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The Review of Reviews.

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"THE AUSTRALASIAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS."

April K, 1906.

The Review of Reviews,

TOIRISTS, TRAVELLERS AND HOLIDAY MAKERS

IN OR PASSING THROUGH MELBOURNE.

You should shop with the following Firms. You can depend on getting the Best Goods at

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TOURISTS AND TRAVELLERS IN SYDNEY.

You should shop with the following Firms. You can depend on getting the Best Goods at
the Most Reasonable Prices. Make a note of the Firms in your Pocket=Book : —

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AprU to. 1906.

The Review of Reviews,

To

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Esperanto Manual,

In(lisi)un>;il)le to Slmieiits, 2S.

Motteau's Esperanto- English Dictionary,

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O'Connor's English-Esperanto Dictionary,
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€(

The Spectator''

Is the Organ of the Methodist Church in
Victoria and Tasmania.

It is a Live, Bright, Lp-to-Date Journal

Sold at Ss. 8d. per annum (/Os. lOd. posted 1.

The late Rev. E. S. BicKFORD wrote concerning it as
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PRINTING

Of all Descriptions is undertaken
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T. W. RASHLEIGH,
270 Post Office Place,

MELBOURMi

The Review of Reviews.

April to, 1306.

Winter is Qomin^ On,

Lay in Your Stock of Reading.

Nothing: Better and Cheaper can be gfot than Our Novels and Poets.
SEND FOR THEM AT ONCF.

A GOOD NOVEL IS A NECESSITY FOR HARD WORKERS.

You Can't be Working Day and Night.

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Nothing Gives Relaxation Like a Good Novel.

1 CHARLES OMAUEr; Oliarleg I*ver s stiiiiiii ...in.in. ,r. :e 1
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2. CONINCSBY ; one of tl.« most famou3 works of tlie states-
man novelist. Lord Beaconsfield.

3. BEN niR; perbaps the moat realistic story of tlie time

of Christ. A stirring tale of fighting and love by
General Lew Wallace.

4. THE SCARLET LETTER; Natbauiel Hawthorne's master-

C' ce. Tells of the stern, early Puritan doings in
erica.

6. ALDERSYDE ; a charming: story of the Scottish bor.ier
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e. NEOMI: THE BRIGAND'S DAUOMTER; the title exiilaiiis it
•elf. The novel is one of the most popular of that
popular writer, 8. Baring-Gould.

7. UNCLE TOM'S CABIN. An epoch making book, by Mrs. H
Beeoher-Stowe. A tale of the slave days in America.

8. THE FIFTH FORM OF ST. DOMINICS: one of the beat stories
of school days in England. Bright, having plenty of
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». THF SCHONBERO - COTTA FAMILY ; the best of the many
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13. SHE. A thrilling romance of marvel and mystery, the
plot of which is laid in South Africa. By H. Rider
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11. HANDY ANDY. A tale of Irish life. By Samuel Lover.

12. JANE EYRE. The most widely-circulated and most power-
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plo
Ea

THE EARTHLY PARADISE; by William Morris. Stories from
this great masterpiece of one of the greatest of preaent-
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b.v special permission of the author.

THE I\G01DSBY LEGENDS, by Thomas Ingoldaby Key E. H
Barhaml. who easily holds first place as master of
English humorous rliyme,

CniLUE HAROLD'S PILGRIMAGE. The book contains the second
portion of Lord Byron's greatest masterpiece. It is
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POEMS OF LIBERTY. PROGRESS S LABOUR, by John Greenleaf-
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WHIT ICR'S POEMS, contains his autobiographical poems and
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THE LADY OF THE LAKE, by Sir Walter Scott, is probably the
best known romantic poem of the English language

LEGENDS AND BALLADS. A selection of the best known
legends and ballads in the English tongue.

ST. 0C09GE AND THE DRAGON That portion of Spencer's
Paerie Queene which tells of the adventures of the Red
Cross Knisht.

THE CANTERBURY TALES, in which Geoffrey Chaucer tells of
a pilgrimage from London to Canterbury five cen-
turies ago.

THE PLEASURES OF HOPE, and other poems, by Thomas
Campbell. The Scottish poet is chiefly known by his
battle poems. The Battle of the Baltic, Hoheiilinden,
THE POEMS OF JOHN KEATS. This " Poet of Beauty " lived
but 25 years, and yet be was one of the greatest poet*
if the 19th century. All his best masterpiece^ are in-
cluded in the volume.

IRISH MELODIES and other poems, by the greatest of Irish
poeta, Thomas Moore.

TWELVE NOVELS for Is. 4d. is 5d in stamps).

TWELVE POETS for Is. 4d. as. sd. in stamps.)

ALL EXCELLENT READING.

S«nd only U. li. dm. sd. If slamos , and th- twelve novels or the twelve poets will be sent you by return.
For 2m (>d. the whole library of iwtr t, Icur volumes will be sent, post free.

THE MANAGER, "The Review of Reviews," Equitable Building, Melbourne.

Atiril J-

The Review of Reviews.

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The Review of Reviews. ^p^ ■<>■ '^-

LONDON PUNGH.

NOW PUBLISHED IN AUSTRALIA.

LONDON PUNCH is by fan the finest liumonous paper in tlie world. Its
humour is of a high order, and a constant reading of its pages is lil<e a
perpetual mental tonic.

Its Political Cartoons are noted all over the world, and its Social Cartoons
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It has on its staff some of the Best Black-and-White Artists in the world.

Arrangements have now been made to publish it in Australasia from the
Equitable Building. It may be procured at all news-agents for

LONDON PUNCH. 3d. ^^^^^^ ^^^^^-

It will be sent if desired from London Punch Office, Equitable Building,
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CUT THIS OUT.

L01SDO.\ PUNCH OFFICE,

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Ihe Review of Reviews.

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"THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS FOR AUSTRALASIA."

The Review of Reviews.

April iO, 1906.

HEARNE'S BRONCHITIS CURE

TH. FAMOUS REMEDY For H.. the L.rge.t Sale ol .ny Che.t Medicine In Au.traJC

COUGHS, BRONCHITIS, ASTHMA AND CONSUMPTION.

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^° BEWARE OF COUGHS!

ASTHMA.

A FIVE YEABS' OASE.

AT TIMES VERY BAD INDEED.

QUICKLY AND COMPLETELY CUBED BY HEAEXES
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Remember that every disease has lU commencemenl, tad Oouumpllaa
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HAY ASTHMA.

A SEVERE ATTACK BELIEVED IN TEN MINUTES BY
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Mr. W. G. Hearne. Dear Sir. — About three weeks ago,
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difficulty to breathe. My nose began to run, and to all
appearances I was developing a severe attack of Bron-
chitis or Asthma. At last I could stand it no longer.
I then tried your Bronchitis Cure, and its effect vaa
wonderful. In less than ten minutes I was all right
again. Such a result, and so quick, astounded me. Thli
is no exaggeration. I am pleased to say. — Yours truly.

S. H. MAYO.
Meredith. Victoria.

BROKeHITIS AND ASTHMA.

A SYDNEY EESIDENT SUFFESED FOE OVER SIXTY
YEABS.

SO BAD HE DARED NOT STIE.

RELIEVED IN A FEW MINUTES BY HEABNE S
BRONCHITIS CUBE.

WOULD GIVE £50 FOB THE SAME BENEFIT RATHER
THAN SUFFER.

Mr. W. Q. Hearne.

Dear Friend,— Chronic Bronchitis I had from birth,
and I am now 66 years old. Some time back I con-
tracted Asthma, and for months I was so bad that any
remedy that had previously relieved smothering was of
no use to me. I was so bad that I dared not stir, and
spent the worst night I ever had. When in a conver-
sation. Mr. March. .I.P.. of Balmain, Sydne.v. kindly told
me that a friend of his was using your Bronchitis Cure,
and that it was good. So my sister bought me a bottle
of it. and in a few minutes after taking the first dose
I could breathe a little. The next day I was better, and
kept getting better every day. To-day T am better
than I haTe been for the last seven years. I took the
medicine as directed, six bottles, and it cost me less
than £1. I would give £50 for the same benefit rather
than suffer as I did. Please make what use of this
letter you think fit. If by so doing it would only
cause one to get i-id of this fearful complaint. — Tours
faithfnllv.

WILLIAM CANHAM.
108 Curtis Boad. Balmain, S.ydney.

Mr. Hearne. Chemist.

Sir. — I am thankful to say that the medicine you sent
for Asthma has had a wonderful effect. I have not
taken all the Bronchitis Cure, as I did not need it:
therefore I send you my hearty good wishes for vour
future success. I myself will, for the benefit of others.
make it known to all I know. I am 73 vears of age. —
Tours truly, JOHN BRAY,

Alliance-street. Olunes. Victoria.

I was a bronchial subject for nearly 40 years, bB%
have found Hearne's Bronchitis Cure a perfect remedy."
H. EDHOUSE, J.P..

Stawell Brewery,
Stawell. Victoria.

■■ Your Bronchitis Cure is a splendid medicine. It
is the best medicine I have ever used for Coughs, Golds
on the Cheat, and Sore Throat.

Mrs) JOHN McKENZlE,

Werona, Victoria.

"I suffered very much from Asthma for four years
and tried lots of so-called cures without deriving any
benefit. I got a bottle of your Bronchitis Cure. No. la,
last Friday, and a bottle of your No. 2 Medicine, for
obstinate Asthma, on Saturday. Since the first dose of
vour No. 2 Medicine. I have not had the wheezing at
all."

V. CAMEEON.
"Leongatha." Riversdale Road,
Hawthorn, Melbourne.

"Your Bronchitis Cure reallv acts like magic."
I Mrs.) B. L. STMES.
Narracoorte Hotel, Narracoorte.
South Australia.

" As m.v purchases show, your remedies are increasing
in sale. From time to time I he^'- people sneaking
about the good results obtained from them. Wishing
you a verv much enlarged sale and great prosperity."

JOHN KING,
Chemist. Ballarat.

"I have purchased a small bottle of your Bronchitis
Cure, and have onl.v taken four doses, and am glad to
tell you that I am cured."

J WEIGHT.

c o Mr. D. McLean,
Camperdown. Victoria.

" I was laid up for twelve months with Bronchitis,
during which I tried manv '^emedies. without success.
I used two bottles of your Bronchitis Cure, and am now
completelv cured."

JAMES WILLIAMS.
Huntl.y Street. Elsternwick. Melbourne

HEARNE'S BRONCHITIS CURE-SMALL SIZE, 2.Q ; LARGE SIZE.
Sold by Chemists and Medicine Vendors, and by the Proprietor,

4/6.

W. G. HEARNE, CHEMIST, GEELONG, VICTORIA.

F.orwarded by Post to anv Address when not obtainable locally

April iO. 2ifo6.

The Review of Reviews.

Beautiful En^ra vln^s

••

(COLOURED or PLAIN) of

THE LIGHT ©F THE W0RLD."

Large — Coloured, 28in. x isin., 42 » Large — Uncoloured, 32in. x 170., 2l/«

Small — Coloured, 2oin. x lo'jin., 30 » Smalt — Uncoloured, i6'jin. x pin., 10 »

THis Exquisite Picture sKould be in Every Home.

THE COLOURED PICTURES ARE PRODUCED IN TWENTY COLOURS.

They are not Reproductions of the Small Original, but of the Large one which is now
on view in the States. They are beautiful Reproductions, and everyone should
purchase a copy.

It will be Posted on Receipt of the above Amounts. Carefully Packed.

Address to —

"THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS,"

Equitable Building, Melbourne.

THE

PORTABLE COMFORT

ORIENT POCKET STOVE

JAPANESE HOT-BOX OR liODV WARM tK.

A Perfect Luxury for the Cold Weather.

^ " " Invaluable at all

lifiies for Inva-

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and others.

NO TROUBLE.

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I he Most Fflec-
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,>:>inga Natural

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X"E ir.prn».l,
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___ e«e h»s neT«rr l<erQ

--_ '^P^ taoTt cle«r?y Jvm-

^^^ oiisitkCeiil IhiLTi bj

~-^_ _ _ _ the ioTentioD of

'—^-- >=;^;^_^ ~ -—-.-- '--' " the Hot-Box. The

poor«i>t 'rjcksh«>
fn»n ID jKp^iu carriv^ a Ilot-Boi Kiid the «ri?aliti:« i roMeman wouKI ocTrr b«
wiituttit one Id tlcknesi *Dd in bealth the Body-Warmsr is equally ftppr«-
ciKifd. One of Ihsse hand^ litt)« contfivitnces carried IS A coat pocket or
in a lady's mTlfl tave* lh« bt-arer from fefflinp iht cnlil r,f win(«r. When travel-
ling hj ooai^h, tram it stpatoer. :» Mot-Roi pla''''d b<itwe*n th» ttttt wiU keep
rou as warm and cotr as if yoa were beiide a bright coal flre. clerks »ii 1
oDiori engnged in si'ilentary nTucatnns wh.-rt- itierv i:% no heHlinc appIi^iiL-e
higiily Talue thr Hoi-Koi .-v« an efficient subBtitute for a atove or grate.
For ih- nlmost initant relief '.f Nmralpia. T.i..itiache. nroochit.i, litflueiiM.
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benftftvTftl. thn Hot-Boi is far preferable to any of tb« uiual lueth'^lB. »uch as
hot-wat»r bottles hot comiresse*. Ste. All theat »ooo lose their " .rmth nn 1
ha*- (0 bp replaced ; the Unt- Bi>i, on tb« contrary raainlains a regular degree
of heat for several hoars Ti hu the eiper'al advantBtre of beiu^' insta.ntly
available; wuhm one minale 11 it re»dj, with no further tiuuhit iLnn
merely striking a match »nil ^etlin^ lirht-lo the fuel. It will make a cold
bed warm and coiy m a f«w inmit*! Thes^ ar- but a few of the many useaaiKl
a TAHtatfi'S of thi; Hot Doi. The price ta only is 6d.. including a supptT n{
fiie'4 and carriagp I'^id to anj addr«ie, carefullj peaked in a box with full
diriM-tiona. Additx^nal funli can be had at »ry time at sixpence per packet
Ceo'xigh for aho>it forty hours' warmth), which makes it by far the cheapest
henttnf* apparatus ever dfTigi^d. I'Uase bear in mind (hat there is no troable
witli the Hot-ttot and no danger; it emits DO smoke or smell, and it cannot
unOi-r any cinMitiiBtanie* set lire to anythmt: els-'. Seod postal note Of any
•^ta'o for in 6d an-l -ncLis^ ih » adTcrtisemenl « ith yoor order.

The Union manufacturing & Agency Co.|

299 ELIZAUETII STREET, MELBOUR.NE.

YOU CANNOT CUT YOURSELF WITH TME

Fi^£ix>o Safety Razox*

A HlollESr-CLASS HOl.l.OU-i.ROliMi KA/.OR WITH
ATfACHABLE SAFhlY GUARD.

SH.-^VE.S CLOSE AND
COMFORTABLY.
Only 6/6

Shave Yourself
and run no risk

of

Barber's Rasb

JUST THE THING FOR A MAN IN A HURRY.

'THE I'ifiiru £af«tr K.wii is an excellent razor of the usual pat.t«ni that a1on«
■*■ n-(,u(ii Im: WOnderfally cheap m lfu> [rn-.; wc charg.: for th^ C'iiin>itttf ouirtt.
It i> hoUow ground and luttdt^ •■( th<- highest quality of Steel. ^)-:<-ial'y Uonperf^d
to rotain Its tci_>cii uitge. It is gttaraoteed ready for immediate use without li>iu-
inp orstruiipiiig. If ftinmy reason you w.s'i u. 11-. r>i.- K j.iro Rjuor without the
safciy su.trd, there is noihing 10 pri"'v«-in yo ■ ir-.m .lolnn Sij.iiiid you will lind
It AS f;o<> I as or better than the best razor yoa have ever osed. The patent
!^;.f>'ty Uuard fita u do a the razor without adjostmeot of any kind. It cannot
h..' wronirly attached. It can be fiied or iik-ii ..if in one moment. The guard
doe- not core: it ini.rferu » ith the eiip.?.aiiil th^is th. r-- is no risk of gapplDf
or blaatlng the razor, a-s with most vifcty Jtt.<ihui.ii'- wjihti the guard is La
p^'ittun. you .1111 shave with the greatest freedom and coofidence, up or down,
backward I. r forward t-ren m n dim lithi.im-l g«t through so <iuickly and com-
forubly thi^t shayuig Is a pleasure, and n<>t an irksome <)Dty. Ereu if yoa
have neVt-r shaTel yourself before you wili hare no trooble in manaeing the
Figitro i>'>f<;[y Baziur. One of our customers assures tis thnt. since using tlie
Figaro S4fr;iy EaJMjr, he caii share so close h-^ can dO With tWO stxaves a
W;ek. wh^reiw preTi'U^ly he h-fi to share ihrte i.r four tini.s. and he stAtes
that he saves quite five mintites on each shave, 'ihe Fitrnn. s^ivty ll&zor
in the very thing for those who have to shave In the shortest possible tune.
Fur those wlio dislikt- h iv ng a rouo'h bristly fiice, Ih^ Ftp-to Sjif.tT Razor can
be dT.peniled nycn to shave closer than the most expert barber, for yon
can " oear on " the Figari' as heavily as you plens--' without f'-ar of catting the
akin. The Fitraru Raior and Safety Guard »r- packed in a strong case, with
separate i.i>mjjartintnts fwi each piece, and with full dirtctions f-r u&e. The price
is only 68. 6d comi^leteand carrape paid to any address. Bt ehAvine youreeJf you
wtU aroii ail ri^k of Barber 8 Bath and save the cost of the outfit lo a conple
•f months. With each oid*.'r rtceired within two months from the date of tnis
pnpT we will present a larije oake of the Finest American Wltch-Hazel
AutiEept'C Sbav.ag Soap, that makes shaving a luxurious enjoyment You
Ehok^.d order at once and must mention this paper to avoid disappointment.

The Union manufacturing &. Agency Goif

299 ELIZ.\BET1I STREET, MELBOURNE.

The Review of Reviews.

April SO. 1906.

ENO*S 'FRUIT SALT*

t EVERY HOUSEHOLD AND TRAVELLING TRINK OUGHT TO CONTAIN A BOTTLE Of

*

*

*

*
*

m

*

*
S

* INDIGESTION. BILIOUSNESS. SICKNESS. Jic.—" I have otteD thought o« writing to tell you

A wh»t 'FRUIT SALT' hag done for me. I used to be a perfect martyr to Indigestion and Biliousness. About sis or seven

^ years back my husband suggested I should try ' FRUIT SALT.' 1 did so, and the result has been marvellous. I never

1^ have the terrible pains and sickness I used to" have ; I can eat almost anything now. 1 always keep it in the house and

if recommend it to my friends, as it is such an invaluable pick-me-up if you have a headache, or don't feel just right.

^ Yours trulv lAugust 8, 1900)"

*

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ill

<ii

A SIMPLE REMEDY FOR PREVENTING AND CURINQ
BY NATURAL MEANS

All Functional Derangements of the Liver, Temporary Con-
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Biliousness, Sick Headach*. Giddiness, Vomiting, Heartburn,

Sourness of the Stomach, Constipation, Thirst,

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and Quick Pulse, Influenza, Throat Affections and

Fevers of all kinds.

The effect of ENO'S ' FRUtT SALT' on a DisoPdere^ <^ieepless and Feverish Condition is simply marvelloue.
It is. in fact, Nature's Own ReTiedy, and an Unsurpassed One.

CAUTION.— See Capsule m.irked Eno's "Fruit Salt." Without it jou have a WoBTuLKas Imitatiox.
Prepared only by J. C. ENO, Ltd., at the 'FRUIT SALT' WORKS, LONDON, by J. C ENO'S Patent.

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LION BRAND" CONFECTIONERY.

JAMES STEDMAN Ltd., Sydney.

Conftcriont'is and Count rv Storekeepers, write us tor our NKW ^ Wholesale; CATALOGUE. We can fill
all your requirements Fresh Stocks of CONTINENTAL and AMERICAN NOVELTIES by every mail.

For mutual advantage, when you write to an advertiser, please mention the Review of Reviews.

AprU to, 1906.

The Review of Reviews.

Happy is the Bride that Sam Shines On.

(From the Minnea-polii Journal )

DIABETES.

Manhu Diabetic Foods.

(Starch Changed Preparations.)

Are Effective, Inexpensive, Most I'alatable. M:imifaclurcd by the
MANHU FOOD Co Liverpool. Enttl^iu'l. AH Particulars. Clinical
Evidences, &c , from mir Australian Representative,

CHARLES E. HALL, 12 M'Killop.st., Melbourne.

O

S

|/-

1 WHAT IS CATARRH?

H Cataxkh is inrtammation ut the liniii|f mem
H brace of the no&e and adjoining passa^ci
H If this inHammation is not arrested tt invades
l^the passages whii-h lead from the nose to
^^Bthe tiead. ears, throat and lungs. It iniures
JHlhe sight and hearing, destroys the tense o(
I^V taste and smell, renders ihe breath offensive,
^m hiealis down the affected tissues, consumei
V the nasal cartilages. .*nd rots away the small
■ frontal bones of the skull. The discharge,
B passing through the lungs and stomach, causes
' ily?ipepsia, also consumption. Do you want
relief and cure ? If so. try our greftt remedy.

RAMEY'S MEDICATOR cures Catarrh. Catar
rhal Deainess, Headache, Neuralgia, Coughs
Colds, Bronchitis. Asthma, Hay Fever. La
Grippe, etc. Price, complete with 4 mo.iths'
treatment by mail, los.

k Write for Booklet free, or send order
1 direct to Star Novelty Co.. 229-231 Collins st
^ Melbourne.

DASPYL

_l
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FOR ENGINEERS' AND
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THE "DASPYL" BRAND WILL
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MANUFACTURED IN AUSTRALIA BY

JOHN DANKS & SON

PROP. LTD..

391 BOURKE ST., MELBOURNE,
AND SYDNEY.

lAdSVa

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THR

Young man's magazine

A Literary Journal for Voung Men.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

POST FREE, 3S. 6d. PER ANNUM.

Bright, Interesting, Original, and Instructive
Reading Matter.

No House Where there is a YOUNG MAN should be

without "THE YOUNG MAN'S MAGAZINE."
Send Order to Editor Moung Man's Maoazlne." Box 322. WelMnBlon, HZ.

The Review of Reviews.

April 20, 1906.

A FINELY-PRINTED EDITION ON ART PAPER.

Phil May's Sketches.

From "LONDON PUNCH."

Comprising more than loo of the best examples from the pages of "PUNCH"
of his work as an artist of Humour. In paper wrapper, price 2S. 6(1. net.

" No more suila))le souvenir of the genial Ptiil May could tie wished for than this collection." — H'eekly Critical Rci'iew.
" Fine examples of the genial humorist's work." — Army ami Xavy Gazette.

A FINELY=PRINTED CHEAP EDITION.

... Rn Indian Sketch Book...

loo Full-page Pencil Drawings of Scenes, Incidents, and Impressions, reproduced in

e.vact facsimile.

By L. RAVEN = HILL.

In Demy 4to, paper wrapper. Price, Half=a=Crown net.

"We know few books better fitted than this to convey to the popular mind an idea of the strange variety
of peoples that inhabit our Eastern Empire and the regions traversed on the route thereto. Mr. Raven-Hill
shows us what he saw and what most struck his fancy in India, and those who have been there and those who
have not will both be grateful to him." — Scolsniuii.

Send Postal iNote, or Money Order, or Cheque to

" REVIEW OF REVIEWS " OFFICE, EQUITABLE BUILDING, MELBOURNE.

For 1/6 Posted.

"The British Houses of Parliament."

This is a collection of Nineteen Beautiful Permanent Photographs, some of the most exquisite we
have seen, together with a Descriptive Sketch.

A finer Descriptive Booklet of these Historic Houses in such small compass could not be imagined.

Send IS. 6d. either in Stamps or Postal Note, and it will be sent you by return mail. It is just
the thing to lie on a side table for visitors to look at. Send to

"The Review of Reviews," Equitable Building, Melbourne.

Ectropian.

Granular Lids CURED WITHOUT OPERATION.

TD DDnPT17D OCUI.IST
. n. rnUvlEifi, opticiam,

476 Albert Street, MELBOURNE.

t SPtCIAUST Jft ALL EYC COIVIPLAINTS

T. R. PROCTER would remind his Patients
throughout Australia that, having once measured
their eyes, he can calculate with exactitude the
alteration produced by increasing age, and adjust
spectacles required during life without further
measurement.

PROCTER'S UNIVERSAL EYE OINTMENT «• » tamily Salve haj no equals cures Blight, lore and inflamed Bye*.

Granular Eyelids, tJlceration of the Hyeball. and restores Eyelashes. 2 6. Post free to any part of the Stales. No carefld

housewife should be without PROCTER'S EYE LOTION, more especially in the country places. as InflammatioD is gcM»

r«lly the forerunner of all diseases of the Eye. An early application would cure and prevent any further trouble with the B7«ft.

Softies, 3,- and 3 6, post free to any part of the colonies. Eye Baths, 6d. Stamps other than Virtorian not a^cei'Ied.

April to. Vi'ti,

The Review of Reviews.

Minneapolis Journal.'}

'• That's Over."

t**K'»iDB'<T RooiBVKLT — " Now ^ive me sonietliing easy, like a fight
irith wildcats or a little railroad tufuiilp with the Senate."

By
Royal

Warrant
to

H.M. King Edward VII. and
H.R.H The Prince of Wales.

All must eat salt

Then why not choose
the only one—

Gerebos

SALT,

which both seasons and
strengthens the Food.

Wholesale Agents - Peterson 4. Co.. Melbourne.

The SUNSHINE HARVESTER

Light Draught— Perfect Sample,
DL'RABLK.

H. V. McKAY,

668 BOURKE ST., MELBOURNE,

SYDNEY nuA Ai)r.r..\iDi:.

QUALITY

Is the first consideration to the
Farmer, whether it be Stock or
Machinery. You can't afford to
buy poor horses, neither is it
profitable to buy poor imported
Harvesters. Get the

"SUNSHINE/^

It's the Best. Made in Australia
by .Australians, and a Credit to
the Nation.

The Review of Reviews.

April SO, 190G.

BOOKS

FOR THE

OIVLY

BAIRNS. 7/6

This Handsome Present

Is one that will be acceptable to either very

young or older children.

The Books are cloth bound, pleasing in

appearance, and put together strongly.

They ape full of

NURSERY RHYMES,

FAIRY TALES,

FABLES,

STORIES OF TRAVEL,

Etc , Etc.

Everyone who buys the Books is delighted

with them. Numbers of people

repeat orders for friends.

You Could Not Buy a Better

BIRTHDAY GIFT

For Your Child.

CONTENTS

VOL. I.— i^'^sop's Fables.

VOL. IL — Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Tales.

VOL. III. — Tbe Adrentures of Reyuaru the Fox

and Tlie Adventures of Old Brer Rabbit.
VOL. IV.— Cinderella and Other Fairy Tales, and

Grimm's Faiiy Tale.s.
VOL. V. — Pilgrim's Progress.

VOL. VI.— The Story of the Robins and the

Story of a Donkey.
VOL. VII. — The Christmas Stocking and Hans

Andersen's Fairy Stories.

VOL. VIII.— Gulliver's Travels. 1.— Among the

Little People of Liliput. 2. — Among the

Giants.

Vol. IX. — Baron Munchausen and Sinbad the Sailor.

Write, enclosing 7'S. 6d., to

rr

[

The Manager,

THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS."

EQUITABLE BUILDING, MELBOURNE
And it will be sent to you, post free.

April 10. 190i;,

The Review of Reviews.

1 1 iiHWii^MM Twenty-Nine Magnificent |

COLOURED POST-CARDS |

— — =^^= j

For 2s. Post Free. i

THE OLD HOMESTEAD.

o d a

Trtese Post-Cards have been specially produced
for us by the Xew Colourtype Process.

They are reproductions of Original Oil and

Water Colour Paintings in ail their

Natural Colours.

Xow that the post.tl restriction, which prohibited
writiufj on the .-iddrcss side has been removed, Picture
Post-Cards will be much more used, especially as the
Post Office officials lake great pains not to damage the
picture.

Q Q Q

SERIES No. I.
0 5 Cards. 1

The Harbour at Venice
Purity

The Sheph rd's Star
The WediJIng Party
A Neighboiirly Chat
Land of the Midnight Sun
Sunset on long Island
Berkshire Brook in Autumn
A Passing Storm
Landscape (Carol)
In a Bad Fix
Judgment of Paiis i
Autumn

Three Boatmen of Barce-
lona
The Fishermen's Return

WOW

Picture Post-Cards ate becoming
more and more popular, but the best should be
used ; that is why you should write for our
series at once.

SERIES No. 2.

il4 Cards )

The Chess Players

Vouth

A Summer Day In Holland

Waters
The Fortune Teller (UcWn
Venice iCanaD
The Evening Meal
Highland Sheep
Th> Old Homes'ead
The Puritan Girl
Preparing the Fete
Sunset on Mount Hood
The Young Mother
Street Scene in Venice
An Old Salt

HIGHLAND SHEEP

O O C

It will be seen from the particulars friven that the two
series embraces a variety of land and seascapes, heads,
domestic subjects, animal life, etc They exceed in
beauty and finish, richness and variety of design, any-
thing on the market.

It is of these pictures, which are now for the first time
reproduced as Post-Cards, that Sir PHILIP BCRNE
JONES writes ;— " I have the greatest pleasure in ex-
pressing my admiration for the high standard of excel-
lence obtained in the coloured reproductions of paint-
ings, which I had the opportunity of seeing the other
day, and I wish them all the success thev so undoubtedly
deserve."

^ The Two Series (29 Cards). 2s. post free.

I Series No. I (15 Cards). Is. Id. post free.

I Series No. 2 (14 Cards), Is, post free.

$ THE MAX.iGER,

I "THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS FOR ilUSIRflLllSill."

I Equitable Building, Melbourne.

«\\\V^VMJN!\V^\\\\\\\\\\\\\\>\\\\\\\\\^^^^

THE CHESS PLAYERS.

m

The Review of Reviews.

April to, 190S.

A BEAUTIFUL PICTURE OFFERED FOR ONE SHILLING.

UR beautiful Collotype Pictures, when framed and
hung, add to the charm and attractiveness of any
home. They are supplied at the extremely low
price of 2/6 each. Many experts have valued
them at 10/6, so none can excuse themselves for having
bare, unsightly walls on the ground of expense.

We do not, however, want you to buy the pictures
without knowing more about them, so we are offering to
send Albert Moore's lovely picture " Blossoms," for the
nominal price of 1/-, post free. Do not trouble to buy a
postal note — enclose twelve penny stamps in your letter,
containing order coupon, and mail to-day.

By J. C. McWhirtec.

LIST or COLLOTYPES.

2 (3 eacH.

BLOSSOMS. By .Albert Moore, R.A. (Size, 6{ i la in.) .Mailed
to anyone sending Coupon for l/-.

THE FIQHTINQ TEMERAIRE. By J. W. Turner, R.A. (li
X I3l in.)

JUNE IN THE AUSTRIAN TYROL.

R.A. (l8f X 12J in )

A SUMMER SHOWER. By C. E. Perugini. (uj x 19 in.)

THE MONARCH OF THE OLEN. By Sir Edwin L»nd»eer

(I4l " Ui ill.)
BEATA BEATRIX. By Dante Gabriel Rossetti. (14 x it in.)
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THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS FOR AUSTRALASIA.

(Annual Subsckiption, «/6.) ^

Editor-in-Chief : Australasian Editor :

W. T. STEAD. WILLIAM H. JUUK.INS.

CONTENTS FOR APRIL-MAY, 1906.
Sir Fredericfc Burnand — Finntispieee Interviews on Topics of the Month (Continued) —

Proeress of the World (illustrated) 325 M""- Morleys Lost Chance: The Partition of

'" Bengal 572

In the Heart oi Maori and. Hv .lames Cowan ... 344 Tlie Irish Party: Mr. John Bedmond. M.P. ... 37J

' The Labour Party: Mr. Keir Hardie. M.P 374

Mr. Frank Bullen ... . ... ... 355 The Boers and the Empire: Dr. Knpelenburg ... 375

Land Monopoly in Tasmania. Hy I'ercy Mejrgy 356 Current History in Caricature ... ... 377

The Future of the Cartoonist 359 Srr Francis Burnand 382

London ** Punch " Pictures 360 Leading Articl.s in the Reviews— 390

State Banks v. State Bonds. Hy •'• M- \ errall ... 362 Lord llueli Cecil on Mr. Gladstone

.-,. A L . t ^. . t/ 1 Homo Rule and Labour

The Awakening oi China 364 i.onl R:indol|)h Churchill and Home Rule

•x-i. D *• I u- . ' c . ^zz The .\ew Education Bill

The Preservation of Historic S.les 366 ■ luiorm in the House of Oommons "

The New French Premier 367 :'.<;'V° '?,"'•"»/" 'V" V^'li^X

The Case for the Lords

Interviews on Topics of the Month: Austria. Servia and Bulgaria

''•"R^roi!a^"'^tr'o';r^'D^D^'""~ «, "-'''■ °-'« Vor^"uT"schooi, ■.•.•. •.: ;;•. ■.;: •.-.•. :::

R^v T H (W, /'n iS ^ '"'<" "•"•.•eJins and Schooling of the Child Nation

Rev 1. R Cainia. D C ■■ -*" The " Dreadnought "

iti: io.:;rr?hi'rp"^" "-^ ^, ^■'^im^.r ^"^^ ^'"°''"''

Rev. L. Bevan, D.D. 371 Mam'non '^h, Modern London ..V .:." .::' .".V .■;; :::

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The Review of Reviews.

April 10, 1906.

CONTENTS (continued from page xxi.).

Leading Arttc'es in the Reviews (Continued)

The In2:rain Houses tor Young Men

Theologians ;\nd the Theatre

Transvaal View of the New Government
An Anglo-Indian on Lord Curzon's Record

The Sahara Civilised

Recollections of Mr. Gladstone

Ought France to Lend Russia Money? ...
How Greek Women Dressed

Anti-Semitism in Russia

The Awakening of China

Europe's Ruinous Handicap

Football an Ancient Chinese Game

The American Ocean Nursery ...

A Champion Ghost Story of the Sea

Telepathy Extraordinary

Occultism in the Magazines

Bodies Moved Without Being Touched ...
A Double Personality?

The Reviews Reviewed-;

The American B-eview of KeviewB

The National Review

The Nineteenth Century and After

The Independent Review

Temple Bar

The Fortnightlv Review

The World's Work and Play
The Contemporary Review .

The Monthly Review

For Young Men and Young Women

The North American Review

Chambers's Journal

■The Old Gentleman's Magazine" fievived
Blackwood's Magazine

Page ?*"»

The Reviews Reviewed (Continued)—

Cassell's Magazine

The Unit«d Service Magazine

The Grand Magazine

MacMillan's Magazine

Harper's Magazine

The Strand Magazine

The Treasur.v

The Revue de deux Mondes

The Nouvelle Revue

Tile Correspondant

La Revue

The Revue de deux Monde.-^

The Italian Reviews

The Dut<-h Reviews

Dalgety's Review

The Harbinger of Light

Books of the Month—

408 '!'•'<' Life of Archbishop Temple 419

The First Discovery of Australia and New

Guinea 424

Leading Books of the Month 425

Day by Day 426

Insurance Notes .. ■• .■ 428

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Vol. XXVIIl.. N...

Al'RlL 20, 1906.

The Rev

EVIEWS

'ASIA.

EQVITABLH HVJr.lilNa, MBLBOVKIS'B.

THE HISTORY OF THE MONTH.

Mr. Deakin's

Pre-Sessional

Speeches.

Melbourne, April 9, 1906.
The keenest interest awaited Mr.
Deakin's pre- sessional speech. It
was divided into two parts, one of
which was delivered at Ballarat, and
the other at Adelaide. They have generated some
mixed feelings. One cannot help feeling that the
exigencies of the hour demanded that he should not
live so much in tlw past, but mure for the future;
that he should speak more as a leader than an
onlooker. Indeed, one could almost wish that thev
had not been delivered. Previously, the present posi-
tion did seem to have some linality about it. Now
that seems to have gone, and a prospect of chaos
reigns. Mr. Deakin's best friends regret that he
dwelt upon the old controversy l«tween himself and
Mr. Reid. Both friends and enemies made up their
minds as to the respective merits of the dispute at
the time, and the country bec.nme so utterly sick of
it on account of its long continuance, especially by
the Opposition, that there is general sorrow at its
resurrection. Whatever may be the position of affairs
now, affairs of last year now matter not at all. The
position is precisely the same as far as Parties are
concerned, but the country was anxiously Iwking for
a definite statement of a strong determination to
carry a great policy into effect. Mr. Deakin's policy
theoretically is beyond cavil on general principles.
We cannot, of course, subscribe to all of his belief.
But, broadly speaking, it is satisfactory to progres-
sives. Mr. Deakin himself dwelt upon necessities,
but the anxiously-watching people desired to see the
path mapped out by which the necessities were to be
reached. It is not too much to say that a feeling
of intense regret was generated when it was found
that the addresses, which were, presumably, prac-
tically the speech of the Government, contained so
little likely to be transmuted into tangible good.

One searches in vain for a definite.
What is declared intention to force his

*''* pXcvT*"* P°''*'>' '^^^ '^"'>' 1"^'"^ ".P'*" '''''*^"
there is any real fixity is that of

i high protection ; but if one can judge of the tem-
per of the House and the country, the fiscal issue
is not going to be raised surcessfully during the

coming session. Probably if the general feeling
could be translated into words, it would be ex-
pressed somewhat in this way — that if some in-
dustries, likely to become great national ones,
needed a little assistance, the country would be
willing to grant it ; but there are more important
things waiting settlement, and it should not be the
only one alxuit which a definite settlement is made.
Our Customs taxes must be ; and everybody is willing
to correct some foolish anomalies ; but beyond that
there is no likelihood of much lieing done with re-
gard to fiscal matters. Mr. Deakin's utterances were
not quite strong enough in this respect to satisfy
some of the more ardent in the Protectionist ranks,
l)ut to all others it was quite evident that Mr.
Deakin's fiscal faith is as strong as ever. As far as
one can see, it is the only issue during the coming,
session that is likely to disturb the balance
of Parties, and if it were forced into the fore-
ground, no one can tell what might happen, and
for that reason it is likely to be cautiously avoided
by most of the ^Jembers. Apart from that, it
is almost certain that Parliament will jog through
a comparatively unimportant session to enter upon
the fierce struggle of the elections in December, un-
less Mr. Deakin endeavours to force some other pro-
minent matters into debate.

There were some points upon which
Asking for Help ^ great nianv people would have

u, '"n!''f,.i»« been glad to have had the proclama-
Wron, Direction ^.^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^.^^ .^^^^^.^^ ^^ ^^^-^^ .

for instance, with regard to the Land Settlement
question and Old Age Pensions. It is quite true
that the co-operation of the States is to some extent
necessarv, inasmuch as they own the land, but a
bold, progressive policy on the part of the Federal
Prime Minister would compel the States to fall into
line. The people of the Commonwealth, it is evi-
dent, are not so particular about the composition of
political Parties as in the passing of measures. They
are growing broader every day with regard to the
consideration of questions on their merits. The day
when the genesis of any political idea was closely
examined before a Party decided upon its attitude
towards it is passing away, and whether a suggestion
comes from the Government, Opposition, or Labour

?^6

The Review of Reviews.

April to, I90e

Part}- it should not matter. Time was when Parties
considered it necessary to oppose anything sug-
gested by the other, but it is a good thing that that is
going; and because it is going, the composition of
Parties is less a matter of electoral conoern than are
men. This applies generally in the mind of the
<'lector (at any rate apart from the Labour Party,
for they themselves make the choice, and the voting
goes for the chosen ones en bloc).

But the elections of last year have

The Basis of brought out very prominently the

Alliance. importance of the man above the

Party. This will obtain at the
next election probably, too, so that if Mr. Deakin
had sketched out a progressive policy, it is certain
that he would have been supported by all sections
of the House which are not rigidly reactionary, and
there would have been no need to have held out a
tentative hand of union to any particular Party
in tlie House. Mr. Deakin made it clearly under-
stood that a hard and fast union with the Opposition
was impossible, but hinted that it might be possible
to secure one with the Labour Party. He is not to be
blamed, but rather commended, for trying to secure
the support of those who are in favour of his legisla-
tion ; but the same end would have been better se-
cured, and from a wider area, if a clear course of ac-
tion had been indicated. The Labour Party rightly
refuses to be drawn beyond the point where they say
they will be prepared to support any measures that
fit in with their own objects. This is expressed in
not too academic language, and there is not much
care taken to gild the pill, so that it is very evident
that nothing definite can be expected from them ;
nor are thev to be blamed. Every measure ought to
be judged solely upon its own merits. The fighting
" Party " in the House is becoming out of date. The
temper of the populace inclines to the discussion of
necessary measures, apart from Party rancour, and
a determined and clear expression of the Progressive
programme would ha\e met with the warmest support
from all sections of the community and the House.
Mr. Watson, of course, wants a definite land policy
more than he wants anything else. The Government
wants high jirotection more than it wants anything
else. Mr. Reid does not know what he wants, ex-
cept that he dees not want .Socialism, which he stead-
fastly refuses to define, and the only chance for
political safety on right lines lies in the Government
ignoring Parties, and devoting itself to progressive
legislation, which Members from all Parties can
support. There are indications that no Parliament
ever had finer opportunities of beginning the system
of an elective executive, leaving the House free to
express its opinion without the necessity for the con-
stant compromise and opportunism that is engen-
dered hv our miserable svstem of Partv politics.

BuUetin.'i Potiphars Wife

Gre.at efforts are being made by G

Protectionist vote on

H. Eeid to calch the
the anti-Socialist ticket.

Mr. Reid has started out on his
Mr. Reid and the 'anti-Socialistic" fight. One gets
Indefinable tired of reiterating the news, and
yet it forms part of the history
of the month. The matter has received a little im-
petus from a debate between Mr. Reid and Mr. Hoi-
man (the select of the Labour Party in Sydney).
Judging from the newspaper reports, Mr. Reid had
rather the best of it from an oratorical point of view,
and the two were hardly matched in debate : but
Mr. Reid must have a more definite policy if he is
going to win any electoral favours. It is one thing
to please a meeting, but another to sway a conti-
nental contest. Mr. Reid must be constructive as well
as destructive. Mr. Deakin's estimate of his " neck-
lace of negatives" was a correct one. The amazing
part about the whole thing is that so old a politician
as Mr. Reid cannot see the incompleteness of his
premises, and is so utterly blind to the growing in-
telligent spirit in the community, which is beginning
to see its way through the ever-evolving social pro-
blem, and is keenly pursuing it. Mr. Reid is like
a man standing still while the community ru.shes by
.at top speed in the march of social and economic re-
form, and crying out. " T am opposed to it." but
doing nothing to stop it or divert it. The march can-
not be stopped, and if Mr. Reid is opposed to it, why
in the name of all that is reasonable doesn't he get
in front of it and lead it to where he thinks it ought
to go? Surely he loses cognisance of the fact that
the term includes as many shades of opinion as does

He nine of Revieirt, iO/ilOH.

History of the Month.

327

the term "Christian," and that whatever name it
may l)e dubbed by, there is a growing spirit in the
coramunitv which cannot be called by any other
name than Socialistic — tlie spirit of social reform —
although at the same time it repudiates the idea of
the extreme point regarded as the objective of some,
with regard to the nationalisation of the means of
production. Mr. Reid is trying to seduce the Con-
senative Protectionists, but Mr. Deakin will take
care that they are kept too busy repeating their own
Shibhr.Ieth to spend any time in learning Mr. Reid's.

One of the greatest surprises of the
Mr. Irvine month was the address of Mr. W.
Progresses. H. Inine, formerly Premier of Vic-
toria, in Melbourne. Mr. Irvine has
heeT) regarded as a Conservati\e of Conservatives ;
but his ;,ddress at St. Kilda suggests the idea of
a waking giant. Had some of his old supporters
sat down to write a precis of his probable address
from a knowledge of his former politics, they would
have Ijeen hopelessly astray ; and yet Mr. Irvine has
not turned his coat. The position at which he has
arrived is the result of the natural evolution of an
enquiring mind. He was not at all slow to condemn
the negative policy of those who simply fight anti-
Socialism, and in that of course attacked the policy
of Mr. Reid, a finger-post which Mr. Reid would do
well to carefully note. Mr. Irvine's own words upon
the matter make his |>osition \ery plain: —

You will n.Tturally ask me if I am in disagreement with
those who have Ijeeri fii^htine: under the l)anner of anti-
socialism, wliy I am so. and it I liave anytliintr to sub-
stitute. In the first place. I will tell .vou why. Suppose a
oandid.it« stands on an election platfonn. and is opposed
to socialism of all forms. It ia a very easy thiiiir to ask
him, " .\re you in favour of vestini the management of
the railways in a private company?" Wliereupon he will
reply, ■ Xo." The consetiuence is that he will he told
that he should inscribe his political haiiner. not with
"Anti-socialism.' hut with " Xot Too Much Socialism."
That will not ca,rry U3 ver.v far. No tiarty has yet been
formed or maint,ained on the policy the sole purpose of
which ia a denial of the policy of some other people.

The amazing thing to a great many [jcople is that a
man of Mr. Ir\-ines tradition and susceptibilities
should iia\e discerned the actual point of weakness
in the Federal Opposition's programme. Of course
it is what always bajipens when a man watches
the signs of the times; he grow's. And Mr. In'ine
is most highly to be commended, for as long as
anyone remains in the Stygian mental darkness of
Mr. Reid. he cannot hope to lead the people into
the light. I take it that Mr. IrA-ine's speech surely
signifies on broad lines his acceptance of the prin-
ciple consistently urged in these columns, that it is
not to Parties as such, or against Parties as such,
we must look to or fight, but rather to measures that
are hkely to benefit the communitv.

Mr. Irvine While Mr. Ir\'ine was right as to the

and limited powers of the Federal House.

the federal his attack on the Constitution with

Constitution, regard to the Senate was interesting

and novel. He thinks that the real reason for the-

r'.,. -■ ~-ked. almost ;m:novablv-wedged Parties of

Lynn.} Sir Arthur Rutledge, |P/l»(o.

Becently elerated to the Qaeenalaud Bench.

the House is that the Federal House is not invested
with sufticient power and responsibility. Whether h-
is right as to cause and effect, he is right in desiring
a wider f.eld for Federal action. Here he is cer
tainly on right lines. Necessarily, States will b.-
parochial. Australia as a whole can only be pr"
perly served by the F'ederal House, and probabl>
its record would have been more satisfactory had it
been granted greater powers. Federal expansion
must necessarily take place in order to bring about
the most satisfactory continental results. Of courst-
State legislation would be much curtailed, but that
would ntx be a bad thing. It would turn the eyes
of the States more upon sr<-ial reform, and compel
them to take up a great many matters in the inte
rests of the people which it now neglects. Mr.
Tr\ine's suggestion regarding the constitution of the
Senate is impracticable, and it was curious that he
introduced it. He thinks that Federal legislative
difficulties could be avoided if the constitution of the
Senate were altered so as to provide not for a pro-
perty 'iiialification (which would seem to be the
natural road into which anyone desiring a change
would turn), but that the Senators should be elected
by the Parliaments of the States. Up to this point
Mr. Irvine was very practical, but here his remarks
were unpractical and chimerical. It is interesting,
sitting for a moment or two in retrospection, to im-
agine what would have been the result during the
few years of Federation if the Senate had been com-
po<iP(\ of men elected from the Stit" Parli.iments.
-seeing that these Parliaments have considfred it tl ir

328

The Review of Reviews.

April 10, 1900.

Photos, by Hall. Sydney.'}
Leslie's house, showing the foundations. The house was lifted over a fence, and dropped 50 yards away, where it

lay a battered wreck.

THE DESTRUCTIVE TORNADO AT

bounden duty to regard the Federation as their
natural eneniie.s. The position, complicated as it
has been, would have been so complicated that it
would h;ive been almost impossible to have un-
ravelled it.

But the utterance of Mr. Irvine has

Letting in the had an effect somewhat similar to

Light, that produced when a strong hand

has boldly snatched away the heavy
curtains from the windows of a darkened room. And
his old-time followers applaud him. A small man
might have said the same things as Mr. Irvine said
without attracting attention, but he is a strong man,
and if he pursues his way enquiringly and intelligent-
ly, as he evidently has done, he will be stronger still,
and make his voice heard in the Federal Parliament,
if he has the good fortune to arrive there. Whoever
may be the Moses who will lead the Federal Parlia-
ment out of the Egyptian slavery of party politics
into the Canaan of free political discussion, in which
measures are considered without any reference to par-
ties, he will tread upon the path that is becoming
more clearly defined every day, be clear-headed to
define terms, unburden himself of political conven-
tionalities, and act upon the principle of the great-
est good for the greatest number.

While in Queensland there seem to
*"'*'}*'' be some indications of growing
iiN^nr. trouble because ^Ir. Kidston is not
prepared to go as tar as some ardent
spirits are anxious that he should, there seems some
likelihood of the Third Party position in the Vic-
torian House reducing itself to two. Mr. Mackin-
non, the leader of the Third Party in the State
House, addressing a meeting the other night, prac-
tically held out the hand of friendship to Mr. Bent,
who, needless to say, will be delighted to take it.
It will be a good object lesson in politics if this is
done, and will tend still further to bring about the
desired result of which I have made a good deal in
this issue, for the simple reason that the Prime Minis-
ter's speech has brougirt it once more into prominence
-i.e., the merging cf Parties as they are now known
simply into those who are personally opposed or
favourable to the measure of the hour.

Imptrlai ^^ i^ ^ cause for chronic complaint

Interference on the part of the heads of the State

With Domestic Governments that the Home Govern-

Legislation. ment, or rather the late one, carried

out a regular system of endeavour to interfere with

Colonial legislation. The most regrettable feature

lievifui of Hevificf, i'tj .I'J-j

History of the Month.

3^9

Another residence puslieil off ita foundations and partially demolislied.

NORTH SYDNEY ON MARCH 27, J 906.

of this, too, is that it was attempted in confidential
despatches. As one puts it, the late Government
seemed so determined to exp'and the Empire in ac-
cordance with its Imperialistic ideas that Australia
was expected to play second fiddle. It is just an
illustration of the ineptitude the Imjjerial Govern-
ment has sometimes displayed towards the Colonies.
If there is one thing that the British Government
ought to understand by this time, it is that the Colo-
nies, while anxious to be loyal to the Empire, are
determined to manage their own domestic affairs.
The method of attempting to influence Governments
confidentially is bad, and is calculated to open the
door for corruption. If there be any reason why
legislation of any particular kind should not be car-
ried through, the public ought to be apprised of it.
It is easy to imagine that a supine Government, flat-
tered by confidential despatches, would quietly drop
necessary legislation, or permit of its veto. The
failure of the British Government to sometimes ap-
preciate Colonial conditions has led to something
very like crises in the past. May the present one
recognise them as deserving the courtesy due to a
people of adult age and ripe experience.

The visit of the British Labour
EflQlish Labour Members to Australia will doubtless
Proflcrcd Visit. ^ Productive of a great deal of in-

terest. It is exciting very much
curiosity. There is a curious kind of impression
abroad amongst Labour men here that the English-
men are coming out to try to teach them. This is
not a superficial feeling, but a very real and deep-
seated one, and may lead to some critical positions
unless the English visitors exercise a good deal of
tact. The Englishman who comes to the Colonies
with a superior kind of knowledge is so common a
variety that the Labour men can perhaps be par-
doned for their inability to divest themselves of this
feeling, even when their own kind is concerned. It
is one of those half -comical, half -serious views which
one nationality som.etimes takes of another, but
which is nevertheless a very real factor in determin-
ing its attitude. It is certain that if any dictation
as to what local members should do be attempted, it
will, if one can judge of local feelings at all, meet
with a very decided opposition. But there the feel-
ing is. However, from a letter received by '' Senator
J. C. Watson, of the House of Representatives,"
from Mr. J. Ramsay McDonald, Secretary of the
LaKiur Representative Committee in London, if

The Review of Reviews.

Aprtt 20, 1906.

Jurts'' Cussen, [Photo,

t-eil t-o the Victorian Supreme Court Bench.

seem as though the Austrahan fears are
inriless. The objwts of the visit are stated to

1. To rescue the Eniiiiro and the Imperial spirit
from being exploited from the reactionary and anti-
social classes at home.

2. To make the Empire stand for peace and de-
mocratic iusti<-e in the eves of the whole world.

3. To studv the various social experiments which
have been started in the Colonies.

4. To get our Colonial fellow-workers to under-
stand the labt'Ur movement of the mother country,
and to feel a share in its fortunes.

These are broad lim's, discussion upon which
cannot be productive of other than good. Needless
to say, we are not likely to forget that we belong
to the Empire, and will he found ready to make sac-
rifices firr the common good. But there are lines
which should not be crossed, either by the Colonies
or the Crown. As small things m,iy serve as a we.dge
which, driven home, may divide an empire, it is well
to remember that the unity of the Empire, as at pre-
sent constituted, can onl\ t>e attained by each section,
so far as domestic matters are concerned, minding
its own affairs.

A decision of interest to Civil Ser-

Salanes vants, because they are intimately

"f Ofticm ' affected, and to the public, because

it has to foot the bill, has just been
delivered by the High Court. It has been a ques-
tion as to whether the salaries of certain officers,
which were fixed by the States prior to Federation,
and subsequently reduced by the Commonwealth,
should not legally be maintained at the former rate.
The officer upon whose case a test was made was as an
officer in the Victorian Postal Department, receiving
^150, which was reduced by the Commonwealth to
^^138. The High Court has decided that the plain-
tiff's plea will not hold, and that the Commonwealth
Government has a perfect right to reduce salaries
of transferred officers. The Commonwealth Parlia-
ment had not made provision for the payment of any
salarv' in addition to ^138 to this officer, and the
plaijitiff is therefore not entitled to receive any more
money than Parliament has voted. This was practi-
cally the ground on which the High Court's decision
was given. It certainly seems a fair arrangement,
apart from the legal aspect of it. It would be too
great a limit upon the Commonwealth's powers if it
were unable to regulate the salaries of its officers as
it chose.

Limiting

Parliamentary

Sittings.

The proposal in connection with
the British Legislature to limit the
hours of Parliamentary daily ses-
sions is one that might very well be
taken up in the States. There is really no reason
why Parliament should sit later than half-past 10
or 11 o'clock. It is not simply a matter of incon-
venience to Members to sit long and irregularly, but
the late hours of the night, or the early hours of the
morning, are responsible for most of the hasty legis-
lation which is passed, When the House is com-
paratively empty, and the Members who are sticking
to their posts are weary and sleepy, a fine oppor-
tunity is afforded a Government for pushing legisla-
tion through, and the records of all our Govern-
ments show some curious instances of how this
method of compidsion has been successfullv ii.^ed.
Members are far more likely to give a reasonable
attention to their legislative duties if they tackle
them in the hours .when their energies are strongest.
Mr. Bent has intimated that he has noticed the sug-
gestion, and it is probable that he will give it some
j-erious consideration.

The
iVew Hebrides

Details concerning the Xew He-
brides Commission are still wanting,
the only light on the subject com-
ing from France, where Le Temps
makes tJie suggestion that if Australia wants a par-
tition of the Islands, France would not give the
proposal serious opposition. It is needless to say
that Le Temps' suggestion that an attempt might be
made to surprise her out of any right she possesses
is not for one miment entertained here. The idea

/(fWfw of Reviftce, SO/i/Oii.

History of the Month.

,i3i

is too ridiculous for anything but scorn. The only
thing desired is that a working basis should be ar-
rived at in the most friendly and amicable way.
The question resol\-es itself into two issues — a joint
administration or a partition. The latter might
possess certain advantages, but there is really no
reason why a joint commission should not fulfil all
that is necessary. It would at any rate form a good
object lesson to the world in what can be done in
concert by two nations. It is surprising that no
details of the ConfeRmce have come to hand, and
seems to indicate a culpable laxity on the part of
the Colonial Office. We have been dependent upon
newspaper cables for what meagre news we ha\-«-
had, instead of Iwing fully informed by the Colonial
Office. But France may be quite sure that Australia
has no intention of suggesting any other than the
fair thing. The spirit of Australasia is too peaceful
to desire otherwise, besides which it frankly recog-
nises the rights which that country has obtained
there. There has been much friction, there is no
doubt, and the condition of things at present can
not go on without the engendering of future .strife.
All we desire is that British subjects shall have their
full rights, that the rights of the vast mis.sionar\
enterprises there shall h<i safeguarded, and that our
own rights to whatever strategic advantages may
accrue from the geographical position may l>e se-
cured.

Mr. Kidston is not to be envied. At
the beginning of next year he will
ha\e on his hands a huge family of
6000 Kanakas, whom it will l>e ille-
gal to employ, but who will require to be provided
for, either by actual sui^port, or by removal to
islands of the South Seas. There seems to be some-
what of an impasse, for while the Commonwealth
Government says it is the business of Queensland to
see to the proper deportation of the islanders. Mj-.
Kidston says that the very serious difficulties which
will have to be faced liave been created by the Fede-
ral Government, and that it must take the responsi-
bilitv. It is about time that arrangements were
being made bv somebody. Tt is not conceivable that
the Kanakas will be allowed to remain idle, for 6000
of them, accustomed to constant work, and thrown
suddenly into idleness, would be a menace to the
safetv of the people, while it is also not likely that
either State or Federal Government will be willing
to pav their living expenses for any length of time.
The proper thing, therefore, to do, is to investigate
the possibilities c.f South Sea Island settlement im-
mediatelv, and so to have evervthing in train that
the Kanakas may on theist January, without any
delay, lie safely remo\'ed to their future homes.
Eight or nine months is quite short enough to make
adequate arrangements. Both Governments know
perfectly well that it is more than the lives of some
of the natives are worth to return them to the places
from which thev came. It is no use for both Go-

The

looming Kanaka
Difficulty.

Mtlba,\ [Photo.

Mrs. Nolan,

Tl.e newl,v-«le<t€d President of tlie Australi.-iii W.( .T.U.

\ernments to say that the responsibility is the other s ;
that is childish in the extreme. The difficulty is
there, and needs settling, and it is the duty of tlie
man on the spc-t, and the Federal (jovernment, to
help one another out of the difficulty in the best way.
A little friendly chat about the matter between Mr.
Kidston and Mr. Deakin .it the Premiers' Confer-
ence would almost certainly bring about a solution of
the difficulty.

As we go to press the Conference
The Premiers' of State Premiers in Sydney is sit-
Conference. ting. One very satisfactory fea-
ture of the proceedings will be the
presence of Mr. Deakin. he having been invited
to attend and discuss certain matters of mutual Fede-
r.al and State interest. One cannot help hailing with
delight this \ery evident desire to break down the
wall that has been raised lietween the State and the
I'ederal Governments. It seemed at one time as
though the States were determined to regard the
Federal Government as necessarily antagonistic.
Under such conditions progress would be impossible.
The functions of the Federal Government must as
time goes on, necessarily extend, those of the States
in certain matters be curtailed, dealing more and
more with purely domestic legislation ; and this is
most likelv to be brought about in the manner now

332

The Review of Reviews.

Apra to, 19IK.

being adopted. The functions of each ought to be
such as to be mutually helpful, and there is no rea-
son why they should not be. It is only personal
feeling that can prevent a perfect understanding, and
in Federal and State matters nothing of this kind
should enter.

The High Court has made a deci-
The Queensland si,^^ ;„ the case of Heggie v. the
lllbmty'cre. f/-bane Sh.pwr.ght Provident
Union that considerably clears the
air. Briefly, the facts of the case are that Heggie,
a non-unionist, had been employed by the Queens-
land Government as a shipwright. Under a rule of
this Union, forbidding its members to work with
non-unionists, the dismissal of Heggie was secured
under a threat that its members would be called out
if the man was allowed to remain at his work. In
an action against the Union for damages, Heggie
was, on the facts, accorded ^150. An appeal
was made to the High Court to test the point
as to whether, on the facts as found bv the jury, an
action for damages would lie against the Union. The
Court, by dismissing the appeal, practically fcjund
that it would, and broadly affirmed the principle that
if union officers, by threatening to precipitate a
strike, cause a non-unionist to be deprived of his
employment, the funds of their union are liable to
depletion by order of the Court to somewhat repair
the damages sustained by the discharged workman.

