At LU V)l 4Z **~ ■ X -• M° r Registered at the UP. P.. Melbourne, for transmission bv yost as_ a iiejV3j3a£erJ_ Reciew of Reviews, 20/2/06. Che IMeil Carter Automatic 0atc. and yet most any part of TJT7ITHOUT contradiction this Gate is the Simplest W thoroughly efficient Automatic Gate yet offered in the world. From a buggy seat or horseback the gate may be opened even by a child, without the possibility of failure in action. Send to us for Catalogue of Gates and Fences. THE GYGLONE FENCE & GATE CO., Detail of U FRANKLIN STREET. MELBOURNE. We Sell the Finest Child's Book in the World. It is . . . CHILDREN'S BOOK. It is prepared at the London Punch Office. It is strongly bound, is filled with fine illustra- tions and splendid leiterpress. It will give the children endless delight. The cut gives an idea of what it looks like from the outside. It cannot be got in Australia except through us. WHAT WILL YOU BUY THE CHILDREN AS A BIRTHDAY PRESENT? You couldn't do better than buy a Mr. Punch's Children's Book. It measures loin, x Sin. Has white and bright red cover. The price is only 6/'** posted. Cut this out and send with it 6/ in Stamps, Postal Notes or Money Order — whichever is most convenient. "The Review of Reviews," Equitable Building, Melbourne. I enclose 6 stamps, in Money OrtW. Poitaf Nom Please 9cnd by return mail a AIR. Name PUNCH'S CHILDREN'S BOOK. A-l-'r-ss Febntarn 20, 190S. The Review of Reviews. i. Minneapolis Journal.] The Dirty Boy. UNCLE SAM: "Here's a boy been playing in Wall- street. I want you to clean him up. CONGRESS: " Yes, he is dirty, but you see I can't do it, as I haven't the right sort of soap." d? BEST PRESENT FOR BOYS ! THE WONDERFUL WIZARD GY-ROTARY TOP. Onerpull. Then it spins in any position — upside down, slanting, at right angles to pedestal, along the floor, or runs along a wire. Only Is. < carriage paid), complete with Pedestal, String, and full directions. Send Postal Note or Stamps. Our Catalogue Free. Star Novelty Co., 229-231 Collins-st., Melb. THE ZOBO. ANYONE CAN PLAY IT. A Baby with the Voice of a Giant. . 6d. Each (is. 8d. post fiee) ; 2 for 3s. The Zobo is a new invention, made on the same principle as the Kazoo. It has a rawhide disc on the inside, and by singing in and against this disc wonderful music is produced. Anyone can play any tune up<>n it ; imitates, fowls, bagpipes, animals, etc. Very popular w.th singing clubs and societies ZOBO BRASS CORNETTO A more unique merry-making and fascinat- ing little novelty would be exceeding- ly hard to find. It possesses real merit. It is an intensely amusing ar- ticle for adults as well as for children. It is no' a mere toy, as many might suppose, being substantially constructed and easily operated. The sweet and varied tones possible to be produced with this little device are incredible. No tune ever composed that cannot be accurately produced. It is just the thing for duets, quartettes, chorus, carnivals, masquerades, serenades, parades, etc. It may be accompanied with various other instruments with very pleasing effects, and never fails to make a hit. Remember, that if you do not obtain satisfactory results the first minute, it is no fault of the instrument. Read over the directions, and persist a little, when you will be delighted with the results. Best article to be had for the money. DIRECTIONS.— Place the stem against the lips, or hold between the teeth as in the act of smoking. Simply HUM the air of any tune int.' the stem. DO NOT BLOW. The tones thus produced resemble those of various nstruments, such as the Cornet. Clarionet, Saxophone, Bagpipes, etc. Star Novelty Co., 229-231 Collins-st., Melbourne. (Mention this paper.) . For the VOICB, THROAT, ItlTNGS. Their Antiseptic Properties prevent abnormal fermentation of the food, and are thus helpful In Indigestion and Dyspepsia. Sold by all Chemist* Tins, i 6, or post free on receipt of stamps, any province, from the SOLE MANUFACTURER, G. HUDSON, Chemist, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. SYDNEY DEPOT— 5 and 7 Queen's Place. Agencies in all the Australian States and New Zealand. LONDON AGENT— W. F. Pasmore, Chemist, 320 Regent Street, W. A. The Larynx, or organ -t voice. B. The Trachea, or windpir « C The Bronchial Tubes of > dissected lung. D. A lobe of one of the lasts For mutual advantage, when you write to an advertiser, piease mention the Review of Reviews. 11. The Review of Reviews. February tO, 1906. EDITORIAL. I shall be pleased to receive contributions from " Review " readers. The keenest interest has been which have lately appeared. The questions relating suggestions thereon so varied that there is no fear of also to receive short comments from readers, express aspect of any of the questions discussed. Very many contribution of Professor Nanson on Preferential ing Problem, both in the January " Review of Much interest has also been shown in the articles More of these are in store for our readers. I again thank those who last month sent names of Reviews." Sample copies have been sent on to them, will send on names. writers of authority upon any subject of interest to manifested by them in the articles on Social Reform to this particular subject are so numerous, and the the interest therein being exhausted. I shall be glad ing, in a nutshell, their views upon any particular appreciative notes have come regarding the luminous Voting, and Mr. Meggy's suggestive one on the Hous- Reviews." on Australasian Industries and Scenic Wonders. friends likely to be interested in " The Review of I shall be obliged to others of our subscribers who W. H. Judkins. FOR A PERFECT COMPLEXION USE , Florentine Beauty Sachets « i ft ;■< x 8 % 2 » h 8 Refreshing. Soothing, Clearing and Beautifying. Banishes Black- heads, Acne, Moth Patches and Discolorations ; Removes Tan and Sunburn and Ameliorate.-, Freckles ; cures Redness, Roughness, Pimples and Abrasions and Speedily Removes the most Obstinate Wrinkles. A Wonderful Magnifying Complexion Mirror Free LADIES are invited to trv the Celebrated Florentine Beauty Satchets. We will post to any address & fall size Sachet on receipt of Threepence to pay postage. With it we will send the Ladies' Book entitled "Health, Beauty and Fascination." absolutely without charge. The Florentine Beauty Sachets are composed of the most delicate ingredients, that are certified by the British Board of Pharmacy to be highly beneficial to the complexion and perfectly harmless to the most tender skin. When trouble.! with black- heads or suffering from sunburn the Sachets will be found marvellously cleansing and soothing. There is no other preparation that will so speedily allay redness and irritation of the skin. The Sachets are delightfully perfumed and impart a natural bloom and velvety softness to the complexion. The manner of application is very simple and pleasant, and each Sachet may be used several tinv s. Full ditenions are printed on the wrappers. A box con- taining Six Sachets will he posted to any address on rereipt of a postal note for 2s. 6d., and with each order received from a new customer who mentions this paper we will present absolutely free one of the WONDERFUL MAGNIFYING COMPLEXION MIRRORS the very latest invention for closely examining the skin and criticallv watching the effect of the improvement of the complexion. You should or.ier at ome. as we may withdraw this special offer without notice. The Florentine Beauty Sachets are obtainable only from The Union Manufacturing &. Agency Co., 359 and 361 Collins Street, Melbourne. Esperanta Klubo. Melbourne. Legantoj de la artikoloj aperigitaj antau nelonge en la " Review of Reviews " estos interesataj sciigante ke Esperanta Klubo ekzislas en Melbourno, kaj oni petas ke interesatojn korespondu kun la Sekretario au Prezidanto, adrese 25 Rathdown Street, Carlton. Melbourne Esperanto Club. Readers of recent articles in " The Review of Reviews " will be interested to learn that an Esperanto Club exists in Melbourne, and those interested are requested to correspond with the Secretary or President, at 25 Rathdown Street, Carlton. February SO, 1906. The Review of Reviews, in. 1 (JURISTS, TRAVELLERS AND HOLIDAY MAKERS IN OR FUSSING THROUGH MELBOURNE. Yo should shop with the following Firms. You can depend on getting the Best Goods at the Most Reasonable Prices. Make a note of the Firms in your Pocket-Book :— FRANCIS LONGMORE & CO., Melbourne's Popular CHEMISTS. Prescription Drug Stores. Best Stocked Emporium of Rare Medicines in Australasia. . 185 & 187 BOURKE STREET, MELBOURNE. ...ARTISTIC PORTRAITURE... THE BURLINCTON STUDIOS, 294 BOURKE STREET, MELBOURNE (Opposite Cole's Book Arcade). m Phone 3361. Appointments Booked. Popular Prices VALAZE. Dr. Lykuski's Celebrated Russian Skin Food. Eradicates Freckles Wrinkles, Sallowness, Sunburn, Blackheads, Acne, Pimples, Roughness, and all Blemishes and Eruptions of the Skin, rendering it Soft, White and Transparent. Price 3s. 6d. and 6s.; posted, 6d ixtra. All Chemists or HELENA RUBINSTEIN & CO., 274 Collins Street, Melbourne. "GUIDE IO BEAUTY" FREE if you mention this paper. AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHERS Can have their Pictures Carefully Developed and Printed, and obtain all Photo. Supplies and Accesso. ies from BAKER & ROUSE Propty. Ltd., Sole Australian Agents for KODAK Limited, " The Block," 284 Collins Street, Melbourne. C/) TRAVELLERS SHOULD CARRY «* A re if) 1 a. E re +■» C/3 «_3 <"M I o Q- ««i*9i IMPERIAL °INTMEHT 3 3 -a yt9 2 2 CURES <» 22. V The Review of Reviews for Australasia is far and away the best Monthly Paper published in Australasia. It is not only the busy man's and woman's paper, but the best paper that the man or woman of leisure can buy. As no other paper does, it gives, month by month, a resume of the world's doings, and the best thoughts of its best writers. r* Uo the SKanager, \Jhe Sieview of Sleview& for Jiustralasia, Squilable Siuilding, Sflelbournt. Please send me the Slcview of Sleview* for Jiustralasia for twelve month*, beginning ._ for which S enclose eight shillings and sixpence. Dlame \ 5Kr». \ Jlddress Safe ►•♦©♦•♦•♦•♦•♦•♦•♦©♦•♦•♦•♦•♦•♦•♦©♦•♦•♦•♦•♦•♦•♦•♦©♦•♦©♦•♦•♦•♦•♦•♦•♦••* IT. The Review of Reviews. February 20, 190B. To. TOURISTS AND TRAVELLERS IN SYDNEY. You should shop with the following Firms. You can depend on getting the Best Goods at the Most Reasonable Prices. Make a note of the Firms in your Pocket-Book: — & WILLIAM FARMER & CO., •^Mi^J Diamond Merchants. Goldsmiths, Silversmiths. Are making a Magnificent Exhibit of Peautiful JEWELLERY from England, America, and Paris, at their Showrooms. 30 HUNTER ST., SYDNEY, which is well worthy of inspection. Diamond and Jewelled Orna- ments, Sil\er and Silver-plated Ware Gem Rings. Necklets, Bangles, NEW ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE POST FREE. " MANHATTAN," Tea and Luncheon Rooms, EQUITABLE BUILDINCS, GEORGE ST., SYDNEY. Lunches, Afternoon Tea. Lounge and Smoke Rooms. 'Phone 3365. Hours from 10 a.m. Proprietress : MRS. I. L. HARTE. Charles Gtbh & ( Jo., Ophihatmic Opticians, 6 HUNTER STREET. SYDNEY: SPECIALITIKS : SCIENTIFIC SIGHT TESTING. EXPERT SPECTACLE MAKING HOLIDAY MAKERS! Look at Page vi. of Advertisements in this issue. FURS AND CURIOS. TJost dt Jtohu, Taxidermists. Furriers, Tanners & Curio Dealers, 6-10 & 12 MOORE ST. (ne.r o.p.o.I. SYDNEY. Largest Collection in Australia. Museum and Showrooms. Inspection Invited. 'PtlOfie 2196. DAVID JONES & CO., Opposite G.P.O., SYDNEY. DRAPERS, CLOTHIERS, FURNISHERS. 7\Her Travelling - = - Did vou ever trv having your Clothes CLEANED or DYED ? It will save you a good amount of cash in your tailor's or dressmaker's account. ROGERS BROS., Steam & French Cleaners and Dyers, 181 Oxford St. & 775 George St. (opp.Christ Church), Ring up Telephone l!t.'>4. SYDNEY. Under Vice-Regal ^^^Ms Patronage. MISS VAN BRAKKEL, Ladies' Hairdresser and Dermatologist, Only Address : 20* the strand, sydnby. Tails. Fringes. Transformations. NATURAL HAIR PADS from One Guinea. Hair Dveing a Speciality All Tourists Requisites Stocked. HOLIDAY MAKERS! Look at Pages viii., ix. and x. of Advertisements in this issue. A PAMPHLET ON INFANT FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT (48 pages) FREE. ^!ailenburgs Foods. The "Allenburys" Foods give Strength and Stamina, and supply all that is required for the formation of firm flesh and bone. They promote perfect health, and give freedom from digestive troubles and the disorders common to children fed on farinaceous foods, condensed milk, or even cow's milk ALLEN & HANBURYS Ltd., LONDON, and Bridge & Loftus=sts., SYDNEY. Wtbruary 30, 1906. The Review of Reviews. f5 =- fmm Minneapolit Journal.'] Cutting Communications. Russia : " I guess this will fix the Little Father a plenty." notism ft I ^^Jm\. I Reader, why not be able to use the I /mam m\ Irnost mysterious mil powerful tone of I i^H^A J nature? By my method you can learn < Kg V ( to Hypnotize in a tew hours time, with- ■^mW I lout leaving your home. You can i-er- iorm all the many marreHous feats that are possible to the Hypnotist. , Through Hypnotism you can cure disease ' conquer pain; win reluctant affection, gratify your amhitionB, and produce amusement by the hour. It costs you nothing to find out all about it. I have Just issued in book form a mammoth illustrated LESSON or Key to Hypnotism, which fully explains the mysteries and secrete of the Art, ~It contains ' hundreds of beautifuTand artistic engravings, and is the most elaborate And expensive thing of the kind ever published. For a short time I will send this magnifi- cent work FREE, sealed on receipt of 6d- (stamps) to cover postage. Order to-day and learn to Hypnotize. It is a chance of a liie-time. Address — ■ Prof. R. n, BARRADEN, 89 Pitt Street, Sydney, N.S.W. These Natural Home Cures Of the Most Successful Hygienic Non-Drug Physicians of the World, are guaranteed to Cure a Greater Proportion of Cases Treated than al' other systems, at a fraotion of their cost- Particulars free bv Post. Proprietor,;: ACETOPATHIC INSTITUTE. ROYAL PARADE, PARKVILLE. MELBOURNE. 1§YM]SGT^ Edinburgh CO ttal* SENCE! of :*/ a cup or Delicious * momenl3 not Tho? Symington & Co •EDINBURGH & LONDON*' *t The Spectator ff Is the Organ of the Methodist Church in Victoria and Tasmania. It is a Live, Bright, Up-to-Date Journal. Sold at 8s. Sd. per annum {IOs. lOd. posted). The late Rev. E. S. Bickford wrote concerning it as follows : — " The Spectator has become one of the very beit religious papers published in Australasia. It is now possible to recommend it with confidence, not only to the Methodists but to Christians of all denominations. For whilst its chief aim is to serve the Methodist Church in Victoria and Tas- mania, it is free from everything parochial and sectarian, and gives a generous recognition to our sister churches. Every person in the colonies who aspires to be an intel- ligent Methodist, must read its columns." PRINTING Of all Descriptions is undertaken and executed with Accuracy and Promptitude. T. W. RASHLEIGH, 270 Post Office Place, Melbourne. For mutual advantage, when you write to am advertiser, please mention the Review of Reviews VI The Review of Reviews. February to, 1906. READING FOR THE HOME. A GOOD NOVEL IS A NECESSITY FOR HARD WORKERS. You can't be Working Day and Night. You need some Relaxation. Nothing gives Relaxation like a Good Novel. 1 CHARLES O'MALLEY; Charles Lever's stirring romance, tell- ing of the adventures of an Irish officer in the Napo- leonio Wars. t CONINGSBY ; one of the most famous works of the states- man novelist, Lord Beaconsfield. 3. BEN HUR; perhaps the most realistic story of the time of Christ. A stirring tale of fighting and love by General Lew Wallace. 4. TJtE SJ^VRLET LETTER; Nathaniel Hawthorne's master- piece. Tells of the stern, early Puritan doings in America. 6. ALDERSYDE ; a charming story of the Scottish border, written most graphically by Annie S. Swan. 6. NEOMI: THE BRIGAND'S DAUGHTER; the title explains it- self. The novel is one of the most popular of that popular writer, S. Baring-Gould. 7. UNCLE TOM'S CABIN. An epoch making book, by Mrs. H. Beeoher-Stowe. A tale of the slave days in America. 8. THE FIFTH FORM OF ST. DOMINICS: one of the best stories of school days in England. Bright, having plenty of inoident. By T. Barnes Reed. 9. THE SCHONBERG - COTTA FAMILY ; the best of the many charming works of Mrs. E. Rundle Charles. 10. THE HOUR AND THE MAN; Harriet Martineau's graphic description of the founding of the first negro Republic in San Domingo. 11. ROBERT FALCONER. Of the many stirring novels of George MacDonald, this has been universally adjudged the best. 12. INNOCENTS ABROAD For genuine humor no one can surpass Mark Twain, and in this book he is at his best. No one who wishes to have a hearty laugh should miss read- ing it. 1 THE EARTHLY PARADISE; by William Morris. Stories from. this great masterpiece of one of the greatest of present- day pools, told in prose with copious extracts in verse, by special permission of the author. 2 THE KtiOLDSBY LEGENDS, by Thomas Ingoldsby (Rev. R. H. Barham), who easily holds first place as master of En f;li si i humorous rhyme. 3. CHIL E HAROLD'S PILGRIM GE. The book contains the second portion of Lord Byron's greatest masterpiece. It is more popular than the first, as it deals with the poet's wandering in better known lands. i. POEMS OF LIBERTY. PROGRESS & LABOUR, oy John Greenleaf- Whktier, the Quaker poet of America. He has been callel the Poet Laureate of the Suffrage 5 WHIT lER'S POEMS, contains his autobiographical poems and selections from the verses he wrote against slavery. 6 THE LADY OF THE LAKE, by Sir Walter Scott, is probably the- best known romantic poem of the English language. 7. LEGENDS AND BAllAOS A selection of the best known legends and ballads in the English tongue. 8 ST. GEORGE AND THE DRAGON That portion of Spencer's Faerie Queene which tells of the adventures of the Red Cross Knight. 9 THE CANTERBURY TALES, in which Geoffrey Chaucer tells of a pilgrimage from London to Canterbury five cen- turies ago. 10. T.iE PLEASURES OF HOPE, and other poems, by Thomas Campbell. The Scottish poet is chiefly known by his battle poems. The Battle of the Baltic, Hohen linden 11. THE POEMS OF JOHN .EATS. This "Poet ot Be tuty " lived! but 25 years, and yet he was one of the greatest poets of the 19th century. All his best masterpieces are in- cluded in the volume. 12 IRISH M-LO IES and other poems, by the greatest of Irish poets, Thomas Moore. TWELVE NOVELS for Is. 4d. £•..-« m stamps). TWELVE POETS for Is. 4d. as. 5d. m stamps > ALL EXCELLENT READING. Send only Is. 4d. (is. sd. if stamps , and the twelve novels or the twelve poets will be sent you by return. For 2s. 6d. the whole library of twenty-four volumes will be sent, post free. THE MANAGER, "The Review of Reviews," Equitable Building, Melbourne. February SO, 1906. The Review of Reviews, vu. GOOD HAIR FOR ALL. /0<^ Minneapolis Journal.'] Trials of the Baldheaded Man. What John D. needs is a larger wig. HOLLAND'S MARVELLOUS HAIR RESTORER Has gained a world-wide reputation for arresting the prema- ture decay, promoting thr growth, and giving lustre to th« hair. If your hair is falling off, try it. If it is thin, try it. Prlc* 3s., <&»-, S»- Postage 9d. extra. HOLLAND'S PARASENE, For Eczema, Ringworm, and all Parasitical Diseases of th« Head, and for making Hair grow on Bald Patches. Price 5s Postage 9d. extra. HOLLAND'S NATURALINE, for restoring Grey Hair to its original colour. Acts quickly, naturally, and effectively. Price 5/6. Postage 9d. extra. Consult E. HOLLAND for all Diseases of the Hair. Sold by all Chemists and by Washington Soul a Co., Pitt-st., Sydney. E. HOLLAND, Hair Specialist, 195 COLLINS STREET. MELBOURNE. i->w\VAyL\a->«y>w7AVOTiro- 't\\, -en i mnwwy/B /n«nTOnB«Mmmm/iimiMmvji«mBBnBin\v BEN GER's food for INFANTS, INVALIDS, and the AGED BENGER'S FOOD is distinguished by the ease with which it can be digested and absorbed, and is quite different from any other food obtainable. Sold in tins by Chemists, etc., everywhere. &zmzs^%fmxmiii For 1/6 Posted, "The British Houses of Parliament." This is a collection of Nineteen Beautiful Permanent Photographs, some of the most exquisite we ■have seen, together with a Descriptive Sketch. A finer Descriptive Booklet of these Historic Houses in such small compass could not be imagined. Send is. 6d. either in Stamps or Postal Note, and it will be sent you by return mail. It is just the thing to lie on a side table for visitors to look at. Send to "Th: Review of Reviews," Equitable Building, Melbourne. viii. Ihe Review of Reviews. February to. im. LONDON PUNQH. NOW PUBLISHED IN AUSTRALIA. LONDON PUNCH is by far the finest humorous paper in the world. Its humour is of a high order, and a constant reading of its pages is like 2 perpetual mental tonic. Its Political Cartoons are noted all over the world, and its Social Cartoons are of the highest order of excellence. It has on its staff some of the Best Black-and-White Artists in the world. Arrangements have now been made to publish it in Australasia from the Equitable Building. It may be procured at all news-agents for LONDON PUNCH. 3d. L0ND0N PUNCH- It will be sent if desired from London Punch Office, Equitable Building, Melbourne, Post Free, for the sum of 15s. 9d. in Victoria, and 18s. in other States and New Zealand. These prices include the Punch Almanack. CUT THIS OUT. LONDON PUNCH OFFICE, EQUITABLE BUILDING, MELBOURNE. Please send me, Post Free, London Punch for 12 months, and the Punch Almanack when the latter is published. I enclose ,'§[? (// Cheques are sent, please add Exchange.) Name Address LJtLtC «»m ■— •— •— •••••••••••« •»* February SO, 1906. The Review of Reviews. IX. A REAL GOOD INVESTMENT. none: better than a fioliday SpennnRew Zealand. When Australia's Heat is Oppressive, New Zealand's Climate is Cool and Pleasant. IF YOUR HEALTH REQUIRES RESTORING, a Visit to New Zealand's Mineral Water Spas will put you right. Three and a-half Days' Bracing Sea Trip. Large passenger steamers. Comfortable hotels. Low tariffs. Cheap travel. Remember that Maoriland has more Scenic Beauties and Thermal Wonders than any other Country — Spouting Geysers, mud volcanoes, boiling springs and lakelets, and steaming walls of rock. Beautiful Cool Blue Lakes, with magnificent environment of forest and fern. The great Southern Alps, with their sparkling glaciers and gorgeous Alpine flora. The Fiordland National Park, with its towering mountain peaks, deep cool canyons and countless waterfalls. Sport for the Angler, whipping hundreds of clear rivers and streams alive with large fighting uout. (Season, October to April.) Sport for the Stalker hunting wild red and fallow deer in forest and on the upland. (Season, March to May.) Fertile Lands, Beautiful Homes, bountiful harvests of grain and fruit, and myriads of herds and flocks on evergreen pastures. FULL INFORMATION SUPPLIED FREE. WRITE TO . . T. E. DONNE,^^ Superintendent Department of Tourist and Health Resorts, Wellington, N.Z. The Review of Reviews, February iO, 1906'. HEARNE'S BRONCHITIS CURE THK FAMOUS REMEDY For Has the Largest Sale of any Chest Medicine In Australll COUGHS, BRONCHITIS, ASTHMA AND CONSUMPTION. Those who have taken this medicine are amazed at its wonderful influence. SuBerers from any form of Bronchitis, Cough, Difficulty Breathing Hoarseness, Pain or Soreness in the Chest, experience delightful and immediate relief ; and to those who are subject to Colds on Chest it is invaluable, as it effects a Complete Cure It is most comforting in allaying irritation in the throat and giving strength to the vol and it neither allows a Cough or Asthma to become Chronic, nor Consumption to develop. Consumption has never been known 10 exist w " Coughs " have been properly treated with this medicine. No house should be without it, as, taken at the beginning, a dose is gene sufficient, and a Complete Cure is certain. ___________________^_ ®~ BEWARE OF COUGHS! Remember that every disease bat its commencement, and Consumptive Is no exception to this nils. HSTHMfl. Hay asTHMs A FIVE YEARS' CASE. AT TIMES VERY BAD INDEED. QUICKLY AND COMPLETELY CURED BY HEARNK'S BRONCHITIS AND ASTHMA CURE. Mr. Hearne. Dear Sir,— For five or six years I was troubled with asthma, at times very bad indeed. I was very ill just after Christmas, so sent to the local chemist for a bottle of your Bronchitis and Asthma Cure. I took the first dose on going to bed, and was not troubled that night. I finished the medicine, and have not had a touch of the asthma since. I tell everyone about it. M. MURRAY, Postmistress, Pampoolah, Manning River, N.S.W. BRONCHITIS AND HSTHMfl. A SYDNEY RESIDENT SUFFERED FOR OVER SIXTY YEAR3. SO BAD HE DARED NOT STIR. RELIEVED IN A FEW MINUTES BY HEARNE'S BRONCHITIS CURE. WOULD GIVE £50 FOR THE SAME BENEFIT RATHER THAN SUFFER. Mr. W. G. Hearne. Dear Friend,— Chronic Bronchitis I had from birth, and I am now 66 years old. Some time back I con- tracted Asthma, and for months I was so bad that any remedy that had previously relieved smothering was of no use to me. I was so bad that I dared not stir, and spent the worst night I ever had. When in a conver- sation, Mr. March, J.P., of Balmain, Sydney, kindly told me that a friend of his was using your Bronchitis Cure, and that it was good. So my sister bought me a bottle of it, and in a few mimites after taking the first dose I could breathe a little. The next day I was better, and kept getting better every day. To-day I am better than I have been for the last seven years. I took the medicine as directed, six bottles, and it cost me less than £1. I would give £50 for the same benefit rather than suffer as I did. Please make what use of this letter you think fit. If by so doing it would only cause one to get rid of this fearful complaint.— Yours faithfully, WILLIAM OANHAM, 108 Curtis Road, Balmain, Sydney. Mr. Hearne, Chemist. Sir, — I am thankful to say that the medicine you sent for Asthma has had a wonderful effect. I have not taken all the Bronchitis Cure, as I did not need it; therefore I send you my heartv good wishes for your future success. I myself will, for the benefit of others, make it known to all I know. I am 73 years of age. — Yours truly, JOHN BRAY, Alliance-street, Clunes, Victoria. A SEVERE ATTACK RELIEVED IN TEN MINUTES BY HEARNE'S BRONCHITIS CURE. THE EFFECT WAS WONDERFUL. Mr. W. G. Hearne. Dear Sir, — About three weeks ago, while in the vicinity of musty chaff, I gradually felt a difficulty to breathe. My nose began to run, and to all appearances I was developing a severe attack of Bron- chitis or Asthma. At last I could stand it no longer. I then tried your Bronchitis Cure, and its effect was- wonderful. In less than ten minutes I was all right again. Such a result, and so quick, astounded me. This is no exaggeration, I am pleased to sav.— Yours truly, S. H. MAYO, Meredith, Victoria. I was a bronchial subject for nearly 40 years, but have found Hearne's Bronchitis Cure a perfect remedy." H. EDHOUSE. J.P., Stawell Brewery, Stawell, Victoria. '* Your Bronchitis Cure is a splendid medicine. It is the best medicine I have ever used for Coughs, Oolda on the Chest, and Sore Throat." (Mrs.) JOHN McKENZIE, Werona, Victoria. " I suffered very much from Asthma for four years and tried lots of so-called cures without deriving any benefit. I got a bottle of your Bronchitis Cure, No. la, last Friday, and a bottle of your No. 2 Medicine, for obstinate Asthma, on Saturday. Since the first dose of your No. 2 Medicine, I have not had the wheezing at all." V. CAMERON, " Leongatha," Riversdale Road, Hawthorn, Melbourne. " Your Bronchitis Cure really acts like magic." (Mrs.) E. L. SYMES, Narracoorte Hotel, Narracoorte, South Australia. " As my purchases show, your remedies are increasing in sale. From time to time I hear people speaking about the good results obtained from them. Wishing you a very much enlarged sale and great prosperity," JOHN KING, Chemist, Ballarat. " I have purchased a small bottle of your Bronchitis Cure, and have only taken four doses, and am glad to tell you that I am cured." J WRIGHT, co Mr. D. McLean, Oamperdown, Victoria. " I was laid up for twelve months with Bronchitis, during which I tried many remedies, without success. I used two bottles of your Bronchitis Ou-re, and am now completely cured." JAMES WILLIAMS, Huntly Street, Elsternwick, Melbourne. HEARNE'S BRONCHITIS CURE-SMALL SIZE, 2/65 LARGE SIZE. Sold by Chemists and Medicine Vendors, and by the Proprietor, 4 6. W. G. HEARNE, CHEMIST, GEELONG, VICTORIA, Forwarded by Post to any Address when not obtainable locally. February to, 1906. Jhe RevjeW Qf ReVieWS. XI. WT- HAVE YOU TRIED ■* & SHOPPING BY POST? If you have not, study our advertisements, and write to our adver- tisers, and see whether they will not serve you as satisfactorily as if you shopped in person. Whether it be Machinery or Tea, Buggies or Hair Restorer, Gates or Biscuits, Patent Medicines or Books, that you require, write our Adver- tisers and test their goods. It is our wish that the advertisements in this magazine be read by its readers. "The Review of Reviews " is a high-class production, the best magazine of its class in Australasia, and we refuse to take advertisements from all and sundry. We discriminate between firms to whom we apply for advertisements. The appearance of an advertisement in "The Review of Reviews" is a proof that the firm advertising is a reputable one, and that its representations are genuine. We want readers of "The Review of Reviews" to have confidence in its advertisers. Write them, and try them ! BUY WELL-ADVERTISED GOODS. In recent years methods of shopping and purchasing have changed. Purchasers do not buy goods on chance, but they rely on the reputation of well-known, well-advertised brands. In this extensive advertising cus- tomers find security, for the msrit of an article is soon found out, and the thing not up to description goes down. Constant advertising of an article is therefore an excellent guarantee of that article's worth. Misrepresent a line of goods in advertising and it is as good as dead. The public will not be imposed upon. In a good-class magazine like "The Review of Reviews," advertisements can be relied on. The management exercises great care that none but reliable advertisements are accepted. Don't take chances in buying. Buy well-known goods advertised in our columns by our clients. "THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS FOR AUSTRALASIA." XII. The Review of Reviews. T*ru*ry M, 1906. <»fftfffffftfffrieffttfftfffffr&ffifffK&fftffffffftffKfffftffffftffK', Or m * • • * * ! I * * * 1 * i * • • * 5 * EVERY HOUSEHOLD AND TRAVELLING TRUNK OUGHT TO CONTAIN A BOTTLE Of ENO'S 'FRUIT SALT' 5 A SIMPLE REMEDY FOR PREVENTING AND CURING BY NATURAL MEANS All Functional Derangements of the Liver, Temporary Con- gestion arising from Alcoholic Beverages, Errors in Diet, Biliousness, Sick Headache, Giddiness, Vomiting, Heartburn, Sourness of the Stomach, Constipation, Thirst, Skin Eruptions, Boils, Feverish Cold with High Temperature and Quick Pulse, Influenza, Throat Affections and Fevers of all kinds. INDIGESTION, BILIOUSNESS. SICKNESS. &c— "I have often thought of writing to tell you what 'FRUIT SALT' has done for me. I used to be a perfect martyr to Indigestion and Biliousness. About six or seven years back my husband suggested I should try ' FRUIT SALT.' I did so, and the result has been marvellous. I never hare the terrible pains and sickness I uaed to have ; I can eat almost anything now. I always keep it in the house and recommend it to my friends, as it is such an invaluable pick-me-up if you have a headache, or don't feel just right. Yours truly (August 8, 1900)" Tho efTeot of ENO'S FRUIT SALT' on a Disordered Sleepless and Feverish Condition is simply marvellous. It is, In fact, Nature's Own Remedy, and an Unsurpassed One. CAUTION.— See Capsule marked Eno's "Fruit Salt.* Without it you have a Worthless Imitatiok. Prepared only by J. C. ENO, Ltd., at the 'FRUIT SALT' WORKS, LONDON, by J. C. ENO'S Patent. 1 3 5 1 f m ^a^^^a^^^J^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^*^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^***^^'-*^'^^---3^^'^^^^^-*^^^^ ■*---■*■* ^»^-*--*--^-*-**«o*««**o****** *»^- » ■ « * * I THE LION BRAND I defy all 1*0 approach it 0NFECTI0NE&. For mutual advantage, when you write to an advertiser, please mention the Review of Reviews. February SO, 199G. The Review of Reviews. XI II . Minneapolis Journal.} Reformed. LIFE INSUBANCE: "Oh, sir, you know I don't need that now. I've joined Mr. Rockfeller's Sunday school class." Accurate Arithmetic and Comfortable Computation. The RAPID RECKONER Multiplies and Divides in an Instant. Perfectly Simple and Simply Perfect ERROR IMPOSSIBLE. TN response to many requests we have imported a fresh stock of these Wonderful Rapid Reckoners, and w»f have fixtd the price at One Shilling each, including carriage to any address. Not more than one Reckoner will be sold to any peison ; dealers and agents cannot be supplied. The Rapid Reck- oner will relieve you of all the drudgery of intri- cate calculations. It multiplies and divides in an instant, and it so aimplifiea every computation that it becomes a pleasure instead of a task. A child can understand it. An error is absolutely impossible. If you mention this paper when ordering, we will pend with the It mad Reckoner absolutely free a Handy Pencil Case and a Box Xote of any State for One Shilling to Union Manufacturing & Agency Co., 299 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne. THE Young man's magazine A Literary Journal for Young Men. PUBLISHED MONTHLY. POST FREE, 3s. 6d. PER ANNUM. I rostal Bright, Interesting, Original, and Instructive Reading Matter. No House Where there is a YOUNG MAN should be without "THE YOUNG MAN'S MAGAZINE." Send Order to Editor, "Youno Man's Magazine." Box 322. Weilinjton.N.Z- DASPYL >■ Q- (0 < Q FOR ENGINEERS' AND PLUMBERS' BRASSWORK THE "DASPYL" BRAND WILL MEET ALL REQUIREMENTS FOR A SUPERIOR ARTICLE BOTH IN FINISH & QUALITY. MANUFACTURED IN AUSTRALIA BY JOHN DANKS & SON PROP. LTD., 391 BOURKE ST., MELBOURNE, AND SYDNEY. D > CO TJ -< ixdsva DIABETES, Manhu Diabetic Foods. (Starch Changed Preparations.) Are Effective, Inexpensive, Most Palatable. Manufactured by th« MANHU FOOD CO. Liverpool, England. All Particulars, Clinical Evidences, &c. from our Australian Representative, CHARLES E. HALL, 12 M'Killop-st., Melbourne. 1 3H WHAT IS CATARRH? CATARRH is inflammation of the lining mem- brane of the nose and adjoining passages. If this inflammation is not arrested it invades the passages which lead from the nose to 1 !he head, ears, throat and lungs. It injures 1 the sight and hearing, destroys the sense of L^/ ^^^g (asteand smell, renders me Dreatn onenstve, ^^m breaks down the affected tissues, consumes d o U 5 35 (21 me nasai carmagcs, ana rois away me small frontal bones of the skull. The discharge, passing through the lungs and stomach, causes dyspepsia, also consumption. Do you want relief and cure ? If so, try our gre»t remedy. RAMEY'S MEDICATOR cures Catarrh, Catar- rhal Deafness, Headache, Neuralgia, Coughs, Colds. Bronchitis, Asthma, Hay Fever, La Grippe, etc. Price, complete with 4 months' treatment by mail, 10s. Write for Booklet, free, or send order direct to Star Novelty Co., 219-231 Coiiins-st. Melbourne. XIV. The Review of Reviews, February SO, 1906. A HANDSOME PRESENTATION VOLUME ENTITLED BEAUTIFUL SONGS Both Old and New COMPLETE WITH MUSIC AND WORDS. Containing all the Old Favorites and the Masterpiece* of the Most Celebrated Modern Composers. A Veritable Treasukt orl Melody. Specially Suitable for a Birthday Gift or Wedding Present, THIS H.ndeome Volume contain! tk« molt com* prehensive collection of Popalar Music that has ever beeu complied. It eonuiti of 434 pages, .11.1 eompfUM io di« hanareai of Bongs, Duets iiid Pianoforte Pieces, the werleVreee»iied com- poser Dudley Back beteg respoaei*-. for the edit- ing ol the iijo.it- Every old faTorlte tane that «., deeply stirs the heart t.roagh lingering memo- riee of by-gone days will he fo«ud, aa well ae many if the mnii recent popalar tonga, pleeee and lacred ttlectloni. The volume is larithly lllue- trated with 21 exquisite fall page engraving!. iclndlng a flue froutiepiece portrait of Madame Melba. alio portrait! and biographical notice! of Patti. Niliion. Celvs and many ether tamoaa ingeri. There ii a valuable chapter, extending to 16 pages, entitled "How to Hag," and treating Instructively ot the management ef the voice, pro- nunciation, ernphait!, phrasing, the qualities of the voice, the compass of different voices, the proper course of leaching, methods of practice, U to YOU1 *gtrt *«. There are also very Interesting ehaptere relating to "Songs of the Sea." ••Historic and Patriotic Sony. Bongs," "Old Love Songs" and "Songs of the Church, I * *8/6 "Hrotch and Irish n which much qaaint fnforaatlon connected with the origins of many popular songs is given The boot . beautifully bound in fall clo'h, with marbled edgee. and it he. a therm- tald..lVnont"e cover ," delleat. tmt.and burni.h.d gold. It also contain, a taatefully engraved Presentation Plate earned out m several harmonious and effwtlve color. AltoKetl,er the volume is a Perfect Work of Art. and a won- derrcU bargain at 8 6. which lacladee .arriage to suy addr.es. To enable us to sell this very Handsome Volume at .uch a low price, we ordered a large number ,„',;, nubllshere and when our preeenl stock has been eold we shall not be ibU to supply any more under HI- each. Send Money Order or Postal Note, to The Union Manufacturing & Agency Co., 299 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne. FITS a EPILEPSY ARE CURABLE BY Head Office: TRENCH'S REMEDY™"- A FEW TYPICAL CASES OUT OF MANY CURES. 48 Hours ^ §*r' na(* nts *n sucn rapid succession that she was unable to take food or drink, and TO Live the doctor who was attending her said she could not live more than 48 hours. Trench's Remedy at once stopped the fits, and there has not been a fun her attack since— over 2 J years — and none of the Remedy has been taken for over a year. Dprlarprl tie S'r' wno nad been at various times . under treatment ly several of the lead- Oe Incurable ing doctors of Melbourne was declared to be incurable by them all, and the parents were advised to place her in an asylum. She took from ten to twenty fits a day, yet upon using Trench's Remedy the attacks ceased at once, and she has not had a fit since — nearly three years. She ceased taking the Remedy nearly two years ago. £1000 Spent ™e son of a leading merchant of r Melbourne broke down just as he Without result was commencing his University course. All the best physicians of Melbourne were con- sulted, but none of them could stop the fits. The father then took the young man to England and elsewhere to obtain the best advice in the world, but, after spending over ;£iooo, he brought him back with the fits occurring more frequently than ever. Trench's Remedy at once stopped the attacks, and the young man is now perfectly cured. The above statements can be verified by personal refer- ence to the parents of the patients, who, from gratitude, have offered to reply to any enquirers we refer to them. VALUABLE BOOKLET POST FREE I'ROM The Union Manufacturing & Agency Co., 299 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne. flLe©H0Lie ^-* \g ^% ^-»- ^%. f^. Permanently oured at pa- L W I L ^kw ^^ tlent's own home in 3 to 7 ^W I »■*■ week*, by the recogniaed lew/ Is ^g*» lawW ^g»# TUBYEY TREATMENT, with- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ out inconvenience. Result ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^m assured. Success testified by officials of the Church of England Temperance Society Diocesan Branches, etc. Report of Public Test sent free. MR. Thomas Holmes, the famous Church of England Temperance Society Missionary, says: "Indispensable In my work." The Chronicle says: "A remarkable success." TH1 ONLY SYSTEM UNDER ENGLISH MEDICAL DIRECTION Write in confidence (or call 10 to 6) Secretary Turrey Treatment Co. Ltd., 19 Amberley House, Norfolk Street. Strand, London. TROUP'S VAPOUR AND HOT AIR Folding Bath Cabinets. A Turkish Bath in your own home. Guaranteed to cure the very worst cases of Rheumatism, Sciatica, Lumbago. Recommended by Sir Thomas Fitzgerald, Australasia's Leading Surgeon. Send for Descriptive Circulars, Free. Price 25s. COMPUTE. Delivered in Melbourne. Depot: ROYAL ARCADE. MELBOURNE Granular Lids. CURED WITHOUT OPERATION. TD DDnrTCD oculist • n. rnULii.il, optician, 476 Albert Street, MELBOURNE. A SPECIALIST IN ALL EYE COMPLAINTS. Ectropian, T. R. PROCTER would remind his Patients throughout Australia that, having once measured their eyes, he can calculate with exactitude the alteration produced by increasing age, and adjust spectacles required during life without further measurement. PROCTER'S UNIVERSAL EYE OINTMENT *• • family Salve has no equal ; cures Blight, sore and inflamed Byes, Granular Eyelids, Ulceration of the Eyeball, and restores Eyelashes. 2'6. post free to any part of the States. No c»ref«l housewife should be without PROCTER'S EYE LOTION , more especially in the country places.as Inflammation is gene- rally the forerunner of all diseases of the Bye. An early application would cure and prevent any further trouble with the Eyea. Bottles, 2',- and 3 6, post free to any part of the colonies. Eye Baths, 6d. Stamps other than Victorian not accepted. February 10, 1906. The Review of Reviews. XV. Minneapolis Journal.'] Riding Him en ifce Big Stick . The BOSS: "Say, you're splitting the party." A # '35» By Royal ^M^i*5LJ5#<>c Warrant H.M. KING EDWARD VII. it 93 Oerebos TABLE SALT. Every grain of food is made more nourishing by using it in the kitchen and at table. v. Wholesale Agents : — Peterson &* Co., Melbourne. Saves • the Farmer in Harvest in6 1 ,. ^ -%vyA L-i "<•'!; jr illlliljlilv HVMCKAY 668 BOURKE $T., MELBOURNE 48 ENGINE St, SYDNEY 54 North terrace. Adelaide. xri The Review of Reviews. February SO, 1906, BOOKS FOR THE BAIRNS. This Handsome Present Is one that will be acceptable to either very young or older children. The Books are cloth bound, pleasing in appearance, and put together strongly. They are full of . . . NURSERY RHYMES, FAIRY TALES, FABLES, STORIES OF TRAVEL, Etc., Etc. Everyone who buys the Books is delighted with them. Numbers of people repeat orders for friends. You Could Not Buy a Better B RTHDAY GIFT For Your Child. CONTENTS VOL. I.— .Esop's Fables. VOL. II. — Nursery Rhvmes and Nursery Tales. VOL. m.— The Adventures of Reynard the Fox and The Adventures of Old Brer Rabbit. VOL. TV.— Cinderella and Other Fairy Tales, and Grimm's Fairy Tales. VOL. V. — Pilgrim's Progress. VOL. VI.— The Story of the Robins and the Story of a Donkey. VOL. VII.— The Christmas Stocking and Bans Andersen's Fairy Stories. VOL. VIII. —Gulliver's Travels Little People of Liliput. Giants 1. — Among the 2. — Among the Vol. IX. — Baron Munchausen and Sinbad the Sailor. Write, enclosing ~TS. 6D., to WW The Manager, THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS," EQUITABLE BUILDING, MELBOURNE. And it will be sent to you, post free. February SO, 1906. The Review of Reviews. XVII. £Y^VN\\\\\\Y&YV\\\\\\\\\\\\\W^^ I 1 1 2 SIXTEEN Magnificent COLOURED POST-CARDS ! For Is. Id. Post Free. 1 These Post-Cards have been specially produced 0 for us by the New Colourtypk Process. They are reproductions of Original Oil and THE OLD HOMESTEAD. O Q Q> Now that the postal restric writing on the address si.le has Post-Cards will be much more Post Office officials take great pains not to damage the picture. <0 £> £> The Song of the Lark {Breton) The Chess Players \ Youth A •Summer Day in Holland Waters The Fortune Teller \Detti) Venice (Canal) The Evening Meal Highland Sheep The Mariner The Old Homestead Salt Lake Valley The Puritan Girl Preparing the Fete § Sunset on Mount g Hood I I The Young Mother $ Street Scene in Venice I c .. xvr f j /:ii„„+ „+«j\ ino The New Ministry 172 Progress of the World (mustiated) *u? Programmes for the Labour Party 174 The Young Men's Movement in New Zealand ... 124 A^w^mdustomP^rbs^. ft _.. ... ... ... ... 174 Democracy in New Zealand : Emil Schwabe ... 135 f/J^SS ?J.MSffiiSE& Z Z Z Z Z m Nelson O. Nelson 138 Training the Deaf to Hear 177 Evolution of the Volunteers 177 Interviews on Topics of the Month: Caucocracy v. Democracy 178 t, -KT /i„:„„ t>- a*„ra wi.ro. 14(1 The Prince of Wales Characterised 178 A Brown New Guinea-Dr. Stone Wigg 140 gtate Insurance for working Men 179 South Australian Matters— Hon. T. Price 141 How others See Us 179 Nonconformists and the New British Government 143 How Uncle Sam Helps the Farmer 180 Labour and the New British Government 145 Brotherhood v. Niceness ... „ 180 ,,, of , How Anti-Germans are Foes to France 181 Character Sketches— An Ex-public Schoolmaster on Public Schools ... 181 I. — Dr. George Macdonald 146 Our Shop-made Nobility 183 n.-The New British Cabinet, by W. T. Stead ... 152 Has Chastity Ceased to be a Virtue 184 _ „, ; _, , 1/~ Our Germanophobists 185 Current History in Caricature Joo Yachting on Moderate Means 185 Impressions of the Theatre: Major Barbara ... 166 ^e^ssia^^Johrtio^.01" tZ^t Z Z. Z 182 London "Punch" Pictures 170 The Gadarene Swine of Muscovy'.'.'. ... '..'. ... ... ... 182 (Continued on next page.) BLUE LAKE OATS. The Finest Rolled Oat on the Australian MarKet. Australian Grown. >? Australian Packed, Silvcr-Plated Dessert Spoons an< Table Spoons. FREE COUPONS In Every PacKet. BLUE, LAKE OATS are Packed in Airtight Wrappers Inside the Cardboard Cartoons. BLUE. LARE OATS are Packed Freshly Every Week, and Cannot Become Musty or Old. BLUE LAKE OATS can be bought for 6d. per Packet of Two Pounds Net Weight. r»ttmf»»im»»" AW YOUR GROCER FOR BLUE LAKE OATS. 0 AND INSIST ON GETTING THEM. XX. The Review of Reviews. February $0, 1M6 CONTENTS (continued from page xix.). PAG1 Leading Articles in the Reviews (Continued) — An Agnostic's Progress 186 Laundry Work at Sea 186 Is a Clever Card Player also a Clever Person • ... 187 American Morality on its Trial 187 The Mystery of Matter 188 An Irish Experiment 188 Stories About Irving 189 Tha Germanisation of Brazil 189 How to Educate Children 189 Mistral, Provence and Provencal 190 The Cost of National Gallery Pictures 190 The Author of "Quo Vadis " at Home 191 Two Hundred and Twenty Millions Wanted for Foreign Missions 191 Football: End or Mend 191 Why Should We Ever Die? 192 Race Suicide or Prosperity 192 The Reviews Reviewed: The American Review of Reviews 193 The North American Review 193 Cornhill Magazine 193 The Nineteenth Century and After 194 The Westminster Review 194 The Fortnightly Review 195 The World's Work 195 The United Service Magazine 195 The Contemporary Review 196 PACW The Reviews Reviewed (Continued) — The Pall Mall Magazine 196 C. B. Fry's Magazine 1% The Cosmopolitan ... 196 The National Review 197 The Arena 197 The Independent Review 197 The Pastoralists' Review 198- The Monthly Review 198 Scribner's Magazine 198 The Dutch Reviews 199 The Treasury 199 The Nouvelle Review , 199 La Revue 200 The Revue des deux Mondes 200 The Italian Reviews 201 The Correspondant 201 The Revue de Paris 201 Publications Received 202 Dr. Clifford at Work 202 The Book of the Month- Lord Randolph Churchill : Winston Churchill ... 203 Leading Books of the Month 2J1 Day fay Day 212 Insurance Notes • 214 DRUG HABIT HAVE YOU FAILED THROUGH DRUNK ENNESS DON'T DESPAIR. DR. LANGSTONS VEGETABLE CURE. A Hume Cure which never fails. It is safe. sure, absolutely certain, and inexpensive. A tew doses produce a won- derful change. The craving for all intoxicants will be destroyed, the nerves become steady, the appetite for fo. d will return, refreshii g sleep ensues. This cure will surprise and delight you. Mav be GIVEN SECRETLY. Thousands of Cures ; here is one :— Rarensthorpe, W.A., 23-9 04. Have finished the half course, uhich has effected a ciue. I have no desire for drink, in fact, have a repugnance to the very idea of it. Yours faithfully, Write for Treatise No. 5. Posted Free The Dr. Langston Institute, 129a COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE. —mi aaaawwinii ar\d probably before most readers read this it will have been submitted to the Cabinet. There is probably no Federal subject which has more immediate con- cern for the electors than that of old age pensions. In the States where it has been adopted it has- proved to be attractive and acceptable, but it is a matter of Federal concern. It certainly does seem superfluous that the States should continue to under- take the work. Seeing that we now are Federal citizens, there ought to be no bar to a man, as a Federal inhabitant, receiving a pension, as there is Ptulsen] [Photo. Hon A. Morgan (Ex-Premier of Queensland, and now President of the Legislative Council). now if he happens to migrate from one State to another. Twenty or twenty-five years' residence (or whatever it may be) anywhere in the Commonwealth should be sufficient to entitle one to a pension. Of course the great difficulty which the Commission has had to face has been one of finance. Indeed, it is about the only question of difficulty in the whole situation. The desirability of Old Age Pensions is evi- dent, the necessity for it is plain, but where to get the money is a different matter. Clearly, it should not be looked upon as a charitable grant. New South Wales does right in saying that it is a gift by the State to citizens who have borne the burden and heat of the State day. It is estimated that about ;£i, 000,000 a year will be required, and it is much easier to speak of this than to raise it. It is diffi- cult to see how it can be provided without extra taxation, and unless the Federal Government loads the Customs, it can only be raised by the co-opera- tion of the States, and by their consenting to hand over a part of their revenue. There should be no objection to this, especially if each of the States adopted such an advanced charitable aid scheme of reform and made such a success of unemployed measures that the Old Age Pension really assisted all who were in indigent circumstances, and minimised the need for extra assistance. Seeing that some- thing like ^2, 000,000 is spent in charitable aid in Australia, it is clear that if Old Age Pensions be federalised. some steps should be taken to prevent the need for indiscriminate charity. To-day it is shockingly necessary because we fail to grapple with Review of Reviews, History of the Month. in the problem of the poor. The matter, however, is hardly likely to come to a head this year. The question of finance renders the path so thorny that there is little likelihood of the next Parliament pick- ing its way through it. However, it will make a good election cry, and will serve a useful purpose at the next elections. The Federal Navigation Commission The Federation has aiso completed its report. It Commission has witnout doubt gone very closely into matters. Everyone, of course, remembers how drastic was the character of the Navigation Bill prepared by the Barton Ministry. That has been the foundation upon which the Com- mission has worked. Several of the present recom- mendations have very much to commend them. The Commission has given special attention to both the wages of waterside workers, and the conditions of their labour, and also to those who earn their living on the face of the deep. One point of very great interest is that relating to coastal trade. The Com- mission is evidently determined to get the very best that can be got for workers. But as against this, and the consequent expense of local lines, it sug- gests that Australian Shipping Companies should be protected against the competition of over-sea ships, which do not pay local rates of wages. It is there- fore recommended that all over-sea ships doing coastal trade, either passenger or cargo, shall pay Australian rates while in Australian waters. The P. and O. Company and the Orient Royal Mail Company are partially excluded from this provision, as its enforcement might cause them to raise fares and freights between Fremantle and Adelaide. It is, therefore, proposed that until the trans-Australian railway is built, these lines should be exempt from the rule between these two ports. It is very prob- able that, as an outcome of the report, some local Federal members will go to England as a delegation to attend the Imperial Conference on navigation, an invitation to which was received some time ago. This, by the way, is another illustration of the way in which Britain and the Colonies are coming together in the war nf conference. It is a most desirable thing in obtain the line on which both can mutually be agreed, and this can only be done across a table of friendly discussion. It is almost certain that as the outcome of the report a Federal Department will be instituted. Indeed, at first sight it seems as though it will be indispensable, for if the recommen- dations are adopted by Parliament, it will necessi- tate concerted action. The Secession movement in New The Secession South Wales is scurrying back to its Bogey. shelter as fast as its heels can carry it. The suggestion created such derision that the few who instituted it are cowering out of sight behind a suggestion that it was not seriously intended to advocate such a movement, but merely to draw attention to the necessity for the better consideration o'f the State of New South Wales. It is now solemnly affirmed that the cannon which looked so dangerous was not even loaded. The Federal capital site is no nearer settlement, as Parliament is out of session, but there is no doubt that the raising of the question of the Lake George site is going to project the question forward inde- finitely. Had the advocates of this been true to the decision of Parliament, there would have been a probability of something definite being soon done regarding Dalgety. Medical We have before commended Mr. Institutes and Deakin and his Government for the their excursions into the region of Mail Service. the " humanities," and another in- stance of their determination to work for good ends is evident from a proclamation which has been issued by Mr. Austin Chapman, the Postmaster- General, prohibiting the delivery of any postal ar- ticle addressed to a certain medical institute. The firm has got an injunction from the Court in Sydney against the Department, so the matter will be fought out in public. Setting aside, however, the merits of this particular case, there is urgent need for public enquiry into the practices of some firms which do business on medical lines. Some of them are responsible for more evil to the community than the average person has the slightest idea of. Australia will give a very hearty . The welcome to delegates of the English Br'tl*h Labour Labour members who propose to 6 e9a S" visit Australia, especially as it in- cludes such names of world-wide interest as Mr. Will Crooks and Mr. Keir Hardie. The visit will be made in September next The Conference will have an his- toric interest. Labour all over the world is uniting and measures looked upon at one time as purely Labour, are being passed by Liberal Governments all round the globe as part and parcel of their own programmes. A Conference like this holds vast potentialities, for it may be the beginning of an organised, world-wide combination of workers. The power of the party has been felt in all English- speaking countries, and is indeed being felt all over Europe to-day. What, however, might be accom- plished if hands were joined all over Europe, civil- ised America, and Australia, no one can even dream. Most of the wars have been undertaken by the aristocratic section of the community, and the re- mainder has followed dumbly and unenquiringly at heel. Supposing that the Labour Party all over the world made one of its first objectives universal peace, the workers of one nation steadfastly refusing to take the life of the workers of another nation, determining to settle their disputes by peaceful arbi- tration ; the rulers of the world would be power- less. Whether the first Conference of Labour mem- 112 The Review of Reviews. February tO, i90S. hers from opposite sides of the earth will hold in its womb such vast potentialities we cannot say. We hope so. The Conference will be interesting ThhCSr0hnl from the fact that' while almost all Covered. of the members of the new English Labour Party are Freetraders, pos- sibly two-thirds of the Australian Labour Party is Protectionist. Fiscal questions will, therefore, pro- bably be barred, and it is as well that it should be so. After all, this question should not. in Australia, divide those who are seeking what is, at present at any rate, of infinitely more importance, the solving of some of the social and economic problems com- mon to both Britain and ourselves. These are in abundance for the delegates to discuss ; and if the visit of the English friends will set .some of our Labour members on tracks which will end in the solution of our drink problem, our social evil pro- blem, our housing problem, our unemployed pro- blem, our lands' settlement problem, to say nothing of the possibilities of adjustments between Labour and Capital, strictly so-called, it will be of vast im- portance. Truly a brotherhood of man may, with regard to this Party, spring up. The rest of the sections of society would soon follow. Needless to say, all sections of the community will look forward with the keenest of interest to the visit, for everybody of advanced ideas in Australia must hail with exceed- ing pleasure the men who have done so much to push forward progressive legislation at Home. It would be a great thing if Mr. Burns could add his presence to that of the others, but that, of course, is out of the question. At the recent Labour Council in Labour Unions Xew South Wales, the question of and Political ,v ■., ,.,. , ^ ■ Alliances alliances with political parties was .discussed, and by a considerable vote disapproved of. It is understood that the dis- approval does not particularly refer to the present party in the House, but that it is merely a direction for the future. While, however, some of the news- papers have used this as an opportunity to attack the present situation, it is, as a matter of fact, not a new thing for Labour Councils to propose. Their policy has been one of isolation, and possibly, with the idea of gaining all that they want, it is a wise one. That is a matter of their own concern, and if they choose to adopt that principle, it is simply a question of fighting tactics. No one outside their Party can complain of it, although at the same time those outside are frequently justified in offering the criticism that it is not wise to bind anv particular party, whatever it may be, by a hard and fast direc- tion such as this. The present Federal Parliament, and the Governments of South Australia and Queensland, are all of them giving excellent proof that it is quite possible for the Liberal-Labour com- bination to work harmoniously, and secure a verv Newman] [Photo. The Late Mr. T. Littlejohn. of Sydn«y, Who died last .month Mr. Littlejohn was the Chairman of the A. M.P. Board of Directors, and a highly esteemed citizen. great deal in the way of advanced legislation. Necessarily it means a give-and-take policy, but apart from that the union may actually be accomplished, and productive of good. This attitude tends to erase dividing lines, and to the cultivation of the spirit of brotherhood. This after all is one of the most desirable ends to be gained. In the past the Labour Party has without doubt made a mistake in tying down its representatives too closely. While general principles may be affirmed, and should be affirmed, by every man who aspires to represent the people, there yet should be a considerable latitude for even7 man to exercise his judgment in any con- tingencies which arise. Very wisely the Government does The not intend to be left in the lurch Mail Contracts, over British mail arrangements, as happened when the last contract expired. The conditions for the future contract, to take effect after January 31st, 1908, are published. It is probable that a very much superior service to the present will be gained, and the present holders of the contract will need to wake up or they may find themselves superseded by other lines prepared to grant better conditions. One noteworthy feature of the specifications is that nothing has been said about freight conditions. It is rightly pointed out by the Postmaster-General that the exigencies of XieViKW of Rerii'irs, _■ . History of the Month, "3 Johnstone, O'Shannessy.] [Photo. Mrs. Stephen Henty. The late Mrs. Stepheu G. Henty, who died at Hamilton (Vic.) on the 4th inst., at the age of 91 years. Mrs. Hentv was the first woman to land in Victoria. This fact made her quite a celebrity, and it was the custom of all the Victorian Governors to visit her. She was an exceedingly charming character. trade are quite sufficient to render it compulsory on the part of any tendering company to provide the most up-to-date accommodation in this respect. After all the question is one of mail delivery, and not of freight carrying. Some commotion was raised against the conditions because they included one to the effect that the Federal Government may pur- chase at a valuation the line of ships which is sub- sidised, and by some terrified folk it was dubbed as an extremely socialistic measure. When, however, it is remembered that some such clause exists in the contract made by the British Government, the sug- gestion seems rather childish. It is certainly in the interests of the Commonwealth that such a provision is inserted, for if Governments can control better than private companies freight and passenger traffic on land, it is not unreasonable to suppose that they might very well be able to produce the same satis- factory results by owning their own lines of mail ships. Indeed Mr. Seddon. speaking lately State-Ovned at Wellington, made some pointed Freight Ships, references to the possibility of such a contingency arising in the near future. He said he was satisfied that producers were not getting fair value for produce and stock, and that part of the danger came not simply from Meat Companies, but from shipping rings. He pointed to the fact that in spite of the refusal of the companies most interested in New Zealand trade to run steamers to the West of England, his Go- vernment had arranged for a service, and he prac- tically held out a red flag of danger to the Shipping Companies when he warned them not to presume too far, or they would find that they had a fierce Go- vernment opposition to meet. Possibly his words were prophetic when he said that a country might as well have steamers of its own to take freight. If Mr. Seddon be bold enough to undertake this, the mere determination would kill high freights in a week. Mr. Deakin has in a friendly and The Ear of the diplomatic way turned aside a small King. cyclone, which gave promise of large development and rather fear- ful results. It will be remembered that the Federal Government passed certain resolutions anent Home Rule, and these were forwarded to the King. A meeting of protest was held in the Melbourne Town Hall, resolutions were passed, and the Governor- General was requested to forward them to the Bri- tish authorities. 1 he Governor-General, however, politely declined on the ground that the matter involved was of too controversial a nature. This puzzled the man in the street very much, who could not understand how one side of the question should be so dubbed and the other not. Moreover, it was felt that the pride that is felt in the belief that the ear of the King is open to the cry of his meanest subject was ill-founded. It turns out, however, that the resolutions should have been sent through the Prime Minister, and that this course was not fol- lowed as it was felt that it would be invidious to ask Mr. Deakin to forward resolutions which were op- posed to those he had been responsible for the pass- ing of in Parliament. Mr. Deakin has, however, very magnanimously said that he would be quite prepared to forward the resolutions if they were handed to him, a kindly and fair action which will be appreciated by every lover of justice and fair play, while a small flame that might have caused a conflagration is stamped out. Some little time ago the Melbourne The Health of Board of Health instigated an in- School Children, yestigation with the idea of dis- covering whether children in indus- trial suburbs were handicapped physically in com- parison with children in residential suburbs. Typical groups were taken in different parts of Melbourne, the ages being between 9 and 10 years, and between 12 and 13. In each group, twelve of each sex were selected. Eight schools were visited, and 384 .children examined, and it was found without doubt that boys in residential suburbs were superior to industrial boys of industrial suburbs, but that the reverse con- "4 The Review of Reviews. F*wmry St, im. dition obtained with girls. It was also found that the teeth of the children were very bad. Seeing that is so, it is hoped that something in the way of action similar to that of New South Wales will be taken, and that the children of the State schools will be treated by the local authorities or by the Govern- ment. Nothing has so much influence upon digestive faculties as the condition of the teeth. Nothing has so much effect upon the physical condition of the nation as the quality of its people's digestive powers, and if the State Government wishes to find an avenue of useful work, it cannot do better than take this up at once. It is interesting to note that, comparing Great Britain with Melbourne residential suburbs, the weight of the boys between 12 and 13 years of age is 78.0 lbs., as compared with 76.7 in the Old Country; while the height in inches is 56.2 in Mel- bourne as compared with 55.0 at Home. In the industrial suburbs in Melbourne, the weight was 73.8 lbs., and the height 52.2 inches. In the girls' class the industrial suburbs of Melbourne showed 77.1 lbs. as against 76.4 in Great Britain, and 56.1 inches as against 55.7 in Great Britain, while the residential suburbs gave 75.1 lbs. and 55.8 inches. Mr. Seddon has been speaking to Mr. Scddon's his own constituents, and delivering intentions. what is practically a policy speech. He could hardly be blamed for in- dulging in personal gratification at the election. But when he was speaking of the great vote which he has received, and he expressed the belief that the law should be amended to prevent what are practi- cally dummy candidates, he must have forgotten that at the last election dummy candidates were simply nominated by the No-license Party, in order to secure a poll. If Mr. Seddon will amend the law to provide that as regards the carrying of a Local Option poll, it shall be the same in any district where there is no Parliamentary election as it is in others where there is an election, he need have no fear of dummy candidates. Mr. Seddon had one in his own electorate, purely a dummy, nominated as such, and not with the intention of opposing him. With regard to prospective legislation, Mr. Seddon announced his intention to check monopolies, to settle the land more rapidly, and to make the ballot for land more satisfactory, to settle the 5,000,000 odd acres of surplus Maori lands in the North Island, and at the same time to provide for the Maoris. He also says that half a million acres should be reserved for educational purposes, and a quarter of a million acres for charitable aid. This is a wise step to take. The question of educa- tional means should not be subject to the difficulties which arise from paying expenses out of ordinary revenue, and education is far more likely to be well provided for if some arrangement of this kind is carried out. Mr. Seddon took an excursion into the regions which other countries have been afraid to walk in when he proposed that men should be pre- vented from selling or mortgaging their homes with- out the consent of their wives. Upon the question of land tenure he was very emphatic. The aggre- gation of large estates will probably soon in New Zealand be not only looked upon as a social crime, but it will be a legal crime. He proposes that a limited area of land for a settler should be fixed. The freehold to settlers under the Land for Settlers Act, he said he was not prepared to grant. He would have a good deal of sympathy when he re- ferred to the fact that New Zealand's mutton and lamb is sold cheaper in the Old Country than it is in the colony. This is a condition of things which obtains all over Australasia, and ought to be stopped. It is ridiculous that, living next door to the producer, the consumer here has to pay more for his meat than the consumer in England pays, even after refrigerating and freight expenses and re- tailers' profits are paid. Bulletin.