p Q. Biiyspoifii ROYAL \[ ITCH ^ o ID <; m (0 a: OS ^^ 111 _l UJ o X ipIIVlEWi WS RALASIA ^ ^^^ll JULY, 1906. Mfe^ga)] D \^ 0( .^^, THE QAMBLINQ MANIA. THE COLLINQWOOD (MELBOURNE) T0TE7 DISTINGUISHED EARLY AUSTRALIANS. "SOCIALISM," BY PROMINENT ANTl- SOCIALISTS. [THB REVIEW OF REVIEWS FOR AUSTRALASIA, Equitable Building. Melbourne. ' O,. Melbourne, f.ir transmiiiicm by post as a newepajjer.. ((•«•• ur tttvUwt, 117/06 Cbe mcmU'Camr Automatic 6ate, WITHOUT contiadictioo this Gate is the Simplest and yet most thoroughly efficient Automatic Gate yet offered in any part of the world. From a buggy seat or horseback the gate may be opened ereo bjr a child, without the possibihty of failure in action. Sead t« us for Catalogue of Gates aad Peaces. THE CYCLONE FENCE & GATE CO., Detail ot LcTcrage. FRANKLIN STREET. MELBOURNE. ^pORPS Highly r\utriHou5 and easily digeshed . Can safely be taken by Ihe most delicate children 6- invalids. A healthy .stimulant for bram workerj. -^. Is the Q\ieei\ of Sk for ^ ^. i^ Bensdorp's Specially recommended by medicai men for Ine nervous jyjtem in preference lo [eat- coffee. Ir> excellent quality makes \l economical. > teajpoonfiil bein^ sufficient for a breakfast cup II CoCOSSkS £.♦ purity. HOICC HOCOLATES i'- ONFECTIONERY II July 1, 1906. The Review of Reviews. Minneapolis Journal.'} Another Rise in Gasolene. THE NURSE: "The dear child needs a baby carriage." John D. : •• To be sure— I'll just pull the other leg a bit." toi Chest ^M PLAINTS AMD • Pleasanhbl-heTashe. fHEMiSTS mmf^ ^ Large Bottle/ All dory . OtKc" examples at the 5tod(o Citizens' Chaonber^, (z-'^ rioor) 285 Collins 3t ITd bourne. Tel322/J .Yisifor^g) cordially fnyi't'ed. f^ \Jf ^% f^ f^ f^ PermanenUr oared at p»- L Iv ■ L ^^ ^^ tient'8 own home in 3 to T ^ ML I ^ ^ ^% weeks, by the recognUed ^v#%^^br^^^^ Tttbvet Treatment, wlth- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ oat inconvenience. Result ^^^^•"••••■■■^^^^ assared. Success testified by nfBciali of the Church of England Temperance Society [Hocesan Branches, etc. Eeport of Public Test sent fre«. klK. THOllAS Holmes, the fanu>as Cburcb of England Temperance Society Missionary, says; " Indispensable In my work." Thg Chronicle says; "A remarkable succeM." THK OffLT SYSTEM ONDEE ENGLISH MEDICAL DIBECTTON Write in confidence (or call 10 to 5) Secretary Turrey TVeatmenl Oo. Ltd., 19 Amberley House. Norfolk Street. .Strand, London. VARICOSE VEINS BAILEY'S Elastic Stockings, For the Colonies. SIIK. Post Free 8s. 6d. COTTON „ 6s. With Free Pamphlet ■ Varice." All about Elastic Stockings; How to Wear, Clean & Repair Them. DIRECIIOSS FOR MEASIREIHENT.-Circumfcrence at A, B.C,D. E; length, A to D. W. H. BAILEY SON, 38 OXFORD STREET, LONDON W. d0D The Review of Reviews. j^vumi. EDITORIAL. TO OUR READERS. This month we enter upon a new stage in our history. From hence- forth "The Review of Reviews" will be Sixpence, and we publish a Serial Story. We have been steadily forging ahead even at Ninepence, but we feel that there is a still larger constituency to be reached, and our aim is to make "THE AUSTRALASIAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS" the best-read magazine in Australasia. Will you help us P If each person who receives a copy of this issue will show it to other five persons, it will get into the hands of something like 100,000 people. We want "The Review of Reviews" read not simply for our own sakes, but because — (1 Its ideal makes for true national greatness. (.2) It contains the elements that make for ideal citizenship. (3; Its comprehensive world-wide view will make its readers the best-informed people in the world. (4) It aims at building up a magnificent national life in these Southern Seas. Every elderly person should read it because it embodies their best ideals and seeks to fulfil them. Every young man and woman should take it for tlie purpose of being well equipped mentally. I shall be exceedingly obliged if every reader will send me the names of any of their friends whom they believe will be interested in "The Review of Reviews." I shall be glad to send a copy to them. Read notice "To My Readers" in the letterpress pages. — EDITOR. FROM SUBSCRIBERS. '■ I hare been a suhsciiber to ' The Review of R.'- spirit and nith the common-sense policy, tone .ind Tie«s' for man-r years; a grand paper for the coun- exactitude that has been its motto since you were ., ■ honoured with the guiding hand of Editoriship. It is • ■ without doubt the finest and fairest-minded paper of "I hope that in face of every critic you will still tlie Commonwealth. May it prosper in its good en- continue to edit ' The Review of Reviews ' in the same deavour." July 1, 190S. The Review of Reviews, Minneapolis Journal,'] Wouldn't it bt) a good joke if Mr. Trust would find some sucli brick as tliis under the old hat? Householders Never Complain Of SMOKE or SMELL Provided their Grocer supplies American White Rose Kerosene <{ n THE BEST OIL FOR USE IN Lamps, Oil Heaters and Cooking Stoves. For the VOJOB, THROAT, LflTNGS. Their Antlftepttc PropertU* prevent abnopmal fermentation mt the Toed, end ere thus helpful In Indlgeetlon mn6 DyepMpelai Sold by all Chemist* Tins, I 6, or post free on receipt of stamps, any provln«a, from the SOLE MANUFACTURER, G. HUDSON, ehemist, Ipswich, Queensland, Auatrmna. SYDNEY DEPOT— 5 and 7 Queen's Place. Agencies in all the Australian States and New Zealand, LONDON AGENT— W. F. Pasmore, Chemist, 320 Regent Street, W. A. The Luynx, ec er(u e< voice. B. The Trachea, or wlndripe. C The Bronchial Tnbce ml » dissected lung. D, A lobe of ooe of the hMgi. For mutual advantaEC, when you write to an advertiser, please mention the Review of Review!. The Review of Reviews. July 1. 190$. To- TOURISTS AND TRAVELLERS IN SYDNEY. You should shop with the following Firms. You can depend on getting the Best Goods at the Most Reasonable Prices. Make a note of the Firms in your Pocket-Book:— ,M WILLIAM FARMER & CO., ^^ Diamond Merchants, Goldsmiths, Silversmiths, Art muking « Magnificent Exhibits Beautiful JEWELLERY (rom England, America, and Paria, at their Showrooms, 30 HUNTER ST.. SYDNEY. which is well worthy of inspection. Diamond and Jewelled Orna- ments. Silver and Silver-plated Ware Gem Rings. Necklets, Bangles, NEW ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE POST FREB. " MANHATTAN " Tea and LuncHeon Rooms, EQUITABLE BUILDINGS, GEORGE ST., SYDNEY. Lunches, Afternoon Tea. Lounge and Smol AND BALLADS A selection of the best known legends and ballads in the English tongrue. - ST. GEORGE AND THE DRAGON That portion of Spencer's Faerie Queene which tells of the adventures of the Bed Cross Kniiiht. ■> THE CANTERBURY TALES, in which Geoffrey Chaucer tells of a pilgrimage from London to Canterbury five cen- turies ago. '■' T 1E PLEASURES OF HOPE, and other poems, by Thomas Campbell. The Scottish poet is chiefly known by his battle poems. The Battle of the Baltic, Hohenlinden, 1 I HE POEMS OF JOHN I EATS. This "Poet of Beauty" lived but 25 years, and yet he was one of the greatest poeta of the 19th century. All his best masteriHeces are In- cluded in the volume. iJ IRISH MEIO Its and other poems, by the greatest of Iriib poets. Tiiomas Moore. TWELVE NOVELS for Is. 4d. as. sd m stamps). TWELVE POETS for Is. 4d. as. 5d. m stamps.) ALL EXCELLENT READING. ••"<* only Is, 4d. fl». sd. If slamps', and the twelve novels or the twelve poet* will be sent you by return r»r 3a. Vd. the whole library of twenty four volumes will be sent, post free. THE MANAGER, "The Review of Reviews," Equitable Building, Melbourne. The Review of Reviews. July 1, 1906. TOURISTS, TRAVELLERS AND IIOLIDAY MAKERS IN OR PASSING THROUGH MELBOURNE. You should shop with the following Firms. You can depend on getting the Best Goods at the Most Reasonable Prices. Make a note of the firms in your Pocket-Book :— FRANCIS LONGMORE & CO., Melbourne's Popular CHEMISTS. Prescription Drug Stores. Best Stocked Emporium of Rare Medicines in Australasia. 185 & 187 BOURKE STREET, MELBOURNE. AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHERS Can have their Pictures Carefully Developed and Printed, and obtain all Photo. Supplies and Accessories from BAKER & ROUSE Propty. Ltd.. Sole Australian Agents for KODAK Limited, "The Block," 284 Collins Street. Melbourne. ...ARTISTIC PORTRAITURE... THE BURLINGTON studios. 294 BOURKE STREET. MELBOURNE (Oppoute Oole'8 Book Arcade). « Phone 3361. Appointments Booked. Popular Prices. VALAZE ^^' '^y''"^''''^ celebrated Kradicaie; Freckles Wrinldes, SaJlowness, Sunburn, Blackhead*, \cne, Pimples. Roughness, and ail Blemishes and Eruptions of th«- ^kin, rendering it Soft. White and Transparent. Price 3s. 6d. and-. 6*.; posted, ed extra. All Chemists or HELENA RUBINSTEIN & CO., 274 Collins Street. Melbooroe. "GUIDE T(^ tJEAUTY'" FREE if you mention this paper. THE IDE.JlJ. ...TEA and LUNCHEON ROOMS, BASEMENT. Corner of Bourke and Swanston Sts., Melbourne. Next Mank 01 Victoria. Luncheons and Afternoon Tea. Lounge and Smoke Rooms. J ECKER, Proprietor. HOLIDAY MAKERS. Look at Page v. of this issue. The Review of Reviews for Australasia la far aud away the best Mouthly Paper published in Australasia. It ia not only the busy man's and woman's paper, but the best paper that the man or woman of leisure can buy. As no other paper doea, it gives, month by month, a resume of the ■world's doings, and the best thoughts of its best writers. C» the SKanager. Uhe Sieview of Sieviews for Jiuslralasia, Squilable S^uilding, SKelbournt. !Plea»e tend me tfie Sieoiew of Sieuiewt for jiuslratatia for lioelve monttt, itglnning for iphiek S enelote 6 6 Olame \ SKrt. \ Jtddr U}aie >»»»>»»»a»«»»»«»«»a»e»«»c»e»e»o»a*»»»**»«»«»g»e»«»e»»*o»a»»»»»a»aa« I ♦ ♦ • \ I July I, 1900. The Review of Reviews. Tii. GOOD HAIR FOR ALL. HOLLAND 'b MARVELLOUS HAIR RESTORER Has gained a iforld-wide reputation for arresting: the prema- ture decay, promoiing the Browth. and giving lustre to tb« hair. I( your hair is falling off, try it If il is thin, try it. t»rtcm 3»., «»., B". Po»tago 9d. extra. HOLLAND'S PARASENE, For Hciema. kingwortn. and all Parasitical Diseases of th» Head, and for making Hair grow on Bald Patches. Prico Bb F>ostaKS 9<1. extra. MlnneapoUi JournaWi "They Mak; H.m So Nervous." HOLLAND'S NATURALINE, for restoring Grey Hair to its original colour. Acts quickly, naturally, and effectively. Price 5/6. Postage 9d. extra. Consult E. HOLLAND for all Diseases of the Hair. Sold by all Chemists and by Washington Soul a Co.. Pitt-it., Sydn«r. E. HOLLAND, Hair Specialist, 195 COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE. Not only Infants, but Invalids and persons with delicate or im- paired digestion, can BENGER'S FOOD It is delicious, highly nutritive, and most easily digested Infants thrive on it, and Delicate or Aged Persons enjoy i(. The BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL says: ' Benger's Food has by its excellence established a reputation of its own." From aa EMINENT SUROBON : "After a lengthened experience of foods both at home and in India, i consider " Benger"s Food " incomparably superior to any I have ever prescribed." 'bencer'S food is sold in tins by Cliemists, etc., everywhere. TROUFS VAPOUR AND HOT AIR Folding Bath Cabinets. A Turkish Bath in your own home. Guaranteed to cure the very worst cases of Rheumatism, Sciatica, Lumbago Recommended by Sir Thomas Fitzgerald. Australasia's Leading Surgeon. Send for Descriptive Circulars, Free. Price, 25s. COMPLETE, Delivered In Melbourne. Depot : 18 ROYAL ARCADE, MELBOURNE. Read Editorial on Page ii. rm. The Review of Reviews. July 1, 1906. jJ^VNilNNM^\v^\vM««vv^vx^\\\\vN»^\\\\\\\\\^v^^ Twenty-Nine Magnificent COLOURED POST-CARDS For 2s. Post Free. These Post Cards have been specially produced for us by the Xew Cololrtype Process. They are reproductions of Original Oil and Water Colour Paintings In all their Natural Colours. Naw thai the postal restriction, which prohibited writing on the address side has i)eeu removed, Picture Posl-Cards will be much more used, especially as the Post Office officials take fireat pains not 'o damage ihc picture. ^ a a Ttie Harbour at Venice Purity The Shepherd's Star The Wedding Party 4 Neighbourly Chat Land of the Midnight Sun Sunset on Long Island Berkshire Broolt in Autumn A Passing Storm Landscape (Corot) In a Bad Fix Judgment of Paris Autumm '-■ ' »- Three Boatmen of Barce- lona The Fishermen's Return HIGHLAND SHEEP. O Picture Post-Cards are becoming more and more popular, but the best should be used ; that is why you should write for our series at once. SERIES No. 2. 1 (14 Cards ) The Chess Players 1 Youth g A Summer Day in Holland ^ Waters ^ The Fortune Teller (Di.'Hi ^ Venice (Canal) 1 The Evening Meal Highland Sheep ^ Th? Old Homes'ead ^ The Puritan Olrl ^ Preparing the Fete ^ Sunset on Mount Hood ^ The Young Mother 1 Street Scene in Venice An Old Salt c> o 'e? 1 It will be seen from the particulars given tha-t the two series embraces a variety of iand and seascapes, heads, domestic subjects, animal life, etc. They exceed in beauty and finish, richness and variety of design, any- thing on the market. It is of these pictures, which are now for the first time reproduced as Post-Cards, that Sir PHILIP BL'RNE JONES writes :—" I have the greatest pleasure in ex pressing my admiration for the high standard of excel- lence obtained in the coloured reproductions of paint ings, which I had the opportunity of seeing the other day, and I wish them all the success they so undoubtedly deserve." The Two Series (29 CardsV 2s. post free. Series No. I (15 Cards' Is. Id. post free. Series No. 2 (i4 Cards i, Is. post free. THE MANAGER, "nO\lE AND BAIRNS," Equitable Building, (Melbourne. THE CHE5S PLAYERS. ^ July 1, 1906. The Review of Reviews, MinneapolU Journal.'\ Thd Tariff Issue Again. The HOUSE: "How much longer can you liold on?" The SENATE: "Not long; let's adjourn." " BRUSH ♦» Electrical Installations. ELECTRICAL SIPPLIES OF ALL KINDS. Power Plants — STEAM. OIL. PETROL, GAS. The "Watt" GAS PRODUCERS. GWYNNE'S Pumping Plants. AVERY'S Weighbridges and Weighing Machines. WM. CHAS. ROWE, 32 MARKET ST., MELBOURNE. m^ #^v*% .*^ « flow THE FaRMBRSjI ., Sunshine, Harvcsie^i fills fhe farrrimHorn of Plenfyi full to overflowing M[}, // ^llmim I'i lit h Vj'/^ m k\ HVM KAY eeSBOURKE's'TMELB 3YDMEY. 42 ENGINE ST ADELAIDE 54 NORTH TERRACE ,^##J The Review of Reviews. July 1, 190S. HEARNE'S BRONCHITIS CURE Tax FAMOUS REMIsnY Fcir Hat the Largeit Sale oi any Che*t Medicine In AiutralU. COUGHS, BRONCHITIS, ASTHMA AND CONSUMPTION. Those who have taken this medicine are amazed at its wonderful iofluencc. Sufierers from any form of Bronctiti*, Cou^h, Dlfficalty «r Breathing. HoarsencM, Pain ^r Soreness in the Chest experience delightful and Immediate relief ; and to those who arc subject to Coids on tk« Chest it is invaluable, at it effects a Complete Cure It is most comforting in allaying Irritation Ln the throat and glTing strtnjth to the Toio«, and it neither allows a Cough or Asthma to become Chronic, nor Consumption to develop. Coosumptioa hu never b««n known to exist wh "Coughs" have been properly treated with this medicine. No house skould be without it, as, taken at tks beginning a 4*m It gsiiai lOy ■Officient, and a Complete Cure is certain. ^° BEWARE OF COUGHS! HSTHMa. A FIVE YEABS- CASE. AT TlilES VERY BAD INDEED QUICKLY AND COMPLETELY CURED V.Y HEARNE S BRO.NClUns A.ND ASTHIIA CURE. Mr. Hearne. Dear 8ir,— For five or six years I was troubled with asthma, at times very bad indeed. I was Tery ill jost after Christmas, so sent to the local chemist for a bottle of your Bronchitis and Asthma Cure. I took the first dose on eointr to bed. and was not troubled that night. I finished the medicine, and haye not had a touch of the asthma since. I tell everyone about it. M. MUEBAY. PoBtmistress, Pampoolah. Manning Kiver, N.S.W. Keniemba that tiaj dUeaie has Iti commencaaiail, aad Osara la DO CTTwptVin to tbla rala, HHY HSTHMa. A 3E\'EBE ATTACK RELIEVED IN TEN MIPTOTE8 BY HEAKNES BRONCHITIS CUEE. THE EFFECT WAS 'n'OXDE:EFUL. ; Mr. W. Q. Hearne. Dear Sir, — About three weeks a^, while in the vicinity of musty chaff, I graduallv .'elt » difficulty to breathe. My nose began to run, and to all appearances I was developing a severe attack of Bron- chitis or Asthma. At last I could stand it no longer. I then tried your Bronchitis Cure, and its effect waa wonderful. In less than ten minutes I was all right again. Such a result, and so quick, astounded me. Tola is no exaggeration. I am pleased to sav.— Yours truly, 8. H. MAYO, Meredith, Victoria. BROMGHITIS HND HSTHMa. A SYDNEY RESIDENT SUFFERED FOR OVER SIXTY YEAItS. 80 BAD HE DARED NOT STIR BELIEVED IN A FEW MINUTES BY HEARNE S BEONCHmS CURE. WOULD GIVE £50 FOR THE SAME BENEFIT BATHER THAN SUFFER. Mr. W. Q. Hearne. Dear Friend,— Clironic Bronchitis I had from birth, and I am now 66 years old. Some time back I con- tracted Asthma, and for months I was so bad that any remedy that had previotisly relieved smothering was of no use to me. I was so bad that I dared not stir, and spent the worst night I ever had. WTien in a conver- sation, Mr. March. J.P., of Balmain, Sydney, kindly told me that a friend of his was using your Bronchitis Cure, and that it was good. So my sister bought me a bottle of it. and in a few minutes after taking the 'first dose I could breathe a little. The next dav I was better, and kept getting better every day. To-day I am hette'. than I have been for the last seven years. I took the medicine as directed, six bottles, and it cost me less than £1. I would give £50 for the same benefit rather than suffer as I did. Please make what use of this letter you think fit. If by so doing it would onlv cause one to get rid of this fearful complaint.— Yours faithfully. WILLIAM CANHAM. 108 Curtis Road. Balmain, Sydney. Mr. Hearne, Ohemist. Sir, — ^I am thankful to say that the medicine you sent for Asthma has had a wonderful effect. I have not taken all the Bronchitis Care, as I did not need it: therefore I send yon my hearty good wishes for vonr future success. I myself will, for the benefit of others, make it known to all I know. I am 73 vears of nge. — Tours truly, JOHN BRAY, Alliance-street. Clunes. Victoria I was a bronchial subject for nearly 40 years, bat have found Hearne's Bronchitis Cure a perfect remedy." H. EDHOUSE. J.P., Stawell Brewery, Stawell, Victoria. " Your Bronchitis Cure is a splendid medicine. It is the best medicine I have ever used tor Coughs, Oolds on the Chest, and Sore Throat. (Mrs.) JOHN McKENZIE, Werona, Victoria •' I suffered very much from Asthma for four veart and tried lots of so-called cures without deriving any benefit. I got a bottle of your Bronchitis Cure. No la, last Friday, and a bottle of your No. 2 Medicine, for obstinate Asthma, on Saturday. Since the first dose of your No. 2 Medicine. I have not had the wheezing at all," V. CAMERON. "Leongatha," Biversdale Road, Hawthorn, Melbourne. "Your Bronchitis Cure reallv acts like magic." -{Mrs.) E. L. SYMES. Narracoorte Hotel. Narracoorto. South Australia. " As my purchases show, your remdies are increasing in sale From time to time I hear people speaking about the ~nod results obtained from them. Wishing you a very much enlarged sale and great prosperity," JOHN KING, Ohemist, Ballarat. " I have purchased a small bottle of vour Bronchitis Cure, and have only taken four doses, and am glad to tell you that I am cured." J. WRIGHT, o/o Hr. D. McLean, Oamperdown. Victoria- I was laid up for twelve months with Bronchitis, during which I tried many remedies, without succeei. I used two bottles of your Bronchitis Cure and am now completely cured." JAMES WILLIAMS. Hnntly Street, Elstemwick, Melbonme. HEARNE'S BRONCHITIS CURE-SMALL SIZE. 2/6; LARGE SIZE. 4/8. Sold by Chemists and Medicine Vendors, and by the Proprietor, W. G. HEARNE, CHEMIST, GEELONG, VICTORIA. F'-ir\va'-Hrd bv Prxst to anv Address when not nbfainablt- incally July 1, 1906. The Review of Reviews. EVERY PARENT sKoxild ^et « HOME AND BAIRNS." IT CONTAINS. (i) A Fine Lot of Reading Matter for the Home ; (a) An attractive Department for tine Cliildren. It contains Wonderful Fairy Tales, gathered from almost every people in the world, wild with delight over it. Only Id. The Children will go PUZZLES, ETC., FOR THE CHILDREN. Ask your News Agent to get it, or send is. (Postal Note) or is. id. (Stamps) (is. 6d. or IS. 7d. from New Zealand) to "HOME AND BAIRNS," EQUITABLE BUILDING. MELBOURNE. And Receive it for 12 Months. PORTABLE COMFORT THE ORIENT POCKET STOVE JAPANESE HOT-BOX OR BODY-WARM ER. A Perfect Luxury for the Cold Weather. Invaluable at all \ times for Inva- lids, Travellers, --^^ and others. ^3 NO TROUBLK. V^ NO DANGER. ^^ The Most Effec- ^^JT^i tive Way of Ap- :=^^ plyinga Natural ~^-'— Remedy. ^j_- 'TpHE ingenuity E^rr- -*■ of th« Jkpkd- ~ 7 cie hat neTer be«a more clearly dem- ODfltrated than hj the iitrention of _ the Hot-Box. Th« poorest 'rlokshk- nan in J»paii carries a Hot-Box and the wealthit^t nobleman would D«T«r b« without one. In slckneii asd ia haaltb the Body-Warmer is equally appre- ciated. One of theaa handy little eoDtrivAnaes carried la a coat pocket or In a lady'i muff aaves the Warer from fettling the cold of winter. Whrn trarel* ling by coaoh, train or iteamar, a Hol-Woi pUoed bstween th» feet will keep you aa warm and coiy ai tf yon were beilde a bright coal flre Clerics and others enrNK*' are but a few of the many uses and a'lTsniaK*'* of thu Hot-Bex. The price ia only 4b 6d., including a supply of fuels and •.arriatc-' paid to any addresn, carefully paeked lu a box with full direotiona. Additi')nal fuels eaa be had at any time at ilzpeoce per packet fenf-ueh for about forty bouri' warmth), which makes it by far the cheapeit heaKnp apparatus ever derised. PUaae bear in mind that there is no trouble w)tb the Hot-Ilox and no danger; It emits DO imoke or ■mell, and it caunot under any cirnumstaDtes set ^re to anythini; elnu. Send postal note of any Stat*: for 4s. 6d.. and enolose this adTsrtlienient with your order. The Union Manufacturing &. Agency COti 299 ELIZABETH STREET, MELBOURNE. €€ The Spectator'* Is the Organ of the Methodist Church In Victoria and Tasmania. It is a Live, Bright, Up-to-Date Journal. Sold at Ss. Sd. per annum {lOs. lOd. posted). The late Rev. E. S. Bickford wrote concerning it as follows : — " The Spectator has become one of the very belt religious papers published in Australasia. It is now possible to recommend it with confidence, not only to the Methodists but to Christians of all denominations. For whilst its chief aim is to serve the Methodist Church in Victoria and Tas- mania, it is free from everything parochial and sectarian, and gives a generous recognition to our sister churches. Every person in the colonies who aspires to be an intel- ligent Methodist, must read its columns." PRINTING Of all Descriptions is undertaken and executed with Jtccuracy and Promptitude. T. W. RASHLEIGH, 270 Post Office Place, Melbourne. The Review of Reviews. July 1, ISOH. *tt6.s.s.6.rfrfrtS^^S-f&S-fS^frt&&t&S-S^tte-&frS-&6-ftt6t68-&ttt6-&S-fr6^t&66**«*tf«*et«««*** I* * * EVERY HOUSEHOLD AND TRAVELLING TRUNK OUGHT TO CONTAIN A BOTTLE Of ENO'S 'FRUIT SALT' All SIMPLE REMEDY FOR PREVENTING AND CURING BY NATURAL MEANS Functional Derangements of the Liver, Temporary Con- gestion arising from Alcoholic Beverages. Errors in Diet, Biliousness, Sick Headacl>e, Giddiness, Vomiting, Heartburn, Sourness of the Stomach, Constipation, Thirst, Skin Eruptions, Boils. Feverish Cold with High Temperature and Quick Pulse, Influenza, Throat Affections and Fevers of all kinds. * * * INDIGESTION. BILIOUSNESS. SICKNESS, gic— "I hive ott«n thought ol writJDg to t«U yon ik 7bat 'FRUIT SALT' has done (or me. I used to be a perfect martyr to lodigestion and Biliousness. About six or seren ifc years back my husband suggested 1 should try ' FRUIT SALT.' I did so, and the result has been marvellous. I never A have the terrible pains and sickness I used to have ; I can eat almost anything now. I alwa\ s keep it in the bouse and A recommend it to my friends, aa it is such an invaluable pick-me-up if you have a headache, or don't feel just right. ^ Yours truly (August 8, 1900X" FRUIT SALT' on a Disordered Sleepless and Feverish Condition Is aimply marveltoua- It Is. In fact, Nature's Own Remedy, and an Unsurpassed One. * * The effect of ENO'S * CAUTION —See Capsule marked Eno's * Fruit Salt." Without it you have a Woriiilms lMrriTio» * Prepared only by J. C. ENO, Ltd.. at the 'FRUIT SALT' WORKS. LONDON, by J. C. ENO'S Patent I 9 m • m m m • «»*»**a*^«a-S^-3=S^^^^-3^«-S**^^^«^^^^^^5^-3^-Sa^^^^^^5^-S5^-55^^^^^TS^^^^4^»^a* "LION BRAND" CONFECTIONERY. ■ u t. u u (0 - Q. (0 < Q FOR ENGINEERS' AND PLUMBERS' BRASSWORK THE "DASPYL" BRAND WILL MEET ALL REQUIREMENTS FOR A SUPERIOR ARTICLE BOTH IN FINISH & QUALITY. MANUFACTURED IN AUSTRALIA BY JOHN DANKS & SON PROP. LTD., 391 BOURKE ST., MELBOURNE, AND SYDNEY. lAdsva D > 0) -< g^o)a, you canj^njoy SUPPUES THE ENaiOrFORWORKaND STUDY, For mutual advantaKe. whfn you write to an advertiser, please mention th« Review of Reviews- The Review of Reviews. July 1, ISOS. A. PEARSON, Secretary for Mining Companies. Flotation of Approved Properties Undertaken. 34 QUEEN-ST.. MELBOURNE. TjhompsoTiy 7?/oore 6c Sons, . . . 9^//i/ny J'iffents, EQUITABLE BUILDING, MELBOURNE. E. r>. CRELLHSr, jLirrnsfti autiitor, 31 QUEEN STREET, MELBOURNE. For Newest and Latest Designs in . . . Call and Inspect our Stock. We are always pleased to show our workmanship. ART FRAMING DEPOT, ""'"iH^^u^NE. JOHN- L. AIKMAN. Prcpriet43r. LIVER PILLS. CHAMPION'S PERFECT ^^^^_^^^_^^^^_^^^^^^ Ihe Most Valuable and Effecti>e Remedy forlivfrTroublfS, Giddiness, ttind In the Stomach, and all Disorders arising from non-assimilation of food. Being mild in their action, they may be taken at any time without discomfort and as they are prepared (xom weU-lcnown and tried ing^rediests. may be taken with safety by both sexes. Price, Ij. Bottle ; including postage, la. Id. JOHN CHAMPION. PHARMACIST, 100 BRIDGE ROAD. RICHMOND. D. J. LUXTON, STOCK AND SHARE BROKER, Member of Stock Exchange. Melbourne. 369 COLLINS STREET, OLD EXCHANGE. First Floor. Telephone 21527. A. J. DAVIS. 3 Post Office Chambers. Pitt Street, Sydney. SECRETARY Of "MINING COMPANIES. Flotation of Approved Properties in New South Wales Undertaken. Tel. 21.5. Take Special Notice of Page io6. A PAMPHLET ON INFANT FEEDING AND IVIANAGEMENT (48 pages) FREE. 'n^^'.Sllcnburgs Foods. The "Allenburys" Foods give Strength and Stamina, and supply all that is required for the formation of firm flesh and bone. They promote perfect health, and give freedom from digestive troubles and the disorders common to children fed on fannaceous foods, condensed vrxxW. or even cow's milk, ALLEN & HANBLRYS Ltd., LONDON, and Bridge & Loftussts., SYDNEY. Granular Lids CURED WITHOUT OPERATION. T. R. PROCTER, optician 476 Albert Street, MELBOURNE. A SPtCIALIST IN ALL EYC COMPLAINTS Ectropian. T. R. PROCTER would remind his Patients throughout Australia that, having once measured their eye», he can calculate with exactitude the alteration produced by increasing age, and adjust spectacles required during life without further measurement. PROCTER'S UNIVERSAL EYE OINTIVI ENT «•• '»niily S«Iye h«i no equal: cnrei Blleht. sore and inSuned Rrc*. Granular Eyelids. Ulceration of the Eyeball, and reitorea Eyelashei. 2 6. post free to any part of the Statea. No carefai housewife should be without PROCTER'S EYE LOT ION, more especially in the country placea.aa Inflammation ii £«■» rally the forerunner of all diseases of the Bye, An early application would cure and prcTent any further trouble with the By<«. Bottles, 2 ■ and 3 6, post free to any part of the colonies. Eye Baths, 6d. Interstate Stamps add 10 percent Jul!/ 1, 1906. The Review of Reviews. MinneapoUa Journal,'} Watching the Tarill. Stanbpatteb : " What time is it, itr. American Watch?" MIEEICAN WATCH : " Time for tariff revision, I should Bar, when I can pay 13.38 dols. tor a trip abroad and ■ell for 10 dols. less on my return than if I had not gone abroad." jnnannuaannaD Ipnnaamnnnnnn DD nn □ D nn □ □ nn an nn □ c nn nq nn nn no vm H Heaves Food! ■ Your Infant Will ^" Thrive on IF AN EXCELLENT FOOD, admirably adapted to the wants of Infants." — Sir CHARLES A. CAMERON, C.B.,M.D.. Professor of Cht-mislry. R.S.C.I. Mfdical Officer of Health for Dublin. City and County Atialyst. Purveyors by Special Appointment to nn nn nn nn nn m nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn H.I.M. THE EMPRESS OF RUSSIA The KALIZOIC. Prior to our First ANNUAL STOCK-TAKING, For the Month of June only, we intend offering SPECIAL PRICES For Our Complete StocK OF Furniture, Carpets, Linoleums, Wall Papers and General Household Furnishings. CHURCH BROTHERS PROPY. LTD., J43, 145 Eluabeth Street, . . MELBOURNE. ^ BEST PRESENT FOR BOYS! THE WONDERFUL WIZARD GY-ROTARY TOP. OnepuU, Then it spins in any position— upside down, slanting, at riglit angles to pedestal, along the floor, or mas along a wire. Only Is. (carriage paid), compIeU with Pedestal. String, and full directions. Send Postal Note or Stamps. Our Catalogue Free. Star Novelty Co., 229-231 Collins-st., Melb. ■nnnnnnnnnnnnni ■ >• 1 WHAT IS CATARRH? Catarrh it inflammation of the hnmg^ mem- brane of the nose and adjoininf passages. If this infiammatioa is not arrested it invadei the passages which lead from the nose to 1 the head, ears, throat and lungs. It injures ■ the sight and hearing, destroys the sense of f taste and smell, renders the breath offensive, breaks down the affected tissues, consumes the nasal cartilages, and rots away the small frontal bones of the skull. The discharge. passing; through the lungs and stomach, causes dyspepsia, also consumption. Do you want relief and cure ,' If so. try our great remedy. RAMEY'S MEDICATOR cures Catarrh. Catar- rhal Deafness, Headache, Neuralgia. Coughs. Colds, Bronchitis. Asthma, Hay Fever, La Grippe, etc. Price, complete with 4 m»,jths* treatment by mail, los. Write for Booklet, free, tr send order direct to Stir Novelty C«., 339-231 Collins st. Melbourne. zn. The Review of Reviews. July X 1S06. BOOKS FOR THE This Handsome Present Is one that will be acceptable to either very young or older children. The Books are cloth bound, pleasing in appearance, and put together strongly. They are full of . . . NURSERY RHYMES, FAIRY TALES, FABLES, " STORIES OF TRAVEL, Etc., Etc. Everyone who buys the Books is delighted with them. Numbers of people repeat orders for friends. You Could Not Buy a Better BIRTHDAY GIFT For Your Child. ONLY BAIRNS. 7/6 CONTENTS VOL. I.— ^sop's Fables. VOL. n. — Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Tales. VOL. III. — The Adventures of R<3Tnara '^Ai 4> C ■O »^ w E o CO CM eg tl. © a' .? \ FIJI. ? lb to 0> o 3 o c "« 3 a Fijian Village SAMOA. TONGA. NEW Twin Screw Steamer " ATUA " from Sydney, 25th July. Full Partuular or ^rricatirn to l"N'ION S.S. Co., Melbourne. GAUNT^S WATCHES. "CORRECT TO THE SECOND" ^ GAUNT'S "CHAMPION" WATCHES. GuDmclal Kevlcss Lever Watch icwrl ed with .«f' - 21 Gaint's "Stamlaril" Silver English Lever. £6 l(H„ £7 lOs. Every Watch bears our Guarjntet. \ isilnry ate ii vitct !■ m'm r o Showrooms, which contains the latest and m- si •••n p rit .. Jewellery, Electroplate Silver Ohurcbplate. EyrSlgM Tuted Or ti' T HAUNT S. Pn WATCHMAKERS. ■ • unun I OC UU., opticians, jewellers. 337-339 BOURKE STREET, MELBOURNE. waih r ^rey Hair Fallini^ ^ Hair, and Mdneg flh one remedy C2yr\ cure d}\ d\sed5e3 of the K&ir. YIhb!t i5 efficaciou5 ir\ orxe ir\5t^^f^ce, b Ivvrmful or iPicffective , ir\ another. 5end,w'itK stamped envelope for i ^ reply, particulars, endojirNg^ a few j ^^ fallen Kair^ , and we will fell • yoo, free of Cjost, iKc cause of 'j trooble,and the po35ibilitie5 > Address. 274 Collii\5 ^tr Melbouprxe.. Jnly 1. 1906. The Review of Reviews THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS FOR AUSTRALASIA. (Annual Subscription, (),'6 ) WILLIAM H. JUDKINS. Editor "Rexievv of Reviews" for Australasia. W. T. STESD, EditoT Entrlisll * Review ot Ue\ie«a.' DR. ALBERT SHAW, Eiiitor American .Montlily " Rf\ iew of Reviewa." CONTENTS FOR JULY, iyo6. PAOB Page Mr. W. T. Stead — Frontispiece Interviews on Topics of the Month— Continued After Sixteen Years: AV. T. Stead 3 On the Vahie of Impatience in Politics: A Woman 8 Kis^uter 42 To My Readers: The Editor 5 The Russian Parliament: By One of its Members 43 Progress of the World • ■■ 8 What about the House of Lords?— Mend or End? 44 The Late Right Honourable Richard J. Seddcn ... 24 Character Sketch — The Gambling Demon in Australia. By the Jno. Bull as International Host. By W. T. Stead 45 E'"'^'"' ^^ Leading Articles in the Reviews- Prominent Anti-Socialists on Socialism 32 -^^^ Socialism is Growing, and Why 53 Social Service -S ■'°°' ^"" through Colonial Spectacles 53 An Appeal to tlie "Friends of the African" 54 Esperanto 37 The Prevention ot Crime 54 Interviews on Topics of the Month: Shakespeare's Boys ... 54 •^ The Re-union of Christendom 55 Professor Ishikawa Ph.D Delegate from Tokio School Doctors in Germany 55 l^'™e?ebrati?n' '^*'*'°""^ University Jubi- ^^ ^j,^ ^^^ Canadian TariJf 65 Professor Vasilye-.'beiegr'ale from Dorpat Uni: Scientific Marvels of Our Times 56 versify, Russia, to the Melbourne Dniversity Voc;ition ot Culture 56 Jubilee Celebrations 40 Religious Tests in the United States 56 The Anglo-German Entente: Dr. Henry Lunn ... 41 The National Revival in Bengal 57 {Civitiiuicd on iicvt ^'i.C'".) N.D.L. IMPERIAL GERMAN MAIL STEAMERS. Direct Steamers to ENGLAND and the CONTINENT, calling at Adelaide, Freniantle, Colombo, Aden, Suez Canal, Naples, Genoa, Southampton (London), Antwerp and Bremen, will be despatched as under : — Steamer. Tons. Commander. Melbourne. Karlsr'uhe 5057 ... R. Hempel ... July 24 Gera 5005 ... F. Prosch ...Aug. 21 *Schar'nhor'st...8i3i ... L. Mass Sept. 18 'Twin Screw Steamer. Steamers leave Adelaide following Saturday. FARES TO LONDON: Single. Return First Saloon _;^65 to ^^^75 ... ^112 Second Saloon ... ^38 to ^42 ... ^63 Third Class 2'i5to^i7 ... £2^ Saloon Return Ticket.s available tor Two Years. FREMANTLE. Saloon, £■] to £() ; Return, ;^'ii to .^13 los. Round the World, ^,130, with _^"2o Atlantic Berth. To CHINA and JAPAN. Regulai" Four-Weekly Sei^'ice, calling at Brisbane, New Britain and New Guinea, for Hong Kong, Kobe and YokoiTama, con- necting at Hcing Kong with the Fortnightly Express Mail Service of the N.D.L. from Japan and China to Europe — Steamer. Tons. Melbourne. Sydney. •Willehad 4761 ...June ...July 7 *Prinz Waldemar ...3300. ..July ...Aug. 4 •Prinz Sigismund ... 3300... Aug. ...Sept. i "Twin Screw Steamers. Fares from Sydney to Hong Kong': — I., f-t-t ■ II., ^23; III., ^-15. Linen Washed or, board at Moderate Prices. English spoken on board. For further particulars, apply to OSTERMEYER, DEWEZ & VAN ROMPAEY, AGENTS, 480 COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE The Review of Reviews. July 1. 1906. CONTENTS— (Continued from page xxi.) Leading Article in the Reviews (Continued )- Ho-w to Deal with the Negroes The Elberfeld System in England ... ... Doea Education Entail Extermination? The FoUr and Doom of Gambling The Eederaption of the "Negro The One Hope of Russia Work, Not Preference The Jews and Count Witte ... •■•■••.;• Are School Meals a Success in Pans? Desirable Aliens The Nationalists of India_.. ... The Biggest Ships in the World Poster Designing • The New Trade Union Bill ... ... To Tax the Unearned Increment Criminals in the London Streets ... The Improvement in British Painting ... The Greek Building and the Roman Bead Millions and Mosquitoes On tlie Education Bill Is Mr Kooscvelfs Star Setting? ^^l%°.?iX Eevi^l'i^^ ?,rUnionistDownfali:: Marriage Among the Basutos Irish University Education Current History in Caricature In the Days of the Comet: By H. G. Wells 67 68 58 59 59 60 60 60 61 62 63 63 63 64 64 65 65 ■ 65 65 66 69 70 70 71 71 72 88 79 80 80 80 80 The Reviews Reviewed— The American Eeview of Beviews ^ Tlie Nineteenth Century and After « Tlie Edinburgh Review The North American Eeview Tlie Dublin Eeview The World's Work : The Forum The Occult Magazines j} The Church Quarterly Review 81 The Monthly Eeview °? The Pall Mall Magazine ^ The Oorrespondant ?^ Indian Subjects in the Magazines ^ The Eevue des deux Mondes 84 The Ita,lian Reviews ^ The Dutch Reviews |? The Scandinavian Magazine 85 La Revue °5 The Nouvelle Revue °? The Study of Shakespeare ...^ ^ The Eevue de Paris Books of the Month— •' The Other Side of Death Day by Day insurance Notes 87 By Various Explorers 96 J02 105 DRTJO HABIT HAVE YOD FAILED THROUGH DRUNK ENNESS DONT DESPAIR. DR. LANGSTON'S VEGETABLE CURE. A Home Cure which never fails. It ia safe. sure. abtoluUly certain, and insrpensive. A few dosei produce a won- derful change. The craving for all intoxicanti will be destroyed, the nerven become staady, the appetite for food will return, refreshing ileep ensues. This cure will surprise and delight you. May be GIVEN SECRETLY. Thousands of Cur«t ; here is one :— Raveruthorj>€, W.A., 23-9-04. Save JinUhtd the half course, tehich has effected a cure. I have no desire /or drink, in fact, have a repugnance to the very iaea of it. Yours faithfully^ Write for TreatiM No. 6. Posted Free TUB Dr. Langston institute, 129» COLLINS STREET, I MELBOURNE. A\r. jNO. Bi^KER, cutler, 3 HUNTER ST., SYDNEY, N.S.W. n LOCK BACK STAG. 5s, 6d. each: with Picker and i w.-.-j.r. 73. 6a- e:ich. MZe when clos^id. 3!4 in. BABBITER'S KBITE. Smooth Hon.. 3t 6d. each. Si^ewhenclose<1.4!^.n. LOCK .BACK. Smooth »on and Iweezi-r. 91. OQ- eacii. ..rr,. Is- 6d- uii-n ; »uh licker I Size -Itei. closed. 4,.,. FINE FIKISH STAB 7» 6d . T^i^s^^Wfy sue „h.n cosed, .in. LOCK BACK. Smo«h^„«n. 4. each; w.th P,cke. and All Post free throughout the Commonwealth and New Zealanil. The Review of Reviews. July 1, 19K. E H. Milts 1 [Copyrifht. MR» W. T. STEAD. Rev^iew of lifvieus, 1/7/06. ♦ . ♦ After Sixteen Years . ♦ ♦ [In the English " Review of Reviews" the following inspiring letter was printed by Mr. W. T. Stead. Readers of our own "Review of Reviews" will find the message echoed in the two pages following tliis. — Editor.] The crowning victory which has just been achieved at the polls encourages me to hope that I may appeal with some ponfidence to my readers, to whose enthusiasm and steadfastnes.s some small part of the victory of 1906 may justly be ascribed. I appeal to those veterans, trusty and tried, who have been faithful in good report and in ill during all these years, to help me in seizing the present auspicious moment in order to enable me to realise the original ideal of " The Review of Reviews." Sixteen years ago, when I published my first number, I wrote; — The great word which has now to be spoken in the ears of the world is that tbe time has come when men and women must work for the salvation of the Stat© witli as much zeal and self-sacrifice as the.v now work for the salvation of the individual. At elections there is a little canvassing and excitement; but excepting at those times the idea that the State needs saving, that the democracy needs educating, and tbat the problems of Government and reform need careful and laborious study, is foreign to tbe ideas of our people. What is wanted is a revival of civic faith, a quickening of spiritual life in the political sphere, the inspiring of men and women with the conception of what may be done towards the salvation of the world if they will but bring to bear upon public affairs the same spirit of self-sacrificing labour that so many thousands manifest in the ordinary drudgery of parochial and evangelistic work. I went on to explain that what I hoped for was to " found a periodical circulating throughout the English-speaking world, with its affiliates or associates in every town, and its correspondents in every village, read as men used to read their Bibles, not to waste an idle hour, but to discover the will of God and their duty to man — whose staff and readers alike are bound together by a common faith, and a readiness to do common service for a common end." To that faith " The Review of Reviews " has adhered through good report and ill, and now that its confident prediction as to the certainty of decisive victory has been more than fulfilled, the pro- pitious moment has arrived for attempting to carry out its original ideal. The experience of a lifetime spent in active political, social and religious work has taught me that no agency has yet been devised that is more useful as an instrument of progress than a peri- odical publication with a definite creed, if its editor can inspire his readers with his own enthusiasm, and can secure at least one subscriber, man or woman, old or young, rich or poor, in each district who will zealously endeavour to realise the editorial ideals in the community in which he lives. What are those ideals? I do not expect any reader, no matter how faithfully he has read the ^.Review " since 1890, to accept them all. But wherever there is anyone who feels impelled by a sense of his duty to his fellow-creatures to help to the uttermost of his power in attempting to realise even one of them, let him or her join themselves unto me and work with me for that especial end. If there was not one county or one town in the Kingdom or one province in the Empire without .some one person who had pledged him or herself to do what can be done to secure the achievement of the social, political, and religious ideals of the " Review," the pace of progress would be quickened, and we need not fear that we should fall back from the high-water mark of 1906. We must take the high-water mark of this victory as our starting-point for the advance that must be made in the years that are to come. In years I am older than when I first appealed for the support of rry readers in this co-operative emprise, but my heart is younger and my faith is stronger than it was sixteen years ago. Never did Blake's noble verses ring more true to my ear than they are to-day: — Bring me my bow of burning gold! 1 will not cease from mortal fight. Bring me my arrows of de.sire! Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand. Bring me my spear: O clouds unfold! Till we have built Jerusalem Bring me my chariot of Fire! In England's green and pleasant land. 4 The Review of Reviews. ■'"'y ^ ^'"^ I appeal to all those -nho, like myself, are young of heart and strong in faith and full of love for their fellow-men, to become associates in attempting to realise any of the following ideals to which, from its foundation, ''The Review of Re\iews " has been the exponent and champion: — 1. International brotherhood on the basis of justice and national freedom, manifesting itself in universal entente cordiale, Anglo-American reunion, intercolonial intimacv and helpful sympathy with sub- ject races ; and international arbitration. 2. The Reunion of all Religions on the twofold basis of the union of all who love in the service of all who suffer, and the scientific investigation of the law of God as revealed in the material and spiritual world. 3. The Recognition of the Humanity and Citizenship of Woman, embodied in the saying, Whatsoever ye would that woman would do unto you do ye even so unto her.' 4. Tlie Improvement of the Condition of the People, having as our guiding principle, " Put yourself in their place and think how you would like it." 5. The quickening and inspiration of Life, by the promotion of reading, physical training, open-air games, and the' study and practice of music and the drama. I shall be glad to hear from each reader, no matter whetlier poor or rich, insignificant or influential, who thinks he can help in his or her own locality to attain the realisation of any of the above ideals. I say reader, for if anyone is not a reader of " The Review of Reviews," even though he be a subscriber, he is not in touch with the movement. For " The Review of Reviews " of necessity is the necessary nexus between all members of such co-operative service There is no other periodical with so broad a programme. Amid all the multiplicity of magazines that sprang into existence as the direct result of its appearance, there is not one which has even ventured at the remotest distance to carry out this central fundamental conception of an organ which, like the voice of the muezzin sounding from the Eastern minaret, would summon the faithful to the duties imposed by their belief. It is absolutely independent, and is free from any national, sex, class, sectarian, or denominational bias. When I ask for your adhesion and your co-operation I do not ask or expect you in any way to subscribe to all the definite proposals which I may make from time to time with the object of realis- ing those ideals. Your best service to these ideal.« may be rendered by opposing the methods by which I seek to realise them. " After sixteen years " I still find myself in the position of a preacher who has a congregation, but who has not evolved from that congregation a working church. But even after sixteen years it is not too late to attempt in serious earnest, at least, to know the names and addresses of those amongst my readers who are in dead earnest about one or other of the above-mentioned ideals, and who can be depended upon to do what they can to realise them. Bv this means I might, at long last, get together the rudiments of a Society in all parts of the English-speaking world, a Society to which the only subscription would be the reading of " The Review of Reviews," and the only service the using of the contents of the '" Review " as a means of enabling them to realise the ideals which they have most at heart. No other magazine covers so wide a range, contains so many ideas diligently collected from all sources, or is so well-fitted to serve as an inspiration to social service. It is a monthly reminder of the immensity of the work that needs to be done, and an encyclopaedic storehouse of suggestions as to how to set about doing it. What is needed is that all those who are in sympathy with any or all of the objects which " The Re\-iew of Reviews " has at heart should be in living touch with its editor, and through the magazii>e with each other. I am preparing a little manual of social service, entitled '' How to Help," a revised and greatly extended edition of a pamphlet published fifteen years ago under that name. I shall be glad to send a copy to any reader, old or young, far or near, rich or poor, who feels disposed to respond to this appeal. Time hastens on. I am now well on my way to my sixtieth year. Before I die I feel that as a legacy to those who come after me, I ought to leave in full working order some such simple but widespread organisation of social serv'ice as this, which has, from the first, been my aim and object in founding " The Rev-iew of Reviews." But the years pass, and this golden opportunity mav be the last that may be offered to any of us. " So much to do, so little done !" the death-cry of Cecil Rhodes, is what we shall all feel when in our turn we are summoned to render an account of our life's stewardship. And that is all the more reason for doing as much as we can wliile we are here, and if we have not started yet, to begin here and now. London, March, 1906. WILLIAM T. STEAD. Review of RevtewB, IfTjOG. TO MY READERS. Mr. W. T. Stead's inspiring message in the English " Review of Reviews,'' which I reprint on the two preceding pages, will send a thrill through readers of " The Australasian Review of Reviews." All that he wishes " The Review of Reviews " to be in Britain I devoutly desire, and he desires, " The Australasian Review of Reviews " to be in Australasia. No better opportunity for a heart to heart talk with my readers could be than that afforded by the change made in the price charged for " The Review of Reviews," when it is brought within the reach of everyone, and there is no financial barrier to the poorest taking it. Here in Australasia we have opportunities not afforded to the peoples of older lands. We are not held down by centuries of custom, and are somewhat in the position of a young man setting out in life with no unpleasant past to live down, no bad habits to break, no conservative traditions to shake off. The foundations of our social order are being laid. Untold possibilities lie before us in national wealth. In another hundred years our population will be immense. Our huge area of land will be peopled by millions, and if one sets his ear to the future, he can hear the cry of those millions be- seeching us to lay the foundations of our liberties deep and true. On our policy depends their happi- ness or misery. What an opportunity we have ! Class distinctions are almost unknown to us. We have not the chasms separating class from class that exist in the old world. The very air of our lands, sweeping freely over our great expanses, seems to breathe into us ideas that make these distinctions contemptible. We have no State Church. All creeds stand upon the same line. There is no favour to any. Of course the individualist whose .be-all and end-all is himself, and who regards Society as a fair field for exploitation, is here as elsewhere. The creed of " Every man for himself, and the devil take the hindmost," is implicitly believed in bv some. Great national vices are already with us, and are assuming alarming proportions. Drink, gambling, and the social evil lift their heads high. Mal- administration of laws and political corruption, though not common, are not unknown to us. Australasia's future depends on the attitude of the people of to-day. If it is to be bright, the Individualist's creed must give place to the only sane one of every man for others, and all help the weakest. The blood that flows in our veins also must be pure and our moral natures must be untainted if the best ideals are to be realised. I have no hesitation in saying that I have a passion for national, for civic righteousness. I believe that correctness of life in personal conduct is only part of our great duty. The splendid ideal of loving service must tower up level with the ideal of personal integrity. The field of social service never held a harvest riper for the gathering than it does to-dav, and the whole duty of man is not ob- served unless he works in it. Government has in the past been left largely in the hands of men of moderate or low ideals. This is speaking generally. We can show some brilliant exceptions. But there have been too few who have entered Parliamentary and Municipal life with convictions and with a passion for doing good, who have looked upon these departments of life as fields in which to battle for the social redemption of mankind. The cry of Australasia for the Australasians, I echo, not in any narrow and parochial sense, but with a conviction that in these sunny lands there is an ideal to be reached not possible yet in older ones, and with a desire that the best that is attainable should be gained by them : an Australasia which is morally, mentally, physically, socially, industrially the best country under the sun : an Australasia where there is neither financial extreme, the pauper nor the the millionaire : an Australasia whose conditions are so fair, and whose legislation is so just and equitable that it is easy to do right and difficult to do wrong: where there is a fair wage for fair work, and fair work for a fair w-age ; where there are friendly relations between employer and employe ; while at the same time we recognise the existence and claims of other nations, and aim at the cultivation of a world-wide sentiment of brotherhood. To this end these things are necessary — Extension of government, placing in the hands of the people more complete power, the election to Parliament and Municipal offices of men of clean personal The Review of Revlevts. July I, 1906. living (for no man will want to legislate higher than his own morals), men with tender civic consciences, quick to detect civic wrongs and inequalities, and bold to speak of them without favour and with no thought of personal consequences; and, back of it all, the individual seized with a desire to do the best for his fellows that he possibly can. In addition to this there must be the extension of educational facilities, so that every'one, poor as well as rich, may be able to gain the highest intellectual attain- ments possible to fit him for the service of mankind. It is the illiterate who are anarchic in methods of reform. This is the ideal I intend " The Review of Reviews " to work out here, an ideal identical with that of Mr. Stead in England. " The Australasian Review of Reviews '' will stand as the English " Review of Reviews " does, for everything that pertains to national uplift, and international amity. How can it be attained? By the co-operation of every reader of '" The Review of Reviews.' Never was there a better time for the formation of a brotherhood of those w^hose common desire is to help on the common good, a brotherhood not hedged bv State boundaries, but embracing even' man and woman in Australasia anxious to serve their country. With this end in view, will every reader enthused with a desire for social service write to me, that such a bond may be created, and a great Social party formed, tied to no political party, and by no narrow theological creed, a Social party whose aim is the betterment of Australasia. Proposals for common good would be considered as they arise, and without any concern as to whence thev happened to originate. In this party shades of opinion would be merged, and for certain great principles everyone could work. We need to create a nation of patriots. Wrong ideas of patriotism prevail. The idea has been persistently drilled into the minds of the voung people that the patriot is the man who wants to fight with arms, and often to fight without reallv knowing why he is fighting and shedding others' blood, or his own. Somehow or other the man who loves his country so much that he wants to clean it up, to make it synonymous with the Kingdom of God, gets left out in the cold, or out of the defijiition. But the patriot is he or she who is willing to die, .