Research Publications of the University of Minnesota oe Ne 2 May, 1919 Current Problems Number 11 A REVIEW OF THE ORNITHOLOGY OF MINNESOTA BY THOMAS SADLER ROBERTS, M.D. Professor of Ornithology and Curator of the Zoological Museum ~ in the University of Minnesota Price: 25 Cents MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA These publications contain the results of research work from various depart- ments of the University and are offered for exchange with universities, scientific societies, and other institutions. Papers will be published as separate monographs numbered in several series. There is no stated interval of publication. Application for any of these publications should be made to the University Librarian. STUDIES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 1. THOMPSON AND WARBER, Social and Economic Survey of a Rural Township in Southern Minnesota. 1913. $0.50. 2. MATTHIAS NORDBERG ORFIELD, Federal Land Grants to the States, with Special Reference to Minnesota. 1915. $1.00. 3. EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON, Early Economic Conditions and Develop- ment of Agriculture in Minnesota. 1915. $1.50. 4, L. D. H. WELD AND OTHERS, Studies in the Marketing of Farm Products. 1915, $0.50. 5. BEN PALMER, Swamp Land Drainage, with Special Reference to Minnesota. 1915. $0.50. : 6. ALBERT ERNEST JENKS, Indian-White Amalgamation: An Anthropometric Study. 1916. $0.50. 7. C. D. Atuin, A History of the Tariff Relations of the Australian Colonies. 1918. $0.75. f 8. Frances H. RE tr, The Petition of Right. 1917. $0.75. 9. GILBERT L. WiLson, Agriculture of the Hidatsa Indians: An Indian Interpretation. 1917. $0.75. 10. NoTESTEIN and Retr, Editors, Commons Debates for 1629. In press. — 11. Raymonp A. Kent, A Study of State Aid to Public Schools in Minneso 1918. $1.00. 12. Rupert C. Lopcre, The Meaning and Function of Simple Modes in the Philosophy of John Locke. 1918. $0.75. 13. FLORENCE R. Curtis, The Libraries of the American State and National Institutions for Defectives, Dependents, and Delinquents. 1918. $0.50. STUDIES IN THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND MATHEMATICS 1. FRANKFORTER AND FRARY, Equilibria in Systems Containing Alcohols, Salts, and Water. 1912. $0.50. 2. FRANKFORTER AND KRITCHEVSKy, A New Phase of Catalysis. 1914, $0.50. (Continued inside back cover) 4 q a 2 ‘Research Publications of the University of Minnesota Vol. VIII No. 2 May, 1919 Current Problems Number 11 A REVIEW OF THE ORNITHOLOGY OF MINNESOTA BY THOMAS SADLER ROBERTS, M.D. Professor of Ornithology and Curator of the Zoological Museum in the University of Minnesota MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA SMITHSONIAN 3 f Viel a@f te 2S oi Pot tS Se ee ~~ ee eee 5 Je ~ a = ® =>" Copyrtens. 1919, 7 2 ee sce ihe ee UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA ~ ‘ > > CONTENTS PAGE Bird mie map of: Minnesota s.c-... 4.05 67h. 4.2) eeee.: »Promtisprece Wi mOmMiSErAatlONS ts ea aerial nate ee eet a ee ene. wee oa 1V—V Mbenickes ONGETONAL AS FS 7s sh pe behoe ettal sun rake Aceh er eke Spahehs alee net ias aah ee 1—4 PEayuapcs of the bird life-ol.Minnésotas...... wesbeeacem f 5,10 Keyte abbreviations ised! im: Stes. 12... onde. age teen eee i A check-list of birds known to occur regularly in Minnesotal2-—21 A list of birds that are rare or accidental in Minnesota...... 2226 MAL ROciiCemnsPeECIEs... sya wahoo we ete? 6 Seo eer ee ae DT MMSE Eb EUSP eCLES ot |.: LE ETRE. ce to. cala ee eRe TERED oe tore 28 MME A UCU SPCCIOS: | ic.) sa npeisse Ae Reng arte ee ee con ee ey Rte 29 DIS MOLI OCCIES. c..). ot oembgk Paint om oceans og cen Meee 30-33 LELSYYS OE ER CNA WS BI NOR eee ener Pere error rag art | a Mec oo 34-35 Nisaresotavoirdula WS). “2 soca: Dp oaee Main ea eae etre Maced ek 36-37 The Federal Migratory Bird Law and the Migratory Bird Giteciny eb. . 5) Aaa earth abe eer taea mat eae ean ae 38-39 Mem@etire reruces, in- Minnesota *2n.. c vca ci: lacs cttes os ayars: bes ee 40-42 A list of Minnesota game and wild-life refuges, with approxi- mate area of each, complete to January 'l, 1919.....:... 43 Map of Minnesota showing location of game and wild-life PHC Se ea. chsw Sxl Oe ata BEE Pe IERIE apart Ay ebaae qi @rutlawe. ane: Questionable binds. cs ah 21 fee Mt takes os Saree 45-47 An abridged bibliography of Minnesota ornithology......... 48-58 Index to bibliography by dates and authors’ names......... 59 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Unless otherwise stated the illustrations are from photographs from nature by the author. The photographs of Museum groups are from exhibits in the Museum of the Zoological Division of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota located in the Animal Biology Building, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. The groups were constructed by Mr. Jenness Richardson, Museum taxidermist. The Museum is open to the general public. Young Rose-breasted Grosbeaks Sst bye ¥ a bidet erate cee een + Voung Cooper's Hawks* cet. sare ho bw nad ecu acer 10 Voune Searlet Tanagers... 2) .t4.0s20) 25 ee ee ee 11 Youne White-throated Sparrows =. wc. 6.2 a. ae eee 26 Franklin’s Gull Chicks. Photograph by Jenness Richardson.. 27 Youngs: Migrant’ Shrikes. i052. 072+... eee eee 28 Voung: Baltimore: Oriole. 22.5 2.0. s¢ 4.7.) eee 29 Great Horned Owl. . Photograph of mounted bird--25.22- ee ae Young Tree Swallows and nesting hole. ....: “3 7 acene ee 37 Young: Bluebirds:..4 2 ca. bn oe se es ee ee ee 39 Horned Lark. Drawing by Kako Morito......... Pram oe 42 Young Yellow-headed Blackbirds, 2... (20g ee ee 47 Nest, eggs, and young of Black-billed Cuckoo... %..3....5.70%. 58 Florida Gallinule Chick Black Tern, nest and eggs. Photograph by Jenness Richardson 60 Nest and eggs of Mallard Duck. Photograph by L. O. Dart. 61 Nest. and-eggs of Canvas-back Duck 0) |..A2e ee eee 62 Nest: andiieggs of Bob-white,or Owaili..) 2 eee a eee 63 Nest and eggs of Ruffed Grouse. Photograph by L. O. Dart. 64 Passenger Pigeon, nest, and egg. Photograph of Museum Nest and young of Broad-winged Hawk Young Sparrow Hawks. Photograph by Jenness Richardson. 67 Youne Screech Owl -.. 2. see ee ee eee 68 Ruby-throated Hummingbird drinking sap... 5... 2. >< tenes 69 Sapsucker or Yellow-bellied Woodpecker ™ . .. i. 22 25 sss 70 Young Downy Woodpeckers: ..........% 0 2..3. sa oe eee 71 Whip-poer-will on nesf..2. 25420. ancy cl ee ie Nesting place and eggs of Whip-poor-will Nest of Oven-bird EIST OF TLEUST RA TIONS MNeamormn ellow Warbler... screens: 5 Se Stale 2 Co eek Nest of Chipping Sparrow, containing two young Sparrows and miesroune (CO w DIRGe ce col. cys bet caee Soe Sa eae Two young Chipping Sparrows and a young Cowbird........ ‘Nest of Indigo Bunting, containing a young Cowbird........ Three-storied nest of Yellow Warbler. Photograph of Museum SEC Sir RU at ACARI Sicteh © a OE Gy ta hasmnedaar gas coke sic Two-storied nest of Yellow Warbler. Photograph of Museum BEC aC VOU. : ss yeti) ce am ete pete 4a ena Ce en ae Snow Buntings and Redpolls. Photograph of Museum group Cedar Waxwing nest, and: younens . Gi... 3 oe ee ee MonnewecCedar Waxwites. -0'.0. vo ce.sste lo ee ee ee feedeewede Witco and Nestx tot oe uceepe ener oo eee Pimeswanbler, nest, and-youne/s) oe feu on ees Young Black-capped Chickadees, and nesting hole........... Black-capped and Hudsonian Chickadees, Downy Wood- pecker, and White-breasted Nuthatch. Photograph of PRIS CME LOUD). 5 ucLarts a. cn sata yc ee het) aaa ae mtd a NG ACh: 3 5c). 5. 1S aie RE ea ror NU ee eee White-breasted Nuthatch at window feeding counter. Photo- Srapbney lo. Brewing nee es ae eed ate ee es Blue Jay at window feeding counter. Photograph by E. C. Downy Woodpecker at window feeding counter. Photograph yA TOW Ds oR: age Eta cad eee a 87 88 89 89 KS : \\ \ Nn \ BDB&¥RWI|ES BOHICRINGL SS AS YQ YS . h : BOREAL FEGION OR yyy Canadian Zone “is YP HENS | CLA srévens} Z pe | SHES ARAN oars TI —\ AUSTRAL REGION Yi, if Y ] _— H | y Transition Zone ; ane. oe Alleghanian Fauna iMEEKER|" *'CrT Veo Typical Alleghanian|__| fhe HENNEPIN Ise pees] = A in a We eee -. [MS LEODACARVER y ta ) AS y ~ SCOTT et i, BLEY eae et i =) GLE hf, fel mF. SS ne 4G fee ip lsoopHue! =. Ly iy ‘ Sie Sivan | 3 Ltt pe nn oe Kes Monketo + ! | x | Wales “ Ss EARTH|WASECA|STEELE! DODGE! et Bele i WIN LGY4 IBAULT|FR Eco MOWER| FILLMOR Ves thy Yy / x, ) V/@ive Earth: Alber/Lea | | oe ) The Hudson Publishing Co. Minn. Minneapolis VES, 7 A REVIEW OF THE ORNITHOLOGY OF MINNESOTA INTRODUCTION This attempt at a ‘“‘Review of the Ornithology of Minnesota’’ is the outgrowth of an original plan to prepare a simple Check-List of the birds occurring in the state for the use of the classes in bird study at the University of Minnesota. But when such a list had been completed it seemed so inadequate that one addition after another was made to it until the present paper was the result. As there have been many requests of late years, with the rapidly growing interest in bird study, for an up-to-date statement in regard to Minnesota birds, it is hoped that in its present form this analysis may serve to fill the wider field as well. For the most part the matter is presented in simple and popular form as it is intended primarily for the amateur and non-technical student. Except in the List of Accidental and Rare Birds, common names only are employed, those presented in the 1910 Check-List of the American Ornithologists Union being always given first place, though frequently there are included one or more additional names when such are in current use or likely to be encountered in litera- ture. The A. O. U. names are further distinguished by being printed in a different type from the others. As a matter of fact, these authorized Common Names are, at present, really more satisfactory to the general student than the Scientific Names, as many of the latter are undergoing constant changes in an effort to arrive at a stable nomenclature that shall in the end be in accord with all the requirements of the official Code. It may appear on first thought that the separation of the species into several lists is a mistake and will cause bewilderment and confusion. This plan has been adopted in the belief that it will impress upon the student the exact status of each bird more clearly than would the usual single list. Brevity and lack of repetition in annotation are also secured by this arrangement. The presence of an index will obviate the chief objection and make it easy to locate in its assigned place any particular species. Subspecies or geographical varieties or forms have been rec- ognized and included in this paper because they will be encountered in the bird books that students must use. Very often the dis- THOMAS SADLER ROBERTS i) tinctions between such forms are so slight that it will not be pos- sible for the amateur to recognize them by any means ordinarily at hand. The differentiation can usually be made only by a tech- nical ornithologist with the aid of selected series of specimens. A careful observance of the boundaries limiting the distribution of the various subspecies or forms as laid down in works on orni- thology is the only means available to the beginner for determining the special form that should occur in any particular locality. It is advised that the bird-lover and amateur student pay no atten- tion to these ultra refinements in classification, leaving them to be wrestled with by those more advanced in the science of ornithology. Let a Horned Lark be a Horned Lark, a Flicker a Flicker, a Great Horned Owl a Great Horned Owl, and so on without confusion of ideas or multiplication of terms when differences are only technical subspecific ones. It is not within the scope of the present publication to include nesting and migration dates, extended notes or means of identify- ing species. Such matter, it is hoped, may be embodied at a future date in a more extended work on the birds of Minnesota. Atten- tion may be called to the presence of nesting and migration dates for southeastern Minnesota in Chapman’s Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America. These were furnished by the writer of this paper and are distributed through the Handbook under each species reported upon. In answer to many inquiries as to the best book or books to procure for identifying our birds, the following may be suggested as well suited to the needs of the general student. For the beginner and casual observer, there is perhaps nothing better than Chester A. Reed’s Guides to the Birds East of the Rockies. It is issued in two parts—Land Birds and Water Birds. They are small oblong books, five and a half by three and a quarter inches in size, and contain brief but satisfactory descriptions and small colored illustrations of all the birds occurring in Minnesota. Their small size permits of their being easily carried in the field. They sell for one dollar each in flexible cloth and twenty-five cents extra in flexible leather binding. For the more advanced and serious student there is no more practical and satisfactory book than Dr. Frank M. Chapman’s Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America. It contains an introduction of one hundred pages cover- ing in popular style the general subject of ornithology in its various aspects, followed by keys for identification, descriptions, ranges, INTRODUCTION 3 brief biographies, etc., and numerous illustrations. The price is four dollars in library cloth binding and four dollars and twenty- five cents in flexible leather binding. The size of the book in the latter form is the same as this publication, a convenient volume for carrying afield in the pocket or bag if so desired. Both Reed’s and Chapman’s books can usually be purchased of booksellers, or if not, of The National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York.City. There are of course many other publications that are of value in studying our birds, but these two fill very well the needs of the student, in the beginning at least. The Bibliography presented herewith will furnish to those interested the titles and whereabouts of many articles dealing especially with Minnesota birds. The life-zone map accompanying this article is provisional only, based on such information as has been accumulated to date in regard to the distribution of Minnesota birds in the nesting season. No attempt has been made to indicate minor irregu- larities in the boundary lines of the several areas, as this would be impracticable in so small a map. Therefore the outlines here depicted are to be taken in a general sense only. The eastern boundary of what is designated the Pseudo-Campestrian is es- pecially uncertain and will probably require some changes, particu- larly in its southern half. For the information of those who are not familiar with the subject of life zones, it may be stated that it is the regular and common ‘nesting bird population that imparts distinction to an area, the transients and accidental or rare birds being in no way considered. Plants and all forms of animal life in addition to birds are equally considered in defining life zones and areas. The illustrations grouped at the end of this volume are from original photographs in the collection of the Zoological Survey, except the picture of the Horned Lark which is from a drawing made for the Survey by Kako Morita. All but two have been used before to illustrate articles by the writer published in The Minnesotan, and are here reproduced from the same half-tone blocks, which were kindly presented to the Museum by the editors, Mr. and Mrs. Maurice I. Flagg. The sources of information upon which this Review is based are published records and a considerable accumulation of local lists and notes in the files of the Zoological Division of The Geo- logical and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. The author’s 4 THOMAS SADLER