OP RWIEWS

HOW A A\<)l)i:kN LINER SINKS.

I5> W. I . Stead.

ENGLAND MUST BE STRONO.

THE BOARD OF TRADE IN THE DOCK.

THE WHITE SLAVr. TRAPFIC AND ITS

ROlIiUV.

i

THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS FOR AUSTRALaWa. YTand 0. Bulldin;;, .Melbour

Review of licviews, 1/8/12.

r

"CYCLONE" Gates

are GOOD.

The Illustration (Fig. 171 in our Catalogue i shows
the effective combination of Scroll Work and
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strong and lasting, but elegant in design and
proportion.

Oat a Catalogue of This and Many
Other Gates and Fenoes.

"Cyclone" Fence and Gate Co.,

I

459 SWANSTON STREET
(Corner Franklin St.), MELBOURNE.

New Zealand: 59 St. Asapb Street, Chrlstchurch.

The Review of Reviews.

[Melbourne "Punch"
GIX>RIOnS SPORT.
(Tlie Commonwealth Goveninieiit iiiteiiils spending
at)out sixty millions (lurinK the next three years.)

ASDREW: "Silly millions to splash up, Billy I Isn't
it noble sport?"

^l_L'i) I

•^^:^"V

jiuiUfj ^

The Review of Reviews.

The late Mr. W- T. Stead s
Gift to the Sultan of Turkey.

. Translated extract from article by .
Jean Finot in La l^ovrja on " Lc Roi
des Journalistes," issue of May I5th, 1911.

Tlie Sult;in s-houed a desire to see him again on severaf
occasions. Tlieir meeting has all the (harm of an Oriental tale.
Won over by the /'onhomii' of Stead, the rjionarch sai i to him
one day :

" You are a brave man, Mr. Stead, and you bring precious
friendship to my country. Permit me at least to refund your
expenses."

Saying this, the Sultan offered him a cheque.

" Send it, sire, to the Peace Society at Berne ; for, person-
ally, 1 cannot accept it."

" Let me. at least, give you a proof of my sympathy with you."

.Stead, believing that he was to be offered some decoration,
was uiicas\ . Bui the .Sultan smilingly broke in :

" 1 know the story — and it is not a question of adding another
distinction to your own. but I should be happy to be able to
offc r you at least some souvenir."

And the Sultan offered him a gold cigarette case, studded
with diamonds.

Stead, thus placed, knew that he could not possibly refuse

L- , ^W I ihe .Sultan. P)Ut his independence bei g .it stake, he made this

j reply, worthy of a son of liberty ;
I •• Sire, will you extend your kindness so far as to accept a

present from me ? "
The Sultan agreed with a smile. He must have said to hinself in the depth of his heart
that he was assuredly the first Sultan to whom a modest private individual had dared to offer a

return pre.sent as reciprocity for a favour.

Stead offered him solemnly a Waterman's Fountain Pen in gold, and the Sultan, joyous,
said to him :

"This is the first I have received in my life, and 1 have often dreamed of possessing one."

1 do not know the opinion of His Majesty on Stead, but Stead preserved a tender memory
of him, for, telling mc of this visit, he said :

" He is one of the best among the Sovereigns. And God kno.vs there are, among them,
brave men."

Watefni:an's

' I ■ -

Ideal)
FouiJtafePen

Waterman's Idt;il niimlwrs aiimnp its many HUtinciiished
possessors ihc KinR of Italy, iIk Ki g of ih« lioli; ans, the
Kinii of Spain, the Kingof (Ircccc, ihc<Jiiccn Mother uf Italy,
the (^iiccnof the HclKians, President Tafi.and now the Sultan
of I iirkey, who, according to a letter recently received from
Sir I.oulfi licy, Premier Cnambellan de Sa Majestd Iinpdriale
le Sultan, is " very much pleased with his W'atcrman's
Ideal Fountain Pen." Onr 1;U«; KinR Edward also po^^scssed
a (Ifii-^iiiiir ■l W.iterrn.in's Ideal, which he himself purrha^cd
shortly h.t.^K- hi. dc.dh.

W.iierman's Ideal Fountain Pen can he had in four styles,
with many exqui-<;ite designs in each. Prices of Rv.-gnlar
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Pooklet free from I.. & C. HAROTMUTH. Ltd.,
K"h i iioji Huu^c, KiTik;sW;iy. London, England.

