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THE ALLENBURYS' RUSKS (M»ltedV A valuable addition to baby's dietary when ten inonths old a-d after. They provide an exctlleni, nourishing, and appetising meal, specially useful during the troublesome time of teething. Eaten dry they mechanically aid the cuttine of teeth. Hiii^ A Pamphlet on Infai\t Feeding "IflB and Management Free. MILK FOOD No. I. From birth to 3 months. Allenburgs Foods J MILK FOOD No. 2. From 3 to 6 months. MALTED FOOD No. 3. From 6 months upwards. ALLEN 6" HANBURYS Ltd., London. England, and MARKET STREET. SYDNEY. — i.nt )n( )n. u — )n< ^r\r- )nr- The Review of Reviews. 111. \ ', 1|^| / ; "KOH-I-NOOR \\ j I QUALITY MEANS PENCIL ECONOMY. The very next time you buy a Pencil, get L. & C. Hardtmulh's " Koh-i-noor." lis vel- vely ftrodhness o( touch will come as a revelation to you, and its durability will pro- vide another pleasant surprise. 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UGLY EARS.— The Rubber Kar Caps invented by Lees Ray remedy ugly outstanding ears. Hundreds . . . . of successful cases. 7 /'S post free. Foreign, 1/6 extra. -R. R. LEES RAY, ioe, Central Chambers, LIVERPOOL. PERFECT HEALTH F. MEREDITH CLEASE, The British Physical Culcure Expert. and £t SHAPELY FIGURE. I T has been my one ambition throughoui my career to show every man and woman how it is possiVjle to obtain ami maintain perfect health and a shapely figure by the simplest means. Everyone lii ihc efficacy of the stretching method in curing and reiviuvini; ilic following adments and defects: — Obesity, Prominent Hips, Protruding Abdomen, Constipation, Indigestion, Flatulence, Nervous Ailments, Lack of Symmetry, Imperfect Bust Development. Woak Heart, Liver Disorders, Weal( Back, Stunted Growth, Organic Troubles, This book will be found of great help and very instructive. Those who are fit will learn how and why they should keep fit. In fact every man and woman who has the slightest regard for their personal appearance or health will read my latest book with interest. Please mcr-tion R^'iew of Reviews. WR!TE OR CnLL— F. MEREDITH CLEASE, 124, Hou Bond St., London, W. Uarh the AdvGPti-sing Business Free offer of Instruction, Wo are iirepared t,o olYor to a limitoil iniiiiber of anplioimts tlio first moutli's inst^riictiou in .\.ilvorr,i,sintJ eiitively free of cost to prove the (^rodt nossildlitios of the .Vdvt'rtisiiij^ Hiisiiu'ss. Simply fill in the Coupon and post to us. BRITISH SCHOOL OF ADVERTISING Xante 26 Oxford Hou»«5. , , , 9-15 Oxford Street. London. W. .:6 IV. The Review of Reviews, REMEMbE-R THIS- The "HIGH-SPEED" GENTLEMEN "EESI" Razor Alreadv famed all over the wcikl. WILL SHAVE YOU CLOSE and ktc p its PERFECT EDGE for all time, or voio »u)));pliiter, anil I ai>preciaic- its delving ijualities. In fact, I would not feel comfortable at the stumps wiihout it. C. FORSYTH. Teston. Kent.— Kent County players have been using ^h^■ N'onsplittfr Hat at Tonhridge. Hubble ami the others said it was very good and thought it would want soleinf4 several times be- fore being worn out. Teste n pla ers^ all speak well of it. V. READER, Renfrew, N.IJ. — The Nonsplitter r.dts are a ijreat success. J. W. BRIGGS Tarlow. Bucks. — 1 obtained 2 glorious sixes \\ ith the bat yesterday I simply sent the ball right out of the ground without any eflort. I shall most cer- tainly recommend it. W, D.-VVIES. Hundreds of tcstimonia's on our files. SEND FOR FREE LISTS Indents through Shippers WII LS&CO ▼ ▼ II^M^KJSX, V/V/. Lancashire Sports Depot OLDHAM, MANCHESTER ENGLAND. RaH The Review of Reviews. PUBLIC OPINION IS THE BEST WEEKLY REVIEW OF WHAT MEN AND WOMEN THINK, SAY, AND DO Edited by PERCY L. PARKER leople read PUBLIC OPINION to-day because it is supremely interesting. As readers are constantly saving:. It IS readable from bej^-inninff to end. " It ^®,®,''f, ?r V*"®^ ^^""'^ ^'®'^'" says the Editor of the ■ I'all Mall Gazette." It conveys, in the most handv form, something- of life s variety, vivacity and eternal interest. It is a weekly cinematograph of what people are Doing", Say- ing", and Thinking. It gives a rapid survey of the events of the week. It is specially suited for those abroad with limited access to books, magazines and papers. PUBLIC OPINION (2d. J has increased its circulation four times in the last four years. It begins its 52nd year this week, and will give 52 of the best numbers ever issued. FOR BUSY PEOPLE THERE IS NO OTHER PAPER WHICH SO HELPS THEM TO KEEP IN TOUCH WITH ALL THOSE THINGS WHICH IN- TEREST INTELLIGENT PEOPLE AS PUBLIC OPINION It is a unique paper, presenting the cream of all the best thought in the best Papers, Magazines, and Books on all Questions of the Day. I* is interested in Social Problems, in Religion, in Politics, in Science, in Literature, in all Arts and Crafts. It is just the paper for those who, like Traf- ford in Mr. H. G. Wells' new story, " want to get into touch with men who are thinking — into the souls 01 their books." PUBLIC OPINION is non-party, and seeks only reli- able facts and information. It is a great acquisition to any house, as it covers so wide a held, and in- terests everyone, for it is interested in everything. Ir is a Newspaper Room, a weekly Library of New Books, and always a cheerful and well-informed com- panion. It goes all over the world, and makes an ideal present. Tlie information contained in this paper could not be obtained in any other way without the expenditure of much money, much time, and much labour. Buy it and you will save what PUBLIC OPINION spends. A MOTHER TO HER SON A REMARKABLE LETTER AND HOW IT MAY BE ANSWERED riere is a remarkable letter from a Mother to her Son — the sort of letter many other intelligent women would write if they put on paper what they thought : — " I wonder if you ever realise, you who live and move in the big world of things, how little a won\an like myself, living quietly up here, really knows of the great questions that seem so vital and throb- bing to the country. " ' Where is your newspaper?' you will ask. But the newspaper is too verbose, to say nothing of its prejudiced writing and the previous knowledge its writers take for granted. " I suppose I am like hundreds of women. I would keenly like to understand these great problems, but who is there to tell us, simply and clearly, and, don't forget, briefly? " I want a paper which will be like a bright, intelli- gent son coming home every week and telling his mother all that is happening in the wide world — about the things that matter. I am really in- terested in everything that interests intelligent people and everything that heartens good people, and I should like to know of a paper which tells me these things in an interesting way." There are thousands of women all over the world who have similar needs, and who find their needs met in PUBLIC OPINION, as their letters to the Editor show, and who look forward with keen interest to Friday each week wht^Ji the new issue appears. The reason why they do so will be found in the first column. May we send you a free specimen copy? GET THIS WEEK^S ISSUE PUBLIC OPINION can be had at all Newsagents and Bookstalls at 2d. a week, or it will be sent post free for one year in the United Kingdom for 10/10; six \ months, «5/6 ; abroad, 13/- and 6/6. Address Manager, PUBLIC OPINION, ,2 and 33 Temple House, Tallis Street, London, E.G. (« IT KEEPS A TIRED W ,0 RLD ALERT" So says the Pall Mall Gazette VI. The Review of Reviews. *'p^ Smile in every Cup" "^'^ ■^ >^^ *'No one knows what's good like Mother, ** That's a motto — nail it up ! *' Can't beat Bird's Custard," that's another ! There's "A Smile in every Cup" Bird's — the only Custard that tastes as good as it looks ! The very look of Bird's Custard is inviting. You instinctively feel that it is good ; and you know it is good when you taste it — that is why it brings a happy " won't- grow-up smile " to every face. Everyone, especially the children, loves its perfect flavor and eg-g like creaminess and the price is within the reach of all. BlRD'S-thePi//?£CUSTARD \d. pkts.. Ad. & ^\d, boxes, & new large SJc/. tins. ^f^ Ask for ONOTO INK Best for all Pens The Onoto is the pen that fills itself and cleans itself in filling. You just push the rod and it's filled in a flash. No lost squirt — no mess — no bother. It is simplicity itself. Guarantee.— The Onoto is British made. It is designed to last a lifetime ; but if it should be in any way unsatisfactory, the makers will put it right, free of cost, within 24 hours. 'fioto the pen — never leaks. Price XZCi and upwards, o' all Stationers, Jewellers, &c. booklet about the Onoto Pen free on appli- cation to Thos. De La Rue & Co., Limited, 20(1, Bunhill Row, London, E.C. •>J P I &'■' The Review of Reviews, Vll. THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS FOR AUSTRALASIA. (Annual Subscription, 8/6.) CONTENTS FOR JANUARY, 1913. PAGE History of the Month (Australasian) x. History of the Month (English) 493 King Peter of Servia 512 The Genesis of a Great Power: Servia and the Balkan League. By Prof. T. Cvijic 5J2 Map: The Death-Knell of Germany's Ambition .. 522 Yesterday, Great Powers— To-day, Nothirg ! ... 523 Current History in Caricature 525 The "Ulster" Question. By Mr. John Redmond, M.P 528 A Plea for Special Sunday Cinemas (Illustrated By W. T. Stead What is Wrong with the Railways? 533 538 (Continued on PAGE The Life-Blood of the Empire 541 Leading Articles ta the Reviews — The Situation in MoiitenegTo 543 The Balkans 544 Egypt for the Egyptians 544 The Persian Problem 54f " We Want Numbers, Numbers, Numbers " bAi Russia's Motor Navy 547 A Pan-Germanist Catechism 547 The Holy Cities of Islam 548 Islam in Africa 543 The Attitude of Austria 549 Is the Bohemian Crisis Ended.' 550 "Practical Imperialism." 551 Conservative Criticism of Oaraonism 552 The Lure of the Colonies 554 How South Australia Cares for Her Children . . . . 554 New York under the Microscope 555 English and American Contrasts 555 next page.) Set your Watch by Homan's SUN CLOCK (the up-to-date sundial), AND YOU WILL ALWAYS HAVE THE RIGHT TIME. Write for particulars to the Inventor : W. HOMAN, 20, Renfrew St., GLASGOW, Scotland. Agents wanted everywhere. Pleas; mention this magazine. Here's the Boot of Quality For Home er Coionja.1 Service. Boots are built for lAMMjB gentlemen who are H^b^P particular about every "•"^^ detail of Footwear Quality .Workmanship, and Comfort. Per 21/- pair. Furei^m pustage extra. Carriage paid in U.K. THE " FIFE " IS SMAKT IN APPEARANCE AND LIGHT IN WEIGHT. Hand Sewn from best materials. Box Calf, Glac^ Kid (Tan or Black), all sizes. Send size (or worn boot) and P.O. O. pay- able at Strathmiglo P.O., Scotland. Illustrated Catalogue frei;. WHEREVER THE MAIL GOES — THE " FIFE" GOES. A. T. HOGG, No. 138, STRATHMIGLO. FIFE. Pioneer and Leader of the " Boots by Post" trade. REAL HARRIS TWEED made by the Crofters of Lewis and Harris can best be obtained from DONALD MACIVER, 15 and 17 Bayhead Street, Stornoway, whose stock for quality and variety is the best in the trade. Harris Tweed is incomparable for those engaged in outdoor pursu ts ; sportsmen have always recognised its usefulness. No other tweed can show up so beautifully after the roughest and most careless treatment and exposure to every variety of weather. It is extremely comfortable in wear and bears that strong and characteristic look which is reminiscent of the country where it is made. Patterns and Particulars post free. A SPECIAL OFFER. We wil) send to any part of the world a cop)- of our illustrated catalogue The Gift Book de Luxe shiwing a coinprehen'iive ran.ue of Jetvellerv, Silvirplate, WitctlJS, Clocks, Rings. Laliei' and G^nthmen'ii Oresshg Cases, Opera, Fielji and Readino Glasses, Barometers, ex., etc. We cm offer remark- j able value, and a selectioti of tjoods to suit the taste of al. Buy dirce' Jrom the manufadurers who hai^e been established since 1S20, Special Note.— We cai 'upply the same hlg'J-cla-s articles as thise ; obtaln<^d at aiy other of the lea ling Jewellers it a much lower price. Send for catalogue fO-0\Y and yju will bi delighted. suthe:rland &. horne, lO South St. Andrew Street, EDINBURGH - SCOTLAND. VIU. The Review of Reviews. CONTENTS -(Continued from page vii.) PAGE Leading Articles (Continued) — Newspaper Ldbraries in New York 556 Count Okuma on Christianity 557 Oorea : A Confucian Polity 557 Humanism v. Ohristiajiity in Japan 558 Japanese Architecture 558 The Passing of Nogi 559 A Great Buddhist • . 559 Japan's Policy in Formosa 560 Mr. Balfour as Thinker 561 Burke, Windhaaii and Pitt - 562 Reminiscences of Jowett 562 Gonversatione with George Meredith 563 Byron and Ghillon 563 Infant Mortality 564 Women in Local Government 565 Women and the Reform Bill 565 Our National Education 566 Wanted — More Women Factory Inspectors 566 Missionary Administration 567 German Socialism of To^Day 568 Ijabour and Wages in Japan 569 Agricultural Labourers and a Minimum Wage . . 569 Substitute for Apprenticeship 569 ""^^-^ PAGE Leading Articles (Continued)— Trades Union Congress and Seamen 570 Choral Music in England 571 Welsh Music 571 Chinese Drama 571 Mr. Bernard Shaw in France 572 Songs of Russian Exiles 572 Two Wandering MJnstrels 572 Whistler Literature 573 The People's Theatre 573 The Reviews Reviewed — The Fortnightly Review— The Contemporary Re- view 574 The Quarterly Review 575 The Nineteenth Century and After— The English Review 576 The National Review— The Italian R€view8 577 The Edinburgh Review — Tlie Spanish Reviews 578 Occult Magazines — The Dutch Reviews . . . 579 Notable Books of the Month 580 n Insurance Notes .- .-. ... .-. . . 591 ■ SPECIAL OFFER TO OUR READERS. High-Class LeatherBlouseCases. These Superior ^nd High-class BLOUSE and TRAVELLING CASES, ia fine Smooth Hide Leather iNut Colour), are very Light ia Weight, and beautifully lined with Green Bengaline, fitted with large drawn Pocket in lid, one at each end of case, and five pockets at back, to take ladies' own fittings , two good nickel Sliding- Nozzle Locks, inches, Worth S2 12 6, for 44/6 16 by 12 by ( 18 by 13 by 6i i.iches. Worth £3 3 0, for 52/6 -20 by 14 by 7 inches, Worth £4 4 0, for 59/6 Orders from the Colonies and Alnoad 5/- extra, to cover additional packinir, carria.ue, and Insurance : Remittance Returned if not Approt'ed. A Truly Handsome Case and Useful Present. These handsome Bloiis.- and Travelling Cases are highly recommended, the s vie, finish, and appearanc:; being all that one could possibly desire. HENRY R. BOX & CO. Ltd , Actual Trunk Makers, 251, KENSINGTON HIGH ST. LONDON, W. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE of fancy leather goods, ladies* GENTS' FITTED CASES, TRUNKS, HAT BOXES, SUIT CASES, &c., POST FREE. AND The Review of Reviews, IX Choose your Christmas Gifts early and choose them well. Search the World over you cannot find a more suitable or welcome Gift than a Waterman's Ideal. In 4 Styles— Regular and Self-Filling, 12/6 and upwards ; Safety and Pump Filling, 15/- and upwards. O/ Statio)urs and Jewellers everywhere. L. & C. HARDTMUTH, Ltd., Kob-Unoor House. London, England. MACKINTDSHS TOFFEE "irsRippiN! Butter Sugar and Cream Made in the Mackintosh Way The Rev EYIEWS TBMf'EieAJSCE A.ND GHJSERAL LIFE ASSVTiAlSlCE BVILDING. SWAASTOJ* STREET. MELBOVRNB. If a matk is against tbis line the copy Is a sample one. Will you read it carefully and then send 8s. 6d. either to your news a^ent or to "The Review of Reviews. T. and G. Building, Melbourne, and receive it for 12 months, THE HISTORY OF THE MONTH. Melbourne, December 24, 191 2. The year closes with the clash of The Clash political arms. Already the faces of Arms. j^£ Federal politicians are turned towards a general election. The session has yielded a lot of legislation, good, had and indifferent, but the Government are staking their chances for the future, not so much on what they have done, as on what they propose to do when they get the larger powers, which the Referenda is de- signed to secure. They are asking for power to deal with corporations, including : — (a) The control, dis solution, and regulation of corporations. (b) Corporations formed under the law of a State, including their dissolution, regulation, and control, but not including municipal or Governmental cor- porations, or any corporation formed solely for reli- gious, charitable, scientific, or artistic purpo.ses, and not for the acquisition of gain by the corporation or its members ; and (c) Foreign corporations, includ- ing their regulation and control. Labour and em- ployment and unemployment, including : — (a) The terms and conditions of labour and employment on any trade, industry, or calling ; (b) The rights and obligations of employers and employees ; (c) Strikes and lockouts; (d) The maintenance of industrial peace ; and (e) the settlements of industrial dis- putes, conciliation and arbitration for the preven- tion and settlement of industrial disputes in relation to employment in the railway service of a State. Trusts, combinations and monopolies in relation to the production, manufacture, or supply of goods, or the supply of services. At present the indications point to these Referenda proposals being as ignominiously defeated as on the previous occasion. Should thev be turned down, what will the Government do then? The New South Wales Government The McGowen have gone into session with almost Government. pertain defeat staring them in the face. The party represented bv Mr. McGowen is torn with internal dissension. With a bare majority at the elections, they floundered along for tw^o years, with apparently but one idea in mind, that the secret of political success is to spend money. In that respect they have beaten all State records, and their prodigality has only been limited in recent months by a tightening money market. In endeavouring to please their supporters they have caught hold of some thorny problems. Mr. Beeby grew tired of trying to reconcile trade unionists to the basic principle of arbitration — equal justice to employer and employed — and with another fight pending in the Federal arena with the Referenda as the war-cry, for which he has no taste, he has re- signed ofiice to lead an independent party. Instead of leading a party, he will probably lose his .seat. Outside their strict party platform, the Government have made more than one false tactical move. The culminating act of recklessness was the eviction of the Governor- General from Government House. It will cost them many votes at the next election, and meantime they are threatened with legal proceed- ings, in which a representative citizens' committee will move the Equity Court to recover lands, believed to belong to the Crown in one capacity, being taken away from it by another person not entitled to it. It is a pretty point of law, and one well worth arguing. Archdeacon Boyce, the leader Liquor of the No - License Party in eg s a ion. ^^^^, South Wales, has virtually risen from rtant than ever. There is only one explanation of the McGowen Govern- ment's failure to correctly interpret the growing sense of public o]Mnion in favour of Temperance reform, and it is lack of sympathy. The Interstate Commission. The Interstate Commission Bill was brought forward by the Attorney- General last week. It provides for the appointment of three commis- sioners, who will be charged with the duty of investi- gating as occasion arises, all matters which, in the opinion of the Commission, ought, in the public interest, to be investigated, affecting — (a) the pro- duction of and trade in commodities ; (b) the encour- agement, improvement, and extension of Australian industries and manufactures; (c) markets outside Australia, and the opening up of external trade gene- rally ; (d) the effect and operation of any tariff Act or other legislation of the Commonwealth in regard to revenue, Australian manufactures and industry, and trade generally; (e) prices of commodities; (f) profits of trad? manufacture; (g) wages and .social and industrial conditions ; (h) labour employment and unemployment ; (i) bounties paid by foreign countries to encourage shipping or export trade; (j) population ; (k) immigration ; and (1) other matters re- ferred to the commission by either House of the Par- liament by resolution for investigation. The Com- mission may investigate all matters affecting: — i. — (a) The extent of diversions or proposed diversions or works, or proposed works for diversions, from any river and its tributories and their effect, or probable effect, on the navigability of rivers that, by them- selves, or by their connection with other waters, con- stitute highways for interstate trade and commerce ; (b) The maintenance and the improvement of the navigability of such rivers ; (c) the bridgement by the Commonwealth by any law or regulation of trade or commerce of the rights of any State, or the residents therein, to the reasonable use of the waters of the rivers for conservation or irrigation ; (d) the \iolation bv anv State, or by the people of any State of the rights of any other State, or the people of any other State, with respect to the waters of rivers. 2. — In this section " diversions " include obstructions, impoundings, and appropriations of water that diminish or retard the volume of flow to a river ; all rates fixed or made by any common car- rier, (a) For any service rendered in respect of interstate commerce ; or (b) which affect interstate commerce, shall be reasonable and just, and every such rate which is unreasonable or unjust is hereby prohibited. It shall not be lawful for any State, or for anv State railway authority, to give, or make, upon any railway the property of the State, in respect of interstate commerce, or so as to affect such com- merce, any preference or discrimination which is undue and unrea.sonable or unjust to any State. "A Glorious Fight." " It was a great victory for the British Isles in every way, but what, perhaps, is more important, it was a glorious fight, in which the issue hung in the balance till the very last match was played, and the genuine expressions of congratula- tions that were showered upon us just after the last stroke had l>een made and won, pro\'ed to us what fine sportsmen they are in this country." That was how the English captain, Mr. C. P. Dixon, summed up the contest for the Davis Cup. It was indeed a memorable struggle for supremacy. The win for the British Isles team certainly came as a surprise, for the critics were almost unanimous in their opinion that the challengers would be defeated. The Eng- lishmen came out to w'in, and in the language of their captain on the eve of sailing, reckoned they had " a fine sporting chance of bringing back the ashes," and so it proved. After the first day's play, when Mr. Norman Brookes was defeated by Parke, the brilliant Irish player, Australia's chances of saving the cup were remote. There is nothing to deplore in the result. It was an excitingly even game ; the teams were well matched, and there is every reason to believe that if the contest were to be played over again, it would be either side's game. In the gene- ral interests of tennis, it is good that the cup should go round, and if the trophy had to leave Australia, if only temporarily, there is no country in whose keep- ing Australians would sooner see it than England. Already tennis enthusiasts are discussing what will happen next year when Brookes goes to England. XI]. The Review of Reviews, January, 1913. Melbourne " Punch." A BATTER PUDDIXG. Australia (to Board of Control) : " There's not a decent monthfnl in it. I'll have to get a new cook." It was only to be expected that Old Age hardship.s and anomalies would be Pensions. itrought to light in the practical working of the Commonwealth Old Age Pension Act. A genuine attempt to remedy these has been made in the Amending Bill, introduced by the Prime Minister, and which was taken through Committee on December 12. The Bill permits any pensioner to receive any sum by way of a gift or allowance from a son or a daughter, stepson, step- daughter, grandson or granddaughter, without any deduction being made from the pension on that account. Nor is any deduction to be levied on account of the home in which a pensioner perma- nently resides. Pensions to the blind, likewise, are legalised, though they have been paid for the past three years ; but blind persons will continue to be expected to make an effort to earn their own living. A foreigner (otherwise eligible) is to become entitled to a pension on being naturalised. In none of these provisions can it be said that the quality of mercy has been strained. The additional cost imposed by The Aftermath. the Amending Bill is estimated at between ^150,000 and ^175,000 a year. If there had been sufficient money in sight, Mr. Fisher would have given pen- sions to widows, and have increased the old age pensions. It is a pity that the tour of the last Australian cricket team to England should have ended in the public washing of soiled linen. From what has been published, and retailed privately by me»"n- bers of the team, the Australians were evidently not a happy family all the time. They signed on under regulations which should have ensured good results ; but apparently some members of the team forgot while so far from home that thev carried with them the honour of their country, and of the noble game in whose interests they made the trip. Taking the tour all through, the team did better than was ex- I^ected on the field; but they might have done still better had some of the players been more obedient to discipline off the field. Unpleasant reports are in circulation, which, if true, will seriously discount the reputation of Australian cricketers in the Mother- land. Some of the reports, it is to be feared, can- not be contradicted. A captain has much to try him in managing a team of this kind, especially if authority be flouted and license persisted in. Few captains of Australian teams have been able to hold ;. team as did Noble, who was always strong enough, not only to command discipline, but to enforce it. Ft is as well that the whole conduct of the team should be inquired into in the interests of future teams, and in fairness to those members of the last team whose behaviour called for no strictures. The Board of Control have appointed a committee to investigate the charges, and in view of the manager's report, thev could not have done less. In Praise of English Sport. Mr. Alex. Thomson, rowing man ager of the Australian Olympic team, has rendered sport a service by his efforts to put to silence cer- tain critics, who, disappointed that the Australian rowing team were beaten in the Olympic contest, and looking about for an excuse, made some ill-mannered and unsportsmanlike criticisms regarding the winning crew and English sportsmen in general. It is in the highest degree es.sential, if the ties of Empire are to be strengthened, and the good name of Australia is to be upheld by the visits of sporting teams to England, that good feeling should prevail, that the contestants should " play the game," and play it for the sake of the game. The suggestion that the] January. 1913. History of the Month. Australian rowing team were not treated well after their defeat of Leander on the Thames, is emphati- cally contradicted by Mr. Thomson. " We received the utmost courtesy and consideration during ouj training on the Thames," he affirms. " The race for the much-coveted Grand Challenge Cup resulted in a splendid victory for Australian oarsmanship, and will for ever stand in the forefront of the annals of English and Australian amateur rowing. And any criticism that would mar this victory, any cheap sneers regarding the attire of the Leander members or any attempt to belittle our opponents, in my opinion should be treated with the contempt thev deserve. The Leander crew we met w'as a reallv fine one. I have no svmpathy with any ill-mannered or ungener- ous attacks on English sportsmanship. In my opinion, they are not deserving of notice." A Twilight League. In an age when organised labour is rd Mayor-elect of Sydney. which is responsible for the maintenance of law and order in the State should least of all be exposed to such interference. Mr. Tolmie, Minister for Agri- culture, succeeds Mr. Macartney as Secretary for Lands, and Mr. John White becomes Minister for Agriculture. The New Zealand Minister of De- fence (Mr. James Allen) is proceed- ing to England to consult with the Imjjerial authorities on matters of Imperial defence, and the part New Zealand is pre- pared to play. Mr. Allen was not inclined to dis- close the plans of his Government before leaving, but it is evident from his speech at a farewell banquet tendered him in Wellington that New Zealand is likely soon to mo\e into line with Australia and Canada, and share the responsibilities of Empire in a naval as well as military sense. Mr. Allen admitted that New Zealand would not be doing its duty until it had given not onlv ships, but men to man those ships. He urged the necessity of organising out of the territorials an expeilitionary force of eight or ten thousand men. which would be available for iii-stant assistance to the Motherland wherever required. He paid a tribute to the sacrifice which Australia is mak- ing in fulfilling more than its part of the programme laid down by the Imjx^rial Conference of igoq, and recognised that in carrying out that programme Aus- tralia will he promoting the ideal of an Imi^erial XVI. The Review of Reviews. January, 1913. fleet in the Pacific. It seemed to Mr. Allen an abso- lute necessity if the peoples of these southern seas desired to keep open their trade routes that there should be established a fleet in the South Pacific, ,is well as one in the Atlantic, and he thought the t:)urden of such fleet should be borne by those who live in the Pacific. There was no reason why Aus- iralia. New Zealand, Canada, South Africa, and even India should not take part in the defence of the l\acific. Thereupon came the question of control. One of the difficulties which Australians had, and which must be faced, was this, not the building up 'if a local navy simply for local purposes. They had to realise that if the fighting part of the fleet was to be effective, it couhl only be effective by placing it under one control. It is gratifying to find all shades of Developing politicians of one mind in the public Tasmania s ! . . , , , Trade. interest, as was evidenced when the select committee to inquire into matters of maritime transport between Tasmania and the other States, and the development of Tasmanian trade was presented in the State Assembly. A diffi- cult and delicate task confronted the committee, but so satisfactorily did they discharge their duty that the report was greeted with cheers from both sides of the House. The recommendations of the committee were : — (i) That one or more of the companies now trading from Melbourne up the eastern coast of Aus- tralia to Northern Queensland, be approached by the Crovernment, with a view to ascertaining on what terms they would provide steamers to alternately call at one or two ports of Northern Tasmania, and at Hobart. The Union Company and Huddart Parker Limited could be included in these negotiations. (2) That the companies now engaged in the trade between l^aunceston and Melbourne be asked on what terms they will provide another vessel of the " Loongana ' type to run in the trade. (3) That, in the interests of the tourist traffic, and the full development of Tas- mania's trade resources, the Government should open up negotiations with the Commonwealth Ministry, with a view to ascertaining the largest amount of subsidy that will be paid to the State of Tasmania in the event of the Tasmanian Government deciding to build two vessels of a modern type to trade between Northern Tasmania and Victoria, and that action be taken according to the nature of the replies received to the above questions. (4) That, whenever the Marine Board of Hobart decides to take action in connection with dock construction, the Government of the State should gne reasonable assistance to the undertaking. (5), That, in any negotiations with the companies now engaged in the trade between Tas- mania and Queensland, the companies should be asked to remember that Tasmania's interests, owing to its geographical position, lequire low freights and fares to rule between this State and other parts of the Commonwealth, and that they should negotiate on the basis of moderate trade profit on the capital invested ; and the necessity for impro\ed services, if they desire to see the State refrain from competition with them. As the little sister of the group, Tasmania is a general favourite in all the States. Everybody recog- nises her disabilities. PLverylx)dy wishes her well. Medical science has always been Compulsory largely on the side of compulsory Vaccinaiion. vaccination as a preventive of small pox, but the lay British mind does not take kindly to the idea of compulsion. In Eng- land thousands of citizens, from conscientious motives, have resisted the Compulsory Vaccination Act, and have suffered imprisonment and distraint ratiier than submit their children to the ordeal. The contention of the Chairman of the Board of Health of Victoria that Victoria should follow English legis- lation, and make vaccination compulsory, will not receive universal endorsement, and seeing that on Dr. Ham's own admission, Australia is free of small pox, and that cases which have arisen were brought here, it does not appear that adequate reason for such drastic legislation has been shown. Dr. Ham's argument is tRat it is impossible to make certain of stopping an epidemic of smrall pox in the early stages by isolation and quarantine alone. It is an ex- tremely risky procedure, he says, to wait until the danger has actually arisen, and the well-worn sav- ing that "prevention is better than cure" applies with much greater force to small pox than to some other diseases not so explosive in the matter of spreading. " A big responsibility rests upon parents who refused to give their little ones this chance of escape from one of the most loathsome and deadly diseases known to medical science." While con- ceding that the immunity offered by vaccination is not absolute, he thinks vaccination should be made compulsory on all individuals, and suggests that six months is a fair minimum age for the vaccination of children. Daily Herald.] Cri de Paris.] [Paris. Europe, bound hand and foot by Militarism, sees the The Heroes.: " Let us get our people massacred so that they awful possibility'of the Balkan Blaze spreading until the whole Continent is one conflagration. may not massacre us. Forward ! " Liii. #'yy-, Pasquiiu The Latest Position in Turkey. Le Hire.] IParis. Poor friend ! The only chance of saving you is to shorten you. v>t^^/i :M.g,.. HHSH^i.. .^ Ani. ^\ \ .--'c__., 'N J>y ':/- — •^ Mohilev f\ i U O r CX / ,^ -»- yroMoscov KovnW' S:«W5^««5|(jiS:ftACQvv. I u , -, 'k J I torn u" ^ I "dwoloczyska / / \ _^ VmnitsaJr / ;""""■-*: Koiorr)'!-., , ' -^Khotin » f\ . , ,- ^-"^LipUani .' Rudnitsa^^ ': / ''•t'V KI5HINEF ^ ' ^ Lilmskia i * T \ ■XT' Bolgrad ^ ( \ f ',te ite'.cirf R /JO U L G A \R ' Do!,rr?" ^---..^ .:. « L-_ S , ■ ialsik-tt" - -^ *^ m ^i ^^ " pj.iu' n"3*-''''^->Wconstanza o THE VITAL LINE OF PEACE OR WAR : THE AUSTRO- RUSSIAN FRONTIER. The arrangement of the railways shows a very perceptible difference. The Austrian— and more particularly the Prussian — plan is to run their railways parallel close to the frontiers, whereas Russia makes no attempt at this, but runs several almost parallel lines direct into the heart of Poland. This would seem to indicate, in the first instance, designed offensive ; in the second, prepared deiensive. [Jinssi(i is shown in a lighter tint to inake obvious her long frontier, ' The Progress of the World. 497 struggle, a death grapple between Young Turks chastised with scorpions Cross and Crescent, that there is a where Abdul Hamid had beaten with danger of the real issue being for- rods, and the lot of the unfortunate gotten. There is no real question raya became intolerable. Especially of religious hatred spurring on the was this so in those parts of Turkey nations to war. Religion only enters where the Servians and Bulgarians un- into play because Turkey is a religious mistakably predominate. In ]\Iace- State, in which, therefore, the true donia, where the population has no real believers must always dominate, and racial colour, but chameleon-like has the unbeliever be oppressed. But the had the habit of changing its colour, individual peasants, Turk or Christian, things pressed perhaps less hardly, but have lived side by side much more yet hard enough. Refugees poured into happily than many of the differing the neighbouring free States peopled by sects or divisions amongst the their brothers, and gradually the popu- Christians. Indeed, in the past it is lations of the Balkan States became possible that almost as many Christians wrought up to a point beyond which it have been killed by Christians as ever was impossible to keep the peace, by Turks. A possible exception must Besides which, these young and vigorous be made in the districts inhabited races saw in the liberation of their by savage Mohammedan Alban- enslaved and oppressed brethren a real ians, who rather killed and robbed opportunity for legitimate national Christians than Turks because the expansion. To have neglected to seize latter were armed and the others their opportunity would have been to defenceless. In the past the endeavour see a partition of Turkey by the great to earmark as Bulgarian, Greek or interested Powers, and their future Servian certain ethnographical divisions pushed back indefinitely. We do not of Macedonia, and in especial certain hesitate to say that under the new towns, has led to the formation of bands conditions the lot of the inhabitant, of the various nationalities who strove be he Bulgar, Serb or Turk, will be far to convince the population that they happier. Meanwhile the cause of were of one particular nationality or democratic government and institutions another. The easiest method of dis- has gained a far more notably valuable tinguishing the races in Macedonia was victory over reactionaryism than ever by their special brand of Greek Ortho- was achieved by the granting of a doxy, and so many were slain in a paper constitution, desire to coerce them to change their For many years already brand. But above all this there was The Balkan League those amongst the ad- a very continuing and real lack of signmcance. visers of the various organised justice or administration. Balkan States who had Under Abdul Hamid it was proverbial, the furthest and clearest sight have but with the Constitution things went been urging the imperative necessity from bad to worse instead of achieving of some close and binding understand- the miraculous change which seemed ing between the various States. There to be believed in Western Europe. The have been moments in the past when 498 The Review of Reviews. this ideal seemed on the point of being he was able to convince the Southern achieved, but always at the eleventh Slav statesmen that his country was hour the influence of Russia or Austria both ready and able to take part in the prevented its consummation. The con- liberation of the Christian provinces of stant difficulty which divided two Turkey. February, 1912, saw the nations, so closely bound in every other Balkan League united, and able to way as Servia and Bulgaria, was the place some three-fourths of a million impossibility of delimitating the spheres men fully equipped into the field, of interest in the Balkan Peninsula Servia alone was able to mobilise with- outside of the frontiers of the States, out any serious difficulty 340,000 men. The work of the devoted few who, by and with not only a definite programme, scientific research and by political but with every point of possible friction effort, gradually eliminated one after dealt with in advance. It is no exag- the other of possible points of difference geration to say that by this time there was finally crowned with success in was born in Europe a new Power, February of this year. By this time all greater in positive possibility than any questions, even those of detail, had of the existing Great Powers, which been settled definitely between Bulgaria, has shown conclusively that although Servia, and Montenegro. The principal six Great Powers may declare for the worker in this welding together of the status quo, four smaller States united Southern Slav States was King Ferdi- may destroy it utterly. A very signi- nand of Bulgaria, who brought to the ficant point in connection with the task the inherited ability in state- Balkan League is that it has not been craft drawn from his long line of made simply for the purpose of wresting Bourbon ancestors. The Balkan League her European provinces from Turkey, was formed with no definite idea of war but for a fixed period, as much as was at any fixed date; it was rather a the Triple or Dual Alliance. During definite and co-operative insurance this difficult time the League acts as against the ever-increasing arrogance of one Power in the common interests, and Austria and Russia ; but before the before the period for which it was signature of the Treaty of the League, made shall have elapsed, the actual each of the nations severally had been power of the Balkans will have preparing steadily in armaments and doubled or trebled from a military financially, with the result which has as well as from an economic point of been seen. Until the advent of M. view. Venezelos in Greece there had been Ideals and an adequate no real effort to include Greece in the ideais versus Riches realisation of them are Balkan League save as a sleeping DTveiopmTnt. an essential part of the partner. But this able Cretan, who equipment of every became the greatest of modern Greek " nation. Success is to the race or nation statesmen, so transformed his country — which has clearly before it some goal which had sunk into a state of semi- towards which to strive, some ideal atrophy, thanks to the attitude of those which must be reahsed. The success of responsible for her government — that the allied armies in the Balkan War has The Progress of the World. 499 not been due in the ^first instance to any real and living ideals. There is in compulsory service, or to the merits of the great, rich, and comfortable peoples French as against German guns, or too little of that sentiment which in- anything else save the fact that the spired the people of the Balkans, and entire population of the different States which was well expressed in the words was actuated and illuminated by an of the young Servian student going to intense realisation of national and racial battle when he said : " We undertook ideas, and filled with an intense and this war with the firm determination burning determination to realise tradi- ' to be or not to be ! ' " Turkey may tional and cherished ideals. Had there cease to be a European Power ; Euro- not been a Bulgarian, Servian, and pean Turkey may be divided in one way Christian population in the Turkish or another ; the Great Powers may provinces who had suffered for years endeavour to intervene, they may even under oppression, and who in suffering succeed ; but it has been proved beyond had brought home those sufferings to all question, and for all time, that small their co-nationals living in liberty only peoples with great ideals are able to a few scores of miles away across an accomplish greater things than great artificial frontier, there would have been peoples with small or no ideals, no such series of sweeping victories as That bugbear of Euro- has electrified the world during the last ^j^^ Partition of P^^^ Chancelleries for few weeks. " All that we are is a result Turkey. generations, the division of what we have thought," and the of the European pos- nations of the Balkan League to-day sessions in Turkey, is about to take have thought of great things. Great place without any of the world con- generals and statesmen do not spring up vulsions which were so confidently haphazard, they are the culminating predicted by all and sundry. The point of genius, nurtured and made Balkan League, secure in its great fruitful by an atmosphere of national success, is going to proceed to re- idealism and national determination, arrange the geography of South-Eastern It is thus that Japan produced great Europe without any disputes, without generals, and that Bulgaria and Servia any conferences, and without any inter- have found in their time of need not ference. The word of the moment is only Gueshoff and Pachitch, but also " Hands Off." The Powers let the those generals who have led their Balkan League go to war, they cannot victorious armies ever forward, almost help themselves from letting the Balkan without check. Ideals make even poor League make peace. Happily the divi- nations great, prosperity and riches in sion of Turkey is all cut and dried, too many cases seem to make for the spheres of interest are defined, losing of every ideal. A prominent and, although success beyond antici- Japanese statesman, when revisiting pation may mean something more to Europe after an absence of some ten divide, there is no reason to believe years, summed up his impressions by in any serious possibility of trouble, observing that he was most struck in The divisions will follow ethnographical all the great nations by the absence of lines, and as far as possible the new 500 The Review of Reviews. frontiers will be topographically suit- arms— and no other means can be of any able. The Sanjak is divided between avail— to stand in the way of the accom- Servia and Montenegro, and in this plishment of this programme for the region the two branches of the Serb ending of Turkish rule in Europe, peoples meet and join hands of friend- The question of the ship. Servia will arrive at the Adriatic xhe Dardanelles Dardanelles is one of south of Montenegro at San Giovanni and Russia's Need, especial moment to di Medua, and possibly towards Du- Russia. The entire rich razzo. The central pivot of Old Servia, development of Russia is south of the ancient city of Uskub, will be Moscow, and her many and navigable Servian as truly as ever it was in the rivers all drain into the Black Sea. days of Servia' s greatness under the Russian commerce must have a free Tsar Dushan. Bulgaria will arrive at outlet, and therefore St. Petersburg the iEgean between the Maritza and can never consent to any arrangement Struma rivers, with Adrianople as a which bars the Straits to her shipping. Bulgarian city. Greece will obtain We do not believe that there can be additions of territory including the any two opinions on this question, or districts inhabited by Greeks, and in that any European Power will object, addition Crete and other islands. Mace- When it becomes a question of her naval donia will be an independent princi- marine, however, matters become more pality with Salonica as a free port, difficult. Russia has always required Turkey will perhaps retain Constanti- that while the Straits shall always be nople and a small portion of Thrace, free to her warships, they shall be closed otherwise this with the Straits will be to those of other Powers. The day for internationalised or neutralised. With this idea has passed now, and there is regard to Albania there is some difh- only one solution, which is, we believe, culty, since the inhabitants do not included in the programme of the seem inclined to meet their liberators Balkan League. It is that the Straits half-way, save to fight them. It may, from the Black Sea to the .Egean shall therefore, be necessary to modify the be made an international waterway, free original idea of an Albanian Princi- to the commerce and navies of the pality, and divide Albania between world. There shall only be such charges Servia, Greece and Macedonia. These as shall suffice for the lighting and are the sound ideas of the Balkan policing of the waterway. The control League, coupled with a Customs shall be under an international com- Union and free railway facilities to mission in which all interested nations Salonica for Austria. Since, however, shall be represented — somewhat on the no time will be lost in constructing the model of the Danube Commission, with Danube-Adriatic Railway from Nish to broader lines. There shall be no forti- San Giovanni di Medua, it is probable fications, either on the European or the that the Salonica line will lose much of Asiatic side, and should it be necessary its importance. It is difficult to imagine for the Turks to leave Constantinople that any European Power will be fool- finally, then the city would be neutra- hardy enough to endeavour by force of lised and made a free port, administered Cr eat Foi e -.i Region of Northern R u 1 CI A'>' ., Kostroma ^A^^ NijMl r^«...vo.5KOO vnchi:k ivUn-:t. ;,;,P!nSk t. r-, 'ten "Mohilfv MOSCOW Kaluga H' ■ samara Penza Tambov Rivpr- . baratov ■^ ^'^<^:^^?^, H Tchtmigov u A 's «f- MIFV V Jassy ,«4ft^ My - I •« "* Kitnenev 0 J»at.-r iiiO.i .V ROSTOV 4.< Ta-.'.arifjy ■-'* >..:- 0 ^^ ^^ T /-Q^ ^s.. ■ ""---^ ■'^''' A Z O'V ■ I I «. 'cr <|^Buc,HApi r ^'^|Sebastopo!'