^r live, in the service of his country, whether against external or internal foes. " The Review of Reviews " will thus be not simply a journal which will give the most world-wide and complete view of the world's aftairs, the journal absolutely necessary for every Australasian reader (this it will be), but a journal with a lofty ideal, a text-book for social sen-ice necessary to every striver after the common good, also acting as a bond to bind together every progressive thinker. I beg therefore every reader of " The Review of Reviews," with a desire to assist, to write to me that we may create a force that vnW be potent .it every election, whether Parliamentary or Municipal, throughout Australasia. Most would I urge everv voung man and woman (for in them the hope of the future lies) who (i) sees the needs of the time; (2) realises the responsibilities resting on every member of the State; (3) is prepared to sacrifice time and private pleasure to go. into Municipal or Political life as other men and women go out on missions to foreign lands ; and (4) to listen to the call of God and to reply, " Here am I, send me," to write to me. I want to get into touch with someone in every town and district in Australasia who has a passion for social sen-ice. If such will join with me and work (as well as those who are older), we shall, with the prospect of many years of active sen-ice for the common weal, have abundant time to see the fruition of many of our desires. In the course of 15 or 20 years we should be able to purge politics and advance the cause of the common good tremendously. At the request at various times of many of our readers, but with the very greatest of reluctance, I am publishing a portrait of mvself. I shrink in one sense from what may strike some as vanity, but requests have been so numerous that I have consented. Will my friends and acquaintances take it as a greeting to them (especiallv the thousands of social reformers in New Zealand whom I intimately know) ; and those whose fares I have not yet seen, regard it as an introduction to an acquaintance that shall develop, through working in the common cause and for the people's good, into a lasting friendship ? If any who are interested in our programme will please write to me at our address, "' Review of Reviews,' Equitable Building, Melbourne, I will send a pamphlet, ■ How to Help," showing how each one may assist in making Australasia all it ought to be for Australasians. Melbourne, 8th June, 1906. W. H. JUDKINS, Editor. Bevies of Uevietos, l/7f06. LafayctiCi ' {Photo. MR. W. H. JUDKINS- Vol. XXIX., Xo. i. The Rev JULY I, 1906. EVIEWS EQUlTABT^Ii BVILUIKG, MBKBOURSE. THE HISTORY OF THE MONTH. Federal Politics, Mexbourne, June 8th, 1906. The Federal ParUament has met. It almost paled into insignificance beside the triumph of the New Zea- land Prime Minister. There is talk of a good deal of work, but there are indications that many members are feeling uneasy about their electorates, and are itching to get away to nurse them. One cannot be reasonably expected to give his sole, enthusiastic and undivided attention to the affairs of his countrv' when his own affairs are being atten- tively and solicitously attended to by another fellow who is doing all he can to undermine the member's prestige in his electorate. His mind is elsewhere. Consequently, although several important matters are down for consideration, it is not likely that a ven- great deal of work will be got through. It will not be the Government's fault, but the best of speakers cannot interest an audience when its mind is els where. It is nothing more than a quiet state- The Visit ^^^^^^ ^f f^^^ ^^ ^^y ^j^^j ^jj. g^^j. Mr. Seddon. don's visit to Australia has been the event of the month. Other matters have had to take second place. Before the brilliance of his visit, the brightness of other stars temporarily waned. Newspapers devoted columns to his speeches and opinions, various bodies vied in their endeavours to show hospitality, and Mr. Seddon will have everv reason to feel flattered at his reception. Many and various have been the expressions of opinion in the New Zealand press, but there can be no mistaking the fact that by her advanced legisla- tion New Zealand has pushed herself to such a posi- tion in the good opinions of the j)eople of Aus- tralia, that the latter place simply cannot help honouring the man who has piloted her destinies for the last 13 years. Moreover it was a compliment to the progressive colony. In honouring Mr. Sed- don, New South Wales and Victoria have been pay- ing their respects to the sister colony of which they are proud. For are we not Australasians ? Mr. Seddon certainly won golden opinions wherever he went, whether it was to Williamstown where he formerly worked in the railway workshop, or to Ballarat and Bendigo, which saw him in the early days. The strong liberal and common-sense opin- ions which he expressed regarding certain matters which are allowed to go by default by Australian fKsliticians were most refreshing. He very rightly pointed out that most of our troubles could be re- moved if we worked upon lines that had i>een proved to be safe in New Zealand. No exception could be taken to the broad lines of policy laid down by Mr. Seddon, and if a fair amount of space is taken up this month with reference to matters raised by him, it is simply because he has brought a breath of fresh Liberalism into the somewhat stagnant at- mo.sphere of Australian politics, and he deserves full credit for it. A visit of this kind has been as Friendly necessary as the friendly visits of Interchanges. British and French well-wishers to one another. It is another illustra- tion of the correctness of the policy which " The Review of Reviews " holds to be so important, the necessity for friendly visits between, and the provid- ing of the warmest hospitality by different nations. A little Junketing may bring about centuries of peace and avoid untold horrors of war. Of course that does not even in the remotest way refer to Australia and New Zealand. Such an idea is ridiculous. But the principle holds good. Australia and New Zealand have common interests, are next-door neighbours, but they have made little more than a passing acquaint- ance over the side fence. They might have been separated by 6000 miles of sea instead of 1000 (a distance less than that which separates some of the Australian States from one another), so little have the countries known of one another. Visitors from one countrv to the other always retain kindly im- pressions of hospitalitv, but Governments have held aloof. Even in dailv news of the other neither coun- trv' gets what it ought. We are practically the rulers of these Southern seas, and \et have hardly made one another's acquaintance. What could be accom- plished with a little more intercourse has been re- vealed bv Mr. Seddon's visit. Review of Revietts, 1J7/0G. History of the Month. One subject of interest to both coun- Reciprocal tries is that of reciprocal trade, Traile. which seems likely to eventuate to some degree. We should, as inti- mated last month, like to see Free Trade between Australia and New Zealand. Labour conditions are very stringent in both countries, but Mr. Seddon, in the course of a conversation I had with him, thinks that no matter how desirable it might be, it would be impassible while cheap Chinese labour is used for furniture making in Australia. But as far as natural products are concerned, he sees no difficulty. Our seasons do not coincide, and natural products might be mutually exchanged. Mr. Seddon unequivocally expresses his willingness to receive such things as sugar, grapes, etc., expressing his belief in a free breakfast table. Now if even this can be attained, it will be something, and is worth the getting. There ought to be no trade restrictions between us. anv more than between the Australian States, but this is a step in the right direction. The thing to be feared is that the Federal Government will be shy of launch- ing such a proposal before Parliament, or that if anything be done, it may be simply the raising of duties against other places. But between prac- tically one people, with one destiny, separated onlv by a narrow strip of sea, joined by thousands of bonds of blood-relationship^ there ought to be no trade restrictions whatever. Nothing is more patent to New More Zealanders living in Australia than Press News. the lack of news of the former coun- try. The amount is so small that it is paltr\-. Mr. Seddon proposes to alter this. He has arranged to have New Zealand news collated by an impartial person and sent to Australian news- papers. This ought to help to bring the two coun- tries closer together. Moreover, the opening of New Zealand offices in the most central part of Collins- street in Melbourne, and the appointment of an agent (Mr. H. J. Manson) will do much to keep the colony before the people. It ought to pay New Zea- land, even as a financial transaction, twenty times over. But not the least important thing A that Mr. Seddon has done is to loan rriendly Loan. Mr. Tregear, the Secretary for Labour in New Zealand, to Mr. Bent to help him in the organisation of a Department of Labour. That is brotherly on Mr. Seddon's part, and it shows wisdom on Mr. Bent's part that he is willing to be taught. He says he wll go upon the lines that New Zealand has done, and not only help to bring work and men together for private owners, but also utilise their ser\'ires in the clearing and improving of lands prior to selection. For the pur- pose he will allot ;^2oo,ooo. Clearlv Mr. Seddon's visit has been productive of vast good. If it would always have the same effect in precipitating political elements that seemed as though they were going to remain perpetually in a state of solution, it would pay the States to get him over every year to show .Australians how to do things. Personally, I am hop- ing that in some way or other his visit may induce the Governments to go ahead faster with the resump- tion of estates near the great centres of population such as Melbourne and Sydney. " Look at your vast ujipeopled areas right along your main railway lines," he said, at our conversation, " close to your markets, and hardly a hoof to be seen. Why — " A significant gesture was the most expressive way of finishing the sentence. Truly it is colossal folly. All the land adjacent to our main rail systems only very partially used, and people anxious to settle, but forced into back unroaded districts, far from railways and markets. It was fortunate that the deputation The from the Presbyterian Church wait- New nebrides. ed upon Mr Deakin at a time when Mr. Seddon could also be present. The opinion of the two Prime Ministers must go a. long way towards influencing whatever settlement is arrived at. They both are emphatic in the opinion that the best thing to be done is to exchange the New Hebrides with some other British possession, say the Mauritius. No doubt that would be the most desirable thing. French interests might be bought out, and the transaction concluded on a very liberal basis, and it is quite possible that a British pos- session nearer to France than the New Hebrides would suit the latter countrv- better. But that is a matter of negotiation, and in the meantime some- thing should he done, and done at once, in the interests of the natives, the residents, and, indeed, the Powers, who can not aff'ord to take the risk of endless bickerings arising out of the present un- satisfactory condition of things. A constitution, binding upon all, administered impartially by repre- sentatives of both nations, ought to be quite pos- sible. There is no doubt that this will be accepted as an instalment at any rate, irrespective of what friendly intercourse and arrangement may bring forth in the future. It would have saved a lot of negotia- tion if Australasia had been represented on the Con- ference. Confidential -"^ month or two ago we hinted at Communications the unwise course the Colonial Office and tlie_ had on occasions taken in forward- Colonial Office. ;j,g confidential communications to Slate Premiers and Colonial Prime Ministers. The niatter was discussed by Mr. Seddon when in Mel- bourne. He pointed out the false position in which heads of authority were sometimes placed. It is easy to imagine it. Of course it is rea.sonable to suppose that on rare occasions there might be rea- Tne Review of Reviews, July 1, 190S. sons for confidence being demanded, but Premiers and Prime Ministers are not autocrats who can fall in with even a Colonial Secretarj-'s wishes without consulting Parliament. Moreover, it is sometimes desirable that the people should know what is going on. Under confidential dispatches much corruption might take place and irremediable harm be done. Besides, the rather comical situation was lately brought about of the British Government for^vardLng the proposals of the Xew Hebrides joint Conference to the Federal Prime Minister marked " Confiden- tial," thus making it impossible for the Government to communicate their contents to the press, and the press publishing the proposals, having received the news by cable from French newspapers. The more open the dealings of the Colonial Office with the colonies generally are, the more satisfactory will they be. Tasmania has had quite a political Tasmanian sensation. Her Parliament had Politics. scarcely met when a No-confidence motion was proposed against the Government on account of their reconstruction scheme, but the Ministry won with a majoritv of six. An excellent description of the present political situation, with photos, of the members of the Minis- try, was given in the last number of " The Re\-iew of Reviews.'' Mr. Xicholls is the leader of the Op- position. New During the month a notable date South Wales's P^^^*^*^ '" connection with New Jubilee. South Wales, when she celebrated her jubilee of responsible govern- ment. How well the experiment of granting re- .sponsible government to the Colonies has succeeded is patent to everybody. No more prosperous and contented people are to be found anywhere than Australasians. Difficulties in settlement they have had, but only to be overcome, strengthening them- selves in the struggle. In looking at what New South Wales has achieved in the last 50 vears one be- comes lost in a maze of figures. To say that she has won minerals to the value of ^165,000.000 and produced wool to the value of _;^300,oco,ooo, that last year her population of a million and a half exported and imported goods to the value of ;£66, 000,000, that her 3371 miles of railway cost ^44,000,000 to construct, is to confuse one in a maze of incomprehensible figures. But New South Wales has other things than that to be proud of. Her State school system is a splendid one, her laws relating to provision for the aged and needv are well abreast of other peoples', while her prison sys- tem is one that might be copied w!th advantage by even,- other State. No one could blame New South Welshmen if they felt proud of their State when they indulged in a little retrospection on their Tubilee dav. Like New Zealand, New South Another Wales looks with thankfulness at a Orink'sm decreasing drink bill. Canon Boyce, who is always to the fore m tem- perance matters, has in his exhaustive annua! state- ment shown that the drink bill for 1905 was ^4,530,012, or £z IS. 3d. for every man, woman and child in the State. This is far too high. _>ar- reaching reform is necessary, and New South W ales will probablv gain it under her new Local Option law. But vet reformers may be thankful for a slight advance. Th's amount represents a decrease of sd. per head on the expenditure of 1904. Srill this is behind some other countries. New Zealand's de- crease last year was 2s. 8d. per head, and the United Kingdom's 3s. Canon Boyce's remark that '■ if the total spent (in alcoholic liquors) since the advent of responsible government were shown it would easilv distance the public debt of the State ; more than the value of all the gold obtained here since its discovery in 185 1 has been expended in drink," is very pertinent just at this stage, the cele- bration of the jubilee of responsible government. It is subduing and thought-inspiring. Last month I mentioned with much Homes gratification the fact that Mr. Bent for Workers, stated his intention of helping the poor to create homes. Rents are so high. The worker and the poor are handicapped bv rent-paying. Knowing that New Zealand is try- ing to grapple with that problem, I asked Mr. Sed- don about it. He says that his Government intends erecting- good homes on decently-sized sections and letting them to working men at ten shillings per week, thus saving them ten shillings, for in Wel- lington, where the trouble is most acute, the rent of a comfortable cottage is about jQ\ per week. Even Goveriiment ought to take up this question. It is one of the hardest things for a man intending to marr\- to find a comfortable home at a low rent. It ought to be the easiest thing for him to make a home. Some of us have a shrewd idea that the root of the problem of the colonies relating to the non-marrying propensities of young men, and the crowding, of women (necessarily so, as they must work to live) into business life lies in this difficulty to secure homes. There are thousands of girls in shops and offices earning their bread who ought to be enjoying the duties and delights of wifehood and motherhood. It isn't their fault that they are not. We make it such a hard thing under our present system for men with small salaries to make homes. The intensest interest has been and""'" "''''^'"^ '" *'^^ Colonies by Mr. Mr. Churchill. ChurchilTs speech at the West .Aus- tralian dinner. Colonials were in- clined to refrain from forming a judgment upon him too hastily, but he has swept away the barriers. Revieu of Kevieuf. lir/OU. History of the Month. o o N to X c o 5 a. lf%^J^^-- a! Q. IZ Jhe Review of Reviews. July 1, 1906. and public sentiment has hastened to a conclusion most favourable to himself. The keynote that he struck was a true One. His adrice to us to keep our- selves apart from embroilment in Imperial party politics came to some of us like a refreshing breeze. There have been some at home who wanted us to, and some here who have wanted to get entangled in British affairs where our presence or advice would be quite superfluous. Better far for us to mind our own affairs, while at the same time we hold firmly the hand which is ours bv ev^:'r\ tie, blood-kinship and patriotism, that can bind an Empire together. If the suggestion of Mr. Churchill's visit to the Colonies be carried out, he will get an enthusiastic welcome. iHe did well to remind us of our duty with regard to our home defence:. We have been told it before, but we cannot be told too often while we neglect it. This is one of the matters which ought to be con- sidered during this session of Parliament. ... . Xo better illustration of the wisdom Stirring up ,. ,, „, , .,,. , ,. Uonecessarv '-^' "^^- Churchill s advice to us to Strife. look after Colonial affairs and not to become embroiled with Imperial politics that cannot affect us, can be had than the present visit of the Home Rule delegates. I have before said that as far as the principle of Home Rule is concerned, e\-ery democratic Australian be- lieves in it, but these \-isits, as well as the expres- sions of the Federal Parliament upon a matter w^hich does not concern our politics, and in which we have no right to interfere, have created such a bitter sec- tional and religious feeling that one grieves. Whv can we not be let alone to live in peace? The strong feeling engendered on all sides can never be com- pensated by any result on the other side of the world. Sores of any character in Imperial politics are not any more likely to be healed bv the transferring of their virus to Colonial politics. Indeed it makes the possibility of the healing all the more remote. The cause of ■' peace and good-will " is not advanced by the stirring up of strife over quarrels that are not ours. St. Paul's Cathedral in Melbourne Unemployed witnessed a change from the ac- at Church. customed subdued stateliness of its service the other day when about 200 unemployed marched to the church, and some of them took part in the service, an un- authorised part, having no provision made for it in the order of service, but nevertheless a very pro- minent one. Notice had been given of the intended visit, and accommodation was provided. It is pro- bably the first time that Archbishop Clarke has had exception taken to his remarks on the Sabbath, but it is not a bad experience for any public man to know that there are some in his audience who do not necessarily agree with him. This was a new policy on the part of the unemployed. If it called attention to the social causes which underlie unem- ployment it would do good, but the whole thing was so colourless and devoid of special feature that no permanent good is likely to accrue. A \isit was paid to the Congregational Church on the following Sunday, but it was as tame as the one to the Cathedral. The Chicago Meat Horrors. Australasians have been shocked, as ever}body else has been, by the re\-elations in connection with the meat-packing business in Chicago. The matter, however, his unexpectedly opened up a new interest in another direction as far as Aus- tralia is concerned. A telegram from London states that the Admiralty and the War Office will stipulate in future contracts that tinned meats shall only be accepted from the British Colonies. Now, here comes in the wisdom of New Zealand's rigorous policy of inspection, and grading, against which some folk in Australia rail when the policy is suggested for this country. Now' that this crisis has arisen, New Zealand stands ready to give the %'ery creden- tials that an anxious people demand. Her system of inspection is severe, her seal is a proof of excel- lence, and there she is with a system, not made to order for the occasion, but the settled policy of the country. Every State in Australia ought to adopt the practice generally and immediately. She does now locallv and partially. Its value could not be better demonstrated than by the Chicago meat horrors. The New While in Melbourne Mr. Seddon Zealand Old Age gave some details of the Old Age Annuities Annuities scheme which he pro- Scheme. p>oses to introduce. The idea is an excellent one, although not new. But it is all the better for that, having been tested by experience, and found good. The main feature about it is that any one can pay to the Government a minimum amount of one shilling a week or five shillings a month. The Government will subsidise the amounts, large or small, and the subsidy will be greater for mar- ried than for a single man, and still greater where there is a familv of three, and greater still where it is six or more. Mr. Seddon says that his scheme is actuarially sound, and that the Sim of money involved is smaller than most people would think. It is not, of course, com- pulsory, and to that extent the scheme will fail in reaching the real objective. The thrifty will use it. and they deserve all the help they can get to secure annuities in old age, but the thriftless, those who will in any case be a burden to the State, will be untouched by it. To reach these, one could al- most wish that to some extent payment should be compulson.-. The thrifty could not object, as a national good would accrue, while the jxiverty- stricken old age of the thriftless would be avoided. Review of Retiea-s, l!7i'J'J. History of the Month. Hholo iif r,iJi"a.] \_Kmdiv Lent by Melbourne •• Pintch Admiral Shinamura and Officers of the Japanese Training Squadron. Mr. Seddon's proposal in connection with this scheme to subsidise Friendly Societies, is well timed. I£ any institutions deserve help it is these. They represent the battle of the wise and thrifty against prospective trouble, and form a more substantial Dart of th^ nation's welfare than most folk conceive. What with King Edward opening the central offices '■{ a benefit society, and saying some congratulatory things anent svch institutions, and Mr. Seddon's pro- posal to recognise them as part of the bulwarks of a country's well-being, Friendly Societies ought to receive a fillip. \\'hat are known as the New South The Wales land scandals are gradually rJTJ^^r h-S b-ught into the light. They have taken a lot of draggmg, for as a matter of course those concerned protested vigor- ously against being haulfd out of the dark security of their hiding places. Indeed, it was several times thought bv many anxious spectators that in the tug- of-war the Government would be beaten. But they will yet succeed. The evidence has been as un- savoury as one could even find in any country where political corruption is rife. It is a good thing that in the Roval Commissioner, Mr. Justice Owen, thr State had 'a man who is fearless enough to state th^ conclusions he has arrived at. The inquiry was int. - the charges of briben" alleged to have taken place while Mr. W. P. Crick administered the Lands Department. Applicants for certain leaseholds found that the machinery of the department could not be made to go without a plentiful supply of drivmg power in the shape of cash. Mr. Justice Owen foune that during the four years Mr. Crick was in office. something like ^£60,000 was paid by leaseholder;- in fees. What this money was for was a puzzle. Clearly no agents' work could be valued at this sum. Where it went after it arrived in the agent's pocket was a puzzle to Mr. Justice Owen, till an agent, Peter Close, told a sensational story to the effect thai Mr. Crick put in his pocket half of the exorbitant fees which Qo-se received for completing various land exchanges and improvement leases. This stnr . Mr. Justice Owen accepts, he says, because the storv explains what would otherwise be unexplamable in the facts proved before the Commission. 14 The Review of Reviews. Jnlu 1. 1900. This is sorr\' reading. The end ol' Purity in course is not yet. Mr. Crick mav Administratiop. have to defend himr.elf. Mr. Willis may yet return. But the story as far as the mere finding goes is enough to cause a good deal of heart-searching on the part of electors. According to our s\stem of Government, we put in charge of important State departments, at high salaries, men whom we have elected to Parliament, and who not only may have no special business fitness for ihat work, but men whose moral characier is sometimes such that they are not fit for high positions. When will ue recognise that a man's private character ought to enter into considera- tion with electors when they are. selecting men to reji^'esent them. Men will not deal, except from expediency, with ])ul)lic matters on a different basis to that on which thev treat their own. Consequently we witness the jiathetic spec tacle occasionally of Ministers of the Crown iisin- their positions for j)ersonal ends. New South Wales is to be congratulated upon cleaning up this jjolitical mess. Not a stone should be left unturned to bring to justice every offender against the pul>!ic weal. Empire Day has again come and Empire gone, and as I prophesied a vear "^y* ago, the general tone of the speeches was vastly higher. There was in the demonstrations (and the observance of the dav was general and hearty), as true a patriotic ring, but the tones of moral character in Empire building and of universal peace were quite the dominant ones. It is strange how public opinion changes. Even from some quarters where a few years ago the chief thing emphasised was the necessity of a bellicose spirit with a turn for bjccaneering in order to create an empire, there was this year a plaintive kind of sug- gestion that moral worth was the chief necessity. It was not stated as emphatically as that. It was only a suggestion of a glimmering of truth. We de- voutly hope, howe\er, that the good work may go on. But in most cases the note was true and clear, and it made the hearts of honest men beat high to see the wider o.tlook and hear the more manly expression of the great basic truths of nationhood and worldwide brotherhood. The new Premier of West Australia, West Australia. V'" u^'^'i'^^u" ^^°°'^' ,^^'r ^u''^"^ ^ sketch of the proposals of the Go- vernment. His first announcement, to the effect that he anticipates a deficit of _;^ii8,ooo at the end of the financial year, comes as a slight shock, seeing that big surpluses are coming to be quite an ordimrv thing in the States. A second shock, but of another character, came with the an- nouncement that the first economy would be effected by reducing salaries from ^looo to ^^Soo. This is delightful and most refreshing, and indicates a spirit that has been lacking in many of our politicians. Mr. Moore and his Cabinet are to be congratulated. The proposal to establish a tax on unimproved land values, with the double object of gaining additional revenue, ancl of compelling owners to use their land to the be.st advantage, is one that the other States might well follow. A progressive policy is to be carried out with regard to land settlement ; liquor law reform in the direction of Local Option is pn - mised, also economy and effective administration. The programme looks to be one of the healthiest that West Australia has had for some time, and her sister States will wish her heartilv everv success. I hripugh the baseless charge of a The Success j,^^^^;^ individual that the Rev. A. nf Victorian ,, ,- , ,-., ■ c c ^u Wages Boards. ''^- ''''o^''' ^s Chairman ot one oi tlie Wagrs Boards in Melbourne, had given his vote in favour of " sweating," that gentle- man ha.s, in clearing himself of the imputation, inci- dentally paid a high compliment of this method of settling tr.ide disputes. Anyone knowing anything of it must be enthusiastic over it. Mr. Edgar statetl that he had been Chairman of three Wages Boards, in the meetings of which decisions had been given on many thousands of details, and that on only on'' occasion he had had to give a casting vote. It wa> then given to the employes ; but that is only by the way. The evidence is most opportune and valuable, because it shows that the representatives of the em- ployers and emploxes, equal in number, do n' :: vote partially and solidly. Reading between th lines of the declaration, one can see the reasonini;. and convincing, the reasonableness, the impartiality, the give-and-take that ought to characterise meeting-^ where opposing parties gather to find a commrn ground of agreement. Wages Boards beat Arbitra- tion Courts hollow as a method of smoothing away trade difficulties. The simplicitv of the thing is its charm and its success. Mr. Fred. T. Derham, of Melbourne. 4 frre is appealing for help to work a free Kindergarten. Kindergarten, or child garden, in one of the Melbourne suburbs where there is an abundance of children with no play- ground but the street. E\erv student of sociology knows what a training ground of juvenile crime that is, and no sweeter philanthropy can be imagined than that wh'ch seeks to make child-life enjoy itself and to preser\'e its innocence. One can't help noticing, as one moves round a city like Melboum<> or Sydnev, that the children do not re«lly know how to play, and when they do have their games, there is not the delicious thrilling abandon that one I '», 1/7 /#u. History of the Month. 15 Ctichtiitii tiiiii ti'.j [/ Mp. G. H. Knibbs, F.R.A S.. Newlv appointed Conimon«*"(!' V Statistician ■th "^ X e 111 e 111 b e r s i n one's own child days. I'his. of course, lias been noted in older cities, and is being remedied to some extent. l!ut here the movement has to be initiated. Syd-- iiey and Adelaide are experiment- ing with much sLiccess. May the movement prosper '. The promoters will turn in happy ways many little feet that (vtherwise will walk crime wards as though it Were the only road to be trod. Au'^ualia and New Zealand re quick to express their sym- The Spanish fragcdy. pathy with the young King and Queen of Si)ain in the attack upon thfir livis. This anarchical method of revolution ought to 1>!' uut-of-date in these days. The act called forth universal execration from Australasians. It is s:i utterly alien to the free and easy relationship -which exists between the rejiresentatives of royalty and the people in these colonies. The conditions in Eun)pe which make the rearing of the class of per- son that was responsible for the crime possible nre in comnrehensible to an Austr.ilasian mind. The Labnur Kxerybodv will be delighted with the Movement i)ronouncement which was made and (luring the month by the Political Religion. Laliour Council of Alelbourne. re- -.ll■'M^^ the., attitude of the Labour Party towards religion. During the last month, some very bitter remarks have been made by one or two irresponsible persons connected with the Labour Party upon some social reformers who are doing their best to clear up some of the political and social difficulties that exi.st. and it has been made by theni the opportunity to generally say bitter and stinging things about religion. Consequently, somp folks have stvled the L,il-.o-.n- Party irreligious, and one must frankly admit that there has lieen justification for the charge. Put anvone who knows the choicest sjiirits in the Labour Party throughout the States knows that the.se attacks by men of their own party against religion or leaders of social reform have been bitterly resented by ihem. ani tha; their attitude towards religion is no different to that of any other political party, but no oflR- lial de;-laration was ever made upon the matter until latelv. It is only common justce to say th's. Never- theless the declaration is most cheering, especially this crisis. At the meeting of the Council referred to. Senator Cawson and Mr. Solly were both referred to in condemnatory terms ; their attitude and utter ances were repudiated; and as it was thought time that the Party should make a definite pronounce- ment of its attitude towards relicious m.ntters, the following motion was adopted: — This executive deplores the .ittacks rerently made and to he made on various clcrg.vineii and churches b.v men who have Iwen prominent in and are still connected with, the labour movement, and disowns any connection or s.vmpathy with these attacks. The executive declaree the attitude of the Political Labour Council towards all religions and all churches to be one of non-interference and impartial toleration. Its activi- ties lie in a clearly defined secular field, and have nothing to do with the ' rofound mysteries of religion. Its members include representatives of ever.v communion, who work in perfect amit.v in pursuit of common objects. The religious convict'ons of every fellow-man. whether founde:! on reason or faith, are sincerel.v respected. The fostering of this benevolent sentiment is one of the highest objects of our organisation. Further, ne resent the constant reiteration of the charge of " gross materialism of the Labour Party " levelled against us be our political opponents, and based upon ut- terances of irresponsible persons, which have been repu- diated by us over and over again. We deprecate interference in politics by churches, and interference in religions matters by political organisations- Never was there a better illustration , of the value of entertainment as a Japanese , . -^ ., ., Visit. me.-ins of promoting amity than the \isit of the Japanese squadron to the chief cities in the Commonwealth. Britain's ally ill the East had every reason to be more'than grati- fied at the reception which she got, and there was imiversal i>leasure at the fine spirit of hospi- tality which was manifested. Nothing to be de- sired was left out of the proL'r.amme to indicate the warmth of feeling that evidently exists on both sides. The warships were visited by thousands of jieople. The officers were banqueted on land. The rnen gave exhibitions of athletics, and created a most intense interest as they marched through the street, and national distinctions were forgotten. The men might have been part of the American navy for the warmth and Yordiality that was shown to them. i6 The Review of Reviews. July 1, 1906. London, May, 1906. Two sensational catastrophes oc- Progress curred in April — the eruption of Indeed. Vesuvius and the destruction of San Francisco by an earthquake. These disasters, which between them have entailed less loss of human life than the little war in South-West Africa has cost the Germans, have impressed the imagination of mankind. But in themselves they are of little importance, and they should not be allowed to obscure the really great advances that have been made last month towards a better social and political order. The Russian elections to the Duma have resulted in the return of a strong Liberal majority, which may enable the Tsar to establish liberty and order throughout his dominions. The threatened war between Austria and Hungary has been averted by the formation of a temporary Coa- lition Government. The Conference at Algeciras has been brought to a satisfactory conclusion, and active steps, public and private, are being taken to heal the feud which has too long rem.ained open be- tween Germany and England. In the United States, President Roosevelt has given the plutocracy its first warning. Lord Grey has visited New York, and Mr. Carnegie has visited Canada, making speeches affirming in the strongest terms the unity of the Eng- lish-speaking race. At home, the Trades Disputes Bill has been read a second time without a division. The Education Bill has been introduced, and Mr. Asquith's first Budget has been laid before the House. But the most satisfactory of all signs of progress are the innumerable instances of the growth of the spirit of international brotherhood which ha-se to be chronicled at home and abroad. Of the momentous decision de- " Brothers All for scribed at length in the Character A' That." Sketch, " John Bull as Interna- national Host," which the Prime Minister will, I hope, announce in the course of this month, 1 need only say that I regard it as the most hopeful indication of the progress of the world that I have had to record since I first put pen to paper. But the growing spirit of international brotherhood is too impatient to wait for official manifestation. This month a party of seventy German burgomas- ters and councillors are visiting Britain to inspect its munici|3al institutions. They were preceded by a party of German trades unionists, who are now visiting our industrial centres. Next month a still more important visit is expected, when some twenty or thirty representatives of the leading German newspapers will spend a week in England as the guest of the Anglo-German Friendship Committee. They will be welcomed by all that is best in Lon- don, and afterwards they will visit Stratford-on- Avon and Liverpool. An Austro-Hungarian Exhi- bition will be opened at Earl's Court, which w-ill bring us nearer our ancient allv. At Athens the revived Olympic Games have drawn together the picked athletes of all nations. Another International Congress of Textile Workers met last month in Brussels and decided upon making further advance in the direction of internationalism. The Inter- national Postal Congress is meeting at Rome, where a resolution in favour of universal penny postage was mo\ed by the representative of New Zealand and seconded by the' representative of Egypt — a curious illustration of the ends of the world coming together to facilitate human intercourse. Add to this the tiny but significant fact that a French news- paper, the Gazette de Loiidres, has just been estab- lished in London. And we have enough to thank God for and take courage. Besides these international con- nf a* gresses there was one international Key Language, gathering in London this Easter which calls for special notice. The Federation of Employes or Shop Assistants, which met in the Great Central Hall, Marylebone, after struggling through its debates in French, finally de- cided that the adoption of a universal key language was indispensable. The following resolution was affirmed unanimously: — Considering that the knowledge of foreign languages has become indispensable to wage-earners in order to facilitate their means of assuring existence, and considering that this knowledge needs the most ardent study which hinders workers from acquiring them: Considering that international relations have a tendency to extend continually, and that much would be gained by the adoption of a common atixiliary language, which would avoid the great loss of time and the fatigue caused by translations at international gatherings, this Congress ex- presses its desire that Esperanto should be adopted as an official language at all future international discussions, and that the different federations participating in the Congress of London should do their utmost so that their respective Governments should inscribe Esperanto amongst the languages to be taught in their primarr and secondarr scjliools, and that their groups should lie invited everv- where where not existing to form Esperanto groups charged to propagate by adult classes the study of Esperanto. The Congress included representatives of the em- ployes of Britain. Germany. France, Austria, Bo- hemia. Belgium. Spain, and Portugal, and was attended by M. ;Mauvaut, of the Belgian Ministry of Labour, who had honourably distinguished him- self in passing legislation in favour of Sunday rest and other reforms. . „. In the midst of this blossoming of At Riii ,^A internationalism comes the invita- the Hague. '"^n or the Russian Government to all the Governments of the world. Liberia alone excepted, to meet at the Hague in July to consider the questions of the rights of neu- trals, the exemption of private property from seizure in naval war, the question of contraband, and the amendment of the Arbitration Convention. The Conference will, however, be postponed, prob- ably till February. The American Governments can- not attend in July, as that is the month for the Pan- American Conference at Rio Janeiro, In Septem- Beiieic of Feriein^. l.'7/0>i. History of the Month. 17 \m J !*" ^ ^^^^^^r • *:* ^ / Hta i 1 ^ _ Photo. !/y] [J/orf(76rio. Th« Advance of the L<\va at Torre Annunziata (Vesuvius). A curions effect was produced at Torre Annunziata by the advance of the lava in ponderous masses through the bridge of the electric railway. ber the Dutch Parliament meets, and it is therefore probable that the Hague Conference, over which M. de Xelidoff will preside, will not meet till February. This gives time for the preliminary discussions with- out which the Conference would probably be barren. The Rio Conference has as the first article of its programme the affirmation of the principle of arbi- tration between the Republics, and as its second the consideration of the question as to how far it is lawful to use armed force for the collection of inter- national debts. The other topics, of which there are fourteen in all, are of minor importance, and pro- vide for a uniformity of patent and copyright laws, the preparation of a satisfactory code of interna- tional law to l:* presented to the next Conference, development of commercial intercourse among the Republics, the imposition of proper sanitary and quarantine regulations, etc. So in both hemispheres the good work of intemationalisation goes on apace. Note also as another encouraging sign that that staunch combatant for peace, Mr. Felix Moscheles, during his winter sojourn in Algeria has succeeded in forming the first peace society ever established on African soil. While the nations are thus drawing The Reunion together, the Churches are also Christendom, showing signs of a disposition to dwell together in peace and unity, and even to co-operate in the peaceable works of righteousness. In the ]ast days of April Bishop Gore, of Birmingham, secured the signatures of the two Archbishops, the Primate of the English Church in Scotland, the Moderators of the Presbyterian Churches in Scotland and England, the Presidents of the Methodist Churches, and the Chairmen of (he Congregational and Baptist Unions to an appeal to all Christian ministers of religion in England to unite in special prayer on Whitsunday for the re- union of Christians. The signatories accept as common ground the assumptions — That our Lord meant ns to be one in visible unity. That our existing divisions hinder, or even paralyse. His work. That we all deserve chastisement, and need penitence for the various ways in chich we have contributed to produce or promote division. This is all the more interesting because the Bishop who got it up is one of the stoutest advocates of a line of action in opposing the Education Bill which, if persisted in, will lead to the exclusion of all re- ligious teaching from the State schools. The report of the Sunday (National Observance) Advisory Committee, appointed by the Archbishop of Canter- bury, recommends the holding of a united corporate movement throughout England and Wales in No- vember next. In this mission the Nonconformists should certainly join. The Report of the Advisory Committee is a most interesting document. If the Chtu-ches cannot combine to secure for the working people the enforcement of that indispensable Char- ter of Health and Happiness which secures them one day's rest in seven, what, in the name of their Founder, is the use of the Churches? This surely is one simple practical service for l.'.fcour in which they all could unite, including the Unitarians, the Jews, and the Roman Catholics. Mr. Birrell has introduced the long- The expected Educatir/i Bill. As every Education Bill, member of the Liberal and Labour majority was pledged to place all schools supported entirely by public funds under public control, and as they were not less straitly pledged to abolish religious tests, thd Government had no option but to embody these principles in their Bill. This was inevitable,' and was foreseen to be inevitable by Archbishop Temple when he warned his brethren of the consequences of venturing upon the " slippery slope " of rate-aid. Given these two fundamentals, upon which the mandate of Ministers is unmistakable, the Bill is remarkable for the_ ten- derness with which it deals with the denominational schools. The Church is to keep its schools for its own purposes, except during school hours, and yet it is to lie relieved from all cost of maintaining the buildings in repair. This is e(]uivalent to a relief of _£2oo,ooo, or the annual interest on a capital sum of ;^7,ooo,ooo. Moreover, the Church is to re- ceive rent for the use of its buildings during school hours — a special grant being made from the Na- tional Excheijuer for this purpose on a capital sum of nearly ^30,000,000. As the Church school build- ings are only estimated to be worth ;^25,ooo,ooo, this can hardlv be regarded as confiscation. Still The Review of Reviews. Jul:/ 1. 1906. The Palace Hotel idestPoyeO) in Market Street. San Francisco. fuitlKT ;■ I t> .iipiT till- \\\]'.'\ i> \'. r shurn himli, the Church is to l>t aildued to send its clei"j;y into the schools two (lays in exery week to teach the Church Catechism as fully and .is do<;matically as they please. And .is a further concession, in 800 school districts in which 5000 denominational schools stand in the midst of 24,000,000 of the population, they are to be allowed to teach the Catechism and their dogma as thev have done lieivtofore wherever four- fifths of the parents r,t ih.- children desire such teachinir to he "iven. The Mistake of the Bishops. 'I'luTC .irr 14.000 dciiom'national schools attended liy 2.000,009^ scholars in England and Wale^'. . All these will henceforth |)ass under- public control because tlie\ are maintained solely at the i)ubli." expense. The lira) authorities^ can decide whether or not' religious teaching is to be allowed, but if they decide against the secular policy — which they will do, for thev have always done so in the case of the schools already uiuler their control — they are forbidden to teClch any formulary distinc- tive of any sect. Simple Biblical teaching, with hymns, prayers, and le.'i.sons, embodying the reli- gious beliefs of all Christians without any trespass upon the domain of controversial theologv. is to be imparted to the children. This arrangement was origin. illv jirojwsed by ,1 C.hurcljman. Cowper- Temple, and.it was carried out by the London School Board on the motion of Mr. W. H. Smith. Churchman and Conservative. It has been embodied in syllabuses drawn up by nearly all the School Boards and County Council educational authorities, on most of which Churchmen have been in the ma- jority. The quality of the religious teaching given under this clause has been reiieittedly certified as excellent by .\rchbishops and Bishops. No parents have objected to it. nor has any Anglican yet been a.ble to produce ,1 single instance in which this Cowper-Temple teaching has I>een used to prejudice clrildren against the" Established Church. Neverthe- less the Bishoi>s and the clergy, with a few distin- guished exceptions, have declared war against the Hill, on the ground that it establ'shes and endows Birrellisni. nonconformity. undenominationalism, ,ind the lilce. ' ' .■ The serious blot on the Bdl is that The it makes no pro\ ision for any moral Serious Blot, in.st ruction, at the same time that bv making the conscience clause a ii-.ility it nuts a premium upon abstention from re- ligious instruction. Mr. Birrell frankly avowed that he intended to make the child who objected to reli- gious instruction an object of envy to his mates, ^o child will go to school to receive a religious or any other kind of lesson if he is to be free to spend the time in the playground.- But the only moral traia- ing given to the children is to be in the hour covered by the conscience clause. That won't do. What is needed is to make moral, training an integral part of the compulsory curriculum, it ought not to be diffi- cult to make that moral tr.\ining so religious in spirit, so Biblical in its illustrations, as to satisfy the wishes of the parents. .-\11 the four cardinal vir- tues, as well as all the gifts and graces of the Holy Spirit as defined by the Catholic Church, are, with one doubtful exception, secular virtues. We are all, even the stoutest unbelievers— and although there are fifty " secularist '■ Labour men in the House, there are said to be only four avowed unbelievers — in favour of moral instruction. It will depend upon the teacher and the handiiook as to how far th.it moral instruction is saturated with religion. But the confusion in the ])ubiie. mind as to what is religious and what is secular is very great. Of this the classic Ulustration is the seventh clause of the New South Wales Public Instruction Act of 1880, which ex- pressly states that the term " secular instruction " shall he held to include " general religious teaching as distinguished from dogmatical and polemic.il theologv." Mr. Morley's Apologue of the Three Rings. There have been few out-of-Parlia- ment speeches last month. Almost the only important utterance was Mr. Morley's speech at the Eighty Club, and the best thing in that was his apologue of the three rings— which is well worth quoting here: — Somebod\- submitted to a S.iraceii oliief wliicli was the true religion— tlie .Tewisli. tlie Moliammedan. or tlie Cliris- tian— and tlie cliief replied b.v tliis apologue. Ill a fanul.T ot great lionour and e't.Me tliore was a ring whioll coa- Jieview of Hfiietm, l/?/(jtl. History of the Month. 19 Duly Chronicle office. E.riii)itner office. Tile Cull office. Newspaper Land in San Francisco. The recent Earthquake. the Chriinide office was uninjured, and liere the newsi)ai}er8 combined to briny out a joint iystie. ferred tlie magic virtue upon the wearer of it being pleasing to (jod and to men. In eacli successive 2-enieration the poy- fiessor lianded it on to a new wearer. There came a man wlio liad tliree Hons, all of whom he equa.ll.v loved, and he got a skilful craftsman to make two other rings so exact in resemblance that he him.self hardly knew which was the genuine rinj;'. and when he became ver.v old. and was on tlie point of death, lie gave to each of them jirivately one of tiiese rings. When death came and took bini awa.v. each son came forward with a ring and claimed the honour and the estate. They went before the judge, and the julge sail, "I understand that the possessor and the wearer of tliis ring is a man who is pleasing to God and to men. Now lie of you who will first show his supremac,\- in gentleness. in peace loving, in right i:'oing. in tolerance, in considera- tion— that is the man to whom the honour and the estate sllould go; and thousands of years from now, if vou come before this tribunal, then your children's cbiblren will know which after all was tlie possessor of the true ring."' inet pledges itself to carry through the new Parliament the votes and military credits, and treaties of commerce already s.inctioned by the Delegations. Its pro gramme is variously described as " Universal Suf- frage and the Dualism of 1867/' and " Independence of 1848," which is rather confusing. The elections which have alreadv taken place show that the new Government will command an overwhelming majority in the new Parliament. There will I e about 40 non- Magyar de[iutirs returned, and about 100 Conserva- tives and Clericals. All's well that ends well ; and it is never well to halloo till you are out of the wood. But for the moment the danger of a violent rupture seems to have been happily averted. Itte Pursuit of Bambaata. The Natal Government has its hands full. Instead of striking terror into the natives by its wholesale executions, it has precipi- tated a native war. The chief, Bambaata, has fled into Zululand, where he is not unnaturally regarded with sympathy, tempered only by fear of the aveng- ing wiiite man. ^500 has been offered for Bam- baata's head — a premium upon assassination which has shocked even Professor Holland, the least sen- sitive of professors of international law, and Boers and British are mustering in hot haste to (juell the incipient revolt. The Imperial authorities were dis- (lainfullv told to keep their hands off. The Colo- nists are going to deal with their own natives without (uir interference or our help. It is all very fine and large, but wait a bit '. The Xatal Colonists may pull it off this time. But there is at least an off-chance that thev may not. What then ? That is a contin- gency which can never be left out of mind, and as a matter of fact it never is forgotten for a moment, even by those who most haughtily repudiate all no- tion of Imperial aid, and are going to do everything all off their own bat. Review of Reviewt, 1/7J06, Talma. Melboitttu: and Sydney.'^ THE LATE RIGHT HONOURABLE RICHARD JOHN SEDDON, P.C., Prime Minister of New Zealand. This was lite last Photograph taken of Mr. Scililon. [Pft«(« Review of Revieirs. 1/7/06. In Mem*: Richard John Seddon, P.C. (nth June, just as we go to press.) " Mr. Seddon is dead !'' " Impossible I" was the statement made and answered incredulously by thou- sands of people on Monday, the nth June. The news that he had peacefully and quietly died of heart failure at 6 o'clock on the prexious evening, the loth June, on the " Oswestry Grange." about 150 miles out from Sydney, was paralysing. One simply stared at his informant. Surely never did death seem such an utterly impossible thing. To those who had shaken his hand, listened to his speeches, seen him move with the alertness of a youth, it was simply unbeliev- able. The tall, erect giant of the forest had fallen at a blow. At the very date of his death he was filling the eye of Australasia as he had never done before. To everyone in New Zealand he was, of course, known as very few heads of Governments have been known to their pyeople, but to Australians he was only known by repute as a Premier who filled up the whole hori- zon New Zealandwards. His visit had therefore made him a very real personage to Australians. He strode into Australian life like a Colossus. During his short visit he was treated in an almost regal fashion. Reporters hung round him, and reported his views or convictions until the newspapers almost burst with the plethora of copy which they gained. And both in speech and journalism the finest spirit was displayed. It was recognised that the opinions he expressed were not hypercritical, hut given in the friendliest of ways. His ad\ice was courteously ac- cepted, as it was courteously given. To Australians the prominent figure in New Zealand was always Mr. Seddon. One thought of him and the country as though they were in a sense convertible terms. Although in New Zealand the Government was looked upon as a one-man Gov- ernment, yet the extent to which Mr. Seddon was regarded as the one man who controlled things could only be realised by a resident of Australia. There was the fact, whatever personal feelings about it may have been. And his visit to Australia accentuated the impres- sion of him. Whatever may have been the opinions of parties regarding local politics, his utterances upon everything that he spoke on with regard to things Australian were beyond cavil, displaying a breadth of thought and a sturdy common sense that appealed to all parties here. Australians can therefore share in the sorrow of New Zealand in a way that would have been im- possible had he not just visited it. The blow struck far deeper than would otherwise have been the case. We feel we have a personal interest in the grief of our sister colony, and it is a pleasure, though a mournful one, to feel that we have been able to show som.'? little kindness to his bereaved ones. New Zealand without Mr. Seddon will be almost incomprehensible. It is to be hoped that whoever succeeds him will keep the car of state running on the same progressive lines. Autocratic Mr. Seddon was, to a degree. So, to a greater or less degree, is every strong man who is inspired with a conviction and who knows his strength. He was a giant, a statesmen with abilities of the highest order. He played with ease with the ordinary man. His career was a marvel. With little educational advantage, he rose to a position which made him one of the most picturesque men in the British Empire. But he was " a thorough Democrat," to quote almost the last words he spoke to me on the Thursday before his death. His legislation was essentially for the people. He was seized with the possibilities of his country as few are. He believed in it absolutely. To him it was " God's own country," an expression which has now a pathetic interest. In a telegram which he sent to Mr. Bent on his leaving Sydney, and not received by Mr. Bent until after he had heard news of the sudden death, Mr. Seddon had said, among other things, " Leaving for God's own country." How true it was no one dreamed. To New Zealand the heart of Australia goes out in deepest sympathy. Australia is glad that she had an opportunity of entertaining Mr. Seddon. We are thankful that we were able to pay our respects to him, irrespective of the fact that some of the things he set in motion while he was here, we in Australia will reap much benefit from. His death was of the kind that reformers every- where can yearn for,' coming right in the midst of life, allowing of no idle time and no long-drawn-out pain. To work right up to the moment of death, every moment utilised to the full, is an experience that we who work for the common good may de- voutly pray for. It was a fitting close to his career, strikingly like it in some respects, unexpected, al- most dramatic in the simplicity of it, and the mn-^- ner of it, startlingly sudden, the last surprise of a life that politically has been one long series of surprises to the people whom he has so long, so ar- dently, and so ablv governed. (The History of the Month I had written days before Mr. Seddon's death, and when the news of it arrived it was too late to alter it, even if I had wished. But not a word does need altering.) Refieir of Revieics, If 7/06. TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE R, J. SEDDON, PREMIER OF NEW ZEALAND, On His Attaining (as he would have done), on the 22nd June, the Age of Sixty-One Years. [A pathetic interest attaches to the following, as it arrived in t'. e office on tne morning of the Uth June, and a half hour afterwards I got word of Mr. Seddon's untimely death. — EDITOR.] Strong son of toil, whose firm right hand Dii-eots the course of this young State: So passing rich, so fair a land! So full of beauty, rare and great! On this the morn when thou dost pass Atlother milestone on tliy way, I raise tiie goblet, drain the glas.s. And wish thee joy through all tho day! I serve thee not as helot bound, Nor follow at thy chariot wheel. Where they wlio worship gather round. And in obeisance humbly kueel ; But churl were he who would not praise For work achieved, for labour done; Who would not wish thee many days Of life and happiness to run. For thirteen years the highest place The State can give has been thine own; Elected by the people's grace. Thy seat has ever firmer grown. Triennial battles fiercely fought. Triennial victories always won. Thy friend and foes alike have taught. The people hold thy work well done. The breaking up of large domains. So lony; h.eld fast by greedy hands. By which the poorer .settler gains The us* of rich and fertile lands: Tlie law which grants the freeman's right Of ardous toil the fruits to share: The law which makes taxation light For those who find it hard to bear: The Court which hears the workers' suits For fairer wages, better hours ; Which trying calmly, sharp disputes, Exerts impartially its powers* The widening of the Temple gates. Where Higher Learning sits enshrined, ^liere Knowledge feeds, but never sates The seeking soul, the searching mind: The homes beyond the cities' bounds, Designed and fitted to provide Pure air, more comfort, ampler grounds. Where thrifty toilers may reside And nightly rest fi-om busy work, Compelled no more in slums to stay, WHiere fell diseases wait and lurk In .stealthy ambush for their prey: Tlie kindly law of timely aid — For even in these favoured isles Are tho.se who pale beneath the shade Of Fortune's frown, though Nature smiles- lu bygone years, when life was strong, They toiled in patience — toiled for years — In struggles hard, and labour long, To raise themselves above the fears Of sore privation, grinding need, W.ien Age should .steal their strength and health; And now- they hare a welcome meed Bestowed on t!iem from public wealth. But soon a larger, broader scheme. The law's benignant work will crown; Approaching nearer to the dream Of him who first the way made known.* Til -«' are thy deeds, a record pioud. And yet the roll is not complete! I blame not those who cry aloud. And shout t'ly name from street to street. I marvel not that at the call Which last was made t'lroughout our coasts, Thy foes who prophesied thy fall. Themselves should fall iti stricken hosts! Resourceful, cool, of mastering will. And cast in Nature's strongest mould; In keen debate, of practised skill ; A leader tried, sagacious, bold: The foremost man in all the land: The Premier of a prosperous State; I vield to iMerit's fair demand ; I love thee not, but hail thee Great! WiLLi.\M Cooper. Avondale South, Auckland, X.Z. *The credit of initiating the movement in New Zealand for the establishment of a State system of Old Age Pensions belongs to the late William Leys. of Auckland, founder of the Leys Institute in that city. The writer was present, many years ago, at a small meeting in an upper room, in Wrndham-street, Auckland, when, to about a score of interested lis- ten rs, Mr. Leys expounded his scheme. Wlien the sc'ieme was first mooted publicly, it was assailed with ridicule and scorn as being "absolutely impossible. Then, for years after, it was tabooed by irost public ir.en as being "beyond the region of practical politics,'' a phrase which has been employed so many times, and with fatal success, as an extinguisher of luultitudes of desirable reforms. Tlie establishment of Old Age Pen- sions was^ however, effected by the present administra- tion in New Zealand, and during the coming session of Parliament Mr. Seddou will introduce (intended to introdiiO(>. — Ed.^ a Bill providing for the establishment of National Annuities. — W. C. Hevieiv of Reviews, 1/7/06. THE GAMBLING DEMON IN AUSTRALIA. ^' Tote " Shops and Their Surroundings of Crime -The Tightening Australia gambles. There is no doubt of that. The evil infects her like some disease which has got into the blood, is finiily rooted, and which is sap- ping the strength of the body. No nation ever flourished on vices, and Australia is beginning to show many of the decadent features which follow vicious courses. Unless they be recognised and dealt with, they will become chronic. Many men bet on cvervthing, from ordinarv everyday little quibbles on urdinarv subjects to big stakes in Melbourne Cups. And not they only, but women and youths bet to an alarming extent. It would be quite bad enough if this were done privately. The evil is increased ten thousand fold when Governments either grant facilities for betting, or el.se allow betting establish- ments to exist almost untouched by the law. Our Governments do not yet realise the import- ance of the evil, or if they do, they are negligent of their duties to an extent that is incredible and criminal. In some States the totalisator makes bet- ting easy, but none the less an evil. In every State races art; carried out under the patronage of mem- bers of Governments and Parliaments. Victoria gives her gracious patronage to one of the things which is cutting her foundations from under her by observing a public holiday on Cup Day, while the Tasmanian Government licenses Tattersall's. Needless to sav, therefore, gambling flourishes " like a green bay tree." We begin the training early. The children practically are taught the art of gambling by raffles at certain church bazaars, art unions for charity, etc. In that connection it is no more than the mere statement of a fact to say that the Protestant Churches, to their everlasting credit, have almost unanimously set themselves against this thing, and raffling has been openly and unequivocally <-nndemned by every one of their Church Councils. From one end of the community to the other, from the poor to the rich, it i.s gamble, gamble, gamble. Here, clerks in business houses embezzle and go to gaol. There, bank managers are short in their ac- counts. Every now and again the heads of great business establishments are startled by the news that some trusted person has absconded or is arrested. Cause at the l>ottom of it generally — gambling. A I'EOSPEBOrS PROFESSION. But one of the wor.st features about the whole thing is that the profession of gambling has become — A Reign of Terror — An Organisation Tentacles of the " Tote.'' by a section of the community a .settled and pros- perous calling. Not content with the betting facilities which are afforded on racecourses, there is a gang of men who make their living by running what 'are called "Tote" shops, where stakes as low- as a shilling are accepted. " Hazard," " Two-up schools," and Chinese lotteries abound. Truly the w-ay of the intending gambler is made easy. Now it is, in most of the States at any rate, illegal to keep a gaming ho-use, so the law is got past by the parties who run these concerns either defying the law openly or by fomiing clubs/'with entrance fees and rules of membership. Entrance fees are low, and in some cases the fee is returned as soon as the member is enrolled. . It is really the existence of these places which has brought t^.e gambling ques- tion into such prominence recently. They prac- tically bring the racecourse into the heart of the city, and extend it here and there throughout the States. Advertisements in the new'spapers notifv betting facilities, and the poorest person finds the perfection of modern civilisation so adaptable to vicious prac- tices, that, in the language of the pushing storeman, betting " is brought right to our doors." Nay, more, to such " base use " is the telephone even put. The " Tote " shop is, of course, only one of the very many facilities which are provided for gambling. It does not form the sum. total of gambling facilities and possibilities ; but it is so great a menace to the community that in this article special at- tention w-ill be directed to it. I am as much against the bookmaker on the racecourse or the Totalisator machine as I am against "Tote" shops. The reason of the present movement is that the '■ Tote " shop might be put down with existing legis- lation. To cope with the other, fresh legislation is necessary, and it will be pursued in due course. To kill the "Tote" shop, the axe, is in the executioner's hands, and it might be killed if the executioner were only to wield the axe. GAMBLING AS A MANTLE OF CHARITY. The art of running " Tote " shops seems to reach its ])erfection in Melbourne and Sydney, although in the other .States it is practised w'ith skill and .suc- cess. The presiding genius of this particular furm of gambling facility in Afelboume and Svdne\- is a Mr. Wren, who, in additioti to betting fame, has made himself notorious b\ giving dona- 28 The Review of Reviews. July I. 190S. tions to public chariries. These, be it noted, gener- ally follow some great event such as the runnuig of a race, or a prize fight run under the more respect- able title of a ■' Boxing Contest.'' What other conclusion can one arrive at but tnat these donations to charity are an anodyne to the public conscience? Indeed, some little time ago Mr. V\'ren offered to lease the Flemington race- course for ;£25,ooo a year, and promised the Pre- mier, if the lease were granted to hini, to donate largely to the public charities. THE ■• CaLLINGWOOD TOTE." In ^Melbourne there are several clubs which are nothing but gambling concerns, but the most notorious gambling concern is what is known as the '■ Collingwood Tote.' It is a modest looking build- ing, as our photograph shows, and yet the powers that control this betting establishment have man- aged to e\ade the law for years. The Collingwood " Tote " is a mysterious affair, guarded as closely as the inner chambers of a secret society, open only to the known and trusted. It faces two streets. Its front has been a tea shop, or a variation upon it. Its back door is in Sackville- street, and opens on an unpretentious wood yard. It is guarded from the inroads of a too-pr)ing pub- lic by a tall fence, some 12 feet high, with an addi- tional two feet of barbed wire. A guarded door is in the wall, and through this the favoured must pass, although the means of get- ting out of the place are as many and as varied as the devices of a pickpocket, necessary indeed when a raid might possibly be made upsn the place, and the occupants would need to hurriedly seek fresh en- gagements. In due course, after satisfying the guardian of the gate (being thrown out without ceremony if he did not) the pilgrim in search of the shrine of " Tote " betting would come to a kind of vestibule where are posted up various racing events with the names of horses. Here also he would find a little platform, shut off from the possibly too-insis- tent " Toter ■' by a barricade about 4 ft. 6 in. or 5 ft. in height, and protected by iron bars, sug- gestive of another place where some of the habitues have '" done time. " Behind this barricade is the clerk who takes the details of the pilgrim's transac- tion, gives the " Tote" ticket and receives the money. He is a bashful indl\'idual, so bashful that he does not care to reveal his identity, for the part of him that might be recognisable is swathed in a kind of cowl, covering his head and face, and pierced with eye and breathing holes. With this problematic j)ersonage the business is done. The reason for this concealment of identih' is to make it difficult for the police to prove their case even if they did succeed in getting in. Your business is quickly got through. The pilgrim's progress is a rapid one, and vou pass out to make room for others, watchful eves following vour every movement all the time, readv to follow up suspicion with force if it is deemed necessary. I n the cage w here the " Tote " officer works is a trap door, so arranged that the person could slip out of sight in an instant, and pass into safetv by another exit. Here at one time, just be- low the trap door, used to be chained a fierce mas- tiff ready to deal summarilv with any police officer who, in raiding the place, might too Srdently descend in pursuit of a fugiti\e. This for- tress of evil is in the heart of a great city, in a land where, when a law is put upon the Statute Book it is supposed that it will be enforced. What is the matter when with all the paraphernalia of law and order in the shape of a well-equipped police force, this fortress remains un- assaulted ? AN ABORTIVE ATTEMPT. Some time ago an abortive attempt was made to close the " Collingwood Tote." One dark night at 2 a.m. a posse of police attacked the building, and broke their way in. only to find no one there. They held the fort for two months, the force dwindling dailv, until only one policeman was kept on duty. Of course the personnel was changed every few hours, but the solitary watchman lived a quiet and uninter- rupted life there for two or three weeks, when he was forcibly ejected one day by the " Tote " gang, and business has been going on merrily ever since. Thus ended an episode — standing out as an example of Departmental energy against wrong, like a solitary island in the midst of a boundless sea — so comical and ludicrous as to make the Commissioner of the Police Department a laughing stock. No more heartless but pretentious demonstration against a public wrong was e\er made by an uninterested de- partment. A SUGGESTIVE PAEAGEAPH. Round the gambling centres in Melbourne there has gathered the scum of society', the offscouring of the gaols. Thieves and criminals of the worst type swarm round them. At the recent Victorian Police Commission, a statement, prepared by detectives, was presented, having reference to the character of some of the men who frequent the gambling clubs in Melbourne. About 100 names were on the list, and, according to the detectives, even- one of the men named is a criminal. Here are the records of onlv a few of the men who are alleged to run the gambling business in some part or other of Melbourne and Sydney : — (t) Three convictions totalling 12A years, made up as follows: — Insulting behaviour, 3 months j ditto, 3 months ; criminal assault, for which sen- tence of death was recorded, but commuted to 12 vears' imprisonment with hard labour and two flog- gings of 15 lashes each. (2^ Six convictions, totalling i2h years, made up as follows: — Three convictions for insulting be- Review of Heitena, 1/7/00. Cambln^ in Australia. 29 5iaviour ; larceny, 3 months ; ditto, i month ; crimi- nal assault, for which sentence of death was re- •oorded, but commuted to 12 years' imprisonment -with hard labour, and two floggings of 15 lashes -each. (3) Five convictions, totalHng io| years ; larceny, .3 months; ditto, 6 months; criminal assault, 3 years, with hard labour and two whippings of 12 lashes each ; receiving stolen property, 4.' years, with solitary confinement ; housebreaking and steal- ing, 2^ years. (4) Si.\ convictions, totalling 5J years for larceny, receiving stolen property (with hard labour and soli- tary confinement) ; having a place for puqiosvs of betting; unlawfulK wounding. (5) Three convictions, totalling 35 years, for as- sault ; breaking ; receiving stolen propert\. (6) Thirt\-one convictions, totalling 5^ years, for larceny, thie\ing and vagabondage. (7) One con\iction of 3 years, breaking into a bank. (8) One conviction of 2 vears with hard labour for robbery. (9) Three convictions, totalling 2 years, for lar- ceny and tendering counterfeit coin. (10) Six convictions, totalling 6 vears, for rob- isery, wounding, destruction of property, etc. And others, etc., etc., etc., etc., etc., etc. These are only a few of a long, long list. Now it is an exceedingly painful thing to sav or write these things. It is one of the most objectionable duties a man can perform to remind th.e community that another man has failed in the past, and I would never be a party to drag the past of a man into the light if he were honestly trying to do better. Under such circumstances it ought to be buried. But if a man still preys upon society, still scorns the law, still is a menace to the peace and well-being of society, still flouts the organisation which a com- munity has created for its preser^'ation and safety, it is one's painful duty to remind the community ■of the desperate kind of character it has to deal with, that the State may be on its guard. And when this pitiful list is organised in an attempt to break the law, the light of day must needs be let in upon its make-up. Almost every crime in the calendar is to be found in the long list that might be published. The above, however, is sufficient with out exposing the careers of others, to show the pub- lic the danger that menaces it. Individual crime is a grave danger to the public. Organised crime Avill, if allowed to flourish unmolested, blast to pieces the foundation of the most progressive nation in the world. The gambling systems of Melbourne bear evidence of being highly organised concerns, run with brains, concerted associations with staffs of detectives, with " bullies," with their hands on " pushes." Upon a comparatively helpless community, this monster prr-xs without the .slightest commnirtion. A EEIGN OF TERROR. But that is not the worst feature. This coterie of evil has become a very terror to the city. No man can fight against it without being in physical danger. This is no mere supposition. Numbers of business l^eople in Collingwood refuse to discuss the "Tote." It is there, they are there ; they are in business, and it isn't safe to discuss it. " Look at so and so and so and so. Each of these wanted to put down gambling, and see the result.'' To many people it is as though some subtle sinister influence is present in the very atmosphere. To those who have taken this question up on the public platform, men like Rev. A. R. Edgar, Rev. T. S. B. Woodfull and myself, there come vague rumours of physical dan- ger, and there is no concealing the fact that thou- sands of ix^ople in their hearts fear that personal violence may be resorted to. I quote this merely to show that a spirit of terrorism is abroad in the community. " Be careful how you touch the gambling demon." Here are some' interesting bits of history. SOME HAIR-RAISING FACTS. Some three years ago a man was employed by the Detective Office to visit one of the Melbourne betting establishments to get evidence. He had been attending the plgce almost daily for months, but one morning was accosted and' peremptorily turned out of the place as a suspect. He had not long to wait for the arm of evil to be shot out against him. He had tried to bring down a lawless thing. He must be punished. That very night he alighted from the tram near his home in a distant suburb, and was almost immediately set upon, struck on the head, knocked down and kicked senseless by brutal ruffians and left unconscious and bleeding. After some time he regained consciousness and crawled home, and he bears the marks of the assault to this day. Another man was one night in one of the darker streets of the city, when an assailant crept upon him as noiselessly as a shadow, and dealt him a blow on the head with an iron bar. He would never have lived to tell the tale, but that the bar caught on a ledge of a building, breaking somewhat the force of the blow. The man was left lying in the dark street sensele.ss, and for all that his assailant knew. dead. Fortunately he recovered. On another occasion a certain tradesman had his shop windows smashed three times at short intervals by stones thrown in the middle of the night, causing damage to the extent of something like jQ$o. And then last, but not least, happening only a few months ago, the death of Detective-Sergeant O'Dnnnell and some of the members of his family was almost accomplished by some ruffian who threw through the window into O'Donnell's bedroom about midnight a bomb which, exploding, wrecked the fur- Ttte Review of Rsviews. .Iiihl I, 1906. nilure of thf ronm. How the occupants of the room escajjed with their lives is a marvel. THE COSNECTIXG LIXKS. Xc)\\ it is remarkable that in each of the in- stances given the principals concerned were most active in their att-empts to put down gambling. The first was a detective, the second was using his best efforts against the gamblers, the third giving valuable assistance to the police, , the fourth is the chief detective who has the gambling fraternity under his eye. This is too remarkable a series of CO ncidences to have happened without design. The connecting link is more than evident, although no one has been brought to book for any of the crimes. Priibably if these deeds of violence had not been resorted to, public feeling would not have been roused to such a pitch of excitement, but it is more than apparent that the men connected with these gambling establishments are resolved not only to flout the law, but to carry on a war of violence not > only against the officials who are trying to enforce the law, and who are simply carrying out the duties for which they are paid, but also against law-abiding citizens who are anxious to see the law carried out. Against this there can be only one policy — a de- termined attempt to root out this nest of criminals. AN AUSTEALIAN TAMMANY. I have said that this is a huge organisation, run with brains, with its detectives, etc. This will give further proof : Information of a valuable character concerning themselves becomes known to the gamblers, so that thev are on their guard, and are able to meet the plans of the detectives with counter plots, with the inevitable result that the " best laid plans '" of the detectives mostly " gang aglee.'' Detectives are shadowed, police recruits are \vatched, every candidate for the force is known, and as candidates require to be of a certain size and age, each person corresponding to the size and age of a police recruit who applies for membership ti' a l^itmi; club, or who tries to get into a "Tote'' shop is subjected to the closest scrutiny. The or- ganisation is as perfectly organised as the New York Tammnnv, and when some of the mem- bers of our Parliaments are the openly avowed friends of some of the chief members of these gangs, and are such close friends that on one occa- sion a member of Parliament was observed walking arm-in-arm up Collins-street (near the intersection of (^uten-street, if any reader wishes me to be more explicit) with a prominent " Tote-man," it is easy to see how far the ramifications of the " Tote " extend. But, aii bono, is not Sir Philip Fysh a beneficiary of Tattersall's (which, though not necessarily con- nected with " Totes." is yet an illustration of the con- nect'on between gambling and some politicians), and are not Senator Dawson and Mr. Sollv, M.L.A.. the openlv-j)rofessed friends of Mr. Wren? Is it not time that business firms, to protect them- selves from the menace to their accounts by souths who find temptations to wrong-doing so easilv pro- vided by this organisation, and heads of families, to whose sons and daughters this way to Avernus is made so seductive and easv, roused themselves to annihilate it? Time that the law-abiding section realised that the foundations of hw and order are being assailed ? We read of Tammany methods in Xew York, but it would be difficult to find an organisation capable of working more political and social evil than this. Everybody knows how justice has been diverted ; officials corrupted ; politicians bribed by this gam- bling devil. The very foundations of law and order are going to be shaken if it works unmolested, and while instances I have given are surface indications, patent to ev^erybody, one trembles to think what may be e\en now the real condition of affairs. LAX ADMINISTRATION. Yet as far as Victoria is concerned the thing might be dealt with. The law is woefully inade- quate as compared with- what it might be, and with what it is in other States, such as Xew South Wales, but for all that the' law as it stands in Vic- toria is quite sufficient to close " Tote " shops up. A more pitiable instance of departmental apath\ cannot be found anywhere than that which is founil in connection with the Chief Secretary's Department in Victoria. An attack which I made on the ad- ministration recently, called forth a reply from Sir Samuel Gillott to the effect that I was not giving him any new information when I said that one of the highest legal authorities in Melbourne had as- sured me that it was an illegal thing to run a ■■ Tote '■ shop, and he quoted one or two childish and abortive prosecutions as an illustration of his energy in administering the law against gambling. I pro- pose to leave comment on this till next month, and thtn to deal with the laxity of this department with regard to othtr things than gambling. Suffice it to say, in the meantime, that Sir Samuel Gillott condemns himself when he savs that he knows that the law is sufficient. The ob- Vious and the only answer is, " Why, then, are the 'Totes' and clubs still open?" The Victoriaji Go\"ernment has most laudablv given notice of its intention to make the law so rigorous that it will be easy to deal with the gambling evil. It would be foolish to criticise the proposed measure before it is known what is to be suggested, but the Act will have to be a very severe one if it is going to shatter the foundations of the vice, and, in the meantime, before the proposed Act comes into operation, very much could and should be done to cope with the evil. On the 28th April last, the day of the Sandown Park races, someone was set to watch the doors of the notorious " Collingwood Tote." Be- tween the hours of i and 4.45, 1575 persons entered. The ramifications are so endless that Review of Review», l/7f06. Gambiin^ in Australta. 31 This picture shows the back gate of the notorious Col- lin^wood 'Tote." It is the way l)y which entrance is gaiued bj- those wlio frequent the place. The front of the allotment holds a building used as a tea shop, rarely or never u.sed by visitors. A little group of men stands in front of the high wall, and the guarded gate is open. The place is really a kind of right-of-way. The place referred to in ti)e article, where tlie " Tcte ■■ gambling is carried on, is in the yard, ostensibly a wo(3d ,^ard. The high wall is sur- mounted b.v barbed wire. This is the place which has successfuU.v defied the law for years When the photo, was taken, business was dull. Only a few men were about. The photo- grapher is of course nameless. The photo, is a rtcent one. being taken only a few days factory girls and boys are enabled to pool tlwir threepences and sixpences and even pennies on wager. Cases are not wanting of men whose wives stake large portions of the week's earnings on the "■ Totes,'' of boys and girls the whole of whose earn- ings do not go to their parents, the remainder being for " Tote " tickets. A favourite suburban agency for the main " Tote '' is the tobacconist or lolly shop, and I have first-hand and reliable proof of the stream of callers, largely composed of children, on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons, at some of tlittse places. Here the thing is, a nest of scoundrels, a den of thieves, saturating the community with a gambling spirit, and, not content with that, carrying on an aggres- sive war of evil against constituted authority ; a gigantic organisation of wrong apparently ready to resort to violence and murder should anybod\ be foolish enough to lift a hand against them. But hands are being lifted against them in spite of what may happen, and some are determined to see the thing through, no matter what it may mean to them. This nest of demons has got to be de- stroyed, but it must also be made impossible for the demons to continue their work anv longer. Xearl)- e\ery one of the members connected with the " Tote " business in Melbourne ought to be under lock and key, sening under indeterminate sentence. The signs of awakening in Vict(jria are marvel- lous. Even this month it is actually quite fashion- able for men to take part in the movement who a month ago would not ha\e touched it for a ^£50- note. But everybody is welcome. Every man who will fight, no matter whether his motive be personal or otherwise, is needed in the army to put down this- wrong. A powerful committee, formed by the Methodist Church, and now of an undenominational character, representing nearly every Church in the community (every one of the Protestant ones) and including nearly everj- branch of commerce, will probably before this article appears, have waited upon Mr. Bent to deal with the matter. Mr. Bent has stated his sympathy generally with the move- ment, and much is expected from the Government during the coming session. If it does not come, there ought to be such a revolt of the people against the authority that could, if it w^ould, put down this giant wrong, that it would be removed from its place ne\-er to lift up its head again. For the safety of the cause of law and order is threatened. *- 'I II ii II II il II II II il II II II II il ii I il II II II II I. II .1 II II II i iIjTp-MO' Rerieic of Rerieitg, 1/7/06. PROMINENT ANTI-SOCIALISTS ON SOCIALISM* MR. G. H. REID, MR. McLEAN, AND " LIBERTY AND PROGRESS." [Last month, by the courtesy of the Australian Press -Cuttings' Agency, 341 Collins-street, Melbourne, I was able to give definitions of " Socialism " from Mr. J. C. Watson, M.H.E., Senator McGregor, and the Editor of The Worker (Brisbane). They were given in connection with The Gridiron Map, prepared b.v the Agency, showing the propor- tionate area of land in Australia represented by Socialists, and published in tlie last fssne of " The Eeview of Reviews." The definitions were asked for to give in a pamplilet on Socialism now being prepared by the Agency. This month, I am able, by the courtesy of the Agency, to give deiinitions of Socialism from Mr. G. H. Beid, M.H.E., Mr. McLean, M.H.E.. and the Editor of Liberty and Progress (Melbourne). Mr. Connell, the manager, requests me to say that the Australian Press-Cuttings' Agency has cop.vrighted the definitions, but has no objection to their use b.v newspai)ers if due credit be Eriven for them to the Agency and "The Keview of Reviews." To make the statements more complete, I again publish the maps. — EDITOE.] The Editor of " Liberty and Progress'' (Melbourne), '_Mr. Chas. Smith, supplies the following definition: — We understand Socialism in Australia, as at present promulgated by the Labour organisations, to mean the confiscation of laud by gradually taxing the value out of it, and tlie building up of a huge congeries of State monopolies by nationalising one industry after another, under the pretence of suppressing so-called private Total No. Parts State. of Socialists. Represented Members. by Socialists. New South 'U'ales 6 . Nil A. H Griffith, M.L.A., of N.S.W., Socialist Candidate. though unsuccessful, polled 107,063 votes. Victoria .. . 6 1 ... l-6th Queensland 6 5 ... 5-6th3 South Australia 6 3 ... 3-6ths West Australia 6 4 ... 4-6ths Tasmania .. 6 1 . . l-6th The Gridiron Map— The Senate. ^howin" the strength of Socialism in the Federal Parliament. The black bars (red in the original) show the area of land in the difTerent States represented by Socialists. [Copyright by the Australian Preis-Cuttings' Agency.'] Review of Reiieics, 1/7100. Tlnti'Socialists on Socialism. Total No. State. of Members. New South Wales 26 Victoria 23 Queensland 9 South Australia 7 West Australia 5 Tasmania 5 The Gridiron Map— The House of Representatives Showing the strength ot Socialism in the Federal Parliament. The black bars show the area of land in the different States represented by Socialists, [C'jpyriijht hi/ the Australian Pregs-Cuttings' Agency.'] Part« Socialists. Eepresented by Socialists. 7 7-26ths 3 3-23rdB 7 7-9th8 3 3-7th6 4 4-5thB 1 l-5th monopolies, until tli- Government officials and em- ployes become .sufficiently numerous to outvote, and rule in their own interests, the remainder of the community. Melbourne, March 20th, 1906. Mr. A. McLean, M.H.R.. gives as his definition of Socialism, under dat« March 20th: — " Socialism is the economic creed of the weaklings, the indolent and incapable sections of humanity, of all those who estimate their own capacity to earn a liveli- hood below the average capacity of the whole com- munity, and who prefer, therefore, to lean upon others for support rather than rely on their own resources. The means by which they propose to effect their object are : The absolute extinction of private property; the acquisition and control, by the State, of all private lands, and all the other in.'itruments of production, distribution and exchange : State ownership and con- trol of all industries, and equal distribution of the product of capital and labour amongst the whole people. Some (professed) Socialists are compelled to recognise that the equal distribution of the national income amongst the whole people, without regard to the value of the services rendered, must inevitably ex- tinguish all ambition and destroy all incentive to ener- getic action, and ultimately degrade and impoverish the whole nation. They persist, nevertheless, in ad- vocating the nationalisation of all land and industries, but declare that they would pay to each individual the fair equivalent of his or her services. Putting aside the many fatal objections that could be urged, including the enormous cost of supervision that would be necessai-y to appraise the value of the services of each individual, especially the services of the vast army of supervisors that would be required to do the work, and assuming that all would be fairly compen- sated in proportion to the value of their services, tlie advocates of this phase of Socialism seem to over- look the important fact that their system would not in any way benefit those who, under existing condi- tions, become submerged in the competition of indus- 34 I7ie Review ot Reviews. July 1, 1906. trial life. On the contrary, it would perpetuate all the distinctions and inequalities in re'gard to tiie pos- session of wealth and social status, the abolition of wiiich lia.s been the object, end and aim of Socialisni in all ages. Sociali.Mu. like a mirage, is ever luring its deluded votaries onward, but never miiiLstering to their needs. The only persons benefited are tlie agita- tors who impose on the credulity of the masses. How much better it would be if the va.st amount of eutrgy that is expended throughout the world on this social will-o'-the-wisp were directed, through practical and legitimate channels, towards improving and elevating the conditions ot the great inasse> of the people." Mr. G. H. Reid. M.H.R.. writ s — " Socialism pronounces tlie present system ot indus- trial liberty and private entei-prise to be a mistake. Socialism describes the worker under the present sys- tem as a miserable victim of greedy capitalists who enrich themselves out of his labour and at his expense. Tlie Socialistic remedy is to buy out the ' capitalists ' — that is, everyona who lias got a business occupa- tion. The extremists would take eventhiug for nothing, as if it were a case of restoration of stolen property ; but the leader of the Socialistic Labour Party of Australia repudiates confiscation, i hough some — if not all — define the value of property to be property measured not by it,s present value, but by its value "to the Stata,' a basis capable of many con- liscatoi-y elements. ■ When Aiiti-Socialists criticise Socialism as a com- plete system Socialists like Mr. Watson, the leader of tiie Socialistic Party, say: inasmuch as we propose not trics at once, but gradually, leaders speak now as if monopolies ' were tlie full length thev wish to go. This is an attempt to shirk the real question. Besides, the platforms and the objectives of the Labour Leagues give such a subterfuge a flat contradiction. "The Nationalisation of Monopolies ' is there, it is true, and it would have been easy to put a full stop at the end of those four words, but they don't. The objec- tive ' adds to those four words, ' and the extension of the economic and industrial functions of the State and Municipality.' This is a most ingenious phrase. Delightfully vague, yet elastic enough to cover the whole Socialistic scheme. The 'extension' can be slight, if the majority is slight, btit it can be stretched to infinity, if the majority be strong. ■' The Parliamentary representatives are not the real leaders — they are delegates of tlie real leaders. The members of Parliament may propose, but the Leagues :and the Conference dispose. ' You misrepresent us, to socialise all indus- Indeed. some of the ■ the nationalisation ot " ' Individualism ' and ' Competition ' and ' Volun- tai-j- Co-operation' are the three grand conditions of industrial liberty and industrial progress under De- mocracy; the destruction of all three is the aim of Socialism. Industrial Socialism begins and ends in compulsion embodied in the words of command. The ideal of the Australian Democrat is a Commonwealth of Co-operatives; the ideal of the Australian Socialist is a Co-operative Commonwealtli. The difference is imiuen,se, because \n a Commonwealth of Co-operatives the men are the masters of the State.; in a Co-opera- tive Commonwealth the State becomes the masters of the men. The .Socialism of the Labour Party, which Mr. Watson called the ' ally ' ot Christianity, really turns Christianity upside down, because the Socialist T\ould sacrifice others for the sake of .self; the Chris- tian sacrifices self for the sake of others. " That Socialism does begin and end in compulsion is literally true: — (1) Compulsory vurrender of all private occupa- tions and enterprises and investments. (21 Compulsory employment in State industries, not chosen by the workman, but prescribed for him by State authority. |3) This in the case of each and .every Australian worker until he dies. " When everything is resumed, every person paid off will take himself out of the country with his capi- tal ; becau.se no piivate work will be possible. The ' fat " men will go with th.eir £1.000.000.000 (one thousand millions sterling), and the "'thin' men will take on the liability with an interest debt of £.50.000.000 a •.)Par. £1 a week for every male woi'ker to pay, for the privilege of becoming a shareholder in tiiat very risky industrial experiment, Australia Unlimited.' The Socialist tries hard to convince the Australian worker that he will get the sweet security and per- manence of a State billet ; he foi'gets to let him know the difference between a State billet under existing conditions in which you get full pay whether the de- partment i.s a paying or a losing concern and take no risks whatever, and the new billet under Socialism, in whicli the worker will never know how much he earns until the accounts of all the State iudustries are made up and the amount ot calls' for unprofitable industiies are deducted from each of the workers of Australia, whether he has been coining money for the State in his own particular line or not. One word more. A Socialist State must be a Socialistic Re- public, and there is no room for a British Sovereign or a British Empire in the new order of thino;s. (Signed* G. H. REID. Mav 26tli. 1906. [When the news of Mr. .Seddon's de.ith rame, it was tix) late U> rtiuove from the "Current History ii Cnrirature " two blocks. Thev convey, however, no unpleasant suggestions whatever; indeed are I nth rcm])!imentai y to the.^gi'eat man who has. to tlie sorrow of everybody, jiassed away. — Editor.] .\nfther aiti'-le on "Distinguished Earlv Australians." hv Dr. Watkin, appear in the August issue. Rfvifir of Hcrii'iiy . Ij7j0'>. SOCIAL SERVICE, The Craftsman, an illustrated niunthlv magazine fur the simplifica- lit.m of life, New York, contains an interesting account (jf the aims and work of the Ameri- can Institute of Social Service, fruiided in 1903, and of which Dr. josiah Strong is the president. Of this Institute, President koosevelt, writing in 1903, says: — " Ap- panntly it is proving to be the beginning ot a world move- ment. ... In England. Russia, Ital), lapan, and S wf '1 e n steps ha\f bei n taken to organise institutes along the lines of our own, while in France the Music Sociale of Paris has been doing a great work along similar although not identical lines." Dr. J isiah Strong describes the Institute in the article abnvi- referred to, which is from his pen, as " a clearing hou.se of human experience." In every country experiments are now being made in legisla- tion, philanthropy, religion. The knowledge of what has been done, what has failed, what has succeeded, and what others interested in human progress and bettermtiit are thinking on great living questions, must be of great importance to workers all over' the world. The American Institute of Social Service seeks to bring thinkers on the great problems of to- day into touch with one another, to collect informa- tion from all parts of the world, and by corres- [londence, by the press, by collecting books, pamph- lets, clippings, photographs, and by well-equipped lectures, to disseminate this knowledge. Should one, for instance; be interested in the Drink Pro- W.A.Cooli' 1 [PAoto. Dp. Josiah Strong, of New York. blem. or the Land Question, or Prison Refonn,. let him write to the Institute whose headquarters are New York, and the information he desires will be forwarded, or he will be directed where to get it. In places where no lectures are available, "reading Itctures " are provided, and illustrative lantern slides can be had, or photographs from which slides can be made. The specimens of the illustrations which are given in The Craftsman are of a high order. The American. Institute of Social Service is a step towards " the Parliament of Man, and the Federation of tlie World." If we in Australia w'sh to know what our American brethren are doing for the housing of the poor, or the treatment of neglect- ed children, or what Glasgow reformers are doing in the way of " Municipal Housekeeping," we can have full information, and New York and Glasgow' can be sent to us in. photographs which caTi easily be thrown on a lantern screen. " Inquiries come to us," writes Dr. Josiah Strong, ■' not only from nearly every State in the Union, and from Canada, but also from F.ngland, Scotland, Russia, Sweden, Germany, France, Switzerland, Avs- tria, Italv, Belgium, Australia, Japan, South Africa, Syria, and Siam. John Burns is one of our most active collaborators abroad. These number about ninetv prominent men in nearlv all civilised coun- tries." A Year-Book is published containing valuable in- formation up to date. Australia, we are glad to see, is not overlooked, short articles being contributed by Mrs. Locke-Burns and Dr. Charles Strong. We under.stand, also, that Mr. Samuel Mauger, M.P., is a contributor. The Hon. Mr. Reeves represents the Institute in New Zealand, and vice-presidents and correspondents are being appointed in each State of the Commowealth. Conditions of course varv in different countries, and methods which suit one country and people may not suit another ; but it is of the highest importance that thinkers and workers in one land should be able to compare notes with those in another, and that all w'ho love their fellowmen, and are labouring for the uplifting of humanitv, should interchange idea.s, and catch the inspiration and glow of each other's sympathy and experience. See Editorial on Pa^e ii. 56 The Review of Reviews. July 1. 130B. O From This Date ''THE AUSTRALASIAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS*' Will be 6d. per copy. With this (July) issue we enter upon a new stage in our liistory. The tendency of all modern and successful journals of to-day is to make the price of purchase as low as possible. For many years " The -Australasian Review of Reviews " has been successfully sold at Nine- pence. Now we are going to appeal to a still larger constituency by selling at Sixpence. But while the price is reduced, " The Review of Reviews" will, in get-up, in ^— ^ B matter, in illustrations, be even better than before. ^^^^k ^^B It has for long been fl BH ^'^^ Magazine which gives a comprehensive ^|^^^ B I view of the world's latest thought, as well as the ^B^^^B H^ current life of Australasia, and which yet at the H ^B ^^H same time makes its way steadily towards a great ^H ^m national ideal. It is THE Magazine ^m^^ which ought to be in every home as a means of knowledge for all, and an education to the younger members in the things that make for the best citizenship. Subscribers who have paid 8s. 6d. will have their subscriptions elated on for three months, thus placing them on the same footing as new subscribers. In this issue we begin the publication of H. G. WCLLS'S Famous Story, Place your order for the regular supply of "The Review of Reviews" with your Newsagent, and have it delivered each month, or send 6s. 6d. to ^'The Review of Reviews," Equitable Building, Melbourne, And receive it for 12 months. Review of kevieus, lITjOD. ESPERANTO. We continue to print on this page items of interest for Esperantists and specimens in that language. Translations are again asked for, and will be_ pub- lished in the September issue. Address to W. H. Judkins, Editor 'Review of Reviews," Equitable Biiilding, Melbourne. La Daily Xews, London, kiu dum iom da tempo publikigis csperantajn peeetojn, aperigis Sabaton Mart on 31an, jenon : — (3» R.AJCOXTETO. de C.S.P. Ian tagon, Edinburgon veturis pia angla homo el AVhitley Bay, en Northumberlando, Anglujo. Li trafis Belganon en la vagonaro. Subite ekkreskis aniikecon inter ili. Post hejnneveno la auglano donace sendis Biblion al la belgano. For la trezorata alsendo la belgano ne povis danki. char mankis che li la anglan lingvon kaj li estis perdinta la adreson de la anglo. Bona penso! Li kuris al Esperanta amiko kaj demandis ke li skribu Esperantan leteron Anglujon. Angla Ekperanti-sto en " Whitley Bay " tuj trovis la Biblio-donanton ; kaj. sekve, la amikeco inter la du piaj homoj nun rekreskadas. Tiajn bonagojn faras Esperanto chiutage. Legu, rimarku, lernu, kaj interne digestu. Ho! Brabantio ! (i) HlDiIORAJ. LN'TER AMIKINOJ.— Nu. vi trovas, ke shi est as bela? Tanien la okuloj esprimas nenion! Jes, vere. sed sliia busho. . . . ? Bedauriiide, ghi faras la nialon. DOI MILITA EKZERCADO.— Kapitano! diras leu- tenanto. jam ne estas kartochoj. Tute ne? Ne unu restas ! Nu, cliesigu la pafadon! FLNITA AMINDrMO.— Du sinjorinoj interparolas : Kaj chu la juna Petro cliiam amindumas riau filinon ? Ne, finite! Li foriris ? Ne, li edzinigis shin! RICHA BAXKIBRO DIRIS:— Kiam mi komencis negocadi, mi po.sedis nenion. Jes, sed tiuj, kun kiuj vi komencis, estis richaj, tiam ! EN LA PENTRAJHA EKSPOZICIO :— Kion vi pensas pri mia portreto. Malkashe, ghi ne estas bela. . . . Vere ? Sed tre simila. . . . el la Lingvo Internacia. lomete malsanugita de J. Booth, Prez : E.K.M. One of our correspondents writes regarding the Es- peranto examples in the last issue, and I print the questions in the hope that they may be useful to others : — (1) In the first paragraph for translation — " resk- ribitas " ; i.s this the accepted Esperanto for the mean- ing intended? (2) Line 1. " de." Does not "manko" take "da'T (3. 4. .5 and 6) Line 2. " nune." Is not "nun" in- variable (nuntempel? "Estas _. . . neeble (ad- verb) nune (adverb) presi (infinitive).'' Is not this bad grammar in Esperanto or any other _ language? There is no complement to the verb ''to be."' " Multon (pronoun) Esperante (adverb)." Is this an accepted construction? Paragi-aph 2. (7) Line 7. " Profesoroj " ; should this be plural ? (8: Line 8. '• faris la filinon . . . sia edzino." Should not this be a double accusative in any lan- guage ? (9 and 10) Line 10. "Servi." Does not this require a preposition with or instead of kvazau? " Kuracilo." Does this take " por " ? Does not " ridi " take " je " ? (11) Is " ama malsano " a real Esperanto expression for lovesickne.ss ? Mr. Booth, President of the Melbourne Club, re- plies as follows: — (1) Reskribita (not reskribitas) may be reasonably taken to include the alterations made in writing the passage again (ree). Sangigita (with accents on th& ■ S "' and first "g") would perhaps be preferable, but " shanghita " has an ungainly appearance. Of course the u.se o* "h" instead of the accent is permissible, and we Iiave availed ourselves occasionally of this method of .spelling Esperanto, but consider it better, if possible, to avoid using words containing the ac- cented letters until we are prepared to print them in the usual way. (2) No words in Esperanto "take" any particular preposition after tlieni. Tim preposition to be used depends only on the meaning to be conveyed. "'Da' post la vorto niontras, ke tin chi vorto havas signifon de mezuro " (Esp. sint. Beaufront, p. 6.5), and there- fore miglu be here used; there would be a shade of difference in the meaning. We find in the "Fund Kre.st." p. 188 " La grasigado estas fondita sur . . . manko <1r Kango. . . ." (3, 4, 5 and 6) The adverbial construction is used in Esperanto to a much greater extent than in other languages. "Nune," "ree," " pleje " and similar words are common in Zamenliof and other classical writers. " Estas neeble " is the only correct construc- tion. We might punctuate: "presi multon, esper- ante," i.e.. "to print much in Esperanto." Of course a different construction could be adopted, and we might write, "presi multan Esperanton." "to print much Esperanto." (7) Profesoroj — preseraro. (8) ■' faris . . . sia edzino" is the compound pre- dicate, and is equal to edzinigis. In .such cases Es- peranto requires the nominative. The double accusa- tive would mean: "Made the person who was the daughter . . . and (also) his wife (do something or other). (9 and 10) See No. 2. (11) We think "ama malsano" is good English Es- peranto, and the author "n the Lingvo Internacia, from which our extract was taken, seems to think it good Frencli Esperanto. So we think we may pass it in Australia. ESPER.ANTA KLFBO. MELBOURNA. The ordinary monthly meeting of the club was held' at the usual meeting place, 2.') Ratlidown-street, on Friday, June 1st. The Review of Reviews. July 1, 1906. There was a fair number of membtMs present, and a large iiiiinber of nominations for membership tvere received. Various projects for increasing tlie usefuhiess of the club were discussed, and the establishment of a num- ber of ■■ evercirculators.'' principally for the benefit of distant members unable to attend the meetings of the club, was agreed upon. The remainder of the time was devoted to the lead- ing and criticism of correspondence intended to be sent by members to various Esperantists of distant lands. The nest meeting of the club takes place on July 6th. Visitors are invited. PKOGRESS OF ESPERANTO. According to tlie latest information, some hundred students have entered for tlie Esperanto examination of the London Chamber of Commerce, and considering that the decLsion was not made in time to advertise the examination in the usual. way, the result is very re- markable. The Easter holidays was the time chosen by the Federation Internationale des Employes for their Con- gress, and tlie gathering was an exceptionally interest- ing as well as a rao.st important one. It took place at the Central Hotel, Marylebone, London. In the same building the British sc'ction of the Federation had a very crowded meeting, and the delegates interchanged visits. The only Government sending a .special dele- gate was Belgiiun, one of the members of the Labour ministry liaving been sent by the King in order to make studies for future guidance. The one unanimous vote of the Congress wtis that recommending the use ( f Esperanto as an official lan- guage at future Congresses. The reasoiis given are tliat the knowledge of foreign languages has become indispensable to wage-earners; international relations having a teiidtncy to extend continually ; sucli wage- earners have rarely time for a thorough study of even one foreign language, much less more, and a common auxiliary language would avoid a great loss of time and the fatigue caused by translations. The Inter- national Congress also desired that the different fede- rations (from some ten countries) participating in the Congress of London, should do their utmost to persuade their re.-spective Governments to include Esperanto amongst the languages to be taught in their primary and secondary schools; and that their groups .should be invited everywhere to propagate the study of Es- peranto by means of adult clas-ses. Esperanto lectures are already becoming quite popu- lar. The usual stock objections are generally made, viz.. tliat English should be used; that Esperanto is bound to develop dialects, etc. Mr. Rhodes at Leeds and at Carlisle .successfully rebutted these objections, as did Colonel Pollen at Cardiff, where Professor Bai-- bier invited him to lecture to the University students. In his speech. Colonel Pollen told about the pamphlet circulated some time back, which asked for .500.000.000 dol.s. in order to arrange the use of a common inter- national tongue. yiniKy is not needed for Esperanto, the Colonel said; it stands on its own merits; its ad- herents cannot help propagating it. and it only desires a fair field. It is more fascinating than football, and as football has recently in Wales proved more fas- cinating than matrimony, he did not think he could say more in its favour. Professor Littledale was chair- man at the lecture. We are making arraag;ments for a supply of Thf. lirifixli Espcnintist. published monthlv, the best periodical for students of Esperanto. The price will be 3s. (4s. posted). We shall be glad to book orders to be fulfilled on arrival. Address "Review of Re- views," Equitable Building, Melbourn©" Essay Competition for Adults and School Pupils. TEN GUINEAS in Prizes. See Page 106. On page 106 we publish details of Essay Competitions. Our idea is to stimulate still further the growing desire for universal peace. One Competition is for adults, the other is for State school pupils, or Secondary school pupils under the age of 16 years. I most earnestly request the State school and Secondary school teachers to bring this Competition under the notice of their pupils. We have just celebrated Empire Day, and no time could be more appropriate than this for the inculcating of sentiments as to what the best kind of Empire should seek to accomplish. May I appeal to them to do what they can to induce their pupils to take the matter up?— EDITOR. lifiieu of HfV'tenx, l/?:0*!. INTERVIEWS ON TOPICS OF THE MONTH. AUSTRALASIAN INTERVIEWS. LXXXV. -PROFESSOR ISHIKAWA. PH. D., DELEGATE FROM TOKIO UNIVERSITY TO THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY JUBILEE CELEBRATIONS. Professor' Ishikawa. A chat with Pro- t'fssor Ishikawa, Doctor of Philoso- l)hy at the Tokio L'niversity, Japan, w as an inspiration. Professor Ishikawa had just returned from Adelaide when 1 saw him in tiie liome of Dr. Bevan, whose guest he was, and he was prepar- ]'v^ for a trip to the ISlack Spur in com- p.my with Profes- .sor Vasilyev, just l)rioi to his depar- ture to his liome. N'eedless to sa} . Professor Ishikawa stated himself to be in love with the countr)' and the people who were for the time his hosts. L'riiane, dignified, jioiite to a degree (how our ag- |,rressiveness must grate on a refined Oriental mind). Professor Ishikawa is the emhodiment of educated refinement. Of course to a L'ni\ersit\ Professor, the chief ob- ject of study would lie the educational systems of the land of his visit, and the Professor declared him- self to be enamoured fif our educational system. " What is your system of education in Jajjan ?' I -ked him. " Is it compul.sory, 1s it free, is it in the hands of the Government ?.' " Our schools are not free,", he said. " We have Ijoth ])rivale and pul>lic .schools, and a small fee is charged for instruction, so low, however, that it is not a harrier to any family "desirous of educating their children. As a matter, of fact, if parents are too poor to send the children to school, the ])ayment IS remitted. Our sy.stem is very complete, and a bov or girl on go right U)i to the L'niversities with- out verv much expense. In each village or town we have a kind of Council, of which the Mayor is the head, and one of its chief duties is to go about among the homes of the jjeople, enrjuiring into their condition, and doing what can lie done to stimulate interest in life generally, and to promote the ad- -,an(-ement of educational matters, which are very largely su|)erintended by them." "' Is'the door of vour Universities open very \yide?" " No ; that is a thing that will need to be remedied, (^ur entrance examinations are very stiff, mainly for the reason ;hu our University arcommodaticn =s as yet inade luate. and we could not possibly accommodate all the students wdio desire to get in. Consequently, we have made the entrance narrow, with the result that thousands of students lose their enthusiasm, and, moreover, the nation loses the benefit of their higher education." "I su))pose the proper remedy for this is more Universities ?' " Undoubtedly," said the Professor, with an e.\- ]iressive gesture, "that would te the ideal, and I heartily sujiport in my own land a movement in that direction." Of course I could not refrain from asking Pro- It ssor Ishikawa (delicate though the subject was) his feelings al.out the prohibition of the mass of his countrymen from settling in Australia. " Needless to say," he said, " neither I nor my country peojile like it. It is not so much, mind you, that we are prevented from fulfilling a desire to come, if the desire seized us, but we feel that our national dignity is affected. Surely an outcry would be raised if we were to a|iply the same principles to Britishers, not because they might want to come, and would be thus prevented, l>ut because of the inference which would necessarily follow. It really means that one nation considers another unworthy to enter its gates. Now, we have a Treaty with )0ur nation, and vet vou class us as unworthy to enter. Of course, some folks have an idea that, if the prohibi- tion w-ere removed. practi<-ally all Japan is so eager to escape from its own country, that it would migmte to .\ustralia. Yes, I know the idea, and the strength iif it in .Australia, hut it is a ridiculous one. We J a]):. ne.se love our own country just as much as other nationalities do theirs, and the bulk of our people would no more dream of coming away from it than do the liulk of the Qermans, because .Australia is n])cn to the people of that nation." Regar.ling Japan's position in Corea, Professor Ishikawa said that there was no doubt that Corea woidd become Japanised in a very little time. " As a matter of fact," he .said. " Martjuis Ito is directing affairs there at the jiresent time." Upon the broader ideas of nationalism and fra- tf-rnitv. Professor Ishikawa's views leave nothing to 40 The Review of Reviews. July 1, 190S. be desired. While a strong patriot, there is nothing provincial about him. and he represents the man who. realising: the necessity for a common bond be- tween all people, would be willing to break down all barriers, and pave the way for the day of uni- versal peace. LXXXVL- PROFESSOR VASILYEV, DELEGATE FROM DORPAT UNIVERSITY, RUSSIA, TO THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY JUBILEE CELEBRATIONS. is regarded as a. matter of the greatest importance, and in course of time this difficulty will be overcome. Another great difficulty is that they are ground down by taxation, they have no secure land tenure, and it is' very hard to get them to realise their needs, and to understand what Constitutional Government really means. Nevertheless, of course, we work away, and hope for better things very soon.'' " Do you hope to get ihuch from the Duma ?" " Yes,'' he said, with a significant shrug, " we hope- for verv much, but whether we will get it, well . However, it is a first step, at any rate, and it may mean better things for us by-and-bye." "Of course," I said, "educated men like yourself Professor Vasilyev. Professor 'Vasil- vev, of the Dorpat University, Russia, had, after the Mel- bourne University Jubilee, to which he was a delegate, gone over to Tasma- nia for a trip, and when he returned he called at " The Re- view of Reviews " office to see me. Professor Vasilyev is a true Russian type of the intellec- tual order, and it was as if a new breath from another land filled the room when he came in. Bluff and aggres- sive, but refined, he represented a very different type to the quiet refinement of Professor Ishikaua : but each man is delightful. " Of course I must ask you what you think of Australia? That is the Australian's usual first question to a visitor." I said. " Well," he said. " I am delighted. It has been the dream of my life to visit these shores, and the physical conditions of your country delight me. Of cour.se the social conditions interest me greatly. Your Governmental institutions are to be envied. They are magnificent." " Our system of education, I suppose, appeals to you ?" " Yes ; it is what it should be — free and compul- sory. If we had that in Russia to-day, we should be very much better off." " What is your system ?" "Well, until recently, education in the country parts has been \ety largely in the hands of the priests, who are often uneducated men, but during the past few years municipal schools have been es- tablished under the guidance of educated teachers, but what education there is is neither free nor com- pulsory." " That explains. I suppose, to a verN- great extent vour difficulties in the wav of reform?" "Yes."' he said, "the ignorance of the peasants is an almost insuperable difficulty, but now education appreciate to the full the ideals of internationalisni and fraternity ?" "Yes," he said, and here his voice took on the tone of an enthusiast, " I am thoroughly with you with regard to these things. The barriers nations raise between themselves are unnecessary, and there- is no reason whv we should not all live at peace with one another. It grie\^es me very much to see the- way in which British people, for instance, insist that we' have designs on India. We have not. What could we do with India ? We have more land on our hands than we can people, and look after properly, and the idea is a ridiculous one. I will be glad' when ideas like these pass away." "Are Australia and New Zealand regarded with much interest in Russia ?" "Yes." he said, "and you would be surprised to know how keenly reformers watch the progress of events out here. ' We regard your form of govern- ment and the freedom of your institutions with very great interest, but the conditions of Russia are very different from those of Australia, and what is suiteif, to your needs may not be so suitable for us, at all events, under our present conditions. There are seve- ral excellent works on Australia printed in Russia, familiar text books to students. Needless to say, T shall have an almost unlimited field to work upon with regard to the matter which I have collected, and am collecting, and I shall make good use of it when I arrive in Russia." "You are going to New Zealand? You ought to go there, as the most advanced of the Australasian colonies with regard to social and political reform." "Yes." he replied. "I am going there, and hope to add very largely to my stock of notes." This is only a frapmentan,- idea of an exceedingly interesting hour. One could not help feeling that the spirit which Professor 'Vasilyev brought was one that might be present in every human breast, if only Rpvieic iif Reiieirs Topics of the Month. 41 men took the trouble to know and to try to under- concerning the progress of events in Russia from his stanil one another. own standpoint of a reformer, and " Review of Re- Profe^snr Vasilyev has promised to write to me views " readers will benefit accordingly. ENGLISH INTERVIEWS. LXXXVII.-THE ANGLO-GERMAN The happy conclusion of the Algeciras Conference has opened the door wide for the active cultivation of the Anglo-Gennan entente. But it is well to be reminded by the appearance of the book, •■ Muni- cipal Studies and International Friendship," that Germans did not wait until the Morocco Question was out of the way to make overtures of friendship to the British nation. Dr. Lunn, who has honour- ably distinguished himself for many years past by the energy and public spirit with which he has seized the opportunities afforded by his business to promote friendly intercourse between different nations, has rendered a new service to the cause of human progress by his action in promoting the Anglo-German entente. The cause of the reunion of Christendom owed much to Dr. Lunn's enterprise in bringing together the representatives of the various Christian Churches at Grindelwald and Lucerne. To these conferences was largely due the formation of the Free Church Federation, which played so ■conspicuous a part in the defeat of the late Govern- ■ ment. He has for some years past been busily en- gaged in promoting the friendship of nations by organising and conducting a series of municipal visits, which have brought him into personal rela- tions with the President of the United States, the Kings of Sweden and Norway, and last but bv no means least with the German Kaiser. This good work, largely ignored at home, where superior per- sons sniff at a business man who deliberately selects a line of business which enables him to render ser- vice to cherished ideas, has been much better ap- preciated abroad, where Dr. Lunn is recognised as a valuable commis voyagcur of peace and goodwill. When Dr. Lunn called at Mowbrav House with the proofs of his book I asked him what he thought 'f the prospects of the Anglo-German entente. " So far as the German nation is concerned, the prospects are of the brightest. In no countrv into which I have led my municipal pilgrims, not even in the United States of America, have the British stu- I dents been rt-cei\-ed with more hearty welcome." I "Has the old bad feeling subsided altogether?' " I don't know what you mean by the old bad feeling. I was in Germany when what the news- papers called our strained relations were supposed to be almost at the breaking-point, and I ne^er came across a single unfriendly German, nor was I greeted with a single hostile word." " What time was that ?" " I went to Berlin in March last year to arrange for the visit, and we returned at midsummer. I saw ENTENTE: DR. HENRY LUNN. exervbody, from the Kaiser to the man in the street, and evervwhere I only heard one opinion — the Ger- mans want to be friends, and they seized upon every opportunit}" of demonstrating their friendliness in the most kindlv and enthusiastic fashion. In fact, we were quite embarrassed by the warmth of their hospitality." " Where did vou see the Kaiser ?' •• At the Court Ball in the White Hall of the Palace at Berlin. You may form some idea of the spirit in which we were welcomed when 1 tell you that not onlv were we invited to the ball, but the punctilios of Court etiquette were waived in order to enable us to attend it without Court dress. It was on my first visit, to arrange the preliminaries of the municipal tour. The Kaiser received us — Lord Lyveden and myself — most kindly. He expressed his gratification at the contemplated visit of the representatives of British municipalities, and invited us to visit the Palace at Potsdam. From that moment evervthing was done, not only by the Ger- man Ministers, but by the German municipal authori- ties, to make our visit a success." " But was this not a mere act of personal cour- tesv ; one of the ordinary amenities of international intercourse ?" •' Not at all. As Count Bernstorff said, our visit was welcomed because it was hoj>ed by the German Government and the German people that it would do something to draw the two nations together, to remove national misunderstandings, and to demon- strate the fact that the German nation is animated bv the most friendly feelings towards the English people." " Did you find this feeling widespread?" ■' It was universal. We visited Aachen, Cologne, and Berlin. It would be difBcult to say which city was most demonstrative. If we had been a eortege of Princes we could not have had a more royal wel- come. Every- want was anticipated. We were oxer- whelmed with receptions and banquets. One most remarkable episode of our visit to Berlin was that the usual toast to the Emperor was waived in order to enable Social Democrats to dine with Ministers of the Empire at the banquet given in our honour." " Did the municipal authorities regard your visit as a political affair?" •' I should rather sav that they treated it as a national demonstration of friendliness and goodwill. .