This is fair. If a private indivi-

The fairness Aw^X w^ork hann to another in busi-

Decisinn "^^^ without reasonable personal

provocation, and, indeed, sometimes
with it, he is liable for the payment of damages ; and
it is only reasonable that if a number of men.
through a corporate body, do the same thing, their
funds should be equally liable. Although corpora-
tions and companies are generally supposed to be
soulless, they nevertheless should be liable for the
results of soullessness. It is a recognised principle
that a body of men, combining for business pur-
poses, are liable for the actions of the combination.
Business would be impossible were it otherwise. Cor-
porate bodies could exploit the public like so many
pirates, and the decision of the Court simply brings
unions into line with other corporate bodies. Noth-
ing can be said against Unions. They are a neces-
sity, and a desirable one. Men have the right to
combine in order to lawfully secure their legitimate
ends : but the combination must, in the eyes of the
law, be a tangible thing. It would be but a sorry
position if for aggressive purposes it should be very
real and substantial, but for defensive ones, unreal,
visionary and intangible. The fact that in the case
before the Court the Union happened to be a labour
one makes no difference to the principle involved.
Had it been an Employers' Union, the decision must
have been the same in the interests of the com-
munity.

y.Z. Free Lir.ee.J

The Lord Helps Those Who Help Themselves.

" The Maoris have been taught how to die and go to
heaven. Better to teach them how to work and live on
earth." — Mr. Seddon at Waimuarama.

KIN'G DICK: " 'Pray without ceasing' ia pretty good
ad-ice for a millionaire, but off with your coat and get
to work with this spade is ray advice to yon."

Victoria's '* ^^'i" t)e of interest to the other
Closer States of the Commonwealth and

Settlement New Zealand to know how Victoria
Achievements, jg progressing under her Closer Set-
tlement Act. Under this, the Government purchases
estates from private persons by negotiation, but not
with compulsion. The Board was appointed in 1905,
and since then fourteen farm estates and two work-
men's heme allotments have been secured, the total
covering an area of about 116,000 acres. The
total population on the farm properties is
2500, and on the workmen's home allotments over
1000. The total area now in the hands of the Board
(for some had been acquired when they assumed con-
trol), is 148,000 acres, the cost of which was
;£i,053,ooo. It is very evident that the cry for land
was not an empty one. Necessity for pushing the
good work still further, however, is evident from the
fact that so many single young men have secured the
land, and that almost without exception, they
married soon after they took possession of their farms.
Even more is wanted, however, in this respect, and
still easier terms, for those who are anxious to go
on the land have little or no capital. New Zealand's
good example of compulsory resumption on equit-
able terms will yet have to come into force.

Civilised nations have other ways of

Tlie Pakeha and killing off native races than using

the Maori. gunpowder and lead upon them.

One of the favourite methods is al-
lowing the native access to intoxicating liquor. The
final destruction of the native may not be an inten-
tional objective ; it probably is net ; but the destruc-
tion results all the same. Sir Robert Stout, the other
day, when sentencing a drinking Maori for a breach
of the law, prophesied the ultimate extinction of the
race if it were not kept away from liquor. Why cannot
the Government absolutely forbid the sale of liquor

Heotew of Heviewn, 2>)/:,/0'j.

History of the Month.

333

■^/

' I,

/'V

aad
Juvenile Courts.

to Maoris, and give a publican who breaks the law
such a long term of imiirisunniL-nt that he would take
good care never to break it again. Australia and Tas-
mania are examples of what drink can do for
native race. New Zealand might give an object les-
son to the world it shf were lirm upon this point.
The Maori problem requires tackling. In idleness
the native is likely to contract every European vice.
Mr. Seddon suggests that he should work, and the
idea is a good one. Work and freedom from liquor
would preserve this splendid race.

New Zealand is coming into line
New Zealand w'nh regard to the special treatment
of juvenile offenders. The colony
has no .Act of Parliament with re-
gard to juvenile court.s. but a circular has l)een issued
to the Stipendiary Magistrates by the Department
of Justice, suggesting that, where possible, child
offenders may be dealt with in a more private way
than older offenders are dealt with, "to save them
from the degrading influence and notoriety which are
inseparable from the administration of justice in
criminal cases, more especially in the large centres
of population." Some of the magistrates have, on
their own initiative, done what they could, and the
Minister for Justice has wisely commended them,
and urged them to persevere in their good work as
far as is possible under the present law, taking care
that " there should be no suspicion of secrecy or the
avoidance of a proper pulilicity." The circular
leaves no doubt as to the full sympathy of the
Department with the humanitarian efforts of the
magistrates, and suggests that the lines upon which
they should go should be the keeping of juvenile
offenders awaiting trial clear of the lock-up. the
fixing of special times for the hearing of charges
against them, with express notice to their parents, to
the press, and to the representatives of benevolent
and religious organisations specially concerned with
the care of children. The police are to aid the magis-
trates as far as possible, and special instructions are
being issued to them. Of course, this scheme cannot
be carried out to perfection without some extra legis-
lation, but this is projected : and the results that
follow from the efforts of the magistrates are to be
carefuUv noted to form its basis. New Zealand is so
progressive in humanitarian legislation that it is a
wonder this great modern advance has not l:)een made
sooner ; but as it is, it is likely that she will reach
the goal sooner than some of the .-Vustralian States,
although they have had before them close to their
eyes the splendid results of the system in South
Australia.

The Postmaster-General has found
that he has raised a hornet's nest by
h's proposed change of the system
of payment for telephone services.
The present city charge is /[g per annum, and the
suburban charce ^$. and it is proposed to leave ex-
isting subscribers to enjoy these rates, while new

Th«
Toll Telephone.

subscribers will have to adopt the toll system. Un-
der tills system, 760 calls a year would be allowed in
the cities for j£^ per annum, and in the subflrbs for
^6, while every additional call would bear a charge
of id. It is pretty evident that telephone charges
woiild, under this system, be heavily increased. The
business that r«juires only two calls a day could as
easily do without a telephone, and it is evident that
under the plea of giving a better service, the Depart-
ment has its eye upon a very largely-increased
revenue. Moreover, existing subscribers have an un-
easy feeling that they may any day have their pre-
sent rate put an end to, and that some fine morning
they may find that office expenses are likely to be
raised by many pounds in the year. The aim of the
Department ought to be not to lessen the numbers
of subscribers, but to increase facilities, so that there
could be a telephone in almost every home. It i.s
distinctly a backward step. The chorus of disap-
proval, however, has been so loud and widespread,
that there are some indications that wiser counsels
will prevail, and that the proposals will be modified.

On March ist the Early Closing
larly Closing in law, under which shopkeepers are
Victoria. compelled to close their shops at 6
o'clock, came into force In Mel-
bourne. Tt was to be expected that there would
be some disapproval, and a small section of shop-
keepers have managed to raise quite a large disturb-
ance. Curses, both loud and deep, have been ut-
tered by them, and there was some talk of passive
resistance. It is to be hoped that Sir Samuel Gillott
will not reopen the question. The movement is one
which makes distinctly for progress. In Sydney,
where the provision has been in operation for some
live years, there is no complaint. It is rather curious
that the opposition has come entirely from the work-
ing classes, who are rightly most clamorous for a
legal insistence upon the observance of reasonable
hours of labour. The plea of the housewife who has
forgotten to order her household necessities, and who
needs the open shop in the evening to send the child
to for the forgotten goods, is very much to the fore ;
but tiiere is no reason why housewifely carelessness
should he allowed to put the hands of the clock back-
ward. The Act 'was passed with such enthusiasm
by both Houses in the State that it will be rather
a riskv business for the Government to attempt to
remc-de! it. Great hopes are entertained by those
who have the interests of the general community at
heart that the Act may be amended to provide that
Saturday afternoon shall be the compulsory half-
holiday, to save assistants from the wearying hours
that now precede and spoil their day of rest.

There was general satisfaction when

The Colonial the Imperial Government sent des-

Conference. patches intimating that the Colonial

Conference should meet next year.

It is important that the meeting should take place

I

334

The Review of Reviews.

April 10. am.

VeTey and Co.,]

MP. A D. Freeman.
Becently elected Preaident of
Victorian A.N. A.

iPhoto.

the

as early in the year
as possible, for
both the Federal
and the New Zea-
land Parliaments
meet fairly early
in the year, and
the fact that the
lormer will follow
a general election
makes it absolutely
necessary that the
time should be
early enough to al-
low the Prime
Minister to return
to make prepara-
tion for the follow-
ing session. Mr.
Deakin and Mr.
Seddon are acting
in concert in the
matter, so it is pro-
bable that their
wishes will be ac-
ceded to. Mr.
Deakin, in his
(X-mraunication. has assumed " that the members of
the Conference will be entirely unfettered in the sub-
mission by them of subjects for discussion." This
is so desirable that it ought not to require special
emphasis, but for all that it is well to have aii under-
standmg beforehand. A Conference in which all
the suggestions come from one siile only would par-
take of something of the nature of a farce. There
are matters of vital interest to the Colonies that
might require discussion, matters which the Home
Government might require some enlightenment upon,
and the fact that these could not be mentioned would
rob the Conference of its chief value — the frank and
friendiv discussion of matters that agitate the minds
of any of the sections of the Empire. The Con-
ference, held regularly, may under the conditions
sought, become one of the greatest sources of
strength that the Empire possesses. It is the begin-
ning of the project of an Empire Council, which in
years to come, as the Empire beyond the seas in-
creases, will he an absolute necessity for its unity
and harmonious growth. A good understanding of
Colonial conditions, so very necessary, can only be
gained by more or less (the m.ore the better) frank
and friendly interchange of thought.

There are indications that the ques-

The tion of a uniform union label "must

Union label. soon take a concrete shape. It has

been proposed that the scheme for

the registration of a design for trade union labels

shall be remitted to a meetint; of the Federal Labour

Council. Mr. Watson approves of the idea, as this
Council is not a political body, dealing only with
purely industrial matters. Applications have been
made in some parts of the Commonwealth for the
registration of designs which signify that articles are
made bv union labour. Unless some uniform design
is adopted, into which the distinctive symlx)ls of a
trade can be worked, such confusion will arise that
the design of the Act will be frustrated, and in the
interests of the community it is desirable that the
public should know what it is getting. If each
employer is a law unto himself, most incongruous
situations will arise.

London, March, 1906. By \V. T. Stead.

The great event of January was
^^^ the overwhelming defeat of the

Power House of p^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ goath African
the Empire. ,,- -^ t, ^ ,.^1-1,

\\ ar. 1 he great event of f-ebruary

was the re-establishnient at Westminster of a Parlia
ment which is in every sense the heart of the nation.
For years Parliam.ent had been sinking in public
esteem. In the last years of the Balfour Ministr\
it had come to be treated with contempt. It was
flo.ted and ignored by the Government, and its pro-
ceedings were followed with the most languid interest
by the people. Now all that has changed. St.
Stephen's has once more become the centre of the
Empire. It is crowded night after night by the
representatives of the people, with a sturdy faith
in the House of Commons and a proud conscious-
ness of their mandate. Westminster is alive again.
The reports of the Parliamentary debates have sud-
denlv become the most interesting feature in the
daily newspapers. There is a hum, a thrill, a mo-
mentum perceptible even by the most casual ob-
seri'er in the corridors and lobbies of the House.
Even the Peers show symptoms of a new life. The
Mother of Parliaments has renewed her youth and
faces the future with the pride of conscious strength
and a confidence born of the faith which inspired the
electors. It is a great and blessed transformation.
In place of cynicism there is enthusiasm. Lethargy-
has given place to exuberant energy. Everyone
means business, and if business be not done they
will know the reason why. The Imperial Pariia-
ment has become the Power House of the Empire ;
and as you pass under the statues of Cromwell and
of Richard the Lion Heart you can almost hear the
purr of the political dynamos, whose pulsations are
felt to the uttermost ends of the earth.

The King opened the first Parlia-
The Prologue of ment of his reign on the 19th of
the Session. February. The day was wet and
cold. The Court being in mourn-
ing for the death of the King of Denmark, the
Peeresses were dressed in black. But no funeral
gloom hung over the proceedings. It was the
christening day of the Democracy. The King's

Heeifit of Revieug, iOjltjOii.

History of the Month.

3.i5

Speech, which was of considerable length, contained
the welcome announcement that ResponslbU; Gov-
ernment Is to be established this year in both the
Transvaal and the Orange Free State, in the con-
fident expectation that " the grant of free institu-
tions will be followed by an increase of prosperity
and of loyalty to the Empire." The Colonial Con
ference is postponed till 1907. The only surprise
contained in the Speech was the paragraph which
gave the first place in the legislative programme o!
the year to Ireland: —

My Ministers liave under cunsicleratiou plana for im-
proving and effecting economies in tlie system of eovern-
ment in Ireland, and for introducing into it means tor
associating the people witli the coniiuct ol Irish affairs.

The King then expressed what is known to be his
personal desire that " the government of Ireland
should be carried on under the ordinary law, in a
spirit regardful of the wishes and sentiments of the
Irish people." This is not Home Rule with a cir-
cumbendibus. It is simply the application of com
mon sense and good feeling to a subject too often
handled without either of these qualities. The next
paragraph announced that the inquiries now pro
ceeding as to the means by which a larger number
of the people may be attracted and retained on th(
soil would be completed at no distant date. Then
follows the menu for the Session : - -

1. The Education Hill.

2. The Trades Disputes Bill.

3. A Compensation for Accident Anienduieiit Hill

4. Equalisation of I.nndon Rates.

5. Amendment of Unemployed Act.

These Bills are in the first tliglit. After tht-ni
come the next batch of Bills denting with : —

6. Merchant Shipping.
V. Crofters' Holdines.

8. The Irish Labourers Act.

9. Commercial Corruption.
ID. Colonial Marriages.

11. Property qualification of County J s.l'.
12 The Prevention of Plural Voting.

The del)ate which followed the

reading of the King's Speech lasted

The Debate. ^j,, ^^^^ ^^^^ y,- ^^^ month. The

hottest speeches were made about
Chinese labour. The Opposition, which professed to
believe that without Chinainen South Africa would
be ruined, did their utmost to provoke and goad
the Ministerial majoritv to repatriate the Chinese,
in order to justify the use of Chinese slavery as an
election cry. As the majority of the Ministerialists
were only too eager to do this without any goading,
the tactics of the Opposition showed more desire to
snatch a debating advantage than to safeguard the
interests which they- professed to believe were im-
perilled. Some disappointment was expressed that
there was no promise of Temj>erance reform, which
was justified bv the lack of time ; of old age pen-
sions, for which there is said to be no money ; and
of woman's suffrage, on which the Cabinet is divided

and tht- majority has not yet declared its views.
Mr. Swift McNeill succeeded in abolishing flogging
in the Navy. Colonel Saunderson moved, on behalf
of the Irish Unionists, an amendment deprecating
the Irish reforms foreshadowed by the Government,
and was handsomely beaten by a majority of 406 to
88, the first division of the Session. The second
division was taken on the question of Chines<'
labour, when the Ministerial majority rose to 325.
The other subjects discussed were the Partition of
Bengal, when six newly-elected Anglo-Indians took
part in the debate, the question ■>f the Unemploy
ed, the position of the native races in South Africa.
Parliamentan Procedure, etc. Neither the Inde
pendent Labour Party, which has elected Mr. Keir
Hardie as its lender, nor the Irish Nationalists pro
poseil anv amendments to the .Address. It is to Ix-
regretted that- the question of Woman's Suffrage
was n' t brought forwaid by an amendment express
ing a hope that the promise to abolish plural votin;.
by men would be coupled with a mea.sure restoring
tlie right of voting to women. The friends ol
Woman's Suffrage hav<- formed a Parliamentary
Committee to promote their cau.se, but so far they
have not been fortunate in securing a day for th.-
discussion of the matter.

The fillies of Much of tli<- time of both Houses
Electinneering of Par'iament has been devoted to
and di.scussing the question of Chinese

Chinese labour, labour. The question whether or
not the Liberals exaggerated in describing it as
slavery has been debated with much heat. The
leaders of the pnrtv were most cnreful to qualify
their description of the condition of the Chines*-
under the Ordinance. But many of their followers
were less particular. That was inevitable. When
an appeal is made to the million, it is difficult 1'-
avoid a certain measure of exaggeration. Yon
must print in capital letters if you wish what vou
print to be read by a crowd in a dim light at .t
great distance. The pictures of Hell, in which tli
mediaeval Church delighted, were employed with tlr
same ethical justification that Liberal candidnt< -
.sent made-up Chinamen in chains through the
street. Thev were not authentic, but they were held
to be needful in order to impress upon the liull
sensual mind of the common man the wholesome
truth that sin was followed by retribution in the
next world. Those who dwelt upon the horrors ci
the never-dying worm and the fire that never is
quenched argue that when they have done their ul
most they failed to arouse the apathetic to a sense
of their danger. So the Liberals who cried
" slavery " contend that after they have done their
utmost they failed to give- the masses a realising
sense of the objectionable nature of the Chinese
Ordinance. The effective velocity of a bullet should
be measured at the point of impact, not when it

i3(>

The Review of Reviews.

April m. i»m.

leaves the barrel. A much heavier charge of powder
is necessary to hit a target a mile off than at a hun-
dred yards' distance. When a irass vote is taken
the range is verv- far off, and the charge is corre-
spondingly much heavier than would be justified if
the objective were near at hand. All this, it may
be said, is a sophistical defence for telling lies. It
is, I fully admit, dangerous doctrine, but that there
is something to be said no honest casuist who is
versed either in the methods of the nursery or the
historv of religion will be disposed to deny. It is
true also that, if Liberal candidates overstated the
case against the late Government about Chinese
labour, they understand the case against them about
the war; so that on the net balance the Jingoes
have no real reason tc complain.

The

Decision of the

Qovernment.

Ministers, confronted by the diffi-
culty of satisfying the passionate

feeling aroused against Chinese
labour which animates the majority,
and the obligation to abide by the contracts en-
tered into by their predecessors, felt their way out
with considerable dexterity. The great curse of
South Africa has been the facility with which Bri-
tish Governments have broken their promise. They
have broken it to the British, to the Boers, and to
the Kaffirs in turn. It would be monstrous to break
it also to the Chinese. The utmost that we can do
in the shape of repatriating the men who contracted
to work in the mines is to offer to free them from
their contract if they find the conditions of the
Ordinance intolerable. This the Government has
decided to do. Anv Chinaman who wishes to ter-
minate his engagement will be sent back to China
at the expense of the British taxpayer. Meanwhile,
in order to reduce the rush of coolies wishing to go
home, the conditions of their employment are to be
modified. They are no longer to lie tried by men
appointed bv their employers, flogging is to be
strictlv forbidden, and in every other way that is
practicable the taint of slavery is to be removed.
That is all very well. But Ministers have, I fear,
erred in deciding that they will not incorporate in
the new Constitution the old veto which was in-
serted in the Conventions of Sand River, Pretoria,
and of London forbidding slavery or apprenticeship
of the nature of slaverv- in the Colony. The official
excuse that the Governor, acting for the King, would
veto any measure that might be passed establishing
s'.averv in anv modified form, increases our regret
that the danger is not to be nipped in the bud by a
clause in the Constitution. Mr. Rhodes always used
to sav that Colonies are willing to abide by the
rules of the game when they are laid down at the
.-'tart, but if thev are left free to try it on taey will
risk the chances of a confixt with t'.ie Crown. The
danger that " slaven-, or apprenticeship partaking

MCJEOWXBE: "16,000 licenses rushed throngh at the last
minute! The new Government will have its hands full if it
tries to revoke . . ."

Daily Chronicle,'}

' Tit for Tat

of s'averv.

be es-.ab"ish;d in South Africa is

Mr. A5QniTH (breaking in on his transports) : " Tee. my
friend, to revoke the licenses might be difficult, but a less
difficult task is tj transform Clause XIT. from a dead
letter to a reality by providing dissatisfied coolies with
repatriation expenses out of Imperial Funds!"

by no means chimerical. Mr. Esselen, for instance,
franklv expresses the sentiment of the Boers when
he said that " if the Chinese were necessarv' he was
utterlv opposed to the impossible proposal that they
should come to the Transvaal as free men. That
would never be tolerated." This renders it all the
more necessarv that the Constitution should lay
down in advance the principle that unless they come
as free men thev must not come at all.

jde In the discussion of the basis of

Representation representation in the two Colonies
of the assumption has been common

the Kaffirs. (q i^Qfj^ gj^j^g jjjat no one but a
white man must be al'.owed to vote. I hope that
Ministers will refuse to accept this conclusion.
What was promised by Kitchener was a Constitution
like to that of the Cape Colony. In the Cape
coloured men have votes. We can, therefore, pro-
perly insist that the principle of enfranchising
natives has been accepted by the Boers. At the
same time, it is probable that there would be less
difficulty in the way of introducing the system by
which the Maoris are allowed to have representa-
tives in the New Zealand Legislature. Everj-one
admits that the native question is the most difficult
and dangerous of all the questions with which the
new- Legislatures will have to deal. If there is any

Rreiew of Rrcieirs, 20/i/Oe.

History of the Month.

337

truth in the principle that ail interests ought to be
represented in an assembly which has to legislate
for the whole community, it is as <:xpedient as it is
logical that the natives should have their spokes
men. Mr. Rhodes was always against the colour
line. " Equal rights for all civilised men " was his
watchword. It will be interesting to see whether
the present advanced Liberal Ministry will have the
courage to be as liberal as Mr. Rhodes. There is
to be a deputation from the African Political Or-
ganisation, formed during my visit to Cape Town two
years ago, which, under the able presidency of Dr.
Abdurahman, has now 8000 menilxrs, with seventy
branches covering all the South African colonies.
Thev are specially desirous to see to it that the
Cape coloured bovs who have votes in the ('ap::'
Colonv should not be deprived of the franchise if
thev migrate northwards. It may be remembered
that one of our special grievaJices against President
Kruger had to do with this question of the Caix-
boys. It is to be hoped that Lord Ivlgin will not be.
less Liberal than was Lord Milner in this matter.

jhg The new House has sustained the

New Members high expectations of the electorate.

and The Session at the time of writing

New Ministers, i^ not a fortnight old ; only the
King's Speech has been untler discussion, liut at
least half a dozen new reputations have been made
and manv old rejnitations refurbished. Among the
Ministers Mr. Bryce achie\ed the I'arlianu'utary
success he has waited for so long in his first speech
as Irish Secretary. Everyone knew he had it in
him — what has Mr. Bryce not got within that
capacious brain? — but heretofore he had not b<'en
regarded as a force in Parliamentary debate. He
is better appreciated to-day. Another Minister who
improved his reputation was Mr. Winston Churchill.
His speech on the Chinese question was as clever
as anv speech his father ever made, and in some
respects more statesmanlike than any Randolphian
oration. John Burns achieved a great success from
a verv exacting autlience — exacting because they
expected more from him than from anv other man
— but he rose to the occasion, and no' one w-ho
heard him went away disappointed. Sir Rolxrt
Reid, speaking as Lord Loreburn from the woolsack
of the Lord Chancellor, made a masterlv exposition
of the Liberal policy in South Africa. Among the
new* members, Mr. George Barnes, Mr. Walsh of
Ince, Mr. W'ard the navvy, Mr. Hilaire Belloc the
journalist, Mr. J. M. Robertson, Mr. Bradlaugh's
political heir, and Sir Henry Cotton, the member
for India, all made their mark. Mr. Herbert Paul
revived the memories of old davs by his brilliant
and incisive denunciation of the South African War
and the men who made it. Altogether, if the new-
House goes on at this rate, it will be a record Par-
liament.

Mr Morlev made his debut last

■'"''"a^d"''^^ month as Master of India in two

Lord Kitchener. «ays. In a despatch he put Lord

Kitchener back a step or two, and

affirmed and secured the supremacy of the Civil

administration over the Army. To quote from the

lucid summary by a well-infornn'i.l writer in the

]Vctimi lister Gazette: —

In tlie draft rules submitted by Lord Minto tlie position
of tbe Secretary in the .\rmy Department differs from and,
as Mr. Morley claims, is interior to. that, of tlie secretaries
i 1 otiier departments. Papers and cases may, according
to tliese rules, be laid direct, before the Commander-in-
Chief, who i.s also member of Council in charge of the Army
Department, and laid by liim before the Governor-Oeneral
in Council without tbe knowlcdEe of the Secretary and
before the Secretary has had any opportunity of stating
his opinion. This Mr. Morley disallows. He lays down
the principle tbat tbe functions and duties of the Head-
quarters Staff and the Army Uepartnicnl shall l)e strictly
QilTerenliated. though they arc discharged by the same
individuals. .\s members of the Staff tlie Adjutant-(.iene-
ral. Quartermaster-CJeneral. and their colleagues will, of
course, be subordinate to tbe Commander-in-Chief and an-
swerable to him alone, but as officers in tbe Department
thev will not be permitted to ignore the Secretary and sub-
mit ca.*es direct to tbe Commanderin-Ciuef in his other
capacity as member in charge of the Department, nor to
issue oruers on behalf of the (iovernment of India. That,
is to say, all business in the Department is from its in-
ception, and as a matter of course to pass through the
liands of the Secretary, who is to lie exa<'tly like all other
Secretaries— an officer of the dovernnient. and not a sub-
ordinate of the Commander-in-Chief.

.A.S Mr. Morley has the Indian Council behind him,
and also four members of the Viceroy's Council,
Lord Kitchener will probably acquiesce. The mo-
dification will not cripple him in reforming the army
of India, which (pace Lord Roberts) he has said,
was " an accidental, planless thing, having no rela-
tion to any possible emergency."

The other appearance of Mr.

3 ^»-«?Z \.r ^lor'ev was in the House of Com-
as Minister for -' , ,. • ^ 1 l-
India. mons when he disappointed his

Indian friends by refusing to undo
the partition of Bengal — a decision which, I fear,
he will soon regret. He admitted that nothing could
have been worse than the way in which it had been
done, and he did not deny that the feeling of the
people was overwhelmingly against it. But following
the fatal precedent of 1880, when under similar pre-
texts Mr. Glaldstone refused to undo the annexation
of the Transvaal, he declared the redistribution of
Bengal was now- a settled fact. " In view of the sub-
sidence of the feeling against the redistribution," it
wou'.d be unreasonable to ask, etc. Just so argued
Mr. Gladstone in 1880. But there has been no sub-
sidence of the feeling. There has been a subsidence
of the expression of the feeling because the Ben-
galees waited, hoping that Mr. Morley would do
them justice. To make the sinister parallel complete
Sir B. Fuller seems to be a very counterpart of Sir
Owen Lanyon. I sincerely hope that Mr. Morley
will not find that he has lost a great opportunity.
The rest of his speech was full of sound words —
respect for popular sentiments, and a promise that
" by-and-bye " and step by step we may build up a

338

The Review of Reviews.

Apra to, ItOS

Bindi Punch.} [Bomoay.

India Weighing the Results of the General Election.
HDvD "Does that au?ur good or evil for me, ma'am?"'
BRITA:«NIA: "It all depends on tlie weisrlit. Wait and
see.'.'

system in which the natives of India shall have a
far greater share than they now have in the Govern-
ment. That is all very well. But fine words butter
no parsnips. If Mr. Morley had resolutely undone
the repartition he would have given proof that he
meant business, and would thereby have inspired a
confidence which in solid cash would have repaid
manv times over the cost of a reconstitution of the
boundaries of Bengal. Note as a welcome illustra-
tion of the new and better day that has dawned that
there was actually a good House during this first
Indian debate in the new Parliament.

There is no need to enter into any
Mr. Balfour's detail as to the negotiations which
Capitulation, resulted in Mr. Balfour being per
mitted to continue to lead the
Unionist Partv on condition of his acceptance of
Mr. Chamberlain's programme. Everyone feels sorrv
for Mr. Balfour, and I gladly draw a veil over this
final humiliation. Suffice it to say, after struggling
vainly against the inevitable, Mr. Balfour succumbed
on St. Valentine's Day. His letter to Mr. Cham-
berlain, declaring Fiscal Reform the first construc-
tive object of the Unionist Party, concludes by his
formal waiving all objection to a tax on food and a
general tariff — the two things to which he had
hitherto been supposed to be insuperably opposed.
Mr. Chamberlain secured this capitulation by the

simple process of threatening to start a party or-
ganisation of his own if Mr. Balfour continued
recalcitrant. The lion and the lamb having lain
down together, with the lamb inside the lion, the
threatened disruption of the party was averted. Mr.
Balfour's formal leadership was formally approved
at a Tory caucus at Lansdo>vne House, and he was
subsequently elected member for the City in plai'-
of Mr. Gibbs (retired) by a majority of 11,000 od

.\las, poor Milner! There is some-
Alas, thing tragic in the spectacle
Poor Milner which the late High Commissioner

afforded the House of Lords last
month. On reading his speech I felt like Hamlet
when the rude knave with his dirty shovel threw up
the skull of Yorick. For the grave had not worked
more havoc with the lips and eyes of the King's late
jester than six years of despotic power had worked
upon the once Liberal soul of my old colleague.
For on the speech in the House of Lords the tyrant
stood confessed — a tyrant whose one idea of govern-
ment is to use racial supremacy as his sole instru-
ment. There was no longer any disguise. Naked
and unashamed Milnerism stood revealed before our
eyes. His one idea, to which he constantly reverred.
was that of creating a kind of African Ulster in
the Transvaal, in which the " plantation " would,
with the aid of Chinese labour, dominate, not only
the Transvaal, but also the Orange Free State and
the Cape Colony. Ulster was planted with Pro-
testants, who were to serve as the garrison of the
English conqueror, the native population being re-
duced to a condition of permanent subjection.
This is the ultimate logical development of Union-
ism. As if one Ireland were not enough to be the

Westminster Gazette.^

The Neophyte's Vigil.

When Mr. Balfour, after his Tigil. returns to the House of
Commons, he will have to be in full communion with the
Tariff Reform Faith.

Hrrifu of Kftitirt, iO/i/OS.

History of the Month.

339

standing reproach ot the Empire, Lord Milner
would give us two. The art of converting enemies
into friends by doing to them as we would that they
should do unto us linds no place in Lord Milners
system of goverimient. It was the Bismarckian taint
in this German-born and German-bnd Pro-consul
which has wrecked his career and deluged South
Africa in blood. But as before the war he was Bis-
marck, who difl not provide him.self with a Moltke,
so after the war he is a BisiDank who has not the
statesmanship which made his jjrototype build uji
the {jerman Knipire on a syst<'m of Home Rule.

Who is there who is so callous of

"The heart and dull of feeling as not to

Pity of It." sympathise with Lord Milner in this

suprfnie hour of his awakening to
liic fact that to the realisation of his scheme the
ii'-reditary ingrained political instinct of the British
tion offers an insuperable obstacle? He might
.i.ive foreseen it if he had not contracted a kind of
political ophthalmia in his sojourn in Egypt. Had he
done so there would have been no war. For Lord
Milner, who is sincerely patriotic in his German-
English fashion, would have recoiled in horror from
the crime of deluging Africa with blood, knowing
that every life sacrificed increased the difficulty in
the way of the only possible solution. Nothing can
be more frank than his acknowledgment that his
war has increased instead of diminishing the diffi
culty of governing Africa on the only principle on
which the British nation will allow it to be govern-
ed— viz., by the free consent of a self-governing
people. Until he decided to force war upon the
Boers there was not even the shadow of a trouble
between us and the Orange Free State. Although
we had of our own free will forced the Free States
to adopt their flag instead of our own, British set-
tlers, British interests, and British sentiments were
as fully protected and recognised as if the L'nion
Jack had still been flying over Bloemfonlein. There
was absolutely no racial antagonism in the Fre<'
States. That was before the war. After the war
Lord Milner tells us that this bond of affection and
of respect no longer exists. Lord Milner ought to
know, for his was the hand that destroyed it. As
he himself says : '" How can any reasonable man
expect the bond of affection to exist ?" Consider-
ing that he by his war devastated the whole countr^■
slew hundreds of its citizens, and did to death by
his policy of denudation thousands of its women
and children, it would be rather difficult for any
reasonable man to expect the Free Staters to Love
Britain so long as Lord Milner and his policy stood
for Britain. But, thank God, the real England is
no longer concealed and caricatured and calum-
niated by a policv hateful to every true British
heart. In a common detestation of Milnerism and
all its wavs Boer and Briton have found a new and

powerful bond of sympaih>, which, il Lord Elgin
but perseveres in resolutely effacing as a cursed thing
every trace of that racial domination which Lord
Milner attempted to establish, will speedily gro^v
into a stronger bond of affection than that which
binds us to some of our English-speaking colonies
at this day.

Lord Milner signed the Treaty of

A Vereeniging which was negotiated

Breach of Faith, by Lord Kitchener, and he still

professes to believe, and dares to
repeat, " the mendacious assertion " that the terms
of that Treaty have been loyally carried out by
Great Britain. But the whole lenour of his speech
shows that he was determined to postpone the
execution of the most important clause of that
Treaty to the Greek Kalends. The Btjers would
not have laid down their arms but for the explicit
assurance of Lord Kitchener, who a'.one was au-
thorised to speak for the British Government (see
Kuyper correspondence), that the Orange Free
State was to have responsible government, like what
the Cajx- Colony enjoyed, alnmst imnir-diately. Then
after a time— owing to the difficulty created by
Johannesburg — responsible government was to be
extended to the Transvaal. Lord Kitchener's ex-
plicit declaration led the Boers to surrender. Lord
Mi!ner has treated that explicit assurance as if it
had never existed. Even now, when the difficulty
of Johannesburg no longer offers an obstacle to
responsible government in the Transvaal, he pro-
tests, three years after dale, against fulfdling the
pledged word of Britain, and does so — Heaven save
the mark 1 —because to keep faith with the Boers
might be inconvenient to some of the locust horde
of Milnerite myrmidons which he inflicted on the
country 1 But Lord Milner and all his party appear
to have adopted the familiar but fatal doctrine that
there is no obligation to keep faith with an Infidel,
only thev substitute for the Paynim the South
.\frican Dutch. That detestable doctrine, the most
pernicious ever forged by the Father of Lies, the
British nation repudiated at the General Election.
It is now cast out as an accursed thing. Hiin ilia
lachryma !

No wonder Lord Milner is miser-
Failure able. To have been directly
Confessed. responsible for the slaughter of
25,000 fighting men, and for the
doing to death of 5000 women and 20,000 helpless
infants, would have been a terrible burden to bear
even if the end had justified the means, or. if not
justified, at least condoned them. But Lord Milner.
in his frankest fashion, admitted his failure: —

Jnst now the Transvaal— indeed, all South Africa— is under
.1 cloud. It has cost us great s.icrifices. The compeneationa
which we expected, and reasonably expected, have not
come.

34C

The Review of Reviews.

April »J. ISOS.

That is just how it stands. We have slain our
brother Boer, and, alas ! there is nothing in his
pockets. But it may be said that, if only the wicked
pro-Boers had kept silent we should have had our
compensations. That is all nonsense. Lord Milner,
with the sole exception of the defeat of his attempt
to suspend responsible government in the Cape, was
absolute in South Africa. The pro-Boers singly and
collectively w'ere utterly impotent. He had his own
wav in ' everything, and the Empire paid
_;^25o, 000,000 in order to give him a free hand to do
whatever seemed good in his own eyes. If he had
been Governor-General of the Caucasus, appointed
bv an autocrat, he could not have been more free
from all interference by pro-Boers. But now he tells
us that, despite all his expenditure of blood and
treasure, he left British supremacy on such shaky
foundations that, if any attempt is made to govern '
the country on British Liberal principles, the whole
edifice wili come crashing about our ears. But as
nothing was more certain than that the Liberals
would come into power in due course, his attempt
to found an Imperial system incompatible with
Liberal principles was just as absurd as it would be
for a man to build his house on the sand below high-
water mark. It is no excuse to say that it misht
have stood all right if the tide did not rise. Tides
do rise, and the sane builder recognises that alike
in nations and in oceans the rise of the tide is part
of the nature of things.

The true British garrison that wil!

The True secure South Africa for the Empire

British Garrison, is the population which learns b;>

experience that under the British
flag racial supremacv is unknown, that the right o''
self-government is fundamental, and that while the
Empire is ready to help, it is never willing to
trample under foot even the weakest of its members.
A'.readv the advent of the Liberal Governm.ent under
" old-methods-of-barbarism C.-B." has increased tha.
garrison bv a hundred thousand fighting men. For
if the Chamber of Mines at Johannesburg had ven-
tured to make good the threats it uttered when C.-B.
made his Albert Hall speech, and tried to cut the
painter, the Boers would have been the most effec-
tive allies of the British Army in defending the in-
dependence and integritv of the South African do-
minions of his Majesty King Edward VII. Seldom
has there been a more signal and instantaneous
manifestation of the magic influence of justice and
sympathy than in the rally of the who'.e Boer nation
to his Majestv's Ministers the moment they showed
that they intended to keep faith with his Afrikander
subjects! General De Wet even carried this so far
as to deprecate making any representations to the
new Government until time had been given them
to see what they would do of their own free will.
That was not sound, although exceedingly well

meant, advice. The Boers cap best help the British
Liberals by making it exceedingly clear and plain
what are the actual needs of the country. We all
want to do the right thing, but there are many
amongst us who require to be told very plainly what
the right thing is.

I regret verv much that we have

President not in London at this moment a

Steyn's Letter, representative of the South African

Dutch, duly accredited by the

Boers of the three Colonies, to speak in their name,

with full and accurate knowledge of the local facts

at his finger ends. General Smuts had to return,

Mr. Engelenburg was only here for a few weeks, and

there is no one left who can speak with authority.

We have, it is
true, the resolu-
tion of the
Boer leaders at
Pretoria and
the letter of
President
Steyn. They are
good at laying
down general
principles : but
what is wanted
is the imme-
diate reply by
someone on the
spot to the mis-
representations
and the false-
hoods of the
Ascenden cy
Party. The Pre-
toria resolution
was passed at a
meeting of Het

General Smuts. VoUc, General

Bothaand other
Boer leaders being present. It is as follows, and is
dated February 23rd : —

Het Volk has learned witb great satisfaction the decision
of the British Government to revoke the existing Constitu-
tion, and for the statement that full self-government would
shortlv lie granted to the Transvaal and the Orange Colony,
tile meeting expresses its gratitude. It further hopes that
in granting a Constitution the peculiar circumstances of
the means of securing contentment and co-operation be-
the country will be considered, and that it will thus be
tween all sections of the community, and the prosperity
and progress of the Colonies.

Mr. Esselen, who spoke at the meeting, said that
the Boers would accept a voter's basis if women were
recognised as citizens and entitled to vote. The
essential part of President Steyns letter, written in
response to my appeal for a delegation, runs thus : —

I will restate what we would like to have and what we
have a r'eht to expect. Well then: —

Fiist.— We want Eneland to carry out the Treaty of
Vereeniging and the promises made at that time: —

/iriifir 0/ Revtevm, lu/i/OO.

History of the Prlonth.

.-41

^o| By giving complete responsible goTernment like they
have lu tlie fupe Colony, lue repieseniation must be fair,
so as not to give preponueraiicc 10 one locality, an will lie
the case with the basis ol one vote one value. .\rea bIiouUI
also !» taken into consideration. As regards the Free
Stale, ilo not trv tlie experiment of giving us the old Oon-
stitution. It will not be workable under the altered cir-
cumatances. I foresee constant friction and even deadlock
lietween the (iovernment and Raad. as was the cat* in the
past between I'reslcient and Kaad. The President could
resign and apjwal to the people, and thus remove the dead-
lock. With aJi ai)pointed Governor this would be out of the
question.

'It) Bv having the Dut*h language seriously t.uuijht 111 the
schools. At present it is only make-believe. lu fact, we
want the two lan'-'uages to be placed on equal footing.

(c) By paying out the three millions to the iieople for
•whom it was stipulated.

Secoiidlv.— We wish England to fulfil her obligations under
the Roberts proclamation and under the treaty of the
Hague. ,. ,, .

Thirdly— The Liberals must, according to their promises,
take the Chinese out of the country. The British Oovern-
ment brought them in and the British Oovernment must
take tlicra out. It will not be fair or even manly to sliield
yourselves behind a so-called Legislature of wliich half the
electorate is neither free nor indepciulcnt.

Fourthly.— After you have done the above, leave us then
severely alone.

Mr. Keir Hardie alone among the
The League of speakers in the debate expressed
Peace. regret that nothing had been said

in the King's Spei-ch on the League
of Peace foreshaiiowed by " C.-B." at the Albert
Ha!!. The subject, however, is never absent from
he mind of Ministers, and we hojx" that we shall
before long hear of some practical step being taken
in the right direction. My proposal that every year
a fixed percentage of the sum devoted to the Army
and Navy should be appropriated to provide funds
for an active policy of peace has met with very
general acceptance, both withirt and without the
Ministry. I find that a proposal to appropriate i
per cent, for the purpose was made two years ago
by Mr. McDowell in the United States, About two
hundred of the Liberal and Labour members have
written me accepting the principle of .1 per cent.
as sound and practical. About 150 of these have
accepted the suggestion that the j>ercentage should
be decimal point one. Of the 52 Labour members
44 have given the proposal their adhesion. Pro-
bably the first step will be to create a National Hos-
pitality Fund, to be placed at the disposal of the
Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary. The need
for such a fund is obvious, ^^^^en the International
Parliamentary LTnion visited the United States two
years ago. Congress voted _;^t 0,000 for their recep-
tion. The Union will probably be coming to Lon-
don in 1907, and there is not a pennv-piece avail-
able for their entertainment. The magnificent wel-
come given to Sir E. Cornwall and his colleagues of
the London County Council last month, on their
visit to Paris, is an object-lesson as to how the art
of public hospitality can be gracefully exercised.

The Kaiser is a good hand at
driving a hard bargain, but he
must feel that the present is not
a propitious moment for the hagg-
ling of the market at Algeciras. The .^ustro-German

The

Break-up of

Austria.

.Yfue i-UiihUchUr.\ [Vienna.

The Austro-Hungarlan CrIeJs,

Kossuth sewing the Empire together above, whilst the
workman below cheers for universal suffrage!

alliance has been the foundation stone of the edifice
of Gennan ascendency. That alliance presupposes
that Austria is a power in being. At present it
seems ominously like a power in dissolution. The
Emperor King has dissolved the Hungarian Parlia-
ment, and stands confronting the coalition of Hun-
garian patriots, who are not men to be conciliated
by the high-handed methods by which the Emperor-
King's nominee is endeavouring to overawe the dis-
contented Magyars. A little more pressure and the
Hungarians may declare themselves independent,
declare Francis Joseph deposed, and take to them-
selves another sovereign. And then? What will
happen then no one can foretell. But one thing is
certain. With Hungary in revolt, Austria will have
her hands too full on the Danube to be able to lift
a finger to aid her ally on the Spree.

The work of stamping out the

The Revolution embers of armed revolt goes on

!■ Russia. steadily, mercilessly in the Baltic

provinces and in other parts of

Russia. Martial law prevails in most of the great

centres of population, and the Party of Law an*

■342

The Review of Reviews.

April in, 1906.

Kladderadat^ch.}

No Easy Task.

[Berlin.

"Hold it together, hold it together: we will get it re-
paired in time."

Order is clamouring savagely for the re-establish-
ment of unlimited autocracy. Lord Milner wouhl
find himself in congenial company if he were to join
the deputations of the " real Ru.ssian men " who arf
besieging the Tsar with petitions for the repeal of
the Ukase of October 30th. But the Tsar stands
firm. He refuses absolutely to listen to any talk of
postponing the election of the Douma, which will
meet in May. It is a difficult task holding a general
election for the first time on a brand-new register
in a country under martial law, with 70,000 political
prisoners under arrest, among whom are no small
proportion of possible candidates. But there is no
other way out. Imperfect though the representa-
tion may be, and farcical as in many cases the elec-
tions must be, it \rill be a great thing to get the
Douma together. Even if it were exclusivelv com-
posed of gendarmes, it would verv soon develop a
sense of its responsibility to the nation, and become
an invaluable instrument of government. The
chance of securing a Liberal Douma was thrown
away last September, when the Liberals refused to
be content with anvthing but a Con.stitutional As-

sembly elected by universal suffrage. Now they
must put up with a much worse Douma than would
otherwise have been elected.

There are only two elements ol

The Outlook in hope in Russia. One is the reso-

Muscovy. lute refusal of the Tsar to yield

to the constantly increasing pressure-
of the Reactionaries, who hate the Douma ; the
other is the fact that Count Witte is still at the
helm. He is thwarted, baffled, opposed on ever\
side. None of those who ought to support him will
give him a helping hand. But still he faces the
storm with undaunted heart. The outlook is enough
to make anyone despair. The Exchequer is empty.
The people are dying in the famine districts like
flies. The nobles report that they anticipate a
terrible outbreak of jacquerie in the spring. Onh
in one corner of the empire is there peace, pros
perity, and content. Finland is the one bright spot
in the Tsar's dominions, thanks to the success with
which the Tsar and Prince Obolensky brought the
Russian Empire into line with the political aspira
tions of the Finnish people. Yet such a spirit of
madness seems to have descended upon some Rus-
sians that the leading Conservative paper of St.
Petersburg, the TVovoe Vrcmya, is continually menac-
ing the Finns with reconquest, and urging the Rus-
sian Government to restore the hated regime of
Count Bobrikoff. Fortunately Russian rulers are not
quite so mad as some Russian newspapers, and Fin
land has no reason to fear any renewal of the at
tack upon her cherished libei'ties. Even if there
is no revolution in Hungary, Russia will have her
work set to get through the spring. But if there
is an explosion in Buda Pesth, who can say -what
might happen? Russia will not interfere — unless
somebody else does. Then no one can answer for
what may happ>en.

The real and abiding danger in

The Russia is that the masses may lose

Real Danger, confidence in the justice of the

Tsar. Hitherto they have held fast
to that fate in the midst of all discouragements.
The unshakable resolve of the present Tsar to per-
severe in the path of reform, despite all opposition,
confirms and justifies that faith. But it is being
fatally shaken by the reign of terror which has been
established piecemeal all over Russia bv local
governors and other authorities, every one uf whom,
under the plea of maintaining order, is furnished
with an Imperial authorisation to trample all human
rights under foot. Herein lies the terrible danger
of the present situation. Russians may find their
devotion to the one autocrat cannot stand the test
of having to tolerate a hundred local autocrats, each
armed with absolute power to do injustice at will.
It is not severity in punishing the guilty that alien-

Hemnr of Kfriewt, lO/i/OS.

History of the Month.

.^43

ates thf hearts of nations. It is the indiscriminate
confounding of the innocent with thr guilty, the
mad, murderous, wholesale vengeance wreaked
l)lindly upon a whole community, that maddens
men. And the horror of the present state of things
in Russia is that every Jackin-office and every
officer in command has felt himself free to regard
justice as a negligible element in his administra-
tion. " When stamping out red-handed revolution
\ou cannot stop to consider too nicely" — the dit
ference between the guilty and the innocent? Y<-i
that in plain language is what it means. And it is
the blood of the innocent that chokes despots.
Punish the guilty by all means, but in Heaven's
name take every necessary precaution to see tnai
no one is adjudged guilty until he has had full op-
portunity to prove his innocence. Forgetfulness of
the supreme importance of this rule has em]nied
manv a throne.

lore Mr R. W.
Perks, M.r.

Writing of the Nonconformist Mem-
bers of the House of Commons last
month, I said : —

Tliere are 176 Free Cliurchmen in the House— more tli;iii
all the TJnion-.Kts put tosether— including 73 who captureJ
Tory sea's. With fhp exception of .Vr. Perku, they are df-
rated to tht eaute of Tpeaet.

Mr. Perks says that the words which he has italicised
" are a falsehood so far as I am concerned." He
asks me to withdraw the statement. This I do with
the greatest pleasure, fully and frankly accepting
Mr. Perks's assurance that he is now devoted to
the cause of peace, as conclusive as to his present
attitude. The way 1 fell into the mistake, which I
now correct, was that, perhaps not unnaturally, 1
had judged Mr. Perks by his past record, and was
in ignorance of his new-born zeal in the good cause.
But how delightful it is to see the bellicose Jingoes
of 1900 tumbling over each other in the eager desire
to protest their devotion to peace in 1906! "But
while the lamp holds out to burn," etc. There is
still room at the national penitent form for other
returning prodigals, and nothing should be further
from our mood than to .spare the fatted calf.

Miss Alice Roosevelt and Mr. Nicholas Loneworth,

Who were married on Februar.v 17th at tlie White House,
Washington.

Photograph b;/ Edirard S. CurtU. Stereo'iraph copyright.
UndeTiri^od and tl ndenrood. London, New york aijd
Helboume.

Read the Important Announcement on Page II.

The change mentioned there is desirable in both your interests and our own. Our present publish-
ing date is most awkward for both of us. This month is therefore the April-May issue, and the next,
published all over Australasia on the tst June, will be the June issue. For full particulars see page II.

Beview of Revieir^, ^'Ji'^fOS,

The Mat Makers of Mataatua, Urewera Country

IN THE HEART OF MAORILAND.

THE MOUNTAINEERS OF THE UREWERA COUNTRY.

By J. Cowan.

Fifty miles south-east of Rotorua, in tfie Thermal
zone of New Zealand, a long range of wooded moun-
tains, broken into peaked summits of sharp but sin-
gularly regular outline, and cleft at intervals by deep
and narrow river-gorges, rises suddenly like a great
purple wall from the tussocky plains of the Rangi-
taiki. This is the outermost rampart of the Urewera
Countr\-, or Tuhoe Land, a strange, wild region of
forest and mountain, the most remarkable of the
purely native districts in the colony of New Zealand,
inhabited bv a tribe of Maori highlanders whose
hostility to their European neighbours and isola-
tion from the outer world, until quite recent years,
tended to the preservation within their borders of
many peculiarlv primitive ways of life. Roughly
circular in boundary outline, this mass of most
rugged and broken country is about forty miles in
diameter, extending from the plains of the Rangi-
taiki and Bay of Plentv on the north and north-
west to the beautiful lake Waikaremoana and the
Hawke's Bay watershed on the south. The Urewera
and their kindred hapus or clans number about a
thousand people. In truth they were never very
numerous but for many centuries thev have held

their mountain fastnesses, in spite of almost per-
petual forays and raids from without — for the
Maori's normal state was one of war — and they pre-
sent to this day those independent conservative
traits that have in all ages and all lands marked the
dwel'ers in a high country.

When I first made the acquaintance of the Ure-
wera, they were verv^ literally one of the "new-
caught sullen peoples." The infrequent pakeha tra-
veller venturing into their territory was well treated,
provided he was neither a surveyor nor a gold pros-
pector. These two were (and are) the pet aversions
of the Urewera. They saw the rest of the island
" slipping away to the white man, and were stub-
born in their determination to hold their lands.
Durincr the p>eriod from 1869 to the end of 1871
several Government expeditions invaded their moun-
tain lands in pursuit of the rebel chieftain Te Kooti
and his followers, but there was little glor}' in fight-
ing these wily bushmen, whose dense forests were-
their chief strongholds, and who matched, the cun-
ning of Red Indians in the art of laying ambus-
cades. So. after the close of the last Maori war,,
thev were left prettv much to their own devices..

Jteiieic of Rerieirt. tll',11^.

In the Heart of MaorfJand.

345

i

way : they laid down their guns in token of peace ;
the road went on — a strategic highway into the heart
of Tuhoe Land — and now the surveyor's trig-flag
flutters even on the lofty peak of sacred Maunga-
pohatu, the demon-guarded '' Rocky Mountain," the
Olympus of the Urewera, and the trail of the white
man's chain is over it all. To-day you may ride
from end to end of this dist ct, and everywhere
receive a kindly welcome and enjoy real old-time
Maori hospitality. For they are a pleasant, though
a primitive people. But they are as jealous of offi-
cial interference as of old, and as proudly tenacious
of their traditional rights and tribal honour as any
Scottish Highland clan.

The glamour of the blue Tuho^ Mountains, that
nameless " something lost behind the ranges," has
lured me more than once of recent years into this
little Thibet of Maoriland, mysterious and forbidden
though it is no longer. One summer expedition was
rich in picturesque glimpses of an interesting people.
♦ » »

Saddling-up in the crisp and early morning of
one of those glorious clear days frequent on the
plains, we left our camping-ground by the foot of
Maunga-Kakaramea, the " Painted Mountain " which
guards the fantastic hot-spring valley of Waiotapu.
and struck across the breezy Kaingaroa Plateau — a
wide treeless steppe tenanted only by mobs of wild
horses — and fording the swift Rangitaiki entered
the mountains by a narrow pass that opened out like
a gateway between two lofty hills. On our left rose
woodv Tawhiuau, towering in deep purple from the
plains 2000 ft. into the golden sky — the guardian

A Mataatua Girl.

and to all pakehas save a few Maori-spe.iking Go-
vernment officials and military officers "Tuhoe Land
was practically a terra incognita till 1894. In that
year a Government survey party was despatched to
lay off the route for a road through the bush from
the Rangitaiki to Lake Waikaremoana. On the
old-fashioned Maori the sight of a theodolite and
chain produces much the same effect as that of the
proverbial red rag on a bull. The tribe took up
arms, the war-conch-shell echoed through the craggy
defiles of Tuhoe Land as of yore, and the surveyors
were turned back and escorted to the plains and
their instruments seized. An armed column was
hurried from Auckland to the boundaries of the
disputed territorv, and it seemed at one time as if
shots would be fired once more in earnest, after a
peace of nearlv a generation. Indeed, I have never
seen Maoris more sulky, more inimical in looks, in
gestures and in speech, than that gathering of angry
and suspicious tribesmen into whose meeting-place
VK marched at Ruatoki, in the Whakatane Valley.
Our tents were pitched here for a season, then an-
other military camp was formed at Te Whaiti, well
within the mountains. The Urewera gradually gave

Ca^'ved slab(Te Ttpua: "The Demon") eno
in Ca* \ed House. " Te Whai-a-te-Moki." i

-acework Panel
t Mataatua.

346

The Review of Reviews.

April m, 190-J.

< s

Kmtw of Heviewit^ JO/i/O'-*.

In the Heart oi Maoriland.

'-^1

Maori Women and Children, Urewera Country.

iiKiuntain of the Ngatimaiiuwa tribe, and the fabled
haunt of the last moa. From here to Te Whaiti —
the first settlenaent of the mountaineers — the hills
encompassed us, sometimes boldly bare and fern-
clad, but mostly thickly timbered with tall pines
and beautified with tree-ferns. In the late after-
noon we entered a region where the forest was mor<!
gloomy and the pitch of the mountains grew steeper,
with a dark stream gliding smoothly and mysteri-
(jusly below our track, sometimes hidden from view
by the thickly-matted foliage. All at once we
emerged on a clearing in the heart of the moun-
tains, the open valley of Ahikereru, where thin
spirals of smoke curled up from a score of cooking-
fiiingis (the earth-made steam-ovens of the natives).
We saw low-eaved bark-roofed huts scattered along
the riverside, and groups of brown people seated
in the green marae or vnllage forum, in front of their
houses, gossiping in the loud and unconstrained
fashion of the Maori while they awaited their even-
ing meal. Then came a vociferous welcome, for
pakchas were rare visitors, and pork and potatoes
and wild pigeon, fresh steaming from the hangt.
were set before us. These people were of the Ngati-
whare tribe, skilled in all bushcraft, and wan
forest-fighters in the war days. The ruins of their
palisaded fort, Te Harema, crowned a ferny rise
above the settlement. Beyond, the Whirinaki River
wound gently through the glen, clumps of tall
totara pines standing on its banks, and the bold
terraced outlines of an ancient stockaded pa or hill-
castle — the famous stronghold Umurakau — stood
out against the sky far overhead, its venerable
palisade-jKists crowning the scarped crest like so
mnnv huge pencils set on end.

I'hey are ill the transition stage, these Ngatiwh.irtJ.
Some amongst them are deeply tattooed octogen-
arians, horn in the days of pagan cannibalism,
human relics of the stone age. The people, like
their Tuhoe neighbours, wear European garments —
in the peculiarly free-and-easy fashion of the M.iori
— but in every household the women are experts in
the weaving of beautifully soft and silky mats and
cloaks from the native flax (phormium tenax), and
the ancient stone pounders used centuries ago for
beating out the flax-fibre are still in daily u.se.

Our second day's ride was to the ancient kainga,
or village, of Mataatua, the capital of Tuhoe Land,
and the central stronghold of the Urewera from im-
memorial times. We were in company with a caval-
cade of Te Whaiti natives, for there was a iangi, or
wailing-ceremony (the Maori variant of an Irish
wake), proceeding at Mataatua, and there would be
dancing and feasting and weeping unlimited. We
climbed from the green open valley eastwanl into
the heart of the wooded mountains, and wound along
a sharp-cut road from which we looked straight
down five or six hundred feet into a wild and nar-
rowed gorge, with a foaming river sweeping down its
pine^shadowed depths to join the Whirinaki. Above
our heads the heights slanted precipitously upwards,
tree-feathered to the skyline. As we went on, round
many a sharp corner and rocky bluff, sometimes as
plumb above and below as the wall of a house, the
mountains grew loftier. The hillsides were rich with
ferns and damp with the trickle of countless runnels,
and many a waterfall splashed dowii the dark ravines.
Topping the sharp ridge of Tarapounamu we halted
to survey the land. As far as the vision carried,
the va.st forest extended — the forest and the moun-

The Review of Reviews,

April to, 1906.

tieviete of Revittrg, i'Ji ,; b".

in the Heart of Maoriland.

349

Matahepa Te Whennanul
A Chieflainess of Malai(ii;i.

tains — a sea of mountains, great glorious green
waves clipping and ris'ng and dipping again, away
to the far-off soft l)!uc peaks of the horizon.

Richest of all the flower'ng trees of Maoriland,
the rata in midsummer fires these forests with its
beautiful rich crimson b'.ossoms. The Tuhoe peo-
ple practicallv call the rata flowers the " Fare of
Tawhaki " — Te Kanohi-o-Tmvhahi. This classic
piece of imagery refers to the hero Tawhaki of
mythological fame, whose blood stained crimson the
flowers of the Tohutnhawa and rata. Amongst the
neighbouring Ngatiawa people of the Whakatane
Valley the rata bears the honorific name of " Te
Maro-a-Tane " — the '' Loin-mat of the Forest-God."
The Maori enshrined deities and dryads and fairy
beings in these gloomy woodlands, to him so full of
mysticism. The shadowy deeps of the bush, the tall
silent columns, like spirit-chieftains, with their heads
in the sky, the sudden sharp cries of the birds and
the damp cool fragrance which steeps everything,
leave a strong impress on primitive man. The
forester of Tuhoe is in an enchanted land. Like
the ancient Greeks, the Maoris have stories of
strange metamorphoses, of persons transformed into
trees and rocks. Some of these tales resemble that
of Daphne, who, fleeing from Apollo, was suddenly
changed into a laurel tree, and of the Heliades, who
became poplars and their tears amber. In the
Ruatahuna and adjacent districts of Tuhoe Land

there are sundn- locally famed liindu and /awa-trees
which the natives speak of as the material forms of
certain ancestors, arid which are reputed to possess
certain magical properties ; and they are reverenced
to this day as fetish-trees. This is not paraded
before Europeans, but the old, old cult of tree-
worship is still strong in the hearts of the bushmen
of Tuhoe. To the old-fashioned Maori there is a
veritable '' spirit in these woods " —

. . . Mighty trees
In manj- a lazy syllable repeating
Their old poetic legends t-o the winds.