? /ioapd-^-^*^'- - ^ V ASTRAKHAM,?^ >. (r 1 ■2. ^^> pn^.ui, „.. c Htf.lbrui I^ "*^ ,18.460 ft ^^ Mt Kazbek f-MO ft. -e'^' 1 A K .':^<^ s r A_ •■^J^''^iig yy^ ' *-v.''. 'ill" .a#'*v"«pt^ \«,k"**^.. ^ t^ltl,,. '♦■ IJivnia"!-- RUSSIA'S TRADE AND THE CHUBB'S LOCK OF THE BLACK SEA. Note : The great wheat-growing, coal-mining and industrial region of Russia lies generally to the south of Moscow and the Valdai Hills. It will be noticed also that those great highways of Russian commerce, the rivers, have a North to South direction, carrying the great bulk of Russian produce down to the Black Sea ports for transhipment to Europe and this country. Note the points to which these great rivers are navigable. 502 The Review of Reviews. after the manner of Shanghai. Such an the first step. Branch banks have arrangement would be to the advantage been opened in various towns, and of all the world — it would enable the municipal elections are to be held wheat of the Russian and Danubian under proportional suffrage which will plains, together with the oil of Rou- ensure the representation of the mania or the Caucasus, free exit, and national minorities. While it is true would bring about a more certain and that Old Servia, with its Servian popu- systematic development of all lands lation, is comparatively easy to re- behind the doorway to the Black Sea. organise for Servians, it is a very Vital commercial waterways should be important factor in any future dis- internationalised, not monopolised, and cussion of the territories that there the Dardanelles may yet serve as an already exists law and order enabling object lesson for Panama. the Moslem to live peaceably with the Perhaps the most Christian, where formerly was official From Anarchy Tcmarkablc fcature of rapacity and general insecurity. The to Order. the Balkan war is the case for the retention of these dis- machine-like regularity tricts by the Servians and Bulgarians and smoothness with which the newly- variousl}^ is enormously strengthened acquired territories are being given a by such constructive action on their liberal and organised administration, part. In those lands, where formerly there The destruction of was no certainty of security for life or The Turkey as a European property — where the officials, high and inheritance. Power, and the prob- low, the soldiers, regular and irregular, ability that the future levied toll upon the civil inhabitant — will see her disappearance, gradual if there has sprung into being an adminis- not immediate, from the Comity of tration which, although naturally not Nations, opens up a question of the very perfect, is 3^et an immense advance greatest moment to a great Moham- upon anything j^et dreamed of or medan Power such as ourselves. Who promised by the Turks. This is notably is to be the successor to the Caliphate ? the case in Old Servia, where the rapid Although the political Turkey may advance of the Servian and Monte- disappear the spiritual empire of negrin armies has swept a large area Mohammed must continue. This clear of Turkish troops in a remarkably being so, it behoves us to realise the short space of time. In every town value of the Islamic succession and a prefect has been appointed, and in the take the necessary steps. It is possible villages sub-prefects. These officials that the astoundingly rapid success of are not chance and disengaged Ser- the Balkan League against Turkey has vians, but in many cases ex-Ministers eliminated much of the danger of unrest or former high officials, who undertake among the Mohammedan populations the work for the honour of serving in of the Empire. Mohammedanism was this way their country, since age has built up by the sword, and the hosts of prevented them shouldering their rifles. Islam respect the decision of the sword. And the nomination of prefects is only In India the leading Mohammedans The Progress of the World. 503 regard the failure of the Turks against Italy as a direct visitation of Allah against them because they have de- parted from the principles of their forefathers. The disasters of Thrace and Macedonia will only confirm this belief, since it proves beyond question that reliance upon Constitution instead of upon the sword is much less efficient in the cause of Islam than were the ideas of Abdul Hamid. There is, how- ever, a very easy method for this country to assure to herself the Islamic succession, and at the same time to obviate any possibility of danger from amongst her Mohammedan populations. Let Great Britain make a declaration that, by virtue of her position as the greatest Mohammedan Power, and in view of the difficulties now surrounding the Caliph, she will undertake the defence of the sacred Mohammedan cities of Mecca and Medina, and will guarantee them against aggression from all and sundry. The effect of this upon the world of Islam would be stupendous. The risk and responsibility to this country would be practically nothing, as nobody wishes to take Mecca and Medina, and since in guarding Egypt and holding the Suez Canal and Aden we are automatically guarding the Arabian coast of the Red Sea. It is, of course, too much to hope that the British Foreign Office will take so obvious a course, but the fact remains that if it does not Sir Edward Grey will add another to the heavy roll of opportunities lost. It is, of course, of enormous importance to us as a Moham- medan Power that the Mohammedans live quite happily under the Greek Orthodox Church in Bulgaria and Servia, and will, therefore, do so in the new provinces, even although in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where they come into contact with the Roman Catholic Austrian Church with its fierce proselyti- sing zeal, they leave the country in great numbers rather than submit to religious persecution. The downfall of Turkey The Lesson to ^ud thc uprisiug of the this Country, ncw Europcau Power in the shape of the Balkan League have many lessons for the world, but one in especial for this country. The Turks went into the war weak from political dissension, rotted through by corruption, and having completely allowed individual benefit to overshadow national welfare. The Balkan League, on the other hand, is composed of nations where the in- dividual plays a much less vital role, where legislation for the welfare of the nation occupies that prominent position in national development which is here solely consecrated to one or other body of individuals who may succeed in pos- sessing electoral weight. Is not the writing on the v/all clear enough, and dare we ignore it ? As Mr. Winston Churchill said : We were fortunate, born under a lucky star and in a good age, and we had no old scores to pay off, no modern enmities to prosecute. We could survey our past without a pang, our future without a grudge, but we must be prepared. We must be ready for all eventuali- ties. It was good to be patient, it was good to be circum- spect, to be peace-loving. But that was not enough. We must be strong. . . . We must so manage our affairs and organise our corporate life that those who came after us should have easier and not harder burdens to bear, that they should have fewer dangers to face, and greater resources to meet those dangers. When we com- pared our fortunate position in the world with that of other people now so desperately struggling, we could not but feel how much we had to be thankful for. It would indeed be shameful if we who had inherited so much, if we who had so much done for us before we came into the world, if we who had started so fair on the path of life, were to leave to our children nothing but bitter memories to avenge and vast misfortunes to retrieve. . . . To-day we have a strong, if not an invincible navy, but naval strength 504 The Review of Reviews. does not call into being amongst the Turk. Despite the furore with which masses of the population any realisation the writings of this most clever theorist of national duty when confronted by were received, it was always apparent potential national danger. It is easy to those who had closely studied the for Lord Roberts, never averse to the smaller Powers, and who knew the public limelight, to endeavour to destroy developing nations, that it was absurd to the Territorial system. The fact remains say that financial considerations or that while he was supreme at the War financial results could ever have any Office we were much less able to real part in preventing or in making resist an invasion than we are to-day. war. It was a very comfortable theory The Territorial system has elements of for those nations which have grown success which has given proofs of the rich, and whose ideals 'and initiative possibility of real efficiency, but there have been sapped by over much pro- must be an end to half measures with sperity. But the virile growing peoples, regard to it. If we are to give the Terri- even if they read Mr. Norman Angell's torial system a fair trial we must not do book, must inevitably throw it away in as we are doing to-day by "encourag- disgust as mere midsummer madness, ing" the loyal and patriotic desire of because the theory took no account of many who are of the best amongst our those races who in the pursuit of young manhood by saddling him with national and racial ideals reck nothing heavy financial responsibility should he of financial disaster, just as their rank join the Territorials. If we cannot and file think nothing of sacrificing afford to pay for the full estimated themselves on the field of battle. Nor- Territorial establishment let us frankly man Angell's theory was one to enable decide how many we can afford, and let the citizens of this country to sleep those members be adequately financed, quietly, and to lull into false security The war has proved that a smaller force the citizens of all great countries. That of properly trained and efficient troops is undoubtedly the reason why he met is more than a match for hordes of with so much success. But the great undisciplined and untrained men. It delusion of Norman Angell, which led would be well if in this country there to the writing of " The Great Illusion," were a fuller realisation amongst the has been dispelled for ever by the masses of the fact mentioned recently Balkan League. In this connection it by Field-Marshal Sir Evelyn Wood that is of value to quote the words of ^Ir. " the sufferings of soldiers in a campaign Winston Churchill (Oct. 30th), which are trifling compared with those of the give very adequately the reality as people in the districts occupied by the opposed to theory : — ^ ' Here was a war which had broken out in spite of The Balkan W^ar has ^U that mlers and diplomatists could do to prevent it, , - , V, 1^ ^ ^^^ '° which the Praes had had no part, a war which Norman Angell's OeStrOyeQ tnC nail- the whole force of the money power had been subtly Fallacies. 'halrprl fViPoriPc; anrl and steadfastly directed to prevent, which had come upon ucir».cu. i.i.ic»-/in_o, cixivj. yg jj^j through the ignorance or credulity of the people; manV fallacies of Mr. ^^^' ^° ^^ contrary, through their knowledge of their '' history and their destiny, and from their intense realisa- Norman Angell, far more completely tion of their wrongs and their duties as they conceived • 1 ■ , ■, 1 , J ,1 X j.x^ them, a war which from all these causes had burst upon than it has destroyed the power Ot the them with all the force of a spontaneous explosion, and The Progress of the World. 505 which in strife and destruction had carried all before it. Face to face with this manifestation, who was the man who was bold enough to say that martial virtues did not play a vital part in the health and honour of every people? Who was the man who was vain enough to suppose that the long antagonisms of history and of time could in all circumstances be adjusted by the smooth and superficial conventions of politicians and ambas- sadors? ,^, . , Inere is, however, one The Peril of the Americaa Bond. crumb of comfort for Mr. Norman Angell and his theory, and, curi- ously enough, it arises in consequence of the present war. The out- break of hos- tilities was preceded by a remarkable panic upon the Bourses of Europe. The bonds of all i n t ere s t e d States fell tens of points at a time. Sellers could find no- body to buy, and in Paris especially those who wished to re- alise capital were driven to sell their American rail- way bonds. This panic on the Bourse had no real effect upon any of the combatants, since, although the market quotation of the various bonds showed a great fall, this would only affect Servia, Bulgaria, or any other country if it happened that it was necessary to borrow more money during the time of panic. The sudden fall was rather a punishment of the investor or Panic in the F speculator in countries outside the war area, and thus the punishment of the Bourse for the making of war, of which so much has been spoken and written, fell upon the innocent rather than upon the guilty. On the Continent, in any case, the great result of the panic has been to encourage the French and German investor to buy more and more American railway bonds rather than securities. The American rail- ways have not been slow to realise this fact, and to push the sale of their bonds. But it is well that a word of caution should be offered, lest this tendency lead to an un- due proportion of the savings of any one nation being invested in purely Ameri- can stocks. For such stocks are, and must ranch Bourse. alwayS bc, "under the influence of the great American financiers who can depress or raise their value to an extra- ordinary degree with comparatively little effort. Nor is this to be wondered at when we reflect that two men, Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan and ]\Ir. John D. Rockefeller, control 36 per cent, of the actual wealth of the United States, 5o6 The Review of Reviews. aggregating nearly eight thousand million pounds. These figures are startling, but are the result of the special investigation undertaken by the Committee of Banking and Currency of the House of Repre- sentatives. The exaggerated invest- ment of European money in American bonds must inevitably place Europe at the panic discre- tion of the two money kings of America. A dispute between Europe and the United States, say on the Panama question, in such circumstances would only need the decision of Messrs. Rockefeller and Morgan to depress all American stocks held in Europe by a hundred points to create on the Euro- pean Bourses a panic and a disaster far outweighing any possible loss in time of war. Before giving such a hostage to the United States, enabling her to dominate all but the smaller States of Europe, should we not pause and reflect that in America there is practically no holding of European securities, and that, therefore, America could act in this question without any disastrous consequences to herself ? It is well for Europe to think seriously, yes, and even to read Mr. Norman Angell's book, before taking a step which may so easily be fraught with disaster. Before these pages are The in the hands of our Presidential -• , -, , Election. rcadcrs the most sen- sational Presidential election of this generation will have been decided. Mr. Woodrow Wilson is generally expected to be chosen as Chief Citizen. Mr. Roosevelt's chances have been appreciably improved by an attempt on his hfe made at Milwaukee, when a man named Schrank, who was roused to the deed by wrath at Mr. Roosevelt's seeking a third term of office, shot at him and wounded him in the chest. Happily the wound has not proved serious, and Mr. Roosevelt has, with characteristic courage, risen from his sick bed to address the final rally. America's chief contribution, however, to the world's life this season will not be the Presidential election, but a magnificent harvest. In striking contrast to the ruined harvests of the United Kingdom, the United States have this year harvested crops said to be of the value of 2,200 millions sterling. This bounti- ful gift of Mother Earth means not merely exuberant prosperity for the Republic, but a vast addition to the general wealth of the world. An example of the way The in which foreign affairs Chinese Loan. are tOO oftCU rUU lu this country was afforded by the recent Chinese loan. China, proud of her new independence from autocratic domination, but need- ing the necessary funds to carry her over the necessary period of organi- sation, entered into negotiations with a financial group known as the Six- Power group for a loan. The finan- ciers insisted that China should borrow £60,000,000, and submit to very serious control. The new Republic protested that £60,000,000 was too much, and that it was advisable in the interests of her future development to avoid overburdening herself with debt. Besides which, as far as possible, China desired to retain liberty of action in her internal affairs. The Six-Power group, however, refused to consider any other conditions, and China, there- The Progress of the World. 507 fore, arranged with an independent result of great anaemia and probably pro- financial house in London for a loan of longed difficulty in the use of his legs. £10,000,000. Significant light is shed But there is httle doubt that the upon the designs of the Six-Power Imperial youth was shot — why or by group by the Pekin correspondent of whom remains a riddle unsolved. For- the Daily Telegraph, who announces the tunately, though not without having local publication of a confidential report to undergo dangerously high tempera- fortheSix-Powergroup, the joint authors tures, the patient is steadily recovering, of which are the Japanese financial Hairbreadth 'scapes in early life are agent, M. Odagiri, and the Councillor of often taken to augur careers of eminent Legation, Midzun. After burdening the service. Let us hope that both these Salt Gabelle, for the sake of argument, heirs of Empire are spared to confer with the total annual Boxer indemnities, signal blessings on the world. If the the report states unequivocally that the besom of the Balkan Allies succeeds in surplus available permits China to sweeping Turkey out of Europe, the borrow immediately, without reorgani- democratic sentiment of the world will sation, £26,000,000. Nothing better be apt to locate the two least progressive illustrates the fact that the whole of the centres of modern government in the Sextuple policy was to seize China and Russian Duma and in the unreformed hold her indefinitely in mortmain. Prussian Landtag. Happy will these Princes be if they help to transform The Heirs - Apparent their respective Parliaments into the Heirs- to two of thc mightiest responsible organs of free democracies. in^angeJ. throucs iu tlic world had both of them a The prospects of Home narrow escape from death last month. The Progress Rule have distinctly The German Crown Prince, while hunt- HonTe Rule, improved during the ing near Dantzig, was flung from his month. September horse and fell head foremost to the ended with a wild menace of Orange ground, sustaining injuries that are, revolt that culminated in " Ulster Day " happily, declared not to be very serious, and the signing of " the Covenant." The A much more mysterious affair is the latter part of October finds Lord Dun- " accident " which befell the univer- raven busy with proposals for a confer- sally popular Tsarevitch. At first it was ence between parties, and with Sir given out as the result of the boy's Edward Carson openly admitting in frolic. But another version is suggested the House of Commons that there was .by the subsequent suicide of Admiral no fear of religious hberty being interfered Tchagin, who commanded the Imperial with by any Acts of an Irish Parliament, yacht Standart, and by the rumour that As Mr. Redmond points out elsewhere the " accident " occurred on board that in this issue. Sir Edward Carson has vessel. The official account states that practically surrendered the argument the Prince, in jumping into a boat, which chiefly weighed with Protestant sprang too far, with consequent internal and Nonconformist susceptibilities — effusion of blood, and with the further namely, that " Home Rule would mean D 5o8 The Review of Reviews. Rome Rule." The ven* weighty and judicial rebuke administered by the Conservative Quarterly^ noticed else- where, is another proof that the better sense of the Unionist Party in Great Britain is rising against the insurrec- tionary- campaign favoured b}^ the leaders of the Opposition. The Govern- ment on their side have made an important concession to the demo- cratic opinion which could not tolerate a purely nominated Senate. According to Mr. Asquith's statement in the House of Commons, the first Irish Senate will be composed of nominees, but its successors will be elected b^' the several provinces on the principle of proportional repre- sentation. In the protracted battle ,, ,. , between the Chancellor Medical Syndicalism. of the Exchequer and the doctors' trade union the latter have won, not on all points, but on most. Mr. Lloyd George's threat of starting a pubhc medical sendee, quite apart from the existing organised facultv, has proved a hrutum fulmen. ]\Ir. Lloyd George ^announced his sur- render to the House of Commons : The doctors had demanded 8s. 6d. a head apart from drugs and extras, or a total of 13s. a head of the insured population. The Government's original offer was 6s., but they had now decided to increase the original 6s. by 6d. for tuberculosis work, and by an additional sum of 2s. 6d., making gs. in all. The annual cost of the new concession is estimated at ^1,650,000. \Mien an industr\^ is so well organised as to extract from an un^\illing Govern- ment about 50 per cent, increase on the terms approved b^^ Parliament, who can denv that we are coming under the sway of the trade union ? That the particular trade union is one of medical men makes the outlook more ominous. Sombre prophets have long ago pre- dicted that we were rapidl}" drifting to- wards a despotism of doctors. ^^Tlen the British Medical Association has, single- handed, overruled the decisions of the Government and of Parliament, who can sav that we are living: under a democracy ? The curious relation The between Imperial and Municipal -i i -t-,- •,-, Elections. local politics IS annually illustrated in our muni- cipal elections. In spite of all that moralists have urged, the choice of nominees, for the Borough Councils is still largely left in the hands of the Liberal, L'nionist and Labour Associa- tions, and a flavour of the larger controversies is introduced into the local strife. The political weather- prophets are therefore eager to seize on the municipal results as an indication how the tide of national opinion is running. This is a very doubtful resort in political meteorology-. But if any value attaches to municipal reflections of national sentiment, then the elections on the first of this month do not indicate an}' seismic change in public opinion. L'nionist gains are set down as 67, Liberal and Labour 64. The tension between New Great Britain and Ambl^^or. Germany, which was, all unknown to the world. at its acutest when Lord Haldane's mission collapsed, has been steadily slackening since. Prince Lichnowsk3-'s appointment in succession to the late Baron ^larschal von Bieberstein is another proof of the happier tendency. The new ambassador, who is of high rank and much diplomatic experience, has spoken \Wth the utmost frankness of his hopes in the matter. In yord und Sua he declared for mutual respect The Progress of the World. 509 and confidence between the peoples : pronounced the German Navy necessary for German influence and independence, but not for war : argued that Anglo- German competition might benefit the whole world and save England from materialism. To a Berlin interviewer, after his appointment, he announced : Germany knew that for Great Britain it was a vital necessity that the British fleet should be stronger than any other. Nobody in Germany disputed that or pro- posed to build a fleet equal to the British. That was absurd. A Better Understanding. Yet more remarkable is the appearance in Die Flotte — the organ of Admiral von Tirpitz and the Naval League — of a paper which declares that no German will deny that England's position and needs " demand a fleet of pre-eminent strength " : England may never allow her naval power to fall so low that Germany or any other naval Power would be likely to obtain the mastery over it. All this we Germans readily agree to. Germany, the writer proceeds, must have a navy strong enough to make England think a war undesirable : even now England alone could, by blocking the North Sea, bring German sea trade to a standstill. Yet just at this moment, when a better and franker understanding is at hand, and even the fire-eaters of the German Naval League are talking reason, Lord Roberts thought fit to make a solemn Germano- phobe speech at Manchester. His motives are transparent. He wishes to frighten us into adopting universal mflitary service, which he, with all sincerity, beheves to be our only way of escape from the ruin of the Empire. So he portrayed the German peril in the blackest colours. He predicted, with the most dogmatic assurance, that, just as in 1866 before Sadowa, and just as in 1870 before Sedan, War will take place the instant the German forces by land and sea are, by their superiority at every point, as certain of victory as anything in human calculation can be made certain. A vigorous protest against this ill- timed utterance was promptly signed by a large number of members of Parliament ; and Sir Vezey Strong added his testimony to the excellent feeling shown to the people of this country by representative pilgrimages of peace from Austria and Germany. The Anglo- German Congress, which is meeting in the Guildhall as the month ends, has further helped to clear the air and show the friendly spirit of the two peoples. But the grim Realpolitik of the Bul- garian victories has done more to knock the bottom out of the German peril, real or supposed, than Lord Roberts's alarms on the one side or Guildhall pacifism on the other. Mllitantrums. The woman's cause was further advanced last month by the Danish Premier announcing the intention of his Government to enact female suffrage. In the sister land of Norway only propertied women as yet have votes, but the general election there is said to have ensured an exten- sion of the franchise to working women. The principal event at home has been a split between the leaders of the " militant " body known as the Women's Social and Political Union. Mr. and Mrs. Pethick Lawrence met Mrs. and Miss Pankhurst after their compulsory severance. Each pair had resolved on a policy to which the other would not agree. So the Lawrences left the 5IO The Review of Reviews. W.S.P.U., but stuck to the paper Votes for Women. The Pankhursts stuck to the W.S.P.U. and its war-chest, and started a new paper to be called The Su^ragette. These dissensions have en- lightened the world as to the despotism which dominates this eccentric crusade for adult democracy. The Four Tyrants have been exposed. Mr. Ramsay Macdonald has replied to their attack on the Labour Party with an evident joy of battle to which Miss Christabel makes only feebly feline rejoinders. PimcKs young lady inquiring " Are you a Peth or a Pank ? " has set the public a-smiling, and perhaps has set the Suffragettes a-thinking. The General Election in Norway has excited less attention in this country than many a petty skir- mish in the Balkans. But the movement of opinion in this Scandinavian people affords evidence of the direction in which the electoral mind of Europe is setting. Even before the second ballots were taken the transfer of the reins of pov/er from Conservative to Liberal hands was assured. More notable was the rapid increase in the votes cast for the Social Democrats. Their total vote has trebled in six years. This year it stands at 126,000, as against the Con- servative 165,000 and the Liberal 187,000. Far more significant is the fact that the Social Democratic vote has been heavier in the rural districts than in the towns. Changes in Norway. The German Social Democracy. 4 ^ \ -.-'^^^^^^^H ^^r o^l V^ ^IhsHiBn I \ '1 vii2^l ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^V^^' ''^~7 S Ulk.] [Berlin. The European Gospel. And now abideth Peace, Friendship, and Fear, these three ; but the greatest of these is Fear. Even in Germany, the home and citadel of the whole European party, Social Democracy is showing signs of momentous transition. The visit of the British Labour Members to South Germany, to which we referred last month, almost synchronised with the party conference of the German Social Democracy at Chemnitz. And the historic significance of the Chemnitz meetings was the distinct movement of the Social Democracy away from its previous policy of rigid isolation and intransigeance towards the more prac- tical and accommodating tactics of the British Labour Party. The Social Democracy as Bebel would have it seemed to aim at combining the auto- cratic discipline of the Prussian Army with the unbending dogmatism of the Papal Curia. But at Chemnitz the endeavour to censure the co-operation of Social Democrats with other parties in certain electoral contingencies was defeated by an overwhelming majority. ■s -♦-• I/", lir Ul ', o *a,A ncona ♦>t"apu(»iVo ^"^ f IT) V^ CATTAFO .'.'mM.; Antlvar i|' SanOIOVANNIdi MEDU •^f'^Y^^ 0 f* 1 r: r4 e ri'f? o '-■. ---^ ''^ <. 4 / r :! i ovc «1«^ DuraziO *Otranto Valona >v:. coWra THE FUTURE GREATER SERVIA ? AUSTRIA'S DREAD. Map showing the enormous and solid mass of Servians stretching from Uskub to Trieste ; also the nationalities in Macedonia and ethnographical divisions. Pfp^H^^'' "0 \^ Q V ^ |-^' ^ H\ z n'--- '1 6/ ^^ 1;^ > O,' f B •6, ,"m '_ £1^ 1^ '^^^>- ^ w H -*-" rn rt o 0) ^ -*-* K u < o ^ in C o o IS ;z; E < tn c^ C Q B u \j 1) s^ O «H-I CO o >H 5X) n iz; •a c < U S jr p^ w ;? o c ^ fc o h4 O h:i "a w en 4) ^ tn ^ 4) rt « u K H < W Q Yesterday, Great Powers Nothing I To-Dav, THE NEW EUROPE AND THE BALKAN LEAGUE. " No one, In view of the results of the war up to date, will be disposed to dispute the right of the Balkan States to formulate the terms on which they will be disposed to conclude peace, and I do not think the Great Powers have been, or will be, more slow than any other people to adjust their own views to the march of events." — Sir Edward Grey. The menace of war in the Balkans found the Great Powers of Europe impotent and absolutely unable to take any preventive measures, either singly or in groups. There was never the remotest chance of anything approaching unani- mity, or what has come to be known as the Concert of Europe. The war itself, with its demonstration of the positive striking power of the small States composing the Balkan League, has destroyed not only the prestige of the Powers who did not prevent war, but has de- prived them finally of any right to their proud claim to be called Great Powers. They may flatter themselves that they remain Great Powers, but In reality they are only so in name, and that but for a brief period, for Great Powers must be those which do greatly or possess the possibility of great doings, and not those which have no greater claim to greatness than the possession of an ever-present great and ever-greater fear. No such interesting or tragically amusing page of history will be read by future students than that which shows the former Great Powers of Europe paralysed before the success of the Balkan League, as much as any rabbit before the menacing serpent. Where formerly there was loose, even boastful, talk of guaranteeing the maintenance of the status quo, and presumptu- ous, although unthinking, declarations of the limitating areas of conflict, to-day there Is not a single Power which dreams, or dare dream, eithe'r of intervention or even of friendly counsel, which might be Interpreted by the Balkan League as unfriendly. A new Power has arisen in Europe. The proportions of Europe as we have known them for many years have com- pletely changed. There has been no greater fall from omnipotence since Lucifer fell from heaven to hell, for it Is no exaggeration to say that to-day those responsible for the government of the Great Powers have passed from the heaven of complacent belief in their ability to direct and control the destinies of the lesser States, through the purgatory of uncertainty as to whether they would be forced into war by cir- cumstances, to the final and abiding hell of knowledge of inability to alter, save perhaps in the most insignificant detail, the march of events. The Balkan War, with its subsequent parti- tion of Turkey, Irrespective of the Powers and their covert or open aspirations, will do much to advance the cause of peace and friendliness be- tween Great Britain and Germany. The latter through no action of the British Government, and certainly owing to no active merit of Sir Edward Grey, finds herself practically isolated in Europe. In three short weeks she sees her brilliant. If difficult, dream of expansion towards Asia Minor, with its attendant participation in the control of the Mediterranean, denied to her. . Boldly athwart her path of ambition lies the barrier of the Balkan League. This barrier of superb defensive power and of unknown, but dreaded, possibilities of offence is composed of races of Slav and not Germanic origin. As children these peoples have grown up hating and fearing their nearest Germanic neighbour, Austria, and looking ever towards their distant Slav protector, Russia. The time has now passed when the Balkan League need look to 524 The Review of Reviews. any Power for protection, but the balance of that she might assist Germany in an inter- friendship is bound to incline towards Russia national war is precluded by the fact that it. is rather than towards Austria. Second only to as much as she can do to cope with her internal this is the fact that the States of the Balkan conditions. In Austria and Hungary the Ger- League and their new territories are organised man and Magyar populations are enormously upon a broadly liberal, democratic basis, and, outnumbered by races of Slav origin, who have therefore, look for friends rather amongst the been repressed with difficulty in the past, and democratic nations of the West of Europe than who must inevitably be less easy to control in the reactionary, autocratic governments of the future. For Austria the Balkan question Berlin or Vienna. resolves itself into the Servian question, and While it is certain that no Power will take with this question she has more than enough to any active part in intervention, it is interesting do. At Vienna there is complete anarchy in to glance for a moment at the various interests government circles. Nobody has any real involved. First we may dismiss those of Great authority. Count Berchtold less than any. The Britain and France, for these nations desire the Archduke Ferdinand is perhaps the strongest continued success and development of the element, and his ardently reactionary and Jesuitic Balkan peoples under settled and free govern- tendencies might lead him to foolish action ments. Their sympathies are strongly with the against the Balkan League were he not kept in Balkan League, and in this their sympathies check by the natural antipathy which every aged march together with their obvious political and sovereign has for his successor. Austria, there- economic interests. Italy, beyond a very real fore, has rapidly changed from her attitude at Interest in the future of Aloania and an expressed the Berlin Congress and from her undoubted readiness to allow Servia an outlet on the desires for territorial expansion, and has now Adriatic, has small interests other than economic devoted herself to a policy of rescuing what she and personal. Russia has a very sincere desire may in the shape of economic advantages, for security of outlet to the Black Sea for her pro- Those who assisted in the economic war between ducts, but beyond this she looks rather towards Austria and Servia of some six years ago can the Eastern side of Asia Minor than towards the appreciate better than anybody else the signifi- Balkans. Germany, whose Oriental dream was cance of this change. If Austria, the one dispelled with the destruction of the Turkish " great " Power whose future is vitally bound hosts in Thrace and Macedonia, finds herself up with a continuation of her right to the title, alone in face of the Triple Entente, unsupported can do no more than this we feel perfectly justi- by Austria, her once faithful ally. For Austria fied in saying that not only has the Balkan the situation is one not only of anxiety but of League destroyed the status quo, but has also extremest peril. Accustomed in the past to treat put an end to the fiction of the Great Servia, and every Balkan race, as dirt beneath Powers. The Great Powers were great because her feet, she is now forced to realise that not of the difference between the world's estimation only can she not dictate at Belgrade, but the of them and of the lesser Powers. To-day the new Servia, backed by the Balkan League, may difference has nearly disappeared, and the well disrupt the Dual Monarchy. Any question greatness with it. Current History in Caricature. Oh wad some Power the giftie gie us To see ourselves as ithprs see us."— Bunts. W ■£ V f^- '>f»^^^ AjJBfeT^ ■.- : - -■'^ •" ' J*!- ^ti'^^/^t^^;-- ^-'-^^t.-,Lsj:sSiiSm Kuiddcrtuiatscli. J IBerlin Nicholas (the little gambit r of Europe) ; "jAIea est jacta." The Sun.] [New York. David and Goliath in the Balkans. The Public Ledger.] (Philadelphia. Where Angels fear to tread. Kiadderadatsch} [Berlin The Russian Angel of Peace in the Balkans. 533 The Review of Reviews. Xovoye \'reinya.] The Ingrate TheiPowers : "Be quiet, you ungrateful wretch ! Just think of all we have done for you in the last thirty years." Bulletin.] [Sydney. Three Men ^nd a Crowbar. The Australian Freedom League met last night. Col. Onslow and Mr. Lonsdale, M.L.A., and the Rev. F. B. Cowling emphatically protested against compulsory training. — Daily Paper. Ltistige , Blatter.] [Berlin. Alarm ! Bulletin.] Berchtold (to Italy and Turkey): "Sirs, wake up; peace is made ! ' ' The Undersized ' Defender. Australia's! Wealth and her Defender. [Sydney. Current History in Caricature. 527 Kladcltradatsch.] LBerlin. Russia and Great Britain as Balkan Firemen, John Bull : " Have you put out the conflagration ? " Ivan : " Rather ! Don't you see I have petrol.um in myican ? " Kladderadatsch.] [Berlin. The European Cockpit. The four-headed Balkan cock attacks the old Turkish bird. Kladderadatsch.] [Berlin. The Oath of Fear of the Great Powers. " We all swear together solemnly that the coming war-storm does not concern us." Nebelspalter.l [Zurich. The Hose of the Great Powers in the Balkan Conflagration. How they run in order to save ! If they only had water to put out the flames ! THE ^'ULSTER" QUESTION. TOWARDS A UNITED IRELAND. By MR. JOHN REDMOND, M.P., Leader of the Irish Party. Since this article was written, the extraordinary admission has been made by the Irish Unionist -leader that he has no fear of the Irish Parliament passing any law oppressive to Protestants as such. See the debate in the House of Commons on October 29th. This admission really destroys the whole " Ulster " case. — J. E. R. IN 1886 and in 1893, but especially in the opposed to Home Rule. This fact has been former year, several formidable problems, demonstrated so often that it seems quite un- or problems that seemed formidable, necessary to give facts and figures in detail, obstructed the path of those amongst the It will be sufficient to say that, of the nine people of Great Britain who, following the counties of Ulster, five are overwhelmingly lead of Mr. Gladstone, sought to gratify the Catholic and overwhelmingly Nationalist ; that national sentiment of Ireland by the grant of in the other four the Nationalists, though a a measure of Home Rule and thus to end an minority, are strong enough to elect three Par- age-long quacrel between the Irish and the liamentary representatives; that even in Belfast British races. Irish Nationalists knew that itself they are nearly a fourth of the entire those much-discussed problems were mere population and are able to elect one of the four bogeys raised to affright England and Scotland, representatives of that city ; that in only two but certain in course of time to lose their Ulster counties are no Nationalist representa- efficacy and ultimately to be extinguished by the tives to be found at present ; and that in one force of reflection and common sense. And this of those — namely. South Derry — a Nationalist is emphatically what has happened. For in- was sent to Parliament (for South Derry) in stance, who now believes in the " Separation " 1885, and in the other, Antrim, a Home bogey? Nay, who talks of it? It did service Ruler was elected (for North Antrim) in 1906. for a time in a bad cause, but it is now dead and Thus, as I have said elsewhere, there is, strictly cannot be revived. Only one of the bogeys of speaking, no Ulster question at all, whatever twenty years ago now survives — that indicated other question there may be, and consequently by the title of this paper ; and this particular to go on speaking or writing of Ulster as a product of the imagination is in a more sickly whole being opposed to Home Rule is nothing condition than might have been expected when more or less than an attempt to deceive, in spite one remembers the efforts made to prolong its of the most obvious and notorious facts. But existence and the more or less exalted position it is said that, within the narrow boundaries of of its British foster-fathers. I propose in this the corner of Ulster which may be allowed to be paper to say a few words about it before it opposed to Home Rule, there is a homogeneous follows its fellow-bogeys into the limbo of his- population distinct in every material respect torical curiosities. ffom that of the rest of Ulster and of Ireland. NO ULSTER QUESTION. ^^^ ^^^^^ j"^^ mentioned show conclusively that . . , T , ^"^^ '^ "°^ ^^^ ^^^^- There is not a parish in It will be observed that in the title I have ^„y ^^^^^^ ^^ Ulster in which there are not given to this paper I have put the word Catholics as well as Protestants, Nationalists " Ulster " within quotation marks. I, of ^, ^^jj ^^ Unionists and Orangemen, course, mean thereby to imply that, when the opponents of Home Rule for Ireland speak or the claim of the "corner." write of the province of Ulster as being opposed I dwell upon this aspect of the problem for to Home Rule, they indulge in a gross misuse the purpose of enabling the reader more cor- of language. Ulster, as a province, is tiot rectly to appraise the claim now, as in the past, The "Ulster" Question. 529 made by the majority in the " corner " and the by the Home Rule Bill will be a subordinate threats used by them if the claim is not ad- Parliament, like all the other Home Rule Par- mitted. The claim is not characterised by Haments of the Empire, and under it they will modesty. It is that their refusal to submit to no more cease to be citizens of the United Kmg.. Home Rule shall be allowed to have effect even dom than do the people of Canada, Australia, though the rest of Ireland and a majority of or South Africa cease to be citizens of the the British people be on the opposite side ; it is British Empire because those countries have that they will not have Home Rule " under any Parliaments of their own. Sometimes, again, circumstances," either for themselves or for the they grow pathetic and say to the British rest of Ireland; and they back up this demand people : " Do not hand us, who have kept Ire- by the threat of civil war and separation from land for you, over to the tender mercies of our the Empire. It required considerable hardihood fellow-countrymen." In the first place, they to take up such a position; but the genesis of have never held Ireland for Great Britain-on the attitude is to be found in the history of the the contrary. Great Britain has ever held Ire- past. The majority in the north-east corner land for them ; and most of the troubles of Irish of Ulster, and their comparatively few sympa- government have grown out of the fact that a thisers in the rest of the country, have been for pampered section has been preferred to the Irish centuries the spoilt children of successive people as a whole. But what a dreadful fate British Governments. They have been placed in it is for any class in Ireland "to be handed a position of ascendancy and have been allowed, over," under the provisions of the Home Rule almost without a break, the privileges of an Bill, to their fellow-countrymen ! Under those ascendancy. They, perhaps naturally, cannot provisions they will take their place in the Con- bear the thought of losing- that ascendancy and stitution on terms of perfect equality with the being put in a position of mere equality with rest of their fellow-countrymen; they will be the rest of their fellow-countrymen; and conse- amply represented in the Irish Parliament; if quently, when they find that ascendancy seri- the majority of the Irish people are not mon- ously threatened at last, they become almost sters, and do not set out on a career of robbery, speechless with anger, and in their anger hurl persecution and murder of their old opponents, out threats of defiance which otherwise they the persons, or a majority of them, who are would not utter. But, of course, though one now in a small minority may well, and at once, can understand their feelings and account for find themselves actually part of the Parliamen- their existence, such a claim as they put forward tary majority, and so find themselves repre- could not be admitted anywhere. To admit it sented from the very start on the Executive within the bounds of the British Empire would Government of the country. I myself regard be the very negation of constitutional govern- this as a very probable result, because the ques- ment, tions which will chiefly engage the attention of THE ORANGE PLEAS. the Irish Parliament for many years to come will be those concerning the material interests But the men of the " corner " are sometimes of the country, with regard to which the in- in a more appealing mood. They say : " We terests of any part of Ulster do not sub«<^an- want to remain as we are ; we want not to be tially differ from those of the rest of the country, cast out of our British citizenship." To be The divisions in the Irish Parliament, in fact, allowed to remain as they are is to be allowed will be analogous to those in the British Parlia- to remain in a position of ascendancy, and of a ment. The present divisions will disappear ; religious ascendancy. In the general govern- one party will be progressive ; another will be ment of the country, and in all local matters, representative of labour ; another will be con- except those dealt with by the Local Govern- servative, in the non-party sense of that term ; ment Act of 1898, they are practically, through and the only " handing over " that will be pos- their representatives in office and on the bench sible will be the handing over to the newly of justice, lords and masters. To say that they formed majority composed of men who are now will be cast out of their British citizenship is in opposite camps, of a minority also constituted simply ridiculous. The Parliament to be set up of elements now warring with one another. Any 530 The Review of Reviews. other result is impossible, and would be intoler- able. We have had enough of the old divisions and their disastrous consequences. THAT PERSECUTION. But the north-east corner, or rather its spokes- men, profess to fear persecution for religious opinions. Sometimes they talk of the whole Catholic population of Ireland as thirsting for revenge ; at other times, and somewhat incon- sistently, they say that it is not the Catholic laity they fear, but their priests and bishops, and they take up this latter position with the apparent and shameful acquiescence of English Catholic Unionist members of the two Houses of Parliament, who, nevertheless, hold them- selves forth as the special champions of Catholic interests, and especially of his Holiness the Pope ! The English partisans of the Ulster minority, who ought to know better, are not ashamed, if not actually to foster this bogey of persecution, at least to allow it to go forth without rebuke. For example, Mr. Bonar Law, at a Unionist Nonconformist banquet in London on October 26th, while disclaiming the intention to make any attack on Roman Catholics, allowed a certain reverend gentleman who had spoken just before him to say, without reproof, that they might eventually have to " appeal to the Protestant sentiment of the country." I have no doubt that some at least of the Ulster minority do honestly entertain some fear of persecution, while I have at the same time a conviction that their English par- tisans have none. What ground is there for this fear? I answer, confidently, none what- ever. Not to go back into the distant past at all, the whole history of which shows the Irish Catholics to be the most tolerant and forgiving race of human beings on the face of the earth, the history of the recent past is conclusive on the question. Take the most recent case in point, for I have no space for the hundreds of cases which I might cite. Here is a letter which appeared in the Irish newspapers of Octo- ber 26th, to which, obviously, from the very nature of its contents, no answer can be given : Listowel (Unionj Rural District, 23rd day of October, igi2. Dear Sir, — The attention of the Listowel Rural Council having been drawn to a statement you are re- ported to have made in Parliament on Monday last, 2ist inst.