanus.

minuta, Lyperosia ; Mimomyia (see
Ficalbia minima).

minutus, Chrysops ; Phlebotomus.

mirabilis, Herpetomonas.

miser a, Sarcophaga.

mississippii, Aedes stimulans.

Mites, infesting bats in Belgian
Congo, 114 ; attacking Diptera
in Germany, 29, 44 ; transmitting
blood parasites of lizards in
Spain, 45 ; infesting chimpanzees,
186 ; in dead bodies, 121 ; on
domestic animals, 2, 10, 11, 52, 63,
67, 88, 110, 164, 214 ; infesting
foxes, 96 ; Helicosporidium para-
siticum infecting, 148 ; infesting
man, 2, 37, 60, 61, 70, 95 ; in-
festing moles, 196 ; on poultry
and other birds, 17, 50, 51, 109,
161, 164, 206 ; infesting rats,
122 ; transmitting tsutsugamushi
disease, 65, 161 ; classification
and new species of, 51, 52, 196.

JMochlonyx {Corethra) velutinus,
larva of, 186 ; effect of neutral
salts on, 185.

modest us, Culex.

Moles, parasites of, 61, 196.

molitor, Tenebrio.

mollis, Culex.

moluccensis. Anopheles annulipes.

Monaco, organisation of medical
zoology in, 95.

monelifera. Each ionotomyia .

Monkey, filariasis not transmitted
to, in Algeria, 170 ; spirochaete
resembling recurrent fever in, in
Senegal, 21 ; malaria of, 14, 134 ;
experimentally infested with
human trypanosome, 134 ; (see
Macacus spp.).

Monoynorium destructor, in houses in
Jamaica, 31.

monspellensis, Haematopota bigoti.
monstrosum, Nosomma {Hyalomma) .
montamim, Simulium.
tnontanus , Anopheles albotaeniatus ;

Tabanus.
monticola, Simulium .
Morocco, Mesomyia singularis in,
144 ; Simulium gracilipes attack-
ing mules in, 52 ; ticks and
disease in, 78, 90, 150, 151.
morosus, Carausius {Dixippus).

Morphia, for treating arsenical
poisoning of stock, 142.

morsitans, Glossina ; Simulium ;
Theobaldia [Culicella).

Moscjuito Larvae, breeding-places of,
2, 6, 9, 26, 27, 28, 32, 36, 37, 38,
41, 42, 49, 51, 56, 68, 72, 73 75,
85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 98, 99, 107,
117, 118, 122, 124, 125, 128, 129,
130, 131, 133, 134, 136, 138, 143,
146, 147, 159, 160, 172, 177, 178,
187, 193, 206 ; drainage against,
24, 27, 28, 36, 37, 90, 105, 108,
117, 123, 136, 150, 152, 160, 186,
187, 188, 191, 192 ; oilmg against,
24, 27, 28, 77, 85, 117, 122, 123,
136, 150, 160, 191 ; fish against,
6, 7, 16, 23, 33, 36, 37, 90, 117,

121, 129, 159, 163, 191, 203, 204,
206 ; other natural enemies of,
69, 75, 124, 142, 190, 202 ; hiber-
nation of, 184 ; respiration of,
46 ; effect of neutral salts, etc.,
on, 80, 184, 185 ; effect of water
pollution on, 24, 85, 193 ; self-
cleaning canal screen against, 31 ;
anatomy of, 82, 134, 186.

Mosquito Larvicides, 29, 38, 80, 122,
152 ; effect of saline waters on,
133.

Mosquitos, in South Africa, 128 ; in
East Africa, 87 ; in Argentina, 5,
34, 207 ; possible relation of, to
seven-day fever in British Arabia,
70 ; notice of catalogue of Orien-
tal and South Asiatic, 57 ; in
Australia, 128, 133, 139, 147 ; in
Austria, 172 ; in the Balkans,
143 ; in Belgian Congo, 32 ; in
Belgium, 193 ; in Brazil, 5, 6, 19,
202, 207 ; in British Guiana, 2,
135 ; in British Isles, 5, 16, 23,
28, 32, 95, 118, 196 ; in Bulgaria,
177, 178 ; m Bumia, 133 ; in
Canada, 86, 113, 141 ; in Ceylon,
146 ; in China, 207 ; in Cilicia,
99 ; in Corsica, 38, 151-153 ; in
Costa Rica, 72, 88, 206 ; in Cuba,

122, 216 ; in Denmark, 82, 83,
152, 153, 154, 200 ; m Dutch
East Indies, 3, 4, 8, 36, 114, 130,
135, 136, 149, 173, 190, 216 ; in
Dutch Guiana, 88 ; in Ecuador,
6, 128, 206 ; in Egypt, 99 ; notice
of monograph of I^Airopean, 35 ;
in Fiji, 133, 164 ; in France, 37,
38, 49, 114, 131, 132, 135, 193 ;
in Gennany, 19, 29, 35, 39, 52, 68,
69, 184, 193 ; in Gold Coast, 133 ;
in Greece, 177 ; in India, 6, 23,
32, 86, 124, 130, 133, 162 ; in
Italy, 23, 35, 60, 123, 131, 142,

260

INDEX.

143, 167, 168, 199, 200 ; in Japan,

117 ; in Lord Howe Island, 56 ;
in Macedonia, 20, 32, 91, 92, 192 ;
in Madagascar, 67, 68, 90 ; in
Malacca, 216 ; in Malaya, 73, 133,
134, 190 ; in Mesopotamia, 13,
146, 159, 160 ; in New Guinea,
216 ; in New Zealand, 75 ; in
Nigeria, 41, 195 ; in Nyasaland,
42 ; in Palestine, 13, 99, 192 ; in
Panama, 50, 51, 108, 206 ; in
Paraguay, 5 ; in Persia, 13 ; in
Philippines, 51 ; in St. Croix,
150 ; associated with blackwater
fever in Senegal, 21 ; in Spain,
191 ; in Sudan, 133 ; in Syria,
13, 98, 99 ; in Trinidad, 57^ 72,
206 ; in U.S.A., 5, 17, 24, 26-28,
32, 33, 50, 51, 66, 72, 73, 85, 88,
105, 117, 132, 138, 163, 179, 186,
187, 188, 203, 206 ; m Venezuela,
5, 13 ; classification and new
species of, 5, 9, 19, 35, 38, 39, 50,
51, 56, 67, 72, 73, 82, 83, 87, 88,
100, 107, 112, 113, 117, 131, 133,
134, 144, 173, 193, 206, 207 ; and
dengue, 127, 128, 206 ; carrying
eggs of Dermatobia honiinis, 206 ;
and filariasis, 8, 42, 76, 135, 204,
206 ; and malaria, 3, 4, 5, 6, 19,
23, 24, 26-28, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38,
49, 52, 57, 60, 66, 68, 69, 73, 75,
83, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 99,
108, 114, 117, 118, 122, 123, 124,
128, 130, 131, 132, 135, 136, 139,
142, 143, 146, 147, 149, 151-153,
154, 159-160, 162, 167, 168, 172,
177, 178, 179, 190, 191, 192, 199,
200, 204, 205, 216 ; not experi-
mentally transmitting Spirochaeta
icterohaemorrhagiae , 49 ; mechan-
ical transmission of trypanosomes
by, 206 ; and yellow fever, 71,
108, 128, 203, 204, 206 ; possibly
'causing sores in chickens, 164 ;
measures against, 35, 39, 105,
141, 186, 187, 188 ; fumigation
against, 29, 122 ; repellents for,
4, 29, 35, 80, 123, 192 ; chemically
treated gloves against, 192 ;
natural enemies of, 3, 29, 42, 203 ;
suggested breeding of bats against
216 ; presence of domestic ani-
mals a protection against, 83,
114, 131, 135, 152, 153, 154, 172,
193 ; construction of stables
attractive to, 152 ; hibernating,
transmission of malaria by, 32 ;
hibernation of malaria parasite in
musculature of, 93, 94 ; egg-
laying habits of, 66 ; migration
of, 26 ; effect of meteorological

conditions on flight of, 187 ; and
rice cultivation, 32, 33 ; ovi-
position of, without a blood meal,
80 ; methods for breeding, 115 ;
breeding in brackish water, 42,
138 ; method of grouping, accord-
ing to habitat, 73.

moubata, Ornithodoriis.

Mules, trypanosomiasis of, in East
Africa, 171 ; Habronema infest-
ing, in India, 126 ; Dipterous
enemies of, in Mesopotamia, 14,
102, 145 ; attacked by Simuliuni
gracilipes in Morocco, 52 ; Der-
macentor venustus infesting, in
U.S.A., Ill ; camel trypanosome
experimentally transmitted to,
114.

multicolor, Anopheles.

muris, Notoedres.

Mus (Epimys), Ceratophyllus spp.
on, in Asia Minor and Ceylon, 62.

Mus concolor, in Dutch East Indies,
107.

A'lus [Epimys) decumanus, new flea
on, in India, 62 ; mites infesting,
122.

Mus musculus, new fleas on, in
Rumania and India, 62.

Mus norvegicus, fleas on, in Liver-
pool, 202.

AIus [Epimys) rattus, new fleas on,
in India, 62 ; fleas on, in Liver-
pool, 202 ; and plague in Turkey,
7.

Mus rattus griseiventer, in Dutch
East Indies, 107.

mus, Wyeomyia [Dodecamyia).

Musca, Scatophaga stercoraria pre-
dacious on, 57.

Musca australis (see M. lusoria).

Musca autumnalis, . not a synonym,
of M . corvina, 105 ; an oviparous
species, 105.

Musca bezzii, parasites and feeding
habits of, in India, 207.

Musca conducens, probably a
synonym of M. humilis, 102.

Musca corvina, M. autumnalis not a
synonym of, 105 ; a viviparous
species, 105.

Musca determinata, bionomics of, in
Mesopotamia, 15.

Musca divaricata, bionomics of, in
India, 103.

Musca domestica, breeding-places of,
in Australia, 118 ; in France,
166, 212 ; m Hawaii, 182 ; in
India, 125, 129; in Korea, 180 ;
in Mesopotamia, 127 ; causing
mviasis in Rumania, 175 ; in
Russia, 115 ; in U.S.A., 71, 126,

INDEX.

261

194 195 ; dispersion of, by flight,
194 195 ; overwintering of, 29,
180 ; measures against, 89, 212 ;
baits and traps for, 16, 125, 158,
166 ; in dead bodies, 121 ;
relation of, to disease, 71, 126,
127, 173 ; Hcrpctouionas muscae-
domcsticac in, 126, 129 ; effect of
hydrocyanic acid gas on, 191 ;
(see House-fiies) .

Musca eiiteniata, a synonym of M.
himiilis, 10.2.

Musca fergusoni (see M. lusoria) .

Musca hilli (see M. nehulo).

Musca humilis, in Austraha, 119 ;
Herpetomonas nmscae-doniesticae
in, in India, 208 ; bionomics
of, in Mesopotamia, 15, 102 ;
synon>Tny of, 102.

Musca indica, Aivatia gen. n. pro-
posed for, 207.

Musca inferior, type of Ptilolepis, 76.

Musca lusoria, in Austraha, 119.

Musca mesopotamiensis , sp. n., bio-
nomics of, in Mesopotamia, 15.

Musca nehulo, in Austraha, 119 ;
Herpetomonas muscae-domesticae
in, in India, 208 ; not trans-
mitting Oriental sore, 208.

Musca nigrithorax (see M. ventrosa).

Musca praecox, probably a synonym
of M. humilis, 102.

Musca promisca, bionomics of, in
India, 103.

Musca tempestiva, bionomics of, in
Mesopotamia, 15.

Musca ventrosa, in Austraha, 119.

Musca vetustissima (see i\/. huuiilis).

Musca vitripennis, bionomics of, in
Mesopotamia, 15.

muscae, Empusa ; Habronetna.

muscae-domesticae , Herpetomonas.

muscidaruni, Spalangia.

Muscina [Cyrtoneura] stabulans, in
dead bodies, 121 ; in Australia,
155.

musculi, Leptopsylla ; Notoedres.

Mustela ajfinis, Ceratophyllus apol-
linaris on, in Colombia, 62.

mustelae, Ceratophyllus.

mutans, Cnemidocoptes ; Gonderia
[Piroplasnia, Theileria).

Mycetobia pallipes, Helicosporidium
parasiticum infecting, 148.

Mydaea pici, parasitising birds, 20.

Myiasis, in birds, 20, 48 ; in
domestic and other animals, 46,
53, 103, 157, 179, 182, 183 ; in
frogs, 18 ; in man, 1, 7, 53, 67, 93,
103, 105, 117, 175, 179, 206 ;
notice of key to larvae causing,
180.

Mynah, insects infesting nests of, 80.

Myobium tnyzomiae, infesting Ano-
pheles indefinitus in Dutch East
Indies, 3.

Myodopsylla gentilis, sp. n., on bats
in British Columbia, 61.

Myospalax scamus, new mite on, in
China, 196.

myoxi, Herpetomonas.

Myoxus glis, new Herpetomonas in,
136.

Myriophyllmn, ducks feeding on.
143.

Myzomyia (see A nopheles) .

myzoniiae, Myobium.

Myzorhynchella (see Anopheles).

Myzorhynchus, comparatively non-
susceptible to malignant tertian
malaria, 35 ; (see Anopheles).

N.

nadayanus, Culicoides.
nanum, Trypanosoma.
Naphtha, used in Hartmann's dis-
infecting chamber, 197.
Naphthaline, against chicken lice
and dog fleas, 110 ; as a repellent,
80.
Naples, measures against plague at,

17.
nasalis, Gastrophilus.
Nasonia brevicornis, parasitising
blow-flies in Australia, 155, 156.
Natal, precautions against sleeping

sickness in, 1.
natalensis, Anopheles ; Psoroptes.
Naucoris, predacious on Anopheline

larvae, 142.
Naucoris cimicoides, inoculation of,

with Leptomonads, 144.
neavei, Culicoides.
nebula, Musca.
nebulosa, Culiciomyia.
Necrophorus fossor, in dead bodies,

121.
neireti, Culex ; Uranotaenia.
neivai, Sarcophaga.
nemocallosus, Tabanus.
nemoralis, Tabanus.
Nemorius, 144 ; notice of key to, 46.
nemorosus, Aedes {Ochlerotatus).
neoapicalis, Psorophora (see P. con-

finnis) .
Neocalliphora ochracea, in Australia,

155.
Neoculex fidelis (see Culex).
neopalpalis, Tabanus.
Neophlebotoiiius, a subgenus of Phle-
botomus, 22.

262

INDEX.