\s the spokesman of the Aachen Municipality said, ' Real politics, thank God, are not an affair of news- papers and music-halls, but are in the hands of 42 serious people who understand accustomed to deal mth thing •• And that, you think, wa- ment ? ' '' It is not a question of th know it was so. You could night with all manner of Germ without being able to realise intensity of the good feelins;. who was with us from first i" 1 pilgrims." The Review of Revievis. July 1. 1906. practical life and are s as they are.' the universal senti- inking ; it was so. I not sf)end dav and ans in th^ three cities the sincerity and the Ask Sir John Gorst, last, or ask am c-f the •" Then you are hopeful Y " So far as the Gernian.s arr ciinct-rned, I am confident. I only hope that the influential deputa- . tion of burgomasters and councillors who are paying us a return visit this month will carry back to Ger- manv anvthing like so deep an impression of British goodwill. " . This is good hearing, all the more so becai s ■ Dr. Lunn is a man who "' understands practical li! and is accustomed to deal with things as thev are. " LXXXVIII.-ON THE VALUE OF IMPATIENCE IN POLITICS: A WOMAN'S RIGHTER. The questii n of W'lman's Suffrage is ripenii^g ffs;, and one of the most significant signs of this wel- come consummation \vas the scene in the Ladies" Gallery of the House of Commons last month, for it indicates that women are becoming impatient with the way in which their claims have been cushioned year after year by an assembly which contains a majority of men pledged to their support. It was ■ the one thing n edful, for impatience is an essential element in practical politics. The incident came about in this wise. Mr. Keir Hardie mo\'ed a reso- lution asserting the justice of woman's claim to citizenship. It was opposed by Mr. W. R. Cremer, whose speech was worthy of the cause in which it was delivered, for on this subject Mr. Cremer is the blackest of reactionaries. It was known that an im- mense majority of members, 400 in a House of 670, weie pledged to vote in favour of the citizenship of women. Therefore it was determined bv ^Ir. Evans to talk out the debate, and so to prevent a di\ision. The Speaker, it was understood, had de- cided to refuse the closure, and the obstructives had the game in their own hands. They reckoned, tiowever, without the women. A small knot of earnest and angry women of the working classes, - seated in obscurity behind the grille, gave free ex- pression to ther disgust at the ob-tructive tactics of their opponents. If there had been no grille it is doubtful whether they would have had the cour- age to perpetrate such a breach of decorim. But behind' the bars of the cage in which women are immured they made such a tumult of protest that the police were called in, and all the ladies were unceremoniously bundled out. Next day the papers shrieked in chorus over the folh . the wickedness, etc., etc.. of the suffragettes. Tliey had ruined their cause, woman's suffrage was lost, members were re- pudiating their pledges, and so forth. " All stuff and nonsense," said a stalwart woman's righter. " The row has done more to make woman's suffrage a live issue than a hundred ^conventional demonstrations." ■' Because it supplied the one thing that was w cessary to convince men that the subject is get- ting .so hot that they can no longer fool w^th it as thev have been doing. Patience has been tried \eror and his advisers realise that they are now no longer only dealing with a handful of self-elected revolutionaries, but are face to face with the representatives deliberately chosen, under conditions prescribed by the Emperor himself, as the best for ascertaining the will of the nation. It is impossible for anyone to deny the representative character of the Duma, or the earnest popular feeling which lies behind it. The elections were held in the worst part of the year, when the thaw was setting in. The roads were almost impassable, but the electors came to the polls, in many in- stances, from distances of loo miles at their own expense in order to vote." " Was there any disorder?" " Practicallv none. The discussions were keen, but so far as I have been able to ascertain, not- withstanding much provocation, there was no breach of the peace. In short, the elections have revived and renewed the confidence of Russians in Russia to an extent which I could not have believed possible." " What danger is there ahead ?" '■ The chief danger lies in the possibility that the impatient spirit of some members may impel the Duma to demand immediate Radical changes wh'ch may afford a pretext for the Reactionaries to adopt measures which might precipitate a collision ; but after the elections, and the proof which they have afforded of the earnestness and self-control of our people, I confess I am much more hopeful than I was when I parted from you six months ago." 44 The Review of Reviews. July I, 1906. LX.-WHAT ABOUT THE HOUSE " Mend or End ?" the old jingle, is likely to be revived with a vengeance before the Session closes. But the first Mend or End alternative is one for the Peers' decision. What will the Peers do with the Education Bill and the Trades Disputes Bill, to name only two of the measures which the Ministerial majority in the Commons will send up to them in July or August? Will they mend them or end them? I sought counsel with a Councillor well versed in the ways of the Peers, who has grown grey in the service of the State. " Will they mend or end ?" I asked. " Neither," he replied grimly. " They dare not end them ; they cannot mend them. What they will do is to spoil them, botch them, mutilate and mar them." " The Lords' Amendments, then, will not be improvements ?" " How can they be ? John Bull has dismissed his head cook. The new cook is preparing dainty dishes to set before the King. But the late cook's elder brother is left in the kitchen with full permission to add whatever ingredients he pleases to the dishes before they are sent to table. What will happen ? He will put sugar in the soup, cayenne into the puddings, and serve the roasts upon cold plates. So the Lords will set themselves to spoil the Commons' Bills." " But what then ?" " Why, then, when the Lords' Amendments come to be considered in the Commons, the Peers are likely to have a rude awakening — something like that which was experienced by the citizens of San Francisco when the earth moved for the space of three minutes, and the heart of the city became a mass of smoking ruins. The present House of Com- mons will stand no nonsense from the Lords." "And so you anticipate the collision ?" " Will be like Stephenson's story of the collision between a locomotive and the cow, ' It w'ill be varra bad for the coa' " " But does not the ' coo ' in her gilded bvre realise that ?" " Not the least in the world. They think the same old show is going on in the same old way, and that they still count for as much as ever they did, where- as they really count for nothing — except a pile of decaying rubbish that wall have to be cleared out of the way." " You do not then rate highlv the resisting force of the Peers?" "There is no force but vis inertia in the Upper House. The Opposition from an intellectual point of view is beneath contempt. Lord Lansdowne is an amiable intelligent Liberal Unionist, but as a OF LORDS?— MEND OR END? fighting man — pah ! The Duke of Devonshire is no longer in the regular Opposition. Lord Halsbury is an octogenarian who does not even take the trouble to master his political briefs. The Liberals are few in number, and they are nowhere in the division lobby. But the Unionists are nowhere in debate." " But they do not realise their own position ?" " Not the least in the world. They have the courage of ignorance, the strength of numbers, and thev will advance all unconscious to their doom. " " Then you think they are doomed ?" " Certainly. ' The whiff of death ' has already gone out against them. With the exception of the Bishops and the Law Lords, they represent nobody but their fathers. There are some of the nouveaux riches who ' stink of money,' but politically they do not count." " Would you end or mend ?" " I think the line of least resistance would be to continue the bi-cameral system, but to convert the House of Lords into a really representative Second Chamber, which would enable us to utilise many capable minds at present shut out from the serv'ice of the nation, and supply a House of Revision which would not confine itself to saying ditto to everjthing a Tor)' majority in the Commons may say and to vetoing everything a Liberal majority may propose to do." " Have you any ideas as to how it should be con- stituted ?" " I think a mixed Chamber would be most easily put together. The nobles might elect, say, fifty of their own number. To them might be added a certain number of administrators and officials who have held the highest posts in the Empire. But the bulk of the new Senate would be elected by the County Councils and the great cities — say two from each county and one from ever\- city of 300,000 inhabitants." "Would you turn out the Bishops?" " T am not sure. But if they were allowed to remain. I w'ould add the Moderators of the General Assemblies of the Presbyterians, the President of the Wesleyan Conference, the chiefs of the other Free Churches, and the heads of the Roman Church. By this means we might get a real Second Chamber which would command the respect of the country." " Might it not be too Conservative ?" " Possibly. In that case its veto might be limited so as to be exercised only once, or other arrange- ments might be made to secure its submission. We have got to risk something. And the present House of Lords is hopeless." Review of Revieiri, 1/7/06. Character Sketch, JOHN BULL AS INTERNATIONAL HOST. "Behold a New Heaven and a New Earth." PROEM. I had been sitting er offices, raise sudden storms which from time to time dash the ship of State irresistibly into war. Fortunately the winds which lash the international waves into fury are not beyond the control of the modern j^iolus. Nor is it impossible for a prudent and resourceful statesman to throw oil upon the troubled waters. But to baffle the tempestuous Jingo and to create a calm within which the vessel can be steered on its appointed course bv the man at the helm demands prevision, it needs organisa- tion, and, first of all, it requires funds ; and unfor- tunatelv funds have hitherto been the one thing lacking. Money has been spent like water in get- ting up bellicose agitations. There are too many " millions- in it " for the advocates of a policy of aggression and of conquest ever to lack the fuods necessary to create at least a semblance of popular passion at the critical m.oment when peace and w'ar are trembling in the balance. But for j>eace there IS seldom a penny to "W found. The great opportunity for the policy of peace lies not SO much in the de.xterous jerking away of the firebrand from the midst of the powder magazine into which it may have been flung. It is to be sought in the careful, steady, systematic discourage ment of the sport of flinging firebrands. That is a practice that ought no longer to be tolerated among civilised nations. Alas ! it is now, as it was in the days of the Eastern sage, the favourite amusement of fools to do mischief. But whereas in these early days he who cast firebrands, arrows and death was rightly scouted as a madman, nowadays he is re- warded with immense wealth and a seat in the House of Lords. It is difficult, although not so impossible as some seem to think, for civilisation to put a direct restraint upon such incentives to slaughter. But the simple and most effective method is to cultivate a habit and a temper of mind among the nations which would render it bad business for newspapers to " swell the war-whoop passionate for war.'' If this duty of reducing the fiery gas in the subterranean strata of public opinion were undertaken seriously in a practical spirit by the Governments the risk of ex- plosions would be reduced 50 per cent. But until Sir Henr\- Campbell-Bannerman's Ministry no Cabi- net has ventured to face this dut)'. And one reason which has always been pleaded in excuse is that the Government has no funds available for the prosecu- tion of the active policy of peace. That is why Decimal point one per cent, is the starting-point of the whole campaign. Without money nothing can be done. And this formula will provide the money. One pound for peace for every ^1000 for war. II.— WHAT WILL' HE DO WITH IT? Given a sum not exceeding decimal one per cent, of the Army and Navy Estimates to be devoted to the Budget of Peace, how can it be spent to the be.st advantage? If this year such a principle had been adopted, John Bull would have had ^66,000 to spend in the active policy which is to lead up to the League of Peace and the General Entente Cordiale. \\'hat would he have done w'ith it? The question need not be discussed, for the sum of ;^66,ooo will not figure in this year's Estimates. Ministers have succeeded -so recently to so heavily burdened an exchequer that for this year no one expects them to do anything but mark time. But the acquiescence won by C.-B. for Mr. Haldane's Esti- mates this year will not be renewed next year unless the House of Commons sees that something practical and definite is being done to abate the ill-feelings, misunderstanding, and prejudices w^hich excuse, even if they do not justify, the present Estimates. Minis- ters can best avail themselves of this breathing- space and give substantial earnest of their determina- tion to put the thing through if they appoint a Royal Commission at the earliest date, with instructions to inquire into and report upon the best methods that can be employed to prom.ote friendlv relations be- tween our o«-n and other nations, and to secure the establishment of an international entente cordiale. It is a significant fact that no such Commission has ever been appointed. During a thousand years of existence as an organised State, this country has never once put before any responsible representative body of investigators this simple primary problem in international statecraft — How can we best make friends of our neighbours? We have Commissions innumerable to inquire into and report upon the best way in which we can first circumvent, outwit, and forestall them in conquest or in trade ; or if that fails, how we can best be prepared to destrov their fleets, to "seize their land, to devastate their terri- tories, and to slav their citizens. Commissions upon engines of w-ar, from the tifiy revolver to the gigantic ironclad, there have been enough and to spare. But Review of litttens Character Sketch. 47 we look in vain for a singh- Commission that has heretofore bet-n charged to start from the assumption that friendly and fraternal sentiment between the peoples is a thing so desirable in itself that it was worth while to examine seriously how to develop it. It is thirty years since the late Lord Derbv de- clared that the greatest of British interests is peace, but in all the inten-ening yvars neither partv in the State has ever once taken to heart the honielv truth uttered by the Prim.e Minister when he said it was no use professing to desire peace unless we took steps to ensure it. We have hitherto approached the whole subject of our foreign relations under the absorbing preoccupa- tion of the possibility of war. Every foreign nation has been regarded as a prospective foe, and that pre- conception rendered it impossible that we should regard them as possible brothers. Only when under stress of imminent peril we have consented to sus- pend our habitual attitude of sruspicion and distrust so far as to make an ally of one nation, it was always with the sole intent of making war upon another. The present Cabinet, under the inspiration of their chief, a man whose passion for peace is none the less real because it does not evaporate in eloquent dithyrambics, has ffsen above this plane of interna- tional distrust. Hence nothing could be more natural and fitting than for them to appoint a Royal Commission to consider this greatest of all Imperial and national questions : how can we so order our steps aright as to promote brotherlv kindness and goodwill between our own people and all nations that on earth do dwell? The moment is propitious. It is hardly more than ten years since the British nation was con- fronted with the dread possibility of war with the United States of America, and hardly five since we seemed within twenty-four hours of war with the French Republic. To-dav Britain and France are as sisters, and the Empire and the Republic which divide the English-speaking world between them are as brothers in one hou.sehold. That which has been accomplished between Britain and the t^vo Republics must now be secured between Britain and the Ger- man and the Russian Empires. The appointnient o_f the Royal Commission would be an intimation not only to our own people but to the. whole world that the British Government was serious in its determination to pursue an active policy of pt-ace. When I was in Paris last month, I was told that our C.-B. was only an ideologue who made phrases about a League of Peace for electoral purposes and did nothing to carry his ideas into effect. The Royal Commission on the Promotion of Friendly Relations between the British and other peoples would be accepted everywhere as a proof that C.-B. meant business. It is for the King, ad- vised by his Ministers, to nominate the Commis- sioners to whom so delicate and so supremely im- portant an investigation could be remitted. But it ought not to be difficult to constitute a Commission, under a distinguished ' head, which would be ac- cepted by the nation as a worthy representative of all parties, among which the Labour party, so essen- tiallv international in its spirit, would assuredly not be lacking. The scope of the Commission would necessarily be restricted in so far as to preclude any possibility of its entering upon a general discussion in detail of outstanding political questions. It is possible that the Commission might be so constituted as to per- mit of its being asked to ad\-ise upon one or two general questions which will have to be considered at the Hague Conference, but its primary business will not be political or juridical, but social and interna- tional. The starting-point should be the fact that the Government has decided to create a fund not exceeding, in the first instance. Decimal point one per cent, of the Budget for War to be used as a Budget of Peace. How is this to be expended ? and bv whom ? The governing principle which should govern such an investigation was not inaptly expressed by Cobden when, as a naeans of securing peace, he prescribed the maximum of communications between the peoples and the minimum of friction between the Go\-emments. The spirit of the Commission could not be better expressed than in the eloquent words uttered by Lord Grey in his recent speech on Anglo- American relations. As the friendship between the Americans and the British are closer than those be- tween any other nations, the remark of Lord Grey mav be taken as the high water-mark of interna- tionalism as yet registered. The object of the Com- mission should be to discover how best to make so admirable a sentiment universal among the nations : — The more we see of Americans the better we sJiall be pleased. . . . All we want is to know each other better than we do. and to help each other as much a.s we can. ... If Ceriod of the life of the race. From this fundamental social virtue most of the neighbourli- ness of the world has sprung. To-day as in the times when the neolithic man chipped his flint flakes, it has been the surest key to the human heart. If you want to make friends with a man you ask him to eat with you ; and in primitive countries the tie .set up by eating bread and salt with anyone is so close that even the fiercest tribal or personal feuds are unable to break it. This which is true of individuals is equally true of the congeries of individuals which we call nations. The institution of the practice of international hospitality is the open door to the establishment of international friendship. John Bull prides himself upon the hospitality of the Englishman. Good old English hospitality is pro- verbial. But while individual Englishmen are hos- pitable enough, the collective British entity which we call John Bull is a niggard churl, who absolutely ignores the obligations of international hospitality. The King entertains Royal guests. The Lord Mayor lunches and dines distinguished foreigners. But with these two exceptions there is no national exercise of the rites of hospitality. The ignoring of the obligations of national hospitality is a glaring instance of what might be called arrested ethical development. As a State we have not emerged from the semi- barbarous atmosphere of the earlv days, in which our ancestors felt ■ themselves authorised by the sacred law of self-preservation to slay at sight any stranger who crossed unbidden the mark constitut- ing the boundary of their little world. We no longer kill him, it is true, nor do we even heave half a brick at him. But collectively as a nation we deal with him, not as a friend and a guest, but always as a suspect. We do nothing to bid him cordial welcome to our shores ; we take no pains to make him at home when he is sojourning in our midst — in short, so far as relates to the whole range of the moral duties which we owe to the stranger within our gates, John Bull acts like a churl. It is no justification to say that in many respects he is only doing as his neighbours do. All of our guests have to cross our ocean moat, and many of them arrive on our doorstep suffering acutely from that malaria of our moat seas which is known as mal de mer. How do we receive them ? On the national doorstep we station uniformed representatives of John BuU, whose sole duty it is to treat every ar- riving guest as a suspected smuggler, to search his boxes and to ransack his clothes in order to prove that he is not endeavouring to cheat his host by smuggling into Britain alcohol or tobacco. To these officers of the Customs — what significance in the phrase '" Customs " I — barbarous customs indeed . — the late Government superadded others, who treat every visitor as a prospective criminal, or a possible pauper, or an actual leper. The Aliens Act surely was the last word of national incivility and churlish inhospitality — the culmination of Antichrist in this department of practical religion. The first duty of the National Hospitalin- Com- mittee— ^which it is to be hoped will be constituted for the purpose of securing the most effective ap- plication of the Hospitality Fund created by the levying of Decimal point one per cent, upon the war estimates — would be to provide that at all the na- tional thresholds there should be at least one repre- sentative of the Master of the House capable of speaking the language of the incoming guest, whose sole duty it would be to offer him such friendly hospitable services as he might need on landing on f foreign shores. These services should be available for all without fee or reward. The rich man travels with his courier. The p>ersonally-conducted tourist has his guide. But for those who are neither pluto- crats nor Cook's tourists there is no agency existing which will act as helper and counsellor to the ar- riving guest. It would not entail a heavy indent upon the Hospitalit\- Fund to secure, bv arrange- ment with the railway and steamship companies, the Revieic of Reviews. l/7f06. Character Sketch. 49 presence of such a National Consul for all foreign visitors at the ports where our guests arrive. Let us, at least, have on the national doorstep one repre- sentative of John Bull who has something else to do than to search the pockets and dispute the stand- ing and reputation of his visitors. Begin well, end well. If we gave our neighbours a friendly hand of greeting at Dover and Har\vich, and saw to it that everything was done to make them warm, comfortable and at ease on their first entry into the country, we should at least have made a good start, have reversed an evil tradition, and ha^-e set an example to the world which it would not be slow to follow. But this is onlv the beginning of the duties which hospitality imposes upon us if once we resolutely recognise the duty of showing ourselves friendly to our neighbours. If John Bull means to act as host, there must be some centre easily accessible to all his guests, where they can find him or his representatives, and where he in his turn can meet them and place his services at their disposal. John Bull as host must have a postal address and an office where he is con- stantly at home. We ought to have in London, as near Charing Cross as possible, a central office or place of call for all foreigners, where every stranger within our gates could go with the certainty that he would be received courteouslv and supplied promptly with all the information that he desires. The nation ought to have a representative who would do for all our foreign visitors what the major- domo at an hotel does for its guests, what the vari- ous tourist agencies do for their clients in foreign towns, what the Agents-General do for their Colonists, and the American Exchange does for Americans. There is nothing strange, difficult, or unprecedented about such a scheme. All that needs to be done is to adopt and apply in the name of the nation, for ' the benefit of all foreign visitors, the facilities and arrangements already provided on a small scale for the convenience of sections. All who have pro- fited by the existing agencies, and who have found them indispensable, will recognise the opportunity which is offered by the provision of such facilities as an act of national hospitality. If this principle be once accepted, we shall soon find it to our advantage to go a step further. A Bureau of Information, with capable interpreters and civil assistants, ought to be provided for the use of every foreign visitor. But the time has surely come when we should recognise that now King Demos has entered into possession he should do as other monarchs do in offering hospitality to foreign princes. Who are the Princes in the Court of King Demos? They are the men who are in the service of the people, men who are at the head of great public associations, men who, in one way or the other, have been elected to posts of public service. \\'hen these men come to see John Bull, they ought to be received with the respect due to their position and their ser\'ices to the people. At present they come and go and no one in all the land does them reverence or renders them service of honour and respect. ^^^lat is proposed is that, besides the general Bureau of Information open for all foreign visitors, there should be established in the heart of the capi- tal an International Rendezvous free to all foreign guests of certain specified categories and their friends. These categories might ,be roughly defined as follows: — Senators, Deputies, Magistrates, Civil Ser\-ants, Officers in the Army and Navy, Delegates of Trades Unions, Ministers of Religion, Journalists, Members of Learned and Scientific Societies, Uni- \-ersity men. School Teachers, Members of Chambers of Commerce, Members of International Congresses, all persons recommended by their Ambassadors, Consuls, or National Governments, etc. At the proposed Rendezvous anv of the members of those categories who found themselves in Lon- don would only need to present themselves with credentials to be welcomed as honorarv members of the Rendezvous, which would be in all resj)ects, except the kitchen, a first-class Club, where they would find every facility for meeting their friends and of obtaining the information they need to be at home in London. The advantages which such an International Rendezvous would be able to offer its members are obvious. If all foreign guests of recognised standing were registered at a convenient centre an opportunity would be afforded for private hospitality which at present is impossible. No one knows where foreigners come from whom they would like to meet, and often when arrivals are announced no one can find their addresses. Hence thousands of interesting and important visitors come and go without any one ever offering them as much hos- pitality as a cup of tea. '• I was a stranger, and ye took me not in." It would be the duty of the Direc- tor of the Rendezvous, acting under instructions from the Hospitality Committee, to keep those who are interested in this or that foreign country — and who are, moreo'^-er, hospitably disposed towards foreigners — advised of the arrival of foreign guests who ought to be looked after. Foreign ambassadors do that for distinguished foreigners, if they are of high enough rank. They invite their friends to meet them, and so, the introduction being effected, the distinguished foreigner is launched. In these democratic days the same process needs to be ap- plied to the nouvcllcs couches sociales, to borrow Gam- betta's phrase. Apart from the opportunitv which such a centre would afford private citizens of extending hospitality to the foreign guest, it would, within its own re- sources, constitute no small addition to the ameni- ties of international civilisation. The Rendezvous would be equipped with a good library of reference in all languages, and well-furnished reading-rooms with all the important foreign newspapers and 5° The Review of keviews. July I, 1906. magazines. It would also have small social rooms for meeting friends, a large reception room where At Homes could be given and other social gather- ings, and a central hall for the holding of all those international congresses whose increase is one of the most helpful and significant signs of the times. Registers would be kept of all the foreign residents in Britain, which would be free for inspection to any member. The Bureau of Information would be thoroughly well equipped by a staff capable of con- versing in many foreign languages. The telephone would be at the disposition of the members. Com- petent guides and interpreters would be at cail. By arrangement with the railway, and steamship com- panies and with the places of amusement, all tickets could be procured on the premises. A Pos/e Rcstantc would be a much appreciated adjunct, and every facility would be provided for changing money, stamps, viseing passports, etc. The idea is quite simple. Worked in connection with the. National Hospitality Committee, it might cost ;£i 0,000 a year. It would probably lead to the expenditure of twice that sum by private individuals in the exercise of hospitality that would otherwise have found no vent, it would probably lead to the expenditure of ten times that amount of foreign money by the guests who would be attracted by the facilities secured for their comfort and convenience, and it would probably save a million a year in the War Budget. Side by side with this provision made for showing hospitality to the Princes of King Demos, his humbler ser\-itors should not be forgotten. The National Hospitality Committee would devoic a stimulating and inspiring attention to the provision made for the strangers within our gates who are not blessed with wealth. Take, for instance, the thou- sands of foreign sailors who every year visit our ports. In some places much is done to make them welcome. In other places little or nothing. To level the worst places up to the standard of the best there is needed the spur of the counsel of a central authority. Or take the foreign immigrant alien par excellence, the Russian and Polish Jew. The rites of hospitality are discharged but ill by barring the door in the exile's face. But it is a cruel kindness to allow them to come at times when there is no demand for their labour, and the es- tablishment of ^n efficient labour bureau might well come within the range of the activities of John Bull as host. A third class of strangers, being numerous and very poor, are the Italians, to whom our meaner streets owe almost all that they enjoy in the shape of music. No one proposes to import organ-grinders or Polish Jews, but when they come unbidden and dwell in our midst, it would not cost much and it might save a great deal if John Bull bestowed a little care and kindly forethought to the foreign colonies. That, however, is mere philanthropy. Decimal point one and the Hospitality Committee are prac- tical politics. B-. sides establishing the permanent apparatus for the exercise of national hospitality described above, it W'>uld be the duty of the Hos- pitality Committee to make the most of every op- portunity for promoting the spirit of International- ism and of fostering good feeling between nations. Besides sheltering and banqueting all Inteniarional Congresses which meet in ordinary course in Bri- tain, it would do well to promote International Con- gresses on its own account. We might, for instance, do well with an International Congress on the sub- ject of the religious difficulty in schools, which is a problem common to civilisation. Or, what is pro- bably a more practical proposal, it could hold an International Congress on the licensing question, and nothing but good would follow if the habit grew up of always ascertaining the results of the experi- ence of foreign nations before framing our o^yn legislation. About fifteen years ago the German Emperor summoned an International Conference on Labour at Berlin. Why should not our Government summon an International Conference of Labour next summer and make the assemb'y of the representa- tives of the Trades Unions and Labour organisations of all nations the occasion for a great International Festival of the Workers of the World ? There are many other directions in which the proposed National Hospitality Committee could promote the entente cordiale. The interchange of municipal hospitali- ties which is going on simultaneously between Bri- tain and Germany and Britain and France could be supported and systematised. The anticipated visit of German journalists in June to London is a proof that such international hospitalities need not be confined to municipalities. There is no end to the extension of the international picnic, \yhen once it is adopted, as the best security against the international pinprick. Everything depends upon the creation of a Hospi- talit\- Fund. Without Decimal point one nothing can be done. At present John Bull is in the most parlous state owing to the non-existence of that fund. When the French Fleet came to Portsmouth last year, the success of their reception was due to the public spirit of the Mayor, who paid ;^40oo out of his own pocket to defray the cost of the municipal hospitality. ^Vhen the Paris Municipal Council entertained the L.C.C. they sf)ent _;^i3,ooo in doing them honour. WTien the L.C.C. enter- tained the Paris Municipality, they had not a penny- piece to spend, and so they were reduced to billet- ing their guests, like militiamen, upon their own members. Most scandalous of all, when the sailors of Admiral Togo arrived in the Thames, and it was resolved to give the gallant representatives of our Eastern ally a hospital welcome, there was no Remeiv of RetHeu'K, IjrjOtj. Character Sketch. SI money to be had, and the whole cost of entertain- ing the Japanese sailors ft-ll upon the Japanese business-fimis of the City of London. Two years ago, when the Inter-parliamentary Union met in St. Louis, the American Congress voted ;^i 0,000 for their entertainment. The Inter- parliamentary Congress will meet next year in Lon- don, and adequate provision for the fitting reception of the representatives of the Par!i?.ments of the World ought to be one of the first charges upon the Hospitality Fund of John Bull. But if there be no Hospitality Fund ? Fortunately there is no need to contemplate the altemative. IV.— A CAMPAIGN FUND FOR PEACE. The Icelandic Govermnent, which allows no spirits to be manufactured on the island, is never- theless so profoundly impressed by the curse of drunkenness that it votes every year a substantial sum from its scanty estimates tO' be spent in the pro- paganda against strong drink. The British Govern- ment might with advantage take a hint from this example and spend, say, ten per cent, of the pro- ceeds of the Decimal point one per cent, of the new Budget in an active campaign of peace propaganda. It is now abundantly clear that no Go^venmient can trust to the Press as a sufficient, or efficient, ally of peace. By suppression of news, by the distor- tion and misrepresentation of facts, and by the ]">ersistent malevolence with which some editors at- tack their neighbours, the newspaper has become the most efficient stirrer-up of strife. This is not due by any means to the fact that editors have more than their fair share of original sin. It is due to the far more serious fact that, as the im- mortal Dooley put it, " Sin is news, and virtue isn't." A quarrel between nations makes copy. There is not a " stick " of matter in the mere absence of q arrel and the existence of goodwill. The time has come when the Govenmient must, through its Imperial Council for Peace, take up ' the promotion of friendly feelings between the peo- I)le and the abatement of international animosity as one of the most important of its duties. The work which the peace societies have failed to per- form, owing to lack of funds and of authority, must now be taken in hand by the Imf>erial Council of Peace, acting through its nominated executive com- mittee or affiliated intelligence department. To begin with, it is clear that we must take a leaf from the example of our neighbours, and use the 7)lacard as a means of app-aling to the people. In France they placard a verbatim report of the more important speeches of great party leaders through e\erv Commune by order of the Government. In G.-rmanv the Na\7 League puts up in all restaurants and places of public resort elaborate bills setting forth with the utmost detail, and with striking, illus- trations, their case for the increase of the German Navy. It might be well if we were to use the same weapon as a means of attack upon the Jingoes. A speech by the Premier setting forth the impossibility of getting Old- Age Pensions or any other great social reform until the War Budget is reduced, and the im- possibility of reducing the War Budget so long as we indulge in Jingoism and treat our neighbours as if they were foes, instead of regarding them as friends, might do great good if it were placarded on every hoarding throughout the three kingdoms. By this or by some similar means the nation ought constantly to be reminded that it cannot bluster without heavy loss, and that every indulgence in Jingo temper weakens the Empire and impoverishes the people. The Committee should place the Government in much closer relations with the Press than it at pre- sent can command. The climax of the present sys- tem was reached during the Dogger Bank crisis, when for a whole week Lord Lansdowne and Mr. Balfour allowed the entire Press of this country to go raving mad for war by concealing from them the fact that from the very first Russia had done every- thing that we ourselves could have done if we had been in the Russians' position. We do not suggest that the Government should corrupt the Press or should nobble the Press. But it is imperative that they should inform the Press, and that whenever any newspaper takes up an attitude calculated to endanger good relations with any Power, its con- ductors should be promptly and clearly told as to the effect which persistence in their policy is likely to have upon the maintenance of peace. At present no attempt is made tO' appeal either to the heart, the conscience, or the intellect of newspaper men. They are left to fling about firebrands, arrows, and death without ever being reminded by anyone quali- fied to speak on behalf of the responsible Ministers of the Crown that no worse service can be done to the realm than by exciting ill-feelings against our neighbours. If the Campaign of Peace be decided upon and its prosecution entrusted to the Imperial Council of Peace and its executive committee, every district, or class, or section of the community that is subject to outbreaks of Jingoism ought to be scheduled as a plague district and made the subject for scientific examination. The abatement of the Jingo fever is much more important from the point of view of humanity than the abatement of an epidemic of typhoid or smallpox. When in any such scheduled district an agitation has been .set on foot in favour of war against anv Power, or for the excitement of popular hatred against anv nation, a local inquiry should be instituted by the orders of the Govern- ment, and evidence taken as to the causes of the outbreak, and as to the rcs|Kinsibility of those who' brought it about. Not until the propaganda of ill- feeling, of suspicion, and of all uncharitableness is recognised as being so dangerous to the welfare of the p<:>ople that it must be combated bv all the The Review of Reviews. July 1, 1906. authority of the Government, will there be a firm basis for the League of Peace. The propaganda of peace could take many new and unexpected de\elopments when once it was un- dertaken by a Committee acting under the auspices of the Government. An official inspection of the public libraries might, for instance, be undertaken in order to see how far the shelves are stocked with books necessary for informing the public on ques- tions of peace and war. Such a book, for instance, as ■' The Arbiter in Council " (Macmillan and Co., I OS. net) ought to be in every public librar}'. It is one of the best and most hopeful signs of the times that such a book should appear just now and have met with so widespread a recognition of its worth. Arising out of such an inquire the Committee would find it necessary to arrange for the production of a series of International Primers or handbooks to current questions, all treated from the point of view that peace is the greatest of British interests, and that the first duty of ever\- person who expresses an opinion on foreign politics is to know the facts. At present the peace literature of Britain is shamefully deficient. Since the Hague Conference there have been three books at least published in French de- scribing the Conference and its work, one in English in America, but there has been no English book on the subject. The popularisation of the arbitration idea and the education of the masses in a hatred of war and of the passions that lead to war might be undertaken with much greater effect if the work of propaganda were placed in the hands of a Com- mittee acting under the direction of the Imperial Council of Peace. The approaching Conference at the Hague offers an admirable opportunity for effective propaganda in favour of the universal entente cordiale. No- thing can be more desirable than that our Govern- ment should instruct its plenipotentiaries to propose that the Conference should recommend the Govern- ments represented at the Conference to create a Peace Budget for the furtherance of internationalism and the development of the principles of the Hague Convention. It is idle to propose that the Confer- ence should enter into discussion for the reduc- tion of armaments. The words of Cardinal Fleur}- to the Abbe de Saint-Pierre, on receiving his projet de Paix Perpetudle, may t>e quoted with advan- tage to the advocates of proposals of disarmament : ■' Vou have forgotten, sir, a preliminar)- condition upon which your five articles must depend. You must begin by sending a troop of missionaries to prepare the hearts and minds of the contracting Sovereigns." To finance such troops of missionaries in everv- countr)' will- be possible when Decimal point one per cent, has been accepted. Until that is done it is vain to hopte for any considerable success in the reduction of armaments. V._IX CONCLUSION. Nations, said Mr. Secretan, Root, have souls, as well as individuals. If so it becomes a pertinent question, what have we done as a nation to incarnate in our national life and international relations that Love by which alone we can manifest God to those in the midst of whom we dwell? Hitherto we have done but little. We have painted the Red Cross of the Crucified upon our flag : but how often has it not flaunted over guns whose "' black mouths grin- ning hate" could hardly be regarded as a practical manifestation of Love. " I say unto you, Love your enemies. Do good to them which hate you. Bless them that curse you, and pray for them which de- spitefullv use you." We have as a nation attempted to earn- this precept into practice in the realm of international trade, and only there. But the success which even such a limited application of the Golden Rule has brought to the one great Free-trading State mav well encourage us to apply the same principle to other spheres, and especially to that of the per- sonal intercourse of the individuals who in masses constitute nations. If John Bull should now set about being a good host in good earnest, his example is more likely to be followed than it was in the case of Free Trade. For the principle of a Peace Budget based upon a charge of Decimal point one per cent, of the expenditure for war, to be spent in the promotion of hospitality and in the campaign against the causes which precipitate war, is so simple, so ob\ious, and so practical that, once it has been adopted by the British Government, it is certain to make the to'Jr of the world. W. T. Stead. !n the August Number of THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS will be published a most interesting article written by the Members of the Labour Party in the British Mouse of Commons, entitled: Books That Have Helped Us. The Labour Members constitute the most interesting group of Britons which has emerged from the democratic depths in our -ime. Mr. W. T. Stead has asked them to indicate what were the b30l(s which had been most helpful to them In the early days of their combat with adverse circum- stances. This article embodies their replies, which are not only most revealing as indicating the origin of their present !< eals, but also most suggestive and helpful to the youth of the new genera- tion who, in the years to come, will succeed them in Parliament. Review of Revieirs, 1/7/oe. Leading Articles in the Reviews. r iHOW SOCIALISM IS GROWING, AND WHY. Some Interesting Facts and Figures. Mr. Upton Sinclair, the author of the remarkable Socialist novel, " The Jungle," contributes to the North American Review for April a suggestive paper on " Markets and Misery." HOW SOCIALISM IS GROWING. Mr. Sinclair, who is a pronounced Socialist, glories in the growth of Socialism. He says: — In every nation the movement i;oes ahead and forms a political party; ;ind. when that is done, it begins to cast a vote, and ever\' year that vote is larger than it was the year before. In" Germany, it was 30,000 in 1867. 487,000 in 1877, 763.000 in 1837, 1,787.000 in 1893, 2,125,000 in 1898. and 3,008.000 in 1903. In Austria, it was 90.000 in 1895 and nearly a million in 1900. In Beleium, it was 334.000 in 1894 and 534.000 in 1898. In Switzerland, it was 14,000 in 1890 and 100,000 in 1901. In France, it ha-s members in the cabinet, and In Italy and Australia it holds tlie balance of power and turns out ministries. In Japan, it has started its first newspaper, and in Argentin.a. it has elected its first deputy. In the United States, it now has 220O locals and 30.000 subscribing men. In 1888, the Socialist vote in America was 2000; in 1892, it was 21.000; in 1898, it was 91,000; in 1900 it was 131,000; in 1902, it was 285.000; and in 1904, it was 436,000. In 1906 it will be between 700,000 and 800.000. unless the writer is very much mistaken; unless lie is still more mistaken. Socialism will, from that time, be the only living political issue in America. WHY SOCIALISM IS GROWING. Mr. Sinclair attributes the growth of Socialism to the increased capacity of machinery to produce com- modities, and the failure of society, in the presence of the impro\'ed pace of industrial output, to provide a just system of distribution. He quotes from Pro- fi'ssor Hertzka, the Austrian author of "The Laws lit' Sociid Evolution," a statement that five million able, strong men could produce everything imagin- able of luxury and of necessity required by a nation of 22,000,000, by working only two hours and twelve minutes a day. The craze for conquering foreign markets he regards as the necessary alter- native to Socialism. Our present competitive sys- tem, with its overwork and out-of-works, is, in his (-.pinion, the cause of all the trouble. He says: — The reason is that all the woollen manufactories, the hont and sline and bread manufactories, and all the sources nf the raw materials of these, and all the means of liandling and distributing them when they are manu- factured, belong to a few private individuals instead of to tiie conimuiiity as a whole. And so. instead of the cotton- .spinner, tlie shoe-operative and ttie bread-maker having free access to them, to work each as long as he plea.ses, produce as niurh as he cares to, ;ind exchange his iirn- thicts for as much of the i)roducts of other workers s he needs, each one of these workers can only get at the icliines bj' the consent of another man, and then does not cet what ho produces, but only a small fraction of it. and does not get that except when the owner of the bal- ance can fiiifi someone with money enough to buy that balance at a profit to him! SOME MIRACLES OP FAST PRODUCTION. Incidentally Mr. Sinclair illustrates his point by mentioning the following cases of swift produc- tion : — In Pennsylvania some sheep were shorn and the wool turned into clothing in six hours four minutes. A steer was killed, its liide tanned, turned into leatlier, and matle into shoes in twenty-four hours. The ten million bottles used by the .Standard Oil Company every year are now blown by machinery. An electric riveting macliine puts rivets in steel-frame buildings at tlie rate of two per min- ute. Two hundred and sixty needles per minute, ten mil- lion match-sticks per day. five hundred garments cut per day — each by a machine tended by one little boy. The newest weaving looms run through the dinner-hour and an hour and a-half after the factory closes making clotli. witii no one to tend them at all. Tlie new basket machine, invented by Mergenthaler, the inventor of the linotype, is now in operation everywhere, " making fruit baskets, berry baskets, and grape baskets of a. strength and quality never approached by hand-labour. Fancy a single machine that will turn out completed lierry baskets at the rate of twelve thousand per day of nine liours' work! This is at the rate of one thousand three hundred per hour, or over twenty ba.skcts a minute! One girl, oiierating ihia machine, does the work of twelve skilled hand opera- tors!" JOHN BULL THROUGH COLONIAL SPECTACLES. In C. B. Fry's Magazine Mr. P. A. Vaile, the well-known New Zealander and tennis champion, talks to John Bull as an extremely candid friend. In English national life to-day there is, he says, " a wonderful atmosphere of falseness, of narrowness, of selfishness." John Bull has changed of late, not for the better. Many of his traditional virtues are his in reality no longer: — Gone are the stately old courtesies, the genuine lavish hospitality, the welcome of the home. In their place we find the " good form " of the present day, the riglit to buy our way into or about country homes by the grace of the avaricious servants who wait with itching palms on ever.^ step; and instead of the home welcome we have the restaurant dinner and the bridge party. And Mr. Vaile has one more fling at John Bull for making such a grey, chill, sombre thing of life which is grey, chill, and sombre enough already. " So he becomes self-centred, narrow, selfish, without public spirit or sympathy." Whereas the average English- man, if he cared to shake himself up a little, might, "in time, become quite an interesting companion," even although he is not much of a traveller compared with the restless colonial. But the serious aspect of Mr. Bull's dull self-centring (of which Mr. Vaile gives an amusing picture) is that it is injuring his national and even his individual health. He misses much of the " toning up " which comes from associa- tion with other men. In England's sons Mr. Vaile finds a want of tone, of verve, both physically and mentally : — The mentality of the average Englishman is not nearly so alert as is tliat of liis brother across the sea. He has not the intercourse with his fellow-men that the colonial has. His mind follows in the dull routine of his body. His nervous system sympathises. The result is. in many cases, almost an atrophy of the nervous system. I have for long past notii'ed with concern tlic lack of nervous force in the youth of England, the want of that tone, that super- abundance of vitality, that sliould be the characterist';' of every he.althy boy. The colonial boy has. generally opeak- ing. enough vitality to drive about three sets of nerves; the English lad always seems short of the necessary amount. 54 The Review of Reviews. July 1. 1906. AN APPEAL TO THE 'FRIENDS OF THE AFRICAN. " Bv Dr. Booker 'Washington. Dr. Booker Washington, the ablest representative of the coloured men of America, contributes to the hide pendent of Xew York a brief but earnest plea for the summoning of an international council of the friends of Africa. His article is an endorsement of the original appeal made by a young African prince, Monolu Massaquoi, of Gallinas, in the British Pro- tectorate of Sierra Leone, West Africa, who in 1893 represented Africa at the World's Parliament of Religions at Chicago. At present he is the hereditary niler of a small African tribe in the hinterland of Sierra Leone. As contact with the white race often brought with it more of evil than of good, Dr. Booker Washington urges the calling together in an international council. " the friends of Africa." AX IXTKRXATIOXAL GrARDIAN FOR AFRICANS. Dr. Booker Washington explains that : — One of the purposes of this international council would be the formation of a permanent society, which should stand. in its relation to the civilised world, as a sort of guardian of the native peoples of Africa, a friendly power, an influ- ence with the public and in the councils where so often, without their presence or knowledge, the destinies of the African peoples and of their territories are discussed and decided. HOW IT SHOULD BE (XTN'STITUTED. After remarking that it seemed to him a sad and mistaken policy that in making their disposition of -\frica the Powers have not gi\"en more attention to the permanent interests of the native peoples. Dr. Booker Washington says: — A permanent international society, which should number among its members scientists, explorers, missionaries, and -all those who are engaged, directly or indirectly, in con- structive worli in .\fric^. could exercise a wise and liberal influence upon the Colonial policy of the European na- tions. By its influence upon international opinion, wliich has often been the only' power in wliich tlie natives have found protection, it could powerfully aid in securing the success of tliose policies wliich aim at the permanent interests of Africa and its people. An international council, should it do no more than outline, in opi>osition to the policy of forced labour and ruthless commercial exploitation, some plan for tlie en- couragement and further extension of industrial education in Africa, would have done mucfi to secure the future of what is. whatever its faults, one of the most useful races the world has ever Ijnown. As to this proposal I have to say this. First, that the title of the proposed council should be not " Friends of Africa," but " Friends of the African " : secondly, that it would be an intemationalisation of the Aborigines Protection Society: and thirdly, that so long as the King of the Belgians is allowed to devastate the Congo region over which the Powers exercise much greater authority than this Inter- national Council, it is to be feared the new body would not be able to do much good. The idea is an interesting one, and in view of the fierce impatience of our Natal Colonists with Mr. Winston Churchill. it might be worth while to suggest that they may go further and fare worse. Certainly the African stands in sore need of finding other friends than those who profess friendship merely to rob and to enslave. THE PREVENTION OF CRIME. Wanted — Senior Industrial Schools. In Saint- George for April there is a notice of Mr. C. E. B. Russell s work among the lads discharged after short sentences from Strangeways Gaol, Man- chester. During the pre\ious three months Mr. Russell had dealt with 160 lads between the ages of sixteen and nineteen. He gave them a new rig-out, and found them work, besides finding them decent lodgings with some senior members of his own Lads' Club. Over 50 per cent, are doing well, and are paying back in weekly instalments the money spent on their new rig-out. Mr. Russell advocates the establishment of a senior Industrial School for lads of this class: — The present system says to the lad who is unfortunate or undisciplined, " Go to prison, and 20 again for all X care." To suggest parental control in the case of a boy over fourteen who is ' living on the town " is absolutely use- less : for sucli a lad parental control does not exist. But if he were sent to a senior industrial school, he would be kept hard at work learning an honest trade; if he behaved well, he would be free under a licence; but if be lost his work again through bad time-keeping, or impudence, or slackness, or whatever cause, back he would go again to the industrial school until he had learnt the lessons of discipline, of hard work, and of getting up in the morn- ing. SHAKESPEARE'S BOVS. In the April number of Saint George Mr. J. Lewis Paton his an article on Shakespeare's Boys. He notes that there have been elaborate studies of Shakespeare's heroes and heroines, fools, villains, and ghosts, but no special study of Shakespeare's boys — there are scarcely any little girls in Shake- speare. He writes: — Jfearlr all the boys in Shakespeare are in the tragedies. The presence of yoiing life throws the pathos of tragedy into relief, just as the unstained innocence of childhood throws into relief the hiack horror of sin. Xone of Shakespeare's boys are cowards, for there ia Dot an ignoble one among- them, nor is there one who does not show considerable confidence in himself. LUCIUS. THE PACxE BOY. Paton has an, article on Shakespeare's boys. He begins with Brutus's thoughtful treatment of Lucius in "Julius Csesar " : — This we may take as typical of the way that boys are treated by their seniors in Shakespeare, always cheerfully, always as persons who have rights of their own. and not infrequently with a playful exaggeration of those rights, as though they were much older than they are. mighty warriors or grave-thoughted st-atesmen. It is the proper way to treat boys, that is prophetically, not as seniors among children, but as juniors anions men. It is what Arnold called "the abridging of childhood"; — better any- day the premature man than the overgrown child. PEINCE ARTHUR. A more important boy's part is that of Arthur: — Arthur ^writes Mr. Paton) stands apart from and above all other boys. He inherits from his mother with hig high-strung nature a wonderful gift of utterance: he is a master of words : he has also feeling as well as words; in him. at any rate, a poet dies young. Thoueh he appeals so pileously to Hubert against the cruel blinding irons, he is not afraid to die: or. rather, he is afraid but mas- ters his fear. The paramount quality of Arthur is bis affectionate sensibility for others and that love-banger which always accompanies it. Review of Revieics, 117106. Leading Articles. 