} The British Tory Politician's Burden. The British Liberal Victory. Australasian eyes eagerly watched the tremendous rout of the late Government in Britain. In the con- test the keenest interest was evinced all over the States. The newspapers daily devoted columns of space to the reports of the elections, and every contest, large and small, was duly reported, together with the figures in each case. It is safe to say, too, that a sigh of relief went up when it was found that the late Government had suffered such a well-deserved defeat. Its policy had, as far as the Colonies were concerned, been exceedingly unac- ceptable, and great things are looked for from the Campbell-Bannerman regime. 1 -, — - \ Re men *f Jl*ri*vt, 2*l2/6S. History of the Month. us The N.S.W. Labour Conference's Platform. The annual Conference of the Poli- tical Labour League of New South Wales, which has just been con- cluded, has adopted for its fighting platform for this year — (1) Free Education, (2) Land and Finance, (3) Civil Rights, (4) Australian Act Amendment, (5) Economic .Government, (6) Workmen's Compensation Act, (7) Closer Settle- ment, (8) Progressive Land Tax. Number 5 in- cludes the abolition of the Legislative Council, the office of State Governor, and some other offices which are considered unnecessary. It is noteworthy that a resolution was passed expressing sympathy with the reformers in Russia., who are striving to destroy autocratic power, and to secure political and economic justice. Here, as I have pointed out before, among workers of other nations, may prove the bond of union which will bring about the day of universal peace and world-wide brotherhood. What is to be the dominant cry at The Next the next elections ? Mr. Reid says Battle Cry. that it is to be Socialism, or rather, from his point of view, Anti-So- cialism, although most people recognise that the cry will be a futile one, because of its vagueness. The Government states that it intends to inscribe upon its flag in large characters — Protection for the Manu- facturer, for the Worker, for the Consumer ; while the Labour Party, which is divided upon the ques- tion of Protection and Freetrade, will advocate various social and economic reforms without ventur- ing very far into either region of Protection or Free- trade. What the outcome will be is difficult to fore- see. Under our present system of voting it is pos- sible, and probable, that no Party will secure a majority. One very necessary reform is that of our method of voting. The special article by Professor Nanson in the January number of " The Review of Reviews " makes evident the folly of our present methods, and points out the way of electoral salva- tion. It is curious to note that Mr. Reid fights so shy of Free Trade, while his opponents with no uncertain voice proclaim their intention to promul- gate and uphold its opposite. General disappointment will prob- The N.Z. Labour ably be expressed at the decision of Parliament. employers of New Zealand not to meet the Labour Unions in the pro- posed " Labour Parliament." Nothing could have been lost by either Party meeting in conference, and seeing that conferences are the order of the day, and that they indicate such a huge stride in human pro- gress, it is a pity that this decision has been ar- rived at. However, it seems as though Mr. Seddon does not give up all hope of bringing the Parties together to discuss questions of common interest to both, for in a speech he lately made he said that although a great opportunity had been missed, he hoped that another might offer, and that it would be embraced. Frederick viii., the New King of Denmark. (From a Picture kindly lent by the Danish Club.) 7he Before very long the delegates from International New Zealand and Australia, in the Postal persons of Sir Joseph Ward and Conferenee. Mr> Chapman, the Federal Post- master-General, will be on their way to attend the Postal Congress at Rome. Sir Joseph Ward has made an important statement to the effect that one proposal he will make will be that the postage on letters to all parts of the postal union shall be one penny per \ oz., and that he intends also to propose a reduction in the rates of postage of papers to a ^d. for 4 ozs. This proposal is not at all pre- mature. It is time that means of communication by letter and newspaper between nations should be made much cheaper. We are apt sometimes to for- get that easy means of communication may be the means of stimulating the spirit of brotherhood. The more we know about one another, and the more we miter into the lives and interests of other people., the more likely are we to desire to live in perpetual har- mony. Sir Joseph hopes to push forward his scheme for granting the Commonwealth and New Zealand separate votes. Certainly as far as importance and geographical position are concerned, New Zealand has the right to a separate vote. The only difficulty that is likely to stand in the way is the fact that it would very materially increase the voting of the British Empire. It is exceedingly encouraging also to know that Sir Joseph said that he hoped it would be possible at the Conference for the union to pro- hibit the transmission of gambling and lottery cir- culars through its territory. u6 J he Review of Reviews, February 10, 1906. THE RABBIT PEST. The proposal to Invite Dr. Danysz, of the Pasteur Insti- tute, to come out and organise his measures of extermi- nation by spreading contagious disease amongst the rabbits, may be regarded as practically certain to be adopted. It will have to be determined whether the germ used In the extermination of the rabbits Is, under the climatic conditions existing in Australia, fatal to other animals or to human beings. This, of course, Is vital to the success of the proposed tests.— Dally paper. Dr. Danysz : " Now, then, vlll someone sooply me wlz some human beings to experiment wlz?" (Doubtless the names of many who can be spared for the purpose will occur to our readers.) THf \ iSEUtTciRj ¥ «— I' Bulletin.'] The The rabbit occupies such a large Extermination position in Australian life, and man- of the ages to make it so undesirable for Rabbit. a iarge section of the community, although he is such a source of profit in other ways, that steps are being taken on a large scale to banish him from the face of Australia. It is likely that arrangements will be made with Dr. Danysz, of the Happy New Year! Government. Pasteur Institute, to come to Australia to try to ex- terminate bunny by spreading contagious disease amongst his tribe. Something like ^8000 will be required for the experiment, but promised subscrip- tions already reach a sum larger than that. Of course one very important question which will have to be decided, and that has been raised bv Dr. Danysz himself, is whether the germ which will be used to exterminate the rabbit will, under Australian conditions, be fatal to animals or to human beings. If the negotiations come to a successful issue, the experiment will be carried out on Broughton Island. This will be the first reallv comprehensive effort that has been made to exterminate the rabbit, although there are numerous other proposals advanced by enthusiasts. One gentleman in particular states that his plan is eminently successful on his own pro- perty, and that the extermination of the rabbit could be easily accomplished if his method of killing the females that are trapped and preserving the males was universally carried out. London, Jan. 1st, 1906. By W. T. Stead. It is sixteen years since I published the first number of " The Review of Reviews." Thirteen of those years have been passed under Unionist We seem to be beginning a new spell of Liberal rule. It is about time that the party of Progress had an opportunity of directing the affairs of the Empire. In the sixteen years that have passed since first I came into living touch with my readers two events stand out conspicuous over all the rest. The first was the Hague Conference, with which the nineteenth century closed, the other the South African and Japanese Wars, with which the new century opened. It is some consolation to me, and I hope to my readers, to recall the fact that although only a monthly publication, " The Review of Reviews " was admittedly more potent than any other journal, magazine, or review in contributing to the success of the Hague Conference. It is hardly less consolatory to remember that " The Re- view of Reviews " was as conspicuous in the long, arduous, and, unfortunately, unsuccessful struggle first to avert and then to stop the South African War. That struggle, in which it was our proud privilege to bear a part, may save the Empire in South Africa yet. But for the pro-Boers and their fidelity at all costs to the cause of liberty, justice, and self-government, the disappearance of the Union Jack from South Africa would be a matter of very few years. As it is we have still a chance that the majority of the white population in South Africa may decide that a Liberal Empire is not incom- patible with Liberty, and that their nationality is as- safe under the Union Jack as is the nationality of the French Canadians. Review of Reviews, $012/08. History of the Month. 1x7 In the future as in the past " The What of the Review of Reviews " will be faith- future? ful to its ideals, and will support or oppose the Government of the day not because of its party colour, but because of its fidelity or the reverse to the great principles the " Review " was founded to maintain. The cause of English-speaking unity is now almost a realised ideal, and we are in a much better position to de- fend the cause of international peace than we have been for years past. At home the time has come for resuming that vigorous combined forward move- ment in the cause of social reform which ignores points of difference, and concentrates all the avail- able forces of the community in a resolute effort to achieve those reforms upon which all are agreed. The Helpers' Association should be revived in some shape or another, and if the name of the Civic Church must be abandoned, we shall be well content to pursue the old ideal under a new name. There is one question which has ever been kept to the fore in these pages, and which it is necessary now to put in the first place. In the last sixteen years several of our Colonies have recognised the citizen- ship of women. In Russia the Liberal movement ignores differences of sex. In the New Constitu- tion of Finland universal suffrage is rightly defined as including both men and women. The time has come when in this ancient home of freedom and self-government the injustice of excluding half the nation from the duties and responsibilities of citi- zenship shall for ever cease. There is some talk in some quarters of manhood suffrage. We shall oppose it as resolutely as a proposal to recall the Stuarts or to restore the rotten boroughs. Not one single step further must be taken in enfranchising the unenfranchised that does not make the enfran- chisement of women its point of departure. Make the suffrage adult or universal if you will, but to limit it by statute to the male moiety of the popu- lation— never ! That issue was not, as is commonly I Thf th asserted, for Home Rule, or Elections. against Home Rule, for Protection or against Protection. It is prim- arily and in its essence the passing of a verdict of •Guilty or Not Guilty upon the Unionist party and its leaders for the way in which they have go- verned or misgoverned the Empire for the last ten years. There are no doubt many issues — political, social, and religious. But they are all subordinate to the supreme determination of the immense ma- jority of the electors in all the four nations to ' record, in the most emphatic manner possible, their intense dissatisfaction, disgust, and indignation with a party which, with such unexampled opportunities for doing good, misused them either to do nothing or to do evil on a scale of almost unexampled wickedness. IOM»*UU li Westminster Gazette. ~] Found Out. —■a- JOHN BULL: "I'm surprised at your conduct, sir. You got a cheque from me at the 1900 General Election, and you promised to pay it into the war account. What do you mean by using it to help the Church and the Trade?" MR. BALFOUR: "Well, when I'd got the majority I could do just what I liked. {Defiantly) I've done nothing uncon- stitutional." JOHN BULL (angrily): "You've done something much worse. You've broken the promises you and Mr. Chamber- lain made me — promises I was foolish enough to believe that, as honourable men, you meant to keep. I know better now!" The first serious question which The Crux confronts the Liberal Cabinet is e„..th'1f-:^, not Ireland, but South Africa. south Africa. _ _, . Hi j C.-B. began well by giving orders' that as far as practicable no more Chinese coolies should be brought to South Africa. But it would have averted some disappointment if he had been a little more explicit. If. for instance, he had pointed out that not even the most Radical Government can repudiate the contracts of its predecessors, and that his hands were tied bv agreements entered into be- fore his accession to office, but that he had ordered that not a single fresh agreement should be entered into for the importation of any more masculine machinery into South Africa, he would have stated the truth in a way that would have obviated a good deal of misunderstanding. After all, the Chinaman is a man and a brother, and when he has signed a contract which he is willing and anxious to execute, we cannot break faith with him merely because we do not like the bargain. What we can do is to refuse to engage any more Chinese, and we can also offer to release those already engaged from their contracts if they should prefer to accept such release, but beyond that we cannot go. For the crux in South Africa lies just here. Is John Bull a man of his word or is he not? Hitherto' it must be admitted that he has not kept faith with those who trusted him. He has promised and he has not kept his promises. He has given pledges and violated them with the utmost cynicism. And in that lack of good faith lies the taproot of all our difficulties in South Africa in the past, in the pre- n8 The Review of Reviews, February 20, 1906. The Baroness von Suttner. The Norwegian Storthing conferred the Nobel Peace Prize lor this year on Baroness Bertha von Suttner, whose novel, " Lay Down Tour Arms," is said to have had a great in- fluence on the Tsar. She is an Austrian, and has formed many Austrian and German peace unions. 'sent, and in the future. It would be the worst pos- sible beginning of a new regime to start by break- ing contracts even with the Chinese. The first question in South Africa The Question which dominates all other ques- _ of ,. tions is this. Are we going to keep Compensation. , , , , ° ° A our pledged word or are we not i And this is a very practical and an immediately pressing and most urgent question. For there are pledges which we have not fulfilled, obligations which we have not discharged. The British public is not aware of the fact, which unfortunately is a fact the reality of which is absolutely indisputable, that to this day we have not paid our debts and have shirked keeping our obligations to our South African fellow-subjects. Nothing was more clearly asserted by the Rules of War agreed to at the Hague Conference than the inviolability of private property in time of war. Our officers, acting like civilised men, when they found it necessary to com- mandeer the flocks and the herds of the population whose country they invaded, being unable to pay in cash down, gave the owners of the goods sold under compulsion receipts in the name of the Bri- tish Government, which they declared in all good faith would be redeemed at the first opportunity. The existence of these promissory notes, or " chits " as thev call them in India, was brought before Mr. Chamberlain's attention when he visited South Africa. He at once, speaking as Colonial Secre- tary, in the name of his Sovereign, declared that every such note was as good security as a Bank of England note. It followed as a matter of course that their owners had only to present them and they would be paid in full. But although three years have gone by these notes are not paid to this day. It is a scandalous outrage upon the good faith of the Empire. We have dishonoured the signatures of officers of the King and made our- selves Imperial liars before the whole of South Africa. The first thing to be done, there- The first Thing fore, is to appoint a Commission, to be Done. say, of the Chief Justices of the African Colonies, with a thoroughly competent Treasury official, charged to examine into and report upon all claims for compensation which are outstanding against us in South Africa. It is not asked that one single penny shall be paid with- out careful examination. But it is absolutely necessary that every bond fide claim which is declared by such a commission to be just shall be paid to the utter- most farthing. It is idle to say that we have no money. We have no more right to bilk our credi- tors in one colony than in another. We bought Australian mutton and South African beef. We gave bills for both. We have discharged our debts to the Australians. Why should we try to shirk payment of our just debts to the South Africans? If we had to make any difference it would be more politic to cheat any creditors rather than those whom we have just converted by force into unwilling subjects, and whose confidence in our honesty and good faith it ought to be our first object to estab- lish. But so long as there is a single claim in South Africa which we refuse to adjudicate upon, and, if found just, to pay, we shall be branded, and justly branded, in the eyes of our bilked creditors as a set of swindlers whose word can only be said to be as good as their bond, because both are equally worthless. The second thing to be done is to Responsible establish responsible Government Government. in both the Transvaal and the Free State, and to establish it at once. There must be no fooling with the simu- lacrum of a representative Government, which was set up in the Transvaal to evade the due perform- ance of our treaty obligations. When the Boers consented to lay down their arms they were assured by Lord Kitchener, to whom they were told to apply as the exponent of the will of the Crown, that re- sponsible Government as it is in the Cape Colony should be established within eighteen months of the peace in the Free State, and a little later in the Transvaal. Three years have passed, and not even a semblance of responsible Government has been established in the Free State, and only a shadow of a representative Government is promised, but is not yet established, in the Transvaal. If it be Review of Reviews, 2012/06. history or tne Month. 119 objected that no such precise stipulation as to eighteen months or as to the Cape Colony style of responsible government is inserted in the Articles of the Treaty of Vereeniging, the answer is that the Boers dealt with us as if we were gentlemen, and not as if we were horse coupers. Lord Kitchener is accessible. The statements which he made to the Boers, on the strength of which they laid down their arms, have never been disputed by him ; they have been constantly asserted by President Steyn and the other negotiators. Are we going to shirk the fulfil- ment of this obligation also ? It is a test question which will put to the proof the much disputed point whether the Liberals are any more to be relied upon as honest men than the Tories. The latter no one in South Africa will ever trust. But the Liberals are now on their trial. of the Chinese. Good comes out of evil, and The Advantage although the importation of the Chinese has been fraught with much evil, it has at least brought with it one compensating advantage. For now that it is clearly declared that the future of Chinese la- bour in the Transvaal is to be left to the decision of the responsible Government of that Colony, both parties wall be anxious to expedite the establishment of responsible government. The mine owners see now clearly enough that they have no chance of re- taining their saffron-coloured masculine machinery if the final decision rests with the democracy at home. They think that they may possibly secure the sup- port of a sufficient number of Boers to carry a decision in favour of Chinese labour in a respon- sible Colonial Government. It is true that the chance is rather a forlorn one. The Boers who spoke through General Botha declared frankly that the only safety lay in the expatriation of the Chinese. But some of the Boers — General de Wet, for instance, and others of a speculative turn of mind — would have no objection to have a few yel- low boys to supplement the deficiency in the supply of native labour. There is, therefore, a chance that under a responsible Government the Chinese might be allowed to stay ; therefore those who before the Liberals came in were the stoutest opponents of re- sponsible Government will now come over to the other side. And as the Government at Home hear- tily wishes to place the responsibility for the settle- ment of the question on some other shoulders than its own, there is a fair prospect that responsible Go- vernment will be established in the two Colonies before the end of the year. The thirty millions which Mr. That Thirty Chamberlain promised should be Millions. paid by the Transvaal towards the cost of the war is still unpaid. What is to be done about that? The answer is easy. The whole of that thirty millions must be paid, but every penny of it must be devoted to de- The European Outlook. fraying the unpaid bills, the outstanding claims for compensation which await examination and settle- ment. The devastation wrought in the two Re- publics entailed a destruction of private property — inviolable according to the rules of civilised warfare —estimated at anything between seventy and a hun- dred millions sterling. In strict justice we ought to pay every penny of this enormous sum. The thirty millions levied upon the mines would enable us to pay from live shillings to ten shillings in the pound, and the immediate distribution of this sum to those to whom it has long been overdue would have a most healing effect upon South Africa. At last the South Africans would begin to feel there are honest people in England after all. And that conviction will do more to knit South Africa to the Empire than all the victories of Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener. There has been of late a sensible movement both in Germany and in Britain towards a saner view of the relations of the two great nations. But there is still an unjustifiable amount of perturbation in some minds as to the possible out- break of a foreign war. Germany, it is asserted, wishes to seize the opportunity afforded by Russia's effacement in order to attack France, and it is fur- ther alleged that the Kaiser will find in the Confer- ence on Morocco some pretext for wounding France. It is mere moonshine. Germany has far more reason to keep her powder dry and abstain from foreign adventures than she has had since the Kaiser came to the throne. With Russia in a blaze on her eastern frontier, with the German barons being burnt out of the Baltic provinces, with Poland straining in the leash in order to re-establish her in- dependence, with Austria in dissolution at her doors, and with a navy which after all these sacrifices can only put four battleships in the fighting line at the range at which modern sea fights are decided, the Kaiser would be a lunatic were he to contemplate a wanton war with France — knowing as he does, from the plain-spoken reasoning of Lord Lansdowne, that in such a war France would not stand alone. The French Government is much too sane to give any reasonable pretext for a war by pressing its claims on Morocco in such a way as to justify any breach of the peace. The fact is that all these war scares are the echoes of the anti-German agitation so per- sistentlv carried on by half-a-dozen wrong-headed alarmists on the English press, all of them, be it noted, without a single exception belonging to the party which at the election was judged and con- demned by the British nation. That the Kaiser and his Chan- cellor should have done their best to exploit the indiscretion of British journalists in order to secure popu- lar support for their new navy scheme is natural From the German Point of View. enough. Nor can anyone wonder that they are dis- 120 The Review of Reviews. February 20, 1906. satisfied 'with their navy. To have spent su many millions and then to learn from the war in the Far East that their ships are too small and carry guns of too short range to be fit for fighting under modern conditions, is enough to dishearten any nation. Until Germany has a stronger fleet than Britain or America, her navy is virtually a hostage for her good behaviour. That Germany should want a coal- ing station at Madeira, and should tr\ to bluff Portugal into ceding it. is also natural enough, and it is equally natural that she should have recoiled when she found that if she blockaded the Tagus she would have lost her fleet. It is natural that Ger- many should like to have a place where the sun is not quite so hot as in Damaraland or New Guinea, but it is not reasonable to think that. in order to secure a habitable colony, she will set about plundering her neighbours, especially when those neighbours, like ourselves, allow her as much use of our colonies as they enjov themselves with- out any of the responsibility and expense of defend- ing them. So far as can be seen at present Brazil is the only place where there is a chance for the establishment of a Germany oversea. They have made a good start there, and there is no need for them to run their heads against the Monroe doc- trine in order to create a greater Germany in Brazil. If the new German nation in South America were as independent as Venezuela or the Argentine, the United States would not object. Xor does the Monroe doctrine forbid a sovereign independent American State making treaties of commerce, or even of alliance, with any other sovereign indepen- dent State either in the old world or the new. All European politics are over The Russian shadowed by the fact that the Revolution. Russian revolutionary volcano is still in violent eruption. The Baltic provinces appear to have succeeded for the moment in severing themselves from the Empire. A Lettish Social Democratic Republic, based on syste- matic terrorism and enforced by murder and arson, has got itself into some kind of shape. In the Caucasus affairs are in such a pass that there is nothing impossible in the rumour that the Sultan is thinking of sending an armv to restore order. In various provinces the peasants are looting and de- stroying the property of the nobles. Warsaw is palpitating with the revolutionary fever. Odessa and Kharkoff throb like craters of volcanoes on the eve of eruption. But it has been reserved for Moscow, the famous mother Moscow, to afford the most appalling spectacle of revolutionary frenzy. The old Tories of the old Russian capital recently went on pilgrimage to Tsarskoe Selo to protest against the innovations in a constitutional direction made by the Manifesto of October. Thev were sent away with a flea in their ear, and returned home in ill-humour verv much disposed to let the Tsar see what came of these Liberal reforms. The mili- tary garrison of Moscow was low, only 6000 men. The inhabitants of Moscow number a million, who inhabit a vast area which has never been Haus- mannised and which is a perfect maze of winding streets. Fifteen thousand revolutionists of both sexes, principally students and young girls, with bombs of high explosives in their pockets and such anns as they could buy. beg. borrow or steal, de- cided that they would abandon passive for armed resistance. The revolt began and ended in a Moscow Under week. If at the first outbreak the fire. troops had shown an) indisposition to lire, and if St. Petersburg had followed suit, the result might have been serious* As things turned out, the troops fired with the punctual regularitv of automatons; St. Petersburg, not being a rabbit warren like Moscow, did not follow suit, and the six days' fighting in the sti was mere purposeless carnage. The revolutionists built barricades by piling tramcars ami droshkies in the streets, covering them with snow and then freez ing the mass into solidity by pouring water over the improvised rampart. Wire entanglements were stretched across the streets. The object of both barricade and wire entanglement was the same. The insurgents had no notion of fighting behind the barricades, they only sought to obstruct the movement of the troops upon whom they fired from the nearest convenient window. It was something like our Boer war, in which lofty inhabited houses took the place of desolate kopjes. The troops, de- spite some reports to the contrary, are stated by the Zemstvo representatives to have behaved with ex- emplary discipline and forbearance. It is hardly in human nature not to lose patience when invisible hands rain bombs in the darkness upon patrols in the street. Cannon were employed to shell the houses used as insurgent strongholds, but when shelled out of one house the wily revolutionist, like the ubiquitous Boer, betook himself to another coign of vantage. This fighting between bombs and artillery, between revolvers and quick-firers, lasted six days ; not more than 20,000 combatants being engaged on both sides, and the fight raged I over, on and through the homes of a million men. women and children. How many perished in the fighting The Madness no one kn'ows Estimates vary from Jack Cade. ^ve hundred to twenty thousand. What is certain is that there was an appalling loss of human life and a still more appalling amount of suffering inflicted upon inno- cent non-combatants. But the City Council of Moscow seems to have sympathised with the insur- gents throughout, the Conservatives held aloof, and the Liberals everywhere denounce as " reaction " Review of Heriexcs; 20J2/06. History of the Month. 121 the arrest and execution of redhanded revolutionists. It would be as foolish to condemn the men of the " Movement " as it would be to criticise seriously the delirious ravings of the inmates of a fever ward. What Lowell said about the French Revolution is equally applicable to the " Movement " in Russia : — As flake by flake the beetling avalanches Build up their imminent crags of noiseless snow. Till some chance thrill the loosened ruin launches. And the blind havoc leaps unwarned below. So grew and gathered through the silent years The madness of the people. It is •" the madness of_ a people ' that we are witnessing in Russia. We should not forget that we have seen the same thing in England when Jack Cade came to Cannon Street in Henry the Sixth's reign. Shakespeare has immortalised his famous decrees. The Russian Revolution is Jack Cade redivivus in the twentieth century. Demos Tyrannus is an apt pupil of the autocracy against which he is in revolt, and it will go hard with him, but he will better the instruction of his despots. In the midst of the Cimmerian Glimmerings of darkness there are faint glimmer- Lii,ht. ings of light. To begin with, the Tsar stands firm and refuses to budge from his Liberal programme, despite all the horrors of anarchy. Count Witte is still in his seat. The elections for the Douma are to be pressed on with all speed. Petersburg refused to rise. The organisers of armed revolt are under lock and key, and the manufacturers of bombs are blowing them- selves up so often by accident that the habit of carrying high explosives in your coat-tail pocket is likely to go out of fashion. In time it is to be hoped that the saner Liberals will recover their sens* s sufficiently to recognise that the whole statute book cannot be revolutionised in a month, and that the one hope of civilisation in Russia is the Douma. Xo matter how inadequately it may be constituted, it will be a rallying point for the forces of law and order and liberty. That is why the Anarchists hate it. That is why every man with a wife to protect and children to feed should rally round the Govern- ment in its i fforts to get the Douma elected. One of the novelties of C.-B.'s The Revival programme was the promise to ap- the Caial P°^nt a Royal Commission to ex- amine into and report upon the possibility of utilising our wasted resources in the shape ot internal waterways. The Canal in Britain has been practically extinguished bv the Railway. The Railways have bought up the Canals for the purpose of getting rid of a dangerous competitor. ( )ther nations are more sensible, and every year the improverm nts and upkeep of their canals figure among their most profitable investments. It is prob- able that the introduction of motor tugs for the slow- moving canal horse will enable the canals to de- liver heavy goods with much greater rapidity than has hitherto been attempted. Imagine what Hol- land would be without its canals, and then ask whether we have been wise in practically ignoring the internal waterway as a means of economical transit for heavy goods. C.-B.s Commission may be expected to give a pretty decisive answer to all that. The appointment of Lord Car- Where is Mr. rington as Minister of Agriculture, Rider Haggard ? eoupled with C.-B.'s emphatic de- claration in favour of land reform and the return of the people to the country, point? to immediate action. Mr. Rider Haggard ought to be despatched at once to report upon all that has been done in this direction in Denmark, Holland, Belgium, and Bavaria. The Recess Committee some years ago went over this ground, and their report was the basis of the Irish Agricultural De- partment, where Sir Horace Plunkett has been doing such admirable work. There is no more capable agricultural commissioner than Mr. Rider Haggard, and he has quite recently done < xo-llent work in his report on Canadian Colonisation. It is to be hoped that Lord Carrington will have de- spatched him to the Continent before Parliament assembles. In the manifesto of Sir Henry For the Campbell-Bannerman he gave a World's Peace, conspicuous place to the promo- tion of peace arbitration and the reduction of armaments. Among the means which lie ready to the hand of the new Liberal Adminis- tration is the appropriation of decimal one per cent, of the money voted every year to the Army and Navy to provide a fund for levying war against war. It is high time that the task be undertaken of pro- moting international good feeling (r) by the prompt dissemination of the accurate information necessary to check the machinations of those who are working for war. and (2) by the provision of the small but necessary fund required for the purpose of showing international hospitality to the representatives of other nations. The French entente would have been marred at its inre-ption had it not been for the public-spirited munificence of the then Mayor of Portsmouth, who supplied from his own purse the thousands necessary to provide adequately for the reception of the French fleet. We ought, for in- stance, to invite the Inter-parliamentary Union to Westminster, but there is no fund to cover the ex- penses, and hitherto no British Government has been willing to follow the example of other Govern- ments in placing the legislative halls at the disposal of the Inter-parliamentary Union. The entertaining of royal visitors has long been recognised as one of the essential means of promoting international fra- ternitv. Royalties are not the only personalities who count in these democratic days. But King Demos has no funds at his disposal for showing i22 The Review of Reviews. February to, i*». hospitality to representatives of other nationalities the others would perforce have to follow suit. The who visit these shores. It is a very modest demand financial difficulty is one that constantly stands in this : ^999-9 for maintaining peace by powder and the way of carrying out admirable ideas such as shot — ;£ooo.i for maintaining peace by combating that put forward last month by Sir E. Cornwall, the the malevolent campaign of falsehood and for pro- Chairman of the London County Council, for the moting fraternal intercourse between the representa- annual meeting of an International Municipal Con- tives of the peoples. That, surely, is not too heavy gress. At present the hat has to be sent round a demand upon John Bull's purse. every time, and it often falls very heavily upon a few generous persons. The duty of international " Decimal point one " ought to be hospitality ought to be borne by the nation, and if Decimal the rallying cry of all the friends of this policy of making war against war and on the Point One. peace everywhere. President Roose- causes of war which spring largely in misunder- velt is said to have privately ex- standing were sedulously prosecuted year after year pressed himself very strongly in favour of the idea, with the resources of decimal point one per cent, at The late Colonel Hay approved of it. M. Rouvier its back, we should soon discover the absurdity and commended the idea when it was submitted to him, uselessness of much of our excessively bloated arma- and it is evident, if once the appropriation of deci- ments. It would be well if candidates everywhere mal point one per cent, of the Naval and Military could be induced to pledge themselves to this Budgets was adopted by one of the great Powers simple, obvious, and money-saving proposal. Next month's "Review of Reviews'" will contain a splendid article on "JOHN BURNS OF BATTERSEA." The question of the treatment of the insane is just now attracting much attention, and next month we shall publish an article on the subject, under the title of " Australia's Unhappy Insane: Public Ignorance and Indifference." By Dr. RAMSAY MAILER, of Melbourne, who is a recognised authority on mental diseases. Read Editorial on Page ii. What Some of Our Subscribers Say : think your January number was a beautiful one." Your January number was, in my opinion, one of the finest issued." Another, in sending good wishes for the new year, says : — "Accept my hearty congratulations on your splendid work during the year that" has just gone. I have subscribed to the ' Review ' since the first number was issued, but at no time enjoyed it more than in 1905. Bright, interesting, progressive. Keep it up. If any reader will send in the names of any friends whom they think will be interested in "The Review of Reviews." and likely to subscribe, we shall be glad to forward sample copies. The January numbtr contained special articles on — The Significance of the N.Z. Local Option Poll. What is the Voice of the Commonwealth ? Our Housing Problem. Our Faerie Queen. King Haakon of Norway. Sir Henry Irving. Leading Books of the Month. Book of the Month — Let Youth But Know (a book for educationists). Keview of Reviews, 20J2/06. A BROWN NEW GUINEA. Why not ? As the Bishop of New Guinea explains in another part of this issue, it may be eminently desirable. In fact, he confidently asserts that it is. The Bishop's proposal gives rise to some very serious thoughts. Australia has not reason to be proud of its treatment of its dark-skinned children in the past, but she has a splendid chance now to retrieve past errors. If the neglect which Australia has seen is to be carried across the Straits to New Guinea, there will be as much, if not more, suffering than the sun over Australia ever saw. Broadly and briefly Dr. Stone-Wigg's complaint is that New Guinea is likely to become a dumping-ground for the immoral and base and diseased. Already the outlook is dark enough. The official reports of the spread of disease are enough to turn one sick. It may be too late even now to stamp out what is there. This land, up till latelv, was a virgin one as far as disease is con- cerned, and for it to be thrown open to its ravages without let or hindrance is a crime for which we shall be execrated by future generations. The wide- spread nature of disease is appalling, as given in official reports. NOT A REVOLUTIONARY SUGGESTION. At first sight the Bishop's proposal looks revolu- tionarv ; but an understanding of it shows its reason- ableness. He does not mean that whites should be shut out of New Guinea, but that the interests of the natives should be considered first. If that were done, everything; likelv to work harm to them would be shut out. Under this heading would come all kinds of moral and physical diseases. The two generally run in couples. Why not preclude from landing the man who has a criminal record, as well as the man whose landing means physical contamina- tion as proved by medical inspection. New Guinea is a natives' land. The whites are a handful. It is almost an impossibility, by reason of great dis- tances, to administer justice effectually. Evil may be wrought away from centres and long time elapse before it is discovered. Moreover, as shown by the officials' reports, there is great difficulty in securing convictions against white men, as they stand by each other, and the natives are afraid to give evidence. Under these circumstances, the Bishop is right when he urges that the whites who do enter shall be of such a character as to ensure the safety and well- being of the natives. NEW GUINEA NOT NEEDED FOR PRESENT SETTLEMENT. There is all the more reason in the plea because New Guinea is not needed for settlement. Those who settle there go from choice, but not from neces- sity. There is room and to spare in Australia. Its boundless area supplies everv varying condition of climate and soil. If Australia were teeming with life, there would be instant reason for opening up the country, with proper safeguards. But not only is the country being opened up now, but the safe- guards are not there. And yet so easy would it be to insist upon the character of the white resi- dents who do go being above reproach. New Guinea is the home of the natives. It is theirs by every right that can be named. In these days no people should impose their Government and customs on another no matter how inferior in civil- isation thev may be without making sure that the native race will be in no degree prejudiced. It is the native who should have first consideration. The white man's interests should come second. Perhaps one should say, that in considering the natives' in- terest, he really places his own interest first. As the Bishop points out, the majority of the white residents are men who would be a credit to any community, and they deplore the evils as much as any, but" are powerless, as they have no voice in the matter. But there is a section that can only be characterised as moral refuse which, in the ma- jority of the cases concerned, the countries that bred them are fortunate to be rid of, and which should have been refused admission to a clean, untainted land. The Federal Government has shown a laudable desire to do well towards New Guinea by prohibiting liquor to natives and granting Local Option to the whites. Will it not go farther when it gets sole con- trol, by forbidding the landing of any person who is suffering from disease. Official reports will supply more than can be said here, and convince the most careless that drastic action is necessary. Dr. Stone- Wigg says that un'ess it is checked, disease will sweep through the country like a pestilence. What a pros- pect ! Yet it may be prevented. Although it seems a hardship, yet the exigencies of civilisation render necessary the colonising of native lands, but for our good name's sake, as well as the natives' sake, let us preserve them in health and happiness as long as they are there. " Our brothers' keepers " we are, as far as even- man is concerned. Much more are we with regard to those who are defenceless against our advances, and helpless against the solid phalanx of our racial prejudices and customs. Ketieir of Review, 20J2/06. The Young Men's Movement. Easter Camp at Lowry Bay, Wellington. N.Z. A MODERN YOUNG MEN'S MOVEMENT IN NEW ZEALAND. THE SOCIAL SIDE OF ITS WORK. By J.P. [The Young Men's Movement in New Zealand is SO great that in the very near future it is going to influence its national life. As such — one of the factors in national progress^— it deserves the special notice which "The Review ot Reviews" can give. Very soon the young men who are being trained in t he way indicated in this article will lie making their way into New Zealand's civic and political arenas. It is certain that in a little while the education of young man, with regard to both these aspects of life and activity, will he taken in hand in a comprehensive way. There are indications of it already. A school of preparation for social service this movement may, and will, develop into if the ideals of some of its leaders are realised. No one can measure the ultimate effect upon the State when more of the fine, clean stamp shown in the accompanying photographs, dominated by high ideals and prepared for social work by a stiff course of training, crowd into puhlic life and wrest positions for the sake of reform. The article is written by the man hesl able to appreciate and understand the present and future value of the movement. — EniTOR. j A visitor to New Zealand who had travelled widely recently remarked that nowhere, to his know- ledge, in any country of the world was there such a large proportion of young men in attendance at church ordinances or interested and engaged in church life and work as in New Zealand. And this is by no means the unsupported testimony of one individual. It is a matter which has been very gene- rally commented upon. It is no uncommon sight to witness at a Sunday evening service in one of the large city churches a crowded congregation, made up for the most part of young men. There are many contributing causes that have brought this about. In the first place, the church has recognised the importance of engaging the ser- vices of her young men in her work, and her minis- ters have laid themselves out especially to deal with " the young man problem." Another contributing factor has undoubtedly been the influence of the Bible Class Movement, a move- ment which, although under an old name, is, to all intents and purposes, quite new so far as Chin eh life is concerned. Started about sixteen years ago in a very small way, this movement has grown to very large pro- portions. It embraces in its membership the flower of the youth of the colony, the men who will make Xew Zealand's future, and outside of its own mem- bership it exercises an influence which has already been far reaching. The time has happily passed in New Zealand when it was fashionable for the young man to pooh pooh Christianity. A new era Ketiew of Reviews, Young Men's Movement in N.Z. 12 - "3 u- «g *8% f&Vft%l?^ ^Wl f?^ •9*Ti #*>•&* •**v * > drifts *^* ^ o o CO -a si g g as — = < $6 £ 0 c m ™ O 3 r _ i- - c > 126 The Review of Reviews. February 10, 1906^ The Hockey Team of t*e Taranaki St.. Wellington. Wesleyan Church. Rev. P. W~. Fairelough, Minister. has been entered upon when our young men are neither afraid nor ashamed to ally themselves with Christ's cause. Evidence of this altered state of things is to be found not only in Church attend- ance, but also in the many avenues of life in which men meet and work. That our Christian paper, The Outlook, should have noticed and spoken of the movement in the following terms is not perhaps to be wondered at. In an editorial it says: — YOUNG MENS MOVEMENT. " A careful perusal of the articles, addresses, im- pressions and reports dealing with the Easter Camp in connection with the Young Men's Bible Class Union, which appear in this issue, should be suffi- cient to convince the most sceptical that this move- ment is one of the most hopeful and significant forces making for national righteousness, and the extension of Christ's Kingdom, with which our colony has yet been blessed. The Conference held at Christchurch in May last, conducted bv Mr. J. R. Mott, in connection with the Student Union movement, was considered one of the most note- worthy gatherings which have ever been held in New Zealand, whilst the impetus which that gathering has given to the cause of Foreign Missions is a matter of history. The Bible Class Camp, in its turn, promises to be a milestone in the progress of our Home Mission work, in that it heralds the up- rising of the best and noblest of the young men of New Zealand against the forces of evil, taking their stand under the banner of the Lord Jesus Christ. . . . The motto of the Union, ' Be strong, and show thyself a man.' is carried into prac- tice in every department of life, and, whether on the playing field, in the boarding establishment, in the warehouse, counting-house, factory or workshop, all over the colony, the Bible Class members are demonstrating the joyful possibility of living out clean, Christian lives. It is impossible to over-esti- mate the effects of this gradual leavening of the commercial, the professional and the labour world which is going on under our eyes, and the revolution in feeling and opinion, which it is bound to create in favour of all that is honest and pure and beauti- ful, as against the base and the ignoble, and the> bestial. This movement is a splendidly hopeful sign of the times, and it deserves universal support." It is more remarkable, however, when the secular neviev: of Renews, 2&2/06. Young Men's Movement in N.Z. n7 a o bo a o >> ei CO M c 2 a 5) S E h a) S o I- oo t a u. .M 9) § o -3 M 3) a o 128 The Review of Reviews, February 20, 1906. press take notice of the movement, and speak of it in the following laudatory terms: — SOME PRESS OPINIONS. The Union (says the ChristchurcJi Press) is now in its third year, and i1 has in it- ranks over 2000 mem- bers. Its objects are not merely spiritual. It re- cognises t lie value and the claims of physical training and athletic sports, and gives them due consideration. The Union has gathered strength by appealing thus to the many sides of the character of our Now '/. land youth, and in most of the large centre- it has proved of great benefit to t.he young men and to the Church. The Union attract-- to itself the pick of the young men of the congregations, and many university graduates are to be found taking a prominent part in the management of the classes. It is the aim of t.he Executive of the Bible Class Union to keep the movement as free as possible from the "cant" which is so frequently associated with these organisations, and the vigorous and manly character of the proceed- ings at Wainoni during the past few days is quite re- freshing. The Bible Class Camp iv (says the New Zealand Times), a distinct proof that, despite a general im- pression to the contrary, the young men ot New Zea- land— or, at any rate, a considerable proportion <>t them- are strongly impressed with religious ideas, and are imbued with the truth that "righteousness profiteth in all thing-." Our young men are some- times accused of over-devotion to athletic- and to amusements; but the "camp" iv evidence that at least a number of them are not only •muscular Christians,'' hut place their Christianity before their muscularity. For it is primarily as members of B ble Classes that these young men have banded them- selves into a wide-spreading Union, employing a salaried organising secretary, and devoting themselves to the study of the sacred writings upon which the religion of the British people is founded. It is not the province of a secular journal to discuss at length the objects of societies formed for the purpose of Bible discus-ion or their methods of parrying out these objects : but, as observers of movements hearing upon the welfare of the State, it gives us pleasure to notice an organisation that is evidently doing good work in the interests of the young. THB OLD AND THE NEW. The Bible Class is an institution dating bark very many years and has been one of the recognised ad- juncts to every well-organised- congregation. Many readers can look back to its efforts and influence with gratifying pleasure as being one of the chief formative agencies which shaped and strengthened their lives. Until recently the Bible classes in existence, with a few exceptions, were latterly com- posed of an almost exclusive membership of young women. Young men were no longer attracted either by the constitution, the syllabus or the methods of work. For a time in Xew Zealand there seemed to be no Church institution which laid hold of the voting men in any numbers, and it looked as if they were to lie largely lost to the Church. Since the adoption of a new and forward policy bv the Bible Class matters certainly have improved. Young men have been attracted to its membership, and have become very much attached to its policv. In the "Presbyterian classes alone the members now number over two thousand, and this number is weekly being added to. The Wesleyan and Baptist classes formed on similar lines have also a verv large membership, and a noteworthy feature is that the membership of the Men's Unions outnumbers the membership of the Young Women's Unions, which are similarly organised. DISTINGUISHING FEATURES. While the old name of " Bible Class " has been retained, the methods of work have been altered very considerably. There has been quite an altera- tion of method in the conduct of the Sunday meet- ing, which is now worked on co-operative lines, most of the work and speaking being done by the young men themselves. The meeting has been made a young men's meeting, as distinguished from a meet- ing for young men. The subject is opened up and discussed by the young men themselves, the con- ductor « .r leader only guiding it and piecing tin fragments together in his closing remarks. Another distinguishing feature of the movement is that an interest is taken in all matters that rightly enter into the sphere of a young man's activities whether they Ik- of a spiritual, mental, social or physical nature. The work while centred in the Sunda\ afternoon meeting does not end there. Again, due recognition has also been made that Christianity is a social, as well as a spiritual fact. I shall, in the remaining space at my disposal, and in accordance with your own wishes, deal with the social side of our work as being more more suited to the columns of your " Review." THE SOCIAL SIDK. Every encouragement is given to members of the classes to engage in social work out- side the class itself. Work is undertaken amongst hoys and lads not so well circum- stanced in life. One class has for many years past conducted a flourishing Boys' Institute, and have recently donated from the members themselves a sum of over ^400 towards a building, in which thev hope to have a gymnasium and swimming bath provided for these boys. Several classes undertake the regular visitation of young men in the district hospitals. Anti-gambling leagues have been formed and worked with excellent results in many districts, and latterly the No-License Movement has been heartily taken up by members, an outcome of which has been the formation of a Young Men's No- License League. These are some of the outlets for social work outside of the class itself in which the energies of the members have been successfully directed. In the class itself there are many agencies at work which not only interest and bind the mem- bers together, but which also attract to the class manv who would otherwise never come within its influence. Literary and Debating Societies, by means of competitions, have brought the members He view of Recieics, ZVJ2J06. Young Men's Movement in N.Z. 129 o - 3 .£ o z - o • 13° Th3 Review of Reviews February SO, 1906'. JRevieir of Reviews, 201% /06. Young Men's Movement in N.Z. 131 A Historic Group. The Commencement of the Org-anised Young Men's Movement. The Delegates appointed to discuss the matter. President, Mr. G. A. Troup, in centre of middle row. into touch and quickened at the same time their mental activities. The Young Man's Magazine, which is the organ of the movement, also encourages a taste for literary work, and has brought to light several facile youthful wielders of the quill and masters of diction. Then most classes have their social clubs, which meet once a week to engage in games and social intercourse. Draughts and chess competitions are arranged for. A good parlour, with a well-stocked table of newspaper and maga- zine literature is also a valuable adjunct. If at all possible, every class should aim at pos- sessing a suite of rooms consisting of a sitting-room, a library and magazine room, and a gymnasium. The sitting-room should have a fireplace, and be com- fortably furnished with easy chairs, tables and a variety of parlour games. Writing material should be provided, so that those who cannot get the necessary quietness in their lodgings may resort to the reading-room to write their home letters or engage in reading or study. THE PHYSICAL SIDE. Nor should the physical side of the young man's life be overlooked. Every well organised class should have its gymnasium where the youth engaged all day in sedentary occupation can take a course of exercise under a qualified instructor. Many classes have their cricket or rambling clubs in the summer, and their football, hockey or harrier clubs in the winter months. By these means many a young fellow is unconsciously led within the in- fluence of the class and the Church. The former provides, as it were, a half-way house to the latter, for the great bulk of young fellows — viz., those who are still outside of any direct church influence. Of course, a great deal of work is involved to keep these various clubs and other accessories healthy and vigorous, and it would be quite impos- sible for one or two men to do it unless they de- voted all their time. The matter, however, is sim- plified by the appointment of committees. Each committee has charge of some particular branch of work, and the convener has a seat on the general committee, which meets monthly to transact the business of the class. Each convener brings up a written report at this monthly meeting. While the leaders cannot possibly hope, single-handed, to cope with all the detail of the various branches of work. it is yet very necessary that they keep a grip and exercise a wise control, otherwise attention may cen- tre in what is, after all, only the accessory work of the class. KINDRED MOVEMENTS. It will be seen then from what has been stated, that we have in the Bible Class Movement an in- 1^2 The Review of Reviews. February SO, 1906. stitution in direct connection with our churches very much akin to the Young Men's Christian Associa- tion ; an institution which offers young men some- thing more than a meeting, which endeavours to touch them at as many points as possible to influence them throughout the whole week. Mr. W. T. Stead recently stated at Manchester that it was the duty of the Church as it was that of a mother — to care most for those who caused her most trouble. Now the boys generally require a good deal of looking after, and wise parents humour them in many ways to secure and strengthen their attachment to the home. And what tin- parent has to do the Church will also find necessary if she wishes to enlist the sympathies and use up the energies of young fellows between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five. Most churches could, with a very small expendi- ture of money, and with wisely-directed effort, do a very great deal for their young men. Even in New Zealand, where Bible Class work has now been es- tablished for many years, and although much has been done, the work is still in its infancy, and the future will probably see each church with a well-equipped suite of young mens rooms, and, in the larger churches, a paid secretary, who shall de- vote the whole ul' his time specially to this work. Dr. Cressy, in his recent book, "The Church and Young Men,'' quotes the following from Dr. Judkins, which very pithily places the situation before us: — " It would be well," he says, " if the young men of each church were organised into a society — a kind of local Young Men's Christian Association. In this way the spirit and method of thai great organisation would be widely diffused and applied at a myriad different points. When Satan proposes to debauch a city full of people, he does not build a grand central saloon at one conspicuous point: he just honeycombs the city, putting a cheerful saloon at almost every corner. Now the Church edifices are pretty evenly distributed throughout the city, and, if each one of them should become a cen- tre of light and cheer for the young men in its im- mediate neighbourhood, the problem of enlighten- ing the city would be solved. Let the young men's headquarters consist, if possible, of a sitting- room, a library, reading-room and gvmnasium. Let the sitting-room have a coffee urn in the corner, a fireplace, easy chairs, tables and a variety of inno- cent games. CHICAGO CLASSES. This, taken with the report of the Chicago Presbv- terian Young Men's Bible Class Union, formed as recently only as 1902, and with a membership in 1904 of over 4000 members, goes to prove that in New Zealand we have been working on right lines. Dr. Cressy, writing of the Chicago Movement, says : — " It is almost impossible to estimate the value of the movement. Hundreds of men, who were at one time identified with, or interested in, our Presby- terian Churches, but who have in later years been indifferent have returned to the active ranks . . . and we are just experiencing the beginning of the great forward movement throughout the Church." The President, Mr. Andrew Stevenson, said " he counted it the greatest opportunity of his life to be connected with a movement which has been used to win men for Christ as has this, and he expressed the hope that it would be duplicated in some way or another in every denomination in Chicago." And so we might re-echo his desire in so far as Aus- tralasia goes: that in every Church there may be established a strong aggressive body of young men bound together to propagate devotion to Christ and the spiritual life which has been quickened in them- selves. \i:e the methods successful? In reply to the question, Are the methods em- ployed successful? there can only be one answer, and that is emphatically Yes. In the first place, large numbers of young men who were drifting from the churches have connected themselves with the classes. Many of these have joined the membership of the church. Main have through the agency of the class been led to a saner view of life, and many more helped to make decision for the Christian life. Ask these men whether they believe in the Bible Class Movement, and a united testimony will be given that each and all have benefited by their connection with it. Bible Class methods of work not only have ap- pealed to the shopman and the artisan, of which elass we have in the past had too few in our churches, but they have made equally successful ap- peals to the professional man, the student and the clerk. There are at the present time in training for the ministry thirty seven Bible Class members, and next vear this number will be largely increased. "SUMMER CAMPS." I cannot conclude this article without referring briefly to the encampments which have been an out- standing feature of the work. During the holidays the members frequently go into camp, and, while there, discuss methods of work at the same time as they are having a holidav. At Easter time a central camp is- regularly held, at which delegates from all parts of New Zealand attend. It is expected that at the Presbyterian Easter Camp, to be held at Dunedin next Easter, as many as 500 delegates will be present. During the encampment the annual meeting of the Union is held, and the necessary business transacted, and the officers elected for the ensuing year. Conferences are held and at th< as well as at the sectional meetings, matters of com- mon interest are discussed, and methods of work re- viewed. A day is wholly given over to sports, at which the various classes compete for a champion- ship banner. The winning class holds the banner Review of Beviem, wp/06. Y outiQ Men's Movement in N.Z. *33 o u •c a o o > - .O «-> 3 0 o • ■§ o o s 1) O "0 •S ° GO |a c s: a *34 The Review of Reviews. February SO, 1906. for one year, and has its name inscribed thereon. Considerable interest is taken in the sports competi- tions as in most of the larger classes are athletes of first-class rank. The Rev. J. Mackenzie, M.A., of Christchurch, after visiting the camp at Christchurch, wrote: — " Even a casual visitor to the Young Men's Camp could not but feel how deeply-rooted the Bible Class Movement had already become in New Zealand. One was struck at the outset by the number and the variety of the men present, by the atmosphere of good fellowship that everywhere prevailed, and bv the heartiness and enthusiasm that characterised the whole proceedings. It was pleasant to find that some who a few years ago seemed to have outlived their youth, were here as leaders and secretaries of classes, sitting side by side with lads just entering upon manhood, sharing their interests, and looking at things from their point of view. One of the benefits of the Bible Class Movement seems to be that when once a man throws himself heartily into it, he never grows old. . . . It is a question whether the Church as a whole should not see in this movement a reason for self-reproach. It has long been customary in certain quarters to deplore the fact that the young men of this country were impervious to religious influences. The originators of the Bible Classes have shown that when suitable men and methods are forthcoming, and when the Gospel is set in aa intelligible relation to a voung man's life, the response will be immediate and gene- ral. Churches in which the young man is an un- known quantity, might, with advantage, cease their lamentations over the degeneracy of the age, and take this lesson to heart. . . . On the day when the forces that are latent in this Bible Class Move- ment are organised and disciplined, and definitely harnessed to the task of extending the Kingdom of God in this land, the Church will enter upon a new era, while her work will assume new proportions, and be prosecuted with new hope and enthusiasm. May God speed the day !" The Young Men of St. Paul's, Christchurch. tieeiew or Recieirs, 20ll/06. DEMOCRACY IN NEW ZEALAND. j* FIFTEEN YEARS OF LIBERALISM, jt By Emil Schwabe, Chief Parliamentary Reporter " New Zealand Times." Tomlimon.'] Th Right Hon. R. J. Seddon, IPhoto. Premier of New Zealand since 1893; also Colonial Trea- surer, Minister of Education, Minister of Defence, Minis- ter of Labour, and Minister tor Immigration. The visit to Australia of the Right Hon. R. J. Seddon, Premier of New Zealand, early in April next (at the close of the colony's financial year), to dis- cuss with Federal Ministers matters affecting the Avelfare of the Commonwealth and New Zealand, lends more than passing interest to the political con- test from which Mr. Seddon's administration has just so triumphantly emerged. The student of politics in Australia who has become used to the rapid rise and fall of Ministries, both State and Federal, may well cast his eyes over New Zealand, and wonder why for twelve years the colony has known only one Premier, and for fifteen years only one Liberal administration. It is difficult for the average Australian, not being conversant with the local conditions aat sway the electors, to under- stand the reasons fo. the existence of the continuous Liberal Ministry. Prior to 1890 the Conserva tives for many years had things politically very much their j\vn way. Then came the elections following the maritime strike, into which New Zealand workers were sympathetically drawn by their co-workers in Australia. These elections sounded the death knell of Conservatism in New Zealand. Since then the wave of Liberalism has gained so much in strength that in December last it engulfed the whole of New Zealand to such an extent that 64 Liberals were returned out of a Parliament of 80 members — truly a marvellous record in the history of self-governing colonies. The election returns came as a surprise even to Mr. Seddon. • He had passed through a session — - the last of the fifteenth Parliament — that was excep- tionally trying, and at the close there were not want- ing signs that the Opposition intended to make the greatest political fight since the last Atkinson Gov- ernment held office. " If we don't succeed this time," said one of their lieutenants, Mr. Duthie, during the election, " I don't know when the Opposition will again make such an effort." Mr. Duthie himself was amongst the fallen. An Opposition never numeri- cally strong since 1890, came out of the election rrippled and torn ; in fact, it was practically anni- hilated. Mr. W. F. Massey, leader of the Opposi- tion, writing shortly before the election said, " At- tempts are constantly being made to identifv the present Opposition with the party which was defeated in 1890. Those who are opposed to us politically are generally careful to encourage the idea by speak- ing of Opposition members as Tories and Conser- vatives ; but those who understand the position will agree with me that there are men on the Opposition side of the House who have the principles of Liberalism as truly at heart as those on the Govern- ment side have. ... I feel that they (my col- leagues) are strong, able and patriotic, and that the policy for which they stand must in the end prevail." Like others. Mr. Massey had not read the times aright. Instead of his party " in the end " prevailing, it was, as has been pointed out, almost extinguished ; so much so, that the leader of the Opposition now leads a forlorn hope. Men like Sir William Russell (a former leader of the Opposition), Mr. John Duthie (an old Parliamentarian, who represented largely the commercial interests), Mr. W. C. M6 The Review of Reviews. February 20, 190K. i - rr .