— namely, that for the past twenty years no graduate of Trinity College was appointed to any public position in the South of Ireland, the Listowel Rural Council hereby inform you that that statement is in- accurate as far as their district is concerned. (i) The Solicitor to the Rural Council, the late Mr. Francis Creagh, a Protestant, a graduate of Trinity College, and a leading man in the Synod, was appointed by 46 votes to 14 given for Mr. Aioran, a Catholic, in the year iSgg, when the Council came into office. (2) Mr. Lancelot G. Creagh, a Protebtant, and graduate of Trinity College, was unanimously appointed Solicitor to the Rural Council in the year 1908. Three other local solicitors, who are Catholics, canvassed for the appointment, but their canvass was hopeless. (3) Mr. Walter Thorpe, Limerick, was elected in the year igo3 as against Mr. O'Mahony, of Cork, who is a Catholic. Mr. Walter Thorpe is a Protestant and a graduate of Trinity College. (4) The elder of the Cuthbertson brothers, now in the public service, a Protestant, and a student of Trinity College, has been, like his father before him, contractor for the Union printing for years, and the tenders of Catholics were always rejected and preterence given to ,Mr. Cuthbertson. (s) The Rev. Mr. Pattison, a graduate of Trinity College, had his salary unanimously increased by the Listowel Board of Guardians by 50 per cent, in the year 1904, without even the reverend gentleman asking for it. There are 73 members in Listowel Rural Council — 71 Catholics and 2 Protestants. The Listowel Ruial Council consider that if a gentle- man of your high position and culture finds it necessary to make public reference to nauseous sectarianism as regards the South, you might occasionally take the trouble to ascertain the real facts, which would in their view have the effect of diminishing the slanders on Catholic representative men in the South. Faithfully yours, (Sgd.) M. O'CONNELL, Clerk, Listowel Rural Council. Wm. Moore, Esq., K.C., M.P., House of Commons, London. I am reminded of other cases just now : — Dr. O'Halloran, M.D., T.C.D., a Protestant, was elected in '98. His opponent was Dr. Behan, a Catholic. Dr. T. Buckley, T.C.D., was this year elected to a position against Dr. Martin, of the Catholic University; and there are at least four other Protestants, though not T.C.D. men, in the service of the Guardians. M. O'C. Can a similar statement be made of any part of Ulster in which Protestants and Unionists are in a majority? Is there a single such dis- trict in which a single Catholic has been elected to any office of any importance? But fears are, nevertheless, entertained by some Protestants The "Ulster" Question. 531 in Ulster that they would suffer because of their religion under Home Rule, and, accordingly, Irish Nationalists have always been willing to agree to any guarantees against such a con- tingency which would be within the bounds of reason, and would not conflict with the principle of national self-government in purely Irish affairs. They are still willing to do so. They receive, however, but small encouragement to continue that policy. When, last month, it was proposed by the representatives of the old Pro- testant foundation of Trinity College, Dublin, to prevent the Irish Parliament from making any laws whatever in respect of that institution, and when I at once, on behalf of the Irish Nationalist Party, agreed, and the Government assented, the concession was received with sneers and jeers. It is evident from this one fact that it is not persecution which is feared by the Orange Party, but equality. ULSTER AND TAXATION. One further charge against the Irish Nationa- list majority I should like to say a word or two about, though it is the most ridiculous of all. It is calmly alleged that " Ulster," meaning thereby the north-east corner, is the richest, or the only rich, part of Ireland, and that the object of Irish Nationalists in bringing Ulster under a Home Rule settlement is to tax its prosperity out of existence. " Ulster's " superior wealth is a figment of the imagination, as anyone who knows that its business houses and its banks, to mention nothing else, live not only on the locality in which their headquarters are situated, but on a great part of Ireland out- side, can easily imagine. But suppose that " Ulster " was in reality the wealthy spot it is supposed to be, what a set of fools the Irish Parliament and Government must be composed of if they proceeded to destroy what would, on the assumption mentioned, be the chief source of their revenue ! THE THREAT OF CIVIL WAR. I do not desire to cast any aspersion on the sincerity of the convictions of the mass of Ulster Unionists. They have been brought up in an unhappy environment, and no Irish Nationalist can forget that it was amongst those very men that the movement began for emancipation of the Catholics and Parliamentary reform, which ended in the insurrection of 1798 and its subse- quent developments. The Irish Protestants of that era who suffered imprisonment or death for their nationalist opinions are amongst the most sacred names in the political martyrology of Ireland. Against their descendants Irish Nationalists entertain no feeling of hate. They only desire them to take their stand with the rest of their fellow-countrymen in securing the in- estimable boon of self-government for all. But now, as at various times in the past, they are misled and inflamed with anti-Irish and anti- Catholic passion by a comparatively small num- ber of their body, who are the descendants of that dangerous faction, to recall Mr. Glad- stone's words, whose whisperings brought about the recall of Lord FitzWilliam in 1795, and thus dashed the last great hope of a united Ireland. This small faction is now engaged in similar unholy work, and it is that faction which is now seeking to affright the public mind of Great Britain by threats of civil war as the result of Home Rule. Nothing can be more ridiculous than those threats, but nothing can be also more wicked, for, while civil war cannot ensue, street riots and boycotting of Catholics and Protestant Nationalists may possibly, for a time, disfigure the annals of Belfast, while the champions who have incited them will take good care to keep clear of the scene of action. For my own part, I doubt whether, when the Home Rule Bill has become law, even street riots and boycotting will not have become things of the past. Self- government and the liberty it implies are, after all, in civilised countries the great solvents of political difficulties. They once produced a united Ireland. They will do so again. 532 The Review of Reviews. The Adoration. Healing the Blind. The Flight into Egypt. The Last Supper. Turning Water into Wine, The Betrayal. A CINEMATOGRAPH LIFE OF CHRIST. (Such a film should be singularly suitable for showing in the Cinema halls on Sundays.) The Churches Picture Galleries. A PLEA FOR SPECIAL SUNDAY CINEMAS. By W. T. STEAD. At a time when there is so much discussion with reference to Sunday entertainments, whether in Theatre, Music-hall, or Cinematograph Hall, we think it of very great interest to print the following article by the late Mr. W. T. Stead, in which he advocates Sunday Cinema shows under the auspices of the Churches. In this he saw a possibility of enormously enlarging the sphere of religious activity, and an educational and moral development of the very highest importance. fesaw^oasBs^ HERE are said to be 4,000 ^ ' Picture Palaces doing business in the United Kingdom. Of these at least 3,500 are closed on Sunday. The local authorities quite properly refuse seven-day licences to exhibitions which are as much speculations run for pur- poses of private gain as theatres or music-halls. The operators and employees of the Picture Palaces, who now number about forty thousand men and women, have as much right to a six- day week as any other class of the community. The Picture Palace is, however, allowed to open on Sundays in certain places under certain restrictions ; as, for instance, in London, where proprietors are free to open their shows after six o'clock on condition that they hand over their net profits, after deducting their working expenses, to some local hospital, charity, or some other public fund. It is complained that the proprietors sometimes over-estimate their working expenses, relying upon the impossi- bility of any strict audit, and that in conse- quence they do succeed in making some com- mercial profit for themselves by trading on the Lord's Day. Even where the profits, or some proportion of them, are handed over to charity, there is still considerable opposition to the Sunday picture show on the part of the spiritual pastor and the vendor of spirits, as at present parson and publican have a monopoly of the right to cater to the public need on Sunday. Whatever may be the reason, the fact remains that of 4,000 Cinema halls 3,500 remain empty and useless on tUe one day in the week when the masses have leisure to attend them. AVERAGE DAILY ATTENDANCE 4,000,000. If we take the average attendance at each picture hall at i,ooo a day for a performance that begins at two and goes on till ten — no excessive estimate, seeing that the average sit- ting capacity of a hall is about 600 — we may estimate the average attendance at Cinema shows at 4,000,000 every week-day, and only 500,000 on every Sunday. If all the halls were open on Sundays as on week-days the attend- ance would probably be over rather than under the week-day average. That is to say, there are about 4,000,000 persons who, if the Cinemas were open on Sunday, would go to see the pic- tures ; but, as the Cinemas are shut, they walk about the streets, go to the public-house, stay at home, or, in a few cases, go to church or chapel. These 4,000,000 are at present not reached by any ethical, educational, or evangelical agency. This seems to indicate that there is a screw loose somewhere in our machinery for making the most of man. The Cinema show as it at present exists is one of the most popular institutions in the modern world. Although it is but of yesterday, it has sprung up all over the two hemispheres. While churches and chapels are bewailing their empty pews, the Cinema show is crowded to the doors. Attendants at places of worship would mutiny if the minister protracted the ser- vice ten minutes beyond the usual time. A Cinema crowd would consider that it was exceptionally favoured if it were treated to an extra quarter of an hour of the show. The utmost efforts of a host of zealous workers fail to induce the average citizen to attend church, where the ministration is without money and without price. But these average citizens who flock in crowds to the Cinemas gladly pay three- pence or sixpence for the privilege of admission. There is surely a lesson in this notable con- trast which it may be well worth while to endeavour to discover. THE ATTRACTION OF THE CINEMA. The answer to that is easy. The attraction of the Cinema is Life. It is the living picture that appeals to the eye of living people. The magic-lantern slide often produces far more 534 The Review of Reviews. artistic effects than can be obtained from the Cinema film. But it is not Art that draws the multitude. It is Life. The Cinema show repre- sents Life as it is lived to-day — Life caught in. the act of living-, and made to reproduce itself before the Cinema crowd. All kinds of life — life real and life faked, life savage and life civi- lised, the life of the desert and of the poles, the life of animals and birds and insects, the wonder and glory of Niagara, the sublimity and terror of the Atlantic in storm, the pomp and panoply of glorious war and of wars by no means glori- ous, the stately splendour of Royal pageants — every phase of the life of man from the cradle to the grave the Cinema presents to the cro\\d. This endlessly varied and constantly changing living pnnorama of the world," and of all the things that live therein, attracts the multitude by its novelty and holds them by its interest. That is the good side of the Cinema. It has another side. It is no more an unadulterated boon and a blessing to men than is the news- pnper, which it much resembles. Much of the spectacle provided at many Cinemas is mere sensational spectacle, and some of the pictures are as bad as the piffling drivel that fills so many of our cheaper comic papers. But even here, where coarseness is often substituted for humour and vulgarity for wit, the Cinema show is no worse than many comic prints, and it makes the same kind of appeal to the same kind of people. Thanks to the rules of the Film Manufacturers' Association the plague of filthy living pictures has been stayed. Some of the films arc suggestive, but none are obscene. The Cinema show may be vapid, it may be silly, it is seldom unclean. For which we may well be grateful. EVE-Pr.EASING, MIND-TICKLING, TIME-WASTING. Taken at its worst, the Cinema provides millions of men, vvomen, and children with a means of spending their leisure hours more pleasantly than they used to do ten years ago, with less incitement to extravagance and to vice than either the public-house or the music-hall. The Cinema may be, and often is, a temptation to spend time pleasantly which ought to be devoted to study or to social service; but, as all police authorities attest, it has diminished drunkenness and immensely facilitated main- tenance of law and order in the streets. The chief fault that can be found with the Cinema is that it is too stimulating. The rapid and con- stant succession of moving pictures leaves no time for reflection. You see life as from the window of an express train. You have not even opportunity to recollect the impressions of the scene. The Cinema public is like a child whose only literature is picture books ; it is apt to be satisfied with looking at the pictures and never learns to read. The approach to the mind is solely through Eye-gate ; the approach by Ear- gate' is entirely neglected. The Cinema challenges, but does not fix attention. It excites wonder; it does not allow time for reflection. "It is an eve-pleasing, mind-tickling, time- wasting thing," say its critics. To which I reply : Maybe so, maybe not ; but it draws. Is it not possible to utilise what there is good in it, and to leave out what there is bad in it, so as to make the Cinema useful for instructing. inspiring, and saving the people? AFTER THE PRINTING PRESS, THE CINEMA. When Gutenberg invented the art of printing it was some years before the Catholic Church recognised the immense possibilities that lay behind the printing press. The Christian Churches of our day, including in that term all those who consider that they ought to do what they can to improve the condition of the human race, have not yet appreciated the Cinema. They regard it rather as a kind of dangerous and illegitimate rival to their Sunday services. They have not discovered that it may be utilised for their own ends. Here and there a wide- awake minister or energetic mission may have used the living pictures, but taken as a whole the Churches have nothing to do with the Cinemas any more than they have with the music-hall or the theatre. This divorce between those who seek to exploit the desire of the people to be amused and those who desire to reach the public for its own good can be explained historically in the case of the Churches and the Theatre; it is witliout justifi- cation in the case of the Churches and the Cinemas. The Cinema is free from almost every objection that the Puritan brings against the Theatre. It is cheap. There is no special appeal to the carnal lusts which war against the soul. It does not entail late hours. There are no drinking bars at the Cinemas. But neverthe- less the Churches as a body onlv notice the Cinemas in order to object to their opening their doors on Sundays. NATIONAL CINEMA SUNDAY MISSION. I w^ant to show them a more excellent way. Instead of shutting up the Cinemas on Sunday, let them enter in and take possession of the vast field which the Cinema public offers them. In brief, what I propose is that there should be instituted at once a National Cinema Sundav Mission for the utilisation of the closed Cinema palaces for ethical, educational and evangelical purposes. What scheme of Church Extension The Church's Picture Galleries. 535 can for a moment be compared with this oppor- tunity of suddenly exploiting in the service of religion 4,000 buildings, situated in the very heart of our densest population, which are the favourite assembling places of four millions of our people? It is not a case where we have to hunt for sites. Cleverer and smarter men than we have selected them already. The buildings are already erected. Their week-day congrega- tions amount to millions. We have only to open the Cinemas on Sunday with the right kind of pictures presented as parts of an ethical, educa- tional, and evangelical service to reach millions who at present never " darken the doors of the house of the Lord." AN OPPORTUNITY NOT TO BE MISSED. Is it not an almost inconceivable scandal that an opportunity so great should be offered for our acceptance, and that no one from Land's End • to John o' Groat's seems to realise what might be done if the Churches ran the Cinemas on Sunday as part of their regular machinery for reaching and rousing the people? There are one or two indispensable conditions to be borne in mind before we consider the practical possibilities of a Cinema Sunday Mis- sion. The Cinema should be used, not for the desecration of Sunday, but for its preservation. That entails two things — first, that the Cinema Sunday Services should never be permitted for purposes of commercial or financial gain. Whatever balance, if any, resulting from Sun- dav Cinema shows should be handed over to some recognised local public, religious, or charitable use ; secondly, while it may be as necessary and as unobjectionable to hire an operator as it is now to hire an organist, no operator already employed for six days a week should be allowed to w^ork on the seventh day ; and thirdly, instead of charging so much for admission, as is done on week-days, admission should be given only to those w'ho had bought the Cinema Sunday Programme, which would contain, for the information of the folks at home and the refreshment of the memory of the spectator, a popularly written description of th^ pictures on show. By this means there would be secured the regular distribution of interesting reading matter to a wider public than is reached to-day by any Religious Tract Society or Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. CINEMA SUBSIDIES FOR CHURCH OBJECTS. The Sunday Mission being thus financially possible, it is easy to see that a strong and vigorous Church might find it possible to relieve the financial strain upon its poor fund by a subsidy from the Cinema takings. The next question is, whether it would be possible for the Sunday Mission to run as popular, as drawing, as fetching a show as that provided on the week-day for the Cinema crowd. Let us admit at once that there are many of those who go to Cinema shows whom we could not hope to attract by anything we could serve up in the proposed Mission. Comic tomfoolery attracts many, and pictures of crime or of conjugal dis- cord would be ruled out. Those who go to Cinemas solely as they buy a penny dreadful would not attend the Mission. But then, if we allow that they compose half the Cinema crowd, there would still remain the other half who would enjoy any show that had plenty of pic- tures, even if the merely fantastic and sensa- tional films were excluded. There is also, be it remembered, a very large public which at present goes regularly neither to church nor to Cinema shows. It is not anti-Christian or irreligious. It would enjoy a good heartv religious service devoid of churchiness — we see this in the Wesleyan mission halls — and it would relish pictures which were seen to be remembered, instead of being shown only to kill the time. THE PICTURE GALLERY OF THE UNIVERSAL CHURCH. It would, I am convinced, be quite possible to run a Cinema .Sunday show in many places on lines as distinctly religious as the services, let us say, in the Lyceum Theatre. Those who prefer sticking to the old ways and limiting the utilisation of the Cinema on Sunday to the salvation of the souls of their people could do so, and everyone would rejoice over their success. But in putting forward this suggestion of a Cinema Sunday Mission I am at least as anxious to utilise the Sunday for ethical, educa- tional, and evangelical purposes as I am to exploit the Cinema halls which are at present unused. The worst of services run on strictly devotional lines is that no one attends them but strictly devotional people. Now the great note of the Cinema Sunday Mission should be the excessive width and breadth of its appeal. It should be the picture gallery of that universal Church which Longfellow described as being — As lofty as the Love of God And wide as are the wants of man. It should adopt the motto of the Son of Man : I come that ye might have life and have it more abundantly." And as the heavens declare the glory of God and the firmament showeth forth His handiwork, as the world and all the things that are therein were the work of His hands, the Cinema would endeavour to set forth before the eyes of the man in the street on .Sunday some picture of the glories and the 536 The Review of Reviews. splendours and the marvels and the miracles of the world which God has made. And as His- tory is but the continual manifestation of the evolution of the embodied thought of God, and the events of the day are history in the making, so there would be an attempt to make the Cinema represent the realities of that drama " whose scene-shifter is Time and whose cur- tain is rung down by Death." The word that was spoken to Peter, " Call thou nothing common or unclean," may be addressed to cavil- lers who may object to using the Sunday Cinema to rouse men to a realisation of the truths of science, the inspiration of history, and the infinite marvel of the universe. SUBJECTS NOT CONFINED TO BIBLE. The Cinema Sunday Mission might become a popular, a very popular, picture university, in which the Extension lectures would be the explanations of the pictures. It could be, at the same time, a rousing and inspiring religious service. Discarding pictures of crime and scenes suggestive of vice, it could be used to help the masses of our citizens to fulfil the apostolic dictum, "Finally, brethren, whatso- ever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things- are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report, if there be any virtue, and if there be any praise, think on these things." Things lovely and pure and true and just are not confined to the pages of the Old and New Testaments. The Christian pulpit, conveniently confined to the exposition of the Holy Scriptures of the Word, makes but a passing and furtive glance either at the great Revelation of the thought of God that is mirrored in nature and revealed by science, or at the pages of the new Bible to which Lowell alluded when he said — Slowly the Bible of the race is writ, And not on paper leaves nor leaves of stone ; Each age, each kindred adds a verse to it Texts of despair or hope, of joy or moan. The necessity of preaching no sermons which you cannot illustrate by lan'tern slides or living pictures may seem to some to be a fatal diffi- culty. But it is the wont of inspired men to convert difficulties into opportunities. Our Lord spoke to the multitude in parables which are pictures in prose. If we have to arrest the vagrom attention of the ordinary man we must address him in Cinema pictures which he loves to see, instead of in sermons to which he turns a deaf ear. RELIGIOUS AND EVERYDAY MARVELS. The aim of the conductors would be to secure that these talks and explanations should be written by all the leading men, preachers, scientists, travellers, and philanthropists of the day, so that the Cinema audience should have the best pictures in the world described or talked about by the foremost men of the day. Such a Sunday Programme could not fail to attract. It would be a mental stimulant, far superior to the uninterrupted run of unexplained pictures. In the course of a series of twenty, the wisest words of twenty of the wisest men, the most picturesque stories of the Old and the New Testaments, the sublimest scenes on land and sea, the most interesting of the marvels of modern science, the most inspiring scenes of human heroism, the realities of life as it is lived to-day, the great modern philanthropies, and the lives of the greatest benefactors of the race, the masterpieces of the poets of all ages, together with the hymns which have been the inspiration and the solace of our race, could all be brought before the Cinema crowd with vivid- ness and force. Can we, dare we, who are always bemoaning the dulness, the indifference, the lack of inspiration of the monotonous life of every day, refuse to avail ourselves of this greatest of all agencies devised by mortal man for rousing attention and stimulating imagina- tion? It is obvious that from an educational stand- point, especially in matters of hygiene, and in the campaign against disease, which some hold out as the great campaign of the future, these services could be made enormously useful. Cleanliness is next to Godliness, and Health is next to Holiness. I have not enlarged upon the immense opportunity which such a mission would afford the teaching of the history of our own country, which is a sealed book to the majority of our people, and all the masterpieces of English literature might be brought before the public by the aid of the animated films. WHAT RELIGIOUS LEADERS THINK. A proof of the foregoing article was sent to the heads of the various religious denomina- tions, to the leaders of the religious and social life of our time, asking them for their opinions. It was also sent to the Secretaries of the Sun- day League and of the Lord's Day Obser^'ance Societies, and various educational authorities. The Bishop of Lincoln writes as follows : — Your suggestion is an interesting one, and deserves attention. The use of lantern slides for teaching the lessons of the Gospel is widening amongst us Church people. My Church Army friends are experts in thif field. It is only an extension of it when the kinemato- graph is also employed. I would use all lawful means to help men to understand our message ; and let us be careful what message we deliver, and that the Christ whom we preach is a living Saviour. The Church's Picture Galleries. 537 A considerable number of letters were received from leading people in the various Churches. They are very divided in opinion. Many have reserved their judgment altogether. The Dean of St. Paul's vi^rites as follows : — I am a strong believer in the value of magic-lantern services, and I see no reason why the principle should not be extended in the way which you suggest if great care were taken to avoid irreverence or absurdity in the dramatic production of scenes from the Bible. I think, however, that it would be found that only a very limited number of such scenes are suitable for the cinematograph, and that the magic-lantern has many advantages over it. Archdeacon Wilberforce passes no judgment upon the scheme as a whole, but takes excep- tion to the proposal to represent Scriptural stories by a moving film. He says : — I have thought over your suggestion as to Sunday cinematographs of Scripture history. I cordially appreci- ate j'our motive, but I think the proposal open to grave objection. The acting of the great drama of Calvary at Oberammergau was just tolerable because of the piety and earnestness of the villagers; but, in this case, there is implied rehearsal before the camera by persons, pre- sumably of little reverence for the subjects, who will be impersonating sacred characters and acting incidents which are the hallowed traditions of Christianity. In my opinion the result would be to vulgarise and not to evangelise. I once saw the parable of the prodigal son acted on a cinematograph, and I was repelled and dis- gusted. CANON OTTI.EY AND SUNDAY OBSERVANCE. The Rev. Canon Ottley, who more than any man has aroused public opinion to the import- ance of a six-day week, expressed himself very enthusiastically on the subject of the proposed Cinema Mission. He said it was quite clear to him that the observance of Sunday would perish in England unless something was done to replace the mere negative formula " thou shalt not "by a positive conception of the proper observance of the Lord's Day. He said he had travelled up and down the country, and this truth had been much borne in upon him, and therefore he hailed with delight the proposal to utilise the Cinema Picture Palaces so that this great entertainment of popular education and inspiration might be used as a means of interpreting the works of God to man. For instance, " consider the lilies of the field how they grow." Imagine the difference between the most eloquent sermon preached upon that text by the greatest of our preachers, and the effect produced by a cinema film, which showed the flower in growth from the first budding of the leaf to (he complete flower. " Everything, of course, depends," said the Canon, " upon the choice of films ; but to interpret the world and all that is therein so as to enable every man to realise the wonder and glory of the works of his Creator- — these are objects which can best be obtained by the use of the cinemato- graph in the way in which you suggest. Although I have no authority to commit my Alliance or anyone but myself to my views, I must honestly say that I read your article with interest, believing that I saw therein the promise of a great new reinforcement of those who are endeavouring to preserve to humanity the inestimable boon of one day's rest in seven." V .1. ^-r^f * The Crucifixion. Carrying the Cross. What is Wrong with the Railways? GOODS WAGONS INSTEAD OF WAREHOUSES. AY by day the interest in the ques- tion of our railways and why they do not succeed better as commer- cial undertakings and in their task for the national welfare and de- velopment is growing, and it will be very remarkable if annual meetings of the various railway companies do not become verit- able purgatories for the numerous directors. Shareholders, angry with reason and equipped with argument, will no longer sadly acquiesce in no dividends, but will demand explanations. Judging from the utter lack of any serious at- tempt to reply to the statements and figures put forward in an article entitled " The Death- Knell of British Railways " (September, 1912), we should imagine that the directors will not be able seriously to defend the present state of affairs. There was no more striking fact or diagram in the article in question than that re- lating to the life of a goods wagon and the incredibly short period in which it was in motion. This question is so vital a one that we think it well to devote some space in explaining it, even although no railway authority has ven- tured openly to touch it. How is it possible that a goods wagon can only be in use for six months during its life of 17 years? The obvious reason must be that there are far too many wagons and they cannot therefore be kept employed. But to state this as a fact when so many traders all over the country are com- plaining of the great shortage of wagons would seem to be most absurd ; nevertheless the state- ment is true. Railway companies do not compete with each other in rates of carriage, but they do so furiously in facilities ; the chief facility in which competition is so rampant is that of allowing traders, and especially large tracers, to hold up wagons under load, to stand for weeks, and even months, without charge for demurrage. There are many miles of wagons held up in this man- ner now, if not at the receiving stations, then at the junctions en route. Large traders such as manufacturers, iron-works, breweries, etc., will not themselves provide or arrange for stor- age, warehouse, or siding accommodation for their enormous requirements of raw material whilst they can get all the accommodation they require from the railway companies free. Buyers will order large quantities of material — say, 500 or 1,000 tons — all of which may be loaded up from the sending station in a few days, but the buyer has made no provision for relieving the wagons as rapidly as they have been loaded ; that does not trouble him. He perhaps can only release two or three wagons a day, but he knows that the other wagons will be held up at some junction on the way and passed on to his station in numbers most con- venient to him. In many cases the railway com- panies have provided many miles of sidings at the buyer's station simply for standing room for wagons awaiting the convenience of the buyer. All this enormous cost to railway com- panies is brought about by insane competition. Most stations are approached by routes belong- ing to two or three competing railway com- panies. If any company notifies the consignees that they require their wagons unloading quickly they are promptly told they will lose all their traflfic in future. This holding up of wagons has most dire results in other ways. The junctions arc so terribly crowded that the sorting and marshalling of ordinary traflfic is blocked, and goods take three or four times as long on the road as they should do ; further, there is an actual short- age of wagon supplies to the general trader. The shortage is perhaps felt most at the sea- ports, which become frightfully congested. Cargoes are arriving daily; warehouses, dock quays, barges, etc., all become choked up with goods; traders all clamouring for wagons, and few obtainable. In many cases cargoes are dumped one on the top of another in order to prevent ship's demurrage claims. The congestion on the railways and at the docks is practically all caused by reason of the holding up of wagons. There will be no relief until the railway companies come to their senses and make a charge for demurrage on all wagons delayed. The loss to railway companies must run into many millions. The cost of the extra wagons required and the sidings necessary for them, without calculating .the interest on' this outlay, must be enormous. The loss to traders generally in the great delays in transport caused by the congested state of railwavs must also be very heavy. If demurrage was charged and What is Wrong with the Railways ? 539 absolutely insisted upon, traders would quickly make proper provision for speedy release of wagons, railway earnings would be considerably increased, and traffic generally would be more quickly handled. England, with 24,000 miles of railway, has about one and a half millions of wagons ; America, with 240,000 miles of railway, has two and a quarter millions of cars ; Germany has 52,000 miles of railway and 558,000 freight cars. American cars are, of course, much larger than English wagons, but the proportion is greatly less in tonnage per mile of railway. Both in America and Germany wagon demur- rage is rigorously enforced, the wagons in con- sequence being quickly cleared. Scottish railways finished their gigantic fight for wagon demurrage a few years since, and they have now a tight grip on this very import- ant matter. Why do not the English railway companies throw off this lethargy and become masters on their own property? The present system is really one of undue preference, and the largest traders obtain the most. To a small extent only is demurrage recovered ; that is on what is known as on foreign wagons. Thus if a Midland wagon is sent to a G.C. station the G.C. must recover demurrage, but if G.C. wagons go to G.C. stations demurrage is seldom asked for; the same with all other companies. This state of things is diametrically opposed to every interest of the shareholders. We should have thought also that it would have been im- possible to find even a board of railway directors to maintain it. It can surely not be that any of those entrusted with the carrying on of our rail- ways are directly or indirectly interested in the manufacture or purchase of goods wagons? And yet, if not, why should the 24,000 miles of railways in this country need 1,500,000 wagons while the 52,000 miles of German railways need only 558,000 freight cars? We are really at a loss to understand the situation, and are almost ready to endorse the opinion expressed in the report of the Viceregal Commission on Irish Railways, which decided that there was no hope for Irish development "until the railways ceased to be commercial undertakings." And we cannot but sympathise with the citizen of Leek who wrote recently that " the commercial interests of the town have been strangled by bad railway communications, which are about as bad as they could possibly be"; otherwise " without doubt the population of Leek would have doubled long ere this." But it is of value to dwell for a moment upon the case for the railways as shown by the Irish com- panies. So far back as 1836 the administration of the Irish railways had become a byword, and a public inquiry was granted and amaglamation of the various companies was recommended ; the railway interest in Parliament was sufficiently powerful to prevent reform. Again, in 1865, and yet once more in 1885, Commissions sat and considered evidence which revealed the utter incapacity of the Irish railway director. Amal- gamation was in each case the proposed remedy, and, as so often in the vexed history of Ireland, nothing was done — until 1906, when the Vice- regal Commission sat under the chairmanship of Sir Charles Scotter, and, to everyone's surprise, a majority report advised State purchase and control as the only way out, and recorded the damning fact that " Irish development will not be fully served by the railways until they cease to be commercial undertakings " — and this after the altruistic endeavours of an army corps of directors ! The history of the Irish railway system shows that no real attempt has ever been made by the various railway companies to carry out their duties to the public. Apparently they have never been regarded as a commercial asset to the country, but as private preserves for the innumerable officers and directors. In considering the verdict of the Viceregal Commission one must reflect that Socialism in any form is repugnant to the commercial tradi- tions of this country, and yet so flagrant has been the maladministration of the railways in Ireland and so glaring the neglect of their trust that the elimination of the director was held to be the only way out of the slough of mismanage- ment. MOTORS AND RAILWAYS. By S. F. EDGE. Your article headed " The Death-knell of British Railways." I have read this with con- siderable interest, and I cannot say altogether with surprise, as for some years after studying railway balance-sheets, I have come to the con- clusion that most of them, if they had been private businesses and dealt with in the same drastic way that a private business is dealt with, would look very unpleasant investments for money. One must not forget that railways have had tremendous disadvantages to fight against. First, the frightful legal costs to enable them to do anything. Second, the tremendous first cost of their land, owing to the demands of landowners when railways are first constructed, 540 The Review of Reviews. and these seem to me troubles that, although they exist and depreciate the value of railways, the railway organisations must not be blamed for. I do not believe that, with our present know- ledge of methods of transport, railways will die out, as I think that for long-distance haulage they are desirable and necessary ; and if a great deal of their cross-country work was eliminated, you would automatically eliminate great wastage of the life of goods waggons, such as your article sets out, and cause it to lead a more active life than it at present does. In regard to the directorship of railways, no doubt in many cases directors are old and past really active constructional work ; but one must not forget that the managers of most railway companies are men of activity and ability, of wide experience, and trained up to the position they hold. On the other hand, I agree that your article will be of extreme value in opening many people's eyes, and possibly even of the officials of the railway companies themselves, to the many backward and out-of-date methods that have been, and are, employed on our railways. When we come to motor transport, there is no doubt that on this side the development during the next twenty years will be even greater probably than the most sanguine of us believe possible. Meeting, as I do, business firms who less than five years ago were abso- lutely antagonistic to carrying goods by road, but who to-day can show you quite clearly enor- mous savings both in time and money by carrying their goods by motor lorry instead of rail, it makes one realise that practically for everything, except long-distance traffic, the motor lorry will take the place of the railway, and the sooner the railway companies get that clearly into their minds, that there shall be minimum distances over which their goods trains must run without stopping, and the intermediate distances be fed by motor lorries, the sooner they will put themselves into a secure position, which, if delayed too long, will result in other carrying companies coming into existence with motors to deal with the short distance traffic, and the whole of it to be taken away from the railways. There is no doubt that many of the rail- way companies are nibbling at the question at the present time. The Great Western has probably done more in this direction than any other railway company ; and I think, a,s a looker-on, they appear to be the most up-to-date and go-ahead railway in this country. There is no doubt a combination amongst tradesmen in the different towns up to 50 miles apart which will lead to co-operative lorries being run from these towns each way once or twice a day, and thus an enormous amount of goods carrying, which at present is done by the railways, will be diverted to the motor road. This is undoubtedly a feature that is coming to pass, and will become almost universal within the next ten years. Your suggestion of how motors will save agricultural England is most opportune and practical, and I think your article will be looked back on in years to come as the first that dealt with this great change from railways to motors, that is taking place even more rapidly than the ordinary looker-on realises, and thanks are due to your paper for having focussed the matter so clearlV" ~ MOTORS AND RAILWAYS. To the Editor of the Review of Reviews. Sir, — I do not think that the motor car will ever supersede the railway for long-distance travel and carriage. I agree with you, however, that the motor is infinitely superior to the rail- way train, or any other means of locomotion at present in existence, for quick and economical transport of passengers and goods over short distances, particularly in the case of goods when perishable and it is a question of moving quickly from farm to market. During the South African \Mar I had many months' experience as an Army transport officer, both on the road and in connection with the moving of troops and stores by railway, and I have been greatly interested in the transforma- tion of transport arrangements which took place in Tripoli during the Italian-Turkish War. The railway, with its inflexible arrangements, and the slow, cumbersome and usually inadequate mule wagon were replaced by strong, serviceable, and swift motor lorries, specially built by the Fiat Co. for the Italian Government. Soldiers, sup- plies, and munitions of war have been transferred from point 10 point with remarkable ease, speed, and economy. The Italian transport officers have demon- strated that even on the trying roads (or lack of roads) which exist in Tripoli, motor transport is immeasurably superior to any other. When we consider the usual excellence of English roads we are bound to admit that motor transport, especially in times of emergency, must inevitably take the place of the steam engine and the horse, and personally I think it is only a matter of time for our Army Transport work to be done almost in its entirety by motor. — Yours, etc., D'Arcv R. Baker, Managing Director, Messrs. Fiat Motors, Ltd., 37, Long Acre, W.C. The Life-Blood of the Empire. THE GUARDIANS AND THE CHILDREN. By COLONEL H. E. RAWSON, Chairman of the R.C.L Commission on Child Emigration ALF began a century ago Miss Rye her labour of love in the field of emigration by selecting- and sending out waifs and strays to Canada, and about the same time a philanthropist despatched a ship- load of some four hundred and fifty emigrants, a large number of whom were children, to a colony in the Southern Hemisphere. Such enterprises were regarded in those days in much the same light as the efforts of the Home Oflfice to " emigrate " individuals to Botany Bay for their own good in particular and for that of this country in general. Hence the tradition that emigration was a means of getting rid of our failures, which is recognisable to-day in the suspicion with which our Dominions look upon any scheme to move part of the surplus popula- tion of the United Kingdom into them. The word is now altogether a misnomer, and its use should be discontinued in connection with move- ments of the population within the Empire. In the pages of this journal for July, August, and October articles have appeared on the general question of Imperial emigration, and in this we shall confine our remarks to child emigration, and as briefly as possible outline the regulations which stand in its way and the most constructive method of arriving at a co-ordina- tion of these regulations with the needs of the Empire. The subject is of special interest at the present moment, when a joint Royal Com- mission representing the United Kingdom and the self-governing Dominions is sitting to take evidence regarding it. Canada is the only Dominion in which any scheme for child emigration is organised and officially recognised, and it is the first to show a wish to expand such a scheme and to co- operate with the Home Government in doing so. Through its Government Inspector it has emphatically pronounced upon the value of the juvenile immigration movement to the farmers, and stated that there have been fewer com- plaints concerning the character and industry of this class of new comer than of any other. . The Dominion's Special Commissioner, who investi- gated the problem on both sides of the A-tlantic, has declared in his recent report that there is a wide scope for child immigrants generally ; that New Brunswick alone is ready to absorb 500 boys yearly of the class who in England drift into "blind alley" occupations; and that it would be well to utilise the machinery provided by the emigration societies of the United King- dom for obtaining them. On the other hand, a circular letter was addressed in 1910 by the Local Government Board to Boards of Guardians in England and Wales respecting children under the Poor Law, pointing out that " emigration afforded one of the surest means of extricating children from pauperism and the influence of evil surround- ings," and giving it as the Board's opinion that Guardians " would do well in further exercising their powers of emigrating children." It would appear that with Canada ready to re- ceive and the Guardians in a position to supply, with great advantage to the children themselves, thousands of both sexes, there should be no difficulty in effecting the transfer. It is esti- mated that there are about 20,000 children in certified industrial schools who have been taken from unsatisfactory surroundings, but form a most suitable class from which to select children. There are also some 30,000 orphan, deserted, and adopted children under the complete control of the Guardians ; while there are many destitute and neglected children who but for philanthropic agencies would come under the care of the Guardians. Many Guardians have the interests of the Poor Law child really at heart, and would warmly welcome a scheme which would carry the children at an early age far from their pre- sent hopeless and fatal surroundings, set them on an equal footing with other boys and girls, and give them the chance of a future in a new country. But the regulations which bind them had their origin in the old biassed views