Neopollenia stygia (see Pollenia).
Neopollinosa villosa (see Pollenia

stygia) .
Neottiophiluni praeustum, parasitis-
ing birds, 20.
Nepa cinerea, Herpetomonas jaculum

in, 96.
Nepenthes, Wyeoniyia mus bred

from, 51.
Never mannia (see Simulium).
New Guinea, Aiiopheles in, 216.
New Jersey, measures against mos-

quitos in, 24, 26-28.
neivsteadi, Culicoides.
Newsteadia (see Sergentomyia).
Newsteadina, gen. n., proposed for

Stomoxys fiiscus, 207.
New Zealand, Haeniaphysalis bis-
pinosa on cattle in, 69 ; mos-
quitos and malaria in, 75 ; para-
sites of sheep and their control in,
87, 168 ; Achorutes viaticus in
islands south of, 56.
Nicaragua, measures against yellow
fever in, 204 ; mosquitos inter-
cepted in quarantine in, 108.
Nicotine, against chicken lice and
dog fleas, 110 ; against mange,
164.
Nigeria, suggested investigation of
Glossina in, 54 ; a twelve-day
fever in, 195, 214 ; mosquitos in,
41, 195 ; yellow fever in, 204.
nigra, Ophyra.

nigricans, Dasyhelea ; Metopona-
plos ; Taeniorhynchus [Manso-
nia).
nigricephalns , Aedes {Ochlerotatus) .
nigrifacies, Tabanus.
nigrimana, Lonchaea.
nigripennis, Culicoides.
nigripes, Aedes {Ochlerotatus) ; Ano-
pheles (see A . plmnheus) ; Pal-
pornyia.
nigrirostris, Culex fatigans.
nigritarsis. Anopheles [Myzorhyn-

chella) ; Tabanus.
nigrithorax , Musca (see M. ventrosa).
nigritulus, Culex.
nigroapicalis, Silvius.
nigrofusca, Dasyhelea.
nigrovittatus, Demoplatus.
nigrum, Simulium [Wilhehnia).
nilgiriensis, Ceratophyllus .
nimbus. Anopheles [Stethomyia) .
ninensis, Nuttallia (Piroplasma) .
niphadopsis, Aedes.
Nirmus, feeding on blood, 43.
nitens, Dermacentor.
nitidifrons, Simulium ornatum.
niiidula, Psilohelea.
niiidum, Hyalomma.

Nitre Cake, ineffective against Culex
pipiens, 29.

Nitric Acid, effect of, on mosquito
larvae, 24.

Nitro-benzol, fumigation with,
against mites on poultry, 109.

Nitrogen, elimination of, by mos-
quito larvae, 185.

nivipes, Anopheles fuliginosus.

nolleri, Simulium.

Norway, Achorutes viaticus in, 56 ;
new Simuliids in, 184.

Norwegian Crusted Scabies, mites
causing, 148.

Nose Fly (see Gastrophilus hacmor-
rhoidalis) .

Nosomma, gen. n., erected for
Hyalomma monstrosum, 44.

notata, Phora.

notatus, Silvius.

Notoedres alepis, possibly infesting
rats, 122.

Notoedres rnuris, probably infesting
rats, 122.

Notoedres musculi, possibly infesting
rats, 122.

Notonecta, predacious on mosquito
larvae, 75, 142.

Notonecta glauca, inoculation of,
with Leptomonads, 144.

notoscriptus, Aedes (Ochlerotatus).

Nova Zemb'a, Scatophaga stercoraria
in, 57.

noviunbrosus , Anopheles.

nudus, Tabanus.

nummularia, Uropoda.

Nuttallia equi, infesting horses in
Africa, 83, 101 ; A^. ninensis not
identical with, 210.

Nuttallia [Piroplasma) ninensis, in
hedgehogs in North-west India,
210.

Nyasaland, suggested investigation
of Glossina m, 54 ; dragonflies
predacious on Glossina morsitans
in, 175 ; natural enemies of
mosquitos in, 42.

Nycteridocoptes pteropi, sp. n., in-
festing bats in Belgian Congo, 114.

Nysius, probably transmitting fla-
gellates to Euphorbia, 106, 107,
120.
Nyssorhynchus annuUpes (see Ano-
pheles) .

o.

oblongata, Stomoxys.
oblongoguttatum, A mblyomma.
obscura, Dasyhelea ; Silpha.
obscurus, Tenebrio.

INDEX.

263

obturbans, Armigeres {Desvoidya).

occidentalis, Anopheles quadrimacu-
latus.

Ochlerotatus, possibly transmitting
horse sickness in South Africa,
138 ; notice of key to French
species of, 131 ; attacking man in
Germany and the Balkans, 92 ;
substitution of, for Hcteronycha,
87 ; (a subgenus of Aedes, q.v.).

Ochlerotatus punctatus (see Aedes
caspius).

ochracea, Dichelacera ; Neocalli-
phora.

ochyescentipes, Simiilitun .

ochripalpis, Sarcophaga (see S. irve-
quieta) .

Ochrops {Atylotiis) fulvus, 145.

Ochrops loeivianiis, sp. n., formerly
confused with O. fulvus, 145.

oculatus, Ceratophyllus .

Odagnia (see Simulium).

odiatus, Ciilicoides.

odibilis, Ciilicoides.

Oestrin, relation of, to equine in-
fectious anaemia, 129.

Oestrus ovis (Sheep Bot Fly), bio-
nomics of, in India and Mesopo-
tamia, 102 ; in Tasmania, 105 ;
bionomics and control of, in
U.S.A., 110, 183.

officinalis, HaemeJiteria.

Oiling, against lice on fowls, 110 ;
against mosquito larvae, 24, 27,
28, 77, 85, 117, 122, 123, 136, 150,
160, 191 ; improved methods of,
77 ; effect of, on larvicidal fish,
23 ; larvicidal fish preferred to,
121.

Olive Oil, against mange in rabbits,
155.

omega, Sarcophaga [Parasarco-
phaga) .

omikron, Sarcophaga.

Onchocerca bovis. Nematode distinct
from, in cattle in Madagascar, 129.

Onchocerca volvuhis, infesting man in
Belgian Congo, 59 ; relation of, to
filarial mange, 120.

Ophyra aenescens, dispersion of, by
flight in U.S.A., 194-195.

Ophyra analis, in Australia, 155.

Ophyra cadaverina, in dead bodies,

121.
Ophyra leiicostonia, dispersion of, by

flight in U.S.A., 194.
Ophyra nigra, bionomics of, in
Australia, 65, 155 ; hibernation
of, in Korea, 180 ; anatomy of
larva of, 64.
Opifex fuscus, systematic position
of, 133.

Opium, for treating arsenical poison-
ing of stock, 142.
Opossum, destroying the eggs of

Pterygophorus analis, 215.
Orang-utang, infected with Plas-
modium pitheci, 14.
Oraseuui viridis, planidium stage of,
45.

Oriental Sore, aetiology of, in Crete,
81 ; experiments in transmission
of, in India, 208-209 ; aetiology
of, in Mesopotamia, 145, 208 ;
possibly transmitted by Phlebo-
tomus, 22, 124.

orientalis, Blatta ; Vespa.

ornata, Aedes [Slntsea) funerea.

ornatum, Simulium.

ornatus, Aedes [Ochlerotatus, Ctili-
cada) (see A. [Finlaya) genicu-
latus) ; Glyciphagus.

Ornithodorus, method of transmis-
sion of spirochaetes by, 204.

Ornithodorus amblus, infesting pen-
guins in Peru, 40.

Ornithodorus marocanus, in Morocco,
78, 150 ; anatomy of, 150.

Ornithodorus niegnini (Spinose Ear
Tick), bionomics and control of,
in South Africa, 8, 85, 160 ; on
sheep in U.S.A., 110.

Ornithodorus moubata, transmitting
relapsing fever in East Africa, 93 ;
life-history of Spirochaeta diittoni
in, 85.

Ornitliodorus rostratus, attacking
man in Brazil, 122.

Ornithodorus talaje, attacking man
in INIorocco, 78 ; transmitting
relapsing fever in Panama, 198 ;
infesting Sula nebouxi in Peru,
40 ; O. marocanus allied to, 151.

Ornithodorus turicata, characters dis-
tinguishing O. marocanus from,
151.

Orthetrum brachiale, predacious on
Glossina morsitans in Nyasaland,
175.

Orthetrmn chrysostigma, predacious
on Glossina morsitans in Nyasa-
land, 175.

orthodoxa, Uranotaenia.

Orthopodomyia, breeding in holes in
trees, 38.

Orthopodomyia fascipes, in Panama
Canal Zone, 108.

Orthopodomyia pulchripalpis, rare in
France, 38.

otophila, Haetyiaphysalis.

Otorrhea, Parasitic (Ear Mange),
treatment for, 40.

ovillus, Haematopinus.

ovinus, Melophagus.

264

INDEX.

■ovis, Oestrus ; Piroplasma ; Psorop-

tes coinimmis ; Trichodectes.
Ox Warble-flies, 189 ; (see Hypo-

derma).
Oxalic Acid, as a repellent for Daciis

zonatus, 80.
Oxygen, effect of, on early stages of

mosquitos, 46, 184, 185.

Pachycrepoideus diibius, parasitising
house-flies in Australia., 156.

Palaeopsylla iberica, sp. n., hosts of,
in Spain, 61.

Palaeopsylla minor, infesting moles,
etc., in England, 47.

Palestine, blood-sucking flies in,
194 ; Ccratophylhis sincerus in,
62 ; mosquitos and malaria in,
13, 98, 99, 192, 194 ; trypano-
somiasis of camels in, 113.

palestinejtsis, Anopheles (see A.
superp ictus).

pallidihalter , Dasyhelea.

pallidipennis, Culicoides.

pallidipes, Glossina.

pallidus, Pulex.

pallipes, Mycetobia.

palpalis, Glossina ; Tabanus.

Palpomyia nigripes, in Britain, 195.

paludis, Anopheles {MyzorJiynchus)
(see A. niauvitianiis) .

Panama, mosquitos in, 50, 51, 206 ;
ticks transmitting relapsing fever
in, 198.

Panama Canal Zone, insects and
disease in, 108.

panarchys, Haeniagogus [Stegoco-
nops) .

Pangonia delta, sp. n., in Arizona,
158.

Pangonia directa, a synonym of
Metoponaplos [Pangonia) parva,
50.

Pangonia nielanopus, sp. n., in
Mexico, 158.

Pangonia parishi, sp. n., in Ecuador,
158.

Pangonia parva, new genus erected
for, 50.

Pantala flavescens, predacious on
larvae of Stegornyia fasciata in
Brazil, 202.

papatasii, Phlebotomus.

Papua, Phlebotomus probably trans-
mitting three-day fever in, 216.

Paracalliphora augur (see A nastello-
rhina).

Paradichlorobenzene, against Stego-
rnyia fasciata, 38, 108.

paradoxa, Gedoelstia (see G. hdssleri).

Paraflin, against Argas persicus,
176 ; ineffective against lice on
fowls, 110 ; substances improving
spreading qualities of, against
mosquito larvae, 77 ; against
Stoyyioxys calcitrans, 166 ; as a
repellent for Tabanids, 40 ; in
formula for dip against ticks, 84.

Paraguay, new flea on bats in, 61 ;
mosquitos in, 5 ; new Phle-
botomus in, 149.

paralleliceps, Pedicinus.

Parasarcophaga omega (see Sarco-
phaga) .

Parasilvius fulvus, gen. et sp. n., in
Australia, 169.

parasiticum, Helicosporidium.

parishi, Pangonia.

Parus pendulinus, Holcocranum
saturejae in nests of, in Russia, 60.

parva, Metoponaplos [Pangonia) ;
Theileria.

parvum, Simulium.

parvus, Culex ; Anopheles [Myzo-
rhynchella) .

pasadaemon, Culex [Choeroporpa).

Passeromyia heterochaeta, in birds'
nests in India, 103.

paulistanensis, Sarcophaga.

pecaudi, Trypanosoma.

pecchiolii, Engyzops.

pecorum, Gastrophilus ; Trypano-
soma.

pedalis, Linognathus.

Pedicinus paralleliceps colobi, subsp.
n., 19.

pediculi, Bacillus ; Rickettsia.

Pediculoides ventricosus, causing der-
matitis in man in France, 37.

Pediculus, form of recurrent fever
probably not transmitted by, in
India, 125 ; probably transmit-
ting recurrent fever in Persia, 163.

Pediculus capitis (Head Louse), not
occurring in East Africa, 93 ; not
transmitting Oriental sore in
India, 208 ; in Mesopotamia,
146 ; effect of hydrocyanic acid
gas on, 191 ; (see Lice).

Pediculus humanus [vestimenti), in
South Africa, 39 ; not trans-
mitting Oriental sore in India,
208 ; in Mesopotamia, 146 ;
anatomy of, 149 ; Bacillus pedi-
culi infesting, 96 ; effect of
hydrocyanic acid gas on, 30, 191 ;
effect of starvation and tempera-
ture on, 17 ; reaction of, to drugs
in blood of host, 65 ; (see Lice).

INDEX.

265

Pediculus humanus chinensis, subsp.
n., on man, 19.

Pediculus humanus coyporis, effect of
laundry processes on, in U.S.A.,
117.

Pediculus vestimenti (see P. huma-
nus) .

peetsi, Simulium.