=; be I i' ^. i — : — — *~" mftt'' c ^ •- . — - _T - htJ 3 c- ■f - t; . go 5 CJfl Mr'* lass a3M§3 ■ 4> ~ C~ ^K -—-- ^ .^■^^l^M r a - - ' H ^H £ fe 2»- Kfi • -" 8 - '/J — - — - - - z~ z -■ ^M > In r. * — JO £ ^ls§S C/) u — C cr ■" Z S Q — to - - B • B - OX r. ~ ~~ • -— sS :"" g = r j 2 » ■ * 5 < Qs! 10 ^ 0 r- - - QQ _o 3 -*— u -J. ©•-.£ Jk> -i— — ~ = OO W -*.. .3 D k ;/ ^ 0 J3 • - d 5 3 B Ph ta e g «s D *« Z tj J I 2 .c. z o u to u ' 2 i: c- S£ .2 • .._.i-t - E -■ 'i* ^ ** a o-g »B ml z ►J - -T-. z S U - — — — —' fl «- . &a5 g s B \ trJ V " PoS N Pirl — o. E o r ^ - 2 -rt^ 2 J i^ B 0"S £ .gog ^^^B Z U & « ,a ^.-1 |?\ ^^B 2 = 6-1" I- ■ ^ ^f = i;j= o S ^^^■r ** -z. V r— i ? Z/r--f >ij^ L v - -■- . « d SS§ b | b!W ■ ■ - r ~ i/ nc — 5 1 ktf ■- x •— ~ c — ?. s Review of Reviews, 20;lJQ6. Democracy in New Zealand. r37 Buchanan (a farmers' representative of many years' Parliamentary experience), Mr. A. L. Herdman (a rising barrister and keen critic of the Government), and Mr. E. G. B. Moss (barrister), Mr. F. W. Lang ^farmer), Mr. A. E. Harding (farmer), and Mr. W. H. Hawkins (newspaper proprietor), amongst the lesser Opposition lights, found their places taken by Liberal candidates; whilst the " New Liberal Party " — a party against the Government, and that was going to ": smash up things " — lost its leader, Mr. T. E. Taylor (easily the best debater in the last Parlia- ment), and Mr. H. D. Bedford (a young man who, in the election of 1902, polled the largest num- ber of votes of any candidate in the colony). Of the if New Liberal Party " of four only two came back, Mr. G. Laurenson and Mr. F. M. B. Fisher, and with the verdict of the people emphatically against their line of policy. The causes of the Opposition debacle are not far to seek. New Zealand has enjoyed wonderful pros- perity during the Liberal regime. The fact that the term Liberalism is synonymous with prosperity doubt- less had something to do with making the people cling to the "old love."' Whilst it is a mistake to suppose that this happy state of affairs is due to anything but to the industry and thrift of the people themselves, there can be no question of the fact that the policy of Mr. Seddon's Government is thoroughly popular. True, that policy has added over a million a vear to the national debt, but the bor- rowed money has been invested in such reproductive works that for the present, at any rate, the people are not feeling any extra pressure in regard to the payment of interest. Indeed, the Government sur- pluses continue to grow annually, until Mr. Seddon. in consonance with the generally expressed desire at the recent elections, has now intimated his inten- tion of reducing the Customs duties on the neces- saries of life. Mr. Seddon's term of office may be divided briefly into three distinguishing features — Labour, Im- perialism, and " Humanities." Strange as it may seem, a section of Labour revolted against the Sed- don Government at the last election — against a Government, too. which has given Labour almost everything a democratic administration that had to hold the balance evenly between all parties, espe- cially between capital and labour, could give the working man. This " revolt," however,, was extin- guished in the Opposition downfall, and mam of the Labour candidates lost their election deposits. Labour had overlooked the Arbitration, Factories. Land for Settlement, Old Age Pensions, Work-rs' Compensation, Employers' Liabilitv, Wages Protec- tion. Employment of Boys and Girls Without Pay- ment Prevention, Public Contracts, and Workers' Dwellings Acts ; Provision for the Higher Education of the People's Children ; and manv other measures that were passed mainly in the interests of the workers. But the Government had called a " halt " in respect to Labour legislation ; it was found that there was no necessity to go to the extreme lengths demanded by the socialist section of the Labour Party, and hence, no doubt, the severance of Labour from Liberalism. Liberalism triumphed, but in reality Liberalism meant Democracy, and it was difficult to understand what more democratic policy Labour could have had than what Liberalism had already given it. In respect to Mr. Seddon's Im- perialism, that brought under his banner many crusted Tories who formerly denounced him and all his works. The third feature of Mr. Sed- don's term of office indicated in the fore- going has been his legislation in the direction of what he himself has described as the "Humanities" — for the protection of infantile life by the establish- ment of State Nursing Homes, or otherwise in mak- ing provision for the people from " the cradle to the grave " — bringing the young people safely into the world, and smoothing the pathway of the old people as they go out of it. What will Mr. Seddon do with his large majority? It has been said that the Liberal party is now " top- heavv," and that there will soon be dissensions be- tween the rank and file. The Premier says, how- ever, that he has no anxiety on this point ; he has managed an overwhelming majority ere this, and he feels himself quite competent to do so again. He recognises that the possession of such a large majo- rity brings with it greater responsibility. " If you trust the people, and do that which is just and right, you need have no fear,'' he declares. And that has been the keystone of his success in the past. Cabi- net reconstruction has been urged on him, in view of the fact, generallv admitted, that there are men in the Liberal ranks who are much more able to cam out Ministerial duties than several of the Ministers who now held office. But a peculiar position has to be faced in the matter of any Cabinet reconstruc- tion. All the Ministers of the previous Cabinet were returned. The verdict has been emphatically in their favour, and, that being so, the Premier may perhaps be well justified in asking. " Whv should f make any change ?" However, logically, and to satisfv the demands of his own partv, then1 will doubtless in due course be a reconstruction of the Cabinet, whose administrative capacity in respect to certain departments, notably Agriculture, Lands, Justice, and Customs, has been undeniably weak. The lesson of the recent elections is that the people of New Zealand want no other policv but progressive Liberalism. To this policy Mr. Seddon owes his remarkable success as a politician. Cer- tainly, he has his faults, but what great leader of men has not ? His administration may be criticised from many standpoints. That is not, however, within the scope of this article. His policy is right. It has been almost unanimously endorsed by the people of New Zealand. KevUw or Reviews, SOji/06. A TWENTIETH CENTURY LESSON IN ETHICS. A MAN WHO WANTS NO MORE— HE HAS ENOUGH. Of the capital stock of this company he owns four- fifths. Besides this, he has resources which would make him much more than a millionaire. In the prime of life, in the midst of a successful career, with the brightest of financial prospects be- fore him, this exponent of righteousness, handling an output of millions, and with plants employing nearly a thousand hands, gives away his fortune. Not a deathbed gift this, when a man has exhausted the sordid joys of accumulating, but a healthy, sound recognition of the claims of brotherhood. In 1886 Mr. Nelson introduced profit-sharing into his business. Fur 19 years "the amounts received by the employes as their share of the profits have ranged from four per cent, to ten per cent, of their wages or salaries, or from two to five weeks' extra pay." In 1890 he moved the plants from St. Louis to Le- Claire, Illinois, so that the employes might have more healthful conditions of life. He had a beauti- ful home in St. Louis. In Le-Claire, he, with his wife and daughter, both in hearty sympathy with him, " live in the same style as his men, never with more than one servant, and oftener with none. He is friend and counsellor, not boss and driver." There is no policeman needed in Le-Claire. That might be expected. But in January, 1905, Mr. Nelson conferred with his employes, and proposed a wider application of his altruism. He proposed a plan embodied in a " Circular to Customers," of which the following is an extract : — This company adopted a profit-sharing system with its employes in 1886, and has paid, for the entire nineteen years, dividends from four to ten per cent, per year on each one's salary or wages. It has now- decided to take customers also into partnership. For the year 1905 we shalT divide our profits of one per cent, on capital, one and one-half per cent, on wages and salaries, and two per cent, to customers on the gross profits on their purchases. A ledger account will be kept with each customer, showing the amount of his gross profits, and at the end of the year, footed and figured on in the same manner as the wages. In addition to this, the entire profit, without deduc- tion for interest, on my stock, which is about four- fifths of the whole (excluding a small amount of pre- ferred stock which draws interest and nothing more), will be divided at the rate of four-tenths to the cus- tomer, three-tenths to employes, and three-tenths for benevolent and public purposes to be administered by me. Each customer will receive the proportion that his gross profit bears to the total gross profit. Gross profit is made the basis instead of purchase, because some goods bear much lower profit than others. These dividends will be paid in the stock of the company at a price on which the average net earnings of the next preceding three years would yield six per cent, net, or in six per cent, preferred stock. Mr. Nelson O. Nelson. In these days of hasting to be rich, with all the elaborate machinery that the brain of man has devised for heaping together the world's goods, it is rare to come across those who are more bent on distributing than gathering. Beyond the philan- thropists wrho surrender their comfort and goods for others, and who suffer much physical discomfort that thev may win men. one does not look for the spirit that says it needs no more, and will distribute instead of accumulate. Moreover, the theory of perfect benevolence is often enough lauded when a man's income is low, but it rarely finds expression when the tide turns and he controls, if not un- limited, at any rate great, wealth. But there is in America a man who says he has enough. The December The World To-day tells of him. His name is Nelson O. Nelson. He is not a struggling tradesman, nor a soured misanthrope. He is a man of clear, sane mind and wide sympa- thies. He says : — " I have improved on Carnegie's saying that it is a disgrace for a man to die rich ; I sav it is a disgrace for a man to be rich." Who and what is he? The head of a great com- mercial concern — the Nelson O. Nelson Company — rated in mercantile agencies at the highest rating. Review of Reviews, 2012/06. A Lesson In Ethics. 139- I have been the active head of this business for over thirty years. I am the owner of as much or more property than I want. It has been made by the co- operation of the employes and the customers. I now want them to have the benefit of it. As the business has been for several years, and is now, and looks for the future, it should take a very few years to pass it entirely into the ownership of the employes and the customers. It can be made more and more profitable by this mutual interest, and this additional profit goes entirely to those who make it. No customer is placed under any obligation. He need not buy unless the prices and quality and service suit him. No salesman will ever hold out the dividend as an excuse for high prices. Whatever your opinion may at any time be of the prices or the house, please do not lay it to the profit-sharing plan. In our busi- ness of over two million a year, there are many small accounts, the dividends on which it would be cumber- some to figure and impossible to issue stock for. Pur- chases amounting to less than 100 dollars within the year will not be counted. Dividends of small frac- tional parts of a share will be held on deposit until made up to half a share. There will be no change in the operation and methods of the company nor in its management. At the end of the year the customers and the employes will be asked to appoint an auditor to verify the profit and dividend statement. Some of the employes demurred to this wholesale co-operation, but Mr. Nelson brought them to a proper frame of mind. It must be noted that Mr. Nelson foregoes even the profits on his stock. These he divides between customers (four-tenths), em- ployes (three-tenths), philanthropy (three-tenths). This the two former get in addition to the profits from the business. For managing the company Mr. Nelson receives a salary, " but it is no larger than others in the com- pany receive, and he has pledged that he will not use his stock to retain his position as manager." And although it is not likely to happen, yet the other stock-holders could discharge him if they chose. The article closes with a statement from the pen of Mr. Nelson : — It seems to me that discussion of this ought to be stripped of all usual personality and by presenting the main point, which is that a captain of industry has been engaged in simply conducting business for the use ic was to those doing its work and for those getting its product. Second, that having got the business squarely on its feet and well rounded, its future increment is to be the property of the two classes which carry it on — namely, the employes of all sorts and the customers. Third, that having always recognised its duty as a corporation of men to care for its own disabled and do its share in educational and benevolent work, it establishes as one of its fundamentals, the diversion of about three-tenths of its profits to such necessary public purposes. Fourth, that it illustrates that co-operation can be started from the top as well as from the bottom. Fifth, that it shows that within the constitution and the law and the system, any man or any company of men can carry on business for the good of at least so large a number as it directly touches, just as well or better than it can for the advantage of one or a few. Sixth, that as abundantly proven by European ex- perience, private companies turned first into profit- sharing and then into co-operative ownership and man- agement, by the co-operative movement, in which Great Britain alone has two million one hundred thou- sand members, an annual business of 500,000,000 dol- lars manufacturing and trading can be done better co- operatively than for private profit. Truly it is a thrilling story which Mr. Pomeroy, the writer, tells, and yet its beauty lies chiefly in its unobtrusiveness, and in the unphilanthropic way in which Mr. Nelson regards his work. Evidently to him it is a duty to be performed without favour or expectation of reward. Certainly it is one of the shining examples beckoning the world to the plane where men regard not themselves, but the interests of others. * ESPERANTO. ^ Our stock of Esperanto books should now be not far from Melbourne, for almost sufficient time has now elapsed for them to arrive. Will the numerous friends who forwarded remittances for them be good enough to make their patience last out for a little longer. When the books arrive no delay will take place in forwarding them to purchasers. They will leave by first mail. Any Australasian news regarding Esperanto will be welcomed. Send to the Editor. " Review of Reviews," Equitable Building, Melbourne, Intending students should get intoi touch with the President of the Melbourne Club, .Mr. Jas. Booth, 25 Kathdown-st., Carlton. As ever, it is possible only to summarise the ex- traordinary progress made by Esperanto in popular estimation. One instance is the fact that it was one of the subjects for discussion at the general meeting of the Modern Language Association, held at Univer- sity College in December. There the general feeling was emphasised ; namely, that as a utilitarian inter- national medium of communication it is admirable, but if it claims to be of great literary value the claim cannot be substantiated. To this the only answer can be that the primary purpose of Esperanto is as a key language, and for such it Mas designed; but even for that it must have some literary value, else how could scientists and literary men make use of it? But it has never attempted to be and was never designed as a rival to natural languages. Their beauty lies largely in their idioms and irregularities, the product of the ages ; such adornments unfit them for — just as its simplicity and regularity fit Esperanto for its special purpose — the medium for a. world-wide entente cordiale. It was very curious to note the speeches at the Modern Language dinner, held lately in London, and realise how certain arguments there used are argu- ments for the use of such a language ae Esperanto. Mr. Warren, the President of Magdalen College, said that the study of modern language must never degenerate into a mere utilitarian pursuit. (To pre- vent this use Esperanto for utilitarian purposes.) Dr. Fielder said: — Language is a bond which knits all humanity together." (Then learn some common tongue which all humanity can also learn, and so this tie will knit together the poor as well as the leisured: classes.) Review of Reviews, 2012/06. INTERVIEWS ON TOPICS OF THE MONTH. AUSTRALASIAN INTERVIEWS. LXVII.-A BROWN NEW GUINEA. THE RIGHT REV. THE BISHOP OF NEW GUINEA (DR. STONE WIGG.) The Bishop of New Guinea has been in Melbourne for the last three months, and has fallen into a contro\ e r s y in which all the laurels go to hi in. The matter is of suffi- cient importance to deal with in the •• R e v i e w, " for it affects t he ques- tion of the adminis- tration of New (luinea in some very important par- ticulars. • What is all this fuss about?" I ask- ed the genial Bishop. "Well, it arose „ ,. , , rn. . from a sermon I Burhngtoit,] [Photo. , . , The Right Rev. the Bishop of p reached in the New Guinea. Cathedral here, in which I suggested that a ■brown New Guinea' was an eminently desirable thing, on account of the abuses which were introduced into the territory by some whites. I was instantly attacked, and words were put into my mouth that I never said. It was stated that I libelled Australians, when, as a matter of fact. I never mentioned them particularly ; that I was a visionary, and that generally my administra- tion and my views were both such as no right-think- ing Australian could tolerate. It is said that we missionaries do not protect the natives, and that what is good for Australians is good enough for Papuans ; that Papua is for Australia and not Aus- tralia for Papua. Now I do not resent fair criticism. and I am quite prepared to acknowledge that our system is not perfect — moreover, we are always glad to receive visitors to New Guinea — but I do resent any person of no settled religious views at all, and whose opinion on church and mission work in a city like Sydney or Melbourne would have no weight whatever, coming to New Guinea and acting as a critic on a purely religious work." •• You might define the position from your point of view.'' " As a matter of fact, what I say is that Papua needs protection, not fiscal but moral. There is now no check on immigration. The gaol-bird from Australia or any other part of the world can go into New Guinea and settle where he likes, and it is a >us matter to give opportunity for the scum of the earth to mingle with a native people. By far the greater part of the 642 people in Papua are law- abiding. a\u\ have as great a dislike and contempt for the undesirable as 1 have. But there are white people then- who would be a disgrace to an\ com- munity, and 1 think that New Guinea ought to be able to keep them out." •• You ought to have every right-minded person with you in that contention." "Yes; well, here is another consideration. We have 3600 miles of littoral, comprising an area as large as Victoria, something like 90,000 square miles. There are only 17 white officers as Magis- trates and Assistant Magistrates, and at their back only 150 armed native constables. In any case, it is a difficult thing to obtain a verdict against a white person for any offence against the Papuans, for the simple reason that white blood does not care to see white blood get into difficulties." "But the Magistrates?"' " The Magistrates do their duties faithfully ; but it is difficult to get satisfactory evidence. This will give you an idea of their difficulties. , Mr. Monck- ton, Resident Magistrate of the Northern Division, says in the Papuan Report just issued by the Com- monwealth Parliament: — 'The small white popula- tion has been responsible for two murders and one shooting with intent, while one individual who broke gaol had several of the most serious charges against him. Unfortunately, among the white community, there is a section by whom a native is regarded as a " nigger," who has no right of redress against a European for any injur}- sustained, even though it is a case of life itself. Lamentable though such bias is, it is there, and with that section, however atroc- ious a European's crime may be, he is certain of sympathy and assistance in evading the law.' There are some things in New Guinea that are so dis- reputable that my clamour for a ' Brown New Guinea ' is a perfectly reasonable one." Review of Reviews, 20/2/06. Topics of the Month. Mi " What does your ' Brown New Guinea ' really mean ?" •• Of course I do not for a moment mean to say that no white person should be allowed to go. to Xew Guinea. It is merely a term to attract atten- tion, something like a ' White Australia.' When that term is used, it is not suggested that no person with a brown skin shall enter, but it means that Australia is to be kept as far as possible clear of moral and physical contamination, or of elements which would tend to disorganise her economics: and when I speak of a ' Brown Papua." I mean that we should have an immigration test imposed to keep out those who are mentally, physically and morally unfitted to mingle with a decent community. or to go amongst unprotected natives." "And the law is inadequate to repress evilly-dis- posed persons?" " Here in Australia one cannot gauge the situa- tion. The white man there has an advantage which you here can hardly grasp. All the tendency of the Government has been to repress the native in the interests, of law and order, so that a white person is now practically immune against attack. Xo matter what excesses he may commit, the law makes his person sacred. You can see, therefore, that there is aH the more reason for the prohibi- tion of the unfitted. We need the best elements in the early life of Xew Guinea."' •' You are on right lines. Go on." '' Here is an illustration of the need for restric- tion. A man leaves his wife and children in Melbourne without any support, to go to Xew Guinea. Here is another who commits a crime which in a European community would be punishable by law. Why should these men be set loose in Xew Guinea to work moral havoc?" " I quite agree with you, but understand there are other very strong reasons why you advocate your ' Brown Xew Guinea.' " " Decidedly, and the Federal Government ought to wake up to this. Venereal disease is prevalent to an alarming extent, and it has been introduced bv whites. No one infected with it should be allowed to land. T am emphatic in my belief that it would be the right thing to insist on every person wishing to enter the colony submitting to a medical examination. I am certain that none of mv staff would object. We have two lock hospitals, and in one there were 114 admissions during the year. One thing is certain; if it is not stamped out, the ^ disease will sweep through Xew Guinea like a pes- tilence." "' The Administrator makes strong reference to it, does he not ?" "Yes; in his last report he says: — "The rapid spread of venereal diseases among the natives in the Eastern and South-Eastern Divisions is a matter which the Administration views with grave concern. Special hospitals are Deing equipped to combat this scourge — one at Samarai, and one at Kiriwina, in the Trobriand Archipelago. . . . Apart from reasons of humanity, the matter is one seriously in- volving the future prosperity of the Possession, and demands accordingly every effort to overcome it. " Is any distinction made between the Papuan and the foreigner ?'; •• Yes : unfairlv and foolishlv. A native ordi- nance requires the village policeman to report to the Magistrate the case of any native, male or female, suffering from an imported disease, and to take steps to bring them to Samarai for medical treatment. But there is no such ordinance against the white population, and there is nothing to pre- vent the landing of any who are diseased. The greatest care is taken to prevent the introduction of, say, hydrophobia, or plague, to Australia, and it is. only reasonable that measures to keep venereal disease out^of Xew Guinea should be just as strin- gent. When I return to Xew Guinea. I shall pre bably be taken to task for speaking of these things in the southern press : but as a matter of fact I have made mv views on the sexual question known as far as is possible in New Guinea, and have in- vited criticism there. I assure you there is the greatest necessity for plain speaking. I believe that in the providence of God He has given us in Xew Guinea the opportunity to show a higher phase of humanitarianism than was possible in the early davs of Australia, when the natives were exterminated. I am really acting as Australia? best friend in stirring up her conscience." I felt as I bade the good Bishop "good-bye" that there i.s reason for devoul thankfulness that so sturdy a defender of right is in New Guinea to help to put things right, and to set our Government on a stable basis as regards the 'best things." LXVIIL— SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MATTERS. HON. T. PRICE The Hon. T. Price, Labour Premier of South Australia, has been on a tour of inspection and pleasure up the Murray River as far as Mildura. after which he came over to Melbourne and in- spected the Victorian irrigation districts in the North." It was pleasant to renew his acquaintance, so 1 interviewed him before he left Melbourne. Mr. Kirkpatrick, his genial Chief Secretary, joined in the conversation. Naturally. T was interested to know how the Labour-Liberal Coalition in South 142 7 he Review of Reviews. February 90, 1906. Burlington,'] [Photo. Hon. T. Price, Premier South Australia. Australia was work- ing, regarded from an interested inside official point of view, Needless to say, the general opinion outside is that it is working exceedingly well, and that Mr. Price has not by any means lost his head. - We flatter our- selves," said Mr. Trice, "that we are doing well, and we feel that the policy we have been adopting ought to prove acceptable to the majority of the ]>r civic righteous- ness which enabled Cromwell to triumph at Nasebj and Worcester." "Isn't that pitching it rather high, Mr. Law.' 1 objected, "in describing a protest against the Edu- cate in Act ? "Ah! there is where \nu make _ it mistake, said Mr. Law. "We are, of course, just new sup rem el) interested in th< Education Act, the n form or reconstruction of which is practically as- sured. But that is only a segment of the great circle of the Free Church political ideal. Our Federation is working, our Councils are convincing, and our candidates are standing for something much higher than the amendment of a single Act of Par- liament, no matter how necessarj such an amend- ment may be." - And that ideal?" 1 inquired. " is nothing less," said Mr. Law. " than the trans- formation of the whole conception of the State and of the Empire bj the ethical and religious ideal." " Of the Nonconformist conscience ?" " I would rather say of the ideal of the Kingdom of Heaven, of the city of the living God who doeth righteousness. "A tolerable long row for your 200 Noncon- formist candidates to hoe." •' Well.' said Mr. Law, " we snail at least not be ploughing a lonely furrow, for we are working in hearty co-operation with all the forces which make for social progress and political reform. Take, for instance, the Temperance movement— all our men are as a unit on that question. They are equally enthusiastic upon moral reforms, and although there is nothing fanatical about them, they will certainly give a much sharper Puritan edge to the axe of moral reform than it has possessed for some years back." " What about the distinctly Nonconformist war- cries ; Disestablishment, for instance?-' " Oh,*' said Mr. Law, ' we are going in for First things First, and we are fully aware of the import- ance of studying the science of political perspective. Welsh Disestablishment is, of course, on the pro- gramme. Every member of the Cabinet and prac- tically ever\ memb- r 1 t the Liberal Party is pledged to that act of religious and civic justice. Put no one expects Welsh Disestablishment to be the first order of the <\a\ : it will come in due course." ""And what is the first order < ■! the <\a\. Mr. Law?'' " I ne Amendment of the Education Act." " ( )n what lines do you expect that will pro- J ?" " In the first place, the appointment of Mr. Birrell, who is the son of a baptist minister, and a well-known Radical, will effect a most necessary change in the atmosphen in the Education Office." ■'And. Mr. Lough, will assist in fumigating and disinfecting the premisi - ■ No doubt," said Mr. Law. •there will not be so much of the flavour of ecclesiastical incense per- ceptible in that department as heretofore. That is the first gain. What we expect is the introduction a Bill at the beginning oi next Session which will place all public elementary schools, provided or un- provided, umler the control ol elected authorities, which will free them from denominational or sec- tarian influence, and which will repeal all the tests which are at present imposed upon the teachers." •■ Then if these three things are quite certain to be planks in the Education Amendment Pill, what will the tight turn upon"-'' •' There are two questions. The first is as to the 'right of entry' to the schools for the purpose of giving religious instruction. This ' right of entry we expect will he conceded to them, before or after the regular school hours, but we shall resist to the utmost am permission of right of entry during school hours. What is the second? The second is, whether any special provision should be made for the Roman Catholics which is not made for the Angli- cans. There are some who think that this should be done." " And what will decide the question?" ■• The dimensions of the Liberal majority. If we have a majority large enough to carry the Pili against the Irish and Tory coalition, we shall have no difficulty in the House of Commons. The whole fight will arise when the House of Lords comes to deal with the matter." Mr. Law did not make the remark, but as I went away I could not help feeling that history will re- peat itself, and the Puritans of the twentieth cen- tury, like their ancestors of the seventeenth century, will be driven some day to declare that the people under God is the original of all just power, and that in consequence the Commons of England, in Parlia- ment assembled, are capable of giving the force of law to their enactments. Review of Reviews, 20J2/06. Topics of the Month. M5 LXX.— THE HOPES OF LABOUR. MR. GEORGE BARNES. " Well. Mr. Barnes, what do you hope and expect What would be your own programme supposing the impossible happened and the new Parliament con- the new Parliament will do for Labi air?" " Between my hopes and expectations there is a vast difference." " What do you expect?'" " Very little." •'Very little?" Well, perhaps that is too broad a statement. It tained a solid phalanx of ninety Labour representa- tives ?" "I would ask Parliament lo get out of our way. Up to the present I have always been opposed to the formulation of a definite programme. But now I believe the time is at hand when it may be wise lo will probably do something for Trade Unions, re- endeavour to concentrate united action upon a few storing them to almost though not quite the same position they occupied before the Taff Vale deci- sion. Then they will no doubt do something about Education, but that will not benefit Labour at all. It seems to me that they wish to go back to the compromise that existed before the Education Act was passed. That is not the education reform we want. I should prefer if they left the Act un- specific points. Before everything else, it is neces- sary to find new sources of revenue, not for the pur- pose of meeting the general expenditure of the coun- try, but in order to provide funds with which to ameliorate the conditions of the working class. I would, therefore, tax land values and swollen in- comes, both being social in origin, and which ought therefore to be social in their application. touched for several years. Tt has some good points. wealth that has been heaped up by Free Trade Tinkering at it will only be so much labour wasted from our point of view. Then there is the licens- ing question. I expect they will attempt something in that direction also. If they give a freer hand to local authorities to try experiments on their own account I shall be glad, for it will be a step in the right direction. I was surprised — pleasurablv sur- prised— to read what Campbell-Bannerman said at the Albert Hall about obtaining an increased revenue from licenses." 'And that is the extent of your expectations?'" " Yes. Remember the Government enters office unpledged. What I hope is that the new Parlia- ment may do something to ameliorate the condition needs to be better distributed. Free Trade has been a wonderful machine for producing wealth ; there is no denying that. But it has done nothing to bring about a jusler distribution of the accumu- lated riches."' "• How. then, would you expend this increased re venue ?" " First of all in providing old age pensions. That measure I would place in the forefront, because once the money has been found, it is much easier of accomplishment than almost any other reform. I would spend more on education. Xot the present system, which favours the individual at the expense of the communitv. but an education which would of those who are unable to help themselves — the benefit the people as a whole, while still providing children, the aged, and the unemployed. But I do special opportunities for the exceptional scholars. not expect it will, except under compulsion from outside." '• Will not Mr. Burns be able to help the cause from his position in the Cabinet?' ''The entrance of Mr. Hums into the Cabinet was not all gain to Labour. It raav strengthen the posi- tion of the Lib-Labs at the exp< nse of the out-and- out Labour candidates. Time alone will show. But from the point of view of Labour I have no faith in an alliance with any political party. I do not object to working with Liberals, Tories, Noncon- formists, or Churchmen to gain a specific object. That is an entirely different matt) r. But 1 have found some Tories quite as sympathetic to our de- mands as Liberals, and Churchmen in much closer touch with our needs than Xon conformists. In spite of Mr. Biirns' presence in the Cabinet the central authority is composed of men who have no personal knowledge of the evils they are expected to remedy, and whose sympathies, conscious or un- conscious, are always on the side of those whoso in- fo rests are opposed to those of labour." I would raise the school age to fifteen, sixteen, or as high as it was possible to make it. That is i reform of the utmost importance. Then there is housing. It is a difficult and complicated problem. 1 would give wide powers to the local authorities both for the condemnation of slum property and for building. A landlord whose property was proved to be unfit for habitation should be dealt with severely. His propert) should be taken over with- out compensation, and the present system of reward- ing him for disregarding his duties to the com- munitv should be dune awa\ with. 1 would also give much wider powers to local authorities than they now possess. If we are to achieve anything there must be devolution." "You expect, as well as hope. I suppose, that Labour will be better represented in the new Par- liament ?" " Yes. that is so ; but the Labour members will be divided between what you call the Lib-Labs and the Independents. The general desire that is mani- fest in the country to give tin- new Government a "But if you expect little, you may hope for more. fair chance will tell against the Independents. 346 The Review ot Reviews. February 20, 1906. 1 "u ■i m" 1 m Photograph by~] THE LATE DR. GEORGE MACDONALD. [™^,ne and Co., Dun*... tteview of Reviews, Character Sketches. I.— GEORGE MACDONALD: A NINETEENTH CENTURY SEER. Bishop Ewing once said, " Should anyone at- tempt to write the life of Mr. Erskine (that is Thomas Erskine of Linlathen), the difficulty must ever present itself to him that what he has to depict is spirit and not matter, that he has to con- vey light to represent sound — an almost insuperable difficulty." A similar difficulty arises in the case of George MacDonald. It is quite impossible to give an impression of what he was to those who never knew him. It is, perhaps, as impossible to write about him so as to satisfy those who did know him By W. Garrett Horder. his best bits of writing. Anyway, you feel as you read his writings that he saw more than he expressed or could express. And it was surely a very providential thing that he came to an age of great religious unrest — when the anchors of faith were dragging in the gale — to tell of the things which had held his own bark, that at the very time when the traditional faith was yield- ing under the searching scrutiny of modern days, he should fell of what he himself had seen of God —that when men had been trusting to the report, It would be easy enough to give the events of his and had found the report unsatisfying, he should life and an account of his books, but when this call them back to the thing. One of the greatest had been done the man — who was so much more services he rendered to his age — probably the very than these — would not have been revealed. greatest — was this, that he led men to reverse the The title that best describes him is that which process described by Browning — of " faith in the I have put at the head of this paper. To the public thing grown, faith in the report," and made them he was chieflv known as a novelist. To a smaller feel that it was not in reports about God, but in section he was known as quite a unique preacher. Some there are who attach great value to his poetry ; but I rather fancy those who knew him best would think of him as one of the few Seers of the nine- teenth centurv. The onlv other man I knew that God Himself as he had been revealed in Jesus Christ, the eternal life was to be found. To an age which had been feeding upon the husks of schemes, creeds, formularies, articles, confessions, he came with his hands full of the very bread which came I should put in that category would be John Puis- down from heaven, and which gives life to the ford. These men saw deeper into the heart of world. things than any I ever knew. I think that George Together with Tennyson and Browning he pro- MacDonald would not be the least displeased at bablv did more than all the professed theologians being called a Seer, for it was a favourite word of pUt together to prevent an eclipse of faith in the his, and I have heard him say that every real poet latter half of the nineteenth century. These men was a Seer — a man who saw more than others. Mr. Gilbert Chesterton has said of him, " If we test the matter by strict originality of outlook, George MacDonald was one of the three or four greatest men of nineteenth centurv Britain." That Avill startle people who did not know him, and they will say, " This is only Chesterton paradox." But no one who knew him will dispute Mr. Chesterton when he describes him as " the Sage — the sayer of things. He is not the poet, for he does not sing, he is not the prose writer, for generally he cannot understood, as the theologians did not, that the fittest and fullest idiom for religion — the idiom in which the most vital parts of the Bible are set— is poetrv and not prose. And with the vision of poets they interpreted the mystery. It would be impos- sible to say how many souls, distressed, troubled, perplexed bv the Calvinism of thirty or forty years ago, found George MacDonald a refuge from the storm. T question whether any priest sitting in his confessional ever had so many hearts laid bare to him as he. Certainly no priest ever dealt with per- write. The things he produces form an artistic plexed souls in a wiser way. I have known persons class by themselves ; they are logia of great pas sionate maxims, the proverbs of philosophy." And then he goes on to say, " He would have very much preferred to walk about the streets of some Greek or Eastern village with a long white beard, simply saying what he had to say." Mr. Chesterton lays stress on the utterance. To him he is the Sayer. But he could not have been the Sayer unless he had been the Seer. ' am not to whom his decisions were like words from Heaven. In these and other ways he was a great gift of God to the latter half of the nineteenth century. But for some years he has been hidden from the public gaze. His voice has been silent, his pen laid down. And so the younger folk of -the present generation know him not, do not read his books, and do not realise what they owe to him. When Dr. Hamilton had finished writing John Ely's Life he took it to sure that he had not a little of the Highland second the printer and said : " Now, sir, do jour work sight which he describes in " The Portent," one of quickly, for rmnisters are soon forgotten." And not i48 I he Review of Reviews. February 20, 1906. ministers only, but all save the very few outstanding writers. How many, or rather how few, of George MacDonald's contemporaries are really read or known by the younger folk of to-day 1 The Walhalla of abiding fame permits but very few to find en- trance. And so. perhaps, it is needful to give in briefest outline an idea of his career. He was born at Huntly, in Aberdeenshire, just over eighty years ago. He came of a sturdy Scotch stock. His ancestors were among the fugitives, who Hid the massacre at Glencoe. The sturdiness of the stock may be found in the fact that his parents separated themselves from the distinctively- Scotch Churches, and associated themselves with the Independent Church which has never hail a large following in Presbyterian Scotland. Emers has said that ever) true man must be a Noncon- formist— that is to say, he will not conform to the existing or popular simply because it is such. George MacDonald was brought up in the freedom of Independent y. or. at all events, in such freedom as the Church of that day possessed, which in an ecclesiastical sense was great enough, but in a doctrinal sens: was nut very great. The atmosphere of his home was deeply religious, perhaps as actual worship a little tin. religious. In the matter of reading the provision was not of the amplest. Beyond the Bible the only food for the imagination was to be found in the " Pilgrim's Progress " and • Rob'nsiin Crus^ Even hi^ great countryman, Sir Walter Scott, was forbiddf n. Scant}' Tare this for a bov fonder of reading than of games. From the parish school he passed to King's College. Al deen, where he had gained a Bursary. There is no sign that he distinguished hims If in the way of scholarship — beyond taking prizes in chenvstry and natural philosophv. When he reached man's estate he found his way to London as a tutor in a familv. Here he connected himself with Trevor Chapel. Brompton. where Dr. Morrison, also an Aberdonian and a friend of his father, nvnistered. Then his thoughts were turned to the ministry, and he entered Highburv College, which has since been merged in New College. London. His stay there was. T believe, of the shortest. - Tn this respect he was like a kindred-minded man. Thomas Toke Lynch. Neither of these men found what they wanted in the theological college of that day. Thev were both Seers, and thev wanted to see for them- selves and not through other men's eves. It is astonishing, when you come to think of it, how many of the most potent preachers owed nothing to the training of a Divinity School. To name only the departed. This was the case not onlv with George MacDonald and Thomas Lvnch. but with Charles Haddon Spurgeon and Joseph Parker. George MacDonald's first and only charge was of the Congregational Church at Arundel, in Sussex, almost opposite the gates of Arundel Park, the seat of the Duke or Norfolk. It was a short-lived minis- try. His teaching was too original for many of the people to follow, and so it soon came to an end the ministry to one Church was but the pre- lude to a ministry to all the Churches. One can- not help being sorry that such a man was thus severed from the Church of his youth which really was most in harmonv with his ideas, and where there was the fullest scope for their dissemina; But after all he was best suited to a kind of uni- versal ministry. And though he afterwards became a lav member of the Established Church, yet to the last he found the chief scope for his preaching in the Church of his early days, where, too. he had the largest number of disciples. From Arundel he ] - to Manchester. Ther< he seems to have preached in a room unconnected with any Church and with little visible succ Hut to Manchester he owed his friendship with Alexander John Scott, principal of the then recently- established Owens College. He once said to me. A. J. Scott was the biggest man I ever knew. Mr. Baldwin brown said the same thing. A. J. - tt is one of the forgotten prophets of the last century. The world floes not know how much it owes to him. He has left behind him only a single book, and that consisting only of reported dis- courses, but he taught the teachers. He was one the few men whose thoughts went from heart and brain direct to his hearers without being commit! first to paper. On the most difficult subjects and to the most critical audiences he always spoke without writing. But he was the inspirer of men like Thomas Erskine of Linlathen, Frederick Denison Maurice. MacLeod Campbell. Baldwin Brown, and George MacDonald. During his life he was always the speaker to the few. An old friend of mine — the Rev, John Lockwood — once told me that he numbered a course of lectures in Manchester by Mr. Scott attended by only three persons — Mr. Allanson Picton, George MacDonald. and himself. George MacDonald found no place for himself as a preacher, and so he turned to teaching and writing for a livelihood. His first works were in poetry. But readers of poetry are few, save of the well-known poets, and so his verse did not do much to keep the wolf from the door. But one dav his wife said to him. "You could write a story. Why don't you?" Wise advice — which he wisely followed. The first result was the publication of the three stories bv which he will be longest remembered. •David F.linbrod," "Alec Forbes," and "Robert Falconer.'' These three books had an immense in- fluence on the religious thinking of that time. At last he had found his vocation, and he followed it as long as strength permitted. All his life he had to battle with weakness of chest. And so he was obliged to seek in winter the sunnier shores of Italy. There, at a house called Casa Coraggio, built for him bv the generosity of some friends, he carried on a ministry of his own to all who cared to come Review of Reviews, 2012/06. Character Sketches, i-l9 and listen. Many a one found at Bordighera not merely bodily, but spiritual health. His summers were spent in England preaching and lecturing. His visits were eagerly anticipated by a wide circle of friends, who had found in his words help and comfort. The death of his wife some three years ago prac= tically closed his life. Since then he has existed rather than lived, and, on Monday, September 18th. he passed to the realm of which he had no dread. but for which he longed, with a quiet trust that it would prove a life fuller than that of earth. My acquaintance with Dr. MacDonald dates from the time I had just left college — a time when hero- worship is usuallv strong. He was announced to give a lecture on " As You Like Tt " in a hall in Liverpool ; I think in Bold Street. Since then I have heard him deliver many lectures, but this first one stands out most clearlv in my memory, probably because it was the first, and because my memory at that time was the more plastic. His method was to find the idea out of which the whole play grew, and then to trace its outgrowth in the drama. This idea he found in the song, " Blow, Blow, Thou Winter Wind," which he read in a most remarkable way. He declared that the burden of the play was the moral uses of adversity, which, with a note of conviction I shall never forget, he said, " I believe not as a mere doctrine but as a reality." Then he dealt in a very forcible way with the passage, " All the world's a stage," which, he said, some people regard as Shakespeare's idea of life. " Don't you observe," he asked, " that this passage is put into the mouth of Jacques — one of the worst characters Shakespeare ever painted?" Then he dealt with it in detail. " ' First the infant, mewling and puking in the nurse's arms.' Do you think," said he, ': this was Shakespeare's idea of a baby ? ' Then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel and shining morning face, creeping like snail unwillingly to school.' Shining with what? Soap? Do you think that was Shakespeare's idea of a schoolboy ?" And now that I am referring to his lectures, I may as well say that when he was well prepared and in good health he was a magnificent lecturer. To hear him lecture on " The Moral Drift of Macbeth " was a thing not to be forgotten. But candour compels me to say that when he trusted to the inspiration of the moment he was very difficult to follow. I remember to have heard Mr. Binney say. " Every- body knows that I can preach the worst sermon of any man in London." "And the best, too," said one of his listeners. In the matter of lecturing George MacDonald was not always on the heights. On the platform, as in the pulpit, he was greatly helped by his appearance, which was most impres- sive Mr. Binney and he were the most impressive- looking men I have ever seen. Wherever seen people were sure to ask — "Who are thev?" Those acquainted with portraits of George Mac- Donald at various periods of his life will be struck with the changes that passed over his face. The earlier portraits are of a man grappling with the problems of life, doubtful of what their issue will be. The later portraits are of a man who has fought and conquered — who has reached the sure place of firm conviction — who knows that God's ia His heaven : All's right with the world. Youth has the advantage in formal beauty. Old age is richer in beauty of expression. It is natural to pass from him as a lecturer to his preaching. The man whose early ministry at Arun- del was, as some of the small folk there thought, a failure, in later vears crowded any church in which he was announced to preach. People took long journevs to listen to him, as if he were an oracle. And at heart he was essentially a preacher. I once said to him, " You have done many kinds of work in your life. Which do you like best?" He re- plied : '• I like preaching best, then writing poetry, then writing stories." Not only in the pulpit, but on the lecture platform, and as poet and novelist, he was always the preacher. He once said to me, " I dearly like to get a bit of preaching into a lec- ture.'" On another occasion he said to me, " I would not write novels if I could not preach in them." Like the Apostle, he surely felt, "Woe is me if I preach not the Gospel." But when you had heard him preach it was very difficult to re- member or give an account of what he had said. A most skilled reporter once said to me, " It was impossible to give an intelligible digest of one of his sermons." But though it was thus, yet through the service vou were more assured of God, more con- vinced of the eternal order. It was a kind of Mount of Transfiguration which brought vision. And in the effect — prayer — how he prayed ; and reading — who could read the Bible as he? — both bore their part. He gave the world three volumes of " Unspoken Sermons." I am not quite sure that I am not re- sponsible for the second and third volumes. At all events, the second appeared soon after I had said to him, " Whv don't you give us some more unspoken sermons?-' But the first volume is the best, especiallv the sermons on " The Child in the Midst," and "Our God a Consuming Fire." He was one of the men who helped to overthrow the old despotic idea of God, and to put in its place the Fatherly idea of Him. This is the great change in theology in the latter half of the nine- teenth century. It is hard to believe now that this great idea which has revolutionised theology has so recently established itself that half a century ago it was regarded as heresy, and that men were thrown out of the Church for teaching it. Such is the fact. This doctrine, which Thomas Erskine of Linlathen taught in books and letters, and MacLeod Campbell *5° The Review of Reviews. February t9, 190&. D». MacDonnir) in His Later Lfe. 1 head and a warm heart, who. for the last Photograph 6y] Earl Carrington. [E. U MiU», President of the Board of Agriculture. thirty years and more, has lived in the heart of the Empire. He is a man of seasoned beliefs, of steady enthusiasm, and of a very widi experience of men ami of affairs. Above all he has always played the ^aine. He has never deserted his party when it got into a difficulty or thrown over a colleague to save his own skin. Two tributes paid to him by his Photograph &.y] Mr. Thomas Shaw. K C . [E. H MilU. Lord Advocate for Scotland. Photograph by] The Marquis of Ripon, Lord Privy Seal. [E. n miu. Review of Reviews, 20J2I06. Character Sketches. 5J chief opponents may well be recalled at this mo- ment. I had remarked many years ago to Mr. Balfour that C.-B. was our ' W. H. Smith— the sturdy, practical newsvendor, who for many years was Leader of the Conservative party in the House. " I quite agree," said Mr. Balfour, " but he is much cleverer than \V. H. Smith." The other tribute was paid him b\ Mr, Chamberlain a couple of years ago. '" What nonsense." said Mr. Chamberlain, " some people are talking about the next Prime Minister. There is only one possible Liberal Pre- mier. I detest C.-B.'s principles, but he is the only one of the lot who always knows his own mind, who has the courage of his convictions, who is always ready to face the music, and never fails to play the game." Sir Henry Oampbell-Bannerman has gone through life without making a personal enemy. He is a cheery, simple, unaffected, genial man, who has a way with him of disarming hostility and of winning the devotion of those who work with him. He makes no great professions of any sort. His sober but effective oratory never rises to the prophetic strain. He is neither a platform moralist like Mr. Morley, nor a skilful oratorical purveyor of pyro- technics like others who need not be named. He does not wield a rapier, nor does he delight in the use of the bludgeon. His weapon is the plain, old- fashioned, two-handed sword with which, like Hal o' the Wynd, he has often done good execution upon his foes. He is not a whit like Mr. Lloyd- George, nor does he spend his strength in the fashioning of epigrams. He is a clear-thinking, plain-speaking, straightforward man, who never leaves you in doubt as to where he stands, or what he means, or whither he is going. But he is of canny Scotch caution, all compact. In my " Album of Notables of Britain " you will find his autograph. I had asked him what passage, quotation, text, or dictum had been most helpful to him in his political career. His answer was, " All things are lawful unto me, but all things are not expedient." But he is no more a time-server than was the original author of that saving. The quality which more than any other has endeared him to the majority of the electorate is his resolute courage. He has never truckled to the howling mob or paltered with the truth to gain the cheers of the gallery or to catch votes at an election. During the bitter and dis- graceful orgy of Jingoism through which we passed a few years since, it was Sir Henry Campbell-Ban nerman, and Sir Henry alone among all the front benchmen in the House, who contributed to the current controversy one true, pregnant and lasting phrase. When he branded the policy of devasta- tion deliberately adopted in South Africa as the employment of "methods of barbarism," he uttered the one true word of the situation. It brought down upon him the execration of the barbarians Photograph by} Sir Henry Fowler [B. H Mills. Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. who exulted at a safe (distance in the horrors of the concentration camps and the burning of homesteads, but it won for him the respect of all sane men, and has secured his reputation with posterity. In the midst of the denunciation of his opponents and the repudiation of men who are now only too keen to accept place and salary from his hands, the sturdy. Scot stood to his guns. He refused to withdraw the phrase. He amplified, justified, and repeated it. And as the result Sir Henrv is where he is to-day. Prime Minister of the King and ruler of the Empire. Sir Henry has not constructed a pro-Boer Cabi- net. But Sir Henry's victory is as much a pro-Boer triumph as Mr. Gladstone's triumph in Midlothian in 1880 was the victory of the Bulgarian Atrocity agitation. The pro-Boer cause has triumphed so completely that even the stoutest pro-Boers feel themselves strong enough to welcome the assistance of the men who in the hour of stress and trial went over to the enemy. We are warranted in assuming that the Liberals who approved the war are now so heartily ashamed of themselves that we do not even need to ask them to wear sackcloth and ashes. That they have accepted office under C.-B. is suffi- cient. They are all standing on cutty stools, await- ing the condemnation which the country is about to pronounce upon the supreme Imperial crime of our generation. The only condition that we in- sisted upon is that they shall never, at their peril, venture to say a word in vindication of or even in excuse for their lamentable aberration, and that they shall, to the uttermost of their ability, do what they can to restore the liberty and self-government i58 The Review of Reviews, February to, 1906. which they assisted to destroy in the two Re- publics. After Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, the most outstanding member of the Cabinet is Mr. John Bums. It seems but the other day that I was in the witness- box at the Old Bailey giving evidence in favour of John Burns and his mates, who were standing in the dock, threatened with incarceration as criminal con- victs for their share in the Trafalgar Square riot. John Burns got off that time, but a year or two later he was less fortunate, and he shared with Mr. Cunningham-Graham the honour of serving a term in gaol for his devotion to the right of public meet- ing in the historic Square. John Burns is the only gaol-bird in the Ministry. His progress from Pen- tonville prison to the Presidency of the Local Government Board has been no primrose path. The storv of John Burns's life is one of the prose epics of our time. He is not yet fifty — forty-seven by the almanac, but only twenty-five in the fervour of his enthusiasm and the energy of his vitality — but he has done more for his class than any other work- man of our time, and more for London than the whole bench of Bishops and all the ground land- lords put together. He has been ever a fighter, never afraid of responsibility, .ever to the front when the blows were hardest, and not less diligent and industrious in those humbler ministries of service which make no figure in the newspapers, but with- out which efficient local administration would be impossible. He has lived the strenuous life under circumstances of stress and strain of which the world knows little. He has lived the simple life of an anchorite, while mingling freely in the joys and recreations of his fellows. John Burns has become a national asset of the first value. He is one of the few men who are conspicuous to all mankind. There is no civilised land where John Burns of Battersea is not known and respected. He has never truckled to men of his own class nor toadied to the wealthy. He has lived his own true life with his wife by his side in the heart of Battersea, a worker among the workers, but in intellect and insight a statesman. The day that he became the Right Hon. John Burns his appointment was hailed with more enthu- siasm than that evoked by the appointment of all the rest of his colleagues. No fewer than four thousand telegrams rained in upon him from all parts of the world, and never an uncivil word in any of them. From high and low, from peers and paupers, from men and women of all classes, even from the children in the schools, and from men like Ibsen and Bjornson abroad, they came, one unend- ing stream of congratulation, of gratitude, and of encouragement. We are all proud of him. He is the first working man who has won his way to Cabinet rank. And there is not a man of the whole nineteen Cabinet Ministers who does not feel that the Ministry is stronger, more popular, and more efficient because the Battersea engineer is sitting cheek by jowl with marquises and belted knights in the inner councils of the King. What strange re- venges the whirligig of time brings round ! It is not five years since John Burns, cricket-bat in hand, stood guard from ten o'clock at night till two in the morning at the door of his own house ready to defend his wife and her unborn child against the howling mob of infuriated Jingoes who had smashed his windows and were threatening to loot his house. in the good patriotic fashion so much admired in those davs. And now the abominable pro-Boer, whom the Jingo mob, night after night, serenaded with hideous bowlings as of wild beasts broken loose, is President of the Local Government Board, the friend and trusted colleague of the Prime Minis- ter, and one of the conspicuous personal forces in the new Cabinet. It was John Burns who first convinced the nation that simple working men may have in them capaci- ties of administration and the instinct of states- manship, equal, if not superior, to those of any member of the cultured and leisured class which has hitherto monopolised office. Not only did he con- vince the nation, but his career has been a great object lesson, teaching hope and confidence and courage to the working classes themselves. After C.-B. and J. B. the most conspicuous figure in the new Cabinet is Mr. Asquith, who, it is under- stood, will act as deputy leader in the House of Commons to the Prime Minister. Mr. Asquith is an able debater who sadly lacks unction. He is a forensic gladiator who never makes a heart beat quicker by his words, and who never by any pos- sibility brought a lump into his hearers' throats. He is a handy fighting man in the melee of parliamen- tary debate, and at the Home Office he was a pains- taking and successful administrator. But passion is not in him, nor enthusiasm, nor does he possess the stuff of which martyrs are made. No one could imagine Mr. Asquith standing like C.