regard- ing emigration, and until they are modified or swept away altogether a Guardian finds himself hampered at every turn. A young child before he or she can be " emigrated " must be taken before the magistrates, and in open court reply to the question, Do you wish to go? What can be more absurd, when little or nothing has been done to teach the child in the schools what the new home would be like ! Surely some other authority but the child should have a voice in the matter, and part of the school education should consist in planting a knowledge of the empire 542 The Review of Reviews. in its future citizens. Then again, the regula- tions allow Guardians to contribute a sum up to ;^i3 to an emigration society willing to under- take the complete after-care of the child. This is to cover the cost of outfit, passage, and first inspection ; but as the law is at present inter- preted nothing may be contributed for mainten- ance out of the United Kingdom. Such a regulation entirely prevents a society from taking the child at the most eligible age, which is considered by those who have the greatest experience to be seven ; for no society depending for its existence financially on voluntary sub- scriptions can receive and maintain any large number of children until they are able to support themselves in six or seven years' time. A few hun- dreds are being received into farm homes or farm schools, or boarded out, but what substantial advantage is that to Boards of Guardians who require an outlet for many thousands yearly? Meanwhile the child from the age of seven to twelve or thirteen is a burden upon the rate- payer, who when he pays his half-yearly rate for " Education " and " Higher Education " has not even the satisfaction of knowing that the future of the children is assured by this expendi- ture, but, on the contrary, realises that he is party to a system which educates a State child well without having devised any further scheme for its after-care, or providing against this large outlay being wasted. Philanthropic societies step in and do much towards helping the children, but the general State-aided scheme for the young, who have no belongings in a position to launch them into the world, stops dead short at the most critical time in their lives. It is here that the co-operation of the Home and Dominion authorities is most needed, and it could find expression most suitably through the Imperial Board of Emigration which has been advocated for the United Kingdom, and through Central Boards formed in each Dominion. The actual work of emigration should not be under- taken by the Governments themselves, but the services of approved emigration agencies should be made use of here, and of local committees in the districts to which the children go. In the case of Canada a scheme has already been pre- sented to the Government to extend in special instances the use of public credit to the actual processes of settlement, and several provinces have committed themselves by legislation to such a policy. If Guardians on this side were made aware that they could spend a sum which bore some relation to the age of the child, they could, with the co-operation of the emigration societies, send a much larger number there than at present, to the great advantage of the children themselves, of the ratepayer, and of the Empire at large. A steady stream of immi- grants could be looked for by the overseas Dominions, and they could rely upon a con- tinuity of policy which is now lacking. Fresh legislation appears not to be necessary for the purpose ; the Acts in force at present are under- stood to be quite sufficient if rightly interpreted. To this question of child emigration, however, there are two sides : the Imperial and the National. There are those who urge that after the splendid rally which the Dominions made round the Mother Country in the South African War there is no loss whatever to this country, in the way of an efficient citizen, when a child migrates to one of our Dominions. That, on the contrary, it is incumbent upon us to secure that the lands oversea should be filled up with British and not cosmopolitan stock. On the other hand, there are many who hold that the departure of any large number of children of both sexes from this country would be felt in every household, and would seriously injure many of the industries in which young people are employed. There are also many Guardians who have a genuine fondness for the children under their care, and hesitate to allow them to go so far afield and to homes about which they know nothing. If, however, what may be described as the national view is examined it is found to be based upon incomplete information. Those who have gone most carefully into the matter assure us that from four to seven thousand children come into the hands of the Guardians annually, as being orphans or deserted or removed from vicious surroundings, for whom there is no out- look whatever in this country. The future before them is to drift into the slums and eventually to swell the numbers of the unem- ployables. Yet they go on to assert that their transfer to our Dominions has in the past made such children highly respectable citizens, and they point to the very satisfactory reports re- ceived from all the authorities in confirmation of this. It is also said that those Guardians who fear to let their children go so far away would quickly change their minds if thev onlv knew how well the children are looked after' in the new British homes to which they go, or in such homes as are provided under Mrs. Close's Farm Home scheme and the companion svstem of Farm Schools, adopted by the Child Emigration Society. Both these views deserve a consideration which they do not get from some of the uncon- trolled emigration agencies, which are so active at the present time, and they emphasise the necessity for having in this country a central authority which shall, in co-operation with the Dominions, formulate a statesmanlike policy for the migration of our children within the Empire according to its needs. Leading Articles in the Reviews. THE CLASH OF THE NATIONS. THE SITUATION IN MONTENEGRO. Early in September M. Charles Loiseau visited Montenegro and contributed a number of letters on the situation in that country to the Revue de Paris. They appear in the mid- October issue. THE FRONTIER QUESTION. From Antivari be writes of the Berlin Con- g-ress and the delimitation of the Montenegrin frontier, and points out how unsatisfactory has been the line of demarcation. The Government at Cettinje has endeavoured to remedy the matter by demanding- a more precise demarcation, and, above all, an intelligent rectification of the frontier line ; but from the Porte it has got nothing but mixed Commissions in 1880, 1908 and 1911, which have had no result. Another Commission, composed of officers and oflficials, met this year on the frontier for the first time and submitted to the Governments concerned certain resolutions. The Montenegrin Govern- ment was ready to ratify the new delimitation, but Constantinople delayed, pleading want of time, becaiise there were in Turkey more urgent reforms to be realised. THE MALISSORI. At Vir-Bazar the question is that of Albania and the Malissori, the inconvenient neighbours of Montenegro, who cross the frontier in thou- sands. Formerly Montenegro was called upon to close her frontier to rebel subjects ; now the Malissori have enumerated in twelve articles the conditions of their repatriation. To their " national " demands Turkey has replied in twelve corresponding articles, granting every- thing, and that all the more loyally because not disposed or in a position to fulfil the majority of the promises. The demands and the reply resemble nothing so much as an exchange of protocols. The reconciliation having been brought about by the good offices of the Govern- ment of Montenegro, there remains to be assured the return of the Malissori to their mountains. Cettinje is described as a city having the aspect more of a Western than of an Eastern capital. With its nine Legations, modest palaces, soldiers in khaki, etc., its national character has easily adapted itself to a European appearance. It is a sort of asylum for the Malissori and refugees from the Sandjak of Novi-Bazar, Old Servia, and Macedonia. A number of them have told the writer terrible stories of Turkish massacres and cruelty which they have witnessed. VIEWS OF A DIPLOMATIST. The writer had a conversation with a passing diplomatist at Niksitch, who told him he was in a country which humbly flatters Russia, manages Italy, conspires with Austria, and at bottom keeps up the agitation. For some time, he continued, diplomatists have been saying that if the small neighbours of the Ottoman Empire did not meddle, more or less with the connivance of certain Powers, with the internal affairs of Turkey, peace would be more assured. He re- ferred to a secret treaty between Austria and Montenegro signed in 1908, which in case of a successful war promised the latter State an appreciable slice of Albania, provided, of course, that Montenegro loyally seconded the views of her powerful neighbours. Yet he did not be- lieve in the treaty, and its authenticity was denied at Vienna, but there was probably some- thing in it, he said. The Malissori are con- tinually revolting, he added, and the Servians of the Sandjak are beginning to resist the bashi- bazouks ; so some one must be supplying them with arms. One cannot help suspecting they are the instruments of some intrigue. Who knows what is being prepared? Montenegro is ambitious, Austria more so. THE PIVOT OF AUSTRIAN POLICY. In reply, the writer pointed out that if Monte- negro had felt it her duty to join hands with Austria there would have been no need of secret treaties. Since the Treaty of Berlin Montenegro has had time to show whether her policy was agreeable or not to the ambitions of Austria. But the temptation was admissible. Austria is at hand, Russia far away. Russia is the bene- factor, but limits her benefits to moral patronage and subsidies. Austria, the immediate neigh- bour, holds the keys of the customs, commerce, routes, and the economic life of the country. Russia represents the past tradition : Slav idealism, religious prestige, almost anachron- ism. Austria represents the present : material collaboration, industrial contact. Russia was not able to prevent the Austrian annexation of Bosnia. Russia spent her forces in the war in the Far East ; the pele of Austro-Hungarian policy is the Balkan Peninsula. 544 The Review of Reviews. THE BALKANS. The Contemporary contains a well-considered article from the pen of Sir Edwin Pears on "The Crisis in Turkey." The troubled history of Macedonia during the past thirty years is admirably summarised, and Sir ' Edwin con- cludes : — - It is unreasonable to expect men to suffer patiently the injustice which the Macedonians have endured for a HK(^--^^H ^#wvMu ^ .1 n mti m ^x r% m ^ Ulk. The Old and Young Turks. Will it be the moon's last quarter ? LBerlin- generation, or to expect that those who have escaped from such injustice should not sympathise with and endeavour to aid their brethren who are still under the yoke. It is not the States which so sympathise and aid who have provided the causa causans of war. It is the condition of Macedonia, which is the result of long years of misgovernment, largely aggravated by Abdul Hamid and unhappily not improved under Young Turkey. Special interest attaches to the notes on Foreign Affairs, in the same Review, by the redoubtable Dr. Dillon, who takes the opportu- nity of giving a full-dress parade to the battalion of facts with which his portfolio is ever stocked. Dealing with Russian and Austrian relations he says : — The greatest obstacles they have to encounter come, not from the incompatibility of their own designs, but from the chief newspapers of their respective countries, which systematically misinterpret the intentions of the other side, and envenom public opinion. The currents thus created may turn out to be more destructive than the wilfulness of the Balkan communities. WHAT ARE THEY FIGHTING FOR? Dr. Dillon puts the issue in a nutshell when he points out that : — Although the Powers have declared that no territorial changes would ensue as a result of the war, their state- ments should be received with scepticism. War leaves abiding traces and produces lasting changes. To this fact the Powers must adjust their policy. Some terri- torial modifications will have to be tolerated by Europe at the Conference which presumably will meet to determine the conditions of peace. That a conference will be convoked seems a foregone conclusion. It could hardly be otherwise, because the questions which are now become actual cannot be settled by an exchange of telegrams. How they will be solved at all is still a mystery. The Christian States and peoples of the Balkans are struggling for their political development and growth, and are fired by the racial, religious, and class hatred stored up during centuries of thraldom under the Turkish yoke. Turkey is fighting, not for her dignity or her possessions, but for very existence, and with the fanaticism of Islam heightened by the liatred of masters for their presumptuous and rebellious slaves. That is the real meaning of the war. We are glad to find that Dr. Dillon prophesies a speedy termination to the war and a peaceful end to Eastern troubles : — Racial and religious passion must be abated. Con- sequently, hostilities will not be protracted. On this assurance the public may rely. At the first opportune moment the Powers will silence the thunder of the cannon and allow the voice of reason and humanity to be heard. For the two planks in the present programme of European diplomacy are to bring the campaign to a speedy termination, and to weed out international com- plications from among its consequences. Considering, therefore, the present readiness of the principal dramatis fersoncz to compromise, and their firm resolve to eliminate as far as possible all germs of a serious conflict, one may reasonably hope that October i6th will be a date as noteworthy in the annals of peace as of war. EGYPT FOR THE EGYPTIANS. In the Revue Egyptienne of October 5th appears a French translation of a series of. articles, by Ahmed Loutfi el Sayed, on Egyptian Youth and the Future of Egypt. CAUSES OF UNREST. Egypt, he says, is passing through a period of restlessness, a period of political and moral crisis. V^hat are the causes? This is the question the writer endeavours to solve. First, he states that certain writers are partly respon- Leading Articles in the Reviews. 545 sible for the present chaos of public opinion owing to the contradictory principles and sterile methods which they champion. The supreme aim of the Eg-yptian nation is to emancipate KladileraUutsch] iBerlin. Turko-Italian Peace Negotiations. Turkey: " I give you my desert steed with pleasure, and congratulate you on owning it." Italy: " Cursed camel ! " and freedom to think and write. It is impossible to stifle such sentiments. They must manifest themselves and become transformed into action in some field or other. The Government, there- fore, should prepare the way by liberal measures and concessions to meet the activity thus pro- duced. Instead, it has forgotten one of the elementary principles of good government, namely, freedom of the Press. The English, it is accorded, have accomplished great economic and financial reforms, but it is none the less true that their work still leaves much to be desired. They have developed public education, but they have failed to convince the Egyptians that England does not occupy the country for her own exclusive interests, but also for those of Egypt. They have administered the country after their own fashion, without trying to get rid of the misunderstandings between the governing and the governed which were charac- teristic of the previous regime. The Egyptian people are indeed convinced that the interests of the Government are not their interests, and that what is expected of them is obedience to the caprices of the men in power, while the welfare of the country is lost sight of. From the first day the English should have worked for the extension of Egyptian political liberty in a sense which would have benefited the Egyptians as well as themselves. The Egyptians have con- tinually asked for a share in the responsibilities of government, and the reform of the provincial councils has been a first step in self-government ; but it is a very imperfect reform. itself, to acquire independence. Everyone is Baily's Magazine is very serious this month, agreed about that, but Egyptian writers fail to and is almost entirely absorbed with foxes and proclaim Egyptian nationality. According to pheasants, them, every Mussulman who finds himself on Egyptian soil, no matter to what other country he belongs, is an Egyptian ; and how can Egypt be the country of all the Mussul- mans of the universe? Again, many writers are clamouring for the im- mediate evacuation of Egypt by England. POLITICAL REFORMS NEEDED. The Government is by no means exempt from responsibility for the present condition of affairs. Edu- cation has awakened in the people sentiments which are not in harmony with the political situation or with certain actions of the Government Too many Cooks spoil the Broth. concerning the rights of the people The Powers and the Balkan Soup. • Atnsterdaminer.] [Amsterdam 546 The Review of Reviews. THE PERSIAN PROBLEM. Mr. Lovat Fraser discusses the problem of Persia in the Edinburgh Review. He says that the first key to the Persian problem is that the country is drying- up. The climate is at the bottom of the Persian problem. Another factor is the extraordinary variety of the people in- habiting- the country, which makes mutual antagonism a stronger instinct than common nationality. The Persians are a lovable if per- plexing^ race, presenting- a spectacle of much physical and mental vigour. Can this medley of tribes ever govern itself constitutionally? Autocracy is out of the question. It was under the auspices of Sir Edward Grey that the Persian constitutionalists obtained their first chance of freedom. The Mejliss, or Assembly, soon proved to be an impossible body. The corrupt traditions of Persian politics were taken over into the new rdgime. MR. SHUSTER SELF-CONDEMNED. Mr. Shuster is, says Mr. Fraser, condemned out of his own mouth : — No man ever had a more wonderful opportunity than lay before Mr. Shuster when he crossed the Elburz range in May of last year. No man ever misused his chances more grievously. He arrived inflamed with the belief that Russia and Great Britain were the enemies in his path, and that Sir George Barclay and M. Pok- lewski-Koziell were their chosen instruments of evil. But his greatest mistake was not his open and avowed antagonism to Great Britain and Russia. The manner in which, from the outset, he placed himself at cross purposes with the diplomatic body in Teheran is of comparatively minor importance. The cardinal error which Mr. Shuster committed was that from the very beginning he violated the spirit and the letter of the Persian Constitution. The Mejliss was properly the National Consul- tative Assembly, but tried to assume executive functions and to hinder the Cabinet exercising the true functions of an executive. Mr. Shuster, instead of acting in accord with the Constitution, ignored the Ministers, the true executive, re- garded the Mejliss alone as his employer, and hoped in time to command a force of 12,000 men. Had this been realised, he would have become Dictator. " It is tolerably certain that Mr. Shuster never consciously aspired to be Shah in all but name, but had he carried out his plans he would have become so." First and last, he was constitutionally in the wrong. " All the abuse of Great Britain and Russia with which his pages are filled cannot alter the con- clusion that he brought hTs fate upon himself." Mr. Fraser imagines that the Balmoral inter- views will lead to an attempt to establish a stronger government, will establish a line of division between Russian and English spheres. In the neutral sphere Great Britain must operate, and substantial financial help must be given to Persia. "WE WANT NUMBERS, NUMBERS, NUMBERS." " Reveille " writes in the Oxford and Cam- bridge Review for October on our military posi- tion. It is an impassioned plea for conscription. He says that " we know that either France or Germany, and at least two other European nations as well, could walk us down without arms if on a level plain they were to advance upon our men armed. Our entire personnel would just about suffice to officer the forces of the Tsar or Kaiser." Partisanship blinds our eyes. Not long ago, he says, certain country people refused to supply the Government with information about horses, stabling, garages, etc., available for war time, because, forsooth, the Government was Liberal. The Territorial scheme is to the writer a solution of the problem pour rire. " Compulsion is the only possible true solution." HOW LONDON UNDECEIVED INDIAN TROOPS. He laments that the Indian Army soldiers were brought into London at the Coronation to see the deplorably unfit condition of the mass of our population. In India the native thinks of Englishmen as he sees them there — civilians and soldiers. But in London he saw them as they are : — When he comes to London ! Men lacking in every quality that discipline imparts shuffle off the pavements to let him pass. Their womenfolk waylay him in his camp or in the streets. Crowds of white " coolies " come to gaze at his simple military encampment, obviously not comprehending anything. In India the white man, even when friendly, has been aloof and haughty. How the native soldier, returning again to India, must ponder these things in his heart ! No longer can he admire the white soldier as an exemplar of his race He knows him for a paid specialist, and he knows with what cost and effort he has been produced. Small wonder if the returned Indian soldier becomes impatipnt of control. Regiments who sent men home for a corona- tion will tell you how in some cases they had to be weeded from the ranks on their return. THE BRITISH EMPIRE A PAINTED SHAM. He winds up by declaring :■ — The truth is the British Empire is fast becoming a pamted sham. It might almost be said to owe its con- tinuance rto the restraint of its enemiets, or to the arrogance of its bluff. Once that bluff is called, the game is up. The wear and tear of war, apart altogether from the fighting, will wipe our men out fast enough. Science, discipline, efficiency, courage will be of no avail. Wp want numbers, numbers, numbers ! Leading Articles in the Reviews. 547 RUSSIA'S MOTOR NAVY. Mr. J. Rendell Wilson tells in the October issue of Cassier's Magazine how the Diesel engine is supplanting steam machinery in the Russian Navy. The Russian naval authorities, once the initial experiments had proved satis- factory, took the bull by the horns and com- menced to launch a motor fleet upon the water. So far have they advanced that, by the time these words appear in print, the trials will probably have been run of a 3,508-ton motor revenue •cruiser at Nicolaieff, in the Black Sea. She was launched in December last, and would have been in Photograph by] [Central News- The Russian Foreign Minister, service some months since were it not for the delay in delivery of the electrical transmission gear, and due in no way to any trouble with her Diesel propelling machinery. She is notable by reason of the fact that she is the largest and highest-powered naval motor vessel afloat, and credit is due to Russia to boldly launch out without waiting to see the results obtained by other navies, or by private shipowners and shipbuilders. After describing fully the two twin-screw Cas- pian Sea gunboats, the Ardagan and Kars, the author goes on to say that, while these vessels are comparatively small in comparison with the various big commercial motor vessels under construction, they rank as pioneers of the future motor battleship. It would not come as a sur- prise to the author to learn that Russia is nearer to this long-expected instrument of warfare than any ctheir country. It stands to reason that the Russian naval authorities will not be content to rest on their laurels now that they have shown that the Diesel-driven gun- boat is an accomplished fact. In this connection we must realise that Russia has not talked about what she is going to do, but what has now been discussed is what she has actually done. Now that the British Government has appointed a special commission to inquire into the question of adopting oil engines for naval purposes, it is to be hoped that they will not overlook what has already been done by Russia. A PAN-GERMANIST CATECHISM. In an article on Pan-Germanism contributed to La Revue of October ist M. Jacques de Coussange quotes from and comments on a Pan- Germanist Catechism by Heinrich Calmbach. THE CASE OF POLAND. The following questions and answers culled from this book will give some idea of the nature of the publication : — What are Pan-Germanists? They are warm-hearted Germans, who do not forget to think of the future development of the German people, as the cares of a vigilant father of a family are not merely for the present but also for the future. Is Prussian rule of Poland very bad and oppressive for the Poles? Not according to our ideas. The Poles have every reason to be satisfied that Prussian rule has replaced that of their nobility and priests. Prussia has spared no pains to raise the country and the Polish people materially and intellectually by means of a wise ad- ministration and the school. How, then, can the hatred of the Poles for every- thing that is German be explained? According to Bismarck, Poland belongs to the category of feminine nations, who are governed by sentiment, whereas the Germans belong to the category of mascu- line nations. The Poles would like to have at their head men like themselves. Nevertheless, they are obliged to acknowledge German superiority ; that is the origin of their hatred of the Germans. Is not this struggle for national independence worthy of some admiration? We Pan-Germanists recognise it frankly. But we cannot be so kind as to support them in their efforts, because they are not reconcilable with the conditions of life of the German people. Justice to Poland would be injustice to the Empire and the German people. The one must be the hammer and the other the anvil. USE OF COLONIES. Would not the development of the Colonies be a good thing for the natives? That goes without saying. But we must be careful not to believe that our chief aim was to bring our civilisa- tion to the natives. We founded the Colonies for our own use, and it is for our gain that we employ the natives according to their capacity. Do you think the natives are an inferior race? Certainly, because after thousands of years they have not been able to raise themselves above a nomadic existence and the first step of civilisation. Every race ought to be treated according to what it is. 548 The Review of Reviews. THE HOLY CITIES OF ISLAM. Shall Napoleon's Policy be Ours? In the Oxford and Cambridge Review for October J. F. Scheltema writes on Constanti- nople and the holy cities of Islam. He recalls the policy of Napoleon when in Egypt : — In the instructions left sur V etat des affaires et sur mes frojets, he showed no less that his guiding principles weie always the same : active courtship of Moslim senti- ment ; exaltation of Mecca in opposition to Constanti- nople ; incitement of the Muhammadan world against the encroachments of the Ottoman Caliphate with the ultimate personal aim of eclipsing the fame of Alexander the Great as conqueror of the East. " It must be boine in mind that, while Mecca is the centre of the Muham- madan religion, Cairo is the second key to the holy Caaba. The policy of the Sooltans of Constantinople having been to discredit the Sherii of Mecca, to restrain the relations between him and the ulemas, our policy must be exactly the reverse. . . . The greater care has to be taken to convince the Moslemin of our love for the Qoran and our veneration for the Prophet." Such was Napoleon's policy. What shall be ours? — In the race for the reversion of the protectorate over the Holy Cities of Islam the actual situation seems decidedly in favour of Great Britain. Not to speak of the leavening process promoted by the Settlement of Aden, a lump of yeast in the Arabian dough which may or may not have something to do with its growing re- luctance to Turkish kneading, with the disturbances in Yemen, the continued occupation of Eg\pt offers ad- vantages the ambition of Napoleon Buonaparte was not slow to improve upon already more than a century ago. Acting on the principles he tried to instil, with the funda- mental difference that now his rivals lay down the law in Cairo, there is no reason, urged a recent writer on the subject, why the Khedive should not usurp the place of the (Ottoman) Sooltan as head of Islam. . . . Shall Great Britain be more fortunate? Egypt and the Sudan cannot be called' indisputably hers before she controls the Nile from its sources to the Delta, with all its tributaries; before she draws Abessynia into her orbit, and there the agreement of December 13th, igo6, with France and Italy, is in her way, shielding the integrity of that last remaining independent state of the Black Continent. ISLAM IN AFRICA. In the International Review of Missions for October Professor Westermann gives an ex- haustive account of Islam in the West and Central Sudan, with a map compiled by Bern- hard Struck. THE negro in islam AND IN CHRISTIANITY. The Professor shows that Islam represents for the African a higher state of social organisa- tion than heathenism. The expansion of Islam has taken place in the main automatically, and without any direct effort. The dominant con- sideration is rather the desire, through the adoption of Islam, to obtain better conditions of life :— When the negro adopts Islam, he at once becomes a member of the higher social class. He is admitted without any restrictions into the Mohammedan society. He quickly gains self-confidence and self-respect, and feels that he is a member of a world-encircling organisa- tion He enters into a clearly defined relationship with Europeans. The despised bush negro becomes a Moham- medan of position, whom even the European involun- tarily treats with respect. It is quite otherwise when a heathen joins the Christian community. We Europeans remain foreigners to the African, and when he outwardly adopts our civilisation he does not really understand^ it. We have not yet fully learned, not even the missionaries, to comprehend the negro in his distinctive qualities. We have not taken sufficient trouble to understand his civi- lisation and to ennoble it with the help of our own and of Christianity; instead of this we are destroying his civilisation and seeking to substitute our own. We are thus exposed to the danger of turning the negro into a mere caricature of the European, while Islam makes him a self-respecting African. Moreover, the Euro- peanised negro never obtains among the whites that social equality to which Islam admits him readily. There are Europeans who take little pains to conceal the fact that the Christian "nigger" is as contemptible in their eyes as the bush negro, and they not seldom take every opportunity of expressing their preference for Mohammedans. This sufficiently explains the fact that recently even natives who have received a Christian edu- cation have become advocates of Islam. Since they need never expect a position of equality among their European fellow-believers, they are disposed to see in Islam the religion of the modern African. At the same time, the African knows a real longing for the living God. To many a thought- ful negro the impressive doctrine of the unity of God, the Omnipotent Lord, comes as a reve- lation. The political life, the social tone of the general culture of the Sudan, owe a good deal to Islam : — The Mohammedan is better dressed than the heathen, has finer houses, is more prosperous, has enjoyed some sort of education, is gentlemanly, dignified, and self- possessed in his manner, and betrays in his intercourse with Europeans not infrequently a noble and generous bearing. Islam is also entitled to the honour of having intro- duced the art of reading and writing into the Sudan. EFFECT OF ISLAM ON MORALS. In morals there is little difference between Islam and heathenism. The position of women is no better among Mohammedans than among heathen. Sexual excesses are far more wide- spread among Mohammedans than among the heathen, with their more natural instincts. A beneficent effect of Islam, so far as West Africa is concerned, has been the suppression of the use of alcohol. Islam has also put an end to several other barbarous heathen customs, such as cannibalism, the putting to death of children and old people, death by means of ordeal, and blood revenge. The Mohammedan of the Sudan receives from his religion hardly anv moral duties, but only religious commands, which exert no influence on his inward disposition. How far Islam has influenced the inner life of its ad- herents is still but little known. The African will not allow a stranger to see his heart. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 549 THE ATTITUDE OF AUSTRIA. According to an Austrian politician who writes on the Balkan War in the November issue of the Deutsche Revue, Europe is in presence of a new phase, albeit not the last, of the Eastern Question. At the time of writing this article the war, apparently, had not actually broken out, but the four Balkan States had decided to mobilise their armies, the object they had in view being, it was stated, the amelioration .of the unbearable con- ditions of their co- nationalities i n Turkey. The only way to achieve this end was pointed out by Dr. Kra- marz, the well- known representa- tive of the Greater Slav ideas, in a speech in the Aus- trian Delegation : it was the creation of autonomous ad- ministration, with a Christian Governor at the head, in Mace- donia, Old Servia, Albania, and Epirus. But with the differences of race and language in these lands, such a scheme would be by no means easy of execution, and in any case such con- cessions could only be wrung from Turkey on the battlefield. In the event of war being avoided, the Great Powers should come to the aid of the Balkan States. Reforms had been promised the carrying out of which the Great Powers them- selves would take in hand. WHAT SERVIA WANTS. That such assurances were looked upon scep- tically by the Balkan States will surprise no one. A glance at the history of the Ottoman Empire in the last century will suffice to show what may be expected from Turkish reforms. From 1839 onwards all promises of reform have come to PJiotograpli by Host through Vienna during the P nothing. Turkey is either unable or unwilling to make it possible for Christians and Mahomedans to live together, and the Balkan States very naturally conclude that the only solution of the question is the granting of extensive autonomy to them. The writer doubts whether that is the real object for which they strive. Of the united kingdoms, Servia, he says, is the most sincere. In Belgrade no one makes any secret of the true desire of Servia. It is clearly enough stated in the newspapers, and is to the effect that Servia demands the auto- nomy of Old Servia, because she needs a way to the sea without having to traverse foreign territory. Had Servia to stand alone and face the Turkish Army, she could hardly reckon on a success of arms or the fulfilment of her desires. Turkey will prob- ably attack her strongest and most dangerous neighbour, the schooled and well- prepared Bulga- rian Army, while, according to the latest proclama- tion of King Nicholas, Servia and Montenegro will join hands in brotherly fashion in Old Servia. If Belgrade and Cettinje reckon on any acquisition of territory it will be in hope of the sympathy and support of Russia. RELATIONS OF AUSTRIA AND RUSSIA. The key to the situation, as well as the presup- position of any solution of the Balkan Question, is, and remains, the relations between Austria and Russia. In all matters relating to the Near East Russia has to reckon with the attitude of Austria. Nevertheless the relations of the two Empires have undergone many changes, and trust has sometimes given place to mistrust. Yet after the annexation crisis had caused a passing misunderstanding between Austria and Russia, a {Central Xeics. rocession of the| Eucharist Congress. 550 The Review of Reviews. correspondence between the two Cabinets pub- lished in March, 1910, showed that they were both in complete agreement as to the political principles which should govern Balkan affairs; and in his Duma speech on April 26, M. Sazonoff, referring to the declarations made in this correspondence, added that Austria was determined to adhere to the political principles laid down by the two Empires. Meanwhile, M. Sazonoff has visited Balmoral, Paris, and Berlin, and what he there said about Austrian relations was as correct as his Duma speech. VV^ill matters remain at that? The writer is not sure that they will. AUSTRIAN'S POLICY. Nothing could be farther from Austria's inten- tions than a policy of conquest, as Count Berch- told has said emphatically and repeatedly. Her policy is a policy of peace, but not a peace at any price. In the Balkans Austria has important interests, which she must protect at all cost. So long as these are not disturbed she will not feel it necessary to intervene in the conflict between Turkey and the Balkans. History and geo- graphy teach what must be the aims of Austria — an open road to Turkey, the maintenance of the present condition of the Adriatic coast, and the security of her frontiers against uneasy neigh- bours. Whatever may happen, Austria, trusting in her own strength and in the support of her faithful allies, will be able to guard her own interests as other Great Powers in a similar position have done. IS THE BOHEMIAN CRISIS ENDED ? In the first September number of Questions Diploniatiques et Coloniales M. Henri Hantich explains the terms of the Czech-German Entente which is being arranged in Bohemia. For over sixty years the national conflict be- tween the Czechs (over 4,000,000) and the Germans (under 2,500,000) has been going on in Bohemia. During the last four years the crisis has become acute, and the quarrel be- tween the two nationalities has been a veritable nightmare in the political life of the country. Since 1908, when the Germans inaugurated their policy of obstruction in the Diet at Prague, the autonomous administration of Bohemia and the legislative work of the country have been completely paralysed. It being impossible to pass the Budget, debts have been growing, and the finances are in the greatest disorder. At last a few men of both nationalities, realising the gravity of the situation, recognised the necessity for a partial revision of the local Con- stitution, with the result that the old irreconcil- able spirit has given way to a more reasonable disposition, that, of mutual concessions. THE QUARREL BETWEEN CZECHS AND GERMANS. As it had become absolutely necessary to put an end to a situation which was proving disas- trous to both nationalities, two Special Com- missions were instituted, one at Vienna and the other at Prague, and they have laboured at the task before them with a zeal worthy of all praise. The demands of the two nationalities which were the causes of the bitterest disputes are sum- marised thus : — For the Germans, who represent about one-third of the population of Bohemia, free development guaranteed by a new order of the Diet and by administrative separation in the permanent Committee of the country. For the Czechs, a settlement of the question of the Czech and German languages in the different organisa- tions of the state and the autonomous administration of the country, and protection of the Czech minorities to prevent the national absorption of about 200,000 Czechs in the north and north-east of the country, where the Germans are in a majority. RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMISSIONS. The two Commissions, whose duty it was to elaborate a compromise acceptable to the two parties, decided to begin by getting a certain number of points solved, and advancing the solutions of a few others. But as it became increasingly urgent that the Diet should resume its legislative functions as soon as possible, another move of procedure was adopted. The questions in dispute were divided into two sec- tions, and it is the decisions arrived at with regard to one of these sections which are now ready to be submitted to the Diet. The new proposals contain the following recommenda- tions : — The creation of national sections in the permanent Council (Landesausschuss). Hitherto composed of the representatives of large landowners and Czech and German deputies, this Council is henceforth to be composed of a Czech and a German section, with repre- sentation of the nobility of the two nationalities. Each section will have the right of protest in cases affecting important questions of language and nationality. The partial division of the Budget according to nationality. Each section of the Council will dispose autonomously of the revenues of the country, which is to be divided according to nationality into districts havmg a Czech majority and those having a German majority. The second item of the compromise was most hotly debated, every comma being the subject of the liveliest discussion. It involves a re- organisation of the administrative and judicial districts in such a way that each one, so far as possible, shall contain only people belonging to one of^ the nationalities. The protection of minorities and reform of the system of electing representatives for the Diet are also dealt with. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 551 "PRACTICAL IMPERIALISM." War — OR Tariff Reform ! The Duke of Westminster contributes to the Nineteenth Century a paper full of youthful hope and courage and dogmatism on " Practical Imperialism." It is refreshing to find this pluto- cratic peer feeling himself the mouthpiece of the new democracy. democracy's imperial temper. He says that after the glorious period of the Napoleonic wars came a great reaction, when the middle classes came to power, Free Trade was introduced, and a sentiment frankly hostile to the Empire arose. But now : — The rule of the middle class has come to an end. Democracy has arrived. A democratic national policy has taken the place of the ancient utilitarianism, and Imperialism is merely the latest, and I think the highest, incarnation of our democratic nationalism. It is a con scious manifestation of the solidarity of the race. British Imperialism is not, as its opponents assert, an empty, vain-glorious, and aggressive policy advocated by "Jingoes," by the aristocracy, the leisured classes, and the Army. It is a thoroughly democratic policy. This can be seen by the fact that it is strongest not in these islands, but in our most democratic possessions. Impe- rialism, contrary to widely held opinion, is democratic, peaceful, and utilitarian in the best sense of the word, for it is useful and necessary. The Duke reminds us that a nation can only be secure if its armed strength is commensurate with its possessions. OUR EMPIRE A SEA EMPIRE. The British Empire is by far the largest Empire which the world has seen. Yet it is most vulnerable from the sea, and the largest towns of tie British Empire lie close to the sea : — The British Empire is a sea empire. It depends for its livelihood very largely upon the sea. The value of its sea-borne trade should in the present year amount to the stupendous sum of ;^2, 000, 000, 000. The British Empire possesses one-half of the world's shipping. We may say that one-half of the world's trade is carried under the British flag. Out of every two ships which sail the ocean one flies the British flag. Our merchant marine will therefore be exposed to enormous losses in time of war unless our Navy is overwhelmingly strong. The British Empire does not possess the sea, but it has certainly a predominant interest on all seas. UNITED KINGDOM ALONE BEATEN, The Duke draws the natural corollary that the Motherland and Colonies require for their pro- tection a fleet strong enough to meet any pos- sible combination of Powers. The United Kingdom alone cannot supply this : — The longest purse can buy the strongest fleet. It is impossible for 45,000,000 Englishmen to maintain the two-Power standard against 66,000,000 Germans and some other prosperous nation. There is a limit to the taxation which the people can bear. The two-Power standard has been abandoned. The Empire requires for its security an Imperial Army and an Imperial Fleet, paid for out of an Imperial exchequer, and controlled and directed by an Imperial Government. The defence of the Empire must be orga- nised. But only the unification of the Empire will make possible the creation of an adequate organisation. WAR OR A ZOLLVEREIN, How, then, are we to weld the Empire together? " Nothing would more quickly and more thoroughly weld together the British Empire than a war in which Great Britain and the Dominions would have to fight for their very existence." Happily, blood and iron are not the only cement of Empire, " A common tariff- protected market is apt to convert a number of loosely united States into a firmly-knit common- wealth," A common tariff and a valuable mar- ket reserved to members of the union not only cause States to combine, but make their union permanent. THE PANACEA. Mr, Chamberlain has provided us with the practical Imperial policy. " Tariff Reform will stimulate industry in Great Britain, raise wages and improve employment, and a system of Impe- rial preferences will knit the Empire together in bonds of interest." We are furthermore informed that " after nine years of ceaseless agitation, the truly Imperial policy of Tariff Reform promises to triumph at the next elec-- tion." The Duke laments that the Imperial policy of Tariff Reform has been allowed to become a Party question. But this policy " stands high above Party." There are two kinds of Im- perialism— armchair Imperialism and practical Imperialism. The Liberal Imperialists are un- fortunately only armchair Imperialists, THE SINEWS OF WAR, The practical upshot of this practical Imperial- ism is " Pay, pay, pay," The article is written to secure support for the campaign : — In a few weeks a very large sum has been subscribed. This sum is to be the nucleus of a fund which, it is hoped, will eventually reach seven figures. It will in course of time become a great Imperial foundation. It will support every Imperial movement and endeavour worthy of sup- port throughout the Empire. The income derived from it will be used in assisting the activity of the numerous excellent organisations in every part of the Empire which are truly Imperialist in aim and spirit, which try to advance the interests of the British Empire and to elevate the British race. Whatever we may think of the Duke's specific, we can only welcome his democratic ardour and sanguine hopes. 552 The Review of Reviews. IRELAND, PAST AND PRESENT. CONSERVATIVE CRITICISM OF CARSONISM. Public respect for the Conservative Party will be greatly increased by what the Quarterly There is no change in public opinion like that shown before the election of 1906. The writer concludes that the Government will, so far as can now be foreseen, retain office for at least two years more, and will carry the Home Rule Bill some time in the year 1914. MINISTERS NOT GUILTY OF TREASON. The writer next deals faithfully with the so-called argu- ments of the Opposi- tion leaders. The charge of treasonable action brought against the Govern- ment, the reviewer coldly dismisses with the remark that Sir Edward Carson would not have argued thus in a court of law. Such powers as the Government received to pass the Parlia- ment Act are a recog- nised part of the Review has to say on fhe Ulster Covenant. Here speaks the true Conservative spirit, sane, sober, judicial, as far removed as possible from the platform tan- trums of the present Unionist leaders. The writer turns a cold douche of common sense upon the rhetorical fireworks of these so-called leaders. BYE-ELECTIONS INCONCLUSIVE. First of all. Unionist transports on the results of recent bye- elections are coolly dismissed. Bye-elections are deceptive. A great many adverse bye-elections would be necessary to weaken perceptibly the Government majority. The Upper Hous«. constitution. The famous argument about the constitution being in suspense because the pre- amble of the Parliament Act has not been carried Leading Articles in the Reviews. 