ROBERTS records, covering a period of forty odd years during which he has been studying Minnesota birds, have been largely augmented by correspondence and lists generously furnished by numerous ob- servers in the state to whom it is desired in this connection to express appreciative thanks for their kind and invaluable assistance. The Biological Survey at Washington has also from time to time very courteously permitted the transcription from its files of all reports from Minnesota observers. Mr. Carlos Avery, Game and Fish Commissioner of Minnesota, has kindly furnished the list of Game Refuges with area of each and also the map showing their location. I have to thank Dr. Witmer Stone, of Philadelphia, editor of The Auk, for advice in regard to several important matters. For the carefully prepared Index and assistance in many other ways, the author is indebted to his friend Mr. William Kilgore, Jr. ANIMAL BIOLOGY BUILDING, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA. Young Rose-breasted Grosbeaks A SYNOPSIS OF THE BIRD LIFE OF MINNESOTA MINNESOTA AS A HOME FOR BIRDS Minnesota, with its vast area of 84,286 square miles of territory and its greatly diversified surface, presents favorable conditions for an abundant and a varied bird life. North and south—four hundred miles—it spans the line which separates the boreal ever- green forests from the deciduous woods and groves of the warmer regions to the southward. Each affords a characteristic assortment of resident and breeding birds. East and west—three hundred fifty-seven miles at the Canadian boundary, one hundred eighty miles at the narrowest part—the state overlaps the wooded area and embraces a considerable portion of the western treeless plains, thus securing a representation of the highly specialized prairie fauna. The Mississippi bottom-land along the southeastern boundary of the state has a relatively high mean temperature, and entices a few species from their proper habitat much farther south. The thousands of lakes, ponds, and streams and the proximity of Lake Superior—aggregating five thousand seven hundred square miles of water area—afford congenial haunts for an immense num- ber of water birds of many species, and while these have deplor- ably decreased with the changes consequent upon the advent of man, there is still an unusually rich aquatic bird life. LIFE ZONES AND FAUNAL AREAS OF MINNESOTA Naturalists divide the surface of the earth into biological Regions, each distinguished by certain characteristic features of its animal and plant life. These major areas are again divided into Life Zones according to still more detailed groupings of living forms distinctive of each; and these Life Zones are still further subdivided into what are called by zoologists Faunal Areas. The term Biogeography is often used for this particular branch of biological study; with subdivisions into Zoogeography, the geo- graphical distribution of animals, and Phytogeography, the geo- graphical distribution of plants. Minnesota embraces Zones belonging to two Regions. The northeastern portion of the state lies within what is known as the Canadian Zone of the Boreal Region; distinguished by its coniferous forests and associated plant forms and an animal life—especially bird hfe—distinctively itsown. The remainder of the state belongs to the Transition Zone, which is 6 THOMAS SADLER ROBERTS the northern division of the Austral Region. Thus two of the major biologic divisions of North America, the Boreal on the north and the Austral on the south, come in contact diagonally across the state of Minnesota. The Zones south of the Canadian are subdivided into eastern and western portions, designated by zoologists Faunal Areas, the chief determining factor being the mean humidity. For example, the humid eastern portion of the Transition Zone from the Great Plains to the Atlantic Coast is called the Alleghanian Faunal Area, within which lies all of Minne- sota not included in the Canadian. It is not of course to be understood that these various life areas are separated from one another by well-defined lines. In- stead, two contiguous areas blend into each other over a strip of greater or lesser width, which presents intermingled characteristics of each. On the western prairies of Minnesota are to be found a consid- erable sprinkling of plants and animals from what was formerly known as the Campestrian or Plains Flora and Fauna farther west; and in the southeastern corner of the state occurs, as an extension northward along the bottom-land of the Mississippi River, a smaller representation from the Carolinian Flora and Fauna of the Upper Austral Zone (the middle portion of the Austral Region) belonging properly to the latitude of Iowa and Illinois. But these intrusions from the west and south are hardly great enough to give a dominant character to the areas where they occur, and may be regarded simply as a sort of veil over the true face of the country. To designate these slightly differentiated life areas of the state and as expressing their incomplete character, the terms Pseudo-Campestrian and Pseudo-Carolinian may, per- haps, be convenient and have been so used on the Life-Zone Map accompanying this paper. Between these modified areas and south of the Canadian, is a great tract, left white on the map, which is typical Alleghanian, at least so far as the birds are con- cerned, except for the presence of the Western Meadowlark and scattered colonies of Brewer's Blackbird, western species that have invaded this region. Western Birds Breeding in the Pseudo-Campestrian or Prairie Region of Minnesota but Not Regularly Elsewhere in the State Western Grebe, Eared Grebe, Swainson’s Hawk, Burrowing Owl, Arkansas Kingbird, Brewer’s Blackbird (isolated colonies SYNOPSIS OF BIRD LIFE 7 further east), Chestnut-collared Longspur, McCown’s Longspur, Baird’s Sparrow, Lark Bunting, and Sprague’s Pipit. Southern Birds Breeding in the Pseudo-Carolinian, along the South- eastern Border of Minnesota, but Not Regularly Elsewhere in the State Red-bellied Woodpecker, Field Sparrow (north to Isanti County), Prothonotary Warbler (north to Isanti County), Blue- winged Warbler, Louisiana Water-Thrush (north along St. Croix River to Taylor’s Falls). The Following Northern Birds Occur Regularly as Permanent Resi- dents in the Canadian or Evergreen Forests of Northern Min- nesota but Further South Are Winter Visitants, Stragglers, or Absent Canada Spruce Partridge, Great Gray Owl, Richardson’s Owl, Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker, American Three-toed Woodpecker, Canada Jay, Northern Raven, Purple Finch, Red Crossbill, Pine Siskin, and Hudsonian Chickadee. Thus it will be seen that Minnesota as a whole affords a varied field for the ornithologist and that a study of its birds in any one locality is but a fragment of the complete story. STATISTICS AND MANNER OF OCCURRENCE OF MINNESOTA BIRDS The total number of different kinds of birds that are known at the present time to occur regularly in Minnesota is two hundred and sixty-two species, ten of which are represented by one additional] subspecies and one by two, making twelve additional subspecies. To this number are to be added thirty-three species and nine sub- species that are rare or accidental, six species that formerly occurred but are no longer found, two introduced species, and four species the present status of which is unsettled, making a complete list of three hundred and seven species and twenty-one subspecies. In addition to this list thirty-four species and three subspecies have been attributed to the state by various authors, but the evidence of their occurrence is unsatisfactory (Hypothet- ical List). An analysis of the regular lst of two hundred and sixty-two species and twelve subspecies shows the manner of their occur- rence to be as follows: thirty-one species and four subspecies are Permanent Residents, that is they are represented throughout the 8 THOMAS SADLER ROBERTS entire year, as for example’ the Blue Jay and Chickadee; one hundred and seventy-four species and three subspecies are Summer Residents, birds that come to Minnesota to rear their young but retreat southward in the fall. These two groups combined con- stitute the regular nesting population—two hundred and five species and seven subspecies. Forty-five species and two sub- species are Transients only, passing spring and fall entirely across the state north and south, as for example the Snow Goose, the White-crowned Sparrow, the Black-poll Warbler and many of the Waders. Twelve species and three subspecies are Winter Visi- tants, coming into Minnesota from their summer homes in the north only during the colder months. A tabulation of the above analysis will present the figures more plainly. Species Subspecies Permanent: Residents 2. ur thas Chee ete eae oh ee ee ee 31 4 Simmer Resi demtsias &..4> anion coterie. kecs o ais 2 ee eee 174 3 PRCATISTOM ES) ede nte te hee ee oe Le ee oe 45 2 Winter Vasitamtsey. 2s 2icsciGeachre coe a IST eeeecelske eee 12 3 Motais Regular list Ay ree. eae oes Soha eee 262 12 Rep alae sist. te, 3 ees oh ek Mae ce eae Ee cs eee 262 12 Raresand Accidental ss 5.0 aris s ok oes eee Ae eee 33 9 A BYo: hry OF 21216 IPRA es ER a CUP ROR edd AU a aes A RUPE cen 22 6 ImG¢roduceds <= 4), 0. rape chee Vis ant a ee ng ed 2 Unsettied 2s ee. Seo ee ee ee eee 4 VTotal"Complete list s,.10 Long-eared Owl, WiLson’s OwL. SURO Short-eared Owl, MArsH OwL. Chiéfly S.R.; occasional in winter. I 993 Barred Owl. P.R. abr Great Gray Owl. P.R.; chiefly N. tars Richardson’s Owl. N:—W.V.; rarelysd:R. Saw-whet Owl. P.R. Screech Owl. P.R. Great Horned Owl, Hoot Ow. Three forms occur:— Great Horned Owl. P.R. Western Horned Owl. P.R. Arctic Horned Owl. W.V. Snowy Owl. W.V. Hawk Owl. W.V. (N:—P.R.?) Burrowing Owl. Camp:—S.R. ORDER: Cuckoos, Kingfishers, etc. Family :—Cuckoos. Yellow-billed Cuckoo. S.R. Black-billed Cuckoo. S.R. Family :—Kinegfishers. Belted Kingfisher. S.R.; occasional in winter. ORDER: Woodpeckers Family :— Woodpeckers Hairy Woodpecker. Two forms occur:— Hairy Woodpecker. P.R. Northern Hairy Woodpecker. P.R. (or W.V.?); chiefly N. Downy Woodpecker. ‘Two forms occur:— Downy Woodpecker. P.R. Nelson’s Downy Woodpecker, NORTHERN DowNny Woop- PECKER (Ridgway). P.R. BIRDS OCCURRING REGULARLY il7/ Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker, BLACK-BACKED ‘THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. Can:—P.R. Three-toed Woodpecker, AMERICAN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. Can:—P.R. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. S.R. Northern Pileated Woodpecker, Loc-cock. P.R. Red-headed Woodpecker. S.R. Red-bellied Woodpecker. Car:—P.R. Casual elsewhere. Northern Flicker, GOLDEN-WINGED WoOODPECKER, HIGH-HOLE, Stes 0. ik. ORDER: Goatsuckers, Swifts, etc. Family :—Goatsuckers, etc. Whip-poor-will. S.R. Nighthawk, BuULL-BAT. Two forms occur:— Nighthawk. S.R. Sennett’s Nighthawk. S.R., western. Family :—Swiitts. Chimney Swift, CHIMNEY “‘SWALLOW.”’ 5S.R. Family :—Hummingbhirds. Ruby-throated Hummingbird. S.R. ORDER: Perching Birds Family :—Flycatchers. Kingbird. 5S.R. Arkansas Kingbird, WESTERN KINGBIRD. Camp:—s.R. Crested Flycatcher, GREAT CRESTED FLYCATCHER. S.R. Phoebe, HousE PEWEE. S.R. Olive-sided Flycatcher. S:—T.V. Can:—sS.R. Wood Pewee. S.R. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. S:—T.V. Can:—S.R. Alder Flycatcher, TRAILL’S FLYCATCHER. 5.R. Least Flycatcher, CHEBEC. S.R. Family :—Larks. Horned Lark, SHORE LARK. Two forms occur:— Prairie Horned Lark. S.R. and south H.H. Hoyt’s Horned Lark. W.V.; chiefly W. Family :—Crows, Jays, etc. Blue Jay. P.R. Canada Jay, MoosEBIRD, CAMP-ROBBER. Can:—P.R. Northern Raven. N:—P.R. S:—W.V. 18 THOMAS SADLER ROBERTS Crow. S.R. S:—H.H. Family :—Blackbirds, Orioles, etc. Bobolink, REEDBIRD, RICEBIRD. S.R. Cowbird, Cow BunTING. S.R. Yellow-headed Blackbird. S.R. Red-winged Blackbird. Two forms occur (A.O.U. Check-List 191.0) :— Red-winged Blackbird. S.R. Thick-billed Red-wing. T.V. Meadowlark, EASTERN MEADOWLARK. SE:—S.R. Western Meadowlark. S.R. Orchard Oriole. S.R.; chiefly S. Baltimore Oriole, HANG-NEsST. S.R. Rusty Blackbird. T.V. Brewer’s Blackbird. S.R.; chiefly Camp. but numerous colonies appearing southeastward as far, at least, as Isanti and Hennepin counties. Bronzed Grackle, Crow BLACKBIRD. 5S.R. Family :—Finches, Sparrows, etc. Evening Grosbeak. W.V. Pine Grosbeak. W.V. Purple Finch. S:—Bulk T.V.; few H.H. Can:—s.R. Crossbill, RED CRossBILL. Can:—P.R. S:—W.V. White-winged Crossbill. W.V. (Can:—P.R.?) Hoary Redpoll. W.V. Redpoll, REDPOLL LINNET. ‘Two forms occur:— Redpoll, CoMMON or LESSER REDPOLL. W.V. Greater Redpoll. W.V. Goldfinch, THISTLE-BIRD, ‘‘WILD CANARY.” Bulk S.R.; few He inoe: Pine Siskin, PINE LINNET. Can:—S.R. S:—wW.V. Snow Bunting, SNOWFLAKE. W.V. Lapland Longspur. W.V. Smith’s Longspur. T.V. Chestnut-collared Longspur, BLACK-BELLIED LONGSPUR. Camp: —S.R. McCown’s Longspur. Camp:—S.R. Vesper Sparrow, BAY-WINGED BUNTING, GRASS FINCH. S5.R. Savannah Sparrow. S.R. Baird’s Sparrow. Camp:—sS.R. Western Grasshopper Sparrow, YELLOW-WINGED SPARROW. S.R. BIRDS OCCURRING REGULARLY 19 Henslow’s Sparrow. S.R. LeConte’s Sparrow. S.R. Nelson’s Sparrow, NELSON’S SHARP-TAILED FINCH. S.R. Lark Sparrow, LARK FINcH. S.R. Harris’s Sparrow, Harris’s FINCH. T.V. ' White-crowned Sparrow. Two forms occur:— White-crowned Sparrow. T.V. Gambel’s Sparrow, INTERMEDIATE SPARROW. T.V. White-throated Sparrow. Can:—S.R. S:—T.V. Tree Sparrow. Bulk T.V.; many winter chiefly S. Chipping Sparrow. S.R. Clay-colored Sparrow. S.R. Field Sparrow. S:—S.R. Junco, SNOWBIRD. Two forms occur:— Slate-colored Junco. Trans:—T.V. S:—H.H. Can:—S.R. Montana Junco. See Accidental List. Song Sparrow. S.R. Lincoln’s Sparrow, LINCOLN’s FINcH. T.V. (Can:—S.R.?) Swamp Sparrow. S.R. Fox Sparrow. T.V. Towhee, CHEWINK, GROUND ROBIN. S.R. Rose-breasted Grosbeak. S.R. Indigo Bunting. S.R.; chiefly S. Dickcissel, BLACK-THROATED BUNTING. S.R. Lark Bunting, WHITE-WINGED BLACKBIRD. Camp:—s.R. Family:—Tanagers. Scarlet Tanager. S.R. Family :—Swallows. Purple Martin. S.R. Cliff Swallow, EAVE SWALLoOw. 5.R. Barn Swallow. S.R. Tree Swallow, WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW. S.R. Bank Swallow. S.R. Rough-winged Swallow. S.R. Family :—Waxwings. Bohemian Waxwing, NORTHERN WAXWING, CHATTERER. W.V. Cedar Waxwing, CEDARBIRD, CHERRYBIRD. S.R. S:—H.H. Family :—Shrikes. Northern Shrike, BUTCHER-BIRD. W.V. Migrant Shrike. S.R. 20 THOMAS SADLER ROBERTS Family :—Vireos. Red-eyed Vireo. S.R. Philadelphia Vireo, Can:—S.R. S:—T.V. Warbling Vireo. S.R. Yellow-throated Vireo. S.R. Blue-headed Vireo, SOLITARY VIREO. Can:—S.R. §S:—T.YV. Family:—Wood Warblers. Black and White Warbler. S.R. Prothonotary Warbler, GOLDEN SwAMP WARBLER. Car:—S.R. Blue-winged Warbler. Car:—S.R. Golden-winged Warbler. S.R. Nashville Warbler. S.R. Orange-crowned Warbler. T.V. Tennessee Warbler. Can:—S.R. S:—T.V. Northern Parula Warbler. Can:—S.R. S:—T.V. Cape May Warbler. T.V. Yellow Warbler, SUMMER YELLOWBIRD. S.R. Black-throated Blue Warbler. Can:—S.R. S:—T.V. Myrtle Warbler, YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER. Can:—S.R. S:— RRR Magnolia Warbler, BLACK AND YELLOW WARBLER. Can:—S.R. S:—T.V. Chestnut-sided Warbler. S.R. Bay-breasted Warbler. T.V. Black-poll Warbler. T.V. Blackburnian Warbler. Can:—S.R. S:—T.V. Black-throated Green Warbler. S.R. Pine Warbler. Can:—S.R. S:—T.V. Palm Warbler. Can:—S.R. S:—T.V. Oven-bird, GOLDEN-CROWNED THRUSH OR ACCENTOR, TEACHER- BIRD: SR. Grinnell’s Water-Thrush, SMALL-BILLED W-T. or WATER WAG- TAIL. Can:—S.R. S:—T.V. Louisiana Water-Thrush, LARGE-BILLED W-T. or WATER WAG- TAIL. Car:—S.R. Connecticut Warbler. Can:—S.R. S:—T.V. Mourning Warbler. Can:—S.R. §:—T.V. Maryland Yellow-throat. S.R. Wilson’s Warbler, WILSON’s BLACK-CAPPED W. Can:—S.R. S:—T.V. Canada Warbler, NECKLACED W. Can:—S.R. S:—T.V. BIRDS OCCURRING REGULARLY 2a Redstart. S.R. Family :—Wagtails. Pipit, LITLARK. T.V: Sprague’s Pipit. Camp:—S.R. Family:—Thrashers, etc. Catbird. 