I he Hei/ieiv of Revien/s

iSfflhou rnc " I'mirlt
THE RUMNi; PASSION.
" The vice of young Aueiralia. is of old, ie :

Vassion for ganihliii^.

Yoisr, ArsTRALU (having rereived itg
And now what wrmld

" Thanks, Andy,
mo to put it
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you advit+o

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The Review of Reviews.

Set your Watch by Homan's

SUN CLOCK

(tile uii-to-date sundial),

AND YOU WILL ALWAYS HAVE
THE RIGHT TIME.

Write ft'i- farliiiilars ti> I lie Inventor :

W. HOMAN, 20, Renfrew St., GLASGOW, Scotland.

',il,rlir

Pleas? mentini this matiazine

UNIQUE NOVELTY

PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER IN PERFORATED SHEETS.

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Tho trade also suppOuaeD ocd SsfSWBPS&Qo SoipmO'
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THE LATE

MR. W. T. STEAD

Shortly before going on his ill-fated voyage, gave what
was probably his last commendation to the Concentro
Course, Scientific Coacenlration. He said: " I have
read with much interest and satisfaction the series of
Booklets and Lessons published by the Concentro Co.,
of Wallsend, Newcastle-on-Tyne. I do not remember
ever having seen treatises which are at once so simple,
so practical, and so detailed. I -cordially commend the
Concentro Course, Scientific Concent ration, and wish it
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THE REV. T. A. SEED, IN "GREAT THOUGHTS,"

**>'^.-~ '"""= '."'"klets .-111(1 Lessons of the Concentro Course arc
admir.ible, iiiarKcd by common sense, praclicil experience, wide
reading in psychology, and are thoroughly scientidc."

"THE GUARDIAN,"

the leading weekly of the Church of Knghind, referring to the
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Every reniifr <it the*'

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Marriage, Occupation, Changes, Journeys, Friends^

Enemies, and All Important Events of Life.

Attentiuii (if the mystically inclined seems to be centred
at present upiin the work of Mr. Clay liurton \'ance, wIki,

although laying claini to no
special gifts of supeinaluia!
powers, attempts to te\c;il
the lives of people through
the slender clues of hand-
writing and birth-dates
The undeniable accuracy
of his delineations leads
one to surmise that liere-
tofore palmists, prophets,
astrologers, and seers of
di\ets beliefs have failed to
apply the true principles of
the science of (divination.

The following letters are
pul)Iished as evidence of
Mr. \'ance's ability: — Mr.
Lafayette Redditt writes :
" My Reading received.
With the greatest aiiiaze-
iiu-nt 1 read as step by step you outlined my life since
infancy. I have been somewhat interested along these
lines (or years, but had no idea that such priceless ad-
\ i( e could be given. I inust admit that you arc indeed
a \cry re.iiarkable man, and am glad you use your great
gift to benefit your clients.'

Mr. Fred. Walton writes; "I did not expect such a
splendid outline of my life. The scientific value of your
kcad'-igs camiot be fully appreciated until one has his
own Reading. To consult you means success and
happiness."

.Arrangements ha\e been made to give free test Read-
ings to all readers of Rkvikw ot Rk\ikws, but it is
cspcci.illy rec|ueslcd that those who wish to avail thom-
s(l\es of this generous otTcr make application at once.
If you wish a delineation of your own life, if yoti wish
a true description of your characteristics, talents, anti
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month, and year of your birth (state whether Mr., Mrs.,
or Miss), and also copy the following verse in your own
handwriting :

"Your power is mar\el'ous,

So people w rite ;
I'lcase read my life --
Are my prospects bright ?"
Send your letter to Mr. Clay Burton Vance, Suite 294A
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enclose 6d. (stamps of your own country) to pay postage,
( lerical work, Otc. Please note that 2jd. postage is
retpiired on letters posted to France. I^o not enclose
coins or silver in your letter.

The Review of Reviews.

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The Review of Reviews

PERFECT HEALTH

F. HEBEDITH CLEASE, The

Br.fsh PhysiL'-: C'llture ExfJ^rt.

SHAPELY FIGURE.