Pelecorhynchus flavipennis, sp. n., in
Australia, 169.

pellionella, Tinea.

penetrans, Tunga (Dermatophilus,
Sarcopsylla) .

Penguin, Ornithodorus amblus in-
festing, in Peru, 40.

penicilliger, Ceratophyllus .

pentacanthus , Rhadinopsylla .

perichares, Aedes [Ciiliselsa) .

Perilampus, parasite of Diptera in
Tasmania, 45.

Periplaneta americana (American
Cockroach), bionomics and con-
trol of, in Britain, 99 ; measures
against, in Egypt, 164.

Periplaneta australasiae (Australian
Cockroach), bionomics and con-
trol of, in Britain, 99.

perniciosus, Phlebotomus .

perpusilla, Psilohelea.

Persia, Argas persicus attacking man
in, 176 ; Anophelines of, 13 ;
Phlebotomus serge nti in, 43 ; re-
current fever probably carried by
lice in, 163.

persicus, Argas.

persis, Tabanus.

Persians , A canthocJieilonema [Filaria,
Microfilaria) .

pertenue, Treponema.

Peru, Anopheles pseudopvinctipcnnis
not occurring in, 5 ; mosquitos
and yellow fever in, 203, 204 ;
Phlebotomus possibly transmitting
verruga in, 124 ; ticks infesting
birds in, 40 ; typhus in, 197.

pervigilans, Culex.

peryassui. Anopheles {Manguinho-
sia) .

Pestis equorum (Horse Sickness),
probably insect-borne in South
Africa, 138, 139.

Petroleum, formula for cattle dip
containing, 62 ; against mange on
domestic animals, 109, 155 ;
against mosquito larvae, 122.

phaenops, Tabanus.

Phaonia cincta, Helicosporidium
parasiticum infecting, 148.

pharoensis, Anopheles [Cellia).

Pheidole fallax, predacious on other
ants in Jamaica, 31.

(5935)

Philaematomyia , Bembex hinata pre-
dacious on, in India, 79.

Philaematomyia crassirostris, causing
intestinal myiasis in man in India,
53 ; in Mesopotamia, 15 ; in
Palestine, 194.

Philaematomyia insignis (see P.
crassirostris) .

ph ilippinensis, Culicoides .

Philippines, mosquitos in, 51 ; new
midges in, 191.

phlebotomi, Hevpetomonas ; Spiro-
chaeta.

Phlebotomus, not occurring in Aus-
tralia, 124 ; unidentified species
of, in France, 37 ; classification
and distrilMilion of, 21, 22, 43, 78,
88, 124, 149, 170 ; and sand-fly
fever, 21, 22, 93, 145 ; measures
against, 146.

Phlebotomus aniennatus (see P.
minutus var. antennatus).

Phlebotomus argentipes, associated
with birds in India, 80.

Phlebotomus ariasi, sp. n., in Barce-
lona, 88.

Phlebotomus brumpti, sp. n., attack-
ing man in Brazil, 21,

Phlebotomus caucasiciis, a synonym
of P. sergenti, 43.

Phlebotomus duboscqui, 22.

Phlebotomus fallax , sp. n., characters
distinguishing from P. minutus,
170 ; in Algeria and Tunisia, 95.

Phlebotomus inter medius, in Brazil,
149.

Phlebotomus longipalpis, in Brazil,
149 ; P. ivalkeri recorded as, 43.

Phlebotomus major, in India, 119.

Phlebotomus malabaricus , 22.

Phlebotomus migonei, sp. n., in
Paraguay, 149.

Phlebotomus minutus, in France, 58 ;
in India, 119 ; bionomics of, in
Mesopotamia, 145.

Phlebotomus minutus var. africanus,
95 ; attacking lizards in Gold
Coast, 25 ; in Palestine, 194.

Phlebotomus minutus var. antenna-
tus, male of, in Gold Coast, 43 ;
in India, 119.

Phlebotomus papatasii, 22, 37 ; not
traiLsmitting Oriental sore in
Crete, 82 ; in France, 58 ; in
India, 119 ; Ploiaria domestica
predacious on, in Macedonia, 45 ;
bionomics of, in Mesopotamia,
145, 170 ; in Palestine, 194 ;
species resembling, in Papua, 216.

Phlebotomus perniciosus, in France,
58, 70, 78 ; new spirochaete in-
festing, 70.

266

INDEX.

Phlehotomiis roubaudi, 22.
Phlebotomus sergenti, not trans-
mitting Oriental sore in Crete, 82 ;
in France, 58 ; in India, 119 ; in
Mesopotamia, 43 ; in Persia, 43 ;
P. caiicasicus a synonym of, 43.
Phlebotomus signatipennis, sp. n., in

Gold Coast, 43.
Phlebotomus squamipennis, in Dutch

Guiana, 31.
Phlebotomus squamiventris, in Brazil,

149.
Phlebotomus walkeri, sp. n., in
Bolivia and Brazil, 43 ; recorded
as P. longipalpis, 43.
Phoniomyia, Dyar (nee. Theo.),

Dyarina proposed for, 72.

Phoniomyia trinidadensis, Dyarina

lassalli erroneously recorded as, in

Trinidad, 72.

Phora aterrima, in dead bodies, 121.

Phora bergenstammi, P. domestica

recorded as, 149.
Phora domestica, attacking molluscs,

149.
Phora notata, attacking molluscs,

149.
Phonnia, Protocalliphora regarded

as a subgenus of, 20.
Phormia [Protocalliphora) azurea,
infesting nestling birds, 20, 48,
103.
Phormia chrysorrhea, infesting nest-
ling birds in U.S.A., 48.
Phormia groenlandica, key to species

allied to, 20.
Phormia regina, dispersion of, by
flight in U.S.A., 194-195 ; on
sheep in U.S.A., 110 ; key to
species allied to, 20.
Phormia [ProtocallipJiora) sordida,

parasitising tits, 20.
Phosgene, disadvantages of, in fumi-
gation, 30.
Phosphorus Paste, against cock-
roaches, 100.
Phototropism, in blow-flies, 139.
Phthirus pubis, effect of hydrocyanic
acid gas on, 191 ; in East Africa,
93.
Physostomum, probably feeding on

blood, 43.
piceus, Hydrophilus.
pici, Mydaea.
picta, Bagrada.
pictipennis, Anopheles,
pictum, Simulium.
Pigeons, insect-borne diseases of, in
Belgian Congo, 164 ; ticks on, in
Sudan, 176.
Pigs {Sus scrofa domesticus) , Haema-
topinus suis germanicus on, 19 ;

attacked by Stomoxys calcitrans in
France, 166 ; trypanosomiasis of,
in French Guinea, 58 ; measures
against parasites of, in U.S.A.,
109.

pilosipennis, Lasiohelea {Atrichopo-
gon).

pilosus, Ixodes ; Trichodectes.

Pine Tar, in cattle dips, 70 ; in
preparation against insects
breeding in excreta, 50 ; in
repellents for maggot flies, 183 ;
against Oestrus ovis, 183.

pinguinalis, Aglossa.

Piophila casei (Cheese Maggot), in
dead bodies, 121.

pipiens, Culex.

pipistrelli, Cimex.

Piroplasma bigeminuni, causing red-
water in cattle in South Africa,
83 ; in Europe, 90 ; infesting
cattle in Gold Coast, 101 ; in the
Mediterranean Region, 90 ; in
cattle in Rhodesia, 176 ; trans-
mitted by ticks in Venezuela, 13 ;
blood-sucking flies possibly trans-
mitting, 13.

Piroplasma bovis, in Europe, 90 ;
transmitted by Margaropus annu-
latus australis, 13.

Piroplasma (Babesia) canis, causing
biliary fever in dogs in South
Africa, 83 ; transmitted by fleas
in Mediterranean Region, 88 ;
transmitted by Rhipicephalus san-
guineus punctatissimus in Vene-
zuela, 13.

Piroplasma mutans (see Gonderia).

Piroplasma ninense (see Nuttallia
ninensis).

Piroplasma ovis, possibly trans-
mitted by Rhipicephalus bursa in
Venezuela, 13.

Piroplasmosis, of domestic animals
in Algeria, 169 ; of domestic
animals in Indo-China, 201 ; of
domestic animals in Gold Coast,
101 ; ticks transmitting, in Vene-
zuela, 13 ; of cattle, causes of
immunity to, 157.
Pistia stratiotes (Water Lettuce),
Mansonioides africanus breeding
in, in Lagos, 42.
pisticus, Ctenophthalmus .
Pitchford's Dipping Formula, 84.
pitheci, Plasmodium.
Pitymys savii, Ctenophthalmus savti

on, in Italy, 61.
Plague, 169 ; relation of rat-fleas
to, 7, 16, 34, 112, 125, 174, 202,
210-212 ; distribution of, 77 ; in
Argentina, 34, 112 ; in Dutch

INDEX.

267

East Indies, 174 ; in India, 125,

158, 210 212 ; m Italy, 16 ; and
rats in U.S.A., 34 ; measures
against, 16, 34, 158.

planum, Hyalomma.

Plasmodium, in chimpanzee in
Uganda, 134.

Plasmodium cynomolgi, infecting
monkeys in India, 14.

Plasmodium danilewskyi, trans-
mitted by mosquitos to birds, 206.

Plasmodium falciparum (see P.
praecox) .

Plasynodium kochi, infecting Cerco-
pithecus, 14.

Plasmodium malarias (Quartan
Malaria), 179 ; in apes in West
Africa, 129 ; rare in Austria,
172 ; probably not transmitted
by indigenous Anoplielines in
France, 135 ; in Mesopotamia,
160 ; less pathogenic than P.
praecox, 178 ; infectivity of, to
Anopheles ludloivi, 114, 205.

Plasmodium pitheci, infecting orang-
utang, 14.

Plasmodium praecox (Malignant Ter-
tian Malaria), in Austria, 172 ; in
British Isles, 23, 118 ; seasonal
incidence of, in Corsica, 151 ;
locally acquired cases of, in
France, 135, 136 ; associated
with Anopheles palestinensis in
Macedonia and Mesopotamia, 91,

159, 160 ; mosquitos infected
with, in Sumatra, 114, 136 ;
Anopheles plumbeus experiment-
ally infected with, 23 ; infectivity
of, to Anophelines, 35, 205 ;
causes of high pathogenicity of,
178.

Plasmodium praecox quotidianiim,
compared with P. praecox, 179.

Plasmodium ratufae, sp. n., in
squirrels in India, 14.

Plasmodium relictum, in birds, 89 ;
effect of quinine on, 81, 89 ; effect
of temperature on, 169.

Plasmodium vivax (Benign Tertian
Malaria), 179 ; in Austria, 172 ;
in East Africa, 92 ; Anopheles
plumbeus not experimentally in-
fected with, in British Isles, 23 ;
seasonal incidence of, in Corsica,
151 ; locally acquired cases of, in
France, 135, 136 ; associated
with A nophelcs maculipennis in
Macedonia, 91 ; mosquitos in-
fected with, in Sumatra, 136 ;
Anopheles hyrcanus infected with,
49 ; infectivity of, to Anopheles
ludlowi, 205 ; hibernation of, in

(5935)

the musculature of Anopheles
niaculipoinis, 93 ; in apes and
monkeys, 129, 134 ; not experi-
mentally infecting Macacus cyno-
molgus, 59 ; P- ratufae resem-
bling, 14 ; less pathogenic than
P. praecox, 178.

Plaster of Paris, against cock-
roaches, 100 ; against lice on
poultry, 50.

Plecotus auritus, new mite on, 196.
plinthopyga, Sarcophaga.

Ploiaria domestica, predacious on
Phlebotomus papatasii and bed-
bugs in Macedonia, 45.

Plovers, mites infesting, in the

Shetlands, 196.
plumbeus, Anopheles (Coelodiazesis).

plumiger, Glyciphagus.

pluvialis, Haematopota.

Podiceps novae-hollandiae (Black-
throated Grebe), Muscid flies
breeding in nests of, in Australia,
118.

Podura aquatica, Achorutes viaiicus
erroneously recorded as, 56.

Poecilia vopora, predacious on mos-
quito larvae, in Brazil, 6.

Poinciana, mosquitos breeding in
rot-holes in, 118.

Poinciana regia (Flamboyant) , Culi-
coides accraensis breeding in, in
Gold Coast, 26.

Poland, lice and disease in, 64, 137.

polita, Dasyhelea.

Pollenia rudis, hibernation of, 28.

Pollenia [Neopollenia] stygia, bio-
nomics of, in Australia, 65, 155,
168 ; infesting sheep in New
Zealand, 168 ; anatomy of larva
of, 64.

Polyctenidiie, notice of list of species
of, 136.

polygonus, Tabanus.

polymorphus, A rchaeopsylla.

Porto Rico, Lyperosia irritans in,
198 ; dipping against ticks in,
140.

Portugal, Stenocephalus agilis trans-
mitting fiagellates to Euphorbia
in, 106, 107,

posticata, Psorophora.

Potassium, effect of salts of, on
early stages of mosquitos, 184,
185.

Potassium Cyanide, against insects
breeding in excreta, 50.

