^-«c*i^>#?.>r^>^<.. ■•,,.«« ^

f^ MAY, 1913.

is

THE AIR PERIL.

GREAT BRITAIN DEFENCELESS.
CAN OUR FLAGSHIP ENTER OUR HARBOURS?

MY FATHER: W. T. STEAD, BY THE EDITOR.
KING FERDINAND OF BULGARIA.

FRED. B SMITH'S MESSAGE.

WHERE WOMEN LEGISLATE.

THE PANAMA DIFFICULTY.

PHOTOS., PICTURES, MAPS AND CARICATURES.

INTERVIEW WITH THE SULTAN OF TURKEY.

LOST £,260,000

TKH be I'CaS -during the year 1911 (according to figures compiled by the COMMONWEALTH
STATISTICIAN) the Australian public paid for new Life Insurance Policies the sum of £434,829.

Hn&. WbCrCaS — out of the said sum of £434,829 Life insurance Agents appropriated to
themselves as commission a sum exceeding £250,000— the said £250,000 thereby being lost to the
policy-holders.

1ft is bCrebp &CClarC5— that had the said Life Insurance Policies been taken out
THROUGH the Australian Life Agencies Limited of 77 "Collins House," Melbourne, the said
policy-holders would have received a CASH

REWARD OF £217,414 : 10 ; O

or in other words, haU the first year's premium back immediately upon the issue of the said Policies,
as duly set forth and explained in the booklet entitled "The Half Back," posted free on application.

1In witness wbereof-i being a

Director of the said Australian Life
Agencies Limited have hereunto set my
hand at Melbourne, this Twenty -second
day of April, One Thousand Nine
Hundred and Thirteen.

L.S

.V<i>/i;rt/«i; Director

The Australian Life Agencies Ltd., 77 "Collins House," Melbourne.

A Strengthening Diet for Infants & Invalids

Swallow & Ariell's

MALTED RUSKS

This most readily digested food is specially prepared under
the most perfect hygienic conditions and closest supervision— from
specially chosen ingredients so as to achieve a combination
of the greatest nutritive qualities with a delightfully pleasing
and appetite-stimulating flavor.

It is a Breakfast Delicacy of the first order— appreciated from
the youngest to the oldest in the home.

As an alternative diet for delicate persons and convalescents
it is in great demand, w^hile when moistened with hot milk
you have a natural diet for baby.

With stewed fruit they are delicious.

Try them with broth, butter, cheese, cream, jam, etc.

In 9dz. tins at Grocers or Chemists, and insist on SWALLOW & ARiELL'S

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

I.

CYCLONE

"THE CHEJiPESr GATE MADE."

THE TWO GATES shown represent fairly the kind of gates made by the
Cyclone Fence and Gate Co., but between the two there are very many
others, full particulars, drawings, and specifications of which are given in
our finely illustrated catalogue, posted free. This book should be in the hands of
every architect, every builder, every farmer, and every person who values his
property and loves his house. It shows not only gates, but the well-known Cyclone
Woven Wire Fences. It is an interesting and profitable book to study. Get it.

"Cyclone Fences and Gates are Good."

THE "LIFT" GATE. — This is undoubtedly the cheapest gate made. It is cheaper than wood and
far more durable. Like all Cyclone Gates, it is exceedingly well balanced, does not sag, is not
affected by weather, is light, and is stock proof. Although primarily a paddock gate, it can be
used with advantage in the suburbs. The " Lift " principle is explained in our Catalogue. You
cannot get a better gate for its purpose than this.

FIG. 178.— This is an ornamental double drive-way gate for the street and carriage drive. Honestly,
we do not think there is a handsomer gate made than this one, although we show many other
good designs in our Catalogue. It is solid and yet light, it does not sag, and it always looks well.
Hand Gates to match are made.

Get Our Catalogue.
Posted Free.

,o

;■-., ^,'^: k, N, -; '

ll'lili

fli'lllliiTl'l'ini'lilTll

-%

f Tl

Fig. 178.

THE HAJVDSOMEST GATE MADE.

CYCLONE WOVEN
WIRE FENCE AND
GATE CO.,

459 Swanston St , Melbourne.
123-125, Waymouth St., Adelaide.
178 Montreal St., Christchurch, N Z.

Thank you for mentioning tlie Review of Reviews A-tien writing to advertisers.

11.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

You Cannot Think of Success

WITHOUT THINKING OF

Hemingway & Robertson.

SOME ARE BORN TO RISE, to succeed m their chosen occupation in
a striking- manner. Sixteen j'ears ago HE liXGWAV & ROBERTSON saw
grreat possibilities m brain cultivation ; they proved it by studying- and passing-
all the Accountancy and Legal examinations in reach, and thus realised the
benefit of it to themselves in added streng:th and prosperity. Ever since they
have been enthusiastic about brain possibilities in ambitious young- men. Some
thousands have passed throug-h HEMINGWAY & ROBERTSON'S Austral-
asian Correspondence Schools, and have won power, position and prosperity, due
entirely to the educational aid given by H'^-MINGWAY & ROBERTSON'S
Correspondence Instruction.

IF YOU WANT TO SUCCEED vou nmst specialise and concentrate^

learn to do one thing well, and then keep at it, trying to add to your capacity
and to your knowledge. Let HEMINGWAY & ROBERTSON help you. Write
to-day for full particulars of any of the Courses mentioned in this advertisement
without the slightest obligation to yourself.

CUT THIS OUT AND POST TO-PAY.

HEMINGWAY & ROBERTSON, G.P.O. Bos 845. Melbourne; 9 Collins House (Ist Floor).

(N.Z. Readers Address Box 516. Auckland.)

Dear Sirs, — Please forward me your Booklet without obligation. I am interested
in studying to become (Mark with X)

Accountant (Institute

Exams.)
Auditor
Barrister
Book-keeper
Advertiseriaent Writer
Business Correspondent
Shorthand Writer
Solicitor
Student Economics

Civil Engineer

Surveyor and Draughtsman
Municipal Engineer
Reinforced Concrete Expert

Mechanical Engineer

Mechanical Draughtsman
Steam Engine Expert

Name. . .
Address .

Marine Engineer

Electrical Engineer

Electric Wireman
Mine Electrician
Tramway Engineer
Electric Railway Engineer
Electric Lighting Expert
Dynamo Attendant
Tramway Motorman
Telegraph Engineer
Telephone Engineer
Wireless Telegraph Expert
Wireless Telephone Expert
X-Ray Operator

Mining Engineer

Metal iline Manager

Coal Mine Manager

Mining Geologist

.Mine Surveyor

Winding Engineer

Extra First-class Stationary

Engineer
First-class Stationary

Engineer
Second-class Stationary

Engineer
Ixicomotive and Traction

Engine Driver
Pumpman

Metallurgist

Boittery S'uperintendent

Assayer

Ore Dresser.

TUITION BY MAIL IN ALL COMMERCIAL, TECHNICAL EXAMINATION. AND

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE SUBJECTS. WRITE. MENTIONING SUBJECT. AND

FULL PARTICULARS WILL BE SENT FREE.

HEMINGWAY & ROBERTSONS

Australasian Correspondence Schools Ltd.,
9 COLLINS HOUSE MELBOURNE.

Thank you tor mentioning the Review of Reviews when writing to advertisers.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

ni.

\/

Be a Stronger, Sturdier,
Healthier, Happier Man.

A man full of vim and eneigy — a man who reflects Health
and Strength in his every move and attitude.

You will quickly become a stronger and healthier man if
you exercise scientifically 'I'here is no other way to ensure
permanent results.

Scientific exercise is the natural stimulant of the body
It strengthens every nervg, muscle and sinew. It expels all
impurities and nourishes with rich, pure, virile blood, fully
laden with life-prolonging oxygen.

But to secure these benefits > ou must know how to exercise.
You cahnot read until you are taught. You cannot exercise
scientifically if you don't learn nov/.

My Method of Instruction by Post

will siro :?ly appeal to you on account of its simplicity, and
the rapi.i results it secures. It aims at building up the
muscles (both internal and outward) in a thorough and sss-
tematic manner. No one part is built up at the expense of
the other, but YOUR WEAK SPOTS will have attention.

"1 am getting along splendidly \tith your Postal Course,
and it has done me no end of good. The last lot of les-
sons, which I have been practising for about a month, are
very good. — G. R. H., Subiaco, W.A."

'■ I might say that I am very pleased with these exer-
cises, as my arms and legs feel much stronger already,
and I look forward to the next exercises. — G. D., Dtvonport,
Tas."

■ Have been practising your third section of Pliysical
Culture, and atn improving in physique woQdertully, especi-
ally in the chest, and am more than satisfied with the re-
sults obtained. My friends are all remarking how stout
1 am getting. — ^A. D. T., Waupukurau, N.Z."

" For the past three months I have been going througn
your first four sets of postal instructions, and can truth-
fully say that I have never felt better in all my life. My
measurements have increased in all directions, and I have
no hesitation in putting it down to your invaluable lessons.
— F. G. D., Inverell, N.S.W."

■■ I have improved greatly in strength and health since I
have taken on your Physical Culture lessons. They are
easily understood, and I find it a great pastime. Please
send the next sections. — T. H. S., Spotswood, Vic."

This message concerns your health and strength — matters
of vital importance to you. Surely it's worth your while tc
investigate.

Further information, cost of tuition, and my 4U|)age illus-
trated booklet, '-Health and Strength from Self-Culture."
will be promptly posted to you if you write for it. Kindly
send 3d. in stamps for postage.

REG. L ("Snowy") BftKER,

S210 Belmont Buildings,

CASTLEREAGH STREET, STDNET

IV.

REVIEW 01^ REVIEW'S.

11

!■*
|i!

I'l

:i

!;

I'

■ I

■ I

COIiOURBD

AND
AUTISTIC

Post Cards

NO MONEY WANTED.

Send us your name and address and we will forward you 12 packets,
each containing 6 of our coloured and high-art Post Cards to sell for
us at 6d. per packet. When you have sold the cards, return us our 6s.,
and we will send you, for your trouble, any present \ou may choose
from the list of jewellery whicli we t'orwar.l. lly coniinuinK the sale
of our cards vou can earn a Lady's nr Gent's Silver Watcli and Chain,
a Photo. Camera, loaded for vise, Silver Hair Brushes, Gold Rings,
Ladies' Gold Cased Muff Chains, Rahbit Rifles "f faithful wurkmanshiii
Musical Instruments, Ladies' or Gents' Dressing- Cases, replete with
every toilet retiuirement, Gold Brooches, Solid Silver Pruit Knives and
Pencil Cases, Fountain Pens, Gold Cased Sleeve Lin^s, Rodgers' Re-
nowned Pocket Knives, Gold Cased Curh Bangles, and other exquisite
cund choice prizes. Remember, we want to do business with yoti again,
and to do this we must give you full satisfaction. We take all the Risk.
You can return the cards if not sold. We have no connection with any
other Pirm. We are the largest dealers in postcards in Australasia, and
import our jewellery, or we could not make you this liberal offer. Be
the first in your district. Our postcards sell at once, wherever seen.
Every month we are changing and improving them. We defy contra-
diction when we assert that we send our agents only the best and most
artistic penny postcards in Australasia, and that our views of Aus-
tralian scenery are unique, and unequalled by any others. Our prizes
deligrht our agreuts, and are positively as represented in our illustra-
tions. AVe refer you to any trade agency, or to any of our agents.
We have thousands of testimonials, liaving built up our large business
by giving honest value to all.

REGAL POSTCARD CO., 165 BOND STREET, SYDNEY, N.S.W.

'inank you tor menuomng ui« tteview ot ii«view8 wuen wnung to adverta««r«.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

~^m

P/iiHf'5 Home Onematocraph

Bm§s /Ac M^or/(/

Booklet and Full

Particulars of

Machine and

Picture

Films

are sent free.

Use Coupon
Below.

No matter where your clra\ving--room is — in the centre of a city, in the suburbs,
or right away out in the country, the Pathe Home Cinematograph can be used
with equal advantage — because it

MAKES [TS OWN LIGHT

and is independent of any other light — 'uil, gas or electricity. This point is one
that the public should remember. The production of the light is one of the
features uf the Pathe Home Cinematograph, which is found in no other cinemato-
graph, i:ut which is absolutely essential to success in Home Cinematography.
Another important feature is that the

PICTURE FILMS ARE NON-INFLAMMABLE

they will not burn in any circumstances. This fact, in conjunction with the safe
method of light production, cHminates entirely any danger from fire — a fact recog-
nised bv all the fire msurance companies of Victoria, wiin make no extra charge if
a Pathe Home Cinematograph is in the house.

Consider these points carefully. The ch)ser you examine the Pathe Home
Cinematograph and its advantages, the more you will appreciate its utility, its
strength, its educative influence, its success as a home entertainer, and its
absolute safety.

Write for Booklet telling you more about
this delightful Home Entertainer. Send this coupon
to us or any of our agents. itSff

Pathe Freres 33 Alliance Buildings, 48 Queen Street,
Melbourne; Birch & Carroll, Edward Street, Brisbane;
S. Spurling & Son, 93 Brisbane Street, Launceston;
Optical and Photo. Supplies Co., 672 Hay Street,
Perth; or C. V/. Eraser & Co , 139 York Street,
Sydney; Harrington's (N Z ) Ltd., 42 Willis Street.
Wellington, N Z. ; Harrington's (N.Z ) Ltd., Queen
Street, Auckland, N.Z. ; W. Park, Stationer, Palmer-
ston North, N Z ; G. R. Foreman & Co., Napier, N.Z ;
F. C. Wade & Co., Greymouth. N.Z.

CUT OUT AND POST TO-DAY.

Please scud me particulars of Pathe's
Home ("iuematograph.

Name

Adilress

33

Tliank yon for meiilioiiiiiir the Review of Reviewa when writing to advertisers.

VI.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Thank you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when wriUng to advertisera.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

vii.

ijj^

^«al«

IMEMORY IS TRUMPS

^.•,

if:-

W:^r ;.'.<■:.'. :■•■>■ ', •{■:;■;>> f-V-i'- "i^ii'' 'ji*SS5»3^1

The Card
that will
Help you
to Win
Success.

fc-v,' 'o:^: ''iVTt

Unless the knowledge and experience
you acquire are treasured up for future
use in a memory properly trained to
retain them, much that would be of
value in the game of life is forgotten
and lost.

, ,, -■

THE

LINNEAN
MEMORY
SYSTEM

W-5.i. . "J t^
i-'FV<.V.'- • V;. ;

^j-J/5.

^-,/^

Then, too, in the acquisition of know-
ledge, how important a part does
memory play. The advantage of the
mind organised to surely grasp and
store up what is read, heard an-:l seen,
cannot be overestimated. In the study,
in business life, in the social world,
there is no greater asset.

The LINNEAN MEMORY SYSTEM is easy to learn. Success is certain. Fee
returned if satisfaction is not given. The system teaches you by post, simply
and surely, how the memory may be quickly trained and brought to the
highest state of efficiency. The course is an eminently practical one — 600
illustrations are given of how to memorise with rapidity and success. The
easy postal lessons occupy but a few minutes daily for six .weeks. Hundreds
of students already testify to the excellent results derived from a knowledge
of the system.

To R. BROWN,

P.O. Box, 724,
2U SwANSTON Street,
Melbourne, Vic.

Please send free explaiia
Nam ft

ury Booklet to

Address

Thank you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when writinir to advertisers.

VIU.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Immms £^

ASTpMA ■"

Gives Instant RelleT. -

ASTHMA Noinatterwhat"ourr.

INFLUENZA spiratoryorgans'inayl'

%T K ^ . ^ « — sufTeriiiti- from, you wi.

NASAL CATARRH find in this remedy a re
COUGHS storative power that is

PRE-c cnun. r~ simply unequalled.

FREE SAMPLE and detailed Testimonia!
--Rrfticm^ . JWfi Sold in Tins. 4s. 3d.

. n, S K P°'7f • "°'S°'" Viaduct. London. Als.

: °' -^ewbery & Sons , Barclay cV Sons ; J. Sanger X

SIMPLE AND PERFECT

THE

"Woodpecker" Umbrella

By tte application of a simple principle, indi-
cated in the natne and illustration, these
umbrellas need no spring in the stick to w«aken
It and to ciuse annoyance to tbe user. They
represent the latest development in umbrellas
and the advance of common-sense to the
solution of an ancient inconvenience. The
catch never fails, the stick is sIronBer, the action
IS automatic, and the cost is no more than that
of the antiquated kind now in use.

10/6 post free in Great Britain

(Foreign and Colonial inquiries solicited.)

Send order to th« patentees* jr

JAMES ROBERTSON & SON

JJr^lla ManuUclurers. 30 & 32 Leith Street EDINBURGH

ZANETIC INK PAPER

is so sensitive that when placed under a

she«t of writing paper the Act of

Writing the letter produces

an excellent copy on a sheet

placed under it. The Copy

so made is clear and

permanent. One

sheet of Zanetic.

size 8 by 10 inches.

Post free for 3d. stamps. Onedozen,

Post free, for 1/10 stamps, from

"R.B."Zanetlc, P.C.G.,Welford Bd.. Lelcestar.

fte^.fvt r

MENTAL VIRILITY

may be yours. A striking pocsnnality, a memory that retains every
fact, power to concentrate, to banish ner\'Ousness or despondency ;
to increase your power of mind, to generate mental force for emer-
gencies, to control circumstances, to achieve your goal. Send 1/2
to-day for the book " Keys to Sovereign Power."

THE TALISMAN PUBLISHING ROOMS. HARROGATE.

STAMP AUCTIONS

Sales of Bare POSTAGE STAMPS held Weekly

Those interested in commcncinfj or completing rollections
should write for catalogues, which are supplied gratis. Particulars
and valuations of lots supplied free. Lots can be viawed at offices
daily. Messrs. HARMER ROOKE & CO. hold tbe world's
recwrd for number of lots sold each season, and have held 5J0
Auction Sales of Postage Stamps dunne the past twelve years.

Vendors can b? assnred of obla'niog the utmost value in sellioc
Ihroueh Auction.

Lots are offered within seven days. Immediate Cash Advances
on Valuable Collections, etc. Write or call

HARMER ROOKE & CO.

Philatelic Aactioa Room.. 69 FLEET STREET. LONDON

Telephone- 12296 Central

A BEAUTIFUL PICTURE GIVEN AWAY! =^

One of the most famous Pictures in the Wopld is BLOSSOMS,

by ALBERT MOORE, R.A.

You can gel a beautiful Collotype ReprccJucticn (6,'iD. x 22in.) of this Picture FREE. All you need
to do is to fill in the names of lialf-a-dozen of your friends who would like to see this number
.of the REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

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Address.

Name

Address.

Name

Addre«ss.

Name

Address.

Name

Address

Send the Picture (BLOSSOMS) to

Name

Addres.?

Name

Address.

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REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

IX.

IMACtINF '^^ ^°"' possible PRISM BINOCULARS

i-T iLXTi.VJljLi. ^i_L,( — -very point thought out, combining every advan-
tage— light weight, water-tight, high magniBcation X 8, wide view, brilliant illumina-
l!on, finest lenses, esquisile workmanship, microscopic definition, and the result is e

(SRITISH MADE).

Price £6 t 10 l 0 complete in Case. 10 % extra by 12 mocthly payments.

Write at once for Illastrated Descriptive Lint 6 S, to

W. WATSON & SONS, Ltd., P'*^''^ g'^^ "-'^•^^ to the British

313, High Holbom, London, W.C, »»-^> NAVY & ARMY
&184, Great Portland Street, W. "" Gov"e?Sm^°L'''"

m m Bsa -mr-B

Big Km 'Jm BM Mg— HJg-

Waterproof, Duatproof.

Price £6 tM) i O. Complete in Case.

,a m m ^m mm bm ■■

Keep your Boys
at Hotne.

Your boys will be deli-jhted with

Billiard Table in the hunie. No matter I

how small your room Is. ihere is a Riley I

iTaiiletoflt it. RILEY'S MINIATURE BILLIARD TABLES |

e a perfect game — so truly are they proport oned. Prices

|ii.>m £.V7i(i, The 6ft. 4iri. size at £5/5/0 is suitable for |

® most rooms, Kilt;y's Combine Billiard and Dining Tables from <

I £13/10/0. Ca?li oi ea-y payments. These prices inclu>ie all I

cfs ones. Gray*s Book on Billiards published at J l'\

will be sent post free on receipt of two penny stamps. I

Fri't' on reC'i pt of postcard full detailed illu trated Cfltaio.ue

I E. J. Riley, Ltd., Lroadfieid Mills, Accrington.

L-nl'in showrooms : 147. Aldersgate Stre.t EC (|J |

Pr«aa Art School Students soil
Drawine* to "Punch"

Poneh hai rceaatlr aec*ple4 mora than M drawlnf a by Pr«u
Art School pavlU, nany of whom had never before had a smde
(ketch published. This Is the sirongesi
possible evidence of the practical value
el the courses of

Art Training by Pott

organised — with the assistance of
London's Leading Art Editori— by the
Press Art School.

In these lessons (Preparatory or
Advanced) the Press Art School pupil
Is taught in a bright inspiring manner
not only how to produce the drawings
that really are wanted but how to sell
them— easily and well.

Send for free prospectusa. to

The Press Art School

(Dept.RR) 37, Dacres Road.
C3 Forett Hill, London, (p

^«|&

^•"' " STRONGEST'

D ARRETS

FOR HARD WEAR.

i20Sizes in Stock I Being reversible, they Out-
wear two Ordinary Carpets.

JThe only Carpets which answer to modern requirements,

being HygR-nic. Decorative. Durable & lne.>Lpensive. Easy

I to Sweep. Do not Collect Dust. (Send for Patteius.)

1 Here arc the prices of ABINGDON CORD SQUARES.

Art Shades, Seamless Reversible.

2x2 2x21 2^?. 2^x2{ 2^ x ;* 2i x :« 2^x4

ire 9/- 10 6 il'6 13/6 16 6 19 6

3x3 3xS! 3x4 3x4* 3* x 3i 3i x 4 3* x 4i

16- 186 21/- 246 22 6 25- 28/6

3! X ,S 4x4 4 X 45 4 X ,S 4x6 4x7 vds.

33 6 296 32- 35 6 42- 49 6 each.

(Carriage Paid.) Also made in all -tvidtlts

for S'airs. Landinux and Passages.

Abingdon Carpet Mfg. Co., Ltd.

liiS. Thames Wharf. .Vbingdon-
oii-T!uui

BE A BETTER PIANIST

Noil owe it to

A systern 'v\'hich has enabled hundreds of pianists to do justice to themselves. . „.. .> .„

yourself to be as good a player as the Thelwall Rapid System of Sight Reading will make you.

Thert- is so much music that even moderately KooH players can thoroni;hIy enjoy when once ihey have acquireil ihe f.irulty of playing new
music at sii^iit ; and really good players are shut out from so much when ihey lack this faculty, that ALL should write fur paitictilars of the
THELWALL SYSTEM.

The Credentials of this system are tiuite unique, comprising strong recommendations from Mr. LANDON RONALD. Principal of the
Guildhall School of Music -nd Dr. BORLAND, the Musical Adviser to the Central Educational Authority of London ; favourable notices
in TIte Times. Daily Telegraph, Morning Post, etc., etc., as well as excellent reports of results from grateful pupils :—

" Tlie Course hss been of ttie greatest value to me."

" I am not conscious of any difficulty ttimt your lastructloas do not fully provide tor,"

"I am beglanlag to find great pleasure In reaalag over new music. "

IT HAS THUS BEEN AMPLY PROVED THAT THE READING AND PLAYING OF MUSIC AT SIGHT IS NOT
A DIFFICULT ACCOMPLISHMENT NOW THAT THE RIGHT WAY OF DOING IT CAN BE ATTAINED.

Pull particulars post free.

The PIANOFORTE SIGIIT-RKADING SCHOOL, 157 New Bontl St., London, W.

Thank you for mentiouing the Review of Reviews when writiu? to advertisers.

REVIEW OE REVIEWS.

Each Standard
a bed of Steel.

Look at the nearest Standard — aote the
S9mi-oirc.ular bed it prmides. Is there
any wonder that when tlie Standards and
top Cross Bars are drawn together l)y
means of tht bolts and nuts, that leak-
proof joints result? That a rigid and
tlioroughly supported trough is produced?

Another point : The Patented grooved in-
terlocking body joints, when clenched, can-
not work loose or pull apart. (See enlarged
view.)

May we forward particulars and prices
of BilUiibong Troughs, Windmills. eU-.?

iZI DANKS

391-9 Bourke St.. Melb.

&SON

Limited

THE ACTION OF THE POWERS.
The Powers : " Wait a minute."
'Fur Tt'RKisH Mt'i.E: "Wait a minute!"

• •

• •

:^

••

• •

:^

:^

••
•\

••

•N

• •

•N»N»\t\«\«\»\«\»N«N»\«\«\»\»\«N«\»\»\«\«\»\t\ •V#\«\»\«\»\»\ tN •N ^»

Infanls fed on these
FOODS are neither
Fretful nor Wakeful

MILK FOOD No. I

From liirth 10 1 moutba

MILK POOD No l
Kroin 3 (o 6 inontbe

MALTED FOOD No 3

Fropi 6 monlh5 upwards

SPBT" A Pamphlet on
Infant Feeding and
Management FREE

• •

• •

• •

SCIENTIFIC CERTAINTIES The Allenbury*
Foods <ire based on scientihc oerlanities. Used us dinrtcd. :bey
are exactly what a baby needs to develop into a beallby <in.l
robu.^t child. The 'Allenbiirys' Foods are easily assimilated .
digestive and kindred disorders are avoided by their use.

• •

• •

• •

• \

• •

• •

^SXlznhxLXui Foods

• •

• •

AM.EN & HANBVRYS Ltd.

London. Eng . and Marlici Si.. Sydney ••

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REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

XI.

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REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

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Xlll.

THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS

FOR AUSTRALASIA.

EDITED BY HENEY STEAD.

CONTENTS FOR MAY, 1913.

PACE

H,M.A.S. Australia
President Wilson's Cabinet
The Progress of the World-

Frontispiece

Always Arbitrate before You Fight 221

Demented Nations ^ .. .. 221

Balkan Complications 222

The Allies Disunited 223

Tile Command of the Air 225

The Hard Case of Belgium .. ^^^

Boom Year at Home 228

Attempt to Assassinate King Alfonso . . . . 228

Wailing in China 228

Japan's Predicament 230

Japan and Ameiica 230

The Dominion's Commission 231

The Federal Elections 231

Industrial Strife 233

The Barrier Strike 234

An Intellectual Aristocrat 234

The Northern Territory 234

Can AYhite Women IJve in the Tropics? .. 236

Unifying the Railways 236

Tiie Landing of Captain Cook 236

The Progress of the World (Continued) —

Shakespeare Day

England's Most Popular Singer . . . .
GUgautio Ships, Built and Building . .

King Ferdinand of Bulgaria,

(iardiner

G.

My Father : W. T. Stead.

Topics of the Month —

She Get In?

By A
By Henry Stead

VI.— Can

VII. — Is Britain Defenceless?

VIIL—Tlie Panama Trovible

The Men and Religion Forward Movement. A
Parting Message from Fred B. Smith

Interview with the Sultan. By W. T. Stead

Leading Articles in the Reviews —

Tiie Future of Turkey

Roumania. Bulgaria and the Powers .. ..
How the Balkan League Began

PAGE

237
237
238

239
243

246
249
255

256
259

265
265
267

(Continued on next page.)

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XIV.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

CONTENTS. — Continued from page xiii.

PAGE

Leading Articles in the Reviews Continued) —

What is Russia's Object? 267

An Intimate Sketch of the Servians . . . . 268

Europe— An Armed Camp 268

The Youth of Europe 270

The Last of the " Titanic " 272

The Passing of Steam 272

The Fuel of the Future 274

A Shakespeare Memorial 274

War Correspondents as Spies 275

A Disappearing Nation 275

Seeking the Motor Life 276

Germany Searching a Place in the Sun . . 277

Woman's Interests 278

In the Far East 281

Anecdotes of Sir Herbert Tree 284

British Preference in Canada 285

The Brain Thief 285

Home Rule 286

The Theoso-phical and Psychic 286

Poetry and Music 287

History of the Month in Caricature

I'AGE

Where Women have the Vote and More —

I.— By Dr. Tekla Hultin, M.P 29-^

II.— By Miss Edith Sellers 297

Financial and Business Quarter —

Huddart Parker Ltd 29b

The Perpetual Trustee Co. Ltd. (N.S.W.) .. 299

Wunderlich's Ltd 300

Notable Books of the Month —

An Amateur Gentleman 5u-

Oease Firing 50 -

The West Unveiled 3.

Pests and Pigmies 51-

Christ in Fiction 315

Tbe Passing of the Turk 315

The Children'? Encyclopedia 316

Books in Brief

288 Travel and Education

319
325

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The American Review of Reviews : HO Irving PlacBj New York City.

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REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

XV.

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REVIEW OE REVIEWS.

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The Rev

EDITED BY

EVIEWS

HENRY STEAD.

MAY, 1913.

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

Always Arbitrate Before You Fight.

The outstanding e\ent of the month
of April was the proposal made by
William Jennings Br3'an, Secretary of
State in Dr. Wilson's administration,
for the creation of an International
Court that should deal with all ques-
tions in dispute between nations, in-
cluding those of national honour, but
would not arbitrate. Some t\vo years
before the hrst Hague Peace Confer-
ence m 1900, Mr. W. T. Stead wrote a
booklet, in which he urged the great
advantage of' always arljit rating before
_\'ou fight. The proposal, he said, is
that before fighting, before even talk-
ing of fighting, the nations must al-
ways arbitrate. If we must fight at
the end, let us at least arl)itrate at the
beginning. The time has surely come
when we can declare that war is so
terrible a thing we shall never resort to
it, never even talk of resorting to it
uiuil the " casus belli," whatever it ma_\'
be, has been duly sul)mitted and
solemnly adjudicated upon 1)\' an im-
partial arbitration court, which shall
.hear both sides fulh- and i>lace on re-

cord its deliberate award. This is not
to propose that we should cast awav
the sword ; it is only to insist that we
shall not unsheath it until, before some
tribunal more judicial and less dia-
bolical than that of war, we have done
our utmost to prove our quarrel just.
Always arbitrate before you fight. We
can alwa\s fight afterwards if the
award was idiotic or the arbitrators
cannot agree, or if we choose to make
our own will our sole law. But in thar
case we must stand the brunt of the
odium justl) attaching in the eyes of
the world to the power that goes to
war in a cause upon the justice of
which a tribunal of its own choosing
has i)r(^nwunced an adverse verdict.

Demented Nations.

Mr. Bryan's scheme is not quite the
same, but it has exactly the same
object in \iew, namely, to secure think-
ing time before war was declared. The
pause to carefully consider the matter
ui dispute would ni nuie cases out of
ton |)re\ent the outbreak of hostilities.
.Mr. Brvan liojies to make treaties with
all the nations of the world which

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Weitminster Gazetted

THE COMPETITION" IN ARMAMENTS.
Which Will be the First to Burst.

would bind them, before going to war,
to have the points of difference care-
fully considered by the impartial court,
and on its findings decide whether to
ero to war or to arbitrate. Everyone
will trust that Mr. Bryan's earnest
efforts will be crowned with success,
for it is imperative that something be
done to arrest the suicidal expenditure
on armaments which is hastening
many nations into bankruptcy and
crippling all attempts at the social
betterment of the people. The follow-
ing figures show w'hat has happened
during the last thirteen years. In 1900
the six great powers, Britain, Ger-
man\-, France, Russia, Austria and
Italy spent ;^2o6,ooo,ooo on naval and
military armaments. To-day the\' are
spending ^310,500,000 a year! Dur-
ing the interval the national debts have
increased by ^^773,000,000 to the col-
ossal total of ;^4, 498, 000, 000, on
which the interest is ;^i45,ooo,000.
Adding this to the war expenditure we
get a total of ;^45 5,000,000 required
this year to meet the war bill of
Europe's six greatest nations. That is
to say, they are spending no less than
i, 138,000,000 more this year than they
did in 1900. . These figures do not in-
clude the war expenditure of the
United States, Japan, the minor Euro-
pean powers, or that of the Dominions,

who now, alas! are dragged into this
wild jamboree of waste.

Why not Feciaies?

Whilst all this money is being poured
out like water, nothing is being spent
on organised effort to improve the
friendly relations between nations, and
smooth away differences. The Romans
had ministers of peace, called " Feci-
aies," whose official dut}- it was to
strive to bring about peace and avoid
wars. The price of a single Dread-
nought would enable a Peace Depart-
ment to be started whose head, the
Peace Minister, would have duties as
defined and even more important than
those of the War Minister, whose func-
tion it would be to endeavour by every
means possible to minimise those petty
differences between nations which so
often develop into grave questions,
who would direct all his energies to
organise the forces of peace, just as
the War Minister organises those of
war. He would arrange for interna-
tional visits and try in e\ery way to
bring the peoples closer together. It
is certain that if such a Minister were
created he would soon be instrumental
in reducing the prodigious war bills of
Europe.

Balkan Complications.

liie Balkan situation is still causing
grave anxiet>' in Europe, despite the
fact that Turkey has made an armis-
tice w^ith the Allies and has agreed to
the terms of peace laid down by the
Powers. The immediate trouble is over
Albania and Scutari. The Powers com-
manded Montenegro to raise the siege
of the beleagured city, which was to
become the capital of the new State.
King Nicholas refused to abandon his
attempts to capture it, although his
Servian allies retired as requested. It
is evident that Essad Pasha, the de-
fender of Scutari, learning that in any

PROGRESS OF THE ^YORLD.

223

event the town was to pass from
Turkish hands, made an arrangement
with King Nicholas which allowed him
to leave with all the honours of war,
and secured his support when, with a
seasoned army at his back, he pro-
claimed himself King of Albania. Aus-
tria is furious at the way in which she
has been tricked, . and insists that
Montenegro shall evacuate Scutari. If
Essad is successful in planting himself
upon the throne of the new State, and
he comes of a powerful Albanian
family, his arrangement with King
Nicholas would probably prevent him
occupying the town, even if it were
evacuated. The action of small com-
munities has often upset the most
careful plans of the Great Powers, as
instance the cast of Wallachia and
Moldavia, whose union was strongly
opiDOsed by the Concert of Europe,
which informed them that the>- must
both elect princes to rule over them.
They both elected the same man, a
contingency the Powers had over-
looked, and modern Roumania came
into being. Something similar may
happen in Albania, but whatever does
take place m that distracted land,
there is, fortunately, no prospect of
Europe going to war over it.

The Allies Disunited.

Whilst fighting a common foe, ^the
Balkan AlHes were united, but the divi-
sion of the spoil shows that the very
existence of the League is m danger,
and ere long Greece and Servia may
flv at Bulgaria's throat. The great
success of the Allies may well be the
cause of their dissensions. No doubt
the general spheres each was to have
m the event of victor>' were decided
before the war began, but their states-
men could hardly foresee the amount
of territory there would be to divide.
Puffed up with victory, as the Allies

AN AUSTRIAN VIESW".

The Balkans should be an easy chair for the
Dual Monarchy.

are, they must be most difficult peoples
to conciliate, and clash of arms
amongst them would not be surprising.
In such an event Bulgaria will be in a
desperate position, for Roumania is
not likely to again stand aloof. M.
Tcharykoff, who did \-eoman service
as one of Russia's delegates at the
Peace Conference in 1907, and retired^
or was almost dismissed from his post
as Ambassador at Constantinople two.
years ago, has been sent by Russia to
reconcile Turkey and the Allies, and
form, if possible, a general Balkan
Federation. He will have a ver}- stiflF
task.

The Command of the Air.

Britam is wakmg up to the danger
that threatens her from tlie air, and
mmisters m Parliament are fulh" occu-
pied in answering questions about
what IS being done to meet this new
peril Apparentl)- very little has been
attempted. The Government ,s mark^

224

REVIEW OE REVIEWS.

m

r

■^fS^ft^

\

»e.-.j

.iT"

THE WAR OF THE FUTURE: A BATTLE

■^

PROGRESS or JUL WORLD.

22:

.-M«.jS2^^

^4^ '.I

FLEET OF AIRSHIPS AND AEROPl.A.XKS.

[Illiistrate<l Ixindon News.

226

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

\

"/

WeMmimier Gazette.]

John Bull: "Bother these inventions!"

ing time, and more or less scouts the
])ossibility of an invasion such as that
depicted on the next page. Meantime
after having had to gi\e way some-
what to the Hghter-than-air machmes,
the aeroplane is again proving that in
the long run this type of airship is tiie
more reliable and the more serviceable.
A fact which should be of some com-
fort to those who go to bed o' nights
imagining that a hostile airship may be
destroying London at its leisure whilst
they sleep. That the few unexplored
places of the earth will soon be visited
by aeroplane is obvious. Four French
military airmen have flown their ma-
chines 500 miles across the Sahara,
and the 300-mile ladius of the aero-
plane, mentioned last month, has al-
ready been considerabl}' increased.
The other day a flight of over 900
miles was achieved. Whatever the
flying machine may do in war, it is
bound to do away more and more with
boundaries and customs tariffs, and to
knit the peoples of the earth still more
closely together.