-B. four-square to all the winds that blow in defence of an un- popular cause. It would be unjust to say that Mr. Asquith always shouts with the biggest crowd, but it is not his instinct to advertise his agreement with an unpopular minority. In the Free Trade contro- versy he acquitted himself creditably ; the subject suited his lucid, passionless intellect. He is as much older than his years as John Burns is younger. What he will do at the Exchequer no one knows, least of all himself. He will, however, have no sinecure. The whole question of the incidence of rating will come up when the doles have to be dealt with. Nor is that by any means the only thorny topic which will test hi|s capacitv for the solution of questions of high finance. Sir Edward Grey, the Secretary for Foreign Affairs, is a much better Liberal than might be in- ferred from the company he keeps. He is a good Review of Reviews, Character Sketches. 159 Home Ruler, although not particularly enamoured of the last Home Rule Bill, and quite convinced that it is no use trying to carry Home Rule through the Lords until the constituencies have been appealed to on that specific issue. What the Unionists do not at present perceive is that if they should have any success in their effort to force Home Rule to the front as the issue of the present election, they will entitle the majority to consider that it has a mandate to deal with Home Rule. Sir Edward Grey, like all Northumbrians, is capable of putting his back into a fight with the best, but he is not primarily a combatant. He is supposed to be a safe man, with a judgmatical head on him. He has plenty of cool nerve, and it will not be easy fo bluff him at the Foreign Office. He is incapable of bluster. There is a Jingo strain in him, but his Imperialism as a rule— the Boer war was a lament- able exception — is well tempered by common sense and the Ten Commandments. In foreign politics he will say ditto to Lord Lansdowne. Alike in coerc- ing the Turk, in sweetheart ing France, and in keep- ing step with Japan, his policy will be as like that of his predecessor as two peas. But the revolution in Russia may precipitate many problems which at present slumber below the horizon. With Austria- Hungary in disso'ution, with Russia in revolution, and with a Japanesed China beginning to bestir itself to the tune of Asia for the Asiatics, Sir Ed- ward Grev will have small leisure to attend to any other affairs than those of his own office. We may take it for granted that he will do nothing to pan- der to the Germanophobes, and we trust that when the second Hague Conference meets he may not be less zealous than was Lord Salisbury to use that international parliament for the purpose of securing and consolidating international peace. The rest of the Cabinet must be dealt with in groups. First comes the Irish group. For Ireland is always with us, and it is in vain to hope that the Trish question will not make itself felt every session of the new Parliament. It is probable that for the first time since the Irish national party came into existence the Liberals will be independent of the Irish vote. But that only increases the responsi'o'.'iitv of the predominant partner to handle the Irish question with firm and sympathetic grasp. The Irish group in the Cabinet consists of the follow- ing men: — C.-B., Mr. Morley, Mr. Bryce, Mr. Burns, Lord Ripon, and Captain Sinclair. The anti-Irish group consists of Sir Henry Fowler, Mr. Haldane, and Mr. Asquith. It is perhaps unfair to call them anti-Irish. It would be more just to describe them as the party of the Right, as distinguished from the party of the Left. All the members of the Cabinet were Home Rulers. But Sir Henry Fowler has lost his first love, and the vice-presidents of the Liberal League are — to put it mildly— not very passionate in their devotion to the Irish cause. It is probable that the most important members of the Administration, so far as Ireland is concern- ed, are not in the Cabinet. Lord and Lady Aber- deen, at Dublin Castle, and Sir Antony MacDon- nell, the permanent Under Secretary, will probably have more to do in shaping the policy of the Ad- ministration than Mr. Brvce. It is doubtful whether Mr. Bryce would have accepted the Chief Secretary- ship if it had not been made quite clear that Irish po.icy is to be directed from Dublin rather than from Westminster. Mr. Bryce is getting on in years, and although he is vigorous enough to spend the recess in foreign travel, he naturallv shrank from having to live a kind of shuttlecock existence be- tween Dublin Castle and the Irish Office in London. It- is expected that Lord and Lady Aberdeen will carry on Lord Dudley's policy of administering Irish affairs in accordance with Irish ideas, without the brake constantly applied to the late Viceroy's sympathetic heart by the Orange bridge. Sir Antony McDonnell was sent to Ireland by the King to settle the Irish question on the lines laid down by Mr. Wyndham. The moment he attempted to grapple with the problem of retrenchment, the threatened interests evoked the bogey of religious bigotry, and' for the last two years Sir Antony's administrative genius has had no scope for exercise. When Mr. Long left Dublin Sir Antony was unmuzzled, and he will be given a- free hand to prepare the way for the transfer of the whole control of local Irish affairs to the Irish people. Mr. Chamberlain calls this Home Rule on the hire system. But on the hire system or the instalment plan the purchaser obtains his goods down at once, and pays for them in instalments. The Irish are not to have Home Rule at once. Quite the contrary. But every measure of the Ad- ministration will have the establishment of Home Rule as its avowed aim. The first question to come up will not be Home Rule, but the problem of the evicted tenants. Five thousand of them are still without holdings. Mr. Redmond and his party will probably regard this as a touchstone of the courage and capacity of the New Cabinet. Nothing is more obvious than that something must be done. The Irish are fading away before our eyes. Twenty years of resolute government, Lord Salisbury's panacea, has been tried. The result is that the population of Ireland has diminished five hundred thousand in ten years, and there is a slump in the value of all Irish stocks and shares which might alarm even the most in- different. Tt is a good thing that the Cabinet is strong and young. It is to be regretted that Mr. T. W. Russell has no place in the Administration. But there will be no lack of pressure from below to keep the Government up to the mark. After Ireland comes the Colonial group. Here again the most important member of the Govern- i6o The Review of Reviews. February 90, 1906. merit is not in the Cabinet. Mr. Winston Churchill, who represents the Colonial Office in the House of Commons, is regarded by the public as likely to be much more influential in the decision of Colonial questions than his chief in the Lords. Lord Elgin is a most respectable man. He left India after roy without a stain upon his reputation for good sense, cool judgment, and an entire ab- sence of self-assertion. He presided over the C mission on the South African War with punctuality and civility. But if it had not been for Lord Esher and Sir G. Taubman Goldie, that Commission would have had a most lame and impotent con- clusion. He presided over the small Commission on the Scottish ( lunch difficulty, and his recom- mendations were unimpeachable. I if Mr. Thomas Shaw had not formulated thi om- mendations before the Commission sat. it is doubt- tul whether Lord Elgin would have seen his way quite so clearly. What Thomas Shaw was to Lord Elgin of the Scottish Church controversy, and what Lord Esher was to lord Elgin of the War Com- mission, so it is generally expected Mr. Winston Churchill will be to the new Colonial Secretarv. The Colonial group consists of Lord Elgin, I Carrington and Mr. Sydney Buxton in the Cabinet. and Mr. Winston Churchill outside it. Lord Car- rington has had experience of the Colonies during his governorship in Australia. Mr. Sydne\ Buxton was Under-Secretary for the Coloi - in the last Liberal Administration. The new Government will be sympathetic, almost deferential to the Colonies. In the matter of the Colonial Conference they will disclaim any right to make proposals. The right of initiative belongs to the Colonies. Whatever they propose will be respectfully considered, and if pos- sible their proposals will be acted upon, provided they do not involve either a foreign war or a re- volutionary overturn of the established principles of our fiscal system. South Africa is the crux which will have to be faced, and faced at once. The defeated and dis- mayed Jingoes, at whose beh in Bull spent ^250.000.000 in order to secure his hold in South Africa, are already threatening us with the Joss of South Africa if the new Cabinet does not st in the policy of its predecessor in importing continual reinforcements of the Chmese at the mines. This is a question which, will have to be dealt with by the Cabinet as a whole. The Ch question is intimately bo\'nd up with the concession of respon- sible government to the conauered Republics, and that again is not less intimatelv bo^nd up with the question of the payment of o"r just debts to the Boers and the pavment of compensation. Probably the sdnplest way would be for the new Government to suspend at once, pend;noth the Republics In-fore Christmas; and (3) while suspending the importation of any more Chin- ese, relegate the win vie question of the emplovment and treatment of the Chinese to the new responsible Government of the Colony. The Indian group in the Cabinet consists of Mr. ley. who is a novice. Lord Elgin, and Lord Ripon-, \\h<> have both been Vic ind Sir Henry Fowler, who has l*-en Secretary of State for India. They have the disadvantage of having a Viceroy not of their appointing, who was sent out to allow Lord Kitchener to rule the roost in India. Mr. Morley will not have a bed of roses. He will have to faoe a new [ndia, an India whose inhabitants have been flushed with pride over the victories of Japan, and an India whose inhabitants are just waking up to the t resources of the weak against armed force-— the Boycott and the Strike. He will have to make up his mind whether to confirm or to reverse the decision of Mr. Brcdrick. which sustained Lord Kitchener against Lord Curzon and the opinion of the whole Civil Service of India. He will have to decide whether he will abide by the decision of his predecessor as to the partition of Bengal. He will probably think it is the line of least re- sistance to assume that what is done cannot be undone, and therein he may make the mistake of his life. For. if the Bengalees profit by the Russian example. Mr. Morley may find himself confronted by a far thornier problem than faced Mr. Forster in Ireland in the worst days of the Land League. Finally, Mr. Morley will have to take his courage in both his hands, and insist upon a drastic reduction of military expenditure in India. The military budget in India has been raised to its present figure solely because of the alleged Russian menace. Whatever the Russian debacle has done, it has at least freed India from all dread of a Russian inva- sion. Tt ought, therefore, to follow that at least two millions a year ought to be withdrawn from the military budget, to be used either in the reduction of taxation or in the extension of popular education. Review of Retieics, 20J2/06. Character Sketches. 161 Mr. Morley«.has never been in India. His appoint- ment has raised great expectations amongst the edu- cated natives. It will be a sore disappointment if he should prove but a miner edition of Sir H. Fowler. The Education group in the Cabinet is headed by the Minister of Education, Mr. Birrell, who so far as administration is concerned is the darkest of dark horses. He can birrell prettily and wittily on the platform, he wields a graceful pen. But he is apt to lose patience, with illogical Nonconformists who cannot be made to see that what they regard as undenominational religion is as much sectarian teach- ing to the Anglican and the Catholic as the Church Catechism or the Roman Creed. Behind Mr. Bir- rell stands the Member for Wales, Mr. Lloyd- George, who is one of the ablest of the younger Ministers. He is not physically as strong as he ought to be. But he is a wiry Welshman with immense nervous energy. He is eloquent, witty, intrepid, and a thoroughly sound pro-Boer. He stood his baptism of fire during the war, and was in peril oft in Carnarvon, in Birmingham, and in other places. He is the most conspicuous spokesman of the Nonconformists. The third Educationist in the Cabinet is Mr. Haldane, who is concerned, however, much more with secondary and higher education. He is German in his outlook, and he has his own scheme for settling the Irish University question. Sir Henry Fowler represents the Methodists — more or less imperfectly — while the interests of the Catho- lics are in the hands of Lord Ripon. The chief difficulty that confronts the Educationists is, first, the Catholic vote in the Commons, and, secondly, the non -possumus of the Peers in the Upper Chamber. The only logical solution of the religious difficulty, that of confining State education strictly to secular education, leaving the churches free to supply re- ligious teaching, although advocated by Mr. Thomas, the chairman of the Welsh party, is repudiated by Mr. Lloyd-George, and has no chance of being adopted. The social reformers in the Cabinet will have to face first the problem of the unemployed ; secondly, the reform of the Licensing Act ; and thirdly, the mass of problems clumped together under the general head of the Condition of the People question. C.-B. himself is the head of this group, with John Burns as his right-hand man. Lord Ripon is also historically identified with it. Lord Carrington comes into it as Minister of Agriculture, while Mr. Herbert Glad- stone as Home Secretary, and the Lord Chancellor, will be specially busy with the legislation to meet the demands of the Trades LTnions. I find that I have allocated all the members of the "Cabinet excepting the Earl of Crewe, who was "Viceroy of Ireland under Mr. Morley, and is the son-in-law of Lord Rosebery. He is now, at the age of forty-seven, Lord President of the Council and a Cabinet Minister. Something must be said, fiowever, of the Lord Chancellor, who, as Sir Robert Reid, was known to be a stalwart Radical and a thoughtful statesman. He is a champion of Trades Unions, and he has definite ideas of his own as to the future of our Empire, both on land and on sea. He was one of the best of pro-Boers and never trim- med his sails to catch the Jingo breeze. The man who wanted to be Lord Chancellor, in order that he might be Prime Minister de facto, although not de jure, is Mr. Robert Haldane,' the lawyer, the meta- physician and the theologian. He is a kind of Cal- vinistic Jesuit or Jesuitical Calvinist, who has steeped his brains in transcendental philosophy and exercised his wits in backstairs intrigue. No appointment has met with more general approval than Mr. Haldane's nomination as Secretary for War. The office has broken the reputation of Lord Landsdowne, Mr. Brodrick. and Mr. Arnold Forster. It will either make Mr. Haldane or mar him. He stands for that " damned intellect " which has not been the pre-emi- nent characteristic of the British Army. The task of readjusting the British Army to the needs of a pacific Empire is one in which he may win a great reputation. It will at least keep him busy. Taken as a whole the Cabinet is a strong Cabinet and a good Cabinet. It is symmetrical, well- balanced, and very representative. It has only one centre, and that is C.-B. If Lord Rosebery had been in it there would have been two centres, which would have been fatal. Two or three former office- holders have been left out. But some disappoint- ments are inevitable. And no one can point to any Liberal outside who would be an improvement if substituted for any of those whom C.-B. has selecteil. III. -THE CABINET DISSECTED. There are nineteen members in the Cabinet, viz. : — Lord Chancellor— Sir Robert Reid. First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister— Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman. Lord President of the Council— The Earl of Crewe. Lord Privy Seal— The Marquis of Ripon. Home Secretary — Mr. Herbert Gladstone. Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs — Sir Edward Grey. Secretary for the Colonies— The Earl of Elgin. Secretary for War— Mr. Haldane. Secretary for India— Mr. John Morley.- Chancellor of the Exchequer— Mr. H. H. Asqnith. First Lord of the Admiralty— Lord Tweedmouth. Secretary for Scotland— Mr. John Sinclair. President of the Board of Trade — Mr. Lloyd-George. President, of the Local Government Board — Mr. John Burns. President of the Board of Agriculture— Earl Carrington. President of the Board of Education— Mr. Aueustine Bir- rell, K.C. Postmaster-General— Mr. Sydney Buxton. Chancellor of the Duchy— Sir Henry Fowler. Chief Secretary for Ireland— Mr. Br\ Of these, at the time of their appointment, one — Mr. Birrell — was outside Parliament altogether. Of the other eighteen, five sat in the House of Lords and thirteen in the House of Commons. Of the thirteen Ms.P. seven represented Scotch constituencies, and one — John Burns, a native Scot— sat for Battersea. Of the others, one was elected by Welshmen, and the other four represented Northumberland, Leeds. Wolverhampton, and Poplar. Of the Peers, one is l62 The Review of Reviews. February to, V/06. a marquis, two are earls, and one a baron. The Commoners include two baronets and two knights. The Peers, with the exception of Lord Carrington. are all from north of the Humber. Lord Ripon and Lord Crewe are Yorkshiremen } Lord Elgin and Lord Tweedmouth, Scotchmen. Taking the Cabinet as a whole, excluding Mr. Birrell, out of theeighteen memhers seven are Scotch by birth, one Irish (Mr. Bryce, who represents Aberdeen), and one Welsh. Of tin- remaining nine, five are North countrymen, two of whom sit for Scotch constituencies. Of the remaining four, one — Mr. Gladstone— sits for a Yorkshire constituency, so that only three (Lord Carrington, Sir Henry Fowler, and Mr. S. Buxton) represent England. Of the eighteen, therefore, ten are either Scotch. North of the Humber, or sit for Scotch constituencies, one sits for Wales, and four out of the remaining seven are North countrymen, or sit for North country constituencies. If Mr. Birrell is included, it raises the number of North countrymen to five. The purely Southern loons cut a poor figure in the Cabinet. With all due deference to them, the\ could be better spared than any other three of their colleagues. In religion, as might be expected from them, pre- dominance of Scotch Anglicanism is at a discount. Lord Ripon is a Roman Catholic, Mr. Morley and Mr. Burns are Agnostics, Sir H. H. Fowler is n Wesleyan, Mr. Lloyd-George and Mr. Birrell are Nonconformists. There are six Scotch Presby terians, so that there are only six nominal English Churchmen left. One of these, Mr. Asquith, was born a Nonconformist, and Lord Crewe's father was an Epicurean. Mr. Herbert Gladstone is almost the only Anglican whoso churchmanship is more than nominal. The Cabinet is a curious illustration of the extent to which the Established Church has become a Tory preserve. Of the nineteen Cabinet Ministers, eight are lawyers, although three of them — Mr. Morley, Mr. Bryce and Mr. Birrell — are better-known as men of letters ; five are Peers, one a soldier, two are country gentlemen, and one a working man. Mr. Sydney Buxton and Mr. Herbert Gladstone are somewhat difficult to classify. It is a very significant fact that there is not a single man of business in the Cabi- net. Mr. Buxton belongs to a famous family of brewers, and that is the nearest approach to trade that can be discovered in this Liberal Cabinet. De- mocracy does not seem to favour manufacturers and the kings of shipping and commerce. The Liberals at least are free from the pest of guinea-pigs. The ages of the Cabinet Ministers vary from seventy-eight (the age of Lord Ripon, who is the Nestor of the Cabinet) to forty-two, which is the age of Mr. Lloyd-George. The following is the Cabinet arranged according to the precedence of the alma- nack: — Veterans. Under 60. Under 50. The Marquis ol Sir K. Reid, 59. Mr. Haldane, 49. Ripon, 78. Ix>rd Tweedmouth. Lord Crewe, 47. Sir H. II. Fowler. 56. \]r. John Burns, Q.75;, r , „ Lord Elgin, 56. 47-' Sir H. Campr^U. { 6 (, in Sinclai Bannerman, 69. ' J r Mr. Tames Bryce, Mr. "• Asquith, 45- 67* 53. Mr. Lloyd-George, Mr. John Morley, Mr. S. Buxton, 52. 42- 67." \ir. II. Gladstone, Sir E. Grey, 42- Lord Carrington. ,. 62. S ' The average age of the Ministers in the new Cabinet is 561,. Six are in their forties, seven in their fifties, four in their sixties, and two in their seventies. When we come to analyse their marital condition we find that <»f the nineteen there is only one bache- lor, Mr. Haldane. All the others are married. Mr. Birrell, Mr. Asquith and Mr. Buxton have married twice. Sir Robert Reid is a widower. But the mar- iges of the Liberal Cabinet Ministers are not pro- lific. As it is not a case of race suicide, it would seem to point to the sterility of superior men. The Premier, the Lord Chancellor, the Indian Secretary, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, the Foreign Secre- tary have no children. None of the others have their quivers full. It is doubtful whether the nineteen Cabinet Ministers who have, first and last, had twenty-One wives have a dozen children among them. The educational antecedents of the Cabinet are very varied. According to the Eton College Chronicle, Rugby is out of it altogether. There are only three Etonians — viz., the Earl of Elgin, Earl Carrington and Mr. Gladstone. Harrow and Cheltenham each have two, the former being responsible for the Earl of Crewe and Lord Tweedmouth, and the latter for Sir Robert Reid and Mr. John Morley. Winchester may be proud of Sir Edward Grey, and Clifton of Mr. Sydney Buxton. Edinburgh Academy supplies Mr. Haldane and Mr. Sinclair ; the High School, Glasgow. Mr. Bryce : the City of London School. Mr. Asquith ; Amersham Hall, Mr. Birrell ; and Llany- stymdwy Church School Mr. Lloyd-George. Mr. Burns got his education at an elementary school, As usual Oxford leads when we ask which Uni- versities trained our new rulers, although the Premier hails from Cambridge. Six members of the Cabinet hail from Oxford : three — Mr. Asquith, Sir Robert Reid and Lord Elgin — from Balliol, Mr. Herbert Gladstone comes from University College, Mr. Bryce from Trinity, and Mr. Morley from Lincoln. Four — C.-B., Lord Carrington, Mr. Buxton (all from Trin ity) and Mr. Burrell — graduated at Cambridge. Of the nineteen members of the Cabinet, five have voted for Woman's Suffrage, seven have voted against it, and one who has never voted is pledged against it, leaving six uncommitted. HtoUw Of Reviexcs, SOp/06. Current History in Caricature. " O wad some power the giftie gie us, To see ourselves as itbers see us." — BURNS. Westminster Gazette.} The Wrecker. Si monumentum requiris circumspice. Cartoons played a very important part in the making of history in Britain last month. Indeed, they practically monopolised the British humorous papers. Mr. Bernard Partridge has a fine cartoon in Punch representing a miserable old snow man, with a visage that everyone will recog- nise, slowly but surelv melting away in the rays of the rising sun, and bleating the while for " some protection against this sort of thing.'' It is a happy inspiration which hits off the failure of the Tariff Reform propaganda of Mr. Chamberlain. There is less about Russia in the Continental papers just now. The cartoonists seem to have exhausted themselves on that topic. Such caricatures as are reproduced from the Continental papers speak for themselves. The cartoonist of the Sydney Bulletin is evidently anxious to impress upon those in the old country that Australia will con- tinue to look to them for naval protection. Britannia may wade in, however, lor all she is worth. The same authority emphasises the Australian dislike of the Anglo- Japanese alliance, and rebukes Mr. Deakin for his lavish offers of land to anyone who will come and take it. The Australasian cartoonists deal with the situation in Britain, the Bulletin representing Mr. Bal- four as having spoken to his elec- tors while bearing on his back the burden of a smiling Chinese. Mel- bourne Bunch has a cartoon on the bomb explosion in a. Melbourne detective's house, the explosion being put down to the fact that this detective is hunting down law- breaking gamblers. Punch's criti- cism is apt and timely. The Vic- torian disasters, fire and railway accidents are treated with the humorous hope that they will not add to the feeling at home against the Colonies. Puck.] Second Call for the Peace Congress. [New York. 164 The Review of Reviews. February tO, 1006. Bulletin.] George Reid at Colombo. He is here seen giving hiB views to the local press upon a White Australia. Free-trade, etc. "Wat von mean 1 'Tezno'?" said his interlocutor. Kladderadattch , Poor Witte ! Berlin. w Tin: "Hunt. Btransrle me. If you do we .—1m 1 1 both fall oft". "QtmtA By $pecial permission of the proprietors of "Punch."] A Going Concern. Snow Man (to himself): "I wish someone would give me 'Protection' against this sort of thing!" Melbourne Punch.] Still Disaster Follows Fast and Follows Faster. VICTORIA: "On horror's head horrors accumulate. I hope the traducers of Australia at Home won't discover that Victoria has heen hurned down, and that the survivors from the fires have all been killed in a railway accident " Re vie it of Reviews, i0j$/06. Current History in Caricature. 165 La Silhouette.} [Paris. The Great Frederick and the Little William. William n. : "I have taken every opportunity to hoist myself up to his height, but I fear I shall never equal him." UlhJ The Indifference of Europe. [Berlin. THE Powers: " What has all this got to do with us? It has absolutely nothing to do with us." Bulletin.] Samson Brings Down the Temple of the Philistine?. British Tory Government — which introduced Chinese slave labour to tlie Transvaal— has been absolutely crushed at the General Elections. Melbourne Punch.'] Shaking Up the Law. The Bomb Outrage has drawn attention to the Gambling Evil, which can no longer be ignorejl by the Law. LAW : " Bless me, this is very unpleasant. NOW I suppose something will reallv have to be done!" Review of Reviews, iOjl/06. IMPRESSIONS OF THE THEATRE. MR. BERNARD SHAW'S "MAJOR BARBARA." We are getting on. " Major Barbara " is good, distinctly good. It is not by any means ideal even from its own very limited point of view. It is dis- figured by the farcical caricature with which Mr. Bernard Shaw serves up his most serious disserta- tions. But when all drawbacks have been admitted, " Major Barbara " deserves a cordial welcome from all who desire to see the stage rescued from the de- gradation into which it has been dragged by those who regard a play as a mere spectacle at the best or an aphrodisiac at the worst. Here, at least, is an attempt to represent dramatically one of the great problems of life, to discuss seriously an ethical 'jues- tion, and to deal with living men and women as if they were, after all, somewhat in the higher scale of evolution than the small gilded flies of the summer pools or the meretricious decadents whose toying with lechery seems to afford perennial delight to Gaiety audiences. I regret to see that a kindly contemporary critic, summing up the result of my " Impressions of the Theatre," makes the extraordinary statement that the result of my pilgrimage has been that "while Mr. Stead here and there saw gleams of good, his final verdict was one of extreme disgust." N 'thing could be further from -the fact than this. I have not yet ventured to pronounce any " final verdict," because I have by no means gone through all the evidence. But so far from coming to the conclusion imputed to me, it would be more near the mark to say that, so far as I have arrived at any "final verdict." it is that while here and there I saw the lurid glow which marks the mouth of the Pit, tnv general impression based upon those nlays which f have seen has been distinctly good. The "Wife Without a Smile" de- served to he burned by the common hangman, and " The Spring Chicken " is an abominable outrage upon morality; but, with these two exceptions. T have seen few plays to which even the most austere moralist could take exception. Omitting the two above-mentioned exceptions, the worst plays that I have seen were not intellectually worse than the ave- rage popular novel, and their moral tone was. T think, distinctly higher. Of course it will be ob- jected that I have so far only seen the best that was going, and that is true. But so far as concerns the best plays that have been put on the stage — on the London stage — in the last twelve months, it is simply nonsense to say : — Is it, or is it not. a fa/rt that at least five plays out of six turn upon what is called "love"?— and such love!— love decorated, made musical, floated on sparkling dialogue, more or less inane, but snarklins: for all that; and vet. all the time, essent'allv animal, vulgar, vicious, and. in every sense of the word, immoral. The so-called " problem plays" are nearly all that: so are most of the musical comedies. It is always the same old theme over and over again; mid one need not see many of them to know that. I have now seen twenty-six plays, and certainly five out of six have not been like that — have, in fact, been quite other than that. Take " Major Barbara," for instance, at the Court Theatre. It is certainly not inane. It is exceedingly witty. It is no more animal than the Book of Eccle- siastes. There are vulgar people in it, and vicious people, as there are in the world, but it is in no sense of the word " immoral." Neither is " love" in any sense of the word the motive of the play. It is a very honest and daring attempt to present the agony of a devout soul when the foundations of be- lief disappear. It is a play of a soul's tragedy — a theatrical adaptation of the most sacred of all themes. Since I saw the Passion Play at Oberam- mergau 1 have not seen any play which represented so vividly the pathos of Gethsemane, the tragedy of Calvary. It is true that the real significance of the play is disguised with the utmost art. In every tie Mr. Bernard Shaw takes pains to impress upon his hearers that he is only a jester, and nothing of a preacher. Even when he is touching the deepest note of religious emotion he never lets us forget his cap and bells. That adds to the tragic pathos of the drama, the not less tragically pathetic figure of its author. Readers of Victor Hugo's " L'Homme qui Rit " will remember that the hero, a peer of the realm, had been abducted in childhood by mounte- banks, who. with merciless surgery, imprinted an eternal grimace upon his features. So devilishly was this mutilation performed that it was only under the stress and strain of the most intense emotion that the luckless victim could so command the muscles of his face as to prevent his countenance becoming cne incarnate grin. In the climax " L'Homme qui Rit," with a great effort, effaces this horrible grimace and thrills the House of Lords with a magnificent 'plea for the disinherited of the world. Even when the Chamber was swept by the storm wind of his elo- quence, the luckless speaker momentarily relaxed his control of his muscles, the living mask of leering mirth reappeared, and his audience exploded in in- extinguishable laughter. Mr. Bernard Shaw is ' L'Homme qui Rit " of our times. He would be the prophet of his age. But the soul of Jeremiah is re- incarnated in the body of Grimaldi. Hence Major Barbara's spiritual death and resurrection are served up to the accompaniment of copious sarcastic witti- cisms which keep the house in a titter, occasionally bursting out into a roar of merriment. The problem posed — and, it must be admitted, most inadequately discussed — is whether religious Review of Reviews, 20/2/06. Impressions of the Theatre. 167 organisations like the Salvation Army are justified in accepting subscriptions from brewers and ordnance makers. In other words — are religious societies justified in adopting the famous phrase with which the Roman Emperor silenced the objection of his heir to an unsavoury impost : " Non Olet " ? To Major Barbara the money does smell. It stinks of whiskey, and it reeks with blood. She will have none of it. But the Salvation Army, harassed with the dread of having to turn away thousands of starv- ing unemployed from its shelters, thinks otherwise. It accepts with jubilation and grateful hallelujahs ^5000 from Blodgett the distiller — a timely hint upon which Dewar will do well to act — and another ^5000 from the millionaire manufacturer of engines of war. To Major Barbara this was as the sin of Judas. He sold his Lord for thirty pieces of silver. The Salvation Army was selling itself for ten thou- sand pieces of gold. She will have nothing more to do with the apostate society. Tearing off her badge, she resigns her commission. And while the rest of her comrades march off with jubilant beat of drum to a thanksgiving service for the ten thousand pounds, Major Barbara cries in bitter and unavail- ing grief : " My God ! my God ! why hast Thou for- saken me?" And, as she lies sobbing in her despair, Bill Walker, a superior kind of Bill Sykes, whom she has almost succeeded in converting before the fatal subscription, approaches stealthily and bawls in her ear, " What price Salvation now ?" That is the clou of the whole play. Everything else is only prologue and epilogue. Yet, so strangely constituted and conventional are some people, that they actually deluged the papers with correspon- dence insisting that these two phrases should be de- leted ! But these two phrases are the whole essence of the play. Tf they were struck out there would be no play — only a miscellaneous concatenation of more or less amusing observations by Mr. Shaw in various disguises. It is a marvellous instance of Mr. Shaw's mastery of his art that he was able to present this spectacle of a soul's desolation, when the founda- tions of the earth seem to be removed, amid all the farcical comicalities of the rest of his characters. In the hands of anvbody else the sense of jar and of in- congruity would have been intolerable. Shakespeare no doubt contrived to introduce interludes of clown- ing even in the midst of the tragic solemnity of "Hamlet." But Mr. Shaw, outdoing Shakespeare, contrives successfully to introduce an interlude of tragedy into the midst of the brisk buffoonery and smart comedv which form the staple of the play. Major Barbara is the daughter of one Undershaft. who has amassed millions and acquired the control of the destinies of empires by the manufacture of high explosives. He is Armstrong and Whitworth and Hiram Maxim and Whitehead all rolled into one. He is the supreme incarnation of the mate rialistic, cynical spirit of the age. More, even, than Broadbent in " John Bull's Other Island " does he embody the accepted ideal of the successful Jingo Philistine who is " unashamed." He is a model employer devoted to business and to the true gospel of an armourer, which is inspired by Nietzsche. To him meekness is weakness, might is right. To be poor is the worst of crimes, and the only morality is the will to trample all under your feet who stand in your way. The type is exaggerated to caricature, and Bernard Shaw sacrifices the force of his argu- ments by making them farcical. Major Barbara is one of two daughters of this Nietzsehian servant of Mars and Vulcan. Her sister is a mere pretty Society doll, her mother a manag- ing, domineering lady of good family, and her brother a conventional, well-dressed commonplace youth, who serves as the butt of his father's sarcasm. Her sister is engaged to a good-natured Johnnie Dontcherknow, a Society zany. Out of this family milieu Barbara has been rescued by the Salvation Army. She becomes a major, and enters into the new life. And the first clear good point gained is that no one who sees the play can help feeling that when Miss Barbara Undershaft left her drawing- room to> become Major Barbara of the Salvation Army she did unquestionably rise in the scale of being. She found her soul. From being a mere decorative, animated appendage to the furniture of her mother's drawing-room, she became a living, lov- ing, useful woman, full of faith in God and love to man, capable of all manner of self-sacrifice and noble enthusiasm. And what the Salvation Army did for Miss Undershaft it did in a more or less degree for Mrs. Baines and Jenny Hill. It lifted these deli- cately-nurtured beings out of their narrow, selfish environment ; it put them into cuickening contact with the bleeding heart of humanity ; it gave them an object in life, and endowed them with strength and patience for their task. The inexhaustible good temper, the quick forgiveness of injuries, the ready persuasive pertinacity that refuses to be denied, the passionate zeal for souls which knows no distinction between rich and poor, high or low — all these dis- tinctive features of the Salvation Army were por- trayed to the life at the Court Theatre. As one of the characters said, " Whatever you may say against the Salvation Army, you cannot deny it is religion.'' Some see, in the wonderful second act — the one real act in the play —only a demonstration of tli<- futility of the operations of the Salvation Army. Snobby Price, a typical out-of-work, who always does his duty by his class by doing as little work as possible himself in order that there may be more for his mates, who feigns conversion in the morning and steals a sovereign in the afternoon, is one of their failures. So to a certain extent is Rummy Mitchens, a respectable woman, who pretends to be a reprobate in order that she may secure relief. The Army fail with the Free-thinker who swears by Thomas Paine and Charles Bradlaugh, and their drummer is an ad- mitted fraud. He is a Greek professor who has i68 The Review of Reviews February 30, 1908. joined the Army solely in order to make love to Bar- bara. Nevertheless, despite all these backsliders and bread-and-treacle converts and other failures, the im- pression— and it is a true impression — left by the play is that the Salvation Army is a wonderfully real thing, and that it is the power of God unto righteousness to many; and if it is imposed upon and disappointed times without end, therein it but resembles all other religious bodies since the world I he Lasses are genuine — there is no mis take about that. And genuine also is the famous 1m xer and wrestler with the Japanese, who, al three days' and nights' struggle with the Evil One, joins the Arm). He it is who, when Bill Walkei spits in his eye, piously thanks God that he is couni ed worthy to be spat upon for the sake of his Saviour, and then, with the knack born of long n the music-hall stage with the experts of jiujitsu, promptly lays Bill Walker on his back in the snow and kneels upon him while he prays for his i-ersion. There is something irresistibly comic in the discomfiture of the hulking ruffian thus uncere- i< usly converted into a friedieu for the Salvation Army, but it has a human touch in it that every Sal- vationist would intensely appreciate. 1 tried to draw General Booth or his Chief of Staff about "Major Barbara," but they declined. Neither of them has 1 the Chief, from what he has heard of it, - not exactly like it. Nevertheless I, who for nearly twenty years have acted as Honorary Trum- pet- r-in-Ordinary to the Salvation Army, do not hesi- tate to express my humble and heartfelt thanks to Mr. Bernard Shaw for thus for the first time putting the Salvation Army on the stage as it reallv is. The sec nd act might easily be converted into a •lay. All the intense human interest of the drama is concentrated there. The struggle for the soul of Bill Walker, faithful as it is to life, is but a sketch — an outline — which might be filled in so as ompel even the least attentive to realise some- what of the sublimity of the conflict of Heaven and Hell for the soul of a sinner. Bill Walker is drawn from the life and acted with conviction. It is curious, but my only criticism of his acting is exactly the opposite to that which I have read in the news- papers. They complain that he is too brutal. My criticism is that he is not half brutal enough. No real ruffian in his mood would have let Jenny Hill off so cheap. He would probably have kicked her. and if he had made up his mind to bash her face or cut her lip he would have done it as if he meant it. When I saw him strike the girl it was as unreal as a stage kiss, and hardly more serious. I have seen Bill Walker's prototype too often at close quarters not to be entitled to speak with some authority on that subject. I have also seen such men en route to the penitent-form, and w-hen Bill Walker is under conviction he is true to the life. The part of Major Barbara was prettily played with much painstaking, but it is far too trying a role for anyone but a tragic actress of the first class- adequately to render. The actress who plays the part is never lost in her soul -saving role. She is earnest, but she is not consumed with enthusiasm. When she talks to Bill, there is almost a note of ban- ter in her voice which is foreign to that of the genuine Hallelujah Lass. There is, in short, human pathos, but no divine passion in the representation. I can imagine the part being played by an actress of such power and emotional expression that it would be im- possible for the play to proceed after the loss of faith. The curtain would be rung down after Bill Walker's taunt. "What price Salvation now?" But Mr. Shaw can hardly ever be serious, and in creating the character of his heroine he exposes her needlessly to the badinage of the rough. Still, after all is said and done. Major Barbara is a fine creation, and the second act has in it all the elements of a great tragedy. Barbara's character, emotionally strong, was intel- lectually weak. Perhaps it is intended by one satiric touch to suggest that most of us are incapable of dis. criminating between the essence and the drapery of our faith, and that, like Barbara, we abandon the whole l>ecause we do not agree with one of its de- tails. How many people have abandoned the faith t their fathers as illogically as Barbara left the Salvation Army merelj because in some particular article of its creed or detail of its practice it does not harmonise with their conceptions of truth, their s of right and wrong. If Mr. Shaw had really wished to pose the ethical problem which wrecked Barbara's faith, he would have pointed out the al surdity of regarding the acceptance of subscrip- tions from a brewer or a cannon maker as a selling of the Army to drink and murder, unless the condi- had been attached to the gift that the Army should weaken in its testimony against drunkenness and war. Even Major Barbara did not insist upon scrutinising the ethical genealogy of every penny sub- scribed for religious purposes before allowing it to be put into the hat on that famous occasion when Snobby Price's stories and her eloquence extracted 4 ro from the open-air congregation. Had she done she would probably have found that some pence had Veen the wages of iniquity. The question of ac- cepting the subscriptions of men whose money has been acquired like the fortune of Rockefeller or the wealth of a city boss has been one much debated of late in the United States. The only solution of the problem seems to be that everyone should accept monev from any source provided that the receipt of the subscription of the criminal does not weaken his testimony against the crime. The Salvation Army probably feels itself quite strong enough to accept millions from brewers without endangering the vehe- mence of its temperance crusade. But there is such a thing as running into temptation. And with the melancholy spectacle of the Established Church be- fore our eyes, where State pay and State patronage Review .of Reviews, 2011/06. Impressions of the Theatre, 169 have made the clergy too often the subservient apolo- gists for every infamy the State may commit in the shape of foreign war or domestic injustice, it is im- possible to deny that Major Barbara was not alto- gether without grounds for the extreme position which she took up. Constantine may not attach any condi- tions to his fatal donative, but timeo Danaos et dona ferentes. The third act of " Major Barbara " is amusing as M Candida " is amusing. But that is all. It enables Mr. Shaw to air many of his amusing paradoxes about modern society, and to launch his satirical shafts against various forms of popular folly. But so far as Major Barbara is concerned, it is an after- climax, and singularly unconvincing at that. Her lover, the Greek professor, who is always quoting Euripides, released from the big drum, is adopted as the heir to the Undershaft cannon factory, and Barbara joyfully dedicates herself to work as his wife for the welfare of his workmen. Her chief rea- son seems to be that they are strong and well to do, and therefore, one would imagine, in less need of her ministration than the wastrels of the shelter. It is not exactly clear what faith she is going to teach them. Possibly she intends to popularise the sparse- ly-attended meeting of the Ethical Society despite the prejudice that the workmen had against the pre- sence of an Agnostic in the midst of high explosives. But you feel that Mr. Shaw has forgotten all about Barbara. He is only thinking of using Undershaft as the oracle of the wit and wisdom of Shaw. The first act is a humorous skit upon the managing mother, in which everything is sacrificed to Mrs. Undershaft. The second act is Barbara's. The third belongs to Undershaft himself. Barbara's de- cision to spend her life among the workmen after she has married Adolphus is a survival of the old Salva- tion Army enthusiasm, which survives her loss of faith in the Army itself. But whichever way you take it. the denouement is disappointing and uncon- vincing. STATE PREPARATION FOR MOTHERHOOD. Two papers in the Independent Review deal with this subject, which apparently is beginning to claim something of the attention it deserves at the hands of the nation. Mrs. Edith (Deverell) Marvin writes on " The Mothers of the "Future," and exclaims on the fact that the Code scheme on Domestic Economy has remained unaltered since 1879! The teaching has been stereotyped and unintelligent in that sub- ject as well as in cookery and laundry and sewing. The writer pleads for co-operation and co-ordination and for uniting all branches under household man- agement. The crux lies in the teaching and in the inspection of the teachers. She recommends a cen- tral school of household management and hygiene in London — in connection, if possible, with Lonjlon University — and another in connection with a NT3rth of England university as pioneers. Mona Wilson discusses Infant Mortality, and the effect on it of the mothers' employment. She urges that for the sake of the child the mother should not return to work until six months after confinement. She would gradually extend the present legal limit of four weeks to the full half-year. She assumes " that the ultimate solution will be found in some payment for motherhood." She presses for a separate enu- meration of married women working under the Fac- tory Act. She discountenances the creche. A NOTABLE FRENCH EXPERIMENT. She asks for experiments after the pattern of the Mayor of Huddersfield, who offers one sovereign to parent or guardian on a child attaining its " first birthday," and refers especially to the scheme suc- cessfully worked at the little Commune of Villers-le- Duc: — During the period 1800-1893, tlie death rate in Villers-Je- Duc was high; speaking roughiy, one child out of every four died within the year. The mayor took the question seriously in hand; and for ten years no infant death oc- curred in tlie village, and there was only one still-born child during fifteen years. This extraordinary result has been achieved by the establishment of a free medical aid fun 4. Any woman who has not sufficient means to make arrangements for her confinement conducive to her own safety .and that of the child, receives assistance, if she reports herself after seven months' pregnancy at the mayoral office. She is required to undergo examination by a midwife of her own choosing. Medical attendance then and during the confinement is also furnished, if necessary. If she consents to stay in bed. a payment of a franc a day is made to her for six days after tlie child's birth. A sum of money is also paid to tlie mother or nurse at the end of the year if the child is produced in a healthy condition. It may be safely assumed that the results of such an experiment are not limited to the reduction of the death-rate and tlie prevention of still births. A general improvement in the health both of children and of mothers must necessarily follow. The writer suggests that philanthropists might de- posit a sum of money to be used for the benefit of women who reported themselves at the hospital after seven months' pregnancy. Another suggestion is the establishment of small convalescent homes in con- nection with the maternity hospitals. The few months before and after birth well provided for would reduce infant mortality and improve the national physique. In Pearson's Magazine for January the editor has an article on Infant Mortality. He says that the total number of deaths in England and Wales in 1904 was 549,393. Of this number 137.490 about one-fourth — were children under one year — that is to say, approximately one-seventh of the total num- ber of births. Half of these children died from preventable causes. The problem still remains, How are poor mothers to obtain a supply of pure milk for themselves and their babies? and How are all the other remedies, such as proper diet, sanitary housing, etc., to be obtained ? Review of Review, S0jt/06. REPRODUCTIONS FROM THE LONDON By special permission of the pro- prietors, Messrs. Bradbury, Agnew & Co, Ltd. WK have made arrangements \\ i tli the Proprietors of the London 'Punch which enable us each month to give our readers the most interesting cartoons and articles from what is universally admitted to be the foremost humorous ournal of the world. London 1'ninli is now published at the Equitable Building. Melbourne. It may be procured at alt news agents for 3d, or from London Punch Office, Equitable Building. Melbourne, for iS- a year. Vide page viii. ME. O'Eorke (who has been quarrelling with a Visitor): " Now, remember, Jane, the next time vou let that man in you're to shut the door in has face!" AMELIA JA'NE: "Stop cryin', do! Don't be a baby!' Rtvieic of Reviem, tO/S/06. Reproductions from London "Punch." 171 The Test of Courage. SHE: "You men are such cowards." HE: "Anyhow one of lis married you!' VISITOR: "I'm so glad to find you going on so nicely, Mrs. Jenkins! And is this the dear little soul? I would so love to see him!" Mrs. JENXIN9: Lor, no, mum! That's my 'ushand, tak- ing his bit o' re3t. He's a policeman on ni^ht duty." TQuick exit, with promise to look in again. [Japanese wrestling is now being taught in the night- schools all over the kingdom.] MISTRESS: "May I ask what is the meaning of this dis- a:ra,ceful behaviour?" NEW BUTTONS: "The butler and me. mum, 'ad a little difference of opinion, mum. So I give 'im a little ' Joo- jitsoo,' mum!" Proverbs Revised "THINGS ARE SOMETIMES WHAT THEY SEEM." SHORT-SIGHTED M.H. : "Confound you, sir, why don't you tell us where the hare has gone, instead of standing there holding up your hat like a beastly scare-crow!" VIOLINIST one of trio of amateurs who have just ob- liged with rather lengthy performance): "Well, we've left off at last!" HOSTESS: "Thank you <"> much," i.-s^ *. -_ l<-, :»- An Impregnable Position. Now, then, you young varmint, coom oot o' afore I cotches 'old on yer!" there Retitw of Revieire, 10,1/06. Leading Articles in the Reviews. THE NEW MINISTRY. (1) Its Personnel. Mr. Frederic Harrison is particular!} pleased with the new Liberal Ministry on main grounds. l-'irst and foremost because it finally disposes of the unwritten law of the Constitution that no matter how new a Government may be it must always be composed ol representatives of the old II But the change of tone is even more striking than the change of persons. All the offices winch have given li- the Earning questions— Law, Exchequer, Trade, Education, India, Local Government, Ireland— are filled by men who are entirely opposed to those who retire. The men of less pronounced colour hold offices about which do keen an- tagonism has lately arisen It is a Ministry such as the public • \ and as the crisis demands. We may trust Sir Henry nol to wriggle, trick, or pre- varicate— not to cheat his friends, mislead the public, or damage the true interests of the nation in order to keep a rotten clique in office. The Lord Chancellor who for so Ions has given a sinis twist, to economic and constitutional law, i> replaced bj a bold and able lawyer who has expi Bed almost ever] v which Lord Halsbury did or supported. In the Exchequer oommonplace man who had no pretensions to such a post, except that he was a hot Protectionist, and was placed in tlie office in order to paralyse and wreck the par; succeeded by one of the keenest reasoners of onr time, who has torn the Protection swindle to slireN, as it it was the prospectus of a bubble company— which no doubt it is. Education, over which such storms have raged these three years, is now to he controlled, not by a Conservative Peer, but by the brilliant writer and speaker who has actively denounced the corrupt bargain with the Church, who i< himself the son of a Nonconformist minister and President of a Radical Association. Next to him sits the man who, of all others, is identified with one side of the revolt of the Free Churches against clerical monopoly. He becomes re- sponsible for Trade, being himself a middle-class profes- sional man, in lieu of an obscure Peer. The amiable bro- ther of the late Prime Minister is replaced by an eloquent and courasreous workman, one who holds the position of .Taures in France ind Bebel in Germany, except that he is a genuine labourer by birth, occupation, and habits. In India, the man responsible for a wanton and mischievous Raid on a defenceless people, and for a dangerous defiance of a sound principle of Imperial policy, is replaced by the eminent disciple of Gladstone, who more than any man has exposed the corrupting evils of Jingo swagger. With regard to Ireland, Mr. Bryce is. next to Mr. Morley, of all men in this Cabinet, the nearest follower and repre- sentative of Gladstone traditions. But lie has the canuiness of his nation, and he is the last man likely to raise the Fiery Cross. " C.-B." AS HIS ENEMIES SEE HIM. " Scrutator " contributes to the National Review a survev of " The Pattern Englishman and his Re- cord.*' " Scrutator '" thinks that — The chance for which the Little Englanders have been long- ing has come at last; they now have free scope to wreck that Empire which they so detest. It may be doubted whether, since Fox, there has ever been one claiming the rank of statesman who has so steadily exerted all his in- fluence against his own country, to stimulate its enemies and discourage its friends, as Sir Henry Campbell-Banner- man. And to prove our point we intend to take his career, to recall and analyse his speeches, and thus to demonstrate the danger to the larger interests of the race arising from his rule- It is not very creditable to the patriotism of the British Press that it has drawn a veil of oblivion over the nast of the new Premier and of the black sheep among his Min- isters. It would he difficult to discover any recent war in which England has been engaged without Sir Henrv championing the cause of the enemy. He was for the Mahdi and for the Lamas of Tibet : and bince Germany has begun to build a great fleet for the purpose, avowed by Germans themselves. of depriving Britain of her sea-power and of her Empire, he has become a pro-German— and so forth and SO forth. I H IN ANOTHER LIGHT. Mr. Herbert Paul in the Nineteenth Century remarks about " C.-B.": — It is said that Mr. chamberlain and Mr. Balfour, which lias become the proner order of the names, look forward with pleasure to "baiting thai old man," who must be as old as Mr. Chamberlain himself. The "old man" has two qualities, one positive, the other negative, on which Mr Chamberlain would do well to reflect. He never loses his temper, and be has a quite remarkable facility for making \ people look ridiculous. He can also reckon upon the constant assistance oi Mr. Asquith, who has so often been the hatchet ol Mr Chamberlain's rhetoric, and ha6 no superior in debate. -' I s Programme. WHAT ABOUT IRELAND? With regard to the Irish policy of the new Go- vernment, the Positivist pundits are at variance with the other. Mr. Fred. Harrison, writing in the Positivist A s we have been told in the m definite terms that in the coming Parliament there will be iid revolutionary change, no proposal to establish an Irish Parliament. Professor Beesly scoffs at this pledge, and maintains that C.-B. would be quite free to bring in a Home Rule Bill to-mor- row. Professor Beesly maintains that the four pro- crastinators in the Cabinet will be very glad to be able to say that the question of Home Rule was raised — and very distinctly raised — at the General Election. Mr. Harrison declares that a formal pledge has been given that Home Rule is not now the question. Professor Beesly maintains that " pub- lic platforms are going to ring with nothing else but Home Rule this January, and after insisting that even vote given to the Liberals will be a vote for Home Rule, the Unionists will not be entitled to deny the right of the new Parliament to deal with that question."' That is true, and the Unionists are playing a very short-sighted game in trying to force a decision on Home Rule in a General Election when they know they are going to be beaten. LORD DUNRAVEN. Lord Dunraven in the Nineteenth Century says: — The problem for Great Britain to consider is. What amount of self-government can be conceded to Ireland with- out dange*- ? The problem for Ireland to consider is, What amount of self-governing power will relieve her from evils existing in the present system under which she is perishing? I admit the advantages of gradual development. Com- promise is in the air, and a compromise, if wisely accepted and wisely utilised, will give Ireland the opportunity of showing her intention of usiner such powers as may be entrusted to her for the general puolic good. Reriev of Reviews, 20/3/06. Leading Articles. x73 THE NEW ULSTEE. -Mr. S. Parnell Kers, writing in the Contemporary on '• Stands Ulster Where it Did ?" answers his ques- tion by declaring that it does not. Ulster is finding salvation : — The younger generation in Ulster have already begun to abandon the garrison theory. They begin to have a senti- ment for Ireland as a whole; to feel that they have a part as well as the Southerners in the great traditions of culture aud learning locked up in the Irish Celtic records. But young Ulster is becoming national, is becoming Irish. Take, by way of proof, the spread of the so-called Celtic movement. The other slight indication of the drift to- wards Celticism is the spread of the work of the Gaelic League in Ulster- There are other definite movements in Ulster. Mr. T. W. Eussell, M.P. for South Tyrone, has one all to himself. His followers are mostly tenant farmers who desire the compul- sory expropriation of landlords reluctant to sell. Then there is a very pronounced Labour movement in the great industrial centre of Belfast. In trains and tramcars, wher- ever men meet and talk you will find sentiments expressed more generous and more liberal than has ever been the case before in Ulster — at least since the Home Eule agita- tion began. There is even an independent Orange institu- tion which is partially sane already, and is making progress. Men of all parties in Ulster now recognise, and openly ad- mit, the crying need for political and social reforms in Ireland. English politicians, and especially English Liberal politicians, should remember Ulster. Thev should remember its latent Liberalism, and be of good courage. A SUGGESTION FOE ME. HALDANE. The most brilliant and comprehensive article in the magazines on the work of the new Ministry is that which appears in the National Review under the title, " The Liberal Cabinet : an Intercepted Letter Communicated by the Fabian Society/' It purports to be a letter written by C.-B. to his colleagues, in which he, the pseudo C.-B. — or shall I say the dis- guised Sydney Webb ? — sketches out in semi-gro- tesque the duties he expects each of them to per- form. Here, for instance, is his suggestion to Mr. Haldane as to how he might make military service universal in Britain. C.-B. is represented as say- ing:— If it suited you to give up all the old-fashioned nonsense about living in barracks, and the necessity of the soldier beinar drilled into a mere machine and outlawed in the name of discipline, instead of being as free as a policeman or a signalman, yon might eaSily get compulsory military training all round as a mere development of Free Trade. It is really quite simple. You have in the past taken a great part in freeing the children from factory labour — indeed, I remember how effective your help was in making it pos- sible to fix the age for half-time at fourteen. That was a great, stroke for freedom. Why should you not now extend the half-time clauses in the Factory Act. so that no boy under twenty-one finds himself compelled to work for more than thirty hours a week. Eescue these young hooligans from the tyranny of the streets, and the obsession of the music-hall gallery. Save our industry from its increasing fatal dependence on boy labour. Put the boy. in the half- time that you have rescued from the workshop and the Mile End Road, through a well-planned seven years' course of organise! outdoor games and physical exercises, real tech- nical education of all sorts, and finaJ.lv drill and the use of the rifle— and you will have set up again the sadly degene- rate physique of the race, found a substitute for apprentice- ship, delighted the Trade Unions by making boy labour irksome to the employer, and trained every male adult I i the delence of his country- all without a single day's in- termission of industrial employment or a single night of the demoralising barrack life. By heavens, what a coup! I almost wish I could go back to the War Office myself just to see what, faces those old militaires would pull. Hut you are the very man for it. with your Factorv Legislation knowledge. Only you mustn't let the War Office run the seven years' training— better eive it to the Education Com- mittee-; of the County Councils, with a grant in aid. THE CHINESE IN THE TRANSVAAL. Mr. F. D. Chaplin, writing in the National Review, expresses a confident belief that the Boers will vote in favour of the Chinese. He admits that General Botha and Mr. Wolmarans — and he might have added the Boer committees generally — have de- manded the expatriation of the Chinese, but he says : — That section is, however, a small one. The greater num- ber of those concerned in the direction of Boer policy will almost certainly continue to look on Chinese importation as a necessary evil, for which they were not responsible, but which by assisting the revenue of the country will be the means of providing funds for the advancement of agri- cultural interests and will to some extent check the com- petition for Kaffir labour. Last, but not least, opposition to Chinese labour may be turned profitably to account as a means of obtaining from the Government or from the min- ing community concessions to . Boer feelings and interests as occasion may arise. When, therefore, the question of the continuance of Chinese labour is submitted to the arbitra- ment of the Transvaal electorate— and all shades of opinion in the Transvaal are agreed that no other arbitrament is possible — it is scarcely possible that the decision will be in favour of repatriation, either immediate or gradual. WHAT OUGHT TO BE DONE. " A Student of Public Affairs " in the Fortnightly is quite cocksure as to what the Liberal Government ought to do. In the first place, they can restore to the people that immediate and direct control over their local affairs of which, for nearly twenty years, the Conservative party has been engaged in depriv- ing them. They can eliminate from locaf administration the insidious and pernicious principle of co-optation. This principle was first introduced, if my memory serves me ac- curately, in the Local Government Act of 1888. A new phase was added to it in the Local Taxation 'Customs and Excise) Bill of 1890. The coping-stone was added in the late Educa- tion Acts. In the second place, a Liberal Ministry may do good work in reforming the present preposterous and odious franchise laws. As they stand they are an abiding inducement to perjury and false pretence. In the third place, a Liberal Ministry may earn a claim to national gratitude by thorough-going reforms of the pre- sent land system ami Poor haw system. Both have existed so long without attention that they have grown hoary with accumulated abuses. In the fourth place, they must yield nothing to the Roman Catholics in Education. If they will propose a measure of thorough-goins reform founded upon strict justice, and regardless of sectarian shriekings, thev will rally all sensible men to their support. If the House of Lords rejected such a measure, as it probably would, the Liberals should go to the country upon it. Writing in the Monthly Review on " Bulgaria To- day." Lady Thompson says: — The Bulgarian has not appealed to the outside world as a sympathetic personality, partly because he has been over- shadowed by the more showy qualities of bis neighbours, the Albanians or the Montenegrins, and partly because of the old prejudice in favour of his hereditary enemy, the Turk. The taint of centuries of contempt and servitude cannot be altogether thrown off in a generation, but the characteristics of the Bulgarian peasant are. as a rule, are least associated with a subject race. Brave' hardy, frugal, patriotic to the verge of Chauvinism, the hard I Bulgarian, with his utilitarianism tempered by his pas-ion iment of nationality and his love of his mountains and plains and rivers, is certain to prove ideal material for a buffer State and for a formidable army. She refers to Prince Ferdinand's personality as " curious and interesting," but the real power lies in the hands of his mother, Princess Clementine, the deaf old la'dy of 86. who has been called " the cleverest woman in Europe." 