Potassium Iodide, reaction of lice to,
in blood of host, 65.

praecox, Musca (see M. humilis) ;
Plasmodium.

praetermissus, Culicoides.

e2

268

INDEX.

praeustum, Neottiophilum.
pratensis, Lygaeus.
pratorum, Simulium ornatum.
Prenolepis longicornis, in houses in

Jamaica, 31.
Presbytis priamus, not infected with

malaria in India, 14.
pretoriensis, Anopheles ; Hodo-

termes.
Principe, extennination of Glossina

palpalis in, 108.
Prionognathus maculipcnnis, gen. et

sp. n., in Gold Coast, 76.
Prionognathus maculithorax, sp. n.,

in Gold Coast, 76.
Prionognathus niarmoratus, sp. n., in

Gold Coast, 76.
Prionognathus pseudomaculipennis ,

sp. n., in Gold Coast, 76.
Prohelia (see Ceratopogon) .
promisca, Miisca.
Prosimulium (see Simulium).
Proteosoma, hibernation of, in the

musculature of Culex, 93, 94.
Proteosoma grassii, infesting birds in

India, 86, 163 ; transmitted by

Culex fatigans, 163.
Proterorhynchus argentinus (see Aito-

pheles pseudopunctipennis) .
Protersesthes, gen. n., 171.
Protersesthes {Tersesthes) brasiliensis,

171.
Proteus, immunisation of Galleria

mellonella to, 154.
Protocalliphora, regarded as a sub-
genus of Phormia, 20, q-v.
protodes, Aedes {Ochlerotatus).
prowazeki, Rickettsia,
pruinosus, Atrichopogon.
Psammodromus hispanicus, new

genus of Haemococcidium in, in

Spain, 45.
psatharus, Culex [Choeroporpa) .
pseudes, Deinocerites.
pseudomaculipennis, Prionognathus .
pseudomaculipes, Anopheles {Cyclo-

leppteron) .
pseudopictus, Anopheles hyrcanus.
pseudopunctipennis , A nopheles .
pseudoricardoae, Chrysops.
Psilohelea edentata, sp. n., in Britain,

195.
Psilohelea nitidula, sp. n., in Britain,

195.
Psilohelea perpusiUa, sp. n., in

Britain, 195.
Psilohelea sociabilis, in Britain, 195.
Psocus, Rickettsia in, 148.
Psorophora apicalis, a synonym of

P. confinnis, 207.
Psorophora coffini, male of, 72 ;
distribution of, 72.

Psorophora confinnis, synonymy of,
207.

Psorophora funiculus, sp. n., in
Colombia, 9.

Psorophora (Grabhamia) jamaicensis,
species allied to, 9.

Psorophora lynchi, sp. n., in Argen-
tina, 5.

Psorophora neoapicalis, a synonym
of P. confinnis, 207.

Psorophora posticata, in Panama
Canal Zone, 108.

Psorophora tibialis, P. lynchi pos-
sibly a synonym of, 5.

Psoroptes, anatomy of, 54 ; key
distinguishing, from forage mites,.

10.

Psoroptes communis var. bovis, on
cattle in South Africa, 52.

Psoroptes communis ovis, on sheep in
U.S.A., 110.

Psoroptes equi, anatomy of, 54.

Psoroptes natalensis, on Asiatic buf-
falo, 52.

Psychoda, Achorutes viaticus pre-
dacious on, 56.

Psychoda alternata (Sewage Filter
Fly), measures against, in New
Jersey ,.186, 187.

pteropi, Nycteridocoptes.

Pterygophorus analis, cattle killed
by eating larvae of, 215.

Ptilolepis, gen. n., Miisca inferior
the type of, 76.

Ptilopsylla leptina, gen. et sp. n., on
bats in Paraguay, 61.

Ptinus brunneus, in dead bodies, 121.

pubis, Phthirus.

pulchellus, Tabamis.

pulcherrima, Uranotaenia.

pulcherrimus , Anopheles.

pulchripalpis, Orthopodomyia {Och-
lerotatus, Grabhamia) .

Pulex, rarity of, on rats in India,
211 ; effect of hydrocyanic acid
gas on, 191.

Pulex irritans, hosts of, in England,
47 ; not transmitting Oriental
sore in India, 208 ; measures
against, in Mesopotamia, 146 ; in
Turkey, 7 ; infesting foxes, 96 ;
Herpetomonas pulicis in, 162 ;
Leishmania in, 55, 56 ; distribu-
tion of, 38 ; possible relation of,
to rheumatic fever, 38, 62.

Pulex pallidus, infesting foxes, 96.

pulicis, Herpetomonas.

pulverifer, Tabanus.

punctata, Haemaphysalis cinna-
bar ina.

punctatissimus, Rhipicephalus san-
guineus.

INDEX.

269

pimctatus, Culex [Ochlerotatus) (see

Aedes caspius).
pimctifer, Chrysops ; Tabanus.
punctimaculata, Anopheles,
punctipennis, Anopheles,
punctipes, Aedes [Skusea).
piinctipleura, Tabanus.
punctithovax , Culicoides.
punctor, Aedes [Ochlerotatus).
punctothoracis, Aedes [Ochlerotatus).
punctulatus, Anopheles,
punensis, Ceratophylhts.
punjahensis, Ceratophyllus .
puripennis, Culicoides .
purpurata, Rachionotomyia .
purpureus, Rhinoestrus.
pusillum, Hyalomma.
putilla, Lagaropsylla.
putoria, Chrysomyia (see C. albiceps).
Pvrellia antennatis, in New Zealand,

168.
Pycnosoma (see Chrysomyia).
Pyrethrura, against cockroaches,

100 ; against lice and fleas, 110 ;

fumigation with, against mos-

quitos, 122.
Pyretophorus (see Anopheles).
Pyrrhocoris apterus, Leptomonas

pyrrhocoris in, 144.
pyrrhocoris, Leptomonas.

Q-

quadrimaculata, Calliphora.

quadrimaculatus, Anopheles.

quadraticeps, Trichodectes.

Quartan Malaria (see Plasmodium
malariae) .

quasigelidus, Culex.

quasiornatus, Aedes [Stegomyia).

quasirubrithorax, Aedes [Ochlerota-
tus) .

Quassia Soap, against mange in
rabbits, 155.

Quinine, reaction of lice to, in blood
of host, 65 ; against human
malaria, 81, 89, 123, 136, 153, 191,
192 ; effect of, on Plas)nodium
relictum, 169.

quinquefasciatus, Culex (see C. fati-
gans) .

quintana, Rickettsia.

Quotidian Malaria, parasite of, per-
haps distinct from Plasmodium
praecox, 179.

quotidianum, Plasmodium praecox.

R.

Rabbit Louse (see Haemodipsus
ventricosus) .

Rabbits, parasites of, in Britain, 11,
47 ; Lygaeid bug attacking, in
India, 79 ; infested with Dernia-
nyssus gallinae in Mexico, 2 ;
preferred to man by Anopheles
maculipennis, 114 ; treatment of
mange in, 155 ; camel trypano-
some experimentally transmitted
to, 114 ; Nuttallia nincnsis not
experimentally transmitted to,
210.

Rachionotomyia, Stegomyia quasi-
ornata referred to, 134.

Rachionotomyia aenea, sp. n., in
Malay States, 133.

Rachionotomyia fuonetifera, sp. n., in
Philippines, 51.

Rachionotomyia purpurata, sp. n., in
Fiji, 133.

Rachisoura filipes, s\monymv of,
134.

Rachisoura sylvestris, a synonym of
R. filipes, 134.

Radioculex clavipalpus (see Mimo-
1-nyia chamberlaini) .

raphaelis, Ceratopogon.

Rats, fleas found on, 47, 61, 62, 125,
202, 210-212 ; mites infesting,
51, 122 ; and plague, 7, 16, 112,
174, 175 ; in India, 62, 125, 158,
210-212 ; relation of, to tsutsu-
gamushi disease in Japan, 161 ;
Phlebotomus attacking, in Mesopo-
tamia, 145 ; infected with jaun-
dice in Tunis, 49 ; measures
against, 16, 34, 112, 158 ; fumi-
gation against, 30, 175, 216 ;
proofing of buildings against, 107,
122, 216 ; camel trypanosome
experimentally transmitted to,
114 ; infected with Trypanosoma
lewisi, 204.

Ratufa indica malabarica (Malabar
Squirrel), infected with Plas-
modium ratufae in India, 14.

ratufae, Plasmodium.

Recurrent Fever, possibly trans-
mitted by Bagrada picta in India,
125 ; probably carried by lice in
Persia, 163.

recttrrentis, Treponema.

Red Tick (see Rhipicephalus evertsi) .

Redwater, ticks transmitting, in
South Africa, 83 ; ticks trans-
mitting, in Gold Coast, 101 ;
preventive inoculation against, in
Rhodesia, 176.

reflexus, Argas.

270

INDEX.

regina, Phormia.

Relapsing Fever, transmitted by
Ornithodorus nionbata in East
Africa, 93 ; transmitted by Orni-
thodorus talaje in Panama, 198.
relictum, Plasmodium,
remotus, Culicoides.
Repellents, for blow-flies and screw-
worm flies, 139, 183 ; for Gastro-
philus, 176 ; for mosquitos, 4, 29,
35, 80, 123, 192 ; for Phkbotomus,
146 ; for Simulium cinereum,
154 ; for Stomoxys calcitrans,
166 ; for Tabanids, 40 ; for
ticks, 111.
reptans, Simulium.
Resin, in cattle dips, 62.
reticulatus, Derinacentor.
Reviews : — -Bruce, C. T., Insects and
Human Welfare, 169 ; Carpenter,
G. H., Insect Transformation,
189 ; Chanal, L., The Relation of
Mosquitos to Human and Com-
parative Pathology, 205 ; Hegh,
E., Mosquitos, Their Bionomics
and Control, 186 ; Lavier, G.,
The Parasites of Blood-sucking
Invertebrates, 204 ; Marchand,
W., The Early Stages of Tabani-
dae, 122 ; Noller, W., The Treat-
ment of Horse Mange with Sul-
phur Dioxide, 214 ; Pearce, E.
K., Typical Flies, 196 ; Pierce,
W. D., Sanitary Entomology, 64 ;
Sanderson, E. D., & Peairs, L.
M., Insect Pests of Farm, Garden
and Orchard, 132 ; Swellengrebel,
N. H., The Anophelines of the
Dutch East Indies, 216.
Rhadinopsylla integella, sp. n., on

Microtus in France, 61.
Rhadinopsylla pentacanthus, infest-
ing stoats and weasels in England,
47.
rhecter, Aedes [Ecculex).
Rheumatic Fever, possible trans-
mission of, by fleas, 38, 62.
Rhinoestrus purpureas, infesting

zebra in East Africa, 44.
RhinolophopsyUa capensis, sp. n.,

on bats in Zululand, 61.
Rhinonyssus, new species of, in-
festing birds in Shetlands, 196.
Rhipicephaliis, and diseases of cattle

in Africa, 83, 93.
Rhipicephalus appendiculattts

(Brown Tick), bionomics of, in
South Africa, 84.
Rhipicephalus bursa, probably
transmitting piroplasmosis of
sheep in Hungary and Rumania,

116 ; possibly transmitting Piro-
plasma ovis in Venezuela, 13.
Rhipicephalus evertsi (Red Tick),
transmitting biliary fever to
horses in South Africa, 83 ;
bionomics of, 84.
Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Brown
Tick), transmitting biliary fever
to dogs in South Africa, 83 ;
attacking man in France, 89 ;
infesting domestic animals in Gold
Coast, 101 ; transmitting canine
piroplasmosis, 101 ; in Hungary,
116 ; on dogs in Mesopotamia,
146 ; infesting foxes, 96.
Rhipicephalus sanguineus puncta-
tissimus, transmitting Piroplasma
canis in Venezuela, 13.
Rhipicephalus simus (Black-pitted
Tick), transmitting African coast
fever, 83, 101, 173 ; infesting
cattle in Gold Coast, 101 ; in
Madagascar, 173 ; transmitting
Theileria parva to cattle in
Venezuela, 13.
rhizophorae, Haematopota.
Rhodesia, Argas persicus in, 48 ;
suggested investigation of Glossina
in, 54 ; tick-borne diseases of
cattle and their control in, 119,
176.
rhodesiensis, Anopheles ; Leptoco-

nops.
Rhodnius brethesi, in Brazil, 7.
Rhynchoidonionas siphunculinae , sp.
n., infesting Siphunculina fiinicola
in India, 162.
Rhyphus fenestralis, infected with
Helicosporidium parasiticum , 148.
Rice, importance of, in spread of

plague, 174.
Rice Cultivation, relation of, to
mosquitos and malaria, 2, 4, 32,
33, 49, 66, 117, 131, 177, 178.
Rice Weevils, effect of fumigation

on, 174.
richiardii, Taeniorhynchus {Man-

sonia).
ricinus, Ixodes.

Rickettsia, possibly causal agent of

five-day fever, 18 ; and trench

fever, 96 ; notice of species of,

96 ; bionomics of, 148, 149.

Rickettsia lectularia, sp. n., in Cimex

lectularius, 96.
Rickettsia linognathi, sp. n., in

Linognathus stenopsis, 148.
Rickettsia melophagi, in Melophagus

ovinus, 148.
Rickettsia pediculi, differentiation of,
from R. prowazeki, 36 ,* R. quin-
tana possibly pathogenic form of.

INDEX.

271

64, 148 ; methods of breeding,
115.

Rickettsia pyoicnzek 1,149 ; in lice in
Poland, 137 ; causal agent of
typhus, 115 ; differentiation of,
from li. pcdiculi, 36.

Rickettsia quintana, probably caus-
ing trench fever in Poland, 64 ;
possibly pathogenic form of R.
pediculi, 148.

Rickettsia trichodectae, sp. n., in
Trichodectes pilosus on horses,
148.

rima, Culex.

Riparia riparia, Phormia azurea
infesting, 20.

Robins, Ceratophyllus gallijiulac in-
festing, in England, 47.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever,
fever resembling in India, 214 ;
Dermacentor venustus transmit-
ting, in U.S.A., Ill ; becoming
less prevalent in Wyoming, 17.

Rogenhofera, 157.

rossi, Anopheles (see A. subpictus) .

rossi indefinitus. Anopheles (see A.
vagus) .

rostratus, Ornithodorits .

rotundatus, Cimex (see C. hcinip-
tera) ; Saprinus.

roubattdi, Phlebotomus.

rubrofasciata, Triaioma (Conorhi-
nus) .

rudis, Pollenia.

rufescens, Atrichopogon.

rufibarbis, Cephenomyia.

ruficollis, Corynetes.

ruficornis, Megaloceraea ; Sarco-
phaga ; Tabanus nemoralis .

rufifacies, Chrysomyia {Pycnosoma).

rufinotatus, Tabanus.

riifipes, Aphiochaeta.

rufitarsis, Aulacogastcr.

rufoniger, Erephopsis.