IT has ijecn in) <.>iic aitibiiiuii i1huul;Ii"iii
my caic-i:!- In show every m;m ami
woman liou it is possible to obtain ami
maintain perfect health and a shapely
figure by tile .-simplest means. Everyone
knows to-day lliat regular bodily exercise
1- a good tiling for the maintenance of good
health and fii^iire proportion. But it is not
ever) body wlui knows that it has been Icfl
to an Englishman to systematise and
perfect such means. There is only one
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definitely restore the Body to its
healthy normal condition, and that is
to Stretch! Stretch! Stretch! every
mviscle and every limb lor a few
minutes each day. This is a state-
ment of which I defy contradiction.
Abnormal fees, alluring literature,
or sensational advertising do not in
reality count for anythinu. iT IS
THE METHOD. 1 am the inventor
of the stretching method of ciicroisc
whicli is so nutch appreciated b) over
100,000 of my pupils to-day. 'I'lio^e
who would care to know nioie about
this simple andnatuial method may
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Beauty. ' In this one volume will
be found a complete library of in-
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stretching method in curing ami

reni<'\ nig lUe
and tiercel-- '.-

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lollowing ailment>

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Development.

Obesity.

Prominent Hips.
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This book will be found ol great help and very instructive.
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WRITE OR Oai-l-— *

F. MEREDITH CLEASE, 124,nouBou(ISt,,Londou,'W.

-R. U. I

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I he Hei/ieiv of Reviews.

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XXIV.

The Review of Reviews.

Packing— A Pleasure

The problem of packing for any iiind of
journey at -?iO!Ki'j or nbro.id is solved bv Finni-
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There ic r. pkxe for everything — for men's
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Finnigans

also make a wide range of fitted Bags and
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Men's Sliirt Holder in Pigski'i, Kncd
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The Review of Reviews.

Baby

•rSit to liuve Neaves Food.

coni.ilns .11 th''eS5entlaIslorflcsJiand tK.ne-forinlne In an
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Neave's Health Diet

A Dflicii'iis and K'Uirishin^ Milk andjL'erca! F'Xid for

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A DnrrnH wrltes: "A most effirlent preparatlcjn for
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FM Srpietnber. 1909.
Sample *;■ rr (or jd. postage, me lli'Dlng tills publication.

Ybutbinayfl/but
Beauty lingers'^:

Harlan B

Beautv-
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Maasage

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cheeka
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The Review of Reviews.

THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS FOR AUSTRALASIA.

(Annual Subscription, 8,6.)

Editor

WILLIAM H. JUDKINS,

Review of Reviews for Australasia

W. T. STEAD,

Lrtte Editor E^airlisb "Review of Reviews.'

DR. ALBERT SHAW,

Editor Amerioan " Review of Reviews.'

CONTENTS FOR AUGUST, 1912.

PAOB

HUlory o( (he Month (Australasian) sxx.

▼ill Australia Ever be An Empire ? By Ke\ .

II. WDirall xxxvii.

History of the Month (English) 591

The Great Pacifist: .^utobiograpliii-al Cliaraiter

Sketi I, nf W. T. Stead 609

Current History in Caricature ... ... ... 62(

England Must be Slronc ! Our Duty as Police-
man ol Peiice ... ... ... ... ... 627

The Board of Trade in the Dock 63J

The Sinking of a Modern Liner. V>\ W. '1

.Steail

A French Appreciation of W. T, Stead

635
... 638

(Continued

PAOB

Leading Articles in the Reviews —

Who i9 to Coiitro! tUe D.irdunellei 641

Uenuauy .iiul Hei' Fiiiauces 642

Okunia on Territorial Expanaion 643

Isolation or " Eutanglenieut " 644

A Candid German on the Monro<> Doctrine .. .. 645

Anglo-Gerraaii Relations . .... 646

Outloolt in Turl(e.v Hopeful .. .. 647

Temi.vsou and the liirl 647

The Moslem Peril .... 649

How a Newspaper is Produced 649

The Making of a Bat 649

The Titanic Disaster . .' 650

.\bont Sir Ernest Shaekletou 651

'Hie Uevengc Revived .'. 652

■• The Master Force of the World •• 653

"Sun, Wind, and Wave" 653

Pere Hyacinthe 654

What I/oeomotive*) are Oimiug To 655

Votes for Older Women First 655

'" page

.)

THL'

LV APPOINTMENT TO IIIS MAd.sTY THE kIM.