553 out is given short shrift. " The failure to carry out the intention expressed in the preamble to the Parliament Act cannot be held to invalidate that Act itself, or to deprive of legal force any Act passed under its provisions." Furthermore, the writer shrewdly points out that if the Govern- ment give legislative effect to their preamble, the result would be an Upper House without the powers of postponement given to the present unreformed House of Lords, and more likely to carry out without delay the bidding of the majority in the House of Commons. MINISTERS NEITHER ILLEGAL NOR UNCONSTITUTIONAL. « The platform thunder about Home Rule not being an issue at the last General Election is even more coolly pooh-poohed. The writer says, " Everyone knew that the first use Ministers would make of their new powers would be to pass a Home Rule Bill. Surely no warning was needed of their intention. And if a warning was needed, it was surely supplied by the speeches of Opposition candidates." Equally cruelly the reviewer remarks that if the theory of mandate held, it would be hard to defend the Education Act of 1904, the election of 1900 being fought almost solely with reference to the Boer War. An appeal to the people before Home Rule was passed would be desirable in the judgment of the reviewer, but he concludes, " We cannot charge Ministers with illegal, or even unconsti- tutional, action in declining the ordeal." He therefore recommends that such arguments should be abandoned. THE REAL CASE FOR ULSTER. Nevertheless, he thinks that Ulster is justified in maintaining that a people cannot be rightly transferred from its chosen allegiance to another which it detests ; that if the Parliament of Great Britain withdraws its protection in any real sense from loyalist Ulster, Ulster is thus released from its obligation to obey the Parliament of Great Britain ; that if Ireland has a right to demand separate government from the rest of Great Britain, Ulster has a stronger right to demand a government separate from that of the rest of Ireland; that an Irish Legislature is almost cer- tain to attempt to make wealthy Ulster pay for legislative assistance to the poverty-stricken remainder of Ireland. The only argument in the reviewer's judgment for coercing Ulster is that Ireland without Ulster would be a bank- rupt country from the start. The writer asks, ** Are we to enslave Ulster in order to save our- selves a smaller sum? We are to pay two millions a year to Ireland under the Bill. Let us make it four, or six, or whatever sum is necessary, and leave Ulster out of count." We paid thirty millions to emancipate the. slaves. ABETTING REBELLION IS TREASON. Rebellion, the writer thinks, is possible, and he cannot exempt his own leaders from a share in bringing about the impasse. He says, " There is no doubt that to aid and abet rebellion is trea- son, or at least, in the old phrase, misprision of treason. It would certainly lay the actors open to impeachment in due form and on strictly legal grounds." He says: — It occurs to the impartial observer to ask — and the question must be faced — whether the leaders of Con- servative opinion^ the heads of the party which claims, and rightly claims, to nourish a particular respect for law and order, a special regard for constitutional pro- cesses, should at this juncture have so fully identified themselves with a movement which contemplates, in certain circumstances, a violent breach of the public peace. • WAIT AND SEE BEFORE YOU REBEL. The writer goes on to urge that, in accord with all precedents of rebellion, In the case of Ulster, a rebellion against the evils apprehended as likely to flow from Home Rule, when they appear, would have a better hope of success than a rebellion against an Act of Parliament which made them possible. After all, we cannot be certain that they would emerge. It is, as we have said, highly probable ; it is not inevitable. He therefore cannot help doubting whether in the present case an error has not been com- mitted by the Unionist leaders. For he urges :— These very leaders may, no long time hence, be called on to hold office, and to bear sway, among other things, over an Ireland disappointed of Home Rule. What will be the consequences in Ireland if Home Rule is uncompromisingly put aside? Have we not, in that case, another organised rebellion to fear, and that, not from one-fourth, but from three-fourths of the popula- tion? And with what arguments will the Conservative leaders, who have sanctioned the rebellion of Ulster, meet the rebellion of the rest of Ireland? COMPROMISE CALLED FOR The upshot of the whole matter is that the reviewer hopes for the defeat of the Home Rule Bill, but wisely points out that the defeat of the Bill will not settle the Irish question. A com- promise of some sort must eventually be found : — It is obvious that at least one form of compromise is open, on the most dangerous point of all, that of Ulster. The four counties, at least, should be omitted from the operation of the Bill ; and the Imperial Ex- chequer should boldly and generously face the question of supplying the deficiency which such an omission would cause in the Irish Exchequer, Fle pleads that even now " these accursed Party feuds may for a little space be laid aside." Every Conservative not rabid with partisan- ship will feel his self-respect increased by the perusal of these pages. 554 The Review of Reviews. BRITAIN V. THE COLONIES. THE LURE OF THE COLONIES. At last we see signs of a sane reaction against the depletion of agricultural England. In the Nineteenth Century Sir Gilbert Parker is moved to protest against the enfeeblement of Britain by unrestricted emigration of our best men and women, whose presence in the land of their birth has been regarded for a generation as a modified blessing. Sir Gilbert points out that : — There are thus three parties to the great process of organised migration — the colony which receives the migrants, the Mother Country which provides them, and the migrants themselves. For two out of the three the arrangement is admirable. The colony is enriched by the advent of sturdy citizens, energetic, capable, vigorous ; taking good care to admit none but those with respectable credentials and the attributes which make for success, in every boatload of immigrants it receives the elements essential to national pro- gress. The migrants, endowed with these qualities, have before them a career, rough perhaps, and hard but a career with great possibilities. They have exchanged a monotonous round of unrewarded drudgery for a path which may be rugged, but which leads to better things. Be- hind them lies hopelessness, before them there is, at least, the chance of success, an opportunity. Observers have for years pointed the moral that this country by encouraging the emigration of the fit, automotically increases the burden of maintaining a popu- lation of town-dwellers, and handicaps Britain in her com- petitive struggle with other nations. France has never avert the evil that threatens the physical superiority of our race, that will complete the destruction of the balance between the field and the workshop, that will make us wholly dependent for our food upon the stranger? Here is an opportunity for our statesmen to consider the answer to the prayer, " Give us this day our daily bread " — for Providence, as we know, helps those who help themselves. HOW SOUTH AUSTRALIA CARES FOR HER CHILDREN. South Australia provides for its proteges, not merely during childhood, but during adoles- cence So Miss Sellers tells us in the Contem- porary : — Bulletin.] [Sydney. New Zealand and her Credit, been faced with this problem, The new Treasurer ofMaoriland proposes to borrow a comparative trifle with which to but Germany has lonp- since Sf"y°'^'^°/'^^f^^\^^yi°.^^°«^ l^^^^t he is of opinion that the old loan boom can't coritinue. DUt uermany nas long since Thus does the bush publican eject his customer when his credit is exhausted, and start smce taken steps to check the °ini back to work with " a bottle for the road " to keep off the jim-jams, outflow of her peasantry, and A child is boarded-out on what is called the subsidy system until it is thirteen, and then on the service system until eighteen, or, in the case of certain girls, until twenty-one. Under both the subsidy system and the service the Council's wards are lodged with respectable working- class foster-parents, who in the case of subsidy children must live within easy walking distance of a good school Ihey must be fairly well off, industrious, and intelli. gent, and they must pledge themselves to treat their charges in all respects as if they were their own children -not only to be kind to them, but to have thought for them, and try to influence them for good. And care is taken to insure their keeping their pledge. For everv chi d boarded-out is under the care of the Council', under the open surveillance of the District Committee, the secret surveillance of the police, and the protection JJ^. n •=°,^'"."°'ty. especially the school-teachers. and the Council's inspectors may visit at nnv hour of the day or night. we are glad to find Sir Gilbert is not blind to the root cause of the trouble. He says : — Surely the lesson is obvious. By full, unfettered ownership and the chance of ownership new countries are drawing away our people. By full ownership Ger- many has checked a rural exodus which excited her alarm. In full ownership Ireland is finding security, and her people are finding a bond that keeps them to the land. In Great Britain alone do we find legislation avowedly framed to place obstacles in the way of the peasant to freehold tenure — a deliberate antagonism to natural instinct. And from Great Britain we see a ceaseless flow of her most essential citizens — a flow unceasing and increasing. The offices of the High Commissioners and Agents-General are besieged by applicants for pas- senger accommodation. Such is the prospect, happy for the Colonies, cheerful for the emigrants, fraught with peril for the Mother- land. Is it not high time that we took measures to Leading Articles in the Reviews. 555 THINGS AMERICAN. NEW YORK UNDER THE MICROSCOPE. If Mr. Wells uses a telescope, then Mr. Arnold Bennett is master of the microscope, and in Harper's he places New York under the lens. Mr. Bennett's attempt to portray the United States with anything like his usual accuracy would necessitate his writing a novel every twenty-four hours for the next twenty years, and we must be satisfied with the present glimpse as we look out upon New York from " the Elevated " :— What sharpened and stimulated the vision more than anything else was the innumerable flashing glimpses of immense torn clouds of clean linen, or linen almost clean, fluttering and shaking in withdrawn courtyards between rows and rows of humanised windows. This domestic detail, repugnant possibly to some, was par- ticularly impressive to me ; it was the visible index of what life really is on a costly rock ruled in all material essentials by trusts, corporations, and the grand principle of tipping. I would have liked to live this life, for a space, in any one of half a million restricted flats, with not quite enough space, not quite enough air, not quite enough dollars, and a vast deal too much continual strain on the nerves. I would have liked to come to close quarters with it, and get its subtle and sinister toxin incurably into my system. Could I have done so, could I have participated in the least of the unaccountable daily dramas of which the externals are exposed to the gaze of any starer in an Elevated, I should have known what New York truly meant to New-Yorkers, and what was the real immediate effect of average education reacting on average character in average circumstances; and the knowledge would have been precious and exciting beyond all knowledge of the staggering " wonders " of the capital. But of course I could not approach so close to reality ; the visiting stranger seldom can ; he must be content with h's imaginative visions. Mr. Bennett may have his visions, but he remembers the limitations of his readers, and accordingly gives them facts rather than mere impressions. Of the east side of New York he says : — The supreme sensation of the East Side is the sensa- tion of its astounding populousness. The most populous street in the world — Rivington Street — is a sight not to be forgotten. Compared to this, an uptown thoroughfare of crowded middle-class flats in the open country — is an uninhabited desert ! The architecture seemed to sweat humanity at every window and door. The roadways were often impassable. The thought of the hidden in- teriors was terrifying. Indeed, the hidden interiors would not bear thinking about. The fancy shunned them — a problem not to be settled by sudden municipal edicts, but only by the efflux of generations. Confronted by this spectacle of sickly-faced immortal creatures, who lie closer than any other wild animals would lie; who live picturesque, feverish, and appalling existences; who amuse themselves, enrich themselves, who very often lift themselves out of the swarming warren and leave it for ever, but whose daily experience in the warren is merely and simply horrible — confronted by this incomparable and overwhelming phantasmagoria (for such it seems), one is foolishly apt to protest, to inveigh, to accuse. The answer to futile animadversions was in my par- ticular friend's query: "Well, what are you going to do about it? " At the conclusion of this, the first instalment, Mr. Bennett takes refuge in a sweeping dis- claimer : — As for these brief articles, I hereby announce that I am not prepared ultimately to stand by any single view which they put forward. There is naught in them which is not liable to be recanted. Mr. Bennett's public will never Insist on such a self-denying ordinance. ENGLISH AND AMERICAN CONTRASTS. In the North American Revieiv Mr. R. S. Scott-James gives his first impressions of the United States under the title of " The Astonish- ing Nation." BUSINESS England's shame, America's pride. He draws a very shrewd contrast between the English and American view of business : — England, which is as much a nation of shopkeepers as ever it was, has never ceased to be slightly ashamed of the fact. It is part of our English tradition to main- tain a large leisured class which, though deprived of the honourable duties of government and patronage and now largely plebeian in its origin, has not ceased to be decorative and is still the zenith of social ambition. This social ambition penetrates English life. None but the class of manual labourers has escaped it. Each class emulates the class socially above it. Each circle seeks to protect its social prestige by a jealous exclusive- ness, and each aspires to an ideal of dignified leisure. The new democratic spirit is only beginning to break down these ring fences so austerely preserved amid the debris of the Victorian era. No wonder English visitors are impressed by the "business" pride of New York, coming, as they do, from a country where a man's ambition is to do nothing to a country where a man's ambition is to have too much to do. Here we strike a real differe*nce, a difference in illusions. I do not suppose that the average American gets through more work than the average Englishman, though most of my American critics will tell me that he does. The difference is that an American seems to respect primarily the business by which he makes his money, whereas the Englishman seems to respect the hobby by which he loses it. Both of them, of course, are alike in wanting to have as much money as they can possibly get; but while the American respects the process of getting it, the Englishman has been taught to be ashamed of it. The tiresome vain-glory of the one contrasts with the conventional hypocrisy of the other. Mr. Scott-James also remarks of the Ameri- cans : — They have never had a feudal system in the States, and they have therefore no effete survival of feudalism. There is no such thing among them as an hereditary right to be insolent. Patronage or a patronising manner toward the " lower classes " is not tolerated, for there are no upper and lower classes. 556 The Review of Reviews. AMERICAN WOMEN. American treatment of women is highly spoken of : — , . . The woman who "works" is respected in America; she commands a good wage; she apparently proves very efficient without having all the fineness ot her sex driven out of her. She is decently educated, she is not desperately overworked, and she conforms to the American feminine fashion of improving her mind— a fashion which the man admires without imitating. An elderly New England gentleman, whom I revere, in- formed me that American women are freer in their social relations with men than any women m the world, but that their morals are beyond reproach. The American University youth is still a boy, free from the unbearable self-consciousness which marks the modern young Englishman between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two. NEWSPAPER LIBRARIES IN NEW YORK. Mr. Frederick C Hicks contributes to the New York Educational Review for September an article on the libraries of some American news- papers. MORGUES AND CUTTINGS. The most interesting parts of his article relate to the Morgues, or Dead Rooms, and the filing of newspaper cuttings. The preserA^ation of cuttings originated with the necessity of having at hand up-to-date information about eminent people, and the place where these were kept was the workshop of the obituary editor, known as the morgue or dead room. But the value of bio- graphical cuttings soon caused most newspapers to extend the scope of their morgues so as to include cuttings on all other subjects. In some offices biographical cuttings alone are kept in the morgue, and cuttings on other matters in separate departments. Some oflfices keep several copies of the same cutting for filing under severaC headings. The cuttings are usually kept in envelopes, in some cases filed in alphabetical arrangement, in others arranged by number with an alphabetical card-index as key. The latter arrangement is found safer but more cumber- some. In one morgue there are at least one hundred envelopes headed " Roosevelt," and in another items relating to the ex-President fill one hundred and fifty envelopes. BORROWING FOR KEEPS. One newspaper librar\', which numbers 15,000 volumes, is used by 2,000 employees, represent- ing nearly all classes of people. But all agree in this, so it was said : that the rights of the other fellow in the use of the librar}' are of no conse- quence. In this respect the newspaper people were compared to college professors, to whom all books are said to be personal property. Asked why the books on religion in the librar\' outnum- bered those on other subjects, the librarian replied: "Newspaper people don't borrow religious books for keeps." MR. WOODROW WILSON. What His Election Would Mean. The North American Review is chiefly occu- pied with the Presidential election. The editor declares the issue is Roosevelt or the Republic. John Hays Hammond explains " Why I am for Taf t " ; Senator Miles Poindexter "Why I am for Roosevelt"; Senator James O'Gorman " Why I am for Wilson." Senator O'Gorman thus sums up his judgment on Mr. Wilson : — He has conquered destiny by living an active and upright life, devoting his great talents to the noblest endeavours, and using with courage his vast stores of knowledge to advance truth and strengthen right. He is of the people and for the people, not blatant in dema- gogy, on the one hand, nor content with the comforts of a meaningless life on the other; but ever working, ever moving to the advancement of progress towards high ideals of government. He believes in political organ- isations. He believes organised effort is essential in every human activity. As profound in his simplicity as was Jefferson, he is as simple in his greatness as was Lincoln. In his administration of the Government there will be no scandals; there may be differences of opinion or judgment as to his plans and methods, but he will never fail in the nation's respect. Guided by his purest prin- ciples, his walk will be stately and his course true. He will give to the great office the dignity of Jefferson, the courage of Jackson, and surround it with the kindly gentleness that marked the administration of Lincoln. His election will, in my opinion, mean a new era, an era of clean politics, of wholesome laws, of equality in rights and burdens, of pure statesmanship, of the best service from representatives of the people to the people. Thus will the blessings of free government be secured for ourselves and our posterity. AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES. A descriptive account of the Olympic Games without an equal is contained in The Blue Book. The writer has a happy touch, and can make what he has seen live again before the eyes of the reader. After describing Stockholm and the various people gathered there for the Games, he says most of the discussions one heard centred about the American team : — The Americans carried off the honours of the meet- ing, as everyone knew they would — they had the men, the money, and the methods. They brought over a shipload of perfectly-trained athletes and made a strong bid for first, second, and third in every event for which they entered. On several occasions they took all three places — three American flags ran up the flagpoles sidt by side. Invariably they came up to expectations, for the team was a well-rounded unit, not a mere collection of brilliant individual performers. If one "star" failed half a dozen of his countrymen crowded each other for his place. Only an occasional phenomenon like Kohlemainen or Jackson or the Greek jumper with an unpronounceable name could upset their confident calculations. Contrary to British Press theories, the Americans were neither specialists nor professionals. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 557 JAPAN AND RELIGION. COUNT OKU MA ON CHRISTIANITY. The International Review of Missions pub- lishes a statement by the Japanese statesman, Count Okuma, on Christianity in Japan. He says : — Although Christianity has enrolled less than 200,000 believers, yet the indirect influence of Christianity has poured into every realm of Japanese life. It has been borne to us on all the currents of European civilisation ; most of all the English language and literature, so sur- charged with Christian ideas, has exerted a wide and deep influence over Japanese thought. Christianity has affected us not only in such superficial ways as the legal observance of Sunday, but also in our ideals concern- ing political institutions, the family, and woman's station. Even our lighter literature, such as fiction and the newspapers, betrays the influence of Anglo-Saxon and German literature and personalities. Not a few ideals in Japan which are supposed to have been derived from Chinese literature are in reality due to European literature. The Chinese influence may still supply the forms, but the soul has come from Christianity. Japanese law to-day is more closely related to Europe than to China. This is noticeably true in the case of our revised law codes, for although our social structure still revolves around the family, yet our laws are in- creasingly recognising the sacredness and worth of the individual, which is pre-eminently a Christian ideal. RELIGION ONE AND INDESTRUCTIBLE. Count Okuma thinks that doubt and criticism only destroy the forms, the wrappings of re- lig-ion, and enable the vital centre to burst out and grow and propagate itself : — The bond between God and man is imbedded in human nature beyond power of criticism to destroy it. It is an inspiring thought that the true religious ideals and experience of all races and peoples are bound to persist ant' to form in time one noble and compre- hensive whole. We can take courage as we approach nearer and nearer to an era of religious concord and of mutual recognition of the truth which each race possesses. When that era fully comes the kingdom of God will be here. The consciousness of immortality, of our relation to the unseen powers of the spiritual world, is ineradicable and universal. It is as foolish to talk of the religious sense being extirpated as of man's appetite for food being destroj-ed. Man always has stretched out and always will after the infinite and the eternal. LIFE, NOT LABEL. Count Okuma would regard not a little of Christ's teaching and of the miraculous in His life as subordinate and optional : — The controversy whether Christ was God or man is to me irrelevant. What I want is to know about His central teachings ; to come into contact with His superlative character and to understand His strange power to draw and inspire men. His miracles and His metaphysical nature are bypaths ; the main road is His character and His principles of love and service and brotherhood. So Shakamuni. His aim, like that of the Christ, was the salvation of mankind. TO ASIA THROUGH JAPAN. Count Okuma would advise all Christian workers to study Japanese history and ethics. He believes it is Japan's mission to make a large contribution towards the blending of the East and the West, and the Christian movement in Japan should conceive its mission in some such spirit. Just as Christianity influenced northern Europe by way of Rome, so should Christianity influence Asia by way of Japan, for Japan will bring up the backward races of Asia : — Japan is now in the main current of the world's life. She is bound to become an active factor in it, and at this juncture Christianity must strive to adapt itself to the actual present needs of Japan, must keep pace with the nation's growth, and must help to guide her in this time of stress and transition. I earnestly hope that all branches of Christianity may get into closer co-opera- tion, and may together tackle the great problems before them. RELIGION NECESSARY TO EDUCATION. Count Okuma expresses his concern about the moral education of Japanese youth. Intellectual education is not enough : — Unfortunately the ethical instruction given according to the direction of the Department of Education is shallow — it urges patriotism and loyalty without giving a reasonable and fundamental motive for them. It is not thorough-going. At the same time it is too abstract. Youth needs practical, concrete morality and inspiration by contact with noble, unselfish teachers. Of course it is impossible to introduce religion formally into the schools, but outside of school religion should have free play and be presented earnestly by intelligent exponents, for religion is an indispensable factor in complete man- hood. COREA : A CONFUCIAN POLITY. Writing of Corea, the old and the new, an anonymous author in the Economic Review says that to Japan belongs the credit of having begun to unwind the Confucian shroud of the Corean people, and she has now taken upon her shoulders the full measure of the civilised man's burden there. She does so at a moment when big political units are again the order of the day, and when democracy is not a little dis- counted ; but also at a moment when nations who take upon themselves the management of other nations' afi^airs cannot escape fierce criticism. Education is being pushed apace, and a report gives the number of private schools which had obtained Government recognition in 1909 as 2,187, including two high schools, three tech- nical, 1,353 miscellaneous, and 829 maintained by missionaries — somewhat of a cross classifica- tion. The private school returns for May, 1910, 558 The Review of Reviews. give more particulars — in religious schools : pupils, 21,592; teachers, 1553 Corean and ten Japanese; expenditure, £^4,779- In other schools : pupils, 84,362 ; teachers, 5,500 Corean and 147 Japanese; expenditure, ;^79,5i8. Pro- vision is also made, in 191 1, for ;^867,7o8 for railways, ;^i86,i49 for harbours, ;^204,i67 for roads, and ;^i79,38b for land census. The expenditure sanctioned up to 1916 for Corean railways is ^^6, 500, 000, of which over ;^2,500,ooo was spent by the end of 1911. That for roads is ;^i,ooo,ooo for five years, customs houses _;^844,ooo in six years, water-works at Chinnampo and improvements on the river Akada ;^65,ooo. ;^299,ooo has already been spent in acquiring the Seoul waterworks from a British concern. In October, 1904, the Japanese felt hopeful enough about the prospects of the war with Russia to take the finances of Corea in hand. So-called budgets had been appearing since 1895, when the financial administration was supposed to have been put upon a sane footing. It was found that the officials had ignored the new regulations ; that no materials for a budget yet existed ; and that the chief source of revenue, the land tax, was raised without the superero- gatory toil of keeping account books of the same. The estimated revenues of 1899 and 1900 were ;^472,928 and ;^520,ooo respectively. Down to 1896 the revenue had been collected in kind. By introducing method and honesty and a certain amount of personnel, the Japanese raised, in 1905, a revenue of ^^^748, 028. The estimated revenue for the year ending March, 1912, was ;^2,5i9,ooo. The Governor-General has, however, announced a surplus of ;^30o,ooo. nation can go on worshipping itself. Japan may succeed in playing at make-believes longer than most countries, but unless salvation comes from above its relapse must be to a disillusioned materialism. Carlyle's French Revolution sketch of the Feast of Pikes in the Champs de Mars, with its altar and rock (of deal and plaster), its incense burning to no one knows what, its high priest of Federation with his two hundred attendants in pure white albs of calico and tricolour sashes — would-be lightning con- ductors of spiritual virtue from the sky for the life of the nation — is a picture of democracy left without a God, and trying, by the help of senti- ment and idealisation, to sublimate one out of itself. But, alas ! inspirations do not come from below ; ideals are not potent to save unless they are believed first to exist as a reality. Such an ideal cannot be made or conjured up to order. It may be very desirable to possess a faith and a God, but the only way is to be possessed by one. HUMANISM VERSUS CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN. The Bishop of South Tokio discusses in The East and West the surprising official step re- cently taken in Japan by the Vice-Minister of Home Affairs to encourage the recognition and co-operation of Christianity with Buddhism and Shinto, for promoting the general good and progress of the nation. The Bishop asks if any- one can doubt that eventually the social move- ment will spread to Japan, where there is already a highly co-operative people? And what when it does come? If Japan has a religion to- day it is neither Buddhism nor old Shinto, but the worship of the State In the person of the Emperor. If Japan follows the history of other monarchies that have not disappeared, it will come to a day when it discovers that the State is itself; and what is Japan to do for a religion then?— for, as Mr. Petrle Watson says, no JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE. Writing in the Architectural Review for October, Mr. H. H. Statham discources on Japanese Architecture. It is claimed by Mr. Cram that Japanese architecture is the most logical and the most completely developed wooden style that the world has known. Mr. Statham begs leave to differ from this view. According to him it is anything but logical as an architectural treat- ment of timber, since it runs into curved lines, and it is not the natural structural use of timber to treat it in curves. To appreciate this Japanese architecture of curves and super- imposed roofs it is necessary for the moment to get rid of Western ideas and endeavour to get Into the Oriental atmosphere. Western archi- tecture appeals mainly to the intellect and Oriental architecture to the fancy. The origin of the Japanese stvle is stated to be Chmese. Mr. Cram describes It as a system of concentrated loads, the entire structure being supported on a number of columns tied together with massive girders and mortised in such a way that neither pins nor nails are necessary. In the structural sense Mr. Statham thinks this the best point about It, for it is the form sug- gested by the material. Every building, he says should be put together so as to have stability in its very manner of putting together, and in this sense the timber of Japan Is erected on sound principles. But in the Japanese struc ture there IS considerable waste of material. After the sloping rafters of each roof are placed and tied in, another, shorter, rafter is planted Leading Articles in the Reviews. 559 on the top of it and projecting a little beyond. This addition has no proper structural function, and it weights the end of the main structural rafter. Nevertheless, unscientific timber con- struction may be picturesque, as in the typical form of Japanese bridge. The beauty of fitness for its purpose, points out Mr. Statham, does not recommend itself to the Oriental mind. To-day public architecture in Japan is becoming Europeanised. COPYING JAPAN. THE PASSING OF NOGI. In the course of his article on the above subject, Lucian Thorp Chapman, in the Oriental Review, quotes Count Okuma's view of the suicide of the Count and Countess Nogi : — There was a threefold motive : First, the deed was marked by loyalism of the very highest kind; second, Photograph byi [.Hwuine. Lord Kitchener and General Nogi. the act was a warning to the modern tendencies toward corruption, or falling away from the old ideals of life among the upper classes of our people ; third, it was a rebuke to those in high places in the army and in official life who are becoming more and more absorbed in money-making, in politics, and in the furthering of their aspirations at Court. New Methods in China. [Berlin. Chinese officials are now ordered to wear silk hats. The Russian recognises that with a little force the hat is an excellent extinguisher. Ai GREAT BUDDHIST. The late Venerable H. Sri Sumangala, Chief High Priest of Adam's Peak and the Western and Southern Province, Principal of the Vidyo- daya Oriental College, member of a dozen or more learned societies in different parts of the world, was a man — or a saint, rather — beloved for his humble piety and his profound scholar- ship. An unknown author gives an intensely interesting account of the dead saint's life and work in the October African Times. The task most dear to the heart of the great Buddhist was the revival, of Oriental learning. He founded colleges, wrote books, and taught personally, all to further this object : — Ven. Sri Sumangala's attainments extended even to science. He was well conversant with arithmetic, Euclid, algebra, trigonometry, and mensuration. His knowledge of Ayudvedie medicine was far more ex- tensive than that of any practising physician, although he never put it into practice. Ven. Sri Sumangala was a formidable controversialist and keen debater, in addi- tion to being a most persuasive preacher. Even in the early days oi his priesthood the fame of his learning had spread far and wide, and envy and jealousy had combined to raise a formidable array of enemies to crush his growing fame. Firm in his own convictions, and undaunted by the established reputations of his opponents for artfulness and cunning in debate, he accepted every challenge, and came out of every con- troversy with honour, often winning over some of his adversaries to his sid^. 56o The Review of Reviews. Usually it takes three JAPAN'S POLICY IN FORMOSA. The administration of Japan's first colony is the theme of Baron Goto's paper in The Japan Magazine. When a policy of government for the new country had to be drawn up, he says : — My contention was that our policy for Formosa should be based on practical knowledge of the condi- tions obtaining in the island, and not on hearsay or imagination. The island had a population of over three million heterogeneous tribes, fierce and turbulent to a degree. Many of the races there were of Chinese origin ; and these, who could in a short time under- stand, any more than anyone can understand China herself? The Chinese are more different from the Japanese than foreigners can well appreciate. In the West it is supposed that the Chinese are in- capable of swift transfor- mation. China is to-day the one topic of inter- national discussion. But the Chinese leave their native land and settle in foreign countries ; and after two or three genera- tions they are no longer Chinese. They have no serious objections to changing their nationality, and even their customs and habits as well as their lan- guage, all undergo a trans- formation. No one can offhand formulate a policy for the government of Chinese races ; one must first know them. As to savages, the problem is still more difficult. Conse- quently I advised the Governor-General to ab- stain from inaugurating a premature policy for Formosa. I held that the governing of Formosa was not at all the same easy matter as the managing of a political party, for which a platform might be planned in conference and publicly adopted without any serious effect upon the world. I knew that the administration of the new territory would be no mere song in the matter of man- Baron Goto, the Maker of Nevt^ Formosa ipulation. The conditions to be taken into consideration were so numerous that only after close and practical investigation on the spot could any intelligent and useful policy be adopted. It may be interesting to state here how I was led to this way of finding out the wisest policy for Formosa. It came to me from a close study of biology. This science teaches that only by adapting our methods to the natural course of human develop- ment can we reach the desired ends in government, especially in dealing with primitive man. One mav hit upon a successful policy for a political party without reference to the biological history of man; and he might even manage to govern civilised man in an artificial way, though even then a government based on scientific conclusions would probably be safer and better. Some of my colleagues regarded my convictions and opinions as Utopian. They thought that anyone able to govern Japan ought to be able to govern torinosa. Thev, in fact, appeared to assume that the conditions prevailing at home and in the new colony were similaj- The presumption was that government that was good enough for civilised man was good enough for man un- civilised My views on biology had taught me better than this. To pacify and harmonise the heterogeneous mass of raw humanity inhabiting Formosa must be the ideal of the new policy; this much I believed and knew • but to announce a cut-and-dned policy I refused before gaining practical experience necessary to move wisely on lines based on biological conditions. Time has shown the wisdom of Baron Goto's method : — generations to make a colonial policy effective ; but in Formosa Japan has succeeded in making it effective during the first generation, showing that the Yamato race has lost none of the colonising spirit by which they settled on these islands and brought them into the state of high civilisation in which the world found them when foreigners first visited our shores. What- ever defects have marked the administration of Ordinance Number 63 in Formosa may be attri- buted for the most part to my natural frailty person- ally, and to the injured reputation some have been pleased to bestow upon me. At any rate the re- sults have convinced most of our opponents that the end justified the means, and the means were well within the bounds of modern civilisation, a policy of pacification, not extermination ; of illumi- nation, not punishment. As to those who refrain from admiration of Japan's success in the ad- ministration of Formosa on the score of dislike to myself, I have nothing to say. Such possibilities are characteristic of insular people. The results on the whole have met the ap- proval of those best fitted to judge the quality of an ad- ministration. The island is to-day one of the most pros- perous possessions of the Empire. . . . Formosa stands to-day as a monument of the capacity of the Yamato race for genius of government and capacity for colonial ad- ministration. It is the achievement of no one person ; it is the result of the united efforts of a nation. The Spartans were great in war, but failures as colonists. Japan has proved herself to be great in war, and Formosa proves her just hs great in colonisation. Those who regard us as merely a warlike race are asked to contemplate our achievements in Formosa. This is a matter about which we are no longer in the trial stage. The goal has been reached and the laurels won ; the pride and the honour are ours. We are willing to face comparison with the other colonising countries of the world. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 561 MASTER MINDS. MR. BALFOUR AS THINKER. We want more of Mr. Balfour as thinker and less of Mr. Balfour as politician. Therefore we welcome Mr. Sidney Low's article in the Edin- burgh Review on Mr. Balfour in the study. Mr. Low refers to the tradition, of English political life, which connects statesmanship with scholar- ship. He says the latest of our literary Premiers is certainly not the least accomplished of the line. His studies have been somewhat more serious than those of Lord Rosebery, and, in reality, more fruitful than those of Mr. Glad- stone. Of Mr. Balfour he says : — He has the ease, the polish, the dignified, mundane temper, and the courteous restraint of the great writers and artists of the eighteenth century, with whom he has so many points of contact. We do not wonder that he finds more pleasure in this society than in that of a more recent period. His sympathetic interest in the intel- lectual and aesthetic development of the nineteenth cen- tury diminishes, he tells us, after the first third of that cycle was passed. HIS BENT OF MIND. The bent of his mind is essentially scientific : Much as he loves literature, we may perhaps conclude that he loves science more ; he would make scientific study an essential element of all the higher education, even at the expense, though not to the exclusion, of the languages of Greece and Rome^ and it is plain that the highest achievements of scientific discovery and though: set him glowing with a warmth that is only rivalled by the feeling stirred in him by some of the masterpieces of art, and quite transcends the more temperate emotion aroused by the triumphs of literature and of human action. It is difficult to recall another writer of M. Balfour's accomplishment who makes so little reference to the poets of his own and other countries or indulges so rarely in the luxury of a quotation from their works. Nor is it hard to understand that he finds himself irre- sponsive to the chords of the Sentimental Age, and that he turns with satisfaction to the times when Science, it is true, was in her infancy, but when the scientifig temper, the scientific outlook upon life, dominated the minds of men. CRITIC OF NATURALISM. Strangely enough, his chief works are con- cerned with an attack upon the naturalism which found its exponents amongst the most influential group of scientific men in the nineteenth cen- tury. The most powerful engine in his attack upon materialism is the demonstration of the limits of human experience. According to Mr. Balfour's argument, the senses cannot guide us aright. They are only useful tools; and the intellect, evolved like them to enable the organism to modify itself and survive, is little more capable than the senses, whose origin and infirmities it shares, of finding a way through the laby- rinth of appearances to the underlying reality, if any reality there be. "We are to suppose that powers which were evolved in primitive man and his animal progeni- tors, in order that they might kill with success and marry in security, are on that account fitted to explore the secrets of the universe." In the end science has to rely upon irrational founda- tions, and is forced to assume a creative principle which is not subject to the laws of causation as exhibited in the material universe, and is not limited by the relations of Space and Time. Science itself, like ethics and resthetics, needs a non-natural, or a super-natural, basis. VINDICATOR OF CURRENT BELIEFS. The past few years have shown a reaction, as witnessed by the interest taken in M. Bergson and the revival of transcendental idealism in the English universities. To this reaction Mr. Balfour's own writings have contributed some- thing : — The hypothesis of " a spiritual origin common to the knower and the known " emerges, he holds unassail- ably, from his consideration of the possible alternatives; and he claims that he has shown " how, in face of the complex tendencies which sway this strange age of ours, we may best draw together our beliefs into a compre- hensive unity which shall possess at least a relative and provisional stability." That unity is found in the " current beliefs " based on Christian theology, with the acceptance of the Divine Incarnation and the miracles recorded in the Gospels. MOST BELIEFS IRRATIONAL. Mr. Balfour maintains : — • The great majority of all our beliefs, scientific and other, must be called irrational ; that is, they are not, in the main, conclusions arrived at by any ratiocinative process, nor are they obtained by the direct evidence of our senses. In his chapters on Authority and Reason Mr. Balfour dwells with much force on the entirely " irrational " character of precisely those convictions which are held with the most unquestioning faith. All men believe that it is wrong to commit murder, without pausing to con- sider why. The mere existence of a belief gives it a sanction ; provided that its vitality has been shown by its per- manence and wide diff'usion, that it is valuable in itself, and that it supplies a basis not merely for the religious emotions, but for philosophy, ethics, aesthetics, and even scientific knowledge. Mr. Balfour urges that we must believe in the Divine Reason and the Divine Purpose because without them we have no escape from an entirely irrational, and therefore an entirely meaningless, Universe. Mr. Low declares that the apologetic side of Mr. Balfour is thin and unsubstantial compared with the critical portion. He adds : — But it is permissible to suggest that if the superior attractions of a great public career had not exerted their claim upon Mr. Balfour's energies he might well have found his place among those whose metaphysical specu- lations have exercised a permanent influence upon the best thought of the world. Is it too late to hope that Mr. Balfour will find here his long-delayed metier? 562 The Review of Reviews. BURKE, WINDHAM, AND PITT. The British Museum has acquired a con- siderable portion of Windham's correspondence dealing with the revolutionary period, and his relations with Burke and Pitt, whose administra- tion he joined in July, 1794. These letters are described to readers of The English Historical Review by Mr. Holland Rose. Windham on his return from France received from Burke a letter dated September 27th, 1789, in which he says ; — That they (the French) should settle their constitution without much struggle, on paper, I can easily believe; because at present the interests of the Crown have no party, certainly no armed party, to support them; but I have great doubt whether any form of government they can establish will procure obedience, especially obedience in the article of taxation. In the destruction of the revenue-constitution they find no difiSculties; but with what to supply them is the o^us. ... It does not appear to me that the national assembly have one jot more power than the king. With remarkable insight Burke, even at this stage, detected the weakness of the democratic movement in France. Its champions showed far less ability in construction than zeal in destruction; and their fatal inabiUty to restore order suggested to Burke the well-known pas- sage in the Reflections on the Revolution in France, in which he foretold the advent of the Directory and Bonaparte. A strain of pessim- ism is essential to the mental equipment of a prophet; and certainly Burke, whom Windham describes as " decried, persecuted, and pro- scribed, not being much valued even by his own party, and by half the nation considered as little better than an ingenious madman," had the characteristics and the experiences that befit a seer. Other letters deal with the subject of Burke's pension. An annuity of £1,200 a year (" the largest sum which His Majesty is entitled to fix ") was conferred. Regarding it the King wrote to Pitt : — I have received Mr. Pitt's note enclosing the letter he has received from Mr. Burke. Misfortunes are the great softeners of the human mind, and has (sic.) in the instance of this distressed man made him owne what his warmth of temper would not have allowed in other circumstances, namely, that he may have erred. One quality I take him to be very susceptible of, that is, gratitude, which I think covers many failings, and niakes nie, therefore, happy at bfeing able to relieve him. His chusing the pension to be settled on his wife I thoroughly approve of, and it will with the better grace enable the other pension to be settled on him. For some reason, far from easy to fathom, Pitt did not apply to Parliament for the further pension, but granted from the civil list an annuity of ;i<^2,5oo, which was found to be avail- able. Earl Stanhope suggests that this course averted the possibility of an angry debate. But would Fox, Grey, or Sheridan have dared to dispute the propriety of granting pensions to Burke? If any question had been raised, would it not have been as to their inadequacy? Surely the occasion was such as to elicit an almost unanimous assent. REMINISCENCES OF JOWETT. Jowett's remarkable personality is intimately portrayed by an intimate friend. A, L. S., in these reminiscences in The Blue Book. Anec- dotes are related of the master's rapid judg- ment of character, of his helpfulness, of his grip on the men of his day. The Jowett of legend is always paralysing the undergraduate, if shy, by long silences, or, if sensitive, by caustic criticism. Undoubtedly, Jowett could, on occa- sions, be disconcertingly silent, and on other occasions still more disconcertingly outspoken. Such occasions were a breakfast party, which ended with the remark, " Gentlemen," shyness is not a crime, but it is a misfortune "; another was when, after a long pause, a freshman scholar was suddenly asked, " Do vou write verses, Mr. X.