174 The Review of Reviews. February iO, 1906. PROGRAMMES FOR THE LABOUR PARTY. Mr. Herbert Vivian, who has much to say that is true concerning pretended Labour parties, in the Fortnightly Review suggests the following programme for a real Labour party : — The first duty must be to insist upon a fair representa- tion of the people. Unequal electoral areas, indeed almost any system of election short of proportional representation, reduces a General Election to the level of a lottery. Such a state of things crie3 aloud for immediate and drastic remedies. Even then, given a thoroughly representative assembly, its powers would remain paralysed by the enor- mous mass of business which comes before it. This can only be remedied by a very wiae system ot decentralisation. Then, before proceeding to much-needed legislation, the first and most imperat.ve step would be a reform of public ex- penditure. At present the estimates are set before Parlia- ment in a condition of such calculated confusion that they may almost be compared to the fraudulent balance-sheet of some bogus company. If we can once secure an economical and efficient admin- istration, we shall be justified in spending something to solve the problems of poverty. Otherwise, certainly not. A reform of the Poor Laws will do away with much of the existing misery without extra expenditure, and a wise ad- ministrator may hcpe to abolish lack of employment and starvation without unduly straining the national resources. MK KKIK EABDIB'B PROGRAMME. In the Nineteenth Century Mr. K< ir Hardie tells us that he is now indifferent to the payment of mem- bers, seeing that a lev) of a penny a month from each of the 2,250,000 trades unionists will raisi enough to provide ,£200 a year for 250 members. He is alarmed at a prospect ol a collision with tin- House of Lords, fearing lest it should divert atten- tion from social questions ami be fought prematurely by combatants not really in earnest. The 1 ne poli- tical question of real urgency is the enfranchisement of women, whose claim is obviously fair and just. What he is really anxious about are social reforms such as : — 1. The provision of meals by the educational authority for children attending schools. 2. A drastic amendment of the Unemployed Workmen's Act, placing the cost of working labour colonies or other undertakings on the public funds. 3. State insurance against unemployment. In parts of Switzerland and other Continental countries a workman who is insured against unemployment is further assisted by a subsidy from the communal fund, and a demand for a similar arrangement in this country is, 1 should say. one of the certainties of the next Parliament. The Trades Union movement last year spent nearly £500,000 in providing a small weekly allowance for those of its members who were out of work, and the proposal will probably take the form of supplementing this to the extent of at least 50 per cent, from the public funds. 4. Pensions for the aged poor apart from the Poor Law is also a matter of some importance. 5. An attempt should be made to have £1,000,000 a year estimated for in the Budget daring the next five years to be applied to such great public undertakings as afforestation, the reclamation of waste lands and foreshores, and other works of public utility. 6. Distress Committees, therefore, should be empowered not merely to acquire land for Labour Colonies, but also land to let out as small holdings to those who have been trained in the Colonies. 7. Protection for Trades Union funds and the right to picket are matters in which the Trades Unionists will brook no delay. Here, it may be, conflict will arise between the Government and the Trades Unions. A big effort will be made to have the various Government departments re- cognise the Trades Unions to the extent of receiving com- plaints from Government workers through their trade' union officials. 8. Personally I should strongly favour legislation for enforcing a minimum living wage in the sweated industries and for shortening the working day to a maximum of eight hours or a forty-eight hours working week for all wage-earners, beginning with the miners. 9. An effort will certainly be made to confer upon muni- cipalities full powers to proceed with any undertaking upon which the citizens of the town decide and for which they are prepared to pay. This, I anticipate, will include very extended powers for the acquisition of land within and without the city boundaries, so as to secure the land's increasing value for the town, to be used in relief of the rates. 10. In addition to these the Labour Party will enthusias- tically support proposals for the reduction of military ex- penditure, and for such ;i reform ot our system of taxation as will not only graduate the tax upon incomes, but also upon sources of income. Temperance reform, affecting the social condition of the nation, will for a certainty be wa'mlv backed nn by the Labour Party, though persona' !y I would empower localities to either suppress the public- house entirely, reduce the number of licences, or muni- cipalise the business, according to the opinion of the rate- payers. A tolerably comprehensive programme— at least, as a starter. A FEW HINDUSTANI PROVERBS. The Asiatic Quarterly "Review contains some Hin- dustani proverbs collected by the late William Young, C.S.I. As proverbs are supposed to mint the currency of a people's thought, the few here cted may be taken to give glimpses of the Hindu character. Of patronage, for example, the saying runs. " Better than an Arab horse, a dog well recom- mended.'' A Persian saw says, " To eat sweetmeats one must have a mouth.'' A not unknown social incongruity is described thus, " Dwells in a pigsty, dreams of a palace." Official rapacity is satirised in the saying, " Small mouth, mighty swallow." Ad- justment of means to ends, of coat to cloth, is ex- pressed, " Measure first your sheet, then stretch out your feet. In depreciation of over-gentleness, we have the saws. " It is fear of the stick makes the monkev so quick": and "No fear, no love"; and '■ The house of kindness is the house of blindness." The motive that leads a man when angered by his superior to take it out of his inferior is put so, " The big horse made him quail, so he twisted the donkey's tail." The unwisdom of using a park of artillery to kill a fly is put. " To scotch a snake, don't break a stake." The accessible though inferior to be pre- ferred to the inaccessible though superior, " Better a dog at hand than brother in far-off land." The policy of erecting Battle Abbey after the victory of Hastings is ridiculed in " Threescore rats and ten Puss devoured, and then Set out for Holy Mecca." •' Much cry, little wool," is paralleled by " Much thunder, little rain ; much talk, little done." The Hindu proverb is hard on the woman : " In woman, land or gold, the cause of every ill is told," <"<-> which the late writer gallantly rejoins with another Hindu proverb, " You milk into a sieve, and yet Are vexed so little milk to get." He also retorts that Hindus need not expect enfranchisement " till the Oriental has so far stepped out of his barbarism as to re- cognise woman as the free and equal companion of man.' The same argument at home would disfran- chise the nation. Review of Reviews, 20/2/06. Leading Articles, 175 WHY GERMAN DIPLOMACY HAS FAILED. The Iron Chancellor and His Successors. The foreign reviews for December contain several articles on German Diplomacy. There are two in the Deutsche Revue, and the first, a study of " Bis- marck's Statesmanship and Foreign Policy," by A. von Brauer, serves as introduction to a discussion of this present important question in Germany. THE GERMAN LEADERSHIP. Diplomacy, according to Prince Bismarck, is not a science but an art. His great aim was to con- vince the world that German leadership in Europe was better than a French, or a Russian, or an Eng- lish leadership, and it seems to the writer of the article that the past century showed this ideal to be the right one. The twenty-four years of German leadership, he says, were about the happiest of the century, both for Germany and the other European States. BISMARCKIAN MAXIMS. Bismarck desired that his policv should always be honourable and straightforward. The writer pro- ceeds to characterise it as a policy of moderation, caution, and practical necessity, and mentions as Bismarckian maxims the waiting for the right mo- ment, the adoption of no half measures, letting no opportunities be lost, and allowing no grudges to be entertained against other statesmen, or sympathies or antipathies towards individual States. The Chancellor's Foreign Policy, concludes Herr von Brauer, was undoubtedly more brilliant before and during the Franco-German War than it was in the years which followed, but in his later years his statecraft was technically more perfect as his task- was more difficult. diplomatic neurasthenia. In his article on German Diplomacy in the first December number of La Revue, Alexandre Ular naturally begins with some observations on the Bis- marckian system, adding that unfortunately for Ger- many the utility of this method disappeared with Bismarck himself. This, however, was mere coinci- dence. The conditions for which the Bismarckian diplomacy was created had ceased to exist ; that is to say, the military hegemony of the Hohenzollerns was at an end. But the spirit of the Bismarckian diplomacy, continues M. Ular, could not easily be exorcised, and as the method of Bismarck permitted to the diplomatists a somewhat military attitude, Germany was not represented so much as German prestige. There were, in fart, no other traditions, and hence, for the last fifteen years, the foreign policy of Germany has been conducted by men with all the qualities for making peace with a vanquished foe, but without any of the essential qualities to negotiate victories without war. That is the cause of the apparent enigmatical character of Germany's international policy. But this diplomatic neurasthenia has nothing to do with the psychology of the Kaiser. His plans of international action show marvellous continuity, but excellent as they are from the German point of view, they are frequently spoilt because the indis- pensable instrument to execute them is defective. He resembles an inventor without the means to carry out his idea, a genial financier without a farthing, a Paganini without a violin. THE KAISER AS A DIPLOMATIST. Another reason for Germany's failures in dip- lomacy is that the Kaiser himself takes the actual direction of foreign affairs, assuming legislative and executive powers at the same time. That he has many brilliant ideas cannot be denied, but he does not know how to carry them out, and he is aware of his lack of success, but not of the causes of his failure. He uses his Bismarckism against the other Great Powers as Don Quixote used his lance against windmills. Diplomacy is not his metier, but in the military Bismarck epoch his schemes would have become masterpieces. If not to the Kaiser or to the German diplo- matists, to whom then does Germany owe her recent expansion? To the inferior personnel representing the Empire abroad — consuls, commercial agents, and all who exercise practical diplomacy, representing Germany and not the Kaiser's ideas, and defending the interests of Germans, and not the aspirations of a government separated from the people by aristo- cratic conditions. It is these semi-diolomatists who have expanded Germany, often in spite of " high diplomacy." SURVIVAL OP THE UNFIT. Then there is the fatal tradition that the Hohen- zollerns in foreign capitals must not be represented by men who have nothing but brains to recommend them. As the noblest and wealthiest are selected to fill these posts, the choice is necessarily limited ; and as these men are sure of their posts, they dis- dain to make the slightest effort to show themselves competent. M. U'.ar returns to the Moroccan affair, which, he says, synthesises in an extraordinary manner the defects and the good sides of the Kaiser's dip- lomacy ; and, in conclusion, advises the Kaiser to procure a few English diplomatists or give up con- ceiving great scheme-.. In the January number of the Woman at Home Miss fane T. Stoddarl continues the Life of the Em- press Eugenie, bringing the story down to March, 1856. when the Prince Imp-rial was born. The chr;strn:iiL,r of the Prince i,>ok place at Notre Dame in the following June, and on the occasion Pi Pius IX. pr< sented the Kmpress with the golden rose, which she treasured in her bedchamber at the Tuileries till 1870. i76 The Review of Reviews, Fekrumry M, 1HS. WHY NOT A NATION OF MARKSMEN? Mr. C. B. Fry's Scheme of National Defence. •The Blot on British Games " is the title of the first of a series begun by the editor in C. B. Fry's Magazine. The blot is that " not one of our games or popular sports has in any degree a martial character. Not one of them — beyond the improve- ment in physique which they effect — is of any mili- tary value.'' This blot he proposes to remove, and thereby render a service to the cause of national ■defence. He proclaims himself " a most bitter and extreme opponent of militarism,'1 the introduction of which would be, he says, " to the last degree abominable." He would fulfil the first duty of an able-bodied citizen to be able to bear arms if re- quired, not by coercive enactments, but by enlisting the national love of games and sports. In the old days archery was a national sport of England, and Crecy, Poictiers, and Agincourt were the result What corresponds in modern times to the bow and arrow is the rifle. THE SPORT OF RIFLE SHOOTING. The rifle alone is the weapon that counts, and he asks, Why is not rifle-shooting one of our great national sports? If only rifle-shooting were formally established as a national sport, if the rifle to-day were to the youth and manhood of the country what the bow was of old, if we became a nation of marksmen, what would we gain? he says. He answers, " We lay, once and for all, the bogey of conscription." We achieve a complete, potential system of national defence. He adds: — Please bear in mind that no interference with existing military forces is suggested. The auxiliary forces, in their position as reserve and complement of the regular army, are as necessary as the regular army itself. The numbers and efficiency of the volunteers will not he reduced by the fact that the man in the street is, for his own pleasure, a good marksman. When, behind navy, army, militia and volunteers, we have the youth and manhood of the country -trained, and voluntarily trained, in the use of the rifle, then is the nation, in the hour of need, indeed armed. It is a nation capable of bearing arms, as a nation, at short notice. Then, again— and this should have been put in the van of my argument — rifle-shootins: in some form or ether is eminently suited in every wav to be a national pastime. At present he laments that rifle shooting is not popular. It is not even common. It is the pastime of a few. He goes on : — This state of affairs is due chiefly to (1) lack of facilities for rifle-shooting; (2) ite tamenesB as at present practised; (3) its sedentary nature; (4) the absence of the sporting interest and of that co-operative principle which is the prime factor in a popular sport. A COMPANION, NO RIVAL TO CRICKET. He absolutely abjures compulsory rifle-shooting. He equally abjures the idea of it taking the place ■of existing games. He wants to see rifle shooting an additional sport parallel with cricket, football, and the rest. It suits all physiques, it can be prac- tised conveniently at any hour, under conditions prohibitive of almost any other pastime. He in- sists : — Universal marksmanship, founded on the sporting in- stinct, is no chimera, but an ideal which can be realised. Why should not Bolton be as keen on its shooting eight as on its football eleven? Why should not Newcastle be as proud to beat Sunderland on the rifle range as on the football field? Why should not Lancashire and Yorkshire be as enthusiastic over bull's-eyes as over boundaries? Whv should not the winner of the King's Prise be as big a "sporting hero" as the man who plays an inning? that wins a Test Match? HOW TO DO IT. He then indicates how he proposes to bring this about. He says : — I hope to show how present target practice may be re- formed and popularised, and rifle-shooting transformed from a dull and prosaic pursuit, not only into a sport, but into a game; how the interest and keenness of our manhood may for this purpose be aroused and fostered and fortified through the medium of our great inter-club, inter-town, inter-country, and international organisations; how the existing lack of facilities as regards rifles and ranges may be remedied; and especially how the. cooped- up townsman, at present debarred from active participation in sport or games, may be provided for. He is convinced that the " real solution of the problem of national defence is to be found in the sporting spirit of the nation." A PLEA FOR READING THE DICTIONARY. For some unaccountable reason the reading of a dictionary is derided by popular wit as an absurd practice. Yet there are few things more interesting, not merely to the trained philologist, but to the man of average intelligence. It may consort with the highest order of imagination. Robert Browning prepared himself for his vocation as poet by a sedu- lous study of the English dictionary. In C. B. Fry's New Year number, in his " Straight Talk " the Editor asks : — Has it ever struck you that a thorough course of dic- tionarv would he an immense factor for good in the education of the Board and the National School child? He refers us to the man or woman of the people holding forth to cronies as you pass along the street, and asks if he or she would not be the better for a more varied stock of adjectives. The poverty of their vocabulary is " lamentable and surprising." He asks : — What can be a better legacy to a child, after the rules of its catechism and the knowledge of the value of soap and of fresh air, than the power to use its own national language freely and in the right wav? Give it a dictionary lesson every day. Give it continual exercises in the mean- ings of words. Give it lists of words that express clear meanings. Soak it with the beauty of words. Stir the pride of the right word in the right place in its mind. Show it the souls of words, the old original meanings that should still be current, but are often forgotten in new and perverted meanings. Teach it how to talk. If you don't, it will learn to swear and decorate its language with the sanguinary adjective. Mr. Fry adds : — { Believe me, Nuttall, properly administered and imbibed, is a surer means of culture than a study of the piano, or many another elegance of refinement. Let the children be taught how to express their thoughts as spontaneously as they play. To drive out bad words you must pack In good ones. Review of Reviews, 20/2 j06 Leading Articles. *77 TRAINING THE DEAF TO HEAR. Mr. Alys Hallard, in the World's Work, describes the new treatment of deafness which Konig has introduced by his tonometer in Paris. The tono- meter consists of a very elaborate setting of tuning- forks. Instead of speaking to the deaf person the vibrations of various tuning-forks are sounded in his ear, and it becomes evident that he hears cer- tain vibrations, but not all of them. There are gaps in his organ of hearing which prevent him being able to hear all the complicated sounds of speech. This has revealed the fact that the rupture of the drum of the ear does not cause total deafness, but it makes the sounds appear uniform and less dis- tinct : — By means, then, of a collection of tuning-forks which are regulated with absolute precision, and which comprise more than two hundred distinctly different vibrations, from the shrillest to the most sonorous, an acoustic examination of the patient is made, and from the result of this an accu- rate diagnosis of the ear is obtained. As a consequence of the examination, it is known just what the patient can hear, and what he cannot hear. A sketch is then made 'on a scientific plan showing the hearing capacity of the person who is to be treated. By a series of varied experiments the ear, despite its broken ear-drum, is slowly trained to hear. Suit- able exercise is given in each individual case, and in this manner those who have been practically deaf are gradually restored to hearing. The nervous fibres of the hearing-cells slowly get back their normal capacities. EVOLUTION OF THE VOLUNTEERS. Captain E. J. King contributes to the United Service Magazine an interesting account of the evolu- tion of the Volunteer force. During the wars of the Roses, in the fifteenth century, the towns of England formed for their defence against lawless supporters of either faction bodies of armed civi- lians known as " trained bands," which were prac- tically municipal Volunteer corps. The trained bands were absorbed in a truly National Militia, but there is mention of trained bands of Volunteer corps n the reign of Charles I., at the Restora- tion in 1660, in the Jacobite rising of 1745. In 1758 a sequel to the Militia Act of 1757 allowed parishes to put forward Volunteers to make up their quota of the Militia. " This Act of 1758 marks the birth of the Volunteers." Volunteers were then at- tached as individuals to Militia regiments. In 1778 they were formed into companies within those regi- ments, and next year were raised in separate com- panies and attached to those regiments. In 1782 Volunteer corps in the modern sense of the term received statutory recognition. The connection with the Militia was severed, and a separate Volunteer force recognised. In 1778 a great army of Volun- teers came into being in Ireland, numbering in 1782, 100,177, with I3° guns. This force secured Free Trade for Ireland, and independence for the Irish 1803-4, but was subsequently suppressed. In 1794 the Act was passed for augmenting the Militia in Great Britain by companies of Volunteers. In 1798 the total strength of the Volunteer force was 410,000. Volunteers were exempt from service in the Militia, and from the duty on hair powder I The early Volunteers provided their own clothing,, arms and accoutrements, but in in 1794 the Govern- ment supplied them. In 1803 £25 was granted to> each company fifty strong. In the period from 1794 to 1803 all Volunteers were paid. In 1808 the local Militia Act converted most of the Yeomanry and Volunteers into Militia. Most of the Volunteers were disbanded in 181 3. Then follows a long break in the history of the Volunteers. In 1858, after Orsir.. '•< ; ttempt to assassinate Napoleon III., French soldiers talked of the ease with which England could be invaded, and almost caused a panic. In 1859 it was decided to revive the Volunteer force under the Consolidation Act of 1804: — . All expenses were to be borne by the Volunteers, there was- to be no pay, no allowances, no grants of any description, and with the exception that the Government undertook to supply twenty-five ner cent, of the rifles required, the men even had to provide their own weapons. In spite of these- disadvantages the force at once became immensely popular, and corps were formed in almost every district. In a few months 60,000 Volunteers were enrolled, and in less than two years there were over 160,000. In the first few years the force was formed mainly from the prosperous middle-classes, but in less than ten years the force was composed mostly from the working-classes. This change involved the Govern- ment bearing more and more of the cost. Now the entire expense of training in camps falls on the State. In 1866 the Volunteers numbered 165,000,. costing £361,000; in 1896 there were 236,000, cost- ing ,£824,600; now there are 225,000; costing ,£1,225,000. In the Empire Review Sir Lewis Mitchell, writing on " Southern Rhodesia," says that in Rhodesia " the worst is over." Kinderpest and rebellion have failed to shake the con- fidence of the settlers. The African coast fever among cattle lias been grappled with and almost eradicated. The opening-up of the country by means of roads and railways is having its effect. Hospitals, hostels, more exact medi- cal knowledge and crreater precautions on the part of the colonists, are together reducing the risks of malaria. Many mistakes have to be rectified, but prospects- are distinctly brightening: — I say nothing more of the mining industry, which, use- ful as it is, is not everything. But the pastoral and agri- cultural resources are being more and more recognised as the primary factors in the progress of Rhodesia. The rail- way rates from its natural port of Beira have recently been substantially reduced. Some of the principal companies are offering land to settlers on very reasonable terms, and other companies not carrying out the essential condi- tions of their tenure will be called upon in due course to beneficially occupy or relinquish their holdings. He advocates a well-considered system of selected State-emigrated children to Rhodesia, the children to be trained in agricultural pursuits, and duly inden- tured and apprenticed. i78 The Review of Reviews. Febiaary 20, 1906. CAUCOCRACY VERSUS DEMOCRACY. " A Candid Candidate " reveals in the Grand Magazine the inner working of " The Machinery of British Elections.-' He strips the paint and clothes from the electoral fetich and shows how the wires work. He says that the two large parties, as a mat- ter of fact, through their central organisations in London, are controlled and directed by some six or twelve active and ingenious workers, who may often take all their orders from one man. This man, al- though his name is possibly not known outside a very narrow circle, exercises an authority greater than the Prime Minister. The writer then shows how it is the caucus, local and national, rather than the people, who select the candidates. !!'• says : A large majority oi the constituencies are either not rich enough or not self-sacrificing enough to provide their local organisations with sufficient funds to carry through the great expenses of a oampaign. Take a town with - fifteen thousand voteis. nearly all of them belonging to the very poorest classes. Any section of them, desirous of nominating a candidate, must find about i.126 a year for regi- jes, £150 a year for an election agent, some £50 a year for miscellaneous expenses, and about £1000 for every election. Now .t very active association in such a constituency may congratulate itself on having done very well if it contrives to collect £50 a year. Accordingly, two courses alone are open. Kither the association must find a candidate sufficiently rich and enthusiastic to pay his own expenses, or else they must solicit the assistance of the central caucus, which will take advantage of pos- sessing the purse-atrings. " ADVICE FROM HEADQ1 \i:n . - When the secretary of the local association mi. s the London wire-pullers, he receives a letter of the following kind: — "Dear Sir, — We beg to acknowledge the receipt of your letter, and are prepared to give favourable consideration to your request for financial assistance at the coming elec- tion, provided that you are willing to support a suitable candidate. In the event of your not having made any choice up to the present, we beg to suggest that you should hear an address from Mr. Carpet-Bagger, K.C.. who is a staunch party man and eminently suited to represent your borough. — Yours faithfully, J. TADPOLE." Reading between the lines, he quickly understands that, unless Mr. Carpet-Bageer be adopted, little or no financial assistance will be forthcoming. THK GENESIS OF TEE CARPET-BAGGER. The carpet-basher is forthwith, with more or less reluctance, adopted b) the local association. T writer goes on to ask, How is it that Mr. Tadpole is so eager to recommend Mr. Carpet-Bagger ? He answers : — The secret history of the affair may he told in a few words. Mr. Carpet-Bagger has made a fair competency at the Bar by dint of soporific discourses on Chancery cases. He has just taken silk, and he finds his practice is dwind- ling away. A zealous political friend plays upon his am- bitions and suggests to him that he would make an ex- cellent Solicitor-General. He has never taken the faintest- interest, in politics, but his experience at the Bar has taught him to prefer the winning side. So he is easily persuaded to consider himself a Conservative or a Liberal, as the case may be, and he trots round with a letter of introduction to the central agent in Parliament Street or St. Stephen's Chambers. He is ushered into a luxurious office, where " after com- pliments " (as the Orientals cynically express it), a very polite gentleman inquires insinuatingly. " What sum, my dear sir, are you prepared to subscribe'to the funds of the Central Association?" Mr. Carpet-Bagger had had no idea of subscribing anything. But it is pointed out to him that, though he is so famous at the Bar, he is utterly unknown in political life; in other words, to put it vul- ua-iv, he must pay his footing. Then a process of haggling ensues. He had been led to hope that the central office would nominate him and pay all expenses. The central office, ou the other hand, ccn- siders that its nomination is a highly coveted favour; indeed, almost a- marketable commodity. It suggests that he should pay all his expenses and subscribe £1000 to the central fund. Eventually a compromise is probably found. Either Mr. Carpet-Bagger provides half the expenses and subscribes £250, or he subscribes nothing and pays all his expenses, or he subscribes £800, and the central agency pays all his expenses, as the case may be, In any case, if he is prepaied to pay the piper, he is foisted upon a con- stituency with which he has neither acquaintance nor sympathy. As to his political opinions, he is placed in the position of a receiver of stolen goods on a basis of "No questions asked," except, of course, the one question, "Will you place yourself unreservedly in the hands of the party Whips?" The rest of the article is racily written, but is more apt to promote cynicism than respect for the political conscience. THE PRINCE OF WALES CHARACTERISED. "Equerry" contributes to C. B. Fry's a sketch of H.K.I I. tin- Prince of Wales as an outdoor man. He says that the Prince is eminently the Prince of the average Briton. He is solid, he is serious, he is nt. 11'- adds that the leading quality in the Prince'? character is " a certain watchfulness." He has the attitude of mind of the investigator. He is a long-headed, not a brilliant man. Hence among his closest friends are the princes of science. The Prince is said to be a slow reader, but an excellent listener. He gets his information by talking with the ablest men of the period. The writer states that all the speeches delivered by the Prince during his Imperial tour which made the greatest effect on the world were his own. and even in other cases he had revised them so as to be the expression of his own personality. Of his ethics it is said: — In all things the Prince believes in science. He sees that no nation can prevail in the struggle for existence which is not scientifically equipped. He deplores the ex- ve frivolity of Society, not because it appears wicked to him, but because it is unscientific, a childish travesty of real life. He has expressed his detestation of the money standard and the general ethics of Mammon which prevail so disastrously at the present time. The writer, however, says that, bred up a sailor, the Prince has the sailor's appetite for the open air and simple amusements. He takes no pleasure in racing and seldom plays cards, but he is one of the best shots in Europe and enjoys shooting above all other sports. But — alas, for his open-air habits ! — the Prince is said to be a continuous martyr to indigestion. Nevertheless he is summed up as a " plain, hard-headed and gallant Englishman — a man absolutely unselfish, and, in his own English manner, absolutelv devoted to dutv." The Girl's Realm for January opens with a series of pictures from Kaulbach's Goethe Gallery illus- trating the poet's life, and Mr. S. Ludovic adds notes in explanation. The idea of the Goethe Gal- lerv originated with Friedrich Bruckmann. and he asked his friend Kaulbach, the Munich artist, to draw them. Reproductions of them have been made, and all the pictures are familiar to readers of Goethe. Review of Reviews, SO [2/86. Leading Articles, 179 STATE INSURANCE FOR WORKING MEN. Why Not Imitate Germany? Mr. Frank A. Vanderlip contributes a very lucid paper to the North American Review for December on " Insurance for Working Men." Mr. Vanderlip says that the Germans are unani- mously in favour of their system, but they do not think the Americans are honest enough to work it. It has made the German working man more prac- tical and less hostile to the State. (1) INSURANCE AGAINST SICKNESS. The insurance against sickness is contributed two- thirds by workmen and one-third by their employers. Mr. Vanderlip says: — The activities in the sick insurance field are not confined to the mere payment of the indemnity during a period of illness. The sick insurance not only makes it possible for a workman who is ill to take at once the necessary time for recovery, but it provides him with the best medi- cal attention while he is ill; and, while in health, it gives hygienic supervision and instruction which are of the greatest value in preventing sickness. Under the opera- tion of this system, there is being snent, in the most in- telligent manner, something like 50,000,000 dols. a year in the treatment and care of the sick. The testimony in regard to the value of the work done in the sick insur- ance system is almost universally favourable. It would be hard to calculate its economic importance, but it is so great that it has become one of the leading factors in helping Germany to the industrial pre-eminence which she is gaining. 12) INSURANCE AGAINST ACCIDENTS Employers are charged with the entire burden of maintaining the accident insurance fund: — Accident insurance, as developed in Germany, has been something more than merely the providing of an in- demnity. It has been, in fact, an insurance against ac- cident. This definite placing of the responsibility for accidents has led to much study by employers and em- ployees of reflations providing for safeguards. Such study has accomplished remarkable results in the reduction of the number of accidents, and has become a great economic factor in removing the danger from the industrial calling. Under the influence of this study the frequency of acci- dents has been rednced one-half. Viewed from ah economic standpoint alone, the saving which has resulted in the national economy has been a vast sum. (3) INSURANCE AGAINST OLD AGE. Working men in Germany have to pay from 3d. to 7|d. per week insurance money. After they are seventy years old they receive an annuity of from £$ 10s. to ^12 per annum. This is regarded with dissatisfaction. The working men want payment to begin at sixty-five. The employers contribute to the fund an amount equal to that contributed by the workmen. The Government pays a subsidy which nearly covers the whole cost of administra- tion. THE COST OF ADMINISTRATION. Mr. Vanderlip says: — Not only are there three distinct, systems of insurance, but there are complications of Government participation in the funds and of a division of the authority of adminis- tration between Government officials and some twenty-five thousand local organisations. Twenty millions of Ger- many's fifty-six millions of population are eligible to these benefits: and the cost of administration falls al'ke on these beneficiaries and upon all other citizens of the Em- pire. The total receints from its oreanisntion iin to the end of this year will have aggregated almost 2.000,000,000 dols. The receipts this year will approximate 150,000.000 dols. A satisfactory feature of the German State insur- ance system is that the benefits paid out correspond very closely with the premiums paid in. The expense of ad- ministration, considering the enormous number of indi- viduals concerned, and the fact that weekly contributions are collected from employees, is surprisingly small. It averages under nine per cent. I do not believe the German system could be transplanted here in anything like its entirety. I am, however, per- fectly confident that those features of the German system pertaining to sick and accident insurance are of enormous value to the national economy, and are producing results out of all proportion to their cost. HOW OTHERS SEE US. English Idiosyncrasies. By W. D. Howells. In the North American Review for December Mr. W. D. Howells continues his entertaining description of English Idiosyncrasies. " DESPERATELY PERFECT,'' BUT COLD. English life, says Mr. Howells, is wonderfully perfected. With a faery dream of a king supported in his pre-eminence by a nobility, a nobi;it\- supported in turn by a commonalty, a commonalty sup- ported again by a proletariat resting upon immeasurable ether; with a system of government kept by assent so general that the dissent does not matter- in the hands of a few families reared, if not trained, to power; with a society so intimately and thoroughly self-acquainted that one touch of gossip makes its whole world kin, and re- sponsive to a single emotion; with a charity so wisely studied and so carefully applied that restive nrsery never quite grows rebellious; with a patriotism so inborn and ingrained that all things English seem righteous because English; with a willingness to share the general well- being quite to the verge, but never beyond the verge, of public control of the administration ; with all this the thing must strike the unbelieving observer as desperately perfect. "They have got jt down cold," he must say to himself, and confirm himself in his unfaith by reflecting that it is very cold. ENGLISH VERSUS AMERICAN SYSTEM. Mr. Howells says that the English system is more logical than the American, but not so reasonable, being based on inequality and the rule of the few: — The Englishmen of whose disrespect we can make surest are those who expect to achieve liberty, equality, and fra- ternity in the economic way, the political way having tailed; who do not care whether the head of the State is born or elected, is called "King" or called "President.' since he will presently not be at all, who abhor war, and believe that the meek shall inherit the earth, and these only if they work for a living. They have already had their will with the existing English State, until now- thai State is far more the servant of the people in fetch- ing and carrying, in guarding them from hard masters and succouring them in their need, than the Republic which professes to derive its just powers from the consent of the governed. When one encounters this sort of English- man, one thinks Bilentlv of the child labour in the S>uth. of the monopolies in the North, of the companies which govern while they serve us. and one hopes that the English- man is not silently thinking of them too. My impression is that most of the most forward of the English Siciolo' regard America as a back number in those political econo- mics which imply equality as well as liberty in the future. ENGLISH CIVTLITY AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS. Mr. Howells says that in England the rule of civility is so universal that the politeness from class to class is, from what the stranger sees, all but un- failing. Even the manners of the lower class, where they have been touched by the upper, have been softened and polished to the same consistence and complexion. The English rustics almost universally believe in ghosts. In charity he thinks the English i8o The Review of Reviews, February HO, 190$. give more, but less spectacularly, than the Americans : — In England one sees a variety of dress in men which oiio rarely sees at home. They dress there not only in keeping with their work and their play, but in the indul- gence of any freak of personal fancy. Whether we spend more or not, I believe that the English live much nearer their incomes than Americans do. I think that we save more out of our earnings than they out of theirs. They spend vastly more on state than we do. because, for one thing, they have more state to spend on. He is much impressed by the love of England, which is evinced by the hordes of cheap trippers. They are great holiday-makers, the English ; the voting people are ever openly gay, and the robustness of their flirtation adds sensibly to the interest of the spectator. HOW UNCLE SAM HELPS THE FARMER. Mr. Frank Vrooman, in the Arena, recounts •• Uncle Sam's Romance with Science and the Soil." He says the United States Government began to •• interfere with the farmer's business sixty-six years ago. ' Now the Department of Agriculture expends nearlv six million dollars — about the cost of one battleship — every year. The Department issued in 1Q04 nearly twelve and a-half million copies of 972 separate publications. The writer says: — All the results of the investigations of two thousand experts are distributed to every part of the body of American agriculture. The*e books say to the farmer. " put this seed or this fertiliser in this soil, plant and reap at such times: do thus and so with thus so," and this with never a piece of guess-work but always with definite scientific precision. Dr. Wylie, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, is 1 to have saved about seven million dollars an- nually in his sugar crucible for Uncle Sam. The Bureau of Plant Industry spends nearly a million dollars a year in the experimental work of 500 men, creating new plants, importing alien plants, healing sick, "and improving old ones. WHAT EXPERT SKILL CAN DO. Here is an example of what it does: — Last, winter Mr. Harold Powell went to Riverside, Cali- fornia, to investigate the rotting of oranges in shipment East. The growers were losing about sixty per cent. He discovered the fruit was injured by the clippers in picking, or by finger-nail punctures. He turned the points of their clippers and manicured their snippers, and this _ simple application of an idea saves enough for the Riverside dis- trict in eighteen months to build the new agriculture building at Washington, which will cost 1.500.000 dole. I ■ Department is aiming at the founding of a national Agricultural University, where complete lines of special work may be given young men in all the applied and related sciences, and may affiliate the Agricultural Schools in a kind of University Extension. The importations of plants by this De- partment have led to an annual product of 119 million dollars. WHAT -BUGS" COST THE NATION The Department's war against the parasites has saved an enormous sum. The writer says: — A rougli estimate of the annual losses of farm products, chargeable to bugs preying on vegetable products alone, is cereals, 200 millions of dollars' worth; hay. 53; cotton, 60; tobacco, 5; truck crops, 53; sugar, 5; fruits, 27; farm, forests, 11; miscellaneous crops, 6; animal products. 175 millions of dollars, to which is to be added a loss of 100 millions each for natural forests and forest products, and as much for products in storage. Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of Bureau of Entomology, im- ported from Australia, the parasite of the white scale, the Asiatic ladybird, enemy of the San Jose scale, the EurojKNin lady-bird enemy of the black scale, which have probably saved the citrous industries of California. From all I can gather, the Bureau of Entomology alone, with its correlated work and allied influences, saves the farmer some years between 300 and 400 millions a year. -WINGS INDEED. It has carried on — .1 work that baa prevented a loss to wheat from the Eleesian fly of from 100,000,000 dols. to 200,000,000 dols. a that has taken apples out of the mouths of the codlin moths and put them in the farmers' bins to the value of 15.000,000 dols., to 20.000,000 dols. a year; which has saved the California citrons-fruit industry from extinction; which in offering the simple device of rotation of corn crops with oats or other crops has saved the corn in- dustry 100,000.000 dols. in the Mississippi valley; which saves 30,000,000 dols. annually from ravaees of the cotton- worm, and i- doing many other brilliant and effective pieces of work. Mr. Vrooman onlv wishes that the same national methods were applied for the protection of human health as are applied for the protection of plants and animals. BROTHERHOOD VERSUS NICENESS. There is a very amusing suggestive paper in the Theosophical Review for December on " Brotherhood — Mainly False." The writer. " A.R.O." maintains that instead of being in the forefront of thought in the matter of Brotherhood, the Theosophical Society is no further ad- vanced than the main body, and. in many cases, seems positively to straggle complacently in the rear. A candid analysis of our present attitude of mind would reveal, I believe, the strange fact that the majority of our members have no conception of the meaning of Brotherhood what- ever, and still less any notion of how Brotherhood actually works in practice. What they name Brotherhood is not Brotherhood at all, hut something else. And the something else which they have substituted for Brotherhood, and assume to he Brotherhood, is no more than Universal Niceness. Anybody who has nothing particular to say and nothing particular to do, who cares neither about his own sincerity nor for the effect of his insincerity upon others, may be uniformly nice; but the man who has something to do and something to say. something also to receive from sincere people alone, cannot always be nice — he can only always be brotherly. Pity, toleration, niceness, forgiveness amongst fellow-pupils of wisdom and brotherhood, are. as likely as not. evidences of mutual distrust and contempt. If they proceed fiom the clear perception of Brotherhood they are active virtues, but if— as is generally the case — they pro- ceed from slavery to some ideal of nicenegs, they are. for the said pupils, cardinal sins and vices. This may be true, but most people, not being Theosophists. would probably prefer niceness to brotherliness on the part of the people with whom thev have to do in life. Brotherliness. as " A.R.O." conceives it. is evidently often by no means nice. Men don't love nasty brethren. Review »f Reviews, 2012/06. L ea ding A rticles* 1S1 HOW ANTI=GERMANS ARE FOES TO FRANCE. Sir Thomas Barclay's Warning. '• France and Germany in our Foreign Policy " is the title of a short but pointed paper by Sir Thomas Barclay in the Independent Review. Continuity in foreign policy may be all very well; he says, in effect, but if the policy is bad, the sooner it is changed the better. He advises Sir Edward Grey to examine our relations with Germany and see if some more pronouncedly friendly attitude may not be requisite to stem the anti-German current in this country. Sir Thomas holds that the recent break in the continuity of French policy which was illustrated in the dismissal of M. Delcasse saved Europe from war. The traditional policy of France was to have a first-class ally as a counterpoise to the Triple Alli- ance. Russia having been worsted by Japan, M. Delcasse sought to find a new ally in England. In so doing he had no wish to isolate Germany : — He was only carrying out the traditional policy of the French Foreign Office. But France had been moving while the Foreign Office had been standing still. The frequent changes of Cabinets and the large contingent of able men supplied to Parliament and to the Ministers by the Press — men who for a few months have charge of great depart- ments, sit at Cabinet Councils, are honoured as great officers of State, and who, after this interlude of office, go back to their journalistic duties — have brought Parlia- ment and Press into close touch, for their and the public's common benefit. And thus new men are constantly step- ping in and out, carrying progress from outside into the drowsy arcana of the Ministries, and returning with a riper knowledge of facts and conditions, which enables them to spread a greater spirit of moderation among an impatient democracy. FRENCH JOURNALISTS AS STATESMEN. As statesmen bent on peace have had most trouble from ignorant and excitable journalists, France, in making many journalists statesmen, seems, accord- ing to Sir Thomas' testimony, to have done the best thing possible to dispel ignorance and allay excite- ment. For, he goes on to say : — The result has been a popular understanding of the national interests and requirements which, I venture to think, exists in no other country to the same extent. This has worked out in a great distrust of, and distaste for, all " bigstickism." bluff. Jingoism, Imperialism, " national expansion," etc., and in a conviction that the only foreign policy of real benefit to the great masses of Frenchmen is one of peace and amity with France's neighbours, that, in particular, every cause of friction between France and Germany must be carefully avoided, that war, whether successful or unsuccessful, is equally prejudicial to popular liberties, and that internal development is infinitely more important to a democracy than military or diplomatic glory. ENGLAND MUST BE FRIENDS WITH GERMANY OR— The French Premier, not having been long in office, was aware of this new sentiment, and de- manded, therefore, a policy of steady uneventful re- lations with Germany. As these were threatened by the traditional policy, the traditional policy had to go, and with it M. Delcasse. For Englishmen to ignore the French desire to live in peace with Germany " would simply jeopardise the entente." Sir Thomas pushes his plea half cynically by say- ing " there are some people who appear to under- stand friendship as hating somebody in common," and by pointing out the suspicious circumstance- that the anti-Germans, who are now so red-hot in favour of the entente, were not long ago rabidly anti- French. —FORFEIT THE ENTENTE. He concludes by quoting Mr. Bryce*s recent ■■ admirable letter " to Die Nation, " that the leaders of the Liberal Party, without abating any of their desire to develop the good feeling between ourselves and the French, were unanimous in their desire for better relations between the English and German peoples." Sir Thomas goes farther, and says : — This is the policy which we shall have to follow to pie- serve our good relations with France; and, whether it represents continuity of the foreign policy of the late Government or not, it will have to be followed, hecause it is in the joint interest of the three great people* ot Western Europe AN EX=PUBLIC SCHOOLMASTER ON PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The writer of the charming papers running in the Comhill, " From a College Window," who confesses that he was a public schoolmaster for twenty \ears, devotes his January paper entirely to the public schools. Now that his school-teaching is really over. he wonders, sometimes rather sadly, what it was all about. He says : — It used to go to my heart to see a sparkling stream of bright, keen, livelv little boys arrive, half after halt, ready to work, full of interest, ready to listen breathlessly to anything that struck their fancy, ready to ask questions- such excellent material, I used to think. At the other end used to depart a slow river of cheerful and conventional boys, well-dressed, well-mannered, thoroughly nice, reason- able, sensible and good-humoured creatures, but knowing next to nothing, without intellectual interests, and, indeed, honestlv despising them. I do not want to exaggerate; and I will frankly confess that there were always a few well- educated boys among them; but these were boys ot real ability, with an aptitude for classics. His solution is at all costs to simplify and to re- lieve pressure. " The staple of education should be French, easv mathematics, history, geography, and popular science." At first he would not even begin Latin or Greek. Then, when a good ground- ing had been given, specialisation for any bo\ with special aptitudes, so that every boy would know something of some one subject at least. To the defenders of the present system he would reply that its results seem to him so poor that any experi- ments are justified. The defenders of the old clas- sical system hive a high ideal, but it is unpractical; and the writer would rather have the old system of .lassies pure and simple than the present hotch- potch a mixture of modern subjects and of classics taught in the old-fashioned manner. At present the schools make large and reluctant conces- sions to utilitarian demands, and spoil the effect of the ^sics to which they cling, and in which they sincerely believe by admitting modern subjects to the curriculum in deference to the clamour of utilitarians. A rigid system, faithfully administered, would be better than a slatternly compromise. l82 The Review of Reviews. February $0. 1906 THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION. Count Tolstoy on its Significance. The Russian prophet begins in the Fortnightl \ Review for January his interpretation of the origin and significance and ultimate issue of the Russian Revolution. He regards it as springing from the demonstration that the Christian States are doomed to be wiped out by the Heathen, and that the only thing to do is to abolish all authoritv whatever exer- cised by man over man. A UNIVERSAL REVOLUTION. Count Tolstoy regards the Revolution in Russia as the beginning of a revolution which is about to be the end of all things — not only in Russia, but in all the Christian world. In Russia it has onlv manifested itself more vividly and openly, but in all Christendom the same is going on, only in a concealed or latent state. I think that at present— at this ve-v time — the life of the Christian nations is near to the limit dividing the old epoch, which is cud inc. from the new. which is beginning:. I think that now at this very time that ereat revolution has begun which for aln 2000 years lias been preparing in all Christendom, a revolu- tion cons;sting in the substitution of true Christianity and founded up->n it the recognition of the equality of all and of that true liberty natural to all rational beines. for a distorted Chris'ianity and the power of one portion of mankind and the slavery of another founded upon that THE DOOM OP CHRISTENDOM. Europe, according to Count Tolstov, has not assi- milated enough of Christianitv for its salvation, but it has absorbed enough to render it helpless in a contest against nations which have never received that teaching which makes cowards of us all. He says : — The victory of the Japanese over the Russians has shown all the military S'ates that military power is no longer in their hands, hut has passed, or is soon bound to pass, into other un-Christian hands, since it is not difficult for other non-Christian nations in Asia and Africa, heing oppressed by Christians, to follow the example of Japan, and h:r assimMiatei the mUitarv technics of which we arc bo proud, not only to free themselves, but to wipe off all the Chris- tian States from the face of the earth. And it is in this inevitable and necessary superioritv of non-Christian na- tions that lies the enormous significance of the Japanese victory. MORAL : ANARCHY ABSOLUTE. Count Tolstoy ridicules the panaceas of political reformers. Constitutionalism and Republicanism only make thi n Lis worse bv making the whole people partakers in the sins of their rulers. The signification of the revolution beginning in Russia and banking over all the world does not consist in the estabPshment of income tax or other taxes, nor in the separation of Church from State, nor in the acquirement by the State of social institutions, nor in the organisation of elections and the imaginary participation of the people in the ruling power, nor in the founding of the most democratic or even socialistic republic with universal suffrage — it consists onlv in actual freedom. Freedom not imaginary, hut actual, is attained not by barricades nor murders, not by anv kind of new institu- tion coercively introduced, but only by the cessation of obedience to any human authority whatever. THE CAUSE OF THE REVOLUTION. Count Tolstoy says : — In the distortion of the higher law of mutual service and of the commandment of non-resistance given by the Chris- tian teaching which renders this law possible — in this lies the fundamental religious cause of the impending revolu- tion. When the State began to enforce conscription, some Christians refused to perform military service. Their refusal was cruelly punished, but it made the nation think. Thus — amongst the majority of the Russian nation there began the invisible, persistent, incalculab.e woTk of the liberation of consciousness. Such was the position of the Russian nation when the utterly unjustifiable Japanese war broke out. It is this war— coupled with the development of read- ing and writing, with the universal dissatisfaction and, above all, with the necessity of calling out for the fir6t time hundreds of thousands of middle-aged men, dispersed over all Russia, and now torn from their families and rational labour Uhe reservists), for a glaringly insane and cruel purpose — this war served as the final impetus which transformed the invisible and persistent inner development into a clear consciousness of the unlawfulness and sinful- ness of the Government. This consciousness has expressed itself, and is now ex- pressing itself, in the most varied and momentous events: in the refusal of reservists to enter the army; in desertions from the arinv; in relusals to shoot and fight, especially in refusals to shoot at one's comrades during suppression of revolts; and above all in the continually increasing number of cases of refusal to take the oath and enter the military service. For the Russian people of our time, for the great majority of them, there has arisen in all its great significance the question as to whether it be right before God— before one's conscience— to obey the Govern- ment which demands what is contrary to the Christian law. In this question arisen amongst the Russian nation con- sists one of the causes of the great 1 evolution which is approaching and perhaps has already begun. THE GADARENE SWINE OF MUSCOVY. The Reports of Eye Witnesses. The Legion of Devils which have possessed the Russian Empire appear to have entered into the people, who an- now rushing like the swine of Gadara headlong down a very steep place into the abyss of anarchy. There is an admirably written sketch of this plunge to perdition in the Contem- porary Review, written in his subacid, satirical vein, bj Ur. Dillon. He sees clearly enough that the Revolutionary usurpers who are intent upon ruining th.-ir country in order to wreak vengeance on the Russian regime are a thousandfold more despotic, more brutal, more reckless than any autocrat since Ivan the Terrible, and he sets forth this fact in a score of pages from which I have only space to quote a few passages. DR. DILLON'S DESCRIPTION. He savs : It must be admitted that the Socialists and other heralds of the political millennium, while condemning the old regime, do not eschew its methods. Thus they believe in Pi ess censorship- indeed, tlaey exercise it with a rigour which argues ihoorn taste. Then, again, they believe in capital punishment, for they advocate it. They believe in doing violence to private opinions, for they have given many proofs of this intolerance. In a word, the essential difference between their system and that- of the old regime is that the one referred everything to the greater glory of the Tsar, while the other works for the greater glory of— the proletariat- NEW TYRANTS BUT THE OLD TYRANNY. To the foreigner who merely looks on and meditates it would seem as if nothing had essentially chaneed but the names. The new revolutionary Government is socialistic in its views, but autocratic in its methods. It abolishes the death penalty in Russia— for its own partisans, but not for the others. The unprivileged may be shot down or blown up with impunity. The world will be well rid of the reactionaries. It proclaims that freedom exists to speak and write whatever is not disapproved by the Review of Reviews, 20,12/06. Leading Articles. 