Rumania, new fleas in, 61, 62 ;
Musca domestica causing urethral
myiasis in, 175 ; ticks and disease
of domestic animals in, 116.

rupestris, Tabanus.

Russia, blood-sucking flies in, 40,
115 ; Holcocranum saturejae in
nests of Parus penduliniis in, 60 ;
new midge in, 171 ; Nuttallia
ninensis in hedgehogs in, 210 ;
Simuliuni matthiesseni in, 184.

rusticus, Aedes [Ochlerotatus).

Sabethes bipartipes, larva of, pre-
dacious on mosquito larvae in
Surinam, 88.

Sabethes cyanc.us, in Argentina, 207.

Sabethinus, notice of key to, 72.

Saccharine, in poison for ground
squirrels. 111.

salinellus, Aedes.

salinus, Aedes {Ochlerotatus) (see A.
detritus).

salisburiensis, Culex.

Salonica, Phlebotomus papatasii in,
170.

Salt Solution, preventing oviposition
of blow-flies, 139.

Salvador, measures against yellow
fever in, 204.

Sand Flea (see Tunga penetrans).

Sand-fly Fever, in East Africa, 93 ;
possibly transmitted by Culicoides
maciilithorax in Jamaica, 171 ; in
Mesopotamia, 145 ; transmitted
by Phlebotomus, 21, 22, 93, 145.

Sand-martins, Ceratophyllus styx on,
in England, 47.

sanguineus, Rhipicephalus ; Taba-
nus.

Saprinus rotundatus, in dead bodies,
121.

Sarcocystis, probably transmitted to
cattle by insects, 181.

Sarcocystis tenella, insects not in-
volved in transmission of, to
sheep, 17.

Sarcophaga, bionomics of, in Aus-
tralia, 118, 155 ; causing myiasis
in man in India, 53 ; Herpeto-
monas sarcophagae in, in India,
208 ; dispersion of, by flight in
U.S.A., 194^195 ; effect of hydro-
cyanic acid gas on, 191 ; stimuli
to oviposition of, 139.

Sarcophaga alpha, sp. n., in Queens-
land, 216.

Sarcophaga arvensis, in dead bodies,
121.

Sarcophaga aurifrons, in Queensland,
216.

SavcopJiaga bancrofti, sp. n., in
Queensland, 216.

Sarcophaga beta, sp. n., in Queens-
land, 216.

Sarcophaga camaria, hibernation of,
in Korea, 180 ; in dead bodies,
121.

Sarcophaga chrysostoma, in Brazil, 6.

Sarcophaga comta, in Brazil, 6.

Sarcophaga delta, sp. n., in Queens-
land, 216.

Sarcophaga eta, sp. n., in Queensland,
216.

Sarcophaga filia, larva of, attacking
molluscs, 149.

Sarcophaga froggatti, in Queensland,
216.

272

INDEX.

Sarcophaga fverei, sp. n., in Brazil, 6.

Sarcophaga frontalis (see 5. niisera).

Sarcophaga frontalis, auct. nee
Thomson (see S. tryoni).

Sarcophaga gamma, sp. n., in
Queensland, 216.

Sarcophaga georgina, in Brazil, 6.

Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis , in
Mesopotamia, 15.

Sarcophaga im.patiens, in Queens-
land, 215.

Sarcophaga iota, sp. n., in Queens-
land, 216.

Sarcophaga irrequieta, in Queens-
land, 216.

Sarcophaga kappa, sp. n., in Queens-
land, 216.

Sarcophaga kellyi, destroying grass-
hoppers in Montana, 203.

Sarcophaga knabi (see S. froggatti).

Sarcophaga laticrus, in dead bodies,
121.

Sarcophaga melanura, larva of, at-
tacking molluscs, 149.

Sarcophaga misera, in Queensland,
216.

Sarcophaga misera var. dux, in
Queensland, 216.

Sarcophaga neivai, sp. n., in Brazil, 6.

Sarcophaga ochripalpis (see 5. irre-
quieta).

Sarcophaga {Parasarcophaga) omega,
subgen. et sp. n., bred from meat
in Queensland, 216.

Sarcophaga omikron, sp. n., bred
from wool and rotten potatoes in
Queensland, 216.

Sarcophaga paulistanensis, sp. n., in
Brazil, 6.

Sarcophaga plinthopyga, in Brazil, 6.

Sarcophaga ruficornis, causing myia-
sis in India, 180.

Sarcophaga sigma, sp. n., in Queens-
land, 216.

Sarcophaga subtuberosa (see 5. misera
var. dux).

Sarcophaga tessellata, in Brazil, 6.

Sarcophaga Iheta, sp. n., in Queens-
land, 216.

Sarcophaga tryoni, sp. n., in Queens-
land. 216.

Sarcophaga xantJiophora, in Brazil, 6.

Sarcophaga zeta, sp. n., in Queens-
land, 216.

sarcophagae , Dirhinus ; Herpelo-
monas.

Sarcophila magnifica (see Wolil-
fahrtia) .

Sarcopsylla galHnacea (see Echidno-
phaga) .

Sarcopsylla penetrans (see Tunga) .

Sarcoptes, key distinguishing, from
forage mites, 10 ; in chimpanzee,
186 ; causing mange in rabbits in
Italy, 155.

Sarcoptes laevis, infesting poultry in
Belgian Congo, 164.

Sarcoptes scabiei cameli, measures
against, on camels in Egypt. 109.

Sarcoptes scabiei communis, causing
mange in man, 3.

Sarcoptes scabiei crustosae, 148.

Sarcoptes scabiei equi, anatomy of,
148.

Sarcoptes scabiei hominis, varieties
allied to, 148.

Sarcoptes scabiei vulpis, infesting
foxes, 96.

Sardinia, Simulium dahlgriini in, 184.

sarinus, Ceratophvllus.

Sassafras Oil, against dog fleas, 110.

saturejae, Holcocranum.

saurarum, Liponyssus.

savii, Ctenophthalmus .

scabiei, Sarcoptes.

Scaly Leg, in fowls, caused by mites,
206.

scapularis, Aedes (Ochlerotatiis,
Ciilex) .

Scatophaga stercoraria, predacious on
other Diptera in British Isles, 57 ;
of doubtful value against blow-
flies, 140 ; overwintering of, in
Korea, 180.

Schellackia bolivari, gen. et sp. n., in
lizards in Spain, 45.

Schizotrypanum, in bats in France.
120, 181 ; possibly the causal
agent of goitre, 120.

Schizotrypanum cruzi (see Trypano-
soma).

schonbaueri, Simulium.

Schongastia americana, sp. n., on
fowls in U.S.A., 51.

schultzei, Culicoides.

schwetzi, Glossina.

Sciomyza dubia, larva of, attacking
molluscs, 149.

Sciuropterus firnbriatus, Ceratophvl-
lus fimbriatus on, in North-west
India, 61.

sciurorum, Ceratophyllus.

Sciurus later oides, Ceratophyllus
lupatus on, in Nepal, 61.

Sclerodermus sidneyanus, attacking
man in Macedonia, 45.

Screw-worm Fly (see Cochliomyia
macellaria) .

scutellaris, Aedes (see A. [Stegomyia)
albopictus) .

Senegal, Anopheles in, 31 ; human
spirochaetosis in, 21 ; yellow
fever probably occurring in, 204.

IXDEX.

273

separatus, Anopheles.

Sepsids, flagellates found in, in
India, 208.

Sepsis, hibernation of, in Korea, 180.

Serbia, typhus and lice in, 137.

serenissima, Liicilia (see L.argyrice-
phala) .

sericata, Lucilia.

serication, Simuliimi (Boophthora).

sergenti, Anopheles culicifacies ; Cult-
coides [Diplosella) ; Phlebotomus.

Sergentomyia, a subgenus of Phlebo-
tomus, 22.

Sevrator, in dead bodies, 121.

setiger, Liponyssus.

setosus, Camus.

Seven-day Fever, in British Arabia,
possible relation of insects to, 70.

Sewage Filter Fly (see Psychoda
alternata) .

Seychelles, ticks on cattle in, 189.

Shan States, Ceratophyllus hastatus
on Dreynoniys rufigenis in, 62.

Sheep, measures against ticks on, in
South Africa, 8, 39, 40, 83 ;
trypanosomiasis of, in East Africa,
71, 171 ; measures against blow-
flies on, in Australia, 10, 155-157 ;
attacked by Stomoxys calcitrans in
France, 166 ; parasites of, in
Germany, 36, 88 ; insect-borne
diseases of, in Gold Coast, 101 ;
ticks and disease of, in Hungary
and Rumania, 116 ; Oestrus ovis
attacking, in Mesopotamia, 102,
103 ; parasites and diseases of, in
U.S.A., 17, 50, 109, 110, 111, 183 ;
Piroplasma ovis infesting, in Vene-
zuela, 13 ; blow-flies infesting, in
New Zealand, 168 ; methods of
dipping, 87 ; treatment of mange
in, 157, 164, 189 ; Trypanosoma
melophagi in, 96 ; camel trypano-
some experimentally transmitted
to, 114.

Sheep Bot-fly (see Oestrus ovis).

Sheep Maggot Flies (see Blow-flies) .

Sheep Tick (see Melophagus ovinus).

Shrew, spirochaete in, in Senegal,
21 ; new mite on, in Wisconsin,
51.

Siam, Leptoconops siamensis in, 132.

siamensis , Leptoconops.

Siberia, Achorutes viaticus in, 56 ;
Ctenophthahnus pisticus on Euta-
mias asiaticus in, 61 ; Tabanids
in, 40, 46 ; Scatophaga ster cor aria
recorded from, 57.

Sidney anus, Sclerodermus .

sigma, Sarcophaga.

signatipennis, Phlebotomus.

silacea, Chrysops.

Silpha littoralis, in dead bodies, 121.

Silpha obscttra, in dead bodies, 121.

silvaruni, Liponyssus.

silvestrii, Culicoides.

Silvias, 144.

Silvius callosus, sp. n., in Natal, 50.

Silvius hirsutus, sp. n., in Cape
Colony. 50.

Silvius imitator, sp. n., in Australia,
113.

Silvius nigroapicalis, sp. n., in
Australia, 169.

Silvius notatus, in Australia, 133.

Silvius sulcifrons, sp. n., in Aus-
tralia, 169.

Silvius tepperi, sp. n., in Austraha,
113.

similis, Anopheles (see A. novum-
brosus) ; Culicoides ; Dasyhelea ;
Leptiis {Trombicula) .

Simla, Ceratophyllus .

simplex, Ischnopsyllus.

simpsoni, Aedes [Stegomyia).

Simuliids, classification and new
species of, 36, 41, 52, 104, 106,
184, 194, 212, 213 ; methods of
breeding, 115 ; new parasite of,
79.

Simulium, in Jamaica, 171.

Simulium alternans, sp. n., in Hun-
gary, 184.

Simulium angustifrons, sp. n., in
France, 184.

Simulium angustimanus, sp. n., in
Germany, 184.

Simulium angustipes, synonym of,
41 ; in British Isles, 41 ; in
Germany, 212.

Simulium angiisii tarse , synonymy of,
41, 184 ; in British Isles. 41.

Simulium argyreatum, attacking
cattle in Germany, 36, 104, 212-
213.

Simulium aureum, possibly attack-
ing warm-blooded animals in
British Isles, 41 ; bionomics of, in
Germany, 36, 104, 212-213 ;
synonym,y of, 41.

Simulium auricoma, in German}',
212.

Simulium austeni, in British Isles,

41 ; probably a local race of 5.

venustum, 41 ; in Germany, 36,

212.

Simulium benefica (see 5. variega-

tum) .
Simulium bracteatum, S. aureum
recorded as, in North America, 41.
Simulium bulgaricum, sp. n., in

Bulgaria, 184.
Simulium cinereum, attacking do-
mestic animals in France, 154.

274

INDEX.

Simulium costatum, in Germany,

212.
Simulium dahlgriini, sp. n., in

Sardinia, 184.
Simulium equinum, in Palestine,

194 ; 5. maculatum possibly a

synonym of, 104.
Simulium falcula, sp. n., in Germany

and England, 184.
Simulium flavipes, sp. n., attacking

horses in Palestine, 194.
Simulium [Prosimulium] fulvipes,

sp. n., in Bulgaria, 52.
Simulium {Prosimulium) gallii, sp.

n., in Switzerland, 52.
Simulium gracilipes, sp. n., attack-
ing mules in Morocco, 52.
Simulium heidenreichi, sp. n., in

Germany, 184.
Simulium heynionsi, sp. n., in

Norway and Finland, 184.
Simulium hirtipes, in Gemaany, 212.
Siynulium lapponicum, sp. n., in

Lapland, 184.
Simulium latimanus, sp. n., in

Germany and England, 184.
Simulium latipes, attacking man in

British Isles, 41 ; not attacking

warm-blooded animals in Ger-
many, 36, 212.
Simulium maculatum, attacking

cattle and horses in Germany, 36,

104, 212-213 ; Coelomycidium

simuli probably infesting, 79 ;

possibly a synon^-m of S. equinum,

104.
Simulium matthiesseni, sp. n., in

Germany and South Russia, 184.
Simulium montanum, sp. n., in

Germany, 184.
Simulium monticola, attacking

horses in Germany, 212-213.
Simulium morsitans, characters dis-
tinguishing, from S. austeni. 36.
Simulium nigrum,, swarming of, in

Germany, 104.
Simulium nigrum aurescens, 104.
Simulixim nolleri, sp. n., in Germany,

36, 104, 212-213.
Simulium ochrescentipes, sp. n., 184.
Simulium ornatum, attacking man

in British Isles, 41 ; habits of, 36,

165, 212-213.
Simulium ornatum pratorum, subsp.

n., in Germany, 36, 213.
Simulium ornatum var. nitidifrons,

n., in British Isles, 41 ; attacking

man in Germany, 104, 212-213 ;

recorded as S. reptans, 104.
Simulium parvum, sp. n., 184.
Simulium peetsi, sp. n., in Germany

184.