All day we rode through the beautiful forest and
down through the dark defiles, where it was always
twilight, and where the white-breasted pigeon flew
on gentle wings from tree to tree, and "" Kukiid "
softly to its mate, and the tui, or parson-bird (the
Koko it is called in this district), rang its bell-notes
and whistled its flute-song close beside us— the
Angelus of the bush. And then, just as we were
wearying of the interminable forest, and longing for
the s.avoury hangi, the sound of axes echoed
through the bush, a cheery " Nat4-mai ! Nau-mai!^'
greeted us, smoke rose from a clearing, where a
company of shawl-kilted, shaggy-headed men were

Photo, hy .i. Hamilton ]

Diggi ig With the Wooden " Ko"— the Old«n Method of
Cultivation in tiie Urewera Country.

The Review of Reviews.

April *;, 130e.

CcUis, Plu^Uy} IXea Phmoulh.

Taniora Whapauroa, an old KIngite Warrior.

felling timber. Roughly-built thatched huts were
dotted about under the arrowv-boiet] riintis, and as
we rode on the womenfoik. busv at the cooking-
ovens, called their invitations to stay and share their
food. But we cried them with one voice, " E noho
noi !" ('• Remain you there !"^ and pressed on to
Mataatua.

We passed Maori hunters returning from the chase,
with their truculent-looking dogs : great-limbed men
wearing the rafaki k'ilt — a shawl, piece of blanket,
or a flax mat — with singed and dressed carcases of
wild pigs strapped across their shoulders ; and
fowlers laden with the spoil of the forest — Izaha par-
rots, parson-birds, and pigeons — and carrying their
bird-snares, consisting of carved perches not un'.ike
rrooked dead tree-branches in appearance, with
snaring-tackle of plaited flax fibre. The bushmen
of Tuhoe are expert in the capture of the " wing-
flapping children of Tane," without the aid of
powder and shot, ajid though the young generation
prefer the fowling-piece, the older men still on
occasion practise the olden arts and lures, particu-

larly the pipe, or call-leaf, by which the birds are
cunningly enticed within easy striking distance.

About evening \vt climbed out of the bed of a
rushing river, and before us, on the edge of the open
\alley of Ruatahuna, hemmed in on all sides bv
misty blue ranges, was our destination — a pretty
village, with its tree-clumps and its squares of cul-
tivations, some of its houses shingled, some covered
with great brown strips of /^/ara-bark, and the roof
of a great council-house gleaming in the setting sun.
Right over us, on a clifF-verge, rose the terraced
front and flat-topped citadel of a palisaded pa — a
stockade with posts carved in the semblance ol
gigantic human figures, whose baleful saucer-eyes,
inlaid ■nith haliotis-shell, glared defiance. Then as
we mounted the bank, we halted, and one of our
part)' went on to announce us, in accordance with
Maori etiquette, before we entered the village square.

This Ruatahuna Valley has been the central home
of the Urewera people for many centuries. The his-
tor\- of this district, as handed down by word of
mouth from generation to generation, goes back for
nearly a thousand years. Mataatua village is named
after the famous ancestral canoe which brought the
Polynesian ancestors of the tribe to the shores of
the Bay of Plenty-. A conringent of warriors from
this valley marched to VVaikato in 1864, and fought
desperately against the British soldiers in the battle
of Orakau, side by side with Rewi and his Ngati-
maniapoto : one of the survivors of this war partv
is our old guide Paitini, who was wounded at
Orakau. Later, in the Hauhau wars of 1865-71.
Ruatahuna was an Alsatia for the fiercest spirits of
Maoridom, and here Te Kooti sheltered after his
escape from the prison-isle of the Chatharas in 1868.
Two columns of colonial troops, one marching from
Galatea under Colonel Whitmore, and the other
(Colonel St. John's) from Whakatane, fought their
way up to Mataatua. St. John's force stormed and
captured Orangikawa Pa, just at the back of the
\-ilIage, losing one officer. Captain Travers, shot
dead bv the Hauhaus. Afterwards several Govern-
ment war-parties, under European and Maori offi-
cers, skirmished up through these cafions and
forests ; and in the neighbourhood of Mataatua.
Major Kopata Wahawaha — ^the most notable of the
Maori chiefs who fought on the side of the white
man — built a redoubt and garrisoned it against the
bushmen of Tuhoe until 1871.

The pa by which we halted is a modem model
fort, constructed by the Tuho6. It is of small size,
measuring about 110 feet by 90 feet, and is but a
" dummv " pa, but the fence {Kiri-tangata — literally
" The VVarrior's Skin ") is a good example of the
old-time palisading, with its boldly car\-ed Himu
posts, its lashings of Akaaka forest-vines, and its
gatewav (Waharoa) carved out of a solid block of
Totara! This little pa is named " Te Tahi te
Rangi," after an ancestral chief who, according to
legend, became a Maraki-hau, or merman, and

/Vcifto at Rtvieu-n^ iOl^iQ^.

In the Heart of Maoriland.

35'

An Urewera Type.
From a sketch by J. M'Donald.

haunts the Bay of Plenty to this day. It is pro-
posed by the Urewera people (at the suggestion of
the Hon. Mr. Carrol!, Native Minister) to build a
larger and more complete pa, which shall stand
through the generations to come as a type of the
ancient hill-fort, a relic of the departed glories of
Maoridom.

Suddenly, as we rested beneath the parapets, we
were startled by a " horrible, horrible yel!," and
round the corner of the stockade appeared a fero-
cious figure, tattooed, red-painted, befeathered, and
naked, except for a very brief waist-finnge of dang-
ling /w-palm fibre. His eyes rolled till the whites
only were seen, then he thrust out a long and snakv
tongue, and grimaced fearfully. Shaking a wooden
spear in his hand, he swiftly cast it at us, then
turned .ind rushed towards the village. This was
the iivigaia^vcro, and his savage manner of greeting
us the formal reception accorcied a war-column or a
visit'ng party. Just as the spearsman turned, one
of our young men, who had rapidly divested him
self of all but his waist-shawl, dtrted out in pursuit,
ind we followed at a more dignified pace.

Then we saw that the entrance to the village marac
was barred by a body of armed men, stripped to a
gantlin', as sailors say, crouching still as death, on
one knee, each holding a gun, butt on the ground,
barrel sloping towards us. The tangata-wero halted
and turned facing us when he reached the shelter
of his co'umn, and our runner stopped short. We
advanced until we were within about twenty paces
of the warriors. Then all at once, at a wild cr\
from a chief on the right, they jumped to their feet,
leaped high in air, with their feet doubled under
them like deer, and with one voice literally barked
out a thundering chorus. It sounded mightily like
a war-song, though it was simpK a pacific chant of
welcome. This way and that our martial hosts
bounded, brandishing their loaded rifles and tuparas
(double-barrelled guns) in time to the chant. Halting
abniptly. with an earth-shaking thud, they fired a
volley of ball cartridge over our heads — a rather
startling form of greeting, but one which we faced
with grave and impassive politeness, as if it were
quite an ever\'-day occurrence with us — thous;h a
few years back it would have roused Nsiatiwhare's
deadly ire. Another volley reverberated from hill to
hill, and the b'jllets whistled over us. Then the
brown warriors fell back, and a gailv-dressed band of
women, with green leaves wreathed about their
bro^vs, and waving shawls and leafy boughs, advanc
ed with a gliding semi-dance, and chanted their
ancient welcome song, the " Powhiri " : —

Greetine*s, ereetines to you. _ strangers—

Straneers from the far horizon.

F'-om the bounds of earth and heaven.

WTiere the aby and water meet.

'Twas our dearest child that brought you

From the very distant places —

Welcome ye, oh. oome. oh. come!

When the powhiri ceased, out to the front danced
si.\ girls — a group of vividly barbaric, yet not in-

The Review of Reviews.

April 10, Ui',.

harmonious, colour — apparelled in loose crimson
hikurere, or " roundabouts,' and short gowns of gor-
geously flowered print, their brows bound about with
red handkerchiefs, which held in place the black
and white plumes of the rare hum bird and th'
iridescent feathers of the long-tailed cuckoo ; their
cheeks dabbed with red ochre paint, greenstone-
pendants and shark s teeth hanging from their ears.
The barefooted nymphs, hands on hips and heads
thrown back, glided into the measure of a kanikani
dance, to the music of a shrill monody chanted by a
wjiite-haired, tattooed old lady who had led the
women's pmvhtri. Dark eyes flashed, and long black
tresses floated in the air, as the dancers gave them-
selves up to the elemental passion of the kanikani.
Their bodies swayed from side to side, and quivered
and jerked in strange contortions, and in every
movement they kept rhythmic time to the fugle-
woman's song. It was none other than the old, old
wor'.d-wide dansc dii ventre — the Venus-dance of the
Moulin Rouge, the liida-hula of Hawaii, the siva of
Samoa. The kanikani grew faster and wilder, and
the eyes of the dancing-girls rolled till only the
whites were seen, set in a petrified glare — then all
at once the chant ended on an unexpected high note,
and the performers stopped, breathless and glowing
all over with their self-evolved emotions.

The ranks of Tuhoe opened out, and we guests
passed through to the marae in front of the carven
temple " Te Whai-a-te-Motu," the Hauhau praying-
house built bv the mountaineers for their warrior-
priest and prophet Te Kooti. Here, after the
fashion of the Maori, the visitors from Te Whaiti
stood and lifted up their voices in lamentation for
the dead, and the village-women wailed most dolor-
ously for what seemed an inordinate length of time,
considering that some weeks had passed since the
subject of their tangi had been borne to his an-
cestral burial cave in rocky Maungapohjtu. The
manes of the dead appeased, broad flax mats were
spread out for us on the green, and, after speeches
of greeting, we were regaled with pork, preserved
birds, wild honev and potatoes, in quantitv sufBcient
to have satisfied a starving Russian garrison.

Until quite recently the " Whai-a-te-motu " was
a Whare-tapu or sacred house ; no food was allowed
to be taken into it, and all per.sons entering had to
deposit articles such as tobacco, knives, matches,
etc., outside the porch. It is probably the most
interesting specimen of native decorative architec-
ture in the island. Surmounting the front of the
house is a carved head or tekoteko, with outstretched
tongue and glittering shell-made eyes. This repre-
sents the warrior-chief Te Unu-ariki. who was a
leading brave of Tuhoe a hundred years ago, and
who was killed by the Ngati-ruapani tribe at Waika-
remoana. Below the tekoteko is a carved and painted
monster, half-dog, half-crocodile. This is Tangaroa,
the enchanted dog of Tane-atua, a chief who arrived
on these shores in the Mataatua canoe, six centuries

The Flax Beater,

Urewera woman preparing flax fibre for mat-making by pourding
wilh a stone beater.

ago. The dog, say the Maoris, was left by Tane-
atua at a small lake in these mountains, where it
remains to this day as a tupua or Daenmn. The
porch and the house-interior are rich with car\'ed
effigies of ancestral heroes, cut out of solid slabs
of totara, and grouped around th? walls — stemt
figures grotesquely fearful, with their huge distorted"
heads, and their leering mouths, from which project
enormovs red-painted tongues ; three-finsrered hands;
gripping stone weapons (sometimes a palpable steef
tomahawk), in attitudes of defiance, faces tattooecf
in exactest imitation of the moko of living men.
There are strange reptilian forms, ornate and fan-
tastic, recalling to the fakcha pictures of the plesio-
saurus and other fearsome creatures of the past, as
reconstructed bv the imafrinative scientist. Some of
the wall-slabs are car^'ed into figures of fabulous
water-monsters— /an/w'/w and maraki-Jiaw — scoopinpc

Heviea of Revieicf, }<:/ll%.

In the Heart of Maoriland.

in their victim with long, funnel-shaped tongues :
others represented the mythical creatures known as
the maiiaia and whckti, with bird-like beaks, and
snaky tails all coiled in endless spirals. Even the
wide rafters are decorated with handsome black and
red scroll-work and rude paintings of trees and
birds and bird-spearing.

When darkness fell, and fires twinkK-d through the
village, the melancholy tooting of a Triton conch-
shell (one of the olden pu-tatara or war trumpets)
echoed amongst the encompassing hills. This was
the signal for evening prayers.
The Urewera still hold to the
faith promulgated by Te Kooti, the
ritual known as the " Ringa-tu,"
the " Uplifted Hand " — a medley
of the Psalms of David, the
Church of England Prayer-book,
and Hauhau incantations. The
great meeting-house, '' Te W'hai-a-
te-Motu" ("The Chase of the
Island" — ^so named in allusion to
the long pursuit of Te Kooti by
the Government soldiers) — was
soon packed with people. The
scene was passing weird. The
only light was a fire of glowing
charcoal, on the earth floor just
at the foot of the central house-
pillar, the sacred fouioko-manawa,
where the carven wooden statue
of Toroa, a semi-deified kingly
ancestor of the tribe, stared forth
with majestic scornful \isage,
beautifully scrolled with blue lines
of tattoo. Strange shadows came
and went with the flickering of
the fire, and the carved effigies of
ancestral heroes grouped round
the walls seemed alive, ready to
start forth on the war-path. On
the latticed walls hung weapons of
war and implements of the chase
— a Terry carbine, trophy of the
war, rifles and shot-guns, glisten-
ing greenstone clubs and bone-
handled tomahawks, and a bundle
of long limber smoke-blackened
bird-spears, tipped with sharp
bone and iron barbs.

Hekerangi, a grey old man in
a long blanket, worn toga-wise,
rose and led the " Ringa-tu " ser-
vice. There were no books of
ritual, but the people knew the
long chants and prayers by heart,
and there was a wild beauty in
the droning cadence of the
Psalms sung by manv earnest
vo:ces to the air of ancient

pagan waiaias, and, rising into something of the
olden fanatic fervour in the frequent refrain,
'■ Matua-pai Marire ! (" Father Good and Gracious ")
'Rire, 'rire-hau !" To this chant the Hauhaus were
wont to march into battle, with uplifted right hands
making mystic passes, and the incantation ending in
the loudly-barked '' Hau 1" was accounted a powerful
spell, for it was believed to ward off the white man's
bullets — and any luckless Maori who fell had but
his own want of faith to blame. So said the Hauhau
prophets ! And to this day, night and morning iu

A Mimic Encounter with the "Taiaha' at iVIataatua, Pp, Urewera Country.' B^. ,

354

The Review of Reviews.

April to, 1906.

Tuho^ Land the cult of the " Ringa-tu " is honoured
with voice and gesture as of old, and the sign of
the upraised hand.

Pra\ers over, more speeches of greeting, and more
songs, and now and then a barbaric //<j^a-dance, as
the speakers wrought upon the feelings of their
listeners. One patriarchal tattooed chief was poeti-
cally metaphorical — as all good Maori orators are —
in his address to the wandering pakeltas.

" Come," he cried, as he threw off his upper gar-
ment and grasped his spear-headed wooden halbert,
■ come to us ! Haere-mai, haere-mai ! Come to the
remnant of the Children of the Rocks, the oflFspring
of Rangi and Papa, of Heaven and Earth ! Welcome
to the Wao-nui-a-Tane (the Great Forest of Tane),
which encompasses Tuhoe ! For Tane, too, is our
ancestor, the God of the Forest Trees, from him
we came, and to him and to Papa our earth-mother
we return ! Come to us, for it is well you should
see our faces before we pass away into the all-swal-
lowing Night — the Night from which we shall re-
turn no more ! And know you that of old we Maori
entered into reverence into these regions of Tane.
In this valley there are sacred places before which
strangers cast offerings and made obeisance to the
spirit of the land as they uttered the incantation of
the ' Uru-uru-whenua ': —

A new sk.v is oyer my head.

A uew earth beneath my feet.

A new land — a home for me.

O spirit of the earth I

Feed thou upon the heart of the stranger.

■• But perhaps you pakdias don't believe in the
right of the Uru-uru-whenua ! Well, it is the olden
faith of the Maori — and. after all, the ancient ways
were the best for the Maori, for it was not until
the white man came that our race began to decay."

Then songs again and savage old choruses, and
tales ancient and modern, broadly-humorous love-
narratives, and warlike exploits without end. Folk-
stories of the forest lands, of the lofty wooded
Huiarau range which we were to traverse next day
on our tramp across the mountain to the many-armed
Lake Waikaremoana ; of wonderful fetish-trees and
tribal spooks and banshees : of the sacred peak
Maunga-pohatu, which enshrouded itself in dense
mists whenever a booted foot attempted to tread its
fastnesses. Tales of Te Kooti's hairbreadth escapes
from the Government forces who relentlessly chev-
vied him through these parts : of the storming of
Orangikawa fort, close by the village, and the daily
ambuscades which these tribesmen laid for the white
soldierv. And long after midnight, when we at last
attempted to compose ourselves to sleep on our mats,
an interminable centuries-old waiaia still droned
.iway in a shadowy corner of the meeting-house.

COAL

STf^ii^f?,

150.000 American workers are affected
by a coal strike.— Cable item.)

Why There Should Be No Strike.

From the Etfininfj itaU, New York.)

,^r.f.fi...:.*Jlllf/4|_^

An American sermon, with J. D. Rockefeller for the text.)

* What shall it profit a man if he gaia the whole
world "

(From the Minneapolis Journal )

Hevirw iil Rrtlif«». iOfJiH

MR. FRANK T. BULLEN.

Mr. Frank T. Bullen,
The taiiiouH Autlior and Lecturer, now visitinir Aubtrulnsiii.

The long interval that has tlapsed since the visit
of Mark Twain, the last celebrity to make a lecture
tour through Australia and New Zealand, will be
broken by Mr. Frank T. Bullen. the popular author
of the " Cruise of the Cachalot." Few English men
of letters at the present time are as well equipped
as Mr. Bullen to win success on the lecture platform.
In the first place he has an unusually interesting
and sympathetic personality, and a history that
kindles at once our admiration and our wonder.
Further, he pos.sesses a rare gift of dramatic narra-
tive. No better authority in such a matter can be
wished than the Spcctatm: Writing of Mr. Bullen's
works, the great English weekly says: —

" His stories of adventure in the great deep, of
Titanic combats between cachalot and octopus, of
■ threshers ' and killer-whales, are just about as good
reading as one can find. He has seen strange things,
exciting things, and he makes us see them and thrill

with them. But literatur ■ is something more than that,
and Mr. Bullen's best work is literature. If the
ordinary comi>etent journalist had been m at the
death of a whale, much more if he had seen the
more impressive slaughter by the ' threshers,' he
could not have helped writing something about it
that w'ould have been excellent to read. But Mr.
Bullen can make you feel the romance of the sea
itself ; its effect on the mind of an imaginative man ;
and its grim tragedy, too, the wrestle with two
thousand square yards of thrashing canvas in a
gale, and the faint cry as a life drops overboar<l
from the masthead into the \easty smother, lost
beyond hope of recovery."

But, most important qualification of all, Mr.
Bullen can relate his illustrated story of hair-
breadth 'scapes and moving incidents in the great
deep with excellent effect. His lectures are won
derfully fresh and graphic, full of sea spume and
the marvels of the mighty ocean. It is not surpris-
ing, consequently, to learn that '" the prose poet of
the sea '" has made himsL-lf one of the most en-
gaging and most engaged lecturers in England. A&
a matter of fact, six years have passed since it was
first announced that the author of the " Cruise of
the Cachalot " would visit Australia on a lecture
tour, but year after year, so numerous were his
English " bookings," ^Ir. Bullen has been unable to
fulfil his promise to Mr. R. S. Sniythe, who will
pilot the lecture cruise in this hemisphere. As it is,
the preseiU tour is onlv made possible by Mr.
Bullen utilising his usual holiday months to renew
an old acquaintance with the island continent and
the " fortunate isles " as Mr. Bullen, in a London
interview, happily describes the country governed by
the Right Hon. Richard Seddon.

On this page appears a portrait of Mr. Bullen,
who is a man of middle height and spare figure,
suggesting, as an English paper puts it, '' frailty of
muscle and strength of will, " with a complexion
brown as that of a Spaniard. But the physical
appearance of the man is deceptive, for Mr. Bullen
is as tough as he is wiry. He hardly knows what
fatigue is, and he is quite insensible to climatic
changes. Even in the rigour of an English winter
he regards an overcoat much as Falstaff regarded a
second shirt, " for superfluity." Mr. Bullen is a
ceaseless worker, and, as was said of M. Claretie,
the doyen of French journalists, "' It is difficult to say
where he does not \vrite, and it is hard to say where
he does not write well."

Mr. Bullen will open his .\ustralian campaign in.
the .-Vdelaide Town Hall.

Review of Reviews, 20/^00.

LAND MONOPOLY IN TASMANIA.

Bv Percy

A WONDEEFUL ISLAND.

If there is one spot more specially favoured than
another in the Southern Hemisphere, it is surely the
beautiful little island, separated by Bass Strait
from the Australian coast, and pendent like a locket
to the maiiiland of which, in comparatively recent
limes, it formed a part. Its praises have been sung
l)y poets and travellers from the time when Tasman
first set foot upon its shores. " The seas which en-
compass it," wrote one of the Young Irelanders who
was exiled here for high treason in '49, " the lakes
and rivers which refresh and fertilise it, the woods
\vhich shadow and the genial sky which arches it,"
and, he might have added, the mountains which
make it so pictures'jue, and the climate which is its
principal charm, " all bear testimony to the goodness,
the munificence and power of God in its behalf."
Its fertility is remarkable. The finest fruit in the
world is grown in the south, the best potatoes in the
north; on the midland plateaux graze the purest
flocks and herds ; the mountains in the north-west
gleam with copper and tin ; in the eastern valleys
and plains grain springs luxuriantly from a chocolate
soil, enriched by volcanic outbursts from the very-
bowels of the earth ; the deposits of coal are both
mmierous and fine; and forests of eucalypts and
other durable woods adorn the plains and cover the
mountain slopes. In addition to this there are nume-
rous harbours and bays, some of which are capable
of floating all the navies in the world. Yet with
all these natural gifts so abundantly showered on
this favoured land, and with a constitution as
free as that of England herself, an evil has been
allowed to take root which threatens to turn all these
marvellous blessings into a curse. That evil is
land monopoly.

A FEW ILLU-MINATIXG FACTS.

Of the total area of 26,215 square miles, or
i5'57i'5°° acres, exclusive of islands and lakes, com-
prising Tasmania, nearly one-third, or over 5,000,000
acres, has passed into private hands; more than half
of the alienated lands are held in large estates of
2000 acres and over, and it is estimated that less
than I per cent, of the total population (whidi
amounted to 180,632 in December last) own over
90 per cent, of the soil ; over 100,000 compete
against one another for a living in the towns ; sixteen
niral municipalities, comprising an area of over
10,000 square miles of well-watered and fertile
land, where some of the big estates are located, lost
2600 residents between 1891 and igor, instead of
gaining, as they should have done under natural
conditions, about 7000 souls; 32,000 others, born
on the island, have fled to more prosperous dimes ;

R. Meggy.

and last year the total increase of population, after
deducting the loss by emigration from the gain by
excess of births over deaths, only amounted to 432.
One company alone, that familiarly known as the
\'.D.L. (Van Diemen's Land), own estates in the
north-west variously estimated at from 366,500
acres to 422,000 acres, and probably very much un-
dervalued at ;£i90,ooo. Of this enormous terri-
tor)- I am officially informed they have only parted
with 10,000 acres at the outside. But most of the
alienated land is on the eastern side of the island,
where the country is more settled, and land much
more valuable. Among the most prominent land-
owning families are the Camerons (3), who own oe-
tween them 61,700 acres, valued at ;<^204,o9o; the
Nicholas family (3), who own 123,000 acres, valued
at ;£i 78,324; the Archers (5), who own between
them over 90,000 acres, valued at ;^i63,7oo; the
O'Connors (2), who own 80,500 acres, valued at
^159,550; the Headlams (4), who own 93,000 acres,
valued at ^147,000; Brock's estate of 25,400 acres,
valued at ^£99,000; the Bisdees (7), who own
63,670 acres, valued at ^8i,oooj Bowman's estate
of 15,345 acres, valued at ;^62,ooo ; and 35,000
acres owned by the Union Bank, valued at ^60,500.
A lengthy list of landowners holding estates down
to 5000 acres was published in the weekly organ
nf the Labour Party on January 13th, from which
the above figures have been condensed — estates held
by different members of the same family being given
as one family estate, and all the smaller properties
l;«ing omitted. The gist of it is that 2,500,000 acres,
or half the total alienated land, approximately valued
at ^4,000,000, is held by 273 persons and com-
panies, in estates ranging from 2500 acres to at least
366,500 acres.

THE STRANGLECG OF THE TOWNSHIPS.

I was interviewing the Surveyor-General and Sec-
retary for Lands (Mr. E. A. Counsel, F.R.G.S.), on
the subject of land monopoly, and he was just about
to give me instances of big estates when the paper
containing the above-mentioned list came in. After
hastily glancing at it, Mr. Counsel said it seemed
to be fairly accurate, but it omitted all mention of
the Gellibrand estate, comprising from 20,000 to
30.000 acres on the Derwent, which blocked
settlement, and prevented townships from being
formed. One of the tributaries of the Derwent is
the Ouse. At or near its junction with the main
stream there is a bridge, a police station, a public-
house and a store, with rich land on every side,
owned by Gellibrand and Brock, but not a foot to
1:« obtained by producers or business men, who would
gladly settle down in such a highly-favoured spot

Review of Reviewt. tO/i/OS.

Land Monopoly in Tasmania.

357

Another similar case is that of Ringarooma, in the
north, a pretty native name which is borne by a
township, a river, and a bay. The township is a
very important centre, situated at tlie junction of
roads leading down to the fields of Belmont, Mounts
Victoria and Maurice, with plenty of rich farming
land all round, but the bulk, of it is held by about
three landowners, and not an acre was obtainable at
anything like reasonable rates till very recently, when
one of the estates was sub-divided and sold. As an
instance of the extraordinary fertility of the soil, Mr.
Counsel s.iid he had seen forty-five potatoes grow
from a single root, while ordinary patches went
29 tons to the acre. As 5! tons per acre was the
aver:ige yield throughout the island for the year
1903-4, the singular richness of the Ringarooma
soil may be inferred. Some of it was sold thirty
>ears ago for ^^17 an acre, but since then progress
has been practically arre.sted by land monopoly, and
there are probably no more people here now than
there were at that distant date, although it is about
the richest farming country in the- island. But
Ringarooma is only one instance out of many. Cam-
pania is another. This little township is situated
near the capital, on the main line of railway, be-
tween Hobart and Launceston. It is surrounded by
the Campania estate, also held by the Brocks, the
land teing used for fattening stock, and not an acre
is available for the extension of the town, except at
exorbitant mtes. \ little further off is the pretty
little township of Kempton, on the other side of the
fertile vallev of Bagdad. I visited it last year at
the time of the Agricultural Show, and was informed
that the place was prevented from expanding be-
cause the adjacent land was all privately owned.
But perhaps the most striking instance of the kind
is the township of Burnie, at the entrance to Emu
Bay, which is in the grip of the V.D.L., not a foot
to be obtained except at a ruinous price. To show
the a\ariciousness of this Company: I am told, on
the best authority, that when the Governor of the
Board of Directors was asked what the Company
would take for the three acres resumed by the
Crown, which are the subject of the notorious law-
suit before the Privv Council, he put the value per
acre at _;£io,ooo !

THE SYSTEM OF FREE GRANTS.

Now, these lands have been acquired in various
ways — good, bad and indifferent — the same as in
other parts of the world, for which I am not blam-
ing the land-owners themselves, who have, as a rule,
merely profited hv a system which existed long be-
fore they were born, and will probably continue long
after they are dead. In the early days, before land
had any value, and when it was of the utmost im-
portance— as, indeed, it still is — to promote settle-
ment, lands were given away, either for nothing or
for a mere song, and estates in the richest parts of
the island were handed 'over to the friends of those
in power, sometin-es for the gratification of a pass-

ing whim. What William the Conqueror did with
the lands of England the former Governors did with
the lands of Tasmania, and the practice was pur-
sued in every other colony as well. It is still the
policy in Western Australia and Canada, and would
!« here still only there is scarcely any land left
worth giving away. The system of free grants did
an incalculable amount of harm to the colony. It
fostered growth of large pastoral estates, practically
closed up the grass-covered hills and open plains
to the agriculturist, and did more than anything
else to discourage settlement, pre\'ent immigration,
and stifle natural development of the island.

WTIERE PRIVATE OWNERSHIP IS N'OT FOUND.

Out of a score or so of counties in Tasmania there
are only three — Franklin, Montgomery and Arthur
— which still belong to the Crown, and the only
reason why they have not been largely alienated
like the rest is simply because they are situated in
the wildest region of the island, between Macquarie
Harbour and Port Davey, on the south-eastern coast,
and the inter\ening country is covered with moun-
tains, forests, poor, and sometimes inaccessible, land,
and large patches of impenetrable scrub. Hell's
Gate is the significant title given to the spot at the
end of the splendid inlet, which the explorer Kelly
discovered in 1815, and named Port Davey, after
the Lieutenant-Governor, as he named its eastern
arm after Lord Bathurst, then Secretary of State for
the Colonies, and Macquarie Harbour, which he dis-
covered shortly afterwards, after the then Governor-
General. There is apparently another Hell's Gate at
the latter place — fit name for the scene of desolation
where the convicts were first sent in 1821, before
they were consigned to Port Arthur, where their
treatment, terrible as it was, seems to have been
mild compared with the outrageous cruelty meted
out to them at the former spot. It is described by
the historian as a region lurid with tempests, with
a cruel and humid climate, and a stunted vegetation,
with impenetrable forest inland ; on the further side
enormous mountains, covered with snow, rising to
the clouds, like walls of adamant, every object
wearing an air of rigor, ferocity and sadness. No
wonder that this scene of desolation is the only one
in the island where land m.onopoly has not thought
it worth while to rear its baneful head.

now THE LANDS WERE OBTAINED.

Various have been the reasons for the granting of
Crown lands. Lieut. -Colonel Davey, for instance,
who is generally acknowledged to have been one of
the most incompetent Governors Tasmania ever had.
received a grant of 3000 acres as an indemnification
for the capture of his luggage by the Americans, with
whom we were at war; George Augustus Robinson,
friend of the aborigines, and several of his assis-
tants, were rewarded by large grants of land for
the wonderful work they did in inducing the natives
to give themselves up ; James Smith, the discoverer

358

The Review of Heviews.

April 10, lave.

of the stanniferous deposits at Mt. Bischoff, the rich-
est tin mine in the world, was rewarded with two
sections of eighty acres each, which he shrewdly
selected from the top of the mount, where was the
great bulk of the tin ore. The two last are instances
where splendid services were splendidly rewarded,
but in the majority of cases the reason was not quite
so satisfactory. At one time, for example (in 1828),
immigrants were entitled to 640 acres for every ;^5oo
they brought with them, the same sum of money
often doing duty a great number of times ; army
captains were entitled to free grants, upwards of
500 exceeding 500 acres each being issued in four
years. That was the time when the Secretary of
State and the Governor were in the habit of con-
ferring grants at will upon no definite principle and
without any legal authority. Many military pen-
sioners were induced to come to the colony on the
promise of receiving small grants of land and four
years' payment in commutation of their pensions, the
pensioners frequently wasting the proceeds in riotous
living and doing nothing with the land. Land was
also granted to convicts who had served their time,
as well as to settlers who arrived free. It was not
till 1831 that the system of free grants absolutely
ceased.

THE POLICY OF PRE-EMPTIVE EIGHTS.

The next most important period from the stand-
point of land monopoly was in 1851, when Governor
Sir William Denison, just before the inauguration
of representative government, in the shape of a par-
tially-elected Council, issued a pre-emptive right
regulation, whereby large areas of Crown lands fell

into the hands of speculators. Then followed the
gold discoveries in New Sout'h Wales and Victoria,
which drew large numbers from the island, and the
discovery of the first payable gold in the island it-
self in 1852, which attracted a few of them back.
This, combined with the abolition of the system of
transportation about the same time, opened up a new-
era of prosperity to the colony, and led to consider-
able speculation' in land. The pre-emptive right era
was closed in 1854, when the sale of Crown lands
was prohibited except by auction ; but not before
a large alienation of lands had taken place at an
enormous profit, in many cases, to the fortunate
speculators. Land taken under the pre-emptive
right regulation frequently changed hands at a profit
variously stated at from 200, 300, and even 400 per
cent, and that, too, before the original lessee had
paid for or had even seen the land. In 1855 a Par-
liament was granted to Tasmania, which was the fijst
colony in the group to receive the grant of free in-
stitutions, and the whole of the unalienated lands
that were left ])a^sed out of the hands of the Crown
and into the hands of Parliament, subject only to
the payment of the Civil List. One of the first re-
sults of this change was the passing of an Act in
1858 to enable settlers to purchase land on favour-
.able terms, but so much land was held for speculative
purposes under the pre-emptive right system estab-
lished by Governor Denison, that genuine settlement
was impeded at every point, purchasers having fre-
quentlv to go miles into the bush, past blocks of land
held unimproved and out of use, and then to hew
roads to the nearest port, with the chance of being
fined for trespassing on the speculators' reserves.

(To be continued in our next issue.)

[This article will be read by thousands in every State who see the same evils around them. I do

not necessarily agree with all of Mr. Meggy's or any other contributor's views, but gladly give prominence

tothis article as a contribution on a state of aififaus that requires remedying ind as containing a possible solu-
tion of them. — Editor.]

O

r

_2_2_2-

rcee-

-f>

Hfview 01 Revieirti, iOjUO*}.

THE FUTURE OF THE CARTOONIST.

The cartoon is one ot the most potent educative
agencies in the world to-day. Its message is so
(juickly understood. The eye cannot at a glance
seize upon the details of pages of letterpress, but it
can take in at a glance the meaning of a picture.
Moreover, the cartoon has a knack of appealing to
the mind as nothing else of the kind has. The one
main idea can be emphasised by the artist in a way
that would not be permissible in the author. Seve-
ral of the most influential newspapers in the Old
World and America regularly publish cartoons on
current scK-ial and pclitii-al subjects, but Australasian
dallies have not reached that point yet. Caricature
and cartoon work is mainly left to the weeklies. It
would be a gooi thing if our daily papers took it
up, confining themselves to a higher order of work
than is mainfest in Australasia now. Much of what
is done is of a vicious character, and of so exagge-
lated a type that it fails in its intended object, for it
creates a pity for the subject. The high-class, subtle
cartoon that depicts a current situation in a way
that appeals to the imagination, but which does not
offend by grossness of conception, like that of Mr.
F. C. Gould, of Li^ndon, has yet to be developed
here. The illustrations of Mr. J. Campbell Cory, on
this page, taken from The Ndu York World, ar<'
representative of a deal of the better
class of work now being done by Ameri-
can artists. They tell their own tales
without the necessity of nnv roniiii«Mit.

"High Life Insurance."
The Policy Holder 18 Inbellcil " The Real Host. )

Just Ab Easy

Queer Fish I Have Known."— ' Roekfellium Johndecussum Octopus."

Rei'lew of Revietci, iO/ifOe.

REPRODUCTIONS FROM THE LONDON

At a Wet Crossing ;
Or, " Imitation is the eincerest form of flattery.'

The Worm Turns.

Misguided 'Waits 'of slender repertoire but vast per-
sistence): "Noel Noel! No-el!"

SATtrRNINE HOITSEHOLDEE : ''Isn't there? If I come down
to you I'll ma.ke yon alter your opinion!"

Reriric or Rfcitirt. lo/noii. ReproductlOHS froitt London "Punch.

-.61

■ Good morning. Mrs. Stubbins. I8 your husband

PARSON:

*MRS.™lniBBINS: •• 'Es 'omc, Sir; but 'es a-bed."
I'AESON: "How is it lie didn't come to church on Sunday?

You know we must have our liearts in the right P'ace.
MRS. STUBBINS: "Lor. Sir, 'is carts all right.

trowziz!"

It's

In Anticipation

nt has been sui?e-e'<te'l that the law recently p:i8sed in
Ameiica forbidding th« wearing of hideous masks slioull be
introduced into this country.]

I'.-C. A. 1: ■ .Now then, off with that horrible mask!"
MOTORIST: "This isn't a mask!"

An Idyll

"Soft eyes looked love to eyes which spake at-ain."-
Childe Harold.

Rustic Echoes of the Walking Craze
SYMPATHETIC BOY: "Buck up. Mister. Ton'U win yet."

DISGUSTED COMPETITOR : " Go aw.-»y! I dont belong to that
lot in front. I'm the first man of another lot behind!

X^'-'J^-'Nl- l^'Mv^

HOSTESS: "And do you really believe in Cliristian
Science? ' , ^ .

VISITOR- "Vrell, you see, Ive been getting rather stouter
lati?y and it jl such a comfort to know that I reall,, have
no body!"

Retitu of RevietM, IO/i/06

STATE BANKS VERSUS STATE BONDS,

By John Miles Verrall

" The rights, responsibilities and protits of the
note-issue ought to belong only to the State" —
Gladstone.

" Deposits are only so many bank notes in dis-
guise. " — " The essential business of all banks is to
issue circulating rights of action, credits or debts to
their customers, recorded in the first instance as en-
tries in their txwks, termed deposits, and their cus-
tomers may circulate these rights of action either by
means of notes or cheques." — " Banking credits in
the form of bank notes, or deposits and cheques,
perform exactly the same functions, and are in all
respects equivalent to the creation of so much addi-
tional capital." — "These circulating credits have
exactly the same effects, in every respect, as an
equal quantity of money. As Bishop Berkeley said
long ago, a bank is a gold mine. And it is to this
faculty, as it were, of multiplying gold, that the pro-
digious advajice of commerce and wealth in modern
times is due." H. D. Macleod's "Theory of
Credit."

"The dislike of the banks to State-issued paper
money is simply the dislike • of the thief to the
policeman." — William Pitt.

" Public debts paying interest are simply the pur-
chase by the rich of power to tax and plunder the
poor." — Ruskin.

The history of lianking in Scotland, as given by
Macleod, shows how private capitalists originally
managed to appropriate to themselves there, the
protits of the paper currency. The Bank of Scot-
land, founded in 1695, began with a paid-up capital
of only _;^io.ooo. and on this it found it could
maintain in circulation ^£50,000 of its own notes.
The next Scotch Bank was the Royal Bank, estatv
lished in 1727, which bank two years later, says
Macleod, "invented the system of cash-credits,
which has done more to develop the resources, and
to promote the agricultural and commercial pros-
perity of Scotland, than any other cause whatever."
" There were immense quantities of unemployed
labour, but no capital or money to set their industry
in motion. Seeing this state of matters, the Edin-
burgh banks opened branches in numerous parts of
the country, and sent down boxes full of ;£i notes,
and granted rash-credits to the farmers. These
notes were universally received as readily as coin.
The farmers made their purchases and paid wages
with them, and enormo«s tracts of barren lands were
changed into fertile corn fields."

In the same way the Forth and Clyde Canal was
made. The notes and credit given for labour, skill
and material created so much capital in the sha^ie
of the Canal. Every week's wages represented so

Formerly M.H.R.. Neiv Zealand.

much value received, so much labour converted into
capital, .ind it was upon this value that the credit

wHj advanced, and out of the future profits of it
that it was redeemed. As therefore both notes and
che jues rq:)resented the credit of the people, why
should private persons have ever been permitted to
appropriate the enormous profits of the public paper
currency? No Government dare give to private per-
sons the right to coin money. But paper money is
the chief money of the day, and in granting Bank
Charters, Governments give away to private persons
the power to create capital and to control the cur-
renov.

There is no profit in coining a million sovereigns.
But there is enormous profit in substituting millions
of bank-credit, b.mk-notes, or bills of exchange in-
stead of sovereigns. Banks create banking capital
by placing securities in their safes and making ad-
vances against them in the shape of cash-credits or
depr/sits. These credits are transferred and circu-
lated by means of bills of exchange, cheques and
notes. Bullion whiclv can be melted down into coin
is just as good bank assets as coin, and securities
with sufficient margin are equally good assets, be-
cause they can be exch.inged for the gold they re-
present. But everv bank must keep a sufficient gold
reserve. Macleod saj s : — " Every svstem of credit
must have a solid basis of specie to maintain its
par value with specie, but there is no absolute fixed
ratio between specie and credit; it depends entirely
upon the organisation of the system of credit. In
the first rude organisation of credit in Scotland, it
probably required a specie basis of 20 per cent. ; in
the more highly organised system which prevails in
England, it seems to reiuire a specie basis of 10
per cent. ; but in Scotland, where it is more highly
organised still, it only requires a specie basis of 5
per cent."

Conimerce is barter; barter is exchange; ind
most business is carried on simply by transfers of
banking credits. Quoting from Sir John Lubbock
concerning the business of his bank during a short
period. Nicholson says: — "Transactions to the ex-
tent of _^23. 000,000 were effected in the followin,
proportions: — Cheques and bills of exchange, 94.1 .
Bank of England notes, 5.0 ; country bank notes.
0.3 : and actual coin only 0.6.''

Macleod says: — "Governments and States should
never issue paper money, because they can ne^'er re-
sist the temptation to issue it in boundless quanti-
ties, so that it soon begins to depreciate, and there
is no powder to redeem it." But why should not
State Bank managers be capable, experienced, and
trustworthy, and whv should they not be able to

Kennc of Reriein, !0/i/06.

S^ate Banks v. State Bonds.

363

keep a 5 or 10 per cent, basis of specie? Would
it not be much safer and more profitable for a State
to issue, use and lend at interest, through its State
Bank Department, its own State Bank paper money,
than to Iwrrow, use, and pay interest on the paper
money of private banks? Is it not much more
dangerous for Governments to issue £100 deben-
tures in " boundless quantities"?

The following [laragraph from the " Financial
and Banking Record of New York." June 23rd,
1887, proves how the public credit can l>e used for
the public benefit instead of for the profit of stock
jobbers and shareholders: — "The creation of the
Belgian railways was Ix-gun with a limited Treasury
surplus, but the entire cost was paid for l>y redeem-
able non-interest hearing notes, representing the
property as if in defjosit, having a genuine basis of
value, forming a considerable part of the circulating
medium of the country, for which a sinking fund
was provided from the net proceeds of the rail-
way." (The Belgian Government recently adver-
tised tickets, available for 15 days over the whole
2530 miles of the State railways, for i8s. c;d. '.)

On the other hand. \ew Zealand is an object
lesson in bad finance. With a population of less
than a million, able to produce all the necessaries
of life, and having since 1853 exported to the value
of o\er 330 millions, she has created a public delit.
including debts of lfx:al Ixjdies, of over 65 millions,
of which over 50 millions is owing outside the
colony. All the best of the public lands have lieei'
sold, and the money squandered away. The total
value of the public property, including the remain-
ing Crown lands, educational lands. Church lands,

jmblic buildings, railways, telegraphs, harbours,
etc., is set down in the New Zealand Year B(X)k at
less than 50 millions. So that " our State railways,"
and every other State thing, really belongs to the
money-lender, and interest has to Ik? paid on it !
Ccwnmon sense sa)s that with nearly four millions
of coin in the banks, l;esides that which is in circu-
lation, the colony cannot reijuire more sovereigns.
Yet last year the public debt increased by over two
millions. The bank returns of March, 1905, showed
that the five New 2Sealand banks had a note-circula-
tion of nearly a million and a-half, and deposits
amounting to over 20 millions, of which two mil-
lions were Government dejiosits. Now, if deposits,
cheques and notes " perform all the same functions,"
and are " in all respects equal to the creation of so
much additional capital," why should not the Go-
vernment withdraw its two millions of deposits, and
use it as a 5 per cent., or 10 per cent, specie basis
for the creation of as much additional capital as
the colony requires? Why should New Zealand be
dependent upon the London money market and pri-
vate banks? Why should not New Zealand finance
her railways and public works as Belgium did her
railways? Why should not a State Bank provide
capital out of its profits "to harness the rivers" to
develop her mining and manufacturing resources,
and to extinguish the public debt? Why should
private bank-shareholders be allowed to make pro-
fits of over _;^8oo,ooo a ye^fr out of the paper cur-
rency of the colony, while all the coin in the banks
really Ixlongs to the depositors? Why should the
people Ix^ taxed to pay interest on loans of imagi-
nary sovereigns ?

[Dr. Watkin writes to say that lie thinks tlie lines
in "The Land of Silence," referring to the Supeiin-
tendeiit of the Melbourne Institution having had little
experience a.s a teacher, cast a reflection on that
gentleman and on the Board of Directors. Dr. Wat-
kin explained that the Superintendent has absolutely

nothing to do with the teaching of the children, that
his province is confined to the " business and domestic
management of the Institution." Tlie criticism there-
fore falls harm'ess, although an outsider is probably
to be iraidoned for imagining that the duties of Super-
intendent covered a wrider field. — Editor.]

J^

^^1

,(c?\sa/G),

^^^v^^

C£y^s\Q)''

UeviiiB of Revietci, fO/4/CSL

THE AWAKENING OF CHINA.

Photos, from

" The American Review of Rerieicf."}
His Excellency Tai Hung Chi.
(Imperial Hisli Commissioner. >

There is now on a tour, which includ<-s in its pro-
gress America and several of the most advanced
countries of Europe, a Commission of eminent
Chinese gentlemen. It is made up of two High
Commiss'.oners, their Excellencies Tai Hung-chi
and Tuan Fang, the first Secretar)-, and some
thirtv-five other persons who rank as Secretaries.
By some eminent men whose view is world-wide,
and to whom streams of tendency throughout the
world are most apparent, the sending out of this
Commission is the most significant event of China's
last hundred years. It means that China is willing
to learn from' other nations regarding methods of
government. Primarily, the purpose of the Com-
mission is to make such a study of political institu-
tions that on their return they w^ill be able to make
suggestions for the improvement of their own, and
the question of some form of constitutional govern-
ment is even seriously discussed by high officials.
But the possibility of political reform can only come
from a svstem of S(5cial reform, and the Commission
will therefore investigate in each country they visit,
the educational systems, and those of social
amelioration with special regard to those aspects
which concern the masses and the treatment and
reformation of criminals.

In addition to this, the methods adopted to make
and train soldiers will also come in for study, for

China has within the last few years been making
notable attempts to increase her army and put it on
an effective fighting basis.

The addresses given in America by the two Com-
missioners show them to be men of high education
and rare ability. During their public careers they
have shown themselves to be most sympathetic to
foreigners and appreciative of the good results that
have followed the introduction of Western ideas,
and they are in the best sense progressive in their
views. The Viceroy, Tuan Fang, has proved him-
self a good friend of the missionaries. He is one
of the most enlightened of the Chinese rulers. Dur-
ing the Boxer outbreak, although he is a Manchu,
and a relative of Prince Tuan, the leader of the
anti-foreign party at the Court, with great risk to
himself and against the threats of Boxer sympa-
thisers, he had the courage to save the lives of all
the missionaries and foreigners in his province ; and
in some cases, where the necessarv' haste in removal
made it impossible for the refugees to procure funds,
he supplied them with money to enable thein to
escape. At the same time, however, that he is a
friend, he is not blind to the fact that missionaries
have sometimes, by political interference, precipi-

His Excellency Tuan Fang.
(Imperial High Commissioner.'

Renew of Revievii, 2'>i:i'ji:.

The Awakening of Ghina.

.^(>5

tated trouble, and he urged strongly, though cour-
teously, that missionary boards should forbid sufh
interference. R<-frrring to national niisundtTstan :
ings between Chin.i and America, he spoke of tht-m
as quarrels which sometimes break out amongst
brothers, and urged his belief that by fair dealings,
justice and courtesy on both sides, these difficulties,
with their causes, might be drowned in the great
ocean which binds the two countries together. -A
lofty spirit this that we sigh in vain for among soni'
of the older countries.

While upon this subject, another aspect of the
Chinese question, as given by the American Rcvicr
of Reviews, is worth quoting: —

'• If China were not the last country in the worUi
to do the things which Europe and .America exjxrct
of her, the newspaper reports during the past few
weeks would make us believe that a tremendous
national movement, resembling the B(i\er rebellion
of six years ago, is about to take definite form, and
that its earliest manifestations are likely to be the
wholesale massacre of foreigners, particular! v
Americans. There is no doubt that a strong air,
foreign sentiment exists in many sections of the
Chinese Empire. Indeed, this has been freely ad-
mitted by their excellencies the special Imperial
Commissioners, who have recently terminated their
tour of this country. Travellers from the Orient
declare that the danger to all foreigners is increas-
ing, and that even Japan, by her policy in Korea,
has incurred the hatred of the Chinese. Dr. Mor-
rison, the best informed of Peking correspondents
(he represents the London Times at the (Chinese
capital) : Mr. Conger, formerly .\tnerican Minister
at Peking, and a number of other eminently
credible authorities declare that serious anti-foreign
demonstrations are inevitable during the coming
summer, if not before. Primarilv. it will be a
domestic trouble. Dr. Morrison believes — a revolt
of the people against Manchu rule. ' There is dan-
ger, however, that foreigners will be drawn into the
vortex and massacre<l if they do not leave the
countrv.' The boycott is probably behind the anti-
American feeling which the Imperial throne and a
number of the more enlightened Viceroys are try-
ing in vain to check. The visit of the Imperial
Chine.se special Commission to the United States
is onlv one of a number of important Chinese
official Commissions sent abroad, at the instigation
of the progressive Dowager-Empress, to study
Western civilisation.

OHO A FOE THE CHINESE.

' Vu.m-Shi-Kai, Viceroy of the Province of Pe-
chi-li, who is probably the most influential man in
China to-day. has succeeded in practically recreat-
ing a number of Chinese provincial armies, which

cVs*.:^Stt8

Yuan-Shi-Kai Viceroy of Pe chi-li
The most powerful man in Cliina.

will be the nucleus of a tine imperial military
organisation. A Japanese naval aiiache, also, is now
in Peking consulting with the imperial authorities
as to the reorganisation of the Chinese navy. The
new treaty between China and Japan, called for by
the Portsmouth treat\, o[>ens t" international trade
sixteen cities in Manchuria, including the important
towns of Liao-Vang, Harbin .ind Kiriii. In opening
up these cities, as well as the port of Chi-Nan-Fu,
in Shantung, Viceroy Yuan-Shi-Kai has so drawn
the regulations that a predominance of foreign in-
fluence has been carefully guarded against. No
foreigner is to he allowed to buy land, nor to lease
for a period longer than thirty years — and then on
terms tixed by the Imperial Government. The taxa-
tion, police and postal service are to be in the hands
of the Chinese. The recent attack upon the Eng-
lish, Presbyterian and Roman Catholic missions at
Chang-pu, near Amoy, has recalled the attention of
the world to the danger of all foreign missionaries
in the Celestial Empire. It is reported that in con-
sequence of this anti-foreign ferment the powers
will decline to accede to Emperor William of Ger-
manv's proposal that they withdraw their troops
from China. Indeed, the St. Petersburg Govern-
ment has actually ceased its evacuation of Man-
churia, insisting that present conditions in China
demand a strong Russian force north of the Amur. '

Keview of Reviettt, iOf^i/OS,

THE PRESERVATION OF HISTORIC SITES.

The Cabin in which Lincoln was born.
It is a part of the plans of the Lincoln Farm Associa-
tion t« restore this log cabin to its original site on the

It is iust about loo years since Abraham Lincoln,
the martyr-President of the United States, was born,
within a couple of miles of the little town of
Hodgenville, Kentucky. For nine years the small
Abraham played about the little farm of no acres
that surrounded his humble home. Then, partly
because of the growing development of the slave
trade there, and partly because land titles were inse-
cure, his father. Thomas Lincoln a hater of the slave
trade, sought a home in Indiana, saying good-bye,
with his ^\-ife and Abraham and his little daughter,
to the tinv grave of his infant son, an incident to
which the hardy old pioneer could never refer with-
out emotion. In the tinv cabin which they left, a

picture of which is reproduced here, the mother
taught the small Abe the three R's in the long
winter evenings by the light of the fire.

In the years that followed the farm passed into
other hands, and it seemed as though it would oc-
cupv no lasting place in American history ; but at
'ast a few gentlemen decided to do what the public
sjdrit failed to do. Mr. Robert J. Collier, of New
York, bought it at auction, and with Dr. Albert
Shaw, the editor of the Amcncaii Rcviav of Rair^s,
and others, formed the Lincoln Farm .Association,
which has been incorporated, under the laws of
Kentucky, to develop the Lincoln birthplace into a
national park. An appeal is now being made to
the American people for contributions, the sole pur-
pose of which is to make of this historic spot a
national shrine of patriotism and civic inspiration.
The log cabin in which Abraham Lincoln was born,
and which has been carried away as a mere idle
curiositv, will be restored to its original site : a
noble monument will be erected in the groimds.
and there will be an historical museum, which
President Roosevelt has suggested should be called
" a temple of patriotic righteousness." In this will
be gathered historic treasures relating to the hon-
oured Lincoln.

It is time that Australia looked about her and
made provision for the visible perpetuation of the
memories of some of her early empire builders. A
countr\' without tangible evidence of her best tradi-
tions leaves herself without some of the best in-
citements to " patriotic righteousness " on the part
of her risins generations.

ESPERANTO.

I would call stude^its' attention to the notice in our
advertising pages of Esperanto books. We can supply
all that is iiece-ssary to gain a knowledge of the lan-
guage. One student writes to ask if I will organise a
Correspondence Club. This I shall be very glad to
do. If any .students desire to get into touch with
others, and will send their names, I shall at once put
them in toucli with one another. The demand for
the books has been astonishing. The idea has caught
on wonderfully since the publication of the article on
"Esperanto" in the November. 1905. issue of the
"Review of Reviews.' Any information about any
club I will be glad to get. .Send to the Editor " The
Review of Keviews," Eiiuitahle Building. Melbourne,

When the London County Council paid its famous
return visit to the Municipality of Paris, twelve of the
Comicillors were good enough to spend the only spare
half-hour they had with the Paris Esperanto Group.
Lord Elcho. amongst others, expressed his pleasure at
their reception, and highly approved of the idea of an
auxiliary common tongue for international needs. Here
is what often happens at international congresses, the
more especially if the congressionist« belong to those

classes who have not had leisure to acquire fluent
speaking in foreign tongues. They meet in England,
we will say, French being the official language ; some
delegates are from Spain, some from Italy. Belgium,
Holland or France. The English members may number
some thousands. Of one such organisation, the mem-
bers able to xpeak French number at the outside a
round dozen. The congress is supposed to last three
days. The result is that in the Hall the work must
all be done by translators. For social purposes each
nation must foregather by itself, or cluster round an
interpreter. Besides whicfg delegates cannot be chosen
on account of their special knowledge, but must be
selected according to their facility in speaking French.

How different will it be when Esperanto takes its
proper place I

And for this we may not have long to wait. In
many primar.v schools, even in Elngland, teachers and
children are learning out of school hours. In some
secondary schools it is already a part of the curri-
culum, and in others it is a moot point how soon
it shall be adopted.

Indian, African, and Japanese magazines are strong-
ly advocating the use of Esperanto.

Hfrifw xtf Revieict, tO/i/OO.

THE NEW PRESIDENT OF FRANCE.

The election of the Presidents of the French
Republic take place with comparatively little sensa-
tion. It is in great contrast to that of the election
of the President of the United States. The accom-
panying card shows the method of voting for the
French President. The new President, M. Fal-
lieres (whose photo, appeared in the last number
of " The Review of Reviews ") is a choice which has
been universally approved by the French Press.
He is a quiet, peace-loving man. Indeed, France
has rei^eatedly demonstrated her desire for that type
of man, and the military Jingoistic type can evi-
dently find no place in the affections of the French
people.

M. LOUBET TELLS A FALLIEEE8 STORY.

It is told of the first meeting between President
l»iil)et and M. Fallieres, after the congress
at Versailles, that M. Loubet remarked : " You
have now, Mr. President-elect, become a part
of history. You no longer belong to yourself — you
are the property of the photograph galleries."
Aprojxjs of the early friendship between Loubet
and Falli&res, a story is told in the London
Globe : —

" M. Fallieres is a corpulent, heavily-built man,
and it seems that after dinner he occasionally falls
off into a post-prandial nap. One evening when the
new President was dining at the Elysee, after a
heavy day at the Senate, he found himself utterly
unable to keep his eyes open, and when the man-
servant brought around ^I. Fallieres's coffee that
worthy gentleman was asleep. Fearing to wake
him, the domestic placed the coffee on the table
and retired. And M. Fallieres slumbered on. And
as he slept he dreamed. Whether the memory of
the troublous times of his vouth was upon him. or

One of the Billots cnst In Electing M. Loubet.
llUustrating tlie method of voting in France.)

Jugtnd.\

The New Presidential Couple.

I Weight: 4 cwt.)

President FalliekeS: "Yes, my aear, one lives most
eomfortahly in the Elysee; only the doorways are a little
narrow !"

whether the vision" of the German Emperor with
his legions crossing the frontier disturbed his diges-
tion, we are not told, but as he dreamed the veteran
President of the Senate was heard to murmur the
famous line of Victor Hugo, " Give me powder and
balls." Then he lapsed into silence again, and
again he was heard, in a deep, sleepy voice, calling
for powder and balls. At first, M. Loubet, who
was sitting near his old friend, paid no attention,
and the guests continued their conversation. But
when for the sixth time M. Fallieres repeated his
request, " Give me powder and balls," the President
of the republic turned imploringly to his companions
at the table, and, in a somewhat irritated voice, ex-
claimed, ' For heavens sake, give him powder and
balls :' At this moment M. Fallieres awoke, but as
his fellow-guests discreetly pretended to have ob-
served nothing, he quietly drank up his coffee."

The genial President and his wife are both very
stout, and their substantial proportions supply the
French cartoonist with abundant matter for good-
humoured sketches.

l:evieir of Revieirt, SC/i/OS.

INTERVIEWS ON TOPICS OF THE MONTH.

AUSTRALASIAN INTERVIEWS.

LXXV.-THE CHURCH AND SOCIAL REFORM.

[Last month I intimated that I would seek the opinion of leading Church dignitaries upon the much-
debatetl question of Social Reform. Letters to several gentlemen evoked on the wliole a ready response, al-
though one oi- two declined on the ground of too much work. The ministers who have replied are all men
who .stand right in the forefront of their Churches, and whose wnrds always are accorded the respect they de-
serve.—Kihiuk.

THE REV. DR. STRONG

(.Australian Church, Melbourne),

You ask me what
should be the atti-
tude of the Church
towards Social Re-
form?

Perhaps if we
first make cleax to
ourselves what we
mean by '' the
Church," and what
by "'Social Reform,"
it will be easier to
answer your ques-
tion.

By " the Church "
T mean organised re-
hgious life — not
merely the clergy.
People say often,
"The Church should
do so and so,"
meaning the clergy,
and forgetful that
they themseiws are
the Church.

By " Social Re-
form " I mean re-
form of social en-
vironment— physical, intellectual, moral and reli-
gious. Many people when they speak of Social
Reform mean reform only of material and physical
environment.

What does the organisation called " the Church "'
exist for?. It has two aims. It is, first, a mutual,
co-operati\e improvement society, for the cultiva-
tion and promotion of the best religious thought,
feeling and life. But the highest religious life we
can conceive of, is goodwill to man flowing out of
trust in the soul of all as goodwill. To cultivate
religion is to cultivate love, and love, goodwill,
must find expression and form in the home, the
neighbourhood, the city, the State, the world. A
true Church is a society of people who are trying to

O. Jfurra.v,] IVhoto.

The Rev Dr. Strong.

grow the plant of love ; and they cannot grow it
without trying to practise it.

If this be so, the true Church cannot possibly
live to itself, or regard with indifference anything
that makes for the progress and well-being of
humanity.

The first use of the Church is undoubtedly to
generate the steam-power of religious thought, feel-
ing, trust and aspiration. Religion lies at the root
of human nature. Purify, elevate, broaden religion,
and you ine\itably deepen, strengthen and enlarge
social feeling at its very basis. Many social re-
formers, it seems to me, are making the fatal mis-
take of ignoring the religious root of the human
tree, so weakening their cause.

One of the best ways in which the Church can
socially reform the world is to reform itself, to
drop its ridiculous anti-social divisions, its often
anti-social theology, and to become the enlightened
teacher and illustration of the Religion of Love.

This is perhaps the greatest, because the deepest
and most far-reaching of all social reforms to be
effected to-day. The Church, as it at present exists,
is often failing to generate true religious steam-
power, and is wasting and dissipating energy which
should be used to move the world. It thus blocks
the way.