183 censors of the party, but that nothing shall be issued which favours the reaction. There shall be liberty to speak the truth— the truth being socialist and revolutionary only. There shall be liberty to toil and moil as there used to be in the old unregenerate days, but only so long as the party does not suspend it. The power of forbidding all kinds of labour — even for the purpose of saving human life— which the Autocracy never dared to tamper with, is henceforth to be vested in the managing board of the party. Whatever they do is justifiable, excusable, or at the very least intelligible and natural: whatever the Cabi- net seeks to accomplish is proof clear that it has gone over to the reaction. SALVATION BY DESTRUCTION. The revolutionary plan of campaign is genially simple. The workmen are to be egged on against their employers, labour to be pitted against capital ; the peasantry is to be incited against the gentry and the nobility j the troops are to be seduced from their allegiance to their officers and from their loyalty to the Tsar; property is to be abolished; and even the right of labour to be circum- scribed and, when necessary, suspended. Hence adminis- trators may be assassinated, machinery and works may- be destroyed, railways torn up, the conveyance of corn to famine-stricken provinces stopped, country manors, farms, out-houses burned to ashes, millions of people reduced to misery, and the Eussian nation ruined. The Phoenix that will then arise from the ashes is the proletariat. A SOMBRE FORECAST. Dr. Dillon wrote before Moscow had been con- verted into a cockpit in which 6000 troops and 15,000 revolutionists fought out their quarrel among the homes of a million non-combatants. But, bad as things are, he sees no very good reason to think they will become worse. The peasant has still to be reckoned with. He says: — The peasant wants the Tsar. Him he will not have re- moved. They are ready to proclaim a Republic, they say, on condition that the Tsar is its Emperor. The Tsar, especially in his legendary shape, is the peasants' friend. He was in favour of giving them land, but the gentry hindered him. In secluded parts of Russia, where the Manifesto has not yet been read to the people, revolu- tionists tell them that it is an Imperial authorisation to take the land they need without more ado. The Tsar they know has lately been hampered and fettered by the nobles, and they are anxious to free him and punish his captors. That might mean a Russian Vendee, characterised by the nameless horrors of Tomsk. by the railway strike that they were preparing trains, filled with Prussian soldiers, and driven by Prussian engine- drivers, which would steam into Warsaw without a word of warning. The result was miraculous. At a meeting of railway employes held the same day it was decided to return to work immediately. TOE ANARCHY IN THE CAUCASUS. Mr. J. Gordon Browne, writing in the Contem- porary on the Tartars and Armenians, describes with local knowledge the civil war that rages in the Caucasus. He says : — - Since last February fully 2000 Tartars and Armenians, at the lowest estimate, have been killed by each other, many have been wounded, material damage to the extent of £5,000,000 or £6,000,000 has been done, thousands of people have been rendered homeless, all sense of security for life and property is gone, feelings of bitter hostility have been roused which it will take a generation to obliterate, and at the present moment, although the strong military garrisons in the towns will probably prevent any more violent outbreaks like those at Baku, peaceful occupations in the country districts have practically been abandoned, and Armenians and Tartars stand ready to fall on each other at the first favourable opportunity. My own impression, gained after considerable experience of both parties, is that if the Government were to stand aside altogether and allow the two peoples to fight out their quarrel to the bitter end. the Armenians, although outnumbered by two to one (1,500,000 against 3,000.000) would ultimately prove the victors, thanks to superior education, brain power and moral fibre. Unfortunately the Government has hitherto set the Tartars upon the Armenians : — Whatever may be the truth about Prince Golitsyn, Prince Nakashidze'8 (the Governor of Baku) responsibility is un- happily beyond question. His conduct during the massacre shows this only too clearly. There was no need for any definite instructions. A large proportion of the minor officials, and especially of the police of Baku, were Tartars, and a word, a whisper, to the effect that if the Tartars vere to fall upon the Armenians they would have nothing to fear from the authorities, was all that was required. The mot d'ordre was given. " The Armenians are traitors to the Tsar and must be killed." The Tartar proletariat betook themselves joyously to the congenial task, and for three days the Administration stirred not a finger to pre- vent the massacre. THE END APPROACHING. Another writer, signing himself " Z.C.K.," who is apparently watching the movements of the Gadarene swine from Warsaw, contributes to the same Review a paper on the Russian Socialists. To judge from his paper, they are largelv directed by Jews and Poles: — Socialism has hypnotised the Russian people to-day. The Socialists promise the workman a proletarian republic, the peasants unlimited land, the soldier and sailor unlimited license. It would seem that the end is fast approaching. The Tsar's counsellor stands alone, the intellectual classes give ear to anarchy, a helpless Government has recourse to massacre, strikes demoralise the working classes and threaten the country' with ruin. The signs of the times are unmistakable. Tsardom is falling. • THE PRUSSIANS ARE COMING." He gives a curious account of the way in which the Polish strike of October and November was brought to a close. The situation was growing unbearable, when at last, on November 15th a paper called The Polioh Gazette made a coup d'etat which baffled even the Socialists. In an article headed " The Prussians are Coming," the editor told his compatriots that German intervention was certain unless the railway strike came to an end within the next twenty-four hours, as the Germans were losing so much OUR SH0P=MADE NOBILITY. Mr. W. Gordon writes in the Grand Magaznii on - Coronets and Commerce," or noble British houses founded by business men. The farts adduced may be summarised thus: — present Title. trade origin. Baron Ashburton \ Earl Northbrook f John Baring, clothmaker. Baron Revelstoke 1 Earl Cromer ; Duke of Northumberland ... Hugh Smith son, haberdasher. Duke of Leeds Edward Osborne, merchant's apprentice- Duke of Bedford Henry Russell, barge-owner. Marquis of Northampton ... John Spencer, clothworker's apprentice. Marquis of Ripon Robinson, tradesman in York. Marquis of Bath John o' th" Inne. publican. Karl of Craven William Craven, farmer's son. Karl oi Denbigh Godfrey Fielding, mercer's ap- prentice. Earl of Warwick William fireville. wool stapler. Earl of Dudley William Ward, goldsmith's ap- prentice- EarY Spencerlb0r°Ut"'11 ! John Spe^er. grazier. Earl Carrington John Smith, draper. Ea-1 of Radnor Lawrence de Bouvene, mer- chant's apprentice. Lord Monntetepben 1 Shepherd boys. Lord Strathcona ) 1 84 The Review of Reviews, February 20, 1906. HAS CHASTITY CEASED TO BE A VIRTUE? Yes, Replies .Maurice Maeterlinck. To the Fortnightly Review for January the Belgian mystic, M. Maeterlinck, contributes a characteristic and most suggestive essay entitled, " Of Our Anxious Morality." Is it a discussion of the most momentous of all themes, the question as to whether ethics will survive if Christianity should disappear. CHRISTIANITY AM) ( BASOTTY. M. Maeterlinck starts from the assumption that mankind is gradually forsaking the religion in which it has lived for nearl) twentj centuries, and is taking to itself no new faith. What will happen to mor- ality? Mr. Morley, it will be remembered, touched upon this subject in his work on Diderot, and an- swered it on one point at least ver) much like M. Maeterlinck. Rationalism preserves man) virtues, but chastity finds no place in its canon. M. Maeter- linck roundly asserts and approves oi the dethrone- ment of chastity. He says : — Already we have thrown on" a number of constraints which were assuredly hurtful, but which at leasl kept up activity of our inner life. We are no longer cnat since we have recognised thai the work ol the flesh, em for twenty centuries, IS natural and lawful. Of course, if b\ chaste he means celibate, M. Maeterlinck's statement is obvious. But conjugal love has not been cursed for twenty centuries. The work of the flesh condemned bj Christianity has been incontinence, and this, it is true. Christianity has never regarded as natural and lawful. But it would seem the new morality is going to change all that. This notable assertion oi M. Maeterlinck's occurs towards the close of a long and subtle argu- ment against the assumption that common sense or good sense, or in other words, enlightened self-in- terest, will suffice as a guide tor mankind when con- science and the religions have been dethroned. MORALITY NOT DEPENDENT ON RELIGION— M. Maeterlinck dismisses the fears of those who dread lest the practice of a lofty and noble morality will perish in an environment that obeys other laws. He says : — Those who assure us that the old moral ideal must dis- appear because the relisdons are disappearing are strangely mistaken. It was not the religions that formed this ideal, but the ideal that gave birth to the religions. Now that these last have weakened or disappeared, their sources survive and seek another channel. When all is said, with the exception of certain factitious and parasitic virtues which we naturally abandon at the turn of the majority of religions, there is nothing as yet to be changed in our old Aryan ideal of justice, conscientiousness, courage, kindness and honour. We have only to draw nearer to" it, to clasp it more closely, to realise it more effectively ; and, before going beyond it. we have still a long and noble road to travel beneath the stars. —NOR UPON A FUTURE LIFE. He is equally confident that virtue in this life stands in no need of support drawn from beyond the tomb. He says : — If to-morrow a religion were revealed to us proving, scientifically and with absolute certainty, that every act of goodness, of self-sacrifice, of heroism, of inward nobility, would bring us immediately after our death an indubitable and unimaginable reward, I doubt whether the proportion of good and evil, of virtues and vices amid which we ii\e would undergo an appreciable change. Would you have a convincing example? In the Middle Ages there were moments when faith was absolute and obtruded itself with a certainty that corresponds exactly with our scientific certainties. The rewards promised for well-doing, the punishments threatening evil were, in the thoughts of the men of that time, as tangible, so to speak, as would be those of the revelation of which I spoke above. Neverthe- less. «<• do not see that the level ot goodness was raised. A few saints sacrificed themselves for their brothers, car- ried certain virtues, picked from among the more eon- Mo. to the pitch of heroism; hut the bulk of men continued to deceive one another, to lie, to fornicate, to steal, to be guilty of envy, to commit murder. The average Of the vices was no lower than tliat of to-day. On the contrary, life was incomparably harsher, more cruel and more unjust. liecause the low-water mark of the general intelligence was less high. THi; ESSENCE AND Sol ROE OF MORALITY/. Ik maintains that "what constitutes the. essence of moraltiy is the sincere and strong wish to form within ourselv< s a powerful idea of justice and love which always rises above that formed by the clearest and most generous portions of our intelligence." Its source must be sought, he tells us, not in precepts or religions, but in imagination and the mystic summit of our reason. Do and Baj whal wi we have never been, we are not yet, a Bori "i purelj Logical animal. There is in us, above the »r1 a our reason, a whole region which answers s ething different, which is preparing lor the surprises of the future, which is awaiting the events ot the unknown. This part of our intelligence, which 1 will call imagination or mystic reason, in tunes when, so to ... \\e knew nothing of the laws of nature, came before OSe, went ahead of our imperfect attainments, and made us live, morally, socially and sentimentally, on a level very much superior to that ot those attainments. The fairest discoveries, in biology, in chemistry, in medicine. in physics, almost all had their starting-point in an hypothesis supplied by imagination or mystic reason, an hypothesis which the experiments of srood sense have con- firmed, but which the latter, given to narrow methods, would never have foreseen. As it is in science so it must be in ethics. THE MORALITY OF THE FTJTCTRE. M. Maeterlinck adjures the rationalist and ma- terialist to recognise the need for sparing all that hitherto formed the heroic, cloud-topped, inde- fatigable adventurous energy of our conscience. Leave us a few tancy virtues. Allow a little space for our fraternal sentiments. It is very possible that these virtues and these sentiments, which are not strictly indispensable to the just man of to-day. are the roots of all that will blossom when man shall have accomplished the hardest stage of " the struggle for life." Also, we must keep a few sumptuary virtues in reserve, in order to replace those which we abandon as useless, for our conscience has need of exercise and nourishment. Already we have throyvn off a number of constraints which were assuredly hurtful, but which at least kept up the activity of our inner life. . . . Our ideal no longer asks to create saints, virgins, martyrs: but, even though it take another road, the spiritual road that animated the latter must remain intact, and is still necessary- to the man who wishes to go further than simple justice. It 4s beyond that simple justice that the morality begins of those who hope in the future. It is in this perhaps fairy-like, but not chimerical part of our conscience that we must acclimatise ourselves and take pleasure. It is still reasonable to persuade ourselves that in so doing we are not dupes. A history of the obituary notices of the Christian religion, beginning with the Crucifixion, would be an instructive and chastening study for the most recent obituarists. Review of Reviews, 20:2i06, Leading Articles, 185 OUR GERMANOPHOBISTS: Their Monthly Moan. Our Germanophobists are very sick this month. Would that they were sick unto death ! The re- markable demonstration of good feeling between the German and British peoples infuriates them, and they rage accordingly in their accustomed haunts. For instance, Mr. D. C. Boulger, writing in the Nineteenth Century, tells us that as soon as the German fleet is strong enough Germany will want the colonies of other States. Holland, Belgium, France, and then England provide them in their likely order of attempted acquisition. Mr. Boulger grimly exults in the possibility of trouble arising out of the Morocco Conference: — If the coming Conference on the Morocco question reveals some fresh unpleasantries they will not be received so quietly as was the attack on M. Delcasse; if Berlin renews her insults thev will not be taken lying down. While the scenery and stage properties are being <*ot ready for a European tragedy the German Emperor makes his effort to lull us to sleep. He must take us for children or for fools. If he wants the goodwill of the people of this country the Emperor William can obtain it only by re- moving the causes of our distrust. On the one hand he has to curtail instead of increasing the expenditure on the German war fleet. Not less important, he must abandon the design of making any unprovoked attack on France. These imperative " musts " become Mr. Boulger hugely. Who is he to impute criminal designs to his neighbours, or to dictate what Germany shall spend on her fleet? The National Review tells the story — quite cor- rectly— although not without the usual sauce piquante, of how narrowly we escaped war with Germany in November : — A German syndicate acquired a piece of property at Funchal in Madeira, ostensibly for the purpose of con- structing a sanatorium, probably with an ultimate v;ew to the " lease " of a coaling-station for the ever-expanding German navy. The best site in the neighbourhood be- longed to an Englishman. The German syndicate covefed this property and brought pressure to hear on the Portu- guese authorities to expropriate its possessor. The German Government joined in the fray — which confirms the sus- picion of an ulterior naval obiecfc — and set to work in characteristic fashion to bully the Portuguese Government, intimidation being carried to such a pitch that the German Minister actually threatened to leave Lisbon unless the Portuguese Government consented to expropriate tie Englishman to transfer his property to the German sanatorium. In this dilemma Portugal appealed to her ancient ally, Great Britain, and received the only poeslb'e answer from Mr. Balfour's Government, viz.. that we would not tolerate such an outrage. Our support enabled Portu- eral to return a suitable reply to an insolent request. Peace was preserved with honour. YACHTING ON MODERATE MEANS. In the WMd's Work Mr. Albert Sutcliffe tells us that there is no greater mistake than to suppose yachting to be solely a rich man's amusement. He justlv sa\s that there is no tonic like bring on the sea — provided one is a fair sailor. The best time to buv a second-hand yacht is at the end of the season. the prices quoted by him being end-of-the-season ones. Many yachts are then on the market, for a variety of reasons, and the purchaser can more easily detect their faults after a long season's, use. As much or more care is required in Inning a yacht than in buying a horse. In this, practical paper two instances are given how yachting on moderate means may be enjoyed: — A twenty-ton cutter, a sound and safe cruiser with all sails and fittings, and a good dinghy can be bought, second-hand, for £100 to £120. It would need two men to work her— a captain at 35s. pet week, and a second hand at 25s.; say, therefore, wages for thirteen weeks' season. £39 (the men to live on board and provide their own food). Other items would be: putting in commission, including painting and varnishing, say, £7; men's clothes, £6; season's repairs, £10; laying-up and store, £4; winter care, £5. The total expenditure would thus be £71 for the year. A yacht of this tonnage would have owner's cabin, lady's cabin with two beds, and two sofa berths in the saloon, thus sleeping five persons, besides the two folding cots in the forecastle for the crew. Another style of yacht which I recommend more strongly than the above, and in which a beginner will get more practical knowledge of the sea and seamanship, is a seven- ton cruiser. For accommodation she would have two sofa berths in the cabin. There would also be the forecastle, in which would be a cot for the crew, and where the spare sails and gear would be stored, and a cock-pit. A good, safe and sound cutter of seven tons can be bought second- hand for £60, possibly with a dinghy included, good stand- ing rigging, and a complete suit of sails. The total cost for the year of such a boat, in- cluding laying up in winter, would be ,£30 10s. AN AMERICAN RHODES SCHOLAR AT OXFORD. In III acini II au's Magazine most readers will first turn to Mr. S. R. Ashby's impressions of Oxford from the American Rhodes scholar's point of view, which may be summed up in the italicised words, " I am glad to be here." However, he makes various observations and criticisms, which all tend to show how excellently Mr. Rhodes's ideal is being realised, Oxford apparently producing just those effects for which he hoped. What seems to Mr. Ashby good is the custom of seniors inviting freshmen to breakfast, even though in their hospitality there seemed a certain lack of warmth ; the way in which sports are engaged in at Oxford, the Oxonian considering it bad form to think only of victory, as in America, and having a more sportsmanlike love of sport as sport; the examination system of Oxford, and the greater thoroughness of the Oxford freshman's trainingi with his wider general reading. On the whole, this open- minded Rhodes scholar admires the absence of the restless spirit of industry so noticeable in the States. The climate of Oxford, damp and relaxing, and the students' comfortable mode of life alike militate against it. "The yen hearth of an Oxonian's " den allures to sociability." And although the Oxonian does his work mostly in the vacation, and the Am- erican in term time, Mr. Ashln is convinced that just as much work must be done for the Oxford honour degree as for the degTee oj any American university. In fact, "the balance between the man intellectual and the man animal is. in nearlj every respect, better maintained" at Oxford; and "the spirit of Oxford, though not so energetic, is. T am coming to believe more and more the longer T stay here, none the less productive of good results." All which is just what Mr. Rhodes desired. 1 86 The Review of Reviews. February to. 1906. AN AGNOSTIC'S PROGRESS : The Wicket Gate of Psychical Research. One of the most fascinating papers published this month is Mr. W. S. Palmer's " Agnostic's Progress" in the Content porarx Review. It is written with much simplicity and charm. Mr. Palmer tells us how he escaped from the City of Destruction by a devious road, and after many wanderings passed through the wicket gate of psychical research into the road that leads to the Celestial City. He has now found his soul, and rejoices exceedingly in the constant progress which he is making in discovering its marvellous nature and attributes. HIS LITTLE BOOK. Mr. Palmer begins by telling us how — In the early sixties— when, like Christian. I war- stirred up to flee from my City of Destruction; and, like Chris- tian, burdened as I was, I fled. I, too, had found a. book: it was " The Origin of Species." For me. as for him, the face of the world was changed. Before that time religion as a personal matter, religion as a life, did not exist for me or my family. I knew nothing of a Divine Humanity, of an extending Incarnation by which the world moves towards the fulfilment of an eternal idea; in fact of any dynamic conception, true or false, about religion. Static, conceptions ruled my ignorance in this matter as they had ruled me everywhere. THE STABS UPON HIS PATH. In his wanderings in the darkness star after star came out to guide him on his way. (hie ol the first of such was the discovery that Pauls sermon on Mars Hill was a very heretical discourse: — The barbaric conception of a religion full-orbed, com- plete, like the pre-Darwinian conception of a world ot living creatures, its origin a matter of past history, isolated, over and done, left me for ever. THE ALADDIN LAMP OF SCIENCE. He began to devour everything, from the " Essays and Reviews " to " Supernatural Religion " and " Lux Mundi." Then, abandoning theology as idle, he ap- plied himself to the study of science. Put — Not at all the splendid conquests of science could keep me at her feet. I recognised in her the sovereign rnistrese of the use and management of things, the giver into the hands of man of an Aladdin's lamp, the Genie's magic ring, the mastership and government of the world; but my desirious heart asked more. " Bankrupt of life, yet prodigal of ease," she stood, this lady of great gifts; and I turned away from her and set my face to follow the pointing finger of my unresting other self, whom nothing of this superficial world can wholly please. "DIVINE PHILOSOPHY. From science he turned to divine philosoph) : — I began the stony philosophic track with Spencer, as was natural enough. I owe him much; I learnt from him the weakness of the agnostic position; I learnt to leave him for better philosophers. Idealist malgre lui, he sent me to the idealists. 1 went on to Thomas Hill Green, and he complet-ed in me the work that Spencer had begun. Spencer sowed in me a suspicion to match a rising hope that I was not a product of material "Kraft und Stoff " ; and my hope and my suspicion were confirmed by Green. Green had taught me that the angels and the apes might hoth be of my kin. " L'homme h'est ni ange >ii bete," says Pascal; I began to see that I might be the meeting-point of both, a place of union in the universe of tilings. I owe to philosophy at least the beginnings, or the needed starting-point of my own belief in God, freedom, immor- tality; and I deem the philosophic manner a right advance upon and a correlative and corrective of the scientific manner; although neither in this manner nor in that do all men find that which I have found. THE WICKET GATE OF PSYCHISM Mr. Palmer having got thus far on his road, now found his wicket gate: — Suddenly, quite suddenly, there opened out before we a new turn of my expanded road, and 1 discovered round the bend the next thing for me, another shining star — a volume of the " Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research. containing an account of some of Professor Oliver Lodge's experiments in " the communication of mind with mind otherwise than through the recognised organs of sense." Psychical research helped me to a firmer grip on the meaning of my philosophers and of my philosophically- conceived self; but it did far more, as it has done for other men who have been more deeply, more publicly and professionally, and in reputation, pledged to oppose sets of convictions on the most important problems of real life. 1 had to begin the revision of all those problems; I began to review what I knew and what I did not know — by far, indeed, the larger part — concerning religion. " Qui reut guirir r ignorance il ini fautle con-fetter": confession was wrong from me at last. Facing these new revelations, I saw that in " (lod, freedom, immortality" there must be depth of meaning to which, so far, I had been blind. HIS "SHADowv COMPANION." Mr. Palmer speaks vaguely and mystically con- cerning his soul, which he stvles " mv Shadowy Com- O ... pinion." He says : — In the year 1888 my Shadowy Companion took advantage of the psychological discovery of that subliminal region wherein he habitually dwells, and whence he issues Ins persuasions and commands, to present himself to my de- liberate notice. He came at first delicately, unobtrusively, as one willing but not presumptuous or pressing; and later, when his welcome was assured, more persistent. Now he i> my familiar friend and sometimes master. I have only to turn my eyes towards the Shadowy Com- panion who is my inner, demanding, growing self, to see shining --tars standing out as his opportunities and his of reminder. Sinning stars of this kind are the in- struments and occasions of all our Shadowy Companion*; their rays pierce the penumbra! >had'j wherein much of us must always dwell as we are now. The men who have no shining stars, the men for whom no Epiphany feast has its appropriateness, may well remain unacquainted with their Shadowy Companions, their greater selves, who should he known as selves that may endure. I, at least, have found that as star after star has come to me with a revelation of new light, my Shadowy Companion has been the more made known and made to be more certainly tnvself— my lasting self; or so it seems to me. A PLAIN MANS GHOST. There is more to follow next month. savs : — Mr. Palmer 1 had much to learn before my subliminal ghost and I settled down together on these friendly terms, and I have still much to tell concerning the process of my learning; but I may as well say now once for all that his intercourse with me is ever orderly, like myself. Day by day and year by year I gain upon my ghost— I overtake him and ap- propriate him— and day by day and year by year he shows me a vista of himself beyond, hut never as the Daemon of genius. He is a plain man's ghost. Laundry Work at Sea. The World's Work says that apparently it will soon be a common thing for laundry work to be carried on at sea, since it is claimed that the difficulties of washing linen satisfactorily in salt water have at last been overcome. It is a matter to which numerous inventors have turned their attention from time to time, and as far back as 1771 a patent was taken out, but the result was failure. A salt-water powder has now been invented, by which it is said that- linen can be washed and " pot up " at sea as well as on land. The invention has aroused much interest, and at a demonstration ot its possibilities two representatives of the Admiralty were present. Review of Reviews, 20/2/06. Leading Articles. 187 IS A CLEVER CARD-PLAYER ALSO A CLEVER PERSON? Writing in the Monthly Review on " Brains and Bridge," Mr. Basil Tozer gives the opinions of various people, whose ideas on such a subject might be expected to be of some consequence, as to whether aptitude for card-playing means high gene- ral intelligence. He says that he raised the ques- tion himself at a house-party, and in less than ten minutes a controversy had arisen almost as fierce as if some vital point concerning politics or religion had been broached. It must be admitted that, when the votes Aye or Xo are examined, the Ayes have it. But then the Ayes are obviously less impartial than the Noes. Mr. F. G. Aflalo replies emphatically " Xo," but qualifies his statement bv saying that it is merely a personal opinion, and that he is not a card-player. ,; If proof is desired," he says, " let anyone take a bridge-girl in to dinner and hang on her conversa- tion." Mr. Aflalo appears to write out of the fulness of his heart, and his portrait of a presumably typical bridge-girl is one of the most unflattering female presentments I ever remember. Five bridge enthusiasts answer emphatically that to be a bad card-player argues a man, if not a fool, at least something akin to one. Their letters, how- ever, can scarcely be called judicial or impartial in tone. Dr. Macnamara, M.P., and two other Ms. P., whose names are withheld, all answer in the nega- tive— reasoned and qualified statements of opinion, however. " Intelligence for playing at cards is a branch of intelligence peculiarly its own. and my experience is that cleverness at cards, at chess, and at figures go generally hand-in-hand," says one — probably the most widely-accepted opinion. Another authority, however, maintains that " taking card- players collectively, their general intelligence is quite above the average." Mr. J. H. Yoxall, M.P., thinks a clever card-player possesses usually more than average intellectuality ; and a professor of memory says —what is undoubtedly true — that the reason so many intelligent men and women play cards so badly is that they do not take enough interest in them to give them the needful amount of concen- trated attention. The really tine bridge-player, on his or her own confession, becomes so absorbed in the game as to be oblivious of all else. Mr. Basil Tozer himself sums up as follows: — The fact remains, however, that accurate and close thinking and reasoning of any kind exercise the mind in the same sort of way that calisthenics develop the muscles of the body. Consequently the conclusion to be arrived at. after weighing; carefully the pro* and com contained in the foregoing expressions of opinion, would seem to be that, though a natural aptitude for card-playing may not necessarily denote the possession of natural general intel- ligence in any high degree, yet a careful, methodical and judicious course of training in the art of playing games of cards such as whist and bridge, that require brain- power and thought-concentration, is bound to strengthen the intellectual powers of any man or woman of average ability, and thus presently lead to a direct increase in his or her share of general or ordinary intelligence. AMERICAN MORALITY ON ITS TRIAL. An Anglo-American, writing in Blachvood's Maga- zine on this subject, a propos of the recent Life Insurance scandals, says that the historian of the McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations will have an unprecedentedly difficult task owing to the mys- teries of modern finance that he will have to un- ravel. Without denying or excusing " graft " and '•' Doodling," the writer says that it is but an infini- tesimal fraction of the American public that even gets a chance to plunder its neighbours ; and, what is more important, it is but an infinitesimal fraction in his opinion that would take such a chance, if they had it. The mass of the American people are certainly as honest as those of any other country. They have quite as high a moral standard as our own, an"d are equally successful in living up to it. Moreover, even if the 70 per cent, of Americans living outside the great cities desired to eat bread other than that of honest industry, " the American woman is there to brace them up.-' For the much- abused, severely-criticised American woman is. says the writer, now, as always, a great moral power. So long as she holds her present position in her own household and in society, American morals are safe. There are many varieties of good women in the world, he says, but the good American woman appa- rently excelleth them all. From " Anglo-Ameri- can's " description of her it would seem that she is a twentieth century edition of Solomon's Virtuous Woman. So far as the 83,000,000 of American people are concerned, then, the recent scandals may be con- sidered abnormal. The whole American press has pilloried the dishonest millionaires. We phlegmatic Britons can hardly realise either the audacity of the millionaire " boodlers " or the vehemence of the popular indignation that has so suddenly over- whelmed them. Both are, however, characteristically American. Manx breaches have been made even in citadels of corruption like Tammany Hall ; and altogether, according to this writer, boodling and grafting of all kinds have received a severe blow. But the most serious danger of all, the one really most concerning level-headed Americans, still remains-- the influence of excessive wealth on the moral and material well- being of the community. The November elections, however, proved that the American people were firmly resolved to resisl the tyranny of the corrup- tionists and vindicate the honour of their American citizenship. "The cormorant millionaire gang," however, still remain, typified by Mr. Edward Har- riman. one of the disgraced directors of the Fquit- able Life Assurance. Even the cormorant mil- lionaire, however, " the darkest stain on American morals," the writer thinks may crumple up like the political bosses, the lobbyists and the "grafters." But that is clearly not y< t. 1 88 the Review of Reviews. February 20, 1906. THE MYSTERY OF MATTER. Illustrated by Hypnotic Sight. In the Occult Review for January there is a most interesting article on Hypnotic Sight, which illus- trates in a very striking way the immateriality of in, uter. Some friends, for an experiment, hypnol one of their number, and discovered that he could see through the hark of his head and d- pic- tures in a closed book. They then made the experi- ment of proving that a hypnotised subject can • through matter. In other words, a mere suggesi to the mind of the hypnotised subject render* • matter as transparent as glass. I he) first told their hypnotised subject that one of their number, who was standing in front of the clock on the mantel- piece, had left the room. The) then woke him up and askeil him what time it was. He looked to- wards the dock, which was quite concealed from view by the alleged absentee's body, and told time. The) then made the alleged absentee ch; coats with another friend and walk about tlv room. The man who had been hypnotised suddenh ex- ploded with laughter, and exclaimed that it was so funny to see that cat going about in the air all by itself. But the man who was wearing the all. g absentee's coat seemed to him to be^ in his shirt- sleeves. They then covered a piece of tobacco with the coat thus rendered invisible, and the man at once saw the tobacco through the coat. They then put him to sleep again, and told him that" the brass candlesticks had been removed from the man piece. When he woke up he saw the little bits of paper placed under the heav) brass candlestick without difficulty. He counted them and said th were seven. Those present thought there were eight, but when the candlestick was lifted there v. only seven to be found. He \\ -s told to pick up the pieces of paper, but he could not touch them. and could not understand why. They then hvpno- d him again, and told him the cat had gone out of the room. They slipped his spoon under the body of the cat and woke him up. He missed his spoon, but soon saw it through the bodv of the cat. Then he went to pick it up. but said there was some warm yielding substance that prevented him reaching it. They then put the cat in his hands. He saw nothing, but felt something soft. As the cat jumped down it scratched him. and he said there was a pin in the something which he thought felt like a velvet cushion. The last experiment was to tell him that an old lady who was sitting on a packet of letters had gon- out of the room. When he was waked up they asked him what he saw on the chair. - A packet of letters,'" he said. Thev asked him to pick them up. He stepped forward.' kicking the ladv's leg as he moved, and was thrusting his hand through her body when she stopped him : — She put out her hand and touched Morlev on the chest with the tip of her forefinger. What is called cross- mesmerism was set up. Morlev was made to feel ill stupid, heavy and distressed by it. It took a long time and gave us great trouble to cure him and get him home. Ihe^e experiments ended there, and have never been re- sumed. What does this prove? Sureh that matter is only a form of thought. Alter the thought by suggestion and matter becomes invisible. But, strange to say, although it cannot be seen it can be felt. Probably the suggestion in the mind of the suggester was limited to vision and not to touch. Anyway, the ex- periments were interesting and suggestive. AN IRISH EXPERIMENT. In the Monthly Review Mr. Shan F. Bullock, writ- ing under the above heading, gives an account of what seems a\\ altogether successful experiment made by Sir Horace Plunkett, who 'devised an Irish Home Improvement Scheme, and with the help of a con- trolling committee of his friends, and two well-known and public-spirited women. Miss O'Conor Eccles and Miss J. H. O'Brien, began tlv experiment of "im- planting th<- principles of more cheerful living into the homes of the Irish people The experiment was begun in Dromore, county Tyrone, in a pastoral district, of meagre soil, with an undesirable class of landlords, and no gentry. bveryone was poor, or worse than poor, and the condition of things not so ver) much better than when vigorously denounced 1a Spenser in 1600. Everythihg was rags, litter and dirt, neglect and un- cleanness, when, eighteen months ago, this experi- ment was begun. Miss O'Brien and Miss Eccles settled in a model coitage in the heart of Dromore, and began by giving daily lectures, chiefl) to women, the simplest of lectures on the simplest of subjects: the danger of the family midden ; the unseemliness of filthy yards and approaches : the advantages of a garden: the need for air. open windows, doors that would shut out the pig. and a chimnev through which the smoke might go out ; the desirability of personal cleanliness, etc. Practical demonstrations were given in the use of a toothbrush, and how to wash one's face : as well as instruction in the right way of washing clothes, nursing children, and caring for the sick, not forgetting lessons in practical cookery. The simple cookery seems to have done most in impressing and arousing the women and girls. After a time the men were approached, and help was offered in laying out model kitchen-gardens, in draining, fencing, planting, and pruning. Soon cottage gardening became something of a craze in Dromore; and now, should you care to visit the place, not only may you tread clean streets and trim sidewalks, but from them you may have sight of many briehtened homes, white-washed, painted, ordered, and provided with some of the necessaries and luxuries of life. The result, indeed, has been cheerful in the ex- treme, although, as Mr. Shan F. Bullock points out. too much must not be expected from one at- tempt. " Even in Dromore onlv a beginning has been made, and Dromore is but a corner of Ireland." Review of Reviews, 20J2/06. Leading Articles, 189 STORIES ABOUT IRVING. Mr. Joseph Hatton contributes to the Grand Magazine further chapters about Sir Henry Irving. THE ACTOR AND PREACHER. The writer tells many good stories about the great actor, of which one of the most striking is this : — On his last visit to Toole in the July of the year of his death he was driving along the King's Road at Brighton with his friend ana two others when suddenly a voice •called after them, "You are going to Heli! Irving stopped the carriage and waited until the prophet of dooni came up. He was a well-known preacher accustomed to address Brishton in a general way on the sands. He had been an officer in the Army, but gave up soldiering to warn sinners of the burning pit. ' You are Irving?" he said. "Yes. that is my name,'' replied the actor; where- upon, with an inconsequential volubility, his aggressor began to expound the fate of actors and playgoers. "" But you might as well quote the Bible accurately, " said Irving, correcting a text which the preacher burled at him. In a brief passage of controversy the actor showed that he was more intimately acquainted with the Holy Scrip- tures than the preacher who professed to be Heaven's mes- senger, a second John crying in the wilderness. A crowd gathered round and everybody was deeplv impressed with the calm dignity of Irving and the adroitness of his Scrip- tural repartee. " You may be the richest man in London, but riches won't save you.'' shouted the preacher. " I am not rich,'' said Irving; "I am a poor man.' "But you are an actor, and you are accursed; you cannot escape damnation!" "Is that the judgment of your God?" asked Irving. " From the beginning of the world;" replied ^_e fanatic. 'Then your God is not my God; my God is a God of mercy and of truth, who forgives not seven times, but seventy times seven. That is my God! Drive on, coachman!" Irving looked a veritable prophet as he rose to his full height. It was as if the spirit of Becket had taken hold of him. As the carriage drove off the crowd was hushed. Even the false prophet was silenced. HIS AUNT A BORN QUEEN. In one of his conversations with Irving, which "were to form the basis of a biography. Mr. Hatton quotes this tribute to the woman who had much to do with his bringing up. Irving said: — If ever there was a born queen it is my aunt, a Tem- perance Methodist; the sort of woman who, in her simpie, grand way. walks with God. . . . Well, now, about my Aunt Penberthy's character, and the way she lived with her husband. They never quarrelled; they were always happy. She was always cheerful; but one day, when she was out, her husband came home from the mine offended at something there, or at home, and, to our amazement, walked into the kitchen where we youngsters were, and began to smash everything he could lay his hands on. He took up the chairs and broke them across his knee, and they were pretty strong, too — nothing, however, to him; he snapped them as if they had been the merest sticks. Drawers, tables, he smashed everything; then walked out and went back to the mine. We were all terrified while this was going on. As for me, I got behind the door or anywhere else out of his way. It was a fine old Cornish kitchen — ingle-nook, great oak beams, bacon and bams hanging on the beams, a regular farm-like country kitchen. When he was gone we breathed again, and no lonser feared. We simply waited for the queen's return, only wondering what she would say. In the evening we went to meet him as usual, my- aunt with us. There lie was coming along as before, with his great wide arms and 111 the same flannel costume, the very self-same giant of the day before. We gave him the same old greeting; he re- ceived us in the same old hearty way. My aunt and Le walked together in their customary manner, she leaning on one arm, he putting the other great arm round her waist — a big hearty giant of a fellow. When he trot home he paused at the open doorway of the- kitchen. Bung back bis chest, and gave forth a great burst of laughter, l'ou never heard such a laugh; it was tremendous. My aunt laughed, too. What do you thing he laughed at? The wreck of the furniture had been got together and displ by my aunt, as if the whole business was a huge joke. Broken chairs, table-legs, a cupboard door, pieces of an old seat, all manner of things, were hung upon the walls as if they were pictures, articles of vertu, bric-a-brac. And this was all that occurred. There was no scene; only the laughter. THE GERMAMSATION OF BRAZIL: A Challenge to the Monroe Doctrine. In the Fortnightly Review for January Mr. F. \Y. Wile publishes an article which will give President Roosevelt much food for thought. Mr. Wile de- clares : — Germans long for a foothold in Brazil, because its mighty area of unpre-empted virgin wealth fulfils dreams of an economically independent Greater Germany over-sea. • But they are not by any means content with long- ings. They are hard at work attempting to fulfil their dreams. The results of their combined efforts save the commen- tator the precarious task of drawing conclusions. Already 5^0,000 Germans, emigrants and their offspring, are resident in Brazil. The great majority of them, it is true, have embraced Brazilian citizenship, but their ideals and ties are essentially and inviolably German. In the south, where they are thickest, they have become the ruling element. German lactories. warehouses, shops, farms, schools and churches dot the country everywhere. German has superseded Portuguese, the official language of Brazil, in scores of communities. Twenty million pounds of vestea interests — banking, street railroads, electric works, mines, coffee plantations, and a great variery of business under- takings— claim the protection of the Kaiser's Hag. A cross- country railway and a still more extensive projected system are in the hands of German capitalists. The country's vast ocean traffic, the Amazon river shipping, and much of the coasting trade are dominated bv Germ; - Over and above this purely commercial conquest, how- ever, looms a factor of more vital importance to North American susceptibilities— namely, the creation of a nation of Germans in Brazil. That is the avowed purpose of three German colonising concerns, which have become lords and masters over 8000 square miles of Brazilian territory— an area considerably larger than the kingdom of Saxony. So fast and so far have they progressed that the Grcnzbotcn proudly predicts that: — Within a few years we shall see the rise on the other side of the Atlantic of a vigorous German colonial empire, which shall perhaps become the finest and most lasting colonial enterprise old Europe ever created. Based, then, upon their achievements so far and their expressed hopes for the future, the German programme in Brazil would seem to contemplate: — 1. Colonisation of Southern Brazil with Bettlers, who shall remain German in language, trade, ideals and surround- ings. 2. Expansion of German commercial. industrial and financial activity, with control of means of communication, both inland and oceanic. 3. Abandonment or modification of the Monroe doctrine by the United States, which shall eventually permit economic predominance to be turned to political account without war. To the student of moving events the passing of the years promise no more fascinating prospect than the develop- ment of this chrysalis of great expectations. How to Educate Children. The Theosophical Review for December publishes an interesting paper by the Italian teacher of Helen Keller on the secret of educating abnormal children. What is good for the abnormal child is also good for all children : — The word why is the door by which the child passes from the world ol sense to that of reason and reflection. 1. Teach the abnormal child by the way most accessible to him. that words denominate things, actions, and senti- ments. 2. Never speak of tbiners which do not interest the pupil, or, at least, try to awaken his interest in what you wish to teach him. 3. Do not leave any question of the pupil without an answer; thi- excludes absolutely the imposition of silence on his many questions, which is the greatest obstacle and t he most injurious to li is inquiring mind 4. Do not worry if the pupil does not understand a given word, sentence, or explanation. 190 The Review of Reviews. February to, 1906. MISTRAL, PROVENCE, AND PROVENCAL. From a charmingly written paper in the Monthly Review, "Among the Felibres in Provence," ive gather many details concerning Mistral, the Pro- vencal poet, recently a winner pf the Nobel prize for literature. Fifty years ago seven poets of Provence met together and vowed themselves to the patriotic work of restoring, purifying, and perpetuating the old language of Provence, the Languedoc, the an- cient tongue of the Troubadours, which was then fast degenerating into a mere patois. The name far best known in connection with this movement is that of Mistral, the charm of whose poetry is quite in- describable. Joseph Roumanille, however, was its real initiator, for he was the first modern poet to us.- the ancient Provengal tongue as a medium for literary expression. His book of poems, published in Provencal in 1847, was written for his simple old peasant mother, but so redolent were his writings of the traditions and beauties of Provence, that 1 1 1 < • \ appealed to a far wider audience. But it was Mistral who really developed .mil led the Provencal ren- ascence, who became its vital essence, its Grand Master by universal consent. Anyone who has read Mistral's poetry, even in small part, will recognise the absolute justice of the following criticism : — No one like him has so expressed the soul of the people. His work mirrors not only their language and customs, their past, their beliefs, their traditions, hut in a marvel- lous manner their land itself, so that with new sight and clearer vision they now look on the familiar landmarks of their youth, the very mountains, river- and plains speaking to them more clearly. Mistral, as is well known, lives in the little Pro- vencal village of Maillane, not very far from Avignon. It was in earlv spring when the writer visited him : — The orchards were all a-fiower with white and pink blossom, showing vividly against the bluest of April skies. The trees just beginning to bud, yet not green, but. dashed with shades of pink and brown, full of subtle movement, the stirring and awakening of Mother Earth as Proserpine comes back to her. We entered the poet's study by the garden, conducted there by a friendly, white-capped bonne, evidently quite one of the family. " Madame was out with the dogs, Monsieur was alone, but at this moment of the day not seriously occupied. We might enter without scruple, he would be enchanted to see us." The little garden was fragrant with early spring. A shrub of japonica, its scarlet blossoms aflame in the sunshine, hyacinths, violet, white and rose, and a mass of blue periwinkles, the " peryenehe of Provence," all growing in a sweet disorder, without sign of gardener's assistance or preconceived design. At the sound of our voices the poet stepped out of the open French window, a tall, robust, splendid figure, full of vitality arid vigour that made his seventy-four years seem incredible. Mistral was then engaged on a " travail de brute," the translation into French of his autobiography, originally written in Provengal. He complained much of being constantly raided by motorists, " who de- scend upon me suddenly at all hours of the day, and even sometimes of the night. ... I have the misfortune to be now in their catalogue of monu- ments." He spoke laughingly of his supposed re- semblance to Buffalo Bill, enthused about the ren- ascence of the Provencal language and literature, and thundered against the Government for expelling the monastic Orders. The rest of tne article deals with Charlou of Paradou, famous as the chief col- lector of Provengal legends and folk-lore, Charlou Pvieu, as his real name is; the Burns of Provence. The local colour and descriptions of scenery add much to a very pleasingly-written article. THE COST OF NATIONAL GALLERY PICTURES. In the Art Journal for January we have, a proftos of the Rokeby Velasquez, some particulars of the cost of some of the great pictures in the National Gallery. The pictures now in the National Gallery and the Tate Gallery have cost about ^7^0,000, some 10 per cent, of which has been contributed by private persons. In 1884, when the Government was pressed to buy the " Ansedei Madonna," by Raphael, Sir Frederick Burton valued the picture at ,£115.500. Eventually ,£70,000 was paid for it, and Mr. Gladstone used to say: " I have saved the tax- payers ,£45,000 b\ not listening to the advice of the Director of the National Gallery." The equestrian portrait of Charles I., by Van Dyck, was acquired for ,£17.500. whereas it was valued by Sir Frederick Burton at ^31,500. The writer names a few masterpieces which we have allowed to slip through our hands, and says that " the money paid for a picture is soon forgot- * n. the loss of a superb work of art never. If we waited till the canker of poverty was healed to make further purchases lor our National Gallery, most of the fine pictures still available and required to round off the collection would have drifted out of our reach." THE ROKEBY VELASQUEZ. The question of the Rokeby Velasquez is discussed in the January number of the Burlington Magazine. The writer explains that the picture has been pur- chased from the owner by a syndicate, so that the price which will now have to be paid for it will be considerably larger than it would have been had the nation purchased the picture direct from its owner. The position of England to-day with reference to works of art is compared with that of Italy in the eighteenth century. When Italy recognised her position she enforced laws to stop any further deple- tion of her art treasures. In England there are treasures of greater value and interest still unpro- tected by legislation. The National Gallery is still without a Director, and the powers to whom we must look in the present " crisis " are the Trustees of the National Gallery and the National Art Collections Fund. Among other remedies suggested to meet the emergency, the writer mentions the possibility of the Treasury ear-marking the proceeds of some special duty on art sales, or on the export of works of art. An export duty on a limited number of first- class pictures would, he thinks, compel the most unworthy heir to give the nation a fair chance. Kerne id of Reviews, Leading Articles, 191 THE AUTHOR OF "QUO VAD1S " AT HOME. Mr. L. Harvey Scott contributes to the January number of Cassell's Magazine a sketch of the home life of Henrvk Sienkiewicz, the author of the famous book "QuoVadis." Sienk-iewicz's town house, we are told, is at War- saw. Here he lives a quiet, regular life. He rises late, not breakfasting before ten. Then he reads the papers, dines about one, takes a walk into the city, and has tea and a light supper before he begins work. He prefers working in the night, and often far into the early morning, but his health has re- cently compelled him to keep more reasonable hours. In the summer he lives on his estate, Oblengorek, in Southern Poland, which was presented to him in 1900 by his fellow-countrymen. Here he spends much time in the open air, riding, driving, and shooting. Sienkiewicz is described as a systematic worker. He thinks out his stories carefully before he begins to write them, and his manuscripts are consequently remarkably free from corrections. Ever since the Russo-Japanese War began he has devoted much attention to Polish national politics, and he is said to hate Russia with a holy hatred. The reason of his popularity among his country- men is his ability " to paint the brilliant scenes of Poland in such glowing and vivid colours as to create an interest in the country far beyond its own borders.'' His books seem to have brought him more fame than monev. Russia's lack of copyright laws has made it so difficult for him to protect his work abroad that he now lets his books first appear in English. Two Hundred and Twenty Millions Wanted for Foreign Missions. Mr. W. Gordon contributes to the Sunday Strand several " startling facts about the world's foreign missions.'' He estimates that there are 950 million non-Christian people in the world, roughly, double that of the so-called Christian population. To con- vert this heathen world there are onlv 15,460 mis- sionaries, or little more than half the number con- sidered inadequate to the needs of England and Wales. If the heathen world were to be evangelised oh the same scale as England and Wales, the mis- sionary army would have to number yo^.ooo and the annual revenue would have to 1^-^22^,000.000. What the world is actually Spending on missions to the heathen is ^320,000 a year, or one-thirty-fifth pari of the amount which England alone spend on in toxicants every year. He adds a consoling para- graph:— It is consoling to us to find that England is in the van in this good work. Of everv 100 missionaries throughout the world she contrihutes 53.2, or practically 1 of every 3. The United States rank next with a contribution of 26.6 per cent ; Germany follows with nearly 1 in 10; and Scot- land does nobly with 1 in every 24. FOOTBALL: END OR MEND ? An American Discussion. The American Review of Reviews for January pub- lishes a brief article, " Shall Football be Ended or Mended?" It opens with a statement by President Butler, of Columbia University, in which he ex- presses his entire approval of the unanimous vote of the Committee on Student Organisations to put an end to the present game of football at Columbia University. The Columbia University cannot re- form football, which must be played, if at all, ac- cording to the rules laid down by other authorities. Therefore, as they cannot reform it, they abolish it altogether, for the following reasons: — The game -which this committee has devised and de- veloped is not a sport, but a profession. It demands pro- longed training, complete absorption of time and thought, and is inconsistent — in practice, at least— with the devotion to work which is the first duty of the college or university student. It can be participated in by only the merest fraction of the student body. Throughout the country it has come to be an academic nuisance because of its interference with academic work, and an academic danger because of the moral and physical ills that follow in its train. The large sums received in irate money are a temptation to extravagant management, and the desire for them marks the game as in no small degree a commer- cial enterprise. The great public favour with which even the fiercest contests are received is not a cause for exulta- tion, but rather for profound regret. President Wheeler says that the present Ameri- can inter-collegiate game is not good. It has been fashioned out of the old Rugby scrimmage by a process of militarising. The participants are not players, but cogs in a machine; one man does prac- tically all the kicking, two all the carrying, and the rest keep each to their own pushing. It is a spec- tacle, not a sport. He recommends the introduc- tion of the Association game for average men, and the restored Rugby, with perhaps its American modi- fications, for the healthy and more vigorous men. Mr. Finley, President of the College of the City of New York, thinks that it is because football has been professionalised too much, but he hopes that it can lie evolved into a genuine college sport again. that can be played without professional skill, tuition. 1 ir paraphernalia. Dr. Sargent, the Rector of the Hemenwa) Gym- nasium, Harvard University, suggests that for modern football there should be a game thai should combine the good points of football and basketball, so that twentv or thirty could pla\ on a side at one time. Dr. Euther H. Gulick says that college football needs to he controlled and remodelled, and that this can onl) ho done wisely b\ men who continuously demonstrate the college sports as a means to exer- cise rather than as an inter-collegiate means of eon tesl. Mr. frank Newball contributes to the Magazine of /•Die Arts tor December ,\n interesting notice of the etchings l>\ Van Dvck. 192 The Review of Reviews. February 20, 1906. WHY SHOULD WE EVER DIE? Because We Want To. My ever delightful, genial and entertaining con- frere, M. Finot of La Revue, not content with com- forting the Continent by his demonstration that no one needs to die unless he wants to, has now availed himself of the pulpit of the Contemporary Review in order to preach his consoling gospel to the English. speaking world. M Finot does not exactly address us, '• ( )h. men. live for ever!" but he does argue very strongly in favour of his favourite theory that we might all be centenarians if we only had the will to live. I am quite sure that it would be better foi the world if M. Finot were to live to be iooo years old; but about many of M. Finot's contemporaries — 1 am not qjuite so sure whether even at three score and ten we should not prefer their room to their company. But even if we do not accept the gospel of possible longevity in its full extent, there is very much good sense in what M. finot has to say. lb- tells us that- — Dr P. Regnault relates that in treating a hypochondriac he advised him to write on the wall every evening the words •• I am happy," and to go off to Bleep in lull view of them. After a tew weeks happiness began to steal Into his spirit. So he would write up before the eyes of the human race, "You will live to be 150 years old." and the death-rate would at <>nc.e begin to fall off. W.u whj should we not endeavour to live by auto-sug- gestion, iiistead of dying of it? We mighl keep before our eyes numerous examples of healthy and robust longevity and let our consciousness be invaded and con- quered by the possibility of living beyond a hundred years. When we think over their case-, we realise that it was the suggestion of tone, the innate conviction that resistance is possible, together with the absence of depressing ideas. which chiefly contributed to the preservation of their health and their prolonged life. So that we see how im- portant it is to shut the door of one's heart, or rather of one's brain, to all injurious ideas as to stingy limits to life. The properly-used forces of our mind may render u- im- portant services with regard to the prolongation of our life There is no doubt that ill-directed suggestion shortens it Arrived at a certain aae we poison ourselves with the idea of or with thoughts about our approaching end. We lose faith in our own strength and our own strength leaves us Our unreasoned fears, by demoralising our minds, only accelerate the destructive advance of old age and death. In facing them with the careful consideration worthy of a well-informed man, we remove our limits. Even if we do not quite vanquish death, we could extend the limits of life by curtailing the ravages of disease : — The illnesses which might have been avoided, as well as the evils of the education of youth, abstract from life more years than each would require in order to become a centenarian. Thus we see that the science of life, the art of using it intelligently, would distinctly prolong its limits. The people who groan at the years which in Blipping away bring them nearer the fatal denouement remind one of the prodigals who lament the enforced outlay of a few half- pence, whilst they are tossing sovereigns out of the win- dow. M. Finot also has a crumb of comfort in the fact that if we ran only manage to hold out till past eighty we shall find it easier to go on living — that is, of course, if we have anything to live on. He says : From the age of eighty illness has less power over an old man the older he becomes. In other words, after having passed this critical age, man has more chance of dying a natural death — that is to say, of crossing the threshold of his centenary. What is the reason of tlnsr" It is very simple. It often takes a man eighty vears of experience to know how to direct the capacities of his organism with precision. Alas ! I fear that few of us will live long enough to put these lessons into practice. RACE SUICIDE 10R PROSPERITY? Mr. J. W. Barclay, writing in the Nineteenth Century, stoutly traverses President Roosevelt's theory that the decline in the birth-rate is due to deliberate limitation of families. He asks somewhat pertinently, or impertinently: — Will President Roosevelt or the Bishop of London tell us that the failure of the eighteen American peeresses to have heirs was wilful, or deny them an eager desire to have the glory of presenting their husbands with an heir bo his title? According to Burke, one-fourth of the peerages existing at the beginning of the last century became extinct before its close — that is. within three generations. The faet is. when men and women eat more they breed less. You need to starve a nation if you want to make it increase and multiply. The birth-rate will always decrease when people get enough to eat. The true law of population is not that of Malthus, but oi 1 >oubleday, who, in a book entitled The True Law of Population," pub- lished in 1341, advanced the proposition that the fecundity Of the human animal and of all other living beings is in inverse proportion to the auantity of nutriment; that an underfed population multiplies rapidly, but that all classes in comfortable circumstances are, by a physiological law, so unproliftc as seldom to keep up their numbers without being recruited from the poorer class. The law may he briefly stated: In civilised countries the more severe the struggle for existence the higher the birth-rate among animals or plants, and the more they are protected in that. struggle t he less their fertility. This law, by perpetually eliminating those who have got to the top, makes room for those at the bottom to rise. It also ensures our posterity in the millennium against perishing for lack of food. Lord Kitchener and the Indian Government. Sir E. F. Law, replying to the article " Playing with Fire/' in a recent number of the National Review, complains of the conduct of Lord Curzon in rriticising the recent change in Lord Kitchener's position. He says: — The orders issued create an Army Department of the Government of India, to be in charge of the Commander- in-Chief in India as a Member of the Council of the Governor-General, and assign to that Department some of the departmental work hitherto administered in the Mili- tary Department. It is hoped by this article to show that the change in procedure (for that in fact is all that has taken place) affected by the orders, so far from having " profoundly " altered the constitution of the Government of India, has in no respect set aside any essential prin- ciple on which that Government has hitherto been con- ducted, has not in the slightest degree interfered with anv constitutional principle. Is it constitutional, is it prudent, that these differences should be paraded before the public, and that the Governor-General should publicly appeal to the sympathy and support of the Civil Service and the Army in India, in opposition to the great con- stitutional authorities at home? Review of Reviews, THE REVIEWS REVIEWED THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS. The American Beviexc of lie virus for January con- tains, besides the Editorial survey of the progress of the world at home and abroad, a number of articles of interest to readers outside America. Among these are Mr. Stead's description of the new Liberal Cabi- net and Miss Agnes Lant's graphic account of the sufferings of the unemployed in London. Dr. Baum- feld, the American correspondent of the Neue Freie Presse, describes the recent effort made by the Euro- pean Powers to coerce the Sultan. Dr. Baumfeld takes an optimist view of the operation, and says, "The Macedonians will now attain their rights." Will they? Nous verrons! Mr. Cyrus E. Adams tells the story of how a Norwegian singlestick sloop, the Gjoa, of forty-seven tons, under Captain Roald Amundsen and his seven men, made the North-West passage. The Gjoa was driven by a small petroleum engine. Mr. Yarros writes on the strikes and lock-outs in America in 1905, and predicts another anthracite strike in the near future. Mr. S. P. Gerrie speaks enthusiastically on Canadian Progress in 1905. The Reviews of tiie Magazines of the World are as full as usual, and the illustrations are not less numerous. THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. The December number of this Review is very North American. The articles on " The Difficulties and Dan- gers of Government Rate-making," " The Way of Free Rural Delivery," and " A Democrat in the Philip- pines," are only interesting to Americans. I notice elsewhere Mr. Vanderlip's excellent paper on '-Insur- ance for Working Men." A GER.MAN VIEW OP INDIA'S DANGER. Lieut. -Gen. von Alten, of the German Army, quotes Von Moltke a- saying twenty years ago, "The Rus- sians have not now much further to go to reach India ; the British must beware." He thinks that it is a vain delusion to expect any assistance from the Japanese in defending the frontier of Afghanistan. He concludes his paper as follows: — Neither diplomatic arts, money, threats, nor even the British armv on the Indus can avert the fate of the Buffer State. Afghanistan, which civilised Great Britain would deprive of the blessings of roads and railways. The ulti- mate victory is on the side of the spirit of progress, which, moving forth from the Russian steppes, is destined to bind Afghanistan, with girders of iron, irrevocably to the Em- pire of the Tsar. THE JEWS— PAST AND PRESENT. Dr. Isidore Singer, in the course of a very interest- ing " Bird's-eye View of the Condition of the Jews in the Past and Present," savs that in 1880 there were only 80,000 Jews in New York. There are now 750,000, or three times as many as all the Jews in Great Bri- tain. There are more Jews in the United States than in any other State except Russia and Austria. There are eleven million Jews in the world : five millions in Russia, two millions in Austria, one and a-half million in the United States. There are onlv 86,000 Jews in France, 586,000 in Germany, and 250,000 in Great Britain. Dr. Singer says that from the de-t ruction of the Temple till the Arab invasion, from 70 to 711, the Jews centred round Babylonia and were very happy. From 711 till 1348 they were free from persecution. But from the Black Death till the French Revolution they were everywhere persecuted, shut up in Ghettos and treated as outcasts. Since the French Revolution they have been regaining their rights as citizens. A STORY OF KING EDWARD. When our present King was travelling in India as Prince of Wales, says Mr. Theodore Morison, he estab- lished a great reputation for tact. In support of this Mr. Morison tells the following story: — It is related, for instance, that he was once entertained at a dinner by an Oriental potentate who was little fami- liar with the social customs of the West. While he was talking to his royal guest, a servant handed him a dish of potatoes, into which the chief, lapsing unconsciously into the simplicity of Eastern manners, dipped his hand and took out a potato with his fingers. H<_j was covered with confusion upon realising the indecorum of his behaviour; thereupon King Edward signed to the servant to hand the dish to him, and, dipping his hand into it, took out a potato and ate it with his fingers in the sight of the whole table. THE UNITED STATES AND THE OPEN DOOR. Senator Newlands (Dem.) discusses the future of American policy in the Philippines. He condemns the proposal to give the Philippines free access to the American market, because this would imply giving the Americans the right of free import into the Philip- pines, while all other nations would be taxed 20 per cent, as at present : — Such a proposition involves the closed door in the Philip- pines at a time when we are strenuously urginu the open door in China, Manchuria, and Korea. This is both wrong and impolitic; wrong, because consistency is required of nations as well as individuals, and impolitic because it will give Japan and China an excuse for securing favoured arrangements in tire Orient which will exclude our pro- ducts. If we get the monopoly of imports into the Philip- pines, it would not compensate for the losses which we would sustain in the rest of the Orient by the assertion of this policy. If we refuse equal opportunities for Japanese trade in the Philippines, how can we insist upon equal opportunities with Japan in Manchuria and Korea? OTHER ARTICLES. Mrs. Meynell writes on " The Euglish Women Humorists" — George Eliot, Jane Austen. Mrs. Trol- lope, and Elizabeth Inchbald. Mr. Henry James's article on ''New York and the Hudson," that appeared in the Fortnightly last month, was republished simul- taneously by the North American. Mr. Howell's second paper on " English Idiosyncrasies " is noticed elsewhere. THE C0RNHILL MAGAZINE. The Cornhill is keeping up very well. In the January number a new story by Stanley Weyman is begun, and '' The Reminiscences of a Diplomatist" are continued, dealing this time with St. Petersburg be- fore the War. Sir Algernon West, who agrees with Dr. Johnson in thinking Loudon the best place in summer and the only place in winter, writes on May- fair, hardly a square, street, or house in which has not some delightful association with the past. In his article lie pleasantly blends associations with actual personages and those of Thackeray's novels. Viscount St. Cyres has an amusing paper on ''Judges' Wut." Scottish judges bear off the palm for eccentricities, but English are first in the matter of wits. Sometimes the laity have scored off the judges and barristers, but rarely, very rarely. "Nearly all the good stories in the legal jest-books turn on the discomfiture of a witness, or the bamboozling of a jury, by some clever counsel." In this paper are many good stories. 194 I he Keview of Reviews. February 10, 1906. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND AFTER. Of the articles in the Ninet enth Century not separ- ately noticed, one of the most generally interesting is Mr. W. B. Robertson's paper on "Les Octrois," and the exceeding vexatiousness of the operation of these duties in Prance, especially in Paris, where, av is shown, they add enormously to the cost of food, and come very hardly indeed on the poorer classes. A law passed December 29th, 1897. gave municipal au- thorities the power to suppress octroi duties, advan- tage of which power was speedily taken by many towns, which, however, seem never to have abolished duties on alcohol. In other towns, again, all octroi was abolished except on alcohol and butcher's me Lyons, with 500,000 inhabitants, can proudly congratu- late itself on having been the first French city to abolish the octroi. It has a Municipal tax on alcohol, and various replacement duties, however, on auto- mobiles, buildings, land, clubs, etc., but not on food. Only now are the full benefits of the suppression he- ginning to be realised: — Food is both cheaper and better. Since the octroi was abolished, t lie inhabitant <>f Lyons drinks fifty-one more litres of wine per annum, ami eats twelve pounds of meal more than he did under the old order Bo it will he in time through the length ami breadth of Prance. The les- sons of experience have only to be made convincing, and the 1500 octrois of France will be i elevated to the -hades of t he has-beens. THE REAL SECRET OF JAPANESE VALOUR. Mis. Arthur Kennard. in an article on Lafcadio Beam, quotes from his chapter headed -The Religion of Loyalty." in which lie affirms that the splendid courage and unconquered heroism of the Japanese are not the outcome of any ancient code of honour, hut of the living, ever-powerful, ever-present influence of the supreme cult, Shintoism, or Ancestor Worship. Not Bushido, but Spiritualism. .Mrs. Kennard quotes the following passage from the reply of an old Japanese to a remark made by Mr. Beam that the dead in the Chinese-Japanese war would never return: — The old man answered with simple earnestness: "Per- haps by Western people it is thought that the dead never can return. But we cannot so think. There are no Japan- ese dead who do not return. There aie none who do not know the way. From China and from Chosen and out of the hitter sea all our dead have come back, all! They are with us now. In every dusk they gather to hear the bugles that call them home, and they will bear them also in that day when the armies of the Son of Heaven shall be summoned against Russia." CURIOUS CONSTITUTIONAL ANOMALIES. In his paper on "The Making of Parliament." Mr. Michael MacDonagh comments on various curious anomalies in the English Parliamentary and voting system. Members of Parliament, he sa\s. no longer represent constituencies, but political principles. A. nominally sits for Hodgeshire. but in reality he sits for the Tariff Reform League, the National Liberal Federa tion, or the Conservative Central Office. As illustrat- ing the absurdities in which the law sometimes lands us, Mr. Chamberlain in 1895 remarked that his son. Mr. Austen Chamberlain, who lived at the parental house, was therefore neither a householder nor a lodger, and had no vote. Yet he might become not only a member of Parliament, but a member of the Government. The late Chancellor of the Exchequer, therefore, was not on the burgess mils of the King- dom. NEW ZEALAND FOOTBALL. Mr. E. P. Osborn, writing on this subject, says that the New Zealand team have revolutionised the theory and practice of Rugby Cnion football. Even at its best the Welsh system is not s0 scientific as that of the New Zealanders. No British fifteen, except pos- sibly one or two public school teams, have yet mas- tered the New Zealand style, yet " we are gradually learning our lesson." as he proceeds to show. On the one occasion on which the New Zealanders were beaten (at Cardiff) they wen palpably stale and listless. However, he says that " it is the height of folly to prate about the degeneracy of physique of Rugby Union of the four nations at home." In this there is nothing to choose, according to Mr. Osborn, between the home and the Colonial teams, and the individual home players are as good as the best Colonials. He re- marks, however, that the strongest fifteen of the New Zealanders were beaten by a provincial team in New Zealand just before leaving — he shoul 1 have said were beaten by two Colonial teams, in Wellington and in Ohristchurch — so that they do not really represent the full strength of the colony. Lady Burghelere's article on '"Strafford as a Letter- Writer presents the redoubtable politician in a light curiously unlike that in which we are accustomed to view him. In his letters his human side is uppermost, like that of Bismarck's. THE WESTMINSTER REVIEW. Tiie Westminster Review's most interesting articles this montb are the literary and non-topical. '' Rus- ticus Expectans " discusses Mr. Winston Churchill and Democracy. Inability to say "No" when ambition asked the quest ion may account tor his premature ap- pearance in the ranks of Whig-Liberal officialdom. A purgatorial period, the writer thinks, lies still before him. Mr. W. I). Macgregor makes various suggestions as to the next Budget, especially as to the iniquities of the income tax. the abolition of ce'tain food taxes so as to secure a tree breakfast-table." and the im- position of a in or 11 per cent, duty on property to make up the amounts lost. The article on "The. Ethics of Patriotism" is marked by that persistent misunderstanding of Colonial sentiment too often seen in Liberal writings. The most generally interesting papers are Mr. Henry Scarth's en " Mental Training." advocating, among other things, the use of expert phrenologists in State school- in report on children's individual capacities: Dr. Hollander's on "What is the Use of a Brain?" and Mr. George IVobridges on " Coventry Patmore and Swedenborg," in which he shows plainly by many beautiful quotations from both writers how much the poet was indebted to the mystic for the ideas in "The Angel in the Souse." Dr. Hollander supports his theory that the primary mental powers have separate centres in the brain, a ]K>int of the highest importance in the treatment of early stages of mental derange- ment. But. he says, there is so much diversity of opinion as to the elementary functions of the brain, that it is no wonder so little advance is made in treating the insane and feeble-minded. Royal Com- missions to inquire into the case of the increase of lunacy are of little use when those in authority are not agreed on the fundamental question. "What is the use of a brain ?" Blackwood's Magazine, besides the papers separately noticed, contains chiefly pleasant and chatty articles, as agreeable to read as thev are impossible to quote. They deal with 'Old Galway Life,'' an Old Canton- ment, shooting, fishing, and the like; but there is also some good verse. Mr. Charles Whibley continues his articles on "William Pitt." and there is a curious article by Joseph Conrad on ships, and to some extent on they that go down to the sea in them. Only one feeling the fascination of ships will feel the fascina- tion of the writing Review of Revidct 20,2/05. The Reviews Reviewed. 195 THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW. Tlie Fortnightly Review opens the new year well with dissertations by Count Tolstoy and M. Maeterlinck on themes which go down to the roots of human con- duct. They are noticed elsewhere, as also are a re- markable paper on " The Germanisation of Brazil " and two political essays by volunteer advisers of the coming majority. There are several literary articles which do not call for any special notice except to remark that Mr. Sidney Lee says that Pepys went to the play 351 times in nine years, and did not distinguish himself as a Shakespearean critic. A new serial, '"The Whirlwind.'' is begun by Mr. Eden Phillpotts, and Mr. Aflalo re- views "The Sportsman's Library for 1905.'' There is also an interesting paper by Mr. Laurie Magnus on •' The History and Character of the Jews." and a pleasant, gossipy chat by Mrs. Lane on "The London 'Bus." THE NAVIES OP GERMANY AND BRITAIN. According to " Excubitor." the Germans have ut- terly failed in their attempt to rival Great Britain as a sea power. All their ships are too small and carry too light guns to hold their own against the British Navy. He says : — - Step by step in the past five years the Admiralty has met the challenge of Germany on the seas, and step by step Germany has been defeated, although the expenditure on the German fleet has already risen from less than five millions to nearlv twelve millions sterling, and will con- tinue to increase year by year until it exceeds sixteen and a-half millions in 1917. The new Act writes the word "failure" over almost every clause of the Act of 1900. In short, the new Navy Bill confesses the failure of the small battleship, the comparative uselessness of the small ar- moured cruiser, and the wasteful expenditure on little pro- tected cruisers and flimsy torpedo craft. The German Navy is no stronger to-day in comparison with the British fleet than it was in 1897, the year of the Diamond Jubilee Review. Then why on earth do our idiots make such a hub- bub about "the German menace"? THE FRENCH ELECTIONS. Mr. R. Dell, writing on the approaching General Election in France — part of the Senate is renewed this month, and the Chamber will be re-elected next May —says : — The only change that seems to be at all possible is an increase in the strength of the "Progressists." led h\ U Meline. The chief hope of the Centre is that the " unifica- tion " of the Socialist party, and the consequent retirement 01. M. Jaurea and his followers from the organisation of tho Bloc, may force the rest of the Left to combine with the centre after the elections, in order to secure a working majority. This would mean a coalition Ministry, probably including M. Ribot a.nd M. Meline. with a much moderated M. Rouvier as Premier. Among all the trends of political opinion there are two characteristics of modern Frame that, stand out clearly. She is overwhelmingly Republican and overwhelmingly anti-clerical; but anti-clerical does not mean anti-relie-ious. A PROPHESIER OF SMOOTH THINGS. Mr. Iwan Miiller, writing on Unionism, its past and its future, complacently winds up his survey by de- claring : — ■ It, will be an easy and pleasant task for Fiscal Reformers of all hues to co-operate in an assault upon the citadel of Cobdenism. And on all other issues there is complete unanimity in the ranks of the Opposition. Mr. Balfour'* leadership is accepted with enthusiasm, and under a fight- ing chief, unless all the teachings of Parliamentary hi«- tory are wrong, a homogeneous Opposition will make com- paratively short work of an Administration itself but loosely knit together, supported by a majority more divided even than the Administration. It would be interesting to hear what Mr. Chamber- lain thinks of this optimistic assumption that Mr. Balfour's leadership is universally accepted with en- thusiasm. THE WORLDS WORK. The World's Work is very readable this month, but its articles are not of special importance. It opens with a number of excellent portraits of members of the new Ministry. An editorial, fully illustrated, deals- with "Lessons of the1 Motor Show at Olympia " ; two travel papers deal with " the coming country " — South America, the second being a review of Mr. Percy Mar- tin's •Through Five Republics"; there is a strongly Free Trade article, a oropos of the first report of the Tariff Commission, by Mr. George Sankey, a Midland manufacturer, and papers on the newly-opened Belgian Ship Canal, 6J miles loug, which brings us some six hours nearer Bruges, from which it runs to Zeebrugge. better known to English people as Heyst. An in- teresting paper also deals with Messrs. Colman, of mustard fame, who are, it seems, what one of Mr. Shaw's characters became, " moddle hemployers," ex- cept that, while the fictitious employer employs no women, they employ a great many, and seem to pro- vide excellently for their comfort. Mr. J. C. H. Beaumont, writing on "How Dangers are Met at Sea," says the value of the Marconi sys- tem of wireless telegraphy in regard to the safety of -hips and lives at sea cannot be over-estimated. In a recent voyage from London to New York, the s.s. Minneapolis was in constant communication with one or other of no less than fourteen different ships, all fitted with the Marconi apparatus. An alarming article by Mr. John C. Evans deals with food adulteration and some simple methods by which we may know the pure from the adulterated article. .Mustard, apparently, is now very largely adulterated ; and recently a young girl admitted to a Loudon hospital gave as her occupation " making wooden seeds for raspberry jam." Sugar is one of the most difficult articles to adulterate, but the consump- tion of coffee has actually diminished largely owing to the use of chicory. The modern mania for cheap- ness, says the writer, is at the bottom of all this. Several other articles are dealt with separately. THE UNITED SERVICE. The north-west frontier of India exercises the minds of two writers in the United Service Magazine. Major J. F. Cadell thinks that we need not regard Russia as the one possible aggressor, but says "the power be- yond our frontier may change hands. Bulgaria may own the country from the Danube to the Helmund before a hundred years have passed." From which we may infer that when Russophobia has proved ground- less, our military alarmists will never be without some other panic cry. Major Cadell concludes by saying that "the defence of a mountain range is B very diffi- cult affair, and history shows that the defence is always beaten." Angus Hamilton discusses the army of Afghanistan, which lie thinks has fallen away in efficiency as well as in numbers Binoe the death of Abdur Rahman. The population is. he says, much more peaceful than a generation ago. Prosperity and peace have numbed their warlike instincts. "Sea Power" endeavours to show from history that volun- teers generally possess 1 'e ardour and intelligence than the regulars, but, lacking discipline and training, they are only armed citizens, not soldiers. Captain Meinertzhagen urges thai our so-called striking force should be the whole regular army, and should be cap- able of moving to any part of the Empire without delay. Our reserve armies should be furnished by the auxiliary tones. There is much else that is very 1 eadable. 196 The Review of Reviews. February SO, 1906. THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW. Nearly every article of importance in the Contem- porary has been separately dealt with. Sir Courteiiay llbert reviews a recent German book on t lie History of English Parliamentary Procedure, which, he says, fills a conspicuous gap in English constitutional literature. A learned young Austrian has done a piece of work winch some competent Englishman ought to have un- dertaken long ago; and the work has been evidently admirably done, with characteristic German thorough- ness. Moreover, the treatment of the subject is fresh, impartial and vivid, at once removing the book from the " dryasdust " category. In Mr. C. F. (;. Masterman's article on the " Unem- ployed" there is not much that is new. The incoming Government, he says, must either (1) deal directly with them by new distress committees, especially in con- nection with Land Colonies; (2) deal indirectly with them by small holdings, encouragement of co-operation, etc., or by the development of English sylviculture, or establishing schemes of reclamation; or <;ii deal directly with the problem of poverty by lifting taxes from necessaries, child labour Legislation, greater economy in Government expenditure, concern for phy- sical efficiency of poor children, and similar methods. Dr. Emil Reich's third article on "The Bankruptcy nl' Higher Criticism," says that, considering the im- portance of Biblical criticism, would it not be bettei to try to settle the problem of it and of the Penta- teuch by excavations in Palestine, the cost of which, he suggests, could easily be met by voluntary subscrip- t ion. It may easily be imagined what would be the effect, of the discovery of a copy of Genesis or Exodus in cuneiform. He does not say that such a copy will unfailingly be found, but only suggests thai il is very likely to be found somewhere in Palestine. Several rich British amateurs are spending large sums on pub- lishing Oriental manuscripts, none of which can com- pare in importance with the Pentateuch. The Rev. F. Stuhbs lately contributed to the Ot,uj<, Daily Times a series of three articles on "The Seamy Side of Civilisation," in which he dwelt upon some of the disabilities which have accompanied our onward march in other things. Some of the most st liking indications of loss, he considers, are physical degenera- tion, with the absence of robust health, muscular strength, and size of body known in the primitive races, and he quotes the Maori in New Zealand as an illustration of the way in which " civilisation " has caused physical degeneration. Social relations, too, he considers, are not satisfactory, as evidenced in the effort made to cram children with knowledge at early ages, and the still too prevalent sweating of children in factory life. Moreover. Mr. Stubbs con- siders that the effect of civilisation on morals, as evidenced in the relation of the sexes, in the huge expenditures over the liquor traffic, and the records of crime, are not a compliment to '' civilisation." He says, however, "I do not make the above comparisons as an argument for a return of savagery. That is neither possible nor desirable, but what is possible and desirable is that these ugly features of modern civilisation should be eliminated. In order to bring this about, he suggests that the nation should, as far as possible, remove alcoholic liquors and drugs, prevent sexual excesses by a simpler life, secure more up-to-date legislative assistance, and readjustment of our criminal methods, and the prevention of the hopeless degenerate from propagating their kind. The article shows a deal of care and thought fulness in preparation, and no one can disagree with the con- clusions. THE PALL MALL MAGAZINE. The most interesting article in the January Pall Mull Magazint is Sir Harry H. Johnston's account of his travels in the Tunisian Sahara, not far from the borders of Tripoli. Tins African region, he says, is so attractive that he wonders that more tourists able to ride long distances on horseback do not visit it. OAVE-DWELLINGS IN THE TUNISIAN SAHARA. A good deal of this plateau region is of limestone formation, and. as the limestone is like soft white marble, it lends itself readily to carving. Water has created many natural caves, but more interesting than these sei'iii to be the artificial caves tunnelled out of the cliffs. Sir Harry Johnston writes: — Either we would see a black doorway in t lie face of a precipitous white cliff, and entering this doorway pass from chamber to chamber hollowed out in t he limestone; or if we were to lodge in one of the horizontal caverns, we would he riding over a. level surface and suddenly behold the path Sloping to a tunnel a tunnel hi ltIi enough for camels. Biding down this incline, dark and mysterious, we would emerge into ;i central hall open to the sky— simply a square excavation into the bowelE "I the earth. From this centre hall would branch oil' apartments scooped out of the rock . aid receiving their air ami a little light from the open excavation- Ill manj of these caverns— vertical and horizontal— not only bad the apartment been excavated from the soft lime- stone, hut. the architects had actually had the foresight in their Bcooping to carve the more useful articles of furniture as well. Thus they had left and shaped blocks of lime- stone which represented a dais and a stone couch, stone - round the trails, niche- and shelves, tables and stools. I have seldom seen anything oi its kind more ingenious; you carved out room and furniture at once, with the sole inconvenience that the furniture was a. fixture, on the .'round were spread mats, skins, and carpets, while other carpets and mattresses made the stone benches sufficiently comfortable for a tired traveller to repose on. Mr. William Hyde contribute- an article on Liver- pool, which he describes as the second city of the Empire, and Mr. Charles Motley describes the service in the Chapel of the Poor Brothers of Charterhouse in his series, " London at Prayer." C. B. FRY'S MAGAZINE. C B. Fry's New Year number is chiefly distin- guished by the Editor's setting out to convert us into a nation of marksmen, and so to obviate conscription and defencelessness. For the rest, golf, football, hockey, and skating are the dominant interests of the number. Mr. Fry describes the goal-keeper's art, with a number of action photographs. Mr. Syers describes national traits in skating; Captain Pearson tells how to use a rifle ; both with copious photographic illustra- tions. Mr. Fry suggests an excellent New Year re- solution— a vow never to laugh in the wrong place, and never to refrain from laughing in the right place, and prays. ■• Lord, fill US with laughter, the sort of laughter that rings true under the open skies." His next suggestion is to the housewife, that improved cookery would very much help health, humour, and hope. Other suggestions are to make every bit of garden or other ground the richer, and to practise courtesy towards the lower animals. Even in January Mr. Pry makes one in love with the outdoor life. A New Magazine. I have to welcome to the list of the periodicals of the world The Cosmopolitan, a monthly miscellany, the first number of which appeared in September at Shanghai. It. has on its cover the flags of all nations, except the Union Jack, and is printed in English and is sold at a dollar the number. It is copiously illus- trated, is original in its conception, and admirable in its execution, and we cordially welcome the newcomer to the fraternity of the magazines and reviews of the world. Review of Reviews, 2012/96. The Reviews Reviewed. 91 THE NATIONAL REVIEW. The principal articles in the National Review hav- ing been noticed elsewhere, there remain an amusing article on " The Humours of Parish Visiting," by a country clergyman in the North of England apparently, who advises young clergymen to note down the good things which occur in their everyday life, and thus preserve them; a collection of "thoughts" by the Queen of Roumania, with some of which it is hard to agree, though others are good aphorisms; and Mr. A. Maurice Low's discussion of American affairs, in which he bears out a writer in Blackwood's as to the thor- ough arousing of the American people ta the dangers of bossism. Books and articles of all sorts exposing fraud in high places have been eagerly devoured, in- stead of, as at one time, contemned and spat upon. If, he says, the American people have at last really come to see the dangers of their political system, and to make bossism in the future impossible, we are about to have a new Declaration of Independence, and the 1908 Presidential election will mean more than any preceding one. Without saying that Presi- dent Roosevelt is losing his popularity, Mr. Low thinks that his popularity rests on an insecure foundation, and that men will now probably be asking themselves whether it is entirely justified. In his article on " The Uses of History." originally delivered before the Students' Historical Society of Edinburgh, Mr. J. St. Loe Strachey cautions us against allowing ourselves to be " history-ridden," leaning on historical precedents so much as never to dare to make a forward move lest someone should be able to prove that some State had tried the same thing in the past and failed. One great use of history is to prevent us falling victims to pessimism. " Could anything be more pessimistic than the picture of England which Wordsworth drew . . . three years before Trafalgar?" sonation of Mammon seated upon huge money-bags and adored by crowds of prostrate worshippers, is much more effective. The Anna, evidently bent on rousing the American conscience to the enormities practised by monopolies, drives home its Collectivist policy. THE ARENA. The December number is above the average. Mr. Frank Vrooman's story of the U.S. Agricultural De- partment has been retold elsewhere. The President of Ruskin University. Mr. George McA. Miller, contri- butes a suggestive study of the Economics of Moses, and shows how the Jewish law dealt with the peren- nial problem of land and tools. The worker was to be expropriated from neither tools nor land. Theodore Shroeder states his evolution of marriage ideals. He glories in the freedom of Greece. According to his account, the nameless vice in which Plato indulged made him a misogynist, and his misogyny was baptised with religious authority by the Christian religion, which became the frenzy of monasticisni. and led to the complete subjection of woman as a chattel slave. Through the influence of Plato's sexual inversion, de- stroyed motherhood as a right and made it a duty. The practical outcome of this somewhat imaginative rendering of history is a plea for the economic inde- pendence of woman, and a legalised, easy-dissoluble monogamy. F. M. Nba tells the story of General San Martin, the Washington of South America. Mr. Flower illustrates the achievements of De Mar, a cartoonist of contemporaneous history, samples of whose genius are given. The battle with monopoly is carried on vigorously in papers on the reign of Graft in Milwaukee and on the economic struggle in Colo- rado, as well as in fiction. A ediastlv picture of the modern crucifixion represents Uncle Sam stretched upon a cross of "corporations and trusts." with the Stars and Stripes as loincloth, the Constitution of the United States impaled as superscription, etc. The effect will repel rather than attract religious feeling. The sum-worshippers, representing a. porcine iniper- THE INDEPENDENT REVIEW. Tin* Independent "Review for January is chiefly not- able for Sir Thomas Barclay's warning to our anti- Germans that, if they wish to be friends with France, they must be friends with Germany ; and for the two papers on State preparation for motherhood, all notic- ed separately. CHESTERTON ON SHAW. Mr. G. K. Chesterton's note on Mr. Bernard Shaw concludes with the following interesting comparison with Tolstoy. He says: — Perhaps the best way of noting1 the fundamental fallacy in Mr. Shaw's intellectual Puritanism may be found if we compare him with Tolstoy. The difference, of course, is obvious. Tolstoy says that certain things should not exist; Shaw merely that they should not be idealised. A story like " Peace and War " says in effect : " Have no ar- mies." A play like "Arms and the Man" says in effect: " Have armies, but do not admire them." A story like The Kreutzer Sonata," sa.vs in effect: " Have no sexual love." A play like " The Philanderer " says in effe'-' " Have love, but not romantic love. Have love, but do nox, love it." Tolstoy takes war and love, and openly demands that they should be destroyed. Shaw is more modest, and is quite content if they are desecrated. But the profound practical weak- ness which runs through the whole of his practical philo- sophy is simply this: that if these things are to be real at all, they must be romantic. An unromantic lover would simply cease to be a lover; a perfectly reasonable soldier would simply run away. If we are really going to abolish the poetry of these things witli Mr. Shaw, we should be infinitely more practical if we went the full length of Tolstoy, and abolished the things themselves. But all tin-; is only a part of that weird austerity and perfection of Mr. Shaw's mind, of which I spoke at the beginning. In his diet, he is too healthy for this world. In his politics, he is too practical for this world. A CRITICISM OF SWINBURNE. C. C. Michaelides writes on Mr. Swinburne and the sea. His general criticism runs as follows : — In England Mr. Swinburne lias conspicuously accustomed us to a swirl of words, whose distinctness is eclipsed by impetuous metre, and whose primitive sense is often drown- ed in the sonority of their various and splendid melody. The predominance of his feeling for rhythm of form, and, correlatively. for flux and reflux as images of life, has made his command of passing sensations more conspicuous than the fixity of his thought. And, at times, both sen- sation and thought are marred by blind passion, till meaning and truth are lost in strained violence. He has little power of dealing with the complexities of life, except as nature reflects his own moods: the facts resist his in- tensely personal tendency to curb them to his emphatic sense of rhythm, till his verse is, so to speak, driven at a tangent to the stubborn rook of actuality, and spends itself in a dithyramb of empty images. oTHKl! ARTICLES. E. D. Morel, writing on the Congo problem, traces tho responsibility for all the horrors to the King of the Belgians. He insists that the European Powers must intervene to relieve him of functions which he has so hideously abused. He presses on England to take the initiative. Mr. II. N. Brailsford argues that the apparent coercion of the Sultan is really a vic- tory of Turkish inaction. Europeans, he insists, must wield executive authority over the gendarmerie, and control the administration. The first miner, dealing with the Government and its opportunities, gives a fairly strong progressive programme, and insists. "Capitalist demagogy can only be defeated by a Genuine democracy that is led by clear thinkers. 'Let Brain democratic he King of the Roost.' We are com- ing out of the age of unconscious evolution into the age of conscious race-building." iq8 The Review ot Reviews. February 10, 190U. One ing over PASTORALISTS' REVIEW. of the first things that strikes one on turn- the pages of the Pastorali&ts? It view for January is a scries of very fine illustrations showing the anatomy of the Tick. It is the result of a paper read at the British Association meetings at Cape Town by three distinguished gentlemen. AW. P. con- tributes a well-illustrated article on "Christmas Week on an E. and A. Liner." There are also a liumbei of illustrations showing various phases of faun life in Canada, which outwardly does not seem to differ very greatly from that of Australia. A cumber of good illustrations of stock shown at the Agricultural Show at Buenos Ay res ale given, and the usual local reviews of the pastoral situation all over Australasia. Mr. S. B. Boilings writes <>n 'Wool Substitutes," and answers the question, "How have manufacturers succeeded in producing such saleable fabrics at such reasonable prices when raw wool has continued steadily to advancer'" by stating that cotton is very largely mixed with wool. He says if we come to look at the dress trade, cotton warps are being more used than ever they were, that 50 per cent, ol the ladies' dress goods being woven to-day on Bradford loom- have cot- ton warps as the foundation of the fabric. Hi- de- scription of how rags and shoddy are used in making up materials give one a momentary shudder. Even old stockings are pressed into the service. Lnd 1. it is stated that "in the manufacture of second-hand wool (think "f the term employed) suited for the making of some of the cloth- now in favour of the public, both at home and abroad, black stockings are almost a necessity." They can be readily sold at 18s. a cwt. Rags which once were white blankets sell to 43s. a cwi. Mr. A. T. Evans in the same makes a plea for a stronger constitution in Bheep, horses and cattle owing to the extreme distances and climatic changes in Australia. i- up Ue THE MONTHLY REVIEW. The principal articles in the Monthly Review are separately noticed. Sven Hedin describes a voj across the stormy Black Sea in October last ; Lord Coleridge's Life is reviewed, and there is a paper on relics and the frauds connected therewith. THE CHIEF IMPORTANCE OF THE ROYAL TOUR IN INDIA. Mr. F. Loraine Petre, writing on '•Indian Feudatoiv States," the numberless territories not directly under British rule, but to which the British Government is a powerful ally, guaranteeing their autonomy, and never, interfering in their internal concerns, remarks that about 1000 miles of the first 1500 of the Prince of Wales's tour in India are spent among these States. In all they number 689, averaging about 1000 square miles, and about 100,000 people each, but they vary immensely in size and strength, some being microscopic principalities, hardly distinguishable from private es- tates. The visit of the present King in 1875 first im- pressed on these principalities the existence of some- one in London occupying towards them a position similar to that once held by the Delhi Emperors. This year the idea of that personality is being again im- pressed on them: — It is this side of the Prince's tour which nerhaps srives it its greatest significance. On this appreciation of the per- sonality of an Emneror is based the proposal, put forward at intervals in India, and again benis- ventilated there at the present juncture, that a member of the Imuerial family should permanently represent its head in India itself. THE EXTENDED 1IONROE DOCTRINE. "Investor," writing on "Latin America and the United States," remarks on President Roosevelt's great extension of the original Monroe doctrine. At first it was a " Thou shalt not," addressed to all whom it may concern ; it is now modified to assert that the United States must be the sole arbiter between the Latin American Republics, from Mexico to Central America, and Peru to Uruguay, and any outside Euro- pean Power; they alone must judge when interven- tion is desirable, and they alone must intervene. Certain of these Republics, Argentina, Brazil, Chili and Mexico, the most firmly established, would pro- bably resent as unjustifiable interference anything like United States "protection." The writer then sum- marises the position and financial prospects of the various Latin American States in order to show that if the United States really mean to act up to the principles enunciated recently by President Roosevelt, their path must be beset with difficulties; and if the present improvement in the general condition of the Latin American States be not permanent — quite a likely event- their position will become yet more diffi- cult. He then sums up the results of American deal- ings with Santo Domingo. Colombia. Venezuela, etc., and proves his case, which is that, so far, United States " protection," or whatever else the new version of the Monroe doctrine may mean, has been preju- dicial rather than favourable to European bondholders and European interests generally. What has been done lias exclusively benefited American citizens; ami he plainly says that bondholders in any Latin Ameri- can State need not look to Uncle Sam for any im- provement in the value of their securities. Moreover, many of i hem oppose the new Monroe doctrine. SCRIKNERS MAGAZINE. Sciilmer's Magazine begins the new year well. The illustrations are quite up to its usual high standard, excellent ones accompanying the very interesting ac- count of the Wapiti elk of North America, by Ernest Thompson Seton. The Wapiti was not thoroughly described and catalogued till the beginning of last century. At the same time, the noble animal began greatly to diminish, and continued to do so alarmingly till 1895, when, largely owing to the efforts of the League of American Sportsmen, protective legislation was passed in its favour, and now Mr. Thompson Seton flunks there are probably rather more Wapiti than in 1900. It is still plentiful in some parts of Manitoba and in Wyoming, and bands of 3000 and 4000 are still seen near Yellowstone Park when the first heavy snow drives them south in winter-time. The Wapiti is the largest of the true deer, and the largest of all deer except the Moose. A curious fact about it is that it sheds its entire antlers every year, their growth being " one of the miracles of Nature." A paper interesting to all lovers of natural history. The fiction is by Kate Douglas Wiggin, Frances Hodgson Burnett, and other well-known writers. "The Letters and Diaries of George Bancroft " are con- tinued, this instalment dealing with his time as Minister to Germany. The Harbinr/cr nf Light for February is quite up to the mark. The Editor contributes a character sketch of Dr. Richard Hodgson. Some exceedingly interest- ing incidents of the occult are given concerning an Italian lad who, if the account be correct, seems to have solved the problem of the suppression of space. "The Impotence of Death" is the title of an article by Ella WTieeler Wilcox. Dr. Soinnev. of America, writes on "The Truth About Henry Slade." Dr. Kosminsky continues his notes and comments on " The Phenomenon of Dreams," and the remainder of the issue is taken up with pertinent and interesting matter. Reinew of Reviews, 30/2/06. The Reviews Reviewed. i99 THE DUTCH REVIEWS. In De Gids Dr. Volgraff has a long and exhaustive study of the origin of European civilisation. Did Europe become civilised of itself, or did civilisation come from the East or the South ? Did the old-time inhabitants gradually grow refined, or did this refine- ment come in consequence of immigration ? The latter view is most generally held. There is, however, very little doubt in the minds of the believers in both theories that France was the centre of the budding civilisation ; as far back as 5000 B.C. there existed some kind of culture in that part of Europe. Italy and Greece show traces of a civilisation of the same period, but in a minor degree. It is probable that many of the immigrants into Europe came from the East through the South, that is, from Northern Africa, but some came direct. The teaching of industrial art is a subject that finds able treatment in the same review. A recent regulation concerning the instruction to be given to young architects and students has given rise to much discussion ; there is an idea afloat that it is not useful for the architects of the future to study old styles, so the writer, in common with many other people, stands up for this instruction and declares that there is much to be learnt, both industrially and morally, from a study of the allegorical and Scriptural kinds of decorative architecture and from all the well-known styles. The essay on " Scientific Metaphysics," which I mentioned last month, is con- tinued, and there is what appears to be the inevitable military article, with several general articles, poems, and a story to make up a good issue. Onze Ecuw has an article on the military situation in Holland, like Be Gids and Vragen dcs tijds- The Dutch are concerned about their ability to preserve their independence and to take care of their Colonial possessions, so the army and navy come in for a goodly share of public attention. In order to increase the efficiency of the people of Holland to protect their country, a suggestion is being made that the term of service in the army should be shorter, so that more people than at present should have a military training. It is believed that there will be little difficulty in con- stantly maintaining the strength of the army at its actual level, and yet have a greater proportion of the inhabitants capable of bearing arms in case of need. This seems to be the thin end of the wedge of univer- sal military service, and the notion is not relished. There is another contribution on " Old and New from Hellas,'' with a good description of notable places, and a learned treatise by Professor Ohantepie de la Saussaye on "The Absolute "—the absolute knowledge which we all wish to obtain of things con- cerning which we are likely to remain, to speak can- didly, in uncertainty. In addition to its naval and military articles, Vra- gen des Tijds lias an essay on the problem of success- fully coping with beggars and vagabonds. It is really a summary of a lecture delivered by the writer, Mr. M. C. Niiland. It deals with past and present methods of attacking this vexed question and with sug- gestions about its future treatment. There are com- pulsory work colonies or institutions in three parts of Holland, but they are not satisfactory, mainly because the law does not treat the offenders with discrimina- tion. In some instances the law has no power to touch the mendicants and tramps, while in other instances it falls tyrannically upon those whom it should handle with consideration. As an example, the writer men- tions the. man. aged seventy-six. who could not work for a living and had to beg; this man was convie'ed about thirty times, and then sent to a compulsory work- colony for a fairly long term! He ought to have had a place found for him in a poor-house. Elserier is distinctly good; it contains four very readable articles, all fully illustrated, in addition to other contributions. One deals with the German comic journal Simplieissimus, the journal which one sees everywhere in the Fatherland ; a second de- scribes a journey along the Tigris and in Persia; while the remaining two are concerned with art subjects of different kinds. THE TREASURY. The Treasury for January opens with an interview with the Rev. Wilson Carlile on the Problem of the Unemployed, by Mr. Raymond Blathwayt. Mr. Carlile agrees with the Bishop of London that it is emigration of the right sort which will be one of the most effective solutions of the present distress. He says : — Successful emigration is emphatically a matter of the selection of the fit, and rigid rejection of the unfit. To give you an instance, of the magnitude of the task involved in this selection of the fit, hist year we had no fewer than 5880 men and youths pass through our Labour Homes, and yet out of that number we could only find 100 who came up to our standard of fitness, but then these satisfied us after a very severe test to their moral and physical fitness before we emigrated them. In an article on French prisoners in England, Mr. G. Clarke Nuttall describes some of the ingenious models made from bone by the prisoners of war to kill the time. One clever model representing a spinning jenny was carved out of bones, and when the handle was turned the wheels turned round and the figures worked. Ships wore favourite models, but the most wonderful effort is a model of the guillotine. THE NOUVELLE REVUE. In the first December number of the Nouvelle Ttevue F. A. de La Rochefoucauld discusses the causes of depopulation in France. THE DEPOPULATION QUESTION. The parliamentary commission of inquiry has come to the conclusion that the chief cause of the diminu- tion of French natality is Protection ; but this argu- ment has not much value unless it can be shown w\\\ other countries not less protectionist than Fiance — such as Germany, Italy. Austria, Hungary, Russia, etc* — see the number of their population constantly in- crease under the regimi of Protection as well as under that of commercial treaties, while the number of the French population remains stationary, no matter what the tariff max be. The diminution of the number of births in Fiance is less economic than social, says the writer; that is to say. poverty increases the number of births, and wealth reduces it. The writer would im- pose taxes on celibacy for both sexes, and other mea- sures restrictive and protective. All: \XTA. Mita Dimitrievitch gives, in the second December number, a picture of life in Albania. This country, says the writer, is less civilised than any other part of the Turkish Empire. Divided into numerous tribes and warlike clans, the Albanians have never founded such a national homogeneity as that which distin- guishes the neighbouring people of Servia, Bulgaria, or Greece. An account of the Albanian invasion ot Servia and .Macedonia is given. To-day. when the Porte is endeavouring to limit the fanaticism of the Albanians in order to maintain the little power which it is allowed to exercise over these people, Austria- Hungary, concludes the writer, is supporting the anarchy in Albania in order to break up the Slav world in Servia and Macedonia. 200 The Review of Reviews. February 10, 1906. LA REVUE. In the first December number of La Revue we have the concluding part of the symposium on "Morality Without God," edited by Paul Gsell. MORALITY WITHOUT GOD. The opinions of two sociologists are quoted. E. Durkheim, the author of "La Division du Travail Social."' is of opinion that morality is the result (if the Customs of society. We may discover by historical ana- lysis and by the aid of facts furnished by moral sta- tistics what are the causes which have created and which maintain the moral precepts which we practise. Eugene Fourniere, the director of the 7.'' one So- daliste, thinks morality ought to be founded on scien- tific experience, biological and sociological. A few days before his death Elisee Reclus wrote his contribution. He said it was not possible to found a popular morality entirely on reason. Reason alone will not teach us the art of conduct: to set in mot ion our morality we need all the forces of the living being. Amongst these forces may be mentioned love and enthusiasm. Ill l : TURKISH I'RKSS. P. Risal writes on the Press in Turkey. He Bays that present-day journalism in Turkey hears up re- semblance to the journalism of fifty years ago. The Turkish press ,,t the past was distinguished by the greatest, freedom of language: to-day the press is char- acterised bv all almost absolute absence of party or opinion. It is terrorised by the severest censorship, excluding every manifestation of originality or inde- pendence, so that it is now not any more flourishing or powerful than it was when it was created. The Turkish press is in no sense a power. It has no voice, no authority. It is a quantite negligeable. A HAPPY IDEA. Under the title of "A Happj Idea," Henry Coullet has a short article on the Free Restaurants for poor mothers in Paris. Maternal feelings ot infants, argues the writer, is better than any other, and the cheapest and most satisfactory way of providing the natural food for infants is to teed the mothers suitably, be- cause by this method both mother and child are pro- perly nourished. The idea of the tree restaurants originated with the writer and his wile, and the firs! restaurant was opened with a capital of ten francs. THE BEES AMI THE COLOUR OF FLOWERS. In the second December number Gaston Bonnier has an article on this subject. About twenty-five years ago he published the results of his observations — namely, that the development of colours in flowers and the development of nectar are not always found to- gether, that the flowers with the most colour are not those most attractive to insects, and that the insects go to the flowers in which nectar is most abundant, and easiest to get. It may be they perceive a perfume in the nectar by some special sense, for bees can always find sugar, which has no smell to us, in the darkest place. His theory that the insects have no- thing to do with the colour of flowers has been recently borne out by M. Plateau, a Belgian scientist. THE COMMITTEE OF INTERNATIONAL RECONCILIATION. Baron d'Estournelles de Constant contributes an article entitled "The Two Policies." He says every country will no doubt continue to increase its naval and military forces, and on every side the result must be discontent and the paralysis of labour and com- merce. And the more the external situation is strained, the more difficult does the internal situation become. The progress of militarism precipitates so- cialism, and revolution and anarchy supersede so- cialism. Already, however, several countries have been feel- ing the necessity of opposing to the contagion of militarism a new policy of peace. This is not the peace of poets and philosophers, nor it is disarmament. On all sides an irresistible need for intercourse be- tween nations i.s manifest, and it is to meet this need for intercommunication, exchange and mutual educa- tion that the Committee of International Conciliation has been founded. THE REVUE DES DEUX MONDES. There are several articles on the question of Peace in the French reviews for December. THE SECOND HAGUE CONFERENCE. An anonymous writer in the first December number of the Revue des Deux Mondes says that because the first Commission of Enquiry on the basis of the Hague Conference was such a brilliant success, it does not follow that international arbitration woidd solve all the difficulties arising between different governments. Hut though the idea of suppressing war and making it impossible is illusory, every sincere attempt to avoid pretexts for war or to lessen the serious effects of it is worthy of attention and recognition. The second Hague Conference, therefore, deserves the sympathies of all nat ions. WHEN SEPARATION IS VOTED. . . . Ferdinand Brunetiere has an article on the Separa- tion of Church and State, in which he endeavours to show what the French Catholics ought to do when the Separat ion has been voted. The law of Separation would be better defined as a law of spoliation or confiscation, he says, sine,, the only thing in question is, Which will hi- the most advantageous way for the State not to pay its debts and to take from the Church what wealth it still possesses. Yet the law is to be accepted as a law of liberty because it is not altogether a law of proscription, and as a system of sincere tolerance when it is only one more step towards " Decatholisation.'' -M. Brunetiere urges a meeting of the French bishops, and hopes they will abstain from recrimination of every kind in their discussions of the new law. Among other questions requiring immediate attention there is that of the nomination of bishops. At the present moment sixteen bishoprics are vacant, and M. Brunetiere hopes the nominations will be made under similar conditions to those which obtain in the United States. REFORM IN MOROCCO. In the second December number Rene Pinon writes on the Moroccan Conference, and asks. Who is to un- dertake the reforms in Morocco Y The only reasonable solution, he says, is that France be entrusted with the direction or the execution of them. The programme of reforms is international, but the carrying out of the reforms cannot be international. On Germany alone depends the success or the failure of the Conference; neither England, or Spain, or Italy, or Russia will oppose the just demands of the French, and if Ger- many will only permit France to superintend the re- forms, the success of the Conference w ill be assured. Dali/ity's Review for January lias a finely-illus- trated article under the title of " Naval Defence of Australia." descriptive of the H.M.S. "Powerful," the new Australian flagship. Mr. W. J. Allen writes on "Irrigation in Australia," and gives a deal of very useful information with regard to details in connec- tion with certain stated crops. Other articles are "Foreign Competition in Dairv Produce," "The Scotch. Shepherd," "The Home of the Mohair Trade," etc. Review of Reviews, The Reviews Reviewed. 20I THE ITALIAN REVIEWS. Antonio Fogazzaro's new novel, " II Santo,'' is the subject of much discussion in the Italian magazines for December. It is a religious novel, written from a Liberal Catholic point of view, and pleads for less ex- ternal pietv and a more evangelistic snirit within the Church. The ultra-orthodox Civilta Cattolica is, na- turally enough, very severe in condemnation of the book, scoffs at the author's theology, derides his no- tions of saintship, and asserts that it is not the Church that requires reforming, but society that rejects the teaching of the Church. The Rivista per le Signorine gives an enthusiastic resume of the story, and warmly recommends it to its readers. The Nitora Antologia has entrusted the volume to the distinguished poet and critic, Professor Arturo Graf, who, while admit- ting the almost insuperable difficulty of depicting a true saint in a work of fiction, confesses himself only partly satisfied with the result. Artistically, he places the novel very high, and declares it to be full of beau- tiful language and delicate thought ; and from a reli- gious standpoint he regards it as a noteworthy sign of the times, and as a book that cannot fail to exercise an ennobling influence on its readers. The Nuova Antologia contains a number of other excellent articles. The editor, Maggiorino Ferraris, devotes thirty pages to describing the method of coping with the housing problem of Germany, where the State advances capital to co-operative building so- cieties in order that they may build dwellings for em- ployes and working men wherever circumstances ren- der it necessary. Signor Ferraris believes that the problem might be solved in Rome and other Italian cities on similar lines. Professor C. Segre, who has been visiting England, writes critically of " The Mar- riage of William Asche " and with warm admiration of Mrs. Humphry Ward personally and her home-life at Stocks. The article is illustrated and contains. inter alia, an amusing criticism of the British Sabbath from an Italian point of view. T. Salvini writes on the secret of great acting, dwelling on the necessity of character as well as talent in the actor, and records how the knowledge of the evanescent nature of his art is the torment of every really great actor. A long article by the lady who signs herself " Sfinge " de- scribes the career of Anita Garibaldi, the heroic wife of the patriot, who eloped with him from her Brazilian home, bore him four children, and followed his wan- dering fortunes for ten years, dying at the commence- ment of the Italian struggle for independence. To II Secolo XX. Fanny Zampini Salazar, the well- known novelist, contributes a well-informed account, very fully illustrated, of the home-life of Queen Mar- gherita. A large part of the article is devoted to her works of charity, carried on in great measure in con- junction with Father Whitmee, the popular English Rector of San Silvestro in Rome. An interesting de- tail is that in order to be able personally to superin- tend the work of a beautifully organised creche she has founded near her palace she has had an underground connection made so that her going and coining may be unobserved. The Bassegna Nazionale is able to publish a poem by Fogazzaro, ''In the Cemetery at Padua," lines written in reality in memory of Jeaune, the heroine of " II Santo." In honour of Christmas there is an interest- ing historical article on Bethlehem, and an important contribution to the recherche de la paternite problem by Count della Torre di Lavagna. E. S. Kingswan, whose literary causerie remains one of the most attractive features of the Rassegna, gives much space to English topics treated in a sympathetic spirit, studies the con- dition of the Catholic Church in Ireland, the rehabili- tation of Mrs. Fitzherberc. and Mr. Stead's views on Russia. The Rivista d'ltalia publishes an excellent article by G. Vitali on Ruskin and his social and artistic ideals. THE CORRESPONDANT. There are several articles on Peace in the French reviews of December. THE PEACE DOCTRINE. General Kessler, who writes in the Correspondant of December 10th, deplores the effect of humanitarian and peace doctrines on the public spirit of France. The " pacifist," he says, is an effeminate person who loves his ease and can, only be moved when peace is threat- ened. He lacks virile energy. The hereditary tem- perament of the French race is naturally opposed to the sophisms and the lies of humanitarianism. THE WOMEN OF THE GERMAN RED CROSS. In an article on the Red Cross Movement in Ger- many, L. Fiedler notes the extraordinary prominent part played by women in German Red Cross work. The spirit of association is remarkably strong in the feminine element, and the number of women's societies is very large, especially in North Germany. Each so- ciety is well organised, and is under the authority of the 'Central Committee. Thus the women's societies constitute a vast association. The Women's Patriotic Society, for instance, has 252,401 members, and is managed by a mixed committee at Berlin. The Ger- man Empress nominates the president, the vice-presi- dent, the treasurer, and two members. GERMAN PARLIAMENTARISM. In the second December .number, E. Wetterle, a Deputy in the Reichstag, has a very interesting article on the* Parliamentary Institutions of the German Em- pire. He says the "German Empire is not a State, but a federation of independent States. Each State has its own constitution and laws, so that in Germany it is possible to study almost every variety of govern- ment, every electoral system, and every form of taxa- tion—the Republican constitution of Hamburg, the absolutism of the two Mecklenburgs. universal suffrage in the Grand Duchy of Baden, progressive taxation in Wurttemburg, etc. There is no Emperor of Germany, but a German Emperor. The federal character of Germany makes parliamentarism very difficult, and causes confusion in the finances of the Empire and those of the individual States. Yet this federation is Germany's strength. The writer explains which legislation is reserved for the Empire, he tells how the Reichstag is elected, gives particulars ,.i' the different parties and groups and their places in the Reichstag, tells how the new Laws are discussed and passed, describes the functions of the Bundesrath <>r Federal Council, etc. THE REVUE DE PARIS. There is nol much in the first December number of the ReviM t poems. One is a collection of the late Mr. John KarreH's productions, the title of one of them, " How He Died." giving the title to the hook. This volume will lie very acceptable to the admirers of the deceased poet. 'Idle other is a collection ol Australian poems, and is entitled "The Old Hush Songs," composed and sung in the bushrauging, dig- ging ami overlanding day-. It is edited by Mr. \ B Paterson. The preface says: "The object of the pre-eiit publication is to gather together all the old bush songs that are worth remembering." The former is published at ">s.. and the latter at 2-. 6d. Messrs. Angus and Robertson are to be congratulated on their patrio ie enterprise; and on the excellence of the pro- duction from a printer's point of view. Messrs. Melville and Mullen semi us •• Haunted by the Ghosts," h\ .1. Lothian Robson. DR. CLIFFORD'S WEEK-DAY AND SUNDAY. Mr. VV. Mudie Smith contributes to the Fret Cfturchman of Januan the following account of Dr. Clifford's day : — On week-day-, as a rule, the doctor rises at 7.30, though there are exceptions. For instance, if he has been late in retiring to rest he will remain in bed until alter break- fast, but for our s|>ecimeu day we will presume he has got to lied the previous night by 11 o'clock. After a bath and a few minutes at hi- exerciser comes breakfast, during which meal lie glances at his correspondence — alwa: - heavy Item— and looks at the newspapers. Breakfast over, lie retires to his study, where he remains until 12.20. answer- ing letters, preparing his sermons for the following Sunday, his speech for some public meeting the same evening, or some article for the Press. At 1220 he sallies forth for his " constitutional " in Kensington Gardens, armed with a volume or a review, in case be should feel inclined to read. His sermonettes for the children, which take the place of a second lesson in the service at Westbourne Park Church, are generally indebted to these walks, many an inimitable parable being suggested bv the birds or the flowers, the buds or the trees. Dinner at 1 o'clock is fol- lowed by a nap, and on waking, the doctor, provided he lias no public meeting away from London in the evening, out to visit the sick members of his Church: the healthy he expects to visit him. The evening invariably brings with it at least one meeting; probably two or three. If these are no srreat distance away Dr. Clifford will be back home at about 11 p.m., and after the lightest • >f suppers and the openinsr of the letters which have arrived since his departure, he " turns in." On Sundays Dr. Clifford is in his study soon after 8, and remains there until 10.45. when be goes to bis vestry After the morn ins service comes dinner at 1 o'clock, then a sleep, and following the sleep a visit to one of the rive Sunday schools in connection with "Westbourne Park Church, with a " look-in " at the P.8.A. on the way home. Tea fiver, he returns again to his study, and at 5.45 leaves for the evening service. At the close he remains in his vestry as long as is necessary in order to see any who wi-h to talk to him on matters pertaining to the spiritual life At about 9.15 the Doctor goes downstairs to the Sunday Evening "Social.'- which begins immediately the evening service is concluded. Once a month lie submits to be publicly catechised. On the remaining Sunday even- ing be fraternises with his young people, and at ten minutes to ten he conducts family praters, and thus brings the social gathering and bis Sunday's labours to an end. The secret of the amount of work ne accomplishes is nis wise use of the odd moments. He attaches as much im- portance to the right use of these as to the work of the definitely filled hours. Mr Goldwin Smith on Mr. Chamberlain. Writing in the Positivist Review for January- Mr. Goldwin Smith makes the following plain-spoken accusation against Mr. Chamberlain. Mr. Smith sj\ s : — - He contended that the Transvaal was under British suzerainty, knowing well that the word suzerainty had been marked by the Colonial Secretary for deletion; that Minister after Minister, some of tliem in answer to ques- tions, had recognised the independence of the Transvaal; that be had himself sent the Jameson Raiders to trial under the Foreign Enlistment Act for fitting out an emedi- tion against a foreign Power; and that the Lord Chief Justice had on that occasion defined the Transvaal as " a foreign State with which her Majesty was in friendly treaty relations." Could falsehood be more foul? Can any act be more criminal or meaner than that of the politician who for his own advancement lures a nation into an unjust war? Review of Reviews, S0!$'06. THE BOOK OF THE MONTH. WINSTON CHURCHILL'S LIFE OF HIS FATHER. Mr. Winston Churchill, M.P. The Biographer of his Father, and Under Secretary for the Colonies. The story goes that when the battle was raging on Spion Kop the General and his staff lunched down below. Among the party was Mr. Win- ston Churchill, then war correspondent of the Morning Post. After lunch, to which the war correspon- dent had contributed liberally from his pri- vate store, one of the officers bantered the young man upon his assurance and suc- cess. " No doubt you have got on. surprisingly well, but you owe it all to the fact that you are Randy's son.'' "Sir," replied Winston, with characteristically superb audacity, "the time is coming when Lord Randolph Churchill will be chiefl\ remembered as the fathei of one Winston Churchill." The story may be true or it may only be well invented : but the prophecy has come true. The publication of this book — the reception of this book, proves it. Why did Messrs. Macmillan pay the author ^8000, or ^4000 per volume, for it, when the) on'y paid Mr. Morley ,£3333 per volume for the "Life of Mr. Gladstone"? Why does every journalist ami politician turn eagerly to its pages? Because of its subject, or of its author? There is no need for an answer. It is the Winston rather than the Randolph which makes the success of the book. We read what the new Under-Secretary for the Colo- nies says about his father in order to form some idea as to the views of Winston rather than to form a correct appreciation of the character of his lather. Of course, it may be retorted that a living dog is better than a dead one, and that even a second-rate politician whose career is before him is more interest- ing to contemporaries than a first-class statesman whose career is finished. But even when full allow- ance is made for this consideration, the reader can- not help being more attracted by the evidence to be found in the book as to the views of the son than as to the character of the father. In fact it is Win- " Lord Randoinli Cbutchill." M.P. With portraits 2 vols. liPt.) bv Winston S. Churchill, (Macmillan and Co. 36s ston s estimate of Randolph which interests us more than the character of Randolph himself. The book, let me say at once, is extremely interest- ing, admirably well written, full of acute and shrewd observation upon men and things. The style is (dear and occasionally brilliant. It is always a very difficult task for the son to write about his father, but Mr. Winston Churchill has succeeded in preserv- ing the filial attitude of an affectionate son and the impartiality of a biographer. That he has presented us with a more or less idealised Randolph Churchill is inevitable. Even Cromwell did not address his famous command to an artist son when he declared that he must be painted "warts and all." In the picture of Lord Randolph, the warts are softened down— they are there, perhaps, but they are not very warty warts. The result is that we have a glorified, almost heroic, picture of the Randy of other days, and we wonder as we close the book that no monu- ment has been erected to the; memory of the states- man who achieved such great things for his countrv and his party. Mr. Winston has, in these two volumes, erected a monument more lasting than brass to the memory of his father, and there are few who will read his vivacious and vigorous narrative without feeling that, until now. the world has never had any adequate material for forming a just esti- mate of Lord Randolph Churchill. Even if we dis- count this estimate by a liberal allowance for the par- tiality of the son and the hero worship of a disciple, sufficient remains behind to necessitate a recon- sideration of the position which Randolph Churchill occupies in English history. Lord Randolph Churchill, according to the popu- lar opinion of both parties, before this book was published, was a very brilliant, very erratic, very reckless voting aristocrat, who rose with astonishing rapidity to a first position in the State by the reck- lessness with which he abused his betters, and the magnificent barnum like capacity with which he con- trived continually to keep himself in the full glare of the limelight of the political stage. Possessed of admitted ability and industry, neither his ability nor his industry would have made him leader of the House of Commons, had he not possessed the tongue of a Thersites and a forehead bold as triple brass. After having, bv astonishing good fortune, attained a leading position in the Tory Party, he flung it away in a fit of petulance, because his de- mand f^r an immediate and impossible reduction of the expenditure on armaments was not conceded by his colleagues. His resignation wrecked his career. From that moment he sank almost as rapidly as he 204 The Review of Reviews. February 2U, 2906. had risen. His career had been meteoric, both in its brilliance and in its duration. It began, so far as the great public was concerned, in 1880, and it closed in 1886. In these six years he had been the chief agency in .destroying the Gladstone Administra- tion. As Secretary for India he annexed Burmah, as Leader of the House of Commons and Chancellor of the Exchequer he sketched out a budget which he was never able to carry into effect _ Xo great mea- sure of legislation is associated with his name. He was a brilliant free lance, a dashing kind of dema- gogic Rupert, who always showed sport, even although that sport was death to some of his col- . ''agues. Such is not a very harsh rendering of the general estimate of Lord Randolph Churchill V career, but it is admittedly the evidence of outsiders. Now, in this biography we have the inside view, which en- ables us to correct the estimate of the outsider. The superficial Rand) of the popular platform —I had almost said of the music-hall stage — disappears from view, and in its stead there < -merges the heroic figure of the saviour of Toryism and of democracy the on.- man who stood between the living and the dead, to whom a grateful countrx reconciliation of two forces which otherwise would have plun§ headlong into ruin. Mr. Winston's " Lord Randolph" dawns upon us as a kind of demagogue transcending .ill his con- temporaries by his piercing insight and demonic energy. In the midst of the clash of parties, and even while he was apparently engaged in the fiercest strife, he stands aloof, alone and apart. More liberal than the Liberals, he was nevertheless the idolised gladiator of the militant Tories ; but for him the Ton' party, that great instrument which had governed Britain for the last twenty years, would have perished miserably. To his genius, to his prescience, to his statesmanlike grasp of the great verities of the situation, is due the resolution of the great ideal of a Ton* democracy, Primrose-leagued around an imperial crown. Such a conception of Lord Randolph Churchill should be true : it is cer- tainly new. but it is put forward with such sincerity of conviction, and such plausible and persistent ar- gument, that it is certain to win much more accept- ance than anyone would have believed to be possible "before Mr. Winston Churchill took in hand the apotheosis of his father. The pivot upon which everything turns in the ■estimate of Lord Randolph was his resignation at the end of 1886. According to the official announc- ment put about by Lord Salisbury, and accepted bv the public, that resignation turned entirelv upon Lord Randolph's refusal to provide the money neces- sary for the fortification of coaling stations. That was the ostensible ground upon which he left the Government. T remember rushing up to his house on the morning on which the fatal announcement appeared in the Times, to ask him to contradict it. He declined to see anyone. I. wrote a note and sent it in, I think, by his wife, which was to the effect that the news that he had resigned rather than pro- vide money for the defence of coaling stations, which were the indispensable basis of our Naval power, seemed to me so utterly inconceivable that I refused to publish it unless I had it confirmed by himself. It seemed to me sheer madness. He ^ent out word that I might regard the statement in the Times as accurate. From that time I felt that Lord Randolph was a lost man. The question of the coaling stations was one to which 1 had devoted no small measure of attention in " The Truth About the Navy." The necessity tor defending the coaling stations was treated as a vital and integral part of the re-estab- iishment of our sovereignt) of the sea. Lord Ran- dolph might have cut down the Army estimates by millions, and no i>nv would have protested, but to base die whole scheme of retrenchment upon what aed to be a vital weakening of the first line of defence, seemed to nie absolutely insane. Such was ni\ opinion then, and until I read this book I saw no reason to modify my judgment. I- must he admitted that Mr. Winston Churchill places a very different construction upon the circum- stances which led to Lord Randolph's resignation, irding to him, the ultimate difference of opinion concerning the money needed for the coaling stations was a comparatively trivial accident which precipi- tated j <>n which had before that become in- e\ table. Lord Randolph had taken office as the ally of Mr. Chamberlain, and when he became Leader of the House of Commons it was with a full determination to lead the party in a Liberal direc- tion. He regarded the Liberal measures as things good and desirable in themselves, whereas his col- leagues, from Lord Salisbury downwards, regarded them as so many unholy surrenders to the powers of evil. Lord Randolph, in short, was a Radical in disguise. He was a wolf in sheep's clothing, and his appetite for mutton had begun seriously to alarm the denizens of the sheep-fold of which he had been constituted the bell-wrether. The month before he resigned, on November 6th, Lord Randolph wrote to Lord Salisbury: — Alas! I see the Dartford programme crumbling into pieces every day. The Land Bill is rotten. I am afraid that it is an idle schoolboy's dream to suppose that the Tories can legislate, as I did stupidly. They can govern and make war and increase taxation and expenditure A mervielle, but legisation is not their province in a demo- cratic constitution. I certainly have not the courage and energy to go on struggling against cliques, as poor Dizzy did all hia life. Lord Salisbury, in reply, bemoaned the difficulties of the situation. He admitted the Ton- partv was composed of very varying elements, and there was merely trouble and vexation of spirit in trying to make them work together, but he warned his lieu- tenant that " the classes, and the dependents of classes, were the strongest ingredients in the com- position of the parry7." As Mr. Winston says, a gulf hevierc of Reviews, 2012/06. The Book of the Month. 205 had separated Lord Randolph, with his bold plans of reform and dreams of change, from Lord Salis- bury— a gulf no mutual needs, no common interest, no personal liking could permanently bridge; they represented conflicting schools of political philos- ophy. He resigned because he believed that at the very outset a pacific and progressive policy must be established. He was in constant and intimate inter- course with Mr. Chamberlain. Their views at this time were almost identical, their relations most cor- dial. Nevertheless, as even his son admits, Lord Randolph could not have possibly taken a worse opportunity of secession than that which he selected. As it was, he delivered himself unarmed, unattended, into the hands of his enemies, and therefrom ensued not onlv his political ruin, but grave injuries to the cause he sustained. Yet Mr. Winston tells us his father never repented of the course he had taken. He looked upon the action as the most exalted in his life, and as an event of which, whatever the results to himself, he might be justly proud. " I had to do it ; I could no longer be useful to them." There is something heroic, no doubt, about this pose of a political suicide, but for a man who thought of himself as the responsible trustee and agent of the Tory democracy this irrevocable smash of a great elementary force at the moment of triumph \\a> a disaster which no amount of special pleading can excuse. The best that can be said of it is that when we had to choose between Democracy and Toryism he sacrificed Democracy to the interests of the Tory party, even although, ostensibly, he was doing just the opposite. Certainly if any trustees were to deal with trust funds in the same reckless spirit with which Lord Randolph flung away his position as trustee of Tory Democracy, he would stand a good chance of finding himself in prison. What seems most probable to the reader of this biographv is that the defects of Lord Randolph's qualities, his swift and fiery impulsiveness, his ner- vous temperament, and his liability to excessive fits of despondency, were responsible for an act of poli- tical felo-de-se; and although it is often possible to explain and excuse a suicide, it is never possible to justify it. The biography of Lord Randolph Churchill is told in two volumes of about noo pages, illustr bv numerous photographs of Lord Randolph in various stages of his life, portraits of Lady Ran- dolph, and various caricatures reproduced from Punch and Vanity Fair. The first volume brings him down to the' end of 1885. The second volume is devoted to the last ten years of his life. In the appendices are given some of Lord Randolph s ad- dresses, letters from India to his mother, and some other letters, together with Mr. Jenning's account of his quarrel with Lord Randolph Churchill. There is also reproduced in facsimile a letter from the Queen, dated September 22nd, 1886: — Now that the session is just over, the Queen wishes to write and thank Lord Randolph Churchill for his regular and full and interesting report of the debates in the House of Commons, which must have been most trying. Lord Randolph has shown much skill and judgment in his leadership during his exceptional session of Parliament. We will now tell the story of Lord Randolph's life as it may be gathered from the pages of his filial biographer. Lord Randolph was bom in London on February 13th, 1849. His earliest boyhood was spent in the neighbourhood of Blenheim. When he was eight he was sent to Mr. Tabor's school at Cheam. By the time he was nine he rode to hounds,, and from his earliest boyhood displayed a great passion for sport and love for animals. At school he had many distinguished schoolfellows, and a schoolboy friend mentions that Lord Randolph used to drive' Lord Curzon, Lord Donoughmore, Lord Aberdeen and his brother round the playground as a four-in-hand. What is much more surprising is that he joined a little band of scholars who used to assemble once a week in a cubicle to read the Bible and pray. He says : — Churchill was one of the little band; and I can see him now, kneeling down by the bed. with his face in ins hands resting on the white coverlet, leading us in fervent prayer. When he was fourteen he went to Eton, where he does not appear to have kept up the praxer meet- ings, but developed a will of his own, and a consider- able facility of expressing it. His letters to his parents, specimens of which are given, show a great facility of expression, at the same time a strong masterful character. As Mr. Winston says, his let- ters as a boy are his letters as a man. The same vigour of expression; the same simple, yet direct, language ; the same odd, penetrating flashes ; the same cool, independent judgments about people and laws, and readiness to criticise both as if it were a right; the same vein of humour and freedom from all affectation : the same knack of giving nicknames,, which often stuck and sometimes stung — all are there. In his boyhood he had a wonderful faculty for making friends. He was always pertinacious in his "opinions. He never wavered in his plans, and, whether right or wrong, he carried them out. At Eton he fixed, with his faithful bulldog, entirely in the present, obeying with spontaneity the xaried impulses of a boisterous yet amiable nature. There was not a box in the school who laughed so much or whose laughter \x-as so contagious. There was scarcely one who was so frolicsome. He xyas also said to have been fond of collisions with "cads."' After Eton he went to Oxford, and his parents trusted that the young hopeful might be trained for the family seat at Woodstock, which at that moment wis held by his uncle, who had quarrelled with the Duke ,,n the subject of Church Rates. So bitter was t!v quarrel that when Sir Alfred Churchill was 206 The Review of Reviews. February 10, 1906. entertained by his constituents in Woodstock in 1864 the Duke would not attend the dinner, but sent Lord Randolph in his place. He was then a boy of fifteen. This was the first debut of Lord Randolph in politics. Before going to Oxford he obtained some educa- tion from a private tutor; in spite of these pre- cautions he failed to pass the entrance examination, but after more coaching and a tour on the Continent, he matriculated and took up his residence at Her- eon, under the tutelage of Dr. Creighton. During the first years at the university he was much more interested in the momentous task of founding a pack of harriers, with which he hunted in the neigh- bourhood, than in any classical studies. Lord Rose- bery was one of his great friends at the university. The two young men were close companions, ami the two lads often met Mr. Disraeli when he was visiting at Blenheim. Lord Randolph devoted himself to chess, and played against Steinitz, the champion chess-player of the world. He got into the cus- tomary number of scrapes at Oxford, and it was not till his twentieth year that he began to study. He had read discursively, but there were only three books that he had mastered. Of these he had a .peculiar, exact, and intimate knowledge, ami could recite whole pages at a time. These bonks w re the bible, Gibbon, and "Jorrocks." In his twentieth year he put away the Blenheim harriers — his " toys," as he called them. In his farewell speech he said. "Now that the harriers are gone, the future seems rather a blank." At first he did not take kindly to study, as he had a habit of going to sleep in his study after dinner, often for hours, but he gradually overcame this sleepiness, and devoted himself to history. He passed at the head of the second class, and only just missed the first class. After leaving Oxford, he rambled (in 1870) for nearly a year in France, Italy and Austria. The next two years he was a fashionable young man about town. In August of 1873 Lord Randolph went to Cowes, and attended a ball given by the officers of the cruiser - Ariadne." Lord Randolph detested dancing ; waltzing always made him giddy. But at this ball he met Miss Jerome, an American girl. who. with her mother and elder sister, was living at Rosetta Cottage. He dined there the next evening, and that night Miss Jerome told her sister that Lord Randolph was the man that she would marry. The same night Lord Randolph told his friend that he meant, if he could, to marrv the dark sister. Next dav they met " by accident.-' and went for a walk. That evening he again dined at Rosetta Cottage. That night — the third of their acquaintance — was a beautiful night, warm and still, with the lights of the yachts shining on the water, and the sky bright with stars. After dinner they found themselves alone together in the garden, and brief courtship notwithstanding — he proposed ; she accepted. The course of true love, however, did not run smooth. A ducal parent on one side, and a touchv American on the other, made difficulties, and they were not married until the following year. We have one or two specimens of his letters to Miss Jerome, to whom he wrote constantly. One of them begins : — I cannot tell you what pleasure and happiness your letter gives me; it makes me feel quite a different being. But beyond this very moderate expression of devo- tion Mr. Winston remorselessly suppresses the pas- sages which, as he says, tell over and over again, in the forcible, homely English, of which he was a natural master, the oldest story in the world. It appears from these letters how, even in the days of buoyant unconquered youth, moods of depression cast their shadows across his path. Capable of leaps and heaves beyond the common strength of men. he suffered by reaction, so he told the lady. iits of utter exhaustion and despondency. The following passage from one of his letters to Miss Jerome will be read with interest: — It is CUriona what an effect hooks have on me; I have two old favourites. When I feel very cross and anerry I read Gibbon, «ii'i-f profound philosophy and easy though majestic writing soon quiets me down, and in an hour I feel at peace with all the world. When I feel very low and desponding I read Horace, whose thorough epicurian- ism, quiet maxims, and beautiful verse are most tran- quillising. Of late I have had to have frequent recourse m\ two friends, and they have never failed me. I m-'I.v recommend you to read some creat works or hir.- tories; thej pose the time, and prevent you from worrying about the future. before their marriage Parliament was dissolved, and Lord Randolph fought and won his first elec- toral battle at Woodstock. From 1874 to 1880 there is little or nothing calling for remark. He made his maiden speech on the proposed creation of a military centre at Oxford. Mr. Disraeli wrote to tin- Duchess of Marlborough that Lord Randolph made a very successful debut in the House of Com- mons. " He said some very imprudent things, which were of no consequence in the maiden speech of a young man, but he spoke with fire and fluency, and showed energy of thought and character, with evi- dence of resource. With self-control and assiduity he may obtain a position worthy of his name and mount." As a Member of Parliament during these years Lord Randolph was of little account. He spent most of his time in Ireland. He and his wife de- voted much attention to London society, and lived first of all in Curzon Street, and afterwards installed themselves in a larger house in Charles Street, where they continued their gay life on a somewhat more generous scale than their income warranted. Lady Randolph's mother lived in Paris, and thev con- tinually visited the French capital, where Lord Ran- dolph cultivated a taste for French novels, which ended by making him a fair French scholar. There is one curious story told about Mr. Disraeli at that period. It happened at a dinner party at their house, and when the guest had gone, Lord Randolph said to his wife, " I think that Dizzy en- joyed himself. But how flowery and exaggerated is Review of Rtvttw*. iOjS/Ob. The Book of the Month. 20" his language ! When 1 ;i bleed him if he would have any more wine, he replied : ' My dear Randolph, I have sipped your excellent champagne; I have tasted your delicious port ; I will have no more !' " " Well,-' said Lady Randolph, laughing, "he sat next to me, and I particularly remarked that he drank nothing but a little weak brandy-and-water." In 1876 Lord Randolph quarrelled with a great personage over his brother's divorce. The Duke of Marlborough, then Lord Blandford, was very un- happy in his married life, and his wife obtained a divorce on the double ground of adultery and cruelty. When Lord Randolph took his brothers side, the fashionable world no longer smiled. Power- ful enemies were anxious to humiliate him. London became odious to him, and for eight years he was as an Ishmaelite at war with Society. In that period a nature originally genial and gay contracted a stem and bitter quality — a harsh contempt for what is called " Society," and an abiding antagonism to rank and authority. But his son philosophises that, al- though this misfortune hindered or injured his public work, it acted as a spur. Without it he might have wasted a dozen years in the frivolous and expensive pursuits of the silly world of fashion ; without it he would probably never have developed popular sym- pathies or the courage to champion democratic causes. From which it would appear that the marital infidelities of the Marquess of Blandford was the causa causans of Tory democracy. This quarrel with Society increased the tendency to keep out of London, and he spent his time in Ire- land. He became a great friend of Mr. Butt. He went all over the country, and acquired a first-hand acquaintance with the Irish question. His first pamphlet, dealing with the question of Irish inter- mediate education, was published in 1870 in Dublin. It is now that Lord Randolph shows that his instincts were Liberal rather than Tory. He deprecated the Jingo nonsense of Lord Beaconsfield. His idea was to go over to London and move an amendment in- sisting that any intervention on our part with regard to the Balkan Provinces should have as its objects the complete freedom and independence of the Slav nationality, as opposed to any reconstruction of the Turkish Empire. The opportunity to move this amendment did not arise. A very little, says Mr. Winston, might have led Lord Randolph into open quarrel with the Government, and the course of sub- sequent history might have been considerably changed. His old college friend, Lord Roseberv. had gome over to Mr. Gladstone, and it would have cost Lord Randolph very little to have followed suit. He did not go, however, and Lord Randolph still remained a member of the Tory party. Then came the great Midlothian campaign, which culminated in the election of sixty-two Home Rulers, 353 Liberals, and 237 Conservatives. There were four who were destined to make a mark in the his- tory of Parliament out of the 237 Conservatives. The four members were Lord Randolph, Mr. Bal- four, Sir John (then Mr.) Gorst, and Sir Henry Drummond Wolff. They came together almost by accident. Their terms of alliance were very simple and elastic. No questions of policy or leadership arose. Each was free to act in perfect indepen- dence ; but it was agreed that whenever one of them was attacked, the others should defend him. Mr. Balfour in 1880 (says Mr. Winston) was an affable and rather idle young gentleman, who had delicately toyed with philosophy and diplomacy, was earnest in the cause of popular concerts, and brought to the House of Commons something of Lord Melbourne's air of languid and well-bred indifference. No one — certainly not his com- rades— regarded him as a serious politician. Lord Ran- dolph, who delighted in nicknames, used to call him " Postle- thwaite," and made him the object of much harmless and friendly chaff. In private life he already exercised that charm and fascination which in later years were curiously to deflect the course of great events. Bu.t he seemed so lacking in energy, so entirely devoid of anything like ambition, so slenderly and uncertainly attached to politics at all, that his friends feared, he would withdraw alto- gether, and no one recognised or. imagined in this amiable, easy-going member for a family borough the calculating, tenacious and unwearying Minister who was destined so many years to control the House of Commons and shape the policy of the State. Mr. Winston Churchill devotes a chapter to a description of the Fourth Party, and gives them great praise for their industry and efficiency, and the unsparing war which they waged against the Government. Lord Beaconsfield fraternised with the Party, giving them advice, and encouraging them not to be too scrupulous about obeying Sir Stafford Northcote, their nominal leader. Lord Beaconsfield told Sir Henry Wolff that he much regretted having retired from the House of Commons, as he had done so in the firm belief that Mr. Gladstone had retired from public life. You must stick to North- cote, he said, he represents the respectability of the Party. I wholly sympathise with you all, because I was never respectable myself. At the end of the Session of 1880 Mr. Gorst pro- posed that the Fourth Party should take their places in the main body by sitting immediately behind their leader on the second bench above the gangway. By this means they would avoid becoming a separate party, and at the same time might energise their senile and amiable leader. Mr. Balfour's argument was single, substantial and conclusive. The length of his legs made it indispensable to his comfort that he should sit upon a front bench, and nothing would induce him to change his quarters. So the matter was settled accordingly; and once more the course of histon was deflected by what appeared the most trivial consideration. THE LARRIKINS OF POLITICS. Various extracts are given during this period from Lord Randolph's correspondence. A ft » r describing his meeting at Oldham, he said: "T had a most enthusiastic welcome. Fair Trade and taxing the foreigner went down like butter. How the latter is to be done I don't know." This was character istic of the gay recklessness of the rising politician. This gay and joyous life of the Fourth Party seemed more like a game of chess than a life and death 208 The Review of Reviews. February 90, 1°06. iggle. They were cartooned together in Vanity I lir, and Mr. Balfour travelled from Scotland in • r to be painted sprawling on the Bench dis- playing his long l.-gs. which had exercised so de- cisive an influence upon the fortunes of the Fourth Party. They always spoke of Sir Stafford North- - as the "Goat," \Y. H. Smith and Sir Richard ss as Marshall and Snelgrove, and the) carried the business of Parliament as a tremendous lark. EGYPT. Mr. Winston passes lightly over the opposition offered b) Lord Randolph to the whole Egyptian polic) of Mr. Gladstone. Lord Randol] s an lusiastio support, r ol Arabi Pasha, and a fiei opponent of the English ascendencj in the Nile Valley. It happened in these days thai Mr. Ball began to weaken in his allegiance to the Fourth Party. H<- loved his party much, but he loved his uncle more. Lord Randolph liked him as a friend, hut thought wry little of him as a politician. When the war broke out between Lord Rand< Iph and Sir Stafford Xonhe, t . Lord Randolph publicly assailed his leader in the columns of the Times, and c tinned his attack in the Fortnightly A'.; eu in th< famous article - Elijah's Mantle." I ie i lements of L r\ Democracy onh required to be col and the work would be done b\ the man. whoever he might be, upon whom the mantle of Elijah has de- d. first gnat Parliamentary achievement i [ Randolph was the rejection of the Affirmation Pill in i88_^. in which he posed as the champion Christian morality, and declared, in the words Lord Erskine, that the religious ami moral sense of people of Great Britain is the sheet-anchor which alone can hold the vessel of State amid the storms that agitate the world. THE PRIMROSE LEAGUE. His next achievement was to give effect to a - - si n Sir Drummond Wolff, who, on the un\ ing of Lord Beaconsfield's statue, remarked Lord Randolph, "What a show of primroses! Why ■start a Primrose League?" Lord Randolph im- m< diately jumped at the notion, and the two of them, with the assistance of Sir John Gorst and Sir Altred Slade. met together to form the new political society which should embrace all classes and all creeds, except atheists and enemies of the British nation. In the first twelve months only 957 persons had enrolled themselves, but the earlv Primrose Knights and Dames wore their badges evVrvwhere in public, and faced the keenest ridicule. Year bv year they grew in strength, and to-day the League claims to have 1.70^.708 knights, dames, and asso- ciates upon its rolls. All this while Lord Randolph was worrying Mr. Gladstone in public, as a pug- nacious terrier might yap and snap at a lion. " You will kill Mr. Gladstone one of these davs." said someone to Lord Randolph. " Oh. no." he re- joined, • he will long survive me. T often tell my wife what a beautiful letter he will write her, pro- posing my burial in Westminster Abbey." HIS RELIGIOUS STRAIN. About midsummer, 1883, his father died, and Lord Randolph, who was profoundly affected by his loss, quitted Parliament, and refused to return for the rest of the session. Mr. Winston says that the strong religious strain In his nature, to which refer- ence has alreadj been made, afforded him conso- lation in this time of trouble, and, though always a devout man. he became much more regular in de- votional exercises than at any other period in his life. After a tour on the Continent, however, he n - gained his nerve, and when Parliament re-assembled in 1884 he flung himself with all his energ) into the work of collecting the elements of Tory Democracy ch he saw existed among the masses of the pie. THERSITES RANDOLPH. Nothing could exceed the violence of his invec- tive. Mr. Gladstone was "the Moloch of Mid- lothian," Mr. Chamberlain "the pinchbeck Robes- pierre." A- earlj as tin- spring of 1881 the Morn- ing Post began to reprint his speeches verbatim. This example was speedily followed In tin- Times. earl) speech always written out befi hand and learned bj heart. < Ince written, his memorj was such that he could repeat them aim without notes, and quite without alteration. His applies to him the description which Tacitus made to Mucianus : " He had the showman's knack of ('rawing public attention to everything he said or did." In some respects he boldlj set at defiance the established principles and prejudices of his part\. He denounced the domination exercised bj England in Egypt, and declared that it was a ter- rible and widespread delusion that Egypt was the high-road to India. \'.,<- more violently he de- nounced Mr. Gladstone the more enthusiastically was he cheered by the Tories, and it soon became evident that he. more than any other man. was the mouthpiece of the Tory rank and file. THE APOSTLE OF TORY DEMOCRACY. In 1884 he became Tory candidate in opposition to Mr. Bright in Birmingham, and propounded for the first time the programme of Tory Democracy. It is amusing to read the speech he delivered at Blackpool, in which he described the desperate con- dition of British industry in terms as extravagant as any of those used by Mr. Chamberlain. His .■> n remarks sardonically that the Fair Traders were not unnaturallv inclined to complain when, three years afterwards. Lord Randolph, having acquired a responsible position, having reflected upon the voting of the countries at the General Election, sur- veyed the problems of finance from the Treasury chambers, poured buckets of cold water on th^ir cherished schemes and declined to make any exer- tions in their support. Tory Democracy, he de- clared, " involves the idea of a Government who in Review of Reviews, The Book of the Month. 209 all branches of their policy and m all features of their administration are animated by lofty and Liberal ideas."' Nor did he hesitate to base his ad- vocacy of Liberal ideas on his faith in human pro- gress, the denial of which is at the root of most Con- servatism. He said he was guarded from terror and despair " by a firm belief in the essential goodness of life, and in the evolution, by some process or other which he did not exactly know and could not determine, of a higher and nobler humanity." HIS GREAT ACHIEVEMENT. As the apostle of Tory Democracy he stood al- most alone. He was the object of almost passionate dislike and jealousy in high places. The Front Opposition Bench regarded him with aversion and alarm. " To them he seemed an intruder, an up- start, a mutineer who flouted venerable leaders and mocked at constituted authority with a mixture of aristocratic insolence and democratic brutality."' Hut he had his reward when he rescued the Con- servatiye Party in spite of themselyes. " A very little and they would neyer haye won the New De- mocracy. But for a narrow chance they might have slipped down into the gulf of departed sys- tems ; but for him the cleavage in British politics might have become a social, not a political, division ' — upon a line horizontal, not oblique : " " He ral- lied the people round the Throne, a loyal Throne with a patriotic people. He restored the health} balance of parties, and caused the ancient institu- tions of the British realm once again to be esteemed amongst the masses of the people." THE CAPTURE OF THE TORY CAUCUS. In 1884 Lord Randolph captured the party Caucus, the story of which is told by Mr. Winston in a chapter entitled ;' The Party Machine,"' which reads like ancient history. The event was useful to Lord Randolph, but the Tory Caucus remained pretty much the same afterwards as it was before. Mr. Winston somewhat sarcastically refers to the condition of somnolence into which the National Union passed after its capture by his father, and the subsequent compromise with Lord Salisbury, and remarks that its recent awakening at Sheffield hardly justified any desire for its renewed activity. HIS CULMINATING POINT. Lord Randolph probably reached his highest at Dartfofd on October 2nd, 1886, when he not only expounded the domestic programme of Tory demo- cracy, but, making a bold excursion into foreign politics, declared that if war should arise the sym- pathy, and, if necessary, the support of England would be given to those Powers who seek the peace of Europe and the liberty of peoples. At that moment the diminutive figure of Lord Randolph loomed before Europe as that of a coming Palmer- ston. At home and abroad he was the most con- spicious of Englishmen, his personality eclipsing for the moment both that of Lord Salisbury and Mr. Gladstone. Then, even at his culminating point — when he was Chancellor of the Exchequer, Leader of the House of Commons, and foremost English- man of his time — he fell like Lucifer, hurled by his own act from the very pinnacle of glory to the utter- most depths. SUICIDE BY* SWELLED HEAD. It is difficult to account for his resignation on am other theory than that of swelled head, manifesting itself in an impatient determination to force the hand of Lord Salisbury and constitute himself Mister of the Cabinet. Mr. Winston disguises, ex- cuses, and extenuates the supreme miscalculation of his father's lifetime. But beneath all the excuses due to filial respect the fact stands clearly out that Lord Randolph believed the time had come when he could dictate to Lord Salisbury. It was a fatal miscalculation. With patience he could have achieved his end, but he was impatient, and his over-vaulting ambition o'er-leaped its selle and fell upon the other side. HIS DISILLUSION. Mr. Winston argues that, in so far as the special points in conflict were concerned, Randolph Chur- chill's resignation was vindicated in the most defi- nite and tangible manner by the actions of those who had most strenuously opposed him, but that fact is in itself the most crushing condemnation of the precipitance with which he staked everything upon one throw of the dice. " I had fondly hoped, ' he said. " to make the Conservative party the instru- ment of Tory democracy ; it is an idle, schoolboy's dream ; I must look elsewhere." THE CI-DEVANT FAIR TRADER. The rest of the story is sad and tragic. Mr. A\ inston makes the most of it, dwells upon the effort which his father made in order to secure economy and efficiency in the Army and Navy, and pays him a well-deserved tribute for his staunch refusal to use the Fair Trade lunacy as a weapon of defence against the Government which he had left. In his early days he had talked as much nonsense upon the subject as Mr. Chamberlain has been doing of late, but when he was sobered by the responsibility of office, and when he had time to study the ques- tion seriously, he perceived that as a financial ex- pedient a complicated tariff would not work, and as a part\- manoeuvre it would not pay ; hence his instinct as a statesman compelled him to refrain from grasping the weapon that lay ready to his hand with which he might have torn the heart out of Lord Salisbury's Government. SOUTH AFRICA. There is hole said concerning Lord Randolph's visit to South Africa, but the investments he made wire not inconsiderable <>r misjudged, as they were sold at his death for upwards of ^'70.000. Writing to his wife from Mafeking on hearing af Arthur Balfour's appointment to the Leadership of the i I use of Commons, he says : "So Arthur Balfour is really Leader, and Ton Democracy, the genuine 2IO The Review of Reviews, February to, 1906. article, at an end. No power will make me lift hand, or foot, or voice for the Tories, just as no power would make me join the other side. All con- firms me in my decision to have done with politics - and try to make a little money lor the boys and for ourselves. 1 expect 1 have made great mistakes . but there lias been no consideration, no indul- gence, no memory of gratitude --nothing but spite, malice, and abuse. 1 am quite tired and dead-sick of it all, and will not continue political life an) lunger. Nevertheless, In- was no sooner luck in England than he Hung himself heart and soul into the political hurly-burly. He declared that it was a matter of life and death to the Constitutional Party to secure the majority of the votes of the Labour Party, and in order to bus the Labour voti he was pn pared to bid very high. LORD ROSEBERY. At that time Lord Randolph was very fond of Lord Rosebery, and was wry intimate with him. and always looked forward to being in a Govern- ment with him. He saw Prince Bismarck in iS who described Lord RosebeT) as a good combina- tion of will and caution. Prince Bismarck added that of all statesman he was the one who was m modest and quiet in his acts and attitude. Hut although Lord Randolph might indulge in hopes of being in the Cabinet with Lord Rosebery, his friends and relatives knew too well that his days were numbered. His son says the great strain to which he had subjected himself during the struggle against Mr. Gladstone, the vexations and disappoint- ments of later years, and. finally, the severe physical exertions and exposure of South Africa, had pro duced in a neurotic temperament anil delicate con- stitution a very rare and ghastly disease. THE OOMING OF THE END. During the winter of 1892 symptoms of vertigo, palpitation, and numbness of the hands made them- selves felt. His memory failed him. and when he stood up in the House of Commons the Hous ■• was astonished by his strange altered appearance, the) hardly recognised their old Leader in this bald and bearded man. with shaking hands, tremulous voice, and white face drawn with pain, and deeply marked with lines of care and illness. Nevertheless, al- though he was dying on his feet, he struggled with dauntless energy against the encroaching foe. Mer- ciful Nature provided a mysterious anodyne, and an all-embracing optimism was one of the symptoms of his disease. While the days are swiftlv ebbing the patient builds large plans for the future, and a rosy glow of sunset conceals the approach of night. The more his faculties were impaired the more his determination to persevere was strengthened, and he carried out, despite all advice, the whole programme of speeches he had arranged in the autumn of 1893. But the crowds who were drawn by the old glamour of his name departed sorrowful and shuddering at the ^spectacle of a dying man. and those who loved him were consumed with embarrassment and grief. HIS LAST JOURNEY. At last even he saw that the hounds were hard upon his track. He agreed to give up political lite for a sear and undertook a journey round the world. The light faded steadily. At intervals small blood- vessels would break in the brain, producing tem- porary coma, and leaving always a little less memory or facult) behind. His physical strength held out until he reached Burma, " which I annexed," and which he had eamestl) desired to see. but when it failed the change was sudden and complete. In the last daw of 1894 he reached England as weak and helpless in mind and bod) as a little child. For a month at his mother's house he lingered piti- fully, until very early in the morning of January 24th the numbing fingers of paralysis laid that wear) brain to rest. He was only forty-six, and the work of his life was practically crowded inn. the sewn years be- tween 1880 and 1887. THE so\ s TBIBUTB. The following are the words in which Mr. Winston Churchill concludes this touching tribute to the memor) of his illustrious father: — ■ All his pledges he faithfully fulfilled. The G vernment changed. The vast preponderance of power in the State passed from one great party to the other. Lord Randolph Churchill remained ex actl) the same. He thought and eaid the same sort of things about foreign and domestic policy, about armaments and expenditure, about Ireland, about Egypt, while he was a Minister as he had done before. He continued to repeat them after he had left office for ever. . . . " Lord Randolph Churchill's name will not be recorded upon the bead-foil of either party. . . . The eulogies and censures of partisans are powerless to affect his ultimate reputation. . . . " There is an England which stretches far beyond the well-drilled masses who are assembled by party machinery to salute with appropriate acclamation the utterances of their recognised fuglemen; an England of wise men, who gaze without self-decep- tion at the failings and follies of both political par- ties ; of brave and earnest men, who find in neither faction fair scope for the effort that is in them ; of ' poor men,' who increasingly doubt the sincerity of party philanthropy. It was to that England that Lord Randolph Churchill appealed ; it was that England he so nearly won : it is by that England he will be justly judged." Review of Reviews, 20/$/06 LEADING BOOKS OF THE MONTH. RELIGION, FOLK-LORE, EDUCATION, ETC. Daniel and Hie Prophecies. Dr. Charles H. H. Wright (Williams and Norgatei 7/6 The Age of Justinian and Theodora. W. G. Holmes. Vol. 1 tBell) net 9/0 The Apostles' Creed Canon Beeehing ... (Murray) net 2/6 The Christian Church. Darwell Stone ... 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T. Crosby 'Putnamsi net 10/6 Studies in Ancient Persian History. P. Kewshasp 'Kegan Paul) net 3/6 SOCIOLOGY. A Hundred Years Hence. T. Baron Russell ... Unwin) 7'6 The Canker at the Heart. L. Cope Cornford Richards) net 3/6 In the Good Old Times. J. C. Wright (Stock) net 6/0 ART, ARCHITECTURE, ARCHAEOLOGY. The Art of the National Gallery. Julia do Wolf Ad- dison Batsford) 31/6 Hans Holbein the Younger. Ford Madox Hueffer Duckworth) 2/0 The Later Work of Titian. Henrv Miles ... (Newnes) net 3/6 Peter Paul Rubens. Hope Rea (Bell) net 5/0 Pre-Raphaelitism and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. 2 vols. W. Holman Hunt Macmillan) net 42/0 The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. J. Ernest Phythian N'ewnes) net 3/6 J. M. W. Turner. W. L. Wyllie (Bell) net 7/6 Jean Dominique Ingres. W. Shaw Sparrow (Hodaer) net 10/6 Frank Brangwyn. \V. Shaw Sparrow Hodder) 10/6 Portrait-Painting. Hon. John Collier ... (Oassell) net 10/6 How to Draw in Pen and Ink Hairy Furniss 'Chapman) net 3/6 MUSIC. The Polyphonic Period in Music. Part H. A. E. Wool- dridge (Frowde) net 15/0 The Romantic Period in Music. E. Dannreuther (Frowde) net 15/0 LITERARY BIOGRAPHY, CRITICISM, ETC. Studies in Poetry and Criticism. John Churton Collins (Bell) net 6/0 The Choice of Books. C. F. Richardson ... (Putnam) net 5/0 The Story of the Champions of the Round Table. Howard Pyle (Newnes) net 10/6 Letters by Members of Sir Walter Scott's Family to Their Old Governess (Richards) net 5/0 The Correspondence of Henrik Ibsen 'Hodder) net 12/0 The Letters of Richard Ford, 1797-1858. Rowland Pro- thero (Murray) net 10/6 Twenty Years in Paris. R. H. Sherard (Hutchinson) net 16/0 Part of a Man's Life. Thomas Wentworth Higginson (Constable) net 10/6 In Our Convent Days. Agnes Repplier ... (Constable) net 5/0 A Modern Symposium. G. Lowes Dickinson (Brimley Johnson) net 2/6 Admissions and Asides. A. St. John Adcock (Matthews) 1/6 The Footpath Way. A. H. Hyatt (Foulis) The Thread of Gold. Author of "The House of Quiet" (Murray) net 8/0 The Lyceum Annual. 1906 Lvceum Press) net 2/6 POEMS, DRAMAS. The Electra of Euripides. Dr. G. Murray ... (Allen) net 2/0 The Theatrocrat. (Drama.) John Davidson Richards) net 5/0 The Well of the Saint*. (Drama.) J. M. Synge ■Bullen) net 3/6 Woman of Seven Sorrows. (Drama.) Seumas MacManus Q 11. Dublin) 0/6 Lights Out. (Drama.) F. A. Beyerlein ... (Heinemann) 1/6 The Sonnets of Michelangelo Buonarroti. S. Elizabeth Hall - (Kegan, Paul) net 5/0 New Collected Rhymes. Andrew Lang Longmans) net 4/6 Lays of the Round Table, etc. Ernest Rhys (Dent) net 3/6 NOVELS. Allonby. Edith. The Fulfilment (Greening) 6/0 Appleto n, G. W. The Silent Passenger (Long) 6/0 Bailey, n. C. Beaujen (Murray) 6/0 Baring. Max A Prophet of Wales 'Greening) 6/0 Boothby. Gay. A Stolen Peer 'White) 5/0 Brice, Shirley. The Might of a Wrongdoer (Long) 6/0 Diehl, Alice M. A lonely Fight ... 'Hurst and Blackett) Gull, Banger. The Price of Pity (Wliitel 6/0 Heddle. Ethel F. The Secret of the Turret ... (Pitman) 6/6 Meade. L. T. The Face of Juliet (Long) 6/0 Miller. Esther. A Vendetta in Vanity Fair 'Heinemann) 6/0 Rice, Alice Hegan. A Denominational Garden Hodder) net 1/0 Tracy. Louis. The Winning of Winifred (White) 6/0 Wood. L. 0. For a Free Conscience (Headley) 6/0 SCIENCE. The Zoological Society of London. H. Scherren (Cassell) net 30/0 A Naturalist's Holiday. Edward Step (Nelson) 3/6 A Book of Mortals (Heinemanni net 10/6 Creatures of the Night. Alfred W. Rees ... (Murray) net 6/0 Reviru of Ketieirg, 20,2/06. DAY BY DAY. A CHRONOLOGICAL DIARY OF THE EVENTS OF THE WORLD. January 8. — A huge number of arrests are being made by the Russian Government ... The Russian Liberal organs unanimously declare that Admiral Dubasoff permitted wanton -laughter by the troops ... The now Liberal Government states its intention of supporting France at the Morocco Conference; America -tat,-- that her interests will require con- sideration at this Conference also ... A new Coalition Cabinet is formed in Japan, with Marquis Saionji as Four hundred British war ships will bake naval demonstration in the East in June a 9. — Japanese foreign trade Bhows a steady The Kaiser issues a mandate to the Roman COllll- prin- more inde- Premier part in next. January increase ... Catholic Archbishop of Posen, urging him to teract revolutionary ideas by propagating the ciples ot the Christian faith. January 10. America is preparing to send troops to the Philippines in consequence of the pendence lately displayed by China ... The Japanese Government is sending sixty Consuls to Europe, the United States. Canada ami India ... It is reported that live American battleships became tangled up in New York Bay. with the result that four were badly damaged. January 11. — One hundred lives are lost by an ex- plosion in a mine in Japan ... Mts. Etna and Vesuvius are in violent eruption ... The death is announced of Lord Ritchie at the age of 07 years ... The Tsar's life is reported to be in danger, and extra precautious are taken to safeguard him at the palace of Tsarskoe- selo ... M. Fallieres is considered the probable suc- cessor to President Louhet ... Japan issues State bonds for 643,000,000 ... China withdraws a railway concession to England ... -Mr. the President of a company £6,000,000 to exploit the rubbei January 12. — The Russian that if the 22nd January (Red out serious disturbances, the repressive be suspended on the following day Rockefeller, junr., is with a capital ol industry in Mexico. aut hoiit ies announce Sunday l pass,.s « it 1 1- measures will A sanguinary fight takes place between mutinous soldiers ar.d Cos- sacks in Eastern Siberia ... Some anxiety is felt re- garding the position between Germany and France; German residents in Denmark and Switzerland, who are liable for military service, have been ordered to hold themselves in readiness to return to Germany ... Lord Rothschild expresses contrary views with regard to a Commission to inquire into the working of the Life Insurance Act 1870. January 13. — The revolution in Russia is quieten- ing, and the announcement is made that the Tsars manifesto of October in no way affects the status of the autocracy ... In view of the relations between France and Germany, the Rouvier Government is in- troducing a Bill authorising the Bank of France to issue bank notes for an additional £32.000,000 ... Great excitement is caused in the United States by the discovery of a goldfield in Nevada ... Prince Arthur of Connaught sails for Japan, where he is to invest the Mikado with the insignia and Order of the Garter ... The secret Treaty between China and Japan merely pledges China not to allow any other power to interfere with the Manchurian railways ... Japan undertakes the construction in their own vards of a battleship of 20.000 tons. January 15. — Mr. Balfour. Prime Minister of Eng- land, is defeated by a majority of 1980 votes ... The action of the French bankers in granting Russia a loan of £'10,666.000 alarms the Russian reformers; the Russian Imperial Hank will issue additional notes to the value of {.To. 000. 000 ... Relations between Fiance and Venezuela are ruptured over President io's ignoring M. Taigny, the French Consul at Caracas, in connection with claims arising out of Venezuelan insurrection ... The kidnapping incident between Germany and Brazil is revived owing to the Brazilian authorities not being satisfied with Ger- many's apology, and with their having taken Stein- hotf in spite of the apology. January 10.- A French architect is robbed of securi- ties valued at £14,000, and is murdered when travel- ling by rail to Lyons ... The Italian Government de- c iles to devote £12,200 annually for the maintenance of French religious orders abroad ... An American anarchist is arrested at Constantinople on a charge ot intending to complete th" late attempt on the life of the Sultan ... Germany succeeds in undercutting British firms in the tender over the supply of car- .s tor the Metropolitan Railway Company ... A banquet is held in London with the obiect oi promot- ing the friendly feeling between England and Ger- many ... It is estimated that I'ii-mh'- outlay for the current financial year is £52,000,000 above that of last year ... The Marquis of Linlithgow is thrown from his horse and injured. January 17. A pitched battle takes place between Russian troops and revolutionaries at Krasnoyarsk on the Yenesei ... The Tsar instructs the .Metropolitans of the Orthodox Church to convoke an extraordinary national council for the settlement ot ecclesiastical affairs ... Prince Philip of Coburg and Princess Louise have been formally divorced ... The demonstration held in the Sydney Town Hall in favour ot Secession is a failn r< ■ • January 18. — A congress (,t delegates from the branches of the Russian Feasants' Union, held in Fin- land, decides to boycott the Douma. Seventeen of the delegates are afterwards arrested at St. Peters- burg ... The International Conference to enquire into the Morocco reforms meets at Algeciras ... The death is announced of Mr. Marshall Field in Chicago; he leaves £To,000,000. January 19. M. Fallieres is elected President of France in succession to M. Loubet ... The British Ad- miralty surveys the waters surrounding Labuan with the intention of establishing a naval sub-base there ... The Prince and Princess of Wales arrive at Mandalay ... General Lizovsky is assassinated in Russia ... It is stated that the Panama Canal can not be car- ried out by white labour ... The Norwegian barque, •• Coimbatore.'' is posted at Lloyd's as lost. January 20. — China refuses to sign the Thibetan Treaty ... The breach between France and Venezuela widens; President Castro expels the chief officials of the French Cable Company from Venezuela ... H.R.H. the Duchess of Connatmht is robbed of jewellery valued at £500 ... The Victorian loan of £.513.200 is placed before the public for conversion ... Rioting and pillage take place in Hamburg in consequence of an attempted infringement of the rights which the burghers possess in one of the free cities of the Ger- Review of Reviews, 20J2/06. Day by Day. 213 man Empire ... The Queensland Cabinet is re-ar- ranged ; Mr. Morgan takes the place of Sir Hugh Nelson as President of the Legislative Council. January 22.— The Pretoria News states that the Im- perial Government will grant responsible government to the Transvaal immediately ... Some London pub- lisher- are imprisoned for pirating musical publica- tions ... Baron Korf commit- suicide rather than order his men to fire at the execution of a batch of province insurgents ... It is stated that Berlin will take up a loan of £10,000.000 for the Russian Govern- ment, repayable in ten months ... The New Zealand footballers leave England ... In addition to quarrel- ling with France. Venezuela is now in serious friction wih the United States ... Great demonstration- are held in Germany by the Socialists to make public pro- test against the present electoral system, and in memory of St. Peter-burg's -'Red Sunday." January 23. — Fearful bush fires are raging in Xew South Wale- ... President Castro threatens French vessels that he will fire upon them if they approach Caracas ... The Tsar dismisses nineteen generals on the ground that they are hostile to his programme of reforms ... M. Gorky states that the revolution, al- though quiet, is not stamped out ... Japan intimates that outside aid will be acceptable to her for the famine in the Northern districts ... It is announced that the Japanese training squadron will visit Aus- tralia ... Victoria experiences a fierce heat wave; the temperature reaches 110 in the shade in Melbourne — the highest since 1882 ... Terrible bush fire- rage all over the State, January 24. — The Brazilian turret ship " Aquida- ban " is blown up. and 300 persons perish, including four admirals and a number of naval officers ... "Red Sunday " passes off in Russia, without demonstration ... Eight bombs are found at the residence of Princess Rozlovskaia, and she is arrested ... A sanguinary fight takes place be ween the French and Chinese troops in Tonquin ... Through the derailing and firing of an express train in Flanders, forty-three British mail bags, containing registrations valued at £200.000. were burnt. January 25. — A sharp running fight takes place be- tween the Turkish and Bulgarian troops close to the south-west frontier of Bulgaria ... A Chinese associa- tion, called the Merchants' Guild, resolves upon a strike in Canton owing to the imposition of taxes fcr the Canton to Hankou railway ... The electors of Russia are stated to be indifferent to the Douma elec- tions on account of the prevalence of repressive mea- sures in conducting the electoral campaigns ... The Persian Shah resolves to introduce important political reforms ... The year's total output from the Transvaal mines amounts to nearlv £23.000.000 ... It is reported that Lord Selbourne threatens to resign if the Go- vernment decides against equal electorates in the Transvaal ... Mr. John D. Rockefeller makes a fur- ther presentation of £300.000 to the Chicago Univer- sity ... The National Gallery, through a private donor, purchases Velasquez's painting. " Venn- with the Mirror." for £40,000 ... It is reported that America contemplates offering the Philippines to Japan ... There are indications tha_t neither France nor Ger- many will be able to carry out its programme at Morocco without modification-. January 26. — The Pacific Coast Company's steamer "Valencia." trading between San Francisco and Van- couver, -trikes upon Cape Beale : it is feared that 139 persons are drowned ... Senator Lodge states that the United States should not allow a foreign power even temporary occupation in America, and that it might be necessary for the U.S. to take over San Domingo ... The United States House of Representative-' Com- mittee agrees upon an adjustment of railway freights. January 27. — The Russian Government is consider- ing the advisablene-s of initiating several great public works to relieve the starving peasants ... An American firm offers to connect the Black and Baltic Sea- by a canal of 1000 miles for £40,000,000 ... The United States admits to the Union Arizona. New Mexico and Oklahoma ... The Simplon railway tunnel is opened for passenger traffic ... The bovco't against America in China affects the United States exports to the extent of 70 per cent. ; Australia is said to be benefiting proportionately. January 28. — A railway accident takes place on the Gembrook line (Victoria): about eichtv people are more or less injured, but there are no fatalities. January 30. — The captain of the " General Slocum," burned in New York Harbour in 1904. i- sentenced to ten year-' imprisonment ... Dr. Ford Robertson claims to have discovered the bacillus of the di-ease known as general paralysis of the insane ... The German Emperor preaches to a number of cadets a tirade against gambling ... Tribal fighting takes place in Morocco ... The death is announced of the King of Denmark. January 31. — It is estimated that the war has cost Japan £117,000,000 ... The Poll Matt Gazette recom- mends the colonies to make a contribution to the Im- perial Navy instead of building an Australian fleet ... It is estimated that the value of exports from Canada to Great Britain for the latter half of last'vear totals £16.800,000 ... General Griaznoff. Chief of Staff of the Viceroy of Transcaucasia, is killed bv a bomb ... A customs war begins between Austria-Hungary and her neighbours ... Count Ballestrem. President of the German Reichstag, makes a speech in which he recom- mends such heavy German armaments as would enable the nation to " knock on the head anyone lightly dis- turbing the peace of the world " ... The accession to the throne of Frederick VIII.. the new King of Den- mark, takes place to-day. and is marked with great enthusiasm. February 1. — A French mission goes to London to discuss the landed property question in the New Hebrides ... The Moorish Pretender is reported to have received delivery from Belgium of a quantity of arms and ammunition ... The Brazilian Government, it is stated, will, in consequence of the "Panther" in- cident, transfer orders for naval material, to the amount ot £4,500,000, from Germany to Great Britain. February 2. — The Standard Delegation from England will quire into Labour problems ... wow reform scheme limiting his autocracy. he retain- the title of ■'Autocrat" ... It i- states that a visit Australia The Czar Labour to en- promise- a although said that France guarantees £80.000.000 of the Russian loan, provided Russia gives the nation real representation ... A Hamburg liner strikes a sunken mine near Vladivostock ... The King is advised not to go to Copenhagen on account of ill-health. February 3. — Riots take place in Paris churches owing to the congregation resisting the police in their duty of taking inventories <>r church property in con- nection with the enforcement of the Act providing for the separation of Church ami State ... The Govern- ment et Austria-Hungary allocates L'4.800.000 to in- crease the strength of the Adriatic Fleet ... The Ser- vian Government is compelled to yield to the pressure ol Austria's retaliation policy ... The Italian Parlia- menl carries a pote against the Fortis Government ... An interesting discovery is made of 20 masterpieces by Turner, valued at £250,000 ... A public meeting in Johannesburg protests against the Transvaal slanders, and urge- the appointment of a Royal Commission to enquire into the condition of Chinese labour. 214 The Review of Reviews. February SO, 1906. INSURANCE NOTES. Two fires of large proportions occurred in Adelaide during the month, one on the 29th ult., in Crooks and Brooker's showrooms and bulk store in Lipson and Hart streets, Port Adelaide: the other on the 1st inst. in James Marshall and C'o.'s large furniture warehouse and factory at North Terrace. Crooks and Brooker's showroom and hulk store A were completely gutted, while their hulk store B adjoining was dam- aged by water. The buildings and contents were in- sured in the Sun office For £9800, which will covei the loss. Messrs. Marshall's premises were of iron, and the content-, as well as the buildings, were severely damaged. A fire broke out at G p.m. on the L6th ult., by which the fancy goods stock of Mr. S. J. Welsford, of Little Bourke-street, Melbourne, was severely "lam- aged. The fire originated in a pile of toys at the rear of the shop, and owing to the inflammable nature of the stock, the dames Bpread through the building with great rapidity. Celluloid is used largely in the composition of modern toys, and this burns fiercely, emitting dense black fumes, which at this tire seriously hampered the work of the brigade. The fire was, however, practically confined to the ground floor, the floor above being only ■-lightly damaged. The stock was insured in the London ami Lancashire Co. for £600, and the building, which is owned by the K«|int\ Trustees and Agency Co.. in the same office for .{.'3000. 12th inst. The barque "Itata" took fire on the 12th ...... while loading coal at Newcastle, and was very severely damaged. The Department of Navigation held an in- quiry into the matter, and as a result a watchman of the vessel, .Joseph Doran, was arrested on a charge ot having maliciously set fire to the vessel. A special meeting of the members of the Australian Mutual Provident Society was held in Sydney on the 19th ult. for the purpose of considering the much-dis- cussed proposal to extend the society's business to the United Kingdom and South Africa. The resolution to amend the society's by-laws to give effect to the above was carried by 160 votes to 53. A ballot was demanded, which was taken on the 24th ult. The ballot resulted in 95,346 votes for and 33,573 against. The resolutions were therefore declared carried by the requisite majority. The resolutions will be moved for confirmation on March 9th next. The barque " Coitnbatore." which came into collision with the " Zanita " off the South Australian coast last month, and has not since been heard of. ha^ been " posted as missing " at Lloyd's. A serious fire occurred on the 25th ult. at Mildura. by which a block of buildings with 100ft. frontage to Langtree-avenue and 100ft. to Eighth-street, contain- ing five shops and three dwellings, were destroyed. All the buildings were the property of Mr. W. M. Plant. The premises were built of brick and wood, but owing to the poor water supply, were completely burnt out. They were occupied by J. E. Griggs, hair- dresser; W. Buckle, grocer; A. G. Pugsley. colour- man's store; Friedlieb, chemist; and F. W. Scott, news agency. Serious bush fires have been reported during the month, especially in the Foster and Toora districts. in South Gippsland, and at Daylesford. A great num- ber of farm and other buildings were destroyed, and unfortunately accompanied by serious loss of life. CITIZENS' Life Assuranro, Company, Ltd. The Premier Industrial-Ordinary Life Office of Greater Britain. HEAD OFFICE - - SYDNEY. The Company's Record for 1901 : Funds £1,346,606 INCREASE IN FUNDS .- - 201,346 Income .. „. £436,326 INCREASE IN INCOME .- _ 26,774 Paid Policyholders since Inception £891,590 PAID POLICYHOLDERS in 1904... 108,931 Profits, Id the form of Reversionary Bonuses, Allotted to Policyholders since Inception £395,525 PROFITS, in the form of Reversion- ary Bonuses, allotted to Policyhold- er! for J904 61,075 Expenses — DECREASE FOR YEAR £12.131 VBDB COLONIAL MUTUAL . . FIRE . . INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED. FIRE ACCIDENT - EMPLOYER'S LIABILITY FIDELITY GUARANTEE PLATE CLASS BREAKAGE MARINE BURGLARY - Insurance. OFFICES. MELBOURNE— 60 Market Street. SYDNEY— 78 Pitt Street. ADELAIDE— 71 King William Street. BRISBANE— Creek Street. PERTH— Barrack Street. HOBART— Collins Street. LONDON— St. Michael's Alley, Cornhill, B.C. WM. L. JACK, Manage* Iteiiew of Reriewi, WJ2J0U. WOl Is Life Worth Living? i By ■ Philo.") To almostT everyone there occur limes when the question whether life is •th livin^'Vm.usts itself upon them, but there are, fortunately, very few who come to a negative conclusion, and decide to anticipate Nature by hurrying " behind the veil." To those in the possession of buoyant health the question occurs but seldom, but there are so many people who are never in thorough health, and others who suffer from pain and sickness, that to them— the far larger class - the vital question is apt to intrude itself with persistency. It is remarkable how many people suffer from pain and sickness which they oould readily be cured of if they were aware of the cau.se of their trouble. Of course there are diseases which cannot be cured, but such disorders us rheumatism, gout, netiralg.a, lumbago, backache, sciatica, blood disorders, anaemia, indigestion, biliousness, jaundice, sick headache, general debility, gravel, stone, bladder troubles and Blight's disease are all curable. One and all arise from a diseased or inactive condition of the kidneys and liver. When the kidneys and liver are working actively and in harmony, uric and biliary pois.jiu are thrown off from the system in a natural manner, an 1 as it is the presence of these poisons in the blood which causes the suffering entailed by any of the complaints mentioned, the removal of the poisons means the conse- quent cessation of pain and suffering. The kidneys of the average person filter and extract from the blood, about three pinta of urine every day. In this quantity of urine should be dissolved about an ounce of urea, ten or twelve grains in weight, of uric acid, and obuer animal and mineral matter varying from a third of an ounce to nearly an ounce. If the kidneys are working freely and healthily all this solid matter leaves the body dissolved in the urine; but if, through weakness or disease, the kidneys are unable to do their work properly, a quantity of these urinary substances remains in the blood and flows through the veins, contaminating the whole system. Then we suffer from some form of uric poisoning, such as Rheumatism, Gout, Lumbago, Backache, Sciatica, Persistent Headache. Neuralgia, Gravel, Stone, and Bladder Troubles. A simple test to make as to whether the kidneys are healthy is to place some urine, passed the first thing in the morning, in a covered glas.s, and let it stand until next morning. If it is then cloudy, shows a sediment like brick-dust is of an unnatural colour, or has particles floating about in it, the kidneys are weak or diseased. and steps must immediately be taken to restore their vigour, or Bright 's Disease, Diabetes, or some of the many manifestations of uric poisoning will result. The Liver is an automatic chemical laboratory. Li the liver various sub- stances are actually made from the blood. Two or three pounds <>l bile are thus made by the liver every day. The liver lakes sugar from the blood, con- verts it into another form, and stores it up .so as to be able to again supply it to the blood, as the latter may require enrichment. The liver changes uric acid, which is insoluble, into urea, which is completely soluble, and the liver also deals with the blood corpuscles which have lived their life and are useful no longer. When the liver is inactive or diseased we suffer from some form of biliary poisoning, such as Indigestion. Biliousness, Anaemia, Jaundice, Sick Headache. General Debility, and Blood Disorders. So intimate is the relation between the work done by the kidneys and that done by the liver, that where there is any failure on the part of the kidneys the liver becomes affected in sympathy, and vice versa. It was the realisation of the importance of this close union of the labour of these vital organs which resulted in the discovery of the medicine now known throughout the world as Warner's Safe Cure. Certain medical men. knowing what a boon it would be to humanity if some medicine could be found which would act specifically on both the kidneys and liver, devoted themselves to an exhaustive search for such a medium, and t.heir devotion was eventually rewarded by their success in compounding a medicine which possesses the required quality in the fullest degree. Warner's Safe Cure exhibits a marvellous healing action in all cases of functional or chronic disease of the kidneys and liver, and restoring them, as it is able to do, to health and activity, it. of necessity. cures alt complaints due to the retention in the system of urinary and biliary poisons " A vigorous action of the kidneys and liver naturally eliminates the poisons, and troubles due to the presence of the poisons cea.se. Cures effected by Warner's Safe Cure are permanent simply because they are natural. For mutual advantage, when von write to an advertiser, please mention the Review of Keviewi. Miss Irene Dillon Photo J Py Stewart & Co., Mi lb. Review of Reviews, tOjilOS