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titM^tr 1 1'^iM u t*tA 1/1 liH4 >J '^t "g^ I..., r.... Cltrjlt/httt.

XXVUl.

The Review of Reviews.

^;

c:;

A Scieniific Age demands Scieniific Precision

Tests made by well-known British scientists show that Euthymol Tooth
Paste can kill the germs responsible for dental decay in less than 30 seconds.

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are used because of their acknowledged
superiority over ALL other pencils.

Wherever special ])ciicil work is
eniandcd the " Koh-i-noor " is
///(■ ijeiicil used. With a single
" Koh-i-noor " tlie Rev. Dr. Tudor
Jones translated the whole of
I'roTessor Eucken's gre^t book —
"The Truth of Religion," 650
(jage.s, 200,000 words. It was the
" Koh-i-noor " that I'eary took with
him to the I'oli.', and with which

he wrote his records. Farthest
North, farthest South, farthest
East, farthest \Vest— wherever you
go you will find the " Koh-i-noor ''
always in evidence, always supreme
among high-grade pencils,

In 17 degrees (nni) copying) to suit ever/
ptncil purposf. Of Slationers, &c. List
from I,. X <;. H.VKUTMUTH, Lt.i.,
Kolii-noor House, Kiiigsway, l.onJon,
Kngland.

The Review of Keviews.

CONTENTS — (Continued from p.ag:e xxvii.)

PAGE

Leading Arlicles (Coiitiinieil) —

The Eed Cross Woman of America 656

Three Millions a Year Profit from Women's

Shame 657

A Secret of an Indian Woman's Emancipation 657

Quadrigas. Ancient and Modern 658

Strange I/Cgend of a Russian Tsar 659

Arrest in German Shipbuilding 66U

Trusis no Novelty 660

The First Ck>ast-to-Coa8t Railway in South

Ameri<a 661

Disraeli's Brother 662

The Evolution of a Dancer 662

A (jirl's Attempt ou Ararat 662

Revolutions in Latin America 663

Are Degrees Democratic 663

The Making of a New English Port 664

The Cape as Tactical Base 664

Posing for the Cinematograph Show 665

PAGE
Leading Arlicles (('oi;tiiiued)—

Is Taxation the Only Way of Reform? 665

Music and Art iu the Magazines 566

Random Readings from the Revitws 667

The Reviews Reviewed —

The Nineteenth Century 668

The Nalional Review — The Contemporary Re-
view 669

The Fortnightly Review — The North American

Review 670

The Bock of the IWoolh : The White Slave

Trallii- and It* l;<-inecly 67J

What Wf stern Au;ltalia is Di ing Icr the

Aborfgtnes 673

Insurance Notes ... ... ... ... 674

The Rev

EVIEWS

TBAti ERAACE ATiD GEJSERAI. I.IPH ASSITRANCB BUII^DING, SWAASTOiV

STREET, MBLBaVRNE.

■ If a muk ts against tbi-^ line the copy U a sample one. Will you read it carefully and then send 8s. 6d. either to your news a^ent or to " The Revtew of Reviews,

T. and G. Building, Melbourne, and receive it for 13 months.

THE HISTORY OF THE MONTH.

titvernment's
Position.

Melbourne, July 30. 1912.

Needless to say, the Federal Gov-
ernment, having the necessary nuni-
liers. won the day over the censure
debate, and by a majority of 10
votes stdveJ on the Vienches. There are indications
already that the session will be a barren one, as far
as debatable subjects are concerned. The elections
are near, and it would Vie poor policy for the Gov-
ernment to precipitate strife. There has been
enough of that, for the safety of the Labour
cause, from industrial sources. Moreover, it
has been successful in reducing the time limit of
sjieeches in open session. That will help it still
more to ward off discussion. But in this matter we
are entirelv in accord with the Government. The
time that is wasted in needless discussion is enor-
mous, and an hour and thirty minutes ought to be
enough for anyone to deliver his stwl in, excepting,
of course, the Prime Minister and the leader of the
Opposition.