The Hard Case of Belgium.

The value of the guarantee of neu-
trality or independence made by one or

several Great Powers in Europe is ap-
parently ver\' small. Tliis at least if
we may judge by the action of Bel-
gium. Here we have a small artificial
country whose safety is guaranteed by
the European Powers possessing the
greatest potential forces for offence
and defence. Because, however, the
whirligig of time has brought these
nations into opposition, the Belgians
are now convinced that the guarantee
is worthless, and it is tempting de-
struction to rely upon it for salvation.
The position of Belgium is a very un-
pleasant one, since through Belgian
territory lies the most ea<^y and natural
hne of attack between Germany and
France. Famous battlefields of fie
past stud the lue of advance, and the
ground ploughed and cultivated by
the iiard-workiiig ])easaiit has been
watered by much blood, and covers
man\- a skeleton. And there is every
probabilit}' that were war to come,
Belgian territory would be violated and
Belgium overrun. This touches Great
Britain closely, since she is one of the
guaranteeing Powers, but still more
because the disappearance of Belgium
as an independent State means a very
serious change in the ownership of the
coasts most adjacent to her shores.
Belgium, however, does not rely even
on Britain's self-interest, and is deter-
mined to double her army, fortify her
frontiers, and do her best to make her
territories respected. Thus the " beg-
gar-m\--neighbour " game goes on in
Europe, and the very life-blood of the
smallesit nations, like those of the
greatest, is being drained in the ter-
rible race for armaments. But that a
guaranteed State lik€ Belgium must
look to herself to defend her frontiers
is not a happy augury for a guaranteed
Albania, or, nearer home, a guaranteed
Republic in the Philippines!

PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

227

O

O

o

228

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

A Boom Year at Home

Mr. Lloyd-George introduced his
budget on April 22. If the increase in
expenditure continues at the present
rate it will soon reach i, 200,000,000.
As it is, Mr. George estimates an in-
crease this year of iJ^/, 500,000, due
chiefly to the demand of the Navy and
to National Insurance. The Chancel-
lor anticipates so large an increase m
receipts owing to the booming state
of the country that he requires to put
on no fresh taxes at all. The amount
he expects to receive is ;^i95,825,ooo,
and expenditure will be ;^i95,640,ooo.
Last year iJ" 12,000,000 was paid off
the national debt. Mr. George is cer-
tainly very optimistic about his re-
venue. The danger in the situation is
that such boom years cannot continue,
whilst almost all the expenditure e.x-
cept the i,"45,ooo,ooo for the Army
and Navy is bound to increase — cer-
tainly not get smaller. Unless, there-
fore, some reduction can be made in

KING AI^ONSO OF SPAIN.

the war bill, additional taxation is in-
evitable next vear.

Attempt to Assassinate King Alfonso.

A third attempt was made, un April
12, to assassinate the King of Spain.
He was returning from a grand mili-
tary review near Madrid, when a man
in the crowd fired three shots at him
from a revolver. Onh' liis consum-
mate horsemanship saved his life. The
would-be regicide, a Catalonian, was
almost lynched b>' the crowd. Recently
King Alfonso received the leader of the
Republican Party in audience, and al-
together he appears to be endeavour-
ing to weld his i>eople together as
much as possible. But to be King in
Spain is by no means a bed of roses.
In Portugal an organised attempt is on
foot to reinstate King Manuel, but lias
little likelihood of success. The Re-
publican administration appears to be
as corrupt as was that of the old
regime, with this difference, that old
King Carlos was but one, whilst the
heads of the Republican party are
many.

Wailing-in China.

Australia being one of the countries
which has absolutely refused to allow
Asiatic races to enter it, must view
with considerable anxiety the action of
other Powers which are following her
lead. It is prett\' obvious that the
380 millions of China are being cooped
up and hemmed m b}- their white
neighbours, that ere long, to avoid suf-
focation, they will have recourse to the
sword, and there will be" a life and
death struggle. The onh' doubtful
point is when this will occur. China is
unready at present ; she cannot yet
rely upon Japan ; she can only watch
and wait and prepare herself for the
struggle. The new President, instead
of being able to create a great, wide-

PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

!2Q

ir iKiiinii uitiiitm

aafctj'.fiO'yiiaif.^ iiiMMF wimf itniTir fiiti' _--

' ■■■" ' ''^«'' '-^.i

tiid mm. !Hiiii!

mill: tii.iwr B

THE INAUGURATION OF PRE8ID?]NT Wir>SON. ilopical

The crowd outside the Oapitol at Washington listening to the New President's speech.

spreading republic, is impotent while
his country is being surely but slowly
walled-in. Mongolia, with an area of a
million and a-quarter square miles, is
inhabited by some two million nomads
pacific in the extreme, practicallx' chil-
dren, who fall an eas}' pre\' to the wil)-
Chinamen on the one side, or the (i\er-
ci\ilised Russian on the other. I^ir
political reasons the Manchu d\nast\-
of China prohibited Chinese settlement
in Mongolia. The newly-formed Re-
publican Government altered all that
and proceeded desperately' to colonise
the country, having little regard for

the natives. Tliese got together and
declared their cx)untr\' independent, to
the amusement of the Chinese. The
new Go\crnmen( dismissed all China-
men ami .Maiichus from [losts thev
were lilling, and issued a decree that
no Chinaman shall be allowed in Mon-
golia unless he embraces Lamaism.
Naturally these two million nomads,
primitive beings with no moiiev, who
ado])t tea as the measure of xalue and
exchange, could not ho])e to build u])
an\' stable kingdom out of nothing, and
the (io\ernment at Pekin scoffed.
^'u;lll-.Shl-l\ai and his adxisers did not

230

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

realise that Russia was behind the
Mongols until too late. The Tsar's
Government has signed a treaty with
autonomous Mongolia, guaranteeing
the new State and upholding its de-
crees. China is locked out of her
natural sphere of expansion in Mon-
golia as absolutely as she is from Aus-
tralia. The Mongols have always been
partial to Russia, and prefer her domi-
nation infinitely to Chinese occupation.
Only a war in which Russia is defeated

China and Russia is inevitable, and
that in order to prevent China being
crushed, as m her unprepared state she
is bound to be, Japan will have to be
prepared to assist her. At present it
IS true Russia and Japan are in close
alliance, but Sun Yat Sen and other
prominent Chinese are constantly m
Japan, endeavouring to convince Jap-
anese statesmen that when the inevit-
able clash comes they must be on the
side of the Eastern Republic, not on

can open Mongolia to Chinese colonisa- that of their former foe, who they see

tion Thibet is also closed to the slowly absorbing Asia. Apparently the

Chinese, Manchuria is irrevocably lost, mission of these Chinese patriots has

China is walled in, and it looks as if the been successful, otherwise the increase

beginning of the Republic marks the in armaments would hardly have been

end of China as a world power. Either
that or she must prepare to fight and
burst through the wall which now rings
her round. The far Eastern problem
is one beside which that of the Balkans
fades into insignificance.

Japan's Predicament.

The recent political troubles and
changes in Japan have been due to the
struggles between the mihtary expan- the owning of land by aliens. There is
sionist party and the anti-militarists. intense feeling being shown on both
Although it is SIX years since the war sides, and President Wilson has urged
with Russia came to an end, Japan is the Californian Legislature to withdraw
still kept on a war footing, and the cost the bill, but it refuses absolutely.

proposed.

Japan and America.

Every Australian must follow with
intense interest the result of the pro-
test by Japan against the anti-Japanese
legislation of California. That State
has followed our example, although she
has not gone so far as we have, the
present legislation dealing only with

is becoming more than the people can
bear. They are taxed up to 25 per
cent, of their gross incomes, and con-
sequently the poorer classes are in dire
distress. Instead of reducing taxes
and getting the army and navy on to
a peace footing. Ministers proposed to
add two more divisions to the army,
some fifty thousand men, in order to
strengthen Japan's position in Korea,
and be prepared for a possible break-
up of the Chinese Republic. For the
moment the anti-military party has
been successful, but far-sighted states-
men m Nippon, watching events in
Asia, reahse that a conflict between

Many Americans, especially on the
Pacific slope, are convinced that ere
long Japan will descend upon the fer-
tile valleys of California, just as many
here regard the Japanese peril as an
ever-present danger. Japan at present
has far too much trouble within her
own boundaries to worry about Aus-
tralia. Her recent revocation of the
prohibition against Korean emigration,
and her encouragement of these people
settling m Manchuria, looks much as if
she were engaged in creating a claim
to that land later on, a claim which
would keep her activities pretty keenly
employed.

PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

231

The Dominions' Commission.

A vast amount of useful mformation
is being obtained by the Commission,
which is now in Victoria. Its members
go most thoroughly into the questions
before it, and every facility is given to
have particulars required readily avail-
able. The Governor-General voiced the
wish of all who have followed the work
of the Commission thus far, when he
urged that its recommendations, so far
as the Commonwealth was concerned,
should be published as soon as possible,
without waiting until the world tour

operations and the harbour improve-

men

out.

ments now bemg so leisurely carried

The Federal Elections.

The rival parties are now at grips in
the Federal campaign. Ministers are
stumping the country, and State politi-
cians are taking a hand in the fight.
The Ministerial Party has the great
advantage of a definite polic\'. Even if
the Referenda are defeated it has a set-
tled programme to carry out, which in-
cludes a revision of the tariff to further

WIRELESS EY HORSEBACK.

[Photo., Topical.

A series of experimental tests with the New Patent Marconi Wireless Telegraphy " Pack
Station," are now being made to find the limit of range of the apparatus. When tliis Marcoci
Wireless Telegraphy is used for field operatiouri, it is carried on tlie saddles of fmir horses, and
it is so portable that it can be unpacked in the short time of six minutes.

has been completed. The members of
the Commission are t-o visit Ballarat
and Bendigo, and will inspect the irri-
gation works in the Echuca district l^e-
fore proceeding to Tasmania. It is to
be hoped that the searching enquiries
made by the Commission into the depth
of our waterways and concerning our
harbour facilities will result in a much
needed speeding uj^ of tlie dredging

protect Australian industries. The
task of the Opposition leaders to show
cause why they should be returned to
power is a most difficult one. The fin-
ance of the Labour Cknernment can be
violentl}' assailed, but hardl_\- an item
in its expenditure would be curtailed
by the Liberals. The Referenda pro-
posals cannot be condemned with that
whole-liearted violence indulged in by

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.
r

(■(A-. J [Berlin.

THE SMOKE OF WAR FROM THE ARMAMENT

FACTORIES' OF THE WOliED.

Westminster Gazette.1

THE FISCAL QUESTION.

The Plastic (Mr. Bonar Law), the Rigid (Henry

Chaplin).

Hop. in the Bulletin.}

THE FEI>EIRAL CAPITAL.
" I declare this egg well and truly laid."

l)i r Wall re Jcu oh j

GERMANY BRINGS FUEL TO KEEP THE
TRIPLE ALLIANCE GOING.

PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

233

State men, for Federal Liberals would
undoubtedly themselves seek for fuller
powers for the Commonwealth if they
came to office. They have approved of
St .cTal of the Referenda proposals, pro-
viding certain amendments were made.
Xo elector can plead that he or she did
not have the proposals adequately ex-
i:)lained, for everyone entitled to vote
received a pamphlet setting forth the
pros and cons of each of the questions
to be submitted. Lucid and succinct
statements, prepared b\- competent
authorities on the opposing sides,
placed before the elector just the in-
formation required. No one can accu-
rately forecast the far-reaching results
which will follow if the Commonwealth
obtains the powers asked for, but the
pamphlet does sum up the proposals in
a most useful way. It is rather signifi-
cant of the methods of the two parties
that at Mr. Fisher's meeting in the Mel-
bourne Town Hall no ticket' of admis-
sion was required, but at Mr. Deakin's
Liberal rally in the same place tickets
were very carefully apportioned, so
that our silver-tongued orator preached
only to the converted, in Melbourne at
an\' rate. Several interesting contests
are taking place. Mr. Fisher will have
a hard fight to retain his seat. His con-
stituenc}' is no longer a mining one,
and he has a strong and popular
opponent. On the other side, Mr.
Irvine, owing largely to the presence of
the workmen engaged on the naval
base at Western Port, runs considerable
risk of being unseated. Undismayed
by previous reverses, Miss Goldstein is
again making a gallant fight to enter
the Federal House. An Independent
candidate, Mr. Renwick, is running as
a Freetrader for the Senate m Victoria.
His candidature is clearly chiefly
directed against Mr. Mauger, but it
would not be altogether a surprise to
find this stalwart reformer represent-

ing \'ictoria, with two Labour col-
leagues, in the Senate.

Industrial Strife.

The industrial atmosphere of New
South Wales continues aggressive to a
degree, and is having a stifling effect
on trade generally. The Darling Har-
bour railway men's strike temporarily
paralysed the goods' traffic, and the
State was on the verge of a general
strike for se\eral days. The firm atti-
tude adopted by Chief Commissioner
Johnson and his announcement that
the strikers would not be taken on
again unless they returned to work by
a given hour on a given day, along
with the Government's promise of a
Royal Commission, brought the strike
to an end. Public feeling was against
the strikers for refusing to recognise
the Arbitration Court as a peaceable
channel of settlement, and not against
the demands of the men for better con-
sideration. No time has been lost in
setting the Royal Commission to work.
Mr. A. B. Piddmgton, K.C., has been
appointed Commissioner, and he sat
for the first time on April 24. The
scope of the commission is very wide-
The matters to be inquired into in-
clude questions which arose out of the
recent railway strike, the principles of
industrial arbitration, the effect of in-
dustrial awards on State enterprises,
the relation of industrial awards to
early closing, conditions of labour in
railways good sheds, the cancellation
of the registration as an industrial
union of the New South Wales Amal-
gamated Railway and Tramway Ser-
\'ice Association, the provision of more
effective means for the prevention of
strikes and lockouts, and for the en- '
forcement of awards. A pretty big
order, surely. The McGowen Govern-
ment are going strongly in the matter
of ro}"al commissions ; but they can

234

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

hardly help themselves. Something in
the wa}- of soothing s}Tup is impera-
tive, from their point of view, with a
general election ui sight.

The Barrier Strike.

The labour troubles on the Silverton
tramway came to an end when the com-
pany carried its point that its highest
officials should not be forced to become
members of the men's Union. While it
lasted the dispute paralysed Broken
Hill and threw many men out of work.
Unfortunately there is every prospect
of further trouble. The Federation of
the different unions in this great min-
ing centre is a very powerful bod}-,
and tends more and more to dominate
the situation. Broken Hill is just now
an experimental laboratory for poHti-
cal economics, and the results achieved
there must have considerable influence
throughout the Commonwealth.

An Intellectual Aristocrat.

The dust of battle is already being
raised in New South Wales through
the impending State general election.
The Liberals are organising in a spirit
of unusual hopefulness, and quite a
galaxy of new men have been selected
to enter the lists as candidates. There
is much speculation as to the prospects
of the Government Party. Premier
McGowen has put a stop to all rumours
concerning himself by announcing that
it is not his intention to seek re-elec-
tion as leader of the State Labour
Party after the elections. Mr.
McGowen is a tired man ; but Mr. Hol-
man, with mind and strength renewed
by his holiday in Europe, is on his wa}'
back to prepare himself for the respon-
sibihties of leadership and the Premier-
ship, should his party emerge in tri-
umph from the battle of ' the polls.
That is problematical, for at this stage,
with the State in an unparalleled con-

dition of industrial chaos, the prospects
of the Labour Party are not too bright,
and the Ministers, least of all, are
counting on a certaint\-. How far Mr.
Holman's leadership will inspire the
Labour vote has yet to be tested. The
London "Daily Chronicle" describes Mr.
Holman as an " intellectual aristocrat,"
and his natural ability is unquestioned,
but whether he is the type of leader
that the rank and hie are sighing for
just now is doubtful. Time must de-
cide whether Mr Holman is prepared
to go the w^hole socialistic hog, but the
tone and temper of the part\' seem to
indicate that nothing less will satisfy
the popular Labour demand.

The Northern Territory.

Dr. Gilruth, the Administrator of the
Northern Territory, paid a visit to Mel-
bourne last month. He was enthusi-
astic about the possibilities of the
Commonwealth property' in the north,
and, to the demand as to what we
were getting for all the money we were
si^ending up there, he truly said the
question ought rather to be what
would we get if we did not sj^end
mone}' in the attempt to settle whites
in the Territor\-. The White Aus-
tralian polic}' makes it imperative to
develop the northern parts of the Com-
monwealth with white labour. Whether
this can be done or not can onl\' be
proved by time, and until the question
is settled one way or the other it be-
hoves us to make every effort to have
land taken up by white settlers. We
all hope that Dr. Gilruth will be suc-
cessful in the attempts being made, but
it is quite evident that the settlers
needed must be drawn from Australia
itself, immigrants direct from England
could never stand the climate. In this
connection the possibility of settling
Maltese on the land is worth grave
consideration. The\- are fellow sub-

PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

235

'A ■ .

if' / .

'/.

•-^^)

^^

*», • ! f

WAR IN THE AIB.
New Quick-firing Guu, to meet the Aerial Menace.

;36

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

jects of ours, although they do not
speak our language. Malta can no
longer hold them, so rapidly are they
multiplying. They are accustomed to
great heat, are industrious, and should
make good settlers. The only objec-
tion to them is that they come origin-
ally from Arab stock. Their ancestors
mixed so freely with the Italians that
the Maltese to-day is practically a
European. The objection to inviting
immigrants from Malta is that it might
be construed into an admission that
white settlement had failed ; but the
Maltese need be classed as aliens no
more than are other dwellers on the
northern shores of the Mediterranean.

Can White Women Live in the Tropics?

There are those who insist that it is
impossible for Anglo-Saxon races to
settle and multiply within a belt twenty
degrees north and twenty degrees
south of the Equator. Thus far it has
certainly not been done successfully
anywhere else in the world. The dif-
ferent conditions of an island continent
like Australia may, let us hope, make
it possible here. The most successful
colonists in the tropics have been the
Spanish, but the}' ha\e done it by mix-
ing freely with the natives they found
there, thus evolving practically a new
race, which would probably not be al-
lowed to enter Australia on the ground
that it was not pure white. Doctors
who have lived m North Queensland
are most dubious about any permanent
colonisation being possible b}- whites.
The first generation does well ; it is
the second and the third, and fourth,
if there is a fourth, which fails. If
women have to leave the country
during certain seasons of the year,
permanent settlement is clearly impos-
sible. Fortunately there are high
plateaux in the north, where white
colonisation may be not only possible

but eminently successful. But for some
time at any rate it is evident that the
rest of Australia will have to pay, and
pay pretty highly, to assist those
pioneers who are endeavouring to fill
the North with a white race, and there
is no doubt that she will cheerfully do
this.

Unifying the Railways.

The Inter-State Conference of Rail-
way' Engineers has issued its recom-
mendations with regard to the railways
in the Commonwealth. It urges the
adoption of the 4 ft. 8i in. gauge, and
suggests that the trunk lines be al-
tered at once. The question of cost
has apparently been the deciding fac-
tor in favour of the small gauge. To
unif}' all lines to it would cost
i^37,ooo,ooo, to unify to the far more
serviceable 5 ft. 3 in. gauge would cost
no less than XS/, 000, 000. The unifi-
cation of the trunk lines, including a
new line from Brisbane to the N.S.W.
border, would cost ^^^13,500,000. None
of the State Ministries appear eager
to begin the work, but the Conference
points out that the longer the delay
the greater the ultimate cost. We are
ruing now the jealousies which gave
each State a separate gauge. Let us
hope that in adopting the 4 ft. 8J, in.
standard we are not la}'ing up trouble
for our children's children!

The Landing of Captain Cook.

The one little bit of history about
which Australians can perhaps pride
themselves more than any other is the
landing of Captain Cook in Botany Bay
from H.M.S. "Endeavour," at 3 of the
clock in the afternoon of April 28, 1770.
It was virtually the beginning of days
for Australia, and the anniversary of
the event must ever remain the biggest
day in Australia's calendar. It stands
recorded in Cook's Voyages that on

PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

237

Saturday, March 31, he sailed from
Cape Farewell in Xevv Zealand, and
pursued his voyage to the westward.
New Holland came in sight on April ig,
and on the 28th of that month the ship
anchored in Botany Bay. This year's
annu'ersar}' of that exentful coming,
which practically set the "All British"
seal upijn this continent, was fittingl}'
commemorated. The .State Governor,
the Admiral and the Minister of Public
Instruction dehvered addresses at Kur-
nell, on the shores of Botany Ba_\' ;
the Governor performed the ceremon}'
known as " breaking the flag," and
salutes were ftred from H.M.A.S. "Mel-
bourne," anci by a detachment of artil-
lery from La Perouse point.

Shakespeare Day.

Whether the committee of the New
South Wales Shakespeare Tercentenary-
Memorial Fund do succeed in rais-
ing the sum of ;/^2S,ooo which
they are appealing for, or whether
they are to be disappointed in
that respe:^t, they have already done
something well worth doing. They
have made Shakespeare Da>' a big day
in the schools. April 23 was celebrated
in a wa}- ne\er before attempted. With
the full approval of the Department of
Public Instruction, the whole of the
schools of the State observed the day
in some form, and in a number of cases
the scholars gave admirable recitals of
performances of Shakespearean plays.
The tercentenary- celebrations were
kept in view, and as a result of the
school entertainments a substantial
sum w^as gathered towards the am-
bitious and costly scheme for a memo-
rial in .S}'dney. The objective is an
Elizabethan Library (the Government
to provide for the housing), and finan-
cial provision for the study of Shake-
speare, especially among the young.
The Shakespearean ball, which is to be

M,K. ken>;eki.ey bum,ford.

held in the Sxdney Town Hall on May
22, should furnish one of the most gor-
geous theatrical spectacles yet seen in
Australia. There will be an unprece-
dented pageant of the whole of the
Shakespearean characters, Mr. Oscar
Asche, Australia's best living Shakes-
pearean actor, ha\ing undertaken to
present six tableaux himself, while the
rest will be arranged by Mr. Hugh
Ward, the Shakespearean secretary-,
and other induiduals and organisa-
tions.

England's Most Popular Singer.

Mme. Clara Butt and her husband,
Mr. Kennerley Rumford, arc certain of
a most hearty welcome in Australia.
The memor}- of her wonderful \-oice is
still fresh with us, and there is no
doubt that the new auditorium in Mel-
bourne will be crowded to its greatest
capacity when they give the inaugural
concert tliere on Ma_\' 17. The Audi-
torium, which owes it, creation to the
enterprise of Messrs. Tait, cost

238

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

MADAME CLARA BUTT.

i^40,ooo to erect. Its exterior has
little to commend it, but inside it is
just the hall Melbourne has long been
requiring. Although it seats 200
people more than the Town Hall, which

can accommodate 2200, it looks much
smaller. The extra seating is pro-
vided in the balconies. The arena and
the two balconies slope steeply, so that
even a matinee hat cannot entirely
eclipse the platform. The acoustic
properties of the hall are excellent, the
pm test having been carried out wit!)
much success. A handsome lounge
gives on to a balcony overhanging Col-
lins-street. Altogether the Auditorium
will prove a great acquisition to Mel-
bourne, and the artistes who are coming
to open it make the success of its first
season certain.

Gigantic Ships Built anri Building.

The huge Hamburg-Amenka liner
" Imperator," of 47,000 tons, is at the
moment the largest vessel afloat. Al-
ready difficulties are being experienced
in the control of such a bulky mass.
She ran aground in the Elbe and has
damaged other ships and herself some-
what. These vast vessels necessitaip
special docking accommodation, and
are exceedingly difficult to handle m
harbour. This does not prevent others
being built. The "Britannic," which
has been laid down in Belfast for the
White Star line, will be even bigger
than the " Imperator " and the " Aqui-
tania," the Cunard liner launched the
i ither day on the Cl\de, is of equal size.
The " Vaterland," another Hamburg-
Amerika liner of 47,000 tons, was
launched about the same time. The
" Aquitania " is equipped with anti-
rolling tanks. The " Britannic " is ar-
ranged to float with six compartments
flooded, and in her the White Star
Company consider that they have an
unsinkable ship. These leviathans re-
quire crews of over a thousand men
each, and carry over three thousand
passengers. They have a speed of
from 22 to 2"^) knots.

Henry Slcail, Maiiiiing Ko.id, E.ist Mal»em. Vic.

239

CHARACTER SKETCH.

KING FERDINAND OF BULGARIA.

BY ALFRED G. GARDINER.

In a house in Sofia, I have been told,
there is a dead hand, preserved not as a
relic but as a reminder. The house is
the old home of the murdered Stambu-
loff, the hand is the hand of that rough-
hewn patriot hiii self. One day the
hand is to be bur.ed. The day will be
that on which S^ambuloff's murder is
avenged. It is an uncomfortable reflec-
tion for King Ferdinand.

And yet to live under the shadow of
a dead hand seems the perfectly fitting
destiny of Ferdinand, for he is the
King of melodrama. Those people who
suppose that melodrama is not true to
life have not studied his story or his
character. Both are Transpontine. He
is the very stuff of which the dreams of
the playwright and the romancist are
compact. There are times indeed when
you almost doubt whether he was no^
invented by Dumas or Stevenson or Mr.
Anthony Hope ; you seem to see the
movement of the wires and the face of
the author between the wrings enjoying
the success of his triumphant creation.
When the curtain goes down the author
will surely appear and thank you for
your kind reception of the child of his
invention.

KING BY HOOK OR CROOK.
As a matter of fact King Ferdinand
was invented by his mother. It used
to be said that Princess Clementine was
the cleverest woman m Europe. This
only meant that she was a very skilful
ancl ambitious intriguer. The daughter
of King Louis Philippe and the widow
of Prince Augustus of Saxe-Coburg-
Gotha, she felt that her youngest and
favourite child had a special claim
upon Providence. She resolved
that he should be King by hook
or by crook. ^Moreover, she had
the assurance of a gipsy that he was
destined like Macbeth for a throne, and

Princess Clementine was not a person
to bandy words with a gipsy. She took
•the practical course, and prepared her
son, from the cradle, for the career
marked out for him. He was whisked
from capital to capital, habituated to
the company of princes, indoctrinated
with the diplomatic subtleties of "The
Prince," taught the facile graces of the
charmeur, made to cultivate entomology
as one of those hobbies that sit so pret-
tily on potentates, coached in iialf-a-
clozen languages, even in Hungarian,
for one never knew from whence the
call to kingship would come. Thrones
might spring up or fall vacant any-
where. One must be ready to pounce.
It IS a beautiful idyll of maternal love
— modern inversion of the legend of
the Roman matron who sacrificed her
children to the State, or of the story of
Catherine Sforza.

SEARCHING FOR A PRINCE.
The moment came. One day some
twenty-five years ago there sat in a
X'lennese beer garden a group of Bul-
garian statesmen, 'i'hey were returning
empty handed from their quest for a
prince. They had a throne to offer, but
had found no one hungry enough to
take it. Nor was the reluctance of the
European princelings surprising. fen
years had passed since Bulgaria had
won its freedom after five centuries of
Turkish misrule. But it had only
escaped from the t}ranny of the Turk
to fall under the shadow of Russia.
The Tsar meant it to be the pawn in
his own Balkan game. Poor Prince
Alexander of Battenburg — brave, cour-
ageous, and beloved by the simple
Bulgarian peasantry — had been de-
throned, ancl anyone who ventured to
follow him had to face the menace of
Russia. And without Russia none of
the Powers would give him countenance.

240

REVIE\N OF REVIEWS.

THE PRINCE IS PROVIDED.
In this emergency one man stood like
a rock between Bulgaria and the Rus-
sian. It was Stambuloff, the innkeeper's
son. Rude and violent, a man who com-

POMP AND CEREMONY.
But if we are to understand Ferdi-
nand we must distinguish between pub-
lic results and private motives. It may
be that no other instrument could have

bined a sincere patriotism with uncouth accomplished what this purely artificial

manners and a genius for statesman- monarch has accomplished for Bul-

ship, he had been largely responsible garia. The determination to "arrive"

for throwing otf the yoke of Turkey, himself has helped Bulgaria to arrive

and now fought with equal passion to also. Between him and his people

resist Russian aggression. It was he there is an immeasiirable gulf fixed. A

who had sent out the commission to solid, somewhat dour, but very virile

find a prince — the commission that now race, the Bulgarians have no point of

sat forlorn and unsuccessful in the contact in temperament or sympathies

Viennese beer garden. Enter Major with their Sovereign. He has had to

Laabe. He learned their business — conquer them, as he had to conquer the

knew their business, indeed, for was he
not the advance agent of the Prince-in-
search-of-a-throne? "Why, gentlemen,
there is just the man you want," said he,
pointing to a young officer in the white
tunic and gold-laced kepi of Austrian
Hussars who was sitting near by — how
accidentally one can only guess. " He

Powers and Stambuloff. They, a
simple, undemonstrative people, were
revolted by the vanity of their prince.
While his neighbour, Nicholas of Mon-
tenegro, sat at his door and was acces-
sible to any peasant, Ferdinand as-
sumed the pose and habits of the grand
monarque. Within a few days of his

is Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, arrival he had refused to see the repre-
grandson of Louis Philippe, a cousin sentatives of England. Austria and

of every crowned head in Europe, a
favourite of the Emperor of Austria
and the Tsar, and a man of wealth."

THE MAN.
The boat that a year before had
brought the dethronedAlexander up the
Danube took Ferdinand down. No
Prince ever entered upon a more pre-
carious enterprise than his. Unrecog-
nised by the Powers without, faced by
a masterful Minister within, he seemed
the princeling of an hour — a momentary
incident in Bulgaria's troubled story.
At the end of twenty-five years his
throne is secure, his country is stable
and prosperous, he is smiled on by the
Powers, his princeship has become a
kingship, he stands at the head of a
triumphant army, he may emerge from

Italy because they did not appear in his
presence in uniform. No King in
Europe is hedged round with more
pomp and ceremony than Ferdinand,
travels in more regal style, assumes a
more Olympian air, cultivates so extra-
vagant an etiquette. Even his little son
cannot ride abroad without a cavalcade
and an ecclesiastical dignitar)' in at-
tendance. His relative, the Comtesse
dc Paris, once said of him that he cared
for nothing except titles and orders,
and the industry with which for years
he canvassed the Courts of Europe for
a crown gives colour to the saying.

A SUCCESSFUL SCHEMER.

But vain though he is, his ambition

soars beyond titles. Like Charles the

First, he will be " a King indeed." and

the war the Emperor of the Balkans as not a mockery of a king. He will stoop

the King of Prussia emerged from the
war of 1 870 the Emperor of Germany.
It is the triumph of a subtle diplomacy,
motived by one dominating passion —
personal ambition. There are those
who, in their enthusiasm for Bulgaria,
find in Ferdinand the chivalrous hero
who has wrought the miracle. The suc-
cess of his policy blinds their judgment
of the man.

low to conquer, it is true. Neither his
faith, nor his dignity, nor loyalty to
those who have served him will stand
in the way of his path to power. When
he found that Russia remained obdu-
rate, even though Stambuloff had been
removed, he bartered his faith and his
word to win her smiles. He himself
is a Roman Catholic, and when he mar-
ried his first wife, Princess Marie Louise

CHARACTER SKETCH.

^41

of Parma, he agreed that tlieir children
should be brought up in the faith ot
Rome. But when all else had failed to
placate Russia, he had his son Boris
" converted " to the Orthodox Church,
in spite of the scorn of the world and
the flight of his wife with her younger
son to escape the outrage to her faith.
" The West has pronounced its ana-
thema against me," he said, but he had
won his prize. Russia smiled on him,
recognised him, and with that recogni-
tion come the countenance of all the
Great Powers. The path to glory was
at last clear.

STAMBULOFF v. FERDINAND.
But it was in the Stambuloff episode
that the falsity of his character was
most startlingly revealed. It is a dark
story. History could not show a more
dramatic contrast of personalities than
that provided by Ferdinand and the
Minister who made him Prince — the one
all artifice, the other all primitive
nature. Stambuloif was a ruthless man
set in ruthless circumstances. He had
one passion — love of his country. To
that passion he sacrificed everything
and everybody — most of all he sacri-
ficed himself. Turkey had been driven
out of his vineyard ; but the spies of
Russia were overrunning it. He was
alone in the midst of a web of plots and

intrigues.

He fought like a giant, mer-

cilessly, cunningly. And all the time
he was consolidating the country, con-
structing railways, developing its re-
sources, giving it education, building up
its army, laying the foundations of that
power that is the admiration of the
world to-day. To him Ferdinand was
only a necessar}- instrument in his
scheme to defeat the machinations of
Russia and to establish the freedom of
his land. And he found him, instead,
anxious only to be aoproved by Russia
and the Powers. The liberty of his
Kingdom was threatened ; his very life
was in daily peril ; he lived on the
brink of a volcano, and his dreams were
the dreams of pomp and vanity. Two
such men could not run permanently in
harness.

" GEY ILL TO LIVE Wl'. "
One may sympathise with the Prince,
for Stambuloff was " gey ill to live wi '."

He had no reverence for princes, and a
mighty scorn for the shows of things.
He was fighting a tremendous battle,
and was apt to forget his manners. " I
cannot and will not be seen with }0u if
you don't take that frippery off," he is
said to have exclaimed when, his mind
full 6T fierce actualities, he found him-
self 111 the presence of his Prince, who
was clothed in a wonderful coronation
mantle of purple and ermine. " Some
people will think you are mad. There
are more urgent matters to be attended
to than coronation mantles. For in-
stance, your Highness might see that

you get a more trustworthy bodyguard,

"'1 "

or else .

An uncomfortable master — a master

who would neither flatter him nor betray

him. For Russia intimated that she

would be Bulgaria's friend if only

Stambuloff would surrender this usurper

— if onl)' Ferdinand could be sent the

way of Alexander. But Stambuloff

knew that to surrender the Prince was

to surrender Bulgaria. It was not the

man he cared for, but the nationality of

which he was the symbol.

THE FALL OF STAMBULOFF.
But if the Minister would not betray
the Prince, the Prince could desert the
Minister. One clay, during his absence
abroad, Ferdinand wrote an official let-
ter forbidding Stambuloff to report to
him, and declaring that his conduct was
" in fame." Stambuloff resigned in a
letter in which he said, " Cela ne fait
honneur ni au peuple bulgare, ni a son
Prince, si I'activite d'un ministre bulgare
doit etre caracterisee par I'adjectif ' m-
ame.
Ferdinand was free. " Henceforth,"
he said, " I mean to rule as well as to
reign." He has kept his word. But
while Stambuloff lived the shadow of
that terrible man hung over his path.
It was said that he was to be brought to
trial. It would have been well if he
had been There was plenty of crimes
against him, for he had dipped his
hands deep in the blood of those
enemies whom he believed to be the
enemies of his country. But he was not
tried. Instead, his house was sur-
rounded by spies ; his steps were
dogged wherever he went. He appealed

242

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Ministers of instig^ating the murder ;
the Vossische Zeitung said that " if any
ordinary citizen of any State had been
so incriminated as Prince Ferdinand has
been, the man would have been
arrested." No one was arrested ; no one
was punished.

A SUPPLE ARTIFICER OF GREATNESS.

It will be seen that those who dismiss
King Ferdinand as a mere scented pop-
injay are wofully mistaken. To have
come a stranger into a land seething
with rebellion — a land where he was to
have been a prince in name and a mere
instrument of polic}' in fact — -to have
matched himself against the Bulgarian
Bismarck and overthrown him, to have
won his crown and made himself " a
King indeed," as despotic as any King
in Europe, to stand at the end of
twenty-hve years at the head of an
arm}- that has astonished the world and
at the head of a League that confronts
Europe with a new political fact of the
first magnitude — all this implies more
than the vanity and the febrile futility
with which his enemies credit him. lie
is "the artful Augustus" of a later
Gibbon, a Napoleon the Third whh
more than Napoleon's calculation and
to be allowed to go to Karlsbad for his statesmanship. "I am the rock against
health. The request was refused by the which the waves beat in vain," he said
Government. He then declared publicly grandiloquentl)- long ago — and his

Kladderadatuch.

[Berlin.

A TYPIOAI. OARTQiON OF KING FERDINAND.
Rou.MANi.\: " Can I have a little meat as well?"
BiLGARiA: No, certainly not; it was I who stole

the pig."

that he was being kept in Sofia to be
murdered.

MURDER.

On the 15th July, 1895, in the streets
of Sofia, with the police looking on, he
was brutally butchered — not merely
murdered, but mutilated. Prince Ferdi-
nand, who had gone to Karlsbad, tele-
graphed his grief to the widow and
ordered his highest Court official to
tender his condolences to her person-
ally. The telegram was unanswered ;
the official was refused admission.
Europe rang with the murder. Petkoff,
who narrowly escaped death with his
friend, denounced the Prince ; the
Svoboda openly accused him and his

courtiers laughed. He is not that. But
he is the supple artificer of greatness,
innocent of scruple, swift to take for-
tune at the flood, one who " makes nice
of no vile hold to stay him up," and
has that wonderful instinct of self-
preservation which enables him in all
emergencies to fall lightly upon his
feet, iie applies the arts of the mediae-
val prince to Twentieth Century condi-
tions and Machiavelli himself would
have little to teach him. His career is
the romance of modern kingship. His
success is as vast as ins ambition. There
is no spot upon his sun.