Once the Church comes to feel that it exists for
the highest good of humanity, its individual mem-
bers, congregations and clergy cannot possibly fail
to take a living interest in all that concerns human
well-being and progress. " Human Evolution " will
be its watchword. And it will not content itself
with preaching a theological message, or about
what happened several thousands of years ago, nor
will it waste its energies in building rival churches,
and its monev in propagating sectarian views, but
will bring all its influence to bear against whatever
fetters and hamjxjrs and degrades man, and for
whatever will liberate, enlighten, humanise and
spiritualise. The question put to candidates for
•■ holy orders " will not be, '■ Will you always hold
and preach these opinions?" but "Will you be
loyal to Love, Righteousness, Man, and strive to
lead the people in the path of life as invested in

Krritir of hrrieirt, lOli/OH.

Topics of the Month.

369

Richardu and (.tr.j [Ptmtv.

The Rt. Rev. 01" Cairns.

the religion ot Love,
without fear or fav-
our?"

But what, you
may ask, about the
Labour Movement,
the Land Question,
the Drink Problem,
Socialism, etc. ?

I think that it is
the duty of all re-
ligious teachers to
ilucate the people
<n these great ques-
tions, to show them
tliese questions in
the light of moral
.md religious princi-
ple. I think it is
ihe duty of Chris-
tian people to edu-
cate themselves, and
keeping in view the
great fundamental
principle, Alan first
to throw all their weight into the scale of
what they feel is in the best interests of men,
women and children, even though this may mean
some sacrifice. Room must be left for healthy
difiference of opinion ; but magna est Veritas.

Personally I do not see how the programme of a
genuine (Christianity is to be carried out without
great radical changes in social environment. If
one is to be true to the Religion of Love, he must
lay his account with being regarded as an '' agita-
tor," and one who would '• turn the world upside
down," however peaceful are the methods dictated
by such a religion.

THE RIGHT REV. DR. CAIRNS

(Moderator Presbyterian Church of Victoria).

It goes without saying that the Church is in
favour of Social Reform. Throughout her whole
history she has been closely identified with the
interests of the people, and has been in the van of
every movement which had for its object the reform
of .ibuses. Everybody knows the part taken by
the leaders of the Church in the reform of prison
regulations, in the emancipation of the slave and
in the lessening of all those evils which unhappily
have been too prevalent even in Christian coun-
trie.4. And to-day she is ready to take her place
alongside those who are seeking to correct the
abuses that call loudly for reform.

.At the s.nme time she refuses to be drawn aside
from her proper work, or to become the partisan
of any particular class. The mission as defined by
her Mn-'f-r w t" jir<^ni-h the gospel, to exhibit svm-

pathy with human sorrow and human suffering,
and to promote peace and goodwill among men.

There are some to-day who stand aloof from
the Church, because she has not become the cham-
pion of their class, because she has not denounced
men, who, they affirm, have grown rich upon the
earnings of their employes, and because she has
not preached a gospel of Land Nationalisation.
Men of that tyi)e forget that the Church is seeking
to follow in tiie steps of her Master and that He
absolutely refused to interefere vrilh those ques-
tions which could be best dealt with by the con-
stituted authorities. The Church stands for justice
between man and man. She holds no brief for the
rich man against the poor, and none for the poor
man against the rich. The great principle which
she enunciates for the poor and rich alike is — " As
ye would that men should do unto you, do ye even
so unto them."

And yet, although we hold by that position, we
affirm that much may be done, and ought to be
done, to reform the abuses that are prevalent
Bunyan tells us in " The Pilgrims' Progress ' that
when Christian found himself in the City of De-
struction he hastened out of it as speedily as pos-
sible. We ought to kncrtv our duty better, and the
true Christian, instead of thinking of his own
safety, and so escaping from evil, ought to rouse
himself to do what he can to change the City of
Destruction into a city whose walls aro salvation,
and whose gates are praise.

Jesus Christ came into the world to save men,
to make them liker God. And we feel that no
pride, no selfishness, no greed, no injustice, and
no indifference to social responsibilities can exist
in the lives of men who worship God in spirit and
in truth. The teaching of Jesus means the des:ruc-
tion of selfishness. It means a finer justice, a
nobler charity, a more generous interpretation of
the rights of others, and a purer spirit of i)n)tlierh<iod.
Men talk often as though risking life on the
battlefield were the only or at least the highest iorm
of patriotism ; but peace has her victories as well
as war. The Church has been teaching all the
time that men may live for their country as well as
die for it, that patriotism can be shown in attack-
ing injustice, and fraud, and oppression and kin-
dred evils, in saving mens lives at home as well
as in destroying men's lives abroad. The Church
is awake to-day to the evils that are prevalent in
all communities, and by her Temperance Societies,
by her various organisations among the young, and
by her practical efforts to help those who are
heavilv handicapped in the race of life, is showing
perhaps more of the spirit of her Master than at
any past period of her history. She understands
that the command, " Seek first the Kingdom of
God," when translated into the language of to-day,
implies, among other things, the honest discharge
of the duties which we owe to societv.

37°

The Review of Reviews.

April 10, 1906.

The Rev. S. Pearce Carey. M A.

REV. S. PEARCE CAREY, M.A.

(COLLIXS-STREET B..\PTIST ChURCH, MELBOURNE.)

" This is the age
of the Social Ques-
tion," says Prof.
Peabody, of Har-
\ard, in his latest
\i/lunie. " Christian
■invocations, which
were once pre-occu-
pied with definitions
ijf orthodoxy and
refutations of here-
>\ . are now discus-
sing the relation of
,e Church to the
i.imily, the duty of
the Church to the
iiard workers, the
application of the
Church to phil-
anthropy, the mis-
sionary opportunity
of the Church. . .
The mighty wind of
the Social question
has swept through
the Church, as
through the world, with cleansing and re-
freshing force, and has swept away the bar-
riers which once divided worship from work,
the single life from the social order, the
love of God from the love of man, the salvation
of the soul from the salvation of the world. It is
the age of the Social question." Now this contrast
of the Professor's may be less than just to earlier
Christian centuries, but it certainly strikes the true
note of the temper of to-day. As Drummond put
it, it is " not so much the Pilgrims as the People's
Progress '' that concerns us now.

This is the study of chief interest to-day — Has
Jesus Christ anything to say in the way of Social
Ethics and Dynamics? and what has He to say?
Has He anv effective contribution to make towards
social deliverance and the common weal ? Can He
build for us a juster and a happier social order?
Xo inquiries are more urgent, more vital. Other
times have sought other salvations at His hands :
our time seeks social wisdom and impulse. Aye,
and seeks it not in vain. He has manv things to
say. He has much that He can do. It is amazing
how the Gospels respond to the century s appeal.
Truth-seeds of His, which have waited long for
germination, reach their climate and their hour at
last. His social teaching is contemporaneous. He
moves with regal freedom in the midst of all our
modern problems, and He speaks with authority.
He is indeed Messiah, living Divine Messenger and
Message to our latest epoch. '• There are many

paths," says Peabody again, '■ which lead to the
understanding of Jesus; but the path of His social
teaching is, for the present age, the path which is
most open. Here is where the thought of the time
happens to be. The foreground of human interest
is for the present occupied by social problems, and
the way to any contemporarv" interepretation of the
Christian religion is not to be found by going round
the social question, but by going through it.''

I believe this true with all m\ heart. The Church
that knows and loves and obeys Christ best will most
bravely study His social teaching, and will give
itself the most along His lines to social redress.
The Church will increasingly be Judged, I am cer-
tain, by its zest or its slackness in such social effort.
Ever) Church in quiet ways does something already
for the maimed and the widowed and the orphaned
and the out-of-work. Some Churches do much.
But more, far more and on a bolder plan and with
a clearer purpose, must be attempted. The Church
must win for Christ the kingdom. The supreme
Christian evidence must be social service. '■ To
make cities — that is what we are here for. To
make good cities — that is for the present hour the
main work of Christianity." ■' When Christianity shall
take upon itself in full responsibilitv the burden and
care of cities, the Kingdom of God will openly come
on earth.'' So Drummond, and they were not empty
words with him. He strove to turn them into deeds.
Christ's love of the people, Christ's compassion for
the hungry, and the naked, and the sick and the
imprisoned — it is this we need to catch. Christ's
wisdom for the building of the New Jerusalem, the
New Melbourne — it is this we need to learn. I
wish we were more in earnest and alert to acquire
this wisdom and to entertain this sympathy. We
are all too guiltily apathetic and asleep. Prof. Pea-
body's '■ Jesus Christ and the Social Question " and
"■ Jesus Christ and the Christian Character " are the
two books I would have even' Christian read.

THE REV. ROBERT PHILP

(Ex-President Methodist Chltrch of Victoria.)
It would be manifestly unfair to underrate the
work which the Church has done in the past, and
which she is now doing along the ordinary lines.
Nor must we forget that all that is best among us
we owe to Jesus Christ and His religion. More
than many know, more than some will acknowledge,
Christianity has changed society from its surface to
its deepest depths, turning its current, sweetening its
waters and bordering them with fertility. It has re-
formed education, employments and governments.
It has relieved distresses, redressed wrongs and cor-
rected abuses. It is the best secularism, the best
socialism, the best religion of humanitv. In its sub-
lime ideals we have that which gives inspiration and
hope to the race ; in its prophecies we have the
re\'elation of a golden age yet to come ; and in its
promises and assurances the guarantee of the

Review of Reviews, 2<>j^lOG,

Topics of the Month.

triumph of righteous-
ness and ])eace.

But tlie Christ of
the Churches is not
always the Christ of
the Gospels, nor is
the religion of His
professed followers
always His religion,
and there has often
leen a woeful want
of consideration for
the condition of
those who needed
help the most, and
an utter want of
sym|)athy with the
j;enuine aspirations
of the masses of the
|)eople. The Gospel
has not been at
fault ; the failure
has been in its in-
terpretation and ap-
plication.

It is one of the
blessed and hope-
ful signs of the times that the C.'hurches are turning
their attention mure fully to the necessities of the de-
graded and the wrongs of the oppressed. The night
of indifference to the social salvation of the people is
passing away, and the dawn of a brighter day is upon
us. We are cimiing more and more to understand
that religion has relation to life, to the life that nt>w
is as well as that which is to come.

I do not regard it as the function of the Church
to adopt and advocate some particular remedy out
of the many suggested for the removal of social
wrong and injustice, but to supply the principles
and motives that .shall lead men to " do justly and
to love mercy." It is its undoubted duty to de-
nounce injustice wherever it is found, to earnestly
protest against institutions that corrupt and debase,
to proclaim in season and out of season the gospel
of truth, honesty and fair play.

To the Church the present is the time of splendid
<ipportunity. May we have the breadth of view', the
intelligence of grasp, the unselfishness of purpose,
and the earnest devotion to duty that will lead us
to ■' act well our part."'

f'lhnftune, O'.ShnKHP*'''!/.] [Photo.
The Hev. Robert Phllp.

THE REV. DR. BEVAN

(CONGREGATIO.NAL ChURCH, COLLINS-STREET, MeL-
BOtJRNE.)

" Socialism " is the term by which we understand
both a movement and a spirit manifested in modern
times. It is the tendency for the State as a whole
to do many things which have hitherto been done by
private enterprise, and to protect the individual as

The Rev. Dr. Eevan.

far as possible by law
from the effect of tlit-
unrestrained influ
ences of a widespread
liberty. Socialism
is thus opposed
not only to the old
feudal and mediK
val condition if
class differentiation
and slave relations,
but it is the very
antithesis of that
liberalism which fol-
lowed the French
Revolution, and' es-
pecially dominated
English affairs after
the Reform Bill, al-
though it has been
very largely the
child of the latter
great movement.
Liberalism meant
securing freedom
for the individual,
and the limitation

of State action and ci ntrol. Socialism affirms (.n the
one side that the general community, acting tlirough
the State Government, shall do many tilings whiih
hitherto it has been the business of the individual
to do for himself, and for his own interests, and
on the other side, that the freedom of indivi-
dual action secured by modern reform shall be
limited in every direction, where it presses by the
action of competition upon the well-being of the
weaker and less capable memljers of the community.

Here then arises the question : What attitude is the
Church (that is. any form in which religious senti-
ment is organised) to take in relation to this socialis-
tic trend, both of feeling and of action? The an-
swer to this, in my opinion, is clear. 1 may remark
in passing, that the charge often brought against the
Church of having no sympathy with, and even op-
pc/sing, this movement, is false and unjust. Un-
doubtedly many who are members and prominent
members of the Church are anti-socialistic, but, on the
other hand, a large number of religious persons will
lie found very sympathetic with the spirit of the ne^v
endeavour, and the general action of the Church in
its social relations is undoubtedly, if not in defined
accord with Socialism, sympathetic with its aims, and
for the most part the spirit of Scxrialism has been
the result of the religious life. Rememl;)ering this,
it seems to me, however, that in regard to State
Socialism, that is the undertaking of definite opera-
tions by the State, it is impossible for the Church
as an institution to take part either for or against
these movements. They are political, and w'ill
always more or less involve the action of our politi-

.^2

I he Review of Reviews.

April SO. 190e.

cal methods as dominated by the principle of party.
For the Church to take any share in these movements
would be to introduce division in its ranks. The re-
sulting clash of opinions and views would be fatal to
its 1 fe and proper influence. On the other hand,
the religious man seems to me to be bound to sym-
pathise witli -rvery endeavour to lessen the burdens
ef the larger number, and even to interfere with the
operation of freedom itself, when it tends only to aid
the strong and the capable, and especially when it
enables unbridled, unconscientious selEshness to use
all opportunity for its own ends. Whether the State
should supply gas and water and lodging-houses, and
own collieries and mines and railways, are matters
which the Church must leave to individual opinion,
and to the conflicts of the municipal and political
Vi-orlds. giving freedom to its members and ministers
to hold and promulgate such views as they please.
But in all action which limits the hours of labour,
which secures rest and possibility of culture, which
checks the inordinate tyranny of capital on the one
hand and class labour on the other hand; which de-
velops peace and universal brotherhood and a human-
ity which knows not the limits even of national life :

which protects childhood and the unfortunate; which
secures equality of opportunity for all ; which seeks
even to undo the wrong of past unjust legislation ;
which has sacrificed the interests of the entire com-
munity to the advantages of the few, and the count-
less other ideals of the spirit of Socialism, I can-
not conceive of the Christian man or the Christian
Church which can refuse sympathy and co-operation.
To do this, in mv opinion, stamps both the indivi-
dual and the community with the mark of Anti-
Christ. In such a case religion has perished, and
the teaching and example of the Lord are distinctly
repudiated and rendered futile.

In regard to State Socialism, remembering how
far we have already gone in this direction, the test
of efficiency will have to be applied. If the State
can do anything better than the individual, let it do
it. What it cannot do Ijetter it must leave alone. In
regard to the Socialistic spirit of aiming at the good
of all. and the restraint of what is not for that end,
even to the limitations of freedom. I deeply feel its
claim and. as I have learnt. Christianity cannot con-
ceive of any other issue of its impulses and teach-
ings.

ENGLISH INTERVIEWS.

LXXVL— MR. MORLEY'S CHANCE: THE PARTITION OF BENGAL.

Mr. John Morley's chancel What is Mr. John
Morley's diance?

" .Mr. Morley's chance," reply two Irish ladies
now resident in Bengal, from whose vivacious letters
I extract the points of this intervie\v, "is to undo
the partition of Bengal. He could not find a better
opportunity of demonstrating his goodwill to the
people of India. "

" Why was Bengal partitioned?" I ask.
"Ask Lord Curzon," they reply. "In India we
see no reason for it except a desire to wound the
national sentiment of the Bengalees."

" But was Bt-ngal not far too huge an area to be
handled as an administrative unit?"

" Possibly. But if so, the remedy was to cut Assam
off from. Bengal, making it a Crown Colony, but
leaving Bengal intact. By partitioning Bengal you
wound the national sentiment and provoke the most
peaceful and law-abiding of peoples into demonstra-
tions of hostility."

"How does that demonstration take effect?"
" (i) By the Swadeshi movement — a perfectly
legal effort to express dissatisfaction with Anglo-
Indian high-handed methods of government by show-
ing a preference for goods of native Indian manu-
facture over those of English make. (2) By a re-
fusal to attend the reception of Sir Bampfylde Fuller
or to present h.im with addresses. (3) By protests in

the newspapers and at public meetings, when ttie

latter are not suppressed by the [)olice '

"What! 'suppressed by the police'! — peaceable
meetings under the British flag? Vou must be mis-
taken. Vr-u are in British India, not in European
Russia. '

"What we want the British public at home to
understand is that in order to enforce this most de-
tested partition of Bengal Sir Bampfylde Fuller is
using Gurkhas as General Trepoft' used Cossacks to
compel the people to break up public meetings, and
generally to establish a reign of terror among the
people."

" But surely there was some \iotence were there
no outrage?"

" None, save those of the authorities. The ofBdal
mind, especially when incarnated in the body of Sir
Bampfylde Fuller, is autocratic to a degree you can
hardly imagine. Law .and order have never been
disturbed in Bengal. But they want the natives to
cra\vl on their faces to their feet, and at last, thank
God. the worm has turned and is crawling the other
way. Believe us when we tell you frankly that a
persistence in this arbitrary, despotic method of
trampling upon popular sentiment will endanger the
security of the Empire. Our only hope is that Mr.
Morley will look into the matter with a judicial
mind. We feel \ye can trust him. For he is a pupil

Hrrifv of Rerietrit, SOji/OO.

Topics of the Month.

373

■f Mill, the disciple of Edmund Burke, and he can
understand the significance of the national move-
ment in Bengal."

" ' Bengal a nation,' then is that your cry ?"

" ' Bengal a nationality one and indivisible,' that
is our watchword. There is a noble aspiration which
is very grand in its way, which touches one to the
depth of one's being, in the present struggle of the
Bengalee people for the realisation of their national
ideal. They are by nature gentlemen, these latter-
day Western-touched men, so imaggressive by na-
ture, yet roused by the present injustice into a pas-
sion of revolt against a system in which such things
'■an be. Revolt not of arms, for they are peaceful ;
but of sentiment, which leads them to appeal to Mr.
Morley for redress."

" But are things really so bad?"

" They are much worse than you imagine. What
would you think of sixty-four men arrested on mere
suspicion of disaffection without a single shred of
evidence producible against them? It is like Mr.
Forster in the old Land League days. A very culti-
v.Tted Bengalee wrote to me the other day : ' I fear
there has been an unmistakable deterioration in the
juality of our rulers.' This witness is but too true.
.■\nd at the same time the .Anglo-Indian is deteriora-
ting, the Bengalee is rising steadily in political

sanity. The cultivated middle-class is growing yeax
by year in intelligence and political aptitude. A iiew
India is being born in our midst, and that new India
has been outraged by the partition of Bengal."

" What was the idea of cleaving the nation in
twain ?"

" They say that they did it to give the Mussul-
mans a chance I Imagine the vivisection of a na-
tionality in order artificially to foster a creed which
you do not believe, which did not ask for your in-
ter^ention, and which was getting on far better with
the Hindoos than our Orangemen get on with tke
Nationalists."

" But is not the native objection metaphysical and
sentimental ?"

" What is stronger than the sentiment of nation-
ality to the Eastern metaphysics is their breath of
life. If Mr. Morley were here now face to face
with the people as he userl to be in Ireland we
should not have a moment's fear but that he would
undo Lord Curzon's mischievous handiwork. But
Ix)ndon is a long way off. The voice of the Anglo-
Indian is never still, and as for our poor Bengalees,
they are far away. But, for the sake of the peace
and prosperity of British India, we hope and pray
that Mr. Morley may act as a just man and an up-
right, and spare us this wanton outrage on the na-
tives of BengaJ."

LXXVII. THE IRISH PARTY: MR. JOHN REDMOND, M.P.

"Great times these," I said to Mr. Redmond, as
I met the redoubtable Irish leader for the first time
since the General Election in the inner lobby of the
House of Conmions.

" Yes," said Mr. Redmond, " I think we may
fairly say sa There is no lack of good will, but
whether it will work out as well as it is intended re-
mains to be seen."

"Then I take it that you are moody — expectant
rather than confident ?"

" Of course ] look at the thing from an Irish
standpoint. And as an Irishm.in. and as the leader
of the Irish Party, I could not do otherwise."

" Of course not. No one expects you to do any-
thing else. Nor do we expect you to abate by one
jot or iota your demand for Home Rule. But do
you acquiesce in the refusal of the Go\ernment to
bring in a Home Rule Bill ?"

" Acquiesce, of course not. We protest, as we
have always protested, against the postponement
for a single unnecessary day of the establishment of
an Irish legislature and an Irish executive respon-
sible to that legislature. We have filed that pro-
test with unfaltering consistency whenever we have
had an opportunity. Whether a Liberal or a L^nion-
ist Ministry lie in office, or otherwise, it must be un-
changeably the same."

" I quite understand. No other attitude would be

cither logical or consistent. But I suppose that un-
compromising attitude is consistent with the accept-
ance of any measures of reform that abate the grie-
vances or improve the Government of Ireland ? '

" If a man owes you a so\ereign and offers you
five shillings ' on account,' you may accept it, if
only as an instalment of his debt, and you give him
a receipt ' on account.' But if he only offers you a
farthing — that is another matter."

"And are the measures promised in the King's
Speech five shillings or a farthing?"

" That is what I don't know. And until I do
know, I cannot possibly say what will be the atti-
tude of our party towards them."

" But so far as you see at present ?"

" So far as I can see at present, I think the Go-
vernment, collectively and individually, means well.
Whether they will collectively do well — ujion that I
have an open mind."

" If I might define your position, it is one of
standing vigilantly on the qui vive, prepared to wel-
come any friendly overture, but none the less ready
to resent or avenge failure to recognise the justice
of Ireland's claims."

" The price of liberty is eternal vigilance," said
Mr. Redmond. " We have every disposition to en-
courage the new Ministry to go as fast and as far
as they can be induced to go. But I hope they will

374

The Review of Reviews'.

April !Q, 1906.

not make it hard for us to maintain this benevolent
attitude."

"Are there anv signs of this?"

"Well." said Mr. Redmond, " judge for yourself.
The Crimes Act is a measure which nearly every
member of the Cabinet has condenmed. Have they
repealed it? No such thing. They have suspended
its operation. But that is not what we had a right
to expect."

" Why this failure of the courage of their
opinions?"

" Want of moral courage on the part of the col-
lective Ministers. And that does not stand alone,"

"You are referring to Sir Horace Plunkett?"

" No, I am not. He only remains in office pending
the reconstruction. That is all right."

" Then is it about Education ?"

" No, nothing has been done about that yet."

" Then is it anything done administratively about
the Land Art \n Ireland ?"

"No; Mr. Bryce has done very well. He knows
more about Macedonia than Ireland, but he has torn

up and ripped to pieces all the stupid handiwork of
Mr. Long and Mr. Wyndham. No, that is all right.
They have begun well, and will, I hope, do better
still. What I complained of was that they have
refused to recognise that in order that the Land
Purchase Act should really settle the land question
it is absolutely necessary that there should be an
amending Bill providing for compulsion in certain
cases. We do not say that that Bill should he forced
through, but it ought to be introduced and read a
second time as an earnest of their resolution."

" I see your point. You have not lost time in
rubbing it in."

" Well," said Mr. Redmond, " Mr. Balfour has
often told me that I had made the same speech
thirty times. But I never had such an audience as I
had on the opening day."

With this we parted. A few hours afterwards
the ringing cheers with which the whole Nationalist
party welcomed the courageous Home Rule speech
of Mr. Bryce showed that Mr. Redmonds expecta-
tions had. so far, been more than fulfilled.

LXXVIII— THE LABOUR PARTY: MR. KEIR HARDIE, M.P.

b

No man deserved better to be installed as leader
of the ne\vi\ -constituted Labour Party than Mr.
Keir Hardio. He is a son of the mine who has
borne the yoke in his youth. Step by step from the
lowest depths of ignorance and poverty Mr. Keir
Hardie has won his way up, until now he stands
recognised as the leader of one of the strongest and
most hopeful parties in the country. He is no novice
in Parliamentary warfare. He has sat in two Par-
liaments, and has fought many contested elections.
The Independent Labour Party is largely his crea-
tion. Like the leaders of both the other parties,
he is a Scot. It is odd that of the four parties in
the House, three are led by Scotchmen and one by
an Irishman. Mr. Keir Hardie was elected leader by
the casting vote of the Chairman. He did not de-
sire the post. At one time he formally withdrew
from the contest. He is more of an idealist and a
seer than a Parliamentary captain. But in com-
bination with Mr. Macdonald. the secretary — an-
other Scotchman, bv the way — the Labour Party
will not lack for skilful guidance.

'• The Labour Party," said Mr. Keir Hardie, as
we walked along the Embankment from Mowbrav
House to the Houses of Parliament. " the Labour
members, using the term in its widest sense, num-
ber fifty-tno. They are divided into two groups.
The members elected under the auspices of the
Labour Representation Committee, or the L.R.C.,
have adopted the title of the Labour Party, and now
r number thirty. The second group comprises the
older Labour members like Mr. Burt and Mr.
Broadhurst, and those union officials whose unions

are not yet affiliated to the Labour Party. Ther*!
are twenty-four of them."

" What prospect is there of your gathering both
groups under your standard?"

■■ The force of gravitation, operating at first more
in the country and in the trades unions than in the
House, will inevitably draw almost all of them into
our orbit. At present we have hardly found our feet.
Nor has the battle been joined on any issue that
divides us from the Liberal Labour men. But in
the trades unions which pay them the feeling in
favour of our way of thinking is rapidly growing,
and that of itself means that we shall all one dav
be united under one flag."

" Are you not too cast-iron in your organisation ?'''

'• There is no cast iron in our organisation, but I
hope there is a good deal of chilled steel in our-
determination. We have enough discipline, I hope,,
to enable us to act as a unit upon any great issue
to which the party is committed, but there is a wide-
and, I think, a ver\- wise latitude allowed to anv and
every member to go as you please on matters in
which they feel strongly. We put no strain upon,
the consciences of our members."

" Then you are not a Labour Parnell ruling with
a rod of iron ?"

" Nothing could be further from my ideas. In the
present more or less formative period nothing could
be more fatal than an attempt to enforce rigid uni-
formit\- on all our members. Diversity in unitv,
liberty with discipline — that is our ideal."

'■ ^^"hat will be vour attitude with regard to the ■
Ministn-?"

Herifv of Retleire, tO/i/06.

Topics of the Month.

375

" An attitude of benevolent and sympathetic inde-
pendence. We rely not upon Government but upon
the people, and therefore upon ourselves."

" But in nine cases out of ten you will be more
Liberal than the Liberals?"

• No doubt, but we wish to keep the Liberals up
to the m;irk of their electioneering Liberalism.
There are more young men in the Liberal ranks of
good disposition with open minds than I have ever
seen before. Many of them will support us when
the time comes to liberalise the official Liberals."

■' In the immediate future where are the rocks
ahead ?"

■ We are hoping that the Trades Disputes Bill
will be such a measure as we can accept. But in
order to be prepared against disappointment we
have our own Trades Disputes Bill, which is put
down as the first order of the day on the first day
secured by our members balloting. If the Govern-
ment Bi.l is good, we shall merely pass ours on,
without debate, to be considered along with it in
Committee, and then we shall take up our second
order— the feeding of starving school children. '

" And what about Woman's Suffrage?"

'■ Ah," said Mr. Hardie, " you have touched me
on a sore point. We ought to ha\e put that subject

down. It was a sheer inadvertence, an oversight.
We entered into an inheritance from the past which
left us no option but to give the Trades Disputes
and Child Feeding Bills first place, and so they
were given precedence, and Woman's Suffrage lost
its day. It is a great misfortune, which no one re-
grets more than I. The case for Woman's Suffrage
is unanswerable. No one attempts to oppose it on
the merits. But there is a sluggish vis inertia: to be
overcome, and every effort is made not to defeat
but to cushion it."

" How does the case stand insiile the Govern-
ment ?"

" Those who are favourable wish to deal with the
question in the Bill on Registration Reform. Those
who wish to shelve it say that it would be prema-
ture to pledge the Government until there has been
a clear indication of the opinion of the House. But
those who sav this will do what they can to prevent
the House having any opportunity to express an
opinion."

■■ The much-vaunted chivalry of the male does not
show very conspicuous in that proceeding. But
surely it ought not to be beyond the resources of
civilisation to take a plebiscite of the members if a
division is impossible?"

"We shall see," said Mr. Keir Hardie.

LXXIX.— THE BOERS AND THE EMPIRE: DR. ENGELENBURG.

The last time I saw Dr. Engelenburg, since 1889
editor of the Volkstcm of Pretoria, I had the honour
of being entertained as the guest of the journalists
of Pretoria, t\vo years ago. It was with great plea-
sure I accepted the occasion of welcoming the jour-
nalistic mouthpiece of the Boers of the Transvaal in
the sanctum at Mowbray House.

Dr. Engelenburg is as unlike our typical Boer as
you could find in a day s march. He is slim and
tall and fair, and much more like a young professor
from Holland than a son of the veldt. But Dr.
Engelenburg has been for years well known through-
out South .Africa as one of the stoutest, most uncom-
promising and consistent champions of .Afrikander-
dom in the whole sub-continent.

He greeted me warmly, with a lively expression of
satisfaction that the political atmosphere was so
bright. " Alas," he went on, " that I cannot say the
same of your weather. I. have not seen the sun for
days. It is enough tO' make one suicidal, this cold
and damp. I went into the streets to see the King
go to open Parliament. What a spectacle ! Did
ever a nation take its pleasures so sadly ! Taciturn
crowds with pallid faces standing for hours in the
dispiriting drizzle. And oh, so cold ! so dull ! The
very dog that slipped between the line was a pic-
ture of despondency. When the King passed, they
all bared their heads as if it were the passing of a
funeral."

•' We cannot hold our weather. But politically it
is high noon !"

•■ Yes," said Dr. Engelenburg, " I am surprised,
not to say delighted, at the sentiment of your people.
Never had I ventured to hope for such frank,
generous recognition of the wrongs we suffered at
the hands of the late Government. I really believe
now that we shall get on very well together."

" Under the British flag, of course?"

■■ Under the British flag, of course. I am amazed
at the suspicions which are expressed in some quar-
ters. ■ You will seek revenge ?' I am told by the
men who made the war. ' You will seek an opportu-
nity to haul down the flag and wipe off old scores?'
It is nonsense. Those who talk so do not under-
stand the Boers."

• It is all their guilty conscience," I explained.
" They know they desen'e what they say they ex-
pect."

" Perhaps you are right. But if they treat us in
the spirit which I find everywhere among Liberals,
you need have no fear of any trouble from us. The
Boer recognises the result of the war as a manifesta-
tion of the will of Providence as to his destinies.
He made a stout fight as long as fighting was pos-
sible. When he laid down his arms, he made peace;
and if you keep your word, as you seem to have
every intention of doing, you will have no reason to
complain of anv awkwardness on our part."

The /?eweiv of Reviews.

J/in' 10, 1906.

" How would you describe the mood of the
Boers?''

" As extremely reasonable. There is not the least
intention on their part to be exigent, or to insist
upon anything that you have not already promised
to give us. There is every desire on our part to
co-operate with you, and I am greatly pleased to
find so genuine a desire on your part to co-operate
with us."

'■ Where do you look for proof of the sincerity of
OUT good feeling ?"

" We have not far to seek. Honesty, simple
honesty, is all we ask. Pay the debts which your
own authorities certify are justly due to us, but
which Lord Milner left unpaid. Furnish the money
required for meeting your legal obligations. Don't
insist on the j£3o,ooo,ooo promised by the mine
owners, and vou will do more to convince the Boers
of your good faith than bv anv other thing vou can
do.'"

" What about the Chinese ?"

" There also you will find us exceedingly reason-
able. We recognise the difficulty of the situation.
We protested against the introduction of Chinese.
Thev were brought there against our protests. We
were not consulted. But there they are. You have
made contracts with these men. We do not expect
that you will treat the signed contracts as Lord
Milner treated the signed notes of British officers
acknowledging their indebtedness to those whose
cattle thev commandeered and whose property they

seized. We may wish that you should repatriate
them, but we cannot expect you to do it.''

■Then what do you think should be done?"

•• If you police them better — at the cost of their
employers — and provide good interpreters and good
treatment, we shall manage to sur\ive the temporary
infliction without making any upset. We shall be
able to deal with the mine-owners."

■■ I understand.' I said, "" the Chinese are your
most valuable asset, from which you can raise poli-
tical capital when responsible government is estab-
lished."

■■ We possess other valuable assets. At all events,
you will find us very reasonable. If the mine-
owners wish to keep the Chinese they will find it
useful to make concessions to us in other matters.
Hitherto they have never felt compelled to consider
our wishes. Now the boot is on the other foot. But
we shall not abuse the strength of our position."

" Then as to the future?"

" Oh I there are manv questions which it is im-
possible to discuss now. What we wish is to have
a really representative Chamber, representing the
whole countr\-, all the population and all the dis-
tricts, not merely the Kand and the mines. We want
to cheapen the cost of living. A family can hardly
live in the Transvaal under ^.soo per annum. We
send nearly eight millions a year abroad to absentee
dividend earners. It ought to be possible to shift
some of our taxes to shoulders better able to bear
thein. We only a.sk for justice, and I am in high
hopes that under the new Government w-- shall get
it.-'

KINDLY COMMENTS FROM SUBSCRIBERS.

NO-LICENSE

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the last twelve months I have been taking -; but

it is not the ' Review of Reviews.' and I have come
back to mv old love.'

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tunity of congratulating you on the course you are
adopting of dealing with the pressing questions of the
hour. It is eieatly appreciated by our circle here."

IN NEW ZEA.LAND
PROSPERITY.

HELPS

(To the Editor.)

Sir. — The post office t,avinws b.ink figures for 1904
of Ashburtou and Port Chalmers, under Xo-license,
supply a striking answer to tlie query as to whether
Xo-ucense is a benefit to a di.strict.

In the year under leview the excess of deposits over
withdrawals in the whole Duuedin postal district (in
which Port Chalmei-s i^ inchuled). amounted to
£47,379. In the same period Port Chalmers had an
excess of £7757. As the Dunedin district has a popu-
lation of about 100,000. and Port Chalmers only about
3IX)0. it will thus be seen that a Xo-license population
of one-thirtieth had one-sixth of the total savings of
the Dunedin postal district. Ashburton provides a
still more striking example. The Cliristchurch poetal
district withdrew £11.9.5.5 more than was paid in dur-
ing 1904, but in the same period Ashburton (which is
included in that district l paid in £4324 more than it
withdrew. Thus while the whole po-tal district of
about 100,000 pei-sons went back in savings £16,279
(exclusive of Ashburton). that town with only about
4000 population, gained in savings £4324. Thus does
No-license prove that the bursting up of a monojwly
is " good for the masses." — I am. etc.,

G. B. XlCHOLLS.

Dunedin. March 23rd. lOlTfi.

K«T»>fr <if. Revieifi^, iO/iiO't.

Current History in Caricature.

" O wad some power the giftie gie us,
To see ourselves as ithers see us." — BURNS.

Most ol ilu- C iniiiiiciital Cartuons of the .Moiuli
deal cither with tlie British elections, the .Morocco
Conference (now hapjiily over), or the still menacing
Russian trouble. The .\ustralasian ones are limited
to the political situation. Subjects are generally a
rather scarce commodity with us. Mr. Watson is
represented as " Christian " floundering in tiie slough
burdened with Socialism, and -Mr. Rcid is represented
as successfully bringing -Mr. Deakin down, a prophecy,
by the wav. wliiih does not bear much promise ot
fulfilment.

Bii tpecial petmUtion of the proprietore of " Punch."}

Follow Me, Leaoer.
The Hind Legs (loq.)-. " Uy dear Arthur, of course your*
lie only oonceiTable n«ad; bat we're going wi;/ way!"

B/i coiirteey of " Black and White."]

Labour in the New Parliament.

Wahre .Jacob.']

German Colonies

[Stuttgart.

Germans, contemplating the colonia) situation, remark
, that even if there are no important products to send to

JOH.V BULL -Now, my fine fellow, there s plenty ol work ^^^^ Imperial Exhibition, the colonies coulct certainly supply
to be (lone. Make the most of your opportunity." material for a bone mill, it nothing else

37*

Th^ Review of Reviews.

AprU SO, 1906.

Eumoristicke Ligttf.2 [Prague.

A Bohemian Idea of the Austfo-Hunfiarian Partnership.

Melbourne Punch.'}

•' They're After Him."

(The English emigrant is now in enormons demand.
Oanada wants him. also Australia, Argentine, New Zealand,
South Africa and the United States.)

GeneeaL Booth (the Auctioneer): "Gentlemen, there has
arisen so large a demand for this splendid fellow, the
British emigrant, that I am determined to offer him to
the highest bidder. Make your bids, if you please."

Tribune.'}

In Agreement.

PUOPESSOR A.J.B.: "Why, my dear Joseph, now I come
to examine them more closely, there is no difference at
all."

Melbourn c r u n c/i .

A Precarious Perch

Me. ReID: " It's no use calling to us for help. When
you pulled m« from on high you undertook all the risks

PRofessoe J.C. : "And that, my dear Arthur, is what I've of the position, and now, if ' 'Watfion doesn't bring you

been wanting you to observe all along.

down, I will."

E^riete of Revtewi, S0f:,l<j'j.

Current History in Caricature.

379

The Tribune.]

Mechanical Separaijon- The Party Machine at Work.

Lord Balfour of Burleigh lias be«u exi>eUed from the Con-
6litutional Club tor giving his support to the Free Trade
candidate for Chelsea.

Melbourne Punch.}

Christian Watson's Pilgrimage.

(Mr. Chris. Watson, leader of the Union Labour Party.
sta: ts an electioneering crusade, beginning in Tasmania.)

m.GElM WATSON: Alas! this burden! It will sink me
deeper and deeper in tlie slough."

Wahre Jacob.}

What Will the End Be?

The pipe of Peace is being smoked so energetically at
the Morocco Conference that there is every possibility of
a general explosion.

Bulletin.}
The Australian Army.— (Recsntly reported on by Ger. Finn .

(11 The Field-Marshal and High Cockoloram.

(2) Soniethiiig not very well defined, but supposed to be
the st^afif, or else the band.

(3) The rank and file (all of it) with its imported gtin.

38o

The Review of Reviews.

Ap.

Bultelin']

Sinking the Fiscal Issue A Dog Story.

i:.>,r„ .. /,.

Current history in Caricature.

581

'*«5'

Minneapolis Journal.']

The Bogle Man and the Filipino.

KUi(idtraiiiif^i-h _

The Game of Mulberry Bush in Morocco.

tiierhn.

Kladderadatsch.} [Berlin.

The New Lodger. Ulk.] Berlin.

The Overlord of Norway.
FEANCE 'to Fallieres): "I hope you will he quite com-
fortable here, as soon as you have got used to the singing BJOfiNSOS: '* Haakonchen, Haakonchen. do no: speak
of my little pet Morocco)." unless I speak to you."

Review of Revietri^, SO/Wh'

Leading Articles in the Reviews,

"REFORM THE HOUSE OF COMMONS."

Mr. Frederic Harrison's Scheme.

I asked a Labour member last month how he liked
the House of Commons. " I am dog-sick of the
speechifying," he replied. He had then only been
in the House two days ! Such men will turn with a
keen interest to the article in which Mr. Frederic
Harrison explains to the readers of the Fos/tivtst
Review for March how he would reform the House
cf Commons.

His programme is certainly very thorough.

If his scheme were adopted the following would
lie the rules and procedure of the House of Com-
mons : —

There would be four sessions of eight weeks each
every year. The summer recess would be ten weeks,
and there would be three others of three weeks each
in early spring, autumn and winter. The House
would sit at two and rise at seven. Committees
would meet at ten.

There would be a time limit of fifteen minutes for
speeches, which could be extended by a three-fourths
vote of the House.

The closure by compartments would be abolished,
and the closure only allowed when the Speaker's as-
sent had been confirmed by a two-thirds majority.

The practice of blocking should be abolished.

All the business of the House should be transacted
by small Committees.

Mr. Harrison proceeds: —

The scheme I now offer for consideration is this: In
each session some twelve Special Committees, corresponding
to the Principal Offices — say. France. Foreign Policy,
Army. Navy. Education. Trade, Law. Local Government-.
Scotland. Ireland, India. Colonies. Each Special Committee
to consist of some thirteen or fifteen members, together
amounting to abont one quarter of the whole House, The
selection to he made, not by the Government or the
majority, but by a carefully-devised system of proportional
representation, so as to give to each section of the House
the exact nuni>)er of members to which the size of their
own group entitles tliem.

If the Committees collectively numbered 165 members, a
party amounting to two-thirds of the House could elect
110; a party amounting to one quarter of the House
could elect 41; a party amounting to one-tenth of the
House could elect 16. It would be a first step to office to
have served on such Committee. Each Committee should
elect its own chairman, and have nower to sit at any
hour on any da.v even if it chose during a recess, with the
right to summon and examine any Minister, in or out of
the Cabinet. Peer or Commoner, and with power to sit in
secret with an oath of secrecy. The members of the Com-
mittees for Foreign Policy and the two Services might
even be sworn in as Privy Councillors, owning the same
responsibilities.

To one of these twelve Committees every Bill, resolution,
or scheme laid before the House and referred for con-
sideration should be submitted, whether brought in by the
Government or by a private member. It would then be
considered clause by clause, as private Bills now are.
finally embodied in a Report, with one or more dissentient
Heports: and. when printed and circulated in due course,
submitted to the whole House for one decisive vote. This
is the course of business followed by practical Councils
and by Foreign Parliaments. It is the only way in which
full consideration and due expedition can be securei in

any legislative body. By means of it the House of Com-
mons in sittings of sis hours, during 165 days in the year
lomitting Saturdays and Suudaysi. woulu do infinitely mure
work tiian it is accustomed to scramble through in brolien
sittings of eiglit or nine iiours. crowded into six or seven
early months down to Septemtier.

There remain other reiorms which would need legisla-
tion, and need not now be considered — Redistribution, no
plural voting, registration, electoral expenses, elections to
be held throughout the iiingdom on the same day. to be
announced by telegraph by Royal proclamation; and aboli-
tion of the whole obsolete mummery of writs, re-election
on accepting ofQce. official uniforms, "swearing-in,' Ser-
geaut-at-Arms, grilled ladies' gallery, tea on the terrace
dinner parties in the cellars, and the whole tomfoolery
of mediaeval ceremony and modern smart amusements.
Tlie legislation and government of this Empire ought to
be treated as seriously as if it were at least a railwaj-
or the Bank of England, and not a Lord Mayer's Guildhall
fuuction or a Society lady's At Home.

MR. MASSIXGHAM'S PLAN.

The revival of Parliament engages Mr. Massing-
ham's eager pen in the Contemporary Revieu.-. He-
rejoices that the present majority is made up of
different stuff from the young bloods who filled the
Parliament of 1900.. He says: —

" Gone." as a Parliamentary wit has it, " are t!ie bores
the bounders, and the blockers." on whom the late Prime-
Minister was wont to call in his frequent day of tronble.
The manual workmen alone contri'bute fifty memliers to
the new Parliament — men accustomed to manage large-
bodies of their fellows, to sway Trade Union Congresses
tD run co-operative organisations. The great municipalities
have sent the flower of their statesmen: never in modern.-
times has there assembled at Westminster so much am-
bitious talent or so full a representation of the active-
intelligence of the country. These men will speedily re-
volt from the meaningless side of Parliamentary' life, the
tramping through the lobbies, the dawdling of terrace
and tea-room. They will want to have a reasonable share
both in tlie private aetivities of the House and in thee
moulding of Ministerial measures.

SUGGESTED CHANGES IX PROCEDURE.

Of consequent changes in procedure, Mr. Massing
ham suggests several. He advocates the extension
of Grand Committees to deal with all Bills, conten
tious or non-contentious, as well as with all estimates,
and the reduction of their quorum. In considering;
the estimates he would attach a committee to each
department to make the first examination of its plans
and figures, or a committee of business to select and
arrange the subjects of debate and, perhaps, assign
a time-table.

Passing to consider the general time-table of tl-
House, Mr. Massingham suggests that each sitting-
should t)egin at one, and that the present interval
for dinner should be abolished. The rule that Bill?^
must either be compressed into a single session or lost
is regarded by him as contrarv to much modern Par-
liamentary usage. He anticipates that the House
will incline to beginning the session in Octol^er, with
a brief Christmas adjournment, and closing it in
July rather than in August. Before these change?
come into vogue, he suggests the possibility of the
Government either consulting the best minds in tiie
House of Commons, or allowing the new member;-;
a peiio(T of preparation and experience.

Iteaetc of Rti-itwt, lO/i/Oe.

Lea ding A rticles .

?83

LORD HUGH CECIL ON MR. GLADSTONE.

When Lord Hugh Cecil some time ago delivered
an impassioned speech on a religious question in the
House of Commons, two old friends of Mr. Glad-
stone met each other at the close of the speech with
the simultaneous observation, " That was Gladstone
in his younger days." This incident is recalled by
the curiously belated but singularly beautiful re-
view of Mr. Morley's " Life of Gladstone," which is
contributed by Lord Hugh Cecil to the Nineteenth
Century. After a tilting tribute to Mr. Morley's
masterly achievement. Lord Hugh passes to deal
with Mr. Gladstone. Mr. Gladstone, he says, is in
an unusual degree among great men an edifying and
invigorating example; not because of his talents,
which might arouse envy — " we feel towards Xaj)©-
leon as c-ne of the unemployed may tte supposed to
feel towards the Duke of Westminster." The most
eminent feature of his character was not his talents,
hut rather his will and self-discipline.

HIS I'OWEB OP (X)NCENTEATION.

Take away that mental economy which he called
power of concentration, and how much of his great-
ness would remain?

Apart from his acliievements as a speaker it is hard to
sav liow miu'li of liis multifarious ;iini forceful activity
wa"s (1h« to natural, anil how much to acquired power. The
results were wonderful; but then Mr. Gladstone used every
minute of his time, and made available tor his purpose
overy atom of his intellect. His life was loug. measuretl by
years. It, was double or treble the ordinary S]iaii. if only
the moments devoted to furthering the deliberate purposes
of life are reckoned. His force carried all before it. but it
-w.-is I)ecau8e he liad no paper battalions in his army.
W'lieu the bugle sound6<l every faculty was in its place and
at command, armed and clotbi d with all the resources of
knowledge, and drilled, after Frederick the Great's fashion,
to march ' like a i)air of compasses." This was moral
rather than mcnt-il power. It was. that is to say. by moral
control and discipline tliat he stood out among men even
of the first class.

Lord Hugh goes on to point out how this mental
economy limited a sense of humour. Fun he had,
but he had not sufficient self-consciousness to possess
the humour which depends on the mind laying itself
in concentric circles, ring within ring, like a coiled
serpent. It also led to the occasional apparent lapse
from perfect candour, and to his lack of consistency.
Inconsistency is less easy to a self-conscious man.

A PARTY-LEADER'S CHANGE OF VIEW.

Then follows a passage that is almost pathetic in
view of recent events. Lord Hugh says: —

A party leader's change of opinion is no mere private
eonversion. important only or mainly to himself. It is a
great public act. involving consequences, serious and pain-
ful, to man.y persons. Party is rooted deep. Its fibres
spread on all sides, binding man to man, and weaving
themselves in with many social and friendly relations.
Tlie follower of an inconsistent leader has therefore to
achieve an imitative conversion or to rupture a hundred
ties, none of vrliicb tears without a pang. This is so in
different degrees for all the party, from the member of
Parliament to the humblest worker in the constituencies.
But for so many as make politics their profession the lot is
harder still. For if they choose the higher path and pre-
fer their conscience to their party, how are they to follow
their calling? There is no room for them, on our system.
between the two parties. They must, in middle or old age
it ma.v be. seek a new jDTofeseion or they must come
to accommodation with their life-long opponents. All this

dislocation and consequent pain is involved in the incon-
sistency of a party leader. The public interest may justify
it. may require it, as it may the sacrifice of other private
claims. But everv leader ought to shrink from it, unless
the public interest does not imperatively demand it. and
it he finds himself obliged to it. .should spare no care to
show what consideration may be possible to those of his
followers who cannot chansje their minds at the same
moment that he changes his. For he is their debtor; he is
doing them wrong. Public duty may force him to it, but
it is none the less a wrong to them: and wlia.ever atone-
ment he can make to them ought not to l)e wanting. All
this shouM have been present to the mind of Mr. Gladstone
in 1886.

Mr. Gladstone could not see himself as others saw
him, could not in imagination suppose himself a
Liberal Unionist, and realise how things would look
from that point of view.

THE SECRET OF COURAGE.

But it is when Lord Hugh comes to deal with Mr.
Gladstone's religious faith, which he describes as the
most notable quality of all, that we feel the essential
kinship of the two men. It is not Mr. Gladstone's
t .xfierience only that the writer describes when
speaking of the divided bias of his mind. He
says : —

Unquestionably here is one of the explanations of his un-
equalled courage. The conscious deiiendence on unseen
help, llie inner vision which never wae hidden from him
that, great as were political affairs, there were much
greater things going forward; the Mosaic sight of the in-
visible, which is the strength of the religious character,
gave him a steadiness of purpose and a dignity of bearing
which no stress could subvert.

WHICH PARTY IS MORE CHRISTIAN?

Lord Hugh sinks to a lower level when he indulges
in a digression and declares, " it is harder to deter-
mine whether Christianity makes rather for Liberal-
ism or Conservatism." This paragraph is l^rd
Hugh all over: —

A Liberal and a Conservative, alike religious, see a man
lying dead drunk in the gutter; *' How shameful," says the
Liberal. to see the image of God thus degraded! Parlia-
ment must interfere." " What c;in save human nature
from, degradation," answers the Conservative, "save only
Divine grace? And an Act of Parliament is no sacrament."

The Radicalism that is envious and bitter, the Conser-
vatism that is materialist and selfish — these creeds are
aliea from Christianity.

GOiADSTONE A CATHOLIO-

But again the younger statesman returns to the
loftier standpoint when he says: —

I have called Mr. Gladstone, in conventional phrase, a
High Churchman; but if the word be strictly understood,
it is much more illuminating to call him a Catholic. For
that is what he was, a O;itholic, conscious and proud of his
membership of the Apostolic and Universal Church, a
patriot citizen of the City of God. He felt for the Catholic
Cliurch a zeal which resembled but transcended patriotism,
and tiie power of this sentiment is traceable all through
his life, both in great acts and in small. When in 1858
he kissed the hand of an Ionian bishop; when he traversed
Eugl.aud and Scotland, storming at the wrongs of the Bal-
kan Christians; when lie denounced the errors of Vati-
canism; when on the threshold of death he strove to avert
tlie papal condemnation of Anglican orders, it was as a
Catholic that he felt and acted, it was as the sworn
knight of the queen who is glorious within, whose clothing
is of wrought gold.

—AND THEREFORE NOT A JINGO.

In Mr. Gladstone's catholicity Lord Hugh finds
the secret that gradually loosened his attachment to
the principle of Church Establishment, and that
made him the opponent of what is now called Tm-

384

The Review of Reviews

April SO. ISOS.

perialism. Lord Hugh proceeds to point out the
effect of Catholicism in modifying the strong Im-
perialistic sentiment. Love of countr\ and love of
Church may dwell, he says, as kindred in the same
breast, but " the ardent Catholic cannot feel to-
wards his country as though he had never known
somt-thing more august and more inspiring still.
There car. be but one first place in his heart, and to
onlv one object can his highest enthusiasm and
supreme faith be given." The man who knows no
higher enthusiasm lets his patriotism run beyond all
limits, and becomes a Jingo. As Catholic Mr.
Gladstone had, so the writer urges, a mediseval sense
that all the peoples of Christendom were citizens of
a Christian Commonwealth. " Xor was he so much
inspired as others by the world-wide greatness of the
British Empire. Was his eye not familiar with a
still grander vision ?"

Lord Salisbury moved the House of Lords to tears
in his obituarv^ tribute to Mr. Gladstone. There is
an echo of the same pathos in Lord Hugh's farewell
words on a great biography : —

Most of all. the true son of the Cliiirch will rejoice to
read of one whose ability, whose conrage. and whose re-
nown are for ever among the trophies of her glory.

THE LETTERS AND THE IDEALS OF HEINE.

Two little articles in the German reviews for Feb-
ruar}' commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of
Heines death (Februar)- 17th, 1856).

Gustav Karpales, the author of a Life of Heine,
contributes to Nord und Siid an article on Heine
and Elisa Ponsin (Madame Amaut). The lady in
question was an old friend of Heine's wife, and
Heine became much attached to her two children.
The friendlv relations continued for about fifteen
vears after Heine's marriage, but the catastrophe
came in 1852, when Madame Amaut insulted
Madame Heine in such a manner that it became
necessar>- to break off all further intercourse. Heine's
letter, explaining his action in the matter, which is
given in the article, shows how dignified and serious
the poet could be when the occasion arose.

In the Deutsche Rundschau, Ernst Elster writes on
the friendship of Heine and Heinrich Straube at
Gottingen University, and publishes two of Heine's
letters of the early part of the year 1821. In one of
these Heine tells his friend of his unhappy love for
his cousin Amalie Heine, while the writer of the
article has been enabled to give some new details
concerning the unhappy love affair of Straube and
the poetess Annette von Droste-Hiilshoff.

In the February Bookman, Miss Elizabeth Lee
publishes a sketch of Heine's life. She writes : —

Heine dreamed bis own dreams. Poet«. nowadays, with
few exceptions, dream the dreams of others. . . . Heine
lived in the present. He looked life in the face, rebelling
asrainst what hurt, enjoying to the full what pleased, and
his mav not be the loftiest of ideals, but it is a very
human attitude, and one that will make it3 appeal to man-
kind so long as this world shall endure.

THE "PIED PIPER" AND THE DANCE OF
DEATH.

The Pied Piper of Hameln, best known
in England by Brownings version, has been a
favourite legend with poets and illustrators, and one
poetical version at least has been set to music several
times. In the Februar)- issue of Velhagen, Dr. R.
Salinger endeavours to explain the origin of the
legend.

That the legend is in part a true story he willingly
admits. He thinks it quite conceivable that Hameln
became infested with rats, that a ratcatcher in some
extraordinary manner managed to drive the rats into
the sea, and that the mayor may have declined to
pay the man the promised reward for his pains.

The mythical part of the story is that the rat-
catcher should have piped such magic tones as to
attract the children, that the parents should have
allowed them to follow him, and that the whole
procession should have disappeared in a hill or
mountain outside the city.

K D.\NCE OF DEATH.

In explanation of the myth he suggests that the
ratcatcher represents Death. In those days the
•■ Dance of Death " was a favourite subject, and one
of the best-known representations of it at that time
was a glass-painting (about 1312) in St. Mary's
Church at Liibeck. Here, Death was depicted as a
skeleton with a pipe, opening the dance, while the
Pope, the Kaiser, and members of all classes, in-
cluding children, followed. Death appeared in a
dress of brilliant colours, and only the hands and
the face repealed the skeleton. "The writer thinks
it must have been a votive picture, representing the
exodus of the children under the leadership of the
pip)er, a " dance of death ' picture to commemorate
the death of the children.

From this picture, he thinks, grew the later form
of the legend. The colours which the mediaeval
glass-painter used were red, blue, yellow, and violet
From these colours the gay dress of Death the piper,
and his popular name of Bunting, may be explained.
But the question remains ; How did the player be-
come a ratcatcher? Probably rats and mice were
both depicted in the painting, and the people may
have come to regard the mice as an attribute of the
player, a catcher of mice as well as of rats. Whether
mice w^re really included in the picture it is now
impossible to ascertain, but very probably they were.

THE MOUSE AS THE SYMBOL OP DEATH.

Now the mouse is the symbol of death, and the
gnawing of a mouse or of a rat is to the superstitious
a death-omen. In Ancient Rome we come across
this belief, and in Egyptian hieroglyphics the mouse
is the symbol of destruction. Also in the Middle
Ages the mouse is variously associated with death.
On the wall behind the altar in St. Mary's Church at
Liibeck there is the figure of a mouse sitting on the

Hevieie oT Revieirs, S'Ji',lu<j.

Leading Articles.

385

root of a tree, and the explanation of the symbol is
that, as the mouse does not gnaw the trunk of the
tree, neither will Lubeck be destroyed by plague
ur pestilence.

Thus the mouse stands in intimate relationship
with death, and it would not be surprising that, as
i;i the Lubeck picture, mice should be associated
with the death of the children at Hameln, since they
are the symbol of pestilence. Probably the Hameln
children died of some p>estilential disease, since they
are not buried in the city in the churchyard, but in
one common grave on the Kuppenberg, outside the
city. Those who died of plague were frequently
buried outside the city, and we know that in the
years 1 282-1 284. Central and Northern Europe was
visited by frightful epidemics.

OUGHT FRANCE TO LEND RUSSIA
MONEY ?

Nor UiNTiL Russia is Free.

Some twelve months ago there was published in
La Revue an article on the Franco-Russian Alliance
from the financial point of view. In a second article
on the subject, contributed to La Revue of February
ist, the same '' Friend of the Alliance " expresses his
satisfaction that his arguments were instrumental in
preventing the authorisation of the loan last year,
though in principle the loan was already decided on.
His contention was that it was France's positive
duty not to give Russia any more money till peace
had been concluded and the Russian Constitution
had been seriously established.

CREDITOR AND DEBTOR.

The first condition having been won, the writer in
the present article considers the question again with
reference to Russian liberties. He prefaces his re-
marks bv the observation that a creditor can hardly
help meddling in some measure in the private affairs
of a debtor, adding that the inconveniences of this
disagreeable duty are much more aggravated when
creditor and debtor are States. France, being the
creditor of Russia to the extent of twelve thousand
million francs, not unreasonably considers that she
has the right to investigate the manner in which
her ally will safeguard French interests, and at the
same time perserve her own prosperity and good
name ; and the right to question the solvency of
Russia conceded a year ago is infinitely more em-
phasised to-day, when the conditions of public and
economic life — that is to say. the Russian govern-
mental institutions with which France has entered
into engagements — are now discredited and en-
feebled.

Can France, the writer asks, take measures which
shall be serviceable to both contracting parties with-
out getting mixed up with Russia's internal struggle ?
From a mora! point of view the question answers

Itself : France ought not to interfere in the internal
affairs of Russia. On the other hand, it is, morally,
equally impossible for France to furnish an\ more
funds to any Russian organisation until thf revolu-
tion has brought about decisive results.

MORAL ASSETS.

What reigns in Russian finance is rather goodwill
than scrupulous honesty. According to the lenders,
the sums which France has lent to Russia should
have been utilised to develop the economic condi-
tion of the country and to consolidate the financial
condition of the State, and so give France a powerful
and rich ally, instead of which they have been ap-
plied to the construction of purely strategical rail-
ways and other unproductive schemes. Another
thing is certain. Since Russia took to borrowing
from France, a sum of at least four thousand mil-
lion francs has been spent simply to balance the
budget. The Russian Debt, in fact, is only guar-
anteed by moral assets, and all the money which
France has so eagerly furnished to procure a strong
ally to counterbalance Germany's designs for Euro-
pean leadership has entirely missed its aim.

ITIE MOST VtJLNERABLE POINT.

All that remains to France is the interest on the
debt payable in gold. But it is in the maintenance
of the gold standard and the value of the rouble
that we touch the mosi; vulnerable point of Russian
finance, and it has been proved that the gold reserve
has no stability. For all that Russia buys from
other countries is paid for in gold, as all that she
sends abroad is paid for in gold — with the result
that during the last ten years she has received 473
millions of francs in gold annually with which to
pay for her imports, the interest on the State debts
and foreign capital, diplomatic and other expenditure
abroad, etc., amounting in all to 985 millions of
francs. To meet her expenditure Russia ought,
therefore, to borrow no less a sum than 512 millions
iif francs annually.

WHY FRANCE MOST SaX)P.

France, concludes the writer, ought not to give
Russia another centime, and for the following rea-
sons : —

Each new loan would hasten the bankruptcy of
Russia, and France would lose both her money and
her interest ; it would be used in expenditure neces-
.sarily unproductive : it would injure the interests of
humanity in general by maintaining the present yoke
of oppression : it would be treachery to France ; and
it would be a pure game of chance.