.Sparks flew in the House of Re-
prestnitatives on the 23rd inst.. ovt-r
the appointment of Mr. H. Chinn
as supervising engineer on the West
Australian section of the trans-Australian railway,
at a salary of ;£750 a year, with 17s. 6d. a day
travelling expenses when called more than tiftv miles
from headquarters. It seems th.it Mr. O'Malley
had appointed Mr. Chinn, and then .nlvertised the
]josition ; that he had flouted a protest made by the
■civil .service associations against this irregularity ;
and that most of Mr. Chiun's testimonials
were from people who invariably finished uj)
by saying that they thought his services "to
our yjarty " (the I«ibour Party) at the last
elections ought to be recogni.sed. Mr. (^hinn
is tiot an engineer qualified hv examiiiaticm, but,
having due regard to '' the services he had rendered
the party." and thoroughly believing in the prin-
<:i])le of "spoils to the victors," Mr. O'Malley
I)romptly appointed him. The question of getting
the most highly qualilied man evidently did not enter
the Minister's mind, otherwise he would not have
done what he did. " An ugly, discreililable piece
of work," were the strong terms in which Mr.

Mr. H.
China.

Fow'ler denounced it, and. indeed, this is not a whit
too strong. Our public life, prior to the advent of
the Lalx)ur Party, was singularly free of anv sug-
gestion of political corruption in the appointment of
jiarty men to Government positions, but this latest
.ippointment is startling in its bald impudence.

Of course Mr. O'Mallev defended

The Tactics of it, but in what a way I ' The posi-

the Skunk. ^■^Q^ i^^ ^^^ ,jp ^^.^^ ■^Y^^^ ]^g could

do no wrong, but the manner of his
defence has left e\ervone with a .sense of decency
disgusted. He started off with a -reference to some
\'ile Indian custom 'to which he was pleased to com -
liare the action of those who were seeking to con-
found him. but the illustration was of such a dis-
gusting character that one would have believed that
the only place where it could be used would be at
a gathering where men were so much in their cups
that they did not know what they were saying, and
in whom the filthy had mechanically and unwit-
tingly come to the top of their befuddled
mentalities. It is safe to say that Parliament has
never before lieen so dLsgraced. The " Age " news-
paper, having regard to the fact, evidently, that its
<'olumns were read by women and children, did not
give publicity to it, except in a general way that
gave no clue to the meaning of it. For this it
deserves public thanks. ,\nd then, after giving
\ent to his powers in this directio^^Mr. O'Mallev
showed what he could do in anollw bv describing
the attack ujion him, the result o* the combi'ied
efforts of his critics, as ,1 " miserable, sulking, para-
lytic, one-eyed, one-leggod, muck-worm, a creature
with no pride of ancestry, and no hope of posterity
— a cross between a city guinea-pig and a blowfly."
Where are we when things like this can happen in
our halls of legislature? To the credit of some of
the memlxM's of the Goxernincnt. thev blushed at the
degrading exhibition.

Where will
It End?

Hut of i.ourse the Opposition could
do no more than enter its protest.
Mr. O'Malley was supported by the
entire party, no member of which
knows ivlien his own chance of preferment may
come, and l>v similar di.screditalile methods. But

August, 1912.

history of the Month.

XXXI.

woe betide us when our country is dragged down to
(■his level ! All our States have by careful metliods
closed all avenues to the public ser\'ice, so that to
enter applicants must pass through the doors of ex-
amination or public comjietition, making it practi-
cally impossible for party gifts to be made to sup-
porters; but the Federal Government is playing
ducks and drakes with this, and throwing that
part of the service that they have direct control
over open to those applicants who have strong
leanings towards Lal>our. There is reason for
thankfulness that the greater part of the F<Mli'raI
civil service is secure from their ravages, otherwise
we should see the whole of it made a machine for
finding positions for the Government's follourrs.
which would spell ruin to any country !

'I"he Conservative press is still doing

Mr. its best to damage the chances of

Mauser. y[y Mauger as a candidate for the

.Senate. The matter has been re-
ferred to the Victorian Parliamentary Partv, and
that is where it stands at the moment of writing.
II the party had met at once the matter would have
been settled, and in favour of Mr. Mauger, but the
strange and unseemly delay has enabled the
women's leagufs in the electorates, which are being
made cats' paws ol by the f'on.servative and Liquor
parties, to work sc»me of the weak members of Par-
liament. If they be successful, and Mr. Mauger be
rejected, it is as certain as day following niglit, that
tt-ns of thousands of Lilieral \otes will go to I,al)our
out of sheer disgust at the shamele.ss treatment of
Mr. Mauger bv the Liberals. After his years of
magnificent work for, and unswerving loyalty to,
the LiU-ral party, it will be nothing short of a [K)1i-
tical crime to reject him. At any rate, it is liound
to react against the Liberal Party. That is a jjity,
for it is only a small .sertirm of that partv that is
opjwsing Mr. Mauger. Unlortunatelv it is a very
noisy party.