— English verses? " The scholar, now celestial rosy red, admitting that he did,' was told, "That's right, quite right ; burn them, burn them." Again, a youth arriving with him one Sunday at noontide in a country town and hazarding the observation that " there seemed more dogs than men in this place," got the reply that such a remark was hardly worth making. ^^ He had none of Dr. Johnson's instinct to "collar" the conversation. He preferred to sum it up in some final word, sometimes adding a correction or maybe insinuating a protest. An instance of this occurred when, after dinner, Sir Robert Morier was giving some reminiscences of mner life in St. Petersburg that were, as Carlyle puts it, Samoyedic. There were several present to whom the description ingenui vultus puer might have been applied. Taking advan- tage of the first embarrassed pause among the company, Jowett said, with a twinkle in his eye and m his most dulcet tones, " Morier, shall we adjourn this conversation to the drawing- room? " As we trooped out, Sir Robert took M ^ %. ;^^ ^™ and whispered delightedlv, Devihsh clever that of Jowett, devilish good.'" Many a man has had cause to bless the wise mercifulness of Jowett and his refusal to submit to defeat when a soul was a stake. One of the most eminent men of the last generation sent to him this message to cheer him in illnes* : "It was Jowett who saved me from going to the dogs ; or, to be correct, he brought me back when I had already gone there; you may tell Leading Articles in the Reviews. 563 him this from me." Jowett was deeply touched, " It is like M. to say that; it was kind of him; not but what it is quite true." There wa.. another case, a famous man of letters, whom with unwearied patience he nursed, restrained, encouraged, and finally saved. CONVERSATIONS WITH GEORGE MEREDITH. In the November Pall Mall J. P. Collins gives a faithful transcript of two conversations with George Meredith. Most of the talk, Mr. Collins says, was monologue, partly through the great man's deafness, partly the scattered on- rush of his sentences, partly the utter content of the visitor to listen. To reproduce the rapid s\^irl of his ideas would tax any pen save his ; certainly no words from anyone else convey its flow, and breadth, and vigour. Retrospect and comment on matters of the day came tumbling from him headlong, and it is hard to say which was the sharper and clearer of the two. He leant well forward to put a question, and before he had caught half the answer he was away again, perhaps across the gulf of half a century. Speaking of the books he read when a boy, Meredith said : — " There was one book I was fond of when I was quite a small fellow, and that was a story called 'The Boy Crusoe.' I forget who wrote it, and can't imagine why; I believe it was a woman. It was a strange and be- wildering affair. At last someone gave me ' The Arabian Nights,' and I lived and lived in them, until I said to myself, 'Why, I can write a story in that vein,' and I wrote a book called 'The Shaving of Shagpat.' That was years ago, and there are people who read it still." Of Carlyle he related the following : — " No one knows the extraordinary pains he took, or how he toiled so that every word of a sentence should fall on the ear with the emphasis it carried in his mind. Mrs. Carlyle once said to me : ' Thomas is hard to bear with now he has finished the first volume ; what he will be when he gets into the third I can hardly bring myself to think.' But he was soon restored, and, after an hour's talk with him, he could recall something or other he had said, and end it all with a great peal of laughter." Tennyson, he remarked, was sensitive to criticism : — " I remember him saying to me once, as we were walking from Orleans House down to the river, 'Apollodorus says I'm not a great poet.' I wondered to myself who Apollodorus could be, till I remembered there was a certain man of the name of GilfiUan, who wrote under the name in an insignificant paper of those days, and I said, ' Why trouble your head with what Apollodorus says?' He answered me very gloomily, 'He shouldn't have said I'm not a great poet.' And I remembered, too, that another attack in a third-rate weekly paper, great as he was, caused Tennyson three nights of insomnia. No, sensitiveness like that is too dear a price to pay. I need not tell you that the rogues never kept me awake." BYRON AND CHILLON. Nearly a century ago, June, 1816, Byron wrote "The Prisoner of Chillon. " The Rev. Thomas Hannan, anticipating the centenary of the poem, has an interesting article on Byron and the Chateau de Chillon in the October number of the English Illustrated Magazine. A SUDDEN INSPIRATION. In the month of April, 1816, Byron left Eng- land, passing through Brussels, whence he visited the field of Waterloo, and it is said that it was during this visit to Brussels that he wrote the stanzas in " Childe Harold's Pilgrimage " dealing with the great battle. From Brussels he proceeded up the Rhine to Bale, and thence to Berne, Lausanne, and Geneva. At Geneva he met Shelley, and the two poets spent most of their time together on the lake. Below Lau- sanne, by the side of the lake, lies Ouchy. Here Byron was detained two days by bad weather, and here it was he wrote " The Prisoner of Chillon." Probably he had just visited the castle, with its pillared vaults and ancient halls, and apparently he wrote at once while the inspiration was still upon him. There is, explains the writer, a lack of correspondence between the story as told in the poem and the story as told by history, and this proclaims the suddenness and complete- ness of the inspiration. THE TRUE STORY. Byron's story is full of pathos, but it is not the historical account of Bonnivard. The Duke of Savoy put Bonnivard in prison at Grolee and kept him in captivity for two years, not as a pri- soner for religion, but entirely for affairs of State. In 1530, when on a journey, Bonnivard was seized by robbers, who handed him over to the Duke. On this occasion he was confined in the Castle of Chillon and he remained there with- out trial till 1536. In that year the Castle was captured by the Inhabitants of Berne, at war with the Duke, and Bonnivard was released. Return- ing to Geneva, he found the city was now free and that it had embraced the principles of the Reformation. He was made a citizen and in 1537 became a member of the Council of the Two Hundred. History says nothing of his father having been persecuted and there is no record of any brothers. It does not even say that Bonni- vard was chained to a pillar in a dungeon of the Castle. All this, however, does not detract from the beauty of the poem, the story of which will continue to appeal to every lover of liberty, and the Castle will remain to attract multitudes to the scene of the heart-rending tragedy. 564 The Review of Reviews. SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL. INFANT MORTALITY. The death of a child appeals in a peculiar way to the emotional side of human nature, remarks M. Greenwood, Jnr. , at the commencement of his paper on the above subject in the Eugenics Review. He summarises the opinion current in influential quarters as follows : — A certain number of deaths occurring in the first year of life are due to causes entirely beyond human control. Some children born with grave developmental anomalies of the circulatory or nervous systems are examples ; some cases of premature birth are also instances. These cases, however, although absolutely numerous, form but an insignificant proportion of the whole number of infant deaths. The bulk of the infant deaths are the result of bad feeding, bad housing, insufficient and unskilled attention, an unhygienic environment in the widest sense of the word. The removal of these immediate destructive conditions is within the sphere of an enlightened system of public administration, and we may hope, with a sufficient ex- penditure of money, brains, and energy, enormously to reduce the present rate of infant mortality. In one sentence, a low or high rate of infant mortality is mainly a matter of good or bad public health adminis- tration, actual or possible. After discussing the question fully, and giving the opinions of foreign specialists, along with the result of their research, he sounds a note of warning : — What may be termed a collective sense of pity, the will to bring light to them that sit in darkness, to raise those who have been struck down in the battle of life, is a development of the national conscience which few outside a tiny circle of extremists would desire to arrest. Even were it true that public efforts to lower the rate of infant mortality by increasing the amount of atten- tion otficially devoted to nurslings did not produce all the results claimed for them, it does not follow that they should be diminished. But we must remember that the bulk of persons with whom ultimately the decision rests, those who find the money, are neither very highly educated nor very logically minded. If the public-spirited men and women appealing to their fellow citizens on behalf of the children make exaggerated claims with respect to the measures they advocate, they may at first receive more support than would be accorded to modest pretensions. In the long run, however, a Nemesis will overtake them. There will be the usual revulsion, the customary recoil from exaggerated credulity to exaggerated scepticism. Before now useful therapeutic measures have been dis- credited in consequence of the exaggerated claims made on their behalf in the first flush of enthusiasm. EMPIRE UNIVERSITIES. The Editorial comment of the Brifish Columbia Magazine deals with the recent Con- gress of Universities of the Empire held in London. This Congress was described by Prince Arthur of Connaught as " a sort of quintessence of the wisdom of ages and the brain-power of to-day," and to British Columbia, which islaying the foundations of one of the great universities of the future, was of special interest : — The keynote of the whole Congress was given in the splendid uttera.ice of Lord Ro&ebery's inaugural address. It is the voice of the scholar and the states- man. " I do not think any intelligent observer can watch the course of the world without seeing that a great movement of unrest is passing over it. Whether for good or for evil — I cannot doubt for good — it is affecting not merely England and the Empire, but is affecting the entire universe. After centuries of dead- ness it is affecting the East. The Ottoman Empire is apparently in the throes of preparation for some new development. More striking even than that, it has touched the dormant millions of China, which for the first time in its history appears likely to take a new start and a new development, a new progress to some ideal of which we ourselves are incapable. " Is not the whole world in the throes of a travail to produce something new to us, something perhaps new to history, something perhaps better than anything we have yet known, which it may take long to perfect or to achieve, but which, at any rate, means a new evolution? We want all the help we can get for the purpose of guiding that movement, for the purpose of letting it proceed on safe lines that will not lead to shipwreck. We need all the men that the universities can give us, not merely the higher intelli- gences that I spoke of, but also the men right through the framework of society, from the highest to the lowest, whose character and virtues can influence and inspire others. I am looking to-day at the universities simply as machines for producing men — the best kind of machines for producing the best kind of men — who may help to preserve our Empire, and even the universe itself, from the grave conditions under which we seem likely to labour." STANDARD OF CHILD INTELLIGENCE. After a deluge of relativity, men's minds now-a-days are reverting more and more to the quest after standards. In a paper in the Forum bv Edward M. Wever, on what the schools do ■ not teach, we have described, though not under that name, a standard of intelligence for children. Much effort, he says, has recently been directed to the making of a trustworthy scale of intelligence. A distinction is now made between the age of the child chronologically, physiologically, intellectually, and pedagogically. The Binet tests are to ascertain the child's true mental age. The writer thus describes the tests : — The eight tasks that any child should creditably per- form, who has a mental age of seven years, are (i) to indicate the omissions in a figure drawn in outline; (2) to give the number of one's ten fingers; (3) to copy a written phrase; {4) to copy a triangle and a diamond- shaped figure; (5) to repeat three numbers; (6) to describe an engraving; (7) to count thirteen separate pennies; (8) to name four pieces of money. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 565 WOMAN'S WORK. WOMEN IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT. Too little attention has been paid to the effect of the Reform Bill on the position of women in Local Government, says a writer in the English- woman for November. THE EXISTING LAWS. In the Manhood Suffrage Bill women are not mentioned at all, except in connection with the municipal franchise, and then only to take away something" which some women now enjoy and to perpetuate in England and Wales certain dis- abilities which do not exist in London, Scotland, and Ireland. Since 1894 qualified married women have been able to vote in district and parish council elections and also for guardians of the poor, but the Acts of both 1888 and 1894 disqualified married women from voting for county and town councils. In 1907, however, the Qualification of Women (County and Borough Councils) Act contained provisions that a woman should not be disqualified by marriage from being elected as a town or county councillor. Since electors only are eligible to these councils some revising barristers have held that by neces- sary implication the Act of 1907 enabled qualified married women to have their names included in the burgess roll and in the list of county electors. In Birmingham, in particular, this point of law has been upheld in their favour. There the names of qualified married women are on the register, and Mrs. Hume Pinsent is a member of the City Council. The Reform Bill now determines this point of law against women. DECREEING DISABILITIES. Thus the Bill which professes to sweep away all anomalies and inequalities of the existing Franchise Law decrees disabilities for married women in England and Wales and makes their status different from that of women in Scotland, Ireland, and London. A memorial on the sub- ject to the Prime Minister submits that there is no good reason why the local government fran- chise in England and Wales should be more restricted than that for women in Scotland, Ire- land, or London, where the disabilities of sex and marriage do not exist, and prays that the Local Government Franchise for Women be placed on a just and uniform basis throughout the country. Should the clause in the Bill pass as it now stands, Mrs. Hume Pinsent would be disqualified from continuing her services on the Birmingham City Council. The writer also points out the heavy disabili- ties under which women stand for election on local bodies. They are seldom adopted as party candidates, and it is seldom they have funds at command to carry an independent campaign to a successful conclusion. Yet no local body in these days can dispense with the assistance of women members ; their place cannot be taken by any man, however efficient and fair-minded he may be. It is therefore the duty of the locality not only to invite suitable qualified women to stand, but to be ready to support those who are willing to come forward. WOMEN AND THE REFORM BILL. Writing in the Englishwoman for November, Mr. H. N. Brailsford claims to have found a precedent for the attitude of the Cabinet to the Enfranchisement of Women in the religious con- troversy over the emancipation of the Noncon- formists and the Catholics in 1828 and 1829. PARALLEL CASES. Early in 1828, when the Tories, under Wel- lington and Peel, were in office, Lord John Russell introduced a motion in favour of legisla- tion to repeal the Test and Corporation Acts. The Ministry was divided on the question, but refrained from making the motion a party issue. Peel, who was leader of the House, spoke strongly against it, but it was nevertheless carried by a majority of forty. The Govern- ment bowed to the will of the House, facilities were given for a private Members Bill, and the Bill became law. In the same session another resolution in favour of the removal of Catholic disabilities was moved from the Opposition benches by Sir Francis Burdett and carried by a small majority on a non-party vote. Again the Ministry was divided, but Peel and Wellington were satisfied once more that it was their duty to bow to the will of the Commons. This time, however, they introduced a Bill of their own in the following year. The two cases have fre- quently been quoted as parallels to the present situation. WITH DIFFERENCES. The question is. Will Mr. Asquith act as did his predecessors. Peel and Wellington? Mr. Brailsford would have liked to see a resolution or a series of resolutions calling for the enfranchisement of women moved before the introduction of the Reform Bill, on the under- standing that the Government would itself pro- pose and defend their enfranchisement in its own Bill, should the resolutions have been carried. That is surely an important difference 566 The Review of Reviews. between the parallels of 1828 and 1829 and the case of the Manhood Suffrage Bill. Another vital point of difference is that the Catholics had two weapons which women lack. Mr. Brails- ford notes that they had votes and that they stood behind the bayonets of the Irish regiments, as Wellington had good reason to remember. Mr. Brailsford omits to recall Wellington's fate a year later owing to his refusal to bring in a Reform Bill. OUR NATIONAL EDUCATION. More Women Wanted. " The modern woman has at last found her- self." This is the opening phrase of an article on Women in Modern Education contributed by Mr. W. R. Lawson to the Parents' Review for October. results of masculine methods. In less than a lifetime, he writes, woman has raised herself from the position of a cipher in national affairs to that of a new and original force. She not only represents the greatest and most important change that the past forty years have produced in our social and political organisation, but she is one of our highest and best hopes for the future. The modern woman's rapid rush to the front is having some awkward consequences for the modern man. It has laid him open to criticism of his methods and preten- sions more searching than he ever encountered before. Hitherto he has only had male criticism to endure, and men are not given to outspoken, stimulating criticism of each other. The prac- tical results of this irresponsible habit of the masculine mind are flabbiness and indecision, which reach their climax in our legislation. It is in education that this paralysis of masculine effort is most obvious. Equally obvious is one possible source of outside help to get the male out of the rut he has got into. The modern woman has brought with her into public life a variety of personal qualities and resources, and the present day is badly in need of them. She is in downright earnest as few men are on the great social questions of the day ; she retains the sense of religion, and she has more of the essence of humanity. WHAT WOMEN MIGHT HAVE DONE. The modern woman is a crusader, and the crusade which makes the most urgent call upon her to-day is education — education in the broadest and most national sense. Mr. Law- son, who is the author of John Bull and His Schools, believes that the most successful teacher is the one who can stimulate and excite the largest amount of subjective effort on the part of the pupil and his observations in this respect are in favour of the women teachers. Women are more in their element among children than men are. How does it happen then that so httle use has been made by our official educators of the splendid materials at their disposal? The only answer which the writer can think of is that the educational work of women is too human, too personal, to fit into a scheme of codes and circulars. Had there been more female control over our national education millions less would have been wasted on palatial school buildings, which are often unsuitable and insanitary, and School Boards and Education Committees would not have been so flooded with codes and circulars from White- hall. THE BEST CHARACTER-FORMERS. It has indeed been a double misfortune for women and for popular education that it had not the benefit of complete female co-operation from the first. One of the latest catchwords of our professional educators is " home-making." In this art there can be no competition between the men and the women teachers. So far home- making has not been very prominent in the educational policy of W^hitehall. Moral or character-forming education is badly needed to-day, and in a special degree it is women's work. Given the opportunity, women, con- cludes Mr. Lawson, will prove themselves the best character-formers. WANTED— MORE WOMEN FACTORY INSPECTORS. For twenty years the inspection of factories and workshops by women has been part of the indus- trial machinery of the country, but how inade- quate is the number of women inspectors is set forth by a writer in the Women's Industrial News for October. EIGHTEEN INSPECTORS TO TWO MILLION EMPLOYEES. Year after year, says the writer, the report of the Principal Lady Inspector of Factories, Miss Adelaide M. Anderson, is hidden away in that of the Chief Inspector. Last year a staff of eighteen women travelled 122,443 miles in the vain attempt to attain their object — namely, the inspection of the conditions under which nearly 2,000,000 women and girls work in the United Kingdom. Only one district enjoys continuous, systematic, and concentrated inspection — the West London Special District, containing 3,351 registered workplaces and 31,513 employed Leading Articles in the Reviews. 567 women and girls. When the effective work done within this small area is deducted from the whole, the inspection outside this boundary would seem farcical, were it not tragic. Within this district each workplace is inspected once in every two years — not very often, it must be admitted. But outside this district a systematic inspection more than once in twenty-five years is impossible. COMPLAINTS OF WORKERS. The complaints which the inspectors have to deal with must occupy a great deal of time, entailing as they often do prosecutions under the Factory Act. They are classified according to their nature as relating to sanitation and safety, illegal employment, truck, etc., etc. One inspector finds that complaints received from the workers have in nearly every case been justified, and says they are most valuable in dis- closing conditions which could hardly have been otherwise detected. Another, speaking of special visits spread over so wide an area as that of the Midland Division, says that to a worker in Grimsby or North Wales the address of a woman inspector in Birmingham is of little help. Comf)laints outside the Factory and Truck Acts have also to be dealt with. inspectors' RECORDS. Many cases of children employed in dangerous processes can only be discovered by the acci- dental visit of inspectors. In the pottery in- dustry much injury is also caused by the carrying of heavy weights. One boy of thirteen was found carrying a wedge of clay weighing 70 lb., while he himself weighed only 63 lb. It is on record that the average day's work of certain children in silk mills is moistening by the mouth no fewer than thirty gross of reel labels. In Ireland another problem is the employment of children at too early an age, which is made possible by the use of forged and altered birth certificates. The most difficult problem of all for the inspectors arises out of the employment of women before and after childbirth. EVASION OF THE TRUCK ACTS. The writer says little about truck, because there is so much that can be written, but two ways of evading the Truck Act regulations are cited. A system of fines is open to investiga- tion, but an employer has only to designate as *' bonus " a certain part of the sum contracted to be paid to the worker, and the question of payment is outside jurisdiction. Again, the regulations may be evaded by what is really a deduction for defective work being made in the guise of a reduction of wages. GEORGE MEREDITH ON WOMEN. The letters of George Meredith which appear in Scrihner for October contain some of his views on women and their demands. The fol- lowing was written in 1905 : — Since 1 began to reflect I have been oppressed, by the injustice done to women, the constraint put upon their natural aptitudes and their facuhies, generally much to the degradation of the race. I have not studied them more closely than I have men, but with more affection, a deeper interest in their enfranchisement and develop- ment, being assured that women of the independent mind are needed for any sensible degree of progress. They will so educate their daughters that these will not be instructed at the start to think themselves naturally inferior to men, because less muscular, and need not have recourse to particular arts, feline chiefly, to make their way in the world. MISSIONARY ADMINISTRATION. The share of women in the Administration of Missions is the subject of an article by Minna C. Gollock in the October issue of the International Review of Missions. THE church's duty TO WOMEN. The writer begins by pointing out how the " prudent silence " of the Edinburgh Conference as to the share of women in the administrative work of missions stimulated the consideration of a subject which had been latent in many minds — namely, the co-operation of men and women in missionary administration. The Con- ference of the Missionary Societies of the United Kingdom took up the matter and appointed a Committee to investigate and report upon it. In the report the word " co-opera- tion " stands for the fellow-working of men and women at the same task by means of the same organisation, and the Committee is strongly persuaded of the desirability of all possible co- operation, in the fullest sense of the word, between men and women in the administration of missions both at home and abroad. Women serve on Royal Commissions, University Senates, Boards of Education, etc., and find the value of their opinion estimated apart from all question of sex. But on Missionary Boards such an opportunity is generally denied them. CO-OPERATION OF MEN AND WOMEN. The bulk of the work of missions at home is in the hands of women ; women raise the myriad small sums which form the general funds of societies, and everywhere their activities are in- creasing. Women's work cannot be stayed. Co-operation between men and women, it is claimed, would tend towards simplification and lessen the danger of over-organisation, and it would provide needed reinforcement for Mis= sionary Committees. 568 The Review of Reviews. SOCIALISM AND LABOUR. GERMAN SOCIALISM OF TO-DAY. A WRITER in La Revue of October 15th, M. Faul Louis, considers the moment opportune to examine the conditions of present-day Socialism in Germany. CO-OPERATION OF WOMEN. The first part of his article is devoted to statistics, which show that, numerically speak- ing, German Social Democracy is the most vigorous Socialist party in the world. The writer is much struck by the relative importance of the feminine element in the party. From the outset the leaders have realised that the party could not be powerful unless it included within the fold men and women and youth. It is found that when a woman joins a party she attends its meetings and meets her friends there, and she has not the desire to keep her husband at home and prevent him taking part in political activity. But that is only one reason for spreading the propaganda among women. Of what use is a proletarian movement in which half the prole- tariate remains indifferent, and that half the worst remunerated? Young boys and girls are carefully instructed in the Socialist doctrines by orators — one is almost tempted to say special professors — who, in the large cities, give regular courses and teach the essential facts. Moreover, the party runs eighty journals to spread the light. WHAT HAS BEEN GAINED. What is the value of the action of German Social Democracy, and is this action propor- tionate to the vigour of its growth? In the Reichstag the rSle of the Social Democrats con- sists in demanding the widest extension of public liberty and the liberty of workers — the right of coalition, the right to strike, the right to think, write, hold meetings- — but more especially the right to spread their propaganda without reserve. While they defend the liberties which they have acquired, denounce the authoritative- ness of the Sovereign and the Ministry, and propose Constitutional modifications which will increase the prerogatives of those elected by the people and reduce those of the executive, their desire is to better the conditions of labour, to obtain legislation to prevent unemployment and any other scourge which threatens the working classes. The party wages a constant campaign against armaments, Pan-Germanism, and colonial imperialism. FUTURE OF THE MOVEMENT. During the last forty years the temperament of the German people has been transformed ; the critical sense has been developed, and a consciousness of class has grown up among the workers, making them regard themselves more and more as a nation. Even the army has lost its prestige and war is no longer a national industry. Yet it is true that the more positive and precise results of Socialism are still awaited. So far its attitude has been more defensive than offensive. Notwithstanding its no Deputies in the Reichstag and 4J millions of electors, it has not succeeded in imposing on that assembly a single legislative decision which would be a step Walne Jacob.] More Population. Stutt«;at. A German view of how all the governing classes exhort the German peasant to increase his family. towards the solution of its own programme. In Germany the question is being asked, Shall the Social Democratic Party hold to its old methods, or shall it have recourse to new ones, perhaps more dangerous and audacious, but more capable of achieving immediate results? There are many indications that Social Democracy is taking account of the peril of its present limited action. The intellectual labour which is at work in it, and the desire for its repression expressed in Government circles after the last election, together with the reinforcement of employers' Leading Articles in the Reviews. 569 organisations, may be preparing a more vehe- ment social conflict for the near future. LABOUR AND WAGES IN JAPAN According to " N.," in The Japan Magazine, Japan is, Hke England, suffering from labour unrest. Looking back no further than the past Hve years, there have been no less than 140 strikes among Japanese labourers, involving protest on the part of at least 20,000 workmen ; and it may be said that almost every month shows a remarkable tendency to increase. The whole question of labour and wage fluctuation in Japan is a very interesting one, a grasp of which will enable one to understand what to expect in the Japanese industrial world of the near future. During the last twenty years wages in Japan have in most cases almost doubled. Most economists would be inclined to attribute this to the constant increase in the rise of prices that has marked the course of Japan's progress for the same period ; but a survey of the conditions will show that the rise in wages has been out of all proportion to the rise in prices. The cause of wage fluctuation in Japan seems to lie to a great extent outside the ques- tion of prices. Of course, the rise in prices has been a marked feature of the material progress of the world during the last ten years ; but it is safe to say that the steady rise in the cost of living has been more phenomenal in Japan than in any other land, almost every necessity of life being nearly twice the price it was twenty years ago. At the same time, the rise in wages has been even more remarkable. Taking, for example, the year 1873 as the basis of 100, we have wages for common labour in 1887 at 133, a rise of 33 per cent, in fourteen years ; but this is small compared wMth the rise during the ensuing twenty-three years, which was three times as much. The wages of maidservants, which in 1887 were only 67 sen a month exclu- sive of food, which in Japanese homes is always given with wages, had by 1897 increased to 1.24 yen per month, and in igio to 2.96 yen, which, taking 100 as a basis for 1887, would mean 440, or a fourfold increase. Skilled labour is stated to be so scarce in Japan as to be at a premium. AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS AND A MINIMUM WAGE. Reginald Lennard, in the Economic Review, states his reasons for believing that the good results of the proposed minimum wage legisla- tion for agricultural labourers are sufficiently assured, and the evil consequences of a suf- ficiently nebulous and doubtful character to justify the experiment. The surgery of State action, he asserts, must not be refused merely because it is painful. The patient is in pain as it is. In considering the economic consequences which might possibly follow from a determina- tion of wage-rates, if carefully devised, it is necessary to deal with various hypotheses. The law might leave unaff^ected the industrial effici- ency of either masters or men, or both of them. Or it might improve it in either or both cases. Or it might damage the efficiency of either or both parties. Into the various possible com- binations of these hypothetical contingencies it is hardly needful to enter. Nor need the last of them — the supposition that efficiency might deteriorate in consequence of minimum wage regulations — be very seriously considered. Re- taining the power of dismissal, farmers are not likely to tolerate a falling-off in the work of men to whom they are compelled to pay higher wages. And unless the determination increased the efficiency of the labourers in a greater pro- portion than their wages, there seems no reason to suppose that it would have a detrimental effect upon the skill or energy of the employers. If the labourers' work improved precisely in proportion to their wages, the cost of their labour would be unchanged, and the employer's position would remain as it was before. If there was no improvement in the labour, or an im- provement less than proportional to the rise in wages, the farmers' cost of production would be increased. In this case the marginal or least efficient employers would either have to improve their methods or be driven over the margin into bankruptcy ; and it follows that they could only be replaced by better men. SUBSTITUTE FOR APPRENTICESHIP. Mr. Cyril Jackson, writing in the Edinburgh Review, refers to the decay of apprenticeship, and argues that some other means must be found to ensure reduction of uneducated boy labour : — • The only feasible way is to extend the period of com- pulsory school attendance, and to use the additional school time, partly or wholly, for industrial training. Apprenticeship of a kind will doubtless remain in some trades, more especially in the artistic crafts — e.g., silversmithing and cabinet-making. Perhaps it will con- tinue in coach and motor building, and in the printing trades it may be maintained by a strong trade union with a shortened term of years. In the building trades it has already almost disappeared. Even the plumbers, who seemed likely by the nature of their work to require more special training, are finding it less important as iron replaces lead. The engineering trades, long the stronghold of the apprentice, are becoming more and more the home of specialised processes. Only premium and privilege apprentices, who are in training for posts as foremen and sub-managers, are now getting an all- round training ; the ordinary apprentices are placed in 57^ The Review of Reviews. fitting or turning shops at once, and only learn to work the machinery of their special branches. BOYS UNDISCIPLINED. Boys to-day suffer from the want of control and discipline which the old apprenticeship sys- tem gave them. Neither employer nor parents can exercise effective control : — The result of this want of supervision is seen in in- stability of character, in restlessness and irregularity at work ; in fine, the boy loses those very qualities which command future success and which he was acquiring at school. For, whatever the shortcomings of the school, the discipline in them is remarkable and the diligence and regularity of the children beyond all praise. Prac- tically to-day no compulsion is required, and all the children who are not prevented by sickness, or some other unavoidable accident, attend daily with cheerful punctuality, and inside school give ready obedience and attention to the teachers. To turn the boys out of school at the age of fourteen, when their intelligence is just beginning to quicken, and to give them over to un- bounded independence when they have no capacity for self-government, is as thoroughly bad from the point of view of character as it is absurd on educational grounds. Under present conditions three-fourths of them give up all idea of further education when they leave school. Even if they were willing to attend even- ing schools, their hours of labour are too long to leave them really fit to receive instruction. EXPERIENCE IN MUNICH. As apprenticeship lasted until twenty-one, Mr. Jackson does not think that compulsory con- tinuation school for half the day up to the age of eighteen is too much to require. In Munich general classes are held for those not engaged in the crafts. In the summer seven to nine hours a week are devoted to school, made up, as a rule, by taking one afternoon from 2 p.m. to 5 p.m., another from 4 p.m. to 7 p.m., and the rest on Sunday. In the winter, in the building trades at any rate, twelve hours a week are spent in education, the hours so occupied being from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. daily. HOW TO MEET THE COST. Mr. How would the additional cost be met? Jackson answers : — Alone among the civilised countries of the world the United Kingdom compels children to go to school at the early age of five, whether their parents wish it or not. In addition, children between the ages of three and five are received gratuitously in schools provided out of public revenue, if their parents choose to send them. Education at these ages is a farce ; and the infant schools, though maintained at a very great cost, are really little more than creches and playgrounds. It is submitted that the age of compulsion in this country might reasonably be raised to seven, leaving it still optional tt) parents to send their children below that age, but in that event charging fees. The resulting economy in public expenditure would render possible the extension of the school age as advocated above, and the establish- ment of an efficient system of half-time schooling for boys who have already started to earn a living. TRADES UNION CONGRESS AND SEAMEN. Merchant Jack, the man whose day is twenty- four hours for the whole of the seven days of the week — Sunday and Monday and all the rest that God sends — was, judging by the special report in the Nautical Magazine, well represented at the Workers' Parliament. Mr. Jackson, Secretary of the Seamen and Firemen's Union, in moving a resolution providing for efficient manning of ships and the safety of passengers and crew, said he spoke on behalf of those whom Samuel Plimsoll had described as the voteless and voiceless toilers of the deep. Shore workers had no conception of the hard- ships that seamen had to undergo at the present time. In 1850 this country owned five million tons of ship- ping, and there were 241,880 men and boys engaged in the trade, but to-day, in 1912, though the tonnage of shipping was 18,800,000, there were only 274,460 to do the work. The tonnage had increased by 275 per cent., and the men who had to do the labour and carried their lives in their hands only went up r6 per cent. The world had been startled of late by the increase in the number of ships which had proved to have been lost by insufficient and inefficient manning. In those cases the vessels were being heavily insured, so that it did not matter very much to their owners whether they were lost or not. Seamen were not concerned with the pro- perty, but they were concerned with the human life which yeas thus needlessly sacrificed. A Royal Com- mission which sat in r8gs, whilst bringing about the concession that there should be six deck hands on all ships of over 700 tons register and 120 feet in length, at the same time put it into the power of the shipowning fraternity, by introducing the " not proven " clause in the " articles," to bring men on board the ship who knew as much about sailor's work as a pig knew about astronomy. . . . Let them look at the tragedy recently enacted when the finest example of marine architecture in the world — the Titanic — was lost with 1,674 lives, and as an old seaman he asserted that the Board of Trade were responsible for the loss of life in that disaster. When the boats of the Titanic were put out there were insufficient men to man them, and if the sea had been bad there would have been more loss of life. HAPPINESS AND SOCIALISM IN NEW ZEALAND. In the Forum Mr. Hugh H. Lusk, a New Zealander himself, describes the recent develop- ments in his Dominion as illustrations of prac- tical Socialism : — Their application to a small nation of one million citizens during twenty years has enormously increased the wealth, contentment and happiness of the whole people, and not of a small class of that people only : its application to a large nation of ninety-five millions would, the writer is convinced, have a similar effect. If so, it is Socialism, not theoretical but practical. It is this; but it seems to him it is something more than this — it is the reign of justice and fair plav to all ; of brotherhood and kindness to all, especially "to those who have hitherto been deprived of these things for the supposed benefit of others. In a word, it is an effort, and already a largely successful effort, to carry rational principles to a rational conclusion. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 571 ARTS AND ARTISTS. CHORAL MUSIC IN ENGLAND. Professor Bantock's Views. Mr. Granville Bantock, says Mr. Robert J. Buckley in the October Pall Mall Magazine, is aggressive, a born pioneer. Up to the present he has written about forty thick folio volumes of music, covering the whole range of the art, yet he did not take up music seriously till he was twenty. orchestras too big. Speaking of the musical prospect In England, Professor Bantock told his interviewer it was hopeful. Things are looking up ; we are pro- gressing steadily. But orchestral music has developed towards megalomania. Bands are becoming too big, for financial reasons. Com- posers write for the band, making the chorus secondary ; but the result is that the chorus gets six months' rehearsal and the band, the pre- dominant partner, only a few hours'. To have a sufficient number of band rehearsals might cost several hundred pounds. The result is im- perfection. Orchestras are too expensive, and the composer who relies on orchestral effects must suffer. We must return to orchestras of moderate dimensions. Strauss has taken instru- mental music as far as it can go ; Debussy has shown how much can be done with a small orchestra. England is primarily a singing nation, and our true and safe course of develop- ment is on choral lines. Every village in Ger- many has its orchestra ; every village in Eng- land and Waies has its choral society. At the Blackpool and Southport Festivals Professor Bantock says he was amazed to hear all sorts of choirs singing the music of Bach and Brahms, and singing it expressively and intelligently. A musician's hobbies. Referring to music in the Birmingham Uni- versity, Mr. Bantock said the desire was to produce musicans who will emulate Sibelius, Strauss and Debussy, in his opinion the best orchestral writers living. He also named Frederick Delius as a truly great musician, one of the most interesting of living British com- posers. The Professor has many hobbies. Napoleonic literature is one, and his shelves con- tain thirty-six volumes of Napoleon's letters. Another is Asiatic travel. He is familiar with Persian, French, Arabic and Greek, and he knows enough Japanese to enable him to read the titles of Hokusai's drawings. A Buddha from a Llama monastery in Tibet is his mascot. WELSH MUSIC. The recent Esteddfod at Wrexham, says a writer in Wales for October, marked the high- water mark of success — in regard to the magni- tude of the audiences and the number and ex- cellence of the competitors. Financially, also, it was a success, for, notwithstanding the out- lay of ;^5,ooo, there was a surplus of ;^i,ooo. Yet, we read, criticism has not been wanting. A cry for reform. Mr. Granville Bantock, in delivering the adjudication on the chief choral competition, pointed out that Welsh music was in serious danger of losing its individuality and pre- eminence under the present condition of compe- titions at the Eisteddfod, and he urged Welsh- men to establish a Welsh National School of Music if they desired to retain for Wales its position as the home of the first musical race in the British Isles. Many other suggestions for reform were made. Eminent musicians in Wales have 'time and again been pointing out the sterility of the festival in the domain of music, and the writer agrees that no music of commanding merit is being fostered under its aegis. Also there has of late been a marked depreciation in quality of the literary output. Thus a cry has gone forth for drastic reform of the old institution. CHINESE DRAMA. M. G. de Banzemont contributes to La Revue of October ist an interesting article on Contem- porary Chinese Drama. Scenic representations accompany religious festivals and every year, at the time tutelary divinities are solemnly venerated, a temporary theatre is improvised in front of the temple. In some large towns, however, permanent theatres have been erected, where plays are performed all the year round, except during the first month of the year and the time of mourning for an Emperor recently deceased. The stage is a simple platform with two doors. All the per- formers enter together by one door and go off b\- the other. There is no curtain. When one act is finished the performers go off and others come on. At one performance, usually a dozen one- act pieces are given. Admission is free, but refreshments have to be paid for. Eating and drinking, the public follow the performance. The stage may be at the south, east, or north side, but never at the west side of the building, generally regarded as the unlucky side. Scenerv is represented by tables piled up one above H 572 The Review of Reviews. another, representing mountains to climb or ramparts to storm. The costumes are of silk or gold and silver brocade for an Emperor, a general, or other high personage. The people are dressed as in real life. All the parts are played by men, women's parts being taken by boys. It is only during the last century or so that women might go to the theatre. The plays may be military and historical in character, or they may have to do with everyday life. The writer analyses several of them. MR. BERNARD SHAW IN FRANCE. Recently two of Mr. Bernard Shaw's plays have been performed in Paris, but his work is still little known in France. M. Charles Cestre has now pubhshed a study of Mr. Shaw, and in the first October number of La Revue M. Emile Faguet " talks about Mr. Shaw with M. Cestre." Neither writer knows what to make of Mr. Shaw. To M. Cestre his plays appear pro- foundly philosophical. Though the paradox is his medium M. Cestre finds him profound and serious. M. Faguet, on the other hand, sees nothing but paradox pure and simple in the plays. Mr. Shaw, he says, has not the tran- quillity, the calm, the moderation of Ibsen. His personages are not solid, they have no pleni- tude; everything is on the surface. In Ibsen one feels this plenitude. One feels why Nora leaves husband and children to recover her soul, and that there is foolish vanity but also some remorse in her determination. It is seldom one feels anything like that in Mr. Shaw's plays. He is not sincere in the real sense of the word. He amuses himself; he is a Swift. He is both a clown and a preacher, but M. Cestre thinks he is a preacher dressed as a clown, while M. Faguet is inclined to believe he is a clown dressed as a preacher. He is consumed with humour ; humour has made him its eternal prey. M. Faguet doubts whether there is anyone in Europe with more wit. The plays performed at Paris were not a success. The French are hlasd as to paradox, and the plays are too Eng- lish. Mr. Shaw depicts only what he sees. Shakespeare and Moli^re depicted much more than they saw and became European in conse- quence. Mr. Shaw's plays might be described as paradox versus hypocrisy, humour versus cant. It was not an easy matter to arrange, but finally with the aid of M. Stolypin, himself a lover of music and national songs, he was enabled to undertake his quest. In La Revue of October I St L^onie Si^nicka gives an account of his enterprise. Arrived at Tobolsk, the exiles declared they knew no songs, but the governor of the prison explained to M. Hartfeld that songs, other than those of the Church, were prohibited in all the prisons. It needed the most categorical declara- tion on the part of the governor that they would not be punished this time if they sang for the visitor before any of the prisoners would admit their ability to sing and play. Finally, under a conductor chosen from their number, they per- formed a whole series of songs of the most diverse character. During his travels in Siberia M. Hartfeld collected and transcribed 120 songs and melodies, some as sung by the convicts and others as sung by the people of foreign races who inhabit different parts of the country. In the prisons musical instruments are forbidden, but the prisoners used combs to play their accompaniments, marking the rhythm by clank- ing their fetters. SONGS OF RUSSIAN EXILES. A Swedish musician, William Hartfeld, con- ceived the idea of visiting the prisons of Siberia ro collect the songs of the people who furnish their contingent to these "houses of death.'