A free democratic Russia would be essentially
Francophil, for France hates the semi-autocracy of
Germanv. To accomplish her tivo great reforms of
agrarian reorganisation and universal education
Russia will have need of gigantic loans, and with a
Federal Government which will make her one of the
wealthiest of States, France will deem it a. great
honour to preside over this development.

386

The Review of Reviews.

Apra 20, 1906.

THE MUSICAL GENIUS.

Mozart, Beethovex, and Others.

On January 27Lh, 1756, Mozart was born at Salz-
burg, and the musical world has recently been cele-
brating the 150th anniversary of his birth. Apropos
Karl Storck contributes an article on Musical Genius
to the February number of Wesiennann.

MUSIC-DEAUA NATIONAL AND INTERN AlIONAL.

He begins by referring to Gluck and Wagner and
their methods of reforming the opera ok music-
drama. Gluck desired to create music which would
appeal to all nations, and so make what he called
the ridiculous differences of national music disap-
pear. \Mien he found he could not manage it in
Germany, he went to Paris. Just a hundred years
later Wagner also went to Paris, imagining that
there only he, too, would be able to proclaim with
success his ideas of operatic reform. Not that Ger-
many was wanting in talent, but it lacked national
spirit, and Wagner, who did not wish to conquer
€ither Paris or the world, hoped to reach Germany
through Paris.

To-dav, however, notwithstanding all the talk
about the intemationality of art, we regard music
which embraces all nations rather as a limitation of
the greatest powers. We feel that the influence of
Wagner over the world and his universality lay just
in his German nationality-, whereas it is the inter-
national qualities of Gluck's works that make the
revival of them so successful. But opera — that is,
music wedded to words — can hardly help taking on
a national character. The great exception is Mozart,
who has been able to compose music for words
which unites it in characteristics to satisfy and de-
light all nations. He is justly regarded by the whole
world as the summit of musical art, though three
other names — ^Wagner, Beethoven and Bach — run
him close for the honour.

ABSOLUTE VERSUS PROGRAMME MTSIC.

Mozart, savs the writer, is the only writer of really
absolute music. Wagner, on the other hand, endea-
voured to combine music with all the other arts,
and Beethoven was the founder of that music which
does not stand alone, but needs to be united to
another of the arts. Beethoven's tone-poems sug-
gest the idea that the music is connected with poetic
thoughts or philosophical ideas, or is a nature-
picture, and he excels all his successors in this
power of expressing such things in music. His music
still affects us more than that of any other composer.
The musical power of Bach in itself is stronger
than in Beethoven, but in Mozart everything is
Titanic. His creative force is divine. Composing
was to him a necessitv'. No one is really sorry that
Mozart's life was so short, because of the perfection
of his work. He died, like Raphael, in his thirty-
sixth year. He created the world-lan»tiage of music,
the art of arts ; he is the prototype of the musical
genius.

THE DEMONIAC ELEMENT IN MOZART.

Dr. Alfred Heuss contributes to the Zeitschrift der
Internationalen Musikgcsdlschaft for February an
interesting paper on the " Demoniac Element in
Mozart's Works." By '' demoniac," or possessed,
the writer means the innately passionate passages ;
and Mozart, he says, had a strong passionate nature ;
passionate passages abound in his compositions. In
his creative work he simply let himself go — with odd
results occasionally.

In the February Velhagen Heinz Grevenstett tells
Mozart's love-storv-, the story of his marriage with
Constance Weber.

THE REAL RULERS OF JAPAN.

The Rev. W. Elliot Griffis, who was one of the
first Americans employed to introduce Western civi-
lisation into Japan, contributes to the Xorth Anun-
(.aii Rcciav for Februar) an interesting article on
Japan's Elder Statesmen. He maintains that it is
the survivors of the fifty-five Counsellors who made
the revolution who really govern Japan. There are
few left alive now : of these Marquis I to is the chief.
The Rev. Mr. Griffis has a ver\- poor opinion of the
much vaunted Bushido. He quotes a saying of
Count Okuma to the effect that " 'Violence is the rule
of Bushido, and on violence it has been nurtured.
It is out of touch with civilisation." This may be
borne in mind by those who are endeavouring tn
persuade the British public that Bushido is the one
thing needful. Certainly when Bushido had the field
all to itself it does not seem to have made much of
a success of it. Mr. Griffis says : —

I can remember Japan when there "waa not a telegraph,
railway, ritled cannon, public ho^^pital. Christian chmch.
oi* newspaper; when Yedo bureaucracy, not ao very tlil-
ferent from tiiat in St. Petersbure:, was hardly more than
destro.ved; and when, poverty stricken, and often famine-
cursed, a pitifully large nunilier of her people, under the
rule of the sword, supported one-tenth, the armed t^entry
and nobles, in non-f>axpayin? privilege, when millions in
beggary or caste-slavery suffered unspeakable disease, or
outside of humanity rotted on the roads, and when for all
there was no more liberty of mind or conscience than in
Russia. Thirt-y millions of human l)eings lived iu compul-
sory frugality on a soil unable to furnish meat food, or
even sufficient grain for its inhabitants. Pitiless economics
allowed only the hopefully strong, but never a deformed,
child to survive its birth. Japan had need of life and life
more abundantly. The full programme of Mikadoism, which
meant national unity, required that, first of all, the Yedo
bureaucracy should be abolished and feudalism swept away,

Mr. Griffis declares that social plague and moral
pestilence have followed as the aftermath of war in
Japan. At first the Japanese kept their heads.
But—

In 1905. especially after the Mukden victory, the moral
tension of the nation was dangerously loosened. Rampant,
degenerate and over-fat with Russian blood, visions of the
great mulct, so confidently expected, intoxicated the less
wise among the Japanese, .\fter Togo's victory, they felt
already the clinking of the Russian roubles in their hands.

From this moral peril they were saved bv the
courage of the Eld'^'' Statesmen, who insisted upon
making peace

Kfri>u> of Remewt, tO/'.pa,

Leading Articles.

387

BEETHOVEN'S UNGRATEFUL NEPHEW.

New Light From the Co.nversatioix-IjCOKs.

In La Revue of February ist, Jean Chantavoine
concludes his article on Beethoven and His Nephew.

Previous writers on Beethoven's relations to his
nephew have been very hard on the nephew, but the
present writer is, perhaps, a little hard on Beet-
hoven. He first tells the story, as recorded by
Schindler and Breuning, of the unhappiness brought
on Beethoven by his nephew, Carl Beethoven — the
story of a great man and a young boy, perverted by
his mother, each making the other miserable for a
period of eleven years — and then proceeds to show
that in the case of Carl there were extenuating cir-
cumstances.

The deaf Beethoven's Conversation-Books, which
are presen-ed in the Royal Library at Berlin, were
only partially utilised by Nohl in his great biography
of Beethoven, but in the present article the writer
publishes for the first time a number of extracts
contributed to the books by Carl,

That Carl's indolence and dissipation made
Beethoven extremely irritable is undoubted, and as
Carl's conduct grew worse the reproaches of Beet-
hoven became more and more bitter. Altogether,
the facts as we know them seem very unfavourable
til Carl, but, asks the writer, was he as ungrateful as
he has been made out to be?

EXTENUATING CIECUMSTAXCES.

Carl, he explains, was not only the son of a father
Weak in character and debilitated in health, who had
suffered by his wife, but he was also the son of this
vindictive, sensual woman. Thus his early days were
spent in unhappy surroundings, and when at the age
of nine, owing to his father's death, he went to his
uncle, he had already reached that point of unbear-
able exasperation which engenders taciturnity ami
dissimulation. For his uncle his feelings w^ere com-
plex. In his youth he admired him sincerely, but
this admiration came to be tempered by judgment.
The admiration was certainly not mingled with
afifection. In the Conversation-Books he writes: —

Your deafness ought to add to your glory: everyone is
astonished not that you write thus, hut that you do so in
epite of your affliction. I helieve vour deafness lias ron-
trihuted ereatly to the originality of your works.

I helieve ever.y genius, no maitter how great- he may ))e.
when he liears the compositions of others unconsciously
gets from them new ideas, but tliat is not the case witli
you. since you draw all your ideas out of yourself.

The mother did her utmost to incite her son
against his uncle, but graduallv the nephew came to
judge his mother. The Conversation-Books reveal
Beethoven savnng to Carl : " Be quiet, it is your
mother you are speaking of!" and, on the other
hand, we find Carl interrupting : " Be quiet, it is
mv mother you are speaking of !" In these two re-
plies is contained the most insoluble drama which
can rend the heart of a child.

REOIPROOAL INCiJMi'ATIBIUTV.

After his attempted suicide, Carl said his whok-
life had been unhappy, and that his character be
came worse because his uncle wished him to becomt
better. He was right when he said he had known
nothing but sorrow. No one could have been less
fitte<i to bring him up than his uncle, with his in-
firmity, his unequal character, and his total want of
practical sense.

He would exaggerate the merits or the defects of
Carl, and alternate tenderness and weak indulgence
with the greatest severity. If history attributes to
Carl the responsibility of having shortened Beet-
ho\en's life, it is equallv certain that Carl was the
victim of an unhappy fate. The reciprocal incom
patiKility of the two characters was indeed cruel
and fatal.

HOME RULE AND LABOUR.

.\ Proposed Alliance.

Professor Bi-esiiy, writing in the Positivist Revieur,
pleads for an alliance between the Lalx)ur Party and
the Irish Nationalists. He thinks such an alliance
would strengthen Sir H. Campliell-Bannernian's
hands, for he regards " C.-B." as the stoutest Radi-
cal in the Cabinet.

He thinks that the Trade Unionists will not re-
cover their former position unless they can rely upon
the support of the Irish, who, he says, have an inte-
rest in bridling the lawyers and in restricting the
range of the law of conspiracy. They will vot.-
solid with the Labour Party if that party will vote-
solid for Home Rule. " C.-B.," says Professor
Beesly, has carefully guarded himself against giving
any pledge that he will or will not take some step in
that direction before the present Parliament is dis-
solved. No doubt Sir E. Grey and Mr. Asquith
were less judicious. But if they feel bound by the -
pledges which they gave without necessity on their
own motion they can resign when the time comes.
He says : —

The Irish party, if frankly and fairl.v treated, are not
likely to insist on a complete tcheme of Home Rule during
til© present Parliament. They will prohahly he well satis-
fied in the earl.y sessions with substantial administrative -
reforms and the repeal of the Crimes Act. This may in-
volve a collision with the House of Lords, as Mr. Balfour
intended it should when he devised the .\ct nineteen years -
ago. But such collisions are to l)e sought, not avoided, by
this House of Commons. In some later session the Prime
Minister will no doubt be able to carry one of tliose " in-
stalments " of Home Rule which he foreshadowed at Stir-
ling. Bnt the really important thing is that wiienever the
time comes for another General Election, it should be
made to turn unmistakably on the question of Home Rule.
This is what the Unionists want above all thines to avoid.
They hoi>e to have some colour for again alleging that
the country was not consulted specificall.v on that issue.
and that therefore the Lords will be .iustified in rejecting
any Bill tha.t may be passed in the House of Commons.
Tills hope will be disappointed if the Prime Minister, when
he dissolves the present Parliament, makes it clear that he
intends to propose either a further instalment or a com-
plete scheme of Home Rule.

Professor Beesly might have strengthened his plea
by quoting a declaration made bv Lord Crewe in
favour of the adoption of this- policy.

388

The Review of Reviews.

AyrU

AUSTRIA, SERVIA, AND BULGARIA.

Mr. Alfred Stead deals in the Fortnightly with
the Serbo-Bulgarian Convention and its results. In
July, 1905, he says, Servia and Bulgaria signed a
Customs Convention, creating a customs union and
breaking down the tariff barriers between the two
countries. They have sought to weld themselves
into an economic entity on the model of the United
States of America. Its chief importance is said to
be in its forming the first step from the old standard
of hatred and mistrust towards the new ideas of clear
understanding and union so essential for the perma-
nent welfare of the State. Mr. Stead has no mercy,
however, on the efforts which Austria has made to
destroy this Conventioti. He says: —

By her unjust attempt at coercion, plain and undisguised,
Austria brought into being a political bond between Bul-
garia and Servia whicli was not in existence at the time
of the signature of the CJustoms ConTention, And in so
doing the politicians at Vienna absolutely ruined Austria's
hopes iu the Balkans.

Only in the bewilderment produced by the Hun-
garian crisis and anger at the defiance of a small
State like Senia, can he find an explanation of " the
temporarv insanity which may well cause a full-
blown B.ilkan Confederation to develop from the
ptiny and badly drawn-up Customs Convention."

•DIPLOMATIC SWIXE FEVER.'

Austria tried to coerce Servia by threatening to
break off negotiations for a commercial treaty, and
10 close the frontiers against Servian imports, if the
Serbo-Bulgarian Convention were not abandoned: —

Furious at the Servian refusal, the Viennese authorities
ordered the closing of the frontiers to Servian cattle,
pis?, and even fowls. This last restriction was contrary
t'l existing treaty of commerce between the two

countries, wbich does not expire till March 1st. 1906. The
cattle and pigs were excluded under the arbitrary veteri-
nary convention, it having been found that a pig had died
of '" diplomatic swine fever," a contagious disease, pre-
valent wlien Servia opposes Austrian desires. The cool
indifference with which Austria ignored her treaty obliga-
tions with Servia led to a profound feeling that it was
hardly worth making sacrifices in order to obtain a new
commercial treaty, which could be as equally well ig-
nored.

The Serbs never forgot that trade relations with
Austria were vita!, nor apparently did the Austrians,
Mr. Stead severely remarks: —

■Wlien it is possible for a leading Austrian paper to de-
clare that " in order to avoid defeat, it is not necessary
for Austria to be a great Power; it is only necessary for
her to be a great market for pigs " — the tme note of
Austrian greatness Is struck. It is poetic justice that
Austria's action will bring upon her its own punishment,
and that from the day when she endeavoured to dict.ate to
the two independent Balkan States her sway over tliem
was over for ever.

ITALY AND THE BALKAXS.

Mr. Stead calls attention to the fact that the sup-
port of the Balkans is at present in the hands of
Italy, who finds here a valuable weapon in her own
struggle with Austria : —

In diplomatic circles in Vienna it is held that the
Customs Union forms part of a deep-laid plan on the part
of Italy to destroy Austrian Influence in the Balkans and
to deprive her of her nosition in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
They see in the establishment of a wireless telegraph sta-

tion in Montenegro and the gift of guns to Prince Xlcholaa
by King Victor Emmanuel other signs of the preparation
of a Balkan alliance led by Italy. The disunion in the
Dual Kingdom causes what would otherwise have been a
comparatively innocuons danger to assume in their eyes a
most ominous aspect. Be that as it may. there is no
doubt that the Servians look to Italy above all others aa
their supporter and friend. Russia, which used to be
omnipotent in the Balkans, is now laid on the shelf for
an indefinite period, and has ceased to act as the counter-
poise to Austria.

WHY SHOULD BRITAIN EFFACE HERSELF?

Mr. Stead presses for the resumption of diploma-
tic relations betwen Great Britain and Servia: —

The great asset of Great Britain in the Balkans is that
she does not wish to incorporate any of the small StateB
into her Empire; her financiers are not amateur Treasury
officials or her merchants disguised armies of occupation.

He draws a parallel with the Napoleon coup
d'etat, which is pungent and forcible: —

How soon did the British Government receive a represen-
tative from revolutionary France, after a cold-blooded
orgie of assassination. Instead of the relief of an in-
tolerable strain by midnight's deed of blood? We must
not let our horror of a crime grow in Inverse proportion
to the size of the countr.y where it is committed. In one
case some sixty officers out of 20O0 were implicated — in the
case of France It was the nation. And yet the blood-
stained nation was recognised, while the Servian nation,
comparatively innocent, is punished indefinitely. Is this
just?

He concludes by urging that a British Minister at
Belgrade, sent without condonation of the conf
d'etat, would be the most powerful positive factor
for progress and reform.

Mammon in Modern London.

Sir Roliert Anderson, asked in the Quiver to make
comments on a sermon by Canon Hay Aitken dealing
with commercial morality, rather severely remarks
that the god of modern London is money, not merely
in the City, but also in the Church. The test of a
successful ministry is the letting value of the pews.
^^^len the X.Ttional Church, he adds, has decided
whether it is Protestant and whether the clergy are
required to fulfil their ordination pledges, it may
speak with commanding voice about the want of
principle in commercial life. The prevailing stan-
dard is expressed by the American epigram, " Get
on ; get honour : get honest." The worst offenders,
he says, are women, whose ostentatious displav of
wealth is the most powerful incentive to the illicit
greed for gold.

The Scandinavian magazine Varia (Jan.) caters
for many tastes. The Baroness von Suttner, her
life, literary work and endeavours in the cause of
peace, is the subject of an article by I. A. Davids-
son, illustrated with some pleasing portraits. There
are two translated serials, " Unmasked," by Headon
Hill, and " The Tsar's Betrayers," a romance of the
St. Petersburg revolution of 1905 ; and the mem-
bers of the big scattered army of Esperantists -will
be glad to know that the language of their brother-
hood is the subject of an encouraging article, which
is illustrated with portraits of leading Esperantists.

AVnrir of Hfviews, SOj'if'J'i

Leading Articles.

389

THE FEEDING AND SCHOOLING OF THE
NATION.

The Countess of Warwick writes on physical dete-
rioration in the Fortnig/itly Review. She rejoices
that even militarism has yielded the good of calling
attention to the need of a healthy nation.

9u PER CENT. TOO ILL-FED TO BE TAUGHT.

She cites from the recent Committee of Inquiry
certain ugly facts. In London —

Br, Eichholz. Inspector of Scliools. foaud tliat ib one
school in a ver.v bad district "90 per cent, of tile children
are unable, by reason of their ph.vsical condition, to
attend to their work in a proper way. while 35 per cent.,
durins; six months of the year, from Octoljer to Marcli,
require feeding." He estimated the numlwr of actually
underfed chililren in London schools ae approximately
122.000. or 15 per cent, of the elementary school population.
This does not cover the number of cliildren impropeHy fed.

She quotes the obvious conclusion of the Com-
mittee:—

'■ With scarcely an exception, there was a general con-
sensus of opinion that the time has come when the Btate
should realise the necessity of insuring: adequate nourish-
ment to children in attendance at school; it was said
to lx> tlie height of cruelty to subject half-starved cliildren
to the prciiesses of education, besides bein^ a short-sighted
po!ic,\ . in th.it the profirress of such children is inadequate
and disiippointing:: and it was further the subject of
general agreement that, as a rule, no purely voluntary
association could successfully cope with the full extent of
the evil."

THK MIDDAY MEAL.

She shows the absurdity of urging that parents
should stint themselves of necessary food in order to
feed their children, or of imagining that there is
danger of pauperising while " well-to-do people's
children are fed and clothed at Christ's Hospital
School out of endowments stolen from the poor.''
No one thinks that parents are pauperised by their
children receiving maintenance scholarships. The
Countess herself insists: —

For widowers, widows, women separated from their hus-
bands, or with sick or cripple<l husbands, and for mar-
ried women going to work, as often happens in the North
of England, it would be an Incalculable blessing for the
children to have their midday meal at school, and it is
the midday meal that is, on the whole, most important.
Wliere the choice is actnnllv to lie between a scant break-
i.isl or ,1 scant dimier-. the l.armer is probably the less
evil. It is after the exhaustion of the morning's work
and confinement, and just before the physical exertion of
playtime, that a good meal has the greatest value.

■ OtIE DEADLIEST OOMPETITOES."

On the question of expenditure she drives home
the fact that " our deadliest competitors are not those
who rely on immature and untrained labour, but
those who best equip their workers for a place in the
nation's workshops '; not Russia, Italy, Spain and
Turkey, but America. Germany and industrial Swit-
zerland. It is no mere coincidence that the English
county with the largest proportion of child-workers
has also the record figures for crime, drunkenness
and disease. She suggests, therefore, that the age
of compulsory elementary school attendance should
be raised to sixteen years, subject to certain exemp-
tions, based, not as now, merely on abilitv to pass a

CHILI) given standard, but mainly on the destination of the
scholar when,leaving. She concludes with this cogent
question : —

.\deqaat* nourishment for our chiUlreii, immunity from
exhausting and mechanical employment at the most critical
period of adolescence, an extension of educational in-
ilucnoes — can there be any objects of expenditure more
likel.v than these to repay themselves a thousand-fold in
the improved vigour and intelligence which form the only
sure basis of a nation's greatness?

REYNARD THE FOX.

A few months ago there was published in the
Mcrairc dc France an interesting study, by Remy de
Gourmont, of the Fables of La Fontaine. This has
been followed by another interesting literary paper,
in the Bibliotheque UniverseUe of January and Feb-
ruary, on Master Renard. In this article S. Grand-
jean gives an outlio'- <<{ th'- h!<^"rv nf t)i,- Rcvn.ird
llycles of stories.

A MEDI.EVAL IIEUO

111 Anri<-nt Greece and Ancient Rome the Reynard
poems usually assumed the lyric form. Popularised
by JEso^ and the Hindoo fabulists, they were re-
vived in the Middle Ages in quite a new form and
character, especially in Central Europe.

The principal mediaeval Reynard romances have
been grouped into three great cjcles. First we have
" Reinhardus," a Latin poem of the second half of
the eleventh century. It runs to about 6600 verses,
and includes fifteen fables, in which the Fox and
the Wolf (Isengrim) play the leading parts.

IN GERMAN DRESS.

The German romances, entitled '' Reinecke," are
numerous. The oldest, by Heinrich der Glichesaere,
belongs to the t\velfth century. Only fragments of it
remain. " Reinaert de Vos," a Flemish poem, be-
longs to the same period. In the thirteenth cen-
turv it was completed by Willem Utenhove.

Glichesaere's poem accidentally fell into the hands
of Goethe, who transcribed the romance of the
twelfth century into the language of the eighteenth
century, and in 1794 published his famous "Rein-
ecke Fuchs,' a vigorous satire on the political and
religious society of his time.

MAITEE RENARD.

The French cycle is much more extensive and
complete than the others, comprising 30,000 verses.
In '' Reinhardus '' and '' Reinecke " the compositions
form a definite whole. The French Renard poems
are an agglomeration of more than thirty distinct
works, written bv different writers at different
jjeriods. The majority of them belong to the thir-
teenth century. They have been divided into thirty-
two branches. The last is a violent satire on the
mendicant friars, whom the author covers with
ridicule. The whole Reynard epic is, in fact, a
great satire on the feudal system, and Goethe's
Reinecke is the most perfect type of the hero.

39=

The Review of Reviews.

Aprit m, 1906.

JOHN BURNS IN HIS LIBRARY.

Mr. Robert Donald contributes to the March
issue of the Fall .Vail .Magazine a sketch of the new
President of the Local Government Board, in which
he gives us a picture of John Burns's library. Xo
Member of Parliament has a better working library,
and no one has ever sacrificed more for the sake of
books: —

The books are in tliree small rooms on the first floor.
Tlie first room is whei>3 he works. The walls are com-
pletely lined with books, all neatly arranged. They are
devoted to the subjects in which he takes an interest—
-economics, sociolog.v. politics, industry, and labour. . . .
The shelves also contain a number of reference-books, a
complete series of reports issued by the Parliamentary
Committee of the Trades Union Congress— all neatly bounu.
There is a complete set of the minutes of Battersea
Borough Council, and other local report* indicating the
owner's interest in local affairs.

SYSTEMATIC .^ERA^JGEMEXT.

Passing to the next room, its contents reveal more
strikingly the character of Mr. Burns. One side is
partly occupied with a geologist's case, not contain-
ing geological specimens, but the letters, documents,
.'Mid cuttings relating to Mr. Burns's work, every
-helf being used to represent a year of his public
life. Mr. Donald continues: —

Mr. Burns has Mr. Gladstone's passion tor keeping
things. He has also that statesman's system and method.
Letters are most carefully folded and laljelled. Less im-
portant letters are used to serve as folders for cuttings
and other letters. Pamphlets, when not bound, are placed
inside tlie covers of discarded municipal reports.

Mr. Burns has been impartial; in addition to keeping
an account of his own public career, he has a record of
the work and speeches of other labour leaders. He has
collected and bound files of all the labour and socialist
papers which have been issued in England since he took
up public work. The.v are stowed away in a corner called
" the cemetery."

Blue-books and official returns are all properly indexed
and systematically arranged. Mr. Burns can find anything
he requires in a few seconds. His lack of means has led
to wonderful resourcefulness in the way in which docu-
ments, which would be more readily placed in pigeon-
holes and drawers, are kept.

The whole library of municipal literature and reports
issued by the County Council has been kept tor reference,
even down to the weekly committee lists for members.
Mr Burns has the lists for eighteen years tied together
according to date. Xo one else has taken the trouble to
collect a complete set of all the pamphlets issued on the
South African War— in English and Dut^h— and few have
a better set of books on alcoholism and drink.

The third room, a very small one, is reserved for
the classics — history, poetry, etc.

MB. BCRNS'S TREASURES.

One of Mr. Burns's treasures in the first room is a
copy of Adam Smith's " Wealth of Nations." -which
he found buried under the foundations of an old
engine-room at Akassa in West Africa. This book
was a turning-point in his career. .Another treasure
is a small volume published in 1653 on the problem
of the unemployed. In the third room two volumes
are specially valued — one a beautifully bound volume
of " Paradise Lost." presented by a well-known ar-
tist to Mr. Burns when he was in prison in 1887, and
the other a companion volume, " Paradise Regained,"
presented by the same artist when Mr. Burns became
President of the Local Government Board,

THE "DREADNOUGHT."

Mr. Fred. T. Jane writes on the new battleship
in the World's Work and Flay, and claims to be a
sort of godfather to the new ship, as a ship of this
sort first saw the light in his book on fighting-ships.
He acknowledges his indebtedness to Colonel Cuni-
Lerti, chief constructor of the Italian Xavy, and

Overtake any of the enemy's battleships and oblige them
to fight— this is the keynote of the "Dreadnought." There
is no battleship in existence that can run away from her,
the speed of the average battleship being about eighteen
linots. except in cases of " battleship cruisers," like tiie
" Duncans," which run up to nearly twenty knots. But
even these were only designed for nineteen knots. The
highest designed battleship" speed is the twenty knots of
the ex-Chilian " Swiftsure ' and " Triumph " — a rate only
attained for short spurts in smooth water— .and the really
swiftest battleships are the Duncans. Of battleships
now building, only the Italian " Vittorio Emanuele " class
have a higher speed than the " Dreadnought " will be
given, and Italy is not ranked as a probable opponent.

Armoured cruisers can. of course, get away from the
"Dreadnought." but for these cruisers "Dreadnoughts" of
the " Invincible " type are being built. As things are and
will be for many years, the " Dreadnought " will be
supreme upon the seas in the way of being able to over-
take any probable opponent of the battleship class.

The gnn. Mark XI.. which the "Dreadnought" will carry,
should be effective up to lO.O'JO yards or more. In other
words, it ought to hit what it is aimed at at five miles
off.

Hence the panic in Germany over the "Dreadnought."
Of the German fleet ten ships carry medium guns of 9.4-in.
calibre, effective up to 4000 yards perhaps. The ten later
ships, built and building, have 11-in. guns, but they are
short pieces and probably erratic after 6000 yards or so.
In any case, they conld not hurt the "Dreadnought" at
8000 .yards, while she with her powerful guns and superior
speed could disable the Germans one after the other as
long as lier ammunition lasted. Little wonder that the
"Dreadnought" marks a new era!

The "Dreadnought" is to be completed within a year
from now. She will be xmique for a couple of years and
ensure peace for that time. Even then only the Japanese
" Aki " will be able to fight her. and as a Japanese ship
and a British ship are, so far as future naval war is
concerned, about one and the same thing, the " Aki "
will be yet another peace-maker.

But, as the writer observes, this will not last.
Germany is settling down to build " Dreadnoughts,"
likewise France. The high speed of the "Dread-
nought " is to be provided by her turbine machinery.

THE INGRAM HOUSES FOR YOUNG MEN.

Reference is made in the Quiver to the Ingram
Houses, named, of course, after the Bishop of Lon-
don, and intended as residential clubs for bank or in-
surance clerks, and young men in similar positions,
between seventeen and thirty-four. Medical students
from Guy's have found them excellent quarters also.
Xo religious test is imposed, but references as t' ■
character axe required. The first Ingram House is
now open in Stockwell Road. It is five stories
high, and contains 208 furnished bedrooms, with
bathrooms over four floors. All are wired for electric
heating stoves, which can be hired inexpensively.
Rents vary from 8/'- to 16/- a week, and include
leasonable service, the use of two dining-rooms, two
billiard rooms, library, etc., even to a dark-room.
There is no doubt that here promises to be the be-
ginning of a solution of a problem which has long
needed solving — how to house young men in Lon-
don comfortably and at reasonable cost.

iieview of Reviews, lOI-IOiS.

Leading Articles.

391

ORDERS OPEN TO WOMEN.

In the Girl's Rcalnt for March Mr. George A.
^\'ade h.is an article on the Orders to which a girl
may aspire.

Only five English Orders are available tor women
— three wholly reserved for them and two open to
lioth women and men.

The oldest Order for women, the Royal Order of
Victoria and Albert, know as the "V.A.," was
founded by <^ueen Victoria in 1862, and was intend-
ed to commemorate the Prince Consort. The first and
second classes are reserved for Koyal ladies, the
third is open to peeresses, and the fourth to peeress-
es and ladies of lower standing. The decoration is
usually awarded for personal service at Court.

The Imperial Order of the Crown of India
("C.I.") was instituted by Queen Victoria in 1878.
Tn 1883 Queen Victoria honoured St. George's Day
liy founding the "R.R.C.," the Royal Red Cross,
for women who had shown zeal and devotion in nurs-
ing sick and wounded sailors and s:>ldiers.

in 1902 the King* founded the Imperial Service
Order, available for both sexes. So far only two
women have won it. The only other Order open to
women is the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, " for
senice in the cause of humanity."

"THE CASE FOR THE LORDS."

Under this heading Mr. D. C. Lathbury contri-
butes to the Fortnightly Review a clever — an almost
sardonically clever — plea for the reform of the House
of Lords, under the guise of a stout championing of
its merits and functions. He argues in favour of
the Lords' rejection of the Comi^ensation for Dis-
turbance Bill in 1880. of the second Home Rule Bill
ill 1893, and of the Evicted Tenants Bill in 1894.
.After much that will rejoice the heart of the Tory
peer, Mr. Lathbury proceeds to insist that the real
fault of the House of Lords is not that it occasionallv
rejects Liberal Bills, but that it never rejects Con-
servative Bills. For example, it would probably
have passed, not without a murmur, hut without
serious modification, the Unemployed Workmen's
Bill as it was originally introduced. " This com-
placent acceptance of measures of one party without
regard to their contents is a very grave defect in a
.second Chamber." The real grievance against the
Lords is not that they do one half of their work
too well, but that they do not do the other half at
all. It is not Liberals who are primarily the suf-
ferers : —

Tlie Conservatives have a more serious ground of com-
plaint. Tliej- are left to lesislale without an opportunity
of ascertaining: whether public opinion is with^ them or
a£!:a.inat them. It is to their share, therefore, that the
work of reforming: the House of Lords oug:lit by riglits to
fall. It needs to be made less of a party Chamber and
more of a Senate, less read.v to accept the measures of a
particular Government without investisation, and more
disposed to subject all the measures submitted to it to
impartial examination. Towards this kind of reform the
Liberals can contribute almost nothing. The addition of
a few more Liljeral Peers cannot materially alter the
character of the Chamber even if there were any means of
ensuring that their successors in the title would be of

the same political colour. What is really wanted is a large
addition of life Peers, and it is very doubtful whether
such a scheme as this would have a chance of success
unless it caiiie from a Conservative source. On the other
hand, it would be so greatly to the advantage of Con-
servative ideas that it mijht well originate among the
Lonls themselves. It would be too much perhaps to ex-
pect the leaders of the Conservative Party to make the
passing of their own measures more ditttcult, but a pro-
posal which tended to make the House of Lords more in-
dependent and therefore stronger ought to have attractions
for those of the Peers who are intelligent enough to
understand what the present function of a second Chamber
ia.

Thus has Mr, Lathbury laid upon the Conservative
Party, and still more on the Lords, the duty of
reform. After referring to the revision of the Bills
that come up from the Commons so as to make them
legally consistent and intelligible, Mr. Lathbury
concludes thus judicially concerning the Lords: —

I submit that when their place and action are calmly
looked at thev will be seen to play a part in our con.<ti-
tutional machinery which needs to be pla.ved by someone,
and. on the whole, is not likely to be better played \\y.\n
by those to whom it ia now assigned.

THEOLOGIANS AND THE THEATRE.

The Sunday Strand has a symposium on Christians-
and the Theatre, edited by Leslie G. Brown. In
reply to the inquiry whether Christians can conscien-
tiously support theatres and music-halls, the Bishop
of Kensington thinks what is needed is more discrim-
ination, not wholesale condemnation. The Bishop
of St. Albans thinks it quite pc/ssible that two men
equally conscientious may come to different conclu-
sions. The Bishop of Durham's deliberate convic-
tion is that the theatre and music-hall under the
present conditions should he regarded as " out of
bounds." The Bishop of Bath and Wells says.
" Everything depends upon the play, and the per-
sons who put it on the stage." The Bishop of Exeter
disapproves of all places where objectionable plays
or songs are produced. Archdeacon Sinclair advises
good jieople to complain to the ])roprietors of any-
thing objectionable in music-hall or theatre, and
thinks it would be unreasonable to condemn Chris-
tians for going to decent and proiier plays. Father
Adderley would deplore anything like a wholesale
desertion of the theatre by Christian people. Rev.
Prebendary Webb-Peploe says the evidence before
him is sufficient to convince him of our duty as Chris-
tians to abstain from what would otherwise be law-
ful and even improving amusement. Rev. F. B.
Meyer says that as a Christian he cannot conscien-
tiously support theatres and music-halls. Rev. R.
J. Campbell thinks we should never kill the stage,
or wish to do so. Pastor Thomas Spurgeon is
strongly of opinion that truly consecrated Christians
cannot sanction and support the theatre.

As a pendant to the foregoing are two answers
by laymen. Mr. Beerbohm Tree thinks that the ques-
tion whether Christians can conscientiously support
theatres and music-halls answers itself. Mr. Ber-
nard Shaw says, " People who ostracise theatres and
music-halls are neither Christians nor pagans; they
are idiots."

392

The Review of Reviews.

April 53, 1901).

TRANSVAAL VIEW OF THE NEW GOVERNMENT.

Mr. W. Wyberg writes in the Conti.in/'orary Re-
view on the Transvaal and the new Government.
He says, in effect, that tlie threat " to cut the pain-
ter " is simply capitalistic bluff. It could only take
effect by the Dutch joining with the capitalist, and
under no conceivable circumstances would the Dutch
do any such thing. What hostility to British rule
there may be still existing is, says the writer, due
to the identification in Dutch minds of British rule
with capitalist rule. He tells a good story of a
highly-placed civil servant who was discussing the
outlook generally with an old Boer: —

Said the Dutchman: "I hear you are having a lot ol
trouble with those Johannesburg people, just the same as
w© did before. Loolc here, wliy don't you let me raise a
few hundred farmers, and we'll soon keep them in order
for you!" Tliis has alwa.vs been the Boer sentiment, and
it is interesting to note the Boer's instinctive association
of himself with the Government.

The cosmopolitan financier, who has long posed
as the sole exponent of loyalty. Imperialism, and
public spirit, has now been found out. The Colony
expects from the Liberal Government an applica-
tion of Liberal principles in the best sense of the
word — genuine Imperialism which admits of every
variety of local difference, and which shall regard
the Transvaal as the cradle of a South African na-
tion, neither British nor Dutch, but both.

THOSE £30,000,000.

The promise of leading citizens, who had no con-
stitutional right to speak for the Colony, to pay
thirty millions sterling towards the war debt will,
the writer hopes, be regarded as belonging to the
old dark days of commercial Imperialism, and con-
fidently expects that the Liberals, as part of a sane,
sympathetic and honest Colonial policy, will at once
and on their own motion repudiate the agreement
wrung out of them by Mr. Chamberlain, leaving
them to make vs'hat voluntary contribution may seem
to them equitable. Beyond this, and the suspension
of Chinese importation, he says their main hope is
that the Liberals will do nothing whatever pending
the granting of responsible government.

THE LOYALTY OP THE BrTCH.

The writer bears this important witness to the
conduct of the Dutch. He says: —

-it tlie present time the Dutch are at the parting of the
ways: they have behaved with a decency and self-restraint
which has unfortunately not been universally imitated;
their leaders, whilst not professing: enthusiastic loyalty,
have accepted the position with perfect good faitli,' and
have not the least idea of trying to upset the settlement
or to intrigue against the Flag. They have shown, by
their co-operation with those Englishmen who call tliem-
selves the Responsible Government party, and by their
friendly attitude towards other independent Englishmen,
that they do not desire a. division on racial lines. They
oppose, not Entrlishmen. and not the British Flag, but the
financial exploiters of the country.

FOE THE NEW CONSTITUTION.

On the question of Chinese labour the writer says
the Dutch are as much interested in the success of

the mining industry as anyone else. He says he has
been personally assured by influential Dutch leaders
that their object is to get rid of the Chinese in order
that the mines may be worked by white men, and
that they will do all in their power to introduce
more men into the country who may by their votes
help them to beat the financiers. He makes the sug-
gestion that, under the new Constitution, the elec-
tion expenses of candidates who receive an adequate
number of signatures to their nomination should be
borne entirely by the State. He would advise that
as the proportion of women and children in any dis-
trict must, in a new and unsettled country, be con-
sidered as one of the best criteria of the country,
population would l:ie the best basis, and not voters,
but the best solution of all would be women's suf-
frage. He adds the pleasing report that since the
General Election hundreds of people who were pre-
pared to leave the Transvaal in despair have resolved
to stay on in hope of improvement.

LORD RANDOLPH CHURCHILL AND HOME RULE_

In the Xi/ie/ee/ith Century Mr. Wilfrid Sea wen
Blunt, gives a personal recollection of Randolph
Churchill, much of which is very interesting and
suggestive of the charm which Churchill exercised
over his friends. The most important matter is the
light thrown on Churchill's attitude to Home Rule.
When meditating standing for a seat in the House of
Commons, Mr. Blunt submitted a memorandum of
his views to Lord Randolph, in which occurs the fol-
lowing paragraph: —

So. too. in Ireland I am in favour of Home Rule I
consider it urgent to accept the principle of Nationalism,
both for Ireland's sake and for England's. My motto would
be ■■ Ireland for the Irish and England for the English."
"The plan has succeeded in Hungary and Galicia in recon-
ciling the Himgarians and Poles to the -Austrian crown.
Why not. therefore, in Ireland?

■OF COURSE IT MUST COME TO THIS "

The memorandum was " read by Randolph
Churchill on May 7th, 1885. and in general terms
approved by him." Mr. Blunt's journal records: —

Randolph, when I saw him, talked over the matter of my
going into Parliament. I told him of my conversation
vesterda.v with Parnell. and sliowed him the paper I drew
up a little while ago. headed " Am 1 a Tory Democrat " of
which he approved as a possible basis of my joining his
party, though he said, of course he did not pledge himself
to go with me on all points. He objected a little to my
using the words " Home Rule." " I know, of course." he
said, " it must come to thiS; but we haven't educated the
party up to it yet, and it would be better to use some
vagtier expression."

Mr. Blunt now remarks, " Though he w as not then
prepared to declare in public for Home Rule, there
was none of that strong prepossession in his mind
against it his biographer attributes to him." It is
interesting, moreover, to note that Mr. Blunt, who
wished to enter Parliament as Churchill's henchman,
was standing as a Tory Home Ruler with Pamell's
approval.

Jievieu of Revieire, 20Ji/06.

Leading Articles.

593

PREMIUMS ON LARGE FAMILIES.

The whirligig of time brings about strange re-
venges. Once large families and improvidence were
associated. Now national providence has set itself
to encourage large families. The American Review
of Reviews describes how Paris provides for the
housing of large families. France is said to be
flooded with literature just now on the vital subject
of the decreasing birthrate. It is pointed out that
at present taxes fall upon families according to their
size — the larger the family the larger the house and
the larger the taxation. The writer says that: —

M. Bertillon maintains tliat each family sboald bav© not
lesa than three children— two to replace the father and
motlier. and a third to fill up any vacancy by death or
emigration. He also advocates lighteninK the taxes for
parents with large families; ' removing taxes altogether
from those with more than three children, and putting a
special tax upon maidens, bachelors and families without
any children at all.

Already a pension of 46/- is given by the State for
each child over and above three children. Infant
mortality has been reduced from 28.2 to 22.1 for
every thousand. Organised effort has now come to
the help of the cradle: —

All these conditions have led to the forming of several
philanthropic societies, made up of wealthy physicians,
bankers and patriots of rank and wealth of both sexes,
who have determined to provide exceptional accommoda-
tion for parents with large families. Foremost among
these societies comes the Soci^t§ des Logemenis pour
Families Nombreuses, whose name admirably expresses its
purpose. This society was formed under the patronage of
a millionaire physician. Dr. Broca, and M. Compel, presi-
dent of another very useful association, known as " I'Abri,"
or " the Shelter," which provides a temporary aevlum for
the city's outcasts.

A LARGE FAMILY HOUSED AT Is. 7d. A WEEK.

This society has built in the Menilmontant Quar-
ter many blocks of admirable flats for the reception
only of large families. Each pile contains seventy-
five apartments, with rentals ranging from JQ4 to
£,\6 a year, and all the flats are perfect models of
what a healthy place of residence should be where
there are many small children. The architect has
arranged that every room, without exception, is thor-
oughly well lighted, with big cheerful windows ad-
mitting the sunlight : and broad balconies outside the
windows on every floor are provided, where children
can play in safety or bask in the sun. Before the
houses of the children came into being, parents with
large families had the same fate in Paris as in Lon-
don, walking the streets in vain quest for family
accommodation. But now: —

Branch societies are inittiug up apartment houses, also
for very large families up to ten and twelve children, with
gardens as playgrounds for the little ones. The sites
chosen, however, will naturally be a little out of Paris,
in places where the price of land is not altogether pro-
hibitive. But the fact remains that France is so alive
to the " depopulation peril " that some of her foremost
citizens are building " Houses of the Children " and posi-
tively advertising for tenants with large families only.

The rents barely pay the expenses of manage-
ment.

IN NEW YORK ALSO.

In America the same danger is being faced in the
same way. Houses of the children are to be erected

in New York under the provisions of the million
dollar gift by Mr. Henry Phipps: —

The cost of the first block will be about 225,000 dols. It
will have a frontage of 180 feet with two large archways
leading into courtyards ornamented with playing fotm-
tains. There will be a kindergarten in the cellar, accom-
modating 200 children, under competent teachers; rooms
for the storage of perambulators: garbage incineration
plants: roof-gardens; hysieuic laundries: heating ap-
paratus of the most modern kind, and large, bright rooms,
with a shower-bath for each family.

THE NEW EDUCATION BILL.

\ Fact Often Forgotten.
Lord Stanley, of Alderley, in the Nineteenth
Centurx, brings to light a fact that the man in the
street often overlooks. If the managers of volun-
tary schools are unable or unwilling to keep going
as public elementary schools or certified efficient
schools-
it is not competent for them to close tbeir schools. The.v
were pointedly reminded of this fact by the late Board ot
Education, who, in their memorandum of December 20th,
1902. stated: —

" Trustees and managers have no power to close schools.

■•i4) It is to be remembered that (except in the case of
such privately owned schools as are the absolute property
of the owner, and are subject to no trusts whatever) man-
agers and trustees of elementary schools usually hold the
school premises upon trust either themselves to carry on a
school therein or to permit it to be carried on. It ie,
therefore, n it open to eitlier body, or even to both bodies
acting together, to close the school as or when they please.
.\n ;vttemDt to close the school capriciously or for insuffi-
cient reasons may involve the consequences attendant on a
breach of trust. If trustees or managers are unable or un-
willing to carry on the school, it is their duty at once to
apply to the Board of Mucation who for this purpose may
exercise the powers formerly possessed by the Cliarity Com-
missioners) to be relieved of their trust or for direction in
the matter."

Thus, should they close their schools, the Board of Edu-
cation is vested with the powers of the Charity Commis-
sioners to transfer the building to other persons ready
and willing to carry out this trust, or the principal part
of it. And this can be done by the transfer of the build-
ing to the public authority, although that authority cannot
give denominational teaching. It may. therefore, be taken
for gr:inted that if rate aid were withdrawn, and still
more if Parliamentary aid were withdrawn or brought back
to the ijroportion it bore when nearly all these schools
were built, the managers would have no choice but to
transfer them-to the local authorities.

TXJRD STANLEYS SUGGESTIONS.

Lord Stanley, whose position as leader of the late
London School Board dem,^nds attention, thus sum-
marises the points which he thinks essential in com-
ing educational legislation: —

(1) All ordinary day-schools aided by the rates must he
under complete public management, as '■ provided " schools,

'2) The whole of the teaching during school hours must
be by responsible teachers of the schools appointed by the
local Education Authority.

(3) There shall be no interference by the State directing
the giving of religiotis or Scripture teaching in the school.

f4) In every school district there shall be a supply of
provided schools within the reach of all.

(5) Where the geographical conditions make it expedient
to have more than one school in a ueighbourhoo'd, that
school shall be a provided school, and no other school
shall receive State aid.

(5) Schools held in trust tor elementary education shall
be transferred to the local authority if the existing
managers fail to conduct them as efficient day-schools.

(7) Non-provided schools transferred to the local authority
shall be kept in repair by the local authority, but the
former managers shall retain the Tise of them on Sunday
and at such other times as they are not needed for public
education.

(8) On two occasions a week, either at the beginning or
end ot the school session, the schoolroom shall be at the
disposal of persons desiring to give religious teaching to
scholars desiring to receive it; but this attendance sliall

394

The Review of Reviews.

April to, 190e.

not be included in the official hours. The time shall be
from 9 to 9.30 a.m., unless the applicants desire some other
time: and any dispute ii.s to time shall be settled by the
Board of Education.

i9) In districts adequately supplied with " provided "
schools the Board of Education may, on the application of
parents and of the managers of any non-provided school,
allow that school to l>e withdrawn from the common
school-supply of the district and from an.v control or in-
terference by the local authority, and maj' admit it to
annual grants, as is done under section 15 of the Act of
1902.

(101 The aid grant provided by the Act of 1902 shall be
distributed in a more graduated way, so as to give greater
relief to those districts which are levying a higher educa-
tion rate.

DE. MACXAMARAS PROPOSALS.

Dr. Macnamara, M.P., discusses the possible
amendment of the Education Act, 1903, in the
Contemforary Revieiv. He hopes the coming Bill
will allow any locality to revert to the School Board,
or to increase the membership of its municipal coun-
cil. He would adjust the grant to each school on a
sliding scale based on the capital charge for build-
ings, ratab'e value of the area, and the number of
working-class children. He would pay the rental
to denominational schools out of the Imperial purse,
and an e juivalent grant should be given towards the
cost of the provided schools. Otherwise he would
wipe out the distinction between provided and non-
provided, and would make an adequate return for
the use of the denominational buildings, which he
would, if necessary, cause to be compulsorily ac-
quired. On the religious difficulty he would make
all schools Cowper-Temple schools, with undenomi-
national Scriptural teaching, but with facilities for
denominational teaching (when required by parents)
by volunteer teachers outside of the official curricu-
lum. Denominationalists who would oppose this as
simply endowinc; Nonconformity will, he warns
them, drive the State into pure secularism. And he
wonders whether brotherly love amongst Christian
sects will prevent this catastrophe. Tests for
teachers must go. and specific denominational teach-
ing at the training colleges, denominational or not,
must be outside the official curriculum. He points
out that in the Church of England colleges the in-
come from voluntarv sources is a very small fraction
of the total income.

FEOM TORT DEMOCRAT TO LIBERAL.

Lady Wimborne, in the same number, urges
Evangelical Churchmen in the education controversy
not to side with the High Church school, but rather
with the Nonconformist position, and to accept the
undenomlnationalism which contains all that is re-
quisite for bringing up children in the faith and fear
of God. Nonconformists and Evangelicals can both
gain from each other. She adds: —

But. to fuse the two. our Evangelical clergy need to realise
that it is through Liberalism and an acceptance of Liberal
measures that it must come. These are. I believe, the
future hope of our country. If a personal element can be
allowed in an article of this kind, and I he taunted with
a new-found faith in the Liberal creed, I would only reply
that Tor.v democracy was an effort to inoculate the Tory
party with Liberal ideas. The genius of one man made
it successful for one brief moment, but with the death of
the beloved founder Toryism has reverted to its ancient
faith.

GERMAN SHIPBUILDING.

How A State Can Create an Industry.

In the Contemporary Review Mr. J. Ellis Barker
gives a very striking account of the shipbuilding and
shipping industries of Germany. He points out the
great disadvantage under which Germany lies in the
great distance of her coal and iron from the sea.
He recalls how in 1872 General von Strosch, on be-
coming head of the German Admiralty, made it his
motto, '■ Without German shipbuilding we cannot
get an efficient German fleet," and laid down the
principle that all German warships should be built
in German yards and of German material. In 1879
Bismarck, in introducing Protection, gave complete
Free Trade to the German shipbuilding industry,
which, from a fiscal point of view, was carried on
outside the German frontier. He also converted the
private railways of Prussia into State railways, and
arranged that heavy raw material used in German
shipbuilding should be carried over State railways
at rates barely covering cost. Howe\er, the Ger-
man shipowners still bought their ships from Britain.
But in 1884 Bismarck gave subsidies to the North
German Lloyd for a line of mail steamers on condi-
tion that the new ships should be of German mate-
rial and manufacture. This was the foundation of
the German shipbuilding trade. The Vulcan Com-
pany since 1890 has built the fastest liners afloat.
The iron and steel shipjiing built in Germany has
risen from 24,000 tons in 1885 to 255,000 tons in
1900, Capital in iron shipbuilding yards has risen
from 15 million marks in 1880 to 66 million rharks
in 1900. The dividends on ordinary shipbuilding
stock averaged in 1900 over 10 per cent. A recent
German writer is quoted as saying: —

Although Great Britain is in many respects, especially
by the proximity of coal and iron to the shipyards, more
favourably situated than is Germany, we neutralise these
natural advantages by a more thorough technical training,
by a better organisation, and by co-operation both in the
shipping trade and in ship-building—

.\ sentence which the writer would like to see on the
walls of our Parliaments and factories. The gigantic
German trusts have been formed, not to rob the Ger-
man consumer, but to protect the German producer
and to kill the non-German producer. The fleet of
German steamships has risen from 81,000 tons in
187 1 to 1,739.000 in 1904. The writer thus sums
up: —

Notwithstanding the most disadvantageons natural con-
ditions tor shipbuilding and shipping which can be
imagined, and notwithstanding the former disinclination
of German business men to embark upon shipbuilding and
shipping, the German Government has succeeded, at a
comparatively trifling cost to the nation, in overcoming
all tlie apparently insurmountable obst^icles and in arti-
ficially creating a powerful, successful and wealth-creating
new industry which is now the pride of Germany and the
env.v of many nations.

He points out that the German Government has a
rigid policy neither of Protection nor of Free Trade,
but applies Protection and Free Trade in varying
dcsrs. " Its economic policv is not scientific, but is
deliberately unscientific and empirical."

Metifu of Re ci firs, fOfi/06.

Leading Articles.

395

THE SAHARA CIVILISED!

Mr. Cyrus C. Adams contributes to the American
Review of RevieTvs a vivid sketch of what he calls
the most remarkable journey across the Sahara. It
was made last year by Professor E. F. Gautier, of
the School of Letters, Algiers. He crossed the de-
sert, travelled about 600 miles in the Sudan, and re-
turned to France in less than five months. Four
years ago that would have been impossible. The
Tuareg bandits and warriors then were in the habit
of swooping down on French outposts and caravans,
killing, plundering, and disappearing. They rode
on swift camels which defied the pursuit of the
French troops. But the French authorities, bent on
suppressing these disorders, revolutionised their
military service: —

They ransacked all the northern camel-herds, and among
the thou8;inds of animaU picked out those that were
built for fast travel. These Heet camels are called
• meharis." The French also enlisted bands of youner men,
tlie best camel-drivers they could find, and for niontlis
thev were drilled in tlie use of the best modern rifles,
and were raced at top speed on their fast animals from
one oasis to anotlier. Thus, bands of higlily-efBcient
native troops were formed. These companies of light camel
cavalry are called " meharists." and are under the com-
mand of French officers.

From that day the French were equal to the Tiiaregs in
siieed and mobility, and the superiority of their arms
insured victory every time they met the enemy. But the
Tuaregs are no lonuer enemies. They found that they
oould not get away from the meharists. Every time tliey
"were guilty of outlawry they were chased, overtaken, and
soundly trounced. They were caught in their rugged
fastnesses among the Hoggar Mountains and suffered a
terrible defeat.

To-day they are humbled and broken. They sue<l for
pe.ace. and are now content to live quietly in the central
and southern parts of the desert, tending tlieir camels
and cattle.

The meharists are the vigorous police of the Sahara.
They have established peace and introduced a new era.

VAST STRETCHES OF GRASSLAND IN THE SAHARA.

That Gautier and his two companions crossed the
Sahara practically unarmed and scatheless is not the
Tiic/st rem irkabie feature of their journey, but the dis-
coveries he made: —

Gautier found tliat the Sahara, viewed as a desert, is
2nuch less extensive than has generally been believed.
Marching across the Adrar plateau, which stands about
half a mile above sea level, he was surprised to find many
of the wadys bordered by grass, and grassy expanses in
the valleys, with a thin sprinkling of vegetation over the
flat parts of the plateau. He says that this great high-
land can by no means be viewed as a waste.

His astonishment was still greater, however, farther
south, where he entered, one day. a region covered with
considerable grass, which he found to extend in a belt
three hundred and sixty miles wide, till it finally merges
with the Sudan. This appears to be a great steppe region
that we have not heard of before. It has its rainy season,
with from six to twelve inches of rain, every year. This
is a small amount, as agriculture needs at least twenty
inches of annual rainfall ; but the quantity is sufficient to
make a steppe of a large region that was thought to be
desert. The land is covered with little ponds and grasses,
and animal life is everywhere abundant, the explorer find-
ing many varieties of antelope, and also wild hogs,
giraffes, lions and elephants,

THE SAHARA ONCE POPULOUS.

It is surprising to find the Sahara largely grass-
lands, tenanted with animal life, more remarkable to
know that it was formerly populous: —

Gautier found absolute proof that long before the present
age of rainfall, in what is known as the Neolithic or later

Stone Age, a very large population inhabited this part of
the Sahara. He found there graves scattered over the
grassy plain; he found many hundreds of their drawings
on tlie rocks, where tliey had pictured animal forms and
other objects. He discovered the flattened stones which
thev had used for grinding prain. These millstones show
tliat agriculture was then developed in that region, and
tile grinding of grain into flour indicates considerable
advance of civilisation. Here and there were many arrow-
points, axes of polished stone and other implements. It
was many hundreds of years ago that human ueings in-
habited this region, but. as time is reckoned in geological
epochs, thousands of farmers were tilling this part of the
Sahara at a comparatively recent period. They were finally
driven back into the Sudan by the increasing drought,
and the world forgot that tliis region had ever been in-
liabited by man.

VILLAGE CHOIRS OF THE PAST.

In an article on Church Bands and Village Choirs
of the Past Century, contributed to the Antiquary
for March by Rev. F. W. Galpin, we are told that
after the year 1644 the Psalmody of the village
churches was for 150 years entirely dejiendent on the
musical knowledge of the parish clerk.

Towards the end of the eighteenth century, how-
ever, the pitch-pipes were discarded, and the musi-
cal part of the services was undertaken by a choir,
a company of singers and musicians who usually oc-
cupied the western gallery of the church. It is only
ten years, writes Mr. Galpin, since the last of these
bands in its original form disappeared. It was the
band of Winterborne Abbas in Dorsetshire. There
were three performers — the thatcher, who was clerk
and player of the clarinet ; a farm labourer, who
]ilaved the flute ; and a shepherd, who undertook
the bass.

When the rector had given out the Psalm, the
band struck up in unison a four-note phrase with
elaborate variations. This was called "sounding off
the tune." When the singing liegan, the clarinet
played the air, the flute took the tenor (an octave
above the voice), and the 'cello the bass. In the
second verse the clarinet played an octaxe higher,
and at certain places executed original variations.

Harmonium.« and barrel-organs proved the death
of the gallery-men, and only ver\- few of the old
musicians' galleries remain in their original condi-
tion. Mr. Galpin doubts whether the suppression of
these village bands has been an unmixed good. The
practice of the music provided recreation and occu-
pation for the peasant folk, and their performances
brightened village life and cheered the long even-
ings.

The \n of Madame Amalia Kiissner Coudert, the
miniature-painter, is the subject of an article in the
W'pmai! at Home for March. Madame Coudert is
an American lady. She has never had any ambition
to paint pictures, but she has always been fascinated
by faces. Her sitters include the King when Prince
of Wales, the Tsar, and various members of the
Russian Imperial family, Cecib Rhodes, etc.

396

The Review of Reviews.

A,n

HEALTH FACTS FOR OUR SCHOOLS.

Mr. T. C. Horsfall contributes a valuable paper
on health and education to the Contemporary Re-
view. He rightly insists that the attainment of com-
plete health by all persons should be the one object
of all educational systems. To this great end he
mentions certain elementary requisites.

VALL'E OF MOTHEKS MILK.

The food which Nature supplies is apparently the

best food that the child can have. The writer

says : —

It U well known to all persons who study the condi-
tions needed tor the health of communities that children
who are suckled by their mothers have, as a rule, uol
only better health in infancy, but also stronger constitu-
tions all their lives than children who are not so led.
In Germany, where observations have been made carefully
and on a large scale, it is found that amongst artificially-
fed babies the rate of death in the first year varies at
different seasons from eleven to twenty-one times the rate
for breast-fed ciiildi-en. Norwegian statistics show clearly
that tire higli degree of immunity from disease possessed
by naturally-fed children in tlieir first year is kept for
life. In Norway, happily for that country, it is the almost
universal habit, it has become the fashion, for women
to suckle tlieir babies; and one of the results is that
notwithstanding the dampness and severity of the climate
and the poverty of a considerable part of the population,
the rate of infantile mortality, that is the rate of mor-
tality for children under one year of age. is only 100 per
1000, "as compared with 145 per 10i30 in Great Britain and
250 per 1000 in Germany.

A curious fact in this connection is that the pro-
jwrtion of women who cannot suckle their babies is
in Germany about ten per cent. " German observers
have recently ascertained that when a woman com-
pletely loses the power, her daughters also lack it;
that the function is irrecoverably lost." The num-
ber of those who cannot suckle is continually being
augmented, chiefly by women one of whose parents
has been a drunkard.

fEESH AIR.

Fresh air is the great preventer of consumption,
Country holidays are a most valuable ingredient in
the nation's health. For example: —

In Halle Dr. Schmid-Monnard. a very careful observer,
who had before him measurements made for several years
of all the children of the fown, examined a large number
of delicate children before and after they had spent three
weeks in a holiday colony. He found that most of thera
gained as much in weight and in chest capacity in the
three weeks of country life in the open air as in a whole
year in the town

The exi>erience of the Continental institutions in which
many defective and slow-minded children are treated
shows that children who have become untruthful and dis-
honest under the influence of over-mental pressure, can
there also be restored to moral health by the influence of
well-chosen exercise, fresh air and interesting manual oc*
otipations.

SHUT OUT THE BABIES!

The registered experience of Germany is again
drawn on to show that delicate children kept from
school till eight gain more in weight and height than
the more robust boys who went to school a year
earlier. Going to school has been found to check
the growth of girls. Passing examinations so as to
have only one year's military service is found to make
men less robust than those who did not attempt the
examination. On the injury to the child by being
sent to school too soon the writer is verv emphatic : —

It iia... I)een clearly ascert.aiiied that to teach very young
children to read is to deprive them of nearly all chanc«
of ever having their innate powers ot rightly using their
eyes, their ears, their hands and their brains fully de-
veloped; that to bring young cliildreu into crowded rooms
wlierg there is neither enough- fresh air nor enough light
for them, and to keep them sitting still for half-an-hour
together when they ought to be moving about and to keep
them almost silent when they ought to he constantly
shouting and singing, is to deprive them of all ch:ince of
full physical development. It is said by many i>ersons in
defence of our habit of sending babies to school tliat the
average school is more wiiolesome than th.e average town
home witli its sltim or semi-slum surroundings, and that
many children would have no one to look after them at
home. It is an unusually badly-ventilated home, and an
impossibly hadly-ventilaled court, that during the daytime
does not give a little child better air and more chances of
itiovenient than the ordinary school.

THE MISCHIEF OF OVEETIRING BOYS.

Mr. Horsfall says that at preparatory schools and
public schols boys are kept out of moral danger by
being encouraged to overtire themselves. Wlien they
sit down to their books overtired they acquire a dis-
taste and then a hatred for books. " Boys ought
to lie kept out of mischief by living at home and
feeling the combined influence of their parents and
moderate wisely chosen exercises.' Mr. Horsfall
characteristically ends by saying that he is old-
fashioned enough to be convinced that some clear
religious knowledge is necessary even for the main-
tenance of physical health.

"DULL DOGS."

Ill " From a College \\"indow' " in the Cornhill,
Mr. A. C. Benson (I believe it is) discusses dull
dogs and what makes them dull, the question having
arisen from a conversation bearing on the ethics of
talkin;; about one's host, and, therefore, about one's
friends and acquaintances generally.

" The danger of dulness,' says the writer, " whe-
ther natural or acquired, is the danger of compla-
cently lingering among st'ipid and conventional
ideas, and losing all the bright interchange of the
larger world. The dull people are not, as a rule, the
simple people — they are generally provided with a
narrow and self-sufficient code; they are often en-
tirely self-satisfied, and apt to disapprove of every-
thing that is lively, romantic and vigorous."

He might have added that usually they have no
sense of humour. The dull dogs who have evi-
dently overpowered Mr. C. A. Benson at times may,
he says, have much practical and even mental
ability : —

I know several people of very great intellectual power
who are models of dulness. Their memories are loaded
with what is no doubt very valuable information, and
their conclusions are of the weightiest character; hut
tliey have no vivid perception, no alertness, they are not
open to new ideas, they never say an interesting or a
suggestive thing; their presence is a load on the spirits
of ;i lively partv. their very facial expression is a rebuke
to all light-mindedness and triviality. Sometimes these
people are silent, and then to be in. their presence is like
being in a thick mist; there is no outlook, no enlivening
prospect. Sometimes they are talkers: and I am not sure
that that is not even worse, because thev generally dis-
course on their own subjects with profound and serious
conviction. They have no power of conversation, because
they are not interested in anyone else's point of view; they
care no more who their companions are than a pump cares
what sort of a vessel is put under it — they only demand
that people should listen in =ilenie.

herieui of Revitat, tO/i/aS.

Leading Articles.

.i97

WHY GERMAN DIPLOMACY HAS FAILED.

Thf. Iron Chancellor and His Successors.

The foreign reviews have recently contained seve-
ral articles on German Diplomacy. There were two
in the Deutsche Revue, the first, a study of " Bis-
marck's Statesmanship and Foreign Policy,' by A.
von Brauer, serving as introduction to a discussion
of this present important question in Germany.

THE GERM.\.N LEADERSHIP.

Diplomacy, according to Prince Bismarck, is not
.1 science but an art. His great aim was to convince
the world that German leadership in Europe was
Ixftier than a French, or a Russian, or an English
leadershi[i, and it seems to the writer of the article
that the past century showed this ideal to be the
right one. The twenty-four years of German leader-
ship, he says, were about the hapf)iest of the cen-
tury, both for Germany and the other European
States.

BISMARCKIA^' MAXIMS

Bismarck desired that his policy should always be
honourable and straightforward. The writer pro-
ceeds to characterise it as a police of moderation,
caution, and practical necessity, and mentions as
Bismarckian maxims the waiting for the right mo-
ment, the adoption of no half measures, letting no
opportunities lie lost, and allowing no grudges to be
entertained against other statesmen, or sympathies or
antipathies towards individual States. The Chan-
cellor's Foreign Policy, concludes Herr von Brauer,
was undoubtedly more brilliant before and during
the Franco-German War than it was in the years
which followed, but in his later years his statecraft
was technically more perfect as his task was more
diffi<'ult.

mi'UniATIC NEURASTHENIA.

In his article on German Diplomacy in the first
Decenilver number of La Revue, Alexandre Ular
naturally liegins with some observations on the
Bismarckian system, adding that, unfortunately for
(Jermany, the utility of this method disapi^eared
with Bismarck himself. This, however, was mere
coincidence. The conditions for which the Bis-
marckian diplomacy w as created had ceased to exist ;
that is to say, the military hegemony of the Hohen-
zoUerns was at an end. But the spirit of the Bis-
marckian diplomacy, continues M. Ular, could not
easily be exorcised, and as the method of Bismarck
permitted to the diplomatists a somewhat military
altitude, Germany was not represented so much as
German [irestige. There w^ere, in fact, no other
traditions, and hence, for the last fifteen years, the
foreign policy of Germany has been conducted by
men with all the qualities for making peace with a
vanquished foe, but without any of the essential
qualities to negotiate victories without war. That is
the cause of the apparent enigmatical character of
Germany's international policy.

But this diplomatic neurasthenia has nothing to do
with the psychology of the Kaiser. His plans of
international action show marvellous continuity, but
excellent as they are from the German point of view,
they are frequently spoilt because the indispensable
instrument to execute them is defective. He re-
sembles an inventor without the means to carry out
his idea, a genial financier without a farthing, a
Paganini without a violin.

THE ICAISER AS A DIPLOMATIST.

.Another reason for Germany's failures in diplo-
macy is that the Kaiser himself takes the actual
direction of foreign affairs, assuming legislative and
executive ])Owers at the same time. That he has
many brilliant ideas cannot be denied, but he does
not know how to carry them out, and he is aware of
his lack of success, but not of the causes of his
failure. He uses his Bismarckism against the other
(ireat Powers as Don (Quixote used his lance against
windmills. Diplomacy is not his metier, but in the
military Bismarck epoch his schemes would have be-
come masterpieces.

If not to the Kaiser or to the German diploma-
tists, to whom then does Germany owe her recent
expansion ? To the inferior personnel representing
the Empire abroad — consuls, commercial agents, and
all wiio exercise practical diplomacy, representing
Germany and not the Kaiser's ideas, and defending
the interests of Germans, and not the aspirations of
a government separated from the people by aristo-
cratic conditions. It is these semi-diplomatists who
have expanded Germany, often in spite of " high
diplomacy."

SURnVAL OF THE UNFIT.

Then there- is the fatal tradition that the Hohen
zoiierns in foreign capitals must not be represented
by men who have nothing but brains to recommend
them. .\s the noblest and wealthiest are selected to
fill these posts, the choice is necessarily limited;
and as these men are sure of their posts, they dis-
dain to make the slightest effort to show themselves
(■omi>t?tent.

M. Ular returns to the Moroccan affair, which, he
says, synthesises in an extraordinary manner the de-
fects and the good sides of the Kaiser's diplomac)' ;
and, in conclusion, advises the Kaiser to procure a
ie\\ English diplomatists or give up conceiving great
schemes.

EUROPE'S RUINOUS HANDICAP.

Lord Avebury, in the Nineteenth Century, brings
up to date the solemn warning addressed by Count
Goluchowski many years ago. His subject is the
future of Europe.

PROTECTION.

The United States of America, with an area of
3,550,000 square miles, are set against the disunited

.^98

The Review of Reviews.

April fj, J90S.

States of Europe with its area of 3,800,000 square
miles, in a way that augurs badly for the future of
Europe as Europe now comports itself. The United
States is the greatest Free Trade area in the world.
Europe is seamtti and scarred by artificial barriers
and protective tariffs. In the international competi-
tions Europe is heavily handicapped by the absurdi-
ties of her fiscal systems.

MILITAKISM.

The second heavy handicap is supplied by the
military systems of Europe. The United States
have 107,000 men in army and navy, costing 40
millions sterling. Europe has four millions of men
on a peace footing, and spends more than 250 mil-
lions annually : —

lu laet. on one side of the Atlantic are the rnit«d
States of America, on the other a number of separate
States, not only not united, but in some cases hostile, torn
b.v jealousies and suspicions, hatred and ill-will; armed
to the teeth, and more or less cncuu)l>ered like medieeval
knights by their own armour. Patriotism — national feel-
ing—is a great quality, but there is something, if not
nobler, at any rate wider and more generous, in the pre-
sent state of tiie world more necessary, and yet unfor-
tunately much rarer, and that is international good feel-
ing.

A POSER FOR THE GERMANOPHOBE.

Lord Avebury then proceeds to advocate the move-
ment for promoting a better feeling between the
great nations of Europe. He rejoices in the entente
cordiaU, and exposes the anti-German denunciation
of the increase in German naval expenditure. He
asVs, What are the facts? and answers: —

In the last ten years we have raised the expenditure
on our Navy from £17.545.000 to £36.830,000. an increase of
£19.285.000, that of Germany being £7.5'JO.OOO.

Our Navy expenditure last year was £36,889,000. and even
if the German programme is carried out to tlie full their
expenditure next year will only be £12,600.000.

REFORM NOW'. OR REVOLUTION LATER.

Lord Avebury then emphatically declares that un-
less something be done the condition of the poor in
Europe will grow worse and worse. " The revolu-
tion may not come soon, but come it will, and sure
as fate there will be an explosion such as the world
has never seen." He hopes, however, that Lord
Salisbury's plea for the federation of Europe, and
Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman's hope of Britain
standing at the head of a great League of Peace,
will avert this disaster. He says: —

There is good reason for believing that at the next Inter-
national Peace Congress at tne Hague the question of an
International Federal Council will be formall.v brought be-
fore the Congress by resolutions from the United States
of America and also from Great Britain.

The English representatives at the recent Peace Confer-
ence at Lucerne were informed by a deputation from China
that the question of a Federal Council for the leading
nations of the world would possibly be brought before the
consideration of the Hague Congress by representatives
of the Chinese Government. It would indeed be a reflection
on us if China is to have the honour of taking the lead in
such a matter. Still, it would be better to follow on a wise
course than to maintain the lead in the present race for
ruin.

In conclusion. Lord Avebury reminds us that we
are a Christian people.

TELEPATHY EXTRAORDINARY.

An African Battle Heard in Devon.
-Mrs. Henry Anderson, of ii Albany Street, Edin-
burgh, tells the following extraordinary story to the
Occult Review ior March, on the authority of a lady
friend for whose veracity she declares herself ready
to vouch. Captain Macleod met this lady, in Christ
mas, 189 — , at her brother's house in Scotland.

THE POWER AND THE PROMISE.

When discussing the supernatural one night: —

"Captain Macleod said with great emphasis; '1 have
■■ the power " myself. I have often used it in small as
well as great matters. It takes the form of a distinct and
often audible message to the person 1 wish to communi-
cate with.

'■ I was startled by his earnestness and felt a vague in-
fluence in the simple words. ' How can you prove what
.vou say?' I inquired. " Do you think you could send me
a message when you are abroad?" *i knew he was shortly
to go on some special work.) " Yes,' he replied, and paused
for a moment. ' If I ask you some day to pra.r for me.
will you promise to do it ?' " I will do it,' I answered.
■ But why do you ask such a thing of me? Our friendship
is so recent.'

■ I feel.' he said very gravely. ' that I can very easily
communicate with you. in spite of all your evident disbe-
lief. .\nd I may need the prayers of my friends.'

A few weeks later he and another man were sent on an
exploring expedition to an unknown and dangerous part
of the world. I heard of this, but took no note of the
fact."

THE PRAYER AND THE ANSWER.

Ill the month of May she was sent early to bed b)
her hostess, an old lady, in Devonshire: —

" Suddenly a storm of frightful voices and savage yells
broke the silence, such sounds as I have never beard before
or since. Oddly. I felt oiil.v amazement, not fear of any
kind. Nor did I for a moment think the.v were anything
but ' natural sounds, although strange in those peaceful
solitudes. I rose and looked out of my open window
'There was nothing to be seen or heard, only a few snowy
lambs and their mothers. The sounds were in my own
room. I turned from the window; then clear and plain I
Iieartl Captain Macleod's voice say in earnest entreaty,
almost command; 'Pray for me now.' I fell on my knees;
I knew the hour of need had come. The voices grew
fainter, then suddenly ceased. I got into bed again. The
whole time I was only conscious of wonder, nothing of fear
or nervousness disturbed me.

" Next day I wrote to my brother, then in a district U'
far from Captain Macleod. told him the incident, an
asked him if he knew anything of the expedition. He i-
plied in course of time, marvelled at the tale, but knt
nothing of the little force of explorers.

" In September I received a copy of the Tinier, telling -
a savage attack by the aborigines on Captain Macleod ?
force on the correspnding date of my ' strange experience.
His brother officer was severely wounded and they gave
themselves up for lost. Suddenly signs of wavering showed
among their enemies. This encouraged Captain SI'l. and
his men to make a last determined effort; the savages
hesitated, drew back, then, overcome with fear, turned and
fled headlong, nor attempted further molestation of the ex-
Ijeditionary force. On the edge of the paper was written in
Captain Macleod's hand. 'Thank ,vou for your prayers.'

" This, the one incident of the kind in m.v life, will admit
of no ordinary explanation. "

There is nothing exceptional in the telepathic trans-
mission of Captain ALacleod's own cry for help.
That kind of telepathic message is of constant oc-
currence. What is unique is that Captain Macleod
seems to have telepathed not merely the request for
prayer, but the hullabaloo made by the savages when
they attacked him. That is an extension of tele
pathic capacity of which I have known nothing.

■

Kei'itu Qf Retieai, iO/ijOG.

Leading Articles.

399

SOCIALISM AND DEMOCRACY IN GERM' NY.

In i\\<: .\J oil tidy Review Dr. Louis Elkind discusses
the growth of thV Social Democrats in Germany and
the much greater spread of Socialistic principles in
that country than in France or England, notably
than in England. In Germany, still a young indus-
trial nation, Socialism has immense power; in Great
Britain and the United States as a political force it
is much less serious. Vet one would naturally exjiect
it to be strongest in the countries in which industry
is carried on on the vastest scale. .As Dr. Elkind
reminds us, however, some British Colonies have
strong Socialistic tendencies.

Considering the huge number of unemployed, the
absence of strong Socialistic undercurrents in Eng
land is very remarkable indeed. In any other countr\
these unem|)loyed would have been a serious menace
to societ). In Germany, for instance, there is no
doubt that the Government would, ojit of fear of
serious rioting, have done much more for the unem-
ployed than has been done in England. Not that
Socialist agitators are wanting in England ; " in
some parts of London and provincial centres they
nre to be found at almost every street comer."

WHY S0C1.\1.IS.\I MAKK8 LITTLE WAY IN E.XGLANT).

Why, then, has Socialism made so little progress
in this country? First, replies Dr. Elkind,

before anyone tan liave a proper uiKlcrBtaiiiling of the
meaning and principleH which underlie the theories of
Socialism, a more or less considerable amount of seneral
education is almost a matter of necessity. In Germany
. . . the Socialist Party is to a very large extent com-
posed of people wlio have received a higher education,
quite apart from the fart that thev belong to what may
properly be called the middle clasa.

There has, in fact, been an enormous over-produc-
tion of well-educated people in Germany, who find
themselves unable to get work of the kind for which
their education has fitted them — " verkommene Exist-
enzen " Bismarck called them; " Hungerscandida-
ten " the Kaiser nanietl them. And most of these in-
tellectual unemployed are Socialists. .Also, the
lower German working-class population are better
educated and better informed on political questions
than corresponding classes in Great Britain.

THE MIDDLE { L.\S.SKS tiTRONGLY AGAINST IT.

.Again, one of the chief reasons militating against
he spread of Socialism in England is English con-
M-rvatism, its force and tenaciousiiess, and the great
respect of the mass of the people for established
uithority, even for " cai)ital." However, it is not the
working classes who are so slow to imbibe Socialistic
! leas ; it is the middle classes who are " bitterly and
Si Tenuously opposed to them." They want to rise in
the social and economic scale, and do not see how
SociaJisni is to help them to do so. Moreover, So-
cialism suggests self-sacrifice, and the middle classes
are not politically altruistic. The most religious
classes (in England, of course, the middle classes)
are always most opposed to Socialism, and this ap-
plies far more to Great Britain than to any other

nation. The British Press, too, is a strong pillar
of the throne and the power behind the throne,
whereas the journalists and editors of the Father-
land are constantly getting imprisoned for lese ma-
jeste. In the last ten years or so from fifty-fi-ve to
eighty German editors went annually to prison for
that very political offence.

WHY SOCIALISM IS GROWING

Dr. Elkind savs : —

IN GERMANY.

I liave had the opportunity of discussing this subject
with one of the foremost and ablest German politicians,
and he tells me that the rapid growth of socialistic ten-
dencies i!i the Fatherland haw never before formed any-
thing like such a great and constant source of irritation
tfl tlie Emperor as it does at the present time.

Why is this? The economic condition of the work-
ing classes in Germany is generally less favourable
than some ten years ago. Wages are higher, but so
is cost of living. .And the widespread dissatisfac-
tion which results swells the ranks of the Socialists.
The chief source of strength of the Social Demo-
crats in Germany, Dr. Elkind insists, is still the
bourgeoisie ; it is 'juite a mistake to suppose that
they are composed entirely of working men. A
source of weakness in the party is the fact that it is
divided into two camps, one of which advocates
"orthodox Socialism," that is, Marxian theories,
while the other rejects .Marxianism pure and simple
as not practical, and directs its attention mainly to
possible work lying to hand — material, mental and
moral betterment of the working classes.

RECOLLECTIONS OF MR. GLADSTONE.

.A Characteristic Anecdote.

In the ConihiU Magaziue Sir Algernon West, who
became Gladstone's private secretary in 1868, and
enjoyed his confidence to the last, writes of " Mr.
Gladstone as I Knew Him," a paper of pleasant
[jersonal reminiscences. The following anecdote
mav he quoted as illustrating his marvellous
memory : —

We were discussing in 1881 the conversion of the malt
tax into a beer duty, which he called the greatest finan-
cial oiveration in his life, not even excepting the reimpoei-
tion of the income tax.

I had told him tl at the estimated profit of the maltster
was three per cent, on each quarter of malt. I am now
putting imaginary figures.

The following day he said. ' I understand that the
maltster's profit is four per cent." No. sir," I said, 'three
per cent." "I certainly thought it was four"; and then
turning to Mr. Young, a famous Inland Revenue official,
he said. 'Can you recollect as far back as 1832? Was not
the profit then supposed to l>e four i>er cent." "It was
then." he leplied. "Ah." Mr. Gladstone said, "I see how
four per cent, has got into my mind. I recollect studying
tlie question when I became member for Newark, in 1832.
and it was that figure then— a gap of nearly fifty years"

" Some time before the end," says Sir Algernon
West. " Mr. Gladstone was aware of his failing
powers, and said : ' My great wish now is to be out
of all the strife. At my age I ought to be one of
those whose faces are set towards Zion, and who go
up thither ; for this is only a probationary school —
only a probationary school.' "

400

The Review of Reviews.

AprU to, 1906.

A CHAMPION GHOST STORY OF THE SEA.

Boarded bv a Spectral Crew.
The Occult Review for March publishes a " Story
of Mid-Ocean Visits "—a ghost story which would
have appealed strongly to Robert Louis Stevenson.
It is vouched for as true by the narrator, Captain
Johansen, of Liverpool, of which Mr. Birchall, the
niiuiaging director of the Liverpool journal of
Commerce, says: — "Captain Johansen may be re-
garded as absolutely trustworthy, and I certainly
think that his statements may be thoroughly relied
upon. '

TWO MEN IN A BOAT OX THE ATLANTIC.

Captain Johansen begins liis weird narrative by
telling us: —

lu ihe autumn of 1900 I made a trip across the .\tlantic
[an account of the trip has been published in C/i«m-
htrni Journal. They were fifty-nine days in crosaingj
from Gibraltar to Florida, in a small open boat. During
the vovage a most estraordiuary visitation occurred to
me— to me it was no illusion. Here is a plain account of
it 1 may here remark that I had always be«n a

decided unbeliever in anything pertaining to the super-
natura).

MYSTERIOUS VOICES.

His incredulity was soon put to a severe test: —

On the eighth day out. August 28tli. 19(X). in the forenoon.
I was sitting in tlie stern of the ' Lotta. my boat, steer-
ing, while my son was sleeping, when I heard a voice close
to me as if someone had made a remark. Shortly after I
heard a second voice, different from the first, as if lu
answer to the remark. Then I heard other voices in dif-
ferent keys, and softly modulated tones, remarks, re-
sponses and interjections, until it seemed there was a
general conversation going on round about me, all in a
foreign tongue, no word of which 1 could understand.

His son also heard the sound of the voices, but
they could see nothing.

A GHOSTLY HELMSMAN.

On the tenth day a gale sprang up. The boy was
at the helm, when his father ordered him to let go
the jib sheet. The boy obeyed, but he let go not
only of the sheet but of the tiller. Instantly
shadcAvs of men flitted past the binnacle light and a
tall hgure grasjied the tiller and sat down beside the
son. When Captain Johansen went to the stem,
this man addressed him, while his companion stood
by, in a language which, says the Captain, " I do
not ever remember to have heard in my life, and no
word of which I could understand. He seemed verj-
earnest, as if he wanted to impress some important
truth on my mind." The tall spectral helmsman,
finding that he could not make Captain Johansen
imderstand, stood up in the boat, facing to w^ind-
ward, shouting with commanding voice, as if direct-
ing some operation carried on in the immediate
vicinity. Captain Johansen heard a voice respond,
but he could see nothing in the darkness.

a GHOST WITH AN IRON LEG.

Captain Johansen continues his narrative as fol-
lows : —

After this the leader sat down on the thwart immediately
forward of tlie seat in the stern where my son and myself
were seated facing him. the sheen from the binnacle lamp
illuminating his features. I noted his stature was about

SIX feet. He was of muscular build, and had iron-grey
hair, features elongated, with a lofty brow, firmly-set
mouth and prominent jaws; his countenance was pale, and
there was a sardonic smile playing about his lips that
gave his features a striking appearance: he was dressed
in a coarse white canvas cap, without a peak, a faded
mantle looking the worse for wear enveloped his shoulders,
and a sash around his waist held his trousers, which were
of a dark woollen material. I noted in particular that he
had a substitute of iron for his left leg of about 15 inch
diameter, at the bottom of which was a plate of the same
material doing duty for a foot the bottom of which was
worn bright with continual service, and that his left
trousers leg was neatly tied with a string at the particular
place where the ankle ought to be. His companions were
short of stature and broad of chest, and their features
were good-humoured and bronzed by the sun : they were
simply dressed in shirts and trousers, with sashes at their
waists doing service for lielts.

GHOSTS AS VALETS.

His son, being drenched through, went amidships

to his trunk to change his clothes. As he passed,

two of the spectral crew took possession of the lad

and proceeded to act as his valets: —

My son was addressed iu endearing tones by the men.
one' of whom toolj him by the hand and patted him on the
shoulder, while the other man tried to embrace him. an
attention he seemed unwilling to endure. Then the trunk
was opened and dry clothes were brought fortli; one of
the men helped to relieve liim of his wet apparel while the
other handed to him the dry clothing, article by article,
as required, a flowing commentary in softly modulated
tones being kept up all the time by the strangers. After
this one of the men gathered up the wet clothing in a
bundle, took the sash from his waist, and tied the bundle
with tlie sash to the mainhoom. Then I understood that
our visitors, whoever they were, and though so uncere-
moniously intruding on our privacy, were friends desirous
of our welfare.

THE PIRATE ON THE BO^VSPRIT.

Captain Johansen slept soundly that night: —

Wheu I woke again it was dawn. I started up and
looked forward. There was the leader sitting astride of
the inner end of the bowsprit, like a person riding a horse.
He was shading his eyes with his hands and intently scan-
ning the horizon ahead and to windward. As he sat there,
his mantle thrown loosely over his shoulder, he looked like
some great piratical chief in quest of the next prize ot
which to make conquest. A grim figure-head! and in-
congruous for our trim boat.

THE SPECTRAL SIGNALLERS.

When next the Captain woke the ghosts were
gone. At five at night he and his son were congratu-
lating themselves upon the departure of their un-
welcome guests, when

Lol as we were talking, and looked forward, there were
the strangers again in that end of the boat. There was the
leader in his faded mantle, canvas cap and iron leg. with
the same sardonic smile on his pale face, talking to his
companions iu commanding tones. We watched intently
to see what would follow. One of the men detached the
jib at the tack, while a second got hold of the sheet:
the former took up a position on the gallant forecastle,
and the latter stationed himself at the mast. In these
positions the two men kept swinging the jib from starboard
to port and from port to starboard for upwards of ten
minutes, while the leader, with hands shading his eyes,
and the remaining man kept scanning the horizon in the
direction whence we had come. I could understand tliey
were making a signal.

Nothing could be seen, and after a while the visi-
tors retired to their old quarters at the bottom of the
forward end of the boat, where they seemed to be
discussing something.

THEY VANISH.

The Ci-ptain was furious. He decided to solve
the mysterv. If he could do nothing else he would

Heriew of Rtiiewa, tO/i/OO.

Leading Articles.

401

seize the ft-Uow's iron leg. He sent his boy to sum-
mon them to come. As he went they vanished, and
never returned. Captain Johansen swears the story
is literally true. His trip was chronicled by Reufe'r
in the TimCi Ijetween August 20th and 26th, igoo.
But who were the ghosts? why did they come? and
whither did they go? The story beats the legend of
the Flying Dutchman hollow.

THE NEW YORK CUSTOM-HOUSE.

Mr. Charles lU- K.a), ui the Ccirttirv Magazine,
writes on the magniticent new Custom-house in New
York, on which the architect and immense numbers
of workmen have already been engaged fully
eighteen months. As yet no one can say when it
will be (inished. It is on a highly historic site,
sacred to memories of United States history for full
three centuries. Judging from the many' excellent
illustrations, it will really be a fine liuilding. The
G(>\ernments of the States, not that of the State of
New York, bear the cost; and the architect, Mr.
Cass Gilbert, is not the Government architect, but
one of inde|)endent practice, specially chosen for
the task. The writer says: —

Following out flie scheme of sculptural decoration de-
signed by the arcliitect, at least something has been done
t.T blunt the reproof that New York, a citv by the sea.
great through the ocean and our magnificent waterw^^vs!

Krdiiced from «/i iUustnition in the " Ceiiturii Ungtiiinrr\

The New Custom-house in New York.

rareh- remembers the sources of her wealth and greatness.
In her public monuments siie is wont to ignore the sea. tlie
navy, the nations that have helped to make her wliat slie is.

Accordingly all the sculptures tend to remedy this,
to bring out the idea of the nations who. however
indirectly, have contrilxited to make New York what
she is. The granite capitals of the columns contain
a head of Mercury and the winged wheel — com-
merce and transportation respectively. The pan-
thers' heads over the entrance arch represent tlie
chief wild beasts found by the colonists. The key-
stones of the flat arches in the windows of the main

storey aie car\ed with masks of races — the Cau-
casian, the Hindu, the Celt, the Mongol, the Esqui-
maux, and many others. The sculptures of figures,
representing Greece, Denmark, Venice Phoenicia,
among other cities or states, appear v^ry fine, though
Venice (by an Italian sculptor) hardly suggests the
(Jueen of the Adriatic.

BODIES MOVED WITHOUT BEING TOUCHED.

Sir Oliver Lodge contributes to the Fortnightly
Revieiv an essay on the scientific attitude to marvels.
He recalls Michael Faraday's lecture on Mental Edu-
cation, with its definite repudiation of the alleged
levitation of a piece of furniture as a contradiction
iii the 1,1 w of gravitation. Sir Oliver says that the
hostile influence of Faraday's great name has hin-
ilered and retarded the scientific examination of
tiltra-normal physical phenomena. Hence the foun-
ilers of the Society for Psychical Research directed
their first attack on facts of a psychological charac
tc-r. Mut .Sir Oliver maintains the time has now come
for a renewed examination of the subject on its phy-
sical side. The evidence is showing signs of becom-
ing more available, and " strong and controllable
manifestations of physical metapsychic phenomena "
should be investigated by science. These phenomena,
like solar eclipses or a transit of Venus, are not
matters of every-day occurrence.

THE ■• TRIVIAL ' ARGUMENT. ■

Sir Oliver tries to clear the vvav as follows. He

An argument, or prejudice rattier, wliich ia too often
raised against the investigation of such phenomena ia that
they deal with trivialities, ^.f?.. that the objects moved are
lu»mely. that the intelligence operating is rudimentary,
that the messages conve,ved are only of domestic and sel-
dom of national or international importance. This fami-
liar rubbish is but seldom tackled and answered aa it de-
serves: it is usually only treated with silent contempt.

.^ tiling is either new and true, or else it is not. If the
movement of an untouched object be a fact hitherto un-
known to science — what matters that the object moved be a
scavenger's brush, a- bit of orange peel, or a kitchen table?
If a communication shows signs of hypernormal intelli-
gence or ciairvo.vance. what matter that the event per-
ceived is the losing of an umtjrella. the spraining of an
ankle, or a blow in the mouth? The fact is that the whole
notion of our being competent discriminators between what
is trivial and what is important is an assumption, for
which there is but little justification.

Sir Oliver goes on to say, " The more insignificant

.m event, the higher for evidential purposes may its

ultra-normal treatment in some cases become." He

adds: —

But now, further, as a mutter of fact the communications
and anticipations are naf always concerned with the sort ot
events we Iiave agreed to call trivial. Often they contain
unverifiable assertions concerning: future . existence ; occa-
sionally tliey may trench on the domain of religion;
sometimes they relate t-o serious mundane affairs, such as
the breaking of a bank, or a financial transaction, or an
illness, or a birth, or a death.

Sir Oliver quotes, in conclusion, from Huxley: —

The universe may contain — for all we know— as Huxley
said. *■ kinds of existence which we are not competent 8o
much as to conceive— in the midst of which we may be set
down with no more notion of what is about us than the
worm in a flower-pot, on a London balcony, has of the Ufa
of the great city."

40 2

The Review of Reviews.

jpri/ iO, 190':.

THE AWAKENING OF CHINA.

"' Shanghai s ' article in the Xat/oiial Rei'ieic on
this subject is chiefly interesting because it seems
written by one really " in the know, ' and also be-
cause of the confirmation given to another recent
writer, an American, as to the bad effects of the
American treatment <>1 the Chinese.

COXSTITl^TIO.NAI, GOVERNMENT DECIDED ON.
.A.i)parently the leaders of the mo\ement for intro-
ducing Con.stitutional Government into China have
prevaded ; it only remains to decide what power the
Sovereign shall wield, and, in order not to curtail
his prerogatives too much, the Jai>anese rather than
the English form of goveniment is favoured. This
step is less bold than the outsider might think, for.
though nominally an autocracy, the government of
China has nian\ democratic features. Vet. says the
writer :

Cnriously euougli. tlioiigli tlie must prouiiueat meu in
Gbioa appear to have (lecided that the one hope of the
country lies in constitutional government, they have no
decided idea as to the model on wliicli it should be framed.

Five Commissioners liave Ijeen appointed to visit foreign
coimtries. and, after a careful study of their several sys-
tems of government, to draft a Constitution suitable for
adoption in China. But as uo one of these officials undei-
stands auv foreign language, or has made any previous
study of tile subject of their inquiry, and as the length of
their absence abroad is limited to a few months, their
mission appears to show a lamentable ignorance on the
part of tlie Government of the magnitude of the task en-
trusted to them.

, OHINESE I'KOVINCIAl.IiSiM.

The Chinese, though nowise inferior in mental
capacity to Western nations, yet unfortunately ini
agine that they can attain to Western knowledge of
any subject without the sjijecial study recognised as
essential by Westerners. The result of this over-
estimation of their cajtabilities was. in military mat
ters, disaster; and, considering in how haphazard .i
manner it is proposed to decide the form of the future
government of one-fourth of the human race,
" Shanghai " thinks disaster w-ill again result. He
insists on the many difficulties to be overcome before
a Constitution can W framed for China, and never,
surely, has anyone else brought the extraordinary
provincialism of China so forcibly before the reader.
The various provinces have hitherto been practically
so many semi-independent States. To give one in-
stance—

even so receutl.v as the war with Japan, tlie southern
provinces insisted they were at peace with that country,
and that war was being waged by the naval and militar.v
forces of the Pei-yang. or northern provinces, alone.

To [irevent local and temporarv interests domi-
nating, and i">enmanent and national interests being
lost sight of, the writer suggests that: —

Railroads should be nationalised, members of colleges
wherever situated should he granted degrees only after
examination by national inspectors, and tbough it may be
necessary to maintain territorial divisions in the army,
and such division may promote healthy emulation, the
naval and military academies should carefully eschew all
provincial discriminations.

OTHER DIFFICULTIES IN THE WAY.

Experience shows that even business men can be

so carrietl away by an eicKjuent speaker as to assent
to proposals which, on reflection, they find will pre-
judice their interests more seriously than they can
afford. The conduct of the many students return-
ing from Japan, where they study Western learning,
also caused " Shanghai " uneasiness, chiefly, it seems,
on the old ground of a little knowledge being a dan-
gerous thing. These students issue Chauvinist ad-
dresses, insisting on this or that course of action ; .i
Chauvinist press prints the addresses, and the Go-
vernment, thinking they indicate strong popular
movements, adopts the suggested course.

THE .VMiiKICAN BOYCOTT.

As to American treatment of Chinese entering the
States, " Shanghai " quotes the words of a secretary
of the American Legation at Pekin, that it is
" equally an insult to China and a disgrace to us as a
nation." .A permanent boycott fund has even been
suggested in China to support those who lost their
employment through helping to boycott American
goods. This boycott, however, has been largely
quenched by the Governor of the province doing
most American trade. But if Americans permanently
refuse justice to China, ".Shanghai's'' view is that
China is asking nothing but justice: —

There can be little doubt that the boycott will i>e it-
iiewed generally and striiiircntl> enforced, to the serious
detriment not only of .Xiiiericaii trade, but of that of ali
nations, and to the certain in,iur,^- of friendly relations.

OHINESE I'ATKIOTISM.

The Chinese are now showing themselves capable
of self-denying patriotism .^ucii as the Japanese have
shown : —

tt is no uncommon thing lor members of a Reform
League whose salary may be 25 dols. i£2 ICs.) a month, t<
live on one-fourth of that sum and to contribute the other
three-fourths to the fund for the promotion of the object
of the league. A country whose people act thus may
:H-<-ompli8h much,

During the transition period, the writer concludes,
much patience and self-restraint will be called for
from the foreign representatives in China, if a Go-
vernment on Western lines is to be attained without
bloodshed.

The Grand Magasine is a good and varied luim-
ber. It begins by trying to be very serious in an ''■
article on '" The Natural and the Supernatural,"' by
Mr. Frank Podmore, and among its articles not
separatelv referred to is a paper on marriage in
England and America, by Mrs. Alec Tweedie ; on a
talk with Mr. Henry Tabouchere. and a paper by
Miss Elizabeth Banks on an interesting systejn of
interchanging school letters between English and
American children, which has now apparently great
vogue, and is a source of constant delight to the
children. Curiously enough the London Board
School children (I gather that it is wath London
children that the letters are exchanged) write much
better letters than the .American children. Ameri-
cans, savs Miss Banks, are bad letter writers.

lifrieu af Kevhwi, iOf'i/OiJ.

Leading Articles.

4°3

OCCULTISM IN THE MAGAZINES.

The Occult Revieu! and Broad Views for March
both discuss the marvellous case of Miss Beau-
champ, as told by Dr. Moreton Prince in his fascina-
ting book on ''The Disassociation of a Personality."
The Occult Review thinks that

the fact that tJie personality in c«rlaiu cases is liable U3 he
split up into three or tour separate iiiclividualitie.s, alt tur
a time at least ttiinkiii'.r anil acting indeiieuiteiitly. and
possessed of t)tall.\ liitfereiit cliaracteristics, luucli more
contrasted than those of many separate inifiviilual enti-
ties, is surely sufficient evidence to in-ove that conscious in-
dividuality by itself is no suarantec of immortality

Mr. Sinnett, in Broad Views, regards the case as
not proven. He sajs : —

It may be that all the cuniplexittes concerniiiK the vari-
ously numbered B.'s do represent no more than abnormal
phases of one entity, and the patient treatment bestowed
upon them hy the h.\piinttc t>rofessor may quite poss.hly
have dissi))ated the ahnoinial conditions wiiicli at one time
forbade more tliaii one aspect of the persniiality to be
manifest at any piven nirmieut. But no one <'omi)rehentlin(i
anything concerning suiHTpih.xsical states of consciousness,
familiar to those for whom the astral plane is a pnyx de
conu<iig»ance, can doubt for a moment that Sally is an in-
dependent entity.

I'he Occult Review tells a gruesome story of the
death of a famous scientist on June 7th. 1905, who
appears to have perished, together with his assis-
tant, while making .nttenipts to distil the Elixir of
Life. The story rtcills Zanoni, and the moral is
that the dwellers on the threshold guard the secrets
of the occult world. He said a year before his death
that he had to contend continually with a gruesome
crowd of elementals who seemed at first to freeze
the blood in his veins. In the same magazine Miss
Catherine Bates describes her experiences with Mrs.
Piper and her controls. " A Southern Rector,"
seventy years old, tells among other marvellous ex-
periences how he profits by the results of unconscious
cerebration : —

As a baker places his doui;h into the oven, so at nit^hl-
fall on going to bed I place the rough material of a lecture,
a. sermon a set of verses, a difficult problem, and so forth,
in my mind, and on wakine: up in the morning everything
is clear, concise, and arrani-ed in logical order.

Broad Vie-ivs divagates too much into controversial
theology. Mrs. Sinnett writes on " Nicolas Flamel
and the Alchemical Mystery."' The paper on Uncon
scious Progress in Occultism is interesting reading.

In the Annals of I'sycliical Science for February
the Rev. A. B. I.eslie points out the bearing of
psychical research upon the religious life. He
says : —

The two great facts that metapsychical studies have
brought out. and may fairly claim to have established as
verifiable, are these;— Fir.st. that our whole mental life is
not comprised within our directly conscious experience.
This alone is of vast import in relation to the religious
life for, at any rate, it implies a larger self with larger
possibilities of good and evil; and secondly, that this
deeper self is in lelation to other entities, and is there-
fore a connecting link with a world of thought and being
accessible in a way hitherto unrealised.

There is an interesting paper describing telepathic
experiments made lietween two ladies, which shows
that the power of sending and receiving telepathic

messages is capable of development with prac-
tice: -

.Vs a rule, lieginuers will find it easier to transmit the
ilioughl 01 an object which is actually belore their eyes
at the time, choosing, when possible, something which has
attracted a good deal ol attention during the Hay. The
i;ercipient. meanwhile, siiould determine to think of no-.
thing at all. but merely to exiiect an iinpiessiiin Irom the
agent; at first the attempt to ni.ike the mind a complete
blank will be attended with .1 leeling of anxiety lest the
lime fixed tor the experiment should slip hy lielore the mind
IS sufflcientlv at rest to receive telepathic impressions, but
here the possibility of ilerrrrtd prrcipirucr comes to the
rescue.

A DOUBLE PERSONALITY.

The discovery that Fiona Macleod was William
Sh^rp leads Mrs. Hinkson (Katharine Tynan) in the
l-oiUu'jhtly to raise the question whether, after all,
there wert- not two persons inhabiting one frame.
She asks, How far did William Sharp himself be-
lieve in Fiona Macleod? —

Was it a difBcult and obscure mental case, or something
Ijclongiiig to mysteries to which we have as yet no key.'
Ii reminds one of the old days of possession, when a wan-
dering spirit entered into and took possession of a man.
S)ioke with a voice not his. uttered words of which he had
no knowledge, spoke words of wisdom out of a simple habi-
tation. If one could accept some such theory as this much
would Ije explained.

That finally the mystery will be relegated to the region ol
mental phenomena seems likely enough.

.V friend of Mr. Sharps, who w;i8 in the secret from the
lieginning. writes to me. with iierinission to publish his
letter : —

There was no deception, however, for the popular way ot
putting it that he simply masqueraded as Fiona Macleod
hicks all real understanding. 1 donl believe cither our
plivsiologv or psychology, or even the incipient re-union of
both, can yet fuUv explain any such strange combination
of normal and abnormal elements, but that there was a
Strom- tendency to a dissolution of i)ersonality into dis-
tinct components, and that F. M. reiiresented the highest
piodnct of this recurrent process. I have little doubt. You
know more or' less, doubtless, of the stories of dual and
even triple i>ersonality which medical psychologists, es-
pecially, have established; of varieties of religious experi-
ence, and so on. Well, here was the process at work upon
a hi'-'her type than those as yet ohserveil and recorded,
and a680cia"ted with a definite variety of poetic experience.'

M this rate, every dramatic genius will be a high
multiple of personality, and Shakespeare will be
another Legion, with dramatis persona- instead of
(liulaiene swine.

In the January Westermann the most interesting
article is that bv Eugen Kalkschmidt, on Max
Klinger as a Painter and as an Etcher. As Klinger
is a musical devotee as well as an artist, it is not
surprising that he should lay the sister arts under
contribution, and as an admirer of Brahms he has
given us a large number of etchings, lithographs,
etc., with subjects suggested by Brahms's works.

In the Gni's Realm for February, Miss Gertrude
Bacon describes her ballooning experiences. A
night ascent, she says, is an entrancing experience,
but finer still is the dawn as seen from aloft. The
descent of the balloon seems most fraught with
danger, and the stunning shock experienced when
the balloon strikes the ground sounds anything but
pleasant.

404

I he Review of Heviews.

AprU to, 1906.

ANTI-SEMITISM IN RUSSIA

In the .Monthly Revieiu Professor L. Villari, in an
exceptionally interesting paper, explains the position
of the anti- Jewish mo\enient in Russia. In the Rus-
sian Empire there are, in all, about 5,000,000 Jews,
who, if evenly distributed, would be almost lost
among 140,000,000. Nearly all of them, however,
are in the ten governments of Poland and in
Western and Southern Russia — that is, among only
40,000,000. They live almost entirely in the towns,
sometimes forming the majority of the popula-
tion : —

At Warsaw there are 250,000 Jews out of a total popula-
tion of 750.000; at Odessa 150.000 out of 450,000; in many
other towns they are 20, 25, 30 per cent, of the whole.

In Poland and the West the great majority are exces-
sively poor, and dwell in the most squalid conditions.
They are for the most part miserable, undersized, under-
fed weaklings, dressed in rags, in every way wretched
specimens of humanity.

THE INDISPBNSABLEXESS OF THE JEW.

In spite of heavy disabilities, such as being un-
able to own or farm land, which drives them to
commercial pursuits and the liberal professions, it is
hard to see how Russia at present could get on with-
out them. The grain trade is largely in their hands,
the Jews buying up the crops before they are above
ground, and then gambling on the rise and fall of
prices. But the Jews are trusted. Professor Villari
says : —

A Christian grain merchant told me that no one but a
Jew Qould go up country and buy grain direct from the
peasants, as the latter were accustomed to sell to the Jew,
and mistrusted all other buyers.

They know that, once a bargain is made, the Jew
will stick to it, even if he thereby loses: —

In all business in which they are engaged they undersell
their rivals, and show ten times more capacity than the
Russians. . . . Certain businesses are wholly in their
hands, and few are the Russians of the West who do not
owe them mone.v

In the liberal professions the Jews are predomi-
nant, although only ten to twelve of Jewish students
are admitted into schools, and in the examinations
the Jewish candidates are marked more severely than
Christians. Hence, as a result, " The best lawyers,
doctors, bankers, and merchants, as well as many
savants, are Jews."

The Jews of Russia, unlike those in England and
other countries, are a community apart — in Russia,
but not of it : —

A Russian Jew is a Jew who happens to be a Russian
subject, whereas an English Jew is an Englishman, who
happens to be of Hebrew extraction and religion.

ANTI-SEMITISM IX HIGH PLACES.

Russian anti-Semitism, although partly due to
causes w-hich may be inferred from the peculiar {)Osi-
tion of the Jews, is yet still further fostered by the
bureaucracy, without encouragement from whom the
more ferocious outbursts would never have taken
place. Wretched economic conditions, for instance,
have been attributed to Jews, instead of to misgo-
vernment. The Grand Duke Serge, M. de Plehve,

and M. Pobiedonostseff, to name only three highh
conspicuous personages, made no secret of their anti-
Semitic opinions. The last-named is a genuine
fanatic, and is at least thoroughly sincere in his con-
victions : —

Count Witte, on the other hand, although not a con-
vinced Liberal, was opposed to anti-Semitism, because he
wished to obtain the assistance of Jewish finance for his
economic projects, and while he was Finance Minister the
Jews obtained a respite. The severely-censored Press, too,
was allowed the most absolute freedom in the matter of
anti-Semitism.

In Russia persecution has driven the Jew to Social
Democracy and Revolutionarisni. Persecution gave
him a fellow-feeling with the Poles, and thus in
Poland, though Jews are very numerous, anti-Se-
mitism is far less bitter, Poles and Jews having one
common ground of complaint — the Russian Govern-
ment. Many Jews are enthusiastic Polish patriots.

THE JEWS UNDER CO.NSTITUTIOXAL RUSSIA

Professor Villari says it will be interesting to see
whether a Constitutional Russia will solve the
Jewish problem. If the Jews now get full liberty
they will rapidly acquire great power and influence,
and become still more detested.

On the other hand, once they are treated as ordinary
citizens, they will tend more and more to become assimi-
lated with the rest of the population; they will be spread
over such an immense area that they will be noticed less.
and with the progress of the Russian people the Jew.^ will
cease to enjoy their present monopoly of trade. In Iceland,
w-here the masses are more civilised and business capacity
more highly developed, anti-.semitism is still a feeling and
a prejudice, but no longer .i brutal passion.

How Greek Women Dressed.

In a recent issue of the Burlington Magazine Pro-
fessor G. Baldwin Brown published an article on
Greek female dress.

There was no essential difference between Greek
male dress and the dress of the women. Both con-
sisted of two garments — tunic and mantle. The
upper and the under garment were plain, rectangu-
lar pieces of stuff folded round the body, and were
held in place by temporary fastenings.

With reference to the material used Professor
Brown writes: —

The stuff itself was simple and cheap, and in many cases
was the product of the household loom, at which, like
Penelope of old, the lady of the house sat at work amidst
her handmaids. It might be dyed, especially when it was
of wool, any desired colour, and be decked with a figured
border woven into mot embroidered on) the fabric.

By the aid of a series of illustrations Professor
Brown show's how the tunic was adjusted.

In the January number of the Deutsche "Rundschau,
P. Walther gives some statistics of German emigra-
tion. In 1882 the number of emigrants from Ger-
many is stated to have been 193,870; in 1904 the
number had decreased to 27,980. This enormous re-
duction is all the more significant, as a correspond-
ing increase in the ptopulation at home does not
appear.

Hevtexo of Reviewn, 2')/i/'JG.

Leading Articles.

405

AN ANGLO-INDIAN ON LORD CURZON'S RECORD

An "Anglo-Indian" contributes to the Mo>itld\
ReviCK' a highly ap|irecialive account of Lord Cur-
zon's record in India from 1899 to 1905. Much of
v.'hat he says lias been said before, and I tiierefore
only allude to what is less familiar.

I'EKSERVATlUX OF MONUMENTS.

'Anglo-Indian" confesses that until Lord Curzon
took the matter in hand the British Government in
India has not looked after the preservation of the
country's archa»logical remains as it should. Price-
less monuments had been scrawled over with names,
lid a famous carved lion had been used as a target
tor tiall practice. Other famous monuments had
lieen jiut to similarly degrading uses. Lord Curzon

imiounceil his intention "to assert more definitely the
Imperial respunsibility of Ooveinment in iesi)e<'t of Indian
^iiit;(itiities ": and all over India lauinus hnildings and
reninins have heen reclaimed from inappropriate uses and
plaied in repair so as to enable Iliem to display their
ariiiitectural lieauties to advantage.

UGHTENlNt: OF TAX.\TIiiN.

Lord Curzon. in liis Hudget speech. 1901. estimated that
the average annual income of an Indian had risen from
Ks. 17 (£1 16s.) in 188J to Rs. 30 i£2i in 1900. hut that uie
income of an average agriculturist was only Rs. 20 (£1 68
8(1.). Out of this miserable pittance of £2 a year each
native of India has to pay in land revenue and taxation
OS. 3id.

In 1903. for the first lime for twenty years, the burden
of taxation was lightened by levying the Salt Tax at Ks.
2 (2s. 8d.) instead of Hs, 21 (3s. 4d.) per ni;iuiid '83 lb.), and
by increasing the luinimnm annual income exempted from
income tax from Rs. 500 (£33) to Rs. 100<) (£66).

NOT A POf'ULARIT\'-HUNTER.

"Anglo-Indian" vigorously defends Lord Curzon
against the charge of |)o|)ularity-luinting : —

He strove to hold the balance even between the white
man and the black, and his attempts to bring white men
to punishment for brutality to natives of India made him
Iiersonally disliked. . , He cared nothing for popu-
larit\". as is shown by his Calcutta University Convocation
speech of 1905 on the general want of resi>ect for trutli
:inion5 Indians.

Tlie general effect of his Viceroyalty may be summed up
in Ins own words: "I should like, if I have time, while
in India to plate iijion the anvil every branch of Indian
policy and administration, to test its efficiency and
uurabilit.\', and. if possible, do something for its improve-
ment."

The American Ocean Nursery.

Thus does Mr. Herliert Shaw, in the Sunday
Mag^azinc, describe the hospital ships w-hich the chari-
table New York public send on freiuent short voy-
ages with invalid or delicate children on board —
tenement children, of course. Miss Emma Abbott
found the money to build and fit up a steamer as n
floating hosjiital for these children, and every day
in summer the hospital ship sails out, with children,
doctors, and nurses. Generally they go twenty miles
away to .Vew^ Dorp, where there is a fine sandy
: lieach, and also a permanent hospital. The more
delicate children remain here till stronger; the
tougher ones go back home the same day. Special
provision has, naturally, to be made for the nume-
rous babies on board. The management of the ship
is in the hands of St. John's Guild, various commit-
tees controlling the various departments.

FOOTBALL AN ANCIENT CHINESE GAME.

In the X'nteteenth Century Mr. H. A. Giles, Pro-
fessor of Chinese at Cambridge, writes on football
and polo in China. He remarks that football was
played by the Chinese several centuries before Julius
Csesar landed in Britain. Its invention has been
ascriljed to the mythical Yellow Emperor of the
third millennium B.C. He quotes an ancient re-
cord : —

The Kmperor. Ch'eng Ti. B.C. 32-6. was fond of football;
but his officers represented to him that it was both physi-
cally exhausting and also unsuitable to the Imperial dig-
nity. His Majesty replied: "We like pla.ving; and what
one chooses to do is not exhausting. ' An appeal was then
made to the Empress, who suggested the game of tiddly-
winks for the Emperor's amusement.

Several writers have left us accounts of actual games:
" On the Emperor's birthda.v two teams played football
l>efore the Imperial pavilion. A goal was set up, of over
thirty feet in height, adorned with gaily-coloured silks,
and having an opening of over a foot in diameter. ' The
object of each side appears to have been to kick tlie ball
through the opening, the players taking it in turns to
kick, and points being scored accordingly. The winners
" were rewarded with flowers, fruit, wine, and even silver
bowls and brocades. The captain of the losing side was
flogged, and suffered other indignities."

The names of several great footballers have been
h.tnded down to posterity. .Ancient Chinese poetry
is (juoted descriptive of various football games. Polo
was also very popular. A maker of polo clubs, as
duly recorded in the Book of Marvels, was taken up
to heaven in broad daylight.

The Milan Exhibition.

The World's "Work and Play gives some particu-
lars of the Milan Exhibition. The writer says, '' Os-
tensibly promoted as a celebration of the opening of
the Simplon Tunnel, the Milan Exhibition is in a
wider sense the celebration of the fact that Italy has
found her feet in the career of material and moral
advancement." In everything pertaining to ma-
chinery the Italians are very clever. The Exhibition
will L-e the largest ever held in Europe, excepting
rhat in Paris, The province in which the city stands
is the most productive portion of Italy, with its 300
silk mills, 200 cotton mills, twenty woollen mills,
and 100 mills for linen, hemp, jute, etc. All the
small toivns and villages in Lombardy have electric
light and power from hydraulic installation. Japan,
Germany, France, Mexico, Belgium, Switzerland,
.Austria, Great Britain, and Italy will be officially
represented. Xearly every other country in the
world will be represented by their exhibits. France
will have the largest space amongst foreign
nations: —

The dominant feature will be motion. .\11 products, as
f.ir as possible, are to be shown in connection w-ith the
processes, tlius filling the halls with live exhibits. Ar-
rangements will be made for field-tests and competitive
trials in all classes where it is exiiedient. Xxi especial
feature will Ije the motor-car display, to which an entire
pavilion will be devoted. This show will terminate in
mid-summer, so that machines exhibited may be sold for
early delivery.

Many other interesting details are given. Much is
said to prove that the Milan Exhibition is " to be a
\Vorld's Fair in every sense of the term."

4o6

The Review of Reviews.

AprU m, 1906.

THE REVUE DE PARIS.

The most interesting item in tlie February numbers
of the Jievu-a de. Paris is the continuation of Un-
published Letters by Hector Berlioz, begun in Decem-
ber. They are addressed to Liszt. Victor Hugo, and
his sisters and other members of his family, and date
from 1831 onwards.

.\ DANTE •• INFER.\0 " IN .VFEICA.
In the first February number Felicien Challaye
continues his descriptive article on the French Congo
Country. The cruel monotony of some parts of the
country makes him contrast it with Japan, China, and
India. Equatorial Africa, he says, suggests the in-
tensest sadness. The great silent solitudes, the dark
forests, the immense sheets of water oppress the heart
and destroy thought, the heavy moist heat depresses
the white man. In no other region are the natives
more primitve or more lazy. The brutality of the
white man is roused when it comes into contact with
the instinctive brutality of the blacks, and European
kills them. The book to read here is Dante's " In-
ferno," for here there is no hope, only rivers of blood,
a land of tears, an abyss of sorrow, a region of eternal
misery. The writer says he can never forget this
vision of a real hell

POLITICAL I'ARTIK.S IN RUSSIA.
To the same umiiber Maxime Kovalevsky contributes
an article on Political Parties in Russia, He recog-
nises three parties or tliree tendencies — the party
which prefers the maintenance of the autocracy, the
party which demands the vindication of the rights of
the people with national representation, and the
party which desires a reorganisation of the middle
classes. One of the chief problems which the future
Russian National Assembly will have to deal with is
the classification of individuals, not merely according
to their politico-philosophical preferences, but accord-
ing to their class-interests.

GERMAN MUSIC.
In the second number Romain Rolland has an in-
teresting article on Music in Germany in the
Eighteenth Century, Notwithstanding the fact that
Germany had already enjoyed a century and a half
of great musicians, GSerman music in 17.50 was far from
occupying the place in European musical opinion
wliich it does to-day. Yet about 17.50 Germany had
had Handel and Johann Sebastian Bach, and she still
iiad Gluck and Philipp Emmanuel Bach. The truth is
that at that time she was driven into the shade by
Italy.

'i^f^r

^■^m-

^j"^

King of Greece. Duchess of Cumberland. Queen Alexandra. Frederii-k VIII. Duke of Cumberland.
The Funeral of the King of Denmark: Our Own Queen and Other Mourners at Roskilde,

Heriru of Revitujt. iOjUI'Vi

407

THE

PEERESSES AT THE OPENING OF THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT.

Hevietf of Retiein, fO/!i/0*i.

THE REVIEWS REVIEWED

THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW.

The North Americaii B(vi€u: for February contains
two articles on tlie Christian Endeavour Movement
and oil Japan. Most of the other articles deal with
exclusively American subjects.

HOW THE UNITED STATES WENT TO WAE.
Mr. Husdekoper, who seems to be a kind of
American Dr. Maguire, draws an appalling picture
of the unpreparedness of the United States for the
Spanish war. They seem to have been even worse
than we were in South Africa. ^Mr. Husdekoper
says : —

Congress, as usual, failed t-o provide the net-esaary sup-
plies until the very eve of mobilisation and concentration,
so that some of the volunteer regiments reported for duty
without arms, accoutrements, ammunition or clothing. The
confusion in the various camps, the dearth of proper sup-
plies and equipment, the lack of adequate means of trans-
port, the wild chaos at Tampa, the criminal waste of pro-
visions which could not be found, the bungling which
marked the embarking at Tampa, and the landing at
Daiquiri, and Siboney. the blundering conduct of the opera-
tions culminating at Santiago, and the wholly unnecessary
sufferings of the troops by reason of their ignorance,
coupled with the paucity of medical stores, field and base
hospitals, afford a spectacle of unpreparedness and in-
capacit.v of which we Americans ought to be heartily
ashamed. Judged by a purely militar.v standard, the in-
vasion of Ouba was a trivial affair; but never in modern
times ha5 there been an expedition which contained so
many elements of weakness: that it succeeded at all is,
indeed, a marvel.

THE STANTDAED OF CX)MFOKT IX >EW YORK.

In his Social Notes Mr. Henry James dwells lov-
ingly upon the exceedingly high standard of material
comfoit attainetl by the people of Xew York. Rich
and poor alike, he declares, are noticeable because of
two things — the excellence of their boots and the
care bestowed upon their teeth. In all classes he
observes

the extreme consideration given by the community at large
to the dental question. The terms in which this evidence
is presented are often, among the people, strikingly artless,
but thev are a marked advance on the omnipresent op-
posit© signs, those of complete un.acquaintedness with the
admonitor.v dentist, with which any promiscuous " Euro-
pean " exhibition is apt to bristle. . . . The consequences
of care and forethought, from .an earl.v age. thus write
themselves on the facial page distinctly and happily, and
it is not too much to say that the total show is, among
American aspects, cumulatively charming.

THE ■UXDERPAYStENT OF AMBIEICAN" OFFICIALS.
Mr. Thomas L. James bears eloquent testimony to
the evil result of the parsimonious scale on which the
United States pays its employes. From the President
downwards no high official can live on his income,
much less provide for his family. Many have to
spend double their income to maintain the dignity
of their office. Hence none but plutocrats can be
appointed as Ambassadors or as Secretaries of State.
Xo judge is paid anything like the income he could
earn at the Bar. Hence many of the best judges
quit the Bench in order to escape bankruptcy. Mr.
James insists that the President's salary should be
raised to £20,000 a vear, with a retiring pension of
£5000 a year.

POETS WHO DIED YOUNG.
The Rev. F. E. Clark, in an article entitled 'What
English Poetry Owes to Young People,'' makes otit a
list of poets who died in their youth. Here is his

list, with their age at death: — C. Wolfe, thirty-two;
C Marlowe, twenty-nine ; Chatterton, eighteen : H.
Kirke White, twenty-one: John Keats, twenty-five;
Herbert Knowles. eighteen: Richard Gall, twenty-
four; Rob Nicoll, twenty-three; David Gray, twenty-
three ; Shelley, thirty.

OTHER AETIOLES.

Mr. Haunis Taylor uses Roman and British law to
illustrate the elasticity of written Constitutions. Mr.
^ . S. Ros.siter describes Commodore Perry as the
first American Imperialist ; he proposed to seize and
hold one of the liewchew Islands in case Japan had
refused to concede the American demands. Mr. G.
W. Young writes on the Reserves of Trust Com-
panies, and Mr. A. Pollow regales the American pub-
lic with spicy tales of Electoral corruption in the old
days in England.

THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

The March number offers a great variety of special
articles. An interesting account is given of the Lin-
coln farm where Abraham was born and spent his
boyhood. It is noted elsewhere.