55 THE REUNION OF CHRISTENDOM. Last February, says th.- Biblioihcca Sacra of April, there met at Dayton, Ohio, a general council composed of over two hundred delegates officially appointed by the Congregational, United Brethren, and Methodist Protestant Churches for the purpose of effecting an organic union of these bodies. It was the result of negotiations which have been in pro- gress for several years. As shown by the latest sta- tistics, the Congregational I ody consists of 667,951 members, 6127 ministers, and 5979 churches. The United Brethren consists of 259,272 members, i960 ministers, and 3927 churclies ; the Methodist Pro- testants of 183,894 members, 155 1 ministers, 2242 churches. It will, thus, be seen that the combined church will consist of 1.111,117 members, 9638 ministers, and 12,148 churches. The objects of the Union are : — To secure tbe co-ordin.ition and unification of the three bodies in evangelistic, educational, and missionary work. To prevent the unnecessary multiplication of churches; to unite weak churches of the same neisrhhourhood wher- ever it 13 practicahle, and to invite .and encourage the afEliation with this council of other Christian "bodies cherishing a kindred faith and purpose. In accordance with these principles the local churches are to lie left free to conduct their worship and business as their pre-sent customs provide. It is suggested tliat so far as may be the churches in separate districts be united in district conferences, whicli shall provide tor fellowship and care of the churches con- nected with them. SCHOOL DOCTORS IN GERMANY. In the World's Work Mr. W. H. Dawson describes the system, begun in 1889, of having school doctors to examine children in Germany, Leipzig taking the lead. There must now be some 600 of these doctoi at work. In Wiesbaden the school authorities hav drawn up a set of regulations so excellent that M Dawson thinks they might ser\-e as models to the r^t of the world. It is with the Wiesbaden system, therefore, that he deals in detail. A thorough medical examination is made of everv child going to school, to see whether permanent medical oversight is needed, or a modified course of instniction, or even exemption from certain classes, such as gymnastics or singing. The health certificate recognises three degrees of physical and three of mental efficiency. A child's general constitution may be " good " — i.e.. \vhen the health is absolutely perfect — "medium," or "bad." Its mental constitution is "normal." "backward," or "defective." Twice a year the height and weight of each child are taken by the teachers, and sometimes the measurement of the chest as well ; and children are thoroughly re- examined when in their third, fifth and eighth school years. It will be asked. Do not parents resent this as meddling? Mr. Dawson replies: — • tfniversal experience shows that, thanks to the discretion with which the school authorities and the School Doctors go alwut their work, parental opposition is extremely rare and even initial prejudice is only half-hearted where it is found at all. The vast majority of parents heartily wel- come the School Doctor's advice and help, and not merely facilitate the periodicat examinations, but carry out faith- fully the directions given. The most important part of the School Doctor's work is detecting weaknesses which, if not attended to, might have caused permanent injury. In Berlin, where School Doctors were introduced only in 1902, 12.3 per cent of children notified for admission into primary schools were put back as unfitted for the time for school work. The reasons were, first, phy- sical weakness ; second, recent serious illness ; third, delicate constitution; and, finally, insufficient deve- loimient and tuberculosis. Last year 34.562 newly registered children were examined, and nearly 3000 (8.5 per cent.) put back, over 7000 having been jilaced under oversight. Defective sight and general weakness were the causes. The School Doctor's re- port states that most children in the early stages of tuberculosis attend school without parent or teacher having any suspicion of the disease. School Doctors in Germany are not overpaid. As a rule the payment is in proportion to the number of classes attended, one class usually containing fifty children. In most towns the payment is from 10/- to 25/- per call per year; but sometimes the rates are as low as 3/- per class. On the other hand, in one case they rise to ^Q^ 6/-. Mannheim has a School Doctor who gives up his whole time to the work, for which he is paid ^^500 a year. The number of such doctors is still, of course, relatively small. THE NEW CANADIAN TARIFF. Mr. Ed. Porritt, who has had the rare good for- of accompanying the Canadian Tariff Commis- sion on its recent journeys through the Dominion, prints his obserwrtions and expectations in the North American Review for April. Mr. Porritt says: — There will be some agreeable surprises for Great Britain in the preferential clauses of the new tariff: and, oonse- tiuently. a new and keen interest will be awakened in Great Britain in the extended trade opportunities which are soon to bo offered in Canada. These clauses may have also some surprises for American ports and American railways — surprises which will be disturbing to some of these Ameri- can interests. The Protective policy of Canada is to l>e permanent. Tlie Government, when it came into power, could not face the responsibility of the demoralisation in finance, business and industry, which must have ensued had they abandoned the Protective system built up by the Tories between 1879 and 1896. The tariff inquiry has" also established the fact that reciprocity with the United States is a dead issue in Canada. The hearings before the Tariff Commission have since then proved manifestly and abundantly that the British pi-eference is immensely popular all over rural Canada. With the support of rural Canada behind it. and urging it forward as_ a Government was never before urged for- ward in any line of policy, t.lie Laurier Government iu the new tariff will do all that is pr.aoticable to bring Canada and tireat Britain into still closer trade relationship. The Canadian manufacturers, however, detest the pre- ference, and, in attacking it, they consciously or uncon- sciously struck heavily and disastrously at Mr. Chamber- lain's idea of inter-Iraperial trade: and no one who travelled with the Ooramission, and day after day sat out its sessions, as was m.v great privilege, nor anyone who will undertake the tremendous task of reading throutrh the transcript of the notes of the Commission, can come to any other conclusion than that the tariff hearings have demonstrated that Mr. Chamberlain's scheme is an impoa- 8ihilit.v. ^ 56 The Review of Reviews. July 1, 1HU6 SCIENTIFIC MARVELS OF OUR TIME. The most illuminating article that has appeared in popular periodicals upon the very abstruse subject of " The New Chemistry," is Mr. W. A, Shenstone's paper on " Carbon and the Shapes of Atoms," which is published in the May Cornhill. He concludes with the daring suggestion that " stereochemical forniulse will have to be replaced sooner or later by living pictures, for which models may perhaps be found in the constellations which glorify the heavens." THE SIMPLON TUNNEL. Sir Francis Fox, in the Cornhill, describes how the great tunnel was bored through the Simplon Pass, which was inaugurated on the 30th of May. The tunnel is twelve and a-quarter miles in length. Its construction was impeded by the heat of the rocks and the water springs through which it passed. In some cases the water was scalding hot, 131 degrees temperature being the maximum. The tunnellers had to cross a great subterranean river at a cost of £^1000 per yard. The tunnel was carried across the river enclosed in a tube of granite masonry 8 ft. 6 in. thick. The adoption of the Brandt hydraulic drill avoided the creation of dust, and no tunneller died of phthisis. THE SUBSTITUTE FOE TIMBER PILES. Mr. H. H. Suplee, the writer of the quarterly sur- vey of applied science in this quarter's Forum, says that wooden piles such as those upon which Amster- dam and St. Petersburg have been built are now being discarded: — The timber pile is now being extensively replaced by tJie pile of reinforced concrete. Such piles are made of several vertical rods of steel, fitted to a pointed metal shoe at the bottom, and wrapped around with a spiral binding of heavy wire, the whole being filled and surrounded witli concrete, and forming a pillar of artificial stone in the midst of wliioh is a steel skeleton. Concrete piles are effectively sunk by the water-jet method, a powerful stream of water being directed through a pipe passing down the centre of tiie pile, which mines away the earth at the foot. Such piles have the great advantage of being immune from decay, the alkaline concrete preventing the oxidation of the embedded steel, while the ravages of the teredo, so fatal to timber piles in marine structures, are rendered impossible. THS COST OF A TRAFFIC SUBWAY. Although the streets of Chicago are wide, the citizens have deemed it necessary to construct a sub- way for heavy traiBc. This line, which will be opened at midsummer, carries 30,000 tons of freight daily. It is operated by small cars which are cap- able of being run into sidings in the basements of warehouses and stores, practically replacing the work of the teamsters. The Chicago subway system cost abf'ut ^4.000,000, or 30 per cent, more than the Simplon tunnel, and .nbout one-seventh the estimated cost of the Panama Canal. WHAT WE WASTE IN GAS. Benjamin Franklin used to maintain that we could pay off the national debt with the saving to be effected by going to bed with the sun and rising with him in the morning: — It ia estimated that in the United States alone there is involved for artifleiai light a yearly expenditure of not less than £40,000,000, of which one-half is for electric lights ing, one-sixth for gas, and one-third for oil; not taking into account the limited use of natural gas and acetylene for lighting. The need for special attention to this depart- ment of engineering appears in the fact that probably at least £4,000,000 of this yearly bill for light ia wasted. THE COMING AIRSHIP. The airship so long expected is coming, it seems, from Dayton, the home of the National Cash Register: — The French Government has acquired an interest in the latest machine of the Wright brothers, of Dayton, Ohio. The published accounts of the experiments of the Wright brothers relate wholly to gliding, the impetus being ob- tained by leaping from a hillock or other point of eleva- tion. But it is credibly reported that they have succeeded in applying a propelling motor to the aeroplane, and in accomplishing independent flight. VOCATION AND CULTURE. The April number of the Atlantic Monthly opens with a sensible article, by Mr. Willard Giles Parsons, on Education ; why it fails to hit the mark. The writer divides the aims of public education into cultural and vocational, the aim of cultural studies being appreciation and taste, while the result of vocational study should be skill — skill to produce. The confusion of these aims, he says, is the main cause of the present blindness of education. Nearly every school course aims at both at once, and there- fore misses altogether: — Vocational training {he writes) is too scholastic, too much shut away from the world at large. Vocational courses (he writes) must make themselves practical. They must look out into the world and see what it wants of them. The cultural coursea, on the other hand, do not give true, vital taste. Of the study of Shakespeare, for instance, Mr. Parson says: — • The scientific, minute study of Shakespeare, the use of his plays as material for grammatical analysis, philological in- vestigation, historical research, belongs only to the last years of the college and to the graduate school. The proper stud.v of Shakespeare in the high school is to feel, to read Shakespeare, see Shakespeare, play Shake- speare. This might awaken love. It would certainly result, in the high school, in a truer, broader acquaintance; in the college, in a truer, sounder criticism: on the stage, in a truer and more frequent presentation. The study of grammar and literature should go on side by side, but not be intermixed. Religious Tests in the United States. Mr. McMaster, writing in the American Journal of Sociology, records the fact — interesting in \iew of the present discussion of religious tests in English schools — that nearly all the American States began by imposing religious tests even when formally re- pudiating them. For instance, in Tennessee her bill of rights declared "That no religious test shall e\er be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under this State." But her constitution declared that " No person who denies the being of a God or future state of rewards and punishments shall hold any office in the civil department of this State." Rerieu: of Rerietct, 1/7/06. Leading Articles. 57 THE NATIONAL REVIVAL IN BENGAL. What the Swadeshi Movement Means. Sister Nivedita contributes to the Indian Review for March a glowing defence of the Swadeshi move- ment in Bengal. The Swadeshi movement is the name for the popular protest against the partition of Bengal, which led the patriots to band themselves together to refuse to purchase any goods not made in Bengal. The movenient has already achieved great results, and Sister Nivedita, who is an Irish Nationalist, Miss \oble by name, sees in it the beginning of the resurrection of India. THE DAWN OF THE NEW DAY. Sister Nivedita says: — All India is watching to-day the straggle that is going on in Eastern Bengal. Scarcely a word appears in the papers, yet the knowledge is everywhere. The air is tense with expectation, with sympathy, with pride, in those grim l;eroic people and their silent struggle to the death, for their Swadeshi trade. Quietly, all India is assimilating tlieir power. Are they not a farmer-people engaged in a warfare which is none the less real for being fought with spiritual weapons? But let him who stands in tlie path of right, beware 1 We cannot fail — and we shall not fail; for all the forces of the future are with us. The Swadeshi movement has come to stay, and to grow, and to drive back tor ever in modern India the tides of reaction and despair. EESULTS ALBEADY ACHIEVED. Already no small results have been achieved — the promise of greater things to come: — Of Calcutta, it may be said that in all directions small industries have sprung up like flowers amongst us. Here are whole households engaged in making matches. Some- where else it is ink, tooth-powder, soap, note-paper, or what not. Tliere. again, is a scheme tor pottery or glass on a more ambitious scale. And this, without mentioning the very staple of the country, its cotton weaving. Where before were only despair and starvation, we see to-day glad faces and feel an atmosphere of hope. SACRILEGE. The boycott of foreign-made goods is enforced by the solemn sanctions of religion: — Is the Swadeshi movement actually an integral part of the National Righteousness? The Mother-Church, at least, has spoken with no uncertain voice. Like a trumpet-call has gone forth the Renewal of Vows at the Kalishat. in Calcutta. Throughout the whole country has been lieard the fiat issued at Puri. Henceforth it will be held sacrilege to offer foreign wares in worship. CO-OPERATION FOE SELF-SACRIFICE. Miss Noble, by a very effective analogy, disposes of the usual assumption that the Bengali will never subject himself voluntarily to the discomfort of pay- ing more for worse wares when he can get better goods at a lower price : — If we are told that no people will voluntarily buy in a dear market when they might bny in a cheap, we answer: this may tie true of Western peoples, educated in a system of co-operation for self-interest, and, at the same time, it may be untrue of the Indian nation, educated in a system of co-operation for self-sacrifice. Hindus once upon a time ceased to eat heef. They were aceoBtomed to the food, and liked it. It was convenient to kill cattle and feed a house- hold, in times of scarcity. But an idea of mercy and ten- derness, aided by the permanent economic interests of tjie civilisation, came in. and to-day. where is the Hindu who will eat beef? The Swadeshi movement is the cow-protecting movement of the present age. There will yet come a time in India when the man who buys from a foreigner what his own countrymen could by any means supply, will be re- garded as on a level with the killer of cows to-day. For assuredly the two offence? are morally identical. Now that the purchase of English goods is de- clared to be even as the sin of killing the sacred cow, let Manchester and Mr. Morley look out for storms. HOW TO DEAL WITH THE NEGROES. An Object Lesson from Jaalaica. Mr. Josiah Royce, of Harvard, pays the British a very handsome compliment in his paper on " Race Problems and Prejudices " in the International ] our- nal of I^tliics for April. The paper itself is one which will delight the heart of Al. Finot, the chival- rous champion of the equality of all races ; but for us its most interesting feature is the high tribute which Mr. Royce pays to the British Administra- tion of the West Indian Islands, notably of Jamaica. He holds up our West Indian colonies as examples to his countrymen who are perpetually complaining of their negro problem in the South. ■THE ENGLISH WAY.' He says : — The Southern race problem will never be relieved by speech or by practices such as increase irritation. It will be relieved when administration grows sufficiently effective, and when the negroes themselves get an increasingly respon- sible part in this administration in so far as it relates to their own race. That may seem a wild scheme. But I in- sist; It is the English way. Look at Jamaica and learn how to protect your own homes. Despite all its disad- vantages to-daj-, whatever the problems of Jamaica, what- ever its defects, our own present Southern race problem in the forms which we know best, simply does not exist. HOW THE THING IS DONE. Mr. Royce explains the secret of " the English way " : — The Englishman did in Jamaica what he has so often and so well done elsewhere. He organised his colony: he estab- lished good local courts, which trained by square treat- ment the confidence of the blacks. Black men, in other words, were trained, under English management, of course, to police black men. X sound civil service was also organ- ised; and in that educated negroes found in due time their place, while the chiefs of each branch of the service were and are. in the main, Englishmen, The negro is accus- tomed to the law; he sees its ministers often, and often, too, as men of his own race; and in the main, he is fond of order, and respectfiU towards the established ways of society. WHAT HAS BEEN DONE IN JAMAICA. Administration, I sa.y, has done the larger half of the work of solving Jamaica's race-problem, .\dministration has filled the island with good roads, has reduced to a minimum the tropical diseases by means of an excellent health-service, has taught the population loyalty and order, iias led tliem some steps already on the long road up from slavery." has given them, in many cases, the true self- respect of those who themselves oflBcially co-operate in the work of the law. and it has done this without any such result as our Southern friends nowadays conceive wlien they think of what is called "negro domination." Ad- ministration has allayed ancient irritations- It has gone far to offset the serious economic and tropical troubles from which Jamaica meanwhile suffers. We have so often heard nothing but doleful and despairing criticisms of the English way in the West Indies, that this American tribute is all the more grateful. =8 The Review of Reviews. Juli/ 1, 1906. THE ELBERFELD SYSTEM IN ENGLAND. yiuch the most interesting paper in tiie In- dcpcndeiit Revirw is by Mr. J. Holden Byles on the subject of the adaptation to English habits and cus- toms of the Elberfeld system of dealing with poverty. So much has been said in " The Review of Reviews " about this system, as outlined in Miss Sutter's " Britain's Ne.xt Campaign," that there is no need here to resume its leading features. Three months' study of the system in Berlin, Ham- burg, Leipzig and Cologne made Mr. Byles a more enthusiastic admirer of it than ever, but still some- what sceptical as to its being adapted to England. Another three months spent in organising on Elber- feld lines a Constitution for a Citizens' Guild of Help in Halifax, while making difficulties, no less plain, yet made him hopeful that all the essential features of Elberfeld might be adopted in England. Halifax, though a small town, presents all ordinar)- povertv problems : and Bradford, the pioneer town in England, is large, and has had the system at work now for eighteen months, with excellent results. Swinton, Liscard, and Eccles also have it actually at work, while from all parts of the country inquiries are coming in. FOEEWAEXIXG3. It is my aim. says Mr. Byles, to give the needful forewarnings. In the Elberfe'.d system we have, as he puts it, '■ not merely a lifeboat to rescue the wrecked, but a lighthouse that will prevent the wreck," The greatest difficulty in England is finding enough volunteer helpers. The reason why this is not a difficulty in Germany is that every German citv has Home Rule, and, therefore, a civic sense generally absent in England. In Germany it is natural to join the citizens' army for helping the poor. In England we have so long commuted this form of military service by the payment of poor rates that manv fear that the necessary enthusiasm for working the Elberfeld system is simply not forth- coming. Though the writer once shared that fear, his experience so far has removed it. In Halifax — We asked for twenty-three D'.strict Captains, and we ob- tained them at once. It was the same with the Helpers. Three hundred and thirty were required. We had a list submitted to ua of more than six hundred. sa.id to be willing to undertake the work, and in little more than a fortnieht the roll was complet-e. I believe that Bradford and Swinton had very similar experiences. The real difficulty, however, is getting enough of the right kind of helpers. Careless selection, es- peciallv of Captains, is certain to cause disappoint- ment, perhaps failure. In England the labourers are not so much few, as untrained. This. Mr, Byles ver)' trulv says, is not enough : — The battle with povert.v is tile stiffest battle we have to fiErht. to-dav; and there must be clear grit in those who would fisht it. There is no place for the dilettante, the mere sentimentalist, or for the ^ooiy-s-oody chatterer. Soft STwder won't crack hard nuts; and there are none harder than tho&e that are presented b.v the nroblems of poverty. What is needed in the Cantains and Helpers of any Guild that would work on Elberfeld lines is tact ^and that pre- supposes courtesy), judgment, firmness, the courage to say "No"; but, combined with these, must be deep and wide sympathies, and that love wliich " beareth all things and hopeth all things." The Captain must be a man of some leisure. And some means must be found to keep up the necessary enthusiasm among the volunteers after novelty has worn off. In German towns civic pride alone is sufficient. Every effort is made to invest the workers ' with civic dignity. And in England the Mayor ought to be the president ; representatives of the Citv Council and Board of Guardians should be on the Central Board, and all meetings held in public buildings. In Halifax the Mayor has helped much by attending the inaugural meeting in robes of office, by speaking to the Captains, and by giving a reception in the Town Hall to Officers, Captains, and Helpers. WHERE IS THE MONET TO COME FROM.' In Germany it comes from the city funds. In England it must come from private charity — a difficulty less serious than at first appears. Bradford solves it by dispensing with any central fund for charitable relief, and Mr, Byles thinks, on the whole, this is the best course, A list of " stand-bys ' is kept, however, piersons ready to help specially recom- mended cases. Halifax is now doing like Bradford. A- PLEA FOE AX AMENDED POOR LAW. All the foregoing difficulties are not insuf)erable. But until in England there are more stringent laws for dealing with criminal poverty we shall ahva\s be at a disadvantage. Germany can deal much more sharply with the criminal poor. If a man earns enough to support his family, and drinks or gambles away those earnings, he is declared a minor, treated as a child, and his employer is comf>elled to pay his earnings to the wife. The wTiter evidently longs for such a law in England. DOES EDUCATION ENTAIL EXTERMINATION? Mr. W. L. Feiter, of the Girls' High School, Brooklyn, contributes to the Educational Revie'd) for April a most sensational article on the Education of Women. He maintains that the modern American system of educating women threatens the face with extinction. He says : — .\n examination of the question thus far inclines one to the view that if hisrher education became universal, pos- terity would be gradually eliminated, and the schools and leachei^ would projressively exterminate the race. Only 23 per cent, of the graduates of twelve American colleges marry at an avera^'e age of twenty-seven years. The mar- riages took place six years after graduation. One investi- gator found 74 per cent, single. .\nother investigator. Miss Abbott, showed that of S956 graduates of sixteen colleges, 23 per cent, were married. It would appear that the rate of marriage of college women is decreasing, and that the age at which marriage occurs is ^ecom'ng steadily latejr. Not only do the college women shirk marriage, but the minority which m:irrie3 shirks maternity. Comparing the fortv years ending with 1893. native marriages average 2.3 children e.ach. whi'e those of the foreign-born average 7.4 each. It is evident that if our race depended upon the rate of replenishment of the educated classes, it would be doomed to speedy extinction Heview of Heviewi, 117106, Leading Articles. 59 THE FOLLY AND DOOM OF GAMBLING. The Quarterly Review has an interesting discus- sion on the art of gambling as developed in connec- tion with Monte Carlo, horse-racing and the Stock Exchange. The writer describes what goes on at Monaco thus : — The roulette Is a wheel whicli lies on its face with its centre on a fixed pivot. The croupier causes the wheel to revolve rapidly ahout its centre, and then jerks a small ivory ball in the opposite direction around the rim. When tile ball losea its momentum, it falls into one o£ thirt.v- eeven stalls cut into the surface of the wheel. These stalls are marked in irregular order with the numbers from zero to thirty-six inclusive; and they are coloured alternately red and black, except zero, which has no colour. The even ■ chances, so called because a successful bet upon one of them earns the value of the stake, are red against black, odd against even, first eighteen against second eighteen. Zero does not belong to any of tliese groups. When zero appears, the bank takes half the stakes, and thus gains, on tlie average, S in 37, or 1.35 per cent, on tlie even chances. If the gambler bets on a nvmiber and wins, the bank pays him thirty-five times his stake instead of thirty- aix times, and thus wins on the average one stake in tliirty-seven, or 2.7 per cent, from the numbers. " Trente- et-quarante," a game of cards, is also played at Monte Carlo. Tliere are only even chances. The advantage of the bank, called refait, can be insured against for 1 per cent- These small percentages of from 1 to 2.7 sutBce to bring in an annual profit of about £1,250,000. This, then, must lie nearly tlie whole of the amovint talcen into the gam- bling-rooms in the course of the year for the purpose of tieing staked. . . . most of the gamblers do habitually stake their winnings until they are lost: and the bank wins a sum nearly equal to what the public provides for the purpose of gambling. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE GAMBLER. The writer next considers the psychology of the gambler. He says: — Few would admit that they have been lucky in lite generally. Most men believe that they have deserved srreater rewards than they have received. It is precisely this feeling of being misunderstood, of having virtues which human lieings are too dull to recognise, which gives rise to the idea tliat. when omniscient Fortune is con- sulted, inhei-ent merit will at last be appreciated. The pangs of despif^d worth are then exchanged for the crowu of divine recognition. The winning of a stake produces a sense of elation far out of proportion to its value. The winner is one marked out from his fellows by the approval of .a non-human power called chance. Moreover, he has evidently a peculiar faculty for perceiving the drift of things. Those who win are very clever: those who lose exceptionally stupid. The amateur who uses :i roulette system, or backs a horse, or speculates on the Stock Exchange is, in fact, as- suming powers of prophecy which are not natural to human beings; for he is asserting that he can. without sj>ecial training, see more clearly than those whose busi- ness it is to understand these subjects. ;ind th;vt his divinine iinwer will en.able liini to beat the professional, even when weighted with that functionary's fee for intro- duction to the gambling arena. He is claiming super- human qualities. Passing to forms of vice practised at home, the writer remarks bv the wav that if there were no betting there would be no horse racing. THE REMEDY. While admitting that "many harmful forms of gambling could be lessened by legislation, the writer maintains that the only logical cure for reckless gambling is to be found Pt last in the cultivation of the human brain : — No individual having a true conception of the prin- ciples that fovern roulette would risk any eerious su.m of money a.t Monte C.arlo. Now there is a steady growth in the understanding of roulette- Modern mathematicians i'now more of the laws of nrob;Tbility than did Pascal or d'Alemliert. Modern system-mongere, great as is their folly, have at least got beyond some of the puerile super- stitions of their predecessors. Few now believe in an in- fallible system. Thus the gambling at Monte Carlo be- comes, by slow degrees, less irrational. It is not suggested that wagering on games of chance, on horse-races, on the rise and fall of stocks, will come to an end; but, when the individual understands what he is about, iie will iiave less confidence. He will stop sooner; and the average wager will be reduced to a comparatively liarmless amoiint. The spirit of gambling is nearly allied to, and ina.v easily be transformed into, the spirit of rational enterprise. The man who, for a worthj' object, risks a carefully-prepared amalgam of money and know- ledge may sometimes be a loser; but such losses can be utilised as steps towards future gain. The gambler may never l.>e abolished; but we may liope tliat in time, with the growth of intelligence, he will be domesticated and harnessed for the use of mankind. THE REDEMPTION OF THE NEGRO. What Has Been Done at Tuskegee. In the North American Review for April Dr. Booker Washington describes what he has accom- plished at Tuskegee Institute, the success of which led Lord Grey and the Rhodes Directors to ask Dr. Booker Washington to visit South Africa and advise them on the native problem: — THE aOVBRNING IDEA. From the first, it has heen the effort of the Tuskegee In- stitute to teach lessons of self-help hy furnishing an ex- ample. To establish this idea, the 'l\iskegee Institute, with its 1500 students, its 156 officers, teachers and employes, its eighty-six buildings, and its varied ramifications for exten- sion work, has come into existence. Starting in a shanty and a hen-house, with almost no property beyond a hoe and a blind mule, the school has grown up gradually, much as a town grows. W'e needed food for our tables; farming, therefore, was our first industry started to meet this need. With the need for shelter for our students, courses in house-building and carpentry were added. Out of these brick-making- and brick-masonry naturally grew. The increasing demand for buildings made further speciali- sation in the industries necessary. Soon we found our- selves teaching tinsmithing. plastering and painting. \\TfAT THE NEGRO XEEDS. During the early days of my work at Tuskegee. I found that the Negro people in this section of the country earned a great deal of money, and were willing to work, and did, for the most part, work hard. Wliat they needed waa stimulation and guidance. In order to reach tlie maseeB witli tlie knowledge that thev most needed, we have worked out several methods of popular education which seen) to be peculiarly adapted to the needs of the Negro farming com- munities. Among them we have il) mothers' meetings, con- ducted by Mrs. Washington; (2) visits of teachers and students to communities distant from the school; (3-5) local special and general Negro conferences; '6) the County Farmers' Institute, together with the Farmers" Winter Short Course in A°Ticulture. and the Countv Fair held in the fall; (7) the National Negro Business League, which seeks to do for the race as a whole what the local business leagues are doing for the communities in which they NOT POLITICS. BUT EFFICIENCY. Dr. Washington thus sums up the conclusion re- sulting from a quarter of a century's experience: — Daring the twenty-five years that I have been working at Tuskegee I have l>ecome more and more convinced, as I have gained a more extended experience, of the value of the education that is imparted through systematic training of the hand. The most imiwrtant work that Tuskegee has done has been to show the masses of our people that in o^riculture, in the industries, in commerce, and in the struggle toward economic development there are opnortuuities and a great f"ture for them. In doin" thi.s we have not soui?ht to give the idea that political riglits are not valuable or necessary, liut rather to impress our peonle with the truth that economic efTiciency was the foundation for political rights, and that in prniwrtion as they made themselves factors in the <'connmic development of tlie country political rights would naturally and necessarily come to them. Wliv nnt a Tuskegee Institute in every South African colony ? 6o The Reviei^ of Reviews, July 1. 1906. THE ONE HOPE OF RUSSIA. Dr. Dillon on the Duma. In the Contemporary Review for April Dr. Dillon gives a more encouraging account of the elections for the Duma than I ventured to hope for. He does not in the least disguise the difficulties of the situa- tion, but he maintains that, despite the atrocities perpetrated by the Revolutionists- and the Reaction- aries, Russia is moving slowlv and awkwardly to- wards a better day: — There is no longer any doubt that the idea of the Duma, together with all that it implies to-day or may involve later on, has aroused the Russian people from their letJi- argy of ages. When the Duma comes together, whatever the political convictions of the bulk of its members, it will render the Autocracy and the whol-a political framework of Russia a thing of the past. The peasants regard the work of voting as an act of grave responsibility. Hence they prepare for it by prayer or by attending divine ser- vice. Thus of peasants in districts situated in the north, south, east and west, we read: "In silence they prayed to God and then proceeded to vote." In the Skaroffsk commune (Province of Vladimir) the peasants. " having offered up prayers to God and chanted psalms, then , re- corded their votes." Before every leap in the dark the Russian mooshik is wont to invoke the assistance of the Father of all men, and now the serious view he takes of the elections is evidenced by his observance of this custom. " Many peasants." we read in another account, when draw- ing near to the urn devoutly made " the sign of the cross." Tlie number of priests who have been chosen to elect deputies is greater than was generally expected. The next act of tlie drama will be the voting in the second degree for deputies. By the middle of May the Duma will meet in the Tavrida Palace, and Russia will then find herself on the threshold of a new era. WORK, NOT PREFERENCE. Sir W. Van Horne's Recipe for Trade with Canada. The World's Work and Play contains an interview by George Turnbull with Sir William Van Home, the soul of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Sir Wil- liam contrasts American energy in pushing trade in Canada with British sloth. He says: — There is hardly an American manufacturer who lias not an extensive personal acquaintance with Canada, and who does not keep in touch witli its requirements by occasional — and in some cases frequent — visits. Very few- Englisli merchants and manufacturers ever visit Canada or have any knowledge from personal observation of-the particular requirements there. In short, very few English firms are constantly, actively, untiringly represented in Canada as American firms are. Sir William then expresses himself in a way which may be commended to those who tr\' to think Im- perially on questions of trade. He savs ; — This I regard as a matter of vastly greater importance than preferential tariffs or anything of that sort. For eight years Great Britain has enjoyed a preferential tariff of 33 per cent, in Canada. This may seem — and rightly seem— a great handicap against the Americans, btit tliey have overcome it. How? Simply bv worli. By work the Americans have secured the greater part of the trade advantaees resultins from the extraordinary development of C.inada — persistent work; scenting the * business and following it un every day and every hour: finding out just what 's wanted, and supplying it. The Americans hardly feel that they are working against a preference of 33 per cent. Which goes to show that a little work is worth a vast ajnonnt of preference. THE AMERICAN IXA'ASION. Asked about the large number of American immi- grants, Sir William replied: — These people make the best settlers we could wish for, having both money and experience, combined with the common-schools education which provides the American with so excellent a grounding. They invariably enter Can- ada with tlie intention of making it their permanent home and becoming Canadians. Danger to the British connec- tion? Xo; the fear that has been expressed in some quar- ters that the influx of Americans would tend to Ameri- canise Western Canada is in that sense quit« groundless. There are a great many .\merioans in Canada, and they are just as loyal to tiie community in which they have cast their lot as those who were born there. I'hey find fully as great freedom as in the country they left, com- bined wiUi a rather better administration of the laws, and cousequentl.y greater security for life and property. They have no desire to change anything. Sir William concludes by saying that " we cannot be more American than we are. All of Canada is more or less Americanised already." Of immigrants generally he says: — We want anybody who is not a pauper or a criminal. The assimilating power of a new country is so prodigious that by the time the second generation is reached, it matters little cf what nationality or condition were their fathers and mothers. THE JEWS AND COUNT WITTE. The writer of the Russian letter in the Nort/t American Review for March gives a very interesting account of how it came about that Count Witte failed in his attempt to carry out the Liberal pro- gramme of October 30th. He says: — Count Witte was known to be in favour of full enfran- chisement and equal rights, while the workmen, the in- tellectuals, and a very large section of the olficials con- curred in his view. Looking around for support in the country, the Minister President naturally and in the first place relied on the Hebrew elements. If they would not stand bv him from sentiment or political conviction, they certainly would from interest. So he hoped, nay thought. But the Jews were among the first U> abandon Witte. They would enfranchise themselves by their own efforts. It was a fatal mistake, a miscalculation which has cost Russia dear, and will cost the Jews dearer still: — If Count Witte and his Cabinet, many urge, were truly Liberal, the.y ou^ht never to have abandoned the Jewish cause, however dissatisfied they might have been with the attitude of the Jews. And that is undoubtedly true. If it be ethically wrong, as it certainly is, to treat a cultured people as an inferior race, it is no answer to the charge to plead hostility on the part of their leaders. Two blacks do not vet make a white. But that is not Count Witte's plea. What his few friends advance in his behalf is this; his plan was to grant the Jews a good deal of relief in secondary matters, but not to confer equal rights upon them, because that was beyond bis power. Tlie Kussian people represented bv tlie Duma is alone competent to strike off their fetters once for all. But it was possible, probable — nav, all but certain— that they would have done that if the Eussian Liberal movement had been guided by political common sense. If the Jews, whose influence upon that mbvement was powerful, had held aloof from the armed rising and thus enabled Count Witte to lean upon the Liberals, the Duma would certainly have had a sweep- ing majority of delegates favourable to the enfranchise- ment of the Jews. At present, that is but a melancholy chapter of the de- pressing records of things that mieht have been, k heavy wave of reaction had swept over Eussia, and washed away those Liberal impressions before they could serve as moulds for legislation. Witte's views are immaterial to the issue- for. if Witte were as Liberal as Abraham Lincoln, he would still be almost as powerless as a Sioux chief, unless he had a strong Liberal following, and that was denied him chiefly by the Jews. Review of Revieics, 1/7/06. Leading Articles. 61 ARE SCHOOL MEALS A SUCCESS IN PARIS ? Sir C. a. Elliott Answers " No." In the Nineteenth Century Sir C. A. Elliott writes on the " Cantines Scolaires " of Paris. He challenges Mr. Birrell's statement that that system of providing food had been adopted for many years and had worked exceedingly well. The writer says : — I hope to be able to show that, though the '' can tine • system haa been effective in supplying good and cheap m^ a to children in a rather indiscriminate way it has brought iS its train the grave evils o£ f'',V'^^''P''l.^H^? nirenta Dublic monev and a lowering o£ the atandard of parenta^ Responsibility, ajid that the adoption of any similar system in London would be a serious disaster. The system began as a purely voluntar\- arrange- ment in 1849, was recognised by law in 1867, but did not receive the municipal subvention until 1879. The writer shows how the municipal subvention grew : — In 1880 the ratio was 33 per cent.; in 1886 it was 37 per- cent -in 1838 it was 43 per cent. In 1902 it had grown to 66 per cent and in 1898 to 63 per cent., thus exactly revers- i^g'^he proportion at starting, when free ^^^^^ Zt'fwZt third of the whole, whereas now they were two-thirds. Meanwhile the total number of meals was, growing with ala^Xing rapidity. In 1886 thev bad been, in round num- bers 4 lo.OOO and in 1888 5,640,000. In 1892 the total had risen to 6 970.000. and in 1398 to 9,230,000; that is, tbey had Hres;°on^dTn1-rr-om^^«oT."f^;S?iis't-irV^ in 1890, and to 1.017,000 in 1899. To sum up the financial position in ^„ff« --"""d fl|"^'=;^ Th« "cantines" cost, on an average during the last nve vil'rs. a little under' 1,400.000 f':»°-' ^.^^ "'^f, Af Vs'^'^eel?. rather over 10,000,000 meals, costins on />° '^\"^S® "..^f Jh times each. Of these, two-thirds "'^e tree i^oS^lrancs naid for To meet t i s expenditure of nearly 1,400,000 irancs, they received 1,000,000 (or £40,000) from the Municiixil Coun- cl 360,000 from Payments tor men s, and about ^.000 (or flOOO) from the voluntary funds held by the Oaisses. The increase is almost entirely in the free meals. Taking Mr. Blair's estimate that 156,000 children need to-dav in London to be fed on every school day throughout the vear at a cost of 2id. per meal, involving an expenditure of over /.^ooo, or about I 2-3d. on the rates, the writer asks, Will it stop there? : — Tlift knowledge that the cost comes out of the rates will enormously increase the number of applicants, hundreds of thoufandVof whom will claim that, as they contribute to the rates, they have a right to .sli'^'-ein, any expenditure which is derived therefrom. Inquiry into the realitj, ot dis- tress teing made in secret, will necessarily be superficial and inefficient. To save parents from the shame of con- fessing poverty, the check of shame at being convicted of making frauduent claims for relief will lie .abandoned. A pros^^t of ever-increasing expenditure, pauperisation, and destruction of parental responsibility lies before us. The L.C.C. and its Education Policy: Feeding the .Children. This picture shows how the question of feeding school children w^ ,J^ruUl1sed"VmiU'"o£''iu''IS?*coike^ ^ttre^'Tor'th^e^ '^^^^^ '^rkZ^'^n'oi JLns"?o""c°l^ldSr\t^Cable-street School only one penny a head is charged. 62 the Heview of Reviews. July I, 1305. DESIRABLE ALIENS. British Men of Letters ox the Jews. Mr. Israel Zangwill publishes in the April Fort- nighlly Rroicw a very interesting sheaf of letters from well-known men of letters, English for the most part, on the subject of the proposed half-way house to Zionism. Mr. Zangwill submitted his scheme to them in the following sentences : — The scheme in a nutshell is to build up an autonomous Jewish State out of the refugees from Ru&sian persecution — a State which w:ll likewise attract a numter of prosperous and idealistic Jews. In our quest for a territory we wish, if possible, to take advantage of England's offer of a virgin soil under British sizerainty. What do you think of that ? he asked his literary friends, and, with one or two exceptions, they tell him that they like the notion right well. Mr. J. M. Barrie leads off, by virtue of his alphabetical prece- dence, with a declaration that the scheme seems to him the finest and the biggest that has been con- ceived for the help of mankind for many a day. Mr. Bryce approves of it as a pis aller if Zionism be impracticable. Mr. Hall Caine sympathises most sincerely. IIE. JOHN DAVIDSONS VIEWS. Mr. John Davidson takes alarm at Mr. Zangwill's hope that religious Jews would find in a Jewish colony a far better environment for their religion than elsewhere. He says: — If that were certain I would be against a Jewish colony. I wish the Bib e to be laii upon the shelf tor a hundred years at least, and to be taken down again only when all men can regard it as what it is. tl e remarkable literature of a remarkable people. He comforts himself, however, by the belief that the Hebiew mind and imagination would soon tran- scend an effete mythology. He is against Zionism, although he thinks that the onlv thing to do with Christ was to kill Him. I would, myself, hrve shontei for Barabbas. Nevertheless, the Jew cannot return to Calvary and the Mount of Olives. The thing is ekmental, and is felt the moment it is stated. But he is in favour of an autonomist Jesvish colony elsewhere, and he would rejoice to see an adventure of such utmost hardihood. ME. FREDERIC HAREIONS ANATHEMA. Mr. Frederic Harrison's spirit is stirred within him by a proposal which he regards with abhor- rence. He says : — on general grounds of history and sociology I regard the perpetuation and accentu.ation of any rate movement — as mischievous, anti-social, and Irrational. I include Anglo- Saxon race movements in all forms. As for making these obsolete creeds the basis of a new nationality, I think un- reason and confusion can go no farther. I look on any attempt to f"rm in the twentieth century a Jewish naUonality of the smallest kind, on any spot on earth, as retrograde, anti-sccinl, as well as utterly imoracticable. The anti- s^cial attempt to form a nation within a nation leads to the reaction of infamous retaliation. MR. THOMAS HARDY'S BLESSING. Mr. Thomas Hardy rejoices in the prospect of the formation of a Jewish Colony which in loo vears might make a bid for Palestine: — Nobody cutside Jewry can take much deeper interest than I do in a people of such extraordinary history and charac- ter— who brouglit forth, moreover, a young reformer who, though only in the humblest walk of life, bec^ame the most fa.mous personage the world ha.« ever known. VARIOUS VIEWS AND SCGGESTIONS. Sir A. Conan Doyle warns Mr. Zangwill that — But after you had settled your c<»lony in Africa, I expect within five years every one of your colonists would find himself in Johannesburg, Mr, Coulson Kernahan covets the Jewish colonists for Ireland, He says: — I wish my own forlorn sonntry. Ireland, could coant such sous as you. I wish, too, that it were to Ireland you Jews could come to found your colony. Mr. M. Hewlett says : — My reading of history constrains me to point out that never since tliis world was first put in order has a commu- nity been permanently established by means of pamphlets or the opinion of philosophers, to say nothing of literary men. To this Mr. Zangwill really retorts by referring to New Zealand and South Australia. Mr. Max Pem- berton is most enthusiastic: — This City of Refuge for which you are working must remain one of tlie supreme ideas of our timesr If it emerges from the Nebulje and stands to bear witness in brick and mortar, it will be by the faithful devotion and the final perseverance which you have brought to its building, Mr, Jerome K, Jerome says: — Let the Jews regard this proposed settlement as a training ground where the nucleus of the nation may be re-created. M. VAMBERY'S WARNING, M. Arminius Vambery reminds Mr. Zangwill that the Sultan is against Zionism. Palestine is already occupied, and, even if it were not, " if the Christians should show indifference to Jewish rule over the grave of Christ, the Mohammedans certainly would not do so," He is, however, stronglv in favour of a Jewish Colony in the British Empire: — And _ if so many semi-barbarous and savage people are marching towards a bet.er future, led by the sheltering hand of Gre.it Brita-n. I do not see why the enterprising, energetic, and persevering Jews should not find their way to salvation. There ma.y be nations of greater learning and of higher wisdom than the English, but in matters of liberty and toleration none is equal to them. Besides these, Mr, Zangwill has letters of sym- pathy from Mr. H, G. Wells, Mrs. Huraphn- Ward, Mr. Gilbert Murray, Mr. Anthonv Hope Hawkins, Mr. W. S. Gilbert, Mr. Richard Whiteing, Mr. Andrew Lang, and Sir Gilbert Parker. The correspondence is a remajkable demonstra- tion of the very high opinion entertained of the Jews by British men of letters. In the Boudoir for March, Mr. Cosmo Wilkinson has an article on Royalty and Widowhood — Adeliza of Louvaine, Isabella of Angouleme, Katherine of Valois, Katherine Parr, Queen Adelaide, Queen Victoria, Marie Theresa, Marie Antoinette, etc. Reriew of Keviexcs, 1/7106, Leading Articles. 63 THE NATIONALISTS OF INDIA. A Notable Credo. The Indian World of February publishes the following Credo of Indian nationality, which has won for its writer, a Punjab graduate, the Vive- kananda gold medal which was offered for general competition in the September number of the Indian World:— I believe in India, one and indivisible. I believe in India, beloved mother of each and all her many million children. I believe in India's divine mission. I believe in the saints of her birth and the heroes of her bi-eedin^. I believe in India th« invincible, vphom the world's loltiesr and holieat mountains defend. I believe in the invi^oratin;? power of the ocean, on whose 'lap lies mj' mother secure. I believe in India, the beautiful— Nature's own paradise of loveliest flowers and streams. I Ijelieve in the sanctity of her every particle. I l>elieve in India's departed sous, wliose ashes are mingled in the air, earth, and water, that give me my food, and form my very ijlood I am b'lne of their bone and flesh of their flesh. I believe in the abiding relationship of Indians of all times aud all communities. I ijelieve in the brotherhood of all who belong to India's soil, be they of whatsoever caste or creed. I believe in the living Indian nation, dearer to her chil- dren than aught else of eartlily kinship. I believe in its golden past and glorious future. I believe in the righteousness, valour aud patriotism of Indian manhood. I believe in the tenderness, chastity, and selflessness of Indian womaniiood. I believe in India for the Indian ijeople to live for and to die for. I believe in one land, one nation, one ideal, and one cause. The service of my coi^ntrymen is the breath of my life — the be-all and end-all of my existence. So help me Bharat ! Bande ilatarani. SHIV NAETEN. THE BIGGEST SHIPS IN THE WORLD. The two new Cunarders which are to cross the Atlantic in five davs are described in the World's Work and Play, by Mr. F. A. A. Talbot. These vessels are the outcome of tfie American combine. The Cunard Companv, refusing to be included in the combine, was supported by the home Govern- ment, who has financed the company in the con- struction of these vessels, which were to surpass anv otht-rs in existence. Of the immense proportions of these new liners he s.iys : — They will each be approximately 800 ft. in length, 88 ft. wide, by 60 ft. deep. They will displace 43.000 tons, and in ort'er to obtain the minimum speed of 2A\ knots per liour. the gigantic turbines will develop some 80,000 horse-power. If stood on end beside St. Pai^l's Cathedral, they would tower to twice the height of that edifice, wliile if floateer and the forger are fas- cinated by their own style of business. They never have an idea, in their heads beyond bank robbery and forgery. The coiner is always severely dealt with; but who ever saw him take to a less dangerous pursuit? The murderer, should he escape capital punishment, im- mediately oii the expiry of his sentence, commits another desperate crime, and again puts his neck in jeopardy. Women have less scope for the exercise of their talents, and have fewer openings to choose from — baby-farming and decoying their younger sisters to ruin being the most common, and with a good clieitti^le far the most lucrative. Sir Henry Smith says that he has never shed tears over a banker's loss. Warning after warning is thrown away on them, " and contributory negli- gence " generally leads to their misfortunes. He has known men hang about outside a bank for a fortnight in the most suspicious way, noting every- thing, and not a step taken to ascertain who they were or what they were hanging about for. The Improvement in British Painting. In the jNLiy Conilidl Mr. Walter Frith publishes " A Talk with My Father," in which, in the midst of a good deal of personal gossip, we come upon the following optimistic estimate of the progress of Bri- tish painting in the last century. Speaking of the general average of the Acidemy Exhibitions, the painter of " Derby Day " said it had enormously im- proved since the annual show was held at Somerset House. There were — few fine things— Wilkie, Turner. Constable. Landseer. Mul- ready. and so on — but the rest was comparative rubb'sh. Now." I am astonished, amazed, at the general high level of excellence of the work done by outsiders. I have no liesitation in saying tliat the large majority of pictures hung in the Exhibition of my e;irly time would be turned out nowadays. The amazing thing is the increase of aver- age excellence. Why. look what a wonderful drawing a student has to do now to get into the Academv schools at all. I saw some the other day, and I'm sure I couldn't haTe done them. Never, at any time. A quarterly of local and historical interest is the HoiiK Counties A/af;azine, edited bv Mr. W. Palev Baildon. The April number contains an article, by Mr. A. L. Summers, on Petersham. Bute House and Petersham Lodge have both disappeared, but the church still remains. It presents an unusual appearance, consisting of a chancel, north and south transepts, no nave, and a low western tower which forms the entrance. THE GREEK BUILDING AND THE ROMAN ROAD. The April issue of the C/tautanqiiaii is devoted to the Ancient Greek and Roman Classics and their influences in modern life. SIMPLICITY OF GREEK ARCHITECTURE. Mr. A. D. F. Hamlin takes for his subject Greek Architecture and Its Message. He notes the essen- tial characteristics of all Greek art, and says these characteristics spring from the character of the Greeks themselves. He writes: — The most obvious of these characteristics are simplicity of conception, straightforward directness in the carrying out of tins conception, and a remarkable refinement, delicacy and precision in the mechanical and artis.ic exe- cution. Less obvious at a superficial glance, but even more impressive after a more critical study, are the qualities of proportion and restraint. The Greeks attained architectural perfection, he adds, because the builders were content to use the Doric style for five hundred years on account of its severe beauty and perfect suitability. In the sixth century B.C. they began to use the Ionic style, and continued to use it for four hundred years, because of its inherent elegance. In this way the features of each style were improved very nearly to absolute perfection ALL ROADS LEAD TO ROME. A railway track three thousand miles in length is considered a marvellous achievement of modern enterprise, but imagine a highway over four thou- sand miles in length like the great Roman roadway from the wall of Antoninus to Jerusalem. In the same issue of the Chautuuqttan, Mr. A. B. Hulbert, writing on this great road, says: — The itinerary of the great road referred to from the wall of Antoninus in Scotland to Jerusalem shows the route and impoi^ant towns on it. From the wall of Antoninus to York. 222 Roman miles; London, 227 miles; Rhulupiae (Eichborough), 67; Boulogne (by water), 45; Rheims, 174; Lyons. 330; Milan, 324; Rome. 426; Brundisium. 360; Dvr- rachium (by water), 40; Byzantium, 711; Ancyra, 283; Tarsus. 301; Antiooh, 141; Tyre, 252; Jerusalem, 168. Total, 4071, MILLIONS AND MOSQUITOES. The island of Barbadcues, says Chambers s Journal (May), enjoys immunity from the visitations of the malarial mosquito, and the cause of this immunity is said to be a verv small fish. The writer says: — In mariv of the waters of this island there flourish in great quantities a tiny fish known locally hy the name of '* millions." and there is believed to !« a connection be- t-ween the existence of this fish and the comparative non- existence of the mahirial mosquito. Some interesting ex- periments are now lieine tried in tlie West Indies with a view to determine to what extent one fact bears upon the other, and to see whethe" the beneficent little fish can b« induced to flourish in the waters of places where the mos- quito ravages are more severely felt. It is said that tlie tinv fi^h has an appetite quite out of proportion to its diminutive size, and that it feeds to a lar^'e extent on the larvse of tlie mosquito. The trouble- s >me insert is in consequence practicallv exterminated in t' e area ^n wliich "millions" flourish, and here also, for the well-known reason, malarial fever is practically non- existent. 