Yes. one. There is the dead hand of
Stambuloff".

243

MY FATHER: W. T. STEAD.

By HENRY STEAD.

In the notes I hope to give about my
father during the next six months m
these cohmms, I intend to touch chiefly
upon his private life and make but
indirect mention of his pubhc work and
achievements. These will be fully dealt
w ith in the biography now in course of
preparation.

A BOY ALL HIS LIFE.

Father was always intensely human,
had immense energy and an enormous
amount of exuberant vitality. He was
a man whose presence could be felt the
moment he came into a room, so greatly
did he vitalise all those with whom he
came into contact. He was exceedingly
popular with children and youths, and
especially was he worshipped by little
girls. With all his marvellous journal-
istic instinct and great intellect, he was
really just a big boy in many things all
his life. He never enjoyed himself
better than when, surrounded by young-
sters, he picnicked and boated, built
sand castles and bathed, at the seaside
cottage he loved so well.

A FINE TR.\IXIXG.

He was a son of the manse, but
brought up to enjoy much freedom of
thought, and encouraged, with his bro-
thers and sisters, to look upon his father
and mother as companions. The latter
was a very remarkable woman who left
her impress on him throughout his life.
The stipend of a Congregational min-
ister in a Tyneside village was but
meagre, and father always attributed
his wonderful ability to ferret out from
the daily papers iust those things which
mattered, to having had to recount to
his father, when he got back from New-
castle in the evening, all the leading
news items he had seen in the paper he
was able to get the loan of in town.

A " RUINED " ME:M0RY !

He was gifted with a truly marvel-
lous memory, although he used to say

it was ruined during the Bulgarian agita-
tion which he led whilst editing the
K orihern Echo, by the attempt to remem-
ber addresses of three or four hundred
helpers in the cause. After he had fln-
ished his leader and notes he used to sit
down and address copies of the paper
to enthusiastic workers all over Great
Britain, without ever referring to an
address book. He mav have " ruined "
his memory, as he said, but most people
would consider themselves well equip-
ped with a tithe of such ruins. I re-
member well during the height of the
Boer War his speaking at one of the
debating societies in the Temple. The
hostile audience was composed of keen,
budding lawyers, with a sprinkling of
O.C.'s, and he was challenged con-
stantly to substantiate his facts. The
way in which he did so amazed his
audience ; not once could he be tripped
up. In many instances he even gave his
opponents the actual page as well as the
title and date of the Blue Book in which
the}' would find his authority. He had
no notes to refer to, he seldom needed
any, and as he left the hall, despite the
fact that at that time he was one of the
most execrated men in public life, his
opponents could not but cheer him to
the echo.

AT SCHOOL.

He was taught by his father at home
until he reached his teens, when he was
sent to Silcoates, at Wakefield, a board-
ine-school for ministers' sons. He had
an exceedingly bad lime there at nrst,
and vowed that did he ever have chil-
dren they should never be sent to board-
ing-school. He used to be i)ulled across
the ]ilayground on his back by the hair
of his head, and experienced other simi-
lar uncomfortable attentions until his
tormentors found that he was plucky
to the backbone. He does not appear to
have achieved much distinction in
study, but earned the reputation on the
cricket field of never funking, though

244

REVIEW OF REVIEW'S.

his legs were black and blue through
keeping wicket to fast bowling without
any pads. He introduced over-arm
bowling into Silcoates, and lost the first
match in which he did so, because the
umpire no-balled him each time he
bowled with his hand above his shoul-
der !

THE PRIZE WATCH.

After two years he returned to New-
castle and entered the storehouse of a
merchant, who traded chiefly with Rus-
sia, with no prospect except to rise to
clerk from offtce-boy. He began to
write for different papers, and tried for
prizes offered for essays, but only once
did he achieve success. I have often
wondered whether any of those editors
who " turned down " the copy of the un-
known office-boy came to the great jour-
nalist for advice in later years ! The
prize he did win was a silver watch for
an essay on his favourite hero. Oliver
Cromwell. This watch he always cher-
ished and would never exchange for
a gold one. Its fate was curious. In
1900 he made his famous tour round
Europe, interviewing Emperors and
Kings. I accompanied him on that
occasion. We left Rome after a strenu-
ous week, en route for Paris, and
changed trains at the French frontier.
We then discovered that he must have
left his watch in the sleeping-car. For-
tunately I remembered the number of
the carriage, and telegraphed to Rome
about it. We spent the evening with
Baron de Coubertin — of Olympic fame
— in his villa on the Riviera, and ar-
ranged to have the watch, if found, sent
on to him. Now comes the irony of the
thing. The watch was found, and
reached him safely. He despatched it
registered to London, and that w-as the
last seen or heard of it !

HIS FIRST SUCCESS.

Even in earlv davs father fully ap-
predated the power of the Press. He
wrote letters to the local paper about a
plague spot in Howdon, accurately de-
scribed as " clarty gutter." Having done
this he put into practice ?, custom he
followed ever after. He saw that the
paper containing his letter reached those

people who ought to move in the mat-
ter. After you have written somelhmg
certain people ought to read, see that
they have it thrust upon them, was with
him a great doctrine, and much of the
success following his articles he attri-
buted to this. The clearing of " clartv
gutter " was. I think, his first successful
effort for the welfare of the community
at large ; others followed rapidly.

EDITOR AT T\VENTV-T\VO
His principal ran for public office in
Newcastle, and achieved considerable
fame for the cleverness of his sj^eeches.
No one knew that they had been
written for him by his office-boy ! Soon
father's articles began to be accepted,
the first. I think, by the Sheffield Inde-
pendent, and ere long he was writing re-
gularly for the 'Northern Echo. He re-
ceived no pay for these articles, which
were sufficiently brilliant to be used
constantly as leaders in that paper, but
they brought him the offer of the actual
editorship of the Northern Echo when
he was 22. He had therefore the extra-
ordinary experience of starting at the
top of the tree without ever having to
go through the drudgery of a news-
pajier office. His wonderful ability of
getting hold of the essentials immedi-
ately enabled him on this occasion, as
on so many others when far greater
issues were at stake, to come through
triumphantly. His ])olitical articles
sj^eedily drew Mr. Gladstone's atten-
tion, but after the proprietor had once
induced him to attend a local ball in
order to write it up. he vowed that never
again would he risk offending all hi-
lady readers. Father's ideas of describ-
ing a dress were amusing, to say the
least ; in fact, he seldom noticed what
people wore. A very sore point, I be-
lieve, to many who hoped to impress
him by their toilettes after he had be-
come famous.

SALVATION LASSES.

My earliest recollection of my father
is characteristic of him. It is of driving
in our little pony trap with two Salva
tion Army lasses from our home al
Granny Hill to Darlington, father and
the two of them singing at the top of

MY FATHER.

245

their voices, "We'll Roll the Old
Chariot Along," a performance which
caused immense joy to the ragged
urchins who pursued us. It was en-
tirely typical of him to be helping
these two girls. They were having a
])retty horrible time of it, " storming "
Darlington, therefore he rushed to the
rescue. In those days the Salvation
Army was being persecuted most vigor-
ousl)', and those who stood up for its
soldiers came in for a fair share them-
selves. My father ever championed the
oppressed and battled for those who
had none to help them. This assault by
the Salvation lasses on Darlington
brought father and General Booth to-
gether for the first time, a connection
which lasted throughout the rest of their
lives, and which was of untold good to
countless thousands the world over. The
beginning of the friendship arose out of
a letter father sent the General, up-
braiding him for allowing two frail
girls to attempt such a herculean task
in the slums of themorthern city. " If,"
he said, " they die from the strain — and
one of them is consumptive — you should
be tried for manslaughter!" To which
the General replied : " You would never
make a general, for a successful com-
mander must not hesitate to sacrifice his
soldiers if thereby the fortress is won."
Father did much for the lasses at Dar-
lington, and ever after always held out
a helping hand to any Salvation soldier
he came across.

A PONY DINNER.

We had a good deal of ground round
our house, which was a mile away from
its neighbour and several from Dar-
lington. Although I was a very small
boy when we left it for London, I can
still remember the joyous times we used
to have wdth father when the hay was
cut, and how he used to show us the
wonders of nature, never allowing us to
touch a bird's nest, but encouraging us
to find as many of them as possible.

He used to ride a pony called "Jessie"
down every night to his office in Dar-
lington, and return in the early hours of
the morning. He had an utter disregard
for convention in any shape or form,
and he used to tell with glee how when,
owing to a bad fall, this pony had to
be shot, he invited the doctor and one
or two other friends to dinner and re-
galed them on horse without their dis-
covering the fact ! I believe some of
them never forgave him for it, though.

AT THE LOCAL CHAPEl .

\\'e used to look forward to thunder-
storms, because then he took us all out
into the porch and we were keen to
count the interval between flash and
clap to tell the distance the storm was
away. This he did with all of us save
my youngest sister, who has not now
the same joy in a thunderstorm that he
inculcated into us. The onh' other
memory I have of Darlington in which
he flncls place, was an episode which
occurred in chapel. We w^ent regularly
to the Congregational Church, of which
body he was a devout member all his
life, and occupied the front pew in the
gallery. Father, although physically
immensely strong, had rather a weak
back, which was the cause of his liking
to " sit on his shoulders," to quote the
late Edmund Garrett's witty description
of his chief. In order to assume his
favourite position in church, father used
to prop himself up by putting his knees
against the front of the gallery beneath
the hymn-board. On one occasion the
pressure was too great, and the con-
gregation was scandalised to see, and
hear, two of the front boards in the gal-
lery suddenly crack outwards ! Father
always attended chapel regularly, morn-
ing and evening, to the end, and sang
with a whole-hearted vigour good to
hear, although, alas ! the mellow and
sonorous voice, when raised in song, was
usually hopelessly out of tune!
(To he contimicd.)

246

TOPICS OF THE MONTH.

VI. CAN SHE GET IN ?

Will Our New Flagship be Able to Enter our Harbours ?

We are manfully shouldering the bur-
den of Empire, and soon the great
Dreadnought-cruiser, flagship of the
Australian Navy, will be in these waters.
She is absolutely the latest thing in
battleship construction. Heavily pro-
tected, armed with the finest weapons of
offence, a hghting machine as perfect as
the inventive genius of the greatest de-
signers in the world could produce. We
may well be proud of this formidable
addition to our navy, for we realise here
fully as much as they do at home that
the fleets of the Empire must be pre-
eminent on the waters of the earth.
But whilst this great ship can And
adequate and safe anchorage and shel-
ter in some of our harbours, we may
witness the extraordinary spectacle of
the might}' cruiser lying outside the
Heads, unable to enter the harbour on
which the temporary Federal Capital
stands. Such a sight would no doubt
create an immense sensation ; but the
humiliation of seeing our new Dread-
nought knocking, figuratively speaking,
at the gates of Port Philliix unable to
enter, as there is not enough water for
her to float safely through the Heads,
may after all prove a blessing in dis-
guise. It is pretty certain that unless
her bunkers were practically empty she
would not run the risk of attempting-
to enter an}- of our mercantile harbours
except Hobart and Sydne}-.

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE " NEW
ZEALAND " ?
The magniflcent gift ship, the " New
Zealand," visited Melbourne last month,
but, to the chagrin of her citizens, the
vessel did not lie against the pier. To
visit her was a matter of some difficulty
But how mail}" of the grumbling thou-
sands who inspected her grasped the
significance of why she lay out in the

Channel ? The reason was all-sufticient
— there was not enough dejtth along-
side Melbourne's deepest water pier to
float New Zealand's gift battleship

The " New Zealand " entered the
Heads drawing 28 feet, and came
safel}- up the channel, but she had only
a few tons of coal left in her
bunkers. But once in she coaled, and,
like the wolf in the fable, who
gorged too much, she could not get out
again. She drew 30 ft. 9 in. after she
had coaled in Hobson's Ba\-. No ves-
sel drawing as much as 30 ft., said the
Harbour Master, should risk passing
the Heads. The responsibility for so
doing was left to Captain Halsey. B}-
pumping out water and in other ways
he lightened his ship, and selecting
the toj) of the tide and a calm sea, he
took out His Majesty's ship " New
Zealand." drawing 29 ft. 9in., safely
negotiated the Rip, and steered east-
wards to the Dominion whose millions
had been so patrioticall}- used in build-
ing this present to the British Navy.
What if she had scraped her bottom out
on the Lightning Rock in the Rip ?
A ghastly termination to a triumjDhal
visit !

The Captain of the " New Zealand "
would no doubt avoid Melljourne in
future, and the case will be worse for
H.M.A.S. "Australia," which is 400 tons
more than her sister. It is significant to
note that so furious)}- rapid is the
evolution of naval ships that instead
of taking first place in her class of
battle cruisers, the "Australia" 19,200
tons) now comes fifth, being surpassed in
size and offensive power by the " Lion "
and"Princess Ro}al,"of 26,3!;o tons each.
with 13.5 in. guns, and the "Queen Mary"
and the " Tiger," of 28,000 tons. If the
extra 400 tons of our new flagship cause

TOPICS OF THE MONTH.

247

her to draw several inches more than
the " New Zealand," she is never likely
to be seen off Port Melbourne — until the
channel is deepened.

It does not greatly matter to the Aus-
tralian Navy whether its greatest vessels
can enter Port Phillip or not, for West
Port and Jervis Bay, in addition to
Sydney and Hobart, are available in
Eastern Australiji But it does matter
enormously to Melbourne, Adelaide and
Fremantle, and her inability to enter is
a far more striking and spectacular
occurrence than if hundreds of mer-
chant steamers were obliged to enter
and leave these ports not fully loaded
The tendency is for larger and ever
larger vessels on the Atlantic ferr\', and
as these take up the service the smaller
boats in the American trade must be
taken off and seek other routes. Just
the other da\^ a small steamer, the
" Cufic," of some 8000 tons, touched
bottom in passing Port Phillip Heads,
and when such a thing can occur, ship-
owners will never send their large ves-
sels here. If, however, it was possible
for ships of, say, 20,000 tons to enter all
Australia's principal ports fully laden,
an immense impetus would be given to
commerce. Exporters are everywhere
raising their voices in bitter complaint
because the\- cannot get their produce
away. The whole Commonwealth is
suffernig because of the delay m deepen-
ing the channels of certain of our ports.
Mr. Watt realised this some time ago,
and addressed a memorandum to each
State, suggesting schemes for harbour
deepening, but nothing seems to have
come of it. Even his own State con-
tinues to proceed in most leisurely
fashion to deepen the channel at the
Heads. The depth there is now 37 feet,
but owing to what is called the " scend,"
this depth is reduced by five or six feet
in smooth, and ten to twelve in rough
weather. When the depth between the
Heads is increased to the 42 ft. jjlanned,
It is calculated that the " scend " (the
rise and fall of a vessel in a seaway)
will be minimised, and vessels having a
draught of 35 or 36 ft. could pass
safely. At the present rate it will be six
years before the deepening is com-
jDleted. Only £^5000 a year is being ex-

pended on this particular work. A good
deal more than that would be well
spent in speeding up this channel
deepening. The reason given for not
doing so is that it is no good com-
pleting that work unless at the same
time the berths are deepened at Port
Melbourne, and preparations finished
there for the accommodation of larger
ships. If that is so the Harbour Trust
had better sneed up also, and at once.
Melbourne, at an}' rate, is doing some-
thing, even if slowh- ; but Adelaide and
Fremantle do not seem to realise th^
urgency of the need for deepening their
channels and preparing for the large-
ships which will ere long be visiting-
Australia. The inability of the new
flagship to enter these harbours will, let
us hope, provide the necessary incentive
to get to work at once. It is clear, for
instance, that the new White Star boat,
the " Cyramic," which draws 34 ft. 6 in.,
will not be able to enter any commercial
port m Australia, fully loaded, save
Sydney and Hobart, and she is a small
vessel compared to some that might
come here.

It is true that man>' of the greatest
ports in the world have no deeper chan-
nels at low water than that of Mel-
bourne, but the\- have far higher tides
than are experienced at Port Phillip,
as the following table shows: —

Depth

Channel

Port.

at

Depth,

Rise of

Berth.

L.W.

Tide.

Auckland

30 tt.

31ft.

1 1 ft.

Boston

30 ft.

30 ft.

9 ft.

Boulogrne

32 ft.

33 ft-

36 ft.

Hamburg-

26 ft.

26 ft.

7 ft.

Hobart

40-60 ft.

60 ft.

4^V ft.

Hong-kong ..

42 ft.

40 ft.

7 ft.

Liverpool

36 ft.

3int.

29^ ft.

London

34 ft.

28 ft.

20 ft.

Marseilles

30 ft.

5^Ht.

—

^Melbourne ...

29 ft.

37 ft.

2 ft. 8 in

New York ...

35 ft.

40 ft.

sHt.

Rio de Janeiro

30 ft.

70 ft.

—

St. John's

(Canada) ...

30 ft.

30 ft.

26:y ft.

San Francisco

22-40 ft.

33 ft.

SHt.

Sing-apore

30 ft.

30 tt.

10 ft.

Southampton

32 ft.

32 ft.

13 ft.

Sydney

40-60 ft.

40 ft.

5Ht.

Vancouver ...

30 ft.

27 ft.

13 ft.

Wellington ...

33 ft.

42 ft.

4tt.

248

THE AERIAL FLEETS OF GERMANY. FRAXCE AXD BHITAIX COMPARED

TOPICS OF THE MONTH.

'49

VII.-IS BRITAIN DEFENCELESS?

By Major B. Baden- Powell.

While in default of more convincing
evidence, there is no reason to be
alarmed at the vague reports of mys-
terious airships hovering over England
at night, yet such stories draw attention
to a matter of the utmost importance
to Great Britain, a matter which most
of those who discuss our defences are
apt to ignore. A great deal is being-
said about the deficiencies of the Terri-
torials, compulsory service, and our
means of defence against invasion. But
these questions, though of undoubted
importance, refer to the hypothetical
case in which, first, our Navy is for some
reason temporarily non-existent ; sec-
ondl}\ our Regular Army is practically
all abroad ; and it is supposed that,
under such circumstances, an enemy at-
tempts to invade our shores.

But let us take other, more likel\', cir-
cumstances. Let it be supposed that an
enemy decides that it is worth risking
something to deal a blow at the heart of
the Empire. We may have our power-
ful Nav}- intact and in its place ; our
entire military forces mobilised and
ready. The sea and the land may be
rendered absolutely impassable to an
enemy, but what about the air ?

A year or two ago, when there were
but few military airships capable of
attaining a really serviceable speed, no
serious attempt at invasion was likely.
Now the matter is rapidly becoming
very different. Both in Germany and
France much practical experience has
been gained, and these Governments are
capable of judging what is necessary
and what is practical. We read various
estimates of the strength of their aerial
navies, but, without bothering about the
exact numbers or capabilities of their
air-craft, we may consider all the ma-
chines hitherto built as being not much
more than experimental. It is, however,
now evident that these nations are
taking the matter up in all seriousness,
and are building real aerial fleets. In
the German estimates, it is reported, a
sum of ^,'500,000 is to be devoted to the
construction of new airships. This

would mean perhaps twenty large rigid
vessels at least as powerful as the latest
Zeppelin or Schutte-Lanz. These latter
are capable of going at a speed of over
50 miles an hovir, and of carrying some
two tons of explosives, besides machine
guns for defence, while they can cruise
in the air for at least 24 hours on end.
In France contracts have been placed
for seven equally large dirigibles with a
minimum speed of 46^^ miles. These
fleets will presumably be ready for work
within a year.

Now comes the question, What are we
going to do under the above-mentioned
conditions, supposing an attack is made
through the air? What if one fine night
it were discovered that a dozen enor-
mous hostile airships were floating over
London, or Portsmouth, or other centre?
We might, after an hour or two, send a
few aeroplanes to attack these airships,
but, apart from their anti-aeroplane de-
fence, they might be accompanied by a
screen of their own aeroplanes, more
numerous than all we could bring to
bear. One old dirigible we might have
wrecked, but a dozen of the new type
would not be easy to knock out before
they could accomplish their object. It
may be said that bomb-dropping is un-
certain and by no means so effective as
some may think. One or two, or even a
dozen, bombs may do but little damage,
but if 12 airshops each launched some
50 large bombs, there would be a salvo
such as must, to say the least, prove very
disconcerting to the nerves of us poor
wretches below, and would be bound to
do some material damage. And this
would not be all. After the detonation
of some 600 powerful bombs in one
night, next night or the night after, the
enemy might return and " go on doing
it " every da)- that the wind allowed.
We could do nothing to prevent them !
Even if such tactics have not that de-
cisive result that we have been accus-
tomed to consider as necessar\- to de-
feat, yet, could we put up with such a
bombardment day after da\- without
soon coming to terms?

INVULXERABLE NO 1X>-\GEK.-THE
A\"hat might happen to a

-51

AS'SING OF AX ISLAND BMPIKK.
defenceless Tvondon to-morrow.

25^

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

There is perhaps one reason why the
urgency of this matter is not more fully
recognised. It is the cry of "wolf."
The idea has so often been brought for-
ward before. Mr. Wells has vividly de-
picted what we may expect from " war
in the air," as have others more in
earnest. But they were a bit premature.
Hitherto no aerial fleet was " in being."
Some even doubted if such would ever
become a reality. Now we have changed
all that. Yet the subject is hardly taken
seriously.

It is often asked why we have not got
any of the huge airships such as are
now becoming a feature of the offensive
appliances of some foreign nations. A
simple answer may be given — Because
we are not aggressive and do not pro-
pose to attack other countries through
the air or drop tons of explosives. For
mere defence our little airships may

suffice (if numerous enough). But the
question now arises as to whether it is
possible to defend ourselves against
such attack and whether our only polic\'
is not to make counter-attacks.

Let us, with all force, insist u]ion
the absolute urgency of this matter. Our
land forces, and even our Navy, must
take a back seat in the face of such a
question. Do let it be borne in mind
that as far as defence is concerned it is
infinitely more imjjortant for us to have
adequate aerial defence than to possess
one or two more " Dreadnoughts " or
50,000 more men. A hundred new aero-
planes or a dozen new dirigibles ma\-
make all the difference between peace
and defeat. These are an absolute
necessity, but their cost, with all appur-
tenances, need not amount to one-tenth
that of a new battleship.

THE PRESENT POSITION : WHAT SHOULD BE DONE.

They are waking up at Home to the
fact that Great Britain is open to ter-
rible attack from the air, and that she
cannot at the moment resist this with
any degree of success. Colonel Seely,
Secretary for War, made a long and in
some ways reassuring statement in the
House of Commons recently. He
showed that the aerial corps had actu-
ally 148 aeroplanes, the majority of
them of the best type in the world ; that
there were 45 certified pilots who had
passed a far more rigorous examination
than was required in any other country,
and sixty others who were certified
flyers, although they had not yet passed
the army tests.

He pointed out that no large dirig-
ibles had been built, because Britain was
not seeking means of aggression, and
these craft were useless for expedi-
tionary purposes on the distant frontiers
of our Empire, owing to the impossi-
bility of transport and the difficulty of
filling them with hydrogen. All the
needs of an expeditionary force were
met by the small portable dirigibles
the Aerial Corps had built and was
building.

Whilst this IS satisfactory so far as it
goes, there was but cold comfort to be

got from his remarks, for none for a
moment can suppose that these 14S
aeroplanes, even if they are actually all
in flying trim, could hope to effect ivel\-
oppose a fleet of Dreadnought airshijis
such as Germany and France have in
being. For the present, at any rate,
Britain must rely for defence upon wea-
pons specially designed to destro)'
hostile aerial visitors. The latest guns,
says Colonel Seely, are very effecti\e,
and the difficulty of finding the range
of a swiftly moving airship is said to
have been solved. It is true that an
airship is a particularly vulnerable
thing, easily disabled, but when we re-
member the immense height to which
it can ascend, the difficulty of destroy-
ing it by gun fire from the earth seems
almost insuperable. Unless guns capable
of doing this have been invented, and
are available in large numbers at every
important city, Britain obviously lies at
the mercy of any invader who possesses
a powerful air fleet.

The securit)' given by the narrow sea
which divides Britain from Europe has
vanished in large measure, for although
an air squadron could never land large
bodies of troops in England, it could
paralyse the nation by destroying cities

TOPICS OF THE MONTH.

^53

from the air at its leisure, as stated by
Major Baden-Powell, who is one of the
first authorities on aerial matters in the
world. So urgent does Hie need of an
aerial fleet appear to thinknig men at
home that towns and counties are being
urged to follow the example of French
and German cities and present airships
to the Government. Hampshire is giving
an aeroplane, and other counties will
doubless follow her example. Leipzig
gave i^ 1 0,000 towards the building of
airshio sheds in Germany, and a subsidy
■of i!"iooo a year, and Leipzig is no
larger than Melbourne or Sydney. Such
local action is useful as showing the
fact that the need for an air fleet is
realised, but the cost of creatmg one is
actually very small. The money spent
on one Dreadnought battleship would

be enough to build some twenty-four
rigid dirigibles of the Zeppelin type,
and a thousand aeroplanes.

When the supremacy of the British
Empire was threatened on the sea the
Dominions, with spontaneous loyalty,
cheerfully paid for the finest battleships
obtainable. Fortunately there is no need
to secure that preponderance in the air
that is a necessity on the sea ; but it is
absolutely imperative that Great Britain
should be able to resist and defeat any
raiding air fleet flying over her borders.
Here, surely, is an opportunity for the
Dominions to again demonstrate their
concern in the welfare of the Empire
by assisting to build an air fleet great
enough to defend the heart of the
Empire

VIII. THE PANAMA TROUBLE.

After a temporary lull, the question
of the tolls on the Panama Canal are
again being discussed.

The difficulty arose over an act passed
by Congress on August Qth, 1912, deal-
ing with the government and adminis-
tration of the canal, and also ftxing
the tolls to be charged. Mr. Taft had
always urged discriminating tolls in
favour of all American commerce, but
the bill did not go so far as that. It
only gave preference to those American
vessels engaged in the coastal trade, a
trade which absorbs far the greater part
of American shipping, and contained a
■clause prohibiting the passage of the
canal to vessels owned by railway com-
panies. This was intended to prevent
the great American railway companies
neutralising the possible effects of the
canal in reducing freight rates. But it
also hit the Canadian railways owning
shins. The British Government entered
a formal protest. This discrimination
in favour of American coasting vessels
Avas, it urged, an infraction of the Hay-
Pauncefote treaty, which sa\-s that,
" The canal shall be free and open to
the vessels of commerce, and of war of
all nations. . . . On terms of entire
equality so that there shall be no dis-
crimination against any such nation or
its citizen or subjects in respect of the

condition on charges of traffic or other-
wise."

WHY THE TREATY WAS MADE.
The Id^ay-Pauncefote treat)-, con-
cluded in 1907 by John Ha}-, the
author of Little Breeches, Jim Bludso,
and other vigorous ballads, who was per-
haps the most famous of America's re-
cent Secretaries of State, and the late
Lord Pauncefote, one of the leading
advocates of International Arbitration,
at that time British Ambassador to the
L^nited States. According to the British
contention, the treaty was made in order
that the L^nited States might construct
a canal across the Isthmus of Panama
independent 1)', a right which she had
surrendered in the Bulwer-Cla}'ton treaty
of 1 850, which tlie new treat}- super-
seded. The British Government under-
stood that in this treaty it retained for
itself the guarantee of equal treatment
of all its vessels using the canal as a
quid pro quo for giving the L'nited
States the right she desired. The canal
protest, which was presented b}- Mr.
Bryce to Secretary Knox on December
gth, igi2, says : —

ISaB infceiitiion of the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
was that the United States was to recover the
right to construct the Trans-Isthmian canal upon
the terms that wlien <'onstnictecl the waterway
was to be open to British and United States ships
on equal terms.

254

REVIEW OF REVIEW'S.

President Taft argued that the United
States was not meant to be included in
the phrase " all nations." The British
Government, through Sir Edward Gre}',
strongly dissented from this view. The
note went on to sa}- : —

His Majesty's Government do not question the
right of the United States to grant subsidies to
United States shipping generally, or to any par-
ticular branches of that shipping, but it does
not follow, therefore, that the United States may
not be debarred by the Hay-Pauneefote treaty
from granting a subsidy to certain shipping in
a particular way, if the effect of the method
chosen for granting such subsidies would be to
impose upon British or other foreign shipping
an unfair share of the burden of the upkeep of
the canal, or to create a discrimination in re-
spect of the conditions or charges of traffic, or
otherwise to i)rejudic€ rights secured to British
shipping by this treaty.

The American view of the trouble is
ably set forth by Dr. Albert Shaw,
in the American Revieiv of Reviews.
He says : —

A CURIOUS DIPLOMATIC EPISODE.

The first and also the second of the
Hay-Pauncefote treaties contained
stipulations that were quite preposter-
ous. \'\'e had alread)- proceeded ver\'
far with our plans for constructing a
canal, without the slight reference to the
so-called Clayton-Bulwer treaty of
1850. That treaty had never gone into
effect, and had been regarded b}- all
American authorities for more than a
generation as non-existent, except in the
historical sense. Nor had there been
any attempt on the part of Great Britain
to bring- that lapsed and extinct con-
vention into force. The British Govern-
ment had not questioned our right to
exercise full sovereignty over a strip of
territory which we might, as a Govern-
ment, acquire either in Nicaragua or on
the Isthmus of Panama. It remained
for a new x\merici\n Secretary of State,
as a matter of personal initiative, to re-
vive the old Clayton-Bulwer treaty and
project it across the path of our legisla-
tive programme as respects the canal.
We had negotiated for a canal zone in
Nicaragua, and were completing the pas-
sage of the Hepburn bill authorising the
construction of a canal. All this was
going forward with England's hearty
good wishes, and with the full under-
standing that no obstruction would

come from an}' European sources, when
there suddenly appeared the first Hay-
Pauncefote treaty, ever\- line of which
was written by our own representative
This treaty assumed that we could not
construct this Government work ujion
our own soil without England's consent,
and that we ought not to ask such consent
unless we should renounce every special
benefit and advantage in the use of the
canal, and should also confer upon the
maritime jiowers of Euroi-ie its full poli-
tical and military control.

OUR GRE.AT RENUNCIATION.

Lord Pauncefote declared privalel) ,
before his death, that neither he nor his
Government had ever thought of assert-
ing an\' such claims, and that the entire
instrument was a voluntary offering of
the American Secretar\- of Stale. There
is no explanation, except that truth is
stranger than fiction, and that in states
manship the most absurd things are
sometimes the things hardest to defeat.
The Senate supposed that Mr. Hay 'vas
engaged in a mere formality, and tliat
it had seemed to him a matter of polite-
ness to abrogate the Cla\'ton-Bulwer
treaty in writing, although American
Presidents and Secretaries of State had
repeated!)- declared that no such treaty
was in force. It was difficult to per-
suade the Senators to read the first Hay-
Pauncefote treaty. Naturally, when thev
discovered its contents the\- amended it
materially. There followed, after an
interval, the second Hay-Pauncefote
treaty. Mr. Hay was reluctant, but was
constrained to permit the United States
to exercise a certain measure of political
and militar)- control over the canal. He
was, however, still determined that as
respects all its jiractical uses, the other
maritime j^owers should have exactly
the same advantages as if the canal were
their own.

NO REASON FOR ANY TREATY.

It should have been obvious to
Senators that there was no reason for
discussing canal tolls at that time in a
treat)- with a foreign power. Nor had
there been any demand in England or
elsewhere for an expression of our in-
tentions regarding the charges we would

TOPICS OF THE MONTH.

make for the use of our waterway. In
short, there was no need of any treaty
at all, and none should have been rati-
fied. Our Government had precisely the
same right to create the Isthmian canal
that it now has to construct one across

]3ort of public opinion, that Congress
should at once repeal that clause of the
law which remits tolls in favour of a
certain part of the tonnage passing
through the canal. This would satisfy
the British contention for the moment,

Florida or to complete the ditch across and terminate a diplomatic controvers}-.

It would not, however, provide a per-
manent settlement unless England
should passively admit that, in the ver}'
nature of the case, the United States
must be expected to use the canal with-
out restriction where nothing is involved
except questions that are strictly those
of domestic policy. If Canada and
Mexico wish to consider the canal as a
domestic waterway- for the purpose of
their own ships engaged in trade between
their Atlantic and their Pacific seaports,
the)' are at libertv to pa)- the canal tolls
as a subsid)', if the)- so desire ; and they
will thus be doing in effect the same
things that our Government does when
it proposes to remit the tolls of our own
ships. For to remit these tolls has the
same effect as if we collected them at
one end of the canal, through an official
toll-keeper, and paid them back at the
other end of the canal through a trea-
sury agent dispensing a subsid)-. The
American people consider themselves
permanently committed to treat all
foreign ships alike in the use of the
canal — not because of an)- treat)-, but
because of our imperial attitude toward
all maritime nations. But it has not
been the intention of the American
people that any question should be
raised as to our full sovereignt)' over
the canal. That part of the Hay-
Pauncefote treat)- relating to canal tolls
was not a bargain, but an expression of
our intentions. It had no proper place
in a treaty ; but we must not take the
position of treating lightl)- an)-thing
that has been cast in the treat)- form.

That is a clear and lucid statement of
the American case. Whether an Im-
])artial Arbitration Court would agree to
put aside the sti]-)ulation of a treat)' pro-
perly ratified as it was b)' the people's
representatives in the Senate, on the
ground that certain clauses therein were
not binding, but merely expressed a sort
or benevolent intention, is another matter

Cape Cod. Nevertheless, we actually
ratified the Hay-Pauncefote treaty, and
thus gratuitouslv and absurdlv limited
our rights as respects our own canal.
There was no quid pro quo of any sort ;
so that we are not under obligation to
England in this matter. But we are
under ever)- sort of obligation to our-
sehes. We must act with frankness and
honour. No improj^er treat)- can stand,
if one of the parties to it gives open
and fair notice of its desire and inten-
tion to withdraw. But Congress ought
not to enact a law that violates a treaty
without first declaring its purpose either
to denounce the treat)- or to secure its
abrogation.

.\ PURELY DOilESTIC PROBLEM.

The coastwise traffic of the United
States is b)- law restricted to American
vessels. Whether or not such vessels
]:)ay tolls in going through the Panama
Canal must always be a purely domestic
question for the United States to settle
without European interference. The
people of the United States would not
intentional!)- have made a treaty that
could have allowed England to make
an attack upon a detail of one of our
domestic policies. If our law does not
agree with the treaty, we are under ob-
ligation to ourselves, from the stand-
point of frankness and honour, either
to change the law or to
treat)'

although we must not remit the tolls of
our coastwise vessels, we are at liberty
to pay an equivalent amount in the form
of a subsid)-. Since this is obviously
true, as resj^ects our vessels engaged in
foreign trade as well as those in the
coasting business, it is somewhat diffi-
cult to understand why England should
deem it desirable to take up the question
at all.
CHANGES IN THE LAW ARE PROPOSED.
It is now- strongly urged by influen-

change the

The British argument is that.

tial men at Washington, with much sup- altogether.

25«

THE MEN AND RELIGION FORWARD
MOVEMENT IN AUSTRALIA.

A PARTING MESSAGE FROM FRED B. SMITH.

In line with the world tour upon the
message and method of the Men and
Religion Forward Movement, it is a
great pleasure to leave a message to the
earnest men of Australia concerning the
place and power of the ideal of this
movement if worked thoroughly.

THE REAL PURPOSE — MILITANT MEN.

To have it understood and to secure
the largest results, it is necessary that the
real purpose should be kept constantly
in mind. This can be pretty definitely
stated. First : The primary objective
of the Men and Religion Forward
^Movement is to give increased accent to
a man's place in the existence and pre-
servation of Christianity. There is a
need for a real emphasis of the mascu-
line in religious work. Owing to many
unguarded utterances, and to some
superficial thinking, the Church has
many times come to be regarded by
strong men as a place only for the
weaker sort or for the discouraged and
defeated. Wherever this exists, and for
whatever reason, it is absolutely false to
■every striking attribute of the message
of Jesus Christ. His gospel is so com-
prehensive- that it is intended to meet
the needs of all people, old and young,
rich and poor, high and low, educated
and unlearned, men, women and chil-
dren ; but notwithstanding its compre-
hensive character, its most dominant
note is its appeal to red-blooded, virile,
militant men. The Men and Religion
Forward Movement seeks to accentuate
that.

A UNIVERSAL RELIGION.

In the second place, this movement is

undertaking to co-operate with other

agencies in a large interpretation of

Christianity's function in the world. An

■older individualistic emphasis has some-

times portrayed Religion as a mere
question of determining sj^ritual des-
tiny in a future life. This will doubt-
less always remain as a very vital factor
in the Christian message, but taken at its
best, it is only incidental to that larger
function of meeting the needs of
humanity in its present-day struggle.
Jesus Christ came not only to save the
individual, but He came to redeem
society, institutions, peoples and nations.
The twentieth century will usher in a
universal religion. Rapid methods of
communication and travel are reducing
space, and the first result of this is
being evidenced in a uniformity of
methods in the commercial, political .and
social world. No man can for very long
withstand this same effect in the reli-
gious realm. A uniform religion is on
its way. Great men are seeing the
vision of it. The only question left is
what is to be its nature It mav be con-
fidently averred that this religion is not
going to become uniform by reason of
its ancient traditions or of any peculiar
mystical claim of the prophet, priest or
preacher in the cloister. That religion is
to be the uniform one which will most
quickly answer the cry of humanity.
Therefore, the Men and Religion For-
ward Movement is seeking to apply
Christianity to those vital everyday
issues of life with which men come in
contact on the market, in the street and
in the home.

THE NEED IN AUSTRALIA.

The question may be asked whether
there is any unique need in this Com-
monwealth for such a manifestation of
religion. After years of contact with
the problems of the spiritual and moral
life of yoiuig men of manv nations, I
am prepared to say I do not know of
any place in the world where this type

MEN AND RELIGION.

■:> I

of message and method is so applicable
as in this great Commonwealth ot Aus-
tralia. Here, as in no other living
nation, legislation has done everything
that the fondest dream could ask.
Taken as a whole, Australia represents
a nation well fed, well housed, well
clothed, well educated. As contrasted
with other nations, there is no such
thing as destitution, and yet, notwith-
standing all this legislation and protec-
tion, the marks of moral breakdown are
exident. Men are wandering far from
the path of virtue and moralit)'. Gross
evils are as manifest here as anywhere
in the world. Here, too, class distinc-
tions are severe and bitter — unneces-
sarily so. Here, too, men are unhappy,
discontented, restless, still seeking to
find something to give them peace. By
all the evidence of history, plus the evi-
dence of personal experience, the Chris-
tian religion is needed in the life of this
people as intensely as anywhere, for it
becomes a mesage of moral protection.
It becomes the message of a real bro-
therhood which wipes out the caste line,
and it becomes a message of happiness
in unselfish service rendered to others.

PATRIOTISM AND RELIGION.

The 3, [en and Religion Forward
Movement is vital to the United States,
Canada, England, Japan and China,
but certainly no nation of men living
needs it more than the Australians, and
I beg the privilege in my parting
message to you to say that the men
who are going to rank biggest in the
history of Australia are those who will
do most in making religion an essential,
indestructible factor in the lives of the
men and boys of this Commonwealth.

H any other argument were necessary,
it could be found on the ground of

patriotism. Australia is in every ele-
ment essentially British in tradition. H
this Commonwealth lives up to its
opportunity, it becomes the British Isle
of the South Sea. But no nation can
claim to be in truest sense British in
spirit which is not intense in its expres-
sion of Christianity. That which will
remain as long as the world lasts as the
supreme expression of the British spirit
will be the memory of the great Queen
Victoria, her devotion to the Bible and
the Church. No man is in the highest
sense a British patriot if he fails in his
loyalty to Christianity.

Australia as a nation ov/es much to
Christian patriots of the past, and those
who would send the streams on down
to the coming generations pure and
strong ought to build the hres of devo-
tion to God, the Bible, and Jesus Christ
and the Church hotter than ever before.
Therefore, Australia is a place where
the Men and Religion Forward Move-
ment ought to have a vital place for
years to come.

In writing a message to the Review of
Reviews, I am profoundly impressed by
the memory that its great founder, W'il-
liam T. Stead, was one of the men who
gave up his life for the message of the
Men and Religion Forward Movement.
Just one year ago he was en route to be
one of the speakers at the great Con-
servation Congress of the Forward
Movement held in Carnegie Hall, New
York City. He was a passenger on the
ill-fated " Titanic," and yet, while he
closed his life so tragically, he left a
living message, very much of which is
embodied in the Men and Religion For-
ward Movement. Those upon our side
of the sea will never think of this cam-
paign without remembering the part
the great Stead took in it.

WHAT MUST BE DONE.

Fred B. Smith, at the dinner given to
the visiting team, stated that there were
in his opinion too many organisations
and societies in the world. He would
only join one other, and then quit, and
that society would be one to see that
no others were formed ! The Forward
Movement was to help on and vitalise

the existing organisations, the last thing
it aimed to do was to start a new one.
Those who heard the burning words of
Smith, who shared the social wisdom
of Robins, and felt more than ever be-
fore the need of getting out and doing
something and doing it quick, ought to
bear the object of the movement ever in

-^58

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

mind and resist the natural temptation
of starting a new executive to carry on
work upon the lines the members of this
deputation from the New York Con-
gress laid down. To create a new body
would be obviously to go counter to the
principal advice these experts came to
give. We must find, if possible,
amongst those already working some
body which has a sufficiently large and
comprehensive constitution to take over
the executive work of the Forward
Movement, leaving other organisations
to carry out, each in its own way, the
individual work for which it is most
fitted.

In searching for such an executive
body we naturally turn to the United
States, from whence the Men and Reli-
gion delegates came to us, to see what
has been done there. \\'e find that
the movement which swept in organ-
ised, business-like manner throughout
America was controlled by a committee
in New York, but that this executive,
once the Forward Movement had been
launched, went out of existence, leaving
other organisations to carry on and per-
fect the work they had been doing
before, aided by the advice the experts
of the Forward Movement had given
them. The movement was not an evan-
gelising effort, it was an attempt to
reveal the best known methods of per-
manent work b)' the local forces alread)'
in being. It is clear that in the United
States the work of carrying out the
executive side of the plan of campaign
indicated by the leaders of the Forward
Movement has been taken up by the
great Y.M.C.A. organisations through-
out the land. In America not onl)' is
the Y.M.C.A. undenominational — many
bodies are that — it is the Church at work
in the broadest sense. It supplies the
organising experts who direct the efforts
of hundreds of other agencies closely
connected with individual Churches.
The Y.M.C.A. does not concern itself so
much with the evangelical teaching so
imperative if religious work is to be
successfully carried on. It is, so to
speak, the business man of the concern.

A daily paper would have but a brief
existence, no matter how brilliant its
editorials, or how splendid its news ser-
vice, if there were no organiser to see
that it reached its readers. So the
Y.M.C.A. in America supplies the execu-
tive direction which sees that the efforts
of the different Churches are turned to
the best advantage. Cannot the
Y.^^I.C.A. in Australia so develop that it
becomes the same power here as it is
across the Pacific ? There is no doubt
it could, and perhaps the visit of
Messrs. Smith and Robins may supply
just what is needed to lift it out of the
rut it has been following and make it a
virile force throughout the Common-
wealth. All the machinerN' for carrving
out the ideas expressed by the Men and
Religion Forward Movement is there,
the men are there; all that is needed
is to apply the advice of Messrs. Smith
and Robins and use the Y.M.C.A. as an
executive to see that there is a more com-
plete and perfect organisation of the
forces within the Church to meet the
opportunities of the hour. This is the
line to go on rather than to attempt to
create a new agency with a new execu-
tive to take up this work. Here is a
great opportunity for the evangelists to
take hold of the Y.M.C.A. throughout
Australia and make it what it is else-
where. Will they grasp it?

Had Messrs. Smith and Robins vis-
ited New Zealand there is no question
that the Y.M.C.A. there would have
automatically carried on the Men and
Religion movement, there would have
been no need to think of creating a new
body. That is because the Y.M.C.A. in
the Dominion is now one powerful fede-
ration instead of a number of hardly
related, isolated agencies. What the
Y.M.C.A. has become in New Zealand
It can become in Australia, and it ought
at once, without waiting for further con-
solidation, to take the reins of the For-
ward Movement when these are laid
down by the powerful temporary com-
mittee which undertook the arrange-
ments for the visit of the deputation
from the States.

25 Q

^ .1

Ail"-

m

3st

THE SUBLIME PO'HTE— RESIDENCE OF THE SUr.TAX OF TURKEY.

The interview whitb we give took pluce in July, 1911, and was recorded immediuteis
after Mr. Stead left the Palace, remaining a unique testimony, in his own handwriting, both of
hia ideals for the Sultan and other Constitutional monarchs, and of the views of a sovereign who
has seen his Empire crumble beneath him because of a too precipitate adoption of constitutional
theories. The notes a-a quite unrevised. and appear just as he jotted them down for reference,
as w:is his invariable custom after interviewing anyone of importance.

INTERVIEW WITH THE SULTAN.

BY AV. T. STEAD.

M\- intervie-.v with the Sultan was
much more the delivery of a message
to His Alaji.'sty than any catechising of
the Sovereign for information as to
opinion. The conversation began with
a few pleasant words of compliment
from the Sultan. I replied b\' express-
ing m\' sense of the high honour con-
ferred upon me by being admitted to
the presence of His Majesty.

I asked Sir Loutfi, " 'Sl^y I speak
freely ?""

"Certainly," said the Chamberlain;
" His [Majesty desires it."

Here, then, was the open door and
the wished-for opportunity " I wish to
congratulate His Majest}- uj^on being
the first of the line of Constitutional
Sovereigns in Turkey, to be followed, I
hope, by a long line of monarchs who
will excel in glory the greatest of their
predecessors."

The Sultan brought his fingers across
his breast, and answered ;

" I thank }-ou for xour good wishes.
1 have always desired the establishment
of a Constitution in Turkex', and now
that it is established I shall maintain
the Constitution."

" In England," 1 remarked, " the posi-
tion of a Constitutional King is the
most charming in the world. For as a
Constitutional King he has all the glory
of sovereignt}' with none of the respon-
sibilities of the ruler. He is the one
man in the v,orld who is incaj^able of
doing anythin<T^ wrong, for he can only
govern through Ministers, who alone are
responsible for an\'thing that goes
wrong."

The Sultan smiled and re])lied, " That
was so ; he had alwa\s understood it in
that sense."

I went on : " Ma)' I venture to remind
Your Majest)- that even in England the
Monarchy was not always so popular as
it is to-dav. Forty \ears ago the late
King Edward used to say that he would

^6o REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

1 e? f ~ some-

ren;

'" Ki- ^ 1 .. : - as a ^ ^ ."dog."' '

"" Bat " said T- " wb%- was it that the T^^^^ ^

vavai : ii v,t- ~ _

■who as inv. - '3 his

so that :- -

wTcIfaje."

■" Yes.*" said tlae SmlSan. ** that is tnoe.
li gave one gieat ;:
vHsces 11'- - - -

i^-^ '- - .._ :_

c: 3? a ;

c:; au}" in o:

a 15 r ?T oi a

~ Not at a.

fe->

the i>C'verei5a 's^

^' ^ ' als . - be re- it is

s ^i^}", aad a r«G.liC>- of :: " I ne\er was n::re

•J2--- - - -

^r_:raTe feels iiaai 3l cam cetier acin-eve ' -to ■ .r

^ - lbs Sc]:^- ? - ---t h-

by :. J eTer. it&l ihal sued his ' trs ar.

"we ires-reci its ia»s, ais cmsicims, its an w

■DeoBssar^" : _ _ _ . _ wath tJaenD as Iv. •: : - _ s-

as pcssiijile, to set f. ■ ! - ! ; _ •

His

' ■ :--L . ■ 'Se

i; . ^:- . . irk of : - - f

INTERVIEW WITH THE SULTAN.

261

cruelty and injustice that might be com-
mitted by Turkish troops because they
were wrong in themselves, but also be-
cause they were committed in flagrant
disobedience of His Alajesty's com-
mands.

" I hope that you will not have occa-
sion to do any such thnig," said the
Sultan.

" I also hope so," I replied ; " but
\our Majesty cannot be in every part of
}"our dominions at the same time, and
my experience is that generals and
troops usually act with inhumanity. As
1 have dealt faithfully with our own
generals, so I shall feel it my duty to
deal as faithfully with your Majesty's
generals should they act in opposition
to those sentiments of humanity and
justice which animate your Majesty."

" Well, I hope you will not have any
need to do that," said the Sultan.

There was a pause, and I awaited
dismissal But there was no sign.

" Ma_\- I go on?" I said to Sir Louth.

" Certainl)'," he replied.

" May I assure His Majesty," I said,
" that I have one great wish for him in
my heart, and that is that he may be
recognised with love and gratitude by
everyone of the twenty-four millions of
his subjects as the impartial father who
cares for ail the twenty-four millions,
and not merely for the eight millions
or the twelve millions, but for all the
twenty- four millions, and who does not
desire that any section of his family
should be favoured more than the other
section, for that would be unjust."

" That is my desire also," said the
Sultan. " I thank you for \'our good
wish."

Then somehow the conversation got
shunted on to the foreign relations of
Turkey.

The Sultan said that he always de-
sired CO be on the most friendly terms
with England.

I thanked him, and said that I was
very glad also to know that he was on
very friendly terms with Germany.
Baron Marschall von Bieberstein was a
very great man.

The Sultan assented, and remarked
that he wished to be friends with all
the Powers.

I said I had particularly mentioned
Germany because I wanted him to un-
derstand that I had no feeling of ani-
mositv towards Germany. 1 thought
that, in the common interests of human-
ity in the great experiment of establish-
ing Constitutional liberty in Turkey, all
the ambassadors of all the great Powers
should work together as a band of bro-
thers to help His Majesty to overcome
the difhtulties that confronted him.

" That shows you are a man of good
conscience," said the Sultan, with un-
wonted animation.

" We want an exclusive alliance," I
said. " I sometimes say that all nations
in their international relations should
be polygamist, not monogamous."

" I see," said the Sultan laughing ;
" but in pol}-gamous households there
is usually a favourite wife."

" I am against favouritism," I said.
" It breeds jealousy. It is best to treat
them all with equal impartiality."

" Yes," said the Sultan, " that is what
we try to do. We are not making
favourites, and we try to avoid
jealousy."

" By the by," I remarked, " talking
about favourites, I am glad to know
that your relations with Russia are now
so friendly."

" Yes,' said the Sultan.

"Well," I replied, "I have had long
and intimate relations with the Rus-
sians, and I am glad to be able to assure
your Majesty that I know of no Power
in Europe at this moment which is
animated by more friendly feelings to-
wards your Majesty than is Russia."

The .Sultan replied : " I have already
been informed of this through official
channels, and it gives me great satisfac-
tion to have it conhrmed from }'our
lips."

By this time we had been talking for
an hour, and I was not surprised to see
the Sultan slowh' rise to his feet.

" Ma)- I say one last word?" I asked.
" In the British Empire we have found
by bitter experience that the Chauvinists
who seek to enforce uniformity upon
our different peoples are the worst
enemies of the Empire. To keep theiTt

262

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

together we must let them go as they
please. If we tried to Englishise Scot-
land, the United Kingdom would break
up in six weeks. If the German Govern-
ment w'ere to try to Prussify Bavaria, it
would break up in six weeks. So, your
Majesty. I tremble for the safety of
your Empire when I hear of an Otto-

manising policy to compel all the dif-
ferent nationalities to become Turks."

" That IS not so," said the Sultan. " I
do not desire anything but to treat all
my subjects with equality."

" That convinces me," I said, as I took
my leave, " how much wiser is your
Majesty than some of )Our Ministers."

A TYPICAI. STREET IN STAMBOUfi (COXSTANTI.\< M' '

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

THE FUTURE OF TURKEY.

I.— BY THE MAX WHO TRAINED
HER AR-MV.

General Field-Marshal von der Goltz
contributes a long article on the present
position and the possibility of regenera-
tion of Turkey to the Deutsche
Rundschau.

NO TIME TO TRAIN THE ARMY.
The suddenness and unexpectedness
of events in the East, he says, have
brought about a complete transforma-
tion m the development of South-Eas-
tern Europe, not a formal close of the
great Eastern Question, but something
approaching it. Only last summer tra-
vellers from Turkey reported how zea-
loush' the ami)- was working ; such zeal
had not been known for thirteen vears.
With the introduction of the Constitu-
tion the army was to be reconstituted.
It was a herculean task, but it was taken
up enthusiastically and it would have
achieved its object had Turkey been
permitted ten years of peace. But there
was no oreparation for war in the
modern sense. It is seventeen \ears
since Field-Marshal von der Goltz left
Turkey, and in iSgs the army was very
different from that of to-day.

THE EMPIRE IX ASIA.
As to the possibilit)- of regeneration,
F]eld-]\larshal von der Goltz says the
position of Turke\' will henceforth be
greatly simplified. Relieved of Albania,
Alacedonia, etc., but retaining Constan-
tinople and a small portion of Euro-
pean territor\-, Turke}' can remain united
to European civilisation. In .Anatolia,
where risings are less to be feared and
where European policy will be less irk-
some, the needed quiet for regeneration
may be found. If Turke}- succeeds in
developing Anatolia, she can become
stronger than before. A well-thought-
out and careful l\--prepared home colo-
nisation would render immense service.
It is of the greatest importance to in-

crease the ]\Iahommedan population of
Asia Minor by fugitives from the Euro-
pean provinces. An increase of ioo,000
should not be impossible. There is
plent)' of unoccupied land m Anatolia
In Kurdistan, ancient ^lesopotamia and
Babylonia, and even in Syria, there are
whole districts inhabited by an inde-
pendent population who bear none of
the burdens of the State. Towards the
south a vast territory awaits further ex-
pansion. One thing is necessary — the
permanent reconciliation of the Arabian
half of the Empire with the Caliphate
of the Ottoman Sultan. Latterl}- the
Arabs have regarded the Caliph as a
usurper, and only in the recent war in
Tripoli, in which Turks and Arabs
fought unitedly, did the old enmity dis-
appear, at least external 1\-. Peace has
long reigned in Arabia ; a wise domes-
tic- policy could build upon that. The
common bond of Islam, which has been
gro\\'ing stronger and stronger, can be
adapted to the furthering of reconcilia-
tion and the fusion of the half-Euro-
pean and the half -Asiatic Empire into
one Islamic State This would necessi-
tate the removal of the capital. Con-
stantinople is the strongest position
for the army and the nav)-, and ma\-
remain the residence of the aristocracy.
But the seat of government must be else-
where, for Constantinople is no place
for work. Alep])o or Damascus is sug-
gested.

IS MIGHT RIGHT]'

Ihe most, dangerous eneiu)- which
Young Turke\- has had u]) to the pre-
sent is herself. The conception and the
judgment of State affairs from a purely
personal standpoint must disappear and
give ]ilace to an objective one. The
State is might, and not an academy for
the development of human virtue. Slates
do not act from goodwill, but according
to interests. Consideration for the
weakness of neighbours can only be de-

264

REVIEW OE REVIEWS.

manded when there is no advantage to
be got from their weakness. Humanly,
this is not a beautiful motive, but hither-
to it has been the method adopted in
the policy of this world. The Balkan
States had found the necessary quiet to
become strong which Turkey longed for
and was unable to obtain, and they
utilised the favourable moment when
they were at one and had the least re-
sistance to expect to make their attack.
That was their right, philosophises the
Field-Marshal. Their mode of proce-
dure should prove a warning against
the theory of the pacifists who would
regulate the great questions of existence
of nations by mutual esteem of the
rights of others. Each party has its own
conceptions of what these rights are, and
when the question is a serious one a
mere mutual understanding is bound
to fall to pieces. To be strong is the
only means by which to demand success-
fully justice from others.

II.— BY SIR HARRY H. JOHNSTON.

Sir Harry H. Johnston was ever a
cheery optimist, and only he would be
capable at this time of attempting to
forecast " The Final Solution of the
Eastern Ouestion.'"" Sir Harry gives the
readers of the Nineteenth Century and
After the results of his diagnosis of the
disease of rivalry which afflicts the
Christian Powers, and the ])rescription
for the suggested cure is : —

(1) Free Trade over the whole of the exist-
ini? Turkish iMiipirc — tliat is to say, no dif-
ferential or preferential tariffs to be levied
in Asia Minor, Armenia, Mesopotamia,
Aleppo. Syria. Arabia, Egypt, or Cyprus,
giving any one Power a commercial advan-
tage over the rest.

(2) The appointment of the Turkish public
debt over all the countries which have formed
part of the Turkish Empire in Europe, Asia,
or Africa since the beginning of the twen-
tieth century, the contributions of Egypt and
Cyprus not to exceed the present amount of
the tribute, and facilities, of course, to be
given for the amortisation of the debt
charges.

(3) The transference to Great Britain of
Turki.sh suzerainty over Cyprus, Sinai, and
Egv'pt ; the assumption by France of a pro-
tectorate over Syria and the. Lebanon ; the
creation in Palestine and Midian of a mainly
Jewish State, guaranteed and supervised by
the Great Powers; independence to be
granted to Turkish Arabia (the Hijaz and

Yaman) ; a Russian protectorate over Trebi-
zond and Armenia; the retention of Rhodes
by Italy — lif only <&s an acknowledgment of
the part played by Venice in the past in
trying to aave the civilisation of Greece and
Cyprus- and. lastly, the re.striction of direct
Ottoman rule to a new Turkish Sultanate,
extending jjerhaps from Coai-stantinople — at
any rate including all Asia Minor, the Aleppo
di.strict, and Mesopotamia down to the Per-
sian Gulf; this Sultanat-t', however, to be
und<'r German protection -and with its foreign
affairs conducted and its financo controlled
by the German Ambassador, much as Egypt
is supervised by Great Britain.

THE WRECKERS.

This is certainly a drastic but essen-
tially a business-like solution, and is not
therefore likely to commend itself to the
chancelleries. The genial .Sir IIarr\'
allows himself the pleasure of casti-
gating the Turk : —

The Turks of (>astorn, central, and western
Asia have been respectively the ruin ot
China, of Persia, and of the Aryan civilisa-
tion of central Asia ; they Iwoxight Arab
Egypt into ruin and nullity, and reduced it<
population frorr eight million.s to two mil-
lions; they ruined and depopulated Cypru.<-.
a flourishing kingdo.ii of the middle agc^, and
still prosperous under Venetian rule; tluy
ruined and dejjopulated Tripoli, Tunis and
Algeria ; reduced Crete to .semi-savagery, and
deva.stated the Morea ; wrecked tho great
renaissance of Peirsia under the Sufi .shahs;
and made of Thrace and ^facedonia, Rumili
and Bulgaria, Servia and Epirus, Bessarabia
and Wallachia shambles, deserts, manure-
hea]>s; with towns of mean and filthy streets,
and populations of .semi-nomads, whose flocks
and ln-rds destroyed the for<istfi. becau.se
undor the constant rapine of the Turks agri-
culture did not pay. Is it to the descendants
of these heedless devastators tiiat Europe owe.s
consideration? What claim has the Turk to
our further patience or to our pity?

THE TURK'S CH.^NCE.

The writer, however, resumes his
natural cheerfulness when he considers
the future : —

Under the new arrangement of the Turki.sh
Empire which the present war may bring
about, all these good elements in the popula-
tion of Asiatic Turkey will get a chance to
expand, increase, and prosper. The Turks
themselves may regiain vigour; they may
fully embrace the better type of Western
civilisation, emancipate their women from
the harem existence (which really is the prin-
cipal cause of Turkish futility and degrada-
tion), so that in course of time, by sheer
worth of character as well as valour, the
Turks may take a leading place among the
peoples of the Near East.

LEADING ARTICLES.

2(y.

ROUMANIA, BULGARIA AND THE POWERS.

ROUAIANIA'S RIGHTS AND
WRONGS.

In the K'lneteenth Century we find
Mr. Ellis Barker's interpretation of the
present relations of " Roumanian Policy
and the Peace of Europe." Mr. Bar-
ker takes the necessary precaution of
recapitulating the history of the country
from the time of the Romans, explain-
\\v^ that : —

The modern Roumanians are the direct de-
Sfondants of these Roman settlers. Tlieir
!'aiii:;ua,i;-e closely resemble.s Latin. R.acially
they form a Romanic island in a Slavonic
ocean. A comparison of the small, wiry,
and alert Roumanians with tlieir neighbours,
the large-bodied, heavy and phlegniiatic Bul-
,2;arians, is enthologically very intereisting.

Midway between two great Powers,
Roumania's development has always
been subject to the political see-saw of
lier neighbours, but has eventually
emerged from the welter a united and
[progressive nation : —

At present Rovimania has a standing army
of 98,000 men, and she can place oltO.OUO men
into the field in case of war. Their arma-
ment is excellent. A great cinain of fortres.ses
which runs from Focshani to Galatz protects
the open frontier of the country towards
Russia, and Bucharest, with its huge circle
yi forts, is the most .strongly fortihed capital
in Europe, Paris alone excepted.

The basis of Roumania's present
claim was the action of Russia thirty
years ago, and she has always hoped
to obtain the possession of Silistria if
a territorial rearrangement should take
place in the Balkan Peninsula.

BULGARIA AND ROUMANIA.

In reference to the Bulgaro-Rou-
manian difficulty, Tsarigraclski, who has
an article on the subiect in the mid-
February number of Questions Diplo-
viatiqnes et Colomales, does not see why
the question of the rectification of the
frontier should not be solved amicably.

Remembering the traditional and
necessary friendship between the two
States, the problem loses much of its
acuteness. After peace was signed, Bul-
garia, in possession of her new proN'inccs
and an extended littoral, might have
been able to make some sacrifice in
favour of her neighbour, even if it had

included the cession of a population of
14,000, the city of Silistria itself having
12,000. The cession of this territory,
not densely populated, would not have
sensibly diminished the imiDortance of
the new Bulgaria ; but, then, Roumania's
demand should at least have been pre-
sented under conditions which would
have rendered acceptance easy b}' Bul-

garia.

Roumania may also require the ^lace-
donian-Roumanian population who are
to be annexed to the Balkan States to be
taken into account. She can have no ter-
ritorial pretensions with regard to this
population, but she may ask for com-
pensation. The whole position of Rou-
mania would probably have been very
different if at the beginning of the crisis
she had, without taking part in the hos-
tilities, adopted an attitude favourable
to the Balkan Allies. The moral sup-
port which she could have given to the
Balkan States would have constituted
an effective right to recognition b\- those
States. In any case, she would have
done well to have waited till peace was
signed before pressing her claims. But
if the Balkan League is maintained
after peace, and if Roumania will iom
it, the League will receive an important
accession of strength.

THE FUTURE GERMANO-SLAV
CONFLICT.

An anonymous writer on the Eastern
Question in the C orrespondant, while
not pretending to predict the future, ex-
plains why, in his opinion, no settlement
can solve permanently the innumerable
problems raised by the disappearance
from Europe of the Ottoman Empire
and its possible dismemberment in Asia.

THE BALANCE OF POWER FICTION.
The maintenance of the Ottoman Em-
pire, he says, was one of the essential
factors of the balance of power in
Europe, a fiction which since 181 5 has
been the basis of the pcjiicy of the Great
Powers. Turke\' was the barrier against
the ri\alr\' between the Slavs and Ger-
mans for domination on the Bosjihorus,
but now that the barrier has been thrown

266

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Kikcrilii.~\ [Vienna

Roiimania (iijiheld l)y Austria) is in liu-k's way
— she has only t" stretch out her hand.

down and the equilibrium broken, the
chances of a great war have not been
removed, but rendered all the more cer-
tain. The disappearance of Turkey re-
veals the rivalry between Austria and
Russia, the chief cause of future trouble,
and it will have other consequences and
corollaries. Since the advent to the
throne of Wilhelm II. the writer has
never believed in the possibility of an-
other war between France and Germanv,
and since the conclusion of the Entente
Cordiale he has never believed in a war
between England and Germany. But to-
day he does believe in a great Germano-
Slav encounter, because it is the neces-
sary fatal and logical consequence of
the conflict which for twent}--five cen-
turies has been waged between East and
West. This war will not take place im-
mediately, he hastens to explain.

THE BULGARO-ROUMAXIAX DIFFICULTY.
Examining the chief points in dis-
pute, he begins by noting that the Bal-
kan Allies, while united for the military
operations, were not exempt from other
serious friction, and though the\' pre-
sented a united front to Turke}-, he
doubts whether the coalition will remain

one and indivisible, as announced by
optimists. When Turkey is dismem-
bered, the spoils will have to be divided
in a manner to satisfy not onh' the
Allies, but especially the Great Powers.
a thing all the more difficult because of
the lack of natural frontiers, each being
occupied b\- a melange of races.

THE CASE OF ROUMAXIA.

At the Congress of Berlin Roumania
was very badly treated, though M. Wad-
dington pleaded her cause most warmly.
The Roumanian troops had been the
real \ictors at Plevna, and }'et as the re-
ward of her services Roumania saw her-
self robbed by Russia of Bessarabia, a
rich Roumanian province, in exchange
for part of Dobruja, then poor and
sterile. Roumania to-day is stated to
have made the mistake of believing in
the declaration of the status quo, and
has been surprised at the discomfiture of
the diplomacy of the Great Powers.
Her route of expansion, the route to the
^gean, is closed. She has an excellent
arm)' and she is destined to play a con
siderable role in future events.

RETARDING THE GREAT EVENT.

The fiction of an Ottoman Empire on
the shores of the Bosphorus obtained b)-
the maintenance of the Turks at Con-
stantinople is still one of those lame
artifices dear to modern diplomacv.
England ought to note the feelings of
her Mussulman subjects, who are mani-
festing the greatest irritation at her in-
action. By making herself the guardian
of the hoi}- cities of Islam she would
become the great protector of the Mus-
sulmans all over the world. Had the
Great Powers, instead of exchanging
Notes which did not say much, accom-
panied b\' conversations at which
nothing was said, only emerged from
their verbosity and arrived at a firm
decision, the Balkan War would cer-
tainl}- have been avoided. But if diplo-
matists are unable to foresee events of
this gravity, of what use are the\- :^ The
day is not far distant when the most
opposed interests will find themselves
face to face in Mesopotamia and Asia
Minor, and on that da)- there will be no
congress and no conference to prevent
the fulfilment of destiny.

LEADIXG ARTICLES.

2.6-]

HOW THE BALKAN LEAGUE BEGAN

The anonymous author has had his
day, but we presume that diplomatic
etiquette will extend his period while
public policy pursues its subterranean
courses. " The History of the Forma-
tion of the Balkan League" appears in
The Fortnightly under the signature of
a mysterious " M," and we must assume
that his knowledge is extensive and
peculiar.

The inception of the Lea lue came
first from Sofia and the jirelimmaries
are very clearly sketched : —

" As might have been expected, the
first thought of the Bulgarian Govern-
ment, after it had become awake to the
necessity of a change ni its policy, was
to ascertain whether conditions in Bel-
grade were propitious to an under-
standing between Bulgaria and Servia
as regards their future conduct towards
Turkey. The co-operation of Servia was
indispensable, not only on account of
the military assistance which she could
bring in the event of an armed con-
flict, but also in order to prevent the
Porte from exploiting the mutual jeal-
ousies of the two nations. It was this
latter consideration which originalh'
weighed most with the Bulgarian Gov-
ernment ; for, when the question of an
alliance was first mentioned, the possi^
bility of a \.-ar did not seriously enter
into the calculations of the contracting
parties.

"The mission of sounding' the views
of Dr. Milovanovich, the Servian Prime
Minister, was entrusted to the Bulgarian
representative in Rome, who happened
to be in Sofia on lea\e of absence. M.

Rizoff had spent several )-ears in Bel-
grade, as Bulgarian Envoy, and had
taken an active part in the Zollverein
negotiations. His instructions were to
observe the strictest incognito, and to re-
port results to M. Gueshoff, who was
then on his way back from France. To-
wards the beginning of October, 191 1,
they met in Vienna, and, as M. Rizoff's
story sounded most encouraging, a
secret interview between Dr. Alilovan-
o\ich and M. Gueshoff was at once ar-
ranged, and took place on October 11,
in the train from Belgrade to Nisch.

" For several hours on end the two
statesmen discussed /?■ ca^iir evert the
political situation in the Balkans, the
hopeless plight of the Macedonian
populations, and the urgent need of an
understanding between Servia and Bul-
garia as the sole means of ameliorating
the lot of their compatriots in Turke)-.
They had no detailed scheme before
their m nds, and conversation turned on
generalities, but the conclusion to which
they both arrived was that no serious
differences existed between their stand-
points. This meeting may be said to
form the opening chapter in the history
of the Balkan Leai^ue, and wi^h it the
question emerged from the domain of
speculative talk into the regions of prac-
tical ]jolitics."

From these \'ery ordmary pour parler<:
" yi " traces the strengthening of the
bond until the Allies ventured on their
supreme stroke of defiance not only
against Turke)% but against the junta
humorously labelled " The Concert of
Europe."

WHAT IS RUSSIA'S OBJECT?

In an article on " Russia m the East-
ern Crisis," in the Oesterreich'ische
Rundschau Flerr Alexander Ular writes
on Russia's future expansion in Asia.

THROUGH ARMENIA TO THE MEDITER-
RANEAN.
After explaining that the Russian
Government fears the new Pan Slavism
with greater cause than does Austria, for
the simple reason that it is at the jjresent
time the onlv serious menace to the con-

tinuance of the Tsar's system of gov-
ernment, the writer discusses the atti-
tude of Russia towards Asiatic Turkey.
He points out that Russia ma)- be asked
to protect the Armenians, and that she
may intervene either in the name of
humanit)' or " in the name of Europe."
In cither case the result will Ijc the same.
Prom the Russian fortress of Kars to
Mersina on the Mediterranean, the dis-
tance is scarcely greater than that be-

268

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

tween St. Petersburg and Moscow.
Everywhere there exist masses of Ar-
menians to protect, and it would be
only too easy to arrange everything so
that the lesser should involve the
greater. The enormous industries and
the whole petroleum industry of Russia
are thirsting to take the rich oil regions
■on the slopes of the Mesopotamian and
Persian mountains. Troops have al-
ready been concentrated in disquieting
numbers. From Kars to beyond Urmia,
round the Turkish Armenians, there are
well over 150,000 men. Does the Rus-
sian way to the Mediterranean lie here?
That is the great question. It is the
question of natural compensation which
Russia seeks for the loss of all her
Balkan aspirations. It is the question
of Asiatic Turkey.

THE REAL DANGER.

The important thing is that every
advance of Russia in Armenia, esj^ec-
ially from Persia, represents a direct
attack on the spheres of interest claimed
by Germany, and complications would
at once arise by the side of which the

Moroccan conflict was child's play. Here
lies the real danger. Russia cannot em-
bark on a conflict with Austria, but she
can, without any difficulties at home,
venture on expansion through Armenia.
For this would be an enterprise of
Tsarism and not of the Russian people,
and if this expansion should be hin-
dered, an attack on Germany is not im-
possible. No one believes Russia is
seeking such a conflict, but that she may
run risks of becoming engaged in it on
her circuitous route to Asia Minor is
certain. Russia has now lost her old
illusions about the Balkans. Were she
a modern national State she would un-
doubtedly try to find compensation in
Europe. Being dilatory, and possibly
for domestic reasons, she will renounce
everything, for she also knows that
sooner or later others will be open
to her to realise splendid practical ad-
vantages. And how is Austria-Hungary
to emerge from the crisis |:)eacefully and
advantageously ? She must learn a les-
son from Tsarism, and, conscious of her
purpose, with endless patience wait and
])repare for future opportunities.

AN INTIMATE SKETCH OF THE SERVIANS.

Mr. Herbert Vivian, who some years
ago spent some time in Servia, contri-
butes to the English Illustrated Maga-
zme an article on the Servian character.

A PATRIARCHIAL SURVIVAL.
The Servian people, he writes, are al-
ways ready to express their views on
any subject with the utmost frankness.
But the villagers are more reserved than
the townsmen, and do not so readil\'
give themselves away as townsmen do.
You may spend a whole day in a Zad-
ruga apparently on the most intimate
terms, and yet not gain so much insight
into a man's character as you may in
half-an-hour's acquaintance in Belgrade.
The Zadruga is a peculiarly Servian
institution. Wherever it exists it is safe
to conclude the population is Servian.
We are asked to imagine a household
consisting of eighty or a hundred per-
sons, arbitrarily governed by one man,
having all things in common, and un-
able to bu}' or sell or plant or reap or

marry without permission from the head
of the family. Originall)' a family
grc>up, it has grown until it embraces
distant cousins. It perpetuates the
family tradition and authority, it unites
all the benefits of small and great pro-
perties, and jirovides for the jjoor in
sukness and old age. Nevertheless the
Zadruga is beginning to die out, but a
clannish feeling is bound to remain,
and consequent 1\' the people are apt to
care more for local than for national
affairs.

AN EASY LIFE.

The only political topic which in-
terests the Servian peasants is the ques-
tion of taxation. If taxes could be paid
in kind they would not be grudged, but
a money payment seems to the peasants
out of all proportion to the amount of
food and clothing which it represents.
The fertility of the soil makes it un-
necessary for them to work very hard,
but they are not lazy, and the\- have a

LEADING ARTICLES.

269

constant craving for more land. Essen-
tially simple in character, the richest
peasant wears the same rough homespun
as his poorer neighbour, and partakes of
the same homely fare. The Servian
people are remarkable for their hos-
pitality, and strangers are always enter-
tamed most lavishly. Costumes vary in
different parts of the country, but the
national garb, like some other customs,
is passing away. Fond of simple plea-
sures, the Servians are always ready for
a dance to the measures of the kolo.
QUAINT CUSTOMS.
The writer was surprised to find that

the Servians were not deeply imbued
with the religious spirit. Feast-days are
universally observed, but a Servian d&n-
siders it enough to stand outside the
church during divine service. Fasts,
however, are very strictly kept. A curi-
ous superstition is that connected with
the laying of the foundations of a ntsm
house, when it is considered necessary
to immure the shadow of a human
being. All sorts of tricks are resorted
to by builders to induce someone to
walk down the road in the sunshine, so
that his shadow may be caught and
walled in.

EUROPE-AN ARMED CAMP.

The peaceful citizen who fondly
imagines that Europe is a safe refuge
from the perils of war, revolution and
general disaster must quickly accustom
himself to the fact that he is actually
resident in the world's danger zone.

Vlk.'] [Berlin.

ATLAS: ■' Donnerwetter, what a mad world — in
the midst of the ball season!"

Too much good government, too close
an affection for peace and money-mak-
ing, are evidently the inevitable precur-
sors of war. That is the only moral
the reader can extract from Guglielmo
Ferrero's contribution to the Atlantic
Monthly on " The Dangers of War in
Europe." The writer is saturated with
pessimism, and works upon our feelings
with his first sentences : —

If one among the many Liberal statesmen
and thinkers who, during the first half of
the nineteenth century, suffered and strug-
gled for the destruction of the absolutism
which ruled the old world were to-day per-
mitted to revisit tlie earth, what a surprise
would be in store for him !

The writer makes out a case for
cynics when he says: —

It is noiw about fifty years since all the
European States, Russia excepted, came of
age and acquired the right to express their
will and criticise the policy of their Govern-
ments. For better or worse, representative
in.stitut<ions, in one form or another, have
taken root in nearly all the countries of
Europe, and carry forward their work, even
if slowly. Peace, therefore, according to
tlie prophecies of the doctrinaire Liberals of
1848, should reign throughout Europe by the
will and authority of the people and in de-
spite of bellicose Governments and rulers,
ceaselessly in search of adventure, both by
virtue of ancient tradition, and on account
of their education and their inheritance.

Such was th(> expectation. What of the
realisation? On every hand we see govern-
ments and kings struggling against their
people and against public opinion. It is the
people who are fire<l with a desire for war,
while tlieir Governments, together with their
sovereigns, devotetl to tiie preserx-^tion of
peace, resist as long as they can the pressure

270

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Kladdcradatsch.^ rRerlin

FBANOO-GERMAN AFFAIRS.

Marianne: " Sacre bleu, is he already pn-jiar-
iiig to get up?"
Michel: " Donnerwetter, is she waking up?"

of public opinion, even at the risk of losing
th?.t popularity for wliich they so eiigerly
strive.

Arguments, like statistics, are pos-
sessed of plastic jDroperties, which with
little manipulation may suggest the
thing: desired, and where the wish is so

often father to the thought it is neces-
sary to go warily between the statement
general and the fact particular.

M. Ferrero has an eye for the melo-
dramatic when he writes : —

This belligerent state of mind now agitat-
ing Europe is the last phase of that great
struggle which began with the French Re-
volution, between Conservatives and Liberals,
between the principle ot authority and the
idea of liberty, between tiie State and Deino-
cracv. What the outcome will he is hard to
say. If the time should come wlien or-
ganised armies should be no more, but when
whole peoples armed with fearful instruments
of destruction should hurl themselves upon
one .xnotlier — the very thought of it would be
appalling to us.

The prophet of old was occasionally
given to soothsaying, and w'e trust the
modern school is not so fierce as it
paints itself, for crises may sometimes
e.xist in the imagination only.

Our writer closes with full conhdence
that the great need is " more " govern-
ment : —

Standing between the alternatives of war
on tho one hind, and of hiwhssn«'.ss on the
other, the European nations are all eijually
bewildered, in doiibt which way t-o turn,
while the approaching crisis is p.ll the more
.serious because thinking men are giving up
politics for business. Tliis neglect of public
hities by the c!ass which once bore tlie en-
lire responsil)ility is one of the most regret-
taiblo results of industrial development and
universal wealth. I trust the day may never
come when Europe will be force<l to realise
that it would have been lu-tter for her if she
were hss rich but more wise, if she were
endowed witli less machinery and c.'.pital but
with more powerful, mor<' st;ib1.' in 1 imir.-
enlightened Governments

THE "YOUTH" OF EUROPE.

Alterations in the map of Europe are
the subject of a paper in the F'^ah'/ri^h
Revieiv : —

Lord Salisbury once recommended
the study of " large maps " as a useful
exercise to those who would master the
realities of foreign policy. Even more
salutary might be the examination of a
good historical atlas — a work too rarely
met with on English bookshelves. To
turn to the map of Europe as it was in
1 815, or in 1840, or even in i860, is to
be reminded with almost startling force
of the extreme rawness of the present
political nr-nngement of the Cor'^-rcnt

A i)erso:i born in the first year of Queen
X'ictoria's reign has lived through kalei-
doscopic variations in the political
geography and history of Europe. A
man, no older than NIr. Asquith, is yet
older than the German Empire ; he is
older than the Austro-Hungarian Mon-
archy in its present form ; than the Re-
public of France, and the Republic of
Portugal ; than the Kingdoms of Italy,
Roumania, .Servia, Bulgaria and Nor-
way A veteran like Lord Strathcona
was born before the Kingdom of Greece
and the Kingdom of Belgium ; before
th° " Ten j-ress Kinijdom " of Poland

LEADING ARTICLES.

271

had been extinguished and the Republic
of Cracow suppressed ; and, of course,
long before the Bourbons had been ex-
pelled from Naples and the Austrians
from Venice. Great Britaui alone among
the countries of Europe, retains both the
geographical limits and the political
system of eighty-five years ago. France,
Germany, Russia, Italy, Turkey, Den-
mark, Roumania, the Balkan States,
have lost territory or gained it. Spain
has passed from monarchy to republic
and from republic to monarchy ; Por-
tugal from monarchy to republic ;
Sweden has been sundered from Nor-
way, and Holland from Belgium ; the
Papacy has been deprived of the last
vestige of its temporal sovereignty.
There is no parallel for a succession of
changes so rapid and so sweeping in an-
cient or modern history since the Near
East and the Middle East were broken
to pieces by the conquests of Alexander
the Great, \inless it be m the general,
but transient, upheavals and reconstruc-
tions of the Napoleonic era.

ENGLAND'S ATTITUDE.
England should cause it to be under-
stood" as we believe Sir Edward Grey
has done during the past few months,
that her attitude towards the rearrange-
ment of European territory and the re-
adjustment of European relationships
is one cf amicable disinterestedness.
She can wish well to all parties without
being entangled m partisanship with
any. We shall do our best to promote
the' settlement of an>- differences which
may arise bv discussion and mediation,
so far as it is acceptable ; if. unhappily.
the divergences should lead to a quarrel
or rupture we ought to make it clear
that we shall not "feel ourselves called
upon to take sides in the disinite. We
shall, of course, use all the influence we
legitimately can as benevolent neutrals
to secure the recognition of European
public law and to prevent such gross
and flagrant violations of solemn en-
gagements as have disgraced the past
few years. For the rest, we can safely
let It be known that our position is one
of conservatism and defence. The cor-
ner-stone of that position is the posses-
sion of a Navy of preponderating

strength, measured by its relation to the
next most powerful maritime armament.
If Germany, or any other State, thinks
proper to equip herself with a gigantic
navy, we have no right to object ; but
we have a right to retain our own mar-
gin or superiority, and with the help of
our Dominions and Dependencies we
shall continue to do so. We shall meet
with fewer difficulties in the task if we
cause the conviction to prevail that our
fleets, and our armies as well, will be
employed for defensive purposes alone
— for the defence of these islands, in
the first place ; and, secondly, for the
security of our overseas possessions and
areas of control. When these are
affected— as they might be in Persia, on
the Indian frontier, or m North-Eastern
Africa — we come into the transaction as
principals, and can claim that we must
be consulted upon any territorial
changes or transfer of sovereignty that
may be contemplated.

lUaddcraduisch.^ [Berlin.

SUSPICIOUS COUSIN JOHX. OU THE NAVAL
AGREEMKNT.

" Yon tliiiiU Mrs Gerniajiia, that yon can
tnitlifullv guarantee that as the years go by thg
l)()v will not sret an, fat as I am?"

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

THE LAST OF THE "TITANIC

Captain Rostron narrates in Scrib-
ners the incidents connected with " the
rescue of the ' Titanic ' survivors " by
the " Carpathia."

The story is very modestly told, and
reveals the touch of kindness that makes
the whole world kin. Upon receiving
the call from the sinking vessel Captain
Rostron issued elaborate orders, to en-
sure the utmost efficiency in the work of
rescue. Then—

About two-thdrty-five the doctor came on
the bridge and report+xl all my instructions
carried out, and everything in readine&s.

I was talking to tilie doctor as to what we
might expect, and keeping at the same time
a sharp look out, when quite suddenly — and
only for a couple of seconds — I saw a green
flare about a point on port bow. I remarked.
•' There's his light, he must be afloat still,"'
as at one-tliirty or so the operator had re-
ported to me that he had received a message
saying, " Engine-room fi.Uing." So, of
course, I knew, on hearing that, of the
gravity of the situation.

All our men were quietly but busily making
preparations. It was a beautiful, fine, cleor
night, very cold, and every star in the
heavens shining briglit, the sea quit* calm,
and no wind. We were racing along splen-
didly— attaining a maximum speed of about
seventeen knot.s — our usual speed being four-
teen.

The chief engineer had been up to me about
one^thirty and reported all hands were work-
ing below, and doing aJl they possibly could.
It appears some of the stokers on being called
— and knowing the reason — had turned
straight out of their bunks and rushed below,
not even taking time to dress.

Rockets were sent up at frequent in-
tervals during the anxious hours which
elapsed before the " Carpathia " came

up to the boats from the ill-fated
ship : —

Now oomes the heart-rending part when
we know for a certainty tho ' Titanic " had
gone down; I sent word to the gangway to ask
the oflacer to come up to me on the bridge
when he came aboard. On coming up to the
bridge I shook bands and a^ked : 'Tlie
■Titanic" has gone down. I suppose?'"
•' Yes.'" he replied — but what a sad-Jiearte<l
"Yes" it was — ''she went down about two-
thirty.'" Daylight was just setting in, and
soon, in the early dawn, could be seen dozens
and dozens of icebergs, large and small, all
around us; here and there dotted about the
calm sea we could distinguish the other boats,
the boats being within a radiu.< of alM>ut four
to five miles.

From now on we were fretting the re-
mainder of the boats alongside, and one's
imagination fancied theee people shivering
for hours during that cold night in their
confined space. We mananivre<l about to
rf^ch the boats, and by eight o"clock had all
the boats alongside, and we were also in the
immediat<> \icinity of the disast<?r. I had
arranged to hold a short service wlulst we
were close to the spot — a short prayer of
thankfulne^ for those saved, ami a short
service for those lost.

At eight o'clock we also saw a steamer
coming towards us out of the ice-field. This
icefield stretched as far as the eye could see
from nort/h-west to south-t-ast, and wo f*^>\\
found her to be the " California." We siii-
nalled her and told the news of trouble, and
asked her to searcJi round, as we were return-
ing to New York.

Captain Rostron's conduct through-
cut the trying ordeal was magnificent
and worthy of the highest traditions of
a service which has ever demanded and
received the fullest sacrifice and devo-
tion of which man is capable.

THE PASSING OF STEIAM.

Cassier s Magazine has produced a
truly remarkable number, entirely de-
voted to oil power. It consists of no fewer
than 500 pages, whilst splendid photo-
graphs illustrate every phase of the re-
markable development of the oil-engine,
and what it means to traction generally.
The most interesting articles are those
dealing with marine engines, especially
those of the Diesel type. The turbine
revolutionised marine engineering prac-
tise, but that the changes it brought will
be insignificant compared to those which
must follow the introduction of the

internal combustion engine. For it does
away entirely with coal, with steam,
with funnels and with smoke. Wherever
labour is dear there the Diesel engine
must arrive, and that shortly. There
will, without doubt, soon be many
Diesel -engined boats engaged in the
coastal trade of Australia, for such
ships will require no firemen, no trim-
mers, and a greatly reduced engine-room
staff^. Other advantages are : —

I. A marked economy of fuel, sus-
tained over long periods of continuous
work, and over a wide range of power.

LEADING ARTICLES.

273

RUDOLF DIESEL.
The Inventor of the Diesel Engine.

The fuel consumption also is almost
independent of the human element.

2. A reduction in the space occupied
by the machinery when boilers, conden-
sers and essential auxiliaries are taken
into account.

3. When the saving- in fuel is con-
sidered, the total \vei<^ht of the machi-
nery plus fuel is (omitting certain spe-
cial cases) less, and especially so when
the power is considerable, or when long
voyages without re-fuelling are con-
templated.

4. Constant readiness for work — a
few minutes of preparation being all
that is necessary.

5- Xo fuel whatever is e.xiiencled
when the machinery is not actual!}' at
work — there being no equivalent to
"banking fires," or "standing by with
steam on the engines."

6. The fuel (hitherto) used is a bquid,
imperishable, widely-distributed, safe,
and easily received on board. It has a
high calorific value, is self-trimming
and " mechanically-stoked." The results

herefrom are mainly those of conveni-
ence and reduction of labour.

7. Indirect advantages result from
the direct ones, but their importance
has to be separately assessed for each
individual case, and it is not easy to
generalise.

The limitations are chiefly that the
type of machinery being comparatively
new, specialists of superior knowledge
and higher pay are required to tend the
engines.

The marine steam engine is very long
suffering and is often capable of work-
ing under almost impossible conditions ;
it can stand a large amount of neglect
without being rendered hors de com-
bat.

In contra-distinction, the Diesel
engine ;;///a7 be regarded as a high-
grade machine. It works under high
pressures, has to be most carefully con-
structed, and, to give reliable service,
must be maintained in first-class con-
dition.

This makes for high initial cost, and
renders it necessary that opportunity be
given for a regular routine for main-
taining in efficient condition such parts
as pistons, piston rings and valves.

It is chiefly as auxiliary engines that
the internal combustion type will be
valuable on naval ships. Owing to the
peculiar requirements of battleships and
cruisers the Diesel engine would not at
])resent be able to replace the turbine,
nor can it yet hope to supercede the oil-
driven engines of the torpedo destroyers.

^•■"^ -^'i**

THE SHIP OF THE FUTURE.

274

REVIEW OE REVIEWS.

THE FUEL OF THE FUTURE.

Slowly but surely the public realises
the importance of oil as the source of
future power '.' F.S.S.," in the Westmin-
ster Review, gives some interesting fig-
ures in his article, " Oil Fuel versus
Coal." The position is put in a nut-
shell:—

The progress made of late years with petro-
leum fi.s a moijive jiower is remarkalih*. The
question of its development in future Ls a
serious quotstion in more \\\aTO than one.
Since the application of .st<>am as a motive
power coal has be«n indispens.ible. But now
oil aspires to be more efficient and therefore
beconip.s a serious rival to tiie other mineral.

The advantages of oil for use on
ship-board are now generally reco-g-
nised : — ■

Oil, as a motive power, its said to be three
times as great in its efficiency or pro])elling
force. In a .steam vessel a InTge jjiart of tlie
crew can be di.s])ensed with. The si)ace for
"bunkers'' can be diminished and utilistnl
for the storage of more cargo, bo that, given
a siifficient supply, coal must be driven to the
wall. And here tiie problem has to be faced.
ITp to the advent of the Diesel engine, a year
or two ago, the advocates of coal were con-
ildenc. owing to the great di.sparity of pro-
duction, tiliat oil oould never be a serious
competitor. But it is found that coal can
be turned into oil by a process yielding, in
some kinds, as mucli as 3.5 per cent, of work-
able oil fuel; moreover, tlvat the <'oal waste
from this i)rocess can 1k> utilised to a ver.v
large extent. In fact, a factory has been
jxiojected for the purpose. If sucli a scheme
should succeed, tlie u.se of oil as a " pro-
peller'" can go on to a much larger extent
than at present.

This invention will be of peculiar
benefit to Britain, whose natural supply
of oil is practically nil, as the writer
points out : —

England will not be plactd at a disadvan-
tage compared to other countries, such as
the U.S. America and Russia. It is evident
that, in case of a war, tlie countrs" wliich
had no petroleum resources would suffer in
the contest. The same may be .said in the
caise of competition in trade, wiiether on
snore or afloat. Britain has had a great
" pull " over others for nvany years owing to
the i>ossession of tlie great South Wales
Steam CcaHield — so accessible and .so near
the ports of shipment. Of cHHirSiiN foreign
nations have made use of the same coal, as-
no restrictions are imjKxsed by us \\\yo\\ its
exportation to ports abroad for such a pur-
pose. But, necessarily, the cost of freight
and insurance had to be incurrecl ; wiMrens
our .ships, at least those in the expcut and
coa.sting trades, had not that extra cost to
pay. It wcas otherwise, no doubt, where Bri-
tish vessels had to coal their bunkers at the
depots oversea. In the event, however, of
oil being u.sed universall.v, or even to a langi-r
extent, our steam coal advantage will dis-
appear. All will de|)end on the cost of pr:-
ducing crude oil from coal and the way in
which machiner.v can be adapted to the new
prmlucb. The probability is that the ii^^e
of the Diesel engine will become general by
and by; and tliat the cost of the li(|ui<l fin 1
will also be pnxluced at an average ]>ri;T.
unless tlie monopolist bars the Ava.v. Barrii^;
him out, the fleets of tlie leading nations,
whether naval or mercantile, will be put on
an ecjual footing. In that ca.s<» the Briton
will, doubth'ss, hold his own in the contest,
as he has done for centuries in the past, in
all nuxles of c"ompetition.

The great manufacturers have not yet
given the subject the attention that its
imj:^ortance demands, and to them
" F.S..S." suggests that : —

It cannot, however, be out of place for
men of business, who have t^o much capital c;t
.stake, bo get all the information possibh'.
especially that of a reliable and authorative
character, and to discuss it and ponder over
it.

A SHAKESPEARE MINIATURE.

The place of honour in the Connois-
seur is accorded to Mr. M. H. Spiel -
mann, who contributes an article on
what is known at the W'elbeck Abbey,
or Harleian, Miniature of Shakespeare.
Ths story seems to stand thus. The
miniature in question is not a portrait
of Shakespeare, but apparently that of
a gentleman of the period of James I.
Nevertheless, the artist, George Vertue,

palmed off on Pope for his edition of
Shakespeare a line-engraving made
from this miniature as an original por-
trait of the poet. The engraving was
executed in 1721, and the portrait of
Shakespeare by Angelica Kauffmann in
the Shakespeare Memorial Gallery at
Stratford-on-Avon was painted from
this plate.

LEADING ARTICLES.

275

WAR CORRESPONDENTS AS SPIES.

The war correspondent has fallen on
evil days, and m the 'Nineteenth Cen-
tury William Maxwell gives the reader
an inside view of the causes which have
led to this depreciation. The writer's
personal experiences enable him to
speak with authority, and he hrst notes
that " the telegraph has made the corre-
spondent a menace to the army which he
may have every desire to serve."

In practice he says it works out m
this way : —

Tihe puri:)ase of an army being to defoat
"the enemy, nob to provide interesting
" oopy " for neiwspinpers. the commander in
the fiekl makes it Iri.s t)n8in>es.s to pnt obstacles
between the corretsjiondent an-d the telegraph
AViire. He may di.scharge hi.s dnty t;i lii.s coun-
try ruthlessly or delinately. hut the result is
always the same. War l)reabs out in the
■ciamp, and sooner nr later some disaffected
oorrespondent " lireaks away" after a battie,
and, making all sjteed to the nearest tele-
graph office beyonil the military control, des-
patches are uncensored messages in which he
m-ay have been tem])ted to reflect on the
capacity of the oommander whom lie has
dtserted.

The newspajjer readc^r knows UiotMng of
the discreditalih.' conditions un'der wbicih this
message is sent. He s<h's only that a certain
correspondent has "scored." But the effect
is disastrous to the correspondents who luave
kept faith, and ^abided by their written pro-
mise to submit all deispat-olies to the censor.
To natural indignation at being defeated by
a disloyal colleague is a-dded the conscious-
ness tlhat they are looked upon Avith increased
distrust by the military authorities, and are
subjected to sterneir daisci]dinc.

Hence the ever-increasing restrictions

which have reduced the war correspon-

dent to a ci])her. Mr. Maxwell speaks
highly of the courtesy extended to him
by the higher army officers, whether Bri-
tish, Japanese, or Bulgarian, but his love
for the censor is not so pronounced : —

The Bulgarians followed the example of the
Japanese in apjjointing as censors academic
])rofes.so:rs and school teachers. Few of them,
however, were men of the same culture and
experience as the Japanese. They were
seilected, for the most part, because of their
supposed familiarity with foreign languages,
and, unlike the Japanese, were given no
military nank above that of the common
.soldier. The rasult was disastj-ous. The
majority of these censo.rs had neither cour-
age nor common sense. They behaved like
ushers, in con.stant dread of the displeasure
of the headmaster. No telegnam, however
innocent, was safe in their hands, and any
mention of guns or rifles brought on parox-
ysms of fright.

The peculiar exploits of Lieut. Wag-
ner come in for special treatment, and
one's belief in the "telegram from the
seat of war " is rudely shaken.

Further light on the ways of corre-
spondents is thrown by George Pilcher
in the same review in his article, " In the
Chatalja Lines." Mr. Pilcher resents
Mr. Bennett's wholesale condemnation,
although his own appreciation is some-
what lagging : —

Tlie truth is that, taking the Emglish cor-
respondents as a body of men, tiliey were no
disgrace to their ooinitrymen. They were
almost always honest, and they showed end-
less initiative.

A DISAPPEARING NATION.

Why does the population of France
continue to decline m spite of all [iro-
tests and the many remedies suggested?
This IS the problem discussed by Dr. P.
Gallois m an article in the mid-February
number of the Nouvclle Rcviie.

The decrease of the French birth-rate,
he writes, has attained disquieting pro-
portions, the number of births exceeding-
only by a few thousands the number oi
deaths. In certain years the number of
deaths has even exceeded the number of
births. While the cities are attracting
the rural population, the country dis-

tricts are fast becoming depopulated.
This danger to France is all the more
serious, because the neighbouring coun-
tries have a much higher birth-rate. In
1870 France and Germany each had a
po])nlation of al)out 35 millions ; at the
present time the i^opulation of France
scarcely numbers 40 millions, while that
of Germany is nearly 60 millions. At
Paris the German population is so large
that Germans are wont to sa\- the iM'ench
capital is a city of the German Eminre.
France has not enough people to inhabit
her colonies.

ne

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

MISTAKES OF LEGISLATORS.

By way of encouraging large families
legislators have not hit on very happy
methods. Under the labour accident
law it has been stipulated that in the
event of the death of a workman due
to an accident at his work the employer
should pay some allowance for the
workman's children till they attained
their majority. Naturally, the employer
then prefers to employ unmarried men.
The State does nothing in favour of
large families. All it does is to make
them pay more taxes. The writer has
three children, and in consequence has
been obliged to move into a larger
appartement and pay proportionately
more in taxation. In addition, the State

compels him to pay more for his license,
a thing which should have nothing to
do with the number of his children.
Having now to pay for more food,
dress, etc., the State also gets more out
of him in the form of indirect taxation.
In having children, he considers he ren-
ders a service to the State and some ac-
count should be taken of it. Professor
Lannelongue has proposed a series of
remedies for depopulation. It is sug-
gested, for instance, that the fathers of
large families should enjoy special ad-
vantages in the form of higher salaries
and promotion. But such a remedy only
applies to officials. On this basis, the
Presidency of the Republic ought to be
offered to the man with the largest
family.

SEEKING THE MOTOR LIFE.

Scribner s Magazine contains a very
enthusiastic budget of papers under the
mclusive heading, " The Day of the
Motor " — and the night as well, for that
matter, as the non-motorist is ready to
admit. Mr. Herbert Ladd Towle, con-
tributing a veritable Te Deuvi, " The
Automobile and Its Mission," indicates
that plus the motor a new vista of life
opens out for the citizen, for the trader,
for the nation, for the world ! —

Perchance you have no car — as yet. But
you have friends living five miles away by
road. To visit them by rail you must go
half a mile to the station, ride ten miles
to a junction, wait an hour, and travel a
dozen miles more to a station half a mile
from their home. How often do you see your
friends?

Or you are a nature-lover and a busy
man. The city stifles you and the daily
ordeal of strap-hanging is a horror. Yet
your wife declares that she will be ''buried
alive" if she goes where houses are more
than a hundred feet apart. She has a right
to her view, too. How shall yours and hers
be reconciled?

Or you have children. Shall they be re-
duced to "tag" on the streets and in a
bric-a-brac-filled apartment, or shall they
have green grass, a sand-pile, trees, and a
swing? Or perhaps you are a farmer, seek-
ing means to relieve the monotony of farm
life and hold your sons from the dangerous
lure of the city.

For hundreds of thousands of families the
automobile is at last supplying the happiest
of answers.

For a dollar a day and a little spare time
anyone who will may now keep a small Imt
serviceable car and use it daily and for
week-ends.

;^4O,O00,0O0 WORTH OF CARS.

Mr. Towle draws an arresting sketch
of the industry, invention, energy and
enterprise which the motor-car has
called into being: —

In t<'n years Detroit's population has
grown from 300,000 to nearly half a million.
Jt has twenty-seven automobile factories,
the value of whose output last year exceeded
£40,0rX),(K»0. Still others manufacture parts,
axles, radiators, engines, bodies — some used
in Detroit, some elsewhere. North of the
business section are miles of cottages, the
last word in mmlernity, each surrounded by
lawn and shrubbery, and having — perha]>8
one in five — a neat garage in the rear.
Shade trees line the streets- at frequent
corners stand white sanitary drinking foun-
tains, and everywhere are automobiles !
Hardly one vehicle in twenty is horse-drawn.
Naturally the streets of Detroit are clean.

And the motor factorief; ! To north, east
and west they radiate, nearly all new. impos-
ing structures, all steel and' glass, with just
enough brick or concrete to give a semblance
of walls, themselves the last word of modern
factory engineering. No diiiizy loop-hf>los for
windows, no haphazard ventilation here I
The mark of the efficiency expert is seen
even in the buildings, and we ehall find it
everywhere in the work it«elf.

THE HOME OF THE CHEAP CAR.

The description of the up-to-date
methods is a revelation. One plant

LEADING ARTICLES.

alone covers 60 acres of floor space, and
employs 9000 men : —

The greatest sight of Detroit is the huge
plant for low-priced cars. Here, as nowhere
else, may you see automobiles turned out
veritably like sewing machines, brass beds,
or shoes. Here, literally, the raw material
comes in at one end and issues from the
other a finished product. One unloading
platform, to which are pushed daily train-
loads of pig-iron, brass, aluminium, rough
forgings, pressed-steel parts, and bodies;
two long shipping platforms, each with two
tracks, into whose box-cars are stowed
every working-day half a thousand auto-
mobiles or more ! The iron pigs unloaded
to-day will become cylinder castings to-mor-

row. The next morning they will enter the
machine shop ; by night they will be fully
machined, and valves ground in, the crank-
shafts fitted, tlie motors assembled. Next
morning the motors will receive a bench run
under their own power. After lunoh they
will pass to the assembling-room, and in a
few hours the finished cars will go to the
shipping platform. A hundred cars being
assembled at once; an hour or so for the
job; a hundred cars an hour, if need be!

The article must be read by all who
wish to appreciate the immense strides
achieved by this the latest of man's con-
trivances to minister to his comfort.

GERMANY SEARCHING A "PLACE IN THE SUN."

Our interest lies ni finding out what
are the chief factors in Germany's colo-
nial policy. Has she been successful or
unsuccessful '^ What is the future likelv
to bring ? What can we learn ? We
shall find that there is nothing hap-
hazard, no blundering into the best
places of this earth, no conquering half
of it in a fit of absent-mindedness — but
a " zielbewusste " policy.

IN AFRICA.

L. Hamilton emphasises, m the L iii-
ted Empire, the importance of the Ger-
man colonial movement in its relations
to the British Empire. We have a dim
idea that Germany is out on the quest
for trans-maritime possessions and the
much-vexed " place m the sun " ; yet we
forget that it is due to this natural and
instinctive movement on the part of a
great world-power that the British Em-
pire has considerably increased her
dominions. " Looking at the late parti-
tion of Africa, or at the parallel case of
New Guinea, it is obvious that Great
Britain has moved on mainly because
Germany has moved on. The new Bri-
tish annexation in Africa has been made
not so much because there was a strong
desire in England to take more of
Africa as because if it had not been
taken by the English it might, or would,
have been by the Germans."
IN NEW GUINEA.

The effect of Germany in New Guinea
has been to assist materially in found-
ing the Commonwealth, or at least to
add weight to the necessity and aug-

ment the feeling of unity between Aus-
tralia and the Mother Countr\- ; her pre-
sence m South-West Africa hastened the
final creation of the Union of South
Africa. It would be easy to multiply
examples. At the very outset, then, of
one's endeavour to gain an insight into
German colonial policy we are struck
by three salient facts which vitally affect
the British Empire ; Germany's becom-
ing a colonising power has tended to in-
crease the British Empire, to strengthen
the bonds of Empire, to make for union
within the Empire. Another fact be-
comes evident — namelv, that we have
been trying to keep German}- from " a
place in the sun " — perhaps not s)-s-
tematically, and more by instinct than
intention. German)' is to-day. however,
the third greatest colonial power in
Europe. " In the middle of 1884 Ger-
many had no possessions beyond the
seas ; earl\- in 1885 she found herself a
great colonial power, possessing an ex-
ternal empire of over 1,000,000 square
miles, and exercising dominion over
more than 10,000,000 subjects."

THE TIDE OF CiERMAN EMIGRATION.

The population of Germany is in-
(-reasing at the rale of about 800,000
annual!)'. On the surface it seems that,
according to present emigration figures
(under 30,000), this great and ever-
growing augmentation of jiopulation
will not result in a serious exit of Ger-
mans. Such an interpretation is short-
sighted. Crermany's most pressing need
was — and will .ig.iin be— a countrv to

278

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

which her superfluous population can
emigrate, and lay the foundation of a
trans-maritime Germany. We are met
here with the apparently irrefutable
argument that all the good places in the
world are taken. But can any serious
student of colonial history suppose for

a moment that the colonial atlas is fin-
ally " coloured " ? Hardl\' a year goes
by without changes. Is there any rea-
son to presume that a final settlement
has been made? Is there, forsooth, such
a thing as a finally coloured map as
long as the human race is alive ?

WOMAN'S INTERESTS.

WOMAN'S WAR.

Elizabeth Robins appears in McClnres
this month as an extreme sujjporter of
the tactics of the "militants"; she re-
counts the whole miserable history of
the past seven years and suggests that
the conspiracy of silence was responsible
for the later and more acute stages of
the movement. Miss Robins is grateful
for the co-operation of men: —

Never in all t/ho years of woimMr.s wandi^r-
ing in the political wilderness, never l>efore
milit^mcy did men form societies to lielji
women to win freedom. Before history was
written, men, as the soni^s and sagas tell us,
did battle for women, osten,s:ihly for some
" fair Ladye," often in reality for the excite-
ment of the tourney and the honour of the
knight. Until tht^e days of the now mili-
tiancy, few Mere the men who entered the
lists to do battle for women in srim. unpic-
tiiresque neeil, women who could never re-
ward these latter-day knig-lits, and were not
aske<l for re« a id.

Never, before the days of militancy, have
men for such a cause given up valuabh^ jvosts.
risked livelihcxxJ, sacrificed aml)ition, facetl
private ridicule and public execration, blows,
broken limliis, gone to prison -all tliat is
since militancy.

The writer permits some bitterness to
cloud her advocacy: —

Hut we 7nust not expect to see the scales fall
oversoon firom the general eye. The old
superciliousness will be long in dying.
Women will mark it still in its tlioiisand
forms. esi>eci.ally in the elderly-minded.
INIen will go on U'aively crowning one anotlier.
l>e>stowing on one anotlier all the lucrative
and power-conferring posts and all the sine-
cures. They will sit sole sex on the great
committees, contirolling art and science, as
well as law and administrative government.

They will dine in fulness, and permit
women to come in afterward like the good
children — save that, unlike the children,
women will l>e bidden to sit apart and not
speak, brit li.«ten — feeding upon the mamia
of masculine eloquence.

Many will differ from Miss Robins
when she says : —

Women have come to feel that militant
sufFragism is the outgrowth of a fierce race-
protecting passion. It is the expression of
tliat mothea-instinct which rules in tlie spirit
as well as in the body of our half of tlie
world. It is the force that doi\s indee<l make
the female more deadly flian the male, if
.she d(^®cries a menace to iter charge — the
futiire'of the specia-;.

WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN V S.\

At the November elections the women
suffragists annexed three more Ameri-
can States, sa\-s a writer in the Chan-
tangnctn. They were Arizona, Kansas,
and Oregon. The last-named reversed
a previous unfavourable verdict ; in the
other two the question was presented
for the first time. In Wisconsin, Ohio,
and Michigan the proposal was de-
feated in 191 2 The victory in the
three-first-named States was so great
that not even the " antis " or the Con-
servative Press ventured to belittle it.
There are now nine States with woman
suffrage in the Union. Wyoming led
in 1890, Colorado followed in 1893,
Utah and Idaho in 1896. Washington in
1910, California in 191 i. and Kansas,
Arizona and Oregon in 191 2. Other
States will not hesitate much longer. To
the average man nothing is so convinc-
ing as an object-lesson. Women are in
politics to stay, and they will soon par-
ticipate in national legislation and ad-
ministration. Already they have been
sitting on juries. They divide on party
lines as men do, and there is no such
thing as a solid woman vote.

THE MINIMUM WAGE FOR
WOMEN.

Miss Dorothy M. Zimmern. writing
in Wouen's Industruil News, draws at-
tention to the " progress " as affecting
women which the Trade Boards have

LEADING ARTICLES.

279

made during the past year in Great
Britain.

Those who believe that there should
be equal rates of pay for equal work
will be disappointed to learn that rates
have been fixed about twice as high for
men as for women, apparently on the
ground of sex alone. So far, only four
trades are scheduled — chain-making
and lace-finishing dealt with in 191 1,
and the paper-box industry and the
tailoring trade dealt with in 191 2. In
the tailoring trade the rate for women
is hxed at ^\d. instead of ^l,d. an hour,
as was hoped, and 6d. for men ; or
13s. lod. for women, and 25s. 6d. for
men per week of 51 hours. In the paper-
box trade, minimum rates have been
fixed for men in Great Britain at 6d.
an hour, and for women in Great Bri-
tain at 3d, rising to ^\d. in 1913, but
in Ireland the rate for women is 2jd.
A long list of trades is waiting to be
added and dealt with. In the Midlands
the women workers in the hollow-ware
trade at Lye now claim the assistance
of the law to obtain a real living wage,
and the Bermondsey women workers,
whose sudden effort some eighteen
months ago drew attention to their in-
credibly low wages, and procured ad-
vances, require further help. As Miss
Zimmern says, if low wages alone en-
title a trade to a place on the list, the
remaining clothing trades with one-fifth
of their women over 18 less than los.
a week should not long remain ex-
cluded.

ETHICAL TRAINLXG OF

TAPANESE WOMEN.

The President of the Japan Women's
University, Jinzo Naruse, has an in-
teresting article on the Intellectual Life
of Japanese Women in a recent
number of the Oriental Rcviezv. The
W'omen's LJniversity, established by its
present president in 1901, has now 11 00
students. The method for the ethical
teaching of the students which the pre-
sident has adopted is to encourage them
to lead spiritual lives, drawing inspira-
tion from whatever religion they believe
in. z\mong the students are Buddhists,
Confucianists, Christians, and a large

number professing no religion ; but they
are not only tolerant to each other re-
garding their faiths, but are united in
spirit. Awakened to the reality of the
existence of their independent person-
ality, they begin to feel the sense of duty,
ihe responsibility that they must accom-
pli.-:h, not only towards themselves, but
towards humanity. Japan needs a new
feminine personality — " a personality
that is never determinate, but self-deter-
miiing, self -creating, self -initiative, and
self -progressive, with an ideal for self-
realisation."

CHINA'S FIRST W^OMAN DOC-
TOR.

In the Mitigate Monthly appears a
short sketch of China's hrst woman
doctor.

Dr. Jamei Kin received her medical
training in New York twenty-five years
ago. It was a courageous undertaking
in those days for an Eastern woman,
and the student had many difficulties
to overcome. Having taken her degree
and returned to her own country, the
value of her attainments has been re-
cognised, and she is now entrusted with
the organisation of a medical depart-
ment for women in Northern China. Its
headquarters are at Tientsin, and a hos-
pital, dispensary, and a medical college
for the training of women students have
been established. Dr. Kin planned the
buildings herself, and the work was
carried out by Chinese workmen, under
her supervision. In China, while there
is room and to spare for the highly
qualified woman doctor, there is equal
need for trained women nurses for pri-
vate homes and hospitals. Dr. Kin is
greatly interested in the education of
Chinese girls ; she also desires the sup-
pression of the opium traffic, and would
have the importation of opium from
India cease in hve years, instead of ten
years as now arranged.

THE EDITATION OF WOMEN
IN INDIA.

To the Correspondant M. Auguste
Fortier has contributed an interesting
paper on Indian students. Referring to

28o

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

the education of women in India, he
points out that the idea of educating
Indian women is quite a new thing, and
that in consequence the number of girl
students is insignificant, the majority
of them being Parsees of Bombay. Five
years ago there were 348,500 girls who
attended school; in January, 191 1, the
number had increased to 545,900. The
pretensions of most of these pupils are
limited to elementary instruction, but a
few prolong their studies and even-
tually become teachers. Under the in-
fluence of Lady Dufferin, an associa-
tion was formed in 1890, with the ob-
ject of rendering medical aid to Hin-
doo and Mussulman women who re-
fused the services of men doctors.
Twelve months later it numbered 204
women students, and in 19 10 there were
47 women doctors, 98 assistants, and
862 students of medicine, all available
for the native women of the country.
In February, 191 1, 17 girls, mainly
Parsees, passed with success the en-
trance exammation to the University of
Bombay. In 191 1 the degree of Bache-
lor of Arts was conferred on a native
woman of Bengal.

THE MUNICIPAL STEPMOTHER.

The Englishwoman contains an ar-
ticle by Edith J. Macrosty bearing the
above title.

The writer begins by explaining how
the real experts, men and women, have
by their success called into being a host
of false experts, some of whom have

mastered the theory, but not the prac-
tice ; while others, having picked up a
few misunderstood scraj')S of science,
raise upon this a vast sujierstructure of
intrusive legislation. Hitherto the
mother has been the guide and guardian
of her children, but now for every diffi-
culty there is an "expert," always will-
ing and sometimes able to give advice
on his own special subject The mother's
work is to be superseded. Her know-
ledge of the body and soul of her chil-
dren is to be nugator}- beside the
opinion of the expert, who may know-
something of children in the mass and
on paper. It has been mniputed that
out of every 100,000 children born in
England, only 75,028 if boys, and
78,214 if girls, will be alive at the end
of five years. In Sweden, Australia,
and New Zealand these mortality rates
are nearly halved. How can this differ-
ence be accounted for? Mr. John Burns,
we are told, recently made a statement
to the effect that the greatest reduction
in our infant morlalit)- had taken place
among the upj^er and middle classes,
and he congratulated medical officers of
health, sanitary officers, lady health
visitors, and voluntary workers on the
result. It must be obvious that these
workers do not exist to visit the homes
of the upper and middle classes. Vet
the part played b)' mothers in the re-
duction of mortality in theee classes was
entirely overlooked and the credit given
to others having no part or knowledge
of it.

Mtnneapolts Jourwol.]

UNCLEiSAM'S NEW.TAX.

CIr.elatuI Pl.iin Dealer} fCIcvelard. U.S.A.

THE WHEEL OF FORTUNE IN MEXICO.

LEADIXG ARTICLES.

281

IN THE FAR EAST.

THE DRUG IN THE MARKET.

The fact that opium to the value of
i^ 1 2,000,000 is denied access to the
Chinese market gives rise to some mixed
reflections. Great Britain is the cham-
pion of Christianity in the Far East
and is the natural protector of those
trading under her flag, and it occasion-
ally happens to be nn possible to main-
tain two roles. The editor of the Re-
publican Advocate (Shanghai) has a
few straight things to say: —

" Much though one may sympathise
with cae financial loss which the present
stringent regulations against opium in
the provinces must involve, there is a
vital moral principle, far outweighing
every financial consideration which the
British Government has to face in the
present solution of the problem. It
is a question which not only involves
the sacred rights of humanity, but, also,
of whether the Government is prepared
to face the responsibility of millions of
Chinese whose welfare for bad or for
worse depends upon the issue of the
present contention. China is physically
helpless, and a war with Great Britain
to support her cause, however just, is
entirely cut of the question. But it will
be a case of the stronger bullying the
weaker ; a superior, but unrighteous
force, strangling the righteous aspira-
tions of a weak nation.

" China, we say, will have to give in
— physically ; but the righteous indig-
nation of the people wnll militate
against such a procedure ; and Great
Britain may perhaps forfeit for ever
the friendship and economic advantages
which she would otherwise have enjoyed
from the millions of Chinese by show-
ing her real sympathy and interest in
this — the hour of our national trials.
By supporting the opium cause Great
Britain may help to recover for her
opium speculators the i^ 1 2,000,000, but

she will have to be ready to sacrifice
her more permanent economic interests
in China, which will far out-balance
the temporary loss in her opium trade,

CHINA AS PETITIONER.

Fifty years hence it will be beyond
belief that the great Chinese nation was
concerned to make humble petition for
recognition from European Powers. In
the Atlantic Monthly Ching Chun
Wang submits a plea on behalf of the
Chinese Republic : —

The Chinese millions have given the world
the greatest revolution of modern times in
the most civilised manner known to history.
We have emancipated ourselves from the
imperial yoke, not by brute force, but by
sheer reasoning and unparalleled toleration.
Within the amazingly short period of four
months, and without shedding over one-hun-
dredth part of the blood that has been shed
in other similar revolutions, we have trans-
formed our immense counti-y from an empire
of four thousand years' standing into a
modern democracy. After having set this
new standard of sanity in revolutions, we
have organised ourselves into the newest Re-
public, following up-to-date patterns. Now
we come forward with hands and hearts open
to join the sisterhood of nations, and all we
ask is that the world Avill permit us to join
its company. We are born into the world as
a nation, and we wish to be registered as
part of the world. We ask for recognition of
our Republic because it is an accomplished
fact.

It is quite possible that Chinese inter-
ests suffers to-day from this the latest
exercise of diplomatic fooling, but it is
unthinkable that the life of a nation can
be permanently affected by the uncer-
tainties created by the necessities of
change. If our diplomatists cannot
help China in her present troubles the
time may come when the hindrances
and handicaps will be returned a hun-
dredfold, as may be inferred from the
oblique hint of the writer: —

We hope that the nations are not so pre-
judiced as to think that our Revolution is
even worse than the Tai-ping Rebellion, and
we also hope that the regrettable shortsight-
edness of the diplomats may not ohtain in
our case, so that posterity may not have to
lament our loss of the present opportunity,
as we lament the lost opportunity of our fore-
fathers of sixty years ago.

282

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Has the threat of the Yellow Peril
lost its usefulness as a warning to the
West to amend its habits of meddle-
some interference?

ARE MOSLEMS THE BETTER

CHRISTIANS?

How the East is teaching the West
appears in a study in Oriental justice
contributed to the Hibbert Journal by
Mr. A. Mitchell Innes, Councillor of
the British Embassy, Washington. Mr.
Innes tries to explain why our criminal
administration in the East is one of the
least satisfactory, and to show the true
attitude of the Oriental towards the vital
question of trial and punishment of
offenders. His experience has been
chiefly in Egypt. He s:iys the Eastern
and the Western take diametrical views
of penology.

EASTERN AND WESTERN VIEWS OF
JUSTICE.

The W^estern view is thoroughly
mechanical. It takes no account of the
mentality of the man dealt with, his
history, temptations and efforts, nor of
the probable effect of the sentence. " All
that has to be proved is that a man has
done a certain deed ; all that has to
be done is to perform on him a certain
operation, regardless of its conse-
quences." There is no such doctrine in
Mohammedan countries. Of the two
systems, Mr. Innes says: —

The one is the outcome of the struggles of
the restless, fierce peoples of Europe against
each other, each striving for mastery, ruled
by the exigencies of a military organisation.
Crime tended to produce division in the
ranks; it was an offence against the State
to be punished as such by the military Chief,
summarily, cruelly, w-ithout regard to the
feelings or wishes of individuals, a thing to
be suppressed at any cost.

The other was the growth of the life of a
free, pastoral people, coming together in
their villages for seed-time and harvest, or
gathering for markets ; ,at other times scat-
tered over the .scant pastures of Arabia or
Sinai or Egj-pt, following with their flocks
the tracks of the rainstorms, their life a
great solitude, filled with the two mysteries
of the hand of God and the mind of man,
both to be treated with deep reverence, not
rudely to be interfered with.

THE WESTERN B.\1?B.\R0VS, THE E.\ST MERCIFIL.

It is impossible that the East should ac-
cept our principles. The Mohammedan does
not believe in the propriety of punishment
following an offence mechanically, as a sound

follows a blow on a bell. He does not believe
in the efficacy of human punishment. Our
stern sense of justice, meted out with equal
hand, never wavering, never forgiving, pay-
ing little heed to the complex questions of
temperament, environment, temptation, etc.,
strikes the Eastern as s^^imply barbarous. The
man who, though having iust cause for anger,
yet refuses to punish and forgives time after
time, that is the man wlio is the most re-
spected.

Then, b\' a vi\id feat of the historic
imagination, Mr. Tunes shows how much
more entirely Christian the Moslem
system is than that carried out by so-
called Christian nations.

CHINA'S COHESION.

Under this title Ho Heng-Wha writes
in the Repnblicnti Advocate of Clihta,
tracing the inception of China's national
sentiment. The inert mass was practi-
cally ignorant of Japan's victory until
the tax-collecior came to the door: —

Wlieii tlie provinces h:ul to bear part of the
cost of the war and the people had to pay a
heavier tax for the Government's mismanagement
then tho disgrace and humili.ition of being
beaten by a smaller foe were realised. Then the
spark of nation.al sentiment began to glow. When
Japan, goadefl >)y Russia, turned, like the pro-
verbial worm, against the malevolent oppress >r
and laid him low, she not only did herself :•
great benefit, but rendered to China an immense
service. .Tapan was the rlever surgeon who per-
formed the operation of removing the catarart
from China's eyes.

The wo'-k of reconstruction has gone
v.n from that moment, and Russia's in-
terference in Mongolia is resented with
all the indignation of a nation united
for the first time by the common bonds
of patriotism.

The writer bears tribute to the sin-
cerity of this new-born force: —

Our love for our country has tiow been pro-
claimed aa a real and powerful sentiment which
knits every one of us. whether he be a Cantonese,
a Pekingese, a Hunanese or a Yunnaneee. The
sacred f'ames of our cohesion are now blazing
fiercely, and serve as light for us to form a well-
welded country.

Patriotism is based on self-sacrifice and self-
effacement, and in China such sentiment exists
not only among the leaders but among the fol-
lowers. It is not true now that the mass is
inert and lifeless, for whence come the soldiers
but from the mass. Who are readier to lay down
their lives against a common eneni.v than these
noble and brave defenders? In the olden days
what did the people care in keeping up an alien
dynasty. It is different to-day. It is not a
dynasty one has to fight for. but one's own
country, one's own land and one's own home.

LEADING

CAUSES OF INDIAN UNREST.

" Ortlx)dox Hindu " contributes a
sensible article to The Rajpnt Herald
on " The Results of Western Education
and How to Remedy Them." The
"vvriter says : —

" Not only has society been upset by
the mtroduction of Western education
in India, but also the moral side. The
havoc played in the moral life is more
menacing to the consolidation of
nationality than anything else."

The most urgent need is the restric-
tion of those attemptmg to exploit the
law for a livelihood. Of the 1700
students or so who are now in Great
Britain, about 700 of them are in the
Inns. The legal profession in India is
a huge lottery, and very few reap what
the\^ have sown. Under these circum-
stances the majorit}- who are left behind
Tesourceless find themselves face to
face with poverty and penury. Thus
forced, they have to choose between
poverty and notoriety. The latter they
always prefer to the former, and these
disappointed barristers become the
leaders of political associations, dan-
gerous to the peace of the country. To
put the finger in the right spot, if re-
strictions are so imposed that onh' a
proportionate number will become bar-
risters, while others, indrstrialists and
agriculturists, a practical step against
further recruitment to the revolution-
ary camp will be successfull)' taken.

INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA.

In the Modern Reviezi' Manital M.
Doctor contributes " A Few Hasty Im-
pressions " of the treatment accorded
to Indians in Australia, and one is glad
to learn that, apart from minor dis-
abilities, our Indian fellow-students
share " the same privileges as Euro-
peans." Mr. Doctor makes some com-
parisons between South Africa and Aus-
tralia, and pa)-s the latter this tribute:

Australia is, indeed, as .\iiti-Asiatic as the
Transvaal : nay, more, she is even imcomproniis-

ARTICLES

283

iiigly unlike S )utli Africa. But she does not per-
secute, iiijull or annoy those Indians wlio are
already in tlie colony. The so-called " education-
test " was invented by Natal and the Cape Colony,
before the patent wa« copied by Australia, from
whose borrowed lustre the Transvaal got "light"
to draft and redraft her Anti-Asiatic legislation.

IS JAPAN DETERIORATING :>

We do not believe, says Dr. Yujiro
Miyake, in the Japan Magazine, that
Japan is in a condition of de-
cline ; but, like all vital things, in
its upward flight it may have its
moments of dip, in order to soar still
higher. These downward sweeps some
may mistake for exhaustion and de-
cline, but we know that the life of the
nation is supported by a heart stronger
than ever heretofore.

HESITATION AND UNCERTAINTY.

There is no doubt that Japan owes
much of her present fame and pros-
perity to her arm\^ and nav}- ; and yet
already many Japanese are talking of
the spirit of deterioration alleged to be
evident m naval and militar\' circles.
Thev sa\- the military code has been re-
vised 111 accordance with experience
gained in the late war ; that new and
improved guns have been provided, and
the latest models of warship added to
the fleet ; but that in the face of the
recent revolution m China the naval
and military authorities of Japan dis-
pla}-ecl a spirit that can onh' be re-
garded as a sad come-down compared
with that which prevailed during the
conflict with Russia. .V temper of hesita-
tion and uncertainty appeared to con-
trol the policy of the General Staff,
which the nation as a whole is disposed
to deplore.

MEN, NOT MONEY.
Of course, at present Japan has no
prospective enemies, and therefore no
objective of attack. America ma)- be
regarded as a potential opponent by
some, but if so, it is far in the future.

284

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

The same may be said of Russia. And
so the general spirit of army and navy
is one of laissez faire; and it is difficult
to see how the modern policy of in-
creased army divisions can remedy so
vital a defect. It would seem a wiser
policy to devote attention to improve-
ment of quality and personnel than ex-
pansion and outlay. We could, more-
over devote more attention to warship

construction after modern models than
we are doing. England and Germany
are building new navies as the result of
experience in warfare, and we should
follow the policy if not the extent of
the ambition. But our main needs are
men more than money, and spirit more
than ammunition. Our nation should
become more wide awake to prospective
changes and their values.

ANECDOTES OF SIR HERBERT TREE.

The genial actor-manager is a hne
raconteur and has a ready wit. From
the Strand Magazine, in which a chatty
article appears about him, we take some
typical stories.

"One evening, during the run of
' King John,' Tree remarked to a friend
at the Garrick Club : —

" ' Is it not strange that I should be
appearing in two places at once in my
new production ? I shall be on at the
Palace in the cinematograph and at the
same time on the stage at His Majesty's.'

" ' I shall go to the Palace for choice.'
said the candid friend, ' for then I shan't
have to listen to the words.'

" ' You would not understand them if
you did, my friend,' Sir Herbert re-
torted.

" ' Well, no perhaps not, as you
speak 'em.' was the genial reply."

" On one occasion a famous musical
comedy ' star,' a handsome creature, who
was wont to display more of her hand-
some self than of her mediocre talent,
was a counter-attraction on one of Sir
Herbert's visits to Dublin, and someone
said that he could not understand Tree's
poor success, as she had played to
crowded houses.

" ' Ah,' said Tree, ' Art cannot cor.
pete with Nature.' "

HALL CAINE AND TREE.

" No less a personage than Mr. Hall
Caine was once made the butt of one of
Sir Herbert's little jokes. The famous
novelist wished to secure a certain effect
in ' The Eternal City.' Miss Constance
Collier played Roma, and Mr. Caine,

anxious to get powerful effect in a cer-
tain scene she was taking with the late
Robert Taber. said, during a rehearsal :

" ' I once saw a very striking bit of
business. The man picked up the woman
and threw her over his shoulder.'

" Miss Collier looked at him in con-
sternation, for she would be rather a
\^enus de Miloesque person to throw
about.

" ' That reminds me,' said the actor-
manager. ' I saw a play once in which
the hero caught hold of the heroine by
the feet and banged her head on the
floor.'

"'Splendid! A magnificent idea!'
interpolated the enthusiastic author.
' What was the play ?'

"Punch and ludv.' replied Sir Her-
bert."

A HUMOROUS ANSWER TURNETH AWAY
WRATH.

"Sir Herbert knows how to admire
the wit of others. On the occasion of a
new production, preceded by a long
series of rather wearying rehearsals, one
member of the company, who had never
had anything but a small part, spoke in
so weak a voice when his cue came that-
.Sir Herbert asked, in rather a sarcastic

tone : ' What's the matter. Mr. X ?

Are you saving your voice for the open-
ing night ?'

" ' No, Sir Herbert.' was the retort ;
' I've never been able to save anything
under your management.'

" ' Humour is greater than vulgar
truth.' said the manager, and doubled
the actor's salary."

LEADING ARTICLES.

285

BRITISH PREFERENCE IN CANADA.

In the Quarterly Review Edward
Porrit explains the forces that have been
working against Preference since it was
first adopted, and also the forces that
have combined since 1905 to secure its
maintenance, and if possible to extend
it and to widen the market for British
manufacturers in the Dominion. The
interests hostile to Preference are solely
those of the manufacturers. Con-
sumers generally are heartily in
favour of it ; but the only organ-
ised forces that have made any
fight for it are the farmers of Ontario
and the grain-growers of the three west-
ern provinces. The grain-growers will
become a much stronger factor in Dom-
inion politics after the redistribution of
electoral power that is now due follow-
ing the census of 191 o. The prairie
provinces, which now have twenty-seven
members in the House of Commons,
will have at least forty-two after the

redistribution, and, however much the
manufacturers may press for further
curtailment of preference and for in-
creases in the duties in the general list,
any Government, Conservative or Lib-
eral, must pay heed to the growing de-
mand of the \\'est for lower duties in
the general tariff, and for the increase
of the British preference to fifty per
cent. Canada for half a century has
been much influenced by the tariff leg-
islation of the United States. It may
now be assumed that duties in the
American tariff have reached their
climax. The tendency is now in the
direction of lower duties ; and any
general reduction in the duties in the
American tariff, such as is expected at
the coming revision, will react on Can-
ada and strengthen the demand for
freer trade with the United States, and
for further reductions in the duties on
imports from Great Britain.

THE BRAIN THIEF.

The English Reviezv contains a very
notable article from the pen of Haldane
Macfall.

Under the arresting title, " The Brain-
Thief," the writer lays about him and
piles up a goodly heap of slain. ]Mr.
Macfall opens his phillipic in fine
style : —

All the arts arise, flourush, hurst into full
song, and die. They are part of the eternal
mystery of life and death. They have, by
consequence, all the attributes of life and
death. Born in life, rooted in life, their
whole significance being in that they are the
communion, through the senses, to our fel-
low-mcn of the impressions aroused in the
artist hy life, tliey die .as vitality passes.
Their .slayer is academism-- always.

To the writer life itself is impossible
without art, and fierce is his passion of
interpretation : — •

One tiling is denied to Art — it lias no
power not to be Art. The. moment that he
who would essay to utter art attempts to
show the ugly as beautiful, or the beautiful
as ugly, vital art in him is dead — art ceases
to be. The moment that -art attemi)t.s to lie,
it is liideously or prettily a dead thing.

Illustrating his argument with exam-
ples drawn from the history of paint-
ing, he says : —

What further need to follow the rise and
fall of art? The slayer is always aoademism.
Decadence is lalwavs mimicry — iiisinceritv — -
the art of the Braiii-Thief. the Brain-Tliief
is the filoher of the genius of another ; had
he the gift to create he would not need to
thieve. The Brain-Tlidef is the assassin of
art. . . . The Brain-Thief is [honoured by
the State. He is kiiiglited and belauded and
banqueted, and pours forth his unwisdom.
80 Art gathers up her skii-ts, buries her
face in her mantle, and departs. She dare
scarcely speak — for the Censor ; slie is sliouted
down when .?(lie speaks — by the censorious.
The Brain-Thief ever filches all the viirtues.

What an appalling state of affiaire!

Yet Art is the most vital function to a
])eople — more vital than parliaments or
l)rinccs or bis]ioi)s or editors. It is the voice
of Art tliiat impels the peo})le t-o tlie highast
<lestiny and to their fullest fulfilment. \\'itli-
out tb<^ arts of oratory, of liberature. of the
(communion of the as])irations and feelings
of our fellow-men. we were little alxive the
beasts.

Mr. Macfall is stimulating, and we
may be permitted to hope that the seed
will not fall on stony ground.

286

REVIEW' OF REVIEWS.

HOME RULE.

That Home Rule must come, but that
Ireland is not yet ready for it, is the
opinion of Richard FitzWalter, writing
in the British Review. The root of the
Irish trouble is the utter want of sym-
pathy between the gentry and the
peasantry : —

In Ireland the gentry is verj' new ; and
certainly the peasantry is a very old one.
Day by day the line of cleavage between
the two classes is becoming more marked.
As new and wider interests arise for the
people the older ones lose their force. Those
older interests were to a certain extent
shared by gentry and peasantry alike, be-
cause they were very narrow.

Ireland is only just beginning to
realise that she has strength, and she
mav make wrong use of it : —

The people are beginning to see directions
in which they can strike out. But the evils
of the past cannot be undone all at once.
Care and sympathetic handling are necessary
in feeding a starved man. There are not
wanting signs that ugly licence may grow up
where liberty has been sown.

Sympathy is what is wanted, and the
gentry must try and work with the
people. The Catholic gentry are as
bad as the Protestant in their lack of
consideration, and are held to a certain
extent in less esteem by the people.

Much could be done by efforts to im-
prove the conditions of the people.
Drink and lunacy flourish. " To a town
of 10,000 inhabitants there are 120 pub-
lic-houses all doing well. Over every
second miserable bedraggled shop there
seems to be some legend about " beer
and spirits." Just outside the same
town is the lunatic asylum containing
700 or 800 out of a district population
of 150,000."

The Irish upper classes give no assist-
ance, however, to tlrose who are endeav-
ouring to improve these conditions.

Unless something is first done to in-
crease the sympatliN' between the gentry
and the people, the writer fears Home
Rule ma}- lead to disastrous results.

THE THEOSOPHICAL AND PSYCHIC.

C. Spurgeon Medhurst contributes an
article on " The Rebirth of China " to
the Theosophist, in which he sounds a
note of warning to the missionaries.
China, he says, has awakened and is
rapidly taking on the forms of many
Western institutions and is making
drastic changes without the necessary
underlying idealism and power to carry
them through. The missionaries are still
the centre from which the ideas now in
demand can be most easily tapped ;
their opportunities are unique, but, as
on other occasions, the opportune
moment will probably slip away with
most of its gifts unused. He urges
Theosophists to render aid in assisting
China through the stage of adolescence
to mature manhood. Marguerite Pol-
lard continues her paper on " Theoso-
phical Ideals in Poetry." and deals with
the poetry of Meredith and Francis
Thompson. In a paper on " The Joys
of India " Elisabeth Severs sings a song
of praise to a land where religion is joy.

The Psychic Gazette for February
contains an account of a boy of nine

who has the most woiitlerful command
o\er dates ; he can tell the day of the
week of any date in any year, no matter
how far back. This " Living Calendar '
is delicate, cannot read or write, and can
only do the simplest sums in arithmetic,
and yet invariably gives the correct an-
swer when catechised on the calendar,
and seemingly without an)- effort on his
part.

In the International Theosophical
Chronicle are two articles dealing with
the "child." one by R. Machell on right
education and training, under the title of
" Prison Builders," and another by H.
T. Edge on " Theosophy and Eugenics."
in which he condemns endless talk and
endeavour to escape the penalt\- without
repairing the negligence, and pleads for
the ideal ; he maintains that the force
for improvement should come from
within ; each individual can cherish
high ideals and help to propagate them,
thus aiding in the true creation of the
human race.

The Occult Review contains man\- in-
teresting articles, one by John D. Leckie

LEADING ARTICLES.

287

on " The Virtues of Precious Stones,"
in which he tells of the effect produced
by placing various minerals on a woman
in a clairvoyant condition. Iceland
crystal and sapphire seemed to have
aided her clairvoyant powers to a

greater degree than an\- other minerals.
W. P. Swainson contributes a paper on
" Thomas Lake Harris : His Life and
Philosophy," and M. S. gives a vivid
picture of the powers of the Indian
" Yoei " and " Fakir."

POETRY AND MUSIC.

VERSES FROM JAPAN.

A feature of the February number of

the Open Court is the translations of

Japanese verse by the late Arthur Lloyd.

The selection covers a very wide range.

We quote three examples in order to

show their beauty and merit : — ■

Think of eternity, pa.st and to c<jme,

And life is buo as when a man e.scape«

A fleeting shower beneath some sheltering

roof.

Sogi, 1421-1,502.
The year ga-ows old, the well-worn winter

robe.s
Oome from their camphor che.st, and, in their

stead,
In go the light spring dresses; bnt. ala.s!
Tlie spring joy goes in with them.

Ddurin.
God? Can I paint that which I cannot .see
Nor comprehend — the vaguely Infinite,
Beyond all hunnan ken, oi- woird, or thought ?
Yet from tlie known we figure the unknown.
And shadow forth the shadowless ; and thus
God is the lieart that loves — the lover's heart.
That looks and yearns for .sweet return of

love ;
The husband's heart, tliat. mukes companion-
ship
With her whose luand lie holds and calls his

own ;
The father's heart, that careth for ihis son.
Watching his growth with fond paternal

pride.

And lovers, parting, oft-times interchange
Twin trinkets, tokens of a eomnion love,
And each one, gazing on the thing he wears,
" My love," says he, " beyond the cold grey

sea.
Wears the twain felloiw of this ring I wear,
And, gazing, thinks of me as I of her :
By this I know our aiv.sent love holds good."
Such is the thing that men have christened

Faith.

THE POET IN THE BACK
STREET.S.

To improve on the ancients is some-
what difficult, but there is always room
for the new. The Brlt'isJi Revieiv prints
a selection of verse by J. C. Squire
under the above title, we reprint to-
gether with the first two verses, which
present a fair indication of the new
style : —

Down Lupus Strei-t there is a little pul)..
And there there worked a little bright-
haired maiden,
Mornings the furTiiture she had to scrub,
Evenings she'd walk about with pewters

laden ;
But still she .sang as did the birds in Eden :
In fact, you would have said that there was

no
More cheerful barmaid in all Pimlico.

She had eleven brothers and a sister.

A mother wlio had rheumatism bad.
And when she left o" mornings how they
ini.ssed her.
And when she stayed o' Sundays weren't

they glad ;
No other helj) or maintenance they had.
So that their mother often .said, " God pink

'em.
Lucky for them Flo makes a decent income."

A PEACE SONATA.

In an article in a recent number
of the Musical Times, headed " Real
Programme Music," IMr. Claude Aveling
describes a musical work composed by
Louis Jansen to celebrate the peace
negotiations of 1801, which formed the
basis of the Treaty of Amiens in the fol-
lowing )-ear. The composition, which is
in the form of a sonata for the piano-
forte, is entitled " Peace," and is dedi-
cated to Lord Hawkesbury, our Foreign
Secretary. Opening with " The Negotia-
tion," we ha\e the alternation of the tunes
"Rule, Britannia!" and the "Marseil-
laise," then a messenger's journey to
Calais and back is supposed to be de-
scribed ; ne.xt comes a conference be-
tween Lord Hawkesbury and M. Otto,
the French envoy, and finally the two
representatives sign their names. After
" God Save the King !" has been played
the Lord Ma^'or is sought out to read
Lord IIawkesbur\'s letter, copies are
posted against the Mansion House, and
great rejoicing ensues among the Peace
party. The \Var part}- protest, and the
sonata replies with the " Ratification and
Rejoicing," illustrated b}- roaring
cannon and clanging bells.

288

HISTORY OF THE MONTH IN

CARICATURE.

Oh, wad some Power the giftie gie us
To see oursels as ithers see us. — Burns.

[Stuttgart.

W'alirv Jdfob.]

ASH WKDNBSD.W. 1913.

CAPTAIN KOPENICK. AIAAS WOLTER. IN

STRASSBURO.
KONIGSBERG : "Who is that?"

Strassburg : " The earrison has been turned
out as ordered. We await your Majesty on the
Polygon with the ?reat«et enthusiasm."
" .\il turned <iut ! You must be drunk!"

KUiddvnidatsch.'] [Berlin.

THE BALKAN GORDIAN KNOT ANT> EURO-
PEAN DIPIX>MAOY.
Always new knots! Always new knots! It is no
use cutting through one of therm.

The amusing episode of the hoaxing
of the garrison at Strassburg, by means
of a telegram purporting to come fron>
the Kaiser, sa)'ing he would reach the
parade-ground at a certain hour, and
desired the whole garrison to be there
for inspection, has come as a boon to
rartoonists surfeited with the Balkan
War and the European situation. They
made the most of it. The wild rumour
of German airships being seen over
England has also afforded Continental

Lustioe Bldffcr.] [Berlin.

THE PHANTOM AIRSHIP.

Hamlet: "Do you see yonder cloud that'i
almost in shape orf a ca.mel ?"

PoLONirs ; "By the mass, and 'tis a camel in-
deed."

Ham. : " Methinks it is like a weasel."

Pol.: "It is back'd like a weasel."

Ham. : " Or like a whale? '

Pol.: " Very like a whale; but, besides, they all
look like German airships." — {Hamlet, Act III.,
Scene 2)

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

289

THE STRASSBURG EPISODE.
Behold the prestige of the Unifo

[Vienna,
•m!

Vlk.^ [Berlin.

THE S'USPICIOUS STRASSBURGER.

The Kaiser : " Wliy don't you salute?"'
Lieutenant: "Ha. ha! you look exactly like the

Kaiser — hut we are not going to be done like

that twice."

Ber Wahre Jaco-b.l [Stuttgart.

T-HE VULTURE O.F BANKRUPTCY.
The Powers at a Magic Lantern Entertainment.

/•;;,■.].. [Berlin.

THE UNATTAIN.IBLE LAND.

" What are you playing to-day, Madame
Rejaue?"
" I am giving ' L'Alsace ' again."
" No, we will not give it ibaek) again."

290

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Gliihlichter.'] [Vienna

A SOOIALISr MONARCHY IN SPAIN.

" The Monarchy must al»o do something to
assist social evolution."

" Yes, Sire, abdicate "

.cartoonists a good deal of relaxation
The cruel competition in armaments is
shown in many sketches, one of the best
appearing in Der Wahre Jacob, in which
the Powers are regarding the Vulture of
Bankruptcy which surel\- has its eve on
some of them. The same paper depicts

Le liire.^ " BV THK l.KFT, DRESS'' ''Paris.

\ parade of the Prenrh PresicJents from Thiers

to Poinoarfi.

War .md Capital trying to push Madam
Europa's car over the i)feci])ice into the

Mir.ncapoUi Journal ]

WIPrXi; IT OFF THK MVP.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

igi

mi

^ :•• ,-.-

•"^x .^'

'^€.,^.,

C}^arivari.^ [Paris

GERMANY'S MILITARY IXCREASE.

Peace (to the German dog): "If you persist in
showing your teeth. I must ask your comrades
to bring you to reason."

Lustige Blatter.'] [Berlin

THE LIVING CORPSE.

"Do you want anything more, Mahommed.^"

I'll- ] 1 Berlin

THE BRILLIANT AKMOUIL ,>,r U ahrr Jacob.]

Germania ; "Stop. Bethnianii. If you add miu'li
more I shall be suffocated by my iron corset." ^M11 they push it over?

[Stuttgart.

292

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

abyss of conflict, whilst the chauffeur,
Peace, is fast asleep. Ulk is typical of
the general way in which the German
papers regard the immense increase in
the war expenditure, and shows the
Chancellor rivetting yet another armour
plate on to a ])rotesting Germania.
Kladderadatsch depicts him trying
vainly to unravel the Gordian knot of
the Balkans. The Parisian Charivari
suggests, rather too hopefully, that Ger-
many may be induced to reduce her ar-
maments by the other Powers. Most of
the events set forth in the war cartoons
have been so much anticipated by the
cables as to appear very out of date.
Kladderadatsch' s skit on the way in
which the Sultan acquiesced in the re-
cent revolution is clever enough For

H'estmi'nstcr Oci^ffte.j

AFTER BIG GAME

%d~;.*:.^' '^'^>^.^ '^ ,^^^^^ ' Xy^

MONGOLIA'S DREAM.

the first time a King of Spain received
a republican in audience, which is the
occasion for the cartoon in Gliihlkhter.
Le Rtre, whose series of caricatures of
famous men were very cruel, but most
clever, has made the row of French
Presidents look as ridiculous as possible.
The recent innovation of having some
policemen in Berlin who were supposed
to be able to speak English has given
rise to a good deal of fun. The police-
man would hardly have made the mis-
take indicated had an Australian been
speaking ! Mongolia may well dream,
uneasily with the fate of Korea in his
mind, but it is Russia, not Japan, who
will hold the halter in his case.

ru.-.]..

PANAMA CANAL.

fBerlin

While all the uationa are fighting each other far away in Turkey, the canal can be fortified

with the ereateat ease.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

!93

Le Charivari.^ [Paris

THE DRAMA BEGINS AGAIN.
The Allies- "Now we can begin again. We
were only awaiting the arrival of General fon
der Goltz, the great organiser of the debacle."

Klnddcradat><ch.] [Berlin.

His Majesty the Supreme Ruler of all the Mos-
lems has graciously agreed to appoint Mahmud
Shefket Pa«ha as Chief Vizier.

Le Eire.] p^^YMO'NT> POINOARE.

President of the French Republic.

fParis

Lvstioo Blatter.'\ [Berlin

THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING POLICEMAN.

Lord Bu.mfiddle: "Make haste, sir! That man
hay taken my purse."

" No hurry, my lord. I must first find out what
' meek ' means."

294

WHERE WOMEN HAVE THE VOTE

AND MORE.

PERSONAL EXPERIENCE OF WOMEN'S
FRANCHISE IN FINLAND.

I.-BY DR. TEKLA HULTIN. M.P.

The question of woman suffrage was
settled in Finland in 1906 by a law in-
troducing universal suffrage for men
and women on equal terms. This re-
form was due to a spontaneous political
demonstration of public ooinion in
1905, in which the whole Finnish people
too part. It would not, however, be cor-
rect to consider the Finnish women's
political enfranchisement as the casual
production of a sudden movement or of
a revolution, as it has sometimes been
called. The fact is, that the way for
this reform was prepared long before,
partly by public discussion, but princi-
pally by the fact that for a long time
widespread co-operation between women
and men had existed in social and, dur-
ing the hard years of 1899-1905, even in
political work.

A REWARD FOR PATRIOTISM.

\\'omen's suffrage was generally
looked upon as the natural consequence
of granting suffrage to all men, and it
was publicly declared to be a reward
for the patriotism which the women had
shown in times of general oppression.
It is further to be noted that the Finnish
Parliament or Diet, as it is called, which
in 1906 passed the reform, was at that
time a class representation of medieval
type, which Finland had inherited from
its union with Sweden from the twefth
to the eighteenth century. In that as-
sembly, consisting of the representatives
of the nobility, the clergy, the burghers
or citizens of the towns, and the pea-
santry, not a single voice was raised
against the proposal to include women
in the universal suffrage. The F'nnish

women thus escaped the painful neces-
sity of hearing men debate the question
whether " woman's predestination " per-
mitted her to drop a voting paper into
a ballot box. Nor was any lear ex-
pressed that the vote would unsex
women or produce a general sex-war.
The same law which introduced the uni-
versal suffrage changed thoroughl)- the
form of representation ; instead of four
orders of estates, each meeting sepa-
ratel)', the country was to be represented
by one chamber consisting of two hun-
dred members.

HOW THE WOMEN NOTE.
As to the question so often asked :
" How far have women used their right
of voting?" 1 consider that the Finnish
women have done their dut\'. I'hey
have crowded to the polls in nearly as
large numbers as the men. Out of all
the women inscribed on the voting regis-
ter, 54. 8-60 5 per cent, have taken part
in the last four elections, while the per-
centages of the male voters varied be-
tween 649 and 705. The presumption
that women are devoid of i:!olitical
intere:-t has thus been disproved.

GENUINE CO-OPERATION.
Opponents of women's suffrage often
express the fear that all women electors
misfht form a block, which b\- their
majority of votes, as there are more
women than men in most countries,
could dominate the elections. At any
rate in Finland this fear has shown it-
self quite unfounded. Women voters,
although there are about 60.COO more
than men on the voting registers, have
rot used their majority to secure power

WHERE WOMEN HAVE THE VOTE.

295

for themselves. In fact, there has been
no question at all of forming a block
or any special Woman's Party. Such
an idea would seem absurd to the Fin-
nish mind, as bemg both against nature
and common-sense. In Finland the
male and female electors do not form
two rival armies. Co-operation has
existed in all the political parties be-
tween men and women. The Finnish
women have voted for the various exist-
ing political parties in quite the same
proportion as the men. The granting
of woman's suffrage has caused no
change in the proportional strength of
the respective political parties. This is
the general opinion in Finland.

THE WOMEN M.P.'S.
Every citizen in Finland of 24 years
is entitled to vote, and is also eligible
as a member of the Diet. It was natu-
ral that this privilege should spur on
the women to nominate candidates of
their own sex for the purpose of bring-
ing forward their especial wants in the
Diet. But the women voters never
had a thought of carrying their de-
mands through Parliament by a major-
ity of women representatives. They
had common-sense enough to admit that
men until now, by education and pro-
fession, are generally more trained for
legislative work than women. Besides,
they felt assured that even a smaller
number of women, when taking part
personall)' in legislation, could easily
convince men of the justice of their
demands. Proportionately few women,
too, have been willing to undertake the
responsible task of law-making. The
number of women M.P.'s has varied in
the different elections, being now 14, or
7 per cent, of the whole. Most of them
have been re-elected several times by
their parties, and not only by the voters
of women, but also of men. Some
have been obliged to resign on account
of health or other j^ersonal reasons.

In comparison willi the whole num-
ber of representatives, 200, the number
of women M.P.'s is small, but the result
gained by Finnish women is still the
greatest achievement in any countr\'
where women are eligible as members of
Parliament.

LESS VOLUBLE THAN MEN.

Many people wonder what the women
do in the Finnish Diet. I cannot find
any better answer than this : exactly the
same as the men. They serve on nume-
rous Parliamentary committees, and not
only committees dealing with moral and
social questions, but also with common
as well as fundamental law, labour,
commerce, communications, finance, etc.,
They take part in the discussions and
endeavour m every way honesth' to
fulfil their duties. As there is co-opera-
tion on every question, it is impossible
to specify exactly what is clone by
women and what by men. Women,
whose experience of Parliamentary life
is limited to only six years, do not ex-
pect to be compared with veterans in
legislation, but I think I shall not lay
myself open to contradiction when I
say that the general standard of capac-
ity of the new elements brought in by
the franchise reform is as high among
women as among men. Statistics have
proved that women attend the sittings
more regularly and — what, perhaps, is
surprising — speak less than men. Good
comradeship and mutual confidence are
the prevailing features of the relations
between men and women while working
together in the Diet.

The women representatives have con-
sidered it their especial duty to work
for the improvement of the position of
women in legal and economic respects.
Many proposals brought in b\- them
have had a humanitarian purpose or
aimed at the improvement of moral and
social life. Besides, they have not
lacked interest in the great political
questions of their country. It is clear
that the Bills introduced by women, as
they are in a minorit}-, can onl}' be
passed by the support of men, but the
knowledge that the women are backed
by a numerous class of voters causes
their proposals to be regarded far more
seriously than formerly.

A MUCH-DISSOLVED PARL'A^IENT.
It must be remembered that the Fin-
nish Diet, after the introduction of the
suffrage reform, has been working in an
extremely difficult j-iolitical situation.
During six years it has been dissolved

290

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

four times, and five elections have taken
place. The Diet has been obliged to use
much valuable time during its short
sessions for the defence of the consti-
tutional rights of the people, on which
all parties in Finland are unanimous.
Many of the Bills passed by the Diet
have not been sanctioned or have been
set aside. In fact, the present Russo-
Finnish conflict has paralysed all sound

development in the countr\ . All this is
to be considered when estimating the
work of the Diet as well as that of its
women members. The most important
effect of the introduction of universal
suffrage is, however, that all classes of
the people, men and women, now per-
fectly realise that the welfare of the
nation depends, in the first place, upon
the maintenance of its self-government.

II.-BY MISS EDITH SELLERS.

A very different account of the re-
sults of female suffrage in the land of
the Finns is given by Miss Sellers in
the Nineteenth Century and Aft^.
Miss Sellers, who lived for ten )ears in
Finland, has been residmg recently in
her native England, but went specially
to Helsingiors not long ago to see how
female suffrage was affecting the Fin-
nish people. She has returned much
disappointed and disillusioned ; the
right to vote she thinks has added little
or nothing to the happiness and con-
tentment, not to mention usefulness of
women in Finland. In fact, she con-
siders that they are rather the worse for
having this privilege, and says that
there is no doubt about politically-
minded wives and mothers neglecting
their households and babies rather
shamefully. She declares that the sec-
tion of the Diet which comprises women
is of a heterogeneous character, and
includes those who have lived in domes-
tic service. Indeed, the servants in a
house nowada)'s hold their heads higher
than their mistresses, and refuse to cook
or serve a dinner if they can get a
chance of attending a public meeting
for the purpose of either listening or
speaking.

SWEET REASONABLENESS LOST.

According to the men and women
amongst whom Miss Sellers made en-
quiries, and according, too, to her own
observation, since female suffrage came
into force a fairly large section of town-
dwelling Finnish women have lost con-
siderable in what one might, perhaps,
call " sweet reasonableness." They are
now so keenly alive to their own rights
that they are apt to forget that other

folk have rights, and that they them-
selves have duties. The}- have lost in
balance, too ; politics are for them now
the be-all and end-all of life ; they
have not a thought in their heads for
any other subject, excepting perhaps
feminism. They seem never quite happy
unless at a public meeting, listening to
political discourses, or, better still, de-
livering them. No political question is
too complex for them to deal with in
their present frame of mind ; they will
produce at a moment's notice solutions
for problems which have baffled states-
men for \ears ; and will start off on lec-
turing tours at the slightest provoca-
tion. They are much more eager to be
out in the world than in their own
houses ; home-life, indeed, has lost all
attraction for them.

BABIES AT A DISCOUNT.

They would rather work the whole
day in an office than spend a couple of
hours setting their own houses in order.
Some of them go so far as to hold that
it better befits them, as full-blown citi-
zens, to issue railway tickets, or sort
letters, than to tend their own babies.
Babies, indeed, are rather at a discount
among them in this our day. The
opinion is gaining ground rapidly that,
when once they are born, it is for the
State to look after them, not their own
mothers. . . . There is no outside
work they will not do, and for starva-
tion wages — nay, for no wages at all — •
even though they themselves be half-
starved. They are practically never at
rest ; early and late they are on the go,
to the detriment, of course, of their
nerves, and through them of their health
and much besides.

WHERE WOMEN HAVE THE VOTE.

297

" Now, rightly or wrongly, they who
talk in this strain hold that the change
which has undoubtedly come over many
Fmnish women since they have had
votes is due chiefly, although, of course
not solely, to their having votes. They
hold, too, that the change is a change
for the worse all round, one fraught
with danger to the whole community.
And they point to recent Finnish statis-
tics as proof that, in sjieaking thus, they
are speaking advisedly."

THE SERVANT PROBLEM.

The change has been most apparent
in the attitude taken by domestic ser-
vants. I have heard from mistresses,
indeed, such heart-rending stories of all
that they have to suffer at the hands of

their maids that the wonder to me is
that they have maids — I would send for
Chinamen. It is not even a case of all-
round equality now, according to them,
but rather of the suj^eriority of the
servers to the served. A mistress may
be left " to do " for herself all the day
together, if any debate of special inter-
est to those who are supposed " to do "
for her is being held in Parliament. Be-
fore hxing a day for a friend to pay
her a visit she must ahvays take counsel
with her cook, lest this visit should clash
wath some visit the cook intends pay-
ing, or some entertainment to which she
has arranged to go. Woe betide the
lady who, through a mistaken sense of
duty, should venture to remonstrate,
were her maid, out for the day, to re-
main out also for the night."

FIXL\XD&' IXDEPENDENCE DAY: THE ItEPORM GATHERING AT HET.SINOFORS.

ON NOVEMBBW 1. 1905.

(This gathering iti front of the Senate led to tlie change of policy on the part of the Tsar.)

298

FINANCIAL AND BUSINESS QUARTER.

CONDUCTED BY ALEX. JOBSOX, A.I.A.

HUDDART PARKER LIMITED.

So far as the first year of this steam-
ship company is concerned, the antici-
pations of the prospectus of December,
191 1, about profits, have been justified.
The auditors in that document certified
that the average yearly profits for the
June (191 0 quinquennium were ;£"7i,7i3,
which amount the December, 191 2,
period has exceeded by earning
^74,673, before writing off ;6^4969 flota-
tion expenses and ^^315 for auditors'
fees. The actual earnings were, however,
much more than this. x-\n insurance
fund of ;^ 1 6,709 was created during the
year, and the initial reserve fund was
increased b)' ;^I404 to over ;{^3350.
These accretions, about ;^ 18,600, pre-
sumably came out of the profits, so that
the total net earnings apparentl}' ex-
ceeded i^93,ooo.

* # *

This is certainl}' satisfactory, especi-
ally as the year's expenditure was
largely increased by awards by arbitra-
tion courts and wages boards. The
directors met some of this growth b}-
raising fares and freights, and in addi-
tion were able to augment the gross
earnings somewhat by using their own
boats where formerly chartering had
been necessar)'. Had the Board been
able to use all the new funds of
iJ'250,000 brought in by the flotation, no
doubt the results would have been still
better, but as it is thev were good.

After setting aside ;^iS,6oo to reserve
and writing off the formation expenses,
the profit permitted ;^6 1,250 being paid
away in dividends (6 per cent, prefer-
ence, and 7 per cent, ordinary), and the
carrying forward of about ;^8oco. This
is not much, but then the company has
in addition to its insurance and reserve
funds a special reserve of £^30,000 for
contingencies, depreciation, repairs, etc.
This reserve, which from its title
scarcely appears to be a genuine one,

but rather provision for depreciation,
etc., not written off, is ;^28,ooo below its
total at formation, a decline unex-
plained in the report. Depreciation actu-
ally written off no doubt accounts for
some of the decrease, but the payment
of the July, 191 1, dividend included in
the formation total also was in part

responsible.

* * ♦

The object of the flotation was osten-
sibly to build more ships to cater for
the growth in Australian and Xew Zea-
land trade, but apparent!)' this policy
of expansion has not yet been begun.
The report does not mention the mat-
ter, but the chairman, at the meeting,
said that tenders for a boat for the Mel-
bourne-Launceston trade had been
called, but the prices were so high that
the idea had to be abandoned for the
present. This explains, in a measure,
the absence of any marked growth in
the steamer plant, etc., freehold proper-
ties, and shares in other companies' as-
sets grouped in one total, ;^657,ooo.
The prospectus showed these assets and
coal stocks and stores, now ;^32,ooo, in
one total of about i^68o,oco, so that the
increase for the year was only ;^io,ooo.
The new capital for the most part went
to swell the Government securities, fixed
deposits, and other investments, which
rose by nearly ;^ 1 60,000 to ;^43 2,000.
The remaining funds, with about
i, 1 6,000 accruing from a joint reduc-
tion of that sum in sundr\' debtors to
;if86,coo, and cash to i^ 11,000, brought
the liabilities down to under ;£^i 25,000,
consisting of shareholders' deposits,
;658,OGO, and sundr)- creditors. ;;^65,700.
» * *

There is a market for the company's
shares, both in Melbourne and in Syd-
ney, which is a distinct advantage to in-
vestors. Sellers of the 6 per cent, cumu-
lative preference shares (500.000 full)-

FINANCE AND BUSINESS

299

paid io £-i) are at the time of writin-^-
asking 22s. 3d., on which the return is
i^5 6s. per cent. This is probably about
a minimum yield, for the preference
holders have no interest in the assets
after payment of their dividends and
their capital. They have, however, a
comfortable margin of security, for the
excess of assets over preference ca|)ital
is ;£'5 28,000. This belongs to the ordi-
nary shares (500,000, £1 fully paid),
and is just over 21s. i:)er share Pur-
chasers at the current selling ijrice, 22s.

gd. (yielding £6 3s. per cent.) are ac-
cordingly paying very little for good-
will and internal reserves. The essence
of the investment lies, however, not so
much in what the year 191 2 earned as in
what the profits will be when the busi-
ness expansion meditated in the pros-
pectus has become a fact. The company
has over ^^"400,000 in funds available
for that expansion, and should have no
great difficulty in putting it to a profit-
able use, which makes the ordinary
shares rather attractive buying.

THE PERPETUAL TRUSTEE CO. LTD. (N.S.W.).

With each successive year this trustee
company steadily increases its financial
strength. At the beginning of the )-ear
1900 its reserves did not amount to
more than ;^ 16,700, while its net pro-
fits for that year were only about ;£4500.
At December, 191 2, however, the re-
serves had risen to over ^^90,000, and
the net earnings exceeded ;^ 1 4,300.
Though this growth is decidedly satis-
factory from a security point of view,
there are shareholders who feel that
that viewpoint has received rather much
consideration. The}' argue that there is
not the necessity for reserves of over
^90,000 while the paid-up capital is
only i,\c;o,ooo, and that portion of such
reserves might with safety be capital-
ised to ma <e the £\o shares paid up
to a larger sum than the present lOs.
They further contend that more might
be paid away in dividends. This con-
tention, quite a common one with share-
holders, is no doubt based on past re-
sults. In the period of thirteen years
compared above, the aggregate earnings
were over X 110,000, and of this the
shareholders received only ^^36,500 in
dividends, less than one-half of the
amount added to the reserves.
* ' * *

Fortunately, however, the policy of
the Board is not governed by such
views. That policy is firmly founded
on the paramount principle of security,
a principle not in keeping with generous
dividend distributions. Neither is it
consonant with a solid capitalisation of
reserves, for payment of uncalled capi-

tal by such a method necessarily reduces
the reserve power inherent in the un-
called liability on the shares. It may
seem hard for the shareholders to see
the reserves receiving the greater part of
the earnings, but after all security is
absolutely the first consideration in any
business, and especially is it in a trustee
company. Such a concern must be
strong be)'ond criticism, and its man-
ag-ement cannot afford to weaken its
reserves in any degree whatever.

The net earnings of ^,14,344 last year
were about iJ"900 less than those of
191 1, but then the profit for that period
was a record. That there should have
been a decline at all seems rather
strange, for there was a very solid
growth of nearly ;^940,ooo in the trust
business to over /:9,790,ooo, which
would suggest an increased profit and
not a reduced one. The reason for this
and other movements in the earnings,
irrespective of the trust business growth,
might v>'ith advantage be explained by
the directors in their reports.

The appropriation of the year's pro-
fits, after X'2637 had been added to the
reserved commission account, was much
the same as usual. The dividend was
the ordinary 10 per cent, per annum,
requiring ^,5000, while a like sum was
added to the reserve fund, ^'looo to the
dividend equalisation account, and the
balance to the profit and loss account.

300

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

The company's financial position is
an excellent one, for not only are the
reserves extensive, but the assets of
iS^ 1 45,000, about i, 1 0,000 greater on the
year, are of good quality. There is, of
course, the Treasur\' deposit of £^20,000
and the premises assets of ;£^i 5,000,
neither of which has been changed
The mortgages, however, rose by
LT/OO to i^82,ioo, the cash by ;i^i300 to
;^26,400, while the sundry debtors,
;^I400, are ;£^26o more. The company
owes practically nothing, for its sundry
creditors do not amount to ;£^30, so that
the shareholders virtually own the
whole of the assets and their proportion
per share in the surplus assets, securing
the paid-up capital of ;^50,000 (100,000
;^io shares paid up to lOs.), and re-

serves ;^90,000, is over 28s. per share.
Large though this may be, sellers of
the shares are content to ask a much
lower price, 19s. gd., a discount of about
8s. The heav)- uncalled liability of £(^
I OS. per share is no doubt responsible,
but the most important factor is prob-
abl\- the yield of 5 per cent., which
apparent 1\- is the lowest investors care
to accept at present. The risk of the
uncalled capital being asked for is not
a serious one, for the business is well
managed by experienced and capable
officers who do not take any risks.
Moreover, the company could onh' make
a serious loss through maladministra-
tion of its trust funds, a contingency
possible, but not ver)' probable.

WUNDERLICH'S LIMITED.

The past year has been easily the best
this company has enjoyed, for its net
profits for the February. 191 3, period
exceeded ;£^34,ooo, an increase of about
^,'3600 over those of 191 2, the best year
previously. The actual earnings no
doubt were much larger than these, for
the company does not show all that it
earns. Moreover, the profits it discloses
are only shown after deducting the
special bonuses payable to the directors
under the Articles of Association. The
result of the year's trading has not in-
fluenced directors to increase the divi-
dend rates, for the preference share-
holders got their usual 7 per cent., and
the ordinary shareholders 10 per cent.,
after which there remained over ^19,000
to be added to reserves, raising them to
i^6i,6oo.

There was a growth of nearly i^24,coo
in the assets during the period to over
;^287,ooo. Virtually, the greater por-
tion of these extra funds was contribu-
ted by the profits, for the company's
liabilities did not rise by more than
;^5000 to ^^56,000. The manner of dis-
tribution of these new funds indicates
in a measure the growth of the com-
pany's business during the period. More
property was required, and accordingly
£^000 more was added to freehold land
and buildings, raising it to ^^60,500.

Additional plant and machinery was
needed, and a further ^^^5400 was spent
on this account, making the assets
£'39,400. This figure, it may be noted,
is shown after deducting depreciation
reserves, the amount of which is not
stated. More money went into stocks
and work in progress, X67.700, a rise of
nearly ;£"i 2,000 in the )'ear, while the
book debts (less provision for bad and
doubtful debts) grew by £dfOQO to
almost ;^40,ooo. It does not necessarily
follow that the business really made
solid progress because of heavier stocks
and book debts, but these matters are
under the control of directors, and as
their attitude general!)' has been a con-
servative one, there is little fear that the
business has been overstocked, or that
book debts are not as good as they

should be.

^ » ♦

The minor assets have on the whole
been reduced by about ;^5000. There
was a drop of £goo on the leaseholds
to iJ"96oo, and another of ;^I900 in the
catalogues, stationery, etc., to ;£"3400,
while the cash in hand has fallen away
by £2^00 to i^ 1 3,000.

« * »

The liabilities are, as usual, grouped
in one total, sundry creditors, accept-

THE COLONIAL BANK OF AUSTRALASIA LIMITED, j;

The FORTIETH REPORT of the DIRECTORS of
THE OOliOXIAL BANK OP AUSTRAI/.VSIA LIMITED,
To be Presented to the Shareholdera at the Fortieth Ordinary General MEETING, to be held a.t,
the Bank, 126 Elizal)eth Street, at Noon on Tuesday, 29th April, 1913.
The Directors beg to submit to the Shareholders their Fortieth Report, with a Balance Sheet
and Statement of Profit and Loss for the Half Year ended 31st March, 1913, duly audited.

After providing for Expenses of Management, Interest Accrued on Deposits, Rebate on Bills
Current, Tax on Note Circulation, Income Tax, Land Taxes, and making provision for Bad and

Doubtful Debts, the net profit amounted to £29,002 4 8

Brought forward from 30th September, 1912 6,266 18 3

■Which the Directors propose to apportion as follows, viz. :— £35,269 2 11

Dividend at the rate of 7 per cent, per annum on Preference Shares £10,641 10 9

Dividend at the rate of 7 per cent, per annum on Ordinary Shares 4,733 5 6

To Reserve Fund (making it £200,000) 10,000 0 0

To Reduction of Bank Premises 5,000 0 0

To Officers' Provident Fund 1,000 0 0

Balan<e carried forward 3,894 6 3

£35,269 2 11
The Dividend will be payable at the Head Office on and after 30th April, and at the Branches
on receipt of advice.

The Fortieth Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders will be held at the Head Office of the
0^>mpany, 126 Elizabeth Street. Melbourne, on Tuesday, the 29th day of April, 1913, at noon.

By order of the Board, 8ELBY PAXTON.

Melbourne, 18th April, 1913. General Manager.

BALANCE S.HE1BT of THE OOiLONIAL
■For the Half Year Endiiis 31st March. 1913. (

Dr.
To Capital Paid Up,

VIZ. : —

31,184 Preference

Shares paid in

cash to £9 15s.

per share . . . . £304,044 0 0
77,278 Ordinary

Shares paid in

cash to £1 153.

per share . .. 135,236 10 0

Reserve Fund
Profit and Loss

£439.280 10

200.000 0

20,269 2

0
0

11

Notes in Circulation

Bills in Circulation

Balances Dues to other Banks

Government Deposits —
Not bearing in-
terest, £41,650
17s Id. ; bear-
ing interest,
£396,783 15s. Id. £438.434 12

Other Deposits, Re-
bate and In-
ter ■^st accrued —
Not leariug in-
terest, £1,645,713
5s. 2d..; beai^
i n g interest,
£2,007,904 13s.
4d 3,653.617 18

£659.549 12 11

22.054
311,197

0
19

629 10 11

BANK OF AUSTRALASIA LIMITED
Including London Office to 28th February, 1913-)

Or.

By Coin, Bullion,
A u s t r a 1 i an
Notes and Cash
at Bankers,
£919,915 r6s.6d.;
Money at Call
and Short No-
tice in London,

£85,000 £1,004,915 16 6

British Consols,
£70,668 15s. 2d.,
at £74 per cent.,
£52,294 17s. 7d. ;
Victoria Gov-
ernment Stock
0 and Debentures,

3 Met ropolitan

Boardof Works
and Municipal
D e b e n tures.

£56,728 Os. 4d. 109,022 17 11
Bills and Remit-
tances in tran-
situ and in

London 864,474

Notes and Bills

of other Banks 2,114

Balances due from.

other Banks .. 49,122

Stamps 1,366

. — 4,092,052 10 8

£5,085,483 13 9

14

9

0

9
7

Contingent Liabili-
ties, as per Contra £168,510

6 1

Real Estate, cx>nsisting of —

Bank Premises

Other Real Estate

Bills Discounter! and Other Ad-
vances, exclusive of provision
for Bad or Doubtful Debts

-£2,031,015 18 5

194,132 8
8,776 10

Liabilities of Cus-
tomers a n d
others in respect
of Cjntingent
Liabilities, as
per Contra

2,851,558 16 11
£5,085,483 13 9

£168.510 6 1

PROFIT

TTTCurreut Expenses (including S'ala-

ries Rents,, Stationery, etc. ,. £36,61/
Note, Income and I^and Taxes.. 1,895
Transfer to Reserve Fund .
Transfer to Bank Premises
Balance

10.000

5,000

20,269

AND LOSS ACCOUNT,

Bv Balance brought f<n-ward

9 10 ' ^ Gross Profits for the Half Year,
13 0 after allowing for Interest Ac-
0 0 CTUcd on DeiM)sits. Rebate on
0 0 Bills Current, ami making pro-
2 11 I vision for Bad and DiHibtful
1 Debts

£6.266 18 3

£73,782 5 9

67,515 7 6
£73.782 5 9

To Balance

RESERVE FUND ACCOUNT

<^9nn nnn n 0 > Bv Balance brought forward.. .
±,zuu,uuu , ,p,..j„gf^, f,.oiu Profit and Loss.

£190,000
10,000

Note. — The customary Auditors _
" Companies' Act " appear on the officia

^00,000 _0.. o_
' Report and

£200,000 0 0

the

Directors' Statement, to comply with the

report.

302

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

THE

COLONIAL MUTUAL
FIRE

INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED.

INSURANCE

fine . . . . \

ACCIDENT

EMPLOYER S LIABILITY

fIDELITY GUARANTEE

PLATE-OLASS BREAKAGE

MARINE

BURGLARY

LIVE STOCK

OFFICES:

MELBOURNE— 60 Market Street.
SYDNEY— 74 Pitt Street.
ADELAIDE— 71 Kiiifr \Villiam Street.
BRISBANE— Creek Street.
PERTH— Barrack Street.
HOB ART— Collins Street.
LONDON- 77 Cornhill, E.G.

WALTER TUCKER,

(leneral Alanager.

THE EQUITY TRUSTEES, EXECUTORS, AND

AGENCY COMPANY LIMITED.

RESERVE LIABILITY. £100.000; OlARANTEE FLND. £10.000.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS- Edward Fanning, Esq.. Chair-
man ; W. H. Irvine, Esq., K.C., M.P. ; Donald Mac-
kinnon, Esq., M.L.A. ; R. G. M'Cutchcon, Esq., M.L.-V. ;
Stewart Mc.'\rthiir, Esq., K.C.

Registered Office : No. 85 Queen Street, Melbourne.

This Company is empKDwered by special Act of Parliament
to perform all classes of trustee business.

JOEL FOX, Manager.

C. T. M.ARTIN, Assistant Manager.

THIS CHAIR MAY SAVE YOUR LIFE.

PREVENT YOU FROM OROWNINQ

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Thank von for mAntinnirnr t.ho R.oviBro /-.f Be

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Z^i

ances, bankers, mortgages, and conlin-
gencies /;56,ooo. This grouping of
trading liabilities with borrowed money
IS not at all satisfactory, for it prevents
shareholders from knowing how much
of their debt has arisen in the normal
way of trade, and how much has been
borrowed to keep the business going.
To make it clear the liabilities should
be set out in nt least three groups, trade
creditors, mortagages and bank over-
draft.

* * *

The company's capital, ^,162,591, is
made up of 40,000 ^,"1 ; per cent, cumu-
lative shares and 122,591 £\ ordinary
shares, both fully paid. The invest-
ment )-ield on the former is at present
just under 6 per cent., for the latest sale
was at 24s. A higher price than this
is not warranted, for the preference
shares have no interest in the assets
beyond the ]3ayment of their dividend
and their cajiital. Buyers are offering
25s. for the ordinar}' shares, which re-
turn 8 per cent., quite a fau" \ield for a
companx- such as this, especially as the
goodwill in the price is only 5s. 8cl.,
which 111 the aggregate is only about

/,3 5,000, not much more than last year's

proht.

* * *

Fhe ordinary shares are rather attrac-
tive, for they are lower in price than
they were a year ago, and the prospects
of the comjDany are still encouraging.
There is, moreover, a great deal of ac-
tivity in the building trade, with its
consequent demand for tiles and ceil-
ings, which form this company's princi-
pal source of revenue. At the same time
there is keen competition in the trade,
which must have had some effect on
the past few years' earnings, and cannot
be without some restraining influence in
the future.

From the balance-sheet of the Colo-
nial Bank it will be seen that the net
profit on the half-year ending March
31 was i^29,o02 4s. 8d. The directors
are paying a dividend of 7 per cent, on
both preference and ordinary shares,
and are carrying ;{^i 0,000 to reserve
fund, swelling it to iJ'200,000. The bal-
ance brought forward from September
30, 191 2, was ^^6266 1 8s 3d., and that
now being carried forward is ^^^894 6s
8d.

A DARTMOOR COMEDY

Wide('<)in}if I'tin . Bv Kden IMiillivott.s.
(John Murray.)

This delightful comedy of Dartmoor
was planned more than twenty years
ago, Mr. Phillpotts tells us, and both
country and characters are, in a measure,
familiar. There is no particular plot ;
It is not tremendously exciting, but no
one would wish it to be shortened by a
line, foi- it IS as if the reader were car-
ried back lo a loxecl birthplace, and
there met and gossiped with all sorts
and conditions of men and women about
all the ])eople who have ever li\e(l there
during his lifetime or had had an)- in-
tention of living there. The dying man
whose one idea was to have a chance of
killing something before his life ends.

and the serio-comic tragedy which
ensues ; the marital troubles of the
Pierces and the village punishment of
the woman ; the Shillingfords, father
and daughters, and the suitors of the
latter ; the widower who thinks he has
onl\' to throw the handkerchief to get
again a submissive wife, and then vainh'
throws it and is ulterl\- dumbfounded,
all belong to Wilecombe ; and Mr.
Phillijotts has not discovered them — he
has only just reminded us of their exist-
ence 111 his mnnitable fashion. As for
Tr\-phcna, who ought lo be the heroine,
she just forms a charming background
and serves the |nirpose of her creation
bv being the cause of our making an-
other i(nn-ne\' to Dartmoor.

3°4

NOTABLE BOOKS OF THE MONTH.

AN AMATEUR GENTLEMEN.

All who read " The Broad Highway "
will turn with pleasant anticipations to
Jeffrey Farrol's latest novel. " The Ama-
teur Gentleman" (Sampson Low, 3/6).
nor will they be disappointed. The book
is full of incident from cover to cover,
and will certainly add greatly to Mr.
Farrol's reputation and be as popular
as his earlier novel. There is throughout
a satisfying sureness about the unfold-
ing of the tale which shows the master
hand. Barnabas Barty, son of an ex-
champion jiugilist, and a society belle,
in the early days of the past centur)-.
inherits a great fortune and hies him to
London to become a gentleman. Though
an amateur gentleman is all he can ever
be, Natty Bell, another champion
bruiser, assures him. On the way to
town he meets and rescues the Lad\'
Cleone. and in doing so forthwith
comes into collision with those who set
the fashion of the day. Young bucks
who consider all fair in love or lust.
Barnabas, a powerful young man, a
finished boxer and horseman, chooses
ever the hardest path owing to his love
of truth and straight dealing. He ulti-
mately attains his ambition when the
Pruice of Wales himself attends a ban-
quet in his honour. How the cup was
dashed from his hand just as he was
enjoying the deep draft of success,
how though he failed to become a gen-
tleman, as the term was accepted in
those days, he yet achieved his greatest
desire, is thrillingly told by Mr. Farrol.
This clever writer introduces almost as
many and as varied characters into his
tales as Dickens used to do, and his
sympathetic handling of them is re-
miniscent of the work of that master m
realistic portrayal of everyday life.
Nothing could be better than his draw-
ing of Peterb3^ the valet ; ]\Ir. Shrig,
the Bow Street runner ; the Duchess of
Camberhurst ; the Bo'sun ; Jasper
Gaunt, the money - lender ; Digby
Smivvle, the out-at-elbows friend of

Ronald Barryaine, the rake ; and of
the host of minor characters which
crowd his pages. The following ac-
count of Barnabas' first meeting with
his lady love gives a good idea of Mr.
Farrol's style: "Now on a while Bar-
nabas came to where was a stile with a
path be\ond, a narrow path that led up
over a hill until it lost itself in a wood
that crowned the ascent ; a wood where
were shady dells full of a quivering,
green twilight ... a wood that Barnabas
had known from bo\-hood. . . . Now had
Barnabas gone on by the road how dif-
ferent this history might have been, and
how vastl)^ different his career. But as
it happened, moved by chance or fate
or destiny, or what )ou will, Barnabas
vaulted over the stile and strode on up
the winding path, whistling as he went,
and, whistling, plunged into the green
twilight of the wood, and, whistling
still, swung suddenly into a broad and
grassy glade splashed green and gold
with sunlight ; and then stopped all at
once and stood there silent, dumb, the
very breath in check between his li|)s.

"She lay upon her side — full length
upon the sward, and her tumbled hair
made a glory in the grass, a golden
mane. Beneath this silken curtain he
saw dark brows that frowned a little,
a vivid mouth, and lashes thick and
dark that curled upon the pallor of her
cheek.

" Motionless stood Barnabas with eyes
that wandered from the small, polished
riding-boot with its delicately s]:)urred
heel, to follow the gracious line that
swelled voluptuously from knee to
rounded hi]3, that sank in sweetl)- to a
slender waist, yet rose again to the
rounded beauty of her bosom.

" So Barnabas stood, and looked and
looked, — and looking sighed, and stole
a step nearer, and stopped again. For
behold the leaf)- screen was parted sud-
denlv, and Barnabas beheld, two boots
— large boots they were but of exquisite

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Z^5

A MODERN MAGICIAN.

CHARLES DICKENS

THE SWEETEST AND TENDEREST AND MOST INTERESTING
STORIES IN THE WORLD.

Pickwick
Papers.

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Otir Mutual
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The Life of
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Charles Dickens is the greatest master of story-telling the world ever knew. His
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:o6

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

I

BLACK'S

BOOKS OF REFERENCE.

Who's Who. 1913

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Englishwoman's Year-Book
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The Writers and Artists'
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307

shape — boots that strode stron^'ly and
planted themselves masterfull\- •/ Hes-
sian boots, elegant, glossy and be-tas-
selled. Glancing higher, he observed a
coat of bottle green, high collared, close
fitting and silver-buttoned ; a coat that
served but to make more apparent the
broad chest, powerful shoulders, and
lithe waist of its wearer. Indeed a truly
marvellous coat (at least, so thought
Barnabas), and m that moment, he, for
the first time, became aware how clumsy
and ill-contrived were his own gar-
ments ; lie understood now what Natty
Bell had meant when he said the}' were
not ]oolite enough ; and as for his Ijoots
— blunt of toe, thick-soled and ponder-
ous— he positively blushed for them.
Here, it occurred to him that the wearer
of the coat possessed a face, and he
looked at it accordmgl)-. It was a
handsome face he saw, dark of e}'e,
square-chinned and full-lipped. Just
now the e}'es were lowered, for their pos- .
sessor stood apparently lost in leisurely
contemplation of her who lay out-
stretched between them ; and as his gaze
wandered to and fro over her defence-
less beauty, a glow dawned m the eyes,
and the full lips parted in a slow smile,
whereat Barnabas frowned darkl\', and
his cheeks grew hot because of her too
betraying habit.

"'Sir!' said he between snapping
teeth.

"Then, very slowly and unwillingly,
the gentleman raised his e\es, and stared
across at him.

" ' And pra}-,' said he careless!}-, ' pra}-
who might }-ou be.-'"

" At his tone Barnabas grew more
angr}- and therefore more polite.

" ' Sir, that — permit me to say — does
not concern }'ou ! '

" ' Xot in the least,' the other retorted,
' and I bid }ou good-day ! }0u can go,
my man, I am acquainted with this lady,
she is quite safe m my care.'

"'That, sir, 1 humbly beg leave to
cluubt,' said Barnabas, his politeness

Pardon me ! but I think not.'
" The gentleman stared at Barnabas
through suddenly narrow lids, and
laughed softly, and Barnabas thought
his laugh worse than his frown.

Ha ! d'you mean to say you — won't

" ' \\'ilh all the humility in the world,
I do, sir.'

"'Why, you cursed, interfering
yokel ! must 1 thrash you '■;'

" Now ' yokel ' stung, for Barnabas re-
membered his blunt-toed boots, there-
fore he smiled with lips suddenly grim,
and his politeness grew almost aggres-

si\e.

growing.

" ' Why — you impudent scoundrel !'

Barnabas smiled.

"'Come, take yourself ofl'!' said the
gentleman, frowning. 'I'll look after
this lady.'

fhrash me, sir!' he repeated, 'in-
deed I almost venture to fear that \-ou
must.' But the gentleman's gaze had
wandered to the fallen girl once more,
and the glow was back in his roving-
eyes.

"'Pah!' said he, still intent, 'if it is
her purse you are after — here, take mine
and leave us in peace.' As he spoke he
Hung his purse towards Barnabas, and
took a long step nearer the girl. But in
that same instant, Barnabas strode for-
ward also and, being nearer, reached her
first, and stepping over her it thus befell
that the}' came face to face within a foot
of one another. For a moment the}'
stood thus, staring into each other's e}'es,
then without a word, swift and sudden,
they closed and grappled.

" The gentleman was very quick, and
more than ordinarily strong, so also was
Barnabas, but the gentleman's handsome
face was contorted witn black rage,
whereas Barnabas was smiling, and
therein seemed the on I}- difference be-
tween them as the\' strt)ve together
breast to breast, luiw m suiilu^ht, now in
shadow, but always griml}' silent.

" So, within the glory of the morning.
they reeled and staggered to and fro,
back and lorth, trampling down the
young grass, straining, panting, swa}'-
ing — the one frowning and determined,
the other smiling and grim,

" Suddenly the bottle-green coal ri]i-
])ed and tore as its wearer broke free ;
there was the thud of a lilow, and Bar-
nabas staggered back with blood upon
his bice -staggered. 1 sa\', and in that
moment, as his antagonist rushed.

3o8

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

laughed fierce and short, and stepped
lightly aside and smote him clean and
true under the chin, a little to one side.

" The gentleman's fists flew wide, he
twisted upon his heels, pitched over
upon his face, and lay still.

" Smiling still, Barnabas looked down
upon him, then grew grave.

" ' Indeed," said he, ' indeed it was a
great pit\' to spoil such a wonderful
coat.'

" So, he turned away, and coming to
where she, who was the unwitting cause
of all this, yet lay, stopped all at once,
for it seemed to him that her posture
was altered ; her habit had become more

decorous, and yet the lashes, so dark in
contrast to her hair, those shadowy
lashes yet curled upon her cheek. There-
fore, very presently, Barnabas stooped,
and raising her in his arms bore her
away through the wood towards the dim
recesses where, hidden in the green
shadows, his friend the brook went sing-
ing upon its way.

" And in a while the gentleman stirred
and sat up, and beholding his torn coat,
swore vociferously, and chancing upon
his purse, pocketed it, and so went upon
his way, and by contrast with the glory
of the morning his frown seemed the
blacker."

CEASE FIRING.

Cease Firing. By Miss Mary Johnston.
(Constable, 3/6.)

Among the many American novelists,
from Winston Churchill downwards,
who have used the North and South
War as a background for fiction, none'
is better informed or more familiar with
the great area of country involved, than
Mary Johnston. She comes back to her
theme again and again without repeat-
ing herself, and achieves this feat not
so much by the introduction of new
characters as by the wealth and variety
of her knowledge. Yet we must con-
fess that the present novel, " Cease Fir-
ing," does not arouse our enthusiasm.
The writing is consistently good, and,
indeed, reaches a level of distinction.
The characterisation is adequate, if
somewhat stereotyped. The mastery of
facts displayed is quite amazing. But
in spite of such wonderful qualifications
the book as a whole cannot be described
as a masterpiece.