- TWO WANDERING MINSTRELS. The master of all the Minnesingers, Walther von der Vogelweide, is the subject of an interest- ing article by Mr. Henry Bett in the October number of the London Quarterly Review. THE MASTER MINNESINGER. During the last half century there has been a remarkable renewal of interest in the lyrical poetry of the Middle Ages and Walther von der Vogelweide (about 11 70-1 230) has been acclaimed afresh the greatest Minnesinger of South Ger- many. Many of his poems have been modernised and translations have made them accessible, though the translators are compelled to admit that reproduction of the original is almost a hopeless undertaking. As a minstrel Walther wandered from castle to castle and court to court, and passed his life depending on the fickle patronage of princes. One of these castles was the famous castle of the Wartburg, the home of St. Elizabeth of Hungary. Legend makes him play a prominent part in the Sangerkrieg, or poetic contest, of 1206, when Landgraf Hermann summoned the best-known poets of the day to a trial of skill at this castle. Apart from the politics of his time, many of Walther's poems are diflficult to understand. But it may be said he always denounced the Papacy and took the side of the Empire and German nationality and his poems exercised a Leading Articles in the Reviews. 573 widespread influence. His lyrics, in strange con- trast, belong to a dainty world of fancy, and deal with gay ladies and gallant knights in place of flattering courtiers and mercenary priests. Kaisers and Popes. THE AUTHOR OF THE STABAT MATER. A very different type of minstrel was Jacopone of Todi, about whom Mr. James Foster writes in the Holborn Review for October. Converted to the faith of St. Francis, Jacopone (1230-1306) became a wanderer among the mountains, sing- ing hymns and songs, for some ten years. Then we hear of him entering a monastery, and later he was involved in a strife with Pope Boni- face VIII., the Pope who was the ultimate cause of Dante's banishment. As a writer of Latin hymns he is best known as the author of " Stabat Mater Dolorosa," familiar in the translation beginning " At the cross, her station keeping." His Italian poetry was written in the dialect of the people. It consists of satires, penitential hymns, etc Mr. John Addington Symonds attempted some English renderings, but ac- knowledged that translation was almost im- possible. WHISTLER LITERATURE. The autumn (October) issue of the Bookman is a double number containing two special articles on Whistler — one by Mr. Joseph Pen- nell, joint author with Mrs. Pennell of the " Authorised Life of Whistler," and the other by Mr. G. S. Layard. Never were the words " He being dead yet speaketh " bet.er exemplified than in the case of Whistler, writes Mr. Pennell. " The idle apprentice " happily lived long enough to know that his place was among the great. Almost all his important canvases have been secured by the most important galleries, and his few great pictures still in private collections will be acquired by other galleries as soon as opportu- nities offer. In portraiture, in his nocturnes and marines, he is the modern master ; in etch- ing he is the supreme artist of all time, and his pastels, water-colours, and lithographs are among the triumphs of the art of our day, asserts Mr. Pennell. Moreover, Whistler's theories are accepted by those who never knew he propounded them as well as by those who knew he was right when he uttered them. It is only nine years since he died, and in that short time over sixteen books about him have been published. Mr. Pennell in his article has some- thing to say of a number of these. Mr. Layard's article is based on the " Memories of Whistler " by Mr. T. R. Way. IN LADY STREET. Mr. John Drinkwater is a poet with a sense of colour, and his contribution to the Fortnightly will be appreciated by all who seek to discover romance and sentiment, even in mean streets. The poem is entitled " In Lady Street " : — All day long the traffic goes In Lady Street by dingy rows Of sloven houses, tattered shops — Fried fish, old clothes and fortune-tellers — Tall trams on silver-shining rails, With grinding wheels and swaying tops, And lorries with their corded bales, And screeching cars. " Buy, buy ! " the sellers Of rags and bones and sickening meat Cry all day long in Lady Street. Yet one grey man in Lady Street Looks for the sun all day long A time is singing in his head Of youth in Gloucester lanes. He hears The wind among the barley-blades, The tapping of the woodpeckers On the smooth beeches, thistle-spades Slicing the sinewy roots; he sees The hooded filberts in the copse Beyond the loaded orchard trees, The netted avenues of hops ; He smells the honeysuckle thrown Along the hedge. He lives alone, Alone — yet not alone, for sweet Are Gloucester lanes in Lady Street. THE PEOPLE'S THEATRE. The Royal Victoria Hall has again started its wonderful musical education of the masses. On October 3rd the grand costume recital of " Lohengrin " was given to a crowded audience. Surely whenever the attempt to have a national subsidised opera house in London is made, the promoters should consult Miss Lilian Baylis, the repository of all the secrets of the late Miss Cons, who, in spite of the supposed indifference of the working classes to good music, has been able to show practically that this indifference is all rubbish, and that, presented to them in their own home, as it were (for the Royal Victoria Hall is a true palace of the people), they appre- ciate it as fully as the most aristocratic audience could do. The programme for the season will include " Faust," " Tannhauser," " Rigoletto," " Fr.7 Diavolo," and "The Daughter of the Regi- ment," etc., and the presentation of these special operas, so modestly described as costume recitals, takes place on Thursday nights. The prices range from 2d. to 2s. It can easily be understood that help is needed to suplement these low prices, and those who wish to encourage so great a work should write to Miss Baylis, at the Royal Victoria Hall, Waterloo Road. The Reviews Reviewed. THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW. A PERUSAL of this month's Fortnightly is a liberal education in itself; affairs at home and abroad are illuminated by writers who have achieved the proud position of prophets and popes; chiefest among these is Mr. Sidney Low, whose article " Towards an Imperial Foreign Policy " shows how far we have travelled since the Treaty of Berlin, of which he caustically says : — But the provisions of that Act have been so per- sistently ignored and so grossly violated that it would be superfluous magnanimity on our part to sacrifice our- selves in order to maintain its tarnished sanctity. Turkey is no longer our protege. The grievances of the Eastern Christians, though we may sympathise with them as humane individuals, do not concern us as politicians. And Mr. Low goes on to point out that : — Our duty lies elsewhere. It is to secure, consolidate, and develop the world-dominion of which the British Islands constitute the European outwork and centre. We must have allies, it is true, but the allies should be those of our own Empire. We should maintain our naval superiority, not by calling to our assistance another Iiuropean navy or another navy in the Far East, but by developing the maritime resources of our own self- governing States. And we should recognise that though the period of expansion for us may have passed into the stage of concentration, this is not the case with others. We must look without hostility or undue jealousy upon the efforts of our Continental neighbours to create areas of activity and exploitation for themselves. Our term of commercial and maritime greatness is not closed ; but the monopoly has gone from us, and we must make our count with the fact. We deal elsewhere with the vexed question of Conservative policy outlined in two articles, " Unionist Prospects " and " Conservatism and Free Trade," and can only note Mr. A. G. Gardiner's estimation of " Mr. Churchill and Federation " when he writes : — The operations of these little parliaments would not subserve any national tradition, for no cunning geo- graphical patchwork could be made to reflect any real divisions of race, speech, custom, tradition, or even industry. England is one and indivisible. No less than three writers deal with some issue of the Balkan trouble. Mr. Percy F. Martin inveighs against Sir Edward Grey's too ready adhesion to " The Monroe Doctrine," and Mr. Zangwill is interesting in his article " The Awkward Age of the Women's Movement," although he has but cold comfort to offer those who refuse to " wait and see." His prognosti- cation is not hopeful : — All things considered, I am afraid the Suffrage Move- ment will have to make up its mind to wait for the next Parliament. There is more hope for the premature collapse of this Parliament than for its passing of a Suffrage Bill or clause. And at the general election, whenever it comes. Votes for Women will be put on the programme of both parties. The Conservatives will offer a mild dose, the Liberals a democratic. Whichever fails at the polls, the principle of Women's Suffrage will be safe. THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW. Sir Max Waechter has few rivals as a ciusader, and he is now shaming the petty poli- ticians by a campaign which should secure the future peace of the world. The main argument is set forth by Sir Max in his article " The Federation of Europe — Is it possible?" The average man will answer " No ! " and con- tentedly go on paying his ever-increasing taxes instead of joining himself to the crusade for peace — and economy. Here is the shame : — I have proposed to the Sovereign and the Govern- ment of every country in Europe that there should be a political federation of all the European :3tates on this basis, that all countries should accept the status QUO, and that the independence of the several States should be maintained to the fullest extent. Only abso- lutely necessary sacrifices should be asked for the fede- ration of States, and all that is really required can be reduced to two points : — 1. That the Foreign Office should always, and the Military and Naval Command should, in time of war, be under one control— most probably in the hands of a permanent Conference of the Great Powers. 2. That there should be, for the whole of Europe, one tariff, and Free Trade throughout Europe, or condi- tions approximating as nearly as possible to Free Trade if insuperable difficulties should make absolute Free Trade unobtainable. There is a growing feeling of restiveness amongst conscientious M.P.'s at their impotence in all matters under the close hand of the Foreign Office. This feeling is voiced by Mr. Philip Morrell in his article " The Control of Foreign Affairs," in which he suggests the formation of a Standing Committee. Mr. J. Howard Whitehouse deals with " Parliament and the White Slave Traffic Bill," and claims that Clause L is vital to the effective working of the Act when passed. Dr. Richard Maclaurin writes on "Presidential Candidates and the Irust Problem in America"; and Professor Edward Browne shows Russia to be the enemv to Persian nationality in his review of " The Present Situation in Persia." He writes despairingly : — fv^'^^^j^^^ *^^° ^ miracle can now save Persia, and those who now teach the doctrine that there is no morality in international politics have long thought, in practice if not in words, the necessary preliminary Ihat there IS no God of Justice, ahd therefore no hope of any Divine intervention on behalf of a nation which is bleeding to death before our eyes. The Reviews Reviewed. 575 THE QUARTERLY REVIEW. The October number is disting-uished by its judicial article on the Ulster question, which is the most formidable criticism of Carsonism that has yet appeared in Conservative quarters. That, and the papers on the Panama Canal and this year's cricket, have been separately noticed. browning's achievement. A very careful and slig;htly preciose criticism of Browning's poetry comes from the pen of Percy Lubbock. He speaks of Browning- as a spiritual adventurer born out of due time. What turner! him from the set play form to the dramatic monologue " was his lack of power to grasp .a character as opposed to his immense and varied power to grasp a mood." "On that side of character-drawing which is analysis, he cannot be surpassed for certainty and swiftness of touch ; while when it comes to the synthetic grasp of the myriad fragments he fails us." He was later to show a power of character-drawing beyond anything to be found in plays. Guido and Pompilia and Caponsacchi are characters conceived and held in the fullest sense. "It was not because he failed to feel with his charac- ters, but exactly because he felt with them too promptly and easily that his drama wants body." Mr. Lubbock thus appraises Browning's chief distinction : — Not the evasion of life, which anyhow claims us again soon enough, but the translation of the whole of it to the level of passion — that was Browning's achievement, and it has almost been his alone. No one else, not Shakespeare himself, has written poetry of this" order in an atmosphere where life — life which, whatever happens, has to be lived from day to day — can be susiained and continued. Nothing in the necessities of ordinary existence is contradicted by these poems at their greatest intensity. His is the passion which has not for an instant shrunk from the work of understanding itself. In nearly the whole of Browning's poetry there is no touch that is either hysterical or sentimental. WHO REALLY RULED THE ROMAN EMPIRE? Professor Haverfield reviews Roman history since Mommsen, whose unique and epoch- making power he contrasts to the disadvantage of Ferrero's romantic reconstructions. Over against the Italian's transformation of Augustan history into a romance, the writer says that to the closer view : — The Emperors no longer appear to be the Empire. Instead, there comes into view a background of numer- ous officials and administrators, dull, second-rate, even stupid, but capable and competent for their work. These are the men who carry out the routine of the government, who conduct campaigns and rule the pro- vinces. They kept the Roman Empire upright for two hundred and fifty years, through worse and longer assaults of more innumerable enemies than any other Empire has yet faced. RO.MAN CANON LAW IN ENGLAND. Over against the argument that if the Pope's law ran in our Church Courts until the middle of the sixteenth century and then ceased to do so, the Church before that time and since cannot be one and the same body, Sir Lewis Dibdin argues from Stubbs : — First, that the origin of English Church law was chiefly insular ; secondly, that the influence of Rome in modifying and developing it was great, inevitable and progressive, and came through several distinct channels ; thirdly, that there never was any express or formal adoption of the Roman Canon Law, but that it wai? accepted as part and parcel of the Papal Supremacy, with the limitations which almost always accompanied the recognition of that supremacy in England. IN PRAISE OF SPINOZA. Rev. M. Kaufmann, writing on Spinoza, Goethe, and the Moderns, and attributing per- haps too much of the monistic elements in the latter to his influence, closes with this tribute : — Whatever may be advanced in depreciation of his system as a whole, in its metaphysical aspects more especially, its author will never cease to be considered as one of the mighty spirits of our race, distinguished by his evident love of truth and the fervid pursuit of it under great difficulties, and also by his persistent advocacy of a noble ideal which has done much to raise the moral temperature of Europe. In his complete detachment from the world, his noble independence, his intellectual integrity and spiritual elevation, he fully deserves the high encomium of an opponent when he says : " Blessed be thou, great, yea, holy Benedictus, notwithstanding thy vagaries in thoug'nt and word when philosophising on the nature of the most High ! His truth was in thy soul. His love was in thy life." AGAINST THE ISOLATION OF THEOLOGY. Rev. F. R. Tennant contends that theology now finds insufficiently comprehensive any narrower scope than that which it was her glory to claim in the days of the great Alexandrines, or, again, in the golden period of the Scholastic age. Theology must henceforth be competent to appreciate and to assimilate the know- ledge ever being acquired in fields such as science and philosophy ; for many questions raised and answered there, as she well knows, have as profound an influence on theological development as the results of critical and historical research. He strongly opposes the endeavour to make theology independent of philosophy, history, and science. OTHER ARTICLES. Professor J. S. Nicholson discusses the vexed question of the rise in prices along with the rise in interest. He disposes again of the popular fallacy that for this the increased output of gold is responsible. Mr. W. S. Lilly sketches the character and career of Joseph Fouch6, whom he considers the most important figure in French political life after Napoleon. Mr. V. Hussey- Waish discusses the projected Jacobite invasion to support Prince Charles Edward in 1745. ^''• Algernon Cecil recalls the work of Ormonde and Sandwich as two seventeenth century men of action. 57^ The Review of Reviews. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND AFTER. Some four articles have been separately men- tioned. Mr. Wadham Peacock puts in a plea for the Montenegrin king to be the Tsar of the United Servian Empire, with Scutari as its capital. Professor Caldwell gives a British Canadian's view of the situation in the home country. It is simply a thorough-going plea for Tariff Reform. Sir Roper Lethbridge, by quotation from Giraldus Cambrensis, maintains that the Welsh endowments were not, as Liberal chiefs have declared, imposed by law and Parliament, but was the genuine voluntary act of the Welsh people. Mr. D. C. Lathbury insists that it is the duty of Churchmen to claim liberty of disestablish- ment at once, in order that they may, amongst other things, be true to their witness concerning the Christian law of marriage, the Church of England having made no effective protest against the House of Lords in the Bannister case. Mr. J. A. R. Marriott writes on Syndicalism and Socialism, chiefly to warn the Anglican bishops and their following from espousing the cause of Labour. The Solid South is set forth by Mr. D. L. Dorroh, writing from South Carolina as rejoic- ing now in her consciousness of separate nationality. He says there is a nationalism of the southern people in the United States as dis- tinct as the nationalism of the Irish in the United Kingdom, and becoming as proud as the nationalism of the Magyars and Huns in the Austrian Empire, and that there is thus gene- rating a wholly new force in American politics. Sir Charles Mackellar tells how the State of New South Wales looks after its neglected chil- dren. The salient feature of the system is the power to release the child criminal to his parents on probation, and in the great majority of cases that is the course adopted. " A Ghost of the Living " is the title given by Mr. Wilfrid Ward to evidence advanced of the " double." He says that his own ghost, or his double, was seen by his relations all at once at Eastbourne, and he thinks there are several instances well authenticated of people having seen living friends who were at a distance. He gives the written narrative of the Rev. Mr. Spencer Nairn. " Just as the Duke of Roxburghe's sale in 1812 stands as the genesis of modern book- collecting, so the Hoe sale in New York and the Huth sale in London may be regarded as its revelation." That is the text of a paper on recent book sales by Mr. W. Roberts. Francis Gribble gives an account of Boswell's flirtation with a Dutch lady, who afterwards married M. de Charri^re and became a well- known authoress. THE ENGLISH REVIEW. Perhaps the most serious paper in the Novem- ber number is that by Lisle March Phillips. The writer declares that with the opening of the land and housing question the main action be- tween the two parties commences, and it will take the whole Liberal strength. At present the Liberal Party is becoming enslaved to mechanism, but " Mr. Lloyd George may yet save the party." And, handled the right way, the land question would resuscitate the Liberal Party. But the people must be consulted. The peasantry must be made to feel its significance. The measure must be the outcome of the national will. Will Mr. Lloyd George go to the people, arouse them, lead them? This is his oppor- tunity, the test of his greatness — the tide taken at the flood. Mr. S. M. Murray contrasts higher education in Scotland, where it has never been preserved for the wealthy, and the nation has gained enor- mously by exploiting the brains of those that were fit, with the English tradition. England must_ be shocked out of her foolish self- suflficiency, for what was bad in the 19th cen- tury is dangerous in the 20th. Mr. Austin Harrison traces in Strindberg's works his autobiography. The significance and office of Strindberg in his day was diagnosis and purification. He lacked the calm necessar}' to philosophic reflection. He paid the penalty of all universality. No man ever wrote with more splendid honesty. He was ever an artist and prophet as well. Mr. P. P. Howe writes a humorous article applying the principles of Malthus to the pro- duction of books. Mr. Logan Pearsall Smith supplies a charm- ing philological study of English sea-terms, tracing whence they have come, from Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, and American sources. An appreciative notice of Dean Gregory, by Mr. James Britten, Secretary of the Catholic Truth Society, appears in the Dublin Revieiv. Dean Gregory is pronounced a consistent fol- lower of the via media of the earlv Oxford movement. He accomplished the ambition of his life in making St. Paul's Cathedral the centre of the religious life of the metropolis. The Reviews Reviewed. 577 THE NATIONAL REVIEW. With the November number, the trenchant, strident tone returns to the National Review. Not merely does the editor in the Episodes for the Month " sHng ink " with the freedom of a Western editor, but there is plenty of vigorous, not to say virulent, writing from other pens. Mr. Cope Cornford has evidently gone to school with Mr. Maxse, and proves to his own satisfaction that Home Rule will lead to civil war. "Scrutator" slangs "the Radical pluto- cracy," to his own immense delight. He calls his work " A Study in Hypocrisy." " Carefully scrutinised, the rich Radical Ahabs who are seeking to despoil Naboth of his vineyard cut a pitiful figure." "Trafalgar" inveighs against the way in which " the soul of the Navy " has suffered during recent changes. The foundations of tradition and authority are sapped, a dictator- ship has been set up, favouritism is the secret of success. Kept now in home waters, the Navy men are exposed to the wiles of Socialism — and matrimony ! " Matrimony among both officers and men is largely on the increase." This is " distinctly disadvantageous " from a Service point of view. Sir R. Inglis Palgrave inveighs against the proposed land tax. The total annual income from the ownership of land in the United King- dom is reported to be under 52 millions, and the writer asks how can appropriation of this sum meet all the expenses that land taxers would lay upon the land ? Of a more serious turn is Mr. W. Morton Fullerton's paper on the Triple Entente and the present crisis. He argues that a confederation like the German Empire tends to disintegrate under a prolonged economic crisis or a lasting European peace, whereas steady economic well- being and a chronic state of military panic favour the maintenance of German unity and of a German national spirit. Thus Imperial Ger- many longs with the same passion for both peace and war. Hence a consistent foreign policy is impossible. Commander Currey puts very forcibly a plea for the mid-Scotland ship canal from the Forth to the Clyde, vid Loch Lomond and Loch Long. Mr. Maurice Low reports that the crops in the United States are bumpers, prices are high, and some 2,200 millions sterling will be added to the country's wealth when the harvests are gleaned. The business world has made up its mind that the tariff must be lowered. THE ITALIAN REVIEWS. There seems to be no article of outstanding importance in the Italian reviews this month. In the Nuova Antologia we find a fine tribute to our administration of India from the pen of Prof. Luigi Villari. He suggests that for the planning of the future government of Tripoli Italy should learn from English colonial experi- ence, especially by our rule in India, which he describes as one of the political marvels of modern times. He urges the importance of a wise selection of officials, and admits that at present Italy has no suitable personnel at her command. In a somewhat technical article R. Poli discusses " modern naval problems " as they presented themselves to the members of the first Congress of Italian naval engineers re- cently held in Rome. Coenohium is always interesting as the international organ of the intellectual contro- versialists against orthodox Christianity. The latest number opens with a " confession of faith " by the well-known Protestant Pastor, Wilfrid Monod, who asserts that a religious reviv^al in Europe is dependent, first, on the ruin of dogmatism, and secondly on the triumph of Socialism. A long article gives a summary of a recent learned Jewish work, Horodezki's " Christianity and Judaism," and another describes the modernistic novels of the Italian theosophist, I, M. Palmarini. Finally there is a very laudatory sketch of Canon Lilley, of Hereford. The Civilta Cattolica contains a very sympa- thetic appreciation of the late Vicomte de Vogue, and a study of Prof. W. James' reli- gious psychology, admitting his " scientific honesty " while combating many of his views, more especially concerning the connection between sanctity and disease. The Rassegna Contemporanea publishes a vivid sketch of Count Cagliostro in Rome, and of his amazing hypnotic powers, supposed to be taken from the contemporary journal of one of his willing victims. In the Vita Internazionale , the fortnightly Pacifist review, ably edited by Prof. Moneta, an effort is made, both by him and by a well-known woman-writer, Rosalia G. Adami, to widen out the Pacifist movement so that Italian Pacifists, applauding their country in Tripoli, may not feel themselves excluded. Prof. Moneta writes of intransigent Pacifists who " tread a solitary and futile path," without influence or following, and suggests instead the permeation of all parties with counsels of moderation. The situa- tion is undoubtedly a difficult one for Italian Pacifists, but for the moment it is impossible to allow that Italy has done otherwise than injure the cause of peace. 578 The Review of Reviews. THE EDINBURGH REVIEW. Five of the October articles have been separately noticed. Mr. A. R. Hinks gives a vivid sketch of the life and work of Sir William Herschel, who began as a drummer boy in the Hanoverian Guards, worked as a musician in England, and only began his study of astronomy after he had passed his fortieth year. No man has yet appeared, says Mr. Hinks, who can write a natural history of the sky as Herschel did for his time. Mr. Harry Graham gives a sketch of the life of Wolfe Tone, whom he pro- nounces to be the first of the Fenians. Mr. V. G. Plarr publishes hitherto unpublished letters of Sir Walter Scott to Joanna Baillie, the poetess, with whom he was on terms of verv great personal intimacy. The first Earl of Sand- wich is the subject of a sketch. Mr. W. de la Mare _ reviews current literature, and laments that literature so feebly keeps pace with life. THE SPANISH REVIEWS. " A Precedent of Darwinism in the Middle Ages " is the title of an article, in Espana Moderna, on the doctrine of nominalism and the controversy between Roscellinus and Anselm in the eleventh century. Nominalism incurred the censure of the Church in the Middle Ages some- what after the manner of Darwinism in the nine- teenth century; nominalism, according to the believer, made the idea of Trinity in Unity quite absurd. The story of Beatrice of Arago'n, who became Queen of Hungary, is continued, and we are told of the marriage with the Hungarian monarch, the festivities lasting a month, and of the influence of the intellectual young Queen and the proud position she occupied by her husband's desire. In another contribution, Sr. J. Perez de Guzman gives an extract from a book on " Trafalgar " which he is writing for the Royal Academy of History ; he tells of the organisation of the English Navy at the close of the eight- eenth century, furnishing a wealth of detail that speaks volumes for the historical value of the book. A writer in Niiestro Tiempo has examined the possibility of producing more- effective arma- ments and weapons for warships. Can we go one better than our present productions? He thinks we can, and he tells us what he saw in Sheffield, Manchester and other English cities. He concludes with an expression of regret that Spain does not make an effort to manufacture more of her own war material. There is an article on Caspar de Jden, nicknamed Jasparillo, the mulatto poet who acted as jester to the Duke of Alcala in the seventeenth century, with some examples of his rhymes ; like many another man, he used his rhyming ability and his position to attack and punish his enemies. There is a re- view of a book on Remy de Gourmont, who has written (among others) a work on a certain phase or quality of love ; the work appears to be well known in Spain under the title of "La Fisica del Amor." Sr. Mariano Marfil writes of the scheme for proportional representation in France, giving copious details. Among the articles in the recent issues of Cindad de Dios are two on forms of punish- ment. In the first we have the opinions of authorities on punishment being mere correction or deterrent castigation, while in the second the writer deals with the problem of corporal punishment. Naturally, there are opinions for and against in both cases, but it is interesting to note that England is regarded as the chief example of corporal punishment as a national institution. Mention is made of the " cat," and the regulations concerning the use of this puni- tive instrument. Evidently there are very man\- people in favour of corporal punishment in cer- tain instances ; some appear to think that it is not possible to maintain discipline in prisons, reformatories and the like without recourse to it. La Lectura contains a long appreciation of the work done by the late Emperor of Japan, in the course of which the writer quotes from the Review of Reviews. The change wrought in Japan is similar to a sudden transformation from the time of the Plantagenets to the present day — a change difficult to imagine. Another article deals with the present mental condition of the French people ; the author quotes largely from a recent book written by a Frenchman, and the picture is not exactly attractive. How- ever, some of the statements apply to others besides the French; the tendency to violence for the purpose of gaining one's end is not peculiar to modern Gaul. Crime is very prevalent ; some of the causes are detailed, "including porno- graphy and alcoholism. The extent and effects of alcoholism are alarming. Among the reviews of books is one on the Spanish colonies in South America, lost (so we are given to understand) because the mother country failed to compre- hend the conditions prevailing in her pos- sessions. The Treasury appeals to the serious reader to whom the delights of fierce fiction are anathema. Mr. J. G. Leigh sets down the opinions of Mr. H. B. Irving on the vexed " Sundav opening " question and " The Drama as a Moral Influ- ence." This issue contains a too brief notice of Miss Alice Ottley and her work at Worcester. The Reviews Reviewed. 579 OCCULT MAGAZINES. The Theosophist starts its new year with a greeting to all its readers, and contains much interesting reading. Mrs. Besant explains her mode of teaching in India in answer to the Rev. Banares' complaint that "whatever she might say in England, in India she was always hostile to Christian Missions." The number opens with Mrs. Besant's lecture, Giordano Bruno, delivered at the Sorbonne at Paris in June, and it was in the Sorbonne of Paris that Giordano Bruno, in the sixteenth century, set forth his theories. Captain Arthur St. John, in a paper read by him at the Conference of the Ladies' National Association, sets forth his views as to an ideal reformatory for girls and young women. His ideas are very Utopian, and the name jars, but the paper gives much matter for thought and is well worth reading. Miss C. S. Bremner writes a very interesting sketch of Mr. A. O. Hume's life and work. Writing on the " Spiritual Secret of Ireland," Mr. J. H. Cousins says : " The ever-present sense of destiny — divine, loving destiny — fills the mind and utterance of the people of Ireland down to apparently trifling details. If it is a fine dav it is ' Thanks to God.' If it is a bad it is ' the Will of God.' . . In times of calamity the genius of Ireland has bent like the pine to the storms; but as soon as the stress has passed the natural resilience of faith has raised her again towards the sky." The Theosopliical Path this month contains many interesting articles. Kenneth Morris con- tributes a paper on " Hidden Lessons in Shakespeare." Shakespeare, he says, rose above creed, and proclaimed the truth that lies at the root of all religions. He proclaims one thing with no shadow of uncertainty — that is, that man's destiny is made by himself. Lydia Ross, M.D., writes a strong paper against vivisection. Writing against capital punish- ment, H. T. Edge says : " Surely more could be done by efforts to stop the manufacture of crimi- nals than by rough-and-ready ways of getting rid of them while creating more . . . the best way to destroy criminals is to destroy their criminality, not their bodies." In the Theosopliical Chronicle Kenneth Morris \yrites on the late Emperor of Japan. In ancient times a king was believed to represent the gods— the national soul. " Out of such a conception," the writer says, " was born the heroic spirit of antiquity. Alone among the monarchs of the modern world Mutsuhito was accorded such a position by his people." E. A. Coryn continues his paper on " Thoughts on the Law of Cvcles. " THE DUTCH REVIEWS. " The Tragedy of the Mediterranean " is a contribution to De Tijdspiegel that affords much food for reflection on the part of Christian people ; it is the story of the aggression of the Great Powers since the French commenced with Algeria about 1830. The precept of the Christian religion to do unto others as they would have those others do unto them has been forgotten by the Powers ; Algeria, Tunis, Cyprus, Egypt, Tripoli — the story of all is swiftly sketched, and the writer thinks that it deserves to be called a tragedy. Among the other articles is one on Elisabeth von Arnim, the authoress of " Elisa- beth and her German Garden " and other books, whose play, " Priscilla Runs Away," is fresh in the minds of playgoers. Vraf^en des Tijds opens with an article on the Bill for old-age pensions, sickness and dis- ability. Some people object that the law will be unduly favourable to the working classes, and that il: should not be confined to them. Another article deals with tariffs ; it is con- tended that they are not so helpful to nations as some suppose, and that a tariff in favour of one branch of industry leads to a duty in favour of another; then the round begins again by the first one demanding a higher tariff because the conditions are changed. So it is likely to go on. Whether that idea Is correct or not is just where the argument comes in. The third contribution is also on the labour question, and deals with the position of certain workers, the necessity for co-operation among them, the regulations affecting learners, and other matters. Elsevier has a large number of illustrar-ons. one series showing examples of the work of Cordonnier, the architect, and the next giving reproductions of pictures by the artist, Bogaye- viski, mainly Crimean. Among Cordonnier's works are projects for the facade of the Palace of Peace. The holy places to which Buddhists make pilgrimage is the subject of another article of an interesting character, illustrated with pictures of temples and places ; one shows a pillar erected by King Asoka more than 2,000 years ago. De Gids deals lengthily with the revision of the Constitution, the way to do it, the advis- ability or otherwise of further limiting the power of the monarch, the suffrage and kindred matters in its first article. There is a review of the first portion of a Dutch translation, in verse, of " Faust " ; an article on the Futurists, In which it is stated that they are rather to be regarded as Past-ists ; a fragment of a novel, verses, and various customarv monthly features. Notable Books of the Month. THE GENESIS OF GEORGE.* This early part of the life of Mr, Lloyd George is a very human document, and it is just as well that we should get the human as well as the political side of a man who is so much before the world. It has sometimes been queried why he should have a double name without a hyphen. The reason is quite simple. As is well known, his father died when he was little more than sixteen months old. Mr. William George was for a time a schoolmaster in Liverpool (where amongst his close friends were Daniel Morell, of Grammar fame, and Dr. James Martineau), hence it results that Mr. Lloyd George was not actually born in Wales, but in Liverpool. When his father died his mother was left almost with- out means, but she had a devoted brother, Mr. Richard Lloyd, the principal shoemaker in the village of Llanystumdwy, and he took his sister and her children into his own home. Conse- quently, when the boys went to school they were the little Lloyds, and so much was this the case that one of the occasions when David Lloyd George carved his own name on the village bridge the initials he put were D. LI. Moreover, to him that uncle has always been in the place of a father. Our history tells us that he was not wholly a saint, for when mischief was done in the school he was generally supposed to be the ringleader. The boys of the village had the great advantage of the fine woods in the neighbourhood as a playground, and here we are told : — There was a hiding place to which the two boys sometimes resorted in order to enjoy secretly the delights of tobacco. David, who was anxious to keep the secret from his uncle, used to hide his pipe in a spot near the river; and William Williams, who seems to have had fewer obstacles to face, used to procure the tobacco for their joint use. The village school in those days was under the care of the parson, and so, though most of the villagers were stout dissenters, they were taught in school the tenets of the Church of England, and there is an amusing story of a revolt led by the young Lloyd. When the squire, whom oddly enough, Lloyd George de- feated later in a political contest, came to hear the boys their catechism the boys had privately decided that they would maintain absolute *Life of David Lloyd George. By H. du Parcq. (The Caxton Publishing Company. Vol. L gs. net.) silence, and their tactics on that and another occasion succeeded so well that the great annual procession to Church on Ash Wednesday was finally given up. The Lloyds were neither poor nor rich. The two boys knew well that their rise in life would depend upon themselves. The young David had decided to be a solicitor, and the first step was the preliminary Lavi^ examination. For this it was necessary to master the elements of French and Latin. Neither the village schoolmaster nor Mr. Richard Lloyd knew French, and the difficulty was increased by the fact that David did not wish it to be known that he had em- barked upon so ambitious a career, so the uncle and nephew actually worked with a French Grammar and Dictionary, spending long and laborious hours over difficult pieces of syntax or evasive idioms, without a soul to help. Won- derful to say, their labour was successful, and the boy passed the examination at the age of fourteen. None can say that he lacked industry and perseverance, though, like many another genius, he often cannot work until the spirit takes him — at least, according to his biographer, who says : — From quite early days he loathed the labour pf writing letters, and his correspondents complained that they were ignored, and were careful, if they knew him well enough, to urge attention upon him. He has never * got the better of that aversion, and is, indeed, enthusi- astic in his hatred of letter-writing. Nor has he any love for regular hours in the study or at the writing-table. He will put off to the last moment the evil hour of a troublesome task, and then, as in his school-days, finish the whole job in less time than it would take another to master the preliminary difficulties. Those who work under him confess that they do not know how he gets through his work in the short time he leaves himself for It. What is certain is that it is done, and done thoroughly. One of his great chums at school was Robert Williams, who afterwards became a pupil teacher, and now, oddly enough, is a resident Canon of St. Davids, and as such, one of the heads of the Opposition to the Welsh Disestab- lishment Bill, to which Mr. Lloyd George him- self IS pledged. A political afi"air that made a deep impression upon the young George during his school davs showed that, although the villagers nominal'lv had a vote, as a matter of fact they all belonged to the squire. Before the nomination day the landlords would have a meeting and decide which aniong them should stand for the seat. Such an idea as opposition was "never expected, but in 1868, when the boy was five years old, Notable Books of the Month. 581 the first revolt occurred. A Liberal candidate was proposed, seconded by a tenant farmer and duly nominated ; but the man who had seconded the nomination did not remain tenant of that farm for long. Though a man of the highest attainments, exceedingly cultured, of high character, and one of the pioneers of scientific farming in that part of the country, he was ejected, and all those who dared to vote for the Liberal candidate were also ejected from their holdings. Of course, the same sort of thing was happening in England, but that which occurs in our own neighbourhood impresses us most, and the fact that many of his schoolfellows had to leave the school and the village because their fathers had voted contrary to the direction of the squire made an impression, deepened doubtless by the home discussions which took place. He was not yet eighteen when his first contri- bution to a local paper was published. He had studied politics as a matter of course, and had been very diligent at a Debating Society ; it was characteristic of him that the only political speeches which gave him delight were those of Burke. His article in the North Wales Express was on Lord Salisbury, and it presents a curious example of the way in which speeches delivered in the interests of one party can be utilised by a simple change of names in the interests of the other side. I remember mv own vouthful astonishment when I found in French story books that the arguments which we always used in our English stories to show how wicked Roman Catholics, and especially Jesuits, were, were used in the French story books against the Protestants who, in them, represented the evil influence. So, in the same way Mr. Lloyd George's diatribe against Lord Salisbury would easily fit the attitude of the Liberal Part\- towards Woman's Suffrage. Among the amusing accounts in the book is the squabble between the judge and Mr. George in a County Court case. He had now been for- mally admitted to the roll of solicitors and had established himself in a little office at Criccieth, and from that time ranged himself on the side of the oppressed. One of the famous actions of the time referred to the refusal of the Rector of the Parish of Llanfrothen to permit the burial of a Nonconformist in the family grave in the church- yard. The verdict was given against Mr. George locally, and he therefore made an appeal. Through his cleverness in catching a point intro- duced by Mr. Jeune, who was against him, a chance was given to put in some shorthand notes. Coleridge read out slowly, with emphasis, the whole of the squabble between " the Judge and Mr. George." The whole Court laughed at mj' cheeky retorts upon his Honour and at his Honour's futile answers. Sudde 'y someone clapped my back and said, " Well done, machgen! " It was E. J. Griffiths. Shepheard and Scrutton were overjoyed. After reading the report of this interesting altercation, and pointing out for Mr. Jeune's special edification the passages in it which con- tradicted Vincent's statement, he turned his head, with disgust imprinted upon his face, and said : " It is high time County Court Judges should be taught that they have someone to look after them. I shall simply send this paper and these shorthand notes to the Lord Chan- cellor without any comment, and if he does not take some steps I shall be surprised. As to this paper, I shall ignore the Judge's note of the verdict and treat this as the genuine verdict ! " Consternation of Jeune, Vincent and Vincent ; delight of Lloyd George and George, Scrutton, Bompas, Shepheard, and the whole Court. The notice he obtained on this occasion was probably the first step to his giving up the practice of the Law with its chances of emolu- ment, and his standing for Carnarvon Boroughs, and in April, 1890, he took the oath and his seat. He made his first public speech in London at the Metropolitan Tabernacle, and his maiden speech in the House concerned a clause in the Local Taxation Bill, in which he obtained the insertion of Wales and a share for her in the grant in that Bill. A PROLOGUE— AD INFINITUM.