Mr. J. W. Jenks, American representative of the
Imperial Chinese Special Mission, tells of its progress.
It was appointed by the Empress Dowager to study
IKilitical conditions in the United States. Germany,
Austria. Italy and Russia. The Empress charged them
specially to inquire into the education of girls in the
United States, hoping on their return to found a
school of the be.st type for the education of the
daughters of the princes.

Vivid insight is given into the Press of South
America. Argentina evidently takes the lead. Buenos
Ayres is a polyglot city, with dailies of large circula-
tion in most of the European tongties. The oldest
daily in the city is the Standard, the organ of the
English-speaking people. The Prensa is not only a
newspaper, but a free doctor, a free lawyer, a free
library, a free forum, a free hall, a free museum and a
free hotel for dis-tinguished foreign visitors. All the
famous works of the world are translated into SpanisJi
and published at a very low figure. The Nestor of the
Chilian Press. Seiior Rodrigez, is generally regarded
as the best journalist ever produced by Latin
America. The Brazilian newspapers are not very
highly spoken of. Most of the Brazilian dailies are
said to be printed on a vei'y large sheet, almost twice
as large as the newspapers of the United States and
Europe.

Dr. D. W. Robinson calls attention to the ravages
of tuberculosis among the Sioux Indians. Mr. Upton
Harvey thinks that England can teach America many
things in athletics. He says Americans love their
players rather than their games, and what they need
to learn is to become cheerful losers. In England love
of sport, of the game, not the player, has made the
man of Great Britain the best developed of the civi-
lised races of the world. Edwin Bjbrkman sketches
the late King of Denmark. Captain Anderson, v^-riting
on the wages of American soldiers, contrasts their poor
pay with the excellent remuneration of the Canadian
mounted police.

Kfviftt of Review^, HO/i/OO.

The Reviews Reviewed.

409

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY-AND AFTER.

The chief (lisliiictioii of the March number is Lord
HuKh Cecil's appreciation of tlie Life of Gladstone.

TIIK EXP.\TRIATION OP CAPIT.\L.
Mr. W. H. Mallock, writing on this subject, declares
that the mystery of how wi- pay for the excess of im-
poi-ts over exports is .solved. That excess is 2.")0 mil-
lions.

Carriage of imports, or freights 90 millions

Brought in by foreign tourists and visitoro 20 „

Government 8e<urities al)road 4

Other securities 20 „

tndian, Colonial, and foreign railways ... 25

other railways abroad 14

Income from British capital abroad ... 77 .',

250.000,000

He then goes on to argue that Tariff Reform would
t<>nd to keep British capital at home and find work
for British workmen iii'^tead of for foreigners.

THK RtX:KNT OVKRTUR.N IN POLITICS.
Sir Herbert Maxwell, writing in his own charming
way on "The Flood— and After," rejoices that the
Unionist Party is henceforth a party of Tariff Re-
form, and declares that with Mr, Balfour as Com-
mander-in-Chief and Mr. Chamberlain as Chief of the
Staff, the Unioni.st Purty enteis upon tlie campaign
with perfect (■<)nfideiic<> in its leaders. Sir H. Setoii-
Karr gives a Unionist view of the l^abour I'arty. He
expects that the Labour Party will he committed to an
alliance with the Irish Party. It is tinged with So-
cialism. Sir Herbert welcoines the idea of a commis-
sion of Lahiun Ms.l', to confer with the Labour par-
ties in each of the self-governing Colonies. He hopes
that '■ we may <'ventiially see the evolution of a true
Labour Party, pledged to Tariff Reform and commer-
cial ledera-tion for the Empire."

BRITISH EARTHQUAKE.
Dr. Charles Davison, writing on earth(|uakes in
Great Britain, points out that the longer axes of these
earthquakes are nearly parallel to the axes of "the
great crust folds of the underlying rocks. In close
connection with the fold.s are nearly parallel and per-
pendicular .systems of faults or fractures, along which
movement takes place intermittently, the crust on the
one side advancing over that on tlie other by a series
of slips, rather than by imperceptible creeps. The sug-
gestion is that these fault slips cause the earthcuiakes.

THE DESCENT OF DANCING.
M. A. Hincks describes with vast enthusiasm the
dance in ancient Greece, it^ religiousness, its intimate
relation with Greek life. Its influence on art, philo-
sophy, tragedy and comedy. "In no other art do we
find the perfect balance of physical and mental so
clearly exemplified." The writer proceeds- —

No art has fallen from so high, and no art has fallen so
low. The dance, once so full of " solemn and passionate
meaning." once the most powerful and eloquent mode of
worshipping the gods, once a true sister of the Muses, has
now be(;ome a mere acrobatic exercise, an excuse for kick-
ing and flirtation, ••vs in the modern ballroom!

OTHER ARTICLES.
Mr. D. M. Morrison advocates, in place of Trade
Unions, legally constituted labour tribunals, which
should exact contributions from workers and employers,
to provide old-age pensions and to form an assurance
fund, somewhat after the German model, against sick-
ness, accident, and unemployment. Rev. Ethelred
Taunton reviews the relation.s be'tween the Holv See
and France in order to show that the former has in no

way violated or departed from the Concordat. Mrs.
Conrad Dillon pre>sents the First Gentleman in Europe
in an unwonted light as paterfamilias. She quotes let-
ters to show his touching concern for his offspring.
She laments that Protestant bigotry oompolled George
IV., while .still Prince of Wales, to forsake his Catholic
wife. Mrs. Fitzherbert . and to accept Princess Caroline,
whom he disliked from the first.

THE INDEPENDENT REVIEW.

In the Independent Reriew Canon Barnett, writing
on "The Religious Difficulty," makes suggestions which
he thinks will answer all Ihe " loud cries." They are:
(1) The Ix)cal Education .\iitliorities to buy the build-
ings of such denominational schools in every neigh-
bourhood as ma.y be required to establi.sh a public
school iu which they control all teaciiing; (2) the capi-
tal sum received by owners of denominational schools,
trusts, etc., to be transferred to bodies representing
the denominations, which wotild fulfil trusts, establish
denominational schools, etc. ; (,'J) the Education Board
to pav salaries of all teachers, according to scale, l)ro-
yided the teachers liold Board's certificates and teach
in schools satisfying the Board's inspectors.

The paper on ' Moketo, Gurth and Bill Brown " deals
largely with the Congo Report, and its point is, why
be so busy civilising the native in the Congo when
there is so much civilising to do at home!-' The Congo
native is ruled by Forci-, Gurth (the Anglo-Saxon^ b.y
Fear, and Bill Brown to-day by Hunger — none of them
proper foundations on which to build up a State.

THK LABOUR PARTY AND ITS POLICY.
Mr. J. Hamsay Macdonald reminds the Labour Party
that it will be judged as much by its ideas as by its
work. The kernel of his paper is contained in the fol-
lowing quotation: —

The future of the Labour Part,v is to be determined by its
success in making its principles clear to .itself and the
countr.i'. If it narrows itself down to a class movement, or
X tr:ide movement or a manual workers' movement: or if it
imagines that, as a minority, it can, by playing one Party
off against another, do mucb good; or if it attacks its prob-
lems sui>erficiaUy, and does not iiim at far-reaching changes
in social structure — it will weaken and finall.v disappear.
The alternative tor it is to t«ke its stand upon the senti-
ments of right, which iiave never been apijealed to in
vain.

Mr. Sidne.v T. Irwin's paper on "Satire and Poetry
at Oliiey " is an interesting criticism of Cowper's
poetry.

TEMPLE BAR.

In Teniijle Bar for March General Friduhelm von
Ranke gives us some reminiscences of his father, Leo-
pold von Ranke, the famous historian. The hard-
working scholar did not think constant control and
correction good for children. He used to say; —

Qualities are born with men. God gave them their pecu-
liarities as the impress of His seal. Whatever qualities
are in them will make their way,

Mr. Clarence Rook contributes an article on Ameri-
can Manners. On the surface nations differ, but below
the surface they are all much the .same. The stranger
must know the social language of each. Mr. Rook
says : —

Every nation develops the manners that suit its mode of
life; it is only the language that differs . . . Tho
Englishman who, priding himself on his reticence, resents
the frank inquisitiveness of the casual American acquaint-
ance is— no linguist. He misses the chief joy of American
travel.

4IO

The Review of Reviews.

April to, 1906.

THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW.

The March number has in it many articles.

"THE UPEUSH OP THE SUBLIMINAL."
A subtle and suggestive paper on reriTalism and
mysticism is contributed by Mr. W. R. Alexander.
Taking Wesley's Journal as a classic record of rerivals.
he tests the theory that conversion may be explained
as the irruption of the subliminal self, which he takes
to consist of personal experiences which have passed
normally through consciousness and of sub-conscious
phases of hereditary tendencies. He is not prepared
to allow that the working hypothesis of the subliminal
can explain away the idea of mystical knowledge or
direct intuition. There is a conception of a higher
control which is not a reminiscence. One shrewd re-
mark is made that in all thought as such there is an
element of loss. The directness and fo7ce of sensation
is sacrificed.

THE UNEMPLOYED.

Mr. G. P. Gooch, M.P., gives a general survey of the
situation with regard to the unemployed. He com-
mends the slow and costly experiments of the London
Central Committee, but urges the appointment of a
general system of Labour Bureaux with telephonic com-
munication, and advocates afforestation as the most
promising form of employment for the unemployed.
To discriminate between the unemployed and the un-
employable, he advocates that vagrancy should be
made a punishable offence in fact as well as in law.
He would send them to a loafers' colony like that of
Merxplas in Belgium.

WTI.\T OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE?
An Italian, writing on the foreign policy of Italy,
declares that the Triple Alliance is likely rather to be
transformed than to be terminated. In the great duel
which he expects between England and Germany most
European Powers would prefer to side with England,
which does njyt. dominate the Continent. He expects
that the Triple Alliance will be renewed, but will be-
come a compact that binds its members ever less
closely, which will allow, in fact, for Italy's faithful-
ness to the traditional friendliness of Great Britain
and her new rapprochement with France.

OTHER ARTICLES.

Professor Macaulay Posnett kills the slain again by
denouncing Mr. Chamberlain's scheme for unifying the
Empire as federation in fiscal anarchy. Mr. H. C.
Thomson insists on our Imperial responsibility for the
removal of Chinese labour. Count S. C. de Soissons
describes the German drama of to-dav.

THE MONTHLY REVIEW.

Mr. Walter Frewen Lord, criticising the recent change
of Government, says Disestablishment is the most likely
mistake for the Liberals to make in dealing with the
Church. As for the Army, it remains to be seen
whether Mr. Haldane can make one man do the work
of ten. As, however, he probably will not attempt to
do so. the Tories have nothing to hope from War Office
blunders. " There is, perhaps, a small cloud on the
serene War Office horizon — Japan."

Sir Edward Grey will probably hold his own. and
although " no stranger freak of politics was ever
known " than that which gave the control of India to
Mr. Morley, he, too. is not likely to give the Tories an
opening. More probably that opening will be found in
the many rocks ahead at the Colonial Office..

THE NEW EDUCATION BILL.
Mr. B. G. Evans gives a foretaste of the coming
Education Bill. Its keynote will b? the nationalisation
of education, and Mr. Birrell has formed high ideals
of what national education in England should be. The
absurdly unequal education rates must be equalised.
All religious instruction will probably be placed outside
the official school curriculum.

THE WORK OF A LADIES' SETTLEMENT.

A verj- interesting paper by A. Greig deals with the
work of a ladies' settlement, at which she served for a
few weeks about Christmas time. It was in one of the
most uncivilised and Hooligan slums in London — a
revelation to the writer, who says: "If others can be
induced to give their services for three or four weeks
occasionally, as I did. my story will not have been
written in vain." Part of the work of the settlement
consisted in combating the spirit clubs to which nearly
all factory girls seem to subscribe, paying most of their
weeklv savings expressly in order to have an occasional
" bust up." In this slum not to get drunk occasionally
was to be out of the fashion. Part of this lady's duty
was also to read to factoi-y women and girls during the
dinner-hour, some twenty of whom squatted on the
floor of their work-room while she did so, there being
nowhere else for them to go except the nearest public-
house.

Other articles deal with the Officer question, with
the life-story of the late Harold Parsons (" A Servant
of the Crown ")—a very well-written paper bv Mr.
Theodore A. Cook — and with the Lord Lovelace-Byron
controversy, to which Mr. Roland Prothero contributes
his view, of course bearing out Mr. John Murray.

THE OLD "GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE " REVIVED.

In mid-February the fii'st number of the revived old
Gentl mans Magazine was issued. Mr. A. H. Bullen,
the publisher and new editor, opens the new series
with a brief history of this magazine, which dates
from February, 1731. The facts are well known.

In addition to being the oldest of our magazines, we
are told that it was the first paper to institute Prize
Competitions. Messrs. Chatto and Windus acquired
the magazine in May. 1S6S, and from 1870 to 1905
Mr. Joseph Knight, editor of Notes ami Q\teries,
contributed the Table Talk of Sylvanus Urban. The
magazine has now been acquired by Lord Northcliffe,
and it is intended to restore the features which
distinguished it in the first half of the last century.
The first number contains a paper on the Pepysiau
Treasures, and this is followed by some Recollections
of George Gissing.

School this month is so full of interesting matter that
it is difficult to particularise. Harrow, by Mr.
Warner, occupies the place of honour in the series
'■ Our Schools " ; its picturesque situation and earlier
beginnings give a tone of romance which helps to make
a delightful paper. Dr. Paton's earnest cry for a con-
cordat between Church and State, with a practical
suggestion for the formation of a "Sunday Institute"
for our scholars, is very good. He points out that,
with regard to our Sunday schools, we must progress
if we would continue to be helpful, that rooms often
vacant at night should be utilised, and elder boys,
who are born leaders, interested and made respon-
sible. A red-hot " sermon " on superannuation, and
papers on various educational systems in other coun-
tries, make up a remarkably good number.

Heriete of Revieicg, iOI\j06,

The Reviews Reviewed.

411

CASSELL'S MAGAZINE.

Mr. Ruilolpli (If Cordova opens the Maicli niimbi-i-
Hitli ail article on Mr. Cecil Aldin and his work, 'lli.-
iiioiit striking incident of his career was in oonnection
«itli the tiuieral of Queen Victoria. The writer
says : —

Mrs. Aldin wua invited to see the ceremony trom l\xv
qu,adr:in;;le at Winilnor. a place in wliiili there were
prohahl.v not Iwent.v other people, and far removed fi-oiu
where the newspaper corresponaents had their seatH. Siie
waa iireatlj' iinpres.>^d b,\- one incident- the moment wher.
the two little Piini-e.s. the sons ol the Prince ol \\aie9.
advanced and saluted Ihe coffin containing the remains ol
tlieir revered great^trrandmother. Mrs. Aldin made ca'-efnl
mental notes of tlieir costume and of the regiment which
was on duty.

When she went, home she told her husband of the inci-
dent. His artistic mind jiuiiied at its pictorial possibili-
ties. He telegraphed 10 one of the leading Liondon illue-
tratcd papers, and asked if they ivould like it. They wired
back ■■ Yes." and he sat down and made an elaborate
sketch.

When it was puhlisheil the editor reieived a letter from
tlio officer who bad been in coinmand of the guard ol
honour at tlie spot, eayiiiK that the artist must have been
quite close to him. .and he would like to buy the original
drawinir. which Mr. Aldin sold to him.

Another intere>;ting article is contributed by Mr.
Tii^lie Hopkins, who writes on "The Portraits of Sir
Honry Irving," and adds a number of reminiscences.
Wolsey. Sir Henry told Mr. Hopkins, did not. as an
acting part, draw his syinpatliies .so inucli in the earlier
part of the |)lay as in the later scenes. Concerning
Becket, Sir Henry said: " Ver.y, very rarely have I
played any part with such deep en,ioyDient."

Other papers deal with the Black Peril in South
Africa, and how long it may still be staved off; with
Flamingo Haunts in South Africa, and with Old Nor-
folk Inns.

MACltllLLAN'S MAGAZINE.

MatiiiiUan's Magazine is a verj' readable number,
though no article is veiy (|UOtable. Mr. R. B.
Douglas traces the trail of Stevenson at Fontainc-
bleau, Harbison, and the artist resorts in that part of
the environs of Paris. The only place where he found
Stevenson's memory still kept i^reen was at Gie/.-sur-
Loin, where one Madame Chevillon still remembers
" M\sieii Louis" after tliirly years.

Th<-re is a paper on " My' District.'' evidently by a
district visitor speaking out of the fulness of the heart,
a ))aper which all district visitors and all who have
to deal with the poor might profitably read.

Mr. Keiielm D. Cotes narrates his mournful ex-
perience of trying to get "Back to the Land." Evi-
dently he docs not feel inclined to live over again tlio
year " in which I was caught to the breast of Nature,
as she is known in an Engli.sh country village."' Cess-
pools, unclean and abominable ; wells, in close proxi-
mity, yielding buckets of slime when cleaned ; pre-
.sently diphtheria and thirty deadis. The local Coun-
cil, Government Boards, and other custodians of the
health and well-being of the people were appai-ently
hopelessly stuck in the mud of their own unmended
roads, and unable to do an.vthiiig but acknowledge re-
ceipt of your favour of such and such a date. They
could not act till tliev had a report, and when they
had a report they stilf could not act. In bad sanita-
tion, unwholesome water-supply, and snail-slow local
authorities lie, thinks the writer, the chief causes of
the rural exodus.

Mr. Marcus Reed's bantering paper on " Is Portia
Possible?" has little reference to Shakespeare and
much to the possibility of women lawyers. The writer
cannot think of a profession, except the militar,v, for
which women are less suited. There is nothing speci-
ally new- in the paper, and a good deal of the nonsense
always talked on questions concerning women.

THE WORLD'S WORK AND PLAY.

I'erhaps the chief feature of a very interesting iium-
lier is the collection of beautiful photographs of the
House of Commons, notably "the most interesting
group of the new House" — the Labour Party — a pho-
ti>graph taken on the Terrace on the opening day of
Parliament. Mr. W. M. Gallichan gives a bright
sketch of life and s|>ort in Spain, with fitie illustra-
tions that seem to reflect the sunlight of tho South.
" Home Counties," h ho confesses never to have kept
bees, tells how to start bee-keeping. He has no faith
in bee-fai-ining as u separate industry, hut as an addi-
tion to other sources of income. Mr. B. A. Powell,
F.R.G.S., writes on the citizen army of Switzerland as
an army in which every man is a crack shot. It is
niaintained at very small cost, it i.s run on business-
like methods, and there is no favouritism. IThe citi-
zen army would, he thinks, prove an unsurinountablo
stumbling-block to the gieatest military power in
Europe. Ian Malcolm presents graphic pictures of
Darjeeling and of the Tashi Lama and his followers,
who were passing south to me<"t the Prince of Wale.s.
The new maritime school founded by the London
County Council at Poplar comes in for a share of higli
descriptive eulogy. Mr. Norman's remarks on motors
and men will be very useful to those thinking of em-
ploying a chauffeur.

CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL.

The March issue of I 'liaiiihrr.i\i Journal contains
several articles of interest.

Mr. W. V. Roberts has an article on Bishops as
Li'gislatoi-s. in which he leminds us that, though
bislops sit in the House of Lords, Anglican clergymen
are debarred from sitting in the House of Oimmons
unless they be " unfrocked " and resume their positions
as laymen. Mr. Arthur Adand belongs to the ''un-
frocked." and he is believed to be the only ex-clergy-
man who attained to Cabinet rank. Clergy of other
denominatious, however, may sit in the House of
Commons.

Mr. Edward John Prior describes some Relics of tho
In<|uisitiou now to be seen in a new hall in the heart
of Kennington. The collection is value<l at £2.5,000.
Among the curios are two musical instruments — an
organ and a piano. Some of the figures used in tho
Iniiuisition processions are beautiful pieces of crafts-
manship, others are monstrosities to terrorise those
who held religious views not in accordance with those
of their iXTsecutors.

A Queer Consequence of a Fluke.

Rev. H. M. Neils tells in the Ynung Man of a sport-
ing incident which helped to make the success of his
men's meeting, the Eastbrook Brotherhood, at Brad-
ford. Announced to speak on ' Wliat'U Win?" he
found a postcard in tlie vestry, " 7(^ your address,
' What'll Win ?' — Hackler's Pride is good business for
the Cambridgeshire." He read the card to the crowd.
" The seeiuel was astonishing. Hackler's Pride w'on
the race the following Wednesday! As by magic it
went through the city, and particularly the work-
shops, that ' the parson at Eastbrook had tipped the
winner for the Cambridgeshire.' "

412

J he Review of Reviews.

April 10, 1906.

HARPER'S MAGAZINE.

Harper's Magazine for March contains the second
instalment of Mr. Henry James's " Nejv Yorli Re-
visited.' the reader's appreciation of which will de-
pend on his possession of a Henry James mind. The
Bishop of Central Pennsylvania writes racily of his ex-
perience. ' In Western Camps," a photograph accom-
panying showing him in highly unepiscopal and highly
sensible costume. Other articles deal with " Geneva
University and Its Famous Professors." from Saus-
snre, one of the earlist mountaineers, to Amiel. of
"Journal" fame; with "Ibex-Shooting in Balistan,"
and with " The Arapahoe Glacier in Colorado." a small
glacier only.

THE LOXGLO.ST MANI BIBLE.
Professor Bloomfield. of the Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity, describes the finding of Dr. Griinwedel, a
director of the Berlin Museum of Ethnology, of the
Mani Bible in Turfan. in the extreme east of Cliinese
Turkestan. Turfan, a city of about .50.000 inhabitants,
is not very far due nortii of Lhassa. About 800 frag-
ments of manuscript were found, written in a modified
Syriac script, mostly on paper, but sometimes on
white kid, and once on silk. The characters, however,
are alone Syriac ; the text is Persian or Turkish.
These 800 fragments are remnants of the long-lost
Manichean literature, the sole remnants of the Mani-
chean Bible : —

The fragments reveal in the clearest imaginable manner
why the earl.v Church resarded Mani. or Manichaeus. as
Antichriet, and thundered forth its anathemas against him,
his father, his mother, and his followers.

Mani. Manes, or Manichieus was born in Bab-vlon
A.D. 216.

BLACKWOOD'S MAGAZINE.

Blachwnnd's for March is peculiarly non-topical, but
the articles are fully up to the magazine's usual
standard. There is the first part of Mr. Alfred Noyes'
epic poem on Drake ; a chatty literary paper on
"Scotch Oou-sins," chief among whom is Anne Keith.
the Mrs. Bethune Baliol of Scott's sketch; while there
is a clever Impressionist sketch of a little French re-
staurant near the Luxembourg, and of its patroness.
Wlio does not know that French restaurant-keeper,
with her chatelaine manners, her prints on week-days,
and black silk on Sundays?

A curious article deal with a visit paid to Grueff, the
chief of the Macedonian Revolutionary Committee, in
his stronghold — the first time, it seems, that it was
appix)ached by Englishmen.

■The Warden of the Transvaal Government Game
Reserves writes on '' Game Presenation in the Trans-
vaal." The present Transvaal Game Reserves — cost-
ing .£4000 to equip— extend for 300 miles by 40 to 60.
and contain all indigenous animals, except the few,
such as the elephant, rhinoceros and eland, which had
disappeared before the Reserves were set aside. Tlie
other game animals have all increased considerably
under two and a-half years' protection. Preventing
the native from destroying game, it was said, would
make him starve. Instead, says the writer, it has
made him work. Poachers still cause much trouble,
so much so that the sum of £4000 has had to be in-
creased to £.5000. There is also a Game Protection
Society in the Transvaal, with the object of securing
observance of the game laws in general, and checking
the terrible destruction of birds and animals by the
Kafiirs. The good results of this Society's work have
alreiidv been widely felt.

TIE STRAND MAGAZINE.

Writing in the !March number of the Strand Maga-
-Jne, Mr. M. Sterling Mackinlay, the son of Madame
Antoinette Sterling, gives some hints on the Art of
Expression in Song.

First, he says, the singer must master the art of
phrasing and expression, otherwise monotony will be
the result. To obtain variety there should be change
in the volume of sound, changes in tempo, changes in
melody, changes in phrasing and in accentuation of
phrases, and changes in tim)ire-

The new "Health Craze" is represented by a sympo-
sium in which eminent doctors answer such questions
as Do we eat too much? Do we drink too much tea?
What exercises are recommended? etc. All agree that
the well-to-do eat too much, that tea taken too strong
is injurious, and that outdoor exercise is best.

Dr. Litton Forbes contributes another article on
Malingering, or the simulation of a disease. In mili-
tary service self-inflicted wounds are not uncommon.

There is an interesting notice of Miss Augusta
Guest's work as a sketcher of dogs. Miss Guest, who
is little more than twenty, is an untrained artist. She
relies on her love for dogs and her complete know-
ledge of them to guide her pencil.

THE TREASURY.

Dr. E. Hermitage Day, in the Treasury, gives a
history of St. Chad in the March issue.

St. Chad's name is associated with Lichfield Cathe-
dral, for it is there that St. Cliad's shrine once stood.
The relics were desecrated at the Reformation.

The Rev. P. H. Ditchfield, writing on the Wakes,
notes that the wakes are pre-eminently a Church fes-
tival— the festival of the dedication of the Church.
The wakes are most honoured in the country. A
custom associated with the wakes is the strewing of
the church with rushes.

A very full description of the Jewish Passover is
contributed by the Rev. G. H. Box. He remarks that
one of the most impressive features of Jewish religious
life is the prominent place assigned in it to the home,
when the father becomes a priest and the table an
altar; for instance, in the weekly hallowing of the
Sabbath, the grace after meals, etc. The great event
of the Jewish year, however, is the keeping of the
Passover, and the home ceremonies in this case make
the Passover services in the synagogue appear very in-
significant. Mr. Box, who has many times enjoyed
Jewish hospitality, gives an interesting explanation of
the observance of the festival.

THE ENGLISI ILLUSTRATED.

Mr. Arthur H. Burton contributes to the March
number of the English Illustrated Magazine an in-
teresting article on Remarkable Railways in the Uni-
ted States. France. Ceylon, etc. The Currecanti
Needle, in Lower Colorado, a piece of solid stone like
a monster cathedral spire, is hundreds of feet high,
but the most awe-inspiring piece of scenery is the
Royal Gorge.

COSM«PtLITAN.

In the Cosmopolitan for March Mr. Jack London's
paper is much the most generally interesting. Charm-
ing illustrations accompany Mr. Elbert Hubbard's
"The Girl of the Middle West." One paper deals
with famous forgeries, with reproductions of the
cheques that cau.sed so much loss to the banks on
which they were drawn. Another deals with Sarah
Bernhardt, very good illustrations of her in various
parts accompanying it.

Rerifw of Keneat, lO/i/OS.

The Reviews Reviewed.

413

THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW.

There are a number of good articles in the March
number, but there are none of exceptional eminence.

BKRNACD SHAWS WOMEN.

The brightest paper of the lot is that by Miss Con-
stance Barniooat on " Mr. Bernard Shaw's Counterfeit
Presentment of Women." She describes the women of
the popular dramatist as, on the whole, an unlovable,
unpleasing collection. She wants to know where Mr.
Shaw met them. There is hardly one amongst them of
whom other women could make a friend. They are
generally either hard a.s nails, or colossally .selfish, or
merely bleating old sheep. Most of them are young,
many good-looking, some endowed with a mysterious
quality which Mr- Shaw calls vitality, which Mis.s
Barniooat thinks a very deadly characteristic. She
says : —

Fiat voUmt.as mea. per&at mundua!" is tlie guiding
principle of Mr. Shaw's women endowed with vitality.
Then " Pereat vitalitas:'

Miss Barnicoat is prepared to forgive Mr. Shaw for
Candida's sake a little and for Major Barbara's much.

A POSSIBLE FUTURE FOR MR. UALFOUR.
An anonymous paper, with an unexpected conclusion,
on Mr. Balfour and the Unionist Party, opens the
Ueriiic. It is a very searching and severe criticism
of Mr. Balfour's feats of Parliamentary legerdemain.
The writer says that nothing can be clearer than that
the ex-Premier overrated the value of the dialectical
and tactical devices in which he excels, and under-
estimated every genuine force, personal and national,
w ith which he had to deal. As a result of the Valen-
tine letters, the writer finds that the fiscal fog has dis-
appeared, and the Unionist Party is united on the
basis of Mr. Balfour's leadership and Mr. Chamber-
lain's policy. As he returns to the House of Com-
mons, the writer unexpectedly ends: —

The presumption is as much against him as it was when
he went to Ireland If he re;vd8 " S.vhil, " studies the
Ijahour Party, and reads " Sybil " again, he may survive.
If he survives, it will be as the executor of Mr. Chamber-
lain's policy: and thoiich he may be as slow and reluctant
in his processes as Peel himself, he will probably live to
undo the work of 18^6 and make the Empire one.

NOT FOR JOSEPH!
A different outlook is offered by Mr. W. B. Duffield.
writing on Toryism and Tariffs. For the time it seems
that the Conservative Party i.s to be democratised, that
is. '' Ciesarism is to take the place of Oligarchy, Union-
ism is to become a plebiscitar^• Republic." But the
writer verv much r|uestions whether 'Tariff Reform will
permanently dominate the Conservative Party. Tlie
Conservative bedrock is rather represented by men
like Lord Hugh Cecil, Lord St. Aldwin and Lord
Ctirzon ; —

The fortress of Unionism, if captured, is to be garri-
soned, when the force can be recruited, not by a party
seven-tenths of whom are Conservatives, but by a motley
crew of free-lances consisting of the Birmingham body-
guard, Irish Nation-alists. Independent Labour men. and
perhaps a .sprinkling of Trade Unionists, with such a
section of Conservatives as may prefer Tariff Reform to
Unionism and Conservatism, tammanyfied into cohesion
on the Birmingham plan. It is not creditable that the
Conservative Party can look forward with satisfaction to
such a future.

THE FUTURE OF THE LABOUR PARTY.
E. Hume writes on the advent of Socialism, and con-
cludes with this forecast: —

The Labour Representation Committee have no domina-
ting chief. Their machine, though it has done its work

well under exceptionally favourable conditions, is of a
makeshift and patchwork character. They do not possess
a single daily paper, and only one weekly of any weight.
Their creed is yet to formuljvte. and there are many rival
dogmas, from the crude Marxism of Mr. Hyndman to the
philosopliical subtleties of Mr. J. R Macdonald. which,
creditable as they are both to his intellect and tempera-
ment, are about as suitable for the purposes of proselytism
aa a treatise on the different calculus would be for teach-
ing the multiplication table. If the Lilierals wholly redeem
their half-promises and restore to the trade unions the
italut quo ante the TafT Vale judgment, the new party will
have to pass its severest test. If it survives that, it may
struggle along, but there is a tremendous job for some-
bodj- if it is to do more than merely exist.
OTHER ARTIOI>ES.
'• A Journalist " pleads for legislation in peace time
to restrict the possibilities of mischief by the Press
in war time, and asks for a Bill making it a penal
offence to publish any news of naval or military move-
ments, except such news as might be authorised by
the responsible authorities, the Bill to be made opera-
tive by Order in Council. Miss Gertrude Tuckwell
presses for improvements in the law in the interest
of women workers. Mr. J, A. R. Marriott contributes
a study of Williatn Pitt, and Mr. Henry James gives
hi.s impressions of Boston.

Til WIN»S*R MAGAZINI.

The TUi/k/s'., Zliina-.iiie open.s with a long illustrated
article on Herbert Dicksee and his work. Mr. Herbert
Dick.see is a cousin of Mr. Frank Dicksee, and is
chiefly a painter of animal.s — lions, tigers, dogs and
horses. He studies his models at the Zoo. sometimes
taking casts of the limb of a dead animal. The
'■ Chronicles in Cartoon " are even more interesting
than usual, portraits being given of Mr. Burns, Mr.
Will Crooks, and Mr. Win,ston Churchill, among many
others. Mr. Bryce's article on " The Relations of
Civilised to Backward Races" as respects Labour was
written before the introduction of Clunese labour iiito
South Africa, and will strike most readers as contain-
ing nothing new, and being highly academic.

C. B. FRY'S MAGAZINE.

Hockey, golf, football, cycling, rifle-shooting, and
|)elota are the sports most to the fore in C. B. Fry's
for March. "A Candid Critic" makes a serious com-
plaint of the way in which Scotland treated the "All
Blacks" from Xew Zealand. Scottish hospitality.
Scottish sportsmanship and Scottish fair-play are all
severelv animadverted upon. Mr. P. A. Vaile is less
severe." but not less critical. He declares that one
of John Bull's worst features is his calm assumption
of the superiority of everything English. He very
strongly rebukes both Oxford and Cambridge for their
behaviour, and quotes the Gra;ifa that ''Cambridge
is degenerating and the cad is omnipresent." Of the
two Universities, he says, they are the best places in
the world to unfit a man for the serious battle of life.
Mr. Vaile ends by saying that he sees on all sides in
England, in trade, in religion, in sport, in thought,
signs of inactivity and of stagnation.

SCRIBNER'S MAGAZINE.

Seribnir's Mar/aunc opens with a long, fully illus-
trated article by ilr. Henry Norman on an automobile
journey through five European countries, and totalling
1300 niiles. The countries were France, Switzerland,
Italy Austria, Germany. Other articles, an impor-
tant feature of which is often, the ilUbstrations. are on
• \ Dav with the Round-up," cattle-ranching; Jef-
ferson and the All-star Ca,st in 'The Rivals,'" and
some impressions of Lincoln.

414

The Review of Reviews.

April 10. ISHX.

THE NATIONAL REVIEW.

Professor W. J. Ashley, writing on "Trade Unions
and the Law," regrets on the whole the trend of re-
cent judicial decisions involving trade unions, chiefly
because they seem to militate against trade union com-
bination to improve working conditions, which he con-
siders defensible ' if once we accept the principle of
unionism." -Mr. J. Holt Schooling's paper on •■ Our
Position ill Foreign Markets " is,- of course, an ably
written plea for Protection: —

If our rivals in -trade . . . have thus ousted us during
the last quarter of a rentur.v from all the principal mar-
liets. while these rivals were .attainine maturity as world-
traders, what will be our further loss of trade-jjosition in
auother twenty or twenty-five years, our rivals being adults
J? rowing in strength?

SOME l,E(i.\L SCiND-S-l*.

• A Practising Barrister'' says that the apiwintuient
of Mr. Fletcher Moulton to a Judgeship in the Court
of Appeal calls a tention to the urgent need for drastic
legal reforms. Lord Loreburn has litre his opportu-
nity, but he begins his reign by a flagrant piece of
political jobbery. The reforms suggested are : the oOO
clerical appointments in the Supreme Court to be open
to public competition, the qualifications of many of
those recently nominated to these clerkships being such
as to shock even tlie public's ' not too fine sense of
decency"; a judicial day longer than five hours: to
work the Judges for their £.5000 a year as hard is a
K.C. would have lo work to earn a like salary; re-
gular Saturday sittings; reform of the circuit system
—an old giievance. afresh exposed; shortening of the
time allowed for judges' travelling, that time having
been fixed in day^ of slow railways; and abolition of
the expensive system of ■ judges' lodgings." These
much-nepr'ed ri't'orni.s would relieve the estimates of at
least ie'i.OOtl. and probably more.

Legal scandals in a way form the subjec-t of Pro-
fes.sor Churtou Collins" paper on the Mei-stham and
Crick Tunnel tragedies. His point is that the Pre.ss
conducted valuable researches and elicited new infor-
mation, of wliicli the detective force appeared unable
to avail itself. The police, in fact, seem to him to
have been red-tapcish and not alive in either of these
two cases.

C.\N WE TRUST THE -\DMliULTY?
Mr. Arnold White replies naturally " Yes," and bases
his replv on the recognition of the importance of gun-
nery, aiid on the fact that, if the retired executive
officers and others presumably able to judge are against
the present system of naval education, their predeces-
sors were also equally opposed to other reforms which
have turned out very well. Sir John Fisher recognises
that a small, well-organised fleet, thoroughly prac-
tised in gunnery, will certainly beat a mammoth flotilla
whose gunnery is weak. Turn out Sir John, as the
critics would do. and there is no one to take the place
of

a First Se,-i Lord whose individuality has been felt uot only
b.v the Navv but In the public in a manner that is without
precedent with a Permanent Official who does not write in
the magazines or spe;\k in public.

In any case, reform is begun, and the clock cannot
be put back.

THE UNITED SERVICE MAGAZINE.

The United Service Magazine for March contain.s a
good deal of common sense. One writer urges that to
increase the burden of armament is now almost out of
the question. The best policy is to see that we get

full value in every sense for our money. Captain
Green. R.A.. gives" an interesting .study on cominon
sense rersii.s the bogus imifoim, and in advocating
a workmanlilie accoutrement throws interesting side-
light on the origin of the present antiquated survivals.
Colonel \'erschoyle repeats the plea for higher pay for
oificer-, who can properly instruct and lead their men.
An ex-Xon.-Coni enlarges on the fact that 65 per
cent, of London unemployed are ex-soldiers, and urges
that military or naval service of some kind should be
a sill qua Hon of all public service. But the most
important paper of the month is Captain Cecil
Battine's 'summary of the description of tlie campaign
ending at Paardeburg. published by the German Gene-
ral Staff, and translated by Colonel Waters. We may
be grateful, indeed, to have so calm and judicial and
courteous a criticism of a crucial stage in our military
development.

THE GRAND MAGAZINE.

There is not auj^hing particularly new in what Dr.
Josiah Oldfield and other medical men have to tell
us about -Health. Strength, and Beauty" in the
opening paper of the Giaml Magazine. The old adage,
■ Diet curesi more than the doctor," that we used to-
write in our copy-books, sums up most of it ; '" Don't
eat too much." most of the rest. Common sense fills
in the chinks; and that is ali.

The moral of Mr. Beckles WiUson's paper on ' How
the Empire should be Colonised ' is that the Colonies
must not be so fastidious about their immigrants, and
that there is not, after aU. a large residuum of popula-
tion which can really be classed as "undesirable," and
which the Colonies are justified in desiring to keep
out. Mr. Morley Roberts, I notice, does not c|uite
agree with him.

In answer to the question, • Is the British Army
fit to fight?' Dr. Miller Maguire replies emphatically
that It is not, and that as now constituted it is a
.snare instead of a safeguard to the State; while Mr.
Howard Hensraan replies as emphatically, on the au-
thority of a number of the leading military men of the
day, that it was never so good as it is to-day ; if we
have no army, we have at least a remarkably fine imi-
tation.

••BIRRELLIGIOIS" EDUCATION.

Mr. Herbert Paul, M.P.- in the yindeenth Ventuiii
reminds us that Charles Kingsley held the logical
view that secular education alone should be given
by the State. It is. however, he concludes, thoroughly
unpopular and hopelessly unpractical, because it means
that nine-tenths of the children in this counti-y would
grow up without any religious training at all- He
quotes a hrin mot: —

A witty lawyer is reported to have observed that the
education of the future would he neither religious nor irre-
ligious, but Birrelligious.

Julie Sutter of Germany "and England."

Sneial Seri-ice for March publishes an interesting
sketch with portrait of Miss Julie Sutter, the well-
known authores-s of " A Colony of Mercy " and " Bri-
t-ain's Xext Campaign." This excellent lady was once
described as ' Julie' Sutter of Hesse Darmstadt." In
view of the active and useful work she has done in
founding philanthropic experiments on the German
model in England, she should henceforth be known as
•'Julie Sutter of Germany and England.'

Kfrifw of Revieita, SO/ti/06.

The Reviews Reviewed.

415

FOR SUNDAY READING.

The Sunday Moi/a-inr open- witli an iiitoivicw witli
the Cliaplain-Gpiipial to the Forces, Bishop Taylor
Smith: tlie paper on ' Minist-ers in the Making" gives
some account of theological training colleges; and
that on "Converted Public-Houses" of the progress of
the Adult Seliool Movement in Birmingham, which has
turned quite a number of its puhlic-liouses into adult
schools and social clubs.

In Good Words we are reminded that the year 1906
is the centenary of the foundation of the world's largest
Sunday school — that of Stotlqjort. Some of this
school's sixty classes are for adults only, many of them
being old and grey-headed. Once a year a special
sermon is preached, among its preachers having been
Dean Farrar and the R*"V. J. ij. Jowett ; while 5000
peo|)le often attend, and the collections run into hun-
dreds of pounds. Once a year, again, is the .scholar-s'
procession, or "walk." The teachers in this unique
scli(K)l are of all denominations.

In Great ThnvghU for March Mrs. H. M. Morrison
gives an interesting account of the life and work of
Miss Julie Sutter, author of " A Colony of Mercy,"
and " Britain's Ne.\t Campaign." " Homes for the
Homeless" may be regarded as the keynote and battle-
cry of Miss Sutter's books.

Are rich people irreligious i"'' in the Quirer, and

.\ro working men irreligious?" in the Ynxmg Man,
suggest very opposite reflections. In the former Miss
Winifred Graham assures Raymond Blathwayt tnat
modern London sociily whirls down the giddy avenues
of pleasure without God. The Rov. Herbert Nield,
from twenty years' close vital contact with working
men. says the working man is not irreligious.

FOR YOUNti MEN AND WOMEN.

The Young i[an for March is vivid and actual.

Mr.

Philip Snowden, M.P., writes on the awakening of
Labour, which he says has long existed, but only now
strikes the average reader. Mr. Arthur Porritt de-
scribes self-made men in Parliament. R«'V. Moffat
Logan discourses on the politics of Jesus, laying stress
on His teaching of the Kingdom. A racy account is
given of Mr. John Morgan Richaids. the British Ameri-
can advertiser, the lather of John Oliver Hohbes.
There is verve and vigour and ' go " in the magazine.

The roi(ii<7 IJ'onuni opens with an account of the
so-called "colonial" training home at Leaton, near
Wellington, in Shropshire. Here girls are practically
taught to become capable general servants, a.s well as
laundry-maids, dairy-maids, and amateur dressmakers.
Ladies from sixteen upwards are trained here so as to
fit them for joining their relatives in colonies or taking
posts as domestic helps. The writer makes rather an
astonishing statement as to the anxiety of the Colonies
to receive youn<; wonion from England. " In Canada,
South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and o'her places
there are abundant openings for young women." Not in
Au-stralia, and certainly not in New Zealand, except as
domestic servants, and pos.sibly highly skilled dress-
makers. Six months is required for all this training!
Six months! And sometimes only three! Still, such a
home certainl.y can make women less unfit to be in a
colonial house.

THE YOUNG MAN'S MAG4ZINE.

■J'he Yoiinii Man's 'Ma-iia:ine for March is a good
number. Professor von Zedlitz contributes " An Inter-
view with the Pope'': Mr. R. G. Hustwick, "How to
Arrange for Discussions in Bible Classes." Mr. Hugh

Stoddarr, B.A., has a character sketch on Samuel
Taylor Coleridge, and an anonymous writer, " Maneue,"
writes very pleasingly upon " Maori Prophets."
Among the Maoris, the "Prophets" are still powerful.
" A new tohunga has come amongst them from some-
where on the East Coast. His particular skill lay in
his ability to interpret dreams, in his alleged miracu-
lous power of healing by faith, and, worst of all, in
his reviving the droad Makutu or witchcraft. Who-
ever had experienced a dream, be he man, woman or
child, forthwith became an ' apostle.' and there were
acting in this capacity men whom I have known for
some time. They had given up their daily vocation
and betaken themselves to the ' t«mple,' a Maori
whaie erected for the .special purpose. Round this
place ill the early morning, the followers of the
prophet walked in a dismal procession, repeating cer-
tain prayers. No one could go into the sacred place
carrying anything of value; these had to be left out-
side. Into the house were brought the sick, and
there the.v were subjected to a process, consisting, as
far as I could ascertain, of rubbing and blowing (bit-
ing, some of them said) and praying. One poor old
man, who had been thrown from his horse, was put
on a sledge and dragged to the temple. He was
treated by the tohunga. but died in a short time.
Another young man suffering from inflammation of
the bowels, subjected to the same treatment, met the
same fate. Medicine of whatever kind was condemned
by the tohunga, who worked by faith alone. The
worst feature about this case and others was that the
tohunga a.scribed their deaths to Makutu. As a re-
sult, a poor old man wa,s accused of bewitching others,
and was jiractically exiled from the Kainea. I have
learned since that he died in exile, and his body was
merely thrown into a hole as if he had been a dog.
The tohunsa seemed to have a strange power of ex-
tortine confessions from those who were suspected of
bewitching. Thus he made a poor old woman " con-
fess" that .she had by Makutu caused the death of
some twenty persons. Ttie father of one of her vic-
tims informed me that his girl had been killed bv this
old woman. Upon my asking how. he replied that she
had makutu'd his girl. He repeated at my request
the karaka, or charm, which had had such a f«tal
effect. Perhaps it may be worth recording: —

■ TTaere mai, aniu mai."
" Ha ere mai, kowhea mai,"
" Haere mai, mate mai."

I happened to know that my friend's girl had dieu
from consumption, and endeavoured to exnlain to him
that the above charm could not have been the cause
of her death. But it wa-s simply waste of words to
attempt to explain to him. He was convinced tliat his
girl had been done to death, and further informed me
that this woman was to be sent awa.v to Waikato by
the next trip of the coastal schooner. I have since
learned that she died, much to the gratification of the
people."

From stories about Wellington in the Quiver, given
by James A. Manson, two ma.v be cited : —

Louis Philippe having introduced to liim one of Napo-
leon's Marshals whom he had defe:it«d. the Frenchman
partially turned his back on the Duke. The Kins, in-
censed at the insult, heseed Wellineton's pardon, oiul asked
hira to overlook the rudeness. " Pardon him. sire?" &aid
liis Grace. " Wliy, I taught him to do that in Spain!"
When he was in Vienna an Austrian Princess asked him
one day at dinner : " My dear Duke, how is it that we
sneak French here ao much better than you English?"
The Duke's answer was apologetic with a diiSFerence; "Ah.
Prirress. had Napoleon come to London twice with his
armies, as be has to Vienna, we should without doubt know
the language much better than we io."

4i6

The Review of Reviews.

AprH to, 1906.

THE COKRESPONDANT.

Cmler the title of ■ The Struggle of the Churches,"
an anonymous writer publishes, in the first February
number of the Cnrrespondant, an article on the Gene-
-al Election in England, in which he explains to
French readers the religious question in connection
with the Education Act of 1902.

GERMAN niPERIALISM IN FIOTIOX.
In the same number there is a notice, by Baron E.
Seilliere, of the novels of Freiherrin Frieda von
Biilow. This lady is the daughter of a distinguished
diplomatist who for some time represented his country
in Smyrna. Altogether Freiherrin ron Billow's educa-
tion has been a very cosmopolitan one. She has lived
in tlie recent German institutions in Africa among the
founders of the Women's Union for the Care of the
Sick in the Colonies, and has written a number of
novels in which she records her impressions of German
colonial life in East Africa besides a number of Euro-
pean novels. The Colonial novels include ''Stories of
German East Africa,'' The Consul," " Ludwig von
Posen.'' "In the Land of Promise," and "Tropical
Madness."'

THE ITALIAN REVIEWS.

The i?(j.5S<v;na Xazionale (February 1st) gives the first
place to a number of fine poems on the volcanoes of
Italy, by Mgr. Morabito. the Bishop of Mileto, whose
splendid services on behalf of the victims of the
C'alabrian earthquake have brought hnn prominently
before the Italian public. The poem.s are published
on behalf of the building fund of his ruined seminary.
E. Cantono describes the programme of the Catholic
party, which is asserting itself more and more both in
Miunicipal and political elections, and promises to do
much in the cause of true progress. The main points
are the development of municipal autonomy as against
the prevailing tendency to State centralisation, the
insertion in all municipal contracts of clauses securing
% minimum wage. Sunday rest, and insurance against
accidents, and regulating the hours of labour. In
economic matters the party favours a reduction of
taxation on food, the taxation of unearned incre-
ments, and the principle of a progressive income tax.
It differs from the Socialists mainly in not demanding
the State feeding of school children, and by a more
reserved attitude as regards the municipalisation of
public services.

The Eiiista d'ltnlia devotes a long article to the
philosophy and plays of Mr. Bernard Shaw, whose
fame, it appears, is just penetrating into Italy. The
writer suggests, somewhat unkindly, that controver-
sies excited by Mr. Shaw turn much less on fundamen-
tal ideas than on his neglect of those external techni-
calities of the stage to which the British public is
accustomed. An admirable summary by V. Rossi of
the life and art of Vittore Carpaccio is founded on the
sumptuous volume recently issued by P. Molmenti and
G. Ludwig. It is interesting to read that the revival
in Italy of Carpaccio's reputation, after being in
abeyance throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries, is due partly, at least, to the English pre-
Raphaelite school and its education of public taste.

The Nuoia Antnlogia begins the publication of a
series of letters written by the Italian ambassador at
Washington, describing his recent journey through the
Southern States with a view to encouraging Italian
immigration to those fertile regions. The ever-in-
creasing Italian colony in New York presents a diffi-
cult social problem, and as fifty per cent, of the im-
migrants are peasants and accustomed to a hot cli-

mate, it is felt that the Southern agricultural States
offer a far more suitable field for them than the
crowded cities of the East. Biographical sketches of
two English celebrities by two ladies will attract
attention. Fanny Zampini Salazar writes (February
Isti somewhat gushingly of the late Lady Currie as
poetess and ambassadress, while Olivia Rossetti contri-
butes (February 1.5th) a thoroughly well-informed
article on the career of John Burns, pointing out the
importance of the recent Liberal triumph from a
Labour as well as a Free Trade point of view. Pro-
fessor Cesare Lombroso denounces the exceptionally
bad government of Spain, where the people are satu-
rated with violence, as the reason why discontent in
the Peninsula runs, not to Socialism.' but to Anar-
chism. Anarchists, he declares, seldom belong to the
criminal type, and are men of moral life imbued with
an excessive altruism, which drives them into mis-
taken violence. The article will certainly do nothing
to placate the Professor's many adversaries.

Besides its usual fully illustrated articles on medi-
aeval and modern art. Emporium publishes (Tebruarv)
the first of a series of articles of the highest interest
on the newly-opened Museo Chiossone at Genoa. The
late E<loardo Chiossone devoted his many years' resi-
dence in Japan to the collection of paintings and en-
gravings by all the greatest Japanese artists, many
of them unrepresented in Europe till now, and the col-
lection of his treasures, now throw open to the pub-
lic, affords a unique opportunity for studying Japanese
art. Another article deals with the triumphs of Mr.
L. Burbank. the great Californian horticulturist, who
claims not only to have improved existing fruits, but
to have created new ones.

THE NOUVELLE REVUE.

The first February number opens with some Unpub-
lished Letters by Charles Baudelaire, and these are
continiied in the second number. He was one of the
first critics who discovered the engraver Meryon.

MADAME DE WABEXS AMJ ROUSSEAU.
Pierre Queutin-Bauchart contributes to the first
number an interesting article on Mammas in Litera-
ture— namely, Madame de Warens, whose name is as-
sociated with Rousseau. George Sand associated with
Alfred de Musset. and '" Elvire " associated with Lam-
artine. Of the three Madame de Warens alone played
the part of a real mamma. Having no children of her
own, she felt the need of some little one to cherish,
to protect, to guide, to caress, and Jean Jacques was
.voung, and had known no affection in his childhood.
'To me.'' writes Rousseau with emotion, "she was the
tenderest of mothers."

FEAN'CE AXD VENEZUELA.
In the second number F. A. de Larochefoucauld
writes on Venezuela. In twenty-five years, he says,
there have been tliree diplomatic ruptures between
France and Venezuela. The first lasted from 1881 to
1887. the second from 1896 to 1902. and the third,
he thinks, may also last six years. The writer, who
was in Caracas in 1881, describes his experiences of an
earthquake which took place early in that year.

A NE\r ■• MOSQOTTO OF THE SEA."
Albert de Pouvourville describes the French new
naval engine of destruction de.signed by the Comte
Recope. Iti s a submarine in which petroleum and a
motor take the place of coal and steam, making it pos-
sible to reduce by one-third the dimensions of a boat
of the same destructive value. Only one torpedo is
carried, the most powerful yet invented, and the vedet

Remev, of Review). tO/HOS. J fie RCVlCWS RCVieWed. 41?

may be built in four months, and without special LA REVUE.

knowledge. Only two men are recjuired t« work it; In the first February number ot La Bevm tmile
the price is about 75,000 frs. The new model seems to Faguet gives us an article on Jutes Michelet.
combine many advantages, and the writer hopes the JirLES MICHELET.
navy will soon be provided with a large number of Michelet. we are told, suffered much from a kind
these "mosquitoes of the sea," whose sting must in- of hysteria', which, however, he cultivated assiduousl.T.
evitably produce none but mortal wounds. jj^ \^..^^ ^^^^ happj' in his first marriage. After his
wife's death there was a period of Platonic com-
panionship with Madame Dumesnil. His second wife
THE REVIEW DES DEUX MONDES. „.as a writer like liim-ell, and the two soon became
, „ , , . „„^ collaborators, useful to each other, inseparable. This
The articles in the February numbers are not par- ^^^.^^^^ worthily crowned a beautiful life, laborious, in-
ticularly interesting to English readers. tellectual, and fruitful in work.s. some of which come

near to being masterpieces.
THE L.\CK OF ELECTOEAL LIBERTY. .^^^ HUMAN BVDGET I.V FRANCE.
Writing in the first on Electoral Liberty in France, -pj^^ second February number returns to the ques-
Gcorges Picot (h'scribes the various ways in which ^j^,j ^j Deixipulation in France. Dr. Lowenthal ex-
electoral liberty is stifled. First, there is the Parlia- piaj„s that in 1901 the French Government appointed
mentan- or electoral register. Revision of the lists is ^ Commission of Inquiry, consisting of seventy mem-
snpposed to take place every .January, but this revi- |^p^^ ^j,,) tlioug], more than four years have passed,
sion is ([Uite illusory. The names of dead electors and jj^^ ^^.^„.^ ^,, jlii^ lij^l^. parliament is far from being
electors who have "left the locality still figure on the achieved, owing to absence of funds, not to indemnify
regi.ster. The first guarantee of electoral rights is the ^jj^ niembers, but to pay the ex|)enses of printing and
keeping in order of the register. The importance of distributing the reports.

the birth, marriage, and death registers is recog- What will be the probable ixisition of France in

nised; why not add a fourth, the electoral register, ,K)int of population in fifty years? He makes answer

to he kept" as rigorously, and In- submitted from time „iti, the following table, estimating at the present

to time to the inspection of the magistrates-' Secrecy rate of progression the population of the eight Great

of the ballot is not maintained as it ought to be, and Powers in I'J.JO : —

proiwrtional representation is nuicfv to be desired. 170 millions

Pe.4onal lib.Mt.v. he concludes, does not exist in a Russia m^Europ*^^. 170 millions.

nation which does not enjoy electoral liberty. Ciermany 95

In the second number Augustin Filon has an inter- Japan .. 75

esting article on the English elections. Austna^Hun^ry ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 65 „

Italy SO

MII.LIONAIRBS OF OTHER DAYS France *!

Vicomte Georges d'Avenel writes on the French Thus France, which at the beginning of the nine-
millionaires of seven centuries ago. The enrichment of teenth ceiituo- stood first, will in 19,50 find that she
individuals in the Middle Ages «as not due to the j^. j,, jj^^ lowest place. The writer compares depopula-
force of the law, but to the law of force; it was the ^j„„ ^f ^ .-ace with a deficit in the budget, it may
displacement of existing wealth, and not the creation 1,^ caused bv a small natality, or an excessive iiior-
of new wealth. In tliose days the law considered the talitv. or both, and as a deficit in the budget may
inequalities of wealth natural and just; to-day the law ),^. ,|',ej \,y an increase in receipts, or economy in ex-
considers them unjust. Yet the ancient inequalities penditure. or both, the population may find its
were not good any more than the inequalities of to-day remedv in an increased natality, or a decrease in
are a social evil.' In comparing the mode of expendi- the mortality, or both. The truth is. however, that
ture of the rich men of former times with that of the 1,0th the financial budget and tlie human budget in
rich men of our day. we see that it is not merely the France are badly managed, and the depopulation is
source of wealth which has changed, but the use which cau.sed. not by lack of resources, but by the frightful
is made of it. waste of infant and adult life in the country, in

towns, in the army, etc.

THE FEEBLE-MINDED AND IKRESPONSIBLE. ^^^ MOST DE PIETE.

Professor J. Gra,sset gives us a study of Half-Mad or \nother social study is that bv G. Renard. on the

Half-Responsible Persons. It is scientifically impos- ^^^^^ ^j^ p-^^^^ ^f paris ; What It is and What It

sible, he says, to classify all men as more or less re- ^^^i„ht be. For years, he savs. reform has been felt

siMjn.sible, or to divide them into classes of mad and to^e urgent. The heads of the establishments as

irresponsible and reasonable or iesiM)nsible. But it is .^^jj ^^ ^l^^, employes want it.

scientifically necessary to admit three distiiict and j'^^^ Paris Mont de Piete has a complex character,

separate classes: — the reasonable and responsible, the being half commercial and half philanthropic. To

mad and irresponsible, and the half-mad and half- (-be poor it is a u.seful institution, and they form its

responsible. The existence of partially mad persons niost numerous cUeiiteh'. To them it advances money

naturally includes the existence of half-responsibles, <>„ articles of small value, usually to provide the

and it is the role of the medical expert to examine means of subsistence. The.se are called loans of cmi-

the condition of the nervous system of such indivi- .tomtnatinn. But it is also an establishment of popu-

duals and the influence which this condition may exer- ]ar credit, and as such is used by coinmercial men

cise over their actions, and decide wliether they are and manufacturers, who are, indeed, its best cus-

responsible from the biological and medical point of tomers. In thi.s case money is advanced on new

view. A jury ought not to condemn a criminal whom wares deposited there temporarily to extricate their

the medical expert declares to be irresponsible. Among owners from some diflSculty. These are called loans

the half-mad are to be found many men of talent — on production. It is also a bank of deposit for the

Comte, Gogol, Dostoievsky, de Maupassant, Nietzsche. wealthy classes— that is to say. these people, when

p(.p, ■ they go away, frequently deposit their valuables at

4l8

The Review of Reviews.

April 10, 1906.

the iiont de Piete for safety till their return.

Being an institution without capital, the Mont de
Piete has to borrow in order to be able to lend. As
the security is good, it has no difficult-v in procuring
funds at .3 per cent., but this has to be taken into
account when money is advanced to clients. In other
words, if it were an endowed institution it would be
able to advance money on easier terms.

The chief and most urgent reform is concerned with
the appraiser of the goods, who comes in at the first
engagement, again at the renewal, and again at the
sale, and manages to get hold of an enormous part
of the money. In connection with the appraiser
many serious abuses have gradually come into fxist-
ence, and the result is the present bitter cry for re-
form, which M. Renard has been asked to voice in
T.a Btrrue.

THE DUTCH REVIEWS.

De Gids is excellent this month. Of the several
very readable contributions the first is one on Anti-
Feminism in the Middle Ages, from the able pen of
Professor A. G. van Hamel, whose name is a guaran-
tee of quality. In the twelfth and the early part of
the thirteenth century, women were not held in high
esteem ; the knights would do brave acts when put
to the test by a lady, and sometimes siioutaneously.
but on the whole women held no place. In French
writings of the period women were treated with scant
courtesy. Among the categories of books on the sub-
ject were those whitli dealt with Eve and other
women of the Sacred Book. Eve is spoken of with
contempt for her weakness in yielding to the temp-
tation of the Serpent fur the sake of some fruit,
and so forth. Other books were those which gave
the substance of works by ancient writers on the
absorbing topic of woman, and those were not flatter-
ing to her. Then there came a counterblast.
Christine de Pisau wrote a book, which was one of
her literary efforts to earn a living for herself and
her two children, and she began to turn the tables.
People saw that a woman could do something after
all. and opinions became divided. Phrases of the
kind of •' Do not insult the sex to which your mother
belongs " were propagated and more respect was'
shown to the sex.