Simulium pictum, S. reptans re-
corded as, 104.
Simulium reptans, attacking cattle

in Germany, 36, 104, 212-213.
Simulium reptans var. galeratum, n.,

in British Isles, 41.
Simulium schonbaueri, sp. n., in

Hungary, 184.
Simulium [Boophthora) sericatum,

attacking man and cattle in

Germany, 104.
Simuliu)H specular ifrons, sp. n., in

Norway, 184.
Simulium subornatum, sp. n., in

British Isles, 41.
Simulium tenuifrons, sp. n., in

Germany, 184.
Simulium tenuimanus, sp. n., in

Germany and Finland, 184.
Simulium tomosvaryi, sp. n., in

Germany, 184.
Simulium trabeatum, sp. n., in Italj^,

184.
Simulium transcaspicum, sp. n., in

Transcaspia, 184.
Simulium tredscimatum, sp. n., in

British Isles, 41.
Simulium tristrigatum, sp. n., in

France and Spain, 184,
Simulium variegatum, in Germany,.

104, 212.
Simulium venefica, a synonym of S.

variegatum, 104.
Simulium venustum, in North

America, 41.
Simulium wilhelmianum, sp. n., in

Germany, 184.
Simulium yerburyi, sp. n., in British

Isles, 41.
simus, Rhipicephalus.
sincerus, Ceratophyllus .
sinensis, A nopheles {Myzorhynchus}

(see A . hyrcanus) .
singularis, Gymnohelea {A trichopo-

gon) ; 'Mesomyia {Chrysops).
Siphunculina funicola, flagellates in,

162.
siphunculinae , Herpetomonas ; Rhyn-

choidomonas .
siro, Tyroglyphus.
Skatol, influence of, on oviposition

of blow-flies, 139.
Skusea, a subgenus of Aedes, q.v.
Sleeping Sickness, and Glossina in

Africa, 1, 58, 59, 89, 93, 134 ;

measures against, hi Belgian

Congo, 11, 180 ; relative im-
munity of West African natives

to, 108 ; mechanical transmission

of, by mosquitos, 206 ; value of

prophylaxis against, 59.

INDEX.

275

Soap, as a repellent for Dacus

zonatus, 80 ; unstitisfactory against

blow-flies, 156.
sociabilis, Psilohelea.
Soda, and nicotine against mange,

164.
Sodium, effect of salts of, on mos-
quito larvae and pupae, 184, 185.
Sodium Arsenate, against insects

breeding in excreta, 50.
Sodium Arsenite, in fonnula for dip

against ticks, 84 ; in poison for

screw-worm flies, 182.
Sodium Bicarbonate, in poison for

ground squirrels. 111.
Sodium Carbonate, for softening

water for cattle dips, 63, 70 ; in

antidote for arsenical poisoning,

141.
Sodium Cyanide, hydrocyanic acid

gas generated from, 30, 163, 191.
Sodium Fluoride, against lice on

poultry, 50 ; against cockroaches,

100.
Sodium Salicylate, reaction of lice

to, in blood of host, 65.
Sodium Silicate, against m.osquito

larvae, 29.
Sodium Sulphate, useless against

mosquito larvae, 29.
Solenopotes capillatus, on cattle in

Germany and United States, 203.
Solenopsis geuiinata, in houses in

Jamaica, 31.
sollicitans, Aedes {Ochlerotatus) .
solstitialis, Tabaniis.
Somaliland, Italian, trypanosomiasis

of domestic animals in, 180.
soinalilense, Trypanosoma,
sonomensis, Tabanus.
sordida, Phormia (Protocalliphora) .
Sorex, Ceratophvllus sucinus on, in

Rumania, 62.
spadix, CeratopJiyllus.
Spain, blood-parasites of lizards in,

45 ; Hyalomma depressum in, 45 ;

mosquitos and malaria in, 191 ;

Palaeopsylla iberica in, 61 ; Phle-

botomiis ariasi in, 88 ; Siiiiuliiim

tristigatum in, 184.
Spalangia tnuscidaruni, parasitising

Muscids in Australia, 156 ; para-
sitising Stomoxys calcitrans in

France, 166.
Sparrows, Ceratophylliis fringillae

infesting, in England, 47 ; Passe-

romyia heterochaeta attacking

nests of, in India, 103.
spathipalpis, Theobaldia (see T.

longiareolata) .
spectabilis, Leptopsylla.
specular if rons, Simulium.

spcgazzinii, Haemagogus (see H.
capricornii).

spencer i, Aedes.

Sphenisciis humboldti, Ovnithodorus
amblus on, in Peru, 40.

Spiders, destroying Stomoxys calci-
trans in France, 166.

Spilopsyllus cuniculi, hosts of, in
England, 47.'

spinipes, Glyciphagus.

Spinose Ear Tick (see Ovnithodorus
megnini) .

spinosifrons, Styloconops {Acantho-
conops) .

spinosipes, Leptoconops (see Stylo-
conops albiventris) .

Spirochaeta duttoni, life-history of,
85.

Spirochaeta gallinarum , not recorded
in Belgian Congo, 164.

Spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae , pos-
sible connection of, with 3^ellow
fever in Senegal, 21 ; experiments
in insect transmission of, in Tunis,
49.

Spirochaeta marchouxi, transmitted
to fowls by Argas persicus, 176.

Spirochaeta phlebotomi, infesting
Phlebotomus perniciosus in France,
70.

Spirochaeta theileri, Boophilus dcco-
loratus transmitting, in South
Africa, 83.

Spirochaetes, method of transmis-
sion of, by Ornithodorus, 204 J
passage of, through coxal glands
of ticks, 213.

Spirochaetosis, of poultry in Aus-
tralia, 132 ; of fowls in Algeria
and Morocco, 150 ; ticks trans-
mitting, in Gold Coast, 101 ; in
man in Senegal, 21.

Spirogyra, larvae of StUobezzia spiro-
gyrae associated with, in Gold
Coast, 76.

spirogyrae, StUobezzia.

splendens, Trombicida.

splendidum, A mbly omnia.

Spurge (see Euphorbia).

squamipennis , Aedomyia ; Phlebo-
tomus.

squamiventris, Phlebotomus.

squamosus, Anopheles {Cellia).

Squirrels, Ceratophylliis sciurorum
infesting, in England, 47 ;
Lygaeid bug attacking, in India,
79.

Squirrels, Ground (see Citellus).

stabiilans, Muscina [Cyrtoneura] .

Starch, in poison for ground
squirrels. 111 ; in repellent for
screw-worm, flies, 183.

276

INDEX.

Starling, Spilopsyllus cuniculi in-
festing, in England, 47.

Steam, against plague fleas, 174.

Stegoconops panarchys (see Haema-
gogus) .

Stegomyia, measures against, in
Central and South America, 71,
204 ; and yellow fever, 71 ; pos-
sible relation of, to seven-day
fever in Arabia, 70 ; Toxorhyn-
chites predacious on, in Calcutta,
125 ; methods of breeding, 115 ;
treated as a subgenus of Aedes, 8,
q.v.

stegomyiae , Coelomomyces ; Lam-
bornella .

Stenocephalus agilis, transmitting
Herpetomonas davidi to Euphorbia
in Portugal, 106,

stenopsis, Linognathus.

Stephanocircus dasyiiri, on bandicoot
in Tasmania, 105.

stephensi, Anopheles.

stercoraria, Scatophaga.

Sternopsylla, gen. n., 61.

Stethomyia (see Anopheles) .

sticticus, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) .

stigmaticus, Anopheles.

Stilobezzia spivogyvae, sp. n., in Gold
Coast, 76.

stimulans, Aedes (Heieronycha) ;
Chrysops.

stimulator, Cephenomyia.

Stoats, fleas infesting, in England,
47.

Siomoxys, probably a vector of
trypanosomiasis in Africa, 71, 101,
171 ; transmitting Habroncma in
Gold Coast, 101 ; Bembex lunata
predacious on, in India, 79 ;
attacking cattle in Uganda, 109 ;
probably conveying Sarcocystis to
cattle, 181 ; effect of hydro-
cyanic acid gas on, 191.

Stomoxys calcilrans, breeding-places
of, in Australia, 118 ; bionomics
and control of, in France, 166 ;
natural enemies of, in Germany,
44 ; attacking horses in Gold
Coast, 101 ; on cattle in India,
208 ; hibernation of, in Korea,
180 ; in Mesopotamia, 15 ; in
Palestine, 194 ; in Russia, 115 ;
possibly transmitting Piroplasma
bigeminum in Venezuela, 13 ;
experiments against early stages
of, 89 ; hibernation of, 29 ;
repellents for, 166.

Stomoxys fuscus, Neivsteadina gen.
n., proposed for, 207.

Stomoxys oblongata, breeding in
birds' nests in India, 79.

Stramonium, fumigation with,
against mosquitos, 122.

Strychnine, in poison for ground
squirrels, 111.

Sturnus vulgaris, Camus hemapterus
infesting, in Central Europe, 20.

stygia, Pollcnia [N eopollenia) .

Styloconops, gen. n., 171.

Styloconops albiventris, 133, 171.

Styloconops (Acanthoconops) spina-
sifrons, sp. n., 133.

siyx, Ceratophyllus.

subcontingua , Erephopsis.

sub/lava, Euprociis /lava.

subochrea, Theobaldia annulata.

subornatum, Simulium.

subpictus. Anopheles.

subsessilis, Clinohelea.

subtukerosa, Sarcophaga (see 5.
niisera var. dux).

Subtertian Malaria (see Plasmodium
praecox) .

sucinus, Ceratophyllus.

Sudan, Anopheles jiaviceps in, 133 ;
suggested investigation of Glossina
in, 54 ; Theileria niutans asso-
ciated with Anaplasma marginale
in, 90 ; tick-borne diseases of
poultry in, 176.

sufis, Tabanus.

Sugar, in baits for cockroaches,
100.

sugens, Aedes (Stegomyia) (see A.
vittatus) .

suis, H aematopinus .

Sula nebouxi, Ornithodorus talaje
infesting, in Peru, 40.

siilcifrons, Silvius.

Sulphur, in dips, 81 ; fumigation
with, against cockroaches, 100 ;
fumigation with, against lice, 33 ,"
against lice and mites on fowls, 3,
33, 109, 110 ; fumigation with,
against mosquitos, 122 ; against
Trombidium infesting man, 95 ;
skin disease of chimpanzee cured
with, 186.

Sulphvir Dioxide, fumigation with,
against mange on horses, 67, 214 ;
experiments with, against plague
fleas, 174 ; against rats, 175.

Sulphuric Acid, as a repellent for
Dacus zonatus, 80 ; effect of, on
mosquito larvae, 24 ; for gene-
rating hydrocyanic acid gas,
163.

Sulphurous Acid, effect of fumiga-
tion with, on horses, 201 ; hydro-
cyanic acid compared with, 165.

Sulphurous Anhydride, apparatus
for fumigating with, 4, 30 ;
against sheep mange, 189.

INDEX.

277

Sumatra, mosquitos and malaria in,
114, 135, 136 ; (see Dutch E.
Indies).

supcYpictus, Anopheles {Myzomyia,
Pyretophorus) .

Swamp Fever, not prevalent in
Wyoming, 17.

Switzerland, Sunulimn gallii in, 52 ;
organisation of medical zoology
in, 95.

sylvae, Aedes.

sylvestris, Aedes; Anthocoris ;
Rachisoura (see R. filipes).

Sylvia atricapilla, parasites of, in
Central Europe, 20.

Symhiotes, key distinguishing, from
forage mites, 10.

Synthesioniyia brasiliana, in Austra-
lia, 155 ; dispersion of, by flight
in U.S.A., 194.

Syria, Anophelines of, 13 ; mos-
quitos and malaria in, 98, 99 ;
Tabaniis nenioralis var. ruficornis
in, 37.

Systeniis adpropinquans, Helicospori-
dium parasiticum infecting, 148.

tabani, Crithidia.

Tabanidae, classification and new
species of, 46, 50, 62, 106, 113
143, 144, 145, 158, 169, 191
bionomics of. 14, 38, 40, 133
early stages of, 122 ; parasites of,
45, 79 ; repellent for, 40 ; traps
for, 65 ; probafjly conveying
Sarcocystis to cattle, 181 ; prob-
able association of trvpanoso-
miasis with, 15, 101, 114, 207.

tabaniform is, Glossina .

Tabanus, Perilampus infesting, in
Tasmania, 46 ; larvae of un-
identified species of, 122.

Tabanus ajfinis, notes on species
allied to, 191.

Tabanus albimedius, egg-parasites
of, in India, 79.

Tabanus ( Therioplectes) albohirtipes,
sp. n., in Australia, 113.

Tabanus alboventralis, T. sufis re-
corded as, 14.

Tabanus aprepes, in Australia, 133.

Tabanus atrobasis, sp. n., in Canada,
191.

Tabanus bassii, sp. n., in Australia,
169.

Tabanus bicallosus , egg-parasites of,
in India, 79.

Tabanus bovinus, in Russia, 115.

Tabanus brunnipennis , in India, 79.

Tabanus californicus, not regarded
as a synonym of T. epistates, 191.
Tabanus confinis, in Russia, 115.
Tabanus crassus, egg-parasites of, in

India, 79.
Tabanus cyprianus (sec 7". pulchel-

lus) .
Tabanus diemanensis, sp. n., in

Australia, 169.
Tabanus dixoni, sp. n., in Australia,

169.
Tabanus epistates, T. californicus
not regarded as a synonym of, 191.
Tabanus flindersi, sp. n., in Aus-
tralia, 113.
Tabanus fulvicornis, in Russia, 115.
Tabanus fumo}narginatus, sp. n., in

Brazil, 158.
Tabanus glaber, probably trans-
mitting trypanosomiasis to camels
in Mesopotamia, 14.
Tabanus glaucopis, transmitting
Trvpanosoma theileri in Germany,
207.
Tabanus haeniaphorus, not regarded
asasynonym of T. sonomensis, 191.
Tabanus heroni, sp. n., in Australia,

113.
Tabanus hilaris, in India, 79.
Tabanus latifrons, sp. n., in Aus-
tralia, 169.
Tabanus luridus, in Russia, 115.
Tabanus maculicornis, in North

Russia, 40.
Tabanus ( Therioplectes) meridionalis,

sp. n., in Australia, 113.
Tabanus minor, Tayl. (nee Macq.)