* Sarah Grand has kept us waiting for a long time for a new story from her pen, and now these six hundred and forty pages are but the prologue. But what a prologue ! True, we have only the preliminaries of a plot, and the first impression of the reader is that her people have only been created as a vehicle for their creator's opinions upon social subjects. No serious reader will continue to think this, how- ever, for Sarah Grand has added largely to her wonderful gallery of portraits. It will perhaps be better to introduce them one or two at a time than to bewilder the reader by presenting them too rapidly. First comes Ardnam's mother and father ; he a substantial yeoman with a long line of ancestors, and his wife, a tall, fragile woman of forty-five, slenderly proportioned, with delicate, regular features, dark grey eyes, a transparent skin, and abundant light hair, with an old-world air of grace and dignity and an unmistakable habit of command. Mrs. Pratt had married her farmer husband from the ducal castle where she had been governess and remained the friend of the Duke and Duchess. Of high birth, she was as much in love with her husband as he with her, whom he called his Lady to the day of his death. Mr. Pratt had had one son by a former * Ardnam's Orchard. By Sarah Grand. (Heinemann. 6s.) 582 The Review of Reviews. wife, as vulgar as Ardnam's mother was re- fined, and their son inherited many of her characteristics. Both sons have been given queer names — Seraph and Ardnam. The first-named is a good farmer, but until he had attained manhood the youngest had apparently been but a drone. Only his mother knew of his aspirations until the chance came to tell Mr. Pratt of his plans. Ardnam had pon- dered deeply the problem of how best to utilise the land allowed to go to waste and the men who could not get work to do ; besides which he wanted to get money, which spells power, for himself. He could not leave his mother, but his father had a neglected orchard and a field left uncultivated. These his father agreed to let him have in order to experiment as to whether he could make a profit from Intensive Culture. Our next couple are the Duke and Duchess, both fine in many ways and presenting a keenly interesting study. We guess that in the future the Duke will have to suffer from the conse- quences of early sins, and his children with him, while to the poor little Duchess will come, not the trouble alone, but also premonitions of it, for she and Mrs. Pratt are both more or less psychic. In the prologue the couple are loved and honoured, and their two sons are good boys, as the world goes. The Squire and his family come next. He also has married badly, which gives rise to many thoughtful remarks about heredity and environ- ment. Adam Hurst, who was once the Duke's butler, is now the principal innkeeper, and from his occasional words we get the idea that Ella Banks, the youngest child of a working farmer, gets some of her fine characteristics from the Duke. She is one of the foremost portraits ; from her grandmother she has learnt a lost secret in the art of lace-making, and she not only makes lace but sells it, and for good prices. One of the Duke's sons is certainly in love with Ella, and she with him ; at the close of the book the Duchess has put her in a shop in Bond Street, and, wishing to separate the two, has represented Ella as engaged to Ardnam, thus driving Lord Melton to travel for two years. These are only a few of the interesting people to be met with between the covers of this book. Somehow the tone of the book prepares us for tragedy ; Mrs. Pratt is not only a true Christian, but also a mystic, and thus her own death and that of her husband are foreshadowed, though not the fact that there being only an early will Ardnam is turned out in the world almost penni- less by the step-brother, who hates him, and friendless, because his uncle is absent and he is too proud to go to the Duke cap in hand. The next volume will be eagerly awaited. THE PASSING OF THE SQUIREARCHY.* A VALUABLE rccord of an era (here supposed to be passing) in the story of our country, inasmuch as it contains pictures of the old English country gentleman and his home under every condition, starting with the age of chivalry, when the squire was a budding knight. 'Mr. Ditchfield regards his vanishing as due to the Liberal Government of these later years, to the Corn Laws and taxing of land values — yet, oddly enough, he unconsciously shows that it is the personality of the squire himself which is changing, owing possibly to the readier means of communication due to railways, the telegraph, and motor cars. No squire now would pride himself upon never ha\ing visited London or slept a night out of his own bed, as was the case with more than one country gentleman of the early 'fifties. A century before, as quoted by Mr. Ditchfield from the Stapley Diaries, the schooling of a squire's son was not a very elaborate affair : — In 1 73 1 the squire sent his son Anthony to Thomas Painter to learn to write and read and cast accounts ; but this instructor of the three R's only received sixpence a week for his pains. This youth had been to a boarding- school at Brighton, as his father records the payment of ;^7 6s. lod. to Grover and Browne of that fashionable resort. It seems to have been the fashion to send children to board at some house, and to be taught elementary schooling at some day school. Thus Anthony's sister Sarah went to board at William Best's at a cost of 3s. 6d. per week, and attended Miss Leach's school, who received 6d. per week. The squire seems to have had a nice liUle family. Besides Anthony and Sarah there were Jane and John and Samuel. He had a wife, too, but we gather little alx)ut her, save that there is a curious record of her death conveyed in the words, " Struck with the dead palsy from head to foot in a moment of time. . . ." There is the record of a model squire told by his daughter, who is yet living : — My father farmed his property of some 1,000 acres, was a J. P., a Poor Law Guardian, and a most zealous Tory. He was always in the saddle, and often tired three and four horses a day, as he started out before six and saw that the men were properly at work, and then came country business, markets, etc. His temper was fiery and his tongue sharp and cutting, but he had no enemies, and his own men would do anything for him. ... He "showed" at all the country shows — pigs, sheep, and horses — and took so many prizes that he latterly did not compete. The pigs were scrubbed daily, their pens were marvels for those days, and the squire was very proud that some were generally bought by the Queen's purveyor at Windsor. The cottages of the people were in good order for those days, and lodgers not allowed. Wages were low, but my father gave the most he could without being unfair to the tenant farmers around. Hay and corn harvests were paid by " piecework," the whole family * The Old Enfrlish Countrv Squire. By P. H. Ditchfield. (Methuen and Co., Ltd. los. 6d. net.) Notable Books of the Month. 583 helping the father, and the "gleaning" was very useful and profitable towards making the "standard loaf" of those days. Then a young pig could be bought out of the squire's stubble herd in the autumn and fattened up to pay the rent. He rarely left home for more than a few days at a time, and then carried his farm with him, as it were. Once when we got him away to Edinburgh the first thing he did was to write to the baililf and tell him to go to a certain part of a field and pull up a dock which my father had forgotten to do. The antithesis of this is the story of a tyrant, so that we may shudder at the thought of those who were subject to the tender mercies of some of the country squires : — This was the act and deed of a tyrannical old squire, Joseph Lord Milton (afterwards Earl of Dorchester), about the year 1780. There was an old grammar school in iviilton, and the boys were a continual annoyance to his lordship, as they stole his fruit and his cucumbers, disturbed his game, and took his game- fowl eggs to rear good cockfighting champions. This was very trying, so he resolved to transplant the whole town, bag and baggage, with fine quarter-deck high-handed- ness. This raised a loud outcry. But he had to buy up all the houses before he could pull them down, and it took him twenty years. A local solicitor refused to sell his lease, though he was offered three times its value. Lord Milton tried to turn him out by turning on to his house the water from a pond ; so the lawyer brought an action and won it. A few days later, when his lordship was driving to London, the church bells burst out in a joyous peal. They were only ringing for Guy Fawkes' Day ; but the squire thought that the people were ring- ing a peal to express their joy at his departure and at his defeat by the lawyer. So the tyrant doomed the sale of the bells, and the people wept when they were carted away. He also removed all the headstones in the churchyard, converting it into a lawn, and irreverently treated many bones of deceased parishioners. . . One more anecdote from a book the latter half of which is well stocked with them : — As a remarkable instance of the awe with which children regarded the squire, I may mention the story of the late Squire Biddulph, of Aberavon, in South Wales, uncle o^ the present Lord Biddulph of Ledbury, Herefordshire. Mrs. Biddulph, a very smart lady, was taking a class of boys at the Sunday School, and asked them : " Well, boys, can you tell me who is the prince of this world? " A long pause ensued, and then a dirty little hand went up, and a feeble little voice answered : "Please, Mum, Mr. Biddulph!" DECLINE OF THE ARISTOCRACY. A SUITABLE corollary to The Old English Country Squire is The Decline of Aristocracy, by Arthur Ponsonby (T. Fisher Unwin. 7s. 6d. net). An important and suggestive volume starting with the dictum that " Aristocracy in its pure, theoretical sense means government bv the best, the best being those who are superior both morally and intellectually, and who, therefore, would govern directly in the interests of the governed." Mr. Ponsonby goes on to trace the deteriora- tion in our aristocracy ; not, as has sometimes been supposed, the result of the rise of demo- cracy, but because our nobility are inadequately performing the duties which fall to them, and are by no means alive to their responsibilities. Of course Mr. Ponsonby, in this sweeping denuncia- tion, is speaking very generally, but he certainly does not mince matters when he says : — It is the fading away of their finest gentlemanlike qualities, the increase of the desire for moneyed ease, the excessive height of the standard of living, and the extremely low level of mental and moral refinement that makes the aristocracy of to-day, who, like their pre- decessors, cling to a belief in their own superiority, a fit subject for closer investigation and scrutiny. It would be untrue to say that the aristocracy have fallen from a position of power entirely through their own shortcomings and delinquencies. They served not un- worthily during the period they were called upon to take control. But they have gradually had to reckon with new forces, and their first instinct — as, indeed, would be the case with anybody who saw their supremacy threatened — was to counteract and attempt to defeat the rise of the rival force, instead of preparing to accommo- date themselves to its inevitable triumph. They con- tinue, therefore, to dispute the claims of democracy and to prophesy its failure. But their opposition is rendered singularly ineffective owing to their own lack of outfit, and the entire absence of agreement among them on a concerted, constructive, and alternative policy. Their ignorance i§_ the main cause of their prejudiced and reactionary views. In his preface he acknowledges that a charge may be made that much of his criticism is simply destructive, but he considers that in order to avoid a danger it is a necessary preliminary that warning of it should be given, and his sugges- tion is that the first thing to be done is to reform our educational system, and because the building up of character should be the first aim Mr. Pon- sonby considers that the teaching of real religion should be the principal basis and groundwork. THE LETTERS OF GEORGE MEREDITH.* With shame some of us will confess that we know more about George Meredith the novelist than George Meredith the poet, but it only needs a careful reading of this wonderful series of letters compiled by his son, to realise that it was his poems which loomed the largest in his soul life. It is not of much use to search the letters to get his opinions upon either political or social subjects, for as he frequently says himself, his writing time is devoted wholly to the larger public, his friends have to be contented with a few words written with difficulty amidst his numerous occupations and his frequent illnesses. This really makes the letters the more valuable, for we find himself in them, not merely his opinions, although occasionally he does comment upon such public events as the Boer War, for which, like many others, he thought his own * Letters of George Meredith. (2 volumes.) (Constable and Co. 21s. net.) The Poetical Works of George Meredith. With some Notes by G. M. Trevelyan. Com- plete in one volume. (Constable. 7s. 6d. net.) 584 The Review of Reviews. country the most to blame, or the Suffragette question, for he was an ardent advocate of the enfranchisement of women. Mr. Wilham Meredith gives us in a few words some details of his father's birth and up-bring- ing, and throughout seems to have made a most judicious selection of the letters. His father's correspondence with Mr. John Morley and Admiral Maxse is especially interesting, the two men, to both of whom he was so strongly bound in brotherly affection, being so entirely different the one from the other. Gravely funny is the letter to Mr. William Hardman on his elevation to the Mayoralty of Kingston-on-Thames : — Garrick Club, Dec. 26th, 1870. My Dear Lord Mayor, — All Christmas honours and delights to you ! The other day I quietly informed Morley of your elevation. Looking at him (about one minute subsequently) I saw him collecting his editorial fragments with a hand pressed hard on his fore midriff. He faintly expressed his amazement, but, as became a hero, his first thought was for his friend. Morrison, he said, must not swallow this unheard-of pill without due preparation. It would be too much for him in his sad state. We agreed to concoct a rigmarole, and write an account of a Kingston pantomime-^" Tuck Trans- formed " — telling him at the end of it that all was true. Full of curious interest are his occasional references to his novels, pathetic indeed the last letter in the volume written to Theodore Watts Dunton upon the death of Swinburne. Scarcely more than a month afterwards Swinburne's passing was followed by his own. In the poems we are given the later version of the well-known " Love in the Valley," as well as the first published in 1851, commencing: — Under yonder beech-tree standing on the green sward, Couch'd with her arms behind her little head, Her knees folded up, and her tresses on her bosom, Lies my young love sleeping in the shade. Had I the heart to slide one arm beneath her ! Press her dreaming lips as her waist I folded slow, Waking on the instant she could not but embrace me — Ah ! would she hold me, and never let me go ? MR. BALFOUR AS THINKER.* This volume of Mr. Balfour's non-political writings and speeches has been selected and arranged by Mr. Wilfrid Short, his private secretary for many years. Mr. Balfour himself has had nothing to do with the matter beyond giving his consent and helping with material. It is a severe test to put to any man to collect matter spoken extempore or from rough notes, and it therefore largely owed its acceptation to the manner and method of the speaker. We * Arthur James Balfour as Philosopher and Thinker. By W. M. Short. (Longmans and Co. 7s. 6d. net.) have here, however, a volume of enduring in- terest, and which will only increase our admira- tion for a man whose many-sided character shows best when away from the turmoil of party strife. Space will not permit even a catalogue of the contents of a volume consisting of some 550 pages, prefaced by one of Russell's fine photo- graphs of Mr. Balfour. One quotation we should like to put on record. It is taken from a speech to the Pan-Anglican Congress of June, 1908 : — The issue I wish to put before you is this. Has the growth of science or has it not made it easier to believe that the world had a rational and benevolent Creator, or has it rendered that belief entirely superfluous — to be added, if you please, by the theist or the deist, but an addition in any case superfluous and wholly un- founded upon any rational or philosophic ground? For my own part I cannot conceive human society permanently deprived of the religious element; and, on the o^her hand, I look to science far more than to the work of statesmen or to the creation of constitu- tions, or to the elaboration of social systems, or to the study of sociology. I look to science more than any- thing else as the great ameliorator of the human lot in the future. FREDERIC HARRISON ON HIS BOOKS.* Mr. Frederic Harrison's literary interests are extraordinarily wide. In addition to his recent articles in the English Review on classic poetry, prose, biography, drama, and general literature, which created such widespread in- terest, and of which we welcome a reprint, his new volume of essays contains deeply interesting chapters on such diverse themes as the Byzan- tine Empire, Chatham, Tennyson, Ruskin, and Rodin; and on all these subjects he has some- thing to say at once illuminating and provoca- tive of thought. Though he protests that the varied interests of a very busy life have pre- vented him from being a great reader, most men would be proud to have merely a bowing acquaintance with one-half of the books of which he writes so intimately and so well. To his ripe scholarship and sane critical judgment are united the keen youthful enthusiasm and the clear, simple style which have long made his books things to read and treasure. Mr. Harrison's sympathies are with the old books : " As an old man," he writes, *' I stand by the old books, the old classics, the old style." So in the greater part of this volume he ranges at large through the centuries, from Sophocles to Swin- burne, as a book-lover roams up and down his shelves, dipping lovingly here and there into old favourites. * Among My Books. By Frederic Harrison. (Macmillan. 438 pp. 7s. 6d.) Books in Brief. 585 BOOKS IN BRIEF. NEAR AND FAR. Old English Towns. By Elsie M. Lang. (T. Werner Laurie. 6s. net.) These sixteen towns are delightful, and so is the descrip- tion of them and the accompanying illustrations. The Inns of Court and of Chancery. (Macmillan. IS. net.) Six lectures by W. Blake Odgers, K.C., delivered in Middle Temple. A valuable contribution to our records. Castles of England and Wales. By Herbert A. Evans. (Methuen and Co. 12s. 6d. net.) A delightful account of our castles, arranged in chronological order. For instance, Pevensey and Hamburgh of the nth century, come first, whilst Dun- stanburgh is the solitary example of a 14th century castle. There are 24 illustrations and 33 plans. The writer is very modest in his estimation of his own work, but the reader will appraise it highly. Rambles in Ireland. By Robert Lynd. (Mills and Boon. 6s.) A discursive series of visits to various places. Monaco and Monte Carlo. By Adolphe Smith (Grant Richards. 15s. net.) A luxurious and fascinating volume, with fifty-six illustrations and much Monegasque lore. Provence and Languedoc. By Cecil Headlam. (Methuen. los. 6d. net.) A delightful book to read and dream over. The very word " Provence " spells romance. Mr. Headlam begint with a fascinating description of the Rhone Valley. The next chapter concerns the Troubadours, of whom he says the names of nearly five hundred have come down to us. Tarascon has a whole section to itself. A close and accurate observer, his descriptions of many of the old buildings and their history make the volume a valuable one to the student, as well as full of charm for the ordinary reader. A Wanderer in Florence. By E. V. Lucas. (Methuen and Co. 6s.) An unimaginative person indeed must he (or she) be who cannot explore that most delightful of cities in company with such a well-informed and withal so witty a " wanderer " as E. V. Lucas. Here is a graphic picture of the modern town, which, by the way, has not escaped the all-pervading tramcar : " Few persons in the real city . . . live in a house built for them. In fact, it is the exception anywhere near the centre to live in a house built less than three centuries ago. Palaces abound, cut up into offices, flats, rooms, and even cinema theatres. The telegraph-office in the Via del Proconsolo is a palace commissioned by the Strozzi, but never completed ; hence its name, Nonfinito. Next it is the superb Palazzo Quaratesi, which Brunel- leschi designed, now the headquarters of a score of firms and an ecclesiastical school whence sounds of sacred song continually emerge." Malta and the Mediterranean Race. By R. N. Bradley. (T. Fisher Unwin. 8s. 6d. net.) In this able and interesting book Mr. Bradley attempts to prove by a critical examination of the prehistoric remains which have been recently discovered in Malta and the sister island of Gozo what Professor Sergi's investigations in Crete and elsewhere have already gone a long way to establish — namely, the existence of a great pre-Grecian race occupying the whole Mediter- ranean basin, probably Semitic or Euro-African in origin and possessing a very high degree of civilisation. The very valuable archaeological monuments to be found in Malta are clearly described, and there are delightful chapters on Maltese folk-lore and on Semitic language traces which survive to this day in the Maltese tongue. Venezuela. By Leonard V. Calton. (T. Fisher Unwin. los. net.) A valuable contribution to our knowledge of this fas- cinating part of South America. It is illustrated with very fine photographs, showing the habits of the people and the country. The appendices show the population of the states and districts, the trade and exports, government, finance, etc. There is a comprehensive bibliography and a fine map on a large scale. The Royal Visit to India. By the Hon. John Fortescue. (Macmillan and Co. los. 6d. net.) Very few of the King's British subjects were able to visit India for the Coronation Durbar. For this large majority of stay-at-homes this interesting volume is full of interest, and for those who were so fortunate as to be present much that is here given will be new, and much will help to deepen the delightful remem- brance. HISTORICAL. A History of the British Nation. By A. D. Innes. (Messrs. Jack. 3s. 6d. net.) A very useful history for the millions who wish to know something of their country, and make acquaint ance with the ancestors who have made her what she is. It is the kind of book to put on the cottage shelf side by side with a one-volume Cyclopaedia, the index being very good for reference purposes. It contains numerous illustrations, and though somewhat scrappy and superficial in places, that is to be expected in what may be called "a bird's-eye view." In style it might be placed between Froude and Green on the one hand, and the school book on the other. Needless to say, a History of the British Nation consisting of 1,000 pages at the price of 3s. 6d. is certainly not a book for the student to carry about in the railway train. The Beginnings of Modern Ireland. By Philip Wilson. (Dublin : Maunsel and Co., Ltd. i2s. 6d. net.) A history of Ireland from r5oo to Elizabeth, founded upon State records, MSS., and private and public documents. One of the conclusions of the author is that neither the Celtic temperament, which under other circumstances agrees well enough with the Teuton element, nor the influence of the priesthood, is accountable for the Irish Question. The remedy is hinted at by a quotation from a speech of Benjamin 586 The Review of Reviews Disraeli: "What, then, was the duty of an English Minister? To effect by his -policy all those changes which a revolution would 'effect by force.'''' William Hone: His Life and Times. By Frederick W. Hackwood, (T. Fisher Unwin. los. 6d. net.) Contains the autobiography of a man whom the writer calls " A type of Englishman into whose brains had distilled" the doctrines of the French Revolution, which inspired him, not to action but to thought ; a type of the phlegmatic, slow-moving Englishman to whose opinions, and the proper constitutional advocacy -f them, may be traced the roots of so many of our modern reforms." Hone was in the thick of the various disturbing elements of the times, and poured out his thoughts in pamphlets, the cost of which came heavilv upon himself and his family. Charles Lamb was on.? of his friends, and the book contains several of his letters and two very fine photographs of Lamb and his sister Mary. Possibly the volume would have been better for a certain amount of pruning, but most cer- tainly Hone was very often wrongfully accused and painfully punished. Marshal Ney. By A. Hilliard Atteridge. (Methuen and Co. los. 6d. net.) A full history of Marshal Ney, from his birth in a year of great men, to the tragedy of the Luxembourg, in the Waterloo year, written by a man who is obligingly blind to any defects in his hero, but whose very admira- tion makes him exceptionally careful over every little detail. There are several fine illustrations from paint- ings and old engravings, and eight maps of the most famous of the battles in which he was engaged. The Love Affair of the CondSs. By H. Noel Williams. (Methuen and Co. 15s. net.) Naturally, Catherine de Medici plays a somewhat prominent part in these histories, which, though not always of savoury matters, are very delicately touched upon. To give even a list of the ladies mentioned would take more space than can be given here, and one is continually called upon to remember that to be the mistress of a great man in the days of the Condes was generally considered more of a distinction than a dis- grace. The book is illustrated with seventeen portraits. William the Silent. By Jack Colling-s Squire. (Methuen. los. 6d. net.) This is pre-eminently a book for students, every avail- able authority has been carefully studied, and it abounds in detail. Mr. Squire has endeavoured to pui aside every prejudice and to write with calm and without bias, but he cannot help betraying the great admiration he has for William himself. "William the Silent" is scarcely a book for holiday reading, its very wealth of detail would hinder that : moreover, it depicts an agonising period of Dutch and Flemish history, but no student of the period can afford to disregard it. SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS. Modern Problems. By Sir Oliver Lodge. (Methuen. 5s. net.) 1'apers on modern difficulties by so eminent a man ■id so courageous a thinker are bound to be thought- iully read. Woman and Womanhood. By C. W. Saleeby. Heinemann. los. net.) A valuable contribution to our eugenic literature by this well-known writer on sociological and medical problems of the day. The argument which runs through the book is that only the best women can be the best mothers. He treats of the physical training of girls, the maternal instinct, choosing the fathers of the future, and so on. The Women's Rights Library (Agent : Stewart, Newcastle Street.) is reproducing some of the most interesting early literature dealing with the emancipation of women. The pamphlets are variously priced, the first issue being the Elssay of the Marquis Condorcet (id.), the second "Woman's Influence on the Progress of Knowledge," by Buckle, " Memoirs of Mary Somerville " and " The Political Status of Women," by Mrs. Besant, following. A complete list can be obtained from the agent. Medical Benefit in Germany and Denmark. By B. and T. G. Gibbon. (P. S. King and Son. 6s. net.) It is a great pity this book could not have been pub- lished in cheaper form, for the information given, as to the working of insurance against sickness in the countries mentioned, is invaluable for all who wish to have practical knowledge of this difficult and much- disputed attempt of the Government to help the work- ing classes. The Industrial Crisis. By W. J, Sanderson. (Siegle Hill. 6d.) Endeavours to show the standard by which the patriotic man should measure present-day difficulties. The Sociological Value of Christianity. By Georges-Hill. (Adam and Charles Black. 7s. 6d. net.) Report of the National Conference on the Pre- vention of Destitution. Held at Caxton Hall in June, 1912. (P. S. King and Son. los. 6d. net.) Religious Liberty. By Francesco Ruffini. Translated by J. Parker Hayes. (Williams and Norgate. 12s. 6d. net.) This book, which is printed in beautiful type, is a valuable contribution to religious history ; beginning with the early Fathers of the Church, it touches upon Bayle, Goodwin, Milton, Frederick William II., and so on through the Waldenses to modern times. Per- haps Mr. Bury's words in his preface will best de- scribe its scope : " I wonder whether the friends of Erastianism in England will be eager to appeal to Signor Ruffini's judgment, which is based on a pro- found distrust of ecclesiastical liberty." The Latter Day Saints. R. W. Kauffman. los. 6d. net.) By Ruth Kauffman and (Williams and Norgate. A careful study of the Mormons from every point of view, historical, political, and economic, with a list of authorities from which much of the information has been drawn. The authors consider that Joseph Smith was a subject of auto-hypnosis. They especially oppose The Review of Reviews, 587 Please think of the 9,000 Destitute and Orphan Children IN DR. BARNARDO'S HOMES THIS HAPPY SEASON. THEY ARE IN URGENT NEED. * * ,s* f(ind/y mark Gifts, " Australidn Review of Reviews." Orders and Drafts paydble ''Dr. Barnardo's homes," should be sent to the honorary Director, Mr. WILLIAM BAKtR, M.A., LL.B., at head Offices, Ifi to 26. Stepney Causeway, London, England. 588 Th* Review of Reviews, The following article (which appearedln our June issue) and the o^er contained therein, was found so interest- ing and acceptable to our readers that the mahers of the Veedee Vibrator have, on our suggestion, agreed for it to be reprinted, and to allow their offer thus onct more to be placed before readers of the " Review of Reviews." The Late W. T. STEAD'S Advice To the Makers of THE WORLD'S BEST HEALTH-GIVING INVENTION, THE VEEDEE *' I know all about the principle [of Curative Vibration], for I learnt it from the Veedee. I have got a Veedee at home which has lain handy on a shelf in my library for the last five years . . . Noblesse Oblige ! What right has he [the Veedee maker] to keep such a light under a bushel ? Why does he not . . . enable the general public to see what the Veedee can do, compared with other machines ? Perhaps the Veedee maker may say that good wine needs no bush, to which may be repeated the profane saying of Voltaire that even the Bon Dieu could not do without reclame as he needed a belfry in every parish to remind people of his existence." W. T. Stead— "The Virtue of Mechanical Massage," Review of Reviews, March, 1911. When the late W. T. Stead believed in a thing, he was not content till all the world knew about it. That \ery big-heartedness and universal sympathy that won him the love of all with whom he came in personal contact, led him, directly he saw that anybody's business was genuinely useful and sound, tu make it his own as far as inspirat'on, advice, and genuine help could go. He knew the Veedee through perscnally using and owning one for years. The occasion of his writing the above was when he was asked to endorse and recommend a wouUi-lx^ imitator of Ihe genuine original Veedee \'ibrator which was thfu h-'ing largely and sensationally advertised, but w liich has since apparentlv entirclv drojjjx'd out. Nor only in the above-quoted Re\iew ©f RKXitiw.s article, but on more than one occasion ill |H-rs(wal conversation with the maker of the Veedre, did Mr. Stead urge upon him the desir- ability of his making the vaiualile invoss £ 8. 2.085,000 0 65,000 0 J. RUSSELL FRENCH. Gener.\l Manager Vi-. E. SOUTHERDEN, Chief AccorNTAXx. Audited 19th November, 1912. d. 0 0 £2.150.000 0 0 By Balance £2.150,000 0 0 HARRINGTON PALMER 1 S. E. LAIDF.EY , AroiTORS. The Review of Reviews, 591 INSURANCE NOTES. The annual bay excursion of the combined insur- ance companies of Melbourne took place on Satur- day last, the 14th December, to Sorrento. The wea- ther was exceptionally fine, and the paddle steamship " Weeroona " carried over iqoo excursionists. A musical programme was carried out on the water, and, in addition, De Gilio's well-known string- band and the Prahran City brass band, furnished a long programme of choice items. The steamer returned to Port Melbourne about q o'clock p.m., and everybody seemed pleased with the day's outing. This excursion is a record so far as attendance is concerned. Messrs. Harringtons Limited, photographic mei- rhants, of George-street, Sydncv, suffered the total h)ss of their fine stock by fire on iSth inst., whilst the adjoining premises sustained considerable damage from fire, smoke and water. Magnificent work was done by the Fire Brigade in a fight with the flames, which lasted upwards of an hour before the danger was passed. Ifarrington's building and stock insur- ances ran into lietwccn /ii 6,000 and iJi 7,000 in various companies. The first and second floors of the building in Bourke-street, Melbourne, occupied by the Sutton Pro- prietary Limited, the Greater |. D. Williams Amuse- ment Company, and Messrs. \'ei)nian and Co., photo- graphers, were completely gutted by fire on Saturday morning, the .31st ult. The oiubreak occurred with startling suddenness, a sheet of flame shooting from the tank where picture films were developed in the portion oif the building occupied by the J. D. Wil- liams Company, and rapidly spreading along the wall where large quantities of films were stored. The chief oflicer of the Fire Brigade, ^Ir. 11. B. Lee, said after the fire: — " P^)rtunately we received an early warning, and were, consequently, able to confine the fire to the first floor, where it began. Splendid work was done by the salvage corps in covering uj) valuable stock in Suttons' shop, and little damage was done id the l)remises of Yeoman and Ci>." " 1 have frequently laid stress," continued Mr. Lee, '' upon the many danger spots which exist in Mel- bourne, and this fire is merely another instance of the risk attendant upon the storing of inflammable .mate- rials in the city without special precautions being taken. Films are extremely inflammable, and when burning create fumes which make the work of firemen very difficult. About two years ago an outbreak of fire occurred at the premises of Messrs. Pathe Freres, when films valued at many hundreds of pounds were destroyed in circumstances almost similar to those of the present conflagration. I sincerely hope that these two warnings will have the effect of making the re- gulations more complete for the storage of these materials." Damage, estimated at i^io.ooo, was caused by a fire which burnt out the basement of the Australian Drug Company's premises in O'Connell-street, Sydney, on the 17th inst. The firemen working with difficulty on account of the heavy smoke and fumes, did well in confining the fire to the basement, THE COLONIAL MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED. INSURANCE FIRE . . - ACCIOnNT- EAIPLOYER'S LIABILITY - FIDELITY GUARANTEE - PLATE-GLASS BREAKAGE MtRINE ■ BURGLARY LIVE STOCK OFFICES : MELBOURNE— 60 Market Street. SYDNEY— 74 Pitt Street. ADELAIDE— 71 Kirg William Street. BRISBANE— Creek Street. PERTH— Barrack Street. HOBART— Collins Street. LONDON— 77 Cornhill, E.G. WALTER TUCKER, General Manager. THE fQlJITY TRlSTEfS, EXECITORS, AND AOf\CY COMPAW LIMITED. RESERVE LUBIlirV. £100.000; GUARANTEE FUND, £10.000. BOARD OP DIRKCTORS- Edward Fanning, Esq., Chairmau; W. H. Irvine, Esq., KC, M.P.; Donald Mackinnon, Esq., M.[>.A.; R, O. M'Cutcheon, Esq., M.L.A.; Stewart McArthur, Esq., K.O. Registered Office: No. 85 Queen treet, Melbou'ne, This Company is empowered by special Act of Parliament to perform all ^'lasses of trustee business. JOEL POX, Mauarer. 0. T. MARTIN, Assistant Manager. ^\ i V I ILiii UM ili il ii kiHI UAkCa ^:|»:fpEJwsT;ic#(«^bs«GRtrTCH •^"'BESTioiMLlfYtfMdDlRA^ "^rrffTrfTTnT vWyyTfi THE INFORMATION AGENCY ACTS as a CLEARING HOU^E for procuring INFORM iTION and transact! ny Aj>ency Business on bi half "f Clients at Iiome and abroad In touch with E,\pertsin all departments nf knowledge ar d con.nerce. When in doubt where to apply for any required facts, service, or article, write to us. CHRISTMAS PRESENTS for home friends selected with taste ,iiid discretion. Address : The Secretariat, 24-26 Hart Street, London, W. C 592 The Review of Reviews, THE REMEDY. Thomas W. Lawson, the author of " Frenzied Finance," bej^ins in the OrtO'her number of Evcrv- hodv's i\Ia(^aziii(: a fresh series of fmaneial articles. Ml'. Fawson writes that "' Frenzied Finance " was ,1 mt-rcilrss <'Xj)osure of the sinister forces at work in the UndeiworUI of \\:\\\ Street. " The Reme(b' "' is a crusade to mut tliose sinister forces and wreclc the Underworld. He pledt^es himself to ri_i:;ht until the American peo])le are freed : — Tlie United States is tlie most prosperous matioii on earth. To pr-ove it one lias lint to show that while there are nations so pi-osperous that their people are rich and ha))i)y, none has so great a na.tural base of prosperity as the Uiiiteil Sta.tes. For instance, Germany — our closest pros- perity conipcititor— is a mighty nation. Tlie Cierman pe tive possihilities of Germany and the United States is told in a sentence: One square mile in Germany must furnish existence for three hundred and ten people and as a matter of fact it does give them a splendid e.xistence — while in this country one square mile is called iiiixm to support only twenty-five people. In the United States the very rich are few, comparatively few — the poor many. Ten thousand of the first and ninety- nine million nine hundred and ninety tlin"Sand of the last. The very few are coii,tiiiually growing richer, and the many poorer. The people know that the ten thousand whii jiossess three-fourths of all the wealth of the country will nevei' \oluntarily share it with the peojile from whom it has been pillaged, but that, on the contrary, the few are using il and will continue to use it to prevent the people from tak- ing it away from them. I-'arther on in his article ^fr. Fawson gives parti- culars anent what he terms "the big e\'il," paiti- culars which will be a surprise to the man in the street, unacquainted with the outs and ins of fntance and to looking at linancial affairs from the j>oint of \-iew of an inside man like Thomas Fawson : — The capital of the many, after it gets into savings banks. is employed by the national banlis and trust companies — very important cogs in the System's pillaging machinery— in the same way as the billions belonging to the few, to the ten thousand who have accumulated and are possessed of their one hundred billion's of the nation's one hundred and thirty-one billions of tO'tal wealth. That is, it is loaned, or supposed to be loaned, back to the people, and by them, employed in the conduct of their affairs. .1.* a iiKittcr of fact, the larger port of the savinijg' of the lieoplv (lepogited in savinos banks is indirectly — by o roundubou process — horroired hy the System at four and a (juarter to four and three-quarters per cent., and by them, used to (■(irn for t}ie feu- thirt y-eight per cent. Forty years ago_ the many who owned the deposits in s.ivings banks received from such savings four per cent, yearly; that is, if the amount" then had been what it is to-day — five billions of dollars — ^they vkfould have received two hundred millions. Yet u-hat they received forty years ago had a i)urcha.tnct — we can command the pick of the lo'>ins. the finest cloth there is, and are able to supply yon at tirst cost. HEAVY OVERCOATS, Heaver, Mellon, or Fleece Cloth, double o single breasted, with deep storm coll.T- and h-'t. made to yonr ovvn m asurements, from 24-/- to 4.4-'-. (^).iality, cut. and finish guaranteed; miny styles and patterns ta chouse from. CLOTH :— If preferred, we supply 'h- cloth only, from 3 - to 8 6 per yard. Vonr (mn tail'i cin in ikc it up. OUR GUARANTEE:— Vour money will be instantly refunded if, on in- spection, you are not sat sfied. Forei^a and Colonial Orders receive LSpecial Attention. PATTERNS:— Send a postcard to-day I..1 free range and self- chai t. mea-Ui(-iiiciit GROVES & LINDLEY, 70, Lion Buildings, HUDDERSFIELD. I AOIES V. HO APPRECIATE PARiS FASHIONS ^h'lil'i 111, ike It a |iiiint tM vi^it HATE NEWTON, - 151, 153, - '^^ ■II,- ^> , GREAT PORTLAND ST., LONDON, W. Che Roustj^par (xcellcnc?, for pro- cur ins the JaUst Paris and Uienna model 6own$ of enthralling beauty and hi9h-cla$$ workman bip at genuine Bargain Pricet. By exclusive arrangement with Maison VVonli, Doucet. Drecoll, Beer. Boue, Sixiir. GrunwaUlt. and other premier coutnrieres and furriers, M dame Newton is enaliled to ofler their world-f.iinoub creations at a fraction of the original prices. Uay and Evening (iowns. Tailor-mades, and Theatre ( oats (each different and bearing the mark of individuality of the respective house) in a bewildering range, l-'ur Garments in Sable and less costly Furs at much reduced prices. ^Sfc-"" ..-^ - W liDDING GOWNS AND TROUS- SEAUX A SPECIALITY. Chic. Qual.ty and Value combined. - IT WILL PAY YOU TO CALL. - Tnjjrjen^t a$e$ any number of gowns can be altered to fit in less than a . hours, on our own premises. KATE NEWTON {Five minutes walkftoin Ox/or.l Circim.) London, W. 151 and 153 GREAT PORTLAND ST is made in PESCO ALL WOOL ANI» SILK AND WOOL UNDERWEAR a Factory devoted exclusively to high-class Woollens, The fact that every garincnt produced in this factory is absolutely genuine and dependable is good reason why you should never go beyond the PESCO tnake. In the PESCO factory, faUed quaHties are luver made for sake of price, cheap wool is never used alongside the good - tiic highest and best only are atteinpted and achieved. This means absolute satisfaction with PESCO Underwear is a foregone conclusion. This guarantees to every wearer comfort, protection, durability and the absence of risk in any PESCO purchase. Shrunken Garments are Replaced, * PESCO for Ladies, Gentlemen and children is obtainable in every size, every shape and every texture of Wool and Silk and Wool, each };arment beinj< anatomically shaped free from rouj^h seams, strengthened at parts liable to strain, and stamped with the PESCO ma; k without which none is s^cnuin.'. IVrite to-day for patterns of PESCO sent free with interesting booklets and names of local Agents. DREW BH':S., York House, 52-54, York Street, Sydney. DREW BROS., 251-.33, t lindcrs Lane, Melbourne. M CSC Ol -w 594 The Review of Reviews, But this six and a third times, owing to high cost of liv- ing, has been cut in half measured by its purchasing power, or to three and a sixth times as much as forty years ago. Tliis means that the incomes of the many and of the few, whicli were 100 per cent, and 150 per cent re- spectively forty years ago, are to-day 50 per cent, and 475 per cent, respectively. The remedy for this is drastic and Socialistic, and Mr. Lawson urges with force his new device, whicli, once it is working, will absolutely destroy all trusts and kindred devices by .which the few pillage the many : — Here is a frank statement of wha.t we propose to do; the Remedy is in two sections. The first is the destruction of the hig evil — and the hig Ci-il is a gigantic, sure-thing rjamhling device "by which the people are annually roihed of between two and three til- lion dollars. This device is— and must he, to he effective — worked through the Stock Exchange. Therefore, the pur- pose of our work is the closing up of tlte Stock Exchange — its closing so far as gamhling is concerned. After the gambling end of the Stock Exchange has been destroyed, aud in its pla<;6 there is an honest and useful institution entirely devoted to the legitimate business of keeping the capitalist's wealth and the people's savings in- vested in the billions of stocks and bonds which truly re- present the legitimate industries of the nation, we will bri-ng our Second Section — an entirely new device, through which all of the people's industries ivill he conducted in the future. STRAIGHT FROM "AULD REEKIE." Something Characteristically Scotch. We will send, postage paid, a packet of our famous National Scotch Shortbread made up in varioui formt and lizes, as follows : — "NATIONAL" Shortbread - - - 1/7 2/8 and 3/10 " 5 O'CLOCK " Shortbread in biscuits - 1/4 l/IO and 2/5 "ORNAMENTED" Shortbread in tins 3/6 5/6 8/3 and 11/6 All as pure as they are delicious. SEND Is. FOR AN ASSORTED TRIAL PACKET. As one of the leading makers in Scotland, established since 1861, we make only Shortbread of the highest quality, £ind have a world-wide reputation for excellence. A. BITCHTE & SON, 24 Princes Street (opposite Waverley Station), Edinburgh, Scotland. REMARKABLE PAPER. You can now take up to 18 copies at one operation on most Typewriters with CVRO Carbon Paper. In addition to siving: so many clear permanent copies, it is as clean to handle as a sheet of parchment. Send 1/6 for Sample Dozen Sheets. State Typewriter. FARQUHARSON BROS. (Sole Makers In Scotland), GLASGOW. GUARANTEED FADELESS THE NX^IDE WORLD OVER ..Jt JestinxMals INDIA CANADA SOUTH AFRICA SIRAITS SETTLEMENTN etc -■-^^v-«-.»- m r-^-:- Durban . ' Natal, ' South Africa. Sirs. ' 1 am simply delighted with ihe Durobelle fabrics I have obtained from you. ■ The curtains have now been hanging for over a year exposed to the direct l»ght and heat of the fierce South African sun. and the colours remain perfect. Even the pale blue, which almost always fades very quickly in this country, is as fresh in the Durobelle as when it was bought. I shall be pleased to show the curtains to any enquirers in this town if you will refer them lo me. (Signed) • (Mrs.) LG.H.M.' ^f Whether Durobelle fabrics are sold for use in the country or seaside homes of England, the villas of the Riviera, or the bungalows of the tropics, Allen's unique guarantee to replace free if colour fades is not modified or qualified in the least degree tff The Durobelle casement curtain and covering materials offer to connoisseur and economist alike the world's finest selection of exquisite colourings and useful textures ^IT Patterns will be loaned free upon receipt of request siat ng ^^ requirements, and readers are invited lo write for a complimentary copv of the beautiful Allen catalogue, "My Lady's Home. " fully describing and illustrating the unique Allen specialities. Please mention Review of Reviews." CURRENT DUROBELLE PRODUCTIONS Casement Cloths in 12 se// colours, 31 in.,9id., 1/3 yd.; SO in.. Uid.to22. Heps and Tuill Sheetings. 50 in., 1/lli, 2/2, 2/6. 31 ill. Linens, 1 IH aiirf 2 6i. 50 in. Curtain Damasks, 3/3; Mercerised Potln the opening of the Panama Canal. The chief object of the mission, howexer, was the examination of the ]>orts in the Pacific. The substitution of oil for coal may increa.se the period of action of ships, but the time required for crossing the Pacific is too long for ships to accomplish the A'oyage without break. Ports and coal are still necessary and a country comparativelv improductive may attain wonderful i)rosperitv if it happens to be situated on an important maritime route. As it is doubtful whether the P'rench Cham- ber would gi\e the millions to create a modern port in the Pacific, the writer suggests that a comjxany should be farmed, guaranteed by the State, to carry SOLELY OBTAINABLE FROM SamueTBrotlier^ 65 & 67, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON, E.G., Of from Country Agents (List on request.) ESTABLISHED 80 YEARS. R/1INCOAT€ P The Review of Reviews, :.97 PEDIGREES & ARMS (EngUsha Foreign.) Mr. CuUeton traces pedigrees of middle class as well as landed families, with proofs from public records. Upon his collection of references to Pedigrees and Arms ^lO.OOJ have been spent during 70 years. Unguify letters answered without eliarge. LEO CULLETON, 92 Piccadilly. London. Culleton's Heraldic Office for the artistic production of Heraldic painting and engraving. Seals for corporations, private seals, signet rings, dies for nott-paper, book plate- , heraldic stained glass, memorial brasses. E - graving and designing for all inirposes. 92 Piccadilly, London. ^«^. rmm- •s A REMEDY OF LONG STANDING Tried, true, aiul always to be relied on. gives instant reliel in Astlima, and is of y^reat value in Bronchitis and Wlioopini^ Coui^h. 1/ ' ef tin ♦"rom Chemists, or post free 1 from J. HIt«KS- MAN. Chemist. Carluke. Triai pack itie Tree NOW READY. Pri.e Bd. ; by post "d. ADKIEL'S ALMANAC and Ephemeris for 1913. General Predictions, Forecasts ot Seasons and Stor n Periods. 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