There is a most interesting account of the history
of the Red Cross in Japan. It was in 1864 that
Henri Dunant. the founder of the Red Cross move-
ment, paid a visit to the Japanese Ambassador in
Paris, and explained the idea. In 1867. at tlie time
of the Exhibition, a great meeting was held in Paris,
and this brought the idea home to many people, in-
cluding the advanced portion of the Japanese. After
the war of 1870 the movement commenced to make
greater headway in the laud of earthquakes, and in
1873 it was taken up in real earnest. The insurrec-
tion in Japan, in 1877 and the eight months' fighting
that ensued, gave another fillip to the cause: the
Emperor gave 1000 yen to the funds, and the friends
of the Red Cross increased within twelve months
from 2200 to 11,000,

Why cannot Holland do more trade with Persia
and the L.vant H That is the theme of a third con-
tribution. The writer shows what has been done by
others, as instanced by the histon- of the Imperial
Bank of Persia and the Ottoman Bank, and savs
that more could be done, and should be, by the
Dutch. There is a Dutch station at Ahwas. on the
Persian Gulf; this station has not the advantages
of competing stations in the matter of good railways,
but it has excellerit caravan roads, and its importance
could be largely increased.

Slsecicr keeps up a high standard of illustration.
Those which accompany the article on Greek and
Italian ceramic ware are good, and combine with the
text to make an enjoyable article. The continuation
of Mr. Jac. van Looy's description of an excursion in
Morocco, with illustrations from drawings by the
writer, is given in this issue ; it is written more like
a story than a record of travel, and is. therefore,
the more entertaining. The party seems to have had
a good time.

Onzc Eeuw contains an article on the separation of
Norway and Sweden, in which the author traces the
history of the Norwegian desire for independence,
and ends with a warning note. It appears very
plejisant to the Norwegians to hare a kincr and a
kingdom all to themselves, but such a oonSition of
affairs has its disadvantages. If you prefer inde-
pendence, you must be prepared to bear the cost and
trouble of maintaining it. And how will this rise of
a new State affect the histoi-y of the world in the
course of a generation or so?

Tlie most important contribution to Vragen des
Tijdn is that on the Chamberlain Tariff movement.
A Dutchman who reads this article will know more
about the question than many a Britisher. Towards
the close of the article, which was written in October
last, the author expresses the opinion that the im-
minent General Election will result in an overwhelm-
ing victory for Free Trade.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

The Heal'h of Our Children in the Colonies: A
Book for Mothers," by Dr. Lilian Robinson (2s. 6d. ;
Longmans, Green and Co.). This book deserves a large
circulation. It is written in language that everybody
can understand. It covers a wide range of subjects
with regard to the health of children, and treats of
almost everything that a child is likelv to suffer from.
• The Subjection of Women." bv John Stuart Mill
(6d. : Longmans, Green and Co^, new edition, edited,
with introductory analysis, by Stanton Coit.

■' The Kingswood Cookerr iBook." bv H. F. Wicken,
M.C.A. (Is. 6d. : Whitcombe and Tombs Ltd.) A
capitally got-up volume which will appeal to every-
day housekeepers anxious to adequately supply every-
day needs.

"Johns' Notable Australians," by Fred Johns (6s.;
Geo. Robertson and Co. Propy. Ltd.). A useful com-
pendium of information concerning prominent Aus-
tralians.

The Harbinger of lAght for April contains articles on
Rev. Dr. Minot J. Savage, • Christian Science in the
Light of Modern Spiritualism." a personal note from
the Yen. Archdeacon CoUey to the editor, and other
articles on Magnetic Arrogance and Clairvoyant
Healers, and "What Transpires in Our Midst." being
an account of the parting of the spirit from the body
as expounded to Mr. WiUiam Shackle, of Melbourne.

DaJgetti's Scview for March has the usual mass of
technical information in which the mercantile trade
delights. One of the chief features of interest is a
splendid series of photographs illustrating the search
of a settler for land and the various stages of his
venture, finishing up suitably with the interior of a
church decorated for a thanksgiving service. An in-
teresting article is contributed upon the handling of
the wool traffic at the Darling Harbour railway sta-
tion, the point where sea and land meet in thetrack
of the wool from the homestead to the foreign land.

Hevietc of Revtftoi, iO/UO'i.

BOOKS OF THE MONTH.

THE LIFE OF ARCHBISHOP TEMPLE.

Ttie last time 1 saw the late Primate was on the
day of the late Queens funeral service at Windsor.
His Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury, with his
wife by his side, walked down the hill from the
Castle to the railway station, carrying in his hand
the bu" with his canonicals. He was eighty years
old, but he disdained a carriage. He was nearly
blind, but no one would have surmised it from his
bold and resolute gait. He was successor of Augus-
tine, Primate of England, and the first subject of the
King, but he trampe<J through the mud, portmanteau
in hand, just as if he had been an ordinary bagman.
That man leapix-ars in these Memoirs, strong,
simple, unostentatious, unconventional, resolute, a
bold figure of a man, with his woman by his side.
For Frederick Temple, whether schoolboy or Arch-
bishop, was always true to his womenfolk. No man
was more male than he. His face, his figure, his
mode of speech, his habit of thought all were mascu-
line exceedingly. But perhaps because there was a
little of the woman inside, he clung more tenaciously
ro the woman outside. • His devotion to his mother
was most touching. He continually wrote to his sis-
ters. And his wife was his complement. He was,
although his seven friends omit to mention the fact,
a stou^t friend and true to the cause of Woman's
Suffrage.

A REGRBTrTABLE SUPPKESSIO VEBI.

Their reticence on that point suggests the possi-
bility that thev may have also slurred over other
opinions of the Pri'mate with which they did not
agree. I am rather disposed to believe this because
of the scurvy wav in which the author of the London
Memoir, the fifth friend, " the Ven. H. E. J. Bevan,
M.A., Archdeacon of Middlesex, Prebendary of St.
Paul's, and Rector of Chelsea," passes over the cour-
ageous action of Dr. Temple at the time of " The
Maiden Tribute." Possibly the venerable archi-
diaconal fifth friend may have disapproved of the
action of the then Bishop of London. Possibly he
may have considered that he was doing a pious
action in concealing the part which Dr. Temple
played on that occasion. But a biographer has no
right to suppress facts because they jar upon his
delicate susceptibilities. No one who reads the
Memoirs of these .seven friends can form even the
remotest riotion of what was perhaps one of the most
conspicuous acts of moral courage in the whole of
Frederick Temple's life. How much courage it
needed is proved, if proof were necessary, that after
his death, in the volumes which are intended to be

♦'■Memoirs of Arclibisliop Temple." by Seven Friends
2 vols., with photosravures and portraits. Macmillan and
Oo. 36s. net-

the ixTmanciu ni-Jinonal ul his lile, his friends deem
it necessary to suppress, as far as possible, any refer-
ence to the part which he played in securing the
passage of a law raising the Age of Consent from 15
to 16— in other respects strengthening the protection
which the law gave to inexi)erienced, innocent girl-

^°° " THE STORY OF THE .MAIUEN TRIBUTE."

The facts of the case are brieHy as follows : —In
the spring of 1885, the fall of .Mr. Gladstone's Go-
vernment entailed, among other things, the abandon-
ment of a Bill which had been twice belore intro-
duced and dropped, raising the age at which girls
were legally competent to consent to their own rum.
The Bill was passed upon a report by a Commiiiee
of the House of Lords, which declared that the
.spread of juvenile prostitution was so appalling a
moral danger as to imperatively call for repressive
legislation. They recommended that the age of con-
sent should be raised from thirteen to sixteen, and
that other stringent remedies should be provided
against criminal vice. The subject, although ad-
mittedly important, was unsavoury. It did not con-
cern the daughters of legislators. It was deemed as
bad form to speak about it in the House of Com-
mons as to write about it in a Memoir, and so it came
to pass that session after session the Bill was intro-
duced and crowded out. In 1885, by way of render-
ing it more palatable to the indifferent legislature.
Sir W. Harcourt proposed only to raise the age to
fifteen. But even this timid and tentative measure
was abandoned when Mr. Gladstones Ministry fell.
Lord Salisbury, on assuming control, decided that no
legislation could be attempted, and a special private
co°nfidential appeal made to him on behalf of the
Age of Consent Bill onlv elicited the reply that no
exceptions could be made, and that the Bill for the
protection of girls must share the fate of all the other
Bills of the late Government.

WHY IT WAS WRITfEN.

The friends of the measure were in despair. The
thfii Chamberlain of the City of London came to
thf Pa/l Mall Gazette, which I was then editing, and
implored me, in the name of the womanhood of
Britain, to do what I could to compel the Govern-
ment to pass the Bill. Mrs. Josephine Butler joined
her entreaties to his, and most reluctantly I con-
sented to do what I could. The task was as diffi-
cult and as uncongenial as could possibly have been
laid upon the shoulders of a journalist who was then
at the verv zenith of success. I knew nothing about
the subject. A son of the manse who married at
twenty-three, to whom seduction had ever seemed a
worse' moral offence than murder, was a strange in-

420

Review of Reviewl, tO/i/Oe.

M'

"^f

ARCHBISHOP TEMPLE.

From the Cartoon for the Memorial Window in Exeter Cathedral.
Executed by ilessrs. Bnrlisson and Grylls.

H

m

W\-.

KevitK of Revitun, tO/i/06.

Notable Books of the Month.

421

h

strument to bt- used in exposing the ramifications of
the criminal vice of London. But it was quite cer-
tain that if I did not move no one would do any-
thing, and the age of consent \vould remain at thir-
teen. After careful consideration of the evidence
on which the Bill was basetl, I saw that the only
chance of forcing the Bill thnmgh was by procuring
fresh evidence hot and strong from the subterranean
regions in which criminal vice has its haunts. To
procure this evidence I must descend myself into
the cloaca maxima of London's immorality, risking
life and reputation in order to save some of the
maidens sacrifict-d annually to that modern Mino-
taur, the Lust of London. It was this resolve that
brought me into contact with Dr. Temple.

OAEDINAL. AEOHBISHOP AND BISHOP.

Having decided that in order to know the facts
at first hand it was necessary for me to personate a
debauchee, prowling through haunts of vice in order
to procure innocent victims for his depraved passion,
I communicated my intention to Dr. Benson, then
Archbishop of Canterbury, to Cardinal Manning, and
to Dr. Temple, then Bishop of London. The way
in which each of these three eminent prelates re-
ceived the news was eminently characteristic of
their different characters. Archbishop Benson was
appalled. He admitted the gravity of the evil, the
impossibility of getting the Bill passed unless some-
thing desperate was done ; but he shrank back
aghast from my mode of procedure. He warned me
of the danger to my reputation, to my family, to the
Pall Mall Gazette, to my life, and e\en to my soul.
To all of this I listened with due respect and grati-
tude ; but when he had done I told him I had not
come for his counsel, but solely as a necessary mea-
sure of precaution against the evils he had described.
It was quite possible that I might be run in or get
into some trouble in the prosecution of mv secret
investigation. I had, therefore, told him beforehand
what I was after, in order that, if I were brought
into court, I might subpoena him as a witness to
prove the real object of mv actions.

When I told my plan to Cardinal Manning, he
declared that he was satisfied there was no other
way by which the Bill could be passed. He gave me
his blessing, and promised to support me to the end
— a promise which he nobly fulfilled.

DR. TEMPLE'S PROMISE.

I did not go to Dr. Temple. I wrote to him,
asking for an interview\ He replied, saying that he
would come round and see me at the Pall Mall
Gazette office. Punctually he arrived, and was shown
into Milner's little room, which Milner always
vacated at midday, leaving it free for visitors.
" Well,' said he abruptly as I entered, " what do
you want w^ith me?" In a few rapid sentences I
told him my plan. He listened attentivelv, making '
no remark. When I had finished he asked : " What
do you want me to do ?" " Xothing at present," T

said ; " but there will be a great storm when I pub-
lish my report, and I have told you beforehand in
order that, if you agree with me, you may be ready
to back me up when the time comes.'' "All right,"
he said, " you can depend on me," and, without
another word, he was off downstairs. The whole
interview can hardly have lasted five minutes. But
nothing could have been more practical. He did
not dissuade me, like Dr. Benson, or commend me,
like the Cardinal. He took in the whole situation
at a glance, recognised exactly where his aid was
wanted, decided to give it, said so, and was off.

HOW IT WAS FULFILLED.

My anticipation of a storm fell far short of the
tempest that burst forth when ' The Maiden Tri-
bute ' appeared. The report of the Secret Com-
mission, which every experienced police officer knew
to be a pale und<TStatement of the actual facts, was
denounced in the Press and by some of the Anglican
clergy as a monstrous exaggeration or a tissue of in-
ventions. Then it was that I had occasion to appeal
tij my prelates. .Acting on the advice of Cardinal
Manning, I challenged inquiry into the accuracy of
my statements, and the Archbishop, the Cardinal,
the Bishop, the Lord Mayor, Mr. Samuel Morley,
with the present Lord Chancellor as legal member
of the Commission, consented to sit at the Mansion
House to inquire into the truth of " The Maiden
Tribute." The Lord Mayor only attended the first
meeting. The others sat throughout the whole in-
quiry, and at its close handed to me a certificate cer-
tifying to the rectitude of my actions.

No more painful task had ever come before these
high-souled, pure-minded men than to investigate
such a subject. Hut as representatives of the Chris-
tian Church and guardians of the moral life of the
nation they felt they dare not shrink from a duty as
plain as it was nauseous.

A FRIEND STAUNCH AXD TRUE.

Bishop Temple's staunchness stood an even
severer test. When the Act had been triumphantly
carried into law, despite the tion possumus of the
Prime Minister, I was prosecuted for what was ad-
mitted by my prosecutors to have been an uninten-
tional breach of the law committed at the very begin-
ning of my investigations. The jury found that I
had broken the law in this particular case, having
been misled by my agents, but that I had deserved
well of mv country by securing the passing of the
Law of Protection for young girls, which in their
opinion might be still further strengthened with ad-
vantage. That was the substance, although not the
actual wording, of their verdict. Through all the
trying time of the trial Bishop Temple stood by me
like the staunch friend that he was. He attended at
the Old Bailev to give evidence on my behalf. He
was not called, because judge and prosecutor united
in declaring that there could be no question as to
the excellence of my motives — as to which the

422

The Review of Reviews.

April io, mm.

Bishop intended to give evidence — and therefore it
was unnecessary to trouble anyone to bear witness on
that head. The cost of the trial, which mounted up
to _;^6ooo, was entirely defrayed by a public sub-
scription. To the Defence Fund the Bishop con-
tributed jQs°- When I was released from gaol he
was one of the heartiest in his congratulations.
From lirst to last throughout the whole of a moral
crisis which subjected the nation to a testing ordeal,
Bishop Temple never flinched, never failed, but
from first to last stood to his guns like a man.

HOW THIS EPISODE IS CHRONICLED.

This episode was one which applied a far more
crucial test to the essential manhood and selfless
rectitude of the Bishop than half the ecclesiastical
hubbubs which figure so largely iri these Memoirs.
But the only reference which the fifth " Friend," the
Ven. Archdeacon Prebendary, makes to the subject
is to print part of the Bishop's pastoral letters to his
clergy urging them to take advantage of the oppor-
tunity afforded by the new Act and the agitation
which forced it through Parliament to raise the
moral tone of the nation, and to introduce it as fol-
lows : —

One o£ ibe earliest DastoriU lettei« writteu by tlie Bishop
to Ilia clergy was sugerested by the so-called revelations of
the Pall Mull (luzette \\\ the summer of 1885.

That and nothing more ! So is biography written
w hen the task is loft to the hands of men who are so
much out of sympathx with their subject as to feel
justified in partially suppressing, and thereby misre-
presenting, incidents which are of crucial import-
ance as indication of character. It has always been
so. The story of the way in which Christ dealt with
the woman taken in adultery only appears in one
Gospel, and we are told that in the early ages many
copyists left it out, fearing lest the incident might
have a prejudicial effect upon morality. Yet who
is there who would not willingly exchange half a
dozen of the miracles recorded by the other Evan-
gelists for that one supreme illustration of the spirit
that was in Jesus ? So in like manner Dr. Temple's
essential chivalry shone out clearer and brighter in
the way he dealt with "' The Maiden Tribute of
1885 than in almost any other action of his life.
Therefore it is slurred over by men not worthy to
untie his shoe-strings.

THE .VRCHBISHOP IX POLmCS.

The " seven friends are not all of the same un-
worthiness. But between them they seem to fail to
give an adequate conception of the national influ-
ence of the late Primate. Of course, there may be
nothing more to tell than they have told. But after
the leading case of •' The Maiden Tribute " I am
loath to believe that an intellect so masculine, an
P-nglishraan so patriotic, could have lived through
eighty years of active life without having left deeper,
trace upon the national development than we find
recorded here. Upon the greater questions of In-

ternational Peace, the Fnfranchisement of Woman,
the Humanisation of the conditions of Labour, the
Development of the Empire, the reunion of the
English-speaking world — on all these questions
Frederick Temple must have thought deeply, and
have said something that might well have been re-
corded in his Memoirs. But we search in vain for
any utterance. We ate told that he did a civil
thing and wrote a courteous letter to the Americans,
that he took part in^ t.he early stages of the Dock
strike mediation, and that he once spoke about
Christianitv and Imperialism; but of what he said
we are told nothing. If it were not that his '■ seven
friends ' have shown what they can do in suppress-
ing his views on Woman's Suffrage, 1 should be
inclined to believe that the late Archbishop had
held himself aloof from almost all the greater move-
ments of our time. He was a staunch teetotaler and
temperance reformer — the friends could not very
well suppress that fact — but is it credible that he
had no light or leading to spare his countrymen
upon such grave moral qut-stions as those involved
in the issue of peace or war "'

HIS INFLUEKCK ON I'l-^ACE OK W.^K.
Hardly had he been appointed Bishop of Lcndi u
ihan the whole Empire was thrilled by alarums ut
war. -Mr. Gladstone, with the whole nation behind
him, l>lustered about war with Russia in a quarrel in
which it was afterwards discovered the fault was
entirel) on our side. Did he or did he not do any-
thing to' alUi) the passionate fury of the people?
The Memoir sayeth not. In 1898 the Russian sum-
mons came for the Parliament of Peace. The occa-
sion was recognised by Bishop Creighton as one of
thos" supreme moments in the history of mankind
which are full of fate for future progress. Had the
Primate no word of encouragement or of counsel
for the Peace Crusade? A year later Lord .\Iilner
and Mr. Chamberlain plunged the Empire into war
with the Transvaal. To some of us it was the most
wanton and criminal war of our time. We had re-
Ideated opportunities of averting it by accepting the
constantly renewed offer of arbitration. Had the
late .\rchbishop nothing to say on that great national
apostasy ? When the war broke out it was prose-
cuted with a dex-astating fury that recalled the ravag-
ing of the Carnatic by Hyder .W\. The principles
of civilised warfare, solemnly sanctioned in 1899 at
the Hague were trampled underfoot by the methods
of barbarism put in operation by Lord Kitchener
in I goo. Did the Primate approve or protest, or did
he sit on the throne of .Augustine like some god on
high Olympus, serenely indifferent to the cries and
sobs of the women and children who w-ere done to
death as victims to the Jingo Moloch ? The Me-
moir sayeth not. There is only one entr\' in the
index on '' South African War." and it relates solely
to the action taken by Dr. Temple in forming a
Church Navy and Army Board. There is another
leference — not indexed under South Africa — in

Heciew of HfPifiC". iOf',i>n,.

Notable Books of the Month.

42.5

which is discussfd the bearing uf the prayers issued
for use in the time of war upon the question of
prayers for the dead. And that is all !

WHO IS TO BLAME?
This is ver_\ unsatisfactory. If on such grave
moral issues as those which testetl the humanitv and
the Christianity of the nation the I'rlmate was dumb,
what are we to think of his claim to be a statesman,
a leader of men, and a director of the conscience
of his jK-ople? If, on the other hand, he had con-
victions, and did his best to give effect to them, why
are we not told of it ? Either the Primate grievously
failed in the duties incumbent upi>n one who is the
chief represi-ntative of the .Anglican Church t)f
Christ, or the seven friends failed not less grievously
in leaving us completely in the dark on the subject.
They are mightily concerned abnut his views on
questions of ecclesiastical tithe of mint and anise
and cumin, but as to these weightier matters of the
law of righteousness, of peace, and of justic- the\
say nothing.

THE l'Kl.M VIE .\.N1) THE EIUIC.VI ION ACT.
There is one public question upon which the late
I'rimate spoke constantly. National Education was
a subject always dear to his heart, and a monograph
of his views on the question would have bet^n very
welcome just now. Hut, although there is a great
deal about educ.ition in these two \olumes, it is very
difficult to dis<.-nianglc his utterances so as to know
what he really wanted to be at. At one time he
seems to have inclined to secular education ; then he
was willing to accept Noncorifortuist teaching rather
than to submit to secularisation. Xo one spoke
more serious words of warning than he as to the
consequences of (ilaciiig Church schools on the rates,
but he afterwards forgot his own warnings and
snat<hed at rate aid. with results which are now only
beginning to dawn u[)on the perception of the
Church. The sixth friend, who describes the clos-
ing scene in the Primates life, innocently remarks :
•' The possibility was overlooked that there might be
Nonconformists who would rather have their goods
sold than pay an education rate," etc. Overlooked,
indeed ' Hut ■' the Archbishop, we are told, " made
no .secret of his desire that the cost of definite reli-
gious instruction should be paid by the religious
comnumitv whose definite views were taught in the
voluntary school." Neither he nor any of the
bishops knew anything of the provisions of the Edu-
cation Bill until the Bill itself was public property.
That is true as to the '■ precise form " of the Bill, but
only as to the precise form. I do not think so ill of
the ''ommon sense of the late Government as to
imagine the\ would bring in a Bill that drove the
Dissenters dancing-mad without at least ascertaining
beforehand whether its provisions would be accept-
able to the Church. That the Primate in his ex-
treme old age should have abandoned his objection
to rate aid for Church schools was verv unfortunate.

As a statesman he ought to have stood firm. Had
he done so, the Church schools would have escaped
the destruction which is now imjjending over them —
a terrible doom to be exacted for three years' rate
aid.

THE SEVEN PEIENDS AND THEIR DEPARTMENTS.
Having said so much in criticism of the Memoirs,
it is only fair to the reader, and to the authors, to
set forth a little more in detail how the book has
been made up. It is written, as I have stated, h\
seven friends : —

1. Oauon Wilson— Memoir ol Earlier Years, 1821-1848.

2. H. J. Roby— Memoir of Education Period, 18181857

3. F. E. Kitfliener— Memoir of Rugby Period. 1857-1869.

A. Archdeacon Sandlord — Memoir of E.\e,er Period, 1869-138i.

5. Arclideacon Bevan— Memoir of J/oiidon Period. 188s-18%.

6. Arcbdeaeon Spooner — Memoir of Canterbury Period. 1896-

19.2.

7. Hisbop Browne — The Prjma<'.\ .

To these seven Memoirs the editor, Archdeacon
Sandford. appends an Editor s Supplement, which is
the most iiitcresling section of the book.

EREDEKKK TEMPLE AS A MAN.

For i-rederick Temple as a 'human being the
reader must turn to the first section and the last. .
.All the middle-between papers deal with him as an
administrator — educational or episcopal. This was
the editor's aim. He tells us in the preface that the
aim of thes<; two sections was to supply to the public
a knowledge of the man — Frederick Temple : —

The first memoir recalls tbe story of the home where the
foundation of the chara<ter was laid; and the section
added at tbe close of tbe book aims at binding tbe whole
life into a complete unity by tr.icing tli© training and self-
development which ran throughout the different stages.

The general impression ieti upeMi the reader is that
of a man who from his boyhood was a tremendous
worktr, whose genius consisted in .111 infinite capacity
for takng pains — a man with a con.science like steel
and with the driving energy ol a dynamo. He
worked unceasingly until he dropped, literally in
harness, iit the age of eighty-one. He wore out his
eve.s and he wore out his body ; but nothing could
wear out his indomitable resolution. He believed
that he had his marching orders direct from Al-
niightv God, and he trusted the power that gave
him his task to su|)ply him with strength adequ.ite
thereto. What he said to his Rural Deans at the
l)eginning of his London episcojiat*' might have been
said about everything he did ; —

In what I have done in this matt.ei- 1 believe I bare acted
according to the will of Him who sent me here. If I be-
. lieve anything to be His will I must obey it; no considera-
tion of anv kind must come in the way: nothing on earth
can prevent me. If I have offended you I am sorry. Him
I dare not offend.

• THE GREAT OVERWORKED CLERK. '
■ Our Bishops," Liddon was used to remark, .ir-
I'reat overgrown clerks -they have no time to th'nk
of the Church, they are so busy with their appoint-
ments." Bishop Temple's appointments, which were
usually made six months ahead, numbered from six
to eight a day. He thought nothing of running
down to Bristol after a hard dav's work in London,

424

The Review of Reviews.

Apra to, 1906.

addressing a meeting of 4000 men, and then return-
ing to town the same night. Reaching home at 4
a.m., he would sleep and be down to breakfast as
fresh and vigorous as if he had been in bed all
night. He never spent less than four hours over a
sermon, and he was always preaching. While at
Fulham he dealt with 10,000 letters a year, and
wrote 3000 or 4000 with his own hand. He presided
iiver 500 public meetings and committee meetings
every vear. He held seventy confirmations every
year, and held annual Conferences in every rural
deanery, and every year he ordained 150 priests and
deacons. Besides all these functions there were
preachings, speeches, attendance at Royal Commis-
sions, the House of Lords, Convocation, and heaven
knows what else. And he lived to be eighty-one.

and might have lived still longer if he had only

slowed up at the end. Such, at least, is the opinion

of his editor.

CLOSING TRIBUTE.

Of such a crowded life it is impossible to attempt
a survey here. Suffice it to quote Archdeacon Sand-
ford's closing tribute: —

He stands out from amonerst the men of his day. a
notable figure, unlilse others, oast in a larger mould, nobler
than most, more self-reliant, more absolutely incapable of
doing anything mean or of acting from self-interested
motives, lie worked harder and longer, he was more un-
worldly, he grasped more firmly the substanoe of life, he
was a greater man but a man nevertheless, working with
and for his fellows, compelling the admiration of all. hut
winning most love from those who knew best the man's
heart within him. . . . The air of iperpetual spring
blows round the old man's grave, and the memory speaks
reality .ind hope, and these are the memories which live.

W. T. Stead.

THE FIRST DISCOVERY OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA.*

Messrs. William Brooks and Company Ltd., of
Sydney, have issued a book which will become a
standard work of reference upon the history of the
Southern Seas in the days preceding the settlement
of Australia. " The First Discovery of Australia
and New Guinea," by Geo. Collingridge, takes one
back to the earlv years of the fifteen hundreds,
when " Portugal was mistress of the sea. Spain,
too, indulging in an awakening yawn, was clutching
with her outstretched hands at the shadowy trea-
sure islands of an unfinished dream. England had
not vet launched her navy : Holland had not built
hers." It is interesting to follow the ships of the
earlv Portuguese navigators, when after, in 1497,
managing to clear the Cape of Good Hope, they
found their way to the desired Spice Islands, and
set to work to establish themselves '' as England is
doing nowadays in South Africa and elsewhere."
Mention is made of the interesting fact that Pope
Alexander VI. had most generously divided the
w-orld (the extent of which, by the way, was not
even known) between the Portuguese and the
Spanish. The starting point of the division was
first fixed in the vicinity of the Azores, but it was
subsequently removed westward as far as the mouth
of the Amazons. If the first arrangement had held
good, Australia and New Guinea would have be-
longed to Portugal, while the second arrangement
drew a line through Australia at the very point
which now separates West Australia from South
Australia. West Australia would therefore have
fallen to Portugal, and the rest of the continent to
Spain. Curiously enough, this line of demarcation
has remained, and " these two States derive their
boundary demarcation from Pope Alexander's
line."

So the book goes on, describing the wanderings
of successive daring vovagers till it closes with the

" The First Discovery of Australia and Xew Guinea." by
George OoUingridge : William Brooks and Co., Limited,
Sydney. 3/6.

account of Torres' discovery of Australia, without
being aware of it, and his completion of the circum-
navigation of New Guinea.

It should become a text book for use m every
school in Australasia ; for we are singularly lacking
there in good, thorough, instructive reading matter
upon the early history of our southern civilisation.

The publication of this work should inspire Aus-
tralian writers with a turn for the romantic to
weave round the journeys of these early navigators
stories fascinating and enthralling. The later know-
ledge that we possess of the lands they imperfectly
knew, would enable a . writer to anticipate their
wanderings. We can sit down before tlieir painfully
inadequate charts, and our modern up-to-date ones,
•md marvel at the opportunities they missed, as, for
instance, when Torres, on his way from the New
Hebrides to New Guinea, so narrowly missed sight-
ing Eastern Australia, or as the haif-century earlier
Spanish and Portuguese mariners, navigating about
the long chain of islands reaching from Asia to
Australia, sighting the mainland as they must have
done, retired without a knowledge of the huge con-
tinent that lay beyond. Even in the necessarily
somewhat stereotyped narrative there is a spirit
that touches and thrills the reader as he pictures
these lonely seamen, tiny, solitary specks in the
Pacific Oce'an, watching with eager eyes day after
day for a sight of the great South Land. It is
curious that, though their ships covered so large an
area in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, they avoided
the great expanse of the map covered, as we now
know, by the Australian Continent.

The book should find a place on every Aus-
tralian's book-shelf, and its romantic sequel will be
hailed with delight when it takes the facts as given
here, puts them in fictional form, and makes the past
of the South Seas, with its dangers and discoveries,
its failures and fights, its weary waitings and win-
nings realistic and modern.

ilftinc of Reciewi, lOI^OS.

LEADING BOOKS OF THE MONTH.

RELIGION, PHILOSOPHY, EDUCATION, ETC.

Archbishop Temple. Edited by Archdeacon E. c;. Sand-

tord ... (Macuiillau) uet 36/0

A Book ot Angela. Edited by L.P (Longmans) net 5/0

The Tradition of Scripture. Rev. \V. Barry

(Longmans) net 3/6
Tlie Problem of the Old Testament. Dr. James Orr

-Nislwt) net 10/0
The Philosophy of Religion. Dr. T. G. Ladd. 2 vols.

(Longmans) net 28/0
The Eeyptian Heaven and Hell. 3 vols. E. A. \V.

Budge Paul) net 18/0

The Key to the World's Progress. C. S. Devas

(Ijongmans) net 5/0
The Churches and Modern Thought. P. Vivian

Watts) net 6/0
Christianity and the Working Classes. Edited by G.

Haw (MaciniUani net 3/6

The Founders of the New Devotion. Thomas ii Kempis.

Tran.flated by J. P. Arthur (Paul) net 5/0

The Unity of Will. i;. A. Hight (Chapman and Hall) net 10/6
Herbart's Psychology and the Philosophy of I^eibnitz.

Dr. John Davidson (Blackwood) net 5/0

Sex ami Character, otto Weinineer 'Heinemann) net 17/0

HISTORY, POLITICS, TRAVEL, ETC

Studies in Roman Hi.-tory. Dr. E. Q. Hardy

iSonnenscheinj 6/0
Lectures on Early Englisli History. Dr. W. Stubbs

'Longmans) net 12/6
The Political History of England to 1(^6. T. Hodgkin

(Longmans) net 7/6

The House of Commons, 1906. J'all Hall Press 1/0

War and Neudality. Dr. L. Oppenheini Longmans) net 18/0
British Imperialism and Commercial Supremacy. Victor
Berard. Translated by H. W. I'oskett (Longmans) net 7/6

The End of the Age. Tolstoi (Heinemann) 3/0

The Earl of Rosebery. S. H. Jeyes (Dent) net 2/6

The Three Dorset Captains at Trafalgar. A. M.

Broadley and R. G. Barlelo (Murray) net 15/0

Irish Land Acts, 1903-4. R. R. Cherry and T. H. Maxwell

Falconer. Dublin)
Bonrnville: the Model Village. W. A. Harvev

Batsford) n«t 8/6
Picturesque Warwickshire. W. S. Brassington

(Valentine) net 2/6
Bruges and West Flanders. A. Forestier and G. W. T

Omond iHlack) net 10/0

The Cathedrals and Churches of the Rhine. Francis

Miltoun (Johnson) net 6/0

Rome. W. T. Field. 2 vols (Johnson) net 10/6

R«me. E. Reynolds-Ball (Black) 2/6

Roma Beata. Maud Howe (Kegan Paul) net 10/6

Granada. L. Williams iHeinemann) net 7/6

Japanese Architecture, etc. R. A. Cram (Lane) net 10/6

Here and There in India, etc. H, G. Keene

(Brown, Langhami net 10/6
A People at School Burmah). H. F. Hall

(Macmillan) net 10/0
The Nile Quest. Sir H. Johnston (Alston and Rivers) net 7/6
The Transvaal Labour Problem. Dr. A. E. Monro

(Drane) net 2/6
The Eleven Eaglets of the West (United States). Paul

Fountain <Marrav) net 10/6

Porfirio Diaz of Mexico. Mrs. Alec Tweedie

(Hurst and Blackett) uet 21/0

New Guinea Cannibals. A. E. Pratt (Seelev) net 16/0

The Euahlayi Tribe of New South Wales. E. L. Parker

(Constable) net 7/6

SOCIOLOGY.

Frenzied Finance. T. W. Law (Heinemann) 6/0

The Comedy of Protection. Yves Guyot. Translated by

M. A, Hamilton (Hodder) net 6/0

Bossism and Monopoly. T. C. SpeUiug (Unwin) net 7/6

Industrial iSfficiency. Dr. A. Shadwell. 2 vols.

(Longmans) net 26/0

Pliysical Efficiency. J. Cantlie ... (Putnams) 3/6

Practical Programme for Working Men (Sonnenschein) 2/6

The Universal Kinship. J. Howard Moore (Bell) net 4/5

Not Guilty: a Defence ot the Bottom Dog

{Clarion Press) net 2/6
A Famous Year. H. Eider Haggard (new edition)
„. (Longmans) 3/6

History of Co-operation. 2 vols. G. J. Holyoake
~. , ' (Unwin) 21/0

The Heart of a Garden. Rosamund Marriott Watson

(De La More Press) net 7/6

ART, ARCHITECTURE.

Christ in Art. Mrs. H. Jenner (Methueu) net 2/6

Days with Velasquez. C. Lewis Hind (Black) net 7/6

Sodoma (G. A. Bazzi). R. H. H. Cust (Murray) net 21/0

TlM) Years Art, 1906. A. C. R. Carter (Hutchinson) net 3/6
Tl)e Norwich School ot Painting. W. F. Dickes

(Jarrold) net 42/0
The Art ot the Venice Academy. Mary K. Potter

(Bell) net 6/0

MUSIC.

Groves Dictionary of Music. Edited bv J- A. Fuller

Maitland. Vol. II (Macmillan) net 21/0

The Deeiier Sources of Beauty and Expression in Music.

J. Goddard (Reeves) 3/6

The Standard Operas. O. P. Upton ... (Hutchinson) net 3/6

Theodor l-eschetizky. Annette Hullah (Lane) net 2/6

Melody and Harmony in Si)eech. F. Weber (Novello) net 2/0

Hymn Tunes and Their Story (Kelly) net 5/0

LITERARY BIOGRAPHY, CRITICISMS, ETC.

Greatness in Literature, etc. W. P. Trent (Harrap) 5/9

Literary E.ssays. John Morley (Humpiire^'s) net 6/0

Browning and Dogma. Ethel M. Naish (Bell) net 4/6

A. C. Swinburne. G. E. Woodljcrry . . Heinemann) net 1/6

James Russell Lowell. F. (ireenslet . Constable) net 6/0
Tlie Novels of Henry James. Elizabeth Luther Cary

(Putnams) 5/0

Friedrich Sdiiller. Paul Carus (Paul) net 3/6

Dramatists of To-day. E. E. Hale, Junr (Bell) net 6/0

How to read English Literature. Laurie Magnus

(Routledge) 2/6

The Author's Progress. A. Lorimer (Blackwood) net 5/0

Essavs in the Making. Eustace Miles (Rivingtons) 3/6

Beautiful Women. Mrs. Steuart Erskine (Bell) net 21/0

The Champagne Standard. Mrs. John Lane (Lane) 6/0

Sea Spray. Frank T. Bullen (Hodder) 6/0

NOVELS.

Barr. Amelia E. Tlie Belle of Bowling Green ... (Long) 6/0
Benson, R. H. The Hi.«torv of Richard Ragnal. Solitary

(Pitman) 3/6

Birmingham, G. A. Hyacinth (Arnold) 6/0

Campi>ell. Frances. The Measure of Life

(Chapman and Hall) 6/0

Carey, Wymond. No. 101 (Blackwood) 6/0

Coke, Desmond F. T. The Bending of a Twig

(Chapman and Hall) 6/0

Drummond. Hamilton. The Chain of Seven Lives (White) 6/0

Edwards, Miss Betliam. Martha Rose (Long) 6/0

Ellis, -Mrs. Havelock. My Cornish Neighbours

(Alston and Rivers) 6/0
Everett-Green. E. Ladv Elizabeth and the Jugaernaut

(Hodder)

Fenn, G. Manville. Aynsley's Case (Long) 6/0

Fletcher, J. S. The Threshing Floor (Unwin) 6/0

Gerard, Morice. The Red Seal ... (Cassell) 6/0

POEMS, DRAMAS.

The Aeneid of Virgil. Translated bj- C. J. Billson. 2

vols (Arnold) net 30/0

Tragedies. A. C. Swinburne. Vol. V (Chattel net 6/0

The Dynasts. Drama.) Part II. Thomas Hardy

(Macmillan) net 4/6

The Climbers. (Drama.) Clyde Fitch ... (Macmillan) net 3/6
Poetical Tributes to Sir Henry Irving. Edited by C. F.

Forshaw (Stock) net 5/0

Collected Poems. Wilfred Campbell (Revell) net 6/0

Poems. R. Ellis Roberts (Johnson) net 5/0

SCIENCE.

Last Words on Evolution. Ernst Haeckel. Translated

by Joseph McCabe (Owen) net 6/0

The Planetary System. J. and L. E. Dreyer

(Cambridge University Press) net 10/6
Evolution the Master-Key. Dr. C. W. Saleeby (Harper) 7/6
Chemistry of the Proteids. G. Mann ... (Macmillan) net 15/0
Chemistry of tlie Albumens. Dr. S. B. Schryver

(Murray) net 7/6
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Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacific. Vol. n.

H. B. Guppy (Macmillan) net 2/0

HevitvB of Revietti, 20/uf'}'-'.

DAY BY DAY.

A CHRONOLOGICAL DIARY OF THE EVENTS OF THE WORLD.

Miuch 9. -The attitudt of Gfermany's representa-
tives at the Algeciias Conference with regard to re-
forms in Moiooco is reported to he more conciliatory
... The Imperial manifesto defining the powers of the
National Dounia has evoked bitter disappointment
in Riis-^ia . . The reception of Princess Ena of Bat-
tenberg into the Roman CUitholic Church takes place.

March 12. A coal mine in France takes fire, and
1193 men are killed ... King Christian leaves the
whole of his pereonal estate, valued at £166,550, to
hi.s youngest son. Prince Waldemar ... Six hundred
natives are killed in a fight in the Philippines ...
M. Sarrien forms a French Ministry in succession to
that of M. PouvierV ... An American tobacco trust
is being forme<l to fight the Imperial Tobacco Com-
pany ot Groat Britain ... Twenty-one persons are
killed in an avalanche in one of the Lofoden Islands
... Mr. Rockefeller has not yet been found.

March 13.— Several women, insisting upon seeing
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman in connection with
woman's suffia<;o. :ire arre.sted for refusing to leave
the Governnient buikling ... ^Manchuria is almost re-
store<l to her normal condition, the last of the Japan-
ese troops beinj; withdrawn ... Xine hundred natives
are kille'J in the I'hilippine's fight ... The Pope sum-
mons seven French bishops to resign their sees ... The
outlook at the Morocco Conference is less reassuring...
The Or<ler >f Fore^tere in Canada donates £200,000
to be devoted to the establishment of a settlement to
emigrants .selected by the Salvation Army ... A French
submarine boat is succe.ssfully .steeretl by Hertzian
waves.

March 14. — M. Sariien, the French Premier, allots
the principal portfolios of the Cabinet ... The mur-
derer of M. Dolyanni. Premier of Greece, is sentenced
to death ... -Dr.'" Dowie is reportetl to have been
deposed fr<nn his position ... A member of the State
Legisl.it lire of Iowa introduces a Bill providing for
the death of the physical and mentally unfit ... A
select .-omraittee is to be appointed to inquire into the
butter trade.

March 15. — .\ minei-s' strike takes place at Cour-
rieres. the scene ot the terrible mining disaster ... The
English Prime Minister declines a request that a
select committee should be appointed to inquire into
the question of franking members' correspondence.

March IG.- The British Cabinet intends to put a
rheck upon recruiting ... It is announced that Ger-
many JKis authorised the importation into German
Kast Africa ot 20(KJ Chinese coolies, for employment
on railway formatioii ... The British Prime Minister
announces his intention to introduce a Bill providing
for the disestablishment of the Church of England in
Wales ... The Government accepts the principle of
old age pensions ... It is stated that a rural exodus on
a remarkable .>c.ale is taking place in the State of
Xew York ... The steamer ■ British King " is reportetl
to have foundered off Nova Scotia. Twenty-eight out
of a crew of fifty-six are drowned ... A terrible erup-
tion takes place at Savaii, the largest of the Samoan
Islands.

March 17. — It is reported that there is trouble in
Manchuria between the Japanese and Chinese ... Rus-
sia and .Japan are exchanging friendly delegations ...
A fight takes place in Northern Nigeria between the

British troops and the Sokoto rebels ... The Natal ris-
ing is increasing in seriousness ... A reduction of the
British .Vrmv is successfully opposed by the Govern-
ment in the British House of Commons ... An Ameri-
can syndicate is reported to have offered to construct
a tunnel railway from Kansk to Alaska ... A Japanese
lieutenant has invented a wireless telephone ... The
Dowager Empress of China contribute* the sum of
i.12,400 to the .lapanese famine fund.

March 19. — A dreadful railway accident occurs in
the United States, in which forty persons are killed
and many others injured ... The Times, in discuss-
ing the .\lgeciras Conference, states that the chances
of a rupture are great ... The strike among the French
coal miners is still spreading ... The Canadian Govern-
ment, with the object ot increasing the stream of
emigrants, is raising the bonus paid to its agents in
Great Britain.

March 20. — The deadlock in oonuectioii with the
.\lgeciras Conference .still continues ... King Charles
r ot Koumania, is seriously ill ... The effect of the
decisive British victorv is so great that the rebellious
native tribes of Nortliern Nigeria all submit to the
Government ... Winchester Cathedral is threatened
by subsidence. It is estimated that £100,000 is needed
for repairs ... A disastrous earthquake occurs in the
i.sland of Formosa. Hundreds are killed .. It is
announced that the Steel Trust proposes to extend
its operations to Canada . . The election of delegates
to the primary electoral colleges, by which the mem-
bers ot the Russian National Douma will be elected,
has begun ... Rio de .Janeiro has experienced floods,
and a series of extensive landslips, resulting in .seventy
persons being killed or injured.

March 21. The two new battleships for the .lapan-
ese navy, which have been built in England, will be
delivered shortly ... Three naval niutineere of Russia
are .shot ... The German Heiclistag votes the .sum of
tl.oOO.OlHI for the purpas<. of suppressing the Herero
rising ... The French coal miners on strike demand
a minimum of 6" - per diy of eight hours, and also
the payment of pension* to the families bereaved by
the terrible disaster at Courrieres ... The Germa;i
Goveniment is urging Canada to remove her restric-
tions on trade with Germany ... The great water sup-
plv scheme of New York Cit\ is completed. The total
cost of the work has been L-1..5(J0,00O.

March 22. Further details regarding the disastrous
earthquake in Formosa Island show tlat the loss of
life was far greater than was at first reported ...
With regaril to the Mor^xco problem. .Vustria pro-
poses that a superior office of neutral nationality shall
be attached to the diplomatic body at Tangier, with
power to supervise the eight Moroccan ports and the
police force ... A Bill to amend the Merchant Shipping
Acts IS receive<l favourabl\ in the British House of
Commons ... An important building scheme in Lon-
don is projected by a .syndicate.

March 24. - The Japanese internal loan of
£•20,000,000 is over-subscribed by £17,300.000 . Mr.
Winston Churchill is criticised bv the Cape news-
papers for his attitude during tW debate on South
-Africa ... Labour representatives wait on President
Rix>sevelt asking for a conservation of the rights of
labour ... The Porte refuses to withdraw Turkish
troops from Tobah on the Sinai Peninsula ... \ direct

'>i-i#ir of Revtevi, f'// ;/'>;.

Day by Day.

Ail

steamer service is to be instituted between Australia
and Hull ... An extinction of the Egyptian su^ar in-
(lustrv is tlireat<?iicfl ... Mr. Deakin (felivers Ins pre-
sessional speecli at liallarat.

March 26. — The Governmenl instructions to the
committee which is to visit South Africa and inquire
into the probable working of tlie new constitutions for
the Transvaal and the Orange Hiver Colony, are pub-
lished ... A German has lioen sentenced to one month's
imprisonment for threatening Mr. Balfour with vio-
lence if he did not pay £5()()0 ... It is reported that
Germany is uneasy at the weakening of the Triple
.Mliance, owing to the friendly attitude of Austria
and Italy with Great Britain . . The Admiralty orders
a turbine boat destroyer which will be capable of a
speed of 36 knots ... .Signer Tittoni is appointed Am-
bas/;ador for Italy at London ... A strike of coal
miners is threatened at Westplialia. Miners object to
ilip iiicrpa*;e in the export ol coal for fear it should
injure the eau.se of French miners.

March 27. — \ leading Italian paper prophesies the
end of the Triple Alliance ... It is stated that the action
of the South African committee is welcomed in the
Transvaal, while the personnel is also approved of ...
The elections for the National Douma in Kussia are in
full .swing ... The Prefect of ('<mstantinople is assassi-
nated ... Further fighting in the Philippines is re-
ported, and the Ginernur ol the islan<l of .'^amar is
reported to be missing ... Si.\ hundred Japanese offi-
cers and sailors arrive in England to man the newly-
built Japanese war ships.

March 28. — Some piogre-s.^ is made in connection
with the qiie.stion of policing .Morocco ... Mr. Herbert
Gladstone introduces the Compensation of Workmen
Bill in the House of Commons ... Her Majesty Queen
.Vlexandra sends a hearty message of welcome to the
Japaneso visitors ... It is expected that Great Britain
win send an ultimatum to Stanilxjul demanding the
Turkish evacuation of Tabah ... It is reported that
Sir. Curry, Governor of the Island of Samar, is in
safety.

March 29. — The Italian Government decides to ask
the new International Conference at the Hague to
regulate the methods of utilising submarines in war-
fare ... Serious street riots, arising out of the strong
feeling in Houmania. in connection with the national
language, occurs at Bucharest ... Sir I*klward Grey.
Secretary of iState tor Foreign .\ffaire, saj-s that the
Turkish trespass at Tabah cannot be allowed to con-
tinue ... A German new.spaper slates that al! the war-
ships constructed by Germany in future %vill be tur-
bines ... The Canadian sculling champion, Edwartl
Diirnan, decides to visit Australia, in order to arrange
a match \vith James Stanbury. of New South Wales,
the champion sculler of the world.

March 30. — A terrible mining disaster occurs in
Japan, 260 men being killed ... The question of the
resumption of diplomatic relations between Great
Britain and Servia is again under consideration ... The
British .Admiralty abolishes twenty-five coastguard
stations, drill ships and batteries, believing that the
Navv is able to defend Great Britain's shores ... The
German Reichstag votes the construction of sis large
crui.sers ... H.K.H. Prince Arthur of Connaught ar-
rives at Vancouver from India ... The workmen at
Warsaw wholly abstain from taking part in the elec-
tions for the Douma Council . Tlie application of the
new and higher general tariff in Germany is expected
to have a serious effect upon the cigarette-making in-
dustry in Great Britain.

March 31. — Great indignation is aroused throughout
Xatal by the action of Lord F.lgin, Secretary of State

for the Oolouies. in telegraphing to the Governor
instructing him to postpone the execution of twelve
natives who were sentenced to death for murder ...
The death of Sir Has Mekonnen, the distinguished
.Abvssinian .soldier and envoy, is causing great unrest
among the turbulent tribes on the Ab.vssinian-Somali-
land frontier ... A most serious accident occurs in the
hunting field to the Marquis of Linlithgow, and his
condition is regarded as critical ... Lord Minto, the
Viceroy of India, does not consider that the Russian
revei-ses have minimi.sed India's frontier dangers ...
Germany and France give their assent to the compro-
nii.sp, brought forward at the Algeciras Conference by
the cliief delegate of the United States, which pro-
vides that the Inspector-General must report to the
Sultan, and .send copies of his report, to the diplomat-
ists at Tangier ... An enormous fire takes place in
Sydney. The damage is estimated at £200,000

.April 2. — Thirteen French coal miners are rescued
from the Courrieres mine, after three weeks of en-
tombment ... The Xatal crisis over the proposed execu-
tion of Zulus is ended, owing to the Imperial Govern-
ment yielding to the decision of the .\atal Govern
inent ... l.^O.OOO American workers are affected by a
coal strike. The men are seeking a reacljustment of
wages an<l better working conditions ... Since the kid-
napping at liio Grande of a German named Steinhotf
by the Gorman Government, the Brazilian Govorn-
nient has placed the construction of three ironclads,
at a cost of £1,800,000, with Kngland ... A Leice-stev
bye-election results in the return of a Liberal.

.April 3. — At a banquet given to Earl Grey at New
York, speeches of a very friendly character to Canada
are made by Mr. Eliliu Root ... Bubonic plague is
raging in Afghanistan, and disorders have occurred
ov.-ing to the practice of isolating patients ... A move-
ment is started to form a Labour Party in Canada ...
.\n agreement drawn up by the Anglo-German Boun-
dai-v Commission, delimiting the eastern frontier of
Northern Nigeria from the German territory of the
Cameroons, is signed by both parties.

April 4. — The condemned Zulus in connection with
tlie Natal native rising are shot ... Queen Alexandra
starts for Marseilles to meet the King on his Medi-
terranean cruise ... Sir Lewis M'lver intends to try to
bring siiilors under the provisions of the Workmen's
Compensation Act, and to move that a tonnage tax
be imposed on all vessels using British ports, with the
object of providing funds for the compensation of in-
jured sailors ... Johannesburg merchants appeal to
British workmen to induce the Imperial Government
not to interfere with the employment of Chinese
coolies ... " Dr." Elijah Dowic is repudiated at a meet-
ing of 5000 residents of Zion City on account of his
extravagant mode of living ... The Servian regicides
are using threats to secure immunity from punish-
ment.

April 5. — Le Temps states that the New Hebrides
agreement is satisfactory to the French, and that, if
Australia and New Zealand desire co-dominion in the
islands, it can be granted ... The Russian press de-
clares that Germany has suffered a disastrous reverse
over the Morocco situation ... The committee of the
bondholdei-s in McCrackeii's City Brewery Ltd. an-
nounces that the company is unable to pay the half-
year's interest due on the debentures ... An early
meeting of The Hague Peace Conference Ls proposed ...
The St. Petersburg elections for the Douma Council
have resulted in a sweeping majority for the constitu-
tional democrats. ... Russia is reported to be prepar-
ing for the issue of a loan of £50,000,000.

The Review of Reviews.

April 10. WOi.

INSURANCE NOTES.

An iiunieiise fire occuned in the heai-t of Sydney
on the 31st ult. Tlie outbieak occurred in the early
hours of the morning on tlie premises of Edwards,
Dunlop and Co., wholesale stationers and printers, in
Claience-streot, part 5-.stories and rest 7-stories in
height, extending through to Kent-street. The fire
liafF evidently been burning some time before it was
discovered, fur on the arrival of the brigades the
whole building was a nias-s of flame. The fire swept
over a small adjoining building into the premises of
J. Stedman and Co., confectioners, a building of 4
and 6-stories This was demolished, and the Grand
Central Hotel adjoining next took tire in the upper
stories. The brigade was successful in checking the
outbreak here, and the greater part of the hotel was
saved. The loss is estimated at £150,(100. The insur-
ance,s were as follow.^ : — Edwards, Dunlop and Co..
building, Roval Co., £l'2,;i(lO: Atlas. £2800; stock.
Norwich Union, £7400; .North British, £8000: Sun,
£72.50; Northern, £7000; National. £6500; Aachen,
£.5500; l'h(J>nix, £500(1; Alliance, £4750; I'nion,
£lia)— in all. £52..500. Fixtures £5000, and miscel-
laneous £2600— a total of £75,800. Jas. Ste^lman
Ltd. were insured in variou.s officeK for £29,150 on
building and contents.

The death occurred with painful suddenness on the
27th ult. of one of Melbourne's leading fire under-
writers. Mr. Mayhew A. Kidge. Manager for Austra-
lia of the London and Lancashire Fire Insurance Co.
Mr. Uidge wa.s walking in Swanston-street, when he
suddenly fell, anil died while being conveyed to the
Melbourne Hospital from rupture of the heart. The
deceaseil wa.s held in high esteem in insurance and
financial circles. He was for some years representa-
tive of the Fire I'nderwriters' Association on the
Metropolitan Fire Brigades' Board, and was twice
elected chairman of that body.

In our report last month of the Citizens' Life As-
surance Co., Ltd., a printer's error occurred in the
statement of percentage of expenses to income. The
paragraph should have read as follows ; — " Added to
this, the expense ratio has been considerably lowered,
the percent;igp to total income for the year being 13.1
per cent, in the ordinary branch, and 39.6 per cent,
in the industrial branch, the combined rate for both
branches being 24.8 per cent. In 1904 these v.eye
13.3 per cent., 42.8 per cent., and 26.6 per cent.
respectively.

As an outcome of the investigation into the Life As-
surance scandals in America, the Government of the
State of New York are prosecuting Mr. George W.
Perkins, a partner in the firm of J. Pierpont Morgan
and Co.. and formerly vice-president of the New York
Life Insurance Societv. He is charged with having
paid away £9600 of the Company's funds to political
electioneering funds, and the object of the prosecution
is to test the power of officials of corporations to sub-
scribe corporation funds to political objects.

A Bill has been introduced into the British House
of Commons to extend the principle of the Workmen's
Compensation Acts of 1897 and 1900. The new mea-
sure is of a far-reaching character, and includes many
occupations not formerly protected. A Labour mem-
ber, in supporting the Bill, felt that all who are em-
ploved for profit should be entitled to compensation
under the Act, and that insurance against the liability
should be made compulsory in order to ensure the pay-
ment of the compensation.

CITIZENS'

Life Assurance Company, Ltd.

The Premier Industrial-Ordinary Life Office
of Greater Britain.

HEAD OFFICE - - SYDNEY.

The Company's Hecord for ISO'i :

Funds _ £1,346,606

INCREASE IN FUNDS - -. 201,346

Income _ ^ £436,326

INCREASE IN INCOME ._ - 26,774

Paid Policyholders since Inc. ption... .- £891,590

PAID POLICYHOLDERS in 1904 . 108,931

Profits, io the form of Reversionary
Bonuses, Allotted to Policyholders

since Inception £395,525

PROnTS, in the form of Reversion-
ary Bonuses, allotted to Policyhold-
ers for 1904 61.075

Expenses —

DECREASE FOR YEAR - ... £12,13)

THK

COLONIAL MUTUAL
. . FIRE . .

INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED.

FIRE

ACCIDENT -

EMPLOYER'S
LIABILITY

FIDELITY

GUARANTEE

PLATE-CLASS
BREAKAGE

MARINE

BURGLARY -

Insurance.

OFFICES.

MELBOURNE— 60 Market Street.

SYDNEY— 78 Pitt Street.

ADELAIDE— 71 King William Street

BRISBANE— Creek Street.

PERTH- Barrack Street.

HOBART— Collins Street.

LONDON— St. Michael's Alley, Cornhill, B.C.

WM. L. JACK.

Manaobk.

R0rieu> of Reviews, 90Ji/Oti,

LIFE.

(By •• Viva.")

No living thing, from man to a microbe, can exist nnleas
It is continuously dying. It is not merely necessary for
man to absorb nourishment in order to live; it is equally
necessary that, simultaneously, some portion of bis body,
bone, blood, oi tissae. must waste away and die. It ia
essential, also, that a balance be preserved in the two pro-
cesses of reple,iishing the body and the removal of The
waste or dead material which is constantly accumulating
within it. An uneven action of either means disease. A
total suspension of either means death.

Of course everyone knows that an adequate suppl.v of
auitable food, pure wat«r and fresh air is requisite to build
up the body, but, unfortunately, most people are not as
well aware of the complicated action of the mechanism
with which nature has endowed man for dealing with the
used up. dead and waste material always being produced
within us. and which, unless regularly extracted from the
blood and expelled from the body, must cause disease or
death.

Upon the skin, lungs. kidne.\s. and liver rests the main
responsibility of removing waste matter from the system.
The skin usually requires little attention beyond regular
washing with good soap and water, and it will, in the form
of perspiration, rid the body of a quantity of dead matter.
A fit of coughing or a choking sensation will speedily call
our attention to anything which hinders the lungs in their
work of removing, in the form of carbonic acid, an amount
of used up material equivalent to eight ounces of pure
charcoal every day. The kidneys and liver, on the other
band, are delicate organs, and it is often not until we
begin to suffer from some serious complaint that we he-
come aware that their action is impeded. Rheumatism,
Gout. Lumbago. Neuralgia, Backache. Sciatica. Blood Dis-
orders, Indigestion, Biliousness, Jaundice. Sick Headache,
General Debility. Gravel, Stone, Bladder Troubles, Depres-
sion. Low Temperature, Antemia, Bright's Disease, are all
caused b.v disease, or indifferent action of the kidneys or
liver, or both these organs, permitting the body to retain
urinary and biliary waste poisons which it is their func-
tion to eliminate from the blood and expel in a natural
manner.

It will tlierelore be seen how important it is that the
vigorous health and activity of the kidneys and liver should
be maintained. \ person suffering from one or nioie of the
many complaints mentioned should not regard them as
diseases, but should adopt the rational course of attacking
them at their true source, by restoring a proper and
regular action of the kidneys and liver, when, the cause
of the disorders having been rectified, the waste matter
which produces the trouble is removed, and health ensues
as a matter of course.

It was the comprehension of this fact which resulted in
the discovery of Warner's Safe Cure. Certain medical men
—being aware of the difficulty of treating the disorders
referred to. and knowing that they were due to inefficient
action of the kidneys or the liver, but being unable in
most cases to accurately diagnose just which organ was at
fault^set themselves the task of comiwunding a medicine
which would act specifically upon the kidneys and liver
alike. .After long research they succeeded, and introduced
the medicine to the world under the name of Warners
Safe Care. This was about thirty years ago, and since
then many millions of bottles have been sold, and millions
of people have been saved from pain, sufi'ering and death
by taking a conrse of this invaluable specific for all kidney
and liver diseases and disorders arising therefrom.

For mutual advantage, when you write to an advertiser, please mention the Review of Keviewa.

Reciea of Review), lO/i/06.

To malce Robur Tea properly — Rrst,
warm your teapot Use fresh water that
has never been boiled before, and pour it
on to the leaves so soon as it comes to
the boil. Then, whatever you do. don't
let It draw too long — five or six minutes is
quite long enough — or you'll spoil it, and
It's a pity to spoil good tea like Robur.
If you are really fond of good tea, try the
No. 1 grade Robur ; it is bean''' '

Koboflir

tea

* »■' ■ '

^'^-^ '^ i

I m the ROBUR Tea GrI."

^Miss Irene Dillon.

Pholc'd ty Slt-juart &• Co .'Htlb.J

Print«d by John Osborne. 508 Albert-street, East Melbourne, and published by Messrs. E. A.
Thompeon, 361 Little OoUine Street. Melbourne, for "The Eeview of Eeviewi for AOBtralasia."