5S.R. Brown Thrasher, Brown TuHRusH. S.R. Family :—Wrens. House Wren. ‘Two forms occur:— House Wren. S.R. Western House Wren, PARKMAN’S WREN. S.R. Winter Wren. Can:—S.R. §:—T.V. Short-billed Marsh Wren. S.R. Prairie Marsh Wren, LONG-BILLED MARSH WREN. S.R. Family :—Creepers. Brown Creeper. Can:—S.R. S:—T.V. and H. H. Family:—Nuthatches. White-breasted Nuthatch. P.R. Red-breasted Nuthatch. Can:—S.R. S:—T.V. and H.H. Family :—Titmice. Chickadee, BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE. P.R. Hudsonian Chickadee. Can:—P.R. Family :—Kinglets, etc. Golden-crowned Kinglet. Can:—S.R. S:—T.V. and H.H. Ruby-crowned Kinglet. T.V. Family :—Thrushes, Robins, Bluebirds, etc. Wood Thrush. Trans:—S.R. Willow Thrush, VEERY. S.R. Gray-cheeked Thrush, ALIce’s THRusH. T.V. Olive-backed Thrush. Can:—5S.R. S:—T.V. Hermit Thrush. Can:—S.R. S:—T.V. Robin. S.R. S:—few H.H. Bluebird. S.R. A LIST OF BIRDS’ THAT ARE RARE, ORV ACEI DENTAL IN MINNESOTA The species included in this list are wanderers far from their normal habitats and so do not belong properly to Minnesota’s bird population. Such birds are probably for the most part lost, storm- driven, or adventuresome individuals, and their occurrence within our territory 1s purely a fortuitous or casual matter. As this list contains exceptional records, the scientific names and exact data are given in accordance with the usual practice under such circumstances. Ancient Murrelet (Synthliboramphus antiquus). One specimen Sur. Coll.: Lake Hook, McLeod Co., Nov. 5, 1905. Parasitic Jaeger (Stercorarius parasiticus). One specimen Sur. Coll-:Heron Lake, Jackson Coz, (Sept. Sa 1916. Long-tailed Jaeger (Stercorarius longicaudus). One specimen Sur. Coll.: Marshall Co., July 1, 1898. Cinnamon Teal (Querquedula cyanoptera). One specimen Sur. Coll.: Cottonwood Co., Oct. 29, 1888. Scoter, BLACK SCOTER (Oidemia americana). One specimen Sur. Coll.: Heron Lake, Jackson Co., Oct. 5, 1899. Surf Scoter (Oidemia perspicillata). Two specimens Sur. Coll.: Belle Lake, McLeod Co., Nov. 18, 1900 and Heron Lake, Jack- son Co., Oct. 1, 1909. One or two others reported. Greater Snow Goose (Chen hyperboreus nivalis). One specimen sur. Coll.-"Otter Tail Co. tall of 4892: Hutchins’s Goose (Branta canadensis hutchinsi). No specimens in Sur. Coll., but reports of its occurrence and capture in various places in the western part of the state are trust- worthy (H. J. Jaeger of Owatonna). Cackling Goose (Branta canadensis minima). Two specimens in Sur. Coll., one taken in McLeod Co. and one in Otter Tail Co., stragglers from the west. White-faced Glossy Ibis (Plegadis guarauna). Three Minnesota specimens in Sur. Coll., one in adult breeding plumage; all taken at Heron Lake. Several others have been taken and a number seen at various places in southern Minnesota as far north as Lake Miltona, Douglas Co.; all young birds in the fall of the year. Breeding at Heron Lake in 1894 and 1895 (Peabody, Auk 13:79). A wanderer from the far south. RARE OR ACCIDENTAL BIRDS ZS Egret (Herodias egretta). Nospecimens. Dr. J. C. Hvoslef reports: Lanesboro, Fillmore Co. ‘‘occasional; one stayed July 21-23, 1884.” Little Brown Crane (Grus canadensis). One specimen Sur. Coll.: fee Erennepin Co., Apr. 2, 1894. Knot (Tringa canutus). One specimen Sur. Coll.: Lanesboro, Fill- more Co., Sept. 7, 1885 (Hvoslef). Sanderling (Calidris leucophaea). Four Minn. specimens Sur. Coll. One taken (two seen) June 24, 1916, Lake of the Woods (Rob- erts). Several other reliable records. Piping Plover (Aegialitis meloda). Only one record; four seen and studied at close range on a sand bar at the mouth of the Rainy River, Lake of the Woods, July 6, 1915 (Roberts). Ruddy Turnstone (Avenaria interpres morinella). Three Minn. specimens Sur. Coll. Several other good records. One taken Mille Lacs Lake, Mille Lacs Co., June 22, 1915 (Roberts). Willow Ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus lagopus). One specimen Sur. Coll. taken Apr. 20, 1914, on Springsteel Island, Lake of the Woods, Roseau Co., Minn., and presented to the Museum by Mr. 8. Withey of Crookston. See Auk 32:99, for record of this bird by Mr. J. W. Franzen. No other Minnesota specimens known and other records based on hearsay. Western Red-tail (Buteo borealis calurus). This dark phase of the Red-tail is represented in the Sur. Coll. by a single specimen: Hennepin Co., Apr. 6, 1889 (Albert Lano). Harlan’s Hawk (Buteo borealis harlani). The southern melanistic phase of the Red-tailed Hawk occurs in Minnesota occasion- ally. One specimen Sur. Coll.: Madison, Lac qui Parle Co., Apr. 12, 1893, Albert Lano. (See Auk 13:342.) One taken near Minneapolis, Dec. 5, 1914, by Martin K. Bovey. Gray Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus rusticolus). An occasional win- ter visitant. One female specimen in Sur. Coll. taken at Madison, Lac qui Parle Co., Dec. 11, 1894, by Albert Lano (Auk 29:239). This specimen combines the heavily streaked head of Falco rusticolus rusticolus, the white and heavily marked underparts of F. r. gyrfalco, and the plain dark back and imperfectly barred tail of F. r. obsoletus. Other specimens have been taken in the state and reported under various sub- specific names. 24 THOMAS SADLER ROBERTS Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus). Two specimens Sur. Coll.: Traverse Co., Sept. 11, 1894, dela Barre (see Auk 26:191) and Lac qui Parle Co., Sept. 24, 1895, Albert Lano. Barn Owl (Aluco pratincola). ‘Two Minnesota specimens in Sur. Coll.: Hennepin Co., Aug. 8, 1916, and Faribault Co., Oct. 9, 1917. There are other reliable reports of this southern bird at various places in southern Minnesota. Groove-billed Ani (Crotophaga sulctrostris). One of these tropi- cal birds strayed far up the Mississippi River to an island nine miles above Red Wing, where it was shot by Walter Ganten- bein of Diamond Bluff, Wisconsin, on Oct. 12, 1913, who mounted it and still retains it in his possession. Red-shafted Flicker (Colaptes cafer collaris). One specimen Sur. Coll.: Big Island, Lake Minnetonka, Hennepin Co., Apr. 21, 1911, Dan Schmidt. Also onein Coll. A. D. Brown, Pipestone, Pipestone Co., taken there Apr. 15, 1893.. One seen at North- field, Riee-Co., Oct. 10,-1916° by H. J. Jaeger. Magpie (Pica pica hudsonia). Two Minnesota specimens Sur. Coll. Several others have been reported; all from the western part of the state and in winter. Clarke’s Nutcracker (Nuczifraga columbiana). One specimen Sur. Coll.: Traverse Co., Sept. 12, 1894, de la Barre (two seen); one specimen Coll. Minn. Agri. College, Otter Tail Co., Sept. 8, 1894; one specimen Coll. A. D. Brown, Pipestone, Pipe ane Co., Sept. 22, 1894. House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis). One shot at Minne- apolis, spring of 1876. (See Cantwell, Ornith. and Ool. 15:134.) Hepburn’s Rosy Finch (Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis). One speci- men Sur. Coll.: Hennepin Co., Jan. 3, 1889, F. W. Cook. (See Cantwell, Ornith. and Ool. 14:110.) Pale Goldfinch, WESTERN GOLDFINCH (A stragalinus tristis pallidus). Ridgway, Bds. N..and M.A. pt. TAQ) 1901; reterea se Minnesota with a ‘‘?’’. | Montana Junco (Junco hyemalis montanus). Two specimens in Sur. Coll.: Minneapolis, Apr. 8, 1876, R. S. Williams; Minne- apolis, Oct: 5, 13877, Te S-Reberts. Cardinal, CARDINAL GROSBEAK (Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis). One specimen Sur. Coll.: Minneapolis, Oct. 23, 1875, T. S. Roberts. An increasing number of reliable reports, mostly winter. No breeding records thus far. RARE OR ACCIDENTAL BIRDS 25 Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris). One specimen Sur. Coll.: Madi- son, Lac qui Parle Co:, May 2, 1893, Albert Lano (see Auk 29:247). Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra rubra). One specimen Sur. Coll.: Pipestone Co., late May 1891, A. D. Brown. Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea). One specimen Sur. Coll.: Waconia, Carver Co., July 16, 1898, H. W. Gleason (two seen in company). Taken once at Lanesboro, Fillmore Co., May eS liser. by, Dr. J. xc. Hvoslet. Kirtland’s Warbler (Dendroica kirtlandi). A single record; a male taken at Minneapolis, May 13, 1892, by Dr. H. M. Guilford in whose collection the specimen is still preserved (see Auk 10:86). Yellow-breasted Chat (Jcteria virens virens). One Minnesota speci- men Sur. Coll.: Heron Lake, Jackson Co., May 28, 1890, Thom- as Miller. There are several more or less reliable published records and hearsay reports of the Chat in the state, but it is apparently only a very exceptional straggler into the extreme southern part of our territory. Pileolated Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla pileolata). See Ridgway, Bds. N. and M. A. pt. 27712, 1902. Record based on speci- mens in collection of National Museum taken in May at Fort Snelling by Dr. Edgar A. Mearns. These two specimens may be only aberrant individuals of the eastern form. Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos polyglottos). One specimen Sur. Coll.: Waconia, Carver Co., May 19, 1898, H. W. Gleason. - Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor). There are no Minnesota specimens in Sur. Coll. but there are several reliable reports. Fairmount, Martin Co., winter of 1915-16, Dr. G. H. Luedtke (photographs at feeding station); Luverne, Rock Co., winter of 1914-15, Mrs. E. A. Brown; Minneapolis, winter of 1916-17, Mrs. L. E. Horton and Mrs. J. F. Hayden; Minneapolis, March 16, 1919, Mrs. Marshall McIntire. These were all single birds, seen, except in the last instance, in company with Black-capped Chickadees. No summer records thus far. Long-tailed Chickadee (Penthestes atricapillus septentrionalis). See Ridgway, Bds. N. and M. A. pt. 3:400, 1904. This form of the Species is here recorded with a ‘‘?”’ from the western border of Minnesota, but all the specimens in the Sur. Coll. from that region seem to belong to the eastern form. 26 THOMAS SADLER ROBERTS Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea caerulea). One specimen Sur. Coll.: Minneapolis, May 19, 1877, R. S. Williams (see Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club 4:182). One specimen in collection of H. J. Jaeger of Owatonna taken in Murray Co., Apr. 18, 1900. Breeding records for Carver Co. (see Mitchell, Auk 12:185) not verified. Townsend’s Solitaire (Myadestes townsendt). One specimen Sur. Coll.: . Fairmount, -Martin Co:, Nov. 30> 1916. Dr iG Luedtke. There is also a specimen in the collection of St. John’s College, Collegeville, Stearns Co., taken in that vicinity Dec. 20, 1909, Rev. Severn Gertkin (see Auk 33:327). Young White-throated Sparrows IYERODUCED “SPRBELES Ring-necked Pheasant. P.R. This bird, sometimes called the Chinese Pheasant, has been liberated in various places in the state during the last fifteen or twenty years. It is probable that a certain number of English Pheasants, from eastern stock, have been mingled with them. Of late years they have been set free in greatly increased numbers and they are apparently becoming accli- mated and doing fairly well in the southern part of the state, especially where assistance is rendered during severe winters by supplementing their food supply. House Sparrow, ENGLISH SPARROW. P.R. Introduced between 1870 and 1880 and now abundant everywhere throughout the state, in the country as well as in the cities and towns. Franklin’s Gull Chicks UNSETTLED SPECIES The usually assigned range of the following birds includes Minnesota and there are one or more state records for each, but thus far the testimony is not conclusive. Red-throated Loon. No Minnesota specimen Sur. Coll. and none known elsewhere. Records chiefly from Lake Superior in winter and unsupported by conclusive evidence. Barrows’s Golden-eye Duck. No specimens thus far to support the various Minnesota records. To be looked for as a winter visitant. Hudsonian Curlew. Dr. Hatch barely mentions this maritime spe- cies in his list of 1880 but, on second thought, accords it more extended notice in his ‘‘ Notes’ of 1892; and Cantwell includes it second-hand in his list of 1890. W. W. Cooke in Bird Migration Mississippi Valley, 1884-5 gives a record from Heron Lake by Thomas Miller, ““May 1, 1884.’’ As there are no Minnesota specimens known, and as there is reason- able doubt as to the reliability of these records, further in- formation in regard to its occurrence is needed. Red-shouldered Hawk. No Minnesota specimen seen. A southern species which has several times been credited to the state, but the evidence is still incomplete. Young Migrant Shrikes EXTIRPATED SPECIES The birds listed here were found in Minnesota in years past but now are entirely absent. Trumpeter Swan. Formerly S.R. Apparently extinct everywhere. Avocet. Formerly S.R. Long-billed Curlew. Once a common S.R. on the prairies; dis- appeared about 25 or 30 years ago. Eskimo Curlew. Formerly an abundant T.V. Now nearly extinct every where. Wild Turkey. In June, 1893, Dr. Wm. C. Portmann of Jackson, Jackson Co., Minn., related to the writer the following in regard to this bird: About thirty years ago, a farmer named Stone killed four Wild Turkeys from a flock of about thirty that lived in a piece of heavy timber in a bend of the Des Moines River just at the Iowa-Minnesota line. The farmer himself told Dr. Portmann of the occurrence. Another old resident of Jackson corroborated the statement. Still more ancient, traditional lore would have the Wild Turkey a denizen of the deep and heavily wooded valleys of southeastern Minnesota in bygone times. The writings of the earlier travellers into this region are silent in regard to the Turkey, which seemingly would have elicited comment had it been in evidence along the banks of the Mississippi. Passenger Pigeon. Formerly an abundant S.R. Rapidly dimin- ished in numbers between the years 1878 and 1885, finally disappearing entirely between 1890 and 1900. It is now extinct everywhere. All other theories to the contrary, the extermination of this bird was the result of ruthless and whole- sale destruction by man. Young Baltimore Oriole VANISHING BIRDS The student of Minnesota ornithology to-day has presented to him conditions differing greatly from those that existed forty or fifty years ago, when the first formal work on the birds of the state began. Birds as a whole, have, during that interval, under- gone a very great diminution in numbers. Some species, formerly abundant, are now represented by a mere remnant, while a few have disappeared entirely. This is especially true of the birds known as Game Birds, but many others have not been able to hold their own against destructive agencies or to adapt themselves to greatly altered conditions. A very few, mostly the smaller insec- tivorous species to which the presence of man is not specially inimical, have maintained their.former abundance or even increased in numbers. The essential underlying cause, direct and indirect, of this gradual disappearance of our birds 1s, plainly enough, the increas- ing presence of man himself. Some birds are so constituted by nature that their retreat before advancing civilization must be inevitable, no matter what degree of protection is afforded them. With a much larger number the conditions necessary for their existence are destroyed by the activities of man. The prairies are plowed up, the forests are cut down, the undergrowth cleared away, lakes and marshes drained, and thus the nesting places, feeding grounds, and shelters are appropriated by man. Hunting, especially in the earlier years when laws were lax, has been most destructive of game birds; and always, early and late, many birds of many kinds have been killed through sheer wantonness. With man came the domestic cat, and in its vast