.Some time ago, it will be reni<-m-

Unjust U-red. the Federal Government set

[ilolstra Ion. j,, complicated machinery to work

in order to drive out of the Com-
moiT^vealth the wife of a reputable and suc-
• essful business man in Geelong, who haj)-
pened tn Ik.- a (."hine.se. Mr. Hop Poon
<'iooey is of such a character that many of
I he residents r.f Geelong. of the highest .standing.
tre glad to testify to its excellence. Mr. G<XM-y
Went to China s. .me months ago, and brought with
bim a Chini-s<- \\\if, on whose tracks the Govern-
iient has \ttx'\\ vince. The fkivernment w.is Ixsoiight
i'> administer the Act in a lilx-ral s|)irit, anil one
ili.it was quite rtiihin the letter of the law, but, un-
fortunately for Mr. frtxx'y, a I.aixjur Ministry is in
jHjwer, and the harsh and unjust letter ol lh<- law
'■i to be (iliviived. Mrs. fkxiev is lo go,

and also her new-born child. It seems as if
nothing can be done but enter a protest against
this injustice, and this we do most heartily. Mr.
Gooey is a man whose integrity and enterprise shame
manv Australians. If he married an Australian
wo.Tian, the verv folk who are driving his wife out
of the country would raise an outcry against the
admixture of races. Yet they force the man's wife,
who belongs to his own race, away from him. In-
justices like these are bound to wake resentment
against us in the hearts of the Chinese, and no one
can complain if, in a few years' time, when slie
has attained to greater strength, China copies our
laws witli regard to the entrv of aliens, and adminis-
ters them with the same callous injustice, witli
the result that international complications will arise.
It is only a little time ago that a young Anglo-Indian,
ai.Tiost all English in his de.sc'ent, was refused per-
mission to come to the Commonwealth, although a
fellow-subject, and in every way a desirable im-
migrant. This kind of thing interferes w'ith the
basic principles of ri<^hteousness, and so is bounil
to bring disorder and disaster. It helps to push
farther away the day of universal peace, and of
the universal brotherhood of man. Besides, it is
one thing to endeavour, on great lines, to pre.serxe
racial purity, but it is another thing altogether to
treat hardly those who are already in the Common-
wealth and are reputable members of society.

All the States Parliaments have 1m?-
States gun their sessions; but the only

Parliaments. disturbed one where there is an>
likelihood of trouble is Tas-
mania. Mr. Solomon's party won by one vote on
the censure motion, and we sincere!) hope he may
Ix" able to carry on. .■Ml the same, we are confirmed
in our opinion that the liest thing that can happen
to Mr. Solomon and his party is a dissolution, whiii
a strong vote and a progressive ]wlicv will, in all
probabilitv, give him a good working majority. Mr.
Willis, in New South Wales, continues to provide
fr<-ak aits for the irritation of his own
St.ite, and the amusemi'iit of the Common-
wealth. His latest act is to suspend three
clerks, wliom, he says, are not wanted. But Mr.
McGoiven says they are, and refuses to allow them
to go. In the meantime they are g<-ntlemen at large,
with time on their hands. The matter is pretty
.serious for the Govornment. It dis.ignvs with the
Speaker, but dares not depose him, for that wouM
put it back into the ilangerous position it was in i)e-
(ore, when it had a majority nt one. out of which
danger/one it got by putting .\lr. Willis in the chair.
Mr. Willis now projxhses-to ex<-lude from the press
gallery any pres.smen wlK)se reporting he does not
approve of. He also i)ro|><»ses, us a disinterested
sort of action, to increase his salary from ;£Jiooo
t" ;{i'5oo a year. It is all verv interesting, and
makes one wonder what the ..uti'ome nf it will be.

xxxn.

The Review of Reviews.

August, iqi2.