The explanation of this partial
failure is that the book is a conglom-
erate. It IS not intended as a historical
treatise, yet at times the matter could
be best dealt with from a purely his-
torical point of view. It is intended,
partly at least, to be a story of human
endeavour, but the long intervals that
divide one stage of the individual
drama from the next stage distract the
mind from contemplation of the human
story. Again, the whole manner of the
book is a strange blending of romantic-
ism and realism. The first two critic-

isms are obvious, the third necessitates
elaboration. We may find a figure ny
adducing a great contrast. At the first
extreme we may cite Thomas Hardy's
" Dynasts." Here the point of view is
completely detached. For the most
part we look down upon the movements
of men and armies from a serene
height ; we see the great scheme
diminished by distance, if occasionalh'
we drop so near the earth that small
thin voices reach us from the little
figures below, voices which remind us
that down there in the midst of struggle
each individual is his f)\vn centre, and
that his vision is limited by the circum-
ference of his own little horizon. W^e
see the drama as a whole and the actors
in relation to it.

At the other end of the scale we may
cite any realistic novel, the only essen-
tial being that we not onl\' move upon
the surface of the earth, but we are also
confined to seeing the world through the
eyes of certain individuals. Here the
great drama is never seen as a whole.
When we touch it, it is so near to us
that we cannot realise its shape, any
more than we can realise the shape of
Ireland by walking through the streets
of Dublin. Mary Johnston's methods
falls between these extremes. We
neither see the war as a whole nor from
the point of view of that individual,
Edward Cary. in whom we are chiefl)'
interested

Each picture, taken separately, is ad-
mirabh- drawn, but there is no con-

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

309

HAVE YOUR CHILDREN ASKED
YOU QUESTIONS LIKE THESE?

Why islhcscaneverstill?
Where does the wind

begin ?
What makes an echo ?
Why does a ball bounce ?
Wliy are tears salt ?
Why does the kettle sing?
Where do thoughts come

from ?
Why does a stick float ?
Why do we go to sleep ?
What makes a bee hum ?
Why does milk turn sour ?
What makes us hungry ?
What is air made of ?
Why does hair turn grey ?
Why is foam white ?
Why don't we fall off the

earth ?
How do flies walk on the

ceiling?
What makes a watch go ?
Could the sky fall down ?
What is radium ?
Why is the sky blue?
Why do stars twinkle ?
What makes water boil ?
W^hy is sugar sweet ?
Why has water no taste ?

Every one of these questions and 20,000 others are
answered in Inncjnage ihat a child can understand in

THE CHILDREN'S ENCYCLOPAEDIA

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5,362 pages of new, clear type, and 8,064 illustrations

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For every child The Childrkn's Enxyclop.^dia opens the gate of a veritable

Fairvland. It reveals to the young, wondering eyes the beauties of Nature,

the marvels of science, and the sublime triumphs of art. It fascinates every

child who turns the pages of i:s volumes. It sows in the young, receptive /

mind the desire to know the " why and wherefore" of the world around it,

and it satisfies the desire.

The Encyclopaedia teaches a child to teach itself, but in such
a fascinating way that it cannot teii the " pow^der from
the jam," and never looks upon the volumes as lesson
books.

You should get the set at once, for it will greatly
lighten the constant demand now made upon V

your knowledge by your children daily. ^

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''The World I^, A^fter All,
Not Going: to the Ue\il.'^

A REMARKABLE LETTER SENT TO THE EDITOR OF
"PUBLIC OPINION" BY THAT DISTIX(tUISIIF.D ARTIST,
SIR HUBERT \ ON HERKOMKR, RUNS IN THIS WAV:

HUBERT VON HERKOMER

AND

PUBLIC OPINION

Dear Sir, It gives me great pleasure to tell you how your paper, PUBLIC OPINION, answers
a purpose in my life. Although I read a great deal, I find it impossible to keep abreast of the
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get into my hands, for I treat Art in all its phases popularly. From PUBLIC OPINION I gel to
know certain modern authors with whose methods of thinking I am in sympathy, and those 1 follow
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Your selection of current thought is worthy of all praise, for it gives one the wholesome
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I wish you, with all my heart, continuous taccess with your paper. Yours very truly.

Signed HUBERT VON HERKOMER.

TWO OTHRR LFTTERS WITH A SIMILAR SPIRIT ARE FROM

Dr. ALFRED R. WALLACE and Dr. W. H. FITCHETT.

Dr. ALFRED RUSSELL WALLACE, O.M.,

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OBJECT or PUBLIC OPINION

Now the object of PUBIJC OPINION is,
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NOTABLE BOOKS.

3' I

tinuity of vision to hold our interest,
If our attention is given to the story we
must pick it up here and there as best
we can ; if we are more eager to trace
the course of the war through the South-
Eastern States we are checked by the
little doings of Cary. To us this per-
petual see-saw appeared at last as a
source of irritation The moving figures
are presented before a moving back-
ground so full of interest in itself that
we can study neither the drama nor the
scenery. \\''e feel inclined to sort the
book out into two parts, and read them

separately, for — our final and cumu-
lative condemnation — either might be
read without the other. And yet there
is so much admirable writing m the
book, and so plain and conscientious
a desire to produce a total effect, that
it may be that we have missed some-
thing which others may find. It is a
book which must be read at leisure, and
without any anticipation of climax.
Once the desire for development creeps
into the reader's mind the method be-
comes an aggravation.

THE WEST UNVEILED TO THE UNVEILED EAST.

A Titr]:isli \Vor:uni'ii En loijc.iiii I in jiie.'isiuns
(Seeley, Service. 6/- net.)

Miss Grace Ellison has worthily
edited these letters of Ze)'neb Hanoum,
and the illustrations by Alonsieur Rodm
are a great help to the understanding of
this heroine of the Pierre Loti's novel,
" Les Desenchantees."

Zeyneb and Melek were two Turkish
ladies who, highly educated, as Turkish
women in these days often are, fled,
when they grew old enough to realise
the drawbacks of their closed-in life, to
Europe. The letters of Zeyneb are ex-
traordinarily pathetic, for, as Miss Elli-
son writes, " if the disenchantment of
these aimless, pampered women, with
their herein existence, be bitter," the so-
called freedom of our Western civilisa-
tion is a great illusion to them. The
earlier letters consist largely of warn-
ings to her countrywomen, of descrio-
tions of harem life, which in no wise
correspond with our idea of a harem,
an\' more than that photograph of a
corner of a Turkish harem of to-day —
with its lovely modern furniture and up-
to-date improvements — was acceptable
to the London jDaper for which the
photograph was taken.

Amongst other impressions, j\Ime.
Zeyneb Hanoum's view of a Suffrage
open-air gathering is quaint: —

" I went to a Suffrage street-corner
meeting the other night, and I can as-
sure you I never want to go again. The
speaker carried her little stool herself,
another carried a flag, and yet a third
woman a bundle of leaflets and papers

to distribute to the crowd. After walk-
ing for a little w'hile they placed the
stool outside a dirty-looking i^ublic-
house, and the lady who carried the flag
boldly got on to the stool and began to
shout, not waiting till the people came
to hear her, so anxious was she to begin.
xA.lthough she did not look nervous in
the least, she possibly was, for her speech
came abruptly to an end, and my heart
began to beat in sympathy with her.

" When the other lady began to speak
quite a big crowd of men and women
assembled. Degraded looking ruffians
they were, most of them, and a class of
men I had not yet seen. All the time
they interrupted her, but she went
bravely on, returning their rudeness with
sarcasm. What an insult to woman-
hood it seeemd to me, to have to bandy
words with this vulgar mob. One man
told her ' she was ugly ' ; another asked
' if she had done her washing.'

" The most pitiful part of it all to me
is the blind faith these women have in
their cause and the confidence the}- have
that in explaining their policy to the
street ruffians, who cannot understand
that they are ladies, they will further
their cause b)- half-an-inch."

Our friend visited the House of Com-
mons, and this is her comment : —

" There is not much excitement in
your House of Commons, is there?' . . .
Some members were so weary of law-
making that they crossed their legs,
folded their arms, and went to sleep
whilst their colleagues opposite were
speaking. I thought it would have been
more polite to have gone out and taken

, REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

a, as the other members seemed to be harem? — a harem with its latticed win-
Ding all the time. It would give them dows ! The harem of the Government !
reno-th to listen to the tiresome debate. Xo wonder the women cried through the
"But. my dear, why have you never windows of that harem that they wanted
lid me that the Ladies' Gallery is a to be free!"

PESTS AND PYGMIES.

The Land of the New Guinea Pyqmirs. By
aptain C. G. Ravrling. (Seeley. Service.

)/- net.)

Papua and the German portions of
ew Guinea have been well explored,
at of the Dutch territory little is
nown, and on reading the book before
5 it is easy to understand wliy this is
le case. The thick jungle, through
hich a passage can only be made along
le rivers, and where it rains for 330
ays out of the 365, with an average
linfall of 2t; inches per day, together
ith innumerable insect and animal
ests, make life practically impossible
or white men. A description of a few
f the insects alone is enough to deter
le very bravest : —

" Over the dark and stagnant pools,
n the mud -banks and in the forest,
over clouds of mosquitoes, whose rul-
ig instinct, as we learn to our cost, is
le quest for human blood. ... In
ddition to these pests, leeches dangle
rom every leaf and branch, immediately
ttaching themselves to any part of the
ody with which they come in contact,
nd, as I verily believe, dropping on
tie wayfarer when passing beneath, at-
racted merely by the scent of blood,
"he worst of all places for them to
ttach themselves is the eyeball. So
ight and unsuspected is their attack
hat on several occasions two or three
rept between the eyelids without their
)resence being detected, and the first in-
imation received was the blurring of the
ision. A very severe inflammation of
he eyes is the result.

" The worst of all these insect
)lagues, however, are the bluebottles,
^hich are of immense size. What they
ive on is a mystery, but they exist in
nillions, attacking with ferocity any
ood left uncovered for a second and
warming in clouds upon any blanket or
liscarded article of clothing, absorbed

in the one idea of finding a suitable
spot on which to deposit their eggs . . .
and if any success has been met with,
the ova become grubs before the morn-
ing, a never-to-be-forgotten reminder of
what a moment's forget fulness means."

There are besides many other pests of
a lesser degree of obnoxionsness. The
only relieving feature in the way of ani-
mal life are the birds, of which a large
number with the most beautiful plum-
age exist in the jungle.

The book is an account of the work
done by an English expedition which
was sent to New Guinea with the object
of collecting zoological specimens, and
at the same time making a sur\e\- of the
country up to the Cartensz Mountains.

Though the expedition did not suc-
ceed in penetrating as far as was origin-
ally hoped, owing to the selection of the
wrong river as the line of attack, still
the results were very satisfactor\'. when
the inefficiency of the coolie bearers and
the numerous other obstacles that had to
be overcome are taken into account.

The most interesting discovery was
that of a tribe of pygmies, who inhabit
the foothills of the Cartensz range.
These pygmies, who are, if anything, a
little more advanced in civilisation than
the coast tribes, live chiefly by hunting
(their weapon being the bow and arrow),
augmented by a little cultivation. Their
life, however, is one long struggle for
existence, The explorers only succeeded
in examining the men, as the women
were kept hidden in the forest, and not
even the largest bribes would induce the
men to produce them. The men were of
an average height of 4 ft. 8| in.

The book is very interestingly written,
and gives a vivid account of the man-
ners and customs of the native tribes the
travellers encountered.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS. 313

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mann. (Translated )»y Thomas Seltzor.)
(Methuen, 6/-.)

The Proiihcts. By P. P. Shcehan. (Un-
vvin, 6/-.)

Two presentments by modern authors
of what they suppose the Christ would
be Hke if He were embodied on earth
at the present day have recently
appeared. "Fool in Christ'" will be
eagerly read by those who know the
work of the great mystical German poet
and playwright, who has so lately been
awarded the Nobel prize for literature.

Emmanuel Quint, the son of a car-
penter, is described as wandering penni-
less, ragged, without any rights, at the
mercy of the law. He is agonised be-
cause of the conventionalism and un-
reality of the Church's teaching, and
compelled by irresistible impulse to
speak to the people, calling out to them,
" Here in this world suffering is happi-
ness. Blessed are ye when men shall
hate you." Necessarily, Quint sets the
beaureaucrats of German\- at defiance.
From place to place he is driven forth
with contumely, but from time to time
is surrounded by earnest souls who
attach themselves to him, believing him
to be the Saviour.

A terrible catastrophe occurs, when a
young girl, in whose family he had been

received as a guest, leaves her home and
follows him, no one believing that Quint
can be innocent of her abduction.
Stoned, evily treated, falsely accused
of murder, he, when released from
prison, wanders away into the country,
knocking occasionally at doors, and
when questioned answering", " I am
Christ ; give me a night's lodging."
None take him in, and, months after, his
body was found, a rigid, crouching
corpse above Et. Gothard's Hospice.

Does Hauptmann really intend to
portray a modern Christ in this aimless,
wandering weakling? The strength of
the book lies in the wonderful descrip-
tion of the Silesian peasantry.

The other novel, " T Jie Prophet^' tells
a story much more akin to our Anglo-
Saxon ideas. The preaching of Mr.
Sheehan's hero, the Professor, is much
the same in essence — God is love. God
is in us, and there is nothing real but
that. But his action is different. Both
Quint and the Professor j^erform
miracles, but the latter appears to us
as a person having power, authority,
and a calm benignity more in accord-
ance with the idea of the Saviour bred
in us from childhood than is the Quint
of Gerhart Hauptmann.

THE PASSING OF THE TURK.

'With the Conquered Tttilc. By Lionel

James. (Nelson. 2/- net.)

Turkey and the war are, of course,
very much to the front this month. We
ha\e a bird's-eye view of the war as seen
with the Turkish Army by the veteran
correspondent of T/ie Tunes. Lionel
James, with its large type and fine illus-
trations, taken mostly from the lllits-
Iratcd London News. It is as impos-
sible as it was to the war correspondents
themselves to avoid hearty laughter from
time to time in spite of the horrors of
warfare therein described and the awful
pathos of the debacle in the Turkish
Army. Incidentally Mr. James gives
us the nicknames of one or two of the
correspondents, Mr. Donovan being
" Dumpling," Ashmead-Bartlett " the

Jew's Harp," and Ward " the diplomat,"
James himself being " the Centurion."

lT'/f/( the Ti(rl\s ill Throee. { Heiiieniann,
10/- net.)

Another volume is that of Mr. Ash-
mead-Bartlett, " With the Turks in
Thrace." Here we get, as in Mr. James's
book, a mi.xture of pathos, suffering
bravel}- endured, and light-hearted ac-
counts of difficulties overcome which no
one but a war correspondent himself
could possibl}- describe One little note
in Mr. Bartlett's memoir shows up ver)'
strongly the mistakes of the British For-
eign Office. He sa\-s : "All other For-
eign Embassies a])]-)ear to exist for the
purpose of helping the subjects of their
respective nations. The British, on the
other hand, appear to exist for the ex-

3i6

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

press purpose of placing difficulties in
the way of anyone who applies to them
for assistance, and they are invariably
the worst-informed as to what is pass-
ing in the country to which chey are
accredited." All the correspondents
agree that the great fault of the Turks

was the undervaluing of their enemies
and the want of proper preparation for
the war, those in authorit}- seeming to
suppose that the raw fighting material
of a nation could be reduced to dis-
cipline in a day or two.

THE CHILDREN'S ENCYCLOP/EDIA.

Some time ago ^h. Arthur Mee con-
ceived the idea of producing an encyclo-
paedia for children, something which
would interest them and tell of the
thousand and one things that they
ought to know about. Others have had
the same idea, but they have not had
Mr. Mee's wonderful gift of conveying
information to children without boring
them. Though truly an encx'clopaedia,
it is not arranged as are similar works
intended for adult use. It is made up
in sections which present the simplest
scheme of knowledge ever devised, and
tell the story of everything that can
reasonably or prohtabh' be brought
within the purview of a child. It is the
first attempt, which has succeeded, to
tell the whole sum of human knowledge
so that a child may understand.

There is no doubt that the Children's
Encyclopaedia hel]:)s the parent and the
teacher and the busy man and woman
as no other book has ever done. It is
education almost without effort. Thou-
sands of fathers who are puzzled every-
day by questions asked by children will
find the answers here, with the simplest
explanation that can be put into words
The governess, baffled ever}' da)- by the
multiplicity of things that children must
be told, will find this book a new factor
in her life. The school-teacher, strug-
gling to express to boys and girls the
facts of life and their meaning, to de-
scribe a countr\-, to relate a histor}-, to
explain a natural law, will find here a
tool ready to his hand. The teacher in
the infant school, struggling to impress
the beginnings of knowledge upon a
mind hardly yet formed, will find this
book a guide such as infant teacher?
have not handled since schools began.

It is a perpetual pleasure, and an indis-
pensable friend to young and old alike.
The Enc\-clopa?dia is easil}- the most
beautifully illustrated set of books for
children that has ever been issued. Over
8000 illustrations make the text attrac-
tive and instructive, and give the child
two chances instead of one to remember
every important fact.

A brief summary of their contents
gives some slight idea of the scope of
the remarkable volumes : — The Book of
Poetr\' gives 494 jjoems, 484 nursery
rhymes, and 33 pieces of music. The
419 Stories given in the section of that
name include 92 fables. 90 fairy tales,
81 legends, 67 historical tales, 89 mis-
cellaneous, with 406 illustrations. The
Book of Familiar Things treats of 65
subjects, with 1247 illustrations; while
the Book of Countries tells about 85
different parts of the world, with 623
illustrations. The life stories of 834
peojjle are treated in the Men and
\\'omen section ; while 16 plays of
Shakespeare and ^J other books are
treated in that devoted to Books, The
Book of Xature is ver\- strong on the
pictorial side, containing no fewer than
1465 pictures (79 in colour), including
188 animals, ^2 reptiles, 209 birds, 106
fish, 202 insects, 728 flowers. The IBook
of Wonder, which in some resjjects is
one of the most remarkable sections in
the book, gives the answer to 1097
puzzling questions commonly asked by
young folks. The great index of 25,000
entries makes ever\- important fact easy
to find.

The Encyclopadia has proved im-
mensely popular in Great Britain. The
eight volumes are now available in Aus-
tralasia, price 75/-, carriage paid to any
address.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

317

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REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

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Don't delay, but have the comfort of good
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STAR NOVELTY CO.,

Arlington Chambers,
22y Collins Street, Melbourne, Vic.

Please send Outfit containing a pair of Wil-
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a Remover, for which I enclose One Pound.

Name

Address

Send Money Order or Postal Note. If Bank-
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BAIH.

Thank you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when writing to advertaaers.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

319

BOOKS IN BRIEF

FICTION.

A Tartar's Love. By G. Ystridde
Orshanski. (Long.)
A story well woith reading by all
who wish to get some insight
into Russian life. The events
take place in South Russia, on
the borders of the Black Sea,
where Tartar, Russian, Turk, and
many other nationalities freely
intermingle.

Cheerful Craft. By R. Andom.
(Stanley Paul.)
This is a change from the kind
of book that we are used to get-
ting from Mr. Andom, and
scarcely a change for the bettei-.
The tale is exciting and full
of incident, fmt more im-
possible than most tales of
adventure. It tells of a clerk
who is cast awav on an island
with the son of rich parents.
The latter goes mad, and on re-
turning to England the clerk im-
personates liim and builds up a
succecssful career by his impostuie.
One misses the broad and farci-
cal humour of Mr. Andom's other
stories.

The StralVini, Saint. By Rafael
Sabatini. (Stanley Paul.)
A powerful romance, describing
an Italian youth vowed by his
mother to a monastic life in
gratitude for the deliverance of
his father from a terrible peril.
Tiie picture of the great lengths
to whch a woman can go when
bigotry has taken hold of her is
strongly drawn, and the irony
of a vow given because of a hus-
band's deliverance, the carrying
out of which separated them in
soul and spirit, is a novel thing.
As always, the descriptions of
people and country are capital.

The I'earl Stringer. By Peggy
Webling. (Methuen.)
One of the most charming of tliis
author's books. It is refi-eshing
to read of the quiet, gentle life
of Nannie, the Pearl Stringer,
an occupation of which .so littli'
is known. Her love poem, tliongli
it has not a con\-entio)inl ending,
is beautiful, and of the charac-
ters who cii'cle round her, each
one possesses an individuality
which will give a longer life than
usual to this well-told .story.

The De.stini/ of Clainle. By Mav
Wynne. (Stanley Paul.)
The heroine of this capital his-
torical story refuses to be placed
in a convent again.st her wish,
and escapes from home in the
dress of a page. Her arrival at

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320

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

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the house of a girl friend, liv-
ing in the V^alley of the Loire,
is but the commencement of a
series of adventures which bring
her into contact with the Court
of France, ^lary of Scotland, and
the Guises just before the ma.s-
.sacre of the Huguenot*.

The Loco Pirate. By C. X. and
A. M. "Williamson. (Methuen.
3s. 6d.)

One of Mr. and Mrs. William-
.son's fascinating novels telling
the story of a man in California,
a worker and a dreamer, and a
woman from tlie Old World who
married in name only, was on
the way to the States for a rest.
The Golden Gate is the Poit of
.\d venture where evei-y unex-
pected thing can happen. Wiiat
the reader 'vvould expect and gets
is a love story Avith a fcAV diffi-
tulties thrown in. and the most
(hlightful descriptions of Cali-
fornia, and the Yosemite Valley.

//' lluney Star. By Tickner Ed-
wardes. (Hutchinson.)
A charming novel by the author
of " The Lore of the Honey-Bee."
The scene is laid in ^i Sussex
village. There is much interest-
ing talk al'iout bees and Sirius,
which is called the Honey Star.
.Vll this as a background to two
delightful love stories, and a des-
f-ription of a man's sudden fall-
ing iu love which would seem
(|uite "according to fiction "' if
one ha<l not come across a .simi-
lar occurrence in real life. The
studit\s of village people are most
interesting.

77,

H.i

Uenlemer. J{v Jtene JJ.i/.m.
(Stanley Paul".)
This modern story of D.ividee
Hi rot. the young school mistrt^ss,
and her inHueiuT over the life
of tile little French village in
which her work was done, has
a singular interest, partly be-
cause the foreign life and atmos-
phere are somewhat strange to
us. In the village a mason of
.some intellect and strength of
charact<M- has been living with
a widoiv Avho earns her living as a
charwoman. To our eyes tliere
seems no re.ison why he should
have done so. She is not an at-
tractive person. Davidee is a
tine character, her great trouble
being that she is forbidden to
te.ach her Ho<'k the religious be-
liefs which have helped her. Her
growing love for the young work-
man, and his final redemption
through that love is well told.

The Cottage in the Chine. By

Headon Hill. (Ward Lock.)

.Vii uncommon detective .story,

which goes with a swing. .More-

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

321

over, it was not written merely
ito amuse readers, but also to
point out the madness of the
quiet withdrawal from thoir
posts — ^^which has been going on
tor years past — of the coast-
guards in Britain, those wide-
awake sailors whose guardian-
ship of the coasts can in no way
be replaced.

An Affair of State. By J. C.
Snaith. (Methuen.)

A political novel which demands
a second reading before its full
attraction is felt. The supposi-
tion is tliat within a short period
of time there will be a war to
the death between the aristocratic
few of the country and the pro-
letariat. Just at the right time
a member who has risen from the
ranks and come into the House
as one of the extreme Radical
party, realises that government
by an uninstructed majority
would be ruin, and that a special
clause 9, in a Bill tlien before
the Hoiise, must be lejected. He
is led to see this liy the wife of
his leader. In bis absorption in
political matters lie has not
realised that his own wife is
slipping away from him. and
hence a tragedy which is really
medifeval. The interest of the
novel lies in tlie hints given that
some of the characters are drawn
from modern life. Clause 9, foi-
instance, might well be the Os-
borne Judgment, except that the
date given is a few years hence.

Every Man's Desire. By Mary
Gaunt. (Laurie.)

None need to be told that 3Ir.s.
Gaunt's pictures of li.fe in "West
Africa are such that the readev
is transported into that land ot
tropical forests, torrential rains,
and blinding sunshine. The plot
of the story concerns four people
whose marriages are certainly not
made in heaven. Nay ! the spite-
ful, lying little cat ! and tiie
selfish, dishonourable man, who
are each mated with a noble
partner, are even '" unco' bad ''
for this world. The story is a com-
pelling one, even though it would
seem that Mrs. Gaunt's under-
lying idea is that a man desires
more than one wife ; he .so often
falls in love with a woman for
her prettiness and dependence,
and then finds that his greater
need is for a companion.

The House of the Other Worhl
By Violet Tweeddale. (John
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In this psychic novel of great
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Sir Paul and Lady Aston Heriot
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REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

because it has been liaunted.
Daphne Heriot is quite sure that
the two lovers Avhose wraiths are
so frequently visible have some
sad secret to tell, which makes
them haunt the scenes of a for-
mer life, and resolves to help
them if this can possibly be done.
In telling the story she gives a
large amount of information
about the reasons for psychic
phenomena, so that, though full
of incident, the story is not a
light one, and demands a thought-
ful reader.

GENERAL.

Borvis of the Dead End. IJv
Patrick Magill. (The Year
Book Press. 3s. (kl. net.)

A cry from tlie underworld.

Crude, powerful, passionate, and

une(|ual, these poems demand a

reading.

Helen liedeemed, and Other Poems
By Maurice Hewlett. ^Mac-
millan. 4s. 6d. net.)
'I'he story of Helen of Troy pro-
vides an apparently inexhaustible
theme, and in this volume still
aiu)ther version occupies pride
of place. Maurice Hewlett
whether he writes about present,
inediieval, or ancient history, in-
t^^-rprets in his inimitable way the
passions and emotions which have
swayed the destinies of mankind
since the world began. Music it-
rself is the description of the
"Old House":

Mossy grey stands the bouse,

four-s(|uare to the wind,
Eml)o.somed in the hills. The

garden old
Of yew and box and fisiipond

speaks her mind,
Sweet-ordered, quaint, recluse,

fold within fold
Of (juietness, but true ^ind

choice and kind —
A sober casket for a heart ol

gold

/'///,s (iiid Her Treasures. By Ethel
Bicknell. (Methuen." os.)
The writer of this handy little
guide obviously knows lier sub-
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more attention than usual to the
smaller and less well-known col-
lections and monuments of Paris,
and a section dealing with the
environs is adde^l. The illustia-
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tliere are .also two plans and a
map

Thrcr Years in the Lihi/aii l^esert
My J. C. Ewahl Falls. Trans-
lated by Elizabeth Lee. (T.
Fisher Unwin. los. net.)
Ijerr Falls was a member of the
KaufFman expedition wliich in
July, IS'U.j, discovered the lonor-

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REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

323

lost eai-ly Christian sanctuary of
St. Meiias, tlip Egyptian national
saint, in the Libyan Desert. This
book tells the extremely interest-
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pedition in the Desert, the dis-
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are sixty-fonr iUustrations, but
the absence of maps and plans
of any kind is to he legretted.

] iiipressions and Opinions. By
George Moore. (Laurie. Gs.
net.)
The second volume of the edition
of the lauthor's early works, a
book which, as is well known,
is supposed to have " dived after
him " during the flood of public
disfavour caused by " Sprini-
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to "shoi-e. Tliere can V)e no ques-
tion of the superiority of " Im-
pressions and Opinions," whicli
deals chiefly with foreign writers,
our dramatists, the need of a
national theatre, etc.

Man's Li/,' in This and Ofhir
Worlds. By Annie Besant
(Theosophi'cal I'ublishing

House. Is.)
Describes the meaning of death,
the astral world and the mental
world after death, and the idea
of perpetual general life.

Woman's Work. (Lothian. Is.)
A useful volume compiled by
Henrietta C. McGowan telling of
the different openings for women
workers. Gives the cost of quali-
fying for various professions, and
helpful hints as to how to set
about attaining proficiencv in
many callings.

.in .iusfral Garden. (CJ. Robert-
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A companion volume to that most
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Amongst the notable Australian
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Louis Becke ("Rodman, the
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and A. G. Stephens ("What is
Literature "). Several good

photographs enrich the volume.

Ironbark Splintrrs. (Werner

Laurie, New Edition. 2s. 6d.)
The second edition of Mr. G.
Herbert Gibson's clever and amus-
ing verses will be welcomed, es-
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324

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

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poenas Tvhicli did not appear in
the first issue. Mr. Gibson knows
Australia thoroughly ; you feel
the bush g;rip you as you read.
Although he "has that pathos
which always creeps into the
verses of our poets, due no doubt
to the itiflucncc of the " great
spaces.'' he lia.s a pretty humour,
which runs liglitly through tiie
volume from cover to cover. His
linos are liardly elegant. They
wouM bo out of place if they
were, but they breathe the spirit
of the country in their sorrow
and tlieir gladness all the time.

Appcssionofn. (Txitliian. 3s. 6d.)
A very difTeniit style of verse,
indeed, is this. As the title sug-
gests, Fritz Hart's poems tell
chiefly of love. There are several
touching lines, as instance:

A little unkind word.

But barbtxl with poison-dart;
Tt came from out your lips.

And into my licart.

A little stab of pain,

But it btirns, coiTode.=; and
S(K\ rs ;

And I smile- because a man
Must keep back his tears.

The Mind The Paint Girl. (Heine-
mann, Geo. Robertson. 3s.
6d.)
A novel adapti^d by Louis Tracy
from Sir Arthur Pinero's Comedy
which had so long and success-
ful a run in London.

I.itanirs of Life. (Lothian. 2s.
Gd.)
.\ fourth edition of Kathleen
Watson's sad little book.

Mulbi McVonahl. (G. Robertson.
3s. (id.)
A spirited tale of Re<l Indian
warfare by Randall Parish. .Ser-
geant Hamlin is perhaps rather
too much of a hero, but is typi-
cal of many gentlemen, who, after
the civil war, enlisted in the
army of the U.S. "out west."
A clean tale packed with stirring
incident.

The Land of Tomorrow. (Rivers.
G. Robertson. 3s. 6d.)
This is not Spain, or a Spanish
Republic, where " tomorrow " is
the motto of the people, nor yet
a new countrv of great promise,
but Basuto Land. Mr. "^^ . West-
rup lays his tale there, but tiie
local colouring is not very ef-
fective, and certainly is insuffi-
cient to compensate for the usual
g(X)d young man with money,
young ladies without, the stock
sort of villain, and the other con-
\entional beings we. alas, so often
find in novels now-a-days, and
who Mr. Wostrup has dragged
in also.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

325

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The recent taxi strike produced an un-
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taxi-cab, which, if the hansom
was the gondola, is certainl}'
the motor-launch of the streets
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drivers there have a happy dis-
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328

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Popular Hotels in Central London.

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of the larger modern Licensed Hotels. These Hotels have

Passengtrr Lifts, Bathrooms on every floor. Lounges, and

Spacious Dining, Drawing, Writing, Reading. Billiard

and Smolting Rooms.

Fireproof Floors, Perfect Sanitation, Telephones, Night
Porters.

Bedroom, Attendance and Table d'hote Breakfast,

single, from 5 6 to 7 6.

With Table d'hote Dinner, from 8 6

Full Tariff and Testimonials on application.

Teiegrap/iio /lr7<Jresses—

Kingsley Hotel,

" Bookcraf t, Westcent.

London "

Thackeray Hotel,

"Thackeray, Westcent.

London."

THE

60NNINGT0N HOTEL

(260 Rooms),

5outb2vrnptor) Row,

--LONDOM --

OPENED 1911 BY LORD STRATHCONA.

Room, Attendance

and

Table d'hote

Breakfast.

Luncheon, | 6«

Room, Attendance

and

Table d'h-te

Breakfast .

Table d'h"te Dinner. 2 6.

First and Second Floor, 5 6 for Room, Attend-
ance and Breakfast.

Luxuriously

Furoished.

Winter Garden.
Lounge.

Orchestra.

Night Porters.

Most centrally situ-
ated fur Business
and Pleasure.

Smoking Room.

wSz, The Maximum of Pleasure

Loiiuon

in the Minimum of Time

On your trip home by making: your headquarters
the Waldorf Hotel, Aldwych, London. Its situation,
midway between the City and West End, within a
stone's-throw of a dozen leading theatres, an easy
distance from all the principal Railway Termini
and the chief points of interest in the Metropolis,
ensures an economy in time particularly grateful
to visitors to town for a short stay. The Waldorf
Service and Cuisine are guaranteed by the hotel's
excellent management. Numerous bedrooms with
bathroom attached. Phone service in every room.

Write for descriptive tariff to Mr. L. E. Coriiitt, Manager.

WALDORF HOTEL, LONDON

Thank you for nientiouing the IJeview of Reviews wlieu writiug to advertisers.

REVIEW OE REVIEWS.

3^9

people are insured who would
not be glad to increase their
cover if they could afford to do
so, and there is no doubt that
the Australian Life Agencies, of
360 Collins Street, Melbourne,
are conferring a boon upon
many a man by enabling him to
take out a policy without it cost-
ing him anything at all for the
first six months the policy is in
force. This company does away
with the middleman, and is now
well established. A line to
the manager will secure expert
advice without committing the
•enquirer to anything. No doubt
the reduction arranged for re-
newal prem.iums will result m
many persons increasing their
insurances without paying any-
thing more for so doing.

The desire to obtain goods
from home, things which are
often not obtainable here at all,
is frequently felt. The difficulty
and delay of so doing prevents
the great majority from ever
attempting to do so, although
those going home are generally
laden with commissions to get
this, that and the other, for
their friends. But not man}'
have the advantage of knowing
somebody living at home, or
visiting the old country, who can
oblige m this way. It is to help
such folk that the great agency
known as the Bazaar, Exchange
and Mart (Drury Lane, Lon-
don) has come into existence.

IRllVEi m EDUCmiON QUERY.

Name

Address

Subjec t

Date

Enclose this with Letter if reply by post
is required.

LAOiKS MHO APPRECIATE PARIS FASHIONS

gtiou'd toake it a point to vl^il

RATE NEWTON,

- 151, 153, -

GREAT PORTLAND ST.,

LONDON3 W.

Ch« Bouse, par (xccllencc, tor pro-
curing the latest ParU and Ulcnna
model Gowns of enthralling beauty
and Mflh-class workman hip at
genuine Bargain Prices.

Hy exclusive arrangement with Mai^on
\Vorth, Doucet, Drecoll, Beer, Boue,
Soeuj-, Grunwaldt. and other premier
couturieres and furriers, M 'dame Newton
IS enabled to otfer their world-f.imous
creations at a fraction of the original prices.
Day and Evening Gowns, Tailor-mades,
ana Theatre ( oats (each different and
bearing the mark of individuality of the
respective house) in a bewildering range.
Fur Garments in Sable and less costly Furs
at much reduced prices.

WEDDING GOWNS AND TROUS-
SEAUX A SPECIALITY.

Chic, Quality and Value combined.

— IT WILL PAY YOU TO CALL -

111 urgent cases any number of gowns

can be altereJ to fit in less than ?4

hours, on our own premises.

151 and 153
GREAT PORTLAND ST.

KATE NEWTON

{Fr.'c minutes' -ivalk from Oxford Circus.) London, W.

THE "LUDGATE"
WATERPROOF COAT

is a reliable garment for Gentlemen

Smart in appearance, comfortable to
wear, and made of weather and w»ar
proof material, it can be used as a

RIDING COAT, DRIVING
COAT, >HOOriNG COAT.
It is obtainable Irom the makers
at tha

Special Price of 45/-

(Carria^e Paid in British liles)

Special attention to foreign
and colonial enquiries, for
which branch of our busi-
ness we have established
unique arrangements.
To facilitate delivery and
ensure perfect fit please give
length and chest measure-
ment.

These coats are scientific-
ally made with sewn seams,
rubber proofed with the
best and purest rubber, and
are taped and ventilated.
Established for half-a-cen-
tury, we combine the ex-
perience of years with the
adoption of all improve-
ments in the production of
absolutely waterproof and
rain-resisting garments.

Write to-day for comprehen-
sive illustrated catalogue of
India rubber and waterproof
goods for children and
adults, and a copy of " Wet
Weather Wisdom " to
CALEDONIAN RUBBER CO.,
96 Princes Street, Edinburgh,
SCOTLAND.

.l--)^

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY for REVIEW REA

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Ne one who has once possessed a good Biblical Dictionary would ever be without one though he might
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Xo iHe Subscriplion Manager,
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T. 8a G. Buildings.
S-wanslon St., Melbourne

Please enter my name as a subscriber to the Reviewr
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Signed

Address

{\ paymfnt of 15i. wil, purchase the Dictionarv outr gtit )

1789

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1913

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1

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ANTHONY HORDERNS PRICE:
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ANTHONY HORDERN & SONS, Ltd,

ONLY UNIVERSAL PROVIDERS.
NEW PALACE EMPORIUM,

BRICKFIELD HILL. SYDNEY.

Printed and published by .Tohn OBborne, 508 .\Ibert-§f.. E. Melbourne; 8>le Wholpgalp
T^istrihntin? Affentj for .\u»tr:tla«i;i ; Messrs. Gordon and OMch Pty l.'d