increase it has become a most destructive agent of our wild birds. But a great awakening and intelligent understanding has come of late years, and with the better law enforcement and wide-spread interest in all wild things that now prevail, there is good promise that the waste of our bird-life may be effectively checked and that conditions resembling, in some degree at least, those of former days may be restored. | In addition to those birds that have disappeared entirely, the following species seem to have suffered most markedly: Loon. Still fairly common during migrations and in some remote regions, but much less in evidence than formerly. VANISHING BIRDS 31 White Pelican. Formerly bred commonly all over the state. Now only a transient. Wood Duck. Once abundant. Scarce of late years but appar- ently reappearing again in some favorable localities. Redhead Duck. Canvas-back Duck., These two ducks once bred abundantly all over the state; now only sparingly. Ducks in general have been greatly reduced in numbers, especially as summer resi- dents; but the operation of the Federal Migratory Bird Law appears to have already brought about some improvement and much more is confidently hoped from the Migratory Bird Treaty Act now in force. Canada Goose. Once a common summer resident throughout the state; now rarely if ever nesting here. Whooping Crane. Formerly a common summer resident and nesting throughout the prairie regions of the state. It gradually disappeared until for some years past it has oc- curred only as an exceedingly rare transient visitant. The last record is of two seen together in the vicinity of Badger, Roseau County, on April 23, 1917. One of them was shot and brought for mounting to Mr. P. O. Frykland, of Badger, from whom this information was obtained. Sandhill Crane. Formerly a common summer resident; now only a transient in limited numbers. Wilson’s Phalarope. Once an abundant nesting bird all over the state; now scarce. Woodcock. Once fairly common in some localities; now scarce. Marbled Godwit. The thousands that once nested on our western prairies are now only a memory; a few scattered pairs remain. Western Willet. Rare now as a breeding bird; once common on the prairies. Greater Yellow-legs. Once a common migrant; now infrequent. Upland Plover. The numberless thousands that once made Min- nesota their summer home are now reduced to a pitiable remnant. Black-bellied Plover. Rarely encountered of late. Golden Plover. Forty or fifty years ago this bird, often called the ‘‘Prairie Pigeon,’’ migrated through Minnesota in immense numbers. It flew in dense flocks in open country, was easily decoyed, and so was a ready prey for the uncontrolled hunters of those days. Its flesh was excellent eating and much sought 32 THOMAS SADLER ROBERTS after. The vast quantities that were killed during its spring movement through the United States was responsible for its almost total disappearance. Canada Spruce Partridge. In former years a common bird in the evergreen forests of the state, but it has steadily disappeared until now but a few are left. : Ruffed Grouse. Abundant formerly in all woodlands; now, at the best, it is nowhere numerous. Prairie Chicken. Steadily disappearing. Over large areas where it was formerly abundant its extinction is almost complete. Refuges and restocking may perhaps still save it to a limited extent. Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse. Sameas last species. While unques- tionably the merciless hunting of former years has been the chief cause of the extermination of the Prairie Chickens, othér agencies for which mankind is less to blame have played a minor part. Swallow-tailed Kite. The seemingly almost complete disappear- ance of this beautiful and once frequent bird is difficult to understand. Golden Eagle. Bald Eagle. The Eagles are steadily disappearing. The Golden Eagle was never common, but the Bald Eagle nested through- out the state. A few pairs still make their homes in remote places. Northern Pileated Woodpecker. Formerly frequent in all big tim- ber, it has become uncommon, chiefly because it was a con- Spicuous mark for the thoughtless man with a gun. In pro- tected areas, like Itasca Park, it has multiplied in recent years, and become a familiar and almost common bird. Whip-poor-will. While still locally common, it has almost or entirely disappeared from considerable areas where it was formerly numerous. Horned Lark. This once everywhere abundant bird is for some unknown reason gradually becoming less numerous. Blue Jay. Jays are markedly less in evidence than formerly. Northern Raven. Forty years ago fairly common in the northern part of the state, but now rarely seen. Crows on the other hand, have, in that time, increased enormously and have be- come a serious pest throughout the entire state. VANISHING BIRDS 33 Snow Bunting. The vast flocks that formerly passed the winter in southern Minnesota are no longer seen. Lapland Longspur. The same apparent absence of the great migrating and wintering flocks of this bird as observed in the case of the Snow Bunting. Cliff Swallow, EAvE SwaALLtow. Has entirely disappeared from regions where it was once one of the commonest of the swallows. Great Horned Owl Photograph of bird mounted by Jenness Richardson HYPOTHETICAL List The birds included in this list have been recorded from the state one or more times, but so far as is known there are no Minne- sota specimens in existence and the observations upon which the reports have been based are not satisfactory or conclusive. Through general acceptance and wide quotation of the original records, some of these birds have become well established in literature as belong- ing to Minnesota, when in reality there is no good ground for so considering them. Such for example is the case with the Least Tern, Brant, White-eyed Vireo, Bell’s Vireo, and Bewick’s Wren. These unsupported records have been due in some instances to the efforts of perfectly honest but imperfectly informed persons, in other instances to too credulous acceptance of hearsay, to the care- less confusion of names, or apparently to poor guessing. The original authority for the Minnesota record is given in each case, followed occasionally by a reference to a later and fuller record. With some species there are many records, chiefly through quotations, but it does not seem necessary to refer to these here. Black-throated Loon. Hatch, Notes Bds. Minn. 1802. Kittiwake Gull. Hatch, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1874; and Notes Bds. Minn. 1892. Laughing Gull. Hatch, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1874; and Notes Bds. Minn. 1802. Least Tern. Hatch, Bull. Geol. Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn. 1881; and Notes Bds. Minn. 1802. Cormorant (P. carbo). Hatch, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sct. 1874. Brown Pelican. Hatch, Notes Bds. Minn. 1802. Harlequin Duck. Hatch, Notes Bds. Minn. 1892. King Eider. Hatch, Notes Bds. Minn. 1802. White-cheeked Goose. Peabody, Nidiologist 2, 1895. Brant. Head, Ninth Ann. Rep. Smith. Inst. 1855. WHatch, Notes Bds. Minn. 1802. Black Brant. Hatch, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1874; and Notes Bds. Minn. 1802. Glossy Ibis (P. autumnalis). Barrows, Mich. Bird Life 1912. Snowy Egret. Hatch, Bull. Geol. Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn. 1881; and Notes Bds. Minn. 1892. Yellow-crowned Night Heron. Hatch, Notes Bds. Minn. 1892. Black Rail. Hatch, Notes Bds. Minn. 1802. HV POT RERICAE ELSIE 35 Purple Gallinule. Wzs. Nat., 1, 1891. Red Phalarope. Hatch, Bull. Geol. Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn. 1881; and Notes Bds. Minn. 1892. Black-necked Stilt. Hatch, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sct. 1874; and Notes Bds. Minn. 1892. Dowitcher (M. g. griseus). Hatch, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sct. 1874. Anderson, Birds Iowa 1907. Black Vulture. Brackett, Jour. Boston Zool. Soc. 1884. Mississippi Kite. Brackett, Jour. Boston Zool. Soc. 1884. Richardson’s Pigeon Hawk. MHatch, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sct. 1876; and Notes Bds. Minn. 18092. Western Wood Pewee. Hatch, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sct. 1874. ° Acadian Flycatcher. Hatch, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sct. 1874. Fish Crow. Hatch, Bull. Geol. Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn. 1581; and Notes Bds. Minn. 1892. Western Vesper Sparrow. Roberts and Benner, Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club. 1880. Northern Violet-green Swallow. Hatch, Bull. Geol. Nat. Hist. SUNS Minn. 1881. White-eyed Vireo. Trippe, Com. Ess. Inst. 1871. Hatch, Notes Bds. Minn. 1802. Bell’s Vireo. Hatch, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1874; and Notes Bds. Minn. 1802. Worm-eating Warbler. Cantwell, Ornith. and Ool. 1590. Sycamore Warbler. Currier, Auk, 1904. Kentucky Warbler. Cooke, Dist. and Migr. N. A. Warblers, 1904. Hooded Warbler. Cantwell, Ornith. and Ool. 1890. Hatch, Notes Bds. Minn. 18092. Carolina Wren. Pratten, Owens Geol. Sur. Wis., Ia. and Minn. 1852. Watch, Notes Bds. Minn. 1892. Bewick’s Wren. Trippe, Com. Ess. Inst. 1871. Hatch, Notes Bds. Minn. 1802. Western Robin. Hatch, Notes Bds. Minn. 1892. Western Bluebird. Hatch, Bull. Geol. Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn. ISS; and Notes Bds. Minn. 1892. MINNESOTA BIRD LAWS The section of the Minnesota Game Laws for 1917-1918 that deals with the general protection of our wild bird-life and defines what is meant by Game Birds is as follows: “Harmless Birds—Game Birds Defined. No person shall catch, take, kill, ship or cause to be shipped to any person within or without the state, purchase, offer or expose for sale, sell to any one, have in possession with intent to sell, or have in possession or under control at any time, living or dead, any wild bird other than a game bird, nor any part thereof, and for the purposes of this chapter the following only shall be considered game birds: ‘The family Anatidae, commonly known as swan, geese, brant, river and sea ducks; the family Rallidae, including rails, gallinules and coots; the order Limicolae, commonly known as plove, snipe and woodcock; the order Gallinae, commonly known as grouse, prairie chickens, pheasants, partridges and quail; the order Colum- bae, or pigeons and doves; provided that blackbirds, crows, English sparrows, sharp-shinned hawks, goshawks and Cooper hawks and great horned owls may be killed and had in possession at any time; and provided further that any birds may be killed or destroyed under authority of the Game and Fish Commissioner when they are found to be destroying or injuring game birds on state game farms or state game refuges, or destroying or injuring fish in state fish hatcheries; but nothing herein contained shall be construed to prevent the keeping and sale of song birds as domestic pets.”’ The following provisions, establishing special closed seasons, are incorporated in the Game Laws of 1917-1918: ‘‘No mourning dove, snipe (other than Wilson or jack snipe and greater and lesser yellow-legs), woodcock, upland plover or golden plover shall be taken, killed or had in possession before September 16, 1920.’’ ‘‘No partridge or ruffed grouse, or Chinese, ringneck or English pheasant shall be killed or had in possession before the fifteenth (15th) day of October, 1920.’’ ‘‘No wood duck shall be taken, killed or had in possession before September 16, 1920.” The following provision is made for the protection of the nests and eggs of our wild birds: ‘‘Nests and Eggs—No person shall at any time take or have in possession or under control, break up or destroy or in any manner interfere with any nest, or the eggs of any of the kinds of birds, the killing of which is at any or all times prohibited.” Permission to collect for scientific purposes may be granted under the following conditions: Paragraph 4771. * * * * ‘“‘and may also grant permission under the seal of said Commissioner, to any accredited representative of any incorporated society of natural history, college or university, to collect for scientific purposes only, nests, eggs, birds, animals or fish protected by law, and may also grant permission under MINNESOTA BIRD LAWS 37 seal to any municipal corporation maintaining an established zoological collection under proper care, to procure specimens of animals or birds protected by law, for such zoological collection.’’ To meet the requirements of the new Migratory Bird Treaty Act with Great Britain, it is now necessary to obtain an additional permit from the Secretary of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, if it is desired to collect birds, nests, or eggs protected by that Act. Young Tree Swallows and nesting hole THE FEDERAL MIGRATORY BIRD LAW AND THE. MIGRATORY «(BIRD TREATY AGE What has been commonly known as the Migratory Bird Law was an enactment of the U. S. Congress. After stating the now legally established principle that birds that regularly migrate beyond state limits are the property of the United States, this law places such birds under the protection of the Federal Govern- ment. The act was approved by President Wilson and became a law on March 4, 1913. Later an agreement in the form of a treaty was proposed with Great Britain, which had for its object securing the coéperation of Canada, thus insuring the easier and more complete operation of this bird legislation on a large scale. This treaty was finally accepted and ratified by all parties concerned, being concluded at. Washington, August 16, 1916, approved July 3, 1918, and made effective July 31, 1918, by proclamation of the President of the United States, which brought to full fruition a quarter-century struggle in behalf of our birds and mankind by many tireless workers. This treaty or convention with Great Britain is to be known as the “Migratory Bird Treaty Act.” As showing just what are considered migratory birds under the terms of this Act, the following extract will be of interest to Minnesota bird students: “REGULATION 1.—DEFINITIONS OF MIGRATORY BIRDS Migratory birds, included in the terms of the convention between the United States and Great Britain for the protection of migratory birds, concluded August 16, 1916, are as follows: 1. Migratory game birds: (a) Anatidae, or waterfowl, including brant, wild ducks, geese, and swans. (b) Gruidae, or cranes, including little brown, sandhill, and whooping cranes. (c) Rallidae, or rails, including coots, gallinules, and sora and other rails. (d) Limicolae, or shorebirds, including avocets, curlews, dowitchers, god- wits, knots, oyster catchers, phalaropes, plovers, sandpipers, snipe, stilts, surf birds, turnstones, willet, woodcock, and yellowlegs. (e) Columbidae, or pigeons, including doves and wild pigeons. 2. Migratory insectivorous birds: Bobolinks, catbirds, chickadees, cuckoos, flickers, flycatchers, grosbeaks, hummingbirds, kinglets, martins, meadowlarks, nighthawks or bull-bats, nuthatches, orioles, robins, shrikes, swallows, swifts, tana- gers, titmice, thrushes, vireos, warblers, waxwings, whip-poor-wills, woodpeckers, and wrens, and all other perching birds which feed entirely or chiefly on insects. 3. Other migratory nongame birds: Auks, auklets, bitterns, fulmars, gannets, grebes, guillemots, gulls, herons, jaegers, loons, murres, petrels, puffins, shearwaters, and terns.’’ FEDERAL BIRD LAWS 39 Provision is made for the protection of property from damage that may be done by protected species under certain conditions by the following regulation: “REGULATION 10.—PERMITS TO KILL MIGRATORY BIRDS INJURIOUS TO PROPERTY When information is furnished the Secretary that any species of migratory bird has become, under extraordinary conditions, seriously injurious to agriculture or other interests in any particular community, an investigation will be made to determine the nature and extent of the injury, whether the birds alleged to be do- ing the damage should be killed, and, if so, during what times and by what means. Upon his determination an appropriate order will be made.”’ This migratory bird legislation is operative through the now legally established principle that birds that regularly migrate beyond state limits are the property of the United States and thus come under the protection of the Federal Government. Non- migratory birds are the property of the state in which they live and state legislation alone deals with them. Where state and federal laws conflict, the latter take precedence. Young Bluebirds WILD-LIFE REFUGES IN MINNESOTA As an important factor in the present nation-wide effort to check the decrease in wild animal life that has been going on so rapidly in recent years, it has been found expedient to set aside selected areas of land and water of variable extent, within the confines of which it is unlawful to destroy or molest desirable wild creatures. These tracts are called Refuges and are intended to be resting and feeding places for migrants or peaceful havens wherein wild things may live, make their homes, and multiply, free from persecution. The Federal Government, the National Association of Audubon Societies, the Canadian Government, and most of the states of the Union have taken an active part in this work and the combined areas that have in this way been con- secrated to the use of the wild birds and other animals of North America make a grand total of many thousands of square miles. The beneficial results are already very great, especially in con- serving the water birds along the sea coasts and the big game animals in the interior. Minnesota has been doing her part along this line and much wise and productive legislation has been enacted. Wild-life refuges, or game refuges as they are more commonly called, are of two kinds in Minnesota, according to the degree of protection afforded. First, those within which it is forbidden to take or kill any mammal or bird of any kind at any time or to carry firearms with intent. to kill. Such a refuge is a real nature sanctuary if the law be enforced. Itasca State Park, with its increasing wealth of wild animal life, is an instructive example of an ideal refuge of this kind. Second, those within which it is forbidden to take or kill any mammal or bird protected by law at any time: that is there is no open season for any game mammal or bird within such a refuge, but the law does not prevent the hunting of unprotected species. In the first class are included all state Public Parks with an encircling area one-half mile wide; all refuges that may be established by the Game and Fish Commissioner in accordance with a state law where all the land owners therein have petitioned for such action; refuges on government land designated as such by the Federal Government; and a belt three miles wide immedi- ately outside of the limits and completely encircling cities of fifty thousand or more population. Cities and towns and included WILD-LIFE REFUGES 41 public parks where ordinances prohibiting the use of firearms exist and are enforced may also be included in this class. In the second class are included all State Forest Reservations; and refuges established by the Game and Fish Commissioner in accordance with a state law where only a part of the land owners therein have petitioned for such action. Refuges of this latter kind can not be less than 640 acres in extent. Within refuges of this class unprotected mammals and outlawed birds can be hunted and killed at any time, which permits of more or less shooting and disturbance, so that, even if protected species are not occa- éionally surreptitiously killed, freedom from annoyance is not complete. However, such protection is far better than none and thorough policing will greatly reduce the possible evils. Numerous private refuges, consisting of the estates of one or more individuals have been voluntarily formed. These are pro- tected by the usual laws relating to trespass after proper warning signs have been posted. On January 1, 1916, there was established a farm for breeding game birds on Big Island, Lake Minnetonka, by the Minneapolis Branch of the Minnesota Game Protective League. The Twin City Rapid Transit Company generously donated the use of the island and the services of a keeper. The enterprise was conducted by the League and financed by contributions from its members, until, on May 1, 1917, it was taken over entirely by the State Game and Fish Commission. This game farm is now, therefore, a state activity as it rightly should be and after the good begin- ning made, and the hard work done by the League it is hoped that the state will adequately support and expand it, as in its success lies very largely the possibility of restocking the depleted coverts and waters of the state with valuable game birds. Through the courtesy of Mr. Carlos Avery, Commissioner of Game and Fish, I am able to present the following list of Minne- sota Game Refuges with the approximate area of each, complete to January 1, 1919. This list shows that there are in the state at present thirty-three Refuges and one Federal Bird Reserve. The latter is a tiny rocky islet, known as Spirit Island, situated in the southern end of Lake Mille Lacs. It is the nesting place of a colony of Common Terns (called locally ‘‘gulls’””) and a con- siderable number of Purple Martins, to protect which the island was set aside by the United States Government as a Bird Reserve. 42 THOMAS SADLER ROBERTS Another similar island in Lake Mille Lacs, called Hennepin Island, is equally entitled to such distinction for exactly the same reasons. The eight Refuges listed as State Parks are, under the law, absolute wild-life sanctuaries as are also four of the other Refuges, as they were established by the Game and Fish Commissioner on petitions from all of the land owners therein. These four are the Ramsey County, St. Croix River, Martin County, and Morrison County Refuges. The remaining Refuges and the State Forests afford uninter- rupted protection for all game animals as there are no open seasons within their limits, but there are no restrictions upon hunting and killing unprotected mammals and birds. The total area of land in the-state of Minnesota that has been set aside for the conservation of its wild-life resources reaches already the considerable figure of 1,941,413 acres. This is approxi- mately 3.6 per cent of the state and if gathered together in a single piece would make a tract of 3,033 square miles—nearly one and one half times the size of the state of Delaware. This is certainly an excellent beginning, but with a cause so urgent it is to be hoped that many more such protected areas will be called for in the near future. Minnesota is so large that very numerous tracts can be thus segregated without seriously infringing upon the privileges or liberties of anyone, and future generations will appre- ciate and praise the wisdom of those who have inaugurated and put into effect the present movement. At least the attempt on a large scale is worth while, as there is no other plan that holds out a promise of equally good results. Horned Lark * Austin State Park A List oF MINNESOTA GAME AND WILD-LIFE REFUGES, WITH APPROXIMATE AREA OF EACH COMPLETE TO JANUARY 1, 1919 Game Refuges Superior Game Refuge Minnetonka Game Refuge Itasca County Game Refuge Minnesota River Game Refuge Beltrami County Game Refuge Waseca County Game Refuge Polk County Game Refuge, No. 1 Polk County Game Refuge, No. 2 Nicollet County Game Refuge Roseau County Game Refuge Pine County Game Refuge Winona County Game Refuge, Wiscoy Valley Winona County Game Refuge, Gilmore Valley St. Louis County Game Refuge Morrison County Game Refuge, No. 1 Kandiyohi County Game Refuge Anoka County Game Refuge Wild-Life Refuges Ramsey County Wild-Life Refuge St. Croix River Wild-Life Refuge (Washington County) Burntside State Forest Pillsbury State Forest Itasca State Park Jay Cooke State Park Interstate State Park Ramsey State Park Federal Bird Reserve Spirit Island Bird Reserve (Mille Lacs County)............... =) eije)ie".0: @| aleve) (we 0/6) e (setae. 60 lecle eens (ob 8) sis! ee je)s! eine, exe Neola Gene whete sie: \aum wis 40) .e\+e| ehels (ebe ieiia ts» wie) Sm (wile 6g a\@)a Kal el miele a es ese @ 0\0, eo «. 6 0) '6) 4, ele eel eie: hie ee 6 je @ 0 e)\e\ 010) (@ eM) af © (e ote one e (sie) c.'s a),¢ @) =.) (ss 0.0 ele oe) eieite (6.66 a) 4. ole Harte te ple VmOUALOM EE ATIC on. ys g Weccge nat heel ala ae cs leis 4 @isvenste aces NInEC Amba bee arice a. cok Gees Ae co we Sen a case haters le pape ese s Danese «62> eG anne) @ pls (a) 0 n6 es) (6.0) 6) 0 8) one, 6, «@ bce) els \alielokene Gilt mateas ona. (Oh pe alie te (he wus |b) 0):6) 6, 0/5. 0, mee 0 (eens s)0 ee) 056) 4) 6) © (ere) a 1,290,000 acres 69,000 “ 69,120 “ 15,000 “ 12,800 “ 2S;3607 -* 83,840 “ 7,040 “ 13,680 — > 46,080 “ 115,840 “ 8425 hie 2,580) = 46,080 “ 30;720)-)*: 20160: £2 16,000 “ 10,740 “ 2,000 “ 5,000) °° 3,000 “ LOOM 1, 060:< << 20,000 “ 1,000 “ 22: 000" “ 4,000 “ L608 = 1a Be TOD < SORas SOR 1 Ae 2 “ oe ee ee ee ee es ee ee we ee es Gaa Sue. “ae fetta) MST Titi tit Pas pabetee SigeGees ade = See HSEBD CHT sriseeeeeeueess Q a Honan esos SEOITace : seezeees : ao Zz. ” Ge Baas A ane Q Q a O S me 2 aaa %O8 { eS Y LEBER Nic if EE of eg > PTTL LTT Wiedeyetck (CT OT | Tednten7) q prtbow adoemey ATT @ QO bray HSaEa So| Oe Be Gal Ea i Map of Minnesota showing location of Game and Wild-Life Refuges. Prepared by Mr. Carlos Avery, Commissioner of Game and Fish OUTLAWED AND QUESTIONABLE BIRDS Minnesota is provided with good and comprehensive laws for the protection of its birds. In the case of those species specified as Game Birds, open seasons are stipulated when such birds may be shot under certain restrictions. All other birds are protected throughout the year with the exception of the following, which are considered to do more harm than good. Cooper’s Hawk Sharp-shinned Hawk Goshawk Great Horned Owl Crow Red-winged Blackbird Yellow-headed Blackbird Bronzed Grackle or Crow Blackbird Rusty Blackbird Brewer’s Blackbird House Sparrow or English Sparrow There are a few other birds that sometimes do sufficient damage, collectively or individually, to bring them into more or less disrepute. Only one or two of these are open to general condemnation. The others are far more beneficial than injurious, and should never be molested except under the greatest provocation. They are all protected by existing laws and if occasion arises when it seems necessary to destroy any of them to arrest local depreda- tions, permission should be sought of the Commissioner of Game and Fish, Capitol Building, St. Paul. It is well established that certain individuals of ordinarily beneficial species acquire bad habits that render them obnoxious, and it may appear necessary at times to put such culprits out of the way. But it is better in the long run to be patient and put up with moderate losses of fruit, vegetables, and fish than to destroy too hastily birds that are generally useful and attractive. Double-crested Cormorant, BLAcK Loon. Its fish diet sometimes brings it into disfavor; but the fish it catches are for the most part non-game fish and its presence about our lakes lends an attractive feature. Great Blue Heron. Same as the Cormorant. Crayfish, frogs, snakes, meadow mice, etc., form a considerable part of its diet. 46 THOMAS SADLER ROBERTS Hawks and Owls other than those included in Outlawed List. All hawks and owls are almost universally considered legitimate prey for the gun and steel trap. If some men are murderers, shoot all men on sight. It is true that several of the larger kinds of protected hawks and owls do kill an occasional useful wild bird or farmer’s chicken, but as a group, big and little, they constitute the chief agency provided for keeping in subjection a horde of wild mice, injurious rodents of many kinds, innumerable destructive insects, snakes, etc., that other- wise would defy all restraint and do incalculable damage. Belted Kingfisher. This bird may perhaps have to be eliminated at times about fish hatcheries, but otherwise it is an attrac- tive feature of lake shores and waterways. Sapsucker or Yellow-bellied Woodpecker. Little can be honestly said in behalf of this handsome culprit. Were it not for the confusion that might arise with its most valuable kinsfolk, this bird would deserve an honored place among the “‘outlaws.”’ Red-headed Woodpecker. Has a fondness for the smaller culti- vated fruits and sometimes destroys the nests, eggs, and young of other birds; but it much more than makes up for these occasional delinquencies by consuming large quantities of in- jurious insects. Kingbird. Is sometimes called the ‘‘Bee-bird’’ and held to account for catching honey bees; but is to be considered one of our valuable insect destroyers. Blue Jay. A bird of omnivorous feeding habits, the Jay not infrequently robs birds’ nests of both eggs and young. But on the whole the damage done is not great and the beautiful plumage, the familiar habits, and the enlivening presence of the Jay throughout the coldest winter weather, entitle it to favorable consideration. Baltimore Oriole. The small-fruit- and pea-eating habits of this beautiful bird are unimportant in comparison with its other- wise general desirability. Rose-breasted Grosbeak. This bird has a strong predilection for green peas, which it shells out adroitly as fast as they fill the pods. But this failing should be prevented or overlooked, for the offender is among our most valuable insect destroyers and ranks high in song and beauty. Its special fondness for potato bugs and their larvae has earned for it the name of “‘Potato- bug Bird.” OUTLAWED BIRDS 47 Cedar Waxwing. Eats small fruits and pulls the petals from the blossoms of fruit trees, but should be protected on account of its valuable insectivorous habits. Shrikes, ‘‘Butcher-birds.’”? The shrikes are passerine ‘‘birds of prey.’ They kill a few small birds, but their food consists chiefly of mice, shrews, snakes, lizards, and large insects such as grasshoppers and locusts, and they are to be regarded as beneficial birds. Catbird. A common and sometimes serious destroyer of small garden fruits. Particularly troublesome birds may have to be disposed of; but on the whole it is an important insectiv- orous bird. Robin. There has been much discussion as to the real economic status of this familiar and generally beloved bird. When present in numbers, they often do no inconsiderable damage in gardens, orchards, and vineyards, marring and rendering unsaleable much that they do not consume. Under such conditions it is only reasonable that the surplus should be disposed of, and a properly constituted official should be empowered to take action in such cases. On the other hand the Robin consumes a very large number of the most injurious insects, being one of the chief enemies of the dreaded white grubs or cockchafer larvae. Young Yellow-headed Blackbirds AN ABRIDGED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA ORNITHOLOGY From a bibhography of Minnesota ornithological literature aggregating nearly 1,500 titles, the following have been chosen as best illustrating the development of the bird-lore of the state. Pref- erence has been given to articles adding new material, and publica- tions of a general nature or dealing only with the habits or local occurrence of species have been omitted. The chronological se- quence by years has been adopted rather than an alphabetical arrangement as illustrating the historical aspect of the subject. The authors’ names will reveal those who have played the princi- pal part in developing the ornithology of Minnesota. In this par- ticular there is, however, one important exception, for the name of Dr. J. C. Hvoslef of Lanesboro, Fillmore County, does not appear. For many years Dr. Hvoslef has been a most zealous and accurate observer of the birds of southeastern Minnesota, but his great modesty has prevented his publishing first-hand the results of his work. The Biological Survey in Washington and various Minne- sota bird students have been the recipients of his copious field notes, and his name appears second-hand in many connections as author- ity for original and valuable records. Citations of general works on ornithology containing Minne- sota references have been omitted, as also have references to the journals and writings of early explorers and travellers in this region, which not infrequently contain interesting bird matter, as they belong more properly in an extended bibliography. However, one publication of the latter class should perhaps receive brief mention —Keating’s Narrative of the Major Long Expedition, which in 1823 explored the country (now included in Minnesota) from Fort Snell- ing to Lake Traverse and thence north to the Canadian boundary. Much definite and interesting bird matter is scattered through the two volumes of this narrative, resulting probably from observa- tions made by Thomas Say, the entomologist, who accompanied the expedition. 1852. PRATTEN, HENRY. Systematic Catalogue of Birds Observed in Northern Wisconsin and Minnesota. Owen’s Geol. Sur. of Wis., Iowa, and Minn. pp. 622-23. A list of 131 species; few definite localities. Of little interest at present except historically. 1874. eis 1876. 1877. BIBLIOGRAPHY 49 » . Heap, J. F. Some Remarks on the Natural History of the Country about Fort Ripley, Minnesota. Ninth Ann. Rep. Smith. Inst. pp. 291-93. The first list of Minnesota birds as such; 58 species enumerated. Historical interest only. . BLAKISTON, CAPTAIN THOMAS. On the Birds of the Interior of British North America. Jbis first series 399-80, 12 1-55: An important paper containing several original Minnesota records. . TrRipPpE, T. Martin. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota. Proc. Hissex Inst. 6:113-19. The first important list of Minnesota Birds; 138 species with comments. A much quoted source of early first records. Hatcu, P. L. Report on the Birds of Minnesota. Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sct. for 1874 pp. 43-68. An annotated list of 226 species and 2 subspecies. ‘‘Hatch’s First List.’ Roserts, T. S. New Birds from Minnesota. Forest and Stream 5:292. A list of 20 species with brief notes; mostly new to the state. BENNER, FRANKLIN. ‘‘Minnesota Rambles.’’ Forest and Stream 6:263. Contains some original nesting records. - Hatcu, P. L. Report on Ornithology. Bull. Minn. Acad. Wat Sei. for 1875. pp 151-05; A supplementary list of 41 species with notes. Rosperts, T. S. English Sparrows in Minnesota. Forest and Stream 7:277. Record of first at Minneapolis. Hatcu, P. L. Report on Ornithology. Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sct. for 1876, pp. 305-9. Annotated list of 10 species additional to list of 1874. Herrick, C. L. Ornithological Notes. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn., Fifth Ann. Rep., for 1876, pp. 230-37. Some new records with list of 60 species collected. - Hatcu, P. L. Report on Ornithology for 1877. Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sct. for 1877, pp. 345-46. Two additional species with various notes. 50 1879. 1880. BIBLIOGRAPHY TirFANY, W. L. Notes on Three Rare Birds of Minnesota. American Naturalist 12:470-72. Bohemian Waxwing, Evening Grosbeak, and LeConte’s Sparrow. VAN Dyke, T. 8. Woodcock Shooting on the Upper Missis- sippi. Forest and Stream 10:430-31, 447-48. . Showing the abundance of woodcock on the Mississippi River bottom lands in Minnesota in early days. ROBERTS, T. S. Notes on Some Minnesota Birds. Bull. Nutt. Orntth. Club 4:152-55. Several first records. WILLIAMS, ROBERTS. The Blue-gray Gnatcatcher and San- derling in Minnesota. Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club 4:182. Records of capture. ABBOTT, W. L. List of Birds Taken at Pembina, North Dakota, July 1879. Forest and Stream 13:984-85. List of 67 species including Minnesota records. HAL A DaKkoTa (GEN. H. H. SIBLEY). Sports of By-gone Days. Forest and Stream 15:405-6. An account of a hunting trip in central Minnesota in 1847 with comments on abundance of game birds seen. Rosperts, T. S. Breeding of Fuligula Collaris in Southeast- ern Minnesota, with a Description of Its Nest and Eggs. Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club 5:61. A first tecord. Spring Notes from Minneapolis, Minn. Forest and Stream 14:224, 328, 428-29. A general natural history calendar for the spring of 1880. Many bird rec- ords. and BENNER, FRANKLIN. A Contribution to the Ornithology of Minnesota. Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club 5:11-20. An annotated list of 86 species and subspecies observed in Grant and Trav- erse counties in June, 1879. Several new records for the state. RosBerts, T.S. A Partial List of the Birds of St. Louis and Lake Counties, Minn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur. Muinn., Eighth Ann. Rep. for 1879, pp. 155-65. An annotated list of 105 species and subspecies. 1881. BIBLIOGRAPHY Sy! CooKE, W. W. The Least Bittern in Northwestern Minne- sota. Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club 6:186. Common and breeding near White Earth, Becker Co. HALLOCK, CHARLES. The Fauna of Northern Minnesota. Its Traverse and Routes of Migration. Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sct. 2:101-10. Includes game birds and routes of bird migration. Hatcu, P. L. A List of Birds of Minnesota. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn., Ninth Ann. Rep. for 1880, pp. 359-72. A briefly annotated list of 281 species. ‘‘Hatch’s Second List.” Roserts, T. S. The Winter Birds of Minnesota. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn., Ninth Ann. Rep. for 1880, pp. 373-83. An annotated list of 52 species. 1883-4. BRACKETT, FosTER H. Ornithological Notes from Minne- 1883. 1886. 1887. sota. Quar. Jour. Boston Zool. Soc. 2:47-49; 3:7-16. An annotated list of 134 species observed at Detroit, Becker Co. Editorial. Minnesota Game Laws. Forest and Stream DAA S=04- A digest of the existing game law. HALLock, Cuas. Roseau Lake. American Field 20:220. As a breeding ground of ducks and geese. PRESTON, J. W. Breeding of Franklin’s Gull in Minnesota. Ornith. and Ool. 11:54-55. First account of the now well known colony of this Gull at Heron Lake. Nesting of the Swallow-tailed Kite in Becker County, Minnesota. Ornith. and Ool. 11:181-83. An original and interesting account of the nesting of this bird. SELOVER, GEo. H. Minnesota Residents. Sunny South Oolo- gist 1:32-35. Annotated list of 18 species. Mitter, THos. Summer Birds of Heron Lake. Ornith. and Ook. 12:7. Consists chiefly of an account of the Black-crowned Night Heronry. PRESTON, J. W. Some Birds of Heron Lake, Minn. Ornith. and Ool, 12:44. 1888. 1889. 1890. 152029537. BIBLIOGRAPHY BAILEY, VERNON. Report on Some of the Results of a Trip through Parts of Minnesota and Dakota. Report of the Com- mission of Agriculture, 1887, pp. 426-54. Field notes on the economic value of certain Minnesota birds. CANTWELL, GEO. G. Notes on Some Minnesota Winter Birds. Ornith. and Ool. 13:27-28. Notes on 32 species observed near Minneapolis. CooKkE, W. W. Report of Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley for the Years 1884 and 1885. U. S. Depart. of Agri. Div. of Economic Ornith., Bull. no. 2, pp. 1-313. Washington Printing Office. 1888. Animportant publication containing much original information from a num- ber of Minnesota observers. CANTWELL, GEO. G. Notesfrom Minnesota. Auk 6:340-41. Original and interesting field notes from Lac qui Parle Co. on six species. Nesting of the Chestnut-collared Longspur. Ornith. and Ool. 14:185-86. Account of eight nests found in Lac qui Parle Co. A- Collecting Trip. to- Lac qu’. Parles-Coy Syinm: Ornith. and Ool. 14:151-54, 167-69. Contains much new matter on a number of species. PRESTON, J. W. The Blackburnian Warbler at Home. Ornith. and Ool. 14:34-35. Record of the finding of two nests in northern Minnesota. CANTWELL, GEO. G. Shrikes of Minnesota. Auk, 7:213. A List of the Birds of Minnesota. Ornith. and Ool. An annotated list of 295 species and subspecies; the most complete and satisfactory list up to that date. DE LA BARRE, WILLIAM. Winter Birds of Hennepin Co., Minn. Oologist 7:24-25. Annotated list of 16 species. Family Rallidae in Minnesota. Oologist 7:69-70. The King Rail in Minnesota and Other Notes. Oologist 7:161-62. - 1891. 1892. EeS)S:. BIBLIOGRAPHY 53 HARRISON, WHIT. The Prothonotary Warbler. Oologist 7: 228-29. First account of the nesting of this southern bird in Minnesota. RoBERTS, THos. S. Notes on Some Minnesota Birds. Auk 1213-14. ‘ Five species; two new records. BENNER, FRANKLIN. Notes on the Arrival and Nesting of Birds in the Vicinity of Minneapolis, for the Spring of 1887. Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sct. for 1887-1889, pp. 187-91. Many interesting field records. Brown, A. D. The First Record of McCown’s Longspur Breeding in Minnesota. Ornith. and Ool. 16:142. Nesting records from near Lake Benton, Lincoln Co. CANTWELL, GEO. G. Additions to the List of the Birds of Minnesota. Ornith. and Ool. 16:157. Preston, J. W. A Glimpse of the Nashville Warbler Ornith. and Ool. 16:89-90. Records of four nests found in northern Minnesota. Buctrs, Orro LL... Birds. Known. to Breed in Haribault, Martin, and Jackson Counties. Ann. Rep. Minn. State Hort. Soc. 20:360-64. Hatcu, P. L. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn. First Report of the State Zoologist, pp. 1-487. The most extensive publication to date on the ornithology of Minnesota. It contains biographies and descriptions of 304 species. It is unfortunate that the records are not entirely reliable in some instances, but it is thus far the only ‘“‘Book’’ on Minnesota Birds. Guitrorp, H. M. Dendroica kirtlandi in Minnesota. Auk 10:86. First and only record of Kirtland’s Warbler for Minnesota. R., T. S. (Roperts, THos. S.). Hatch’s Notes on the Birds of Minnesota. Auk 10:288-90. A critical review of Dr. Hatch’s book with mention of several additional species. 54 1894. BIBLIOGRAPHY EMERSON, OTTo. Among the Water Birds of Minnesota. Nidiologist 1:114-16. Account of a day’s experiences among the Minnesota River sloughs near Minneapolis in June, 1890. MITCHELL, WALTON I. The Woodpeckers of Minnesota. Oologist 11:145-46. 1894-95. PrEaBopy, P. B. Water Birds of Heron Lake. Oologist 1895. ee 1897. 1898. 11:357-59; 12:14-15. Spring arrivals and nesting notes. GAULT, Benj. T. The Passenger Pigeon in Aitkin County, Minn., with a Recent Record for Northeastern Illinois. Auk 12:80. A second-hand 1894 record for Minnesota. PEABODY, P. B. Glossy Ibis at Heron Lake. Nzdtologist ZG6sL7- First and only record of this bird nesting in Minnesota. White-faced Glossy Ibis Breeding in Minnesota. Auk 13:79. The Heron Lake data with definite specific identification. GAULT, BEny. T. Geothlypis Agilis a Possible Breeder in Northern Minnesota. Auk 14:222-23. Comments on several interesting species besides the Connecticut Warbler. GLEASON, H. W. Summer Melodists. The Kingdom 10: 705-6. Contains records of the Mockingbird at Waconia, Carver Co., and Minne- apolis. A number of other popular articles on birds by Mr. Gleason were published in vols. 9, 10, and 11 of The Kingdom, a weekly religious paper issued at Minneapolis. They contain much original information about Minnesota birds. Jounson, C. B. Prothonotary Warbler. (Protonotaria citrea). Oologist 15:53-54. Habits and nesting of this bird near Red Wing. LANO, ALBERT. Sennett’s Nighthawk (Chordeiles virginianus sennetti) at Madison, Minn. Auwk 15:54-55. Original records. 1899, 1900. 1901. 1902: 1904. BIBLIOGRAPHY 55: Knox, J. C. My First Trip in ’99. Oologist 16:118-20, 131-34. Interesting field notes from Jackson Co. LANO, ALBERT. The Turnstone (Arenaria interpres) in Min- nesota. Auk 16:76-77. Taking of several specimens reported. PEABODY, P. B. Richardson’s jOwl. Biéird-Lore ~1:190-92. Illus. Occurrence at Hallock, Kittson Co. Roperts, TuHos. S. The Prothonotary or Golden Swamp Warbler (Protonotaria citrea) a Common Summer Resident of Southeastern Minnesota. Auk 16:236-46. Illus. Contains first record of the Red-bellied Woodpecker in Minnesota. WARREN, Oscar Birp. A Chapter in the Life of the Canada Jay. .Awk 16:12-19. Illus. An important account, illustrated with original photographs, of the nesting of this bird in northern Minnesota. Roserts, Tuomas S. An Account of the Nesting Habits of ranklin’s Rosy Gull (Larus franklini) as Observed at Heron Lake in Southwestern Minnesota. Auk 17:272-83. Illus. Includes record of the nesting of the Eared Grebe, etc. PEeasopy, P. B. Nesting Habits of LeConte’s Sparrow. Auk 18:129-34. Illus. Notes from northwestern Minnesota. Cox, Utysses O. The Pileated Woodpecker (Ceophleus pileatus) in Minnesota. Auk 19:388-89. Tlus. CURRIER, EDMONDE S. Summer Birds of the Leech Lake Region, Minnesota. Awk 21:29-44. Annotated list of 117 species and subspecies. GIBBS, OLIVER and McCray, Miss ALIcE C. Our Summer Boarders—The Birds. Trees, Fruits, and Flowers of Minne- sota 32:251-55. Contains a nominal list of 85 species by Miss McCray from St. Paul and Prescott, Wis. 56 1905. 1907. 1909. ———— 1910. 1914. 1912. BIBLIOGRAPHY LANGE, D. How to Know One Hundred Wild Birds of Minne- sota and the Northwest, pp. 1-48. Minneapolis, Minnesota: School Education Company. A small booklet with condensed descriptions and notes. DuTcCHER, WM. Notes and News: Minnesota. Buzird-Lore 7:184. States that the Minnesota Game Laws at that time were ‘‘probably the most radical and advanced of any in force in the United States.”’ MEEKER, D. W._ Disappearing Birds and Game Birds. Wilcox’s History of Becker Co., pp. 186-90. Statements in regard to the early abundance of many of the larger species of birds in Becker Co. as compared with their present scarcity. RoBErtTs, TuHos. S. List of Birds of Becker County, Minne- sota. Wilcox’s History of Becker Co., pp. 159-86. An annotated list of 262 species compiled from various sources; rather loose- ly put together and containing some inaccuracies, notably the inclusion of the Wood Thrush, which does not occur so far north in the state. The Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus) in Western Minnesota. Auk 26:191-92. A brief record of a specimen in the Survey Collection. ——— The Evening Grosbeak in Minnesota. Bull. Minn. Acad. Sct. 4:406-14. A biographical sketch. Commons, Mrs. Marte ANDREWS. Birds of Hennepin County. The Minneapolis Sunday Tribune. Feb. 12; Feb. 19. Mch. 12; Apr. 16; May 14: June *11;-July 9s 7AtearS sept. .17;and'@ct.22... Mlus: These articles contain a large amount of information about our birds. HONEYWELL, ALBERT W., JR. Notes on Some Summer and Fall Birds of the Crooked Lake Region, Cassand Crow Wing Counties, Minn. Auk 28:229-37. Annotated list of 86 species. LANno, ALBERT. Gray Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus rusticolus) in Minnesota. Auk 29:239. Record of a specimen taken in Lac qui Parle Co. Mr. Lano has published numerous other notes about rare Minnesota birds in the Auk and elsewhere. 