(see T. minusculus).
Tabanus minusculus, n. n., for T.
minor, Tayl. (nee Macq.), in
Australia, 62.
Tabanus montanus, in Russia, 115.
Tabanus nemocallosus, in India, 79.
Tabanus nenioralis var. ruficornis, in

Algeria and Syria, 37.
Tabanus neopalpalis, n. n., for T.
palpalis, Tajd. (nee. Ric), in
Australia, 62.
Tabamis nigrifacies, in North Rus-
sia, 40.
Tabanus nigriiarsis, in Australia,

133.
Tabanusnudus, sp. n ., in Canada, 191.
Tabanus palpalis, Tayl. (nee Ric.)

(see 7\ neopalpalis) .
Tabanus persis, in Mesopotamia, 14.
Tabanus phaenops, bionomics and

control of, in Nevada, 38.
Tabanus polygonus, attacking

equines in Mesopotamia, 14.
Tabanus pulchellus, bionomics of, in
Mesopotamia, 14.

278

INDEX.

Tabanus pulverifer, in Mesopotamia,
14.

Tabanus punctifer, in Nevada, 38.

Tabanus punctipleura, sp. n., in
Costa Rica, 158.

Tabanus rufinotatus, in Australia,
133.

Tabanus rupestris, sp. n., in Mon-
tana, 191.

Tabanus sanguineus, egg-parasites
of, in India, 79.

Tabanus solstitialis, in Russia, 115.

Tabanus sonotnensis, T. haema-
phorus not regarded as a synonym
of, 191.

Tabanus sufis, breeding-places of, in
Mesopotamia, 14.

Tabanus tarandinus, in Russia, 40,
115.

Tabanus tasmanicus, sp. n., in Aus-
tralia, 169.

Tabanus trepidus, sp. n., in Canada,
191.

Tabanus tropicus, in Russia, 115.

Tabanus virgo, egg-parasites of, in
India, 79.

iachinoides, Glossina.

Taeniorhynchus, treated as a sub-
genus of Aedes, 9 ; Ciiliselsa
suggested to replace, 72.

Taeniorhynchus acer, in Australia
and New Zealand, 75.

Taeniorhynchus (Mansonia) fascio-
latus, in Panama Canal Zone, 108.

Taeniorhynchus iracundus, in New
Zealand, 75.

Taeniorhynchus {Mansonia) nigri-
cans, in Panama Canal Zone, 108.

Taeniorhynchus {Mansonia) richi-
ardii, in Denmark, 82 ; in Ger-
many, 29 ; in Macedonia, 20, 92.

Taeniorhynchus {Mansonia) titillans,
in British Guiana, 2, 135 ; in
Panama Canal Zone, 108.

taeniorhynchus, Anopheles .

talaje, Ornithodorus .

Talpa, Palaeopsylla iberica on, in
Spain, 61.

Talpa europaea, Ctenophthalmus
vicarius on, in Rumania, 61 ; new
mite on, 196.

talpae, Demodex ; Hystrichopsylla.

tamilanus, Ceratophyllus.

tananarivensis, Anopheles.

Tanganyika Territory, Glossina in,
54, 93, 134.

Tannic Acid, affecting larvicidal
fish, 24 ; in repellent for screw-
worm flies, 183.

Tapinoma tnelanocephaluni, in
houses in Jamaica, 31.

Tar, against ticks on cattle, 8 ;
against land-crabs, 42.

tarandinus, Tabanus.

Tarentola mauritanica (Gecko), or-
ganisms found in, in Italy, 150 ;
probably not the reservoir of
Oriental sore, 82, 145.

tarentolae, Herpetojnonas.

tarsalis, Culex.

tarsimaculatiis , Anopheles.

Tarsonemus, infesting the urinary
tract in man, 70.

Tarsonetnus woodi, Acarapis, gen. n.,
proposed for, 196.

Tasmania, bot-flies and fleas in, 105 ;
Perilampus parasitising Diptera
in, 45.

tasmanicus, Tabanus.

taylori, Culex.

Temperature, effect of, on malaria,
69, 86, 87, 127, 170, 178, 199 ;
effect of, on habits of mosquitos,
26, 66, 199 ; effect of, on distri-
bution of Xenopsylla spp. in India,
211.

tempestiva, Musca.

tenebricosa, Bezzia.

Tenebrio molitor, inoculation of,
with Leptomonads, 144.

Tenebrio obscurus, in dead bodies,
121.

tenella, Sarcocystis.

tentorius, Culicoides,

tenuifrons, Simulium.

tenuimanus, Simulium.

tepperi, Silvius.

terriei, Aedes.

Tersesthes, considered a synonj'm of
Leptoconops, 194.

Tersesthes brasiliensis (see Proter-
sesthes) .

Tersesthes camelorum, sp. n., on
camels in Algeria, 171.

Tersesthes mesopotamiensis (see Lep-
toconops) .

tessellata, Sarcophaga.

tessellatus. Anopheles.

Texas Fever (see Piroplasma bigenii-
nuni) .

Texas Fever Tick (see Boophilus
annulatus) .

textor, Hyphantria.

thalassius, Culex.

theileri, Spirochaeta ; Trypanosoma.

Theileria annulata, organisms asso-
ciated with, in Trebizond, 90.

Theileria mutans (see Gonderia) .

Theileria parva, causing African
coast fever, 83, 90, 101 ; in the
Mediterranean Region, 90 ; trans-
mitted by Rhipicephalus simus in
Venezuela, 13.

INDEX.

279

Theileria tsutsugamushi, sp. n.,

transmitted by Trombidiiun aka-

mushi, 65.
Theobaldia [Ciiliseta), notice of key

to Ccinadian species of, 113 ;

notice of key to French species of,

131.

Theobaldia alaskaensis, in England,

28, 95.

Theobaldia {Cidiscta) annulata, in
British Isles, 5, 118 ; in Den-
mark, 82 ; breeding-places of, in
France, 107 ; in Germany, 29,
68 ; breeding-places of, in Mace-
donia, 20, 92 ; in Palestine, 99 ;
effect of neutral salts, etc., on,
184, 185 ; larva of, 186.

Theobaldia annulata subochrea, 83.

Theobaldia arctica (see T. alaskaen-
sis).

Theobaldia [Culicella] fnmipennis, in
Isle of Man, 118.

Theobaldia longiareolata, in South
Africa, 128 ; bionomics of, in
France, 107 ; bacilli found in, in
Gibraltar, 107 ; breeding- places
of, in Macedonia, 20, 92 ; breed-
ing-places of, in Palestine, 99,

Theobaldia [Culicella) morsitans, in
British Isles, 5, 118 ; in Den-
mark, 82 ; possibly transmitting
malaria to birds in Germany, 29,
68 ; breeding-places of, in Pales-
thie, 99.

Theobaldia spathipalpis (see T.
longiareolata) .

Therioplectes (see Tabanus).

iheta, Sarcophaga.

Three-day Fever, transmitted by

Phlebotomus, 124, 216.
. tliyiambus, Culex.

Thrips, attacking man in Trinidad
and Ceylon, 175.

Thrush, Phormia aziirea in nests of,
in Britain, 103.

tibialis, Psorophora.

tibiomaculatus, Anopheles.

Ticks, and disease in South Africa,
39, 83-85, 176 ; and disease in
East Africa, 93 ; in Algeria, 169 ;
measures against, in Australia, 10,
139 ; on cattle in Brazil, 157 ;
infesting poultry^ in Belgian
Congo, 164 ; in Canada, 31 ;
colocj-nth tar against, in Egypt,
109 ; attacking man in France,
89 ; and disease in Gold Coast,
101 ; in Hungary and the Bal-
kans, 116 ; probably transmitting
a typhus-like fever in India, 214 ;
on cattle in West Indies, 47, 150 ;

in Morocco, 78, 150, 151 ; trans-
mitting relapsing fever in Panama,
198 ; relapshig fever not trans-
mitted by, in Persia, 163 ; infest-
ing birds in i'eru, 40 ; on cattle in
Porto Rico, 140 ; on cattle in
Sevchclles, 189 ; in U.S.A., 17, 63,
69, 109, 110, 111 ; in Venezuela,
13 ; causing paralysis in man and
animals, 31, 139 ; transmitting
piroplasmosis of domestic animals,
13, 157, 169, 201 ; and Rocky
Mountain spotted fever, 17, 111 ;
transmitting spirochaetosis to

■ fowls, 121, 150, 213 ; infesting
foxes, 96 ; dipping against, 39,
47, 63, 69, 109, 111, 140, 176 ;
life-history of Spirochaeta duttoni
in, 85 ; fumigation against, 145 ;
oviposition of, 140 ; repellents
for. 111 ; starvation of, 84 ;
classification and new species of,
44, 45.

tigripes, Culex.

Tillandria, mosquito larvae breeding
in, in Cuba, 122.

Tinea pellionella, in dead bodies, 121.

Tineola biselliella, in dead bodies,
121.

tipuliformis, Anopheles ; Culex.

titillans, Taeniorhynchus [Mansonia]

titillator, Cephalopsis.

Tits, parasitised by Phormia sordida,
20.

Toads, ticks on, in Barbados, 150.

Tobacco, fumigation with, against
mosquitos, 122 ; as repellent for
Gastrophiliis, 176.

Togoland, Trypanosoma togolense in,
58.

togolense, Trypanosoma.

tomosvaryi, Simulium.

Top Minnows (see Gambusia) .

Toxorhynchites, predacious on Stego-
myia, 125.

Toxorhynchites brevipalpis, probably
predacious on mosquito larvae in
Nyasaland, 42.

Toxorhynchites gravelyi (see Megar-
hinus) .

Toxorhynchites kempt (see Megar-
hinus) .

Toxorhynchites klossi (see Megar-
hinus).

Toxorhynchites marshalli, predacious
on Stegomyia in Calcutta, 125.

trabeatum, Sinmlium.
Trachvnotus cadavericiis, in dead
bodies, 121.

Transcaspia, Hyalomum detritum in,
45 ; new Simuliids in, 184.

transcaspicum, Sinmlium.

28a

INDEX.

transversalis, Holoconops.
Traps, for Argas persicus, 176 ; for
blow-fiies and screw-worm flies,
50, 65, 158, 182, 183 ; unsatis-
factory against blow-flies, 156 ;
for cockroaches, 100 ; for fleas,
146 ; ior Glossina, 5S ; for house-
flies, 16, 125, 166 ; for Stomoxys
calcitrans, 166.
tredecimatum , SimuHum.
tremula, Macleaya.
Trench Fever, 169 ; and Hce, 64,

148 ; and Rickettsia, 64, 96.
trepidus, Tabanns.
Treponema pertenue, transmitted by

flies, 155.
Treponema reciirrentis, transmitted

by Hce, 204.
Triatoma {Conorhinus) , new species
of, in Venezuela, 12 ; anatomy of,
78 ; transmitting American try-
panosomiasis in Argentina, 197 ;
notice of key to Argentine species
of, 197.
Triatoma megista, measures against,

in Brazil, 19.
Triatoma [Conorhinus) rubrofasciata,
possibly transmitting kala-azar in
India, 210.
trichodectae, Rickettsia.
Trichodectes, Rickettsia in, 148.
Trichodectes avis, on sheep in U.S.A.,

110.
Trichodectes pilosus, new Rickettsia

in, on horses, 148.
Trichodectes quadraticeps, infesting

foxes, 96.
Trichodectes vulpis, infesting foxes,

96.
Trichothrips, attacking man in

Trinidad, 175.
irifidus, Culex (Helcoporpa).
Trinidad, mosquitos and malaria in,
57, 72, 206 ; Trichothrips attack-
ing man in, 175.
trinidadensis, Phoniomyia.
Trioxymethylene, against mosquito

larvae, 152.
tripartita, Dyarina.
tristrigatuni, SimuHum .
tritaeniorhynchus , Culex.
trivittatus, Leptocoris .
Trombicula, notice of key to species

of, 79.
Trombicula cinnabaris, sp. n., pre-
dacious on other Arthropods in
U.S.A., 79.
Trombicula coarctata, compared with

T. splendens, 79.
Trombicula mediocris, probably the
adult stage of T. minor, 79.

Trombicula tninor, T. mediocris
probably the adult form of, 79.

Trombicula similis, sp. n., 51.

Trombicula splendens, compared
with T. coarctata, 79.

Trombidium, infesting man in Japan
95.

Trombidium (Leptus) akamushi,.
transmitting tsutsugamushi dis-
ease, 65.

trompe, Cephenomyia.

tropica, Herpetomonas.

tropicus, Tabanus.

tryoni, Sarcophaga.

Trypanblue, for treating canine
piroplasmosis, 88.

Trypanosoma, possible evolution of,
from Crithidia, 48, 49.

Trypanosoma brucei, transmitted by
Glossina in Africa, 207 ; infesting
domestic animals in Gold Coast,
101 ; possibly infesting equines in
Somaliland, 181 ; in Zululand, 1 ;
trypanosome allied to, possibly
attacking pigs in French Guinea,
58.

Trypanosoma cazalboui, 58, 181 J
treated as a synonym of T. vivax,
101.

Trypanosoma cellii (Gobiat), a plural
species, 181.

Trypanosoma congolense , 67 ; trans-
mitted by Glossina, 207 ; gene-
rally fatal to cattle in South
Africa, 66 ; trypanosome resem-
bling, in E. Africa, 71 ; infesting
domestic animals in Gold Coast,
101 ; possibly infesting cattle in
Somaliland, 181.

Trypanosoma congolense-pecorumy
probably transmitted by Sto-
moxys in East Africa, 171.

Trypanosoma criizi (Chagas' Dis-
ease), 48 ; transmitted b}' Tria-
toma in Argentina, 197 ; trans-
mitted by Triatoma megista in
Brazil, 19 ; in Venezuela, 12 ;
invertebrate hosts of, 204.

Trypanosoma dimorphon, recorded
from pigs in French Guinea, 58 ;
in cattle in India, 67 ; possibly
infesting cattle in Somaliland, 181.
Trypanosoma evansi, infesting do-
mestic animals in Eritrea, 94 ;
transmitted by biting flies, 207 ;
distribution of, 207.
Trypanosoinagambiense.tra.nsmitted.
by Glossina palpalis in Africa,
207 ; Crithidia euryophthalmi
compared with, 49.
Trypanosoma guyanense, in cattle in
French Guiana, 81.

INDEX.

281

Trvp'i'iosoiua ingens, nou-patho-
gcnic to cattle in Africa, 207.

Ti'Vpanosoiiia Icrisi. infesting rats
and fleas, 55, 204, 210 ; compared
with other flagellates, 48, 210.

Trypanosoma melophagi, relation of
Crithidia melophagi to, 96.

Trypanosoma nanum, species allied
to, in cattle in Somaliland, 181.

Tyypanosoma pecaudi, possibly in-
festing pigs in French Ciuinea, 58 ;
possibly infesting equines in
Somaliland, 181 ; treated as a
synonym of T. brucei, 101.

Tyypanosoma peconim, trypanosome
resembling, in E. Africa, 71 ;
possibly infesting cattle in Somali-
land, 181 ; in Zululand, 1.

Tyypanosoma somalilensc, a plural
species, 181.

Tyypanosoma thcilcri, insects trans-
mitting, 207.

Tyypanosoma togolense, in Togoland,

58.

Tyypanosoma uniforme, transmitted
by Glossina palpalis in Africa,
207 ; possibly identical with T.
vivax, 207.

Trypanosoma vivax, transmitted by
Glossina, 207 ; not ahva^-s fatal to
cattle in South Africa, 66 ; in-
festing domestic animals in Gold
Coast, 101.

Trypanosoma vivax-nniforme , infest-
ing cattle in Eritrea, 94 ; experi-
mentally infecting camels, 95.

Trypanosomes, comparison of, with
other haemoflageUates, 48, 49,
205 ; of bats, 181 ; in fleas, 55 ;
in gecko in Italy, 150.

Trypanosomiasis, of domestic ani-
mals in Africa, 46, 100, 101, 109,
173, 180 ; carried by insects other
than Glossina in East Africa, 71,
101, 171 ; of pigs, in French
Guinea, 58 ; conveyed to camels
by Tabanids in Mesopotamia, 14 ;
of camels in Palestine, 113 ; cattle
probably suffering from, in
Mexico, 123 ; notice of list of
forms and carriers of, 174 ;
mechanical transmission of, by
mosquitos, 206.

Trypanosomiasis, American (see
Trypanosoma cruzi) .

Trypanosomiasis, Human (see Sleep-
ing Sickness) .

Tsetse Flies (see Glossina).

Tsutsugamushi Disease, aetiology
of, in Japan, 65, 161.

tsutsugamushi, Theileria.
(5935)

Tubercle Bacillus, vaccine against,
obtained from. Galleria mellonella,
81.

tuheyciilatum, A mblyomma.

Tuberculosis, hygienic dwellings
against, in Argentina, 34 ; rela-
tion of flies to, 71, 173.

Tularaemia, transmitted bv insects
to man in U.S.A., 188, 189.

tularense, Bacterium .

Tunga caecigena, sp. n., on .sewer
rats in China, 61.

Tunga [Dermatopliilus] penetrans
(Sand Flea), correct generic name
for, 61 ; attacking man in East
Africa, 93 ; ancient wide distri-
bution of, 155.

Tunis, new flea on hedgehog in, 52 ;
organisms in gecko in, 150 ;
midges in, 95, 171 ; piroplasmosis
of cattle in, 90 ; rats infected with
jaundice in, 49.

Turdiis viscivorus, Lucilia caesav
ovipositing on nestlings of, in
Germany, 142.

turicata, Ornithodorus.

Turkestan, Anophelines of, 13 ;
Chrysops sp. in, 46 ; Hyalomma
detritum in, 45.

Turke}', fleas and plague in, 7.

Turkeys, tick-borne diseases of, in
Belgian Congo, 164 ; ticks on, in
Sudan, 176.

turkhudi, A nopheles.

Turpentine, as a repellent for Dacus
zonaius, 80 ; in repellents for
screw-worm flies, 183 ; as a
vermifuge, 126.

Twelve Day Fever, in Nigeria, 195,
214 ; possible insect carriers of,
195 ; fever resembling, in South
Africa, 215.

typhlosoniata, Uranotaenia.

Typhoid, relation of flies to, 71 ; a
probably tick-borne fever mis-
taken for, 214.

Tvphus, 169 ; and lice, 33, 112, 115,
'137, 148, 197 ; in Central and
South America, 34, 112, 197 ; in
China, 33 ; fever resembling,
probably carried by ticks in India,
214 ; fever resembling in Nigeria,
214 ; in Serbia and Poland, 137 ;
possible spread of, by droplet
infection, 137 ; causal agent of.
115.

Tyyeophoya anthropophaga, in dead
bodies, 121.

Tyreophora cynophila, in dead bodies

121.
Tyyeophoya fuycata, in dead bodies,
121.

282

INDEX.

Tyvoglyphiis, ia dead bodies, 121.

Tyroglyphns {Alenvobius) farinae, on
horses and guinea-pigs in Britain,
10 ; infesting the urinarv tract in
man, 70 ; effect of hydroc}'anic
acid gas on, 191.

Tyroglyphiis longior, infesting horses
in France, 11.

Tyroglyphiis siru, infesting horses in
France, 11.

u.

Uganda, pests and diseases of cattle
in, 109 : Glossina palpalis and
sleeping sickness in, 134 ; malaria
in m.onkeys in, 134.

ulrichi, Cephenomyia .

umbrosus, Anopheles.

undulatus, Dermestes.

ungiiiculata, Uranotaenia.

unifonne, Trypanosoma .

uniformis, Mansonioides {Mansonia) .

Unitarian Theory of Malaria, dis-
cussions of, 41, 143, 152.

United States of America, bed-
bugs in, 69 ; measures against
Dermacenior veniistus and Rock}'
Mountain fever in. 111 ; Droso-
phila possibly carrying disease in,
105 ; new flea in, 95 ; flies and
disease in, 71 ; dispersion of flies
by flight in, 194-195 ; flagellates
found in Hemiptera in, 48 ;
measures against Hypoderma spp.
in, 171, 181, 192 ; identity of
organisms causing kala-azar in, 8 ;
Leptoconops kerteszi var. anteri-
canus in, 132 ; mites in, 79 ;
mosquitos and malaria in, 5, 9, 24,
26-28, 31, 32, 33, 50, 51, 52, 66,
71, 72, 73, 85, 88, 105, 117, 132,
138, 163, 179, 186, 187, 188, 203,
206 ; Protozoa in flies m, 126 ;
measures against rats and plague
in, 34, 122 ; measures against
sewage filter fly in, 186, 187 ;
Tabanids in, 38, 158 ; measures
against ticks on cattle in, 62, 63,
69 ; tularaemia transmitted b^•
insects to man in, 188, 189 ;
parasites of domestic animals in,
17, 50, 109, 110, 157, 182, 183,
203 ; parasites of fowls in , 48, 51,
109 ; organisation of medical
zoology in, 95 ; (see also under
various States).

tmivittaius, Ciilex.

Uranotaenia annulata, breeding in
crab-holes in Lagos, 42.

Uranotaenia argyropiis, in New
Zealand, 75.

Uranotaenia bilineata var. fraseri,
breeding in crab-holes in Lagos,
42.

Uranotaenia geometrica, breeding-
places of, in British Guiana, 2 ;
in Panama Canal Zone, 108.

Uranotaenia lowi, in Panama Canal
Zone, 108 ; breeding in tree-holes
in Surinam, 88.

Uranotaenia neireti, in Madagascar,
68.

Uranotaenia orthodoxa, sp. n., in
Costa Rica, 206.

Uranotaenia pulcJierrinia, in Argen-
tina, 207.

Uranotaenia typhlosomata, in Pana-
ma Canal Zone, 108.

Uranotaenia ^mguiculata, breeding-
places of, in Macedonia, 20, 92 ;
breeding-places of , in Palestine, 99.

Uropoda mtmnmlaria, in dead
bodies, 121.

LTtah, mosquitos in, 9.

Utricularia vulgaris, of little effect
on mosquito larvae in Germanv,
69.

V.

vagjts, Anopheles.

validuin, Limnerium.

vanus. Anopheles hyrcanus.

variabilis, Dermacenior.

variegatuni, Amblyomma ; Simuliuni.

varipes, Chrysoniyia [Microcalli-
phora) .

\'aseline, against lice on fowls, 50 ;
ineffective against lice on fowls,
110.

velutinus, Mochlonyx [Corethra).

venefica, Simulium (see S. variega-
tuni).

Venezuela, Anopheles psetidopuncti-
pennis in, 5 ; Anophelines in, 13 ;
Chagas' disease in, 12 ; blood-
sucking Reduviids in, 13 ; ticks
transmitting piroplasmosis in, 13.

ventricostts, Haemodipsus ; Pedicu-
loides.

ventrilloni, Culex.

ventrosa, Musca.

venustum, Simulium .

venusttis, Dermacenior.

INDEX.

283

Vermijelli, as a repellent for Phlebo-

toiiius, 146.
Verruga, possibly transmitted b\-

Phlcbotomus in'Peru, 22, 124.
Vespa orientalis, carriage of colifomi

bacilli by, in Mesopotamia, 127.
vcspertilionis, Argas ; Ixodes.
Vesperugo pipistrellus, Schizotvypa-

nuni in, in France, 120.
vestinienti, Pediculus (see P. hiinia-

nus) .
vetiistissima, Musca (see M. humilis).
vexans, Aedes {Ochlevotatus) ; Micro-

conops.
viaticus, Achorutes.
V icavius, Ctenophthalmus .
V ictoriensis, Ectenopsis .
vigil, Wohlfahvtia.
vigilax, Aedes {Ochlevotatus).
villosa, Neopollinosa- (see Pollenia

stygia) .
Vinegar, against Pediciiloides ventri-

cosus, 37.
Vinegar, Wood, as a substitute for

sabadilla vinegar against lice, 166.
Virgin Islands, ticks and mosquitos

in, 150.
virgo, Tabanus.
viridis, Orasema.
vishnui, Culex.
vitreipennis , Ctilicoides.
vitripennis, Musca.
vittatus, Aedes [Stegomyia).
vituli, Linognathus.
vivax, Plasmodium ; Trypanosoma.
Voles, fleas infesting, in England, 47,

196.
volvulus, Onchocerca,
voriiitoria, Calliphora .
Vondran's Disinfecting Chambers,

against lice, 197-198.
vulgaris, Acanthodactylus .
vulpes, Chaetopsylla.
vulpis, Sarcoptes scabiei ; Tricho-

dectes.
Vultures, of little importance in the
control of screw-wonn flies, 182.

w.

walkeri, Ceratophyllus ; Phleboto-

mus.
Warble Flies (see Hypoderma) .
Wasps, destroying Stomoxys calci-

trans in France, 166.
Water Beetles, predacious on larvae

of Stegomyia fasciata in Brazil, 202.
Water Fowl, relation of, to tsutsu-

gamushi disease in Japan, 161.

Water Lettuce (see Pistia sivatiotes).

Water Rats, new mite on, 196.

Wax :Moth (see Galleria mellonella).

Weasel, Rhadinopsylla pentacanthus
on, in England, 47.

Wilhelmia (see Simnlium).

wilhelmian um, Simuli u m .

Wohlfahrtia, causing myiasis in
India, 180.

Wohlfahrtia magnifica, causing myia-
sis in man in Europe and Central
Asia, 7.

Wohlfahrtia nieigeni, in Mesopo-
tamia, 15.

Wohlfahrtia vigil, infesting man in
Canada, 1 ; larva of, li7.

Wood Oil, as a repellent for Armi-
geres obturbans, 80.

woodi, Tarsonemus.

Wyeomyia [Dodecamyia) miis, sp. n.,
bred from Nepenthes in Philip-
pines, 51.

Wyoming, parasites of domestic
animals in, 17.

X.

xanthina, Aphiochaeta.

xanthoaspidium, A trichopogon.

xanthogaster, Culicoides.

xanthophora, Sarcophaga.

xanthopilis, Erephopsis.

Xenopsylla astia, distribution of, in
India, 125, 210-212 ; possibly
not a carrier of plague, 212.

Xenopsylla brasiliensts, disliibution
of, in India, 125, 210-212.

Xenopsylla cheopis, fumigation ex-
periments against, in Dutch East
Indies, 174 ; distribution of, in
India, 210-212 ; transmitting
plague, 125, 212 ; on rats at
Liverpool, 202 ; in Turkey, 7.

Y.

Yellow Dung Fly (see Scatophaga
stercoraria) .

Yellow Fever, measures against, in
Central and South America, 52,
71, 108, 128, 203, 204 ; trans-
mission of, bv Stegomyia fasciata,
71, 108, 128, 201, 206 ; identity
of organisms causing, 21, 76 ;
distribution of, 77.

yerburyi, Simnlium .

284

INDEX.

Zaitha, predacious on mosquito

larvae in Brazil, 202.
zammitti, Aedes {Ochlerotatus) .
Zebra, Oestrids infesting, in East

Africa, 44.
zebrae, Gastrophilus pecovum.
zeta, Sarcophaga.

Zinc Oxide, in repellent for screw-
worm flies, 183.

zonatus, Dacus [Choetodacus) .

Zululand, trypanosomiasis and
Glossina in, 1, 46, 198 ; suggested
investigation of Glossina problem
in, 54.

Zyklon, hydrocyanic acid gas com-
pared with, 165.

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