66 The Review of Reviews. July I, 1996 ON THE EDUCATION BILL. The Archbishop of Westmentster. The Xiiieteeiith Century opens with a symposium for and against the Education Bill. The Archbishop of Westminster pronounces the Bill to be no solu- tion of the educational difficulty. Even if passed, it will give rise to fierce local contests all over the country, leading eventually to a fresh appeal to Par- liament. He says that Mr. Birrell is evidently most anxious to maintain religious influence in public ele- mentary schools. He has, ho\vever, made the teach- ing of fundamental Protestantism a permanent pub- lic charge. But to this many object, because — in their eyes this " simple Bible teaching " of the kind pro- posed errs, not merel.v by defect, but because it is in direct opposition to wliat they regard as the fundamental prin- ciple of Christianity— namely, the existence in the world of an authority appointed by Christ Himself to each in His name. While the Protestant conscience is to be satisfied at the public expense, the non-Protestant conscience is to re- ceive no such satisfaction unless its possessors are willing to pay for it. This is Uie essential injustice of the Bill, in that it seta up two standards of appreciation, and makee men suffer, in their purse at lea^t, for their conscientious religious convictions. Dr. Bourne next asks how far the Bill will meet the needs of the Established Church. He says it is very difficult for an outsider, in the presence of oppo- site opinions expressed by English Churchmen, to judge the real position. The position of the Cath3lic Church, he says, is clear, whether Catholics be Tory or Liberal, Nationalist or non-political. He says: — .\lthough ne desire no quarrel with anyone, we are pre- pared to resist in every legitimate way all attempts to deprive us of the right of our Catholic parents to have their children educated in the elementary schools of the country in o'^cordance with their conscientious religious ^^onWctions. We give Mr.' Birrell credit for the best pos- sible intentions, and we readily believe that he has en- deavoured to give consideration to our claims, but he would surely admit that the facilitie.s which he proposes are hone- lessly inadequate, and that, if he can find justification for t'em. it is on grounds, not of justice, but solely of political expediency. His Grace then asks: (i) Why Catholic children in districts of less than five thousand inhabitants should be deprived of a distinctively Catholic school, while Protestant teaching mav be provided in all districts without exception. (2) How can a non- Catholic local authority judge of the fitness of a teacher to teach Catholic children? (.^) Why is no legal protection given against the possible bigotry of a local authority which mav refuse the wishes of the Catholic parents? (4) Why is no safeguard inserted to prevent local authorities forcing non-Catholic children into a school provided for, and chiefly used by, Catholic children ? Mr. Birrell's only answer is ■" the too patent fact that after all we are only a minority." His Grace adds, somewhat truculently, ■ We may prove a more inconvenient minority than the Government has yet realised, if they force upon I's a righteous conflict for conscience" sake," LORD HALIF.^X, In marked contrast to the suave and dignified style of the Archbishop is the almost fierce and fevered tone of Lord Halifax. He declares: — The Bill is in fact a measure for the establishment, on the ruins of all the schools belonging to the Church of England and to the Roman Catholic body, and on those of maai.v of the schools built by the Wesleyans, of undenomina- tional religion to the exclusion of any other. In other words it is a Bill for the establishment and endowment of Bissent. Here is a characteristic passage : — To insist on undenominational Christianity, or funda- mental Christianity, which is another name for the same thing, as a substitute for the Christianity of the creeds, is all the same as if a man were trying to establish a zoo- logical garden, and at the same time to lay down the principle that no particular animal, such as a tiger or an elephant, was to be accepted, but only a fundamental mam- mal. Fundamental Christianity has as little existence as a lundamental mammal, and we refuse to be deceived by it. We are not prepared to see the definite Christianity of the creeds banished from the land. We are not prepared to see our trust deeds torn up, the property we have devoted to the spread of Chinst"s religion confiscated. We do not in- tend to allow the decisions of the Law Courts to be over- ridden by the commission to be appointed under the Bill, to investigate into and to override the trusts upon which our schools are held. We shall not surrender our schools, nor shall we be deterred from resisting the Board of Education, armed though it be under the Bill with the power of pro- curing the imprisonment of those who disregard its orders. Happily he does not end without ofTering a con- structive alternative. The case, he thinks, will be met: — Xot, I submit, by excluding all religious teaching from the national system of education, not by the State invent- ing a religiou of its own and compelling all to pay for it, but b.v the frank recognition on tJie part of the State, as in Germany, of the religious teaching of all denominations alike, by a friendl.v neutrality on the part of the State to all religions, and by the maintenance by the State of all schools, whether denominational or not, which comply with the Stite requirements as to educational efficiency. There is no other satisfactory solution of the educational ques- tion. MR. HERBERT P.iUL. In a racily written but earnestly conceived paper Mr. Herbert Paul declares that there are now only two alternatives — the Bill, or Secularism pure and simple. He says : — The old denominational system is dead and buried. It comm'tted suicide when it laid hands on the rates in 19c2. For the sake of ,a little money the Bishops, who are now erumblins". sold the pass, and let the enemy in. It is too late for them to complain now. He affirms his strong belief that there is no danger from purely secular teaching in English schools: — Some High Churchmen would prefer it to what they sneer- ingly call " uudenominationalism." But the good sense of the English people will not have it. Churchmen and Non- conformists would unite to turn ont any Government that proposed the exclusion of the Bible from the schools. Mr. Forster felt that in 1870. and Mr. Birrell. I doubt not. feels it now. Angry disputants on both sides prophesy that if the opposite policy to their own be adopted. Secularism must ensue. I do not believe them, 'rjie obstacle to Secularism is the impregnable obstacle of the English people. He adds : — Take away the Romanising party in the Church of Eng- land, which centres in the English Church Union, and the opposition to this Bill would be insignificant. AX ANGLICAN CONVERT TO SECULARISM. Mr. D. C. Lathbury- frankly admits that the dual system cannot last. It is costly, it is cumbersome. He urges Churchmen to concentrate their hostility on the points which are really vital — namely, the ex- tension of local option to the religious d4ficulty, and the exclusive endowment of '.'ndenorr.'n?tion5lisTi. Review of Revieics, IjTJOG. Leading Articles. 67 Instead of settling the religious difficulty, Mr. Birrell has, he says, made it the occasion of municipal strife all over the kingdom. He fears that Protestant municipalities will do scant justice to the Catholics, and none at all to the Ritualists. Local option should give way, he thinks, to the automatic action of the national law. He does not regard undeno- minationalism as the religion of Nonconformity. " We might as reasonably make the teaching of Es- peranto compulsory to the exclusion of richer lan- guages as substitute undenominationalism for reli- gion." Mr. Lathburys former specific of universal facilities he now renounces. He says, " I have be- come a convert to the secularisation of schools. I will only say that, however much Churchmen may dislike the secular solution, their success in resistinsr the present Bill wall depend upon their willingness to accept that solution in preference to the unde- nominational solution." He closes by saying that the progress of the Bill will determine whether Churchmen or Nonconformists are most afraid of secular schools. DR. MAOVAMARA. The raging and tearing lion of Lord Halifax's imagination is represented by Dr. Macnamara as a harmless necessary mouse. He says of the Bill : — ■ Substantiallj- it leaves those denominational scliools as tliey are to-day. There are very few, indeed, of them in whicli specific denominational teacliing is beini? g:iven on more than two mornings in tile week. Tlie general scheme of religious instruction in the denominational school is far more undenominational than most people imagine. The trained instinct of the teacher as applied to the limited capacity of the pupil makes tliat circumstance absolutely inevitable. The net result, therefore, of this part of Mr. BirreH'B Bill is to leave the denominationalists substan- tially as well off as ever they have been in the matter of religious instruction. As to linance. it puts into their pockets an .annual rental from State funds which— now they are entirel.v relieved of the upkeep of the fabric — may in part be applied to the payment of a denominational vol- unteer on two mornings a week, and, for the rest, will be found very iiseful indeed in furthering a variety of paro- chial agencies. Dr. J. G. Rogers argues cogently in favour of the Bill, advising the clericals to agree with their adversary quickly while they are in the wav with them. BLACKWOOD RAMPANT. Needless to say, Blackwood's Magazine is not pleased with the Bill or with Mr. Birrell. The country, it thinks, will speak its mind prettv freelv on the corrupt and unprincipled bargain between the Government and the Nonconformists, to which this measure is due. " It is the most nefarious poli- tical transaction since the reign of Queen Anne." Its practical suggestion is that of Sir .\. .^cland Hood — " a Church Defence Association " all over England, to bring Churchmen together and accustom them to common action: — Other modes of turning the righteous indignation of the Church into a useful practical direction will doubtless be suggested by Churclimen and their leaders. EFFECT IN- LANCASHIRE AND YOEKSmRE. The Quarterly Review, in its April number, sup- ports the contention of the Primate that the Bill is in principle unjust. It takes as example the case of Lancashire, where out of 212,939 school places nearly 105,000 have been provided by the Church of England, against 37,3x3 provided by the Roman Catholics. The Bill would allow 14,246 children (average attendance at the Roman Catholic schools) to continue receiving, in schools maintained out of public money, full instruction in accordance with the tenets of their Church ; while the more than 85,000 children in average attendance at the An- glican and Wesleyan schools in the neighbouring towns or villages are deprived of the right to be taught their respective faiths by the teachers whom they know and respect. The reviewer predicts that the working-classes of Yorkshire and Lancashire and London will protest with effect against the Bill. He also takes strong exception to the reward offered to Welsh insurrection by the grant of Welsh autonomy in matters educational — a large instalment of Home Rule all round. CANADIAN AND PEUSiilAN ALTERNATIVES. The Quarterly happily does not content itself with negative criticism. It closes by saying : — The remedy does not lie in any of those directions, but in the adoption and adaptation to English circumstances and requirements of some principle like the allocation of rates by members of different religious bodies to separate schools maintained by their own bodies, which is in force in Can- ada: or like the special provision of religious instruction for minorities, at local and national charges, adopted in Prussia. With some arrangement of one of these kinds, which, over large parts of England, might include the pro- portioning of teachers on the staff of schools to the local strength of the principal religious bodies to be considered, peace might he ijermanentl.v established. THE BISHOP OF SODOR AND MAN. In the Twentieth Century Quarterly the Bishop of Sodor and Man presses for a more moderate attitude than is assumed by many extreme Churchmen. He says : — The proposition that only the elements of the Christian religion, on which all Protestant Trinitarian Cliristians agree, sliould suffice to be taught in elementary schools finds comparatively little favour in high ecclesiastical quarters. And vet. in parts of his Majesty's dominions, as «.(/. in the West Indies, an admirable syllabus of religious teaching has been drawn up by the Archbishop of those isLands and the ministers of various denominations there, which by com- mon consent h.is lieen included in the code of the .lamaica Board of Education; while at home the syllabuses of such instruction prepared by the London School Board and various County Councils me«t with wide acceptance and apijroval. The Bishop devoutly ejaculates: — Would to God that, by striving at some such a compro- mise as these illu.st rations suggest, the Protestant Trini- tarian Cliristi.ans of England and Wales would agree to avoid the risk for themselves and their children which otherwise seems likely to occur, and thus facilitate a choice- of ways for the Government which would secure, at least for an enorniotis preponderance of the cliildrcn of England, such a religious education as would save the country from Uie eternal disgrace of the banishment of all religion from our elementary schools — one, too, which might easily ber supplemented by catechising in church, and further instruc- tion in Sunday schools. "AN APPEAL TO LAYMEN.' Mr. fhilip Morell, M.P., in the Twentieth Cen- tury Quarterly, appeals to laymen to recognise ac- complished fact.j. The General Election has indis- 68 The Review of Reviews. July 1, 1306. putably decided that denominational control of ele- mentary schools, and with it religious tests for teachers, will have to go. Mr. Morell says in effect there are only three alternatives — (i) "right of entry,'' (2) simple Biblical teaching by the teacher, (3) a secular system. He pleads for the second. If it is rejected, he says " the demand for a complete secularisation of the schools will become irresistible." He says that almost all the Labour members favour this solution. Mr. Morell seems to forget that the so-called secular policy of the Labour members does not exclude the Bible from the schools. "THE SECULAR SOLUTION." Naturally the Indcpotdent Review thinks that Mr. Birrell's Education Bill will come to be regarded as " a courageous and fair-minded attempt to settle the difficult problem of religious education." In an ar- ticle later on, Mr. J. M. Robertson advises " the Secular Solution." He believes that Xonconformists would be in a stronger position as against Anglican encroachment if thev consented " to the just course of making the ordinary schools entirely secular." If the Bill is passed as it stands, the Ohuroli. with its foot inside the door, will go on push- ins, and all the while the Nonconformists stand committed to the principle which concedes the essentials of the sacer- dotalist claim. There is. in short, no prospect of educa- tional peace until all forms of ecclesiastical claim are ex- cluded from the State schools. And he asks : — Cannot thoughtful religious people see that the one solu- tion is the leaviiiiT of religious teaching to religious agen- cies, and the elimination of the problem from the work of tlie State school? POSITn'IST VitWS. In the Pflsiiivist Review Mr. F. J. Gould says that Undenominationalism — free commentary — " usually lacks enthusiasm, definiteness, and breadth of sym- pathy." He thinks that the outcome of the new- Act will be that children very often will not go to school at all till 9.45. Some parents will keep them awav because of unorthodoxy, others from indolence or indifference. In this clause he sees " one of the solvents which will hasten the end of the present bad alliance between theology and the school." In the same review Professor Beesly fears much valuable time is going to be lost over the Bill, and savs no harm would have been done by leaving the 1902 Act in operation a little longer. " It was gradually bringing the public to see that purely secular schools are the only way out of the difficulty." FROM THE "LATE LAMENTED ' S.B.L. In the Contemporary Review, Lord Stanley of Alderlev has a long paper on this subject, in which he pleads for one national system under public local management for all schools. In any school where by far the greater number of the children ask for specific religious teaching of any type, the local authoritv, if there are other schools near enough, and enough to meet the demand, should permit the par- ticular school building to be at the service of the parents asking for it every morning of the week. If the parents will be satisfied, two mornings a week only might be allowed. In Lord Stanley of Alder- ley's opinion the scheme would be best carried out by making the public schools limited to secular teaching which the State demands, inspects, and aids by grants. On the whole he seems to approve the Bill. In the Empire Review Sir Charles Elliott, a late member of the London School Board, says no one who studies the new Bill can fail to be intensely dis- appointed. Sec. 6, removing any obligation for children to attend during the time of religious in- struction, he says must be met with implacable opposition by everv'one who cares for religious edu- cation of any denomination. And he makes certain suggestions, too long to enter into here, for securing an Act to pacify the " bigoted but earnest Noncon- formist objector," and yet not cause serious injury to the education of children. ALL CHILDREX FREE TO DROP RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION. The clause in Mr. Birrell's Bill which expressly states that " the parent of a child attending a public elementarv school shall not be under any obligation to cause the child to attend at the schoolhouse, except during the times allotted in the time-table exclusivelv to secular instruction," is exciting a very great deal of attention. Dr. Macnamara says in the Niueiecnth Century : — I have not the slightest doubt that within ten years it will be found that this clause has worked a greater revolution in our common school system than all the rest of the edu- cational legislation of the last thirty-six years put to- gether. Mr. D. C. Lathburv-, in the same magazine, says : — I once asked an eminent Liberal educationalist what pro- portion of the children he thought would be found at the Denominational lesson after the parents had come to un- derstand that attendance at it was purely voluntary. It would have suited his purpose better to say tiaat the num- bers would not be appreciably reduced, but his love of truth would not permit this, and lie replied. " Perhaps 5 j>er cent." In the country tliis estimate would, I think, be be- low the mark, and everywhere the personal popularity of in- dividual teachers, and the extent to which the children liked the lesson, would couot for a good deal. But in towns an additional half hour's wage would be an object to careful parents, and the preference of the children for playing in the streets would certainly weigli with careless ones. The change, says Mr. Birrell. is only one in najme. Attendance when the school is opened has never been compulsory. The clause only puts the existing law into words. But to put a law into words may be much more than halt the battle. In the Quiver, Bella Sidney Woolf begins a series of papers on Children's Classics — " the favourite books of our childhood." The writers dealt with are Miss .\lcott, who should surelv not have had first place : Mrs. Ewing, a writer on an altogether higher plane ; Miss Yonge ; Hesba Stretton : Miss Sewell, the authoress of " Black Beauty " ; Miss Montgomery, the writer of " Misunderstood " : Hans .Andersen and the Brothers Grimm. Review of Revietvs, 117/06. Leading Articles. 69 IS MR. ROOSEVELT'S STAR SETTING? This is the question suggested by Mr. Maurice Low's American letter in the National Review. Re- jHiblican Congressmen declare that as Roosevelt came in unanimously, he \vill go out unanimously, having meanwhile destroyed the Republican party get his Railway Rate Bill through. Mr. Low himself admits that Mr. Roosevelt has lost in popularity, and the loss is increasing, but the masses still retain for him their almost passionate affection. But the odd thing is that in the Democratic camp Mr. Bryan is no longer the Radical, he is the Conservative; and to him Conservatives look for deliverance from Ufe.2 [New York. What 'Theodore • will wear when he visits the Foreign Potentates. and restored the Democratic partv to power. He is Radical ascendency. The Democratic nomination accused of working with Drmocrats rather than Re- for the Presidency lies bctw-een Bryan, the Conser- publicans ; of being responsible for '' the tremendous vative, and Hearst, the Radical. The Labour vote, wave of Socialism and Radicalism '' which is now including 2,000,000 trade unionists, is the uncertain sweeping over the States, and of po.stponing the in- element in forecasts of the coming elections to Con- evitable revision — i.e., reduction of tariff, in order to gress. 70 The Review of Reviews. July 1, 1906. RUSSIA ON THE EVE OF THE DUMA. S\'^iPTOMs OF Political Neurasthenia. The Natioual Rcvici^ publishes an admirable ar- ticle bv its Special Commissioner, entitled '" Russia on the Rubicon's Brink.*' A NEURASTHENIC NATION. The writer says : — It is no exaggeration to eay that the Russian jieople is no long-er physically normal. No sane person can peruse the daily papers without seeing that those Russian specialist-s are right who diagnose the Russian nation's disease as political neurasthenia. The symptoms are the mania of persecution, hallucinatious, illusions, abnormal acts, including crimes against the person and property, and suicide. Daring crime has a fascination for Russian society, such as the story of buccaneers' gorj- deeds has for boys. When the Moscow Mutual Credit Bank was pillaged, and nearly a million roubles taken out in broad daylight, educated people expressed sympathy or approval. Crime against property and person is rife. Revolutionarj- housebreaking and assassination are spreading throughout the land, and the principal criminals are members of the rising genera- tion, who have boycotted grammar schools, technical in- SLitutions and universities. Fancy a number of boys of Harrow School, accompanied by an Oxford undergraduate, trying to pillage the Bunk of England in broad ilaylight and resolved to kill all who should stand in their way. If we further reflect that this is no isolated case, and that the ethical frame of sentiment and thought which encourages or connives at it is wide- spread, we shall be able to gauge the distance that separates the Russian people from a normal point of view. THE MADNESS OF A PEOPLE. Oppression drives even wise men mad, and the Russians are not all \A-ise. The special correspon- dent says : — The Libecols. while burning with zeal to save Russia, put super-Slavonic energy into tlieir endeavours to beat the Government politically by ruining the nation finan- cially. They would bnffle Shipoff's efforts to get money to pay off old debts even though tlie nation's- credit and in- dustry should suffer, the Russian workman famish, the peasant starve, and sorely needed reforms become imprac- ticable. They are sadly wanting in political common sense. The first consequence of the Lil^erals' success in hinder- ing the loan would have been to deprive the wretched letter-carriers, country schoolmasters and other zenisky ser- vants of their waees. which are already overdue. Then would have come the turn of that numerous section which depends for its livelihood upon the briskness of industry, whereas the Government would not suffer at all. THE PRISONS AS REVOLUTIONARY CENTRES. Imprisonment has lost its terrors, for the prisons have become centres of revolutionar\' propaganda : — Men go there with the eagerness of early martvrs and without apprehension. They can often carry on their old business there. The gaol of Sehastopol is an apt illustra- tion. It was crowded with pri=oners. many of whom were " politicals." Some of the«e were charged with distributing revolutionary pamphlets, others with possessing secret printing presses, a third lot with conspiring to overthrow the monarchy, and several were not accused of anything at all. but were there because the authorities thought it eood for somebody that they should be nowhere else. These men, then, by way of continuing in confinement the business at which tiiey had been working outside, issued a revolutionary new3pai>er. The Bomb, which was written, set up, printed, and published in the prison by the inmates. THE ULTIMA RATIO OF THE PRISONERS. The police prefect found out what was going on after a time, and he separated the two editors of 77/f Bomb. All the political prisoners combined and resolved to starve themselves to death unless the sovernor complied with their demands. They asked that their rooms be open the whole day, that all the " politicals " be allowed to meet and walk and chat together to their heart's content, and generally to make life tolerable in their own way. The governor refused at first, but after due deliberation on the probable consequences he gave way upon all points except the promenades, so that the prisoners, eighty all told, now come together, discuss, drink tea, read books aloud, and lead a life which is not half bad. THE PROSPECTS OF THE DUMA. The special correspondent thinks that whatever power the Tsar may delegate to his people will be wielded by the Constitutional Democratic Party, which will be in a majority in the Duma : — The first duty of the first Duma— as it api)ears to out- siders—is to strengthen the hold of parliamentary institu- tions on the country, and that can be accomplished only by the exercise of moderation bordering upon sacrifice and wisdom. But the Constitutional Democrats are pledged to extreme forms which the Government cannot pos- sibly accept : — The heavv bills which the Democratic Party gave will fall due, aiid must be honoured. On the other hand, the party of the Tsar will have freed itself from the embar- rassing presence of Count Witte, whom it regards as the criminal creator of the Duma. Some of the new Ministers may then be taken from the moderate Liberal Party- no Constitutional Democrat is likely to be chosen— but unless the Tsar changes his mind between this and then he will not part with Durnovo, in whom he places implicit con- fidence. Ministers will probably not even make long speeches in the Duma, although there will be no Govern- ment partv in the Chamber to relieve them of the duty. Thev will set on the Council of the Empire to do it, and while upper and lower Chambers are thus waging a bitter conflict with each other, the Cabinet will look on pleasantly as the tertium (/audens. What will happen after that no one can guess. But I venture to doubt whether the first Duma will do anv serious legislative work. We may expect beautiful phrases and expressive humanitarian principles, but few business-like proposals. In the most favourable supposition, then. I venture to t^hink that the coming Duma will meet and separate with- out liaviug added many beneficent laws to the Russian Statute Book or having materially helped to tranquilise public excitement. It will be an apt illustration of the national proverb: "The first pancake is a failure." THE "QUARTERLY REVIEW " ON THE UNIONIST DOWNFALL. It is a significant explanation which the Quarterly offers in its April number, of the Unionist debacle at the General Election. Chinese Labour, Protection, the Taff Vale judgment, and the Education Act of 1902 were not merely coincident cases; they all con- tributed to form part of an accusation of plutocratic conspiracy. The Unionists were held to be the partv of the rich and selfish: — The issue thus seemed to be Rich tersus Poor— the arist-o- cracy, the capitalists, the mine-owners, and tlie parsons, leasiied together and backed by all the resources of wealth, knowledee, ereat orsanisations. and an able and un- scrupulous journalisni. ou the one side: and. upon the other, the poor industrious workman whose patriotic fer- Tour had made him the dupe of the cunning coyetousness of the plutocrats of Park Lane, and whose poverty, free- dom and independence were now threatened with dear food, the caoture of the people's schools, and the loss of the power to strike for better wases. The cry which Mr. Gladstone vainly tried to raise in 1886. of the masses aeainst the classes, was what triumphed twenty years later. It was to no purpose that TTnionist candidates argued one point or another; there was no escaping the general impression. . . . The Unionist p.TXty was branded as the plutocratic party: and, it the particular candidate were not himself one of the conspirators, he was their dupe. Keview of Reviews, 1(7106. Leading Articles, 71 THE CROWNING VICTORY OF CONSERVATISM! The reviewer remarks that the Party cries which •were mo^t successful -were negative: The wish was to get rid of vexatious innovations. There was no clamour for novelties. The instinct of the people was critical, not constructive : — Pitted against one another were the warm, hopeful, promising, discontented fiscal reformers and the cold, cautious, sceptical, complacent fiscal conservatives; and conservatism prevailed. This victor)- of Conser^'atism in 1906 is paralleled by what occurred in 1895 : — It is inaeed curious to ohserve how much the plan of battle of Lilierala in 19.6 resembles that of Conservatives eleven vears aso Tiie defence of free trade took the place of the defence of the Union; the education quesdon brought into great activity the Nonconformists, just as the attack on the Welsh Church roused churchmen ; and the great influence of the licensed victuallers, alarmed in 1895 bv the Local Veto Bill, was matched by the great influence of tlie trade unions, alarmeJ in 1906 at the judg- ments of the House of I.^rds. . . lu both elections the place of honour in their proi^ramme was given by the victors to what was negative; the positive reforms were subordinate. As the electors are now minded, the nega- tive position is the advantageous one; they are much readier to say ' No " than ' Tes." IS DEMOCRACY PROGRESSIVE? The reviewer goes on to quote from Sir Henry Maine's "Popular Government'' as follows: — " The delusion." he wrote, " that Democracy, when it has once had all things under its feet, is a .progressive form of government lies deep in the convictions of a particular poHtical school; but there can he no delusion grosser. It receives no countenance either from experience or from probability." The reviewer deals faithfully with Mr. Balfour for his mistaken strategy in endeavouring to keep up a semblance of unity in his Party when no such unity reallv e.xists. The writer is not specially alarmed at the strength of Labour. He says : — For even in its strongholds— much less in the country generallv— Labour could scarcely s:and against the com- bin.ed forces of moderation. Only so long as the Labour party is contented to pl-ny a subordinate part and to act as the auxiliary of Ijiber.alism will its power be great. If it aspires to stand alone as the equal of the old historic factions it will fail. The article concludes with an earnest plea that the whole subject of Tariff Reform should be shelved. "' Then we shall be clear of the damning imputation of plutocracy." that the messenger has come to ask for a calabash of water, namely, tor a wife. The mother is then informed, and it both 'are agreeable, the messenger is anointed with fat, which means that the answer is ' Yes.:' In case of a refusal he is not anointed. . . j .1 , The cow ia a guarantee that the bargain is made and that the girl cannot be given to anyone else. All the members of both families are informed ol tne arrangement. On one side they will have to contribute to the marriage, on the otlier to receive then share, f-very member of the bridegroom's family having given his beast, will liave a claim on the children who may be born ot the marriage, especially on the girls, as when thes; are married the cattle given for them will revert to the donors. At the time of the marriase the cattle collected are brought out of the enclosure by the aunt or mother. THE PRICE OF A WIFE. When the marriage party reaches the village, with the cattle in the rear, the relations of the bride dress themselves in rags, which means that the other party must enrich them : — After the cattle have been driven into the enclosure greet- ings are exchanged. The cattle having been counted, the bride's parents must declare whether they are satisfied with the number and quality of the cattle; if not, more inust be added till thev are. .4s a rule twenty head ot cattle, about ten sheep or goats, and a horse is the amount paid for a girl, although in the case of a chief's daughter more would he demanded. On the ceremony being completed, the bride does not follow her husband at once. Weeks and. even months elapse before they live together. Two months before the birth of a child the wife returns to her own mother. MAR'MAGE AMONG THK BASUTOS. The Journal of the African Society contains a most interesting account of the Basuto of Basuto- land, by the Rev. A. Mabille. He says that every custom is law, and even' law is custom. He gives an account of the marriage customs. It will be ob- served that the traditional inabilitv of the young man to find words in which to propo.se is mercifully ac- commodated bv sparing him the task of utterance : — A young man wishing to marry does not express his in- tentions by words but by deeds While all are asleep in his village, he drives the cows out of the eat tic-enclosure and lets the calves suck their mothers. The reirents will understand what this means, and as the bride has long iM-en chosen liy the father, a messenger is sent with a cow to the father of the '-'irl. The latter is told IRISH UNIVERSITY EDUCATION. In the Drib! in Review the Bishop of Limerick says that we are entitled, to. ask the Liberal Government what it means to do for higher education in Ireland, which is '■ in a .state that is a scandal to the Go- vernment and an insuperable barrier to all progress." Irishmen can no longer be told that educational reform must wait upon Home Rule, and that Home Rule will come with the advent of the Greek Ka- lends. The Liberals want a " buffer " between them and the endowment of an institution which may help the Catholics. It seems to the Bishop that this may be found in the Senate of the Royal University : — If they will not give us political, surely they may allow tis educational Home Rule. If they will not permit Irish- men to manage their own national afi'airs. it is not easy to see on what grounds men of their principles, at least in theory, can refuse us the power to manage our own educa- The senate of the Royal Tniversity labours for Irishmen under the disadvanta?e. which will probably l>e its greatest recommendation to the Engli.sli Parliament, that nearly all its members have been nominated bv the Crown. Every religious body in Ireland— Catholics. Episcopalian Protestants. Presbyterians, Methodists— have some of their members upon it. , . t , j Englishmen are prone to think of us here m Ireland as torn bv religious dissension and ready to ily at one another's throats: it would he a furnrise to them to witness the deliberations of the senators of the Royal University, and see how Irishmen, if lei't alone, can come to know and to respect ea,-h other's convictions, and work together for a common purpose With plentv of money the work of the Royal University would be easy. And again the Bishop pleads that If Parliament for once would deal in a broad and trust- ful manner with this quesiion of higher education, it would see an illustration of Irishmen's capabilities of managing their own affairs. Revieu of Reviews, 1/7/06. Current History in Caricature. ' O wad some power the giftie g^ie us, To see ourselves as ithers see us." — Burns. The cartoons this month are of wider interest than usual. The continental ones are excellent, and the local ones are well up to the mark. Melbourne Punch deals ludicrously with the proposal of Mr. Bent to charge the Federal Government _;^3ooo for the use of the Victorian Government House. Local political matters are humourously dealt with. The cartoons having reference to myself need some explanation. The first is the result of a pro- test I made against the late Acting Chief Justice pro- minently attending a prize fight, dignified by the name of a boxing contest, promoted by Mr. Wren of " Tote " fame, conspicuously attended by some gentlemen who had for a long time been hidden from public sight, and so vigorously carried out that one section of the press condemned it. The patronage of a man in such a high position called for some comment. At the Japanese athletic dis- play, Sir Edward Holroyd said he hoped that cer- tain forms of sport would be carried on " in spite Lustige Blatter.'} Voting for the Duma. i.\ German View.) [Berlin. of Judkins.' The agitation that was raised in Mel- bourne has had the effect of stopping the Exhibi- tion building from being used for such purposes again. The second has reference to my crusade against the Victorian Chief Secretary on account of the lamentable laxity of his administration. Under it evil flourishes. The cartoon is a stinging one, re- presenting Sir Samuel Gillott as guarding with his political authority a nest of evil in the shape of an opium joint, a Tote shop, etc. This is a reproach which need not rest upon him even for a month. All that is needed to clear away the criticism is a vigorous administration of the law. Melbourne Punch has given an indictment such as no lips could ever frame. Voting for the Duma has been quite secret, the attendants have understood how to prevent intimidation. ilplhtiurne Punch.^ The Flower of the Flock. (The Japs' arrival in Melbourne is synchronous with the {lowering of the chrj-santhemum.) VICTORIA; "Welcome to England's allies. The flower of Japan for the flower of her navy." Review of Reviews, 1/7/06. Current History in Caricature. 73 Melbourne Punch.'} The Naughty Nine. (Mr. G. Reid at his South Melbourne meeting spoke of the nine greatest political evils threatening Australia.) George (to the elector): "If yon doubt my word, count them yourself." Alorning Leader.] Thf- Cuckoo ; " If it is possible for you to derive any measure of satisfaction by reiterating the statement that it is your nest, you are perfectly welcome to do so. It will not iu the slightest degree interfere with my personal comfort." [Lord Hugh Cecil, writing to the Daily Graphic, described Mr. Chamberlain as " this Protectionist Cuckoo. "J MornuiQ Leader-} A Colonial View. " Lord Milner. speaking to the House of Lords, said that South Africa was under a cloud at present. Our artist has depicted the cloud being dispelled by the rising sun of Liberalism." — From tlto "South African Neus." Melbourne Punch.'} In Spite of Judkins ' (Sir Edward Holroyd said lie hoped young Australians would go in for more defensive exercises, in spite of Judkins.) Sir Edward Holroyd : "I want you to make m© quite fit, William. It is necessary for us young Australians to be proficient at the game; and, goodness knows, any moment I may run up against Judkins." 74 The Heview of Reviews. Juh 1. 1906. Melbourne Punch.] ' David ' Judkins and Goiialh' Gillott. GG. : at?" ■ See here, little man. wlicm are you slinging off y.Z. Free Lance. i Ni> Slunnberers Need App'y It is fourteen years since the Corservative Government went out of office. — Fact. CONSERVATIVE RiP VAN WDfXLE (after fourteen years' sleep): "What, vou here still?" KING DICK: "Yes. thanks, and doing all right. You had better go to s'eep again; nobody has been asking for you." n'estminslcr Gazette.^ The End of iha "Slippery Slope.' The .\echbishop: 'Good heavens I our Voluntary Schools train has irone right over." The Ghost of Akchbishop Temple: "Didn't I tell you that rate-aid was a slippery slope down which the Churcb Schools would slide into a national system?" The BulUfi?!.! The Pomp of War. At the military manoeuvres on Empire Day, it being rather showery, theie waa hardly a quorum, so the Generals had some difl&culty in forming a hollow square. It was very hollow, indeed. Still, the Jap. Admiral, who was present, declared that he was deeply impressed. Review of Hemews, 1/7/06. Current History In Caricature, 75 ^^^H^A Neue Gliilichter.^ The Modern Manufacture of Gold. [Vienna. The emoke, arising from the men and women burning in the pit of the struggle for existence, is distilled into gold for the few financiers at the top. Tokyo Fuck.'] " The Advocatelof Woman s Rights at Home A Japanese satire on the reformers- Westminster Gazette.^ The Right T ime. Chorus of Boys: "Please, sir. what's the time?" Mr. Birrell: "High time to get rid of the ' Religioue Difficulty,' my boys!" [I put together these ill-constructed sentences last Satur- day in Buttersea Park, a place simply swarming with chil- dren, who all seemed animated by one desire — namely, to ascertain the time from me. Although at first I found their attentions somewhat disconcevting. in a very short time I came to perceive how ((ingruous was their presence with the whole bent and task of my thoughts. A hope, I trust not a delusive hope, stole into my breast, although I am not a sanguine man, that perhaps even this measure, after it has received, as it will receive, the full considera/* tion and deliberations of this House, will be found a step forward iii the right direction for securing to the children of thi.'i country an immunity from those quarrels which are not their quarrels, but our quarrels." — Mr. Birrell, in the House of Commons, April 9] 76 The Review of Reviews. July 1. 190S. Wretminster Gojette.] Taking His Little Pigs to IVlarl^et. The Bulletin.;! The Squabble over the Rivepina- '■ Who owns Riverina?" — Melbourne Age. "I do.'— Big Landlord. When the two microbes in tlie coiner finish their scrap over the Riverina the real owner of the property will appear. *a m^ SO) A*. 2. Free Lance ^^ The Imperial EavP^dropper St. PeteBSBUEG. May 14. — The Duma has passionately and unanimously demanded a full amnesty for religions, agrarian and political offences. The Taar is enabled, by means of a microphone, to listen to the debates in the Duma and the Council. Tzar MCK: "Hold on. there! Don't ahoot till I give the word. It won't do to give this Duma too much liberty." ilelbourtie Puvch } The Supreme Beast. The Anarchistic attempt on the life of the King of Spain and his English bride on their wedding morn has pro- voked horror and loathing in every community throughout the world. The Tiger : " At least in my case Nature prompts the killing; and. as a ravening monster, I abdicate in favour of that Anarchist — the Supreme Beast.' Review of Reviews, 117/06, Current History in Caricature* 11 Nthfl^palt,')-.] [Zurich. The New Conductor It would seem that King Edward had taken over the fondiictorship of the European concert, with the able as- sistance of President Roosevelt. Morning Leader,'] John Bull (Balfour style): "Flying from political perse- cution? Rubbish. You're a pauper; back you go." South African News.^ "The Blessings of Empire." Lord Selborne in a recent speech said : " We have endowed the Boers with all the blessings of Empire."' ^%-^*^ Ci^_*»"V^ Jletbourne Punch.} Aftef the Evict ion. (Mr. Bent has asked £3000 per amiuin rent for Governmeut irou3e. and Mr. Deukin declijies to pay. Probably an eviction will follow.) The PKtMF, Minister: "You see we've set np a Ooveniment House of our own. I suppose yon won't charge us more than half-ii-crown a week ground rent, and it will he use- ful practice for their Excellencies liefore we shift them to the Federal Capital." Review of Reviews, ifTJOS. The Reviews Reviewed. THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS. The May number opens with a hopeful survey of the progress which has been made towards the solu- tion of national problems and international disputes. The editor remarte that Mrs. ^^'hitridge, wife of the ^pecial ambassador .sent to represent the United States at the Spanish wedding, is a daughter of the late Matthew Arnold. He welcomes the postponement of tlie second Hague Conference until after the Pan- American Conference at Rio .Janeiro, as likely to benefit both of these international gatherings. He mentions Mr. Choate, Cteneral Porter, and Judge Rose as likely to be sent to represent the Vnited States at the Hague. The tide of immigration at New York Harbour is stated to be higher this year than ever before. The number of immigrants is ex- pected to reach 1.100.000, who are officially described as mostly able-bodied and willing workers, who add to national efficiency. Mr. Rosenthal's sketch of the Alaskan Siberian railway and Mr. Saviuien's account of the United States of Colombia have claimed separate notice. Mr. P. T. McG-rath gives a thrilling account of the perils faced by New England fishennen along the Atlantic seaboard from Delaware to .Newfoundland. He says that one of the deadliest perils they encounter is that of their vessels being run down and sunk by ocean steamships racing through the fog. The French Go- vernment is urging an international conference to make ocean-steamers avoid the Grand Banks alto- gether, the annual death-roll of French fishermen being appalling. He incidentally i-emarks that the Yankee fisherman is bent on keeping Newfoundland and Canada apart. For, as has been said, "the day Newfoundland unites with Canada, that day Glou- cester puts up its shutters." Gloucester is the centre of the Now England fisheries. Louis van Norma gives a vivid account of the New York Post Office, the most important centre under the United Slates Post Office, which in its turn is the largest business concern in the country. It is the only business operated by the United States Government. On an average 2^ million letters and postcards per day were sent from New York in 1905. In the Money Oriier business the largest number of oi-tlers go to Great Britain, but the large.st amount of money is -ent to Italy, which during 190.5 received orders equal to 11 million dollars. Comparing New York with the chief European capitals, the writer says that the London Post Office is, all things considered, prob- ably the most admirably managed and efficient postal institution in the world. The London collector and carrier has a salary graded more scientifically, and is better paid. This is in spite of the fact that London has not the pneumatic tube, which in Paris and in Berlin makes it possible to send a card from almost any portion to any other portion of the citv in «r hoiir. The pneumatic tube figures large in the pros, pects of future reform. A special appropriation Bi/t for the extension of the pnuematic tube service in large cities has passed the Hon.se of Representatives. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND AFTER. The chief feature in the Nineteenth Century is the symposium of papers for and against the Education Bill, which has been noticed elsewhere. Mr. Sidney Lee gives an account of recent Shakespearean finds, and Sir C. A. Elliott's indictment of the cantinei scolaires of Paris has been mentioned elsewhere. COLONIAL PREFERENCE AND IMPERIAL DEFENCE Mr. Russell Kfa writes on the Liberal Government and the coming Colonial Conference. He shows how- Mr. Chamberlain's Protectionist campaign has changed the attitude of the Colonies to the Home Country from one of pure gratitude and affection to that of a mere commercial bargaining. At the same time, it has made perfectly clear that the Colonies will do practically nothing towards bearing the bur- dens of Imperial defence. Mr. Rea suggests that at the nest conference, which will have to be very care- fully handled, we should cease to worry our C!olonies for money. His proposals amount to urging that the Home Country .should continue to bear the cost of Imperial defence, while the Colonies should in return grant the Home Country some special share in their growing material prosperity by means of a Preferen- tial 'Tariff. The Home Country would thus maintain Free Trade, which is its economic necessity, and the Colonies would maintain that which is equally neces- sary to them — their freedom from militarism. PEACEFUL PICKETING OF THE LORDS. Sir Herbert Maxwell writes under the title of "Why Lift Trades Unions above the Law?" After sternly denouncing the Prime Minister for having thrown overboard his Attorney-General, Sir Herbert gives unplea.sant instances of trades unions picketing, and then proceeds to apply to the House of Lords that "peaceful persuasion," the legality of which he so deprecates in the case of trade unions. He says : — Just as the barons of England intervened at Runnymede to curb tbe tyranny of the monarch, and just as the great middle class threw ofl the tyranny of boroughmongering lords in 1832. so now it is to the Lords of Parliament, sup- ported by the middle cl.-iss. that we must look for protcc- j tiou from tlie tyranny of trade unions. I Have they nerve and judgment for the occasion? ' - It may he feared that the Lords themselves may shrink from exercising their legitimate control. What will be the inevitable consequence of such shrinking? They will pre- serve their titular existence, having become, as Lord New- ton with .apt irony described it. a hybrid between a supe- rior debating society ;uid a registry office. THE POLITICS OF THE CROWD. Sir Martin Conway has an interesting paper on the individual versus the crowd. He says that civilisa- tion and morality have been brought about by crowd influence on opinion, and that in their incapacity for thought perhaps the beneficence of their influence consists. A crowd is dependent for ideas upon some " compelling individnal." He illustrates, however, not merely from school and universit.v life, but also from current politics, the crowd influence: — There is no reason in tbe nature of things why Liberals should not have proposed tariff reform and Conservativefl resisted it. Mr. Chamberlain h.is been a member of both political parties, and he proposed his revoltition as a mc^ Review of Revietce, JI7J06. The Revleivs Reviewed. 79 ber of neither. For some weeks after his first epoch-mak- ing speech, nine individuals out of ten one met were in a, ■state of utter indecision on the question. Mostl of them were not reading for the purpose of making up their minds, but were waiting for infection, which in due course they caught. IMPROVING THE HUMAN BREED. T'ncler the whimsical title of " Eugenics and St. Valentine." on wlmse day Mr. Francis Galton brought Eugenics before the Sociological Society, Mr. Have- lock Ellis lays down the law that with high civilisa- tion fertility inevitably diminishes, sterility inevit- ably increases. As this fact appears in our ^ital sta- tistics, the idea at once suggested is, if the quantity diminishes shall we not improve the quality? He de- scribes Mr. Galton's endeavour to ascertain as far as may be the facts as to the different qualities of stocks, and the respective values of families from the point of view of eugenics. The valuable informa- tion lying at present unused in the great insurance offices, if utili,sed for scientific purpcses. would be of great social gain. He supports Mr. Galton's proposal that a suitably constituted authority should issue eugenic certificates. The eugenic ideal which they hope will spread like a new religion is. after all. not an artificial product, but a reasoned manifestation of a natural instinct. It wall not override love or pas- sion, but rather point the natural course these power- ful impulses will take. He says: — The eugenic ideal will have to struggle with the criminal, and still more resolutely with the rich: it will have few serious quarrels with normal and well-constituted lovers. The physique of girls is dealt with by Miss K. Bathurst, late in,spector to the Board of Education. She describes Madame Osterberg's admirable College of Physical Culture at Dartford, and pleads for more lady inspectors who will introduce more of the mater- nal and less of the military spirit into the training of girls. She would fain see the same standard of efficiency demanded in intellectual matters, but a dif- ferent and special standard adopted in matters of hygiene. .Just the opposite course is at present in vogue. Intellectual deficiency is condoned, but the girls are made to do the same physical exercises as the boys. Even the babies are drilled. Miss Bathurst makes out a good case for the supersession of our bar- barous British methods by rational Swedish methotls. A similar change is evidently necessary in the teach- ing of cookery, as A. Kenney Herbert shows. Ludi- crous instances are given of cookery examinations con- sisting of elaborate questions in physiology and chem- istry. The writer insists that cookery is an art pri- marily, and the time given in elementary schools t^ teaching cookery should teach the girls how to cook rather than a smattering of sciences more or less dis- tantly related. HOPES FOR A SANER PRESS. Mr. D. O. Banks, writing on the vocation of the journalist, laments the conque-st of the Press by the merely commercial spirit. He quotes a comforting parallel from the history of the English stage. He says : — Theatre-managers whose ambition it was to have the people struggling to reach the pay-box like the crowd at a, baker's shop during a scarcity, accommodated themselves to the tastes of a crowded house, and gave their audiences variety entertainments in place of drama. But after a time the persistence of the regular playgoer asserted itself, and the the.atre recovered its standing. There .are indica- tions that the press is at the beginning of a similar ph.a«e. Competition for advertisements and ii large circulation will lower tile journalistic standard. But this cannot hast for ever, although it may last for eome time yet. It will iiltim.ately be found that the public that runs after sensation, hodge-podge, and blurred en- gr.avings. fluctuating and capricious a^it is. cannot be de- pended upon. A jonrnal's best hope is to gather about it a body of pupjiortcrs to whom questions of real and general interest appe:il— (juestions of politics, literature, science. and art. THE EDINBURGH REVIEW. The April number contains very little of eminent interest. There is much that is readable, but little to quote. Criticism of life in Ireland does claim sepa- rate notice. FOSSIL ARGUMENTS AGAINST PENSIONS. The last article is a discursive discussion of the condition of the poor in view of the Eioyal Commission on the Poor Law. It makes the sensible suggestion that men deprived of work by infectious disease should be relieved by the sanitary authority, and should not, as at present, be compelled to become paupers. It expects the Commissioners to do no more than try to adapt the exi.sting system of Guardians and Local Government Board, It urges the gradual bringing of the two great cla,s,ses of funds, voluntary and compulsory, into an intelligible and systematised relation to each other, so that voluntar.y funds ma.y be more and more reserved for non-pauper cases. But the general spirit of the article may be inferred from the following belated and exploded arguments against O'id-age Pensions : — First, there is no danger of starvation; the Poor Law secures subsistence to all. Next, the difference between pensioner and pauper is only one of n.ame, so that the offer of pensions in a desirable form must intensify the very condition r.f things against which the agitation began — i.e., increase the number of old people dependent on the public. Again, the provision of State pensions must either be universal or not. If universal, besides being ruinously expensive, it must interfere with all existing sources of old- age allowances, e.g.. friendly societies, trades unions, rail- way and other industrial undertakings, private employers' benevolence, and, last but not least, the help by friends and relatives. WANTED— A CODE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW. A review of Dr. Oppenheim's treatise on Interna- tional Law puts forward an urgent plea for the codifi- cation of International Law. Such a process is the nearest approach to international legislation that we possess : — The codification of International Law can only be ac- complished by an international agreement binding on the parties to it, and the very fact of the agreement trans- forms a reasonable practice, or a practice adhered to by one or two nations only, into a rule binding on the whole world: in other words, it creates as nearly as may be a piece of International Law. . . . Large portions of inter- national usage are now fit to be formulated in a code, and by such codification they become binding on civilised na- tions as nearly as international rules can be law in the strict sense of the term. The time has, in fact, arrived when an actual code of International Law might be at- tempted. AN INCOME TAX ON WORKING MEN. In a survey of the political situation, the writer urges that working men must be made directly sen- sible of what increased expenditure means. He says : — If it were possible largely to reduce some of the indirect taxation which now f.alls with exceptional weight on the working man, we see no reason why some such course should not be adopted. Suiipose, for example, the house tax was extended to all houses of ,a v.alue of £10 and up- wards, and that, instead of being fixed at ninepence, it rose and fell with the income tax. If some su^h arrangement weie practicable, it would liring home to every £10 house- holder in the country — ajid many working men live in £10 houses — the effect of any increase or decrease in the in- come tax, and would give in consequence a stimulus to economy which, at the present moment, does not exist. Air. W. T. Oonnell wishes us to say that while it is true that he was the proprietor of the Australian Press Cuttings Agency, ho has lately, '' ow'ing to in- creasing business, divided the responsibility of pro- prietorship with others," and has tried to ensure still ^.'leater elliciency by " having principals attending to the (lili'erent branches of the work of preparing press cuttings." 8o The Review of Reviews. July 1, woe. THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. The X'.rth American Beciew for April discusses the need of L:fe lusurance Legislation in the light of the recent scandals. Vernon Lee discourses at some length, and not to rery much purpose, on Tolstoy as a prophet, ili". Henry James describes his impres- sions on revisiting Philadelphia. Miss Harper pays a tribute to Susan B. Anthony. Miss Wilcox's ' Re- cent Speculations upon Immortality ' is interesting. In the first article, ' A Jeffersonian Democrat " nomi- nates a Southern Democrat for the Presidency. He says : — We submit tli.it such a man ma.v be found in Woodrdw Wilson, of Virginia, now President of Princeton University. Woodro%v Wilson was born at Stanton. Virginia, on De- cember 28tli. 1856. and is not yet. tberefore. fifty .vears of age. He is known to a multitude of thoughtful readers as the author of " Congressional Government: a Study of American Politics": of "The State; Elements of Historical and Practical Politics": of "Division and Reunion. 1329- 1889": of a life of "George Washington": and. finally, of an elaborate and comprehensive History of the Ameri- can People." THE DUBLIN REVIEW. The Bisliop cf L'n:erick's article on ''Irish Univer- sity Education " has been referred to separately. SPI.XNING THEORIES: THE LAST WORD. Mr. Bertram C. Windle criticises rather severely Weismann's Germ-plasm theory of evolution. The pith of the article is contained in the following: — In this theory we have the assum'^tion. the re-assumption, the re-re-assumption and the all-embracing King-assump- tion. It is assumed that the substance of the germ-cell is not simple but complex; it is assumed that this complex body is made up of determinants tor different parts of the body; it is assumed that these again are built up of vital unit3 each living its own life, struggling with its neigh- bours, influenced by the nutritive stream by which it is bathed, and. finally, by an all-embracing King-assumption, these unseen, ui-provable vital units are erected into a new family of living beings, the ' Biophoridie." and we are told they were spontaneously generated, and that no man can prove the contrar.v. for the.v are. and must alwavs be. invisible. Surely the spinning of theories can go no further than this. II. JArSES AND if. CLEMEXCEAU CONTRASTED. A French contributor contrasts the temperaments of M. Jaure.s and M. Clemenceau. They are perennially disputing about the conception of patriotism, and the ex-steiice and purpose of the army, yet both are ardent freethinkers and revolutionarie.i. " M. Jaure.s disap- proves the tactics and extreme views of M. Gustave Herve. famous for tlie declaration that he hopetl "to plant the French flag upon the dunghill," but will not entire'y repudiate him. M. Clemenceau attacks the military spirit run mad, but would not abolish either the army or the conception of patriotism. M. Jaures' political peisonality is complex; that of M. Clemenceau is "all of one piece." He is essentially a duellist, sind, like the duellist, always on his guai-d. The idea of following any leader is repugnant to him. And we have not seen the last of the contrast and conflict between these two men. The other ai-tielcs seem to me not to lend themselves at all well to quotation and summary. THE WORLD'S WORK. The May number is very good, the opening paper on the Channel Tunnel projtct being separately no- ticed. FOR THE TOURIST. The needs of the summer holiday season are catered for by two articles: one by Mr. Henry Xorman, M.P., on ■ Motors and Men,'' giving most practical details for a motor tour — cost, outfit, tools to take, eto. ; the other dealing with the new railway among the Chiltern Hills, Buckinghamslure, which has just cost £40,000 to construct. Delightful little trips are thus rendered much easier among country villages associated with Milton, Gray, Beaoonsfield. Penn, and Hampden. A Useful mileage table from London and the railway sta^ tions is given, and there are pretty illustrations. Yet another article deals with highway signs, such as finger-posts and C.T.C. danger-boards, and how they mig.it be made much more useful. PARIS SLAUGHTER-HOUSES. An article by Frederic Lees deals with the immense superiority of Paris slaughter-houses over those of London. He gives a certain toficahty to the paper by citing Sir Edwin Cornwall's words in praise of the Paris system of abattoir at the time cf the London County Council's recent visit there. In Paris: — the detection of disease in meat is not left to inexperienced slaughterers: it is the work of an ample staff of properly qualified inspectors; and you certainly never hear of any- one being discouraged, as in some Loudon boroughs, to declare unwholesome or diseased meat. The whole of the meat of the cit.v passes through two immense mtmieipal abattoirs — one situated at La Villette, and the other, of more recent construction, in the Vaugirard quarter. Pri- vate slaughter-houses have t>een done away ^vith since 1818. Each carcase, after being dressed, is examined and, if found to be sound and wholesome, stamped in violet ink by one of the many inspectors of the Prefecture of Police, Not a single pound of meat is ofl'ered for sale in Paris without liaving been examined. About 16s. lid. per ton is paid as '■ slaughter-house tax." An interesting paper also describes the herring in- dustry in the North, and the making of " kippers." Tobacco-planting in Sumatra is also dealt with as a possible career for young men. In the June number of "' The Review of Reviews " appeared an article on "The Ta.smanian Elections." The writer of the article asks us to correct two printer's errors on page 4.54. The word ''thereby" on line 3 of page 4.54 should read " and that by," and the word " data " should read " orator," THE FORUM. The April-June number of the Forum reviews the thrte months under the various heads — Political, Scientific. Financial, Musical, and Educational. Count Okuma, writing on "Japan's Policy in Korea,'' urges that the Korean Railway should be Japanned. In the Educational section Mr. 0. H. Lang, writing on the Roligious Difficulty, says: — The really greatest opportunity of the common school is that of training children in social service. This is the key- note of the new education. Social service develops unsel- fishness, zeal in a brother's cause, a humanitarian attitude, and moral efficiency. Holiness is not the supreme aim, but efficient loving-kindness. One interesting item of informa- tion was brought forward by Superinteiideut Raymond, of South Dakota. He stated that the Teachers' Association of his State had appointed a committee to investigate the subject of moral and religious instruction, with a view of elaborating a series of tenets upon which people of all creeds could agree, ^d which might then be taught in the scliools. My person," conviction has been for some years that two or three religious ideas inav well be adopted by the common schools of the United States as fundamental in a suitable scheme of teaching morality. Morality with- out religion is devoid of dynamic power. Religion is the heart of morality. Renfic of Reviews, 1/7/06. The Reviews Reviewed. &i THE OCCULT MAGAZINES. The Annals of Psychical Science for April devotes most of its space to describing and vindicating the genuineness of the phenomenon of materialism at the Villa Carmen, Algiers. Among the shorter articles, which may be described as " Tlie Keview of Keview.s " section of the Annals, there are two vei"y marvellous stories. One describes how two chaplets marked for identification were placed ill the cottin of a child, and after the coffin had been screwed down and consigned to the earth, tJiey were returned, one the second day and the other the fourth day, after burial : — On the Monday at eleven o'clock she was with Mme. D. in one of the bedrooms, when both of them suddenly saw something white detach itsell from the ceiling and descend shwly to the ground in a spiral course. They immediately picked up the little white mass. It was the first cbaplet, surrounded with a little wadding which smelt of the corpse, and still having the metallic button attached. The child's body had been wrapped in wadding. The Norwegian papers report that on the day on which King Haakon VII. replaced King Oscar II, on the throne of Noi-way, a portrait in one case and a marble bust in another, suddenly fell to the ground in the presence of many witnesses, without being moved by any visible person present. According to the Prufiressire Tliinkcr, Dr. Rioliard Hodg.son has communicated since his death with Dr. Punk, of Funk and Wagnalls. Dr. Funk is going to make a report concerning the message the authenticity of which he has no doubt. The Occult Beview for May publishes two prize essays on the question of Ghost Clothes, which curiously exer- cises some minds to wliom it appears much more impossible to materialise the thought-body of a fur coat than the face and features of its wearer. The editor publishes a letter written by Dr. Richard Garnett. of the British Museum, who, in his capacity as astrologer, was a contributor and supporter of the Occult Beview. One of the most interesting articles in the magazine is that by Mr. R. H. Benson, who explains lucidly and intelligibly th-3 attitude of the Roman Catholic Chnrch towards occultism. It may be summarised in brief that two of a trade never agree, espSciall.v when they do not agree as to the conclusions at which they have arrived. Dr. Franz Hartmann tells a weird story of witch- craft in Germany. According to Dr. Hartmann ani- mals are .still bewitched. He gives details of one case which occurred in the dairy of his own sister, which is gruesome in the extreme. Mr. Reginald B. Span, in a brief pa.pw on " Glimpses nf the Unseen," tells a story of fairy music in Ireland and Western Amerioa. ca.p.s it with a tale of a vanis'iing house, and declares that a friend of his is certain he has not only heard but has seen the ban- shee. Hearing a horrible wailing noise in the air, high above their heads, he and his sister looked up and caught a glinip.se of a grey figure, like the form of a small old woman, with draperies flapping in the wind, sweep swiftl.v round a corner of the house-roof, and disappear behind an angle of the building, uttering a shrill wailing noise as she fled. The next day his father died. In the Opn Court for April David P. Abbott de- scribes from the point of view of an expert conjurer liow he can simulate the " MediumLstic Reading of Sealed Writings." In tlie Bibliotheca Sacra for April Dr. Merrins publishes the first of two papers on " The Powells of Darkne^ss." Dealing with the question of demoniac possession, he says: — According to the Catholic ritual of exorcism, the indicia of being possessed by an e\il spirit were these: (1) the iaculty of knowing the unexpressed thoughts of others; (2) understanding languages not known by the possessed; (3) the faculty of speaking unknown or strange languages; |4) knowledge of future events; 15) knowledge of events pass- ing in distant places; (6) the exhibition of preternatural strength; (7) the ability to keep the body suspended in the air a considerable time. The odd thing is that these seven indicia of the Evil One are regarded by the Catholic Church itself as the gifts and glories of her greatest saints. In Calcutta last March appeared the first number of the Hindu Spiritual Maijazinc, edited by Shishir Kumar Ghose, which promises well. The editor states his object thus : — We have laid down before that to prove the survival of life after death is to prove that most of the miseries that we suffer from are myths. We have tried to prove, and we shall try to prove again more elaborately if possible, that to prove the survival of life after death, is to prove that the destiny of man is indescribably high and happy, rhose, who admit the propositions laid down above, are also bound to admit that a knowledge of the existence of an after life is more valuable to man than any other; and, therefore, his supreme dutj- is to ascertain for himself whether continued existence is a reality or a fiction. I am glad to find from the pages of this newcomer that the seed sown in Borderland seems to be springing up and yielding fruit even in India. TflE CHURCH QUARTERLY REVIEW. The articles in the Church Quarterly Beriew for April are of special rather than of very general interest. The article on '■ Pre-Raphaelitism " is a review of Mr. Holraan Hunt's recent book — that on " Missions in Nyasaland " — a sui-vey of work hitherto in Nyasa- land, and a plea for an adequate supply of trained workers to render that work tliorough. Since every mission field has the same crying need, the writer asks should not the Church, as a whole, set hereelf to supply and thoroughly train the men to meet the need. An article on " Penitence and Moral Discipline " deals with the attitu;l6of two eminent English Churci- men to the vexed question of " confession," one of the two being Canon Hensley Heuson. THE TRAINING OF THE ANGLICAN CLERGY. The opening paper deals with the present method of training for liMy orders, and makes a variety of sug- gestions destined to render that training more prac- tical. A graduate who goe.s to a theological college to study for the ministry — to feel that he is beginning a course of instruction totally different from that of his school or university — in a word, tliat he is learning not so much how to answer examina- tion questions as how to think on theological questions, if he has not already done so. An ideal at present very little encouraged. Everything sliould be done to ensure that the decision as to the intellectual fitness of candidates should be arrived at six months at least before their ordination, and when- ever possible this period should be extended. The writer also suggests that a council — smaller, and with more real power than any at present existing — should decide wiiat is the best possible education for a clergyman, and he is evidently opposed to a distinctively clerical training being entered upon too soon. Something might even be done to remove 'that insularity which pervades the English Church" by arranging for young men to sludy on the Conti- nent. To be truly efficent, the clergy must, he re- cogni.ses. understand the problems of their age and sympathise with its p:?ip'.exit.ies. Time was when Grotius was able to say " Clerus Ariglicanus stupor mundi." Let not that time pass away, is the note of this article. 82 The Review of Reviews. July 1, 1906. THE MONTHLY REVIEW. The 2Ionthly Beiiew, though a good average num- ber, does not contain any article of great importance. The An-iter of the opening paper, on " Parliament and Parties,'' says that there is not one of the high ex- pectations formed of the new ilinistry which has not already undergone some disillusion. There has been even more dilly-dallying than usual over the pre- liminaries of the Se.ssion. Old pro-Boer bitterness still rankles, and the severest criticism of all is reserved for the Natal episode and the handling of the Chinese labour question. The writer says that public men and the press in the colonies do not let their real feelings about Liberal Governments appear, but they neverthe- less do feel very strongly — a statement unfortunately true. In fact, his conclusion Ls tliat "since the open- ing of Parliament the Radicals have been giving themselves away with both hands." JAP.tNESE STATESMEN OF TESTEEDAT AND TO-DAY. Mary Crawford Fraser, writing on this subject, says that Japanese statesmen of yesterday had to risk everything, even their countri.-'s hatred, to compass her renascence. The best known are Count Inouye, of '■ gentle noble character and scholarly attainments," the Marquis Ito, Count Itgaki. and Marshal Yama- gata. His worst enemies are obliged to confess that Marquis Ito is disinterested. He began life at a time when even the weU-born Japanese could hardly speak their own language correctly. In fact, most of the article is devoted to an interesting sketch of Ito as the type of the group of statesmen now passing aw^y. Count Okuma, the writer says, will never be a leader again. His remarks on the peace ended his influential career. SPIEITTJALISir. Isabella C. Blackwood writes a sensible article on " Spiritualism " — in inverted commas. Not that there is anything new in it to anyone who has ever given serious attention to the subject. It may be best summed up by quoting the last paragraph : — ■We contend, therefore, that while Spiritualism confirms the claim for ancient inspiration from spiritual sources — that men received ideas, commtinications. help, encourage- ment, iruidance or warnings, from the spirit side of lite while it explains the testimony of antiquity, it, at the same time takes these experiences from the categorv of the enpernatural and perfect, and makes clear the fact that aU inspiration is imperfect, and must be judged according to the ordinary tests of truth and right. AOCUESED RACES. 5Ir. Frederick Boyle writes on the curious subject of races held accursed. Of course in the East it is well known that there are many such races, but many persons have now forgotten that in France, from time immemorial till the beginning of last century, unfor- tunates, both individuals and small communities, existed in great number who were held to be so ac- cursed, Wlien in 1847 M. Francisque Michel pub- lished an account of them, he a.stounded the world. Frenchmen felt inclined to protest that his evidence applied only to the Middle Ages; but at that time there were still living witnesses to such a state of things, and his assertions have never been disputed. These accui-sed people were called Gahets in Brittany, Trangots in Normandy, Cagots (the commonest name) or Capots in the South, in some parts even Chretiens. Cagots in the Pyrenees were supposed to be hereditary lepers, and their touch to be infectious : their breath was said to be pestilential, and their bodies to give forth an abominable stench. When, in the eighteenth century, these Cagots came to be impartially examined, they proved to be healthier, cleaner and better-look- ing than the average French peasant. They were, however, like other accursed races, never supposed to be ugly, but rather to have handsome faces and soft, smooth skins. There was, moreover, a general belief that they had no lobe to tlie ear. The writer points out, for'what it is worth, that this is a recog- nised character of the Berbers, though sometimes the lobe is merely very small. How did these intelligent people fall under such a curse? It is not at all clear, except that they were recognised as Goths, and, therefore, " furriners," for the people certainly did not know who or what Goths were. The writer gives many instances of other outcast races, and the article is certainly one of the most curious and interesting in this month's magazines. THE NATIONAL REVIEW. There are several papers in the May number of exceptional interest, "Russia on the Rubicon's Banks," Captain Mahan's plea for limiting the size of ships of war, and Major Baden-Powell's " Advent of the Flying Machine '' demand separate attention. In his monthly chronicle the editor rejoices in the success of Sir Edward Grey's policy at Algeciras, but otherwise has, as might be expected, no good word to say for the Government. Mr. Birrell's Bill is de- nounced with a warmth which even Lord Halifax might envy. The Commission of Three is fiercely as- sailed, and the editor exclaims, in the frenzy of his wrath. " There is nothing to prevent the Commission from consisting of Lord Loreburn. Dr. Clifford and Mr. Stead!" Mr. Ramsay Macdonald makes out a good ethical case for the tabour Clause of the Trade Disputes Bill. He confesses quite frankly that at first Labour men were uncertain about the question. Tlieir present faith is a reasoned triumph over their fii-st doubt. Mr. Reginald Lucas adduces his own experience as evidence of the negative value of a public school edu- cation. The deplorable ignorance in which he icft both Eton and Cambridge is confessed with edifying candour. He is severe on the h.vpocrisy which waxes frantic with earnestness to give elementary school children definite religious teaching, but opposes the appointment of a clerical head to a public school like Eton. Miss Eveline Godley surveys rather rapidly a century of children's books. She contrasts the change from the austere idealism of a century ago with the naughty realism of to-day. and suggests that, after all concessions have been made, tlie real alone is a bad substitute for the ideal. Messrs. H. J. Wickham and H. P. TVyatt propose a scheme of imperial cooperation under which the Colonies should build, equip and man ships operated by private companies in peace, but available for the Empire as auxiliary vessels in time of war, Tlie normal pay of the crews, who must all be members of the Naval Reserve, should be aug- mented by the respective Governments, so as to secure the very best men afloat. Tlie editor of the Outlook speaks of the inevitable compulsion of Empire, and urges that " sea-power must b& the first of all social questions." Sir Rowland Blennerhassett, writing on the genesis of Italian unity, urges the formation of an pntrnte to include Italy, England, France and Russia, as an ade- quate protection against German designs on European libertv. The Economu; Ecriew for April is chiefly valuable for Mr. A. Hook's paper on the problem of the unearned increment, quoted elsewhere, and its very useful summaries of contemporary sociological data furnished by books, periodicals, official returns, etc. Review of Reviews, 1I7J06. The Reviews Reviewed. 83 THE PALL MALL MAGAZINE. The May number of the Pall Mall ilarjazinc con- tains a short article on Funch and the Trea.sui7 Bencli in the form of a short interview, by Mr. Bruuo Phil- lips, with Mr. Linley Sambourne. From the point of view of the caricature, Mr. Sam- bourne finds Mr. Morley the most difficult of all the new Ministers, having no particularly marked cliarac- teristio and no outstanding feature. Mr. Asquith is as difficult tor similar reasons. On the other hand, Mr. Gladstone and Lord Beacon.sfield were " triumphs of character in the form of feature and expression." In reference to his metlmd of work, Mr. Sambourne says ; — Every man has his own way of working. Mine is to study the best portraits I can get and stamp a man's individualit.v upon the mind; and this i.s assisted lart:el.v, of course, by meeting liim in the ordinary walks of life. But it has never been my method to draw from life, or knock off those flying sketches which I know are so valuable to my colleagues when the occasion for usint^ them arrives. At the age of eighty-two, Josef Israels, the Dutch artist, has been elected an Honorary Foreign Acade- mician, and Annie Ludeu in the present issue of the magazine gives us a tinu-ly picture of the artist at work. He still works six hours a day, and at present he is engaged on a picture to be called " The End of the Day.' Before he begins a picture he sees in his mind every turn of it, every line, every feeling, but the working out, tbe getting it right, he says, is the real beauty of it all. He thinks the English painters finish tlifir pictures too much, not knowing when to leave them alone. THE C0RRE8P0NDANT. The first April numb?r of the Correspondant opens with an article by H. Korwin Milewski, on the Future Parliament of Russia. Tlie writer announces that he was the author of the anonymous article on the Con- stitutional Crisis in Russia, which appeared in the same review in January, 1905. TBE DUMA. The writer notes four leading parties of the Duma, and thus defines them: — (1.) The Socialist-Revolutionary Party, few in num- ber, but nevertheless able to exercise an immense influence over their neighbours to the Left. (2.) The Constitutional-Democratic Party, much more democratic than constitutional, accepting the monarchy and demanding universal suffrage. (3.) Tlie Party of October 17th— namely, the Monar- chical-Constitutional Party. M. Goutchkoff, their chief, has covered the Empire with committees, and at this moment it seems as if his party will counter- balance the preceding party. (4.) The Party of Legal Order, composed chiefly of bureaucrats, trying to cover with velvet gloves hands of iron. There will also be many minor parties, industrial, purely monarchical, national, etc. The more intelli- gent section of the first National Assembly at lea.st, says the writer, will be absolutely incorruptible. The rural members, like the rural members of the Na- tional Assembly in France in 1871, may not be strong, but they are all very worthy men. CATHOLIC AND SOCIAL PEOPAGANDA WORK. Eugene Tavernier gives, under the title of "The Science of Propaganda," au account of the German Catholic Vilksverein (Popular Union'!, which has its Central Buicau at Miinchcn-Gladbach. not far from Cologne, in tho industrial region of Krefeld, Essen, Elberfeld, and Dusseldorf, The object of the Union is Ciiristian Social Reform, and the two means of pro- paganda are literature, lectures and discussions. There i,s a library ot 4(IU0 volumes, works on religion and the social sciences, besides two weekly papers. The oral sectiou is equally important. Last year two thousand meetings were held on questions of reli- gious and social progress, and the adherents number ■180,000. The Union has been in existence fifteen .years. Essentially Catholic in its nature, the Tnion is naturally animated by an ardent solicitude for .social reforms. Indirectly it is political and electoral. It is not in any way dependent on the Centre. It renders the Centre various services and receives vari- ous services from the Centre. Members of the Centre may be seen at the meetings of the Union, and many members of the Union belong to the ranks of the Centre. INDIAN SUBJECTS IN THE MAGAZINES. The Asiatic Quarterly Beview publishes the interest- ing papers read before the East India Association by Mr. Yusuf Ali on " Civic Life in India," and by Shaikh Abdul Qadir on "Young India; Its Hopes and Aspirations," with a full report of the discussion that followed. It also publishes Mr. S. M, Mitra's paper on " The Piartitiou of Bengal and the Bengali lan- guage," in which he maintains that the adminis- trative partition will not prejudicially affect the growth of Bengali language and literature. The Indian TForld for March republishes in full Mr. C. E. Buckland's paper on ''The City of Calcutta," which was read before the Society of Arts. The editor complains of the " stupid brutality and insolent folly " of Dr. Fitchett's recent articles on Hinduism, and laments Mr. Morley's de- cision not to I'eopen the Partition question, which seems to show that " settled things " and '' seeming expediences " have much greater attraction for the man of politics than the " greater good " and larger expediences had for the man of letters twenty years ago. Articles on the life and message of Swami Vive- kananda appeal- in the Mysore Heriew for March, and in the Brahn\aradin for Febraai'y. In the Indian Beview for March, besides the symposium on the Swadhesi movement, there are articles on '' Shelley and Vedantism," Mr. Hobson on '' Imperialism," and Mr. Orossfield's plea for the development of autonomy within the Empire. The article on " How California Fights Her Fruit Pests," which I reviewed in the March numher of " The Review of Reviews," comes in for some kindly comment by the Perth Daily News. The editor of that paper very courteously points out a mistake which the Century Magazine made with regard to Mr. Com- pere. Tlie Century Magazine gave California the credit for having initiated the idea of combating pests with parasites, and Western Australia is just casually men- tioned as the country which helps to pay Mr. Com- pere's expenses. Tlie Perth Daily Nrir.t says that we will be " interested to know that Mr. Compere has been in the sei-vice of the Government of Western Australia for several years, and it was after ho had been advocating the parasitical destruction of fruit pests, and had started out in search of the fruit fly and other parasites, that tho Government of California realised the importance of his work, and agreed to pay a share of his expenses in return for a share of his success " ; and it ,siigge.sts that if honour is given to whom honour is due. Western Australia should reall.y recoive the first credit for adopting scientific methods of ridding the orchardist of expensive enemies. I am much obliged to the editor for his information and his friendl.v manner of giving it. 84 I he Kevlew of Reviews. July 1, lnU6. THE REVUE DES DEUX MONDES. There are several interesting articles in the April numbers of the Revue, de^s Deux Mondes — too many for special notice. FEEXOH PAKUAMENTAET REFORM. Charles Benoist, who writes on Parliamentain- Re- form, shows how imperfect present parliamentary life is in France. Everywhere disorder reigns supreme, as much an.oiig the electors as among tne elected. To an Assembly certain forms are as necessary as tactics in an army, but theie is no form anywhere. Parlia- mentary reform ought to begin with the reform of the rules of tiie Chamber of Deputies, or, rather, the next Chamler ought first to undertake electoral re- form and follow it up by certain reforms in parliamen- tary procedure. ELECTRICITY IX URBAN TRANSPORT. In another article Gaston Cadoux discusses the question cf Electricity and Urban Transport, especially in Loudon, Paris, snd Berlin. He is quite appalled by the immensity of London, which he contrasts with Paris. Greater London, with Charing Cross as its centre, forms a circle which, with Notre Dame as its centre, would embrace the departments of Seine-et- Oise and Seine et-Marne. and the region extending -from Versailles to Saint-Leu-Tavemy towards the middle of the Forest of Montmorency, and the territory be- tween Saint-Germain and the Forest of Senart. A comparison of the means of transport of the two cities he thinks scarcely possible, owing to the dif- ferences of size and population, and the manners and needs of the two populations, but he shows the main features and the most important improvements in eath capital. In considering Berlin, he also includes the suburbs with Charlottenburg and Sohoneberg. THE DANCE OP DEATH IN ART. There is a very interesting article, by Eiiile Ma'e, on French Art at the close of the Middle Ages. In it the writer deals with various representations of " Tl e Dance of Death." He shows that the poets and tlie artists of the thirteenth century depicted death not as a thing to be feared, but rather enjoyed. At the end of the fourteenth century, however, death in all its terrors suddenly appears, and in the fifteentli century a.rti.sts were literally inspired by the subject. In the sixteenth century, also, death was depicted everywhere, not merely on tombs, but in the sculp- tural decorations of houses. Over the fireplace in a house at Yvetot there is a death's head with bones, and an inscription. 'Think on death." In the thirteenth century artists were more con- cerned with the teachings of Christ, in the fourteenth it was Christ's sufferings which inspired them.- But the great change can only be understood when the history of the mendicant friars, the Franciscans and the Dominicans, of t'-e two centuries has been written. It was they who terrified all Europe in speaking of death, and the writer is convinced that the first idea of a Dance of Death belongs either to the Franciscan or to the Dominican preachers. Tlie idea of the Dance of Death, adds the writer, is no more German in its origin than is Gothic architecture : it is en- tirely French in its inspiration. Even "Tlie Dance of Death " at Lubeck betrays its French origin. OTHER ARTICLE.S. In the second number Ernest Martinenche has a .study of Perez Galdos and his drama.s, and Cami'le Bpllaiome rontr'bntes "Musical Thoughts in the Sis- tine Chapel." The most beautiful of the wonderful harmonies of Rome, says M. Bellaigue, is the contact of Christianity with antiquity, and in the remark- able contrasts or great resendjiances of the Eternal City music is not an uneople. It is something, even amidst this present happiness, to find leisure and opportunity to take up and par- tially realise these old and hopeless dreams. But that alone, in a world where so much of vivid and increasing interest presents itself to be done even by an old man, would not, I think, suffice to set me at this desk. I find some such recapitulation of my past as this will involve, is becoming necessary to my own secure mental continuity. The passage of years brings a mart at last to retrosf)ection ; at seventy-two one's youth is far more important than It was at forty. And I am out of touch with my youth. The old life seems so cut off from the new, so alien and so unreasonable, that at times I find it bordering upon the incredible. The data have gone, the buildings and places. I stopped dead the other day in my afternoon's walk across the moor, where once the dismal outskirts of .Swathinglea straggled toward Leet, and asked : " Was it here indeed that I crouched among the weeds and refuse and broken crockery, and loaded DCST IN THE SHADOWS. my revolver, ready for murder? Did ever such a thing happen in my life? Was such a mood and thought and intention ever possible to me ? Rather, has not some queer nightmare spirit out of dream- land slipped a pseudo-memory into the records of my vanished life? There must be many alive still who have the same perplexities. And I think, too, that those who are now growing up to take fiur places in the great enterprise of mankind will need many such narratives as mine for even the most partial conception of the old worid of shadows that came before our day. It chances that my case is fairiy typical of the Change; I was caught midway in a gust of passion and a curious accident put me for a time in the very nucleus of the new order. ... My memory takes me back across the interval of fifty years to a little ill-lit room with a sash- \vindow open to a starry sky, and instantly there returns to me the characteristic smell of that room, the penetrating odour of an ill-trimmed lamp burn- ing cheap paraffin. Lighting by electricity had then been perfected for fifteen years, but still the larger portion of the world used these lamps. All this first scene will go, in my mind at least, to that olfactory accompaniment. That was the evening smell of the room. By day it had a more subtle aroma, a closeness, a peculiar sort of faint pun- gency, that I associate — I know not why— with dust. Let me describe this room to you in detail. It was perhaps eight feet by seven in area, and rather 9° The Review of Reviews. July 1, 190d. higher than either of these dimeiisions ; the ceiling was of plaster, cracked and bulging in places, grey \\4th the soot of the lamp, and in one place discoloured by a system of yellow and olive-green stains caused by the percolation of damp from above. The waJls were covered with dun-coloured paper upon which had been printed in oblique reiteration a crimson shape, something of the nature of a curly ostrich feather or an acanthus- flower, that had in its less faded moments a sort of dingx gaiety. There were several big plaster- rimmed wounds in this, caused by Parload's ineffectual attempts to get nails into the wall, whereby there might hang pictures. One nail had hit between two bricks and got home, and from this depended, sustained a little insecurely by frayed and knotted blind-cord, Parload's hanging bookshelves, planks painted over with a treacly blue enamel, and further decorated by a fringe of pinked American cloth insecurely fixed by tacks. Below this was a little table that behaved with a mulish vindictiveness to any knee that was thrust beneath it suddenly ; it was covered with a cloth whose pattern of red and black had been rendered less monotonous by the accidents of Parload's ver- satile ink-bottle, and on it, leitmotif of the whole, stood and stank the lamp. This lamp, you must understand, was of some whitish translucent sub- stance that was neither china or glass ; it had a shade that did not protect the eyes of a reader in any measure, and it seemed admirably adapted to bring into pitiless prominence the fact that after the lamp's trimming, dust and paraffin had been smeared over its exterior with a reckless generositv'. The uneven floor-boards of this apartment were covered with scratched enamel of a chocolate hue, on which a small island of fraved carpet dimly blos- somed in the dust and shadows. There was a very small grate, made of cast-iron in one piece and painted buff, and a still smaller misfit of a cast-iron fender that confessed the grey stone of the hearth. No fire was laid, only a few scraps of torn paper and the bowl of a broken corn-cob pipe were visible behind the barv. and in the comer, and rather thrust away, was an angular japanned coal-box with a damaged hinge. Parload's truckle-bed hid its grey sheets beneath an old patch-work counterpane on one side of the room and veiled his boxes and suchlike oddments ; and invading the two comers of the window were an old whatnot and the washhand-stand, on which were distributed the simple appliances of his toilet. The washhand-stand had been made of deal by someone with an excess of turner}- appliances in a hurry, who had tried to distract attention from the rough economies of his workmanship by an arrest- ing ornamentation of blobs and bulbs upon the joints and legs. Apparently the piece had then been "olaced in the hands of some f)erson of infinite leisure equipped with a pot of ocherous paint, var- nish and a set of flexible combs. This person had first painted the article, then, I fancy, smeared it with vamish, and then sat down to work with the combs to streak and comb the vamish into a weird imitation of the grain of some nightmare timber. The washhand-stand so made had evidently had a prolonged career of violent use ; had been chipped, kicked, splintered, punched, stained, scorched, hammered, desiccated, damped and de- filed ; had met indeed with almost every possible adventure, except a conflagration or a scrubbing, until at last it had come to this high refuge of Parload's attic to sustain the simple requirements of Parload's personal cleanliness. It is to be re- marked that every drop of water Parload used had to be carried by an unfortunate ser\'ant-girl — the ■ slavey," Parload called her — up from the base- ment to the top of the house, and subsequendy down again. A chest, also singularly grained and streaked, of two large and two small drawers, held Parload's re- ser\'e of garments, and pegs on the door carried his two hats and completed this inventor)' of a • bed-sitting room '' as I knew it before the Change. But I had forgotten — there was also a chair with a ■• squab " that apologised inadequately for the de- fects of its cane seat. I forgot that for the mo- ment, because I was sitting on the chair on the occasion that best begins this story. I have described Parload's room with such par- ticularit)' because it will help you to understand the key in which my earlier chapters are written, but you must not imagine that this singular equip- ment or the smell of the lamp engaged my attention at that time to the slightest degree. I took all this grimy unpleasantness as if it were the most natural and proper setting for existence imaginable. It was the world as I knew- it. My mind was entirely oc- cupied then by graver and intenser matters, and it is only now in the distant retrospect that I see these details of environment as being remarkable, as significant, as indeed obviously the outw-ard visible manifestations of the old-world disorder in our hearts. II. Parload stood at the open window, opera-glass in hand, and sought and found, and was uncertain about and lost again, the new comet. I thought the comet no more than a nuisance then, because I wanted to talk of other matters. But Parload was full of it. My head was hot, I was feverish with interlacing annoyances and bitterness, I wanted to open my heart to him — at least, I wanted to relieve my heart by some romanric ren- dering of my troubles — and I gave but little heed to the things he told me. We were two youths much of an age together; Parload was two and twenty, and eight months Eemew of Heviews, 1/7/0 In the Days of the Gomet. 91 •older than 1. He was — I think his proper defini- tion was " engrossing clerk " to a little solicitor in Overcastle ; while I was third in the office staff of Rawdons pot-bank in Clayton. We had met first in the '■ Parliament " of the Young Men's Christian Association of Swathinglea ; we had found we at- tended simultaneous classes in Overstone, he in science 'and I in shorthand, and had started a practice of walking home together, and so our friendship came into being (Swathinglea, Clayton and Overcastle are contiguous towns, 1 should men- tion, in the great industrial area of the Midlands). We had shared each other's secret of religious doubt, we had confided to each other a common interest in socialism, he had come twice to supper at my mother's on a Sunday night, and I was tree of his apartment. He was then a tall, flaxen-haired, gawky youth, with a disproportionate development of neck and wrist, and capable of vast enthusiasm ; he gave two evenings a week to the evening classes of the organised science-school in Overcastle, where physiography was his favourite subject ; and through this insidious opening of his mind, the wonder of outer space had come to take possession of his soul. He had commandeered an old opera- glass from his uncle who farmed at Leet over the moors, he had bought a cheap paper planisphere and Whitaker's almanac, and for a time day and moonlight were mere blank interruptions to the one satisfactory reality in his life — star-gazing. It was the deeps that had seized him, the immensities, and the mysterious possibilities that might float unlit in that unplumbed abyss. With infinite labour, and the help of a very precise article in '' The Heavens," a little monthly magazine that catered for those who were under this obsession, he had at last got his opera-gla&s upon the new visitor to our sys- tem from outer space. He gazed in a sort of rap- ture upon that quivering little smudge of light among the shining pin-points — and gazed. My troubles had to wait for him. '• Wonderful," he sighed, and then, as though his first emphasis did not satisfy him — " wonderful !" He turned to me. " Wouldn't you like to see ? ' I had to look, and then I had to listen, how that this scarcely visible intruder was to be, was presently to be one of the largest comets this world has ever seen ; how that its course must bring it within at most — so many score of millions of miles from the earth (a mere step, Parload seemed to think that) ; how that the spectroscope was already sounding its chemical secrets, perplexed by an unprecedented band in the green ; how it was even now being phcjtographed in the ve'ry act of unwinding — in an unusual direction — a sunward tail (which presently it wound up again); and all the while, in a sort of undertow, I was thinking, first of Nettie Stuart and the letter she had just written me, and then of old Rawdon's detestable face as I had seen it that afternoon. Now I planned answers to Nettie, and now belated repartees to my employer, and then again " Nettie " was blazing all across the back- ground of my thoughts. . . . Nettie Stuart was daughter of the head gardener of the rich Mr. "Verrall's widow, and she and J. had kissed and become sweethearts before we were eighteen years old. My mother and hers were second cousins and old schoolfellows, and though my mother had been widowed untimely by a train accident and had been reduced to letting lodgings (she was the Clayton curate's landlady), a function esteemed much lower than that of Mrs. Stuart, a kindly custom of occasional visits to the gardener's cottage at Checkshill I'owers still kept the friends in touch. Commonly I went with her. And I re- member it was in the dusk of one bright evening in July, one of those long golden evenings which do not so much give way to night as admit at last upon courtesy the moon and a choice retinue of stars, that Nettie and I, at the pond of goldfish where the yew-bordered walks converge, made our shy beginners' vow. I remember still — something will always stir in me at that memory — the tremulous emotion of that adventure. Nettie was dressed in white, her hair went oft" in waves of soft darkness from above her dark, shining eyes, and there was a little necklace of pearb about her sweetly modelled neck, and a little coin of gold that nestled in her throat. I kissed her half-reluctant lips, and for three years of my life thereafter — nay ! I almost think for all the rest of her life and mine — I could have died for her sake. You must understand — and every year it becomes increasingly difficult to understand — how entirely different the world was then from what it is now. It was a dark world; it was full of preventable dis- order, preventable diseases and preventable pain, of harshness, of a savage universal jealousv and stupid unpremeditated cruelties, but yet, it may be even by virtue of the general darkness, there were moments of a rare and evanescent beauty that seem no longer possible in my experience. The Great Change has come forevermore, happiness and beauty are our atmosphere, there is peace on earth and goodwill to all men, none would dare to dream of returning to the sorrows of the former time, and yet that misery was pierced, ever and again its grey curtain was stabbed through and through by joys of an intensity, by percep- tions of a keenness, that it seems to me are now altogether gone out of life. Is it the Change, I wonder, that has robbed life of its extremes, or is it perhaps only this, that youth has left me — even the strength of the middle years leaves me now — and taken its despairs and raptures, leaving me judgment perhaps, sympathy, memories ? I cannot tell. One would need to be young now, and to have been young then as well, to decide that impossible problem. 92 The Review of Reviews. July I, 190e Perhaps a cool observer even in the old da}s would have found little beauty in our grouping. I have our two photographs at hand in this bureau as I write, and they show a gawky youth in ill- fitting, ready-made clothing, and Nettie . In- deed, Nettie is badly dressed, and her attitude is more than a little stiff, but I can see her through the picture, and her living brightness, and something of that mystery of charm she had for me, come back again to mv mind. The realitv of beauty yields itself to no words. I wish that t had the sister art and could draw in mv margin something that escapes description. There was a sort of gravity in her eyes. There was something, a matter of the minutest difference, about her upper lip, so that her mouth closed sweetly and broke very sweetly to a smile. That grave, sweet smile ! After we had kissed and decided not to tell our parents for a while of the irrevocable choice we had made, the time came for us to part, shyly and be- fore others, and my mother and I went off back across the moonlit park — ^the bracken-thickets rustling with startled deer — to the railwaj'-station at Checkshill and so to our dingy' basement in Clayton, and I saw no more of Nettie — except that I saw her in my thoughts — for nearly a year. But at our next meeting it was decided we must cor- respond, and this we did with much elaboration of secrecv, for Nettie would have no one at home, not even her only sister, know of her attachment. So I had to send my precious documents sealed and under cover bv way of a confidential schoolfellow of hers who lived near London. . . . Our correspondence began our estrangement, be- cause for the first time we came into more than sensuous contact and our minds sought expression. Now vou must understand that the world of thought in those days was in the strangest condition ; it was choked with obsolete, inadequate formulge, it was tortuous to a mazelike degree with secondary- contrivances and adaptations, suppressions, conven- tions and subterfuges. Base immediacies fouled the truth on any man's lips. I was brought up by my mother in a quaint, old-fashioned, narrow faith in certain religious formulas, certain rules of conduct, certain conceptions of social and political ordei, that had no more relevance to the realities and needs of every-day contemporary life than if they were clean linen that had been put away with lavender in a drawer. Indeed, her religion did ac- tuallv smell of lavender ; on Sundays she put away all the things of reality, the garments and even the furnishings of every-day, hid her hands, that were gnarled and sometimes chapped with scrub- bing, in carefully mended black gloves, assumed her old black silk dress and bonnet, and took me, unnaturallv clean and sweet also, to church. There we sang and bowed and heard sonorous pravers and joined in sonorous responses, and rose with a con- gregational sigh refreshed and relieved when the doxology^ with its opening, '■ Now to God the Father, God the Son," bowed out the tame, brief sermon. There was a hell in that religion of my mothers, a red-haired hell of curly flames that had once been very terrible ; we were expected to believe that most of our poor unhappy world was to atone for its muddle and trouble here by suffering exquisite tor- ments forever after, world without end. Amen. But indeed those curly flames looked rather jolly. The whole thing had been mellowed and faded into a gentle unreality long before my time ; if it had much terror even in my childhood, I have forgotten that ; it was not so terrible as the Giant who was killed bv the Beanstalk ; and T see it all now as a setting for my poor old mother's worn and grimy face, and almost lovingly as a part of her. And Mr. Gabbitas, our plump little lodger, strangely transformed in his vestments and lifting his voice manfully to the quality of those Elizabethan prayers, seemed, I think, to give her a special and peculiar interest with God. She radiated her own tremulous gentleness upon Him, and redeemed Him from all thf implications of vindictive theologians; she was in truth, had I but perceived it, the effectual answer to all she would have taught me. Mr. Gabbit:as, you see, did sometimes, as the phrase went, " take notice " of me. He had in- duced me to go on reading after I left school ; and, with the best intentions in the world, and to antici- pate the poison of the times, he had lent me Burble's '' Scepticism Answered," and drawn my attention to the library of the Institute in Clayton. The excellent Burble was a great shock to me ; it seemed clear from his answers to the sceptic that the case for doctrinal orthodoxy and all that faded and by no means awful hereafter, which I had hitherto accepted as I accepted the sun, was an extremely poor one ; and to hammer home that idea, the first book I got from the Institute hap- pened to be an American edition of the collected works of Shellev, his gassy prose as well as his atmospheric verse. I was soon ripe for blatant un- belief. And at the Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation I presently made the acquaintance of Par- load, who told me under promises of the most sinister secrecy that he was " a socialist out and out." He lent me several copies of a periodical with the clamant title of " The Clarion," which was just taking up a crusade against the accepted re- ligion. The adolescent years of any fairly intelligent vouth lie open, and will always lie healthily open, to the contagion of philosophical doubts, of scorns and new ideas, and I will confess I had the fever of that phase badly. Doubt, I say, but it was not so much doubt — which is a complex thing — as startled, emphatic denial. " Have I .believed this/" And I was also, you must remember, just commencmg love-letters to Nettie. Review of Heviewe, 1J7/06. in the Days of the Gomet. 93 We live now in these days when the Great Change has been in most things accomplished, in a time when everyone is being educated to a sort of in- tellectual gentleness, a gentleness that abates nothing from our vigour, and it is hard to understand the stifled and struggling manner in which my genera- tion of common young men did its thinking. To think at all about certain questions was an act of rebellion that set one oscillating between the fur- tive and the defiant. People begin to find Shelley — for all his melody — noisy and ill-conditioned now, because his Anarchs have vanished, yet there was a time when novel thought /lad to go to that tune of breaking glass. It becomes a little difficult to imagine the yeasty state of mind, the disposition to shout and say Yah I at constituted authority, to sus- tain a persistent note of provocation, such as we raw youngsters displayed. I began to read with avidity such writings as Carlyle, Browning and Heine have left for the perplexity of posterit)-, and not only to read and admire, but to imitate. My letters to Nettie, after one or two genuinely-intended displays of perfervid tenderness, broke out towards theolog)-, sociology and the cosmos in turgid and startling expressions. No doubt they puzzled her extremely. I retain the keenest sympathy, and something in- explicably near to envy, for my owti departed youth, but I should find it difficult to maintain my case against anyone who would condemn nie altogether as having been a very silly, posturing, emotional hobbledehoy indeed, and quite like my faded photo- graph. And when I try to recall what exactly must have been the quality and tenor of my more sus- tained efforts to write memorably to my sweetheart, I confess I shiver. . . . Yet I wish they were not all destroyed. Her letters to me were simple enough, written in a roundish, unformed hand, and badly phrased. Her first two or three showed a shy pleasure in the use of the word " dear " ; and I remember being first puzzled and then, when I understood, de- lighted, because she had written " Willie asthore " under my name. " Asthore," I gathered, meant " darling." But when the evidences of my fermen- tation began, her answers were less happy. I will not weary you with the story of how we quarrelled in our silly youthful way ; and how I went the next Sunday, all uninvited, to Checkshill and made it worse ; and how afterward I wrote a letter that she thought was " lovely " and mended the matter. Nor will I tell of all our subsequent fluctuations of misunderstanding. Always I was the offender and the final penitent, until this last trouble that was now beginning; and in between we had some tender near moments and I loved her very greatly. There was this misfortune in the business, that in the darkness and alone I thought with great intensity of her, of her eyes, of her touch, of her swe<;t, delightful presence, but when T sat down to write I thought of Shelley and Burns and myself and other such irrelevant matters. When one is in love in this fermenting way, it is harder to make love than it is when one does not love at all. And as for Nettie, she loved, I knew, not me, but those gentle mysteries. It was not my voice should rouse her dreams to passion. ... So our letters continued to jar. Then suddenly she wrote me one doubting whether she could ever care for anyone who was a socialist and did not believe in the church; and then, hard upon it, came another note with unexpected novelties of phrasing. She thought we were not suited to each other; we differed so in tastes and ideas ; she had long thought of releasing me from our engagement. In fact, though I really did not apprehend it fully at the first shock, I was dismissed. Her letter had reached me when I came home after old Rawdon's none too civil refusal to raise my wages. On this particular evening of which I write, therefore, I was in a state of feverish adjustment to two new and amazing, two nearly overwhelming, facts, that I was indispensable neither to Nettie nor at Rawdon's. And to talk of comets I Where did I stand? I had grown so accustomed to think of Nettie as inseparably mine — ^the whole tradition of " true love " pointed me to that — that for her to face about with these precise small phrases toward abandonment, after we had kissed and whispered and come so close in the little adventurous familiarities of the young, shocked me profoundly. I ! I ! And Rawdon didn't find me indispensable, either. I felt I was suddenly repudiated by the universe and threatened with effacement ; that in some positive and emphatic way I must at once assert myself. Should I fling up Rawdon's place at once, and then, in some extraordinarily swift manner, make the fortune of Frobisher's adjacent and closely com- petitive pot-bank? The first part of that programme, at any rate, would be easy of accomplishment — to go to Rawdon and say, " You will hear from me again " — but for the rest, Frobisher might fail me. That, however, was a secondary issue. The predominant affair was with Nettie. I found my mind thick-shot with fly- ing fragments of rhetoric that might be of service in the letter I would write her. Scorn, irony, tender- ness— what was it to be ? . . . " Bother !" said Parload suddenly. "What?" said I. " They're firing up at Bladden's ironworks, and the smoke comes right across my bit of sky." The interruption Came just as I was ripe to dis- charge mv thought upon him. "Parload," said I, "very likely I shall have to leave all this. Old Rawdon won't give me a rise in my wages, and after having asked I don't think I can stand going on upon the old terms any more. 94 The Revlvw of Reviews. July 1, 1906. See? So I may have to clear out of Clayton for good and all." III. That made Parload put down the opera-glass and look at me. ■• It's a bad time to change just now," he said, after a little pause. Rawdon had said as much, in a less agreeable tone. But with Parload I felt always a disposition to the heroic note. '• I"m tired,' I said, " of humdrum drudgery for other men. One may as well starve one's body out of a place as starve one's soul in one." •" I don't know about that altogether, " began Par- load, slowly. And with that we began one of our interminable conversations, one of those long, wandering, in- tensely generalised, diffusely personal talks that will be dear to the hearts of intelligent youths until the world comes to an end. It would be an incredible feat of memory for me now to recall all that meandering haze of talk; indeed, I recall scarcely any of it, though its cir- cumstances and atmosphere stand out, a sharp, clear picture in my mind. I posed after my man- ner, and behaved very foolishly, no doubt, a wounded, smarting egotist, and Parload played his part of the philosopher preoccupied with the deeps. We were presently abroad, walking through the warm summers night and talking all the more freely for that. But one thing that I said I can reaiDember. " I wish at times," said I, with a gesture at the heavens, •■ that comet of yours or some such thing would indeed strike this world and wipe us all away — strikes, wars, tumults, loves, jealousies, and all the wretchedness of life !" "Ah I" said Parload, and the thought seemed to hang about him. •■ It could only add to the miseries of life," he said irrelevantly, when presently I was discoursing of other things. "What would?" ■■ Collision with a comet. It would onlv throw things back. It w-ould only make what was left of life more sa\age than it is at present." •' But why should anytliiiig be left of life ?"' said That was our style, you know, and meanwhile we walked together up the narrow street outside his lodging, up the stepway and the lanes toward Clay- ton Crest and the highroad. We crossed a longer street, up which a clum.<;y steam-tram, vomiting smoke and sparks, made its clangorous way, and adown which one saw the greasy brilliance of shop-fronts and the naphtha flare of hawkers dripping fire into the night. A hazy movement of people swayed along that road, and we heard the voice of an itinerant preacher from a waste place between the houses. You cannot see these things as I can see them, nor can you figure — unless you know the pictures that great artist Hyde has left the world — the effect of the great hoarding by which we passed, lit below by a gas- lamp and towering up to a sudden sharp black edge against the pallid sky. Those hoardings '. They were the brightest- coloured tilings in all that vanished world. Upon them, in successive layers of paste and paper, all the rough enterprises of that time joined in chromatic discord — pill-venders and preachers, theatres and charities, mari-ellous soaps and as- tonishing pickles, typewriting machines and sewing machines, mingled in a sort of visualised clamour. And passing that there was a muddy lane of cinders, a lane without a light, that used its many puddles to borrow a star or so from the sky. We splashed along unheeding as we talked. Then across the allotments, a wilderness of cabbages and evil-look- ing sheds, past a gaunt abandoned factory, and so to- the highroad. The highroad ascended in a curve past a few dwellings and a beerhouse or so, and round until all the valley in which four industrial tOAvns lay crowded and confluent was overlooked. I will admit that with the twilight there came a spell of weird magnificence over all that land, and brooded on it until da^^Tl. The horrible meanness of its details was veiled — the hutches that were homes, the bristling multitudes of chimneys, the ugly patches of unwilling vegetation amidst the make- shift fences of barrel-stave and wire. The rusty scars that framed the opposite ridges where the iron ore was taken, and the barren mountains of slag from the blast-furnaces, were veiled; the reek and boiling smoke and dust from foundry, pot-bank and furnace were transfigured and assimiliated bv the night. The dust-laden atmosphere that was a grey oppression through the day became at sundown a myster}' of deep translucejit colours, of blues and purples, of sombre and vivid reds, of strange, bright clearnesses of green and yellow athwart the dark- ling sky. Eacfi upstart furnace, when its monarch sun had gone, crowned itself with flames ; the dark cinder-heaps began to glow with quivering fires and each pot-bank also squatted rebellious in a volcanic coronet of light. The empire of the day broke into a thousand feudal baronies of burning coal. The minor streets across the vallev picked themselves out with gas-lamps of faint yellow, that brightened and mingled at all the principal squares and cross- ings with the greenish pallor of incandescent mantles and the high, cold glare of the electric arc. The interlacing railwa\-s lifted bright signal-boxes over their intersections, and signal stars of red and green in rectangular constellations. The trains be- came fien' serpents breathing a lurid fire. Moreover, high overhead, like things put out of reach and near forgotten, Parload had rediscovered Review of Reviews, I/TjOG. In the Days of the Gomet. 95 a realm that was ruled by neither sun nor furnace — the universe of stars. This was the scene of many a talk we two had held together. And in the da)time we went right over the crest and looked westw^ard, thexe was farm- land ; there were parks and great mansions, the spire of a distant cathedral ; and sometimes, when the weather was near raining, th<_- crests of remote moun- tains hung clearly in the sky. Beyond the range of sight, indeed, out beyond, there was Checkshill ; I felt it there always, and in the darkness more than I did by day. Checkshill and Nettie! And to us two youngsters, as we walked along the cinder-path beside the rutted road and argued out our perplexities, it seemed that this ridge gave us compendiously a view of our whole world. There, on the one hand, in a crowded darkness, about the ugly factories and work-places, the workers herded together, ill-clothed, ill-nourished. ill-taught, badly and exj)ensively served at every occasion in life, uncertain even of their in- sufficient livelihood from day to day, the chapels and churches and public-houses swelling up amidst their wretched homes Uke saprophytes amidst a general corruption ; and on the other hand, in space,, freedom and dignity scarce heeding the few cot- tages, as overcrowded as picturesque, in which the labourers festered, lived the landlords and the mas- ters who owned pot-bank and forge and farm and mine. Far away, distant, beautiful, irrelevant, from- out of a little cluster of second-hand bookshops, ecclesiastical residences, and the inns and inciden- tals of a decaying market-town, the cathedral of LowThester pointed a beautiful unemphatic spire to- vague incredible skies. So it seemed to us the- whole world was planned in those youthful first im,- pressions. (To be continued.) Sttiiogniph Cif\riflil, ;9ofi.] li'iidcni'ooti and I'litlini-ootl, Loudon. Scii' York iiiid M'D SPIEITrALISM. The Rev. Percy Dearmer has been contributing to the CommomveaWt a series of notable papers on " The Communion of Saints." In these articles we have a frank confession that the decay of faith in the reality of the cloud of invisible witnesses is being arrested by the attention now being paid to psychical research. He says: — Every lack of faith in the Church leads to the uprising of some sect which bears witness to the forgotten truth. This truth was forgotten, and thousands of people have taken refuge in Spiritualism. Many of the greatest minds are convinced by the evidence that the power of the depart-ed, not only to know about us. but to communicate with us, has been proved. It would be interesting to know what Bishop Gore, for instance, would think of a teacher in a Church school who ventured to interpret " I believe in the Communion of Saints " after the fashion of Mr. Dearmer. THE THEOSOPHISTS. The Theosophists have succeeded in establishing a world-wide organisation based upon the most clear, definite, and dogmatic statements as to the reality and nature of Life after Death. The book by Mr. C. W. Leadbeater, which gives the title to this ar- ticle, is one of the most lucid and most categorical of all their writings. Nothing can be more categorical than the claim made by Mr. Leadbeater for the authenticity of his revelations. While philosophers speculate and theo- logians wrangle concerning the significance of an- cient revelations, Mr. Leadbeater boldly claims that he and his fellow-students speak of what they actu- ally know by first hand investigations. When he speaks of what exists on the other side of Death, he speaks of what he has seen and heard, because he has been there himself. KNO^^LEDGE AT FIEST HAND. Lest anyone should doubt the fact that any living man can actually in serious earnest make such a claim, I quote Mr. Leadbeater's exact words: — There is a far more definite and satisfactory method by means of which we may acquaint ourselves with every de- tail of the life of this other world— in so far, that is, as it is possible for us to comprehend it while still upon the physical plane. It is perfectly possible for man while still what we call alive to penetrate into this other world, to investigate it at his leisure, to communicate with its in- habitants, aJid then to return into our present state of existence and describe what he has seen. When it is found that a number of such investigators are constantly in the habit of making separate investiga- tions and then comparing notes, and that broadly they always agree on all points of importance, the e\-idenc'e seems considerably strengthened. When it is further found that their investigations fully confirm, and even in some cases explain, the teaching given on these subject.s in all the older religions of the world, it is evident that a very strong case is made out in their favour, and it would be foolish to refuse to allow them full weight in the discussion on such subiect.s. .\n.v minister of any church will have his version of the xtates after death to put before us; and in support of it he will exnlain that the Church teaches this or that, or that the Bible tells us so and so. But he will nevr - .- to us, " I who speak to you have been into this heaven or this hell which I describe; I myself have seen these things, and therefore know them to Ije true." But that is precisely what the Theosophical investigators are able to say, for they do know that of which they speak, and they are dealing with a definite series of facts which the.v have personally investigated, and therefore they speak with the authority and certainty which only direct knowledge gives. HOW THE LIVING VISIT THE OTHER WORLD. It is unnecessary here to enter into any discussion as to whether this bold claim is justified. Suffice it to say that Mr. Leadbeater claims that the faculty for making excursions into the region beyond the grave is common to all men. We all spend our sleeping lives in that mysterious region. But the f;iculty of exploring it intelligentlv needs to be cul- ti\ated. And it is very difficult to bring back into our waking consciousness the memory of what we have seen and heard when our physical senses are asleep. The Theosophists say that they have learned the art of developing what they call their astral consciousness, so that they have the benefit of the use of the senses and powers belonging to it during waking life as well as when they are asleep. Hence Mr. Leadbeater asserts : " There are among us an ever increasing body of people for whom these things are no longer a matter of speculation but of know- ledge." Without accepting or denying the truth of this assertion, it cannot fail to interest every one to hear what it is, these adventurers beyond the bourne have to tell us as to the nature of life after death. WHAT THET HAVE DISCOVEKEB. According to Mr. Leadbeater and his co-voyagers the Christian teaching, especially the teaching of the Catholic Church, is not very far from the fact, with one considerable exception. Heaven there is, purgatory there is, but hell, in the popularly under- stood sense of a place of purposeless torture eter- nally renewed, there is not. Its place is taken by what Mr. Leadbeater describes as " the merciful truth of seonian suspension." When, after some millions of years spent in purgatory, or in periodical reincar- nations, any human soul is proved to be incorrigible, it drops out into a condition of comparatively sus- pended animation, where it remains until the advent of another scheme of evolution, when it will begin again the attempt to ascend. THE TRUTH OP PURGATORY. Purgatory is not a place of fierj' torment. But it is a place of purgation, in which the sin of a man works out its punishment by natural process. For instance, a confirmed drunkard at death carries with him into the beyond the craving for drink. But as he has no longer a physical body by which he can satisfy that craving, he remains tortured by the un- satisfied appetite until, through terrible suffering, the evil desire wears itself out, and the soul, purified by this purgatorial torment, can pass on to a higher stage. When he is reincarnated he will be refitted with a body capable of responding to the alcoholic Review of Reviews, 1J7J0C. The Book of the Month. 99 temptation ; but if he is well trained in youth to crucify the body and its lusts, he will outgrow the temptation, and " never again in all his long series of future lives will he repeat that mistake." ' OUE PHYSICAL LIFE ONE THIRTIETH OF AN INCAENATIOX. The essence of the theosophical teaching about death is that it is only a point in the long history of the life of the soul. Birth is one point, death is another. Each marks a transition from one stage of existence to another. All of us, according to Mr. Leadheater, have already passed many times through the gates of death and through the gates of birth. If we could but remember, we should feel equally at home in our cradle as in our grave. Our physical life, Mr. Leadbeater tells us, averages about one- thirtieth of the period of our existence as one con- scious entity. That is to say, if a man lives fifty years on earth, he will pass about 1500 years on the other side of the grave before he is reincarnated on this earth. Memory subsists and conscious person- ality lasts for 1500 years. Then memory is dimmed, and the soul begins its new pilgrimage of 1500 years with a fresh set of memories and experiences, and so forth, for an indefinite period of successive in- carnations, until it is made perfect. Such is the . theory, or, rather, one theory of reincarnation — for there are several. In some the time between each incarnation is much shorter than r5oo years. But leaving theories on one side, what is it that happens when we die ? WHAT HAPPENS AT DEATH. When a man dies he dies without pain. The death-rattle and the death-struggle are usually but the convulsions of the body after the soul has quitted its earthly tenement. The dead man simply wakes up as from a sleep to discover that he is free from weariness and pain. He does not at first realise that he is dead. He thinks he is " dreaming." He looks about him and sees the same rooms with which he is familiar, peopled still by those whom he has known and loved ; he still sees and hears, thinks and feels. " I am not dead," he will often say, " I am alive as much as ever and better than I ever was before." Conviction that he is really dead comes to him usually by his finding that his friends cannot hear him or feel his touch. Then he feels uneasy, and does not understand. An English general once said when he woke up from the sleep of death : " If I am dead, where am I? If this is heaven, I don't think much of it ; and if it is hell, it is better than I expected." His desires still persist, and around him are the embodied thought-forms which he has created in his life. WHAT FIXES OUE FATE. Whether his life is one of happiness or discomfort w-ill depend chiefly upon the nature of these: — On the contrary, man remains after death exactly what he was before it— t}ie same in inteUect. the same in liis qualities and powers; and the conditions into which the man passes are precisely those tliat he has made tor him- self. The thoughts and desires which he has encouraged within himself during earth-life take form as definite living entities, hovering around him and reacting upon him until the energy which he poured into them is exhausted. When such thoughts and desires have been powerful and persis- tently evil, the companions so created may indeed be ter- rible"; but. happily, such cases form a very small minority among tlie dwellers in the astral world. The worst that the ordinary man of the world usually provides for himself after death is a useless and unutterably wearisome exist- ence, void of all rational interests — the natural sequence of a life wasted in self-indulgence, triviality, and gossip her© on earth. There is no reward or punishment from outside, but only the actual result of what the man himself has done and said and thought while here on earth. In faet. the man makes his bed during earth-life,, and afterwards he has to lie on it. THE BOKEDOM OF THE WORLDLIXG. Mr. Leadbeater then describes in detail the fate of various typical souls when they pass over into the next life. He takes as his first example the oidinary colourless, selfish worldling, neither speci- ally good nor specially bad. He is likely to be bored inexpressibly in the next life. For all the things which filled his mind on earth — his gossip, his business, his sport, his dress, his dinners — have van- ished, and there is nothing to fill the void. He has laid up no treasures in heaven, and he finds himself lonely, miserable, and unoccupied, with nothing to do. nothing to interest him, and a good deal to an- noy him in his inability to satisfy any of his tastes and appetites. Helpers come to his rescue, and sometimes he responds to their teaching and escapes from the dull realm of nothingness into a higher plane. But " sometimes such a man will settle down into a condition of apathetic despair, and surround himself with a heavy black cloud of depression which it is exceedingly difficult to dissipate." Such a man becomes a dweller in the outer darkness. THE TOETUEES OF THE DAMNED. When Mr. Leadbeater comes to describe the fate of the drunkard and the sensualist, his narrative in- creases in horror. Tantalus and Sisyphus, he says, were accurate representations of the actual fate of the voluptuary whose uncontrolled physical appetites become stronger rather than weaker after death, " since their vibrations have no longer the heavy physical particles to set in motion." Sometimes they suffer from the pangs -of remorse, at other times they make frantic and successful efforts to possess themselves of the bodies of the living through which thev can renew their debaucheries. For this an awful expiation is exacted, and the state of the frenzied but impotent sensualist becomes worse than before. Mr. Leadbeater says that the dead miser suffers by seeing his gold squandered by those into whose possession it has come, and the jealous are doomed to watch with unavailing rage the affection they sought to monopolise showered upon others. " Jeal- ousy at all times is utterly selfish and irrational, but after death its surgings often become yet wilder, and its unfortunate victim seems further removed than ever from the faintest gleam of common sense." lOO J he Review of Reviews. July 1, 1909. HOW WE ARE HAUXTED AFTEE DEATH. Sometimes the soul becomes a kind of automatic gramophone perpetually reproducing some crimes, as of murder or of revenge. At others the awakened soul finds itself surrounded by multitudes of em- bodied thought-forms which are apparently alive. and which threaten to cling to him everlastingly. A sinner is haunted by the spectral forms of all those whom he has injured. Wiertz's terrible picture of Napoleon in the shades is but a faint shadow of the reality. Sometimes all these multitudinous thought- forms combine to form one gigantic phantom. Mr. Leadbeater tells of "one such case which came re- cently under the notice of our investigators." A music-hall singer who had been an incorrigible coquette, and as such had inflicted untold misery on many admirers, found herself confronted in the next world by the rage and hatred of all those whom she had deceived and ruined. " The concentrated anger and detestation of many had collected into one hor rible form, which in outward appearance somewhat resembled a huge distorted gorilla. This unpleasant attendant seemed filled with the most malignant ferocity, and caused her the utmost terror, but though she spent her astral life in flying from it, it was quite impossible to escape it."' Mr. Leadbeater's investigators " promptly destroyed this malignant apparition '' without apparently doing its victim much good. In another case, where one Arab had betrayed his friend to death through jealousy, he was doomed in the other world to suffer the perpetual horror of friendly advances from his murdered friend, who, being quite unconscious of the murderers treachery, constantly sought his companionship : — In the nature of things this flight and pursuit must con- tinue for years, wliicli no doubt would seem eternities of unavailing repentance to the criminal, until at last b.v slow degrees the outer shell would wear away and there would come a time of mutual explanation. OX PREPAEATIOX FOR DEATH. So much fi^r the sinner. What about the others? If Theosophy tolerates the doctrine of justification by faith, it is only because, being justified by faith, men bring forth works meet for repentance: — The only preparation for death that is of any real use or importance is a well-spent life. Death does not affect the real man in the slightest decree: the putting aside of the physical body no more alters his nature than does the removal of his overcoat. If in this earlier stage he has learnt to delight in un- selfish actions and t-o work for the good of others, the astral life will be for him one of the m3St vivid joy and the most rapid progress. But there is great force in loving thoughts, and prayers for the dead are specially commended. Mr. Leadbeater says: — - One who has been widely loved is ver.r much helped and nplifted by the currents of thought directed to him. A very noticeable example of this was seen in the case of Her Majest.v the late Queen Victoria, whose rapid passage into the heaven world was undoubtedly due to the millions of loving and grateful thought-forms which were sent to her as well as to her own inherent goodness. BIETH IS DEATH AXD DEATH BIRTH. For the good it is so good to die that, if they only had themselves and their pleasure to consider, it would be well to commit suicide at once. " But there are lessons to be learnt on this plane which cannot be learnt anywhere else, and the sooner we learn them the sooner we shall be free for ever from the need of return to this lower and more limited life." For death is birth and birth is death : — It is a strange inversion of the facts, this employment of those words living and dead, for surely we are the dead, we who are buried in these gross cramping physical bodies, and they are truly the living who are so much freer and more capable because less hampered. THE AFTEE LIFE OF SaEXTIFIC MEX. Mr. Leadbeater sa)s of the man who during earth- life has had any intelligent interest or soul enough to look beyond gross matter, he will find death opens to him new lines of investigation and study: — He discovers that life away from this dense body has a vividness and brilliancy to which all earthly enjoyment is as moonlight unto sunlight, and that through his clear knowledge and calm confidence the power of the eidless life shines out upon all those around him. As has been said above, he may become a centre of peace and joy unspeak- able to hundreds of his iellow-men. and may do more good in a few years of that astral existence than ever he could have done in the longest physical lite. For the first time since his earliest childhood man after death is free to do precisely what he likes. Mr. Leadbeater's investigators have found deceased scientific men pursuing their studies and researches with greater avidity than was possible on earth. Mrs. Besant's reports of her visits to Professor Clif- ford and Mr. Bradlaugh on the astral were very in- teresting and suggestive. Philanthropists will pur- sue their philanthropy more vigorously than ever, and under better conditions. There are thousands whom they can help, and with far greater certainty of really being able to do good than we usually attain in this life. WEEP NOT BUT PRAY FOR THE DEAD. The so-called dead are in touch with the living, and are often influenced for good or for evil by the passions and the prayers of those whom they have left behind. Excessive grief for the departed retards their developaient, whereas prayers and strong lov- ing wishes for a particular dead person always reach him and help him. "Europe little know? what it owes to those great religious orders who devote them- selves night and day to ceaseless prayer for the faithful departed." We always shall recognise our dead, and the bond of sympathy and affection draws those who lo\e into close communion. THOUGHT FORMS ON THE OTHER SIDE. When the soul passes over, it finds itself in a thought-world filled w'ith thought-forms of its own creation. Devils and angels, Shakespeare's heroes and heroines, the apostles, the patriarchs, Robinson Crusoe and Jack the Giant Killer — all the phantas- magoria of our thoughts during life take bodily and apparentlv real shape on the other s'de. But Review of Remeitm, 117/06. The Book of the Month. lOI gradually these thought-forms, which are simply the visualised form of mental conceptions, and have no intrinsic life of their own, become less and less dis- tinct. The soul is withdrawn from them, and " he discovers that all in which he has hitherto delighted has been merely introductory, and that the reality with which he comes into touch at a later stage of his progress has a grandeur and a depth and a radi- ance which nothing astral can e\-en suggest." ME. LEADBE.\TER AND HIS BOOK. I will not follow Mr. Leadbeater in his further flights into the Heaven World, but recommend all those who are interested in the subject to obtain his book. Mr. Leadbeater was a clergyman of the Church of England before he became- a Theosophist, and he declares that he has personally verified the truth of his statements by the aid of occult teaching im- parted to him by a Great Te?.cher whom he met in India. Whether his narrative be true or false, it is at least deserving of the attention of all those who have not so far departed from rationality as to be indif- ferent to the question whether death ends all, or whether, as all great teachers say, it is but the birth and the beginning of a new life. .Another book, " Interwoven," privately printed in Boston, contains a remarkable series of letters writ- ten from the other side by a young doctor to his mother. The Ijook is full of detailed information as to his actual experience, and I regret that I have no space left to deal with its contents in this article. .\nd so I end as I began, by commending the question as to what our elementary teachers have to teach their schools as to the soul and the life after death to the legislators and ecclesiastics who are busily engaged in wrestling with the religious diffi- culty. For here assuredly is the root and essence and soul of the whole subject — If a man dies shall he live again, and how and where and why? IMMORTAL LIFE GAINED BY DYING TO SELF. Miss Louise Collier Willcox, writing at some length upon "Recent Speculations upon Immor- tality ' in the April A'or//t Aiiier/ca/i Review, says: — Modern aijeculation seems to emphasise one point quite unanimously, namely: that such immortality a.s there is to he gaini^d is not come at easily; that, whether in the body or out of the hody, many deaths must be died and the selt must give up the selt more times than one. Even in this liie all higher forms of happiness are connected with a dis- tinct sense of the loss of personality. Virtue consists largely in the "heart at leisure from itself,' and the most foi'tunate endowment of genius is the impersonal in- tellect and a free and wide-roving curiosity. Among the writers whose books Miss Willcox re- views are Edward Carpenter's " The Art of Crea- tion " ; Professor W, Ostwald's " Individuality and Immortality " ; Crothers's " The Endless Life "; Dr. Osier's "Science and Immortality"; Munsterberg's "The Eternal Life"; Saleeby's "Evolution the Master l<;ev," and G. Santayana's " Reason in Re- ligion." ■ W. T. Stead. THE MODERN GIRLS READING. In the Mo)UJily Review, Margarita Yates gives the " other side '' of the question discussed in a recent number of the Nineteenth Century — " The Reading of the Modern Girl." The conclusion of that pessi- mistic paper was that the modern girl " reads chiefly rubbish, and does not know her Standard Authors." Miss Yates replies that a wisely-trained modern girl of over fifteen reads much that is certainly not rubbish, and that though she may not have read the particular standard authors (a very wide term, as she truly remarks) mentioned in the Nineteenth Century set of questions, she has nevertheless read and re- read, even learned by heart, her own particular favourite standard authors. She quotes a well-read girl who disliked Lainb ; another who found Milton unendurable, though a third thought " Paradise Lost " better than anything she had ever read. The writer's conclusion is: — The average girl, I find, will turn with avidity to the joys ot literature, when once she has a fonndation to build upon, but not before. Then it is a relief to her, but before it would have merely added to her sense ot mental con- gestion. In a wisely-comlucted school well known to me, onh girls ot certain attainments are allowed to enter the Litera- ture Class. . . . Suddenly a new world hursts upon them, and they revel in it. They find limitless pleasures in "The Idylls of the King," " The Ring and the Book," " Religio Medici." "John Inglesant," "The Cloister and the Hearth," "Endymion," and a hundred other favourites. And in this wifely-taught school none is, having arrived at years ot discretion, forced to read authors she has no sympathy with Does a girl dislike Tennyson, she is asked to study Browning; if he be not to her taste, she is told of the beau- ties of Matthew Arnold, of Southey, of Longfellow. She need not despair because slie does not like one; she will like others, and she finds she does. Among some ot the girla of this school there is a ceaseless rivalry for literary knowledge. Usuaby, says Miss Yates, every school has a few authors it fervently dislikes. In her own school Jane Austen was banned, because her heroines were given to fainting and had humdrum experiences; Dickens was hated because of the vulgarity of his language, which brought blushes to the cheeks of maidens obliged to read him aloud ; Charlotte Yonge (of whom the writer knows so little that she misspells her name) was disliked chiefly because of her narrow religious views ; and other we.l-know'n writers came under the ban fur other and various reasons. Turning to girls who have left school, but are still quite young, the writer's experience is that they read many books most intelligently selected. " Man and Superman," for instance, induced one to get a Life of Beaumarchais. — Of course there are very, very few girls who, without any encouraging or telling, will study standard authors; but on tl;e other hand, I have scarcely ever found one who could not be interested and made to love real reading. We may rest assured, therefore, that some, at least, of the future mothers of the race are not so entirely foolish and uneducated as we are occasion- ally led to believe. Review of Rnieirt, IjllOS, DAY BY DAY. A CHRONOLOGICAL DL\RY OF THE EVENTS OF THE WORLD. May 8. — An attack by Zulus ou the native forces is repulsed ... Tlie Grand Duke Vladimir is practically a prisoner in a hotel at Paris owing to threats of death by Anarchist.s ... The volcano at Stromboli is active ... The Trade Insurance Company in Xew York fails as a result of the San Francisco earthquake. May 9. — Troops are dispatched from England to Egypt ... The crew of the blockade ranner " Socra- baya " has been found at Xikolaievsk frozen to death ... It is stated that arms for tlie Natal natives have been imported from Europe ... King Edward returns to London. May 10. — The mine-ownirs on the Rand challenge the legality of the propo.sal to repatriate coolies ... Vesuvius is again active ... American banks are ex- periencing a great shortage of money ... Mr. Joseph lieiter, the Chicago millionaire, is robbed of bonds worth £20.000 ... Three hundred thousand workers are affected by the lockout in Germany ... It is an- nounced that Fanning Island is not to be sold. May 11. — In a fight between the troops of the Sul- tan of Morocco and those of the Pretender, the Sul- tan's army is repulsed ... Many changes are made in the official appoiptments of the Chinese Customs De- partment ... The British House of Commons accepts a resolutio i in favour of the reduction of the armaments of the nation ... It is found that slavei-y is rife amongst Canadian Indians. May 12. — The Education Bill in England passes through its second reading. May 14. — The Porte is reported to have promised the evacuation of the Sinai Peninsula ... A Bill intro- duced in the House of Commons, providing for graduated reductions in hours of labour in coal mines, passes its second reading ... Sir Henry McCallum, Governor of Natal, reports to Lord Elgin the existence of a conspiracy amongst South Africans to kill all the Europeans in the territory ... Since the San Francisco earthquake the geyser region at Yellowstone Park is very active ... In German South-West Afi-ica fresh fighting takes place, and the rebels are driven into British territory ... M. Izvolsk.v, the Russian Ambas- sador at Copenliagen, is the new Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs. May 1.5. — Mme. Curie, the discoverer of radium, is appointed to the Chair of Chemistry at the Sorbonne University ... The Germans acknowledge that their troops trespassed on British terrRory in the last fight with the blacks ... The strike of Parisian workmen in various trades in favour of an eight hours day is rapidly extending ... The Tsar, with the aid of a microphone, listens to the proceedings of the Douma, May 16. — France and Germany give support to Britain over the Turkey dispute ... German burgo- masters pay a visit to London, and are entertained ... Sir Joseph Ward entertains the International Postal representatives ... A semi-official denial is given to the statement that Germany hopes to secure a coaling station at Polo Laut. south-east of Borneo ... German newspapei"s oppose the idea of a reduction of arma- ments. May 17. — The Russian Douma protests to the Tsar the inadequacy of the privileges he has granted ... The Deceased Wife's Sister's Bill is read a second time in the British House of Commons ... Turkey recog- nises the English protectorate over Egypt ... The Natal Government narrowly escapes defeat over tha Unoccupied Land Tax Bill. May 18. — A Bill providing for the payment of £150 per annum to members is passed by the German Reichstag ... The rebel forces in Natal are streiigthen- ing ... Tlie rumour of a Treaty between Britain and Russia causes alarm to Gennany ... It is stated that the Sultan is displeased with Germany's want of sym- pathy with Turkey in the recent dispute. May 19. — The French Minister states that it would be most imprudent for France to reduce her arma- ments ... It is proposed by the committee of the United States Senate to have a sea level canal in connection with the Panama Canal instead of one on the lock system ... Ajiother attempted outrage on the part of Anarchi.sts in Paris is reported ... President Roosevelt expresses his intention to visit New Zealand at the end of his Presidential term ... The German Burgomasters, who are nov. on a visit to London, are entertained at luncheon at Windsor Castle ... A Bill introduced in the House of Commons at the instance of tlie Labour Party is defeated. May 21. — Fifteen people are killed by lightning at a funeral in Austria ... Count Witte advises the Coun- cil of the Empire to co-operate with the Douma when- ever possible ... Sir Joseph Ward announces that he will visit America on his way home ... Sensational statements are piiblished regarding Germany's objec- tions to the attitude .stated to have been assumed by Lord Strathcona. with regard to continental emigra- tion ... Five supporters of the British Ministry urge the Government to forcibly repatriate the Transvaal Chinese ... A visit of the British fleet to Kronstadt is reported ... Mr. E. Steinkopft, the ApoUinaris mineral springs' proprietor, dies leaving £1.247.000. May 22. — It is reported by a London newspaper that a plot is being arranged against the Russian Douma ... An announcement that Japan intends to adopt a protective tariff is causing alarm in the United States ... The Simplon tunnel through the Alps, connecting Italy and Switzerland, has been for- mally opened ... A London deputation of 550 women suffragists waits on the British Prime Minister ... A second note is presented to the Chinese (Jovemment from Great Britain, demanding a satisfactory assur- ance that the appointment of two Chinese officials to the control of the Customs Department will not affect the administration of the department ... Another out- break is threatened in Natal. May 23. — The Education Bill is being considered in committee by the British House of Commons ... A gigantic proiect is brought forward in the United States, involving the construction of a boulevard f3300 miles long) right across the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific ... It is formally announced that Baron Komura has been appointed Japanese Am- bassador at London in succession to Viscount Hayashi ... The French elections for the new Chamber of Depu- ties result in giving the Government a sufficient Re- publican majority to enable it to dispense with the support of the United Socialists ... The Chief of Ordnance in the United States navy states that his department is neglected. May 24. — The commercial banks in San Francisco re-open ... The Canadian House of Commons states that the sui-plus of revenue over expenditure for the past Rfl-i>ir of Kei'ieici, 117/06. Day by Day. 103 year is £1,572,000 ... It is reported that leprosy lias been succegsfuUy treated at the Leper Home in the United States ... A committee of the United States House of Representatives is appointed to inquire into the best means of regulating the business of Insurance Companies ... The German Navy League resolves to still further increase the navy. May 2.5. — The death is announced of Henrik Ibsen, the famous Norwegian poet and dramatist, in his 79th year ... The new Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in the German Ministry states that he believes that German interests would not be affected even if Russia and Great Britain did arrive at an understand- ing regarding their poso;essions in Asia ... It is re- ported at St. Petersburg that the Imperial family, fearing that the Doiima would demand the espropna- tion of State and Crown lands to meet the require- menteof the peasants, h.Tve sold vast forests, which be- longed to the Crown, to German bankers ... In connec- tion with the Natal rising. Colonel Mackenzie's force dostrov the kraals of Mangodi. the chief lieutenant of the rebel cliief Bambaata ... Applications from the Chinese coolies on the Rand for repatriation are com- ing in very slowlv ... It is announced that the policy- holders in the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States will bo given the right to elect the majoritv of the directors on the Board ... The Italian Ministry resigns owing to an adverse vote in the Chamber of Deputies. Mav 26.— The situation in Natal is yei-y serious. Imperial troops are warned to be in readiness to take the field ... Ex-General Beyers waras the Boers that when the Chinese labour question is settled the Liberals in England will lose all interest in South Africa, and that they must fight for their national existence ... A Bill is being submitted to the Russian Douma bv tlie Constitutional Democrats, which pro- poses to establish freedom of conscience in matters of religion throughout Russia ... It is reported that the Russian court-martial has sentenced Lieutenant- General Stoessel to death for surrendering Port Arthur to the Japanese ... The Norwegian barque, '' Coimbatore." wliich left New South "Wales for Cape Colony, has been posted as missing ... Further out- rages occur in Macedonia; sixty persons are mur- dered ... The Parliament of Cape Colony is formally opened.. Mav 28. — The Tsar refuses the demand of the Douma for a full amnesty of political prisoners, and cautions the Douma not to' exc<;ed its assigned legislative initia- tive ... Mr. A. Wakley. a rising young English artist, is found murdered in his studio ... The Socialists are signally defeated in the elections throughout Switzer- land ... A Royal Commission is appointed to inquire into and report on a number of questions relating to the administration of the Mines Act and to the health and safety of miners. ilay 29. — Bomb outrages occur in Russia ; several persoiis are killed ... The decisive stand taken by the Russian Douma, which carried a resolution demanding the immediate resignation of the Ministry, is causing intense excitement ... Tlie German Reichstag by 143 votes to 119 rejects the vote for the payment of the salary of the Secretary for the Colonies ... Mr. John Bums. President of the Local Government Board, de- precates the tendency of Labour to isolate itself from all except manual labourers ... The Hungarian Govern- ment arranges with Austria a mutual commercial treaty ... Kine Edward formally opens the central offices of the Hearts of Oak Benefit Society at Saint Pancras ... A company is formed of influential Aus- tralians, resident at Penang. with a capital of £10.000, with the object of exploiting the tin resources -of tlio Malnv States ... Tlio United States Senate passes a Bill imposiirg stringent provisions for the inspection of meat products by Goveniment officers ... The Tasmanian Parliament is opened. Mav 30.— The closure is applied to the Education Bill in England, and the fir^t clause is carried .. Grave charges are made ii» American newspapers against the Chicago meat packers, who, it is alleged, are selling diseased meat ... Loyal kaffirs do good work in South Africa: several of the rebels surrender ... The German Reichstag insists upon the concentration of colonisation at a few points in South-West Africa and the evacuation of the districts adjoining Cape Colony. , ,. , May 31.— Mr. Winston Churchill delivers a speech at a' dinner attended bv Western Australians resi- dent in London ... Tlie Salvation Army seeks to com- mence work in Spain ... It is announced that repre- sentatives of nearly twenty European Parliaments will meet in Westminster Hall on July 23rd to confer on international matters ... Great Britain and France agree' to send a joint commission to Nigeria to de- limit the British and French possessions between the Niger River and Lake Chad ... The British Govern- ment decides to make a grant for three years for the teaching of the Irish language in the national schools ... A destructive rain storm sweeps over San Francisco. June 1.— The Beef Tnist is reported to be panic- stricken over the revelation of their businesses ... The .steamer "Lismore" is reported lost, 22 sailors being drowned ... The British battleship "Montague" goes ashore on the west coast of England ... The death of Mt. Michael Davitt is announced ... A reconciliation is stated to be probable between the Tsar and the Douma ... The Australian visit of the English Labour delegation is postponed ... The Sen-ian King retires the principal officers who took part in the murder of the late King on full pay and increased pensions ... A bomb is thrown at the' King of Spain and Princess Ena ; 24 persons are killed and 50 wounded, but the King and Princess escape injury. June 2. — A strong debate takes place in the British Parliament on the Unemployed que.stion ... Mr. A. B. Aylesworth becomes Minister of Justice, and Mr. Lemieux Postmaster-General in Canada in consequence of some changes in the Ministi-y ... The attempt to secure the repatriation of Chinese on the Rand is said to be a failure. June 4. — Mateo Moral, arrested by the police on suspicion of having thrown the bomb at the Spanish wedding, commits suicide on arrest ... President Roosevelt acquiesces in the Canadian offer of assist- ance of £20,000 to the San Francisco Fund ... Ad- miral Rojestvensky and 11 officers are to be tried by court-martial for surrendering " Biedovi." Ji,ne 5. — Mr. Seddon appoints a Victorian Agent for New Zealand ... A new Cabinet is formed in Austria; it will be a Coalition Cabinet between the Germans and Czechs ... ;XI. Brisson is re-elected President of the French Cliamber of Deputies ... Tlie Chinese Customs dispute is settled. China agreeing that exist- ing arrangements shall not be interfered with ... In a Labour disturbance in Mexico, 5000 miners destroy a copper mine with dynamite ... l.")0.000 men are locked out in Austria in con.sequonce of a trade dispute. June 6.— W. P. Crick, M.L.A., of New South Wales, and Mr. Bath are ai-rested in connection with charges arising out of the Lands' administration of the State ... The Prince and Princess of Wales do not attend n bull fight in Madrid in honour of the royal wed- ding. .Tune 7. — The London VitHy Telegrnph states that "The .\diniralty and the War Office" will stipulate in future contracts that tinned meats shall only be accepted from the British colonies ... The Emperor of Gerni.inv visits the Emperor of Austria. I04 The Review of Reviews. July I, ia06. THE LONDON BANK OF^ AUSTRALIA LIMITED. SiibscribeJ Capital £1.276,747 10 0 Paia-up 547.827 10 0 Uncalled, including Reserve Liability 728,920 0 0 BOARD OF UIRtCTORti. Chairman — David Finl.iyson, '-^aq. Uavid Quiiano flenriqaes. Esq Sir James Francis Garrick, K.O.M.G , K.C. Eight Hon. Sir Walter Foster, M.P. Robert Rome. Esq. Andrew Cunningham, Esq. George Miller, J^^sq. DIRECTORS' REPORT. Presented at the Ordinary General Meeting of the Proprietors, lield at Winchester Honse. Old Broad-street, at 12 o'clock noon on Monday, 14th May, 1%6. The Directors present their report, accompanied as nsaal by audited Accounts, tor the year ended 31st December last. The Proiita as shown by the Annual Statement o£ Profit and Loss after deducting management charges and taxes, amount to £85.781 8 7 To which is added the amount brought forward 11.561 11 2 £97,342 19 9 After i»roTiding for the interest at 4J per cent, on the transferable deposit receipts for the year 1905, amounting to 62,587 9 8 There remr,ins a credit balance to be dealt with of £34,755 10 1 Out of which the Directors recommend ; — That the Dividend of 5^ per cent, on the preference shares be paid for the year ended 51st December, 1905 £9.456 3 0 That a Dividend of 2J per cent, on the ordinary shares he declared for the same period ... 9.192 13 9 18.648 16 9 That the Balance be carried forward to next acconnt £16,106 13 4 Australia has had another good year with an abundant liarvest and a largely increased production of wool. The price of wool has been more than maintained. Eecentl.v rain has fallen abundantly in almost every district, and prospects are favourable for another good season. Money, in conseqi ence of the large sums received for crops and the wool clip, is very plentiful, and rates are low, which for the present is not favourable to banking profits. In pursuance of the Directors' policy to pay off the Transferable Deposits as soon as practicable, another 10 per cent, instalment, amounting with interest to £320,000. was prepaid on the 1st inst., now leaving onl.v the instalment dne 1917 to le dealt with. During the year Branches and Agencies have been opened at Casino, Coraki. and 'Woodhurn South, in New South 'Wales, and at Framlingham, Koo-wee-rup, Purnim. and Yea. in 'Victoria. The branch at Wilcannia, New South Wales, hr.3 been closed. The Director retiring under the provisions of the Bank's Articles of Association is Mr. Robert Rome, wlio being eligible offers himself for re-election. The Bank's Auditors. Messrs. Price, Waterhoase. and Co., also retire, and again offer themselves for re-electicn. Warrants for the dividends, less income tax. will be issued, payable on and after 17th May, to those shareholders whoso names appeared on the Register on 30th nit. By Order of the Board, 2 Old Broad-street. London, 3rd May. 1906. F. J. CURTIS, Secretary. BALnNeE'SHEET. 31st December. I9C5. LIABILITIES. ASSETS. Capital— Coin, bullion, cash balances, and notes of 49.1 3 ordinary shares of £22 10s. • other banks £901.130 10 4 each £1,104.817 10 0 I Money at call and short notice in London ... 35,000 0 0 Less — Investments, including those held against note Uncalled and reserve liability. issue, and bills receivable 658,466 15 9 £736,545; calls in arrears, £565 737,110 0 0 Bills discounted, advances, and other assets of — the bank 3.522,296 10 5 Add— £367,707 10 0 Bank premises 383,187 0 0 Amount prepaid by trustees in respect of uncalled capital and reserve liability 8,190 0 0 £375,897 10 0 17.193 5J per cent, cumulative pre- ference shares of £10 each fullv paid 171.930 0 0 £547,827 10 0 Transferable deposits due 1911 and 1917 1,258.090 7 0 Other deposits and current accounts 2.955.600 8 4 Bills payable and other liabilities (including reserves for doubtful debts) 667.663 1 1 Notes in circulation 1C6.144 0 0 Balance of undivided profit 34.755 10 1 £5.550,080 16 6 £5.550,080 16 6 PROFIT HNO LOSS HfieOUNT for the Year Ending 31st December, 19C5. To salaries and general exi^enses in Australia — including remu*ierat!on to local Directors, rent, rates, repairs, stationery, travelling, etc To salaries and general expenses in London — including Directors' and Auditors' fees, rent, repairs, stationer.v. telegrams, etc To land tax and tax on note issue To interest at 4J per cent, on transferable de- posit receipts for the year 1906 £61.856 6 4 9.379 17 2.389 10 62.587 9 To balance of undivided' profit 34.755 10 £170,968 13 6 E.y balance as per last report Less dividend for year ended 31st December 1904— On preference sliares £9.456 3 0 On ordinary shares 9,192 6 3 £30,210 0 5 18,648 9 3 £11.561 U 2 By profits in London and in Australia after providing for interest due and accrued on current deposits, deducting rebate on bills, and making provision for bad and doubtful debts 159.407 2 4 £170.968 13 6 [Coutiuttcd on lu-xt fat^e July I, ISOS. The Review of Reviews. D. FINEaYSON i AXDREW CUNNINGHAM Directors. D. Q. HENRIQUES ) F. J. CURTIS. Secretary. In accordance with tlie provisions of the Companies Act 1900. we certify that all our requirements as Auditors nave been complied with, and we have to report to the shareholders that, having examiiiei the above balance-sheet, with the boobs at ihe Head Office and the returns from tlie branches, we are of opinion that the above balance- sheet, is a full and fair balance-sheet, properly drawn up so aa to exhibit a true and correct view of the state of the bank's aifairs as shown bv such books and returns. PETCE, WATERHOUSE. and Co., Auditors. INSURANCE NOTES. It is estimated tliat tlie total loss to insurance companies by the San Francisco conflagration will amount to £20,000,000, of which the British com- panies are expected to bear about £6,000,000. The settlement of the losses will be a complicated under- taking, and probably the.v will be adjusted bv a com- mittee of insurance experts appointed by the various companies interested. For earthquake damage, pure and simple, no company will be liable, nor for build- ings which were thrown down by the earthquake and then damaged by fire. Where these two causes were simultaneous, the liability of the company will be difficult to determine. It is doubtful also if companies are liable for the Ios.s to buildings destroyed by artil- lery and dynamite to arrest the progress of the fire. It is understood that at least two insurance companies specifically exempt by their conditions ail losses caused directly or indirectly by earthquake, so that very difficult questions will arise for solution, which will probably take considerable time. The companies will be actuated by a desire to deal fairly to the insured, but at the same time their responsibility to policy- holders in other parts of the world and to their shareholders mu.st be respected. The North British and Mercantile Insurance Co.. the head office of which is at Edinburgh, has offered to take over the British policies of the Mutual Life Insurance Co. of Xew York, amounting to nine mil- lions sterling. They would, of course, require suffi- cient as.sets to be also transferred to provide for the reserve against such policies and accruing bonuses. The offer is being considered bv the Mutual Insurance Co. of Xew York head office Board, and the outcome of the proposal will be awaited with interest. A similar offer regarding the Australian business was reported to have been made by the National Mutual Life Association of Australia, but cable advice from the head office of the Mutual of Nevv York was pub- lished in tlie Melbourne press .stating that that com- pany had no intention of parting with any of its busi- ness. A serious fire occurred in Paris during the month, when the buildings comprising the leather markets were destroved. The damage was estimated at £400.000. The Traders' Insurance Co.. a Chicago company, founded in 1865, has collapsed owing to the claims made upon it for the San Francisco conflagration, wliich amount to £750,000. It had a paid-up capital of £100.000, and its net premium income for 1904 was about £300.000. An unpleasant surprise was caused in insurance circles in Melbourne last month when it was made known that Mr. J. J. Madden. Victorian agent of the National Union Insurance Society and the Switzer- land Marine Insurance Co.. was missing from his office. An investigation of his companies' accounts showed that a large sum was missing, and a warrant has been issued for liis anest. THE EQUITY TRUSTEES, EXECUTORS, AND ACEKCY COMPANY LIMITED. RESERVE LUBILIIY, £100,000; GLARANTEE FUND, £10,000. HO.-\RI> OF lURECTOUS Edur.rrl Kaniiiiij; Esq , Chairman ; W. Campbell Guest. Esq; H B. Hit'^'ins. Esq. K C. M.P.: Donald Mackinnon. Esq M L A : R. O .M Cutcheon Esq .\l L. A REGISTERED OFFICE. No, 85 QUEEN ST,, MELBOURNE. This Company is empowered by special Act of Parliament to per trora all cla-ses 'f trustee business. JOEL F(t.\, .Manairer THE CREDIT FONCIER Lends to Farmers in Victoria £.50 TO £,2000 At 4^4 per cent, for 30 Years, with right to pay off any half-year. Apply, INSPECTOR-GENERAL OF SAVINGS BAKKS, MELBOURNE. "not COLONIAL MUTUAL . . FIRE . . INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED, FIRE ACCIDENT • EMPLOYER'S LIABILITY FIDELITY GUARANTEE PLATE CLASS BREAKAGE MARINE BURGLARY • > Insurance. OFFICES. MELBOURNE— 60 Market Street. SYDNEY— 78 Pitt Street. ADELAIDE— 71 King William Street BRISBANE-Creet Street. PERTH— Barrack Street. HOBART— Collins Street. LONDON— St. Michael's Alley, Cornhill, B.C. WM. L. JACK, Managkk. 1°^ The Review of Reviews. - ■^^v '■ ^^'"^- In order to celebrate the important step we are taking in reducing the price of "The Review of Reviews" from 9d. to 6d., so as to touch a still larger constituency, we have decided to offer R Prize of Ten Guineas FOR ARTICLES ON "INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION v. WAR." The prize money will be divided. FOUR GUINEAS will be paid for the best article the author of which is a pupil in any of the State schools of Australasia, or is a pupil in any of the Secondary schools, and is also under 16 years of age. (This arrangement will equalise matters, as many pupils of Secondary schools are much older than that.) SIX GUINEAS will be paid for the best article the author of which does not come under the conditions relating to the Four-Guinea Prize. The article must not be above 3000 words in length Articles become the property of the Editor. The winning articles will be published. Manuscripts must be in our hands by the 31st January next. Only one side of the paper must be written on, and writing must be very legible. A committee of prominent gentlemen will adjudicate. One of the finest text-books in which to seek for current information upon the subject of the Competition is "The Review of Reviews for Australasia." Take each issue regularly. Articles must be signed with a nom de plume, the name for which it stands being enclosed in a sealed envelope — THE EDITOR "Review of Reviews," Equitable Building, Melbourne. H'vltw or Itnfwt. 117 1 0» MORE LETTERS FROM WOMEN. From Mrs. Elizabeth Sweet, 135 Gouger Street, Adelaide, S.A., 2nd December 1904. " It affords me great pleasure to testify as to the great and lasting benefit I derived from taking Warner's Safe Cvire, after suffering for many years from constitutional breakdown and nervous prostration, brought on by mental worry and family troubles. I have been the mother of fourteen children and had lost my husband, so was compelled to support my family by my own unaided efforts. This seemed a burden greater than I could bear, but I struggled on until I became so weak and ill that I could scarcely drag myself through my duties. Then my liands and feet began to swell, and I could not walk' without a stick to support me. Finally the time came when I had to take to my bed. A doctor was called in who gave but little hope of my recovery. A friend who came to see me advised me to take a course of Warner's Safe Cure. She seemed to have such great faith in the medicine that I began to lio|ie that it would benefit me, and therefore commenced to take it. In a few weeks I could hardly realise that I was the same woman. I was able to get up and walk about without the aid of any support. My strength returned, and I felt that I had been granted a new lease of life. After taking seven bottles of Warner's Safe Cure I became assured that I was quite well, and once more able to battle with life for my family who were dependent upon me." From Mrs. Claria E. Home, Wentworth Street, Plattsburg, Newcastle, N.S.W., 16th March, 1905. " For a long time I suffered almost daily from nervousness, giddiness and headaches which were almost unbear- able, accompanied by great lassitude and mental depression, brought on, no doubt, by the inlluence of the law of nature applying to women of middle' age. Fortunately I was recommended to take Warner's Safe t'ure. and was astonished at the great relief I obtained. Continuing to take the medicine 1 was soon free from any distressing ailments, and able to go about my work as well as ever. I have recommended Warner's Safe Cure to many women, \\\w have taken it with the same beneficial result." From Mrs. Annie Harrison, 54 Campbell Street, Balmain, Sydney, N.S.W., 8th March, 1905. " I have suffered as many other women have from the effect of rearing a family of children, complicated by dis- orders of the liver, constipation, headaches and depression of spirits. Quite frequently, while working about the house, 1 would have to sit down and rest until faintness passed. About a year ago I suffered almost torture from pain in my back and head, scarcely knowing a moment's peace. A friend knowing my condition, recommended a trial of Warner's Safe Cure. The advice was adopted, and, after taking a few bottles of the medicine, a most favourable change took jilace. Continuing the treatment I continuously improved in health, until now all my previous troubles have left me and I am in good health." From Mrs. J. X. Thomas, 84 Oroya Street, Boulder City, W.A., 17th October, 1904. "Ten years ago I was taken ill and consulted a leading doctor in Adelaide. I described to liim my symptoms, an intense pain in my right side, accompanied by a swelling or feeling of lightness, the pain being so severe that I could not lie on that side nor get my proper rest and sleep, also that I had begun to lose flesh rapidly. The doctor diag- nosed the case as being one of hydatids or of tumour of the liver, and said that in either case I should have to undergo an operation. He strongly advised me to go to the hospital and be further examined. I went to the hospital, and the doctor there confirmed what the other doctor had said in respect to an operation being the only means liy \\ hich I could be cured. I did not like the idea of an operation, and promised to think about it, and let them know my decision. On leaving the hospital I met a friend and told her what the doctors had said. She advised me not to have an operation performed, but to go home and take a course of Warner's Safe Cure, as she was sure it wouhl cure me. She inspired me with such confidence that I resolved to take her advice, and procured a few bottles of the medicine. I was, how- ever, so weak when I returned home that I had to go to bed, where I remained for a week, but during that time I took Warner's Safe Cure at regular intervals. In a short time I be^an to feel easier and better, and by the time that I had taken si.\ bottles of the medicine the pain had all gone. I could eat and sleep and enjoy my rest and food, which 1 had not been able to do for many months previous. Since that time I have been in good bodily liealth, and able ti attend to my household duties." From .Mrs. Bridget A. Xolan, 62 Lyons St., Ballarat South., Vic, 17th Feb., 1905. "About eight years ago I began to take Warner's Safe Cure for indigestion and for a chill. I suffered a'so from weakness and prostration, general debility, nervousness, sleepless niglits, and depression of spirits. 1 could not even hel| myself. Several doctors had attended me for about five years, and I had got tired of throwing my money a«ay with- out any good result. I first had one advice and then another, but all were without avail. Thiough reading a Warner'^ Safe Cure Book I began to take Warner's Safe Cure, but with little hope that it would do me any good, but the firs bottle made such a wonderful change in me that I continued to take the medicine until I was completely cured. I ai thankful that I took Warner's Safe Cure, and gladly recommend it to any woman who may be suffering as I did." From .Mrs. H. Harriott, 22 Surrey St., Darlinghurst, Sydney, N.S.W., 10th Sept., 1904. " For three years 1 suffered from severe pains in my back and head. I could scarcely get any sleep at night, and m\ appetite was very poor. Finallj' I got so bad that I could scarcely move about. I tried doctors but could fjet no re lief. I was then advised to try Warner's Safe Cure. I did so, and felt relief after the first few doses. After talking onlv four bottles of your valuable Warner's Safe Cure I am now as well as ever I was." From Mrs. Carrie Rowse, 28 High St., West Geelong, Vic, 25th August, 1904. " Some years ago I was prostrated by extreme weakness, general debility, loss of appetite, headaches, and depres sion of spirits. My system was completely run down and out of order. \ friend who knew my condition recommended me to take Warner's Safe Cure, .\lthougii without much faith, I adopted the advice, and after taking Warner's Safi Cure for a little time a favourable change developed. I began to improve in health and strength, my appetite returned and I was very soon strong again and in the enjoyment of good health." From Miss Edith Newman, 58 Grosvenor St.. Balaclava. Vic, 21st Jan., 1904. " For the benefit of ladies who may be suffering as I did, I wish to state, in a few words, my experience in taking Warner's Safe Cure and Warner's Safe Pills. For more than two years I was suffering from very acute headache, acconijian- led by fainting fits, extreme weakness, and general debility. At that time, on the advice of a friend, I commenced to take Warner's Safe Cure, and Warner's Safe Fills. I continued to take these medicines for a few weeks only, when the nervousness entirely disappeared, and the headaches and fainting feelings left me. 1 ain pleased to state that I have enjoyed better health since taking Warner's Safe medicines than for years previous to that time." For mutual advautae*. when you write to an advertiier. please njentioD the Review of ReTiawi. RnUK uf Knitm, l/T/OS. I'm the Rohur Tea Girl!— and though I know it's rude to point, I really cant help It - I do so want you to read that letter which Mrs. Liilie Langtry sent us. She's one of the world's most celebrated beautiful women, you know ' She was tounng m South Africa when she wrote it. and though nearly all the English and Ceylon fir.Tis who pack tea are represented upon that market, none pleased her so well as Robur. We thmk it's "a feather in our cap" — don't you? — and doesn't it show what jolly good lea Robur is ? You try the " Special " grade — you 11 like it, too — no money can buy better tea. Miss Irene Dillon —Pholoil iy Strxvart &• Co., Mttt Printed by John Osborne. 508 Albert^street. East Melbonrne. and published by Messrs. R- A Thompson. 36! Little Collini Street. Melbourne, for " The Beview of Eevisws for Australasia."