1914. £915. LOLO: BIBLIOGRAPHY 57 HoNEYWELL, ALBERT W., JR. Additions to ‘‘Notes on Some Summer and Fall Birds of the Crooked Lake Region, Cass and Crow Wing Counties, Minn.” Auk 31:82-86. Eleven species added to list of 1911. RoBerts, THos. S. Brewer’s Blackbird (Euphagus cyano- cephalus) Breeding in Southeastern Minnesota. Auk 31: 538-40. BAILEY, BERNARD. ‘Two Sparrows of Sherburne County, Minnesota. Oologist 32:131. Field and Nelson’s Sparrows common there spring of 1915. FRANZEN, J. W. Heron Lake a Nesting Place for Black- crowned Heron and Franklin’s Gull. Fins, Feathers and Fur mony. june, 1915:12=14-.. Titus. Description of nesting habits, etc. LOFSTROM, LAWRENCE L. Birds from Cambridge, Isanti Co., Minnesota. Auk 32:501-5. An important article having a bearing on the faunal areas of Minnesota. Fifteen species of birds are treated. WASHBURN, F. L. Some Useful Birds Found in Minnesota. Circular no. 32:1-25. Illus. St. Anthony Park: State Ento- mologist’s Office. Chiefly economical. AVERY, CARLOS. Protect the Woodpecker. Fins, Feathers and Fur September, 1916:9. Habits, descriptions, and plea for protection. GERTKIN, SEVERN. A Record of Townsend’s Solitaire (Myadestes townsend1). Auk 33:327.— First record for Minnesota. LuEDTKE, G. H. A Minnesota Feeding-Station. Bzird-Lore 18:318-19. Contains among other things a record of a Tufted Titmouse visiting a feed- ing station at Fairmount, Martin Co., at intervals during the winter of 1915- 1916. Rogerts, THos. S. The Winter Bird Life of Minnesota. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn., Zoological Division. Oc- casional Papers no. 1:1-20. Illus. February, 1916. Annotated list of 86 species. 58 1918. BIBLIOGRAPHY Roserts, THos. S. . Sen fe ae =asiomeee ett j 3 ‘a ames: 7 Nest and eggs of the Mallard Duck 61 yond yoeq-seaury) ayy jo soda pue JSON ma //3 5 ty 1 scary AES [re ho IO 04 iyM qoqg 94 jos c Cc ra) 9 pure 1s ON 63 se 1 Grou est and eggs of the Ruffec N 64 The Passenger Pigeon Photograph of a group in the Survey Museum, University of Minnesota. Upper bird, male; lower bird, female. The nest is a real nest of the Passenger Pigeon, collected near Minneapolis in 1874. This bird laid only one egg but nested several times each season Nest and young of the Broad-winged Hawk A garter snake, seen hanging over the left side of the nest, was brought by one of the parents as food for the young birds 66 A pair of young Sparrow Hawks just shedding the natal down 67 Young Screech Owl 68 A Ruby-throated Hummingbird drinking sap from punctures made by the Sapsucker in the under side of a leaning poplar tree 69 Sapsucker or Yellow-bellied Woodpecker drinking sap from punctures it has made in a mountain ash tree 70 f Young Downy Woodpeckers and nesting hole 71 ySouU Sqr UO [[IM-100d-diy 72 If! M-1OOd-diy M ay} jos 339 put 1SON 73 Oven-bird’s nest, containing one egg of the owner and three of the Cowbird 74 Yellow Warbler’s nest, containing three eggs of the owner and one of the Cowbird 75 Chipping Sparrow’s nest, containing two young of the owner and one young Cowbird Same young birds as above out of the nest 76 Nest of Indigo Bunting containing only a young Cowbird 77 A three-storied nest of the Yellow Warbler with Cowbird’s eggs buried in the lower nests. In building these superimposed nests, the Warbler avoids hatch- ing the Cowbird’s eggs but sometimes sacrifices at the same time her own as in the lower nest above 78 A double nest of the Yellow Warbler Photograph of an exhibit in the Survey Museum, University of Minnesota. There were three eggs of the Warbler and one of the Cowbird in the lower nest though only two eggs are visible through the opening cut in the side of the origina! nest 79 sunod pue oounf ajej{ 80 — Snow Buntings and Redpolls Photograph of a group in the Survey Museum, University of Minnesota 81 Cedar Waxwing, nest, and young Young Cedar Waxwings The two birds on the end of the branch exhibit at this early age the “‘freezing”’ attitude commonly assumed by the adults as a means of concealment 83 qsou pue OoitA podAd-poy 84 Male Pine Warbler, nest, and young 85 Young Black-capped Chickadees and nesting hole in a birch stump 86 Black-capped and Hudsonian Chickadees, Downy Woodpecker, and White-breasted Nuthatch Photograph of a group in the Survey Museum, University of Minnesota 87 Catbird and its nest White-breasted Nuthatch at window feeding counter Blue Jay at window feeding counter 89 Downy Woodpecker at window feeding counter 90 INDEX Accentor, Golden-crowned. See Oven- bird Accidental Species, number of, 8, 9 Aegialitis meloda, 23 Alleghanian Faunal Area, 6 Aluco pratincola, 24 Anatidae, laws relating to, 36, 38 Ani, Grooved-billed, 24 Arenaria interpres morinella, 23 Astragalinus tristis pallidus, 24 Austral Region, 6 Avocet, 29, law relating to, 38 Baeolophus bicolor, 25 Baldpate, 13 Bee-bird. See Kingbird Bibliography, an abridged, of Minnesota birds, 48 Biogeography, 5 Bird Reserve, Federal, in Minnesota, 41 Birds, diving, 12 harmless, 36 land, 15 of prey, 15 outlawed, 45 questionable, 45 vanishing, 30; causes of, 30 water, 12 Bittern, 14 American. least, 14 ) Bitterns, law relating to, 38 Blackbird, Brewer’s, 6, 18, 45 Cow. See Cowbird Crow. See Grackle, Bronzed Red-winged, 18, 45 Rusty, 18, 45 Thick-billed Red-winged, 18 White-winged. See Bunting, Lark Yellow-headed, 18, 45; illustration, young, 47 Blackbirds, law relating to, 36; as out- lawed birds, 45 Black-cap, Wilson’s. son’s See Bittern See Warbler, Wil- Blue-bill, Big. See Duck, Scaup Little. See Duck, Lesser Scaup Bluebird, 21; illustration, young, 39 Western, 35 Bobolink, 18; law relating to, 38 Bob-white, 15; illustration, nest and eggs, 63 Boreal Region, 5 Brant, 34 Black, 34 White. See Goose, Snow Branta canadensis hutchinsi, 22 canadensis minima, 22 Buffle-head, 13 Bull-bat. See Nighthawk Bunting, Bay-winged. See Sparrow, Vesper Black-throated. See Dickcissel Cow. See Cowbird Indigo, 19 Lark, 7, 19 Painted, 25 Snow, 18; decrease of, 33; illustra- tion, Museum group, 81 Buteo borealis calurus, 23 borealis harlanti, 23 Butcher-bird. See Shrike, Northern Butcher-birds. See Shrikes Butter-ball. See Buffle-head Calidris leucophaea, 23 Campestrian Flora and Fauna, 6 Camp-robber. See Jay, Canada Canadian Zone, 5 Canary, Wild. See Goldfinch Canvas-back, 13; decrease of, 31; illus- ’ tration, nest and eggs, 62 Cardinal, 24 Kentucky. See Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis, 24 Carolinian Flora and Fauna, 6 Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis, 24 Catbird, 21; economic value of, 47; illus- tration, adult, 88; law relating to, 38 Cedarbird. See Waxwing, Cedar OZ INDEX Chat, Yellow-breasted, 25 Chatterer. See Waxwing, Bohemian Chebec. See Flycatcher, Least Check-list of birds known to occur regularly in Minnesota, 12 Chen hyperboreus nivalis, 22 Cherry-bird. See Waxwing, Cedar Chewink. See Towhee Chickadee, 8, 21; illustration, young, 86; Museum group, 87 Black-capped. See Chickadee Hudsonian, 7, 21; illustration, Museum group, 87 Long-tailed, 25 Chickadees, law relating to, 38 Chicken, Prairie, 15; decrease of, 32; law relating to, 36 Chippy. See Sparrow, Chipping Colaptes cafer collaris, 24 Collecting for scientific purposes, law relating to, 36 Columbae, law relating to, 36 Columbidae, law relating to, 38 Coot, 14; laws relating to, 36, 38 white-winged. See Scoter, White- winged Cormorant, 34 Double-crested, 12; as questionable bird, 45 Cowbird, 18; illustrations—eggs, 74, 75, 78, 79; young, 76, 77 Crane, Blue. See Heron, Great Blue Little Brown, 23 Sandhill, 14; decrease of, 31 White. See Crane, Whooping Whooping, 14; decrease of, 31 Cranes, law relating to, 38 Creeper, Black and White. Black and White Brown, 9, 21 Crossbill, 7, 18 American. See Crossbill Red. See Crossbill White-winged, 18 Crotophaga sulcirostris, 24 Crow, 18; great increase of, 32; law re- lating to, 36; as outlawed bird, 45 Fish, 35 Cuckoo, Black-billed, 16; illustration, nest and eggs, 58 Yellow-billed, 16 See Warbler, Cuckoos, law relating to, 38 Curlew, Eskimo, 29 Hudsonian, 28 Long-billed, 29 Curlews, law relating to, 38 Dabchick. See Grebe, Pied-billed Dendroica cerulea, 25 kirtlandi, 25 Dickcissel, 19 Diver, Great Northern. See Loon Dove, Mourning, 15; laws relating to, 36, 38 Prairie. See Gull, Franklin’s Turtle. See Dove, Mourning Dowitcher, 35 Long-billed, 14; law relating to, 38 Duck, Baldpate, 13 Black, 13 Blue-bill. See Duck, Scaup and Lesser Scaup Buffle-head, 13 Canvas-back. See Canvas-back Fish. See Merganser, Hooded Gadwall, 13 Golden-eye, 13 Gray. See Gadwall Harlequin, 34 King Eider. See Eider, King Lesser Scaup, 13 Long-tailed. See Old-squaw Mallard. See Mallard Old-squaw. See Old-squaw Pintail. See Pintail. Redhead. See Redhead. Ring-billed. See Duck, Ring- necked Ring-necked, 13 Ruddy, 13 Scaup, 13 Shoveler, 13 Spirit. See Buffle-head Summer. See Duck, Wood Wood, 13; decrease of, 31 Ducks, Diving, 13 Ducks, laws relating to, 36, 38 Ducks, Surface Feeding, 13 Eagle, Bald, 16; decrease of, 32 Golden, 16; decrease of, 32 INDEX Egret, 23 Snowy, 34 Eider, King, 34 . Extirpated species, 29; number of, 8 Falco mexicanus, 24 rusticolus gyrfalco, 23 rusticolus obsoletus, 23 rusticolus rusticolus, 23 Falcon, Peregrine. See Hawk, Duck Prairie, 24 Falcons, 16 Faunal Areas, 5, 6 Feeding counter, window, illustrations, 89, 90 Finch, Grass. See Sparrow, Vesper Harris’s. See Sparrow, Harris’s Hepburn’s Rosy, 24 House, 24 Lark. See Sparrow, Lark Lincoln’s. See Sparrow, Lincoln's Nelson’s Sharp-tailed. See Spar- row, Nelson’s Pine. See Siskin, Pine Purple, 7, 18 Flicker, Northern, 17; law relating to, 38 Red-shafted, 24 Flycatcher, Acadian, 35 Alder, 17 Crested, 17 Great Crested. Crested Least, 17 Olive-sided, 17 Traill’s. See Flycatcher, Alder Yellow-bellied, 17 Flycatchers, law relating to, 38 Fly-up-the-creek. See Heron, Green See Flycatcher, Gadwall, 13 Gallinaceous Birds, 15 Gallinae, law relating to, 36 Gallinule, Florida, 14 Purple, 35 Gallinules, laws relating to, 36, 38 Game Birds, defined, 36 Game farm, Big Island, 41 Game refuges, Minnesota, 40; manner of establishing, 40 93 Geese, laws relating to, 36, 38 Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray, 26 Goatsuckers, 17 Godwit, Hudsonian, 14 Marbled, 14; decrease of, 31 Godwits, law relating to, 38 Golden-eye, 13 Barrows’s, 28 Goldfinch, 9, 18 Pale, 24 Western. Goose, Blue, 13 Cackling, 13; 22 Canada, 13; decrease of, 31 Greater Snow, 13, 22 Hutchins’s, 13, 22 Snow, 8, 13 White-cheeked, 34 White-fronted, 13 Goosander. See Merganser Goshawk, 15; as outlawed bird, 45; law relating to, 36 ; Grackle, Bronzed, 18; as outlawed bird, 45 Grebe, Eared, 6, 12 Holboell’s, 12 Horned, 12 Pied-billed, 12 See Goldfinch, Pale Red-necked. See Grebe, Hol- boell’s Western, 6, 12 Grebes, law relating to, 38 Greenhead. See Mallard Grosbeak, Cardinal. See Cardinal Evening, 18 Pine, 18 Rose-breasted, 19; illustration, young, 4; economic value of, 46 Grosbeaks, law relating to, 38 Grouse, Canada. See Partridge, Canada Spruce Canada Ruffed, 15 Pinnated. See Chicken, Prairie Prairie Sharp-tailed, 15; decrease of, 32 Ruffed, 15; decrease of, 32; illus- tration, nest and eggs, 64; law relating to, 36 Spruce. See Partridge, Spruce. Canada 94 INDEX Grouse (Continued) White-breasted. See Grouse, Prai- rie Sharp-tailed Willow. See Ptarmigan, Willow Grouse, law relating to, 36 Gruidae, law relating to, 38 Grus canadensis, 23 Gull, Bonaparte’s, 12 Franklin’s, 12; illustration, young, 27 Franklin’s Rosy. See Gull, Frank- lin’s Herring, 12 Kittiwake, 34 Laughing, 34 Ring-billed, 12 Gulls, law relating to, 38 Gyrfalcon, Gray, 23 Hair-bird. See Sparrow, Chipping Half-Hardy Birds, 9 Hang-nests. See Oriole, Baltimore Harrier, Marsh. See Hawk, Marsh Hawk, Broad-winged, 15; illustration, nest and young, 66 Chicken. See Hawk, Cooper’s Cooper’s, 15; illustration, young, 10; as outlawed bird, 45; law relating to, 36 Duck, 16 Fish. See Osprey Ferruginous Rough-leg, 15 Harlan’s, 15, 23 Hen. See Hawk, Cooper’s Krider’s, 15 Marsh, 15 Pigeon, 16 Red-shouldered, 28 Red-tailed, 15 Richardson's Pigeon, 35 Rough-legged, 15 Sharp-shinned, 15; as outlawed bird, 45; law relating to, 36 Sparrow, 16; illustration, young, 67 Swainson’s, 6, 15 Western Red-tail, 15 Hawks, economic value of, 46 Hawks, reference to those not included in outlawed list, 46 Helldiver. See Grebe, Pied-billed Hen, Prairie. See Chicken, Prairie Herodias egretta, 23 Heron, Black-crowned Night, 14 Great Blue, 14; as questionable bird, 45 Green, 14 Little Green. See Heron, Green Yellow-crowned Night, 34 Herons, law relating to, 38 High-hole. See Flicker, Northern Honker. See Goose, Canada Hummingbird, Ruby-throated, 17; illus- tration, adult drinking sap, 69; law relating to, 38 Hypothetical list, 34, number of species, 8 Ibis, Glossy, 34 White-faced Glossy, 22 Icteria virens virens, 25 Index to bibliography, 59 Indigo-bird. See Bunting, Indigo Introduced species, 27; number of, 8 Jaeger, Long-tailed, 22 Parasitic, 22 Jaegers, law relating to, 38 Jay, Blue, 8, 17; decrease of, 32; as questionable bird, 46 Canada, 7, 17 Junco, 9, 11, 19; illustration, adult and young, 80 Montana, 19, 24 Slate-colored, 19 Junco hyemalis montana, 24 Key to abbreviations, 11 Killdeer, 15 Kingbird, 17; economic value of, 46 Arkansas, 6, 17 Western. See Kingbird, Arkansas Kingfisher, Belted, 16; as questionable bird, 46 Kinglet, Golden-crowned, 21 Ruby-crowned, 21 Kinglets, law relating to, 38 Kite, Mississippi, 35 Swallow-tailed, 15; decrease of, 32 INDEX Knot, 23; law relating to, 38 Lagopus lagopus lagopus, 23 Lamellirostral Swimmers, 12 Lark, Horned, 3, 17; decrease of, ae illustration, adult, 42 Hoyt’s Horned, 17 Prairie Horned, 17 Shore. See Lark, Horned Law, Federal Migratory Bird, 38 Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 38 Minnesota Bird, 36 Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis, 24 Life Zones, 5 Limicolae, laws relating to, 36, 38 Linnet, Pine. See Siskin, Pine Redpoll. See Redpoll List, extirpated species, 29 game and wild-life refuges, 44 hypothetical, 34 introduced species, 27 rare or accidental birds, 22 regular, 12 unsettled species, 28 vanishing birds, 30 Log-cock. See Woodpecker, Pileated Longspur, Black-bellied. Chestnut-collared Chestnut-collared, 7, 18 Lapland, 18; decrease of, 33 McCown’s, 7, 18 Smith’s, 18 Long-winged Swimmers, 12 Loon, 12; decrease of, 30 Black. See Cormorant, crested Black-throated, 34 Red-throated, 28 Loons, law relating to, 38 Northern See Longspur, Double- Macrorhamphus griseus griseus, 35 Magpie, 24 Mallard, 13; illustration, nest and eggs, 61 Black. See Duck, Black Dusky. See Duck, Black Martin, Purple, 19; law relating to, 38 Meadowlark, 18 Eastern. See Meadowlark 95 Western, 6, 18 Meadowlarks, law relating to, 38 Merganser, 12 American. Hooded, 13 Red-breasted, 13 Migration, 9 Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 38 Migratory birds, defined, 38; permits to kill if injurious, 39 Mimus polyglottos polyglottos, 25 Mockingbird, 25 Moose-bird. See Jay, Canada Mudhen. See Coot Murrelet, Ancient, 22 Myadestes townsendi, 26 See Merganser Nests and eggs, law relating to, 36 Nighthawk, 17 Sennett’s, 17 Nighthawks, law relating to, 38 Nucifraga columbiana, 24 Nutcracker, Clark’s, 24 Nuthatch, Red-breasted, 9, 21 White-breasted, 21; illustrations, 87, 89 Nuthatches, law relating to, 38 Oidemia americana, 22 perspicillata, 22 Old-squaw, 13 Oriole, Baltimore, 18; economic value of, 46; illustration, young, 29 Orchard, 18 Orioles, law relating to, 38 Osprey, 16 Outlawed and questionable birds, 45 Oven-bird, 20; illustration, nest and eggs, 74 Owl, Acadian. See Owl, Saw-whet. Arctic Horned, 16 Barn, 24 Barred, 16 Burrowing, 6, 16 Great Gray, 7, 16 Great Horned, 16; as outlawed bird, 45; illustration, adult, 33; law relating to, 36 Hawk, 16 Hoot. See Owl, Great Horned 96 INDEX Owl (Continued) Long-eared, 16 Marsh. See Owl, Short-eared Monkey-faced. See Owl, Barn Richardson’s, 7, 16 Saw-whet, 16 Screech, 16; illustration, young, 68 Short-eared, 16 Snowy, 16 Western Horned, 16 Wilson’s. See Owl, Long-eared Owls, economic value of, 46; reference to those not included in outlawed list, 46 Partridge. See Grouse, Ruffed and Bob- white Partridge, Canada Spruce, 7, 15; de- crease of, 32 Partridges, law relating to, 36 Passerina cirts, 25 Peabody-bird. See Sparrow, White- throated. Peep. See Sandpipers, Least and Semi- palmated. Pelican, Brown, 34 White, 12; decrease of, 31 Penthestes atricapillus septentrionalis, 25 Perching Birds, 17 Permanent Residents, defined, 7; num- ber of, 8, 9 Permits, collecting, 36 Pewee, House. See Phoebe Western Wood, 35 Wood, 17 Pheasant. See Grouse, Ruffed Chinese. See Pheasant, necked English, 27 Ring-necked, 27 Pheasants, law relating to, 36 Phalarope, Northern, 14 Red, 35 Wilson's, 14; decrease of, 31 Phalaropes, law relating to, 38 Phoebe, 17 Phytogeography, 5 Pica pica hudsonia, 24 Pigeon, Passenger, Museum group, 65 Prairie. See Plover, Golden Ring- 29; illustration, Pintail, 13 Pipit, 21 American. See Pipit Sprague’s, 7, 21 Piranga rubra rubra, 25 Plains Flora and Fauna, 6 Plegadis autumnalis, 34 guarauna, 22 Plover, Black-bellied, 15; decrease of, 31 Field. See Plover, Upland Golden, 15; decrease of, 31 Killdeer. See Killdeer. Piping, 23 Semipalmated, 15 Upland, 14; decrease of, 31 Plover, laws relating to, 36, 38 Pochard. See Redhead Polioptila caerulea caerulea, 26 Potato-bug Bird. See Grosbeak, Rose- breasted Prairie Region, 6 Pseudo-Carolinian Fauna, 6, 7 Pseudo-Campestrian Fauna, 6 Ptarmigan, Willow, 23 Qua-bird. See Heron, Black-crowned Night Quail. See Bob-white law relating to, 36 Querquedula cyanoptera, 22 Rail, Black, 34 Carolina. King, 14 Virginia, 14 Yellow, 14 Rails, laws relating to, 36, 38 Rain-crow. See Cuckoos Rallidae, laws relating to, 36, 38 Rare or accidental birds, list of, 22, number of, 8, 9 Raven, Northern, 7, 17; decrease of, 32 See Sora Red-bird. See Cardinal. Redhead, 13; decrease of, 31 Redpoll, 18 Common. See Redpoll Greater, 18 Hoary, 18 Lesser. See Redpoll INDEX 97 Redpolls, illustration, Museum group, 81 Redstart, 21 Red-tail, Western, 15, 23 Reedbird. See Bobolink Refuges, wild-life, 40; list of, 43; map of, 44 Regions, Biological, 5 Regular list, Minnesota birds, 12; num- ber species in, 8 Ricebird. See Bobolink Ricehen. See Coot Robin, 21; economic value of, 47; law relating to, 38 Golden. See Oriole, Baltimore Ground. See Towhee Western, 35 Rough-leg, Ferruginous, 15 Sanderling, 23 Sandpiper, Baird’s, 14 Bartramian. See Plover, Upland Black-bellied. See Sandpiper, Red-backed Buff-breasted, 14 Least, 14 Pectoral, 14 Red-backed, 14 Semipalmated, 14 Solitary, 14 Spotted, 15 Stilt, 14 White-rumped, 14 Sandpipers, law relating to, 38 Sapsuckers, Yellow-bellied, 17; as questionable bird, 46; illustration, adult, 70 Saw-bill, Big. See Merganser Little. See Merganser, Hooded Scaup, Greater. See Duck, Scaup Lesser. See Duck, Lesser Scaup Scoter, 22 Black. See Scoter Surf, 22 White-winged, 13 Shag. See Cormorant, Double-crested Shelldrake, Big. See Merganser Shore Birds, 14; law relating to, 38 Shoveler or Shoveller, 13 Shrike, Migrant, 19; illustration, young, 28 Northern, 19 Shrikes, economic value of, 47; food of, 47; law relating to, 38 Sickle-bill. See Curlew, Long-billed Siskin, Pine, 7, 18 Snipe, Grass. See Sandpiper, Pectoral Jack. See Snipe, Wilson’s Teeter. See Sandpiper, Spotted Wilson’s, 14; law relating to, 36 Snipe, laws relating to, 36, 38 Snowbird. See Junco Snowflake. See Bunting, Snow Solitaire, Townsend’s, 26 Song birds as domestic pets, law relating to, 36 Sora, 14; law relating to, 38 Sparrow, Baird’s 7, 18 Chipping, 19; illustration, nest and young, 76 Clay-colored, 19 English. See Sparrow, House Field, 7, 19 Fox, 19 Gambel’s, 19 Grasshopper. ern Grasshopper Harris’s, 19 Henslow’s, 19 House, 27; as outlawed bird, 45; law relating to, 36 Intermediate. See Sparrow, Gam- bel’s Lark, 19 LeConte’s, 19 Lincoln’s, 19 Nelson’s, 19 Savannah, 18 Song, 19 Swamp, 19 Tree, 9, 19 Vesper, 18 Western Grasshopper, 18 Western Vesper, 35 White-crowned, 8, 19 See Sparrow, West- White-throated, 19; illustration, young, 26 Yellow-winged. See Sparrow, Western Grasshopper 98 INDEX Speckle-belly. See Goose, White- fronted Spoonbill. See Shoveler Sprigtail. See Pintail Stake-driver. See Bittern Stercorarius longicaudus, 22 parasiticus, 22 Stilt, Black-necked, 35 Stint, American. See Sandpiper, Least Summer Residents, defined, 8; number of, 8,9 Swallow, Bank, 19 Barn, 19 Chimney. See Swift, Chimney Cliff, 19; decrease of, 33 Eave. See Swallow, Cliff Northern Violet-green, 35 Rough-winged, 19 Tree, 19; illustration, young, 37 White-bellied. See Swallow, Tree Swallows, law relating to, 38 Swan, Trumpeter, 29 Whistling, 13 Swans, laws relating to, 36, 38 Swift, Chimney, 17; law relating to, 38 Synthliboramphus antiquus, 22 Tanager, Scarlet, 19; illustration, young, 11 Summer, 25 Tanagers, law relating to, 38 Teacher-bird. See Oven-bird. Teal, Blue-winged, 13 Cinnamon, 22 Green-winged, 13 Tell-tale. See Yellow-legs, Greater Tern, Black, 12; illustration, nest, eggs and adult, 60 Caspian, 12 Common, 12 Forster’s, 12 Least, 34 Short-tailed. See Tern, Black Wilson's. See Tern, Common Terns, law relating to, 38 Thistle-bird. See Goldfinch Thrasher, Brown, 21 Thrush, Alice’s. See Thrush, Gray- cheeked Brown. See Thrasher, Brown Golden-crowned. See Oven-bird Gray-cheeked, 21 Hermit, 21 Olive-backed, 21 Swainson’s. See Thrush, Olive- backed Willow, 21 Wood, 21 Thrushes, law relating to, 38 Thunder-pump. See Bittern Tip-up. See Sandpiper, Spotted Titlark. See Pipit Titmice, law relating to, 38 Titmouse, Tufted, 25 Total complete list Minnesota birds, number of species in, 8 Totipalmate Swimmers, 12 Towhee, 19 Transients, defined, 8; number of, 8, 9 Transition Zone, 5 Tringa canutus, 23 Turkey, Wild, 29 Turnstone, Ruddy, 23; law relating to, 38 Unsettled species, 28; number of, 8 Upper Austral Zone, 6 Veery. See Thrush, Willow Vireo, Bell’s 34, 35 Blue-headed, 20 Philadelphia, 20 Red-eyed, 20; illustration, adult and nest, 84 Solitary. See Vireo, Blue-headed Warbling, 20 White-eyed, 34, 35 Yellow-throated, 20 Vireos, law relating to, 38 Vulture, Black, 35 Turkey, 15 Wagtails, 21 Wagtail, Water. See Water-Thrush, Grinnell’s and Louisiana Warbler, Bay-breasted, 20 Black and White, 20 Black and Yellow. See Warbler, Magnolia INDEX 99 Warbler (Continued) Blackburnian, 20 Black-poll, 8, 20 Black-throated Blue, 20 Black-throated Green, 20 Blue-winged, 7, 20 Blue Yellow-backed. bler, Parula Canada, 20 Cape May, 20 Cerulean, 25 Chestnut-sided, 20 Connecticut, 20 Golden Swamp. See Prothonotary Golden-winged, 20 Hooded, 35 Kentucky, 35 Kirtland’s, 25 Magnolia, 20 Mourning, 20 Myrtle, 20 Nashville, 20 Necklaced. See Warbler, Canada Northern Parula, 20 Orange-crowned, 20 Palm, 20 Parula. Parula Pileolated, 25 Pine, 20; illustration, nest, young and adult, 85 Prothonotary, 7, 20 Red-poll. See Warbler, Palm Summer. See Warbler, Yellow Sycamore, 35 Tennessee, 20 Wilson’s, 20 Wilson’s Black-capped. bler, Wilson's Worm-eating, 35 Yellow, 20; illustrations, nest and eggs, 75; three-storied nest, 78; Museum group, 79 Yellow-rumped. See Myrtle Warblers, law relating to, 38 Water-Thrush, Grinnell’s, 20 Large-billed. See Water-Thrush, Louisiana See War- Warbler, See Warbler, Northern See War- Warbler, Louisiana, 7, 20 Small-billed. See Water-Thrush, Grinnell’s Wavey. See Goose, Snow Blue. See Goose, Blue Waxwing, Bohemian, 19 Cedar, 9, 19; economic value of, 47; illustrations, 82; 83 Northern. See Waxwing, Bo- hemian Waxwings, law relating to, 38 Whip-poor-will, 17; decrease of, 32; illustrations, adult, 72; nest and eggs, 73; law relating to, 38 Whiskey-Jack. See Jay, Canada Whistle-wing. See Golden-eye Whistler. See Golden-eye Widgeon. See Baldpate Willet, Western, 14; decrease of, 31; law relating to, 38 Wilsonia pusilla pileolata, 25 Winter bird life, 9 Winter Visitants, defined, 8; number of, 8,9 Wood Warblers, 20 Woodcock, 14; decrease of, 31; laws re- lating to, 36, 38 Woodpecker, American Three-toed. See Woodpecker, Three-toed Arctic Three-toed, 7, 17 Black-backed. See Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed Black-backed Three-toed. See Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed Downy, 16; illustration, young, 71; illustrations, adult, 87, 90 Golden-winged. See Flicker, Northern Hairy, 16 Ladder-backed. See Woodpecker, Three-toed Nelson’s Downy. 16 Northern Downy. See pecker, Nelson’s Downy Northern Hairy, 16 Northern Pileated, 17; decrease of, 32 Red-bellied, 7, 17 Red-headed, 17; economic value of, 46 Wood- 100 INDEX Woodpecker (Continued) Three-toed, 7, 17 Yellow-bellied. See Yellow-bellied Woodpeckers, law relating to, 38 Wren, Bewick’s, 34, 35 Carolina, 35 House, 21 Long-billed Marsh. Prairie Marsh Parkman's. See Wren, Western House Prairie Marsh, 21 Short-billed Marsh, 21 Western House, 21 Sapsucker, See Wren, Winter, 21 Wrens, law relating to, 38 Yellow-bird, Summer. See Warbler, Yellow , Yellow-hammer. See Flicker, Northern Yellow-legs, 14 - Greater, 14; decrease of, 31 Lesser. See Yellow-legs Yellow-legs, laws relating to, 36, 38 Yellow-throat, Maryland, 20 Zones, Life, 5 Zoogeography, 5 ADDENDUM The foregoing paper was written during the summer and early fall of 1918, and as the result of unavoidable delay in printing, the section dealing with the game ‘laws of the state is now out of date, owing to the passage of a new game law by the state Legislature in April, 1919. It is too late to rewrite the chapter but the follow- ing notes will suffice to indicate the principal changes of interest to bird students. The new bill is entitled an ““‘Act to Amend, Supplement, Revise, Consolidate and Codify the Laws of This State Relating to the Preservation, Protection and Propagation of Wild Animals, Including Quadrupeds, Birds and Fish of Both This and Other States, and to Repeal Certain Laws Relating Thereto.”’ It is specified that it shall be known as the ‘“‘Law of Minnesota Relating to Wild Animals.’’ This statute, as introduced, was the work of a commission appointed by the Governor, as directed by the Legislature in 1917. In both general arrangement and wording the present law differs considerably from the old law, but the intent and provisions in its various parts are, in the main, the same. In Part IV, devoted to Birds, are to be found the following changes, intended, in some instances, to bring the state law into accord with the Federal law:— WOODCOCK. Closed period extended to Oct. 1, 1920. UPLAND PLOVER. Closed period extended to Sept. 16, 1927. PRAIRIE CHICKEN. Closed period established until Sept. 16, 1922. SHARP-TAILED GROUSE. Same as Prairie Chicken. RUFFED GROUSE. Closed period to Oct. 15, 1920 and thereafter they may be killed ‘‘only in even numbered years.” . RING-NECKED or ENGLISH PHEASANT (male). Same as Ruffed rouse. WOOD DUCK. Closed period extended to Sept. 16, 1923. At the request of the National Association of Audubon Societies and the Biological Bureau of Washington a provision against the sale of plumage, in support of the Federal law, was incorporated in the present state law. It reads as follows:— “Sec. 65. CERTAIN WILD BIRDS PROTECTED—Wild birds, other than the English sparrow, blackbird, crow, sharp-shinned hawk, Cooper hawk, goshawk, and great horned owl, shall not be taken or possessed at any time, dead or alive, except under the authority of a certificate issued by the commissioner. No part of the plumage, skin or body of any bird protected by this section, or of any birds coming from without the state, whether belonging to the same or a different species from that native to the state of Minnesota, provided such birds belong to the same family as those protected by this chapter, shall be bought, sold or had in possession for sale. This section shall not apply to game birds for which an open season is provided in this chapter, nor to the keeping and selling of parrots or song birds as domestic pets, provided that nothing herein shall be construed to permit the buying or selling of wild song birds.”’ Under the provision of the new law (Sec. 120) permits to collect birds, nests, and eggs for scientific purposes are to be issued by the commissioner only to “‘any municipal corporation, incorporated society of natural history, college or university, maintaining a zoological collection.’”’ This is even more stringent than the old law and is unnecessary, unwise, and not in accordance with the present liberal policy of the U. S. Department of Agriculture under the provisions of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. There is no valid reason why properly accredited and capable citizens should not be legally permitted to carry on individual investigations. The U. S. Department of Agriculture is issuing permits to such persons, but they are useless in states having such provisions as the above and much unfortunate irrita- tion and disappointment results, with the loss of valuable and needed effort by really capable collectors who for various reasons can not be connected with scientific institutions. An ornithologist must be a collector at some time in his career. If personal collecting is not to be allowed, there will soon be very few if any trained ornithologists, and this will be a distinct economic and educational loss to the com- monwealth. The thousands of hunters are no more entitled to their annual licenses to kill for sport and food than are the few worthy students of birds to legal per- mission to carry on their investigations in the only way that will give accurate and valuable results. The destruction of life by the latter class is as nothing compared with the thousands of birds killed annually by sportsmen and it is now known that game birds have an economic importance, aside from their value as food, quite comparable with that of the non-game birds. \ , x STUDIES IN ENGINEERING 1. GEORGE ALFRED MANEy, Secondary Stresses and Other Problems in Rigid Frames: A New Method of Solution. 1915. $0.25. 2. CHARLES FRANKLIN SHOooP, An Investigation of the Concrete Road- Making Properties of Minnesota Stone and Gravel. 1915. $0.25. 3. FRANKLIN R. McMILLAN, Shrinkage and Time Effects in Reinforced Concrete. 1915. $0.25. STUDIES IN THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1. HERBERT G. LAmpson, A Study on the Spread of Tuberculosis in Families. 1913. $0.50. 2. Juttus V. HoFMANN, The Importance of Seed Characteristics in the Natural Reproduction of Coniferous Forests. 1918. $0.25. 3. WILLIAM Moore and A. D. HIRSCHFELDER, An Investigation of the Louse Problem. In press. STUDIES IN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 1. EstHER L. SWENSON, An Inquiry into the Composition and Structure of Ludus Coveniriae: HARDIN CRAIG, Note on the Home of Ludus Ceventriae. 1914. $0.50. 2. ELMER EDGAR STOLL, Othello: An Historical and Comparative Study. 1915. $0.50. _ 3. CoLBERT SEARLES, Les Sentiments de l’Académie Frangaise sur le Cid: Edition of the Text, with an Introduction. 1916. $1.00. 4, PAUL EDWARD KRETZMANN, The Liturgical Element in the Earliest Forms of the Medieval Drama. 1916. $1.00. 5. ARTHUR JERROLD TIEJE, The Theory of Characterization in Prose Fiction prior to 1740. 1916. $0.75. 6. Marie C. Lye, The Original Identity of the York and Towneley Cycles. In press. 7. ELMER EDGAR STOLL, Hamlet: An Historical and Comparative Study. In press. CURRENT PROBLEMS 1. WILLIAM ANDERSON, The Work of Public Service Commissions. 1913. $0.15. 2. BENJAMIN F. PITTENGER, Rural Teachers’ Training Departments in Min- nesota High Schools. 1914. $0.15. 3. GERHARD A. GESELL, Minnesota Public Utility Rates. 1914. $0.25. 4. L. D. H. WELD, Social and Economic Survey of a Community in the Red River Valley. 1915. $0.25. 5. Gustav P. WARBER, Social and Economic Survey of a Community in Northeastern Minnesota. 1915. $0.25. 6. JosEPH B. PIKE, Bulletin for Teachers of Latin. 1915. $0.25. 7. Aucust C. Krey, Bulletin for Teachers of History. 1915. $0.25. 8. CARL SCHLENKER, Bulletin for Teachers of German. 1916. $0.25. 9. WILLIAM WATTS FOLWELL, Economic Addresses. 1918. $0.50. 10. MARGARET KENT BEARD, The Relation between Dependency and Retarda- tion: A Study of 1,351 Public School Children Known to the Minneapolis Associated Charities. 1919. $0.25. 11. THomas S. Roserts, A Review of the Ornithology of Minnesota. 1919. $0.25.