. ' i

Ml. K. II. Kliode*. rosinia&ter-Cciient).
Mr. } Allen, Mtiiis'cr for Finm - T^r'n^ iiul

I)r. Potn.irc, Minister rc|'rc>cnlini£ the Native K.k

Mr. Mnsscy. Prim'? Minister, ami Minister for
LiiitU .11x1 AtiricuUurc.

Mr. Ilcrdman, Attornry.(;cnar.iI and MinUtrr
for Justko,* *

Mr. I'islier, Minister for Ctlt>toni$ and M.irine,

Mr. W, rr.»sL'T. Minister for Public Works ninA
Mincii

SOME MEMBERS OF THE NEW NEW ZEALAND MINISTRY.

August, 191.

History of the Month.

The Mackenzie Go\ei"n[nfiit had a
Ne* -liort run for its money. As soon

Zealand. ^^ Parliament met. a census motion

was successfuliv carried against it.
Mr. Massey has formed a Government, which may
not be any morr- stable than the last. Mr. Massey
must wonder what strange mood the fates must be
in to have at last put him on the Treasury benches.
The Liberal Party has been for so long in power
(20 years), that it must have seemed to him as
though the tide would never turn. Yet, after years
of waiting, his turn has come. But it is unlikeiv
that there will be anything stable in New Zealand
politics till a dissolution clears the air. There is
coming a change over New Zealand's political
thought— that is clear. But the change has come
slowly. Possibly, it may be, more surelv.
Its existence lias been abundantly signified
of late, but it will take an election to
determine what the political weather is go-
ing to be in the future. From one point of \ie\v
the .sooner it comes the better. Mr. Massey has
announced his Cabinet as follows : — Mr. Massey.
Prime Miniver, and Minister for Lands and Agricul-
ture ; .Mr. J. .\llen, Minister for Finance, Defence
and Education; Mr. Herries, Minister for Railways
and Native .Affairs : Mr. Herdman, Attorney-Gene-
ral and Minister for Justice ; Mr. W. Eraser,
Minister for Public Works and Mines; Mr. Fisher,
Minister for Customs and Marine ; Mr. R. H.
Rhodes. Pastmaster-General ; Mr. H. D. Hall,
K.C.. Leader of the Legislative Council, and Minis-
ter for Internal .Affairs; Dr. Pomare. Minister Re-
presenting the .Vative Race.

Just at this juncture in New Zea-
A Storm |.,nd affairs, a rather significant

I'ortent. (|,ing j^g^ happened. The Temper-

ance Party in Convention assembled
decided ID pu.sh for an amendment of the law, to do
away with the antiquated and iniquitous three-fifths
majority, and to s/-ek the reasonable, the democratic
princi[)l«' that prevails in all other features of
n.-itional life — the simple majority. So they waited
on Mr. Mackenzir, whase short reign has just ended.
But Mr. Mackeii/ie was not in favour of the prin-
ciple, and seme plain speaking was indulged in by
the deputation. It made very clear to the Minister
that, .nlthough the Temperance Party is not a
political party, it is determined to secure this rea-
sonable reform, and will give its support only to
candidates for P.irl lament wtio will be prepared to
stand for it. It was put very .straightiy and un-
equivcxally by a prominent member of the conven-
tion : —

'I'hpy rpprosoiitfxl no party, but the gradual tron.1
of thought fin the rankn of ti-mperanr.4') was that
unUvN the existing partion mot the desires of tlie
.Alliiinrc, it wntiM lii> neecKs.iry t<) form an entirnly
'listinet party, imd •.acrifico thi! exi»tint; |).-irtie«. It
li.id Im'. ti Hiid t'lat lliH anti-1i(iuor agitation vTa< a

Ui-sturbiiij; iadiK-uee in politics. This was true, and
the disturbance would continue until . . . tbo
Temperance Party received tlie meed of justice it was
asking for — an eijual value for every vote.

This b good, healthy talk. It is no use playing with
this thing. And the Temperance Party means
business. Moreover, it rejiresents a large majority
of the Dominion's voters. The following resolu-
tion, which was carried unanimously by the Conven-
tion, is the firing of the tir.st gun in a movement
which is going to effect national politics in New
Zealand : —

That No-License Leagues be requested to take steps
to secure at least 1000 voters in each electorate to
pledge tliemselvcs, regardless of party, not to vote for
any Parliamentary candidate who will not pledge
himself to support a measure to reduce the three-
liftli.s majority rcHiuiriKl to carry No-License and
Diