■i

P JULY. 1913.

LET

*3

UNCOVERING BABYLON.

NOTES ON THEATRICAL VISITORS.

J. PIERPONT MORGAN : NAPOLEON OF FINANCE.

MY FATHER : W. T. STEAD, BY THE EDITOR.

UNITING FOR CONQUEST IN CANADA.

THE JAPANESE IN CALIFORNIA.

THE OVER SEAS CLUB.

THE LESSON OF THE TITANIC

NOTABLE JULY ANNIVERSARIES.

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FILES Post Free

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A Strengthening Diet for Infants & Invalids

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With stewed fruit they are delicious.
Try them with broth, butter, cheese, cream, jam, etc.

In 9oz. tins at Grocers or Chemists, and insist on SWALLOW & ARIELL'S

-1

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

CYCLONE

"THE CHEAPEST GATE MADE."

THE TWO GATES shown represent fairly the kind of gates made by the
Cyclone Fence and Gate Co., but between the two there are very many
others, full particulars, drawings, and specifications of which are given in
our finely illustrated catalogue, posted free. This book should be in the hands of
every architect, every builder, every farmer, and every person who values his
property and loves his house. It shows not only gates, but the well-known Cyclone
Woven Wire Fences. It is an interesting and profitable book to study. Get it.

"Cyclone Fences and Gates are Good/

THE " LIFT " GATE. — This is undoubtedly the cheapest gate made. It is cheaper than wood and
far more durable. Like all Cyclone Gates, it is exceedingly well balanced, does not sag, is not
affected by weather, is light, and is stock proof. Although primarily a paddock gate, it can be
used with advantage in the suburbs. The "Lift" principle is explained in our Catalogue. You
cannot get a better gate for its purpose than this.

FIG. 178. — This is an ornamental double drive-way gate for the street and carriage drive. Honestly,
we do not think there is a handsomer gate made than this one, although we show many other
good designs in our Catalogue. It is solid and yet light, it does not sag, and it always looks well.
Hand Gates to match are made.

Get Our Catalogue.
Posted Free.

CYCLONE WOVEN
WIRE FENCE AND
GATE CO.,

459 Swanston St., Melbourne.
123-125, Waymouth St., Adelaide.
178 Montreal St., Christchurch, N.Z.

Fig. 178.

"THE HANDSOMEST GATE MADE."

Thank you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when writing to advertisers.

11.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

RudgefiMulti

Your Range of Country

— your views, your jaunts, your picnics, your sporting fixtures
— immeasurably increased where the clean-built, swift-
running, time-keeping and untiring Rudge Multi is used.

The Multi-speed gear gives absolute control, while perfec-
tion of balance, of springing and slinging, ensures you safety,
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Get full particulars and magnificent Catalogue from nearest
Agency, or write to

Rudge- Whitworth, Ltd.,

rDePt233.) COVENTRY.

London Depots :
230, Tottenham Court Road

(Oxford St. End), W.
23, Holborn Viaduct, E.C.

R178

?&i

mi

m

By Appointment

Cycle Makers to

H.M. King George.

m

THE

I

Maximum seilrice— mnimumi cosh

THE Argyll gives ' day-after-day
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Chaj- Band body are designed in perfect

harrrgmy, in free flowing lines from
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plicity of the Argyll Single Sleeve-Valve

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economy to the owner.

And for beauty of design the "stream-^ ArM. di^?Ml bra bug system— the

line " Argyll is unrivalled jkjj' <"§ fi>^rtate>e of side-slip.

1913 MODELS with futl^cquigjnjHjiip-eady for the toad

12 18-h.p. (4leyIina*eV Poppe£igp£}, car complete £37S
15/30 h.p. (4 ■ cylinder SleevfeyaTve) > £575

25 50 h.p. (4 cylinder Sleeve Valve) M £750

ARGYLLS LTD., aHndaw?rffiie ALEXANDRIA,

Scotland*

Loiii/oii Showrooms : 6, Gt Marlborough Street. W

Without
equipment.

£345
£525
£700

And at Glasgow. Edinburgh. Dundee, Cardiff, Liverpool.
Hull, Leeds. Newcastle. Manchester, Lefcester, &c.

<J>

'

Thank you for mentioning the Review of Reviews wtien writing to advertisers.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

iu.

[Sherwin C

I HHBHBBH will show

SHERWIN CODY,

The Noted Business Scientist, of

Chicago.

to use words so as

to make people do

things

If you seek the most advantageous line of effort for
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Men and women, equipped with the knowledgethat he
imparts, are greatly in demand and the salaries are
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vertising and Personal Salesmanship is an inspiration to
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Whether you are clerk, salesman or saleswoman,
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He will teach you business science

in its latest, its biggest, its

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Sherwin Cody's new International Course on
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How to Use Words so as to Make People Do
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as to Get Results, how to plan and carry out
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ness bringers, how to manage an office on a
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Sherwin Cody's new Internationa! Course,
greatly enlarged and perfected, goes right
to the heart of the subject of getting business
by sales, letters, and advertising, without a
moment wasted, showing you at a glance, in
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formation, learn it in the best way. and
next day.

It is a clear. Complete Course of Instrm
in Modern Selling- Methods, by w] c the
business manager can make his firm's
letter ring with trade-getting strength and
conviction ; the salesman make his soiling
efforts keen, terse, and doubly successful; the
young man develop himself into a power with
his employers; the young woman anxious to
succeed, make herself of greater value in her
work, and enable everybody undertaking the
Course to write letters, prepare advertising,
and sell goods with scientific certainty in the
style and character that, commands.

Write to-day for free booklet, giving full
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tions. Send it once, \nd see what Sherv* n

CODV r\\ tin FOB Mil. Address your letter to

SHERWIN CODY of CHICAGO, 73 Challis House, Sydney, N.S.W.

/

Thank you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when writing to advertiser!.

iv..

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

fo^^ ~~7~^\k

My Deep Breathing
Exercises Prevent
Winter Chills

because they strengthen the lungs ;
make them hardier and better able
to fight against colds.

My Deep Breathing Exercises
build up weak chests by developing
the muscles supporting the chest
walls, broaden the shoulders, and
will make you breathe in a natural
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Deep Breathing Exercises are un-
iversally acknowledged as the very
best form of exercise for a human
being. Those included in my
Postal Course of Health and

Strength Culture
are most modern and most efficient.

Those you will receive will be
those best suited to your individual _
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The value of My Deep Breathing
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day.

Here is one Specimen:

"It is two months now since I started on your
course, and the results achieved through your
breathing exercises are very satisfactory indeed.
1 ve been free from colds which 1 was very sub-
ject to, my lungs are stronger and I feel better
than 1 ever remember before." (Name on request. )

This should be an encouragement as to
how you can benefit. You will quickly and
permanently benefit as a result.

ir^My 44 page booklet, "Health and Strength from Self
Culture" will give you an idea of the thoroughness of
my methods. It also gives full particular of fees, etc.
You ought to write for a copy. Kindly send three
penny stamps for postage.

REG. L. ("SNOWY") BAKER,

235 Belmont Buildings,
Castlereagh Street, Sydney.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

s

HELD IN

A GIRL'S

HAND!

Home

Cinematograph.

EVERYTHING NECESSARY, EXCEPTING ONLY THE SCREEN, IS IN
THE MACHINE AS THE GIRL IS HOLDING IT.

Pathe's Home Cinematograph.

Makes its own light. Fig-. 16 is a small magneto. As the handle that
projects the picture is turned, sufficient light is produced in the magneto
to throw a moving picture of startling distinctness on the screen. Any-
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without the use of gas, electric lieht, or oil. No outside light is
necessary. You cannot get this advantage in any other cinematograph.

The Films will not burn.

Pathe Films are non-inflammable. There is absolutely no danger. In
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Large choice of Films in Pathe's Circulating Library not obtainable

for any other cinematograph.

Pathe Freres 33 Alliance Buildings 48 Queen St., cuy TH(S ouy anq s£nd tq.day
Melbourne ; Home Cinematograph & Agency Pty . Ltd .,
48 Queen St., Melbourne ; Birch & Carroll, Edward
St., Brisbane; S. Spurling & Son, 93 Brisbane St.,
Launceston; Optical and Photo. Supplies Co., 672
Hay St., Perth; C. W. Fraser&Co., 139YorkSt.,
Sydney; Harrington's (N.Z.) Ltd., 42 Willis St., Well-
ington, N Z. ; W. Park, Stationer, Palmerston North,
N.Z ; G. R. Foreman & Co., Napier, N.Z ; F C. Wade
& Co., Greymouth, N.Z ; Wilkins & Field Hardware
Co. Ltd., Nelson, N Z ; The N.Z. Farmers Co-oper-
ative Association, Canterbury, N Z. ; Patterson & Barr
Ltd., Dunedin, (for Otago); Arts & Crafts Depot,
Masterton.

Please send me particulars of Pathe's
Homo Cinematograph.

Kami-

Address

33

Thank you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when writing to advertisers.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

*V

" u.

" PorosKnit"

Durable Uncderwear.

A highly elastic, thin, durable, but not a heavy
fabric ; absorbent and ventilating, that makes it dry
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/Someone is misleading you. Make a
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Long and short sleeve shirts.
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If any difficulty in obtaining from your Outfitter, write ;—

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This Label on every Garment.

REG U.S PAT. OFF.

GUARANTEE D

These are photographs of Leather and

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Your furnishing house can shew : yob samples. The.
name "Rexine" is stamped on the back of the genuine.

THE BRITISH LEATHER CLOTH MANUFACTURING CO LTD.,
HYDE, nr. MANCHESTER.

I

REVIEW OF REVIEWS. vii.

What Are You Going To Be ?

I You can answer this question TO-DAY You are Master of your own

f Destiny. To-day's decision answers the question — What are you
going to be?

A few years ago an ambitious man seeking the necessary training
for a profession or skilled occupation was faced with enormous
difficulties. HEMINGWAY & ROBERTSON through their won-
derful educational organisation have removed from your path those
obstacles, and you are now free to make your decision and to follow
it up by writing to HEMINGWAY & ROBERTSON for particulars
as to any of the occupations given in this advertisement.

rhe FEES are strictly moderate — terms of payment easy, and no
vexatious contracts.

Decide what you will be, and WRITE TO US.

A Practical Bookkeeper, with complete knowledge of Double Entry and Business

Accounting. 1

A Practical Bookkeeper, with complete knowledge of Advanced Accounting. f

Qualified to sit for Intermediate Accountants' Institute Examination. f

Qualified to sit for Final Accountants' Institute Examination.
A fully qualified Public Accountant and Auditor by Examination.
A Company Auditor under " The Companies' Act 1910."
Thoroughly versed in Commercial Law.

Thoroughly versed in Practical Commercial, and Industrial Economics.
An Advertisement Writer. Business Correspondent. Shorthand Writer.

r Junior and Senior j Victoria

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(Non-Graduate Courses. \ X.Z. only.

Civil Engineer— Mechanical Engineer — Electrical Engineer— Mining Engineer-
Metallurgist — all Subsidiary Courses.

If you desire a course of instruction for one of the specific occupations stated,
ive can provide it. If you wish to improve your general knowledge, or to advance
in the occupation you have already chosen, we can help you. We give tuition by
mail in all Commercial, Technical, Examination, and General Knowledge subjects.
Write to-day, mentioning subject in which you are interested.

CUT THIS FORM OUT AND POST TQ-DAY.

To Hemingway & Robertson. -New Zealand Readers address P.O., Box \

P.O., Box 845. Melbourne. 516, Auckland.)

Dear Sirs, —

I wish to become a • •••• ""i". i ■ tl

(or am interested in. mentioning subject)

Mv acre is and my occupation r.'"VV

" (Do not fill in these details i! you object.)
Please send me your Free Booklet with expert advice- all without any obligation on
my part.
Name Address

HEMINGWAY & ROBERTSON'S

Australasian Correspondence Schools Limited,

39-41 Collins House, Collins St., Melbourne.

Thank you for mentioning the Re - of Review when writing to advertiser..

AN EDITORIAL WORD—

OUR 21st BIRTHDAY.

|N August we publish our 253rd number. The English Review
■ of Reviews came of age two and a-half years ago, the
American Review of Reviews a year later, and the Review of
Reviews here attains its majority with the August number.

IT would be a great joy to me to hear from all those who for
' the last 21 years have been readers of the Review. I should

much prize their opinion of what it has been to them, and

what they would like to see in it in future.

INTEND adding new features to the magazine shortly, and
' would like readers to tell me what they think these should
be. For instance : Ought we to follow the example of the
"Fortnightly" and include a powerful serial novel in our pages?
Many people have urged this upon me, but others have as
strongly deprecated it. What do you think ?

OUT I want our majority to be celebrated by a large increase
** in the number of our readers. Thousands of people are,
I know, interested in the Review, and by taking a very little
trouble they can easily double our circulation. If each reader
would induce only one friend to become a regular purchaser
or subscriber it would make a great difference not only in the
number of copies of the Review read each month, but in the
special articles an increased circulation would warrant giving.

^HE Annual Subscription to the Review is now only 6s., and,
^ as the magazine goes flat through the post in a special
envelope, it reaches its destination uncreased and in gond
condition. If you cannot get a friend to subscribe, why not
do so for him— or her ? The Review would go forward to
any address you give, with your compliments, every month.
If neither of these things are possible you could at least tell
me of some friend who you think would be interested in the
magazine, so that I could send him a copy.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

IX.

Preside at

Public
Meetings

"Give Me 15 I

Minutes a Day!"

AND

I Will Make YOU a CONVINCING SPEAKER

Says Grenville Kleiser (formerly of Yale Faculty)

You can be a Convincing Speaker.

Peculiar Qualifications, or " being born to it " are wholly unnecessary to win success as a public speaker.
Poets may be born, but Grenville Kleiser manufactures Public Speakers, says one successful business man.
Above all his training inspires self-confidence and Self-possession in the student.

His Mail Course will quickly teach you how to

Make aiter«Dinner Speeches.
Propose and Respond to Toasts.
Address Board Meetings.
Make Political Speeches.

Improve Your Memory.

Converse Entertainingly.

Acquire Power and Self-Confidence.

Sell More Goods.

Build Up a Strong Personality.

Hundreds cf m 1 representing every business and profession, have achieved more and earned more through Mr.
Kleiser's Mail Co uoe in Public Speaking. What he has done for others he can do for you.

It costs nothing to obtain full particulars of this unequalled course. Just detach, sign and mail this Coupan
NOW -before you forget it

Converse

Easily and

Fluently

JAMES RODGER & CO.,

112 I, Lichfield Street, Christchurch, New Zealand.

Australasian Representatives, FUNK & WAGNALLS CO., London & New York.

Without cost or obligation to me, please send lull information, includinf
of Grenville Kleiser's Correspondence Course in Public Speaking, and De-
velopment of Mental Power and Personality.

Name

You
Can Sell More
k Goods

Address

Never before in the history of
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In the profession which will give \
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is to the big
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We train yon in the following . —
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X.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

<•<•

ROUND TABLE"

A QUARTERLY REVIEW OF THE POLITICS
OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE.

Contents of No. xii.

The Balkan War and the Balance of Power.

Ministers and the Stock Exchange.

The Grain Growers Movement in Western
Canada.

The Ethics of Empire.

Political Events in the United Kingdom —

Political Apathy. The Discouragement of

all parties. The want of Dramatic Antag-

Political Events in Canada —

Obstruction in Parliament : The Closure and
the Senate. Canadian Banking Legislation.
The American Tariff.

Political Events in Australia —

Imperial Matters. Federal Politics. The
General Elections and the Referenda.

Political Events in South Africa —

The Crisis in the Nationalist Party. Univer-
sity Reform.

Political Events in New Zealand —

The Labour Movement. Naval Defence.

The " Round Table " is a co-operative enterprise conducted by people who dwell in all parts of the British Empire,
and whose aim is to publish once a quarter a comprehensive review of Imperial Politics free from the bias of local
party issues.

" The 'Round Table' as all judicious students of contemporary politics know already, is a periodical conducted
with vigor, with knowledge and with a high sense of responsibility." THE SPECTATOR, London.

Price 26 per copy. .'. Annual Subscription 10 '"
Obtainable from MacMillan & Co., 109 Russell St., Melbourne, or any Bookseller.

Card Index Systems

VERSUS

LOOSE LEAF BOOHS.

MOORE'S MODERN METHODS

In compact Loose Leaf form, oau
easily be carried about without fear
of injury or mix-up should one happen
to fall. '

SANDS & McDOUGALL PTY. Ltd.

Dept of Modern Office Equipment,
3f>5 Collins Street Melbourne.

The finest business
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equipment service.

\X/ E offer business men the most

v modern ideas, and the greatest

facilities for the entire equipment of
their offices with card-index systems
and loose-leaf devices.

We specialise in every system that
makes for higher business efficiency.
Now that the Rockwell Wabash Co.,
designers of office furniture, have their
showrooms at our address in St. Brido
Street, we are enabled to demonstrate
under one roof the most economical
means of keeping records by up-to-
date wooden and fire-proof cabinets.
Our service, therefore, is twofold.
It will be obvious to business men
that the amalgamation of two firms,
each specialising in two distinctive
branches of business system, must
mean better service and lower cost.
Australian visitors should not fail to
call when in London.
Write us, or our agents, to-day for
useful matter relating to efficient office
equipment.

MOORE'S MODERN METHODS LTD.,

4s, ST. BRIDE STREET, LONDON, EC.

REVIEW Of REVIEWS.

Todays New Alphabet

I . spells three ujords

| Knowledge Memoru Success.

IS&&C0 5716

Would it interest you to learn of a means by which your
memory -your brain— can be strengthened and improved;
to be enabled by a short and inexpensive course of training
to double your mental efficiency, and, consequently your
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The Linnean Memory System

developes and improves the memory. Its results are certain, and the benefit
permanent. It will make a poor memory good— a good one better.

If you wish to know all about it, fill up this form and send it

to the LINNEAN SCHOOL OF MEMORY TRAIN! NO.

R. BROWN, 211 SWANSTQN STREET

Please send me free exp'anatory booklet
Name

Addr

WAM

99

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XII

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Each Standard
a bed of Steel.

Look at the nearest Standard — note the
semi-circular bed it provides. Is there
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XV

THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS

FOR AUSTRALASIA.

EDITED BY HENRY STEAD.

CONTENTS FOR JULY, 1913.

PAGE

Great Airship Shed
Mdite. Halina Schmolz.

By Henry Stead

By M.

Virgil

Frontispiece

The Progress of the World —

The Federal Elections 441

The Pate of the Referenda 441

The New Ministry 442

Whrt Will They Do? 442

The Depths of Australian Harbours . . . 444

Victorian Finance 444

Exit Mr. McGowen 445

Mr. Holman Arrives 445

Visit of British M's.P 446

President Poincare Visits England 447

The Kaiser's Quarter Century 447

Relations with Germany 448

The Marconi Transactions 449

'The Murder of Shevket Pasha 449

Trouble in the Balkans 449

Arming Merchantmen 451

A Useless Step 451

the Poet Laureate 452

Italian Disasters in Africa 453

Chinese Difficulties 453

President or Dictator? 454

My Father : W. T. Stead.

Topics of the Month —

X. — The Japanese in California

XI. — Uniting for Conquest in Canada ..

John Pierpont Morgan. By Sereno S. Pratt

The "Titanic," and After

Theatrical Visitors and the Ballet

Leading Articles in the Reviews —

The Aftermath of War . :

Germany and England

The Future of the Turk

The Austrian Heir Apparent

India and China

Submarine Vision

War Horses of Famous Generals

American Ships for Panama

Aerial Attack and Defence

Moving Pictures

Tennis Playing with One's Head

How Women Vote in California

The Growth of Socialism in Argentine

PAGB

455

461
464

467

473

477

479
484
486
487
488
489
491
492
495
496
497
499
500

(Continued on next page.)

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XVI.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

CONTENTS. — Continued from page xv.

PAGE

502
505

PAGB

Uncovering Babylon

History of the Month in Caricature

Notable Anniversaries of the Month —

The Declaration of American Independence 512

The Ballot Act 513

The Capture of the Bastile 514

The Invincible Armada 514

The Over Seas Club —

Visit of Mr. and Miss Wrench 516

Objects. Creed, etc 520

Progress of the Club 521

Financial and Business Quarter —

Australian Mutual Provident Society . . . . 524

Colonial Sugar Refining Co. Ltd 525

The Colonial Bank of Australasia Ltd. . . 526

Notable Books of the Month —

Lloyd George and the Boer War 530

A Phantasmagoria 530

An Imperial Tragedy . . . 533

The Gran Chako 534

A Terrible Indictment . . 537

Books in Brief 538

547

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A GREAT AIRSHIP SHED AT FRIEDRICHSHAFEN.

Two monster Zeppelins can be berthed at once in this shed. England has nothing like it.
The ship on the right of the picture is the " Z4," which descended in a mist on the parade ground
of Luneville in France, and there rendered up her secrets to the French military airmen. See
photographs in our last number.)

NOTE!

A Reproduction in colour of M. Virgil's exquisite drawing of Mdlle.
Halina Schmolz — size, 7 inches by 10 inches — suitable for framing, will be
sent post free for 3s. to Readers of the Review of Review*. Address —
The Manager, Review of Reviews, T. & G. Building, Melbourne.

MDLLE. HALINA SCHMOLZ.
Specially drawn for the Review of Eeviews by " Virgil and Foulet."

The Rev

EDITED BY

EVIEWS

HENRY STEAD.

JULY, 1913.

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

ederal Elections.

extraordinary way in which an
electoral officer was able to keep all
Australia in suspense for a whole
week supplied a situation Gilbert would
have enthused over. The returning
officer himself can hardly be blamed;
he undoubtedl}' worked hard, but he
could surely havef been assisted in
counting the 3000 absentee votes of
the Hume division. Such an occur-
rence will never happen again, for so
equal a division of parties could not
well recur. The final results gave the
I Liberals 38 and Labour 37 members in
I the new House of "Representatives,
f Labour has twenty-nine Senators, the

1 Liberals onlv seven. As soon as it was

-

evident that Sir William Lyne had no
hope of retaining his old seat, Mr.
Fisher handed his resignation to Lord
Denman. The Governor-General

promptly sent for Mr. Cook, and
charged him with the format inn of a
Government. The new Prime Minister
did this with great dispatch, and with-
in a week of the resignation of the
Labour Government, Liberal Ministers
1 - >k charge of the great departments
of State.

The Fate of the Referenda.

The five questions submitted to the
electors, suggesting certain alterations
in the Constitution of the Common-
wealth, were all answered in the nega-
tive by varying majorities. The re-
turns are not yet complete. To date
they are as follows : —

TOTALS FOR THE COMMONWEALTH.
Trade and Com- Yes. No.

merce 921,745 957. 54«s

Corporations 922,595 963,319

Industries 923,546 962,745

Railways 921,185 967,295

Trusts 929,450 951,532

Monopolies 881,412 919,582

New South Wales, Victoria and Tas-
mania voted " No," the other three
States "Yes." Taken altogether, the
"No" majorities are relatively small,
and certainly give the Labour Party
ground for the confident assertion that
in view of the greal reduction in the
adverse vote this time compared tc
last, if the questions are put again they
will be carried. This may be so, but
actually the more one sees of State
ownership of railways, tramways,
steamships, etc., all over the world,

/

442

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

the less one likes it. Theoretically, it
is just what is wanted; in practice,
politics always enter into the working
of the business with disastrous results.
The object-lesson of the railways here
ought to convince anyone of the im-
mense advantage of State controlled
over State owned concerns.

The New Ministry.

Mr. Cook has been able to select a
strong Government. Sir John Forrest
goes back to the Treasury, where he
will require all his skill to make both
ends meet. Mr. W. H. Irvine takes
office for the first time in a Federal
Government, having selected the At-
torney-Generalship. This was ex-
pected to go to Mr. Glynn, of South
Australia, who filled it with con-
spicuous ability in the last Liberal Ad-
ministration. Instead, he takes charge
of the External Affairs Department,
where he will undoubtedly have more
scope, for after finance the most awk-
ward problems confronting the new
Administration are the Northern Terri-
tory, Papua, and foreign relations
generally. Everyone will agree that
Mr. Glynn is in the right place, for he
combines wide knowledge with a prac-
tical ability some of his more academi-
cal colleagues lack. Mr. L. E. Groom
will have an uneasy time at the receipt
of Customs, for, although the tariff was
a dead horse at this election, there are
not wanting influential organs who
insist it was the chief question, and
will demand revision thereof. Senator
E. D. Millen, of New South Wales, goes
to the Defence Department ; Mr. Agar
Wynne takes charge of the Post Office,
Senator McColl, the solitary Liberal
Senator Victoria possesses, is re-
warded with the Vice-Presidency of the
Executive Council, and Senator
Clemons, of Tasmania, and Mr. W. H.
Kelly, of New South Wales, are honor-
ary Ministers. Mr. Kelly will, however,

take active charge of the Home Office,
to leave Mr. Cook free to devote all his
time to steering the ship of state
through the dangers ahead.

What will They Do?

The question should rather be,
" What can they do?" Obviously, verv
little. After a Speaker has been
elected the parties will be exactly
equal in the Lower House, and the
Government will be in a hopeless
minority in the Upper. Mr. Bruce
Smith, it is expected, will become
Speaker, and will certainly fill that
high and, just now, especially difficult
office with distinction. Mr. Cook's fol-
lowers, unlike their opponents, are
neither accustomed, nor in many cases
able, to attend Parliament with unfail-
ing regularity. The coming session
must be a severe strain on them, and
Mr. Cook will probably be forced to
announce that he will take no notice of
snap divisions, and will, no doubt, en-
deavour to restrict the meetings of Par-
liament to three or four hours dailv.
Parliament meets os July 8th, and will
adjourn for a month. The Govern-
ment should survive a two or three
months' session, and the long recess
will carry it safely over till next May
or June. For fifteen months, at any
rate, there is little expectation of an-
other election. There is not much pros-
pect of any contentious legislation
being brought in. The electoral laws
may be modified, the rolls will certainly
have to be revised, but the Government
will go "cannily" throughout next ses-
sion. The present deadlock cannot of
course continue very long. The Govern-
ment will naturally choose its own time
to bring matters to a crisis. The Con-
stitution provides for a double dissolu-
tion after a Bill has been twice passed
by the Lower House and rejected by
the Senate. An interval of three months
must elapse between the first and

PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

443

[Brooihorn -
TIIE NEW PRIME MINISTER THE HON. JOSEPH OOOK, If.H.B.

Victorian Finances.

Mr. Watt, who went home to raise

444 REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

second passage of the Bill. After the years hence, and the officials talk

election, if the Lower House again cheerfully of getting depth of water

passes the Bill, and it is once more enough to float them in five years' time.

rejected by the Senate, a joint sitting Meanwhile, is Melbourne to cease to

of the two Houses voting together de- be a port of call for all vessels drawing

cides its fate. It is perfectly possible, over 30 ft.?

therefore, for a deadlock to occur again

if the Liberals, for instance, carry the

House of Representatives, but do not

carry the Senate, a joint sitting giv- ORe loan of ^4,000,000 for conversion

ing a majority to the Opposition. purposes, and another of £2,000,000

for public works, found the monev
The Depth of Australian Harbours. . . . , ■, , ,

^ , T . .. . . market tight, and had to be con-

Two months ago 1 published an °

, \ , . ' c \ r tent with £3,000,000 for con-

article upon the depths of Australian J\

-, , , ,, i-rr 1 version. \ ictoria is in a nappv

Tiarbours, and, recounting the dimcul- . . x^-

ties the H.M.S. "New Zealand" had Posltlon compared with other

4. j • iQ ■ „ yt^ik,-,,, ,-,-,«= ciirr States, who must view with trepi-
encountered m leaving Melbourne, sug- » '

gested that our new flagship, the Nation the heavy interest which will

" Australia," might not be able to enter certainly be exacted from them for bor-

Port Phillip Heads at all. This prob- rowings, for conversion purposes, they

ability has been recognised at last by cannot avoid making during the next

the great daily papers, who quoted few months. Victoria is not hard up;

largely from my article some weeks she can always get money reasonably

after it had appeared, and urged that from the Savings Bank if needs be, so

the deepening of the channel at the that Ministers— who meet Parliament

Heads should be proceeded with more on July 2nd — have no cause for

rapidly. It is good to find Australia anxiety. Owing to the defeat of Mr.

at last waking up to the need for deep Edgar, Minister of Public Works and

harbours. That in calling attention to Health, at the recent election for the

the facts, the papers almost all forgot Legislative Council, an opportunity oc-

to mention the source from which they curred for Mr. Hagelthorn to join the

obtained their particulars, is a small Government. He was obviously the

matter. The great thing is that the right man to take the portfolio, for his

grave necessity for improving our har- work as Honorary Minister in charge

bours and ports should be realised, of Immigration had clearly marked him

After reading my article, Mr. Ford, of out for promotion at theearliest possible

Christchurch, kindly sent me a photo- moment. A curious point has arisen

graph of H.M.S. "New Zealand," lying over the election of Mr. Fielding, Mr.

alongside the wharf at Lyttelton, which Edgar's successful opponent. He, it

shows that there, at any rate, ample appears, was born in America, and

depth is available to accommodate the took out naturalisation papers here

battle cruiser. The harbour authori- three years ago. But to be eligible for

ties in Melbourne do not appear to be a seat on the Legislative Council, a

disturbed that boats like the White man must be a British subject born or

Star liner, the " Cyramic," drawing 34 have been naturalised ten years. The

ft. 6 in., now entering the Australian interesting question to be decided is

trade, will be quite unable to get whether Mr. Fielding, born of a British

through the Heads loaded. This and father resident in the States, is an

similar vessels are coming now, not American or a Britisher !

PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

445

Photo.] [A. D. Ford.

H.M.S. "NEW ZEALAND," LYING AGAINST THE WHARF AT LYTTELTON.

Exit Mr. McCowen.

With the return of Mr. Holman from
London, Mr. McGowen has relinquished
the New South Wales Premiership, and
Mr. Holman will meet Parliament as
Premier and the new leader of the
party. The anomaly is that Mr.
McGowen should elect to remain in the
Cabinet as a subordinate Minister. It
was generally anticipated that he was
preparing the way for political retire-
ment at the approaching elections. The
strain of Parliamentary leadership has
always weighed heavily on Mr. Mc-
Gowen, much more so than it will on
Mr. Holman. The two men are cast
in an entirely different mould. Mr.
Holman came to politics, as he came
to the law, as he would come to any-
thing under the sun — to the manner
born. Mr. McGowen, if the truth were
known, has never been happy in
tics. He has only been partly suc-

cessful in accommodating his ideals to
politics. He will always be remem-
bered for his transparent honesty of
purpose, for his devotion to the inter-
ests of the workers, from whose ranks
he sprang into political prominence.
Mr. McGowen was not born a great
man. Political greatness was thrust
upon him, and though he ever wore his
honours with modest}-, his nearest
friends declare that he was as uncom-
fortable in them as young David when
he essayed Saul's fighting armour.

Mi*. Holman Arrives.

No prophet was needed to predict
the ultimate triumph of Mr. Holman.
From the day that he turned his face
towards politics and elected to seek
political fortune, nobody has been
found to deny him the possibility of
success. As a budding politician he
was popularly known as the "boy
orator," and his ready mind and

446

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

fluency of speech served him well and
carried him far. He is to-day the most
polished and eloquent speaker in the
New South Wales Parliament, and he
comes to the Premiership with a
ripened experience of men and affairs
which time has enabled him to gather.
For brilliancy and cleverness in debate
Mr. Holman is the bright particular
star in the Labour firmament. But he
belongs to a more advanced school
than Mr, McGowen, and may be ex-
pected to make the pace of his party
much warmer than his old chief would
have considered expedient. How far
he will succeed as Parliamentary
leader and Premier of a Labour Cabi-
net is as yet only a question of specu-
lation. He has not come to the Pre-
miership in the fulness of political op-
portunity. His part}- holds office by
the smallest Of majorities, and the fact
that the majority depends on Mr. Willis
and Mr. Beeby makes it as uncertain
as it is small. Presumably Mr. Hol-
man will be satisfied if he can keep
things happily balanced until the
autumn, when Parliament will expire
by the natural effluxion of time. It is
on the coming general elections that
Mr. Holman will need to concentrate
his energy and ability, for if the recent
State polling in the Federal elections
be any guide, his part}' will have to
fight for their lives.

Visit of British Ms. P.

Twenty members of the British
Houses of Parliament have accepted
the invitation of the Australian Branch
of the Empire Parliamentary Associa-
tion, and will visit Australasia, arriv-
ing in Wellington at the end of August.
As the trip, which includes an unofficial
visit to Canada, will occupy four
months, man}- of the most notable
M's.P. will be unable to spare the time
to come, but amongst the twenty there
will certainly be some of high standing

at home. It is very significant that
Lord Emmott, Under-Secretary for the
Colonies, is coming, for never before
has a Colonial Secretary visited Aus-
tralia. Mr. Winston Churchill, whilst
Under-Secretary, made a trip to East
Africa, and Mr. Chamberlain visited
South Africa after the war, returning
therefrom to adumbrate his Tariff Re-
form programme which has consigned
his part}' to the cold shades of Opposi-
tion ever since. It ought to be compul-
sory for every Colonial Under-Secre-
tary to visit the Over-Seas Dominions
of the Empire, or for such previous visit
to make a man eligible for the post.
Other members of the visiting party
are: — Lord Sheffield (Liberal), better
known as Lord Stanley of Adderley, a
great authority on education ; Lord
Castlemaine, an Irish peer and a
Unionist; Mr. C. B. Stuart-Wortley, a
Unionist K.C., was at one time Under-
Secretary for Home Affairs, is a direc-
tor of the Great Central Railway, and
an Ecclesiastical Commissioner ; Mr.
Will Crooks, one of the most popular
and shrewd of Labour M's.P., a work-
house boy, who has reached a great
position by his own unaided efforts ;
Sir Joseph Walton, a great traveller,
Liberal M.P. for the Barnsley division
of Yorkshire, in which county he owns
extensive mines ; he is an authority on
China; Mr. Arthur Sherwell, a Liberal
M.P., but first of all a great temper-
ance reformer and social worker, who
has done more for the same control of
the liquor traffic than anyone in Par-
liament since Sir Wilfrid Lawson ; Mr.
Hamar Greenwood, a Canadian by
birth, a former Parliamentary Secre-
tary to Winston Churchill ; one of the
counsel for Canada at the Hague Arbi-
tration on the Newfoundland Fisheries.
A splendid conversationalist and after-
dinner speaker. Many of the visitors
are accompanied by their wives

PROGRESS OF THE WORLD. 447

President Poincare visits England. been at peace. Save for a small desul-

The visit of France's new and ener- tory fight with the Hereros in their

getic President to London has been West African colonies, and assisting in

made the occasion of a great demon- police work in China, the Germans

stration in favour of the "entente cor- have been absolutely at peace with the

diale." He has had a great reception, whole world. During thai time Eng-

has been lunched by the Lord Mayor, land has waged wars in North and

has given a great banquet to King South Africa and India, France ha

George, using with hue irony for the battled in Algiers, and is now engaged

feast no less than two tons of the gold in fighting the Moors in Morocco;

plate Napoleon filched from the mon- Spain and the I'nited States have

archs of Europe a hundred years ago. been at war; Russia and Japan have

Such visits are excellent ; the more the battled furiously ; Italy has fought

nations fraternise the less possibility Menelik and Turkey; Greece attacked

there is of misunderstanding. On the Turkev, and was crushingly defeated;

occasion of President Fallieres' visit in and, finally, the whole of the Balkan-

iqoS, an effort was made to substitute have burst forth in lurid war. Not only

alliance for entente, and it is to be has the Kaiser kept Germany at peace,

hoped that over-zealous persons will but he has used his power to for< :

i; »t make the attempt again. M. Poin- others to keep the truce of Europe,

rare is astute enough to see the danger Perhaps his most notable achievement

to France of such a substitution. It for peace was the absolute veto he put

is .-.till one of the most extraordinary , „, anv combined action against En

paradoxes of the situation that Ger- \am\ during the Boer war, when every

many, in case of a breach with Eng- Furopean nation was itching to take

land, would welcome such an alliance, advantage of our entanglement

in order to afford herself a chance of South Africa. It is well to rei all that in
getting at someone whom she could those days France menaced us most,
hit, and whom she could compel to pay s]K. xvas irritable with England over
the lull of England's war. the Fashoda affair, and took up the

su]e of the Boer« whole-heartedly.
The Kaisers Quarter Century. There was no mention of the "entente

On June 15th, Wilhelm II., Emperor cordiale " then; the only question d
of Germany and' King of Prussia, cele- cussed was whether France would go
brated the twentv-fifth anniversary of to war with us or not. I te K
his accession to the throne. When in was largely responsible for keeping the
1888 he succeeded Ins father, Frede- peace. I remember a leading diplo-
rick Wilhelm all Europe talked of the matisl speculating as to what <
inevitable war this firebrand would many was to ge d tor keep-

kindle It was only a question of a ing the war dog I m ' : from our

,r two said wise diplomatists, throat.. Samoa, he said, of com

before Germany and France would be and concessions m East Africa, but

at one another's throats. Instead of thai innotsureh be all ! Whet

bringing a sword, however, Wilhelm the Kaiser acted from interested

n brought an olive branch as a motives or not does not really matter.

sceptre During the whole of the Hie fact rem I saved us from

twenty-five years he has ruled oxer the - European ultimatum, and iible

destinies of his peopl \ Germany has war.

448

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Relations with Cermany.

The Kaiser has a great eye for the
spectacular. He celebrated his twenty-
fifth anniversary with the same pomp
as he maintained at his daughter's
wedding. King George's visit on that
occasion no doubt helped towards a
general agreement between the two
Governments with regard to the Bag-
dad Railway and Asia Minor in gene-

firms her right to police the Gulf, and
maintains her predominant interest in
the navigation of the Shatt-el-Arab.
She will also have control over the
Arabs on the southern shore. This
may mean a great deal or very little,
but evidently the Gulf is to become
practically an English sea. The pros-
pect of British expansion in Arabia,
with its inevitable sequence of annexa-

Photo.~]

KING GEORGE AND THE KAISER IN BERLIN.

[Topical.

ral. Strained relations with Germany
date from our sudden refusal to con-
firm the general arrangement over the
Bagdad Railway ten years ago. We
lost our opportunity of securing inter-
national control of - that important
artery, which now remains in Ger-
man hands. Under the latest agree-
ments with Turkey, Britain establishes
a protectorate over Koweit, at the
northern end of the Persian Gulf, con-

tion, is already being discussed. When
the Bagdad Railway to Bursa is com-
pleted, the Gulf will become one of the
most important channels of Eastern
trade. Australian mails might come
that way, until Turkey and India are
linked by rail, and a week is cut off our
distance from home. Germany is un-
doubtedly agreeable to this arrange-
ment between England and Turkey.
This points to better understanding

PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

449

with Germain-, which must ere long
mean reduction in naval expenditure,
a consummation devoutly to be ho]
for.

The Marconi Transactions.

Mr. Balfour has again demonstrated
that he is the only possible leader of
the Unionist Party. Speaking in the
House on the debate raised upon the
conduct of Ministers with regard to
Marconi shares, he put the case with
a dignity and breadth of understand-
ing, combined with a jealous care for
the traditions of Parliament, which no
one else now in the House can com-
mand. Nothing could have been in
more marked contrast to the snarly
and even vindictive speech of Mr.
Bonar Law, who officially leads the
Opposition. Mr. Asquith, in his usual
lucid manner, reviewed the facts. He
did not think that he or anyone else
had ever heard franker and manlier
utterances than those of Sir Rufus
Isaacs and Mr. Lloyd George in ex-
plaining their action. They had made
a i error in judgment, and paid heavily
for it, but their honour, both private
and public, remained absolutely un-
stained. Sir Edward Grey pointed out
that if the House agreed to Mr. Bonar
Law's amendment, regretting the
"want of frankness" of the Ministers,
it would entail their resignation, and
the closing of their political careers.
The House voting on purely party lines
adopted the following resolution :-
"That this House accepts the expres-
-: .ns of regret by the Ministers at their
purchases of American Marconi shares,
and that the fact was nol mentioned
during the October debate; a< quits
them of having acted otherwise than in
good faith, and reprobates the wholly
false charges of corruption brought
against the Ministers." Tins closes a
most unfortunate incident. No one for a
moment thinks that the two Ministers

and Lord Murray of Elibank were
guilt}- of anything but an unfortunate
error of judgment; still this sort of
thing leaves a nasty taste behind it,
and mi}- yet damage the careers of the
i ; tors. Because of the enquiry
valuable time has been lost in complet-
ing a British chain of wireless stations
r tund the Empire. Experiments in Aus-
tralia seems to prove that the Tele-
funken system gives much the best re-
sults. The Marconi Company holds all
the master patents, however, and is
bound to be interested in whatever sys-
tem is adopted.

The Murder of Shevket Pasha.

General Mahmond Shevket Pasha,
Grand Vizier and leader of the Consti-
tutional Revolution of 1909, was
assassinated in Constantinople on June
nth. For political reasons the anti-
Young Turk Part}- had decided to get
rid of the Vizier. He knew that his
life was in danger, but took no precau-
tions, and was shot in his motor-car,
together with his-aide-de-camp. Many
arrests were made, and twelve of the

inspirators were condemned to de
and executed. Many others, including
Prince Sabaheddin, a relative of the
Sultan, were also sentenced, but left
the country before the trial com-
menced. Said Pasha has been ap-
pointed Vizier, filling the office for the
eighth time. He served in this capa-
city for many years under Abdul
llaniid. A strong man, but well ad-
vanced in years. The Young Turks
still seem to be in control of affairs,
but thus far have nol shown any
ia ty of risin ; I 1 the difficult situa-
tion which confronts them.

Trouble in the Balkans.

If left to themselves, there is every

►ability that the Balkan Allies
would be fighting over the spoils, but

great Pi >wers < anm il affi >rd t» • have

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PROGRESS OF THE WORLD. 451

another conflagration on their hands. Arming Merchantmen.

They hold the money-bags, and conse- Tt was an extraordinary move on the

quently should be able to control the Part of the Admiralty at home to en-

■j., „.: Tu , . r -.i courage the arming of merchantmen.

situation. the treaty or peace with . . te

— , . .,_.■'_. Is this an admission that our fleets are

lurkev was not signed until Sir Ed- , ,, .....

no longer capable ot defending our

ward Grey informed the Balkan dele- merchant ships in a future war? Jf it

gates that unless they agreed on the iSj t]ien we ought to come into line

draft treaty without delay, it was no with the United States, and agree to

use their remaining in England. This abandon the right of capture at sea

firm action brought Greece and Servia altogether. When this was proposed

into line. The signing took place on at the HaSue Peace Conference, it had

vr ^^4-' tu «; • 1 i • r the support of the British delegates at

May 30tn. Ihe official conclusion of / 1 s .

. . „ , , , .... first, but directly other nations wished

the war between turkey and the Allies , • ,, ■ . . .

to make certain things contraband or

was the signal for the outbreak of war> our representatives switched

serious trouble between Bulgaria on round, and insisted upon right of cap-

the one side and Greece and Servia on ture in every case. This may seem a

the other. The territory in dispute is contradiction, but it was quite a sound

shown on the accompanying map. position to take up. As the owner of

Bulgaria insists that the agreement the greatest mercantile marine in the

arrived at with Servia before the war world, Great Britain desired the right

started should be strictlv adhered to. of capture to be entirely abolished. If

Servia, for her part, points out that exceptions were to be made Great Bri-

the territory conquered far exceeded tain at once took up the other position,

what was anticipated. That Bulgaria and as the possessor of the most

had not supplied the troops promised powerful navy insisted on the right of

to assist in the conquest of Macedonia, capture, secure that this would be a

and, further, owing to her desire to powerful weapon to her hand, as her

capture Adrianople, had delayed the warships would suffice to protect her

conclusion of peace. Further, that merchantmen, and the merchantmen

Servia had assisted Bulgaria to a far of her foe would be at her mercy,

greater extent than was stipulated in Either no capture at all, said our

the treaty; and, finally, that much of naval delegate, Captain (now Admiral)

the territory which was to have fallen Ottley, or right to capture all ships,

to Servia had been taken from her by 0ne or the other, but nothing between,

the Powers to form an autonomous That is an understandable attitude.

Albania. Consequently Servia and a Useless Step.

Greece refused to abide by the agree- To arm merchantmen in peace time

ment, and were prepared, if need be, is to license privateering, and as Ad-

by force of arms, to hold what they miral Sir Cyprian Bridge points out in

had conquered. Some sanguinary the "Nation": "By the year 1856 the

encounters have taken place, but it is privateer had become as obsolete as a

probable that the Allies will finally pack horse." Authorised robbery en

agree to accept the Tsar's offer of the high sea cannot possibly pay, for

arbitration, and that the much-abused an ocean steamer of great speed and

Concert of Europe will succeed in pre- size, with a large and expert crew,

venting further bloodshed. would be required for the purpose.

45 2

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Such a vessel would mean an initial
outlay of close on a quarter of a mil-
lion pounds, and the chance of any
compensating return would be slight.
To arm merchantmen, as is now being
done, means the gift of some good
guns as well as a good ship, to any
enemy's cruiser that happened along,
for no unarmoured ship would dream of
fighting a steel-clad vessel, however
small. The only possible use such
guns could be put to would be to repel
an attack by an enemy's ship similarly
armed, a remote and improbable con-
tingency. The experiment is bound to
be a costly one, both for the British
taxpaper, who through the Admiralty
supplies the guns and necessary am-
munition, and for • the owners, who
have to make considerable structural
alterations, to sacrifice much valuable
cargo room, and pay increased insur-
ance charges, not to mention the in-
convenience which may be met with in
ports where vessels carrying explosives
are prohibited from docking or lying
alongside wharves. The whole scheme
is a useless expenditure of public
money
The Poet Laureate.

The death of Alfred Austin renders
vacant the position of Poet Laureate,
which he has held since 1896. His pre-
decessor, Lord Tennyson, died in 1892,
and the office was unfilled for four
years. In fact there was a strong feel-
ing that it should lapse altogether,
there being no one of equal genius to
succeed the master singer. Alfred
Austin had a difficult position to fill,
and did it with dignity, if not with
brilliance. On the whole, few poets of
real distinction have had the honour of
being made Laureate. Before the ap-
pointment of Southey the office had
fallen into contempt, but he, Words-
worth and Tennyson left it the goal
rather than the derision of poets.

THE LATE RT. HON. GEORGE WYNDHAM.

One of the most statesmanlike leaders of the
Unionist party. As Irish Secretary, he intro-
duced the Land Bill, which enabled tenants to-
purchase their holdings at advantageous rates.
His loss will seriously weaken the Opposition in
debate.

Dryden was the first paid Laureate,
the title being conferred on him by
letters patent. Neither Swinburne nor
Morris would accept the post of birth-
day singer to the Court, hence it had
to be filled by Austin, a man of lesser
genius. Speculation is already busy
with the names of possible successors.
A popular vote would no doubt give it
to Kipling, the Empire's jingle bard,
for the public dearly likes to be tickled
with words, and appreciates jingo
jingles, whilst the thought-compelling
muse of a Swinburne, a Meredith, or a
Morris leaves it cold. Kipling appears
to be getting into training for this
post ; he has thrown off some verses of
welcome for M. Poincare, but poets
like Watson, Masefield or Noyes are
more likely to be selected than a
rhymer like Rudyard Kipling.

PROGRESS OF THE WORLD. 453

Italian Disasters in Africa. said, some 100,000 followers. Baratieri
Italy has been singularly unfortunate hesitated to give battle ; in fact, so
in her African ventures. She has an- long did he vacillate that the Italian
nexed Tripoli, but not by any means Government sent out General Baldis-
conquered it. The Turks have with- sera to supersede him. This goaded
drawn, but the Arabs remain as him into attacking the Abyssinians
fiercely opposed to the Italian occupa- with the 20,000 men he had under his
tion as ever. On May 16th, the garri- command. They were almost all
son of 5000 men left in Derna ad- Italian troops, with but few native
vanced to meet the Arabs approaching auxiliaries. Divided into three columns
to attack the town. It was estimated they fell upon the forces of the Negus
that these numbered only 2000. Actu- Menelik, only to be hurled back and
ally they were ten times as strong, crushed one after the other. The
Weary and without food or water, the Italians lost 6000 men killed and 4000
Italian troops, after a long march into captured. After this crushing defeat
the desert, lay down to rest. At three Italv ceded two rich provinces to the
in the morning they were furiously at- dusky Emperor, who had stamped out
tacked by the fanatical foe, and re- all hope of her expansion in East
treated in disorder. The Arabs pur- Africa. An indemnity of £400,000
sued them to the gates of Derna, slay- was also paid over to him. Is there to
ing and capturing, it is said, some be another Adowa in Tripoli? If the
2000 men. This reverse will make the Senussi are taking a hand in the mat-
task before the Italians a great deal ter it is quite probable,
more difficult than it already was. One

cannot but call to mind the crushing Chinese Difficulties.

defeat these modern Romans suffered Vuan-Shih-Kai, President of China,
at Adowa in 1896. Their troops were has succeeded 111 obtaining the
under the command of General Bara- £25,000,000 loan from the five great
tieri, who succeeded in greatly extend- Powers against the wishes of the
ing Italian influence in Northern Chinese Parliament now assembled in
Somaliland. After several slight sue- Pekm. Why the newly-elected consti-
( esses against isolated Dervish tribes, tutional rulers of China should object
the General pushed his forces as far to the loan is not at first evident, al-
as Kassala, on the Egyptian border, though they might well protest against
He was accorded an enthusiastic wel- the President's high-handed action in
come on his return to Italy, but had carrying through the negotiations
speedily to return to Africa, where without reference to them. A mes-
King Menelik of Abyssinia had com- sage from Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the great
pleted his preparations for asserting reformer, to whom more than to any-
his authority as the independent ruler one else the creation of the Republic
of Ethiopia. The Italian General took is due, throws light on the question,
the offensive against Mangasha, a He points out that careful investiga-
powerful ally of the Ethiopian monarch, tion has proved conclusively that the
and easily defeated him. This appears Pekin Government was seriously im-
to have caused him to underestimate plicated in the murder of the National-
Menehk himself, who was by no means ist leader, Sung Chiao-jen. This know-
sorry to see his ally and rival defeated, ledge has created great indignation,
The Negus now, however, advanced in and the nation is now on the verge or
person against the Italians, with, it is the most acute and dangerous crisis

454

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

yet experience. The Government, com-
scious of its guilt, rushed through the
loan despite the protests of Parliament,
thus accentuating the intense indigna-
tion of the people, who are now worked
up to a white heat of fury, which
makes a terrible convulsion almost in-
evitable. Says Dr. Sun Yat-sen : " In-
deed, so acute has the crisis become
that widespread smouldering embers
may burst forth in devastating confla-
gration at any moment. From the date
of the birth of the Republic I have
striven for unity, peace, concord and
prosperity. I recommended Yuan-Shih-
Kai for the Presidency because there
appeared reasons for believing that by
doing so the unification of the nation
and the dawn of the era of peace and
prosperity would thereby be hastened.
Ever since then I have done all I could
to evolve peace, order and government
out of the chaos created by the revolu-
tion. I earnestly desire to preserve
peace throughout the Republic, but my
effort's will be rendered ineffective if
financiers will supply the Pekin Govern-
ment with money that would, and prob-
ably will, be used in waging war
against the people. If the country is
plunged into war at this juncture it
will inevitably inflict terrible misery
and suffering upon the people, who
are just beginning to recover from dis-
location of and losses of various kinds
caused by the revolution. For the
establishment of the Republic they
have sacrificed much, and are now de-
termined to preserve it, at all costs.
If the people are now forced into a life
and death struggle for the preserva-
tion of the Republic, not only will it en-
tail terrible suffering to the masses,
but inevitably also adversely affect all
the foreign interests in China. If the
Pekin Government is kept without
funds there is a prospect of a compro-
mise on behalf of the people being

effected, while the immediate effect of
a liberal supply of money will probably
be the precipitation of a terrible and
disastrous conflict."

President or Dictator?

This was written over a month ago.
Since then, the loan has been floated,
although at a terrible sacrifice — (issued
at 84, and carrying 5 per cent.) — and
presumably the President now has
funds enough to enable him to crush
all opposition, not only by military
force, for his army will be loyal as long
as he pays it well, but by the political
influence he will be able to exercise.
Those who know China prophesy that
despite the advantage the possession
of the loan money gives the Govern-
ment, a fitful struggle will be carried
on for years, China will find no rest,
the. prosperity of the country will be
ruined, and all foreign interests in
China must suffer immense loss.
Meanwhile it looks as if Yuan, astute,
strong and resourceful, is determined
to make himself practically dictator
instead of merely provisional Presi-
dent. Thus, at the very time the
United State is formally recognising
the Chinese Republic, that Republic,
like France in 1799, is coming under
the domination of a Dictator. It is
quite possible that, like the First Con-
sul, Yuan may for a while make China
far more formidable to her neighbours
than a republican Government could at
present, but it will be at the expense
of the prosperity of the teeming mil-
lions of China. The greatest danger,
though, is that the new Republic, rent
by internal dissension, may fail to pay
the interest on its colossal loan. This
will give the Powers who guarantee it
an opportunity to step in, and " spheres
of influence " would no doubt be
allotted amongst them. Thus would a
dangerous partition of China begin.

455

^eeti-i^X

" Ceo', even my Cod, halh anointed me -with ejir
Cil oj gladness above my fellows?

from
HOL.L/OWAY gaol

A NEW YEAR'S CARD, SENT BY MR. W. T. STEAD TO HIS FRIENDS, FROM HOLLOWAY

GAOL, JANUARY 1, 1886.

MY FATHER: W. T. STEAD.

Father would have been 64 on the 5th
of July. It was significant that one
who did so much to bring the two
great sections of the English-speaking
race together should have been born the
day after the anniversary of the Decla-
ration of American Independence. He
always regarded the separation of the
American colonies as having been of
the greatest benefit to the world in
general and to the British Empire in
particular. He used to celebrate the
Fourth regularly, latterly often giving
the address at Browning Settlement,
where for the last eighteen years the day
has been kept as one of special rejoic-
Father strongly advocated the
erection of a statue to George Washing-

1 mi English ground, for he looked
mi him as one of the greatest English-
men who ever lived. We have not
reached that stage yet, but I have no
doubt whatever that before long such
a statue will be put up.

Lord Morley used to say of father that
he was too far ahead of his public. It
likes to be led, but he was generally
" round the next corner by the time it
had got into the street." Thus he worked
earnestly for the union of the English-
speaking world ; for that purpose he
founded the Review of Reviews more
than twenty years ago. At that time,
and during crises like that over Vene-
zuela, when war seemed inevitable,
people said his hope was Utopian, and
utterly impossible of realisation. To
those he replied that the time would
come when war between America and
England could not be dreamed of, and
every dispute would be settled by arbi-
tration. That is the position to-day;
and his grave is mid-way between the
two great countries he did so much to
bring together.

He laboured through long and stormy
years for better understanding with
Russia, lie was accused of being' sub-

456

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

sidised by the Russian Government, of
being a traitor to his country, and other
equally absurd things. To-day Great
Britain and Russia are in cordial alli-
ance ! He laboured incessantly for bet-
ter relations with Germany, and was ever
an advocate of universal arbitration. If
these two things also come to pass what
a boon it would be to the world ! I
-came across a good illustration of his
far-sightedness the other day in reading
an article he wrote twenty years ago. In
it he said the time would come when a
United Australia would send for an
English General to advise her about her
defence, when the Overseas Dominions
began to take up the burden of Empire.
Eighteen years later that prophesy was
fulfilled !

HIS FAVOURITE POET.

I have mentioned that he admired
Washington, but his hero was Crom-
well. He early inculcated a vast respect
in us for that rugged genius, to whom
the Empire owes the foundation of its
greatness. Queen Elizabeth was another
heroine of his. His favourite poet was
Lowell, who, indeed, he popularised in
England. Writing a preface to an
edition of his poems, father said :

' In some of the critical moments of
my life I found in Lowell help such as
I found in none other outside Carlyle's
' Cromwell ' and Holy Writ. I found
that which I sorely needed, and which
became an abiding possession and a
strength for evermore. I was little more
than a boy of fifteen when first I felt
the inspiration of Lowell's word. It
was not till several years later that I
ever bethought myself of journalism as
a profession ; but I think I can trace the
first set of my mind in a journalistic
direction to reading the preface to the
Pious Editor's Creed, which I make no
scruple about quoting almost entire.

THE PIOUS EDITOR'S CREED.
' I know of no so responsible posi-
tion as that of the public journalist.
The editor of our day bears the same
relation to his time that a clerk bore to
the age before the invention of print-
ing. Indeed, the position which he
holds is that which the clergyman
should hold even now. But the clergy-

man chooses to walk off to the extreme
edge of the world, and to throw such
seed as he has clear over into the dark-
ness which he calls the Next Life. As
is "next did not mean nearest, and as if
any life were nearer than that immedi-
ately present one which boils and eddies
all round him at the caucus, the ratifica-
tion meeting, and the polls! Who
taught him to exhort men to prepare
for eternity, and for some future era of
which the present forms no integral
part ? The furrow which Time is even
now turning runs through the Everlast-
ing, and in that must he plant, or no-
where. Yet he would fain believe and
teach that we are going to have more of
eternity than we have now. This going
of his is like that of the auctioneer, on
which gone follows before we have
made up our minds to bid — in which
manner, not three months back, I lost
an excellent copy of Chappelow on Job.
So it has come to pass that the preacher,
instead of being a living force, has
faded into an emblematic figure at
christenings, weddings and funerals.
Or, if he exercises any other function,
it is as keeper and feeder of certain
theologic dogmas, which, when occasion
offers, he unkennels with a slaboy! "to
bark and bite as 'tis their nature to,"
whence this reproach of odium theologi-
cum has risen.

Meanwhile, see what a pulpit the
editor mounts daily, sometimes with a
congregation of fifty thousand within
reach of his voice, and never so much as
a nodder, even, among them. And from
what a Bible can he choose his text—
a Bible which needs no translation, and
which no priestcraft can shut and clasp
from the laity — the open volume of the
world, upon which, with a pen of sun-
shine and destroying fire, the inspired
Present is even now writing the annals
of God ! Methinks the editor who
should understand his calling, and be
equal thereto, would truly deserve that
title which Homer bestows upon princes.
He would be the Moses of our nine-
teenth century ; and whereas the old
Sinai, silent now, is but a common
mountain stared at by the elegant tour-
ist, and crawled over by the hammering
geologist, he must find his tables of the

.)/)' FATHER.

K

new law here among factories and cities
in this Wilderness of Sin (Numbers
xxxiii. 12) called Progress of Civilisa-
tion and be " the Captain of our Exodus
into the Canaan of a truer social
order." '

HIS MOST PRECIOUS BOOKS
'That great ideal of the editor as
' the Captain of our Exodus into the
Canaan of a true:1 social order ' still
glows like a pillar of fire amid the mid-
night gloom before the journalists of
the world. But, alas ! it may still be
asked — as it was when the Rev. Homer
Wilbur preached the sermon which led
the editor of the 'Jaalam Independent
Blunderbuss ' unaccountably to absent
himself from the meeting-house — of the
thousands of mutton-loving shepherds
who edit our newspapers, ' How many
have even the dimmest perception of
their immense power and the duties con-
sequent thereon ? Here and there haply
one. Nine hundred and ninety-nine
labour to impress upon the people the
great principles of Tweedledum, and
other nine hundred and ninety-nine
preach with equal earnestness the gospel
according to Tweedledee.' It was three
or four years before I again felt the
kindling touch of Mr. Lowell's genius.
Like many other youths in those days, I
was in the habit of competing for the
modest prizes offered for essays in the
' Boys' Own Magazine,' which was then
published by S. O. Beeton. I wrote
several, always under the name of ' W.
T. Silcoates,' and only succeeded once
in gaining a prize. My solitary success
was an essay on Oliver Cromwell. The
prize was one guinea, which had to be
taken out in books published by the pro-
prietors of the ' Boys' Own Magazine.'
After selecting books valued at twenty
shillings, I chose 'The Poetical Works
of lames Russell Lowel ' to make up
the guinea. That little volume, with its
green paper cover, lies before me now,
thumbed almost to pieces, underscored,
and marked in the margin throughout,
and inside there is written, ' To W. T.
Silcoates, with Mr. Beeton's best wishes.'
With the exception of the little copy of
Thomas a Kempis, which General Gor-
don gave to me as he was starting for

Khartoum, it is the most precious of all
my books. It has been with me every-
where. In Russia, in Ireland, in Rome,
in prison, it has been a constant com-
panion.

THE POEM THAT "(HANGED MY LIFE."

"That little book reached me at a
somewhat critical time. I was saturated
with the memories of the Puritans, and
hllecl with a deep sense of the unworthi-
ness of my old literary ambitions. My
health, impaired by overstudy, affected
my eyes, and for some terrible months
1 was haunted by the consciousness of a
possible blindness. It was then that I
came upon Mr. Lowell's little-known
poem, ' Extreme Unction,' which I find
marked in pencil — -' This poem changed
my life.' "

" I don't think any four lines ever
printed went into my life so deeply as
these : —

' Now here T gasp ; what lose my kind,
When this fast-ebbing breath shall
part ?

What bands of love and service bind
This being to the world's sad heart ?'

' The idea that everything wrong in
the world was a divine call to use your
life in righting it sank deeper into my
soul. How well I remember, night after
night, looking down from the Manors
railway station over the house-crowded
valley at the base of All Saints' Church,
Newcastle, which towered above them
all, all black and empty, like the vast
sepulchre of a dead God, and thinking
that behind every lighted window which
gleamed through the smoky darkness
there was at least one human being
whose heart was full of all the tragedies
of love and hate, of life and of death,
and yet between them and me what a
great gulf was fixed! How could
bands of love and service be woven be-
tween these innumerable units so as to
make us all one brotherhood once more?
There they sat by lamp and candle —
so near, and vet 111 all the realities of
their existence, as far apart as the fixed
stars. And there grew up in me, largely
under Lowell's influence, a feeling as if
there was something that blasphemed
God in whatever interposed a barrier

458

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

impeding' the free flow of the helpful
sympathy and confident intercourse be-
tween man and man. But how could
anything- be done ? It was hard to say,
beyond endeavouring, each in his own
sphere, to be as helpful, as loving, as
kind, and as sympathetic as he knew
how. Yet how trivial seemed everything
you could do ; how infinitesimal the ut-
most that any individual could achieve !
But when in this desponding mood,
Lowell's memorial verses to W. Lloyd
Garrison inspirited me as with the blast
of a trumpet."

CARDINAL MANNING.
Father's friends were legion, but 1
never heard him speak of anyone in
such loving terms as he did of Cardinal
Manning, unless perhaps it were Cathe-
rine Booth, the late General's sainted
wife. Although the Cardinal and father
differed widely on many things, they
both had a large charity for others' be-
liefs, and both were consumed with
great love and pity for the fallen and
the outcast. Manning was a veritable
tower of strength to father during the
stormy time of the Maiden Tribute and
other crusades he carried through. His
death in 1892, that terrible year when
the influenza first swept as a plague
through England, moved him as no
other did, save that of Gordon at Khar-

toum.

GENERAL GORDON.

Father always regarded himself as
responsible for Gordon being sent to
the Sudan, and there is no doubt had
he not published his famous interview
with the General, Gordon would have
entered the service of the King of the
Belgians. The two had much in corn-
men, and before he left England for
what proved to be his death, Gordon
gave father his little volume of Thomas
a Kempis, which had been with him
through many a dangerous expedition.
Our Chief was ever a good fighter, and
never failed to support Gordon during
his life and to defend his memory. One
of his recent articles was a review of
Lord Cromer's book on Egypt, in which,
with a full knowledge of all the facts,
he scathingly exposed the way in which
the great Consul had hampered and

hindered Gordon and his plans — actions
which resulted in the death of Gordon
and the loss of the Sudan

A SENSATIONAL ADVERTISEMENT.

Oliver Cromwell's pistol, a small re-
plica of the Gordon statue in Trafalgar
Square (the gift of Lord Esher), a
" Brown Bess " from the Crimean war,,
and a huge skull made of papier mache.
were prominent in his room at the office.
The first-mentioned came to him
through the Ireton family and was
much prized, the last was a relic of the-
Pall Mall Gazette. The Chief was the
creator of much of the new journalism,
and the days when he occupied the edi-
torial chair in Northumberland-street
were stirring indeed. The skull in
question was one of a dozen he had
made, and induced several sandwich-
men to wear, to advertise a review in the
P.M.G. of Stevenson's " Body Snatcher."
This brilliant idea was scotched by the-
police, who refused to allow such fear-
some things to parade the streets of
London.

EXECUTOR OF RHODES' MILLIONS.

A large, framed engraving of Cecil
Rhodes, a bust of Cardinal Manning,
and a perfect gallery of photographs of
notable men and women filled the sanc-
tum. Mr. Rhodes was frequently at the
office. He and the Chief were firm
friends. I remember the Colossus com-
plaining to father that he had put him
on a pedestal, and idealised him in his
writings till he was forced to try and
live up to the standard thus set. Many
and long were the discussions they had.
It is well known now of course that for
many years father was the sole executor
of Rhodes' millions. It was good to
find how all father's South African
friends stuck to him, although no one
opposed the war against the Boers more
fiercely than did he. He lost no true
friend on the British side, and gained a
host amongst the Boers. One of his
greatest friends was trapped in Lady-
smith, where he was in command of the
cavalry. Rhodes himself was besieged
in Kimberley, and Dr. Jamieson, Mr.
Beit and many others were all deeply
concerned in the war and the intrigues

.1/]" FATHER.

459

"which preceded it, yet all remained his
firm friends till the end.

THE MAIDEN TRIBUTE.
I was too young to remember much
about the time of the Maiden Tribute
of Modern Babylon ; the series of
articles in which father exposed the
awful trade in girls carried on in Lon-
don. These were published in the Pall
Mall Gazette, and created the wildest
•excitement in London, and, indeed,
throughout England. They achieved
the object for which they were written,
and the age of consent was raised from
14 to 16. Copies of the paper contain-
ing these articles were sold for as much
as a sovereign apiece, so great was the
demand for them. Father's life was
threatened many times, and the wildest
untruths about him were set afloat, for
what he was doing meant the ruin of
many who were battening on this hor-
rible traffic. His friends finally induced
him to get a revolver, but he never car-
ried it, and, indeed, used it but once,
trying the penetrating power of the
bullet on two solid blue books in the
P.M.G. office in Northumberland-street.

A MAFFICKING INCIDENT.

Father was absolutely fearless, and
refused to take precautions. When
Mafeking was relieved, a mob invaded
his garden at Wimbledon, devastated it
and smashed a window in the dining-
room, but during the whole of that
period, when he was perhaps the most
execrated man in England, he never
hesitated to walk the mile from the sta-
tion, very often through a madly excited
crowd. It is astonishing that he came
through unharmed. He never allowed
the cracked window to be mended, con-
sidering it a useful reminder of the
fickleness and short-sightedness of the
public.

THE TRIAL AT OLD BAILEY.

Owing to a technical error in obtain-
ing the evidence he needed for his
Maiden Tribute articles, father was com-
mitted for trial at the Old Bailey. In
order to prove that girls could actually
be bought in London, a girl called Eliza
Armstrong was so purchased by father,
and promptly consigned to the care of

a waitii er of the Salvation Army.

The Army worked loyally with father
throughout, and the Chief-of-Staff —
now General Booth -had to stand his
trial with father as an accessory. The
error made was in not obtaining the con-
sent of both parents. I know of the
trial only from those who were present,
who sat near him during its course, and
heard his wonderful speech to the court
after the jury had brought in a verdict
of guilty.. Even Justice Lopez, hostile
though he was, in sentencing him to
three months' imprisonment, had to ad-
mit that his motives were commendable,
but that a technical breach of the law
had to be punished. Later it came out
that had Lord Russell, who defended
father, asked a question he suggested to
him, the whole prosecution would have
fallen to the ground. ft is significant
that those who brought the charge of
unlawful abduction never did anything
for the girl who was technically "ab-
ducted." ' She married, and after the
death of her husband a few years ago it
was to father she turned for help, not to
those who had used her in a futile at-
tempt to muzzle the man who was ex-
posing the infamous White Slave traffic
in the city.

"A JOURNALIST?"
Father spent three days as a common
prisoner, but directly Lord Salisbury-
heard of this he had him shifted to Hol-
loway, where he served the rest of his
sentence as a first-class misdemeanant.
When he was examined as usual, on en-
tering gaol, he was asked his profession.
" Journalist," he said. " Oh," grumbled
the inspector, "they all say that. Can-
not you think of something better?

OUR MUZZLED CHIEF.
We children used to visit him 111 Hol-
loway, ami looked forward to going to
his cell there. The Pall Mall staff gave
him a small model lion, about the size
of a collie dog, on which they affixed a
muzzle. It was taken down to him by
Mr. now Sir Henry Norman, in-
scribed, "To our muzzled chief." It
had a 'splendid roar, winch much de-
lighted us when we found it in Ins cell.
This [ion always stood in the hall of
his house ; it stands there now.

460

REVIEW OE REVIEWS.

MICE AND MEN.
I remember that we were particularly
interested in the way he trapped the
mice in his cell. There were plenty of
them, and he used to stick a
piece of paper over the top of a
small tin, cut a cross in it, put some
food there, and arrange a couple
of books as steps. He caught seve-
ral mice, but never had the heart to
hand them over to the authorities, so let
them go again. The governor, who used
to spend much time with father, was
much amused at the episode. Father
was. permitted to write as much as he
liked, provided he wrote nothing about
the cause of his imprisonment. He did
the leaders for the P.M.G. almost every
daw He had manv a laugh over letters
he received, saying how his admirers
missed his forceful leaders.

A CROWNING MERCY.

Father always regarded having been
sent to prison as a crowning mercy. It
is certain that it was this which gave
success to his agitation ; without it it
might not have achieved the result it did.
" After you have been in prison you can
understand and sympathise so much
better," he used to say. He was quite
convinced that before his end came he
would have to go to prison for con-
science' sake at least once, probably
twice. '"If ever I have a tombstone," he
said, " I want written on it, ' W. T.
Stead, who wrote the Maiden Tribute
of Modern Babvlon.' " His death on the

" Titanic " gave the impetus which
forced through the Criminal Law
Amendment Act last year, the first real
advance since his success in 18S5.

AT EXETER HALL.

On his liberation he had a tremendous
reception at Exeter Hall. It was a won-
derful sight. The whole audience kept
its feet for nearly ten minutes waving
handkerchiefs, hats and sticks, and
cheering itself hoarse. I, a small boy at
the time, was, I must admit, considerably
scared at the demonstration, and was
glad to get out of the meeting. " Res-
cue the Perishing " was sung at every
gathering of the kind, and, I think, that
was about the only hymn father got
thoroughly tired of hearing.

At this gathering he was given a
purse of sovereigns collected in penny
subscriptions from girls all over Bri-
tain. I recollect this specially, because
we had never seen so much gold at once,
and because father in his exuberant
energy, tossed it hard across to my
brother, who, failing to catch it, had his
head cut therewith. Ultimately this
money found its way into the funds of
the Xational Vigilance Society, founded
by him and his friends at that time to
protect the maidenhood of England — a
society which has done remarkable work
in organising international protection
for girl travellers, and has driven white
slave traffickers from many of the cities
of Europe.

TOPICS OF THE MONTH.

0i

X.-THE JAPANESE IN CALIFORNIA.

Australia cannot fail to fpllow with
anxiety the result of the present trouble
between Japs and Americans on the
Pacific slope. A particularly informa-
tive article on the subject is written by
Mr. W. V. Woehlke, in the Outlook. If
his diagnosis of the situation be correct
the Californians will not rest until
they have excluded the Japanese as they
did the Chinese thirty years ago.

Mr. Woehlke points out that of Cali-
fornia's total area of 99,000,000 acres,
Japanese residents own in fee 12,726,
and as tenants 18,000, or a total in all
of 12 100 of one per cent, of the whole.
There are only 58,000 of them, about i\
per cent, of California's population.

Why, asks Mr. Woehlke, does the
Pacific Coast in general, British Colum-
bia included, why does California speci-
ficially, exhibit such an intense dislike
of the Japanese?

The determined, brutal war waged by
California against the admission of
Chinese immigrants was based on the
difference in the. standard of living.
The Chinese could subsist luxuriously
on a ration costing one-tenth of the
white man's needed food ; the Chinese
could outstarve the whites; therefore
the Chinese must go. Beginning in
1852, California agitated, murdered,
persecuted, and talked until the Burlin-
game Treaty, containing the most-fav-
oured-nation clause, was abrogated and
exclusion became a fact. Economic
siderations were the mainspring of
the agitation.

JAPANESE LABOUR NOT CHEAP.

Japanese labour is not cheap labour.
Japanese do not work for less pay than
wh te men, except temporarily to obtain
the white man's job by underbidding
him. Lasl summer the women of
Hollywood, a fashionable suburb of Los
Angeles, locked out the Japanese domes-
tic workers. The house-cleaners and

gardeners* had gradually raised the
wage scale to thirty-five cents an hour.
" Twenty-five cents and no more will
we pay!" declared the housewives.
The Japanese smiled very politely, but
did not change the rate card. Holly-
wood is still paying them thirty-five
cents (1/6) an hour.

Except to rout Caucasians or
Chinese from entrenched positions, the
Japanese do not underbid their com-
petitors in the labour market. Their
standard of living is as high as that of
other nationalities. They dress well, eat
well, spend money without stint for
entertainment. The percentage of
criminals among them is low. Be it
work in the household, in orchard or
vineyard, they perform the task with
speed and unusual intelligence — if they
are so minded. Their clannishness is no
more pronounced than the group ad-
hesion of a dozen other nationalities
whose ignorance of the English lan-
guage forces them into linguistic
colonies. The number of the Japanese
in California is not increasing. They
readily, eagerly adopt the dress, the
manners and methods of their new
home.

THE SUPERIORITY OF THE NATIVE BORN.

Is there, then, Mr. Woehlke continue-,
no reason for the periodic anti-Japanese
outbursts on the Pacific Coast D

Before the Japanese came, ever}' im-
migrant, whether from northern Europe
or southern, from England, Germany,
Sweden, Italy, or Greece, tacitly
acknowledged the superiority of the
native-born, accepted his position in the
social scale humbly, without question,
totally severed the tie that bound him
to the old home. Peasant or college
graduate, the immigrant realised or
was made to realise that he was an ap
prentice, ignorant of the country and its
ways, an uninvited probationer, marked

462

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

A CRISIS IN THE MAKING.

A MASS MEETING OF JAPANESE TO PROTEST AGAINST THE CALIFORNIAN ANTI-
ALIEN LAWS.

The above scene — sketched by a Graphic artist — is typical of many in Japan, which have,
compelled the Government to protest strongly to the United States against the Californian
legislation. It is the articulate extremists on both sides who have made the task of the two
Governments so difficult.

TOPICS OF THE MONTH.

463

as an inferior by speech, dress, and de-
meanour. Public opinion inexorably
forced him to the bottom of the social
ladder. So frequently was he reminded
that no one asked him to come, so often
was he urged, should he complain, to
betake himself whence he came, that a
very high valuation of that unattainable
distinction, American nativity, grew up
in the immigrant's mind. Even the edu-
cated, clear-thinking immigrant, no
matter how specious the claim of racial
superiority might appear to him, keenly
felt the pressure of a patronising,
almost hostile environment, and often
accepted, unconsciously perhaps, the
subordinate rank accorded him and his
nation by those born beneath the Flag.
Of this force behind this grinding de-
nationalising process none but an immi-
grant can gain an adequate conception.

NOT ADMITTED BY THE JAPS !

But this subtle process of self-degra-
dation so pleasing to American nostrils
never takes place in the Japanese soul.
In his scanty baggage the immigrant
brings from Nippon an abiding belief
in the grandeur of his nation, a feeling
of superiority over the rest of the world
as unyielding, as well developed, as
deeply rooted as the American pride of
race. The Japanese is the first immi-
grant who has not only failed to pay
homage at the shrine of American
nativity, but who has also challenged
the right of the Caucasian to march at
the head of the procession. By his as-
sertion of equality the yellow Japanese
immigrant has stung American pride to
the quick. At the same time his refusal
to worship American nativity implied
an assumption of superiority over the
naturalised white immigrant who did
thus worship. And the naturalised
Americans, feeling the double slight,
resented the implication bitterly. None
is louder in the demand for Japanese
exclusion than the white immigrant or
his offspring.

PROVING EQUALITY.
The Japanese did not come to Cali-
fornia until after the passage of the
Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. Like
their cousins from the mainland, the

insular immigrants became farm lab-
ourers, house servants, hewers of wood
and drawers of water. The Japanese
rendered the same menial services that
the Chinaman used to perform, but the
Japanese was not submissive, obedient,
pliant, yielding. The Japanese was not
a servant who would " do what he was
wanted to." The Japanese " talked
back."

After the victory over the Russians,
the Japanese immigrants, having em-
barked in all lines of business with
eminent success, began to insist openly
upon the equality of white and yellow,
developed a tender skin, a sensitiveness
incompatible with their status as immi-
grants, the Calif ornians thought. Lift-
ing chin and squaring shoulders, the
Japanese asserted by their bearing that
they were at least as good as any white
man.

What was worse, they nroved the
assertion.

BEATING THE WHITE MAX.

Thousands of well-bred, well-edu-
cated Japanese who sought their fortune
on the Pacific Coast showed beyond
doubt that they were the white man's
match in any line of endeavour. On
the farm, in trade and business, they
outstripped their competitors, exerted
an influence far greater than their num-
ber warranted. Three times in succes-
sion Shima, the Japanese grower, vir-
tually cornered the potato market of
the Pacific through superior knowledge,
better foresight and greater daring. As
the Italians and Portuguese had dis-
placed the Swedes and Norwegians in
the Calif ornian fishing industry, so the
fapanese commenced to displace the
Latins. No line of business was " safe "
from the yellow invasion.

Not all of the remarkable business
success of the Japanese was due to
superior ability and greater industry
the individual immigrant. A large
measure of the victories was due to the
low standard of business ethics thai
distinguishing mark of many of the
Japanese, to the unscrupulous, question-
able methods employed by the brown
men without hesitation.

4<M

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

THE REAL REASON.

America expects ever)' immigrant to
divorce himself completely from his
native land, to pledge himself to his
new bride for better or for worse, to
rely upon American courts, not upon
foreign diplomats, for the redress of
any wrong. If south-eastern Europe
had protested as vigorously, had threat-
ened reprisals for the killing of unnum-
bered " wops " (the vulgar name for the
Italian and Hungarian), as frequently
as Japan has protested and threatened
on account of proposed chanees in the
legal status of its citizens in California,
the East and the Middle West would
long ago have brought about radical
alterations in the Nations' immigration
policy, Official Tokyo's veiled threats
of hostilities — or what California con-
sidered veiled threats - — unofficial
Tokyo's rabid war talk, have done more
to increase California's dislike of its

yellow residents than ten years' agita-
tion by the Asiatic Exclusion League.

WHAT WILL HAPPEN ?

Clear-headed Californians realise that
the anti-Japanese agitation, like the
thirty years' propaganda against the
Chinese, will not die ; will recur and
breed more trouble in ever new forms
until the status of the Japanese is by in-
ternational treaty definitely and finally
settled to the satisfaction of the Pacific
Coast. Tokyo cannot control the dan-
gerous tongues of its mobs ; California
cannot control the ballots of its voters.
The sooner both nations take clear cog-
nisance of all angles of the situation, of
its human as well as its legal aspects,
cool-headed Californians maintain, the
sooner both parties discern and calmly
admit the potential danger, the more
quickly will a permanent solution be
found.

XI. -UNITING FOR CONQUEST IN CANADA.

The systematic attempt to bring the
churches of Victoria into closer union,
especially the movement to federate the
theological colleges, should receive
fresh impetus from Prof. D. Adams'
article in the North American Student,
giving an account of the successful co-
operation between the theological col-
leges in Montreal. The outstanding
points about the McGill Union are, that
the theological schools which have
united belong to powerful and active
Christian bodies, each of whom intend
to preserve their own theology, and that
by combining the inadequate staffs of
each of the colleges, a really strong
faculty has been created. The profes-
sorial positions are therefore more at-
tractive, and the improvement in tuition
raises the standard of students. A bet-
ter class of man is, consequently, at-
tracted to the study of theology. It
is remarkable, too, that in only five
subjects must separate instruction be
given of the twenty-one in the curricula
of the different colleges. The immense
increase in efficiency by such a confed-
eration is too obvious to require em-
phasising. What Montreal has done

surely Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide
can achieve.

The Professor, who is Dean of the
Faculty of Applied Science at the McGill
University, Montreal, says that the Uni-
versity has no faculty of divinity, and
grants no divinity degrees. Situated
about the campus, however, are four
theological colleges, belonging to the
Presbyterian, the Congregational, the
Methodist, and the Anglican bodies,
respectively. These for many years
past have given separate instruction in
certain branches of literature and
science. The staff of each college was
small, and in all cases inadequate.
Each professor taught several subjects
to a relatively small number of students,
and in this way the four separate staffs,
year by year, went over essentially the
same ground in their respective colleges,
the work in many courses being not
merely duplicated, but quadruplicated.
This waste of time and effort, this lack
of efficiency — to employ an engineering
term--did not appeal to the lay mind ;
and with the advent of certain new
members to the governing boards of
the theological colleges, the question

TOPICS OF THE MONTH.

4^5

was raised as to whether it would not
be possible to bring about a substantial
measure of co-operation among the
several colleges. The inquiry, however,
was not prompted solely by considera-
tions of efficiency, but also by the
growth in the mind of the community
of a conviction that the time had ar-
rived when less attention should be paid
to the accentuation of the minor dif-
ferences separating the individual
Churches, and more attention devoted
to raising the standard of instruction
and education among men training for
the ministry of all the Churches, more
especially in view of the necessity for
concerted action on the part of all
Christian men, if Christianity is to ac-
complish the work which lies before
it at this time in either the home or
foreign field.

A meeting of the leading men in
the several denominations concerned
was called, and this gathering appointed
a small committee of representative lay-
men and clergy from each denomina-
tion, together with the principal of each
of the four theological colleges, to
study the question, with the result that
after careful and friendly conferences
it was found that a very large measure
of co-operation was not only possible,
but would be welcomed by all. The
committee prepared a " Plan of Co-
operation,' which was submitted to the
governing boards of each of the several
colleges, ind of their respective
Churches ; and this plan was adopted,
and with the opening of the present
academic session a " Calendar of the
Montreal Theological Colleges affiliated
with McGill University," was issued.
The plan is one which had the en-
thusiastic support of the Bishop of
Montreal, and the principals of all four
theological colleges.

A UNIQUE ACHIEVEMENT.

While there are a number of Union
theological colleges where a theology is
taught which belongs to no denomina-
tion, the successful carrying out of a
plan for co-operation among the theo-
logical schools of a number of very
powerful and active Christian bodies,
each of whom intends to preserve its own

theology, is, so far as we are aware,
a unique achievement. In this fact, and
as a movement which is susceptible of
widespread imitation with great advan-
tage to Christendom, lies its importance.

MORI-; EFFICIEN1 TEACHING.

What, then, asks Professor Adams,
are the chief features and main results
of this federation? In the first plare,
in this federation the staffs of the
several colleges are combined, and to
each professor is assigned the subject
which by his training he is specially
qualified to teach. This gives a faculty
of sixteen professors, which thus in
point of number commences to ap-
proach that of one of the regularly
constituted faculties of the University.
Much more efficient teaching is thus
secured. Further, it was found, after
careful consultation and debate, that
of the subjects which formed the cur-
ricula of the colleges, sixteen could be
taught in common, while in five sub-
jects only would it be necessary to give
instruction in separate classes in the
several component colleges of the fede-
ration. The subjects taught in common
are : —

Old Testament.
New Testament.
Church History.
History of Doctrine.
Philosophy of Religion and Apolo-
getics.

History of Religion.

Systematic Theologv.

Patristics.

Homiletics.

Pastoral Theology.

Sociology.

Christian Ethics.

Christian Missions.

Sunday School Pedagogics.

Ecclesiast ical Architecture.

I Ji ><ution.

Those in which separate instruction
is given .ire : —

I )enominational 1 [istory.
Church Polity or Government.

New Testament certain portions,
( 'litnvh ^i England

Systematic Theology vChurch of
England .

466

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Pastoral Theology (Church of Eng-
land).

As a matter of fact, in practice it
has been found to be possible to give
common instruction in certain of these
last-mentioned subjects also, so that an
even closer measure of co-operation has
been effected than was at first believed
to be possible. A new building will be
secured in which lectures in all subjects
taken in common will be given, thus
reserving the present buildings of the
individual colleges as halls of residence
— the additional space now available
thus accommodating a larger number of
students — and for the special denomina-
tional instruction referred to above.

INCREASED DIGNITY AND IMPORTANCE.

The federation of the colleges gives
theology, as compared with the other
professorial faculties, a place of much
more dignity and importance in the
University than it could secure when
represented by a series of separate
affiliated schools. As this plan is
worked out, not only will the profes-
sorial positions be more attractive, but
the standards among the students will
be raised, and a better class of men
will take up the study of theology.
A much more direct interest will fur-
thermore be taken in the federated col-
leges by their own denominations when

their increased efficiency becomes to be
recognised, and much more support —
financial and otherwise — will be ac-
corded when it is recognised that their
income is not to be frittered away in
perpetuating differences and in useless
re-duplication.

THE " SALT " PRESERVED.

Since the students of each college still
live together in their own college with
the members of their staff, having their
common social life and their distinctive
teaching in certain subjects, with the
broadened general outlook, there will
be retained those elements of strength
and peculiar value which gave to the
respective Churches their birth, their
traditions and their strength, and which
still supply an element of initiative and
vigour in these Churches in the present
day. This is the " salt " of each denom-
ination— the accentuation of a certain
phase of truth — which gives to each
bodv a distinctive force and " colour "
in the Church of Christ.

The movement is a demonstration
that the several Protestant bodies can
unite in close harmony, presenting a
united front, while at the same time
preserving those qualities and views
which give them severally their value
and distinction.

467

JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN.

NAPOLEON OF FINANCE.

By SEREXO S. PRATT.*

John Pierpont Morgan was one of the
commanding personalities of his times.
He exercised, in the later years of his
life, a power greater than that of any
other unofficial person in the world, and
greater than that of most kings and
ministers. But there was nothing com-
plex or occult in his character ; nothing
subtle or cunning or craft}- in his
methods, and the record of his brilliant
career is so clear
that even those far
distant from the
mighty forces which
produced him,
should comprehend
its meaning.

THE VITAL AIR OF
COMMERCE.

He dealt, indeed, 1
in the most mysteri-
ous product in the
worli markets ;

and perhaps the
mystery which at-
taches to that which
he bought and sold
accounts for some of
the mystery which
seems to attach to |
his life. Daniel
Webster's descrip-
tion of credit as
" the vital air .of
commerce," remains
now, as it was three-quarters of a
century ago, the best description
that can be given. For credit
envelops the world of business as
atmosphere does the globe. We can-
not exist without it, but while we
mav feel it, we cannot see it. It is ever
mvsterious and sometimes even weird

JOHN PIERPOXT MORGAN.

* Specially written
Review of Reviews.

for fche American

and uncanny m its operations. Xo one
has ever completely explored or charted
it. While it is beneficent in its custom-
ary action, yet, like the air, it can at
times exhibit all the fury and destruc-
tive power of the tornado. It was credit
which Mr. Morgan organised, concen-
trated, and applied for the benefit of
American development with the same
genius which the' Wizard of the Oranges

has brought elec-
tricity under control
of man for his well-
being.

A GLORIFIED
COUNTRY BANKER.

But difficult as it
is to comprehend
credit in all itscom-
plexitv and univer-
sality and effe
Mr. Morgan's own
as a mer-
in credits,
was an open book
that any one may
read with perfe :t
understanding. The
ntry banker to
whom the farmer
and village trader
go, it may be for a
loan, or more often
for advice, and to
whom, in every
movement of local improvement, the
whole town looks for financial leader-
ship, is a type of what Mr. Morgan
was in the great world of international
commerce and enterprise. It is be-
cause Mr. Morgan's operations were so
colossal, that his personality seems so
remote and strange. But in reality he
was simply the country banker ex-
panded to the last degree of power and
responsibility. A member of banking

career,
chant

468

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

houses in New York, Philadelphia,
London, and Paris, his operations cov-
ered the globe. The units of his enter-
prises were continental. He was truly a
citizen of the world, and though he was
a patriotic American, yet no one country
could claim him entirely as its own. We
may dispute about the economic signifi-
cance of the movements in which he was
the leader ; we may differ about the
effects of his achievements upon the
future of the United States, and we
may have opposing ideas as to his ulti-
mate place in history, but there seems
to me to be no reason for contention as
to the naturalness and simplicity and
absolute fidelity of his character and
career. He represented, as no other
American did, the commercial enterprise
of the times. Within his life-time pro-
gress was made, and revolutionary
changes in economic forces and condi-
tions were brought about, vaster than
had been achieved in perhaps the pre-
ceding five centuries. During the
severity-six years of Mr. Morgan's life
the world has lived every year as long
as five years in the preceding century,
great in results as that was. During at
least tmrty-six of these years, Mr. Mor-
gan was a leader, and during twenty,
the commanding figure among all his
contemporaries engaged in commercial
enterprises.

A GREAT HANDICAP.

Mr. Morgan had the advantage of
good blood in his veins. His father,
Junius Spencer Morgan, was an able
and eminent man. His maternal grand-
father was a preacher, a poet and a
patriot. We know that the sons and
grandsons of upright and intellectual
fathers and grandfathers are often
worthless and vicious. But in Mr. Mor-
gan's life we can plainly perceive the
ennobling effect of his noble ancestry.

But Mr. Morgan had the disadvan-
tage of being born rich — not rich, ind-
deed, in the sense of the wealth he has
himself bequeathed, but rich in the
degree which a successful man of af-
fairs had attained in the first half of
the last century. To be a rich man's
son is a fearful handicap. Sympathise
with the poor, always ; but the present-
day talk about the dreadfulness of

poverty is mostly sentimental twaddle.
Most men who amount to much in this
world were born poor and are glad of
it. The attempt to abolish poverty is
an attempt to abolish progress, for
poverty is the dynamo of ambition. One
of the biggest merchants in New York
recently told me that he refused to take
into his employ any of the sons of his
wealthy acquaintances, and hired only
poor boys from the farms or the sons
of immigrants. These were being
trained for the high places in his great
business. That indicates the kind of
handicap which rich men's sons have
to surmount. About the only thing their
fathers can give them is money, which
is often the worst thing they can have
in starting out in life. Success has
had its hardiest growth in the soil of
poverty. The fact, therefore, that two
of the most remarkable personalities of
our age, J. Pierpont Morgan and Theo-
dore Roosevelt, were born in homes of
affluence, culture, and refinement, ought
to be an inspiration to other rich men's
sons.

A USELESS DIRECTOR.
Mr. Morgan matured slowly — that is
to say, he did not attain leadership, or
apparently seek for leadership, until
after years of preparation. Even with
the powerful backing which his father
was able to give him, he did not become
a young Napoleon of finance. After
leaving the University of Gottingen in
Germany, in 1857, he became a clerk
first in his father's banking house 1 in
London, and two years later with the
then noted New York banking firm of
Duncan, Sherman and Co. He began
his business career as a clerk when he
was twenty years old. Seven years
later, in partnership with Charles H.
Dabney, he established an independent
banking business in New York. But
this was still a period of preparation.
There was no hot-house growth. There
was no grasping for control. There
was no sensationalism in his progress
He was a follower, not a commander,
and so quiet, retiring, and modest was
he, that it is related that a corporation
that made him one of its directors
dropped him after a year, because he
never took any initiative at the meet-

JOHX C/ERPOXT MORG 1 \

46.9

ings, or made a single suggestion, but
confined himself to voting on the
various resolutions. It was 1 871 that
Mr. Morgan, then thirty-four years old,
entered into partnership with Anthony
J. Drexel, the great Philadelphia
banker, and laid the foundations of the
now existing international banking
house. Mr. Morgan had by this time
attained prominence in the financial
world, but he was still far from the
position of leadership, and for a num-
ber of years he was even in his own
firm overshadowed by the larger dis-
tinction of Mr. Drexel.

FORTY YEARS OF PREPARATION.
It was not until after he was forty
years old that Morgan became num-
bered among the first dozen or so men
in American business who must be con-
sulted in the largest transactions ; and
it was only in the last twenty-five year?
of his life that he was commander-in-
chief. Fort}- years of preparation !
That is an object-lesson that may have
some value even in these days when
young men are eagerly seeking leader-
ship in business without that maturity,
stability, and character which long ex-
perience gives. The secret of Mr. Mor-
gan's ability to retain for so many
years the supreme direction of affairs,
hi- continuing intellectual and bodily
vitality after he had passed the half-
century mark, may be found chiefly in
those fort\' years of maturing powers.
He did n< t waste himself in his early
manhood ; therefore he was a giant in
his old age.

PLAIN YES OR NO.
Allusion has been made to Mr. Mor-
gan's long silence as illustrated by the
anecdote of his " dummy directorship."
Like General Grant, whom he resembled
in some other respects, he was always a
man of few words. He had absolutely
no gift of public speech, although at
times he displayed a remarkable power
of verbal characterisation in some strik-
ing phrase which in a single sentence,
like "the panic of undigested securi-
ties," summed up a financial situation.
He listened, but said little, but his de-
cisions, often expressed in a simple
" Yes " or " No," became 111 the financial

world like an opinion from the Supreme
Court in the legal world. He was a
member of many of the prominent clubs
and associations of the world's great
cities ; he attended many meetings, he
sat at many public banquets, but he
never made a speech. He did not in-
herit, nor did he cultivate, the art of
winning popularity. He was often short
and brusque in his manner, although
this brusqueness was not of the heart,
but rather was a shield against in-
truders and trespassers upon his time.
Mr. Morgan was indeed a statesman
in his world-wide knowledge and influ-
ence ; but he was no politician. He
did not know how to curry popular
favour. He could solve big business
problems in a day, while other men
were struggling with them for months,
but he was not an expert in influencing
public opinion.

A GREAT MONEY MAKER.

Mr. Morgan was a great money
maker, but he was equally distinguished
as a money spender. To form a true
estimate of his position and power, one
must understand his genius in these two
directions. He was no miser. He was
in business to make money, but not for
the mere sake of accumulation. The
public has not been informed of the
amount of his wealth ; perhaps he did
not know himself. But this is certain,
that while he had the opportunity of
becoming the richest man in the world,
he was not the richest man. His power
is not to be found in the number of his
own millions, but in the billions of
which he was the trustee. No man ever
controlled the money of other people
in such tremendous sums as he did :
and he charged high for his trusteeship.
Undoubtedly he delighted in driving a
good bargain both in selling bonds and
in buying arl objects; but however
much he made, the other people to the

irgains did not seem to lose. Criticism
has been made of the enormous toll he
sometimes levied upon the operations
which he conducted for others. But he
was like the great surgeon who charges
.1 big fee for an operation taking only
a few minutes : what he was charging
for was not time, but experience and
skill. Mr. Morgan's judgment was a

470

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

jewel of great prii His favourable

opinion, in the later days of his
supremacy, was sufncienl to insure suc-

>s

A CONSTRUCT IVE SPENDER.

It was, however, as a spender, rather
than as an accumulator, that Mr. Mor-

i occupied the mosl unique place
among .ill the men of his time. Let it
be said to his everlasting credit that
his spending of money had always a
constructive, not a destructive, influence.
He lived richly, but was not guilty of
vulgar and demoralising display. He
distributed immense sums of money,
but in doing so, did not weaken or cor-
rupt the social structure. I lis philan-
thropies were simply enormous, and
most of them were unknown. Many of
them were even unsolicited. Mr. Choate
has snid publicly that the amount of
money Mr. Morgan gave probably ag-
gregated as much as the fortune he be-
queathed to his heirs. He did not apply
scientific investigation to philanthropy,

Mr. Rockefeller has done with such
astonishing efficiency, but Mr. Morgan's
intuition in giving was almost as unerr-
ing as his judgment in finance ; and it
came to pass that Mr. Morgan finally
became a sort of court, not of last, but
first, resort in matters of philanthrophy
as in business. If he said "yes," then
the object for which it was proposed
to raise money thrived ; if he said " no,"
it was abandoned or postponed. When
he gave, he gave promptly and liberally.

A GREAT ART AMATEUR.

But Mr. Morgan not only gave freely
to public objects and private charity,
but he also spent enormous sums in the
satisfaction of his own taste. Here
11 wonderful to relate — his judg-
ment rarely erred, and his spending was
beneficent in its social effects. I al-
lude, of course, to Mr. Morgan's art
purchases. Mr. DeForest, vice-presi-
dent of the Metropolitan Museum of
Art (Mr. Morgan was himself the presi-
dent) has declared that Morgan was the
greatest art collector and art amateur in
the world. He spent millions upon mil-
lions in collecting, but the value of his
art possessions is probably two or three
times what he paid for them. How

vastly he has aided art by his purchases
no one can calculate. Certainly the
people of the United States have no
cause to complain of Mr. Morgan in
this phase of his career. His art posses-
sions are now in the States. Many of
them are in public museums, and all of
them, whether public or private, will
continue to be held for the inspiration
of art and the cultivation of the beauti-
ful in life, for many years to come.

HIS PERSONAL LIFE.
Of the personal, intimate, side of his
life, not much has been said or perhaps
can be said, for while he was a public
man, he did not live much in public.
It is known that he had behind his
veneer of brusqueness, a gift for friend-
ship, and that he could and did inspire
affection. One of his partners could
not trust himself to attend the Morgan
memorial meeting in the Chamber of
Commerce for fear that he would be
overcome by his feelings. Senator
Root's voice broke when he spoke in
that meeting of his departed friend.
There were tears seen in the eyes of a
great captain of industry at that meet-
ing, though he is a man whom the yel-
low press delights to picture as a mon-
ster of rapacity. The Bishop of New
York spoke to me with almost a sob
in his voice of his thirty years' intimate
association with Mr. Morgan. There
was something higher and finer and bet-
ter than rank commercialism or cold
calculation in Mr. Morgan to inspire
the affection of such men as these. Mr.
Morgan was a staunch churchman. A
fellow vestryman of his in St. George's
Church testifies that he never missed a
meeting of the vestry when he was in
the States. This is not a " fashionable "
church. Its principal work is among
the poor. He often " passed the plate "
there on Sundays. He was a delegate
to, and attended all the conventions of
the America Episcopal Church. His
last public appearance was at an Easter
service in Rome a few davs before his
death.

The qualities which made Morgan a
leader among men were his intuition,
his courage, his fidelity to his word, his
imagination, and his ability to select
men in whom he could put his trust.

JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN.

47i

But Morgan had not only vision, but
the courage to act. He had learned to
rely upon the accuracy of his own in-
tuitive judgments, and he acted upon
them. His decisions were prompt and
final. Having made them, he had the
courage to carry them into effect. His
whole business life was the underwrit-
ing of enormous risks, and it is through
the taking of risks — whether you call
them speculations or not — that the
world made such marvellous progress in
the past century. When he said he
would do a thing he did it. Confidence
in his good faith, even more than re-
liance upon his intuition and courage,
made him a leader among men. Faith
in his word was as strong in small
tilings as in great.

A VAST POWER.

It was this combination of intuition,
courage, fidelity, and imagination in one
personality, that constituted Morgan's
character — that character which was the
secret of his success, and which, as he
himself declared to the Pujo Commit-
tee, is the basis of credit.

In the last twenty years of his life,
Morgan wielded a power that, as I have
already said, no other private citizen
and few statesmen in the world exer-
cised. His power was fiercely assailed
on the ground that no private indivi-
dual ought to possess such authority
over the lives and fortunes of millions
of other persons.

But analyse that power, and it will
be discovered that it was a delegated
power. Morgan was as truly chosen
by the people as President Wilson is.
He did not obtain his power by con-
quest. He did not arrogate it to him-
self by any assertion of brute strength.
It came to him by what may truly be
called the suffrages of the people.

SOME OUTSTANDING OPERATIONS.
It is not possible here to go into the
details of his many financial operations.
His early New York Central deals by
which he marketed $25,000,000 of its
stock, mostly abroad, and by which later
he acquired for that road control of the
West Shore ; his restoration of the Bal-
timore and Ohio from depleted vital-
ity ; his purchase of the Louisville and

Nashville to save it from what he con-
sidered the control of adventurers ; his
vast railroad reorganisations after the
disaster of the 1893 panic ; his long-
continued efforts for railroad peace ; his
work in behalf of the Government credit
during Cleveland's second administra-
tion, when the country was trembling on
the edge of the suspension of specie
payments ; his colossal industrial com-
binations, notably the organisation of
the billion-dollar steel corporation ; his
part in the rehabilitation of the Read-
ing and other coal roads, and later in
the settlement of the coal strike ; his
organisation of the banking resources
of the country for the protection of
commercial and banking credits in the
panic of 1907 — each one of these events,
as well as many others, needs a separate
article for adequate narration.

It will be seen that he was an em-
pire-builder. He did not, indeed, like
Washington, found a government, or
like Hamilton, Madison, and Franklin,
draft a constitution, or, like Lincoln,
save a nation. But he organised and
led the material development of the
United States from a financial depen-
dency and commercial province of
Europe, into an independent great
world power. He was the Cecil Rhodes
of America, or rather, it would be more
proper to say that Cecil Rhodes was the
Morgan of South Africa. The prob-
lems he solved were those that would
have taxed the resources of the world's
ablest statesmen.

It was he who applied government
to the railroads. Before him there had
been anarchy, riot, revolution. But he
established government. He was the
governor, the dictator, if you will, but
still the government ; able, stable,
sound, constructive, statesmanlike gov-
ernment.

Then the Government stepped in, the
political power, the elect of the people,
and said to Mr. Morgan : " You have
gone thus far, but go no further. The
empire you have builded threatens to
become more powerful than the auth-
ority from which it obtained its char-
ters and grants." By suit the Northern
Securities Company was dissolved. By
act of Congress, the Interstate Com-

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

merce Commission was given real
powers oi rate regulation. Government
"by commission " succeeded govern-
ment " by Morgan."

It is still too early to compare re-
sults.

In the absence of a statesmanlike
policy in Washington toward banking,
there developed during Mr Morgan's
period oi leadership a banking govern-
ment independent of the official author-
ity.

If there had been a great central
institution of banking treated under
governmental authority, with govern-
mental participation in its management,
re would have been no necessity for
asking Mr. Morgan, from time to time,
in critical emergencies, to assume the
dictatorship of banking. He did not
seek it. He was in effect selected for
the responsibility. He was chosen be-
cause, in character and genius and ex-
perience, he was best fitted for the task.
The absence of an adequate banking
system in the United States was respon-
sible for the extent and violence of
the periodical money panics which have
swept over the United States. Mr. Mor-
gan was born in the midst of one of
them, in 1837 — which was precipitated
by Jackson's war on the second United
States bank. He started in business in
another — that of 1857. He gave enor-
mous aid in restoring the business of
the country after the panics of 1873,
1884 and 1893. President Cleveland
appealed to him -and not in vain — for
financial aid in 1894. He stood for
sound money in the depression and
crisis of 1896. In the panic of 1907
he became, by reason of absence of gov-
ernment elsewhere, what might be
termed " Governor of the Bank of the
I "nitecl States of America." No one can
measure the extent of the services he
performed at that time for the safe-
guarding of corporate and commercial
credits ; and yet those who hated him,
charged him with having actually pre-
cipitated the panic. It was his hand
that stayed it.

THE MONEY TRUST.
After the storm was over, the official
government stepped in, representing

popular fear of "financial concentra-
tion"; and the 'Money Trust " issue
so called, though there was no trust,
only co-operation, appeared. The ob-
ject of the hue and cry seemed to be
to destroy the banking regulation which
existed by a process of natural, econo-
mic selection, without putting anything
constructive and effective in its place.
The champion of destruction became
Untermeyer. The Pujo Committee
room became a battle ground. The aged
commander-in-chief was hastened to the
firing line. His appearance there, and
his simple elevating declaration that
character was the true basis of credit,
threw his enemies into confusion.

Soon after his examination he sailed
for Europe. He viewed once more the
mysteries of Egypt. Once more he
feasted his art-loving eyes upon the
majestic dome of St. Peter's. And then
the great brain, the rugged body, and
the unconquerable spirit of Morgan suc-
cumbed to death. The end came at the
Grand Hotel in Rome on March 31,
1913. If he had lived seventeen days
longer he would have been seventy-
six years old.

A MERCHANT IN CREDITS.
Mr. Morgan generally spoke of him-
self as engaged in the banking busi-
ness, but when he gave an art
museum to Hartford, Connecticut, he
dedicated it to his father, " Junius Spen-
cer Morgan, Merchant." Yet his father,
like himself, was a banker. The use of
that term, "merchant," was suggestive
and significant. Merchant in credits,
Morgan used the power of deposits,
given to him as trustee by the confi-
dence of the world, as a statesman em-
ploys parliaments and diplomacy, and
a general marshals an army, for
national upbuilding. Like the mer-
chants of old, of Venice and Spain,
Holland and England, whose ships
explored unknown seas and shores,
he was bold and strong, and adven-
turous, and his enterprises encircled the
globe.

Morgan's death ends an era in Ameri-
can finance. Who and what next ?

473

T1IK HAMBURG-AMERIKA LINER " IMPERATOR "— THE BIGGEST SHIP AFLOAT.

THE "TITANIC," AND AFTER.

The public has a short memory, and
even the supreme disaster of the
' Titanic " some fifteen months ago has
ceased to be an active fact in the minds
of many. The travelling public in par-
ticular can never be counted upon to
any great and continuing degree in the
exercise of pressure to secure reform.
But without any really organised pub-
lic demand for change, simply because
the crime of the " Titanic " was too
glaring, much has been done in the past
few months in the direction of securing
increased safety for ocean travel. It
is, perhaps, too much to say, as does
T he Times, that " so many measures
have been taken to guard against a
repetition of this disaster that we may
be sure that it will not be repeated."
The fact that some changes have been
made in the new liners does not remove
the awful truth that the great, the
enormous, majority of passenger vessels
to-day are as liable to sudden disaster
in similar circumstances as was the
" Titanic," whose advent was heralded
as the last word in safety. It is true
that the White Star Line, despite all
their protestations of having made the
' Titanic " an unsinkable ship, have

confessed that they deceived the public
by spending some £250,000 in adding
a new skin to the sister ship, the
" Olympic." Besides this they have
packed her decks with boats — those
illusive hopes of eleventh hour safety
which do so much to reassure the timid
passengers, and so little in any calamity
to secure the safety of the passengers'
lives. Still more important is the fact
that 111 the new Cunarder, the " Aqui-
tania," the obvious principle of water-
tight decks has been adopted to supple-
ment the bulkhead system. All these
measures are good, but there is every
reason to fear that they are isolated
cases, as much intended for advertise-
ment as are the palm gardens or the
restaurant of the latest Atlantic flier.

Real and universal retorm can only
come from the Board of Trade, and
here, alas! we find the continuance of
the old and pernicious system of secret
deliberations under the control of the
shipowner and the builder. The mari-
time department of the Board of Trade
is still under the direction of an official
who, whatever may be his clerkly
abilities, has had no sea experience.
And this is the man who holds the

474

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

T11K LESSON OF THE '•TITANIC."

Extra Boat accommodation on board the 8.8.
" Olympic."

maritime destinies and safety of the
Empire in his hand. "What can such an
official really know of the manning
question or the loadline — even although
he may receive his prompting regularly
from his masters, the shipping inter-
ests? As long as the Advisory Com-
mittee of the Board of Trade conducts
its deliberations in secret, no real reform
can come. There must be a change in
this, and publicity of such deliberations
will be the best answer to those who be-
lieve— and we are afraid with good
cause — that the Advisory Committee is
simply a means of enforcing the will of
interested shipowners upon a supine
and incompetent marine department at
the Board of Trade. Germany is cer-
tainly far ahead of Great Britain in this
matter. Her great liners have always
been adequately equipped with boats,
and on the " Imperator," the new Ham-

burg-Amerika liner, the number of offi-
cers has been increased. It is not to be
wondered at that the German vessels
are becoming more and more popular.
On the other hand, we find the Board
of Trade. One of the Japanese steam-
ship companies is now attaching a
coupon to its passenger tickets, reserv-
ing a seat in one of the life-boats to the
holder, who is requested to become
familiar with his place immediately he
goes aboard. This suggestion was
made to Lord Mersey during the en-
quiry into the loss of the " Titanic."
This has not been adopted by the Board
of Trade, and we find it also prepared
to ignore the obvious necessity of at
least three seamen in each watch on
lesser steamers, even although in this
instance it is probable that the bulk of
advice given was in favour of so ob-
vious a measure. The Board of Trade
seeks too much the outward show, plays
too much to the gallery, and thinks that
the establishment of a special ice patrol
(excellent and necessary though the
vessel is) enables them to allow 99 per
cent, of British vessels to go to sea
undermanned, under-officered, with in-
adequate supervision over boilers, boats,
and stores. It is in these directions that
reform must turn. The passenger com-
panies could easily be forced into tak-
ing every precaution which science can
devise — and why should thev not do
so ? — by one simple law — a law which
would make them liable to the full
amount of claims for passengers and
goods lost, instead of, as to-day, their
liability being so limited as to make it
a matter of more financial anxiety to
them to add an inner skin to one vessel
than to lose the lives of 1053 persons in
mid-Atlantic. Make the shipowner re-
sponsible for the lives of those he car-
ries, passengers and men, and then we
shall find the entire shipping federation
demanding reform at the Board of
Trade. As long as there is no respon-
sibility for lives lost, and while the
value of the vessel can be covered by
insurance, the lives of those who go
down to the sea in ships cannot hope
to be secured. So obvious is this that
those who are responsible in Parliament
for the welfare of the thousands on

THE " TITANIC," AND AFTER.

475

thousands of seamen and officers of the
merchant service should bring in a Bill
to this effect. It would not pass at first,
but even in its initial failure it would
do good, pointing" the way of salvation
to those interested. Meanwhile, let us
not ignore the progress that has been
made because of the loss of the
" Titanic."

Some good comes out of every great
calamity, and some good has come out
of this. We have abandoned as a fal-
lacy the theory of the unsinkable ship.
The preaching of many marine archi-
tects in favour of the double hull would
not in a dozen years have carried the
conviction at once brought home to ship-
builders when the full story of the

wreck became known. The agitation of
legislative " reformers " all over the
world would not have forced owners to
increase their equipment of life-
boats and life-rafts so prompt ly
as they themselves increased it
without compulsion when need for
the increase was tragically demon-
strated. Marconi himself could not
have argued so forcefully for the per-
fection of wireless service at sea as did
the want of a perfected system on ships
that answered the "Titanic's" call for
help. If the catastrophe of April 14,
191 2, is recalled with grief for those
who perished bravely and uncomplain-
ingly, it will be remembered also that
the dead died not in vain.

'TWEEN DECKS ON THE " OLYMPIC."
The photograph shows on the right the inner skin added to secure the safety of the vessel

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

MR. LEWIS WALLER. AND MISS MADGE TITHERADGE
Mr. Waller opens his season in Sydney on July 12, with Henrv V

477

Theatrical Visitors and the Ballet.

Many notable actors, singers and dan-
cers are at present visiting Australia,
and during the next few months will be
delighting audiences in all the larger
towns of the Commonwealth.

MR. LEWIS WALLER.
One of England's leading actors, Mr.
Lewis Waller, with his Company, opens
in Sydney with Henry V., and this
will be followed by many other plays
which he has made particularly his own.
Mr. Waller is undoubtedly the most
popular actor at home in his own line.
He has recognised his limitations, and
confines himself to the plays in which
as a dashing hero and lover his voice
and bearing are peculiarly fitted. He
created the part of Monsieur Beaucair
and it made his reputation. As Robin
Hood he filled his theatre night after
night. His d'Artagnan in one version
of the Three Musketeers, and his Buck-
ingham in another, drew crowded houses
for months. When with Sir Herbert
Tree he was the favourite of a large sec-
tion of the audiences, who not infre-
quently resented his not having the title
role. In the famous tent scene in Julius
Caesar he gave a particularly fine ren-
dering of Brutus, and in Henry V., of
course, he has a part which just suits
him. On the whole, though, he is hap-
pier in romantic historical plays border-
ing on melodrama than in Shakespeare,
and one would hate to see him even at-
tempt some of the character studies in
which Sir Herbert Tree so excelled. He
must have a part which keeps him al-
ways up and doing, and shows him on
the stage most of the time.

The Butterfly on the Wheel, although
it had a long run in London, is not per-
haps a play for Mr. Waller's particular
genius. One fancies him always rather
as a dashing highwayman than as an
astute lawyer. If Mr. Devereux's new
play, which has been specially written
for this tour, is on the same lines as
his Robin Hood, it will suit Mr. Waller
—and his audience — admirably. Mr.
Hemmerde, by the way, who wrote the
Butterfly on the Wheel, is an eminent

K.C., once Recorder of Liverpool, who
has quite a reputation in the House of
Commons. Twelve years ago he won
the coveted Diamond Sculls at Henley.
Mr. Lewis Waller was born in Spain in
i860, and first appeared on the stage
when he was 23. His father, Mr. Lewis,
was a civil engineer. Miss Madge Tither-
adge, the leading lady in the strong
Company which he is bringing, is an
Australian girl, who has achieved great
success at home.

THE QV I NLAN OPERA COMPANY.
The Ouinlan Opera Company is al-
ready well known in Australia. Its sea-
son starts in Melbourne in August. The
complete cycle of Wagner's Ring of the
Nibelung will be given. In Germany it
is said that no man can long stand the
strain of conducting Wagner, so great
is the tax on ear, eye, brain and
physique, but Herr Richard Eckhold has
successfully come through the ordeal,
and his interpretation of the Wagnerian
theme is a veritable orchestral triumph.
No Australian audience would, however,
be asked to sit out one of the great
German composer's complete operas,
which, when given in his native land,
begin at 3 in the afternoon, and with an
hour's break, continue until eleven at
night. No wonder the conductors break
down ! Mr. Ouinlan is bringing many
of the old members of the Company
with him, and the others who are new to
Australia have that general high stan-
dard of all-round excellence which was
the most distinguishing feature of the
Company last year.

A GIFTED EXPONENT OF GREEK DRAMA.
Miss Dorothea Spinney will shortly
be in Australia, where she will give a
few representations of the Euripidian
Plays which have made so great an im-
pression in England, and an even
greater one in America. These 2000-
year-old dramas have been translated
by Professor Gilbert Murray, who has
preserved their wonderful power in lan-
guage of haunting beauty. Miss Spin-
ney's method of conveying the meaning
of these age-old plays is quite unique.

47«

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Much stud}' and careful training has
enabled her to achieve what seemed an
impossible success. She has no stage
properties, but in few words conveys to
the audience the setting of the play.
Then with dramatic art she acts and
works out the character. She has struck
out a line of her own, a refreshing thing
in these days, and her talent has already
received enthusiastic recognition in
America, from whence she now comes to
us.

THl- RUSSIAN DANCERS.

The advent of the wonderful Russian
dancers in London some time ago revo-
lutionised all our preconceived ideas of
stage dancing. The ballet had come to
be regarded by a large section of the
community as a thing accursed, a pre-
sentation of too briefly-clad artists, who
made up for lack in grace by much
pirouetting. A very difficult perform-
ance, no doubt, but a meaningless and
usually undignified spectacle. That
view was perhaps not justified, but it
was deeply rooted. Then came the
Maud Allen type of dancers, who had
at any rate the virtue of originality and
grace, even if they shocked the proprie-
ties. But it was left to the dancers of
the Russian Imperial Ballet to convince
English audiences that a ballet was not
merely a mechanical succession of steps
but could be made to interpret ideas
and sentiments. The result was an en-
tire change in the attitude taken up on
the subject of stage dancing. There are
many who would never go to see
a performance — just as there are
still folk who shun the theatre — but it
would be hard to find anyone who does
not admit that the dancing of the artistes
who have lifted the ballet from the
depths to which it had sunk was won-
derful and great. The revival of the
glories of the classic ballet is due to the
Russians primarily. The members of
the ballet there are under Imperial con-
trol. Their training commences at
eight years of age, and continues until
they are 31, when they are pensioned,
and go into retirement. Their dancing
brings back the grace and charm of
ancient Greece, and they have that natu-
ral jov and abandon which amongst

MDLLE. ADELINE GENEE.

present-day nations the Slavs alone
seem to possess.

MDLLES. GEXEE AXD SCHMOLZ.
Mdlle. Adeline Genee has danced her
way to the top of the ladder, and has
been hailed by three continents as the
greatest dancer in the world. She is
from Denmark, and has often danced
before Queen Alexandra, who always
keeps a warm place in her heart for those
coming from her fatherland. Mdlle.
Genee has done a great deal to raise the
ballet from a mere show of noise and
bustle into something worthy of its
great traditions. She dazzles her audi-
ence by her marvellous technique and
her apparently effortless achievements.
Mdlle. Halina Schmolz captivates them
by the charm of her dancing, which is
the embodiment of all the imagination
can conceive of the gracefulness of
youth in its most beautiful form. Unlike
her fellow artist, she has not been long
before the public. Trained at the War-
saw Academy, she made her debut in the
Polish capital. Shortly afterwards, in
company with the world-famous Pav-
lova, she appeared in London, where
s]ie achieved instant success. The ex-
quisite drawing which frontispieces this
number is the work of M. Virgil, of
Messrs. Virgil and Foulet, who, with
wonderful skill, has caught on paper
the great dancer's fairy-like pose on the
stage.

479

- - -

— ™ — ws.

■

"*«g»>

*?

MuchaJ]

THE CENTRE OF VOLCANIC ACTIVITY.
(According to a Russian newspaper.)

[Warsaw.

THE AFTERMATH OF WAR.

THE END OF THE MAHOMMEDAN STATES.

A former Dutch Foreign Minister,
writing in the Deutsche Revue, shows a
robust faith in the pacific intentions of
the Great Powers, and considers that the
end of the Mahommedan States is not
far off.

DISSOLUTION OF TURKEY.

In recent years, he says, the love of
peace of the European Great Powers
has been subjected to severe tests.
Morocco, Tripoli, and the Balkan
States, have all caused serious complica-
tions, yet peace has been preserved, and
the peaceful attitude of the Powers con-
tributed not a little to prevent war.
Apart from the loss of life which war
brings in its train, the material disadvan-
tages are incalculable, and this fact no
doubt greatly influences Governments.
At the same time a feeling is increasing
that a war to extend power and influ-

ence is not justifiable. Then there are
political reasons for avoiding war at
the present time. First, the writer draws
attention to the growing conviction
among politicians that the Mahomme-
dan States cannot hold their own much
longer. They will not be able to resist
the stream of new ideas which are
spreading all over the world. The
statesmen who believe that Turkey will
be a strong Power in Asia must, indeed,
be optimistic. The symptoms of disso-
lution will in all probability soon be
visible in Asia. The next Turkish crisis
will not be long in coming, and one
may be sure it will not be less impor-
tant than the crisis in Europe.

CHANGED ATTITUDE OF THE POWERS.

A second point to take into account
is the changed situation in the Balkans
and the growing independence of the
Balkan States. A third point is the

48o

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

change in policy of some of the Powers
concerning the Eastern Question, not-
ably England and Austria Hungary.

Since England acquired the Sue/. Canal,
she has become more and more indif-
ferent about the Dardanelles and the
Bosphorus. England, in consequence,
is no longer the natural ally of the
Powers who would prefer to keep the
Sultan in his present position. Austria-
Hungary is now much deeper entangled
in the Eastern Question. Her interests
are opposed to those of certain of the
Balkan States, especially Servia ; but
she takes care not to enforce her will
on these States, for behind Servia is
Russia, and beside Austria are her two
allies, to whom nothing would be less
welcome than an Austrian war with
Russia. The writer thinks a quiet
period will follow peace, and he hopes
that at the opening of the Peace Palace
it the Hague in August all nations will
be at peace. The question or arma-
ments, he concludes, is a serious one, al-
most as serious as that of war ; but

Kladderadatst h. [Berlin.

THE LITTLE MONTENEGRIN SPARROW AND

THE EUROPEAN NAVAL DEMONSTRATION.

"Don't be cheeky to us or we will shoot."

Nebelspalter.'] [Ziirich.

THE EUROPEAN CONCERT.

It only depends now on who has the most breath.

limitation by universal congress seems
impossible. How to bring about a relief
of the burden of military expenditure is
not yet clear, but one thing is certain,
he says : a European war would not
achieve that end, but would rather
postpone it to the distant future.

THE ENTENTE NOT AN ALLIANCE.

What part will England take in that
readjustment of weights and forces in
Europe which may lead to consequences
so grave ? How do the rival armaments
of the Great Powers affect her? It is
clear that in the opinion of His
Majesty's Government they touch her
very little. A contributor to the Edin-
burgh Review says it has been known,
and has been several times stated on
behalf of the English Foreign Office,
that there has been no formal military
agreement between England and
France. She has wisely never pledged
herself to assist the French if they go

LEADING ARTICLES.

481

to war ; nor is there any instrument in
writing which enlarges the entente into
an alliance. All that has happened is
that in 1905, and again in 191 1, the
British Government gave the French
Foreign Office a verbal assurance that
if France were made the object of at-
tack in consequence of circumstances
arising out of the Morocco settlement,
Great Britain would be prepared to sup-
port her. It has, however, been stated,
and the statement is no doubt correct,
that early in the present year the French
Foreign Office again approached the
British Government with an inquiry as
to its intentions in the event of a war
in which the north-eastern frontier of
France might be threatened through
Belgium. The answer to this question
is understood to have been conveyed
verbally to the French Minister of
Foreign Affairs by the British Ambas-
sador in Paris. It was to the effect that
in such an event His Majesty's Minis-
ters would take the circumstances into
consideration, and would hold them-
selves free to act according to the neces-
sities of the case, but that they would
not countenance action by France.

THE AUSTRIAN POINT OF VIEW.

The Austrian point of view is ex-
plained in the Cones fondant by
" Schwarz Gelb," a pseudonym which, it
is slated, conceals the identity of a high
Austrian personage. This writer speaks
of the unfair attitude adopted by the
French Press towards Austria, and en-
deavours to reply to the charges made.
The idea governing the situation in the
French mind, he says, seems to be the
Triple Entente against the Triple Alli-
ance ; Austria is the ally of Germany,
therefore, down with Austria ! But the
writer declares that Austria is not the
enemy of France, nor has she any hos-
tile feeling towards France. Having
explained that Austria, unlike the other
Great Powers, has not gone in for ex-
pansion, he shows how much more vital
a question than ever for her is the in-
dependence of the Adriatic. Equally
important to her is real autonomy in
Albania, and to yield on either of these
points would spell the worst disasters
to the Monarchy.

RUSSIA AND BULGARIA.

Austrian mobilisation has been re-
presented to satiety as a provocation to
Russia. But if Russia did not mobilise
she was certainly the first to increase her
army and to adopt measures anything
but pacific. After her victories, Bul-
garia will steadily pursue the realisa-
tion of her dream of the formation of a
great independent Slav Empire, with
Constantinople as the capital. On the
other hand, Russia, though she may not
be able to lay hands on Constantinople,
will not care to allow anyone else to be
established there, and she is bent on see-
ing the Bulgarian frontier fixed in such
a way that the Straits and Constanti-
nople shall not be at the mercy of a
sudden attack by Bulgaria. In this
sense Russia has voluntarily suoported
Austria. The counsellors of the Tsar
realise that the development of Bulgaria
must bring in its tram the development
of Neo-Slavism, a thing almost as dis-

r;J;

Pasquino.']
ITALIAN

VIEW OF THE POWERS
MONTENEGRO.

! Turin.
AND

48-i

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Lustige Blatter.'] [Berlin.

THE AMBASSADORS' CONFERENCE IN LONDON
HAS BECOME A COURSE OF INSTRUCTION
IN MODERN ORNAMENTAL DRAWING.

The fixing of the boundaries of Albania has pro-
duced a most original ornamental drawing which
includes all the wishes of the Powers.

quieting to them, though for different
reasons, as it is to Austria. That is why
Russian statesmen have no intention of
entering upon a conflict with x\ustria.
The\-, too, have lost many of their old
illusions about the Balkans, and the
time is past for them to count on exer-
cising a quasi-sovereign protectorate
over the whole Balkan Peninsula. Rus-
sia's attitude to Servia is quite different
from her attitude towards Bulgaria ;
and as to Austria, Bulgaria is no menace
to her, but with Servia it is a different
matter.

THE PROBLEMS OF SALONICA.

M. Albert Sauzede deals with the
problem of Salonica in the Nonvelle
Revue.

Till war was declared the aspect of
the problem of Salonica, he writes, was
distinctlv Austrian. But an advance
on Salonica was not the supreme ambi-
tion of Austria. From Salonica she
counted on creating a vast hinterland,
and all the peaceful railway penetration
she proposed was but the preface of a
desire for political occupation For

the Balkan Allies, on this point as on
others, the fear of Austria is the be-
ginning of wisdom. It is her diplo-
matic manoeuvres chiefly that are to be
distrusted.

From the ethnographical point of
view, the Greeks are shown to have the
advantage. Of the 120,000 inhabitants
of Salonica, more than half are Spanish
lews engaged in commerce ; while the
Greeks maintain the remainder of the
economic activity. There are scarcely
any Bulgarians. In the centre of Mace-
donia the Bulgarians may be in a
majority, but Salonica is Greek, as are
Thessaly and other regions on the coast.
While the Greeks and Bulgarians are
disputing the possession of the city, the
Servians are proclaiming the absolute
necessity of it to them for the prosperity
of their country. Certain Servian poli-
ticians propose that Greece, already pro-
vided with so many ports, should give
Salonica to Bulgaria ; Bulgaria would
renounce her claim to the territory be-
yond the Vardar ; and all the country
west of this river, outside the limits of
the new Albania, would be divided be-
tween Servia and Greece. Servia would
keep Monastir and Greece would re-
ceive, in place of Salonica, a vast exten-
sion of territory.

The economic significance of Salonica
is of the highest importance. It would
be the ambition of Greece to develop the
already enormous traffic. In any case,
the commercial output of the port de-

Westminster Gazette.']

THE BALKAN TEA PARTY.

(With apologies to "Alice.")

The Montenegrin dormouse who has not been
asleep, and who won't be put into the teapot.

LEADING ARTICLES.

483

pends largely on close Balkan solidar-
ity, translated into a Customs Union.
It is important that the port should be
further developed. Autonomy, joint
control, or annexation by one of the
Balkan States — each of these solutions
has both advantages and inconveniences.
The one decided upon should, of course,
be that which conforms most to the de-
velopment of the port. Should the con-
flict, however, become insoluble among
the interested oarties, the question nr ht
be submitted to arbitration by the Triple
Entente. Salonica ought not to be al-
lowed to remain a cause of discord ; it
should be a centre of life, and in a
Macedonia, secularly given up to
anarchy, a centre of civilisation.

ROUMANIA' S RIGHTS.

G. F. Abbot enters the lists on behalf
of Roumania, and in the Quarterly Re-
view writes that the grounds upon which
the Roumanian Government bases its
claims to territorial compensation from
Bulgaria are of an entirely practical
nature.

The rectification of the Dobrudja
frontier is described as indispensable to
the security of the trans-Danubian king-
dom. The necessity for such a demand,
it is affirmed, is not of Roumania's own
creation, but the logical consequence of
a political crime committed against her
by Russia in 1879, when the valuable
assistance rendered bv the Roumanian
army to Russia in her war against Tur-
key was rewarded by the loss of Bess-
arabia— a Roumanian province of
which the Russians, with a cynicism rare
even in Eastern Europe, robbed their
allies — and the grant, in exchange, of the
Bulgarian district of Dobrudja, which
Roumania did not covet. At the time the
trans-Danubian kingdom was obliged
to bow to the will of the Powers, as
expressed in the Treaty of Berlin, and it
tried to make the best of a very bad
bargain by constructing the port of
Constantza at an immense cost. In the
absence, howrever, of a defensible fron-
cier, and in view of the fear that Bul-
garia will one day endeavour to recover
the territory taken from her in 1878, the
Bucharest Government cannot but feel
its position precarious, and it is the duty

of the Powers which have placed it in
that position to strengthen it by a new
delimitation. As long as the status
quo established by the Treaty of Berlin
remained in substance inviolate, Rou-
mania refrained from raising a question
calculated to cause a disturbance. But
since the order of things has been com-
pletely altered by the Balkan Allies,
and to their enormous advantage,
equity, expediency and necessity alike
dictate the voluntary compensation
which Roumania, but for her deference
to the Powers and her regard for peace,
could have seized by force of arms.

ROUMANIA ASKED TOO LITTLE !

Professor Pompiliu Eliade, in the
Corrcspoiidaut, endeavours to state the
Roumanian view of the consequences of
the Balkan War. He evidently thinks
King Charles has been too modest for
doing nothing ; he ought certainly to
have demanded far more than he did !

The Professor admits Roumania has
made mistakes, but not those generally
attributed to her. In the first place, it
was a gross error to be so reasonable as
to demand nothing more than Silistria.
In diplomacy one never asks for pre-
cisely what one is prepared to accept.
The demand should have been made for
the entire quadrilateral. A second mis-
take of Roumania '5 is that she has al-
ways lived a little in the clouds. The
writer charges the civilised Roumanian
with knowing more about what is going
on in Paris and in London than about
what is taking place at home and in the
neighbouring countries. This attitude
should be changed at once. Before all
thing's, the Roumanian must take a live
interest in the affairs of his own coun-
try and in those of his near neigh-
bours. Further, it would be well if the
people of Roumania took a more in-
telligent interest in the foreign policy
of their country. Roumania cannot
abandon her claim to Dobrudja, and she
cannot forget her kinsmen in Mace-
donia. To renounce her ligitimate pre-
tensions would be to excite the con-
tempt of Europe, and if she is not to
trouble the peace of Europe full justice
must be done to her.

4»4

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Kladderada tsch.} [Berlin.

PLUCK OUT THE CANCER.
V. Bethmann to Liebknecht: " Alas, alas, but what
can I do?"

Dur's Elsas.1 [Strassburg.

THE GERMAN FARMER OF THE FUTURE.

GERMANY AND ENGLAND.

Sir Max Waechter, D.L., J.P., points
out in the Fortnightly Review the
dangers of the group system in Europe,
and shows that the unity of Europe can
be brought about by the creation of a
European federation, and that the first
condition of such a federation lies in a
close understanding, or, better still, in
an alliance between Great Britain and
Germany : —

The desire for friendly and cordial rela-
tions between Great Britain and Germany
prevails not only in official circles in Great
Britain, but throughout British society.
This is evident from the fact that the in-
tellectual leaders of Great Britain have
always been warm admirers of Germany and
the Germans. Carl vie, the author of
" Heroes and Hero Worship," was the
greatest admirer of everything German.
Looking out for a hero fit to be held up as
a model to his countrymen, he wrote his
magnificent history of Frederick the Great.
From Oarlyle to Eord Haldane, the trans-
lator of Schopenhauer, there is a long line
of the most eminent Englishmen, who have
seen in Germany their intellectual father-
land and a second home. Imitation is the
sincerest form of flattery. British admira-
tion of Germany is clearly apparent in Great
Britain's desire to shape its administration,
its education, and its social legislation on
Germany's model.

It is surprising to find Sir Max
Waechter taking the view that the Ger-
man people as a whole are antagonistic
to Great Britain. The military are per-
haps, and the papers controlled or in-
spired by the armament firms, like Die
Post and others, but the Social Demo-
crats, for instance, the strongest party
amongst German workers, are anxious
for better understanding between the
two great Saxon races. Sir Max thus
delivers himself :

In Germany the case is different. An-
tagonism against England is very wide-
spread, principally amongst the masses; and
it is so intense that during the recent
Morocco crisis the German populace would
have enthusiastically welcomed a war with
England, without thought of the conse-
quences. The prejudice among the German
masses against Eugland has been artificially
created. Happily, a large proportion of the
cultured! and business classes are friendly
to the British nation. It is evident that
the prejudice against Great Britain which
exists in Germany has to be removed before
a cordial understanding with Germany is
possible. As it might require generations,
if things are left to time, to bring about
a change, prompt steps should be taken to
abolish this prejudice. This will not be an
easy task, because the bulk of the population

LEADING

ARTICLES.

48-

must be converted. What is wanted is sys-
tematic propaganda throughout the German
Empire, explaining to the people that their
prejudice against Great Britain is due to
a misunderstanding. The right-thinking
men of both countries should join hands
and take up this task without delay, other-
wise both nations maj drift towards a
catastrophe.

GERMANY'S AMBITION.

An illuminating article, having for
its theme Germany's alleged ambition
to dominate sea and sky, is reproduced
in the Fortnightly Preview above the
signature of " Excubitor " : —

The course of recent events is particu-
larly interesting and significant. Last year
a new Navy Act was passed by the Reich-
stag. The measure increased the establish-
ment of ships in accordance with a six-
year schedule of shipbuilding, and made pro-
vision for an immense increase of officii -
and men so as to keep nearly four-fifths of
the German fleet always ready for immediate
action. The effect) of this measure, if it
had been followed by no action on the part
of Great Britain, would have been that the
smaller German fleet, being on a higher
status of commissioning, would have been
at "its selected moment" on an equality
with tiie British Fleet at " its average
moment," and even in some circumstances
it might have possessed such a margin of
superiority as to make a naval Avar against
Great Britain not a desperate gamble, but
an operation attended with insufficient risk
to act as a deterrent.

The British Admiralty renlied by an-
nouncing that for every additional Ger-
man armoured ship laid down over and
above the former Law, Britain should
build two ; and they also presented Par-
liament with a scheme for the expansion
of the personnel. Whatever hopes had
been entertained in Germany of overtak-
ing Great Britain in the race for sea-
power were thus disappointed, since the
new German shipbuilding scheme was
discounted on a two-keels-to-one basis.

But a new weapon has been forged,
and can be used, under certain circum-
stances, as a means of attack : —

Tha motive underlying German aerial
policy is unmistakable. It is hoped by the
aid of this new arm — and particularly by
the aid of long-range airships — to neutralise
British naval superiority.

The dominating fact, which it is perilous
for us to ignore, is that in a year or two
Germany will have two squadrons of air-
ships, heavily armed, and capable of carr\-
ing considerable loads of high explosives,
stationed at Cuxhaven. immediately oppo-

site the bases of our flotillas of destroyers
and submarines, and within practicable
navigation distance of all our great naval
ports. Moreover, she is developing also her
service of hydro-aeroplanes, and is thus
providing herself on a large scale with
battleships, scouts, and mosquito craft of the
air, in the firm belief that thus she will
render ineffective our superiority in battle-
ships, scouts, and mosquito craft of the
sea.

All of which speculation may of
course be true, but assumes that Ger-
many has only one thought — the crush-
ing of England. A more probable op-
ponent is rather further distant across
the Atlantic.

A LACK OF CONSIDERATION.

Air. Price Collier is candour itself,
and his series of articles in Scribner s on
" Germany and the Germans " are free
from either cant or ill-will. The pre-
sent contribution contains a whole
philosophy on neighbourliness, in which
Americans, British and Germans alike
come in for some very sound advice,
and Mr. Collier thus analyses the
causes which make for national dis-
agreement : —

Theological protagonists are notoriously bit-
ter against one another, but we have all
found many of them amiable companions
ourselves. It is the fellow next door, who
wears purple socks, or who parts his hair
in the middle, or who wears his coat-sleeves
longer than our tailor cuts ours, or who
eats his soup with a noise, or who has damp
hands, or talks through his nose, who irri-
tates us and makes ud wish occasionally for
the unlimited club-using freedom of the
stone age. It is your first cousin, with in-
curable catarrh and a slender income, who
is too much with you, and who spoils your
temper, not the anarchist orator who
threatens your property and almost you life.

"What do these Germans want?" asked a
distinguished Cabinet Minister of me.
" They want consideration," I replied,
" which is the most difficult thing in the
world for the Englishmen to offer anybody."
'" But. you don't mean to say," he con-
tinued, " that they really want to cut our
throats on account of our bad manners!"
I cannot phrase it better, nor can I give
a more illuminating illustration of the mis-
understanding. This is exactly the reason,
and the paramount reason, why nations and
why individuals attempt to cut one an-
other's throats. Whatever the fundamental
differences may have been that have led to
war between nations. the tiny spark
that started the explosion has always been
some phase of rudeness or bad manners.

486

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

THE FUTURE OF THE TURK.

General Cherif Pasha contributes to
La Revue an article on Turkey and the
Committee of Union and Progress,
with special reference to Asia Minor
and the dangers to which this part of
the Turkish Empire is now exposed.
Much of his lugubrious anticipation of
trouble has already been discounted by
the success of the intervention bv the
Powers.

THE MISCHIEVOUS COMMITTEE.

For four years, he reminds us, he has
been waging a campaign against the
Committee, and he considers that the
gravity of the present situation is suffi-
cient to justify his attitude. Turkey is
already sadly dismembered in Europe,
and she is threatened with further dis-
memberment in Asia Minor, while
Europe, rightly anxious about the
future, is feverishly preparing for a
most atrocious war ; and the responsi-
bility for this desolating state of things
falls directly or indirectly on the Com-
mittee. The writer refers to the mis-
deeds of the Committee as this "occult
association," whose sole object is to re-
main in power, no matter what happens.
The result of the war in Tripoli must,
he thinks, have encouraged the hopes of
the Balkan States. Hitherto disunited,
they united secretly for common action,
and while Turkey's enemies were organ-
ising against her, the Committee was
doing everything possible to disorganise
Turkey. It worked, and it continues
to work, to extend complications and
diffuse the germs of war.

THE QUESTION OF THE ,£GEAN ISLANDS.

The Greek occupation of Samos, he
says, is undoubtedly the prelude to the
pretensions of Greece to the other islands
on the coast of Asia Minor. Should
these pretensions be realised, as the
coasts of Asia Minor are largely in-
habited by Greeks, it will easily be seen
what an inexhaustible source of strife is
here, in which Turkey has nothing to
gain, but everything to lose. Thus the
question of Asia Minor is opened.
Turkey counts on the mediation of

Europe. Admitting that Europe under-
takes to decide the fate of the islands,
and does not recognise the Greek occu-
pation, whose business wnll it be to dis-
lodge the Greek troops from the islands
already occupied? In all probability
the task would be left to Turkey, and,
in the present condition of the Turkish
Navy, Turkey is not able to do it. But
the writer believes that the European
Powers will ultimately settle the affair
of the islands to Turkey's detriment.
As to Adrianople, it is no exaggeration
to say that the Committee ardently de-
sired its fall. The success of the Bul-
garians at Adrianople, like that of the
Greeks at Janina, has opened up another
point in connection with Asia Minor.
For if the Bulgarians do not accept the
new conditions of peace, they would
be aided by their allies to concentrate
all effort on Chatalja, and, this last
rampart lost, Constantinople would be
taken, and the consequences would be
incalculable.

EUROPEAN INTERVENTION CERTAIN.

Suppose the Allies do not heed Sir
Edward Grey's warning. Will the terri-
tory they have already conquered be
taken from them ? More probably the
Great Powers will intervene and take
more territory from Turkey. It is also
evident that if Turkey does not apoly
herself to consolidate her Empire in
Asia, a hostile intervention of the
Powers will follow. Europe will act,
whether it be to the advantage or other-
wise of Turkey. If occasion arises, the
Great Powers, like the Balkan States,
might, in view of a determined enter-
prise, unite and sink for the time being
their other differences. It is for Tur-
key to take care not to offer the least
temptation. As to " good government."
of w^hich Sir Edward Grey speaks, it is
certain that the Committee will not con-
stitute it. Nor will the Committee fail
to make the financial bankruptcy of
Turkey inevitable. At the present time
the Committee is busy expelling, with-
out rhyme or reason, the Greek Ottoman
subjects. Greece will certainly demand

LEADING ARTICLES.

487

the insertion in the treaty of peace of a
clause concerning the protection of
Greeks who remain under Ottoman rule.
The assassin of the King of Greece was
affiliated to the Committee. The writer
does not desire that summary proceed-
ings, such as the Committee takes
against its political opponents, be taken
against the Committee. But he asks that
the most deeply compromised of its
members be brought before a High
Court and judged legally and impar-
tially, so that future generations might
have a striking example of what politi-
cal responsibility ought to be.

HOPE FOR THE TURK.

According to William Maxwell, in
the Nineteenth Century, there is a great
future for the Turk to develop the
Asiatic residue of his once world-wide
Empire. The writer, however, sets out
the problem with so painful a regard to
the facts that one is hardly hopeful that
the Turk will be encouraged in the task
of governing the mixed-medley of Ar-

menians, Kurds, Circassians, Jews,
Chaldeans, Greeks and Arabs. It seems
like a case of "out of the frying-pan
into the fire," for the conditions in Ana-
tolia, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Arabia
do not lend themselves to a uniform
policy which would be acceptable to
Turk and Christian alike. Mr. Maxwell
discounts the fear of a Moslem re-
vival : —

Christendom has been so often invited to
tremble under the menace of Panislam that
we have ceased to be* disturbed by the cry
of 'Wolf!" And there is logic, as well as
sense, in this indifference, for if Panislam
was a livre wire we must have felt the shock
every time Turkey was undergoing ampu-
tation in Europe and Africa. Panislam was
the re-invention of Sultan Abdul Hamid,
and was intended for export. By striving
to restore his spiritual authority he hoped
to secure two things — compensation for the
loss of temporal dominions and freedom
from constitutional fetters. As a political
weapon abroad it was useless from the start,
and as a religious weapon it failed to achieve
the purpose of its maker, for there are sec-
tarians in Islam as well as in Christendom,
aud they have the common weakness of hat-
ing one another.

THE AUSTRIAN HEIR APPARENT.

Writing in the C liantauqiian on
European Rulers and their Modern Sig-
nificance, Mr. x^rthur E. Bestor deals
with the Emperor Francis Joseph.

He refers to Austria as a Government,
not a State ; for the hereditary posses-
sions of the House of Hapsburg have
been gathered by purchase, marriage, or
war, and are in no sense a nation.
From every point of view Vienna and
Budapesth are the storm centres for the
solution of racial, nationalistic, social,
and industrial problems. The Austrian
Emperor is characterised as an indus-
trious and conscientious ruler, with a
capacity for political life, but without
ability. He is said to speak all the
languages of his realm — German, Hun-
garian, Bohemian, Polish, Ruthenian,
Croatian, Slavonic, and Italian — besides
French and English. Democratic in
manner and approachable to all classes,
he gives up one day a week to private

audiences of those who believe they have

grievances.

The unknown factor in the interna-
tional affairs of Europe, however, is
Franz Ferdinand. Nearly fifty years
of age and the next in succession to the
throne for many years, his personality
remains largely unknown. He possesses
one of the largest private fortunes of
Europe, and is an art connoisseur and
a lover of sports. In his early youth he
was destined for the Church, but later
was trained for a military career. His
wife, a daughter of Baron Chotek,
created Duchess of Hohenberg, is
spoken of as a woman of great clever-
ness and charm of manner. There can
be little question that she is ambitious
that one of her children shall eventually
sit upon the Austrian throne, and if
Franz Ferdinand succeeds as Emperor
it is well within the range of possibilities
that he will bring about the designation
of his eldest son as the next heir.

488

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

INDIA AND CHINA.

THE INDIAN POLICE.

Mr. Edmund C. Cox, retired Deputy
Inspector-General of Police, Bombay,
protests emphatically in Eqst and West
against the charges brought against the
Indian police. His opinions are based
on a quarter of a century's work. The
average annual- number of convictions
for torture during the last six years is
nine! This, out oi a force of 177,000
men, is a record of which many Euro-
pean forces might be proud. Ample
precautions have been designed against
any irregularity or misconduct. And
yet the result is fiasco after fiasco, the
release of numbers of offenders who
ought to undergo imprisonment, scan-
dalous waste of time of the courts, re-
luctance of witnesses to give evidence,
because their trouble will most probably
go for nothing, and the paralysis of the
police force. The situation has become
intolerable.

What happens over and over again
is this. Some villagers are prosecuted
before a magistrate on a charge, say, of
house-breaking and theft. There is a
certain amount of evidence against
them ; witnesses testify that they saw
the accused lurking about the com-
plainant's premises, and some brass pots
and so on are produced which were
found in the possession of the accuser,
and which the prosecutor alleges to be
his. All this is not very conclusive. For
one thing, brass pots are remarkably
like each other, and to establish identity
satisfactorily is not easy. Then, to
strengthen the case, there comes in the
prisoner's confession. That confession
has been recorded by a magistrate
strictly in accordance w7ith law. No
police officers were present while it was
being made. . . . All the precau-
tions have been strictly observed. But
when Govind or Rama is undergoing
his trial, perhaps a fortnight after the
confession was taken down, he says that
there is not a word of truth in it, and
insists that he only made it because the
police tortured him. The scene then
changes. A side-issue has been intro-
duced. A red-herring has been success-

full}- drawn over the scent. It is no
longer Rama and Govind who form the
subject of the inquiry, but the police.
The whole of the evidence in the case
is now regarded as tainted. A with-
drawn confession ! That damns the
case for the prosecution. The accused
are released, and an investigation of the
high-handed proceedings of the police
drags out its weary length for weeks,
with the probable result that the charges
against them are neither completely
proved nor disproved.

A BAD BLEND.

Englishmen are often accused of a
parochial outlook on their neighbours,
but Captain Wyman Bury's experience
should justify his assertion in the Mos-
lem World that " civilisation and Islam
do not blend well, and that where the
attempt has been made it has been to
the detriment of both." He enters this
claim : —

I prefer to illustrate my argument with
cases culled from one race and one religion
— -Arabia Felix, where Islamic civilisation,
with a thin veneer of European refinement,
may be observed side by side with the old
patriarchal system on which Islam was
based. I also claim fourteen years' experi-
ence! of these people, in health and sick-
ness, poverty and plenty, peace and war.
I have fought with them and against them;
have seen them flushed with victory and
known them sadly defeated; I have lived
among them as one of themselves, and met
their chiefs in Durbar as a representative
of the British Government.

Captain Bury makes out a good case
from his personal relations with the
tribes whose qualities he respects, and
concludes : —

Such is the mettle of Islam when tem-
pered by hardship and a simple, strenuous
life. Once import civilisation and the Mos-
lem character is sapped thereby. Nigeria,
the Sudan, and similar provinces owe their
physical aud moral welfare to the fact that
a parental government is wise and strong
enough to confer such benefits of civilisation
as seem most suited to their needs, and
withhold its drawbacks.

A PESSIMISTIC PRO-CONSUL !

Mr. Bland's " Recent Events and Pre-
sent Policies in China " is made the text

LEADING ARTICLES.

489

of some doleful reflections by Earl.
Cromer in the Nineteenth Century. The
critic is unsparing of the ill-informed
sentiment which animates our public
opinion. He says : —

We English are largely responsible for
creating the frame of mind which is even
now luring Young Turks, Chinamen, and
other Easterns into the political wilderness
by the display of false signals. We have,
indeed, our Blands in China, our Milners
in Egypt, our Miss Durhams in the Balkan
Peninsula, and our Miss Bells in Mesopo-
tamia, who wander far afield, gleaning valu-
able facts, and laying before their country-
men and countrywomen conclusions based on
acquired knowledge and wide experience.
But their efforts are only partially success-
ful. They are often shivered on the solid
rock of preconceived prejudices, aud genuine
but ill-informed sentimentalism. A large
section of the English public are, in fact,
singularly wanting in political imagination.
Although they would not, in so many words,
admit the truth of the statement, they none
the less act and speak as if sound national
development in whatsoever quarter of the
world must of necessity proceed along their
own conventional, insular, and time-
honoured lines, and along those lines alone.

CHINA'S TROUBLES.

Of the Chinese Republic he has his
doubts, and emphasises the difficulties
ahead : —

The main disease is not political, and is
incapable of being cured by the 'most ap-
proved constitutional formulae. It is econo-
mic. Polygamy,! aided by excessive philo-
progenitiveness, the result of ancestor-wor-
ship, has produced a highly congested popu-
lation. Vast masses of people are living
in normal times on the verge of starvation.
Hence come famines and savage revolts of
the hungry.

Earl Cromer insists on " strict super-
vision "of the expenditure of any funds
loaned to the infant Republic :-

That Young China, partly on genuine
patriotic grounds, and also possibly in some
cases on grounds which are less worthy of
respect and sympathy, should resent the
exercise of this supervision, is natural
enough, but it can scarcely be doubted that
unless it be exercised a large portion of the
money advanced by European capitalists will
be wasted, and that no really effective step
forward will be taken in the solution of the
economic problem which constitutes the main
Chinese difficulty.

The writer apparently agrees with
Mr. Stanley Lane-Poole's dictum that
' The East has an extraordinary facility
for assimilating all the worst features
of any new civilisation with which it is
brought in contact."

SUBMARINE VISION.

Few people are aware, perhaps, that
the depths of the ocean are much more
clearly visible when seen from above,
than they are by the occupants of a
boat on the surface. This fact was
observed by the first balloonists who
happened to traverse deeo bodies of
water, and has been strikingly con-
firmed by the more recent experience
of aviators.

When Bleriot made his famous cross-
rhannel flight on July 25th, 1909, he
was deeply impressed by the curious
spectacle afforded him at a point near
the town of Deal. He plainly saw the
long line of submarines which, deep
beneath the water, in fancied obscur-
ity, were following in the wake of two
" destroyers."

Other aviators later made similar ob-
servations, and it was instantly appar-
ent that, in the case of a naval war, a
fleet of aeroplanes might be of abso-
lutely invaluable service in the detec-
tion of these dangerous and supposedly
invisible enemies.

But it is equally apparent that the
securing of such clear vision of the
depths of seas and lakes, with their
flora and fauna and the conformation
of their beds, including permanent or
temporary shoals and shifting beds of
sand, may be of infinitely greater ser-
vice in the cause of science, to say noth-
ing of the location and recovery of lost
treasure and sunken ships.

Such vision, for example, would
obviate much of the difficult and dan-

__: REVIEW OF REVIEWS

ous labour of the diver. This mat- small boat plunges this end into the

- and the reason therefore is enter- water and looks through the other. Or

discussed bv Ernest course a high degree of transparer

in a late number of the R Scienti- in the water is presupposed.

Paris If the exterior light still penetra

Tr or the seeminglv anoma- too much the tube is covered with

lo imstance of cle :sion at black cloth, such as photographers use
a STeat elevation above the water than

near it he thus explains lighi reflected ^ the surface and the

re nlv the light proceeding from ini-

the water, do matter how mersed objects After a moment, when the

- not absor the light e j,as ^j sufficient repose from the ont-

" - >arface: a pa: _^e ii2ht% and in . the water is not

at light - -efleeted as from a doubled, one perceives clearly this srrange

mirror. -i^ tatt5 f^. ^ lii-]e explored.

This especially evident towards A s:miiar device 5 found in the

hen the brilliant colours of the u gia5S-bottomed boats in use along the

. are dazzlingly reflected from the c^_t of Caiifomi^ ^ elsewhere in

water, and even when the sun is veiled tropical wate_. These have thick

the same thing is shown by the fact that plates of gl„ .- nto the bottom, each

the water looks blue or grey according covered ^^ a j^yy 3lide which can

as the sky is clear or clouded. ^ qu£ckly dosed in case of accidental

-. hreakinor of the ffla-^ \n awnine cuts

This phenomenon or reflection contributes l»c«uvau0 «x ... _.

doublv :o the masking of submarine depths, off the exterior light and the passen-

N the sub- . fascinated upon the im-

mersed objects, but the reflection daxEles & - r

-. --. . - . :--:.::- - ' I ' °

But the reflecting power of the water ceep.
auamt: its obliquity of the r.v - _.

WL its surface, and the obser- The writer clc?*r- :~Zl a warm plea

whose position is elevated to a surr .-__ _•„_ ^. ..^ ...... - - ^ ^ - ;-j.-j-. ---

hei«hi- r es ger quantitv of vertical

„ : es wherever water sufficiently clear is

e brilliance found, believing that aluable

lection diminish— :entific data mav thus be gathered,

marine depths augments, because the . , _ . ,

of the observer : a greater qu N or 15 the spectacle to be despised

- - a direct propor- r_ ^ noint of be ilone

rice : just as in a landscape f

ie background is more luminous than the Concerning this he quotes from

Gonce - Voyage Autour du Monde."
M. Constet proceeds to observe that - —

it is not necessarv, however, to ma
use of a balloon or an aeroplar.
secure this direct vision of submerged
objects. Such vision may be obtained
mple expedient of cutting off
the reflected This is accomplished

xb» unpretentious optical instrument
known as the "Dib : zex

- a light tube ab
"ittle mere than six feet ::

ty is
5S "ate The observer, sea

-

. .

- ;-

-

- — - i ■ . ,- —

i, from the green of

- - - - . . -

" - - -. . - - ■ --..

res .... I

&een obscured for au

. :.. ir: '.a ..-..- : .-:e

_ - - - . - . -

Krh

r. : -•-'. :~e zi:r.:.:-: --

LEADING ARTICLES.

491

WAR-HORSES OF FAMOUS GENERALS.

James Grant Wilson tells about the
favourite war-horses of famous gene-
rals in the Century. Washington was
considered to be the best horseman of
his age. He lost many horses during
his different campaigns, but General
Braddock, his chief in the fight at Fori
Duquesne, had five killed under him—
a record unequalled in the annals of
war Lafayette thus describes the great
American and his charger, " Dolly " : —

\ VIi nmouth I commanded a dn ision,

and it may be supposed I was pretty well

still, 1 took time, ami. I the roar

and confusion of the conflict, to admire our

loved chief, who, mounted >>n a splendid

charger, rode along the ranks amid the

- diers, cheering them by his

voice and example, and restoring to our

indard the fortunes of ithe fight. 1 thought

T had never seen such a superb man.

Washington, by the way, was never
thrown, and was perhaps the strongest
man of his time. Mr. Custis thus de-
scribes an incident which occurred in
one of his daily rides a few davs be-

re his death : — -

W ishington saw with displeasure two stal-
wart negroes vainly endeavouring to raise a
heavy stone to the 'top of a wall. Throwing
" York:o,vn's " bridle to- me. be sprang from

- saddle, strode forward, pushed the slaves
aside, halted over, and, grasping the huge
stone with his large, strong hands, slowly
hut surely raised it to it.- place, and re-
mounted without any remark.

WELLINGTON'S CHARGER AT WATERLOO.

Wellington, too, was a fine horseman,
and used to ride regularly to hounds.
His most famous charger was " Copen-
hagen."

At four o'clcck on a June morning, ninety-
eight years ago. when Napoleon w as defeated
by Wellington in one of the sixteen decisive
the world, the illustrious English
soldier mounted his celebrated charger,
"Copenhagen," remaining in the saddle for

:.iteen hours. •Copenhagen" was a

powerful chestnut, grandson of the famous
war-horse, " Eclipse," and son of " Lady
Catherine." the charger ridden bj Fi<
Marshal Lord Grosvenor at the siege of
Copenhagen, when she was in foal with the
colt which afterwards carried Wellington i1
Waterloo. The war-horse cost him. in 1813,
four hundred guineas. Two years later, when
the famous victory was won. and Wellington
had held his historic interview with Blucner,
the duke dismounted at ten o'clock. As

>penhagen" was led away by the
fully threw out his heels as a
nig salutation to his successful

I ras Wellington's last act, before
Strathfieldsaye for London on public
va e business, to walk out to the a
pa Idock to pat h - favourite cha
feed him with chocolate or od •
tionery, of which he was inordinatelj

groom.

g

leaving
or pn-

d.ja< •
: t )

d.

COSTLY .MOUNTS.

Napoleon, who was not by any means
a good rider, had several b;
chargers the most famous being

Marengo." He rode this horse
eight hours at Waterloo, and previously
in scores of battles, as well as during
the disastrous Russian campaign. In
all, Napoleon had nineteen horses killed
under him. Field Marshal Bliicher had
twenty, while in the American Civil War
Generals Custer, of the North, and For-
rest, of the South, had almost as many
in the short period of four years.

The most valuable charger ever used
as a war-horse in recent history was
" Cincinnati," General Grant's favourite.
His sire was the fastest four-mile thor-
oughbred, save one, that ever ran on an
American racecourse. He did the dis-
tance in 7.19! minutes. Grant was
offered £2000 for him. He rarely per-
mitted any person but himself to mount
him, and considered him the grandest
horse he had ever seen. President Lin-
coln, on a visit to Grant a week or two
before he was shot, rode him daily.

SHERIDAN'S GREAT RIDE.

General Sheridan, probably the great-
est sabreur since Murat, made his
famous ride on a coal-black charger,
" Winchester." Read's lines on that
brilliant episode will always be remem-
l^ered : — ■

Hurrah, hurrah for Sheridan!

Hurrah, hurrah for horse and man!

And when their statues are placed on high

1'nder the dome of the Union sky.

The American soldier's temple of fame,

I ere with the glorious General's name
Be ii said in letters both bold and bright:

■ Here is bhe steed that saved the daj
By carrying Sheridan into the fight,
From Winchester -twenty miles away."

Sheridan considered " Winchester "
one of the strongest horses he had ever

w-

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

known, and the fastest walker in the
army.

FAMOUS, BUT SHORT.

On the average, the great generals of
the nineteenth century have been short
men. Mr. Wilson says: —

It is interesting to record that Washing-
ton, who was six feet and two inches m
stature, weighed at the time of the siege of
Yorktown 195 pounds: Wellington, five feet
several inches, weighed, at Waterloo. 140
pounds; Napoleon, five feet six inches,
at the same date, 158 pounds; and
Grant, five feet eight inches, weighed, at
Appomattox Court House. 145 pounds ;
General Lee, at Gettysburg, weighed 180
pounds; Sherman, at Atlanta, 165 pounds:
and Sheridan, in the battle of Cedar Creek,
about 150 pounds. Washington was the
tallest, and Sheridan the shortest, of the
seven generals. It will be seen, therefore,

that Washington's war-horse, '-'Nelson, had
a much heavier weight to carry than the
chargers "Copenhagen," "Marengo," and
"Cincinnati," in their masters' concluding
campaigns.

Other famous generals of short
stature recur readily to the memory,
amongst others Gordon, Wolseley, and
Roberts.

" May I be permitted," says Mr. Wil-
son, " in conclusion, to mention that
none of the hundreds of battle-chargers
ridden by Washington, Napoleon, Well-
ington, Grant, Lee, Sherman, and Sheri-
dan, suffered mutilation by the bar-
barous modern practice of docking their
tails, which even uncivilised savages
never perpetrate on their horses."

AMERICAN SHIPS FOR PANAMA.

Mr. Winthrop L. Marvin tells in the
American Review, of Reviews what
American shipping companies are doing
to take advantage of the Panama Canal
when opened. He points out that so
far as international commerce via
Panama is concerned, not one new keel
is being laid in the United States, and
not one new ship has even been pro-
jected. The Panama Canal Act of last
August reversed the former policy and
granted free American registry to
foreign-built ships for international
commerce, through the Panama Canal
or elsewhere. But this " free-ship " ex-
periment has utterly failed. Not one
foreign craft has hoisted the American
flag ; not one request for the flag has
reached the Bureau of Navigation.
Foreign-built ships when admitted to
American registry cost as much to
officer, man, and maintain as American-
built ships, and are not eligible for
foreign subsidies.

If international trade with South
America, Oceania, and the Orient were
all, it might well be assumed that the
Stars and Stripes were never to be seen
at Panama save as borne by some casual
yacht or man-of-war. But there is
another and a great and important
traffic served by the canal — the purely
American coastwise traffic between the

ports of the United States, including
Porto Rico, on the Atlantic, and ports
of the United States, including Hawaii
and Alaska, on the Pacific. All this
commerce under century-old national
laws must be carried in American ships ;
and for this commerce American ship-
owners are making the most vigorous
and far-sighted preparations.

Owing to the fact that hardly an
American ship is employed in deep
water trade, it comes as a surprise to
learn that the American merchant
marine as its exists to-day is very
much larger and more powerful than
those who are unfamiliar with it may
imagine. It is in aggregate tonnage the
second mercantile fleet in the world — a
fleet of 7,714,183 tons, as officially re-
ported on July 1st, 191 2. Of this sig-
nificant total, 2,949,924 tons is repre-
sented by the shipping of the great
Northern lakes, but the Atlantic fleet is
larger still, or 3,625,595 tons, and the
Pacific fleet is 963,319 tons. These
vessels, with the craft of Porto Rico,
Hawaii, and the Western rivers, make
up the aggregate of 7,714,183 tons, all
but 932,101 tons of which is employed
in coastwise or domestic commerce. The
coastwise fleet of 6,782,082 tons com-
pares impressively with the 1,380,057
tons of British shipping employed

LEADING ARTICLES.

493

wholly or partly in the coastwise trade
of the United Kingdom, or with the en-
tire German merchant marine, in both
foreign and coastwise commerce, of
4-593.°95 tons, or with the total
2,088,065 tons of France, or with the
total 1,452,849 tons of Italy. The coast-
wise laws have kept alive the spirit of
maritime skill and enterprise in the
United States.

As Congress has barred wholly from
the Panama waterway all vessels' owned
or controlled by railroads, the field was
left free to distinctively ship-owning
companies, and they have taken every
advantage of this elimination of their
powerful rivals.

Already, before the canal is a fact,
the merchandise shipped between the
Atlantic and Pacific ports of the United
States has attained an annual value of
125,000,000 dols., of which about one-
fifths via the Mexican railroad across
and its steamship connections, and four-
fifths via the Mexican railroad across
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The
steamship service from the Pacific ports
to Panama has long been performed
chiefly by the Pacific Mail Company,
whose fleet under its present ownership
will presumably be denied the use of
the canal — for the Pacific Mail is con-
trolled by the Southern Pacific Railroad.
On the Atlantic side, the coastwise ser-
vice between Colon and New York is
that of the Panama Railroad Steam-
ship Company, owned by the United
States Government.

Neither of these companies is con-
structing a single new ship for the
canal commerce. The American-
Hawaiian S.S. Coy., which operates the
largest sea-cargo fleet under the Ameri-
can flag, originally running steamers
round the Horn — a voyage of sixty
days — it took advantage of the open-
ing of the Tehuantepec railway in 1907
and reduced the time of transit of
goods by thirty days. The Panama
Canal, avoiding transhipment and port
delays, will reduce the time by a fur-
ther ten days. The Company is build-
ing eight 10,000 ton vessels — the

...

heaviest order ever placed by an Ameri-
can S.S. Company in America.

Many other American shipping com-
panies are having special vessels built.
It is significant that several new
steamers have* been launched, which
will trade between the great lakes with
outlet to the St. Lawrence and the
Pacific Coast.

How much of an influence upon
American shipbuilding the remission of
canal tolls to American coastwise craft
has exerted, it is impossible to tell. It
is quite likely that there is a certain
calculable value in the privilege, but it
was not asked for by shipowners them-
selves. As President Dearborn, of the
American-Hawaiian Company, said be-
fore the House Committee on Interstate
and Foreign Commerce :

The no-toll business is a matter of prin-
ciple. We would not spend one dollar in
any propaganda for no tolls, because ihe
shipper is going to pay for it. It is an
operating expense.

That is, if tolls are exacted they will
be paid by the men who own the cargo,
not by the men who own the ship. And
thus the remission of the tolls in the
long run would benefit not the ship-
owners but the planters, manufacturers,
or merchants who actually requested it.
It is the coastwise navigation law rather
than exemption from tolls that is fill-
ing the shipyards and launching this
new American ocean tonnage.

It is estimated that the American
steamship companies which have already
signified their intention to run steamers
through the Panama Canal from coast
to coast will have enough steamers
when the canal is completed to despatch
a ship from the Atlantic or from the
Pacific practically everv business day
throughout the year. This means that
there will always be an American coast-
wise ship in the canal — a ship of a
regular line service for general freight
en a fixed, announced schedule. In ad-
dition, there will be the "tramp" busi
ness of sailings whenever needed of
bulk-cargo carriers of coal, wheat,
asphall and lumber a traffic for which
the new lake-built ocean craft and the
large so-called "steam schooners" of
the Pacific arc especially adapted.

494

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

LEADING ARTICLES.

495

AERIAL ATTACK AND DEFENCE.

In the United Service Magazine
Major H. Bannerman-Phillips reviews
the recent developments in the building
of the rival air-fleets, and makes the fol-
lowing invidious comparison : —

' \\ hatever criticisms of methods we
may make, the fact remains that the
German Government believes in the
rigid type of lighter-than-air craft, de-
spite the difficulty of handling, and is
prepared to spend millions on their de-
velopment. Formerly the Zeppelin type
owed its continued existence mainly to
popular sentiment and enthusiasm,
converted into terms of support in hard
cash by subscription ; now the authori-
ties have become fully aooreciative of
the merits of the system and financial
support is assured on a firmer basis, all
the more so since they have become con-
vinced that while other svstems may be
suitable for overhead works, the rigid
one stands alone in regard to aerial
voyages oversea."

Great Britain's defence is admittedly
jeopardised at the moment, and, the
Major says, once more: —

" The Germans consider that the
fate of the rigid airship lies in their
own hands, and they intend to control
it by putting them deeper into their
pockets, It is for us to follow their
example — and better it. If our Navy
is to do its work and the country is to
be protected from panic in war-time—
quite as serious a contingency as the
actual exposure to the risk of aerial
bombardment and overhead reconnais-
sance of our fleets, fortresses, arsenals
and dockyards — our command of the
air must be secured by superiority in
aircraft for mobile and active defence
)and overhead strategical reconnaissance,
and large rigid dirigibles in the hands
of naval officers, with an auxiliary ser-
vice of hydro-aeroplanes, will alone
meet this need. The history of the past
few years shows that in good or bad
weather, fog or no fog, a German rigid
balloon can move about unseen by
night and out of reach bv day, appear-
ing over a fortress when least expected."

These things must be repeated ad
nauseam until the Committee of De-

fence insist on the adoption of an
aerial budget and the provision of the
necessary craft to ensure the maximum
of offence or the minimum of defence,
whichever policy is demanded by the
circumstances which may arise.

THE ANTI- AIRSHIP GUN.

" Breech-Screw " lays down in Cham-
bers's Journal certain qualifications
which a gun must possess to be capable
of engaging aircraft.

These qualifications are: — The gun
must be able to shoot at vessels flying
directly above it, must have an all-
round field of fire and great rapidity
and a^curacv of fire, and possess con-
siderable mobility. It requires, too, in
addition to many other things, special
ammunition — a shell to leave a smoke-
trail after it in its trajectory, and a fuse
sensitive enough to act on the envelope
of a dirigible or the wing of an aero-
plane. Now, no piece at present used in
the field or elsewhere possesses all these
qualifications ; and although modifica-
tions are being carried out by some
countries — notably France and Italy —
on their field-guns, it is universally re-
cognised that none of these weapons,
even when so modified, is suitable for
use against aircraft. It is not to be
supposed, however, that no attempt will
be made by these guns to attack air-
vessels ; the unforeseen sometimes does
happen, and a lucky shot is always pos-
sible ; but the enormous expenditure of
ammunition will certainly not be justi-
fied by the meagre results obtained.

One of the best weapons made to-day
comes, like many other good things,
from Germanw It is a three-inch gun,
has an all-round field of fire, and can
elevate to seventy-five degrees. Its ver-
tical range is twenty thousand feet, and
it carries over land for about six miles.
Its shell, which weighs twelve pounds,
has a soecial fuse, and leaves a smoke-
trail after it. This piece has a high
velocity, and fires thirty rounds a
minute It is mounted on a travelling
platform, which can be carried about in
an armoured motor-car. The gun, plat-
form, sixty shells, and six men weigh
four and a-half tons.

496

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

MOVING PICTURES.

Mr. Charles B. Brewer gives, in the
Century, a most illuminating account of
the immense development of the mov-
ing picture.

It is estimated that there are almost
thirty thousand moving picture show
places in the United States. The
Americans are said to spend close on
^40,000,000 per annum for admission to
these shows ! The ten leading film
makers in America produce pictures to
fill some 3,000,000 feet of film every
week. This amounts to almost 30,000
miles of pictures annually ! From an
original film about 200 pictures are
usually reproduced. The reels were for-
merly sold, but are now always leased.
Dates of exhibition are arranged with as
much care and business acumen as are
the great plays of the stage.

The larger places attempt to have one
"first-night" reel among the several shown
at every performance. The reels usually
rent to the exhibitor for from 20 dollars to
25 dollars for the first night, the price being
scaled down each succeeding night about 20
per cent., until finally the rent is as low as
a dollar a night. Hence a reel may travel
every day, much the same as a theatrical
troupe in visiting small cities.

The cost of admission is small, but
the expenses are not great. Usually one
operator, paid about £$ a week, a piano
player £3, a doorkeeper 30/-, and a
ticket-seller £2, carry on the show.

It is almost as impossible to speak of
the cost of producing a film as to talk
of the cost of producing a painting.

We know the cost of the canvas of the
latter, and we also know the cost of the bare
film is three cents per foot ; but the cost of
what is on the film may be represented only
by the cost of developing and the labour of
the machine-operator, as, for example, in
such pictures as "An Inaugural Parade," or
the famous pictures showing the " Coronation
of George V." Sometimes, however, the cost
runs as high as fifty thousand dollars, as did
the film known as " The Landing of Colum-
bus." These films require many people,
necessitating the taking of long journeys to
provide an appropriate sotting, and need
from two to three years to finish them. Be-
fore the film known as " The Crusaders " was
ready for the public, six hundred players
and nearly three hundred horses had ap-
peared in front of the lens. The film of

•• The Passion Play," now in preparation,
will cost, it is said, a hundred thousand dol-
lars.

The educational use of the cinemato-
graph is only beginning to be realised.

Mr. Edison has very recently been quoted
as saying: " I intend to do -away with books
in (the school ; that is, I mean to try to do
away with school books. When we get the
moving pictures in the school, the child will
be so interested that he will hurry to get
there before the bell rings, because it is the
natural way to teach through the eye. I
have half a dozen fellows writing scenari
now on A and B."

THE MORAL TONE OF THE PICTURES.

In America a National Board of Cen-
sorshio, which serves without remunera-
tion, has had a most salutary effect.
Reputable film makers have welcomed
its work, and voluntarily submit films
to be reviewed. No manufacturer has
been known to refuse to destroy a film
which did not receive the endorsement
of the board. Such an honorary body
could do excellent work, both here and
in England, where many morally de-
grading pictures are too often to be seen.
Last year this National Board passed
on more than 3000 reels, and rejected
less than 3 per cent. A reel is usually
a thousand feet long, and contains
16,000 pictures.

They are an inch wide, and three-quarters
of an inch deep. On a screen twelve feet
square, which is smaller than the usual size,
there is surface enough to show twenty-
seven thousand of the pictures side by side
if they are reproduced without an enlarge-
ment. Yet if every enlarged picture' were
shown on a separate twelve-foot screen, a
single reel would require a stretch of canvas
thirty-six miles long. Likewise a screen
twenty feet square would accommodate over
seventy-six thousand of the little pictures,
and the stretch of canvas required for the
enlarged pictures would be sixty miles long.
After witnessing a performance, few realize
that they have seen any such stretch of
pictures as the figures show.

Wonderfully instructive films mow
help the scientist, the microscope and
the Rontgen rays enabling marvellous
moving pictures to be taken. The cir-
culation of the blood and the action of
various bacilli, the digestion of food in
the stomach, and the result of inoccu-

LEADING ARTICLES.

497

lation, are but a few of the films Mr.
Brewer describes. Of trick films there
are no end. The easiest device is to
shows a film backwards. This unbuilds
buildings, shows boys diving from the
water feet first and landing on to a
spring-board above, and the operator
could no doubt illustrate the possibility
of " unscrambling eggs."

The photo, play has, of course, been
undoubtedly successful, and the perfec-
tion of an instrument which will link up
the phonograph accurately with the pic-
tures will no doubt finally drive the
small touring company out of business.

Mr. Brewer gives a lucid description
of the method of taking coloured mov-
ing pictures. In former days films were
coloured by hand.

We have had hand-coloured films, but
these have required extraordinary patience
on the part of the colourist, who had to treat
each of the sixteen thousand pictures one at
a time. Excessive care was also necessary, as
an overlap of a thirty-second part of an inch
would show the colour many inches out of
place when the picture was shown
enlarged on the screen. The work
is so tedious that the capacity of the colour-
ist is said to be limited to about thirty-five
feet of film per day ; the cost is thus made
excessive. And the market needs, which fre-
quently require two hundred reproductions of
a reel, render the hand-coloured film com-
mercially impracticable

The machine, which now produces
beautiful colour pictures is called the

' Kinemacolour," and is the invention of
a London photographer and Mr Charles
Urban.

The machine differs from the ordinary
cinematograph in several important particu-
lars. The most noticeable difference is a
rapidly-driven, revolving skeleton fraim-
known as a colour-filter, which is located
between the lens and the shutter. This
colour-filter is made up of different sections
of specially prepared gelatin, two sections of
which are coloured, one red, and the other
green. The filter-screen is revolved while
the pictures are taken, as well as when they
are reproduced, being so geared that the red
section of the filter appears in line with the
lens for one photograph, and the green sec-
tion for the next.

The photographs are all in pairs, and twice
the number of pictures are taken and repro-
duced as in the ordinary machine, and the
speed is also twice as great, the kinemacolour
taking and reproducing thirty-two — and
sometimes as many as fifty-five — per second,
and the ordinary machine sixteen. Inciden-
tally, to care for the greater speed the kine-
macolour machine is also driven by a motor
instead of by the ordinary hand-crank.

When a negative is produced through the
red screen, red light is chiefly transmitted,
and red-coloured objects in the original will
appear transparent on the copy produced
from the negative. Where the next section
of negative has moved into place the green
section of the filter has come into position,
and the red-coloured objects on this part of
the negative will appear dark. When the
pictures are thrown on a screen, the trans-
parent parts allow the colours of the filter
to pass through, and the revolutions of the
filter are arranged for showing the appro-
priate colour for every picture.

TENNIS PLAYING WITH ONE'S HEAD.

Mr. Raymond D. Little, one of
America's foremost champions, contri-
butes an article to the Outing Magazine
on " Quick Thinking in Tennis."

Being himself an expert exponent of
the " heady " style of game, Mr. Little
is well qualified to write on this sub-
ject. In his opinion, headwork in tennis
means not only playing your own game,
but to some extent the other fellow's
also ; that is, trying to figure out what
your opponent will probably do and
acting accordingly— playing both sides
of the net, as it were.

The tennis player must have an alert
mind in order to reach the top. An in-
stant's quick thought may in many
cases change the outcome of a game or

an entire match. The very small margin
of "points" that may be noticed m
man}' matches, between the scores of the
winner and the loser, shows the import-
ance of using strategy to win every pos-
sible point. Mr. Little does not wish
to make it appear that tennis is " a game
of the fox," but the important fact to
remember is that every point begets
another point.

The quick play of the mind is illus-
trated in the manoeuvre of the " fake
opening." In one such case a player,
having a large part of his court exposed,
had unluckily volleyed weakly to his
opponent, who therefore had a splendid
chance for a sure shot. Most players
caught in tin- way would have given

49»

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

up the point without a struggle. This
player, however, attempted a bit of
strategy. But appearing to start on a
mad rush to cover his unprotected court,
he induced the other player to antici-
pate his false move and play to his
other side, whereupon he promptly
turned about and met the ball for a
successful shot. Obviously, the next
time the opportunity for the " fake open-
ing " is presented, the driver would re-
fuse to be caught by the same trick.
The volleyer, however, anticipating this
fact, this time makes a genuine dash
toward his uncovered court and meets
his opponent's drive on his forehand.
The driver, having been thus twice an-
ticipated— the first time by deliberate
strategy and the second time by care-
ful deduction — loses confidence to such
an extent that several additional points
are scored against him.

Anticipating an opponent's move is
always gratifying to a player, but Mr.
Little warns against indicating too
quickly to your opponent txiat you have
discovered " his game."

There is danger, also, in over-acting.
For instance, one of our best players
usually fails to make a successful
" fake opening " because his pretended
rush toward his unprotected court is so
unnatural in its movements that it is
easily detected. Then there is that
other common case of over-acting in
doubles, where a player plainly adver-
tises his intention to drive down his
opponents' alley by making a great
show of looking off in some entirely
different direction. These transparent
strategies defeat their purpose.

It is when both opposing players are
facing each other near the net, however,
that the quickest thinking, or guessing,
must be done.

Watching the racket of his opponent as a
cat would a mouse and springing forward
the instant that the other man indicates by
the slightest move to which side of the
court he is going to' drive, a quick thinker
may be able by his forward jump to meet
the ball, and of course he will gain the ad-
vantage of leaving little time for the driver
to recover.

Mr. Little has something to say also
about upsetting the strategy of the man

who does not think carefully and accu-
rately, the player who tries one dodge
after another, only to find himself made
ridiculous by being beautifully passed
owing to the superior work of the thor-
ough strategist. Such a man discovers
that instead of being quick, he is simply
being thoughtless.

The primary ride of anticipating— watch-
ing the other man's racket — is capable of
being followed with different degrees of keen-
ness. There is the man who knows the rule
and follows it fairly well, and the other
man who watches at the rate of 100 per cent.,
the man, for instance, who knows when
MciLoughlin is going to serve swiftly, and
when his service is going to break. This
man is not fooled by the concealed racket.
He does not decide because he sees a racket
moving toward the ball with the face ready
to cut the ball extremely that the ball will
not be hit squarely. He sees exactlv how
the racket meets the ball and co-ordinates
with this fact every movement made by the
server or driver as the case may be.

And at no time must this keen observa-
tion be followed by equally keen deductions
so much as when a player is in the position
of a volleyer. For then time is limited. If
the volleyer is fooled by the concealed
racket, he may not, and probably will not.
have time to redeem his error. It is not
merely a question of seeing where the b;ill
is going that the volleyer has to decide in-
stantaneously, but he must see what kind of
a blow the ball has received. For if the
ball has been cut, he will have to volley
rather differently than if it had been top-
ped. I've known first-rate players to volley
into the net simply because they did not
watch the other man's racket and see what
kind of a twist he gave the ball. . . . The
difference then between accurate watching
and fair watching is the difference between
a miss and a win.

Saving up your discovery of your op-
ponent's tactics for use in emergencies
is a good plan, advises Mr. Little, mak-
ing use of your knowledge when you
really need to gain a point. This is not
only beneficial in respect of points
gained, but also imDortant for the dis-
heartening moral effect on your op-
ponent when he loses a point he ex-
pected to win.

'The only way to keep yourself
from being constantly anticipated," con-
cludes Mr. Little, " is to keep the other
man constantly surprised. ... It
is in the short court game and in volley-
ing that the quick thinker wins his ad-
vantage over the man with a slower and
less alert mind."

LEADING ARTICLES.

499

HOW WOMEN VOTE IN CALIFORNIA.

In Australia, where the vote was
granted easily to women, its value was
not perhaps so rapidly realised as it
is where the vote has only been won
after much effort. Mr. and Mrs. Lewis
Edwin Sheis contribute an informing
article on " What California's Women
Did with Their Ballots " to the Pictorial
Review. The writers spent several
months in careful observation, and
claim to have found " just how the
women vote and what they vote for."
They were in San Francisco on Novem-
ber 5th, when " the last-made voters in
the Union were to cast their first vote
at a national election" and they admit
that at first the proceedings were " dis-
tinctly disappointing." The}' say :

On the 'lavs before election we had gone
in hi one political headquarters to another,
from one suffrage body to another, and had
seen the newly franehised voters swarming
about with all the buzz and business oi a
beehive. We had seen them working for
their candidates and receiving printed mat-
ter for distribution at the polls and instruc-
tions as to the rights of "pickets," and we
had expected something " lively " — some-
thing at least interesting if not excit-
ing. What we saw was as tame as a chnrcn
.service. As we passed from poll to poll we
found no excitement whatever, nothing mili-
tant, nothing unladylike. We saw instead
quiet women working quietly for the good

of their homes and city and country \t

first it was disappointing. But it became
more than interesting as the significance oi
the thing gradually grew upon us, for San
Francisco's vote on election day .showed that
the women of that city take their politics
as they do their housework. And. just as
they clean their own domiciles, so. quietly,
conscientiously, determinedly, without fuss
or flurry, they were putting their political
house in order.

One noticeable feature of the election
was that 1200 women were employed as
clerks at the polls, and one was judge
of elections. There were three things
1 for which the San Francisco women
were contending most at the election in
question: (i) the defeat of a race-track
amendment which was a trick bill ; 2
the re-election of Judge W. P. Lawlor.
"an able lawyer, a just judge, and an
arbiter without partiality." and the man
who presided at the San l;ran< is,-., grail
trials ; and (3) the prevention of the re-
election of a State Senator who had
oted against the bil winch

v

against

abolished gambling on horse-racing,
who was " a relic of the old machine
days," and who " was out of nlace in a
progressive administration." It was to
secure these results, and the adoption of
some other measures, such as free text-
books for school children, that the
women of San Francisco " marched to
the polls to cast their votes, or stood
long hours on the cold, wet sidewalk
trying to win other voters to their way
of thinking." They showed, too, that
they were no mere tyros at the election
business. They prepared clever little
"dodgers" against the race-track
amendment which the voters could take
with them into the booths, and which
explained just how they should
mark their ballots : and in the Italian
quarter, where some promised dodgers
failed to arrive on time, thev printed
the instructions and warning in coloured
chalk on the sidewalks.

At first, banding themselves together
merely to fight for enfranchisement, in
the end the women of California
" turned their temporary organisations
into perpetual legions, to battle forever
for human rights." An idea of the tre-
mendous power at the back of the
women's movement in California may
be gathered from the following con-
densed extracts from the article: —

The Club Women's Franchise League, hav-
ing 2500 members, and local branches
throughout California, became the Now Era
League of San Francisco. The Woman's
City Club of Lev Angeles, which started in
May. L911, with l"(i members, and is a non-
partisan body of women citizens, aiming to
produce in women alertness of mind and
.canity oi judgment, and whose greal object
is instruction in citizenship, now has MOO
names on its roster. Then there is the
Friday Morning Club of Los Angeles, also
,,n for social service. And perhaps the
most influential of all is the California Civic
League, the direct descendant oi the College
Equal Suffrage League, with thirty or more
affiliated clubs or centres covering the entire
upper portion oi the State, and ranging .n
size from II to L000 members, or, all told,
more than 3000 active members. Corres-
ponding to this, and covering the lower end
oi the State, is the Civic League ot Southern
California, an outgrowth or the Woman's
Progressive League, and having a total mem-
bership of over 10,000. Then there is the
State Federation ol Women's Clubs, with

^oo

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

25,000 ■ members, making an organised army
in California of nearly 50,000 women co-
operating in civic study and in an effort
to secure legislation which shall place the
State at the forefront of the movement for
human justice.

The article gives some interesting
facts with regard to the things these
women's organisations have done. At
San Francisco, when a civic centre be-
came desirable and a bond issue was de-
cided upon, the Mayor left the presen-
tation of the matter to the people in the
hands of the New Era League, whose
President, Mrs. Coffin, cleverly secured
for it such effective publicity that at the
special election the citizens voted for the
bond issue by the overwhelming vote of
45,000 to 4000. At this same election,
too, the League brought the election
authorities to book.

In all San Francisco — a city of nearly
half a million population — there was but one
registration place. This booth was in the
City Hall, in the down-town section of the
city, where not only women, but even many
men found it extremely inconvenient, not to
say unpleasant, to go; for San Francisco is a
city that spreads) over miles and miles of
territory.

The New Era League put the matter
squarely up to the authorities. " Where are
vou going to locate your new registration
booths?" asked Mrs. Coffin.

"Where am I going to put them?" re-
peated the astonished official. " There aren't
going to be any more."

" The law of California," said Mrs. Coffin.
" distinctly says that it is the business of
the registration board to facilitate registra-

tion. You don't want me to advertise that
fact that vou have not done your legal dutv,
do you?"'

The official began to see a great light. " T
have no appropriation to equip other
booths," he replied.

" Is lack of money your sole reason for
not providing additional registration
booths?" asked Mrs. Coffin.

"Yes," said the official.

"Very well," said Mrs. Coffin. "We'll
furnish the booths if you will furnish the
clerical force."

The official had to say "Yes." but he
quickly added a condition that he thought
would dispose of Mrs. Coffin. " You must
have your booths ready by ten o'clock to-
morrow morning," he said.

" I will," said Mrs. Coffin, though she
had no idea how she was to do it.

But by ten o'clock the next morning she
had her rooms ready.

The San Francisco centre of the Civic
League started a registration campaign,
and the registration of women jumped
from 1200 to 25,000. At Los Angeles
the Women's Progressive League in
twenty-seven registration days enrolled
83,284 women as voters. The Woman's
City Club of Los Angeles gathers every
Monday for luncheon, and at every
luncheon some speaker of note talks
upon an important civic topic. And as
illustrating the scope of their work, on
one occasion 500 women of various civic
clubs of Los Angeles went twenty miles
in special trolley cars to inspect the
harbour development work at the port,
San Pedro. And the women are in dead
earnest.

THE GROWTH OF SOCIALISM IN ARGENTINE.

In Die Neue Zeii, the German Social-
ist weekly of Stuttgart, Kornelia Thies-
sen, of Buenos Aires, seeks to show
that, in spite of circumstances supposed
to be unfavourable to the development
of Socialism, that movement has made
a vigorous start in Argentine, and is
there based on economic evil of like
character to those which have given rise
to the agitation in other countries. He
begins by citing, for the purpose of re-
futing them, the views of Ferri, who,
upon a visit to Argentine two years
ago, declared, on the basis of what is
known as " the economic interpretation
of history," that Socialism has no
raison d'etre in Argentine.

Argentine, said Ferri, is still only a
market for European and North Ameri-
can industry.

The proletariat is a product of the steam
engine. And only with the proletariat, the
industrial wage-earner, does Socialism make
its appearance. New Zealand and Australia
are the best proof of this truth. There is
no industrialism in those countries. They
have, consequently, only a Labour Party, no
Socialist one. The Socialist party in Argen-
tine is. therefore, a Labour party in the
economic part of its programme, and a'
Radical party in politics.

There is some truth, says Thiessen,
in Fern's contention, but it is not the
whole truth. It is not true that the
proletariat is the product of the steam

LEADING ARTICLES.

;oi

engine. It made its appearance ages
before Watt's invention. We find it as
early as the seventeenth century in
capitalist manufactures, and later in
factories with hydraulic power. The
proletariat may be regarded as a result
of the dissolution of the feudal system,
the closing of the cloisters, the expul-
sion of the peasants from the country
by the abolition of communal owner-
ship and the sale of church propertv.
Then followed capital and drove those
hordes of landless proletarians into in-
dustrial occupations.

This creation of an industrial prole-
tariat took place in Argentine also.
After the May revolution of 1810,
which secured the necessary " order "
for the bourgeoisie and took care to
guarantee its interest, there ensued a
period when the immeasurable stretches
of land were greedily seized, and, as
the pushing advance of the rich was
bound to encounter resistance, the
famous civil war broke out, the issues
being the total subjugation of the rural
population by the " cultured " money-
bags, or the relative freedom and in-
dependence of the Gauchos (peasants).
Though the latter were formerly vic-
torious, even Rosas could maintain the
victory only for a brief space.
Peasant dominion split upon the rock
of the political incompetence and ignor-
ance of the Gauchos, who thereunon
gradually sank into complete bondage.

How far this exploitation has pro-
gressed in a country which boasts of
encouraging small holdings, is clearly
shown, says Thiessen, by such facts as
that, in the Province of Santa Fe, 472
proprietors own about 60 per cent, of
the land area. Under these conditions
tenant- farming plays a tremendous role,
and thus recently there was a regular
strike among the farmers, which led to
the founding of the peasants' league
(Liga agraria). Furthermore, with the
sparse population, il is readily com-
prehensible how little of modern life
is to be found on these farms.

The reign of terror recently ••discovered"
in the rubber region of Peru is nothing new
to ns Argentines. Our young "smart" en-
signs win their first spurs there in these
wilds. Year alter year, hungry, desperate
tenants storm the shops (almacenes) , or field-
labourers take forcible possession of railway
trains in order to flee from this " land of
milk and honey." The rural population,
the field-workers, have, moreover, no organ-
isation and not the faintest feeling of class-
consciousness, because their economic servi-
tude has imbued them with a slavish spirit.
The rural masses have from remotest times
been the pillar of the despotic rule of the
provincial potentates. As to the provincial
towns, bureaucracy is the dominating factor

SOCIALISM THE ONLY HOPE.
If this were all, says Thiessen, Ferri
might be right. But the economic con-
ditions in Buenos Aires and in some of
the inland towns are different. In 1908
Buenos Aires, with a population of
1,200,000, had over 118,000 wage-
earners, among them over 88,000 fac-
tory workers. Here, then, elements are
ripening which offer a firmer basis for
Socialism in Argentine. The only
followers of Marx come from these
labour-circles ; they do not wish to
neglect work of immediate practical
effect, but they believe that it must be
permeated with the Socialist spirit if it
is to benefit the movement in the future.

THE FIRST SOCIALIST M's.P.
In last year's elections in Buenos
Aires (April 7th, 191 2), the Socialists
polled 18,000 votes, and, for the first
time, two Socialists appeared in the
National Parliament. Although thev
could achieve very little practically,
their mere presence, says Thiessen, ac-
complished wonders. They brought
new light into the corrupt political
system. Thus the idea that it is impos-
sible for .1 in. m to act at once as a re-
presentative of concerns subsidised by
the Government and as the people's re-
presentative who grants the subsidies,
has at last been brought home to the
people, .Hid certain gentlemen who are
disqualified by this principle have been
kept out of Parliament through the
rts of (he S< icialists.

;o2

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

THE RUINS OF ANCIENT BABYLON UNCOVERED BY GE3MAN ARCH.ECLOGIS'I 8.

UNCOVERING BABYLON.

In the Asiatic Empire to which Tur-
key is now withdrawing, there are many
monuments of human history of deep
interest to all the races of the west. No
section of the habitable world is per-
haps more absorbingly interesting to-
day than the valley of the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers, in which, according
to tradition and science, the human race
had its cradle, says a writer in the
American Review of Reviews.

The ancient empires of this Near
East are being uncovered by the efforts
of the archaeologists, and we are be-
ginning to see how the Assyrians, Chal-
deans, and Babylonians lived. These
investigations are in part confirming,
and in part apparently contradictory,

of the descriptions given by the classi-
cal writers. All the chequered history
of Babylon as it passed through the
hands of its various conquerors is told
in the inscriptions that have been and
are still being deciphered by the learned
archaeologists of Germany, France
and England. The Germans have been
particularly active in the excavation
and exploration of the ruins of the city
of Babylon.

The valley of the Tigris and the
Euphrates, generally known as Meso-
potamia, was at one time one of the
righest agricultural regions of the
world. Early in the historv of the
human race two splendid cities, each,
in turn, capital of the Assyrian empire,

LEADIXG ARTICLES.

5°3

arose in this valley — Babylon on the
Euphrates, and Nineveh on the Tigris
Babylon is undoubetdly one of the
most celebrated cities of all history.
The ancient chroniclers tell us that
these walls were forty-two miles long
and rose three or four hundred feet in
the air. The Chaldean priests ascribed
to it the antiquity of 400,000 years, but
the book of Genesis, in the Christian
Bible, fixes its foundation within the
historical period. It ascribes the build-
ing of Babylon to Nimrod, the mighty
hunter. Semiramis, the famous queen,
was one of the Babylonian monarchs.
It was she who constructed the quays
and built the Hanging Gardens and the
wall.

When Nineveh was destroved, in 789
B.C., Babylon became supreme. Nebu-
chadnezzar, its king, defeated the
Egyptians, destroyed Jerusalem, took
Tyre, and adorned his capital with
many magnificent monuments. Cyrus,
king of the Persians, captured Baby-
lon, and made it one of his capitals. So
did Alexander the Great. For centuries
nothing was seen on the spot it occu-
pied except a heap of ruins, for which
the x\rabs had such a superstitious re-
verence that they declined to pitch their
tents there, and which remained only a
lair for the beasts of the desert.

Babylon was utterly abandoned by
human inhabitants long before the
Christian era. In fact, it almost disap-
peared from the surface of the earth.
In the latter part of the past century,
however, archaeologists began to ex-
plore and excavate in various parts of
Mesopotamia. In 1899, the German
Orient Company (Deutsche Onentges-
ellschaft) began systematic work in the
city of Babylon. The director was Pro-
fessor Koldewey, an eminent German
archaeologist (who had already ex-
cavated in Arabia, Asia Minor, Greece
and Italy), and the work was done
under the direct patronage of the Ger-
man Emperor himself. It was learned
that the ancient city lay on both sides
of the River Euphrates, that there was
a movable drawbridge joining the two
parts of the city together, and ferry-
boats plying between the two landing
places of the gates.

The picture we reproduce is a general
view. of the remains of the city as now
uncovered by the Germans. The figure
showing on the left stands unon a piece
of brick pavement, which, it has been
found, formed a part of the long street
named after the Hebrew prophet
Daniel. He himself, undoubtedly',
walked along this thoroughfare many
times. To the right of the picture, in
the hollow, is the gate named after the
goddess Isthar. This is the most prom-
inent ruin, and perhaps the best pre-
served of all Babylon. The gate con-
sists of six square pillars, three on each
side, each forty feet high and twelve
feet broad, resting against the walls of
temoles and other structures. The so-
callecl processional road of the god
Marduk led through the gate. Pass-
ing it and turning to the right, the way
led to Nebuchadnezzar's throne hall.
These two monuments, the gate and the
throne hall, almost alone escaped the
hands of the Arabs, who, for succeed-
ing centuries, have devastated Babylon
of all the bricks they could find, carry-
ing them away to build their own
squalid towns. On all the sides, the
walls are ornamented with relief of the
sacred bull, the holy animal of the
Babylonians. The sculptured lion, on
this page, was probably one of the
earliest chiselled works of the Babv-

HUGE SCULPTURED LION POUND IN B \BY-
I.ON.

5°4

REVIEW OF REVIEWS

lonians. It shows a huge lion standing
over a man. This, which is the largest
piece of sculpture so far unearthed in
the ancient city, was hewn from a block
of granite. It was apparently never
completed, and bears no inscription to
tell its age or history.

It is pointed out by the photographer
that the ruins are a pale yellow-brown
in colour, with a slight tint of red. The
lion, however, is steel-grey blue in
colour.

The excavation of Babylon is not yet
completed. A good deal of the ancient
city stiU lies beneath some 40 or 50 feet
of later ruins. The city being exca-
vated by the Germans is chiefly the
capital of Nebuchadnezzar. In fact
nothing preceding .the time of Sen-
nacherib has been found. That mon-
arch boasted that he completely de-
stroyed the first Babylon, throwing even
its foundations into the River
Euphrates. On one of the larger
mounds known as Babil, Dr. Koldewey

believes there stood the ancient struc-
ture known in the Bible as the Tower
of Babel. The excavators have alreadv
revealed huge arches of passage ways
leading through the ruins. These
arches, modern scholars believe, once
supported the famous Hanging Gar-
dens. The explanation is that the
overhanging foliage of the different ter-
races gave the appearance of being sus-
pended in the air.

The German zeal for investigation in
this is undoubtedly due primarily to
scholarship, although there may be a
political motive behind the work. The
ambition of the German Government to
dominate in the Near East is well
known. When the Bagdad railroad is
completed across the northern desert,
which will be a triumph of German
diplomacy and engineering skill, this
land of vast mineral wealth, agricul-
tural possibilities, and ancient ruins
may then become, to all intents and pur-
poses, German territory.

"' (I '

HUMOURS OF GOLF.

Nervous Puttist : " I'm sorry to trouble you,
but would you mind buttoning up your coat?"

AT THE ROYAL ACADEMY.

She: "There's a. smart evening gown. Who is
it a portrait of?"

He : " Can't say, but the title is, ' Ready for the
bath.- "

[By special permission of Punch, London.

5° 5

HISTORY OF THE MONTH IN

CARICATURE.

Oh, wad some Power the giftie gie us
To see oursels as ithers see us. — Bunts.

it nch.

[London.

EOAI> BLOCKED.

The Montenegrin Bantam: "You go round me if
you can, and over me if yon dare'"

The two cartoons reproduced on this
page — from London Punch — are ex-
ceedingly clever. Other caricaturists
have seized upon Montenegro's defiance
of the Powers as a subject for their
nimble pencils. The chief topic treated
in the humorous journals of Europe
is the damning revelation made by
Herr Liebknecht's in the German Reich-
stag, proving that the great armament
firms were responsible for the periodi-
cal war scares through which Europe
was constantly going. The bigger the
scare could be made, the larger the
order for weapons of war. Thus these
vampire concerns batten on the nations
they are supposed to serve! Tin- ad
ditional military expenditure is also

freely commented upon. I 'US s picture
of poor German Michel being compelled
to purchase Germania a new military
hat is a fair sample of the rest. The
question of a halt in naval construc-
tion so far as England and Germany
are concerned is the subject of several
good cartoons. Simplichsstmus is an
exceedingly clever paper. So smart and
daring is it, indeed, that is has been
confiscated several times, and is not
now obtainable in the bookstalls any-
where in Germany. Its sarcastic picture
showing the busy harvest explains why
it gets into trouble with the military
authorities. Der Wakre Jacob shows
China watching the " annexation " of

Pv hi

ROAD CLEAK.

1 London.

Montenegrin Bantam (having got out of the way
at tliv lasi moment): "Ha! ha! gave you a nasty
icare that time. And your troubles aren't over
yet. You'll Mud that old bird Kssad further
down the road."

=;o6

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Doily Herald.] [London.

THE MAN BEHIND ALL THE GUNS.

The Patriot : " What, you hesitate to purchase
the guns I offer for our defence! Ungrateful
hind ! Do you not know our foreign neighbour
has armaments strong enough to destroy us?"

The Peasant: "How do you know?"

The Patriot: "Know? Know, incredulous rtod !
Have not I sold him them?"

MuchaJ] [Warsaw.

POLISH VIEW OF THE NAVAL BLOCKADE OP
MONTENEGRO.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

5°7

flHUlMP

pWP.lWCl-gOL-*.-

rm*r*::£ rm

n/.-.]

PoiNCARE : " Demobilise!"
Beihmann: "After you."
POINCARE : " You begin."
Blthmann : " No — you."

[Berlin.

SSgSg^'

Simplicissimus.l [Munich.

THE WORLDS HOLIDAY.

or, the German and the English Neptunes : " We
can s:ili d > some damage with these tridents."

Simplicissimus.-] [Munich.

SPRING, 1913.

Busy hands are getting the fields readj for the

harvest. That is to say. where there is any

room.

Da ii ii yews a nd l.< aderJ]

JOHN BULL: "IP vol" l.l. STOP BUILDING.

\\ II UKI.M. 1 WILL."

5°8

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Daily Herald,.'] [London.

THE CIRCULATION OF CAPITAL.

A German view of one of the chief uses of Large

Navies — the Circulation of Capital, from the

pockets of the People to where?

Daily News and Leader.']

THE COSMOPOLITAN ARMOUR PLATE CON-
TRACTOR AT WORK.

Thibet and Mongolia by England and
Russia respectively. The only refuge
left seems to be a German protectorate.
The Labour paper, the Herald, is pub-

Der Wahrc Jcuoh.] [Stuttgart.

CHINA IN DISTRESS.

Yi'ANSChikai : " The rascals are stealing my best
province's I had best make the rest of my land
into a Prussian entail."

Kucha.] [Warsaw.

CHINA AND JAPAN SET A TRAP FOR RUSSIA.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

5°9

'jV,

Neus of the World.']

TRYING HIS STRENGTH.

ni:.:

THE CHEEKY BALKAN BOY

[Berlin.

Kladderadatsch.] [Berlin.

PROM THE ENGLISH " CREATION."

And the good Lord Churchill said to the dwellers
in Paradise: "Six days shalt thou work and do
all that thou hast to do, but on the seventh lay
thou must rest; then must thou work for another
six days, and so on."

lishing" some quite good cartoons.
" High Finance " refers, of course, to
the Marconi scandals. The Daily News
and Leader congratulates The Times

Daily Herald.] [London

ILLUSTRATED DEFINITIONS

" Hish Finance."

,- Srir.- and Leader."]
\ PEATHEB IN
The Old Lady : " 1 think
bel ter than the old one."

11 KK CAP.
this suits

me much

5io

REVIEW OF REVIEWS

Westminster Gazette .

TWO SPIDERS ASD A FLY.

The Fly who has invested capital and interest
in American securities to avoid the British In-
-came-Tax Spider): "Ha! You can't get at me
here — there's no Income-Tax Spider on this side!"

The New Democrat Spider (U.S.A.): "Isn't there?
Don't yon be too sure!"

[The British patriot who has made his invest-
ments in the United States in such a way as to
avoid the Income-Tax at home now runs a very-
considerable risk of finding himself caught after
all.]

Westminster Gazette.]

VICARIOUS PATRIOTISM.

First Patriot: "And by Jingo, sir, Roberts is
quite right about Compulsory Service. We're only
half citizens until we've taken up in person the
duty of — er — er "

Second Patriot: " Making other fellows stand in
the ranks of battle!"

.'.J *v;,-Wv.'.'."-'-. :

Westminster Gazette.']

THE MUDLARK.
" Crickey ! What lovely mud."

Gliihlichter.]

THE " FAIT ACCOM PI. I.'

[Vienna.

Now. Messieurs, we ha\e at last reached a suit-
able basis for peace. We must not hesitate
any longer to invoke the intervention of Euro-
pean Diplomacy.

Gliihlichter.'] [Vienna.

DEATH THE FLYER.

Pilot, as you wing your way through space, see

Death sits beside you; he cuts the wires and

the planes collapse, and you are dashed

to death.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

1 1

Kladderadatsch.] [Berlin.

A HOPELESS TASK— DRAWING THE NEW MAP

OF EUROPE.

"Not like that. Mamma Europe! A little to the
left!— A little to the right !— A little higher!— A
little lower!"

on its reduction in price to 2d. For
long years The Times has occupied the
foremost place amongst British news-
papers. Its transfer to Lord North -
cliffe, and now its reduction from 3d.
to 2d., have somewhat robbed it of its
prominent position. The Balkan situa-
tion naturally fills a good deal of space
in all the papers ; still Sir F. C. Gould,
who maintains wonderfully the high

Western British American.] [Chicago.

CAN HE UNSEAT HER?

standard he has set, has several clever
cartoons this month. The " Mudlark '
shows the Unionist Party having a
happy time with the Marconi business.
His '"' Vicarious Patriotism " must have
annoyed the National Service League,
but it is too true that it is those who
have never offered to serve in the Terri-
torials or Volunteers before them who
clamour most loudly for compulsory
service — which, by the way, would never
touch them personally.

nnilii News and Leader.]

vauy avwa Maroon Committee

U *(t£?%foM*£ff » mSSm Sin be submitted
tnat ■• The "committee do forthwith proceed to

consider its report. '

Life] [New York.

The child slavery of the United states is a
bigger disgrace than ever Mack slavery was.
Official enquiry into the industries employing
children of tender years, and in defiance of the
laws, have disclosed an appalling state of things.

I-

NOTABLE ANNIVERSARIES OF THE

MONTH.

In July, 335 years ago, the great at-
tempt of Spam to crush England, once
and for all, failed, and the wrecked
and shattered galleons of the " Invinc-
ible Armada " strewn along the shores
of the land their King, had hoped to
conquer were the visible sign that Bri-
tain was henceforth mistress of the seas.
Other notable events were the Battle of
the Boyne, July 1st, 1690, in which Wil-
liam of Orange, routed James II. 's army
and crushed all hope of his winning
back the throne. On July 2nd, 1644,
the fierce battle of Marston Moor was
fought. In the end Cromwell's Iron-
sides triumphed, and the Royalist cause
was ruined in the North of England.
The great battle of Gettysburg, fought
on July 3rd, 1863, was the turning point
of the American Civil War, General Lee
sustaining his first severe defeat there.
After a fearful siege of five weeks
Jerusalem was taken by the Crusaders
on July 5th, 1 100. This feat had not
much effect on European history. It was
re-taken by the Saracens eighty-eight
years later. The ill-fated Duke of
Monmouth, with his peasant army, was
defeated at Sedgemoor on July 6th,
1685. He was executed shortly after-
wards, and Judge Jeffries sat in judg-
ment on thousands of his adherents at
the Bloody Assizes. This was the last
battle fought in England, just 223
years ago. Sir Thomas Moore, Henry

VIII. 's great Chancellor, the author of
" Utopia," was executed on July 7th,
1535. Peter the Hermit, that remark-
able character whose preaching of the
Crusades convulsed Europe for cen-
turies, died on July 8th, 11 15. Henry
Hallam, the great historian, was born
at Windsor, on July 9th, 1778. The
bombardment of Alexandria on July
nth, 1882, was the first military act in
the British occupation of Egypt. The
atrocious massacre of women and chil-
dren by the order of Nana Sahib took
place on July 15th, 1857, at Cawnpore.
Sir Joshua Reynolds, the great artist
and first President of the Royal
Academy, was born July 16th, 1723.
William Makepeace Thackeray was
born at Calcutta on July 18th, 181 1. Sir
Sidney Smith, who had the unique dis-
tinction of being the first commander
to inflict a defeat on Napoleon, was
born July 21st, 1764, Wellington de-
feated the French under Marmont at
Salamanca on July 22nd, 1 81 2, and
entered Madrid shortly after. Gibral-
tar, that mighty fortress which com-
mands the entrance to the Mediter-
ranean, was captured by the English on
July 24th, 1704. Martin Van Tromp,
the great Dutch Admiral, and antagon-
ist of Blake, was killed on July 31st,
1653, m a three days' naval battle off
the coast of Holland.

The Declaration of American Independence, July 4, 1776.

On July 4th, 1776, the Congress of
the United Colonies in America passed
the great Declaration of Independence,
only three votes being cast against this
formal throwing off of British control.
The document was not actually signed
by the representatives of the States until
several days later. At the time this action
seemed one of reckless folly. What
chance had these sparsely peopled, dis-

united colonies against the greatest
naval power in the world, supported by
veteran armies, seasoned in fierce Euro-
pean strife ! But Washington suc-
ceeded. He created an army out of a
mob of undisciplined militiamen, de-
spite terrible difficulties of transporta-
tion, commissariat, dissensions, and,
above all, finance, and forced England
to recognise the United States of

NOTABLE ANN IV E USA A'/ES.

; i

America as an independent power in
1783. The Declaration of Independence
was without doubt the most epoch-
making event of the eighteenth century.
Ludlow, in his " War of American
Independence," says that the famous

" We, therefore, the representatives of
the United States of America, in gene
ral congress assembled, appealing to
the Supreme Judge of the world for the
rectitude of our intentions, do, in the

Declaration of Independence, penned name and bY the authority of the good

by ihomas Jefferson, of Virginia, de
clared that all men are created equal,
that they are endowed by their Creator
with certain inalienable rights ; that to
secure these rights Governments are in-
stituted among men, deriving their
ever just powers from the consent of
the governed ; that when any other
form of Government becomes destruc-
tive to these ends it is the rieht of the

people of these colonies, solemnly pub-
lish and declare that the United
Colonies are, and of a right ought to
be, free and independent States ; that
they are absolved from all allegiance
to the British Crown, and that as free
and independent States, they have full
power to levy war, conclude peace, con-
tract alliances, establish commerce, and
people to alter or abolish it, and to in- do all other acts and things which inde-

<-^

stitute a new Government. It recounted
the petitions for redress which had been
presented, the appeals to the native
justice and magnanimity of our " Brit-
ish brethren," and concluded as fol-
lows : —

pendent States may of a right do. And
for the support of this declaration, witn
a firm reliance on the protection of
Divine Providence, we mutually pledge
to each other our lives, our fortunes and
our sacred honour."

The Ballot Act Passed, July 13, 1872.

One of the greatest reforms ever
achieved by democracy was the suc-
cessful Ballot Act of 1872. It was the
necessary complement of the Reform
Act of 1867. From that time the Brit-
ish Parliament became a true reflex of
the will of the people, not a packed as-
sembly of privileged persons. The Act
introduced secret voting for the first
time, with the object of preventing
briber}- and intimidation. Before its
introduction it was known for whom
every elector voted, and threats and in-
fluence were freely used to make men
vote in a certain way. Originally in-
troduced by Mr. Forster in 1871, it was
rejected by the Lords, and only passed
bv them in 1872 as a provisional mea-
sure " on trial " for eight years. It has
remained in force ever since.

THE

POOR VOTER ON ELEC-
TION DAY.
The proudest now is but my peer,
The highest no more high-,

To-day of all the wear}- year,

A king of men am 1.
To-day alike are great and small,

The nameless and the known ;
My palace is the people's hall,

The ballot-box is my throne !

To-day let pomp and vain pretence

My stubborn right abide ;
I set a plain man's common sense

Against the pedant's pride.
To-day shall simple manhood try

The strength of wealth and land ;
The wide world has not wealth to buy

The power in my right hand !

While there's a grief to seek redress,

Or balance to adjust,
Where weighs our li\ ing manhood less

Than mammon's vilest dusl
While there's .1 right to need my vote,

A wrong to sweep awav,
I ']) ! clouted knee and ragged coat !

A man's a man to day !

John Greenleaf W'hittier.

5»4

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

The Capture of the Bastile, July 14, 1789.

The Bastile represented to the people
of Paris all that was worst in the gov-
ernment of the Aristocracy, which had
ground them down. When the long
smouldering fire of revolution burst
into flame in 1789, it was natural that
this grim fortress prison — where so
many had dragged out a horrible exis-
tence— should be the first object against
which the infuriated mob hurled itself.
The Governor made practically no re-
sistance, and the building was easily
taken and wholly destroyed. Only
seven prisoners were found within its
walls. The taking of the Bastile was
the first episode in that period of blood
and horror known as the Reign of Ter-
ror, when the masses crushed the classes
for all time in France.

Mignet, in his " History of the
French Revolution," thus describes the
downfall of the Bastile: — -

" From time to time the crv rose ' The
Bastile! — we will have the Bastile!'
At length two men, more determined
than the rest, dashing from the crowd,
sprang upon a guardhouse, and struck
at the chain of the drawbridge with
heavy hatchets. The soldiers shouted to
them to retire, and threatened to fire ;
but they continued to strike, succeeded
in breaking the chain and lowering the
bridge, and then rushed over it, fol-
lowed by the crowd.

" In this way they advanced to cut
the chain of the second bridge. A mur-
derous d scharge of grape shot pro-

ceeded from the garrison, and many
of the besiegers were killed and
wounded.

" The unfortunate Delaunay, dread-
ing the fate that awaited him, wished to
blow up the fortress and bury himself
under the ruins. He went in despair
towards the powder magazine, with a
lighted match in his hand. The garri-
son stopped him, raised a white stan-
dard on its platform, and reversed the
guns in the token of peace.

" But the assailants still continued to
fight and advance, shoutin?, ' Lower
the bridges!' Through the battlements
a Swiss officer proposed to lay down
arms on the promise that their lives
should be spared.

"'Lower the bridges!' rejoined the
foremost of the assailants; 'you shall
not be injured.'

" The gates were opened, and the
bridges lowered on this assurance, and
the crowd rushed into the Bastile.
Those who led the multitude wished to
save from its vengeance the Governor,
Swiss soldiers and invalides ; but cries
of ' Give them up ! Give them up !
They fired on their fellow-citizens! —
they deserve to be hanged!' rose on
every side.

" The Governor, a few Swiss soldiers,
and invalides were torn from the pro-
tection of those who sought to defend
them, and put to death by the implac-
able crowd."

The Invincible Armada, July 20-29, 1 588.

In May, 1588, a vast fleet of 130 ves-
sels left Lisbon to conquer England.
Spain was at that time the foremost
nation in the world. She had great
possessions in North and South Amer-
ica, her King Phillip was the arbiter of
Europe. The Protestants of Holland
were crushed. England alone stood out
against her. Her ships sailed every sea,
even reaching Australia, and her wealth
was enormous. The great Armada,
crowded with soldiers, was scattered by
a storm, and reassembled at Corunna,
from whence, in July, another start was

made. The first engagement with the
English ships took place on July 20,
off Plymouth. Hanging to the rear of
the Spaniards, Queen Elizabeth's sea
captains attacked at every opportunity.
The ships of the Armada won in safety
to Gravelines, where on July 29th a gen-
eral engagement was fought, and the
Spanish ships were driven northwards
in full flight. Storm did the rest. Only
25 ships reached Spain again. Since
then none save the Dutch have ever suc-
cessfully challenged English supremacy
at sea.

NOTABLE ANNIVERSARIES.

THE DEFEAT OF THE INVINCIBLE ARMADA OFF GRAVELINES.

The late \Y. Clark Russell, in the
' Mystery of the Ocean Star," thus tells
of the conclusion of the fight which
saved England: — "To follow the con-
flict in its close details would demand
such space as cannot be afforded here.
There was a terrible fight on the 25th, the
ships being abreast of the Isle of Wight
when the English ships sheared desper-
atelv into the very heart of the Spanish
fleet, engaging the enormous carracks
within a hundred yards, firing so
rapidly that their broadsides were like
volcanic upheavals, flame after flame
with scarce an intermission, until the
tormented Spaniards tailed on to their
topsail halyards to compact their tim-
ber castles into an impenetrable front.
On the 27th, the Spaniards at sunset
had hauled into Calais Roads and let
go their anchors, intending presently to
push on for Dunkirk, where — for they
were still buoyed up by vain hopes -
they believed the forces of the Duke
of Parma would join them. It was
now that Lord Henry Seymour united
his little fleet with that of the Lord
High Admiral ; and it was on this day

that the noble Howard was directed by
letters from Her Majesty the Queen to
drive the Spanish fleet from Calais.
The Sovereign knew her sailors, and
was fearless in the instruction she gave
them Thereupon, the next day being
Sunday — that is to sav, at two o'clock
on Sunday morning — the night being
dark, and an inshore wind blowing
dead upon the Spanish fleet, along
with a strong wash of the tide, the
Lord Admiral of England let slip
some fire ships in charge of two bold
captains, Young and Prowse. They
drove accurately into the thick of the
Don, blazing wildly, vomiting shot the
while from heavy cannon which had
been loaded to the muzzles. It is the
wildest of all the scenes of this mighty
show; sky and sea lighted up fot
leagues by the high and writhing flames
of the fire ships, with the yellow-tinc-
tured phantasms of near and distant
galleons hurriedly and confusedly get-
ting under way, cutting their hemp
ables, toilmg ,n brace and halyard,
with the wild and agitated shouts and
ies ol the armies of soldiers, mariners,

5i6

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

slaves and priests rolling shorewards
upon the damp night wind, with a
sound as of sullen moaning of
breakers.

" But the end was not yet, though
near at hand. A great galleass
stranded, and the English made for
her, but were driven from their prey by
the heavy ordnance of the Calais bat-
teries. There was another desperate
fight on the 29th, off Gravelines, and it
is impossible to follow even three hun-
dred years later the superb seamanship
of the English on this occasion with-
out something of those emotions of
triumph and pride which must have
swelled the hearts of the contempor-
aries of Drake and Frobisher. And
now still on this same 29th we witness
the Spaniards running, with the Eng-
lish in full pursuit. The cloths they
spread were warrant enough that their
stomach was gone, and that they had
had enough. Lord Henry Seymour
with his squadron clung to the c,oast
of Flanders, to hold the Duke of
Parma idle, whilst Lord Charles
Howard pursued the Spaniards into

the North Sea, to as high as c; degrees
of latitude. He then quietly shifted his
helm for home, making little doubt that
the Norwegian and Hebridean surge,
with the weather of Cape Wrath and
the bewildering navigation of the
islands round about, would effectually
complete the work he and his hearts of
oak had begun.

" No schoolboy but knows what fol-
lows ; how there came on to blow a suc-
cession of heavy gales, which drove
upwards of thirty ships ashore on the
Irish coast, with the loss of many thou-
sands of men ; how of all that Invinc-
ible Armada, twenty-five vessels only,
with the Duke of Medina Sidonia
aboard one of them, yet alive to relate
the incredible tale of disaster, suc-
ceeded in making the Bay of Biscay ;
how many large ships were lost upon
the Western Isles and upon the coast
of Argyleshire."

The story is old indeed, but the oc-
currence of its anniversary renders even
an insufficient reference to it a justifi-
able exoression of patriotic nride.

Lustige Blatter. [Berlin.

HERR LIEBKNECHT'S EXPOSURES: THE OPTICAL CANNON.

The Royal Commission set seriously to work, but could see nothing which in any way com

promised the firm of Krupp !

5i7

The Over Seas Club.

VISIT OF MR. AND MISS
WRENCH.

M r. Evelyn
W rench, accom-
panied by his sis-
ter, is now in
Australia, on a
world tour, un-
dertaken as Hon-
orary Organiser
ol the Over-Seas
Club. Both these
s ions of an an-
cient Irish family
are tremendous-
1 y enthusiastic
about the great
development of
the idea of the
Over -Seas Club
and the splendid
possibilities be-
fore it. Their
charming person-

al;. EVELYN WRENCH, [Melba.

Honorary Organiser of the Over Seas Club.

alities have won them a host of friends
in every section of our widespread Em-
pire, and wherever they go, new life is
enthused into the members of the Over-
Seas.

Mr. Wrench is the only surviving son
of the Rt. Hon. F. S. Wrench, of
Ballybrack, in Ireland. Mr. Commis-
sioner Wrench has taken a orominent
part in Irish affairs for the last forty
years. As senior of the three Estates'
Commissioners, appointed in 1903, he
has been largely responsible for the
successful working of the ate Mr.
George Wyndham's Irish Land Act,
under which State advances arc made
to tenants to purchase their holdings
an Act which has done mo re to en
a happy and contented [relan ! than

any passed by
any English Par-
liament before or
since. The Hon-
orary Organiser
of the O.S. Club
received his name
from Field Mar-
shal Sir Evelyn
Wood, who is his
godfather. H e
was educated at
Eton, and then
went to Germany.
His energy and
desire to be " up
and doing " at
once forced him
to give up what
would undoubt-
edly have been a
brilliant Univer-

sity career, and to plunge forthwith into
active business life in the great metro-
polis. His interests were becoming more
and more Imperial, and at the age of
twenty-one he was appointed editor
of the Over-Seas Daily Mail, and was
thus brought into close touch with Em-
pire builders throughout the world.
His many visits to Canada made him
a close personal friend of Earl Grev,
and his travels in the United States,
Central America, North Africa, and
in Europe gave him a wide know-
ledge of world problems. Lord North-
el iffe, the head of the greatest pub
lishing house in the world, is him-
seli a keen Imperialist, and hailed
with enthusiasm Mr Wrench's sug-
gestion ^\ the creation of some or-

;i8

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

MISS WRENCH,
Assistant Honorary Organiser.

ganisation which should aim at draw-
ing together the men and women of the
wide scattered Dominions and Colonies
which form the British Emoire.

This idea had originated really
from the late Cecil John Rhodes, in a
document, now in Lord Grev's posses-
sion, written at the age of 23, one night
on the South African veldt: —

" One asks oneself, what is the chief
aim in life? To some comes the desire
to amass great wealth, to others the
wish for a happy marriage, to myself
came the longing to render myself of
use to my country."

Rhodes then went on to remark that
to his mind the greatest danger the
Empire would have to face would be
that of ignorance — the ignorance of
one part about the other. He felt, in
these early years, that the greatest ser-
vice he could render to his country
would be the formation of a vast secret
society, which had as its sole aim and
object the furtherance of the British
Empire and its interests.

Mr. Wrench, who was staying at Ot-
tawa with Lord Grey, when shown

Rhodes' reflections, felt that there was
still a real need for an organisation of
this kind, entirely dissociated from
party, but that there was no need for
anything secret in connection with it.
Before drawing up the Over-Seas Club
creed and objects in their final form,
Mr. Wrench discussed his ideas with
his friends. Helpful suggestions were
received amongst others from Lord
Northcliffe, Mr. J. L. Garvin, the Editor
of the Observer, and Mr. Norman
Angell, the author of the " Great Illu-

sion

For many years Lord Northcliffe had
felt that there was a real need for a
truly Imperial, non-party newspaper,
a journal which would give a conden-
sation of the week's news in the old
country without any party bias. He
put his views into practice by the pub-
lication of the Over-Seas Edition of
the Daily Mail, which was first issued
in November, 1904. The wonderful
progress of the Over-Seas Club move-
ment has been chiefly due to the fact
that Lord Northcliffe placed this jour-
nal at its disposal. For that reason the
foundation members will always re-
member gratefully Lord Northcliffe's
help, which was so largely instrumental
in starting their organisation.

The Over-Seas Club is strictly non-
party, non-sectarian, and recognises no
distinction of class. The objects mem-
bers were to set before themselves were :
■ — (1) To help one another ; (2) To ren-
der individual service to the Empire, if
need be to bear arms ; (3) To insist on
the vital necessity to the Empire of
British supremacy on the sea ; and (4)
To draw together in the bonds of com-
radeship the peoples now living under
the folds of the British flag. All mem-
bers, men or women, believing that the
British Empire stands for justice, free-
dom, order and good government,
pledge themselves to maintain the heri-
tage handed down to us by our fathers.

The objects of the Club were duly
outlined in the columns of the Over-
Seas Daily Mail on August 27, 1910.
The response was surprising, and to-
day, not quite three years after its in-
ception, the Club has no fewer than
110,000 members. Mr. Wrench was at

THE OYER SEAS CLUB.

5i9

first able to attend to the Club in addi-
tion to editing the Over-Seas Daily
Mail, and controlling the sales depart-
ment of the Amalgamated Press. But
ere long its rapid growth made it evi-
dent that he would have to choose be-
tween the Club and his other activities.
All his Imperial leanings, his aspira-
tions for closer union between the
peoples of the Empire, impelled him
to take charge of the Club organisa-
tion. This he decided to do, and in
October, 191 2, set forth with his sister
on a world tour to organise the scat-
tered units of the Club in every British
Dominion. Since starting on this mis-
sion Mr. Wrench has covered a great
deal of ground, has met many thou-
sands of people working for Imperial
unity, and has already been accorded
many mayoral receptions. Above all,
he and his sister have succeeded in im-
parting some of their superabundant
enthusiasm to members wherever they
have gone, with the result that in
Canada, New Zealand, and now in
Australia the Over-Seas Club has be-
come a very real thing, with
potentialities ahead of it.

As the Club grew and its members
multiplied, it became greater than the
organ which originally started it, and,
although the Over-Seas Daily Mail
still takes great interest in its progress,
it is becoming more and more, to quote
the official journal of the Royal
Colonial Institute, " essentially a popu-
lar society, which we regard as in some
degree supplementary to the Institute."
Newspapers all over the Empire now
devote space regularly to chronicle its
activities, and several of the branches —

great

of which at the moment there are some
400 — issue occasional leaflets and pam-
phlets to their members. I intend to
give a short summary every month of
the doings of the Australasian branches
of the Club, as I am convinced that to
increase its membership, and make its
objects more widely known must help
to further cement the great Empire of
which in area we form so large a part
and so small a part in numbers.

Miss Wrench's enthusiasm about the
Club equals her brother's, and as it is
open to both women and men, is kept
very busv as Assistant Organising Sec-
retary She qualified as a kindergarten
teacher at Sesame House, London, and
that training has stood her in good stead
on this tour. The amount of travelling
which has been done by the two is
best illustrated by the fact that since
the\- left England they have stayed in
no fewer than 127 hotels and private
houses. After a brief stay in Hobart,
where they are the guests of His Ex-
cellency the Governor, thev return to
Melbourne prior to their departure for
South Africa, where the Over-Seas Club
is already very strong. On his return
to London in December, 191 3, Mr.
Wrench hopes to be able to find a suit-
able site for a headquarters, where visit-
ing O.S. members can meet, and where
they will find those facilities so wel-
come to the stranger at " home." The
creation of such a centre in London
cannot fail to strengthen the Club
materially, and it will ere long no
doubt become a sort of Junior Royal
Colonial Institute, on the Council of
which bod}', by the way, Mr. Wrench
is an active worker.

520

THE OVER SEAS CLUB. -J

MOTTO.

" We sailed wherever ships could sail,
We founded many a mighty state,
Pray God our greatness may not fail,
Through craven fears of being great."

— Tennyson.

At the opening of all meetings of the Over Seas' Club, the Club's motto —
as above — is sung to the tune of the Old Hundredth.

MEMBERS' CREED.

Believing the British Empire to stand for justice, freedom, order and good
government, we, as citizens of the greatest Empire in the world, pledge ourselves
to maintain the heritage handed down to us by our fathers.

OBJECTS.

1. To help one another.

2. To render individual service to our Empire, if need be to bear arms.

3. To insist on the vital necessity to the Empire of British supremacy on

the sea.

4. To draw together in the bond of comradeship the peoples now living

under the folds of the British flag.
The Over Seas' Club is strictly non-party, non-sectarian, and recognises no
distinction of class. Its members reside in all parts of the world outside the
United Kingdom. Membership is open to any British subject, British-born or
naturalised.

Information concerning the Over-Seas
Club can be obtained from the following : —

Australia: New South Wales.- — S. Duncalfe,
321 George-street.

Victoria. — A. Peters, c/o. Review of Re-
views, T. and G. Building, Melbourne.

Queensland.— Hon. E. H. T. Plant.
Charters Towers; or J. Frostick,
One Mile, Gympie.

South Australia. — A. E. Davey, Currie-
street, Adelaide.

Tas7hon.ia.-H. T. Gould, J. P., 94 Eliza-
beth-street, Hobart.

TT'esf Australia. — W. M. Peters, 2
Cathedral-avenue, Perth.

New Zealand. — J. K. Macfie (Hon. Dominion
(Secretary), 79 Castle-street, Dime-
din.

—A. J. Armstrong, Native Office, Suva,
Fiji.

Canada: Quebec Province. — E. B. Pritchard,
P.O. Box 2284, Montreal.

Ontario.— A. T. McFarlane, 61 Met-

calfe-street, Ottawa.

Manitoba. — C. Nightingale, 15 Linda
Vista, Vaughan-road, Winnipeg.

Saskatchewan. — E. A. Matthews, P.O.
Box 1629, Saskatoon.

Alberta. — T. A. K. Turner, Customs De-
partment. Edmonton.

British Columbia. — W. Blakemore, The
Week, Victoria.

Nova Scotia.— H. Howe, P.O. Box 370,
Halifax.

South Africa: Natal— -T. W. Jackson, 18

Timber-street, Pietermaritzburg.
Transvaal. — Horace Kent, Henlev-ou-

Klip.
O.F.S.— -Charles E. Heywood, Springfon-

tein.
Cape Province.— G. J. R. Howells, 130

Hatfield-street, Capetown.

United Kingdom. — The Organiser, Over-Seas
Club, Carmelite House, London,
E.C.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Progress of the Over Seas Club. (my\

AND THE

The Royal Colonial Institute
Over-Seas Club.

j.i Then,1!ar<!l1 issile of the United Empire,
the official journal of the Royal Colonial
Institute (London), contains the following
reference to the Over-Seas Club :

'The Over-Seas Club, which lias already
many branches in foreign countries, is essen-
tially a popular society. We regard it as
in some degree supplementary to the Insti-
tute, and are, therefore, always interested
in its progress."

The King and the Over-Seas Club.
The Hon. Organiser of the Over-Seas Club,
who is at present in Australia, on behalf of
the Australian branches of the Over-Seas
Club, forwarded the following telegram to
His Majesty King George V. on May 24,
Empire Day : — ■

' The eighteen thousand Australian mem-
bers of the Over-Seas Club send loyal greet-
ings Empire Day to their King."

The following reply was received from
Lord Stamfordham, His Majesty's Private
Secretary : —

Berlin, May 26.
' The King thanks eighteen thousand Aus-
tralian members Over-Seas Club for their
loyal Empire Day greetings.

•' (Signed) Stamfordham."

The Over-Seas Club in Australasia.

Brief reports from the branches of the
'Over-<Seas Clubs throughout Australasia will
be given each month. Branch Secretaries
are requested to forward items for publica-
tion to Henry Stead, Esq., Review of Re-
views, T. and G. Building, Melbourne,
marked "Over-Seas Club." Communications
should be clearly written on one side of the
paper only.

Sydney, A. S. IT'.— The officers of the Syd-
ney Central Branch have been elected for
the coming year. They are made up of the
following: —

Patron : His Excellency Sir Gerald Strick-
land, K.C.M.G.
'Vice-Patrons: His Excellency Admiral Sir
George King-Hall.
Rear-Admiral Sir William Cress well,

H.M.A. Naval Forces.
Commander Brownlow, District Naval

Officer, N.S.W.
The Lord Mayor of Sydney, Alderman

A. A. Cocks.
Chief Justice. Sir William I'. Culleu.
President, S. Duncalfe; Vice-Presidents, Dr.
A. Burne and F. Fullwood ; Hen. Trea-
surer, J. Hebbert; Hon. Secretary. \Y.
A Mullins; Hen. Associate Secretary,
P. Wilson Shack. 'II; Committee: Me
dames V. Nixon and Margraves; Messrs.
C V Nixon. W. Bardsley, W. Wiley.
tC H. B. Hale. F. H. Slipper. S. {Jed-
kin, J. W. Carnell, E. Smith, and E.
jRossiter.

Dunedin, N.Z. — Empire Day was cele-
brated by a successful gathering in His
Majesty's Theatre. The President of the
Dunedin Over-Seas Club. Mr. J. F. M.
Eraser, K.C., was in the chair. An interest*
ing address was delivered by Mr. W. Downie
Stewart, the .Mayor of Dunedin, on the
British Empire Defence in the Pacific. Tee
speaker urged the need for closer co-opera-
tion in matters of defence berween Canada.
Australia, and New Zealand.

A large bonfire, one of the chain of bon-
fires lit in all parts of the Empire through
the agency of the Overseas Club on Empire
Day, was erected at Waverley Point. The
Mayor placed a match to the pile, and the
assembled party sang the National Anthem.

(J. K. Macfie, 79 Castle-street, Dunedin. i

Perth, W.A.— The Secretary of the Perth
(W.A.) Over-Seas Club has received the fol-
lowing letter from Major H. E. Cadell,
Private Secretary to the Governor, Sir H.
Barron, K.C.M.G.: —

"I am desired by the Governor to acknow-
ledge the receipt of your letter dated 23rd
insr., and to inform you that His Excellency
and Lady Barron are pleased to have the
honour of accepting the positions of Patron
and Patroness of the Perth Branch of the
Over-Seas Club."
(W. M. Peters, 2 Cathedral-avenue. Perth.)

Brisbane. Q.— To use the words of the
Brisbane Courier, Empire Day was given
a new significance by the celebrations organ-
ised by the Brisbane Over-Seas Club in con-
junction with the Australian Natives' Asso-
ciation, the Royal Society of St. George, the
Caledonian Society, ami the [rish Associa-
tion. A procession marched through the
streets to the Exhibition Building, where,
despite the wet weather, an audience num-
bering some 2000 was assembled. Among
those present were the Deputy-Governor. S
Arthur Morgan, ami Lady Macgregor.

Speeches wen- delivered by the Deputy-
Governor, the Hon.. Dr. Kidston, the Mayor
of Brisbane, Alderman H. .1. Diddams
C.M.G. (President Brisbane Over-Seas Club),
and Mr. Evelyn Wrench. Hon. Organiser of
the Over- Seas Club, front London.

The happy spirit of co-operation between
the various patriotic societies in the capita]

Australian. English. Irish, and Scotch- de-
serves special mention.

(11. Gayford, Builders' Ex., Courier Build-
ing, Brisbane.)

Bockhampton, (,'. A public meeting has

been held Ml the Council Chamber-, when it
was decided to Form a l{ . vkhampt on branch

l I 1 he Over Seas Club. The Mayer. \hlei-

maii T. B. Renshaw, presided, and, in a

few, well-chosen words, explained the aims

and objects o\ the Over-Seas Club, and the
need for the establishmenl of a local branch.
\ stirring speech was delivered In Col
W. (i. Thompson, ©f the 15th Australian

Light Horse. The following officers were
then elected:- President, T. 15. Renshaw;

z 2 2

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Vice-President. W. G. Moran; Hon. Sec-
retary and Treasurer, R. Grimes. Commit-
bee:— T. B. Renshaw, W. G. Thompson, W.
G. Moran, N. Turner. F. W. Brew is, J.
Cottell. J. G. 0. Muller, J. A. Kingsford.
(R. Grimes, Denham-stroet, Rockhampton.)

Auckland, N.Z. — A Grand Empire Day
concert was held in the Town Hall, Auck-
land, on Empire Day. under the auspices
of the Over-Seas Club and the Victoria
League. Among those present were: — Her
Excellency the Countess of Liverpool. Mr.
A M. Myers, M.P. (President of the Auck-
land Over-Seas Club). Mrs. Myers, Mr. Ed-
ward Anderson (President of the Auckland
Victoria League), and Mrs. Anderson. An
excellent programme was provided, every
item being encored. Boy Scouts played a
prominent part in the proceedings, and
several items were contributed by the 3rd
Auckland Mounted Rifles Band.

The concert committee consisted of R. G.
Applegarth, Esq. (Chairman); Mr. W. W.
Daw j Messrs. R. Laidlaw and D. Robert-
son. Joint Secretaries: Miss E. M. Statham
and Mr. J. C. Raine.

(R. Farnall, Victoria-arcade. Auckland.
Correspondence Secretary.)

Moss Vale, N.S.W. — With a view to form-
ing an active branch of the Over-Seas Club
at Moss Vale, the following temporary com-
mittee has been elected : — Colonel Gerald
Campbell, and Messrs. T. J. Sherwin. E.
Row. H. Richardson, E. Hawkins, Dr. H.
L. Jones, N. C. de Meyrick, J. S. Arm-
strong, and C. F. Evans.

(C. F. Evans, Reservoir Hill, \ aletta-
street. Moss Vale.)

Toowoomba, Q. — The Executive of the
Toowoomba Over-Seas Club has sent out,
through its Secretary, Mr. Sydney Austen,
a circular letter to all the Over-Seas Clubs
in Queensland, suggesting the desirability of
forming a Queensland Grand Council of the
Over-Seas Clubs in the State, on the lines
of the New Zealand Dominion Council
already in existence.

(S. Austen, Sidford, Herries-street, Too-
woomba.)

Marton, N.Z. — A large Empire Day bon-
fire was lit by the Martou Over-Seas Club.
as one link in the chain, and was most success-
ful in every way. The number of members
of the Marton branch is *_'70. Among the
financial supporters of the movement
locally may be mentioned the Mayor of Alar-
ton, Mr. R. E. Beckett, who kindly contri-
buted 10s. to the local funds. The new Presi-
dent of the Marton branch is Mr. W. C.
Kensington. I.S.O., late Under-Secretary for
Lands in X.Z.

Charters Towers, (,'. -We had a great bon-
fire on Empire Day ; it was seen for twenty
miles around. Our annual meeting takes
place next week, when I retire from Presi-
dentship. It is an understood thing that
the President only holds office for one year.
Our local membership is nearly 1000 now.

(Hon. E. H. T. Plant, Charters Towers,
Qld.)

Hoburt, Tas. — Our recent Smoke Social
was a great success, and I am again sending

a good batch of new members for enrolment
to head offices in London. Lady Scott and
Lady Ellison Macartney (sister to Captain
Scot't). have both acknowledged our resolu-
tions of svmpathv very nicely. I flew my
Over-Seas Club flag on the King's Birthday
and on the day of the arrival of our ne.v
Governor. Sir W. Ellison Macartney. It is
much admired by everyone who sees it.

(H J. Gould*. J. P.. 94 Elizabeth-street,
Hobart.)

Queensland. — Branches of the Over-Seas

Club exist in the following towns: — Bris-
bane. Toowoomba. Gympie, Maryborough,
Bundaberg, Rockhampton, Longreach, Char-
ters Towers. Townsville. Cairns. Daiby, etc.
In process of formation: — Cairns. Ipswich.

Christ church, N.Z. — The local branch of
the Over-Seas Club is taking an active part
in the local Scott Memorial.

(J. E. Hoyles, c/o G.P.O., Christchurch.)

The Over-Seas Club Elsewhere.

Summerland, B.< '.. Canada. — The Sum-
merland branch of the Over-Seas Club has
decided to erect a memorial in honour of
Captain Scott and the brave men who
perished with him in the Antarctic. The
memorial is to take the form of a drinking
trough for horses, with a fountain and cup
for drinking water.

(F. A. Miller. Balcomo. Summerland,
B.C.)

Bremer sdorp, Swaziland, South Africa. —
The Resident Commissioner (Air. R. T.
Cory ndon) has consented to become Hon.
President. Since the inauguration of tin-
local branch of the Over-Seas Club, a rifle
club has been started. We are preparing
for a large Empire Day bonfire. The Over-
Seas Club here has taken over the duty, at
its own expense, of keeping the cemetery
in good order and repair. There being no
municipality here or any other local body,
the formation of the Club just came in time
to be useful.

(A. Mordaunt, Hon. Secretary. Bremeiv-
dorp.)

Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. — A
branch of the Over-Seas Club is being
formed at Peterborough (Out.). Peter-
borough is a growing city, and is a rapidly
increasing centre of industry and popula-
tion. We shall b« pleased to answer all
enquiries concerning our branch.

(Percival G. S. Webb. 252 Chariotte-street,
Peterborough, Ont.)

Neu> York City. U.S.A.— The usual
monthly meeting of the New York City
branch was held in April. Air. W. Boulton
Conyngham in the chair. A vote expressive
of admiration for the heroic conduct of Cap-
tain Scott, and those who perished with
him, combined with a vote of condolence to
his widow', and the surviving relatives of
those who had perished in the expedition,
was framed. The singing of Kipling's
" Recessional " terminated the meeting in
an impressive way.

(W. Boulton Oonvngham, 92 William-
street, New York City. U.S.A.)

523

^ * ■ - *a t>.«-* c_-r ,» * 2 - ' rTtl»_ _ _ . .

• tS -vi i

-* Tor^s Je^-r 4

*

'

*■'- '- '^-'^ilrr,'>

2&

'ilh'' ll.

^'jTji'W* of Chaff

cViii

< < t i f < i 1 / '.1 i I I ! ! I j

■ I I i .- T i'l i '. .. i ■ ■ '

*f**lti/ll,lFf

oJ,f ""■« »V

Lw$ , i iJi UJ 'J

0^ . ijr Sice- ^Tons^cwt. C&nary . 176 Bus

: > f

Lvn.Li

Milter
62 y« Busntk

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Hemp 93 Bu:

. mm^FV^i^m^m

4 -rtn

,,JKi,^uc/-.v/ / IBs . jf^M ^f. .""j

I

FEEDING THE BEASTS.

\ VKAIi'S FOOD FOR THE ANIMALS, BIRDS AND REPTILES AT THE ZOOLOGICAL GARD] NTS

IX LONDON.

The above sketch, made by W. B. Robinson, f>>r the ! Ion X. »•- shows the

enormous amount of food cons il the Zoo. Amongsl other remarkable items will be noticed

25.238 mice, 7,217 rats, 1,095 pints of Bhrimps, 9,207 sparrows. 316 horses, 62 guinea pius. and 1.495
rabbits. The figures arc taken from the Reports "i the Council and Auditors .>f the Zoological
Society of London for the year 1912." 'I of provisions was is follows:— Hay, £909 9s. 6d.:

-. 8d.; green-food and chaff, £332 lis. 6d.; oats. £574 6s.; bran. £84 16s.; maize. £68
7s 3d • grain and seeds. £352 14s. 5d.; sea Ash, E517 10s. 3d.; fresh water fish. £126 12s. 4d. ; h
£755 11s 5d • coats. £134 2s.; meat. £58 6s. 2d.; fowls" heads. £105 19s. 6d.; milk. £215 6s. 5d. ;
fruit, £496 7s. 2d.; vegetables, £217 7s. 2d . h :36 16s. 5d.; biscuit. £217 13s. 6d.: eggs. £168

2s lid • food for insectivorous birds 04 6s. 4d.; vermin. £319 10s. 9d.; miscellaneous. £58i

16s. Id. a total of £6.600 0s. 9d.. as against £5.274 13s. 8d. for 1911. These Bgures account f.>r the
chief item of expenditure.

52A

FINANCIAL AND BUSINESS QUARTER.

CONDUCTED BY ALEX. JOBSON, A.I.A.

AUSTRALIAN MUTUAL PROVIDENT SOCIETY.

The report of this Society for the
year 191 2 is easily the best the Directors
have yet issued. In almost every re-
spect it shows solid progress. The pro-
fits were greater than those of any
previous period, while the growth in
business in force was phenomenal. The
standard of the valuation of the policy
liabilities was much strengthened, and
of a necessity the reserves against those
obligations materially increased. In
one thing only was there no growth.
The bonuses allotted to individual
policies were not increased ; in fact, in
some cases they were slightly lower, for
though the profits were greater there
were many more policyholders to share
in them. Still, for all that, the mem-
bers have no cause for complaint, for
their bonuses are still well above those
granted by any other Australian office,
with one exception.

Comprehensive in many respects
though this Society's report is, it unfor-
tunately does not give much informa-
tion of importance concerning the
valuation of its assets. They now
amount to nearly £30,400,000, and
their integrity is therefore of great im-
portance. They consist for the most
part of mortgages, 40.5 per cent, of the
total ; Government and public securi-
ties, 37.2 per cent. ; and loans on
policies, 16.8 per cent. The mortgages
form a large proportion, and necessar-
ily require special attention. That they
get that attention seems probable, for
the properties acquired by foreclosure
only amount to £107,000, about
£45,000 less than they were a year ago,
on which reduction a profit of £22,000
was made. The Directors, too, are ap-
parently satisfied at present with the
valuations generally, for they consider

that the investment fluctuation reserve
of £36,000 is insufficient. At the same
time they intend to build this reserve up
steadily from year to year to provide
for contingencies. Generally speaking,
the position as regards the assets re-
duction seems sound enough as far as
one can judge, which, however, is not
very far, seeing that the report affords-
no information on which to base a
definite opinion.

The situation in regard to the valua-
tion of the policy liabilities is much
clearer. The standard of valuation is-
a sound one, and is automatically be-
coming more stringent each year. Dur-
ing the year certain classes of policies
were valued on a more severe basis than
in 191 1, which necessitated a special in-
crease of £62,000 in the reserves against
those policies. The intention of the
Directors is to adopt eventually a 3 per
cent, valuation rate for all with profit
policies. This will not only make the
policy liabilities still more secure, but
will also give the members a larger in-
terest profit. That profit of course con-
sists in the excess of the interest earned
over that assumed in the valuation,
which excess will be considerable if the
Society continues to earn as high a rate-
as that of £4 1 os. 4d. per cent, current

in 191 2.

* * *

The interest factor contributed very
materially to the net profit of £960,000
earned last year, but a much greater
factor was the favourable mortality, for
the claims were well below those ex-
pected. Economy in management also-
played an important part, for the ex-
penses were only 13.92 per cent, of the
premium revenue, a low ratio, and a
little less than that experienced in 191 1.

FINANCE AND BUSINESS.

5-5

A^ very satisfactory feature in the
year's results was the marvellous growth
of over £4,200,000 in the sums assured
in force to £76,560,000. This is worth
special notice, for it represents over 61
per cent, of the new assurances of al-
most £7,000,000, a percentage greater
than the average rate of growth by more
than 8 per cent. Another interesting point
is that although these new assurances
were so great, exceeding those of 191 1
by about £800,000, the number of
policies discontinued, and the premiums
thereon, during the year were actually
lower, while the void sums assured were
but little increased. This certainly is a
great testimony to the Society's poou-
larity.

The industrial department did excep-
tionally well last year, for not only was
the new business £1,015,000 larger by
about £25,000, but the expense rate was
reduced by 8 per cent, to 42.3 per cent.
The growth in the business in force was

also gratifying, seeing that the present
total of over £3,083,000 represents an
increase on the year of 56 per cent, of
the business done. The valuation of
the policy liabilities has moreover been
strengthened, to do which, however, the
surplus of £34,700 of a year ago was
drawn on, with the result that the sur-
plus is now only £21,800.

There are many other points of in-
terest in the report, but sufficient has
been said to indicate the position of the
Society generally. That position is
-without doubt a strong one as regards
the valuation of the policy liabilities,
and though one cannot be so sure about
the conservative valuation of the assets,
there is apparently no cause for anxiety.
The Society's growth is excellent, and
the profits are very good. The bonuses,
though not increasing, are being well
maintained at a handsome figure, and
what more need be said ?

COLONIAL SUGAR REFINING CO. LTD.

Now that there seems to be an end to
the need for anxiety concerning the
nationalisation of the sugar industry,
the shares in this Company have become
rather more popular than they were.
During "he currency of the Sugar
Commission, investors generally were
somewhat scared at the outlook, and
some shareholders did not hesitate to
realise on their shares. The scare was
not, however, general, and there was
never at any time the slightest symptom
of panic. The dullness of the market
passed away when the Commission re-
ported against nationalisation, and the
shares improved in value, until just
prior to the recent meeting they were
selling at £44.

* * *

At this price they are, at the time of
writing, still selling, though after the
payment of the half-yearly 12! per
cent per annum dividend they were
changing hands at £42. The yield
at £44 is under 5f per cent., which
is not high. Indeed, the shares seen.
dear at this figure, which contains
6s. 8d. per share for good will and inner

reserves, for the surplus assets published
are only £21 13s. 4d. Still when one
remembers that the Company has for
years been building up its plant, especi-
ally in Fiji, out of profits, it is quite
possible that the dearness of the shares
at £44 is more apparent than real.
* * *

The revival is due of course to the re-
jection of the referenda proposals
which secures the Company from Gov-
ernment interference for a time at least.
Yel that time may prove to be short,
in which case the Labour Party may
again endeavour to control the sugar
industry, and, incidentally, the business
of this Company. Still, in view of the
strong adverse opinion of the Sugar
Commission concerning nationalisation,
it seems scarcely likely that the inter-
ference would be in that form. What
is much more probable is that the in-
dustry will be regulated, a step the
Commission recommended. Regulation,
however, must prove impracticable if it
,111ns ai fixing the price of sugar, for
that price is determined by supply and
demand, influenced by the world's

526

REVIEW Ot REVIEWS.

markets. But regulation may take the
form of requiring the Company to fur-
nish full statements of accounts, much
the same as those required by law from
the chief N.S.W. gas companies.
Whether such accounts will help the
cause of the Company's enemies -is open
to question, but one thing is clear, that,
assuming the Directors' case to be a
good one, the publication of full ac-
counts should not hurt it.

* * *

So far as the accounts as at present
published are concerned, there is very
little ground for useful comment. The
March, 191 3, half-yearly report shows a
net profit of £233,530, about £4000
better than that of September last.
This increase was contributed by the
Fiji and Xew Zealand profit, which
rose by £6000 to £116,000, while the
Australian earnings fell away by about
£2000 to £117,500. The profits were,
of course, ample to meet the half-year's
dividend of £187,000, and to allow
£46,000 to be added to the profit and
loss account, raising it to £249,700.

* * *

In the total assets there was a growth
of £66,000 to £5,156,000, contributed
by current profits and by an increase of
£8000 in the sundry creditors and sus-
pense accounts to £967,900. The em-'
ployees' provident fund, now £117,000,

was responsible for £12,000. Concern-
ing the composition of the assets, there
is little on which to remark. The chief
asset — refineries, etc. — £2,511,000, is a
little higher, as is also the tramways
item of £354,000. The stocks have risen
by £127,000 to £433,000, while the
sundry debtors, £959,000, are about
£50,000 greater. In the cash, £615,000,
there was a decline of £85,000, and the
shipping asset, £146,000, and working
accounts, £83,000, also decreased.
These changes convey little meaning,
chiefly because nothing is known of the
depreciation provided each year. There
is a depreciation reserve of £500,000,
but that is a provision of long standing,
and had not been increased for years.

On the balance-sheet as it stands, and
treating the depreciation reserve as a
set-off against depreciation not written
off, the surplus assets are only
£3,249,700, securing the paid-up capital
of £3,000,000 (150,000 £20 shares fully
paid), and the profit and loss balance
of £249,700. But the Directors have, as
already stated, paid for much plant,
machinery and other assets out of
revenue, and have thus created solid
inner reserves. So that the Com-
pany is probablv very much stronger in
reserve power than appears from the
balance-sheet.

THE COLONIAL BANK OF AUSTRALASIA LTD.

The net profits of £29,000 disclosed
by this Bank for the March, 191 3, half-
year were only slightly above those
of the previous summer period. Xot
of much importance this perhaps, for as
a rule a bank does not admit to all it
earns, which ma}- be the case with this
one. Yet these earnings easily suffice
to pay a dividend of 7 per cent, per
annum for the half-year on the ordin-
ary and preference capital, a rate paid
regularly since March, 1 909, inclusive.
This requires about £15,300 half-
yearly, and of the balance £10,000 is
usually transferred to the reserve fund
and £1000 given to the Officers' Pro-
vident Fund. This time the balance

remaining of about £2600 was, with
£2400 from the profit and loss account,
used to write down the bank premises
account by £5000 to £194,000.

Though the profits were somewhat
better in the past half-year, the Bank
did not grow in regard to its general
figures. Its. assets of £5,085,000,
though about £229,000, above those of
September, 191 2, are, on the other hand,
£156,000 less than they were a year
ago. This latter decrease is chiefly due
to a reduction of £100,000 in the bills in
circulation to £311,000, though the de-
posits, £4,092,000, were lower by

REVIEW OF REVIEWS. 527

AGGREGATE BALANCE SHEET

OF THE

BANK OF NEW SOUTH WALES,

3 1st MARCH, 1913.

LIABILITIES.

es in Circula-
tion
Deposits Accrued
Inte-est and Re-
hate

s. d.

300.129 0 0

34,514,841 16 1

Bills payable and other I.iahilities
which include Reserves held for
Doubtful Debts and Amounts at
lit of Investments Fluctua-
tion Ace >unt. Officers' Fidelity
Guarantee and Provident Fund.
The B'ickland Fund, and am-
ounts due to other Banks-
Paid-up Capi-
tal bearing —
6 months'
dividend £3.GOO,000
5 months'
dividend ^53.5-^0

3,253.5-0 0 0

Reserve Fund 2,150,000 0 0

Profit and Loss . 7 15 0

Contingent
Outstanding

tra

Liabilities —
Credits,

3SET8.

s. d. £ s. d. s.

.. Bullion and
-h Balances 3.2-7.332 3 5

-tralian rn-

monwealth Notes 1,213,320 0 0
Queensland Govern-
ment Notes 96 0 0

■s of Other
Banks 8,328 0 0

Money at short

call in London.. 2,160,000 0 0
Investments —
British and Colo-
nial Govern-
5,836,695 11 0 ment Securities 3,056,561 0 9
Municipal and
other Securities 286,02- 2 '.'
Due by other Banks 106,296 1-
Bills Receivable in
London and Re-
mittances in tran-
sit 5,234,628 8 3

2:.:-:. 576 9

Bills Discounted, and Loans and
- 5,774,124 r C Advances to Customers . 25."

Bank Premises 790,000 0

£47,4£5,791 2 1 .

"91 2
Liabilities of Customers and others
on Letters of Credit, as per
; 3 Contra -2.385 5

E48.728.176 7 4 :76 7

Dr.

PROFIT AND LOSS, 31st MARCH, 1913.

Cr.

To

£
Bala ■ be dealt with

■ . —
Dividend at the rate of 10 per

er annum :0 0

Inte 5 per cent, per an-

num, t - '.'arch. 1913, on

Capital paid in advance on
other than the fixed dates
Augmenl I f the Reserve

Fund lOCOOO

Officers' Provident Fund 10.000

Bnckland Fund

7 11

Balance carried forward

0

0
0
" 503 17

mt from last Ac cor. i

of Half-year's P.

. Rebate on Cur-
rent Bills. Interest on Deposits.
: d Other T
ng valuation of Bank
Pre:ni> iding- for Bad

tful Debts, and fluc-
the value of In-
vestmei - - ,md in-

ling -ies from Debts

previously written off as I

£ s. d.

'

18 11

£370.584 15 0

Dr.

RESERVE FUND. 31st MARCH, 1913.

To Balance

which £750,000 i-
Bril " -

rities. and •

States ere we ar
in all. £1,2:
The balance is • d in

• business of the Bunk.:

'.mount from Pr

£ s. d.

2.150.C00 0 0
jOO 0 0

£2.250.000 0 0

£ 2.250,000 0 0

J. PT - 3 - FREN

W. E. SOUTHERDEX, I hiei

-

s '. A : :r0KS-

5*8

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

THE

COLONIAL MUTUAL
FIRE

INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED.

Directors:

V. J. Saddler (Chairman), W. M. Hyndman,

Hon. Agar Wynne, Jas. H. Riley.

INSURANCE

FIRE

ACCIDENT

EMPLOYERS LIABILITY

FIDELITY GUARANTEE

PLATE GLASS BREAKAGE

MARINE

BURGLARY

LIVE STOCK

Principal Office: 60 Market Street, Melbourne.
Branches in all the States.

WALTER TUCKER,

General Manager.

THE EQUITY TRUSTEES, EXECUTORS, AND

AGENCY COMPANY LIMITED.

RESERVE LIABILITY, £100,000; GUARANTEE FUND, £10,000.

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REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

529

£65,000. In the total deposits there
were £438,000 of Government de-
posits, about £87,000 below what they
were in March, 1912, a decline chiefly
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wealth Bank-.

* * #

The drain caused by this decrease in
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TWO INTERESTING BIOGRAPHIES.

Tin Prince Imperial. By Augustin Filon.
(Heinemann. 15s. net.)
M Filoti has desired before old age .should
make his hand falter and scenes and faces
of the past fade from his memory to tell
the life storv of his pupil, the Prince
Imperial. A student of Douai when the
Prince was horn on March l»i, 1856, ben
years later he took up <'■ l)nst at Saint
Cloud as the Prince's tutor. His descrip-
tion of the first .sight of the charming
boy. whose delicate skin and grace oi
movement gave him an appearance aim
girlish, is but the beginning oi a loving
appreciation which did not cease with 1 1 u
seven and a half years of his tutorship. It
is certain no one else could have put beiore
us so clear and detailed a picture oi th«
,uval youth, whoso death caused a pang
of sorrowful regret throughout Greai Bri-
tain and an intense sympathy lor his I'.m-
pre.ss mother, which even her former sor-
rows had not created. A number of mos1 in-
teresting letters Iron. Napoleon Ml., and
from other relations of the Prince ar.
interwoven into the narrative, as w« U a
SSy letters from the P*™*J™$
himself, those written from J Zululan d be
ing especially interesting. M. ' don says

that he has not desired to play the parti-
san, to revive dead polemics, to satisfy
ancient grudges, or to glorify vanished
friends, but to picture forth the youth
of a Prince who. falling at twenty-three,
has yet not lived in vain. The catas-
trophe of his death is related without bit—
terness.

Sir Henry Vane the Younger. By John
Willoock. (The St. Catherine Pr< S
LOs net.)

No apology is needed for this scholarly
and interesting biography of Cromwell's

erstwhile adherent and later adversary.
He is introduced bo us. a.s is fit ti nn. as
the son of hi.s father, the clever eourtier

and prominent politician whose career
tinder .lames 1. and Charles I. brought
him greai wealth. The subject of Sir.
Willcock's hook, executed for treason in
L662, was, he shows us, "the purest pat-
riot." an exalted visionary, but full of
wisdom and maintains that "nothing" to

a modern reader is more astonishing in
Vane's career than the advanced views
winch he held regarding so many political
matters.

53°

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

NOTABLE BOOKS OF THE MONTH.

LLOYD GEORGE AND THE BOER WAR.

The Life of David Lloyd George. Vol. II.
By H. Du Parcq. (Caxton.)

This second volume commences with
the Boer War, of which, like Mr. W. T.
Stead, Mr. Lloyd George was a deter-
mined opponent, though over and over
again his biographer says that he was
most certainly not " a peace-at-any-price
man." The subject naturally intro-
duces Mr. Chamberlain and Kynochs,
and in view of present-day events, it is
curious to read that, though many be-
lieved Mr. Chamberlain had a large in-
terest in that firm, in Lloyd George's
opinion his personal integrity was quite
beyond reproach ; though, on the other
hand, it could not seriously be doubted
that there was proper matter for inves-
tigation.

The amendment which Mr. Lloyd
George moved to the Address on the
opening of the new Parliament of 1900
is certainly significant. This, and many
other keenly interesting chapters in the
history of England are well worth re-
cording, for, though the subject matter
is well in the minds of most, everything

which is not of present-day interest is
easily forgotten.

The part of the book which will be
most keenly interesting to -the general
reader is the eighth chapter, a retrospect
of Mr. Lloyd George's personal history,
marriage, and other details. There is
one very amusing reference to Mr. W.
T. Stead in a letter which Mr. Lloyd
George wrote at the end of 1902, on
Christmas Eve. The two had been
lunching together, and, says Mr. Lloyd
George: "He is full of a new scheme
to destroy the Church by giving the
appointment of the clergy to the
parish cquncils, with no religious tests
at all. He would make each clergyman
responsible legally for the moral con-
dition of the parishioners ; if there was
drunkenness and immorality in a parish
he would court-martial the rector."

Mr. Lloyd George's dream of a
National Council of Education has still
to be realised, as are other schemes upon
which he is intent. His biographer does
not set out to represent him as faultless,
but as an idealist with strength of mind
and practical common-sense.

A PHANTASMAGORIA.

A Small Bay and Other*. By Henry
James. (Macmillan.)

Mr. Henry James, who has now at-
tained his three-score years and ten,
gives us here glimpses, very charming
and very elusive, from the "rag-bag of
his memory " of the facts of his early
life, with something like sorrow that it
is impossible to recover anything like
the full treasure of the scattered,
wasted circumstances. He tells us, in
starting, that his object was to place
together some particulars of the early
life of his brother William, and then — ■
with that strange subtlety which is so
characteristic and, to his devoted
readers, so charming — he allows us to
search, and search in vain, for more

than a mention or two of that brother.
We get a glimpse of " W. J." in a sen-
tence or two here and there. For in-
stance : " He had gained such an ad-
vance of me in his sixteen months of
experience of the world before mine
began that I never for all the time of
childhood and youth in the least caught
up with him or overtook him. He was
always round the corner and out of
sight." " When our phases overlapped,
it was only for a moment — he was clean
out before I was well in " . . . and
then he is out of our sight again.

But then there are so many " others."
W e get, too, a clearer view of Henry
James' impressionable self ; in fact, a
key which so opens his writings to us

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

53i

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53-

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

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NOTABLE BOOKS.

533

that we can turn to them in a spirit of
inquiry for a beauty which we had not
caught before. In his own words, " As
I breathe all this hushed air again even
the more broken things give out touch-
ing human values and faint, sweet
scents of character, flushes of old
beauty and goodwill."

The father of the bo\ s was de-
scended from Irish and Scotch ances-
tors, and was born in Albany. The
family belonged to society of the first
order, so that we get glimpses of many
interesting people. Emerson was a
friend, Jenny Lind not unknown to
them ; in Paris all doors were open and
London gave them sights.

Amongst the quaintest of the pic-
tures given us are those of the different
"educated ladies" who gave the boys
their first lessons. One he pictures as
" a stout, red- faced lady with grey
hair and a large apron — the latter con-
venience somehow suggesting, as she
stood about with a resolute air, that she
viewed her little pupils as so many
small slices cut from the loaf of life
on which she was to dab the butter of
arithmetic and spelling, accompanied

by way of jam with a light amplication
of the practice of prize giving

Aunts, uncles, cousins — all have a
place in this gallery of remembrances,
though in the extraordinary fan-faron-
ade of endless words only keen curi<
ity and earnesl search will enable us to
get anything like so clear a vision of
them as is given us of the red-faced
governess. Is the mistiness due to the
fact that Mr. James is endeavouring to
give the reader exactly the same im-
pression that places, people, and events
gave to him as a boy

Mr. fames ends his reminiscences
when he is about thirteen, and the
family at Boulogne economising after
a financial collapse. He refers to the
little pastry-cook shop which was
young Coquelin's home, yet we are not
clear whether he ever saw him. The
last glimpse we have of the boy is that
he had a strange sense that something
had begun that would make more dif-
ference to him, directly and indirectly,
than anything had yet made. This re-
solved itself into an attack of typhus,
and so we leave him stretched in a faint
upon his bedroom floor after labouring
towards a bell which may or may not
have been reached and rung.

AN IMPERIAL TRAGEDY.

My Past. By Countess Marie Larisch.
(Nash.)

To the general public who still have
a regard for what is comprised in the
word "respectable," it will be somewhat
astonishing to find a lady of high birth
volunteering to wash in public the
ragged and dirty linen of her Royal
relatives. But that being the case, the
same general public will read with
amusement the various tit-bits ot g<>s
siping inuendoes or queer anecdotes pre
sented to them— very delicately veiled,
of course.

Countess Marie Larisrh is a laughter
of Duke Ludwig of Bavaria by his
morganatic marriage with the beautiful
young actress, Henrietta Mendel Her
father had five beautiful sisters, of
whom one became Empress ol Austria,
another the Duchesse d'Alencon, whose

regretted death in the terrible bazaar
fire in Paris is still remembered. It is
notorious ih.it the beautiful Empress
Elizabeth had had a very unhappy
life ; married to Francis-Joseph, and
for love, her heart turned from him
when she found that other women could
nitliuMn c him.

Marie was a "lanky little girl " when
her Empress aunl first sav\ her, and the
story ot the young girl's queer attire
on a later presentation is rather bitterly
given by her. Be* ause her hair v
taw, her father insisted upon it being
soaked in oil to darken it; her best
frock was a made-over -ilk dress far
too long for her, and -he was shod with
heaw soled, hobnailed mountain

il s.

i n • Empress appear- to have had a
tit , ancholia during her visit, and

534

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

the child Marie saw her weeping, but
with extraordinary self-possession for-
bore to mention it, the result being that
at the age of fourteen she was invited
with her parents to Vienna, and the first
thing the Empress did was to dress her
beautifully, and from that time she ap-
pears to have been in some manner the
confidante of the Empress.

It is said that no man is a hero to his
valet-de-chambre and as presented to
us by the Countess Marie the Empress
was far from a perfect woman.

According to the writer of " My
Past," Marie's marriage with Count
Larisch was prompted solelv by the
fact that he was supposed to be charac-
terless, and would, therefore, not hinder
her — his wife — from keeping her posi-
tion with the Empress. It would ap-
pear, however, that both aunt and niece
were mistaken in him. He had no in-
tention of acting as the complaisant
husband, and carried his wife far away
from Vienna. She returned to the capi-
tal from time to time for a short visit,
however, and it was during one of these
visits that the Empress introduced her
to the Baroness Vetsera, whose daughter
later became the object of the devoted
love of the Crown Prince.

Countess Larisch says that she was
popularly supposed to have introduced
the two, and to have encouraged the in-
trigue. On account of this wrong im-
pression she says that her son shot him-
self, and her daughters suffered so much
that, after twenty-four years, she has
resolved to make public the truth of the
matter. It would certainly seem that
the book has been written more for the
purpose of exculpating herself than in

order to disclose the secret of Meyer-
ling. Anyway, an eminently readable,
charmingly illustrated book has been
provided for the delectation of those
people who love gossip about illus-
trious persons.

For instance, describing the old
friend of the Emperor Francis-Joseoh,
Frau Schratt, she tells of a visit of his
when he stopped rather late, and with
his usual consideration, not wishing to
disturb the sleeping household, was
walking quietly out through the garden
entrance, but just as he reached it a
door opened, and Frau Schratt's new
cook came out in her nightgown, carry-
ing a lighted candle. Says the Coun-
tess : —

The sound of footsteps had alarmed her,
and, naturally, when she saw the figure of
a man, her first impulse was to scream.

Francis-Joseph came forward quickly.
"iBft quiet, you stupid woman; don't you
know me? I'm the Emperor," he said, in
a low voice.

The incredulous cook was taken aback, for
in her wildest flights of imagination she had
never pictured herself meeting the Emperor
of Austria wandering about late at night.
Still doubtful, she turned the light of the
candle full on the stranger's face, and, as
she did so, she recognised the well-known
features of Francis-Joseph.

The loyal woman instantly fell on her
knees, and began to sing the National An-
them at the top of her voice. The Emperor
made a hurried exit, and I doubt whether a
patriotic hymn has ever been sung under
more ridiculous circumstances.

Another amusing story concerns
Duke Max of Bavaria. But these anec-
dotes are just interludes in the terrible
drama of Meyerling, for which the
reader must turn to an account wherein
the bad side of human nature is upper-
most.

THE GRAN CHAKO.

An l~ nlnimni People, in on Unknown L'lml.
By W. Barbrooke Grubb. (.Service.)

South America has been very much
to the fore lately, and Putumayo has
become a familiar word, but there is a
territory there which is said to cover
over 200,000 square miles, and of which
few know even the name. The Gran
Chaco is, on the ordinary map, a large
space almost in the centre of South
America, with Bolivia and the Argen-

tine on the south and west, its only ap-
proach to civilisation being by the way
of the rivers Parana and Paraguay.
This great area is inhabited by nomadic
Indian tribes of a reddish chocolate
colour, and their country is, in large
part, alternately a swamp and a lake.

In 1889 the Church of England Mis-,
sion began a work in that part of the
Chaco nearest to the Paraguay, and Mr.
Barbrooke Grubb was the pioneer mis-

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

535

A GREAT BTP>Li: COAOLKNTARY

Tbe Illustrated

eptury

The Century Bible is an Encyclopaedia of Biblical Learning ; it gives con-
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pictures being specially designed to assist readers to realise the background
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The series of illustrations includes Monarchs of the Olden Days, with their
Cities, Temples, and Monuments; also a complete series of Illustrated Biblical
Scenes. THE CENTURY BIBLE AND COMMENTARY HAS BEEN EDITED
BY PRINCIPAL WALTER E. ADENEY, M.A., D.D., assisted by the follow-
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Rev G. W. Thatcher, to. A., D.D.

Principal Skinner, M.A., D.D.

Rev. W. Harvie Jellie, M.A., B.D., Litt.D.

Rev. T. Witton Da vies, B.A., Ph.D

Rev. A. S. Peake. M.A., D.D.

Rev. W. T. Davison. M.A. D.D.

Rev. G. Currie Martin. M.A., B.D.

Prin. O. C. Whitehouse, M.A., D.D.

Rev. Vv. F. U>fthouse, >I A.

Rev. R. F. Horton, M.A., D.D.

Rev. S. R. Driver. D.D.. Litt.D.

Rev. R. H. Charles, D.D.

Rev. Professor Slater, .M.A.

Rev. J. A. M'Clymont, D.D.

Rev. J. Vernon Bartlett, M.A., D.D.

Principal A. E. Garvie, M.A., D.D.

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53b

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

BLACK'S

BOOKS OF REFERENCE.

Who's Who, 1913

An Annual Biographical Dictionary.

Large post Svo, cloth. Price net (by post), 18/-

Or bound in full red leather, with rounded corners and gilt edges.

Price net (by post), 24/-
This year's issue contains about 25,000 biographies.

Who's Who Year-Book, 1912-13

Containing Tables complementary to the information given in Who's
Who. Price net (by post),

The Writers and Artists'
Year- Book, 1913

A Directory for Writers. Artists, and Photographers.

Giving in compact form addresses to which MSS. may be sent, and the

kind of " copy " preferred.
Crown Svo, cloth. Price net (by post),

The Social Guide for 1913

A Guide to every Social Function of Note, more especially in the

United Kingdom.
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Also bound in full leather, with rounded corners. Price net (by post)

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and Directory, 1913

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Fourth Edition, completing 21,000 copies. With four illustrations in
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text. Crown Svo, cloth. Price net (by post) 9/-

Price net (by post) 5/6

Oi: all Booksellers in Australasia.

Published by ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK,

4s 3, & 6 Soho Square, London, W.

Thank you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when writing to advertisers.

NOTABLE BOOKS.

J.T7

sionary. His devoted work is so well
known in the neighbouring Govern-
ments that he has been given the title
of " Pacificator of the Indians."

Mr. Morrey Jones has edited this book
from information given him by Mr.
Grubb during his last furlough, supple-
mented by knowledge which he had
himself gained during a few years'
residence in the Chaco. It is not pos-
sible in our short space to give a full
account of this Robinson Crusoe inhabi-
tant ; for as Mr. Grubb was the first
person to adventure himself alone
amongst a people who were said to be
cannibals, to hate foreigners, and to
kill with torment, and as he succeeded
in dominating them and bringing them
into obedience by force of character
alone, it is like reading the adventures
of a man on a desert island. It is
astonishing how entirely the author has
confined himself to his task of interest-
ing us in this singular people.

Mr. Grubb's work as a missionary is
rarelv obtruded — a remarkable fact in
the life of a man whose courage and
endurance in fulfilling his missionary
work is beyond praise. The special
tribe with which he was most connected
are called " Lengua," and the book is
enriched with many illustrations of the
people. Here is his description of the
more rare forest parts of the country :
" In the early morning, when the air is
crisp and clear and not a breath of
wind stirs, and the tips of the palm
leaves are bathed in golden sunlight,
the scene is one of fairy-like beauty.
But in the depth of winter, when the
grass has been consumed by Indian
fires, when the sky is covered with

leaden clouds, and a biting South-East
wind causes the dry and withered palm
leaves to rustle mournfully, then the
scene is one of bleak and inhospitable
melancholy."

And the people! One must go to
the book to learn more of them, for Mr.
Grubb lived with them ; even on one
occasion when his hut and its contents
were burnt, he had to dress like them
—that is, in a blanket and without
shoes — until some skins were sewn up
for him, for leg coverings are a great
necessity in a place where insect life is
so abundant that it is quite useless to
try to keep one's sugar or tea or food
free from them, the only way being to
let these pests simmer in any liquid,
skimming them off from the top.

The religious opinions of the Lengua
are somewhat complex. They believe
in a Great Creator, are certain that the
soul lives after death ; but believing in
ghosts fear them so much that the
moment a death occurs they set fire
to their dwellings and abandon the
camp. It is absolutely necessary that
a funeral shall take place before sunset,
but it is not equally necessary that the
patient should die beforehand, and in
the case of a mother her little baby, if
under two, is, put under ground with
her.

There were several plots to kill Mr.
Grubb before he became well known to
the Lengua, but after his practical
adoption by them he was for a long
time left unmolested, until his murder
was attempted by a man whom he had
taken as a servant, but the tribe were
so indignant with this traitor that they
tried and finally exe< uted him.

A TERRIBLE INDICTMENT.

Social Environment and Moral Progress.
By Alfred Russell Wallace. (CasseLI.)

This volume of the veteran Socialist
was originally intended to be one o! a
series of small books on "Race and
Sex." Dr. Wallace says that all our
social reforms, must lie in the ver)
opposite direction to those hitherto
adopted, for in this way only can we
hope to change our existing immoral

environment into a moral one, and
initiate a new era ot moral progress He
starts hi-- book by showing that the
great teachers of early times, such as
Socrates, Confucius, Buddha, etc, give
indications that the intellectual ami
moral character ot their own period
was quite equal to our own; for by
morals we mean right conduct, not only
in our immediate social relations, but

53«

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

also in our dealings with our fellow
citizens and with the whole human
race.

Here is his indictment when dealing
with gambling, bribery, insanitary
dwellings, life-destroying trades, faults
in the administration of justice, and so
on : —

Taking account of these various groups of
undoubted facts, many of which are so
gross, so terrible, that they cannot be over-
stated, it is not too much to say that our
whole system of society is rotten from top
to bottom, and the Social Environment as a
whole, in relation to our possibilities and our
claims, is the worst that the world has ever
seen.

He scorns the Eugenic idea of race
improvement through regulation of
marriages, and his remedies are: —

Universal co-operation in place of univer-
sal competition for the means of existence.

Freedom of access to land and capital for
all, instead of the monopoly by the few of
the land, without access to which no life is
possible, and of capital, or the results of
stored-up labour.

A few in each generation inherit the
stored-up wealth of all preceding genera-
tions, while the many inherit nothing. The
remedy is the universal inheritance by the
State in trust for the whole community.

In a few words, our system must be
brotherly co-operation and co-ordina-
tion for the equal good of all.

BOOKS IN BRIEF.

Home Life ' ,i Russia. By Angelo S. Rap-
poport. (Methueu, 10s. 6d. net.)

Dr. Rappoport, in this very interesting
book, written with personal knowledge of
and sympathy with his subject, describes
the intimate home and social life of all
classes in Russia, and sheds much light
on this little-known nation. It is perhaps
to the peasantry that one must look for
the springs of rational character, and it-
is the Russian peasant whose mode of life
and thought have until comparatively re-
cently never been made clear to Western
eyes. The author shows the Russian
peasant as he is at home in town and
country, ignorant and illiterate, trodden
underfoot by a harsh despotism, yet on the
whole cheerful, in spite of oppression,
deeply pious, and at the same time amaz-
ingly superstitious, living for the most
part in squalid discomfort, relieved only
by periodical bouts of drunkenness. Yet
in him, somewhere — especially in the Little
Russian, who is a happier, cleaner, and
more prosperous and enlightened person
than the native of Great Russia — is a vein
of rude poetry, as is evidenced by the
national legends, customs, and festivals,
which are described with much interesting
detail. No one who wishes to get an in-
sight into the real life of Russia should
omit to read this unpretentiously written
but very charming book.

Mozambique. Its Agricultural Development.
Bv R. N. Lvne. (T. Fisher Unwia,
12s. 6d. net.)
An invaluable book for anyone who is
thinking of taking up agriculture in Por-
tuguese East Africa. The writer, for
many years Director of Agriculture to the
Government of Mozambique, gives a full
account of the soils in the different dis-
tricts, and points out what particular pro-
duct is most suitable for cultivation on
each soil. That which is being done in
production at the present moment is dis-

cussed fully, and suggestions are made as
to the improvements which might be in-
troduced. One chapter deals with the
question of native labour, and brings out
a point that has not been sufficiently re-
cognised, which is that the white man has
never taken trouble to study the character
of the native with a view to finding the
most economical method of getting him
to work up to his full capacity. In an
appendix is given the full text of the
land laws of the province. One rather
serious omission is that of a map of the
province, as most people are quite un-
familiar with its geography.

Modern Chile. By W. H. Koebel. (G. Bell
& Sons, 10s. 6d. net.)

A charming and vivid description of the
people and resources of Chile. The writer
is perhaps too eulogistic ; in fact, he
scarcely describes anything as even in-
different, except, perhaps, some of the
hotels. Full of beautiful cities and
scenery, inhabited by one of the most
patriotic nations in the world, possessing
valuable mineral and agricultural re-
sources. Chile appears to have the bright-
est future of any South American State.

Trade Unionism. By Henry H. Schloesser.
(Methuen.)

A description of the birth of Trade Unions,
the repeal of the various early Statutes
of Labourers, the rise of the Labour Party,
the -Trade Union Act of 1871, and, in
short, a work written in most interesting
fashion of Trade Union Methods and
government. The appendices occupy some
forty-two pages, and relate to the"statis-
tics of the movement. A quotation of
present-day interest, as affecting women's
suffrage, is taken from the history of the
eighteenth century : " The journeymen
were non-voters, as a rule, and. there-
fore, were, politically, of no account.'"

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

539

HAVE YOUR CHILDREN ASKED
YOU QUESTIONS LIKE THESE?

Why is the sea never still?
Where does the wind

begin ?
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Why does a ball bounce ?
Why are tears salt?
Whydoesthe kettle sing?
Where do thoughts come

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Why does a stick float ?
Why do we go to sleep ?
What makes a bee hum ?
Why does milk turn sour ?
What makes us hungry ?
What is air made of?
Why does hair turn grey ?
Why is foam white?
Why don't we fall off the

earth ?
How do flies walk on the

ceiling?
What makes a watch go ?
Could the sky fall down ?
What is radium ?
Why is the sky blue?
Why do stars twinkle ?
WThat makes water boil?
Why is sugar sweet?
Why has water no taste ?

Every one of these questions and 20,000 others are
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THE CHILDREN'S ENCYCLOPAEDIA

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and it satisfies the desire.

The Encyclopaedia teaches a child to teach itself, but in such A /

fascinating way that it cannot tell the " powder from "0 OF REVIEWS

" and never looks upon the volumes as lesson * T. &c. Building.

(y' Swanston Street,

books.

You should get the set at once, for it will greatly
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To the
REVIEW

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..in,,;,,,, the i,v- • we when writing to advertisers.

54°

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

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REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

54i

The Autobiography of Mark Ruther-
ford. (H odder.)
The recent death of Mr. William
Hale White has made opportune
the reproduction of this auto-
biography. "
oott's " story of
and yearnings of
candid, though gloomy,
brought up in a rigid
istic atmosphere, is usefn
present day when the
rather for light and
incr literature than
thought fulness.

Reuben Shap-

the struggles

a sincere and

mind,

Calvin-

at the

cry is

exhilarat-

for sober

The Curse of the Nile. By Douglas
Bladen. (Stanley Paul.)
The " Curse of the Nile " is
Mahdism, for, as one of the
characters in Mr. Douglas
Sladen's story says, wherever it
lifts its vile head nothing can
be grown except by slaves or
stealth. This romance, intro-
ducing the siege and fall of
Khartum, is, in reality, a vivid
historical account by a man who
has studied his material on the
spot, and, moreover, has had the
help of Slatin Pasha's reminis-
cences and those of Charles Neu-
feld and Father Ohrwalder. The
hero of the story is a young
English soldier, who, visiting a
Sicilian cafe in Cairo, falls in
love with the daughter of the
restaurant keeper. Francesca
Lentini is a very remarkable
woman, betrothed to a young
Sicilian. She goes to Khartum
with her father, who acts as
Gordon's provision agent, and
was in the city at his death.
Francesca is taken prisoner and
conveyed bo tin- Mahdi's harem.
Her mother, in default of any
other weapon, provides her with
a poison which will produce the
same effect as the spotted fever;
so, unable in any other way to
. 1 void her fate, Francesca poisons
the Mahdi, and, through some
strange superstition, his death is
supposed to have happened be-
cause he broke the law by marry-
ing a nun, for Francesca had
worn a nun's habit as a disguise.
The romance, interesting as it
is, is subordinate to the story
of the terrible Sudan .vnr, Kit-
chener being one of the charac-
ters introduced, and the battle
of Omdurman described in de-
tail.

Open Sesame. By B. Paul NVunian.
(John Murray.)
Mr. Neuman has taken tor his
chief character a young fellow
who is rather an oaf. and whose
father will not help him finan-
cially until he settles down to
some kind of occupation. In-
stead of doing any practical
work, he seems to have evolved

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has always
the brilliant
a neighbour,
until at

an extraordinary gift of faith-
healing, builds a " Church of the
Gifts," and gathers together a
large congregation and a fairly
good income. He
wished to marry
young daughter of
who has refused him,
last his persistency brings
acceptance, and then comes his
great breakdown and final mad-
ness. "Will Porteous possesses no
real attraction. Redelpha and
the man she finally marries are
not particularly distinguished.
It is in the description of her
mother and brother that we best
recognise Mr. Neuman.

The American Emperor. By "William
Salisbury. (The Tabard Press.)

The central figure in this novel
is one Gorman, chief of the Wall
Street magnates, who, through
his millions and his interests, is
the real dictator of America.
Powerful, vivid, enthralling, it
throws a glaring light upon
the financial dominance which
has sapped and undermined the
constitution of the United States
and robbed its peoples of their
freedom. Every step in the
great financial buccaneer's career
is traced, his methods and
"deals" explained, and his
moral and business character laid
bare. Interwoven and binding
these episodes together are the
efforts of two newspaper Davids
— splendid types of the steadily
growing band of reformers — to
slay or cripple
Goliath holding
and countrymen
grip. The fiction
and the real personalities are
easily recognisable. * The need
for the exposure can only be
gauged by those who have read
the book and those who are
familiar with the conditions so
masterfully depicted therein.

Prince Charlie's Pilot. By E. M.
Barron. (Carruthers.)

A record of loyalty and devotion
dug out from books and MS. be-
longing to the Scottish History
Society. Donald Macleod, the
" Pilot," who for weeks led
Prince Charlie in his wanderings,
was drawn into his service
through his son Murdoch, a gal-
lant schoolboy. That the story is
Jacobite and picturesque goes
without saying.

The Great Gold Bush. A tale of
the Klondike. By H. P.
Jarvis. (John Murray.)
Dedicated as a token of affection-
ate regard to Colonel Samuel Ben-
feld Steele, at one time Commis-
sioner of the North- West Mounted

the gigantic

their oountry

in a thug's

guise is thin,

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Police for the Yukon territory,
this story, though not purely his-
torical, is so nearly .so as to be
accurate in many of its details.
Moreover, the writer has noi
tated to expose the maddening
system of graft which went on
under the eyes of the Canadian
Commissioner. Four English-

speaking men find themselves to-
gether in Skagway in March.
1898. One of them has joined the
rush for gold in order to marry
the girl he loves, and if one of
the men is the hero, John Berwick
must be counted as such. Their
terrible adventures, occasional
fun, and odd abiding places, are
vividly told. When they get to
Dawson City they go to' work in
a thoroughly scientific manner in
order to stake a claim, and the
reader actually experiences some
of the anger which possessed the
four when they found that the
Poo-Bali who ruled the city had
hv underhand means registered
their claim as his during the time
they had been waiting in his
office, the result being that Ber-
wick becomes the leader of the
revolutionary malcontents. How
his sweetheart comes to him in-
stead of his having to go to her
is a fitting finish to the tale.

The Temptation <>f Tavernahe. By
E. Phillips Oppenheim. (Hol-
der iv iStoughton.)
The hero, Tavernake, is an origi-
nal. A carpenter by trade, he
has risen in life, passed his ex-
aminations as surveyor, and is
manager in an office before a
woman has ever entered his life
at all. Then he saves a desperate
girl from bnng branded as a thief
and from death, and thencefor-
.ward gets into a whirl of adven-
tures from which he is rescued
by a friend who carries him off
to British Columbia. There is no
hitch in the story from start to
the inevitable finish.

Mrs. Grey's Fast. By Herbert
Fiowerdew. (Stanley Paul.)
A very daintily-written story, the
prevailing impression left upon
one's mind being the evil that gos-
sips can do, for Mrs. Grey's past
has been a story of sisterly love,
and utter unselfishness. Fortun-
ately the truth is found out, with
a happy result.

The Determined Twins. By Edgar
Jepson. (Hutchinson.)
Erebus and the Terror are as
original as their author. Helen s
Babies might have been remote
ancestors, and the twin ' Ilea
venlies," second cousins once re-
moved. Inltense expectation
alternates with triumphant
laughter, and even at the finish
the reader cries. "More!

PURE DRINKING WATER

is a necessity in every house.

A'Berkefeld" Filter

at a small cost will give you pure
and germ-free water. Think o
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Write for Catalogiie " N" to

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121. OXFORD STREET.
LONDON, W.

Here's the Boot of Quality

For Home or Colonial Service.

Boots are built for
gentlemen who are
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detail of Footwear
Quality, Workmanship, and Comfort.

Per 251/- pair.

Foreign pottajA extra. Carriage %>aid in U.K.

THE " FIFE " IS SMART IN APPEARANCE AND LIGHT IN WEIGHT.

Hand Sewn from best materials. Box Calf, Glac6 Kid (Tan
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WHEREVER THE MAIL GOES — THE " FIFE" GOES.

A. T. HOGG, No. 138, STRATHMIGLO. FIFE.

Pioneer and Leader of the " Boots by Post" trade.

REAL SCOTCH TWEEDS

can be obtained in any lengtn

DIRECT from the MANUFACTURERS.

Suitings, Dress Goods, and

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designs. uvercoaungs only.

Write for PATTERNS and PARTICULARS post free from

ROBERTS, SOMERYILLE & COY.,

GALASHIELS, SCOTLAND.

Special Attention to Overseas Enquiries and Orders.

FOUND AT LAST!

" It has ceased i>> t ■<■ tr) to advertise the discovery of tol

The greai expenditure of to-day is in advertising the discovery ol l hundred
. i md on the >l this advertising

a patient pubHi makes ili«' round of the effei tivelj
quest ol thai >pei ial bran I wn in Unen" to the a h erti

in the bri each individual smoker, a. ire still seeking."

—"Printer's Ink." May, 1912.

If YOU are "still seeking" you can end your quest by securing
a sample of our

N.B. Smoking Mixture

' Medium Strength.)
ilb. tins, 2s. ilb. tins. 4s. ill), tins. 8s., i*>si free.

[n order to give readers of this Review an opportunity to test
the merits ol this mixture, a trial packet nee \\ ill be sent,

paid, to any address, on receipt ol Sixpence. Write to-day
and you will be delighted.

D. SIMPSON Ltd., Princes Street, Edinburgh, Scotland.

!44

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

PEDIGREES & ARMS (English & Foreign.)

Mr. Culleton traces pedigrees of middle class as well as
landed families, with proofs from public records. Upon
his collection of references to Pedigrees and Arms
£10,000 have been spent during 70 years.

Enquiry letters answered witltout charge.
LEO CULLETON, 92 Piccadilly, London.

Culleton's Heraldic Office

for the artistic production of Heraldic painting
and engraving. Seals for corporations, private
seals, signet rings, dies for notepaper, book plates,
heraldic stained glass, memorial brasses. Eu-
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92 Piccadi.ly, London.

HEIGHT INCREASED

If you are under forty, I can increase your
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Send three penny stamps for particulars of
my system ARTHUR GIRVAN, Special-
ist in the Increase of Height (Dept. R. R.).
17 Stroud Green Road, London, N,

Established 183S

Write for our
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Qun and Rifle Manufacturers.

Guns converted and re-
paired at moderate prices.

Best Ejector Guos from £25.

13 HIGH STREET,

MARYLEBONE, LONDON

Special attention to foreign an-l colonial enquiries.

POSTER

Showcard. Black-and-White Adrar.

tlsement. and Fashion designing.
Also Miniature Lithography and
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or practical lessons sent by post.
Students' Drawings placed.
Firms requiring designs and artists
for commercial art work should
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Studios open 10 till 6.
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Terms : Secretary. T. Howard,

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11 Red Lion Square. Southampton Row, London, W.C.

— R. K. 1 EI S R

NOSES AND EARS.

NOSES. 1' e only patent Nose Machines in the
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yet simple, Can be worn during sleep.

S^nd stamped envelope for full particulars.

RED NOSES.— Mv long established medically
approved treatment absolutely cures red noses. 3 9
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UGLY EARS.— The Rubber Eai Caps invented
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uf successful cases. 7 6 post free. Foreign. 1 6 extra.
AY. ioe. Central Chambers. LIVERPOOL.

LETTEkS COPIED WHILE WRITING (IN INK) by using

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pour letter paper as illustrate,!, then write:
and 1 on Becore by the act of writing a perfect letter enda
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taken a copy, do perforated edge to your rommonieatioa.
Book N - pies either 900 letter,

Bx 10 inches - 8x6. Price 319 post

tree. Bt ok M.S.C IOC copies MO or BOO reapee*

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tort/3. Sample of the Wonderful
tie Ink Faper whi.-h makes the copy, tree, if »*""H a,idres$t>,l envelope sect to
"R.R." ZANETIC. Welford Road. Leicester.

More !" Especially he would
like to know what happened to
the twenty-three kittens.

Carnacki the Ghost Finder. (Nash.)

A collection of blood-curdling
stories, some of which were ori-
ginally published in The Idler.
They are partly supernatural,

partly of the detective order,
and very few readers will be
able at the beginning of the
story to distinguish to which
section it will lend itself before
one arrives at the conclusion, so
that the interest is fully main-
tained. Carnacki is a Londoner
who travels in various directions
whenever people with haunted
houses apply to him for help, and
on his return he tells the result
to four friends who are accus-
tomed to his brusqueness, and
matter of course
be bold "to clear
he comes to the

take it as a
that they will
oul " directly
last word.

Out of the Blur. By 11. Gorell
Hames. (Longmans.)

A singularly beautiful a::d
poetic description of the dawn-
ing of love between a modern
man and woman not a- physical
but as a spiritual joining of
souls. In order to have a fitting
theatre for this representation
the two are shipwrecked on a
desert island. The dramatic
situation arises because .loan is
a friend and companion of Jim's
wife. Busband and wife had
never been akin, and the irony
of the situation is revealed when
the ti;-: though! of the two is
that Milly would have been un-
able to stand the privations or
to enjoy the hand-to-hand strug-
gle for life, even though the
el i m ate was so lovely.

Means to an End. By D'Arcy Mar-
tin. (John Long.)
The story of a millionaire brewer
who, falling violently in love
with a portrait in the Royal
Academy, by a strange succession
or chances find that it was not
painted from a pi essional
model, but from the daughter of
a country clergyman. He woos
and wins her without having told
her that he is a br< wer or rich.
Maxwell is unintelligent, Pat-
ricia a teetotaller and an ideal-
ist. Naturally, such a marriage
does not run evenly, but in the
end Maxwell becomes a teetol
ler. and we leave the pair right-
fully settled.

Inti) the Unseen. By G. H. Lusty.
(William Rider & Sons.)
Details the sustained attempts
of a man to free his spirit from

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

545

his body and soul in order to
attain communication with those
beyond the River of Death. In
order to get the necessary soli-
tude without interruption from
meddling good-wishers or the
Press, if for a time he should
disappear, the teller of the story
journeys bo India,
this is not a novel in
sense of the word.

and heroine encounter each
in the body only for a few

Naturally

the usual

hero

other

short

for

days. A book which will interest
the imaginative and psychics.
whilst for the latter it contains
warning.

a

Called to Judgment. By C'oralie
Stanton and Heath Hosken.
(Stanley Paul.)

A melodrama, indeed, with a
couple of bigamies, a suicide or
two, a sudden death, a suspected
murder, and any number of re-
sulting complications.

The Gulf Between. By B. Y. Red-
mayne. (Wells Gardner.)

A good and unusual story,
though not by an adept in the
craft. It has been well received
in Germany, and tellsi the
romance of a girl who goes there
in order to get a change in her
way of living. In the pension
she meets and loves a man who
tells her later on that he is mar-
ried, his wife being a drug fiend.
The life in the German town
where Kathleen boards for a
time is well described, the
characters being eminently

natural. The author shows amus-
ingly the faults and characteris-
tics of English people as seen
through the German's eyes,
whilst with the same sincerity
she pens the description of the
German from the English point
of view.

Ralph Raymond. By E. Mansfield.
(Stanley Paul.)

The exciting adventures, de-
scribed by a somewhat unprac-
tised "hand, of a man falsely
accused of murder and a lovely
lady who rescued him from the
prison to which he ought not to
have been sent.

Zoce and My Lady. By Sybil
Campbell Lethbridge. (Hol-
der* and Hardingham.)
A romance introducing
rather heavy but would-be
Emperor of Medovia, who
love to " my lady,'
self attached to
guished secretary.

the
lively
makes
iri-
an undistin-
Love finally

45/- DRESS SUIT CASE.

Wry Special Price. First-class Article.

24 in. Solid Leather Suit Case.

Carriage Pai

in
Bntisil Isllt.

Write

direct to-

THOROUGHLY GUARANTEED.

RFIITC & Tfinn 8, ren field street,

H&iy & rJUU, GLASGOW. SCOTLAND.

conquers

come in his way

all the difficulties which

Special attention to Foreign and Ool'miU cliei ts.
Write for our Catalogue of Leather and Fancy G<<ods.

SUITS THAT KEEP THEIR
SMART APPEARANCE.

i

It's the durability of the cloth and
the linings, the qualitv of the [
trimmings, the gentlemanly
appearance of the garments, and
the low price at which they are
sold which makes the G. & L.
suits satisfactory.

Smart Suits from 29 6

G & L. Suits are made rUht.
riyht. and wear risiht. Our simple
system of self measurement ensure';
perfect fit. an<l our" Misfit Mean?
Money Back" policy guarai.
absolute satisfaction.

CLOTH IN THE PIECE

If preferred, we will supply you with
cloth at from 10/0 the suit lensth.
which your own tailor can make up.

Free Patterns and Easy
Self-Measurement Form

sent to any addrt s-,. Ask for

Bunch No. 70. Why not send a

postcard to-day ?

GROVES &
LINDLEY,

Colonial and Foreign The LlOn EulltJl...], ^
Orders have Specie! "itten- •^

lion. Our large and extensive un JQER3FIELD. »

exuei ience in this class of tr:i.le
has given us a pei lei I under-
standing of the requirements.

-Stv^

A3

THE LADIES' GUILD

Patroni i d b} Royaltj I,

10 George Street, Hanover Square
London, W., England,

RECOMMENDS BES1 SCHOOl S, PREPARATORY
FINISHING, 1 NG1 VND and CON! [Nl N !

A RELIABLE MEDIUM through which to OBTAIN CULTURED
GENTLEWOMEN a. CHAPERONS. COMPANIONS. GUIDES.
SECRETARIES. GOVERNESSES. LADY HOUSE-
KEEPERS. NURSES, etc.

545

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Popular Hotels in Central London.

SBHR THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

KINGSLEY HOTEL

Hart St., Bloomsbury Square,
LONDON.

Telegraphic Addresses—

Kingsley Hotel,

"Bookcraft.Westcent,

London."

Thackeray Hotel,

"Thackeray, Westcent,

London."

THE

60NN1NGT0N HOTEL

(260 Rooms),

5outb2vrr)ptor) Row,

--LONDON --

OPENED 1911 BY LORD STRATHCONA.

Room, Attendance

and

Table d'hdte

Breakfast.

Luncheon, 1/6*

Room, Attendance

and

Table d'hute

Breakfast.

Table d'hote Dinner, 2 6.

First and Second Floor, 5 6 for Room, Attend-
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Winter Garden.

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Orchestra.

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Smoking Room.

OPPOSITE THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

THACKERAY HOTEL

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These well-appointed and commodious TEMPERANCE
HOTELS will, it is believed, meet the requirements, at
moderate charges, of those who desire all the conveniences
of the larger modern Licensed Hotels. These Hotels have

Passenger Lifts, Bathrooms on every floor, Lounges, and

Spacious Dining, Drawing, Writing, Reading, Billiard,

and Smoking Rooms.

Fireproof Floors, Perfect Sanitation, Telephones, Night
Porters.

Bedroom, Attendance and Table d'hote Breakfast, !
single, from 5/6 to 7/6.
With Table d'hdte Dinner, from 8/6.

Full Tariff and Testimonials on application.

Confessions of a Tenderfoot. By Ralf Stock.
(Grant Richards.)
A beautifully bound and illustrated volume
containing the experience of an energetic
young fellow who left the homeland for
Canada, passed through other Colonies and
Fiji, and finally ended as a pineapple
farmer in Queensland. He does not gloss
over the privations and sufferings of
pioneer life, and so the book is informing
as well as most entertaining. Mr. Stock
is a fearless man, an indefatigable travel-
ler, and as his only method of progression
was by working his way, it can easily be
seen that he had plenty of grit. His book
is excellent reading throughout.

' STENOGRAPHY MADE EASY.'

How many people attempt to learn short-
hand and fail? That is an impossible ques-
tion to answer. Why they fail is easier of
solution. They find it too difficult, too
great a tax on memory and time, and above
all, they usually come to grief because, al-
though they can write shorthand at a fail-
speed, they find it impossible to read what
they have written. For those who have tried
and failed, there is good hope — they may
try a new system and succeed. Sir Isaac
Pitman's nephew, Mr. Guilbert Pitman, who
was for twenty years manager of his uncle's
business, and for twenty-eight years wrote
Pitman's shorthand, has now abandoned it
in favour of Gregg's system, which, he says,
is based upon scientific principles, and is,
he believes, destined to become the short-
hand of the English-speaking people. The
ease with which he acquired the system
was. he says, almost incredible, and he was
surprised at the completeness and brevity of
the outlines, and the facility with which
they could be written. The absence of '" ex-
ceptions to rules," and its logical and practi-
cal arrangement, are commending it to an
ever-increasing circle of men and women
throughout Australasia. It is even easier to
read than to write, angles are rare, and
there is always only one possible way of
writing a word. Users of Gregg hold the
world's record for speed and accuracy, but
the system can be perfected in half the time
taken to acquire those usually attempted.
Mr. Gregg is indeed a benefactor to those
who must learn stenography, for he has made
it so much easier, and more simple than it
used to be

THE RIDDLE OF THE SPHINX.

Last month we published a drawing of the
Sphinx, which appeared in the foremost
weekly illustrated papers in England. It
showed pictorially the discoveries said to
have been made by a young American pro-
fessor. Later advices from London state
that, whilst it is generally assumed that the
Sphinx has a religious origin, nothing has
been added to our knowledge of this riddle
of the sands by researches made by the pro-
fessor in question.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

547

travel and Education.

ENQUIRY DEPARTMENT.

Subscribers to the Review of Reviews who are
contemplating a trip for pleasure or business are
invited to write to us for free information con-
cerning Routes, Hotels, Shops, etc. Special ar-
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municating with us. All enquiries should be sent
by post, and the coupon at the end of this section
must be used to ensure prompt reply.

Travel

and Education Query.

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Subject

Enclose this w

ith Letter if reply by post is required.

NORTON CgL RICE

1 St. Switnin's Lane, Mansion House, E.C.

An Ancient Corner of
the City.

Civil & Sporting

Tailors and
Breeches Makers.

An extensive Stock of

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Immediate attention given to
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Telephone :
5190 Bank.

SPECIALITE
The . . .
WESTBURY COAT

giving the wearer complete
freedom in any position.
Specially adapted for Golf.
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Patterns and Self-measure-
ment Forms sent on
application.

Patte-ns cut jir all garments and every
detail careful, noted and registered for
reference.

ro-u.D.-fcaim. T-*«9:n.«s cannot be excelled. They represent rcu perfection, ,
the results of 25 yens' experience. Every bit Uritush-made, too. The ease and comfort I
derived from the use of a good "JVeptuue " 1 en ia u revelation to all writers

Try one. Nibs to suit every hand. Money back in full if you

are not satisfied. „

This is one- of our leading patterns, No. 210, at 5/6. It is

equal in every way to any other make at 10/cS. Other patterns

2/6 to 16/6. Obtain of your Stationer or send P.O. duect to the Manufacturers :

Burge, Warren & Ridgley, Ltd., 91 & 92, Cr6at Saffron Hill, London, E.C. (30 pp. Illus. Catalogue on receip

548

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

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or

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for children, your own or your friends', could be found.

CONTENTS :-

VOL. I.— .Esop's Fables.

VOL. II. — Baron Munchausen and Sin bad
the Sailor.

VOL. III.— The Adventures of Reynard
the Fox and The Adventures of Old
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VOL. IV.— Twice One Are Two.
VOL. V. — Pilgrim's Progress.

VOL. VI. — Nursery Rhymes and Nursery

Tales.
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Hans Andersen's Fairy Stories.
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Complexion. Indeed, a veritable
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IT SHOULD BE REMEMBERED THAT

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Anthony Horderns' Famous Low Prices cannot fail to interest
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son the saving will be found considerable.

BILLIARD TABLES, as illustrated, Walnut Frame, with Tasmaman Blackwood Bas* *nd
four 5in. Blackwood Legs, Slate Bed, fitted with leaves, making a combined Dining and
Billiard Table, covered with Billiard Cloth. India-rubber Cushions, Brass-mounted Pockets;
complete, with Three Balls, Two Cues, Marking Board, Chalk, Rules, etc.—

Size. Price.

Git 4in x 3ft 4in £15 0 0

/It 4in x 3ft Kin £20 0 0

8ft 4in x 4ft 4in, six 5in legs £27 10 0

oft 5in x 5ft, six 6in legs ... £35 0 0

Billiard Table, as above, but without

leaves - «, .

6ft 4in x 3ft 4in .. £12 JO. 0

7ft 4in x 3ft loin £17 0 0

8ft 4in x 4ft 4in, with six 5in

legs £23 10 0

9ft x 5ft, with six 6in legs... £29 10 0

MINIATURE BILLIARD TABLES -On six adjusting legs, to stand on
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with Billiard Cloth. India-rubber Cushions. Brass-mounted Pockets, and are
complete with 3 Balls, 2 Cues, Marking Board, Chalk, Rules, etc. Fumed
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Size, 6ft 4in x 3ft 4in
Size, 7ft 4in x 3ft loin
Size, 8ft 4in x 4ft 4in

... £9 10 0

... £13 10 0
... £19 10 0

FOR TABLE BILLIARDS,

TABLE BILLIARDS, for fastening on any or-
dinary table, including 6 tapes (acting as
cushions), p pock~*s, 3 Balls, Chalk, Tips,
and Marker - 1

No. I, with I jvood Balls

No. 2, with C p. Balls 32». 1

Billiard Scoring Boa
22s. 6d.

Tivoli or German Bi
4s. 94.

24».

63s.

8d., Us. 6d., 18s. 6d.,

i Is. 9d., 2s. 9d., 3s. 6d„

BILLIARD BALLS.

IVORY, sets i?in. 15s. 6d.; igin. 17s. M.

COMPO, full size 20s.

BONZOLINE, full size 36s.

BONZOLINE, size i^in 17s. 6d.

BONZOLINE, size l|in 21s.

SNOOKER BONZOLINE Pool Balls,

size, 2 I-I6in.

£13 set of 22

SNOOKER COMPO. Pool Balls, ifin, 52s. 6d.j
l|in. 67s. 6d.; 2in. 80s. set of 22.

Write to «r Price List of Sporting Requisites.

Posted Free on Application.

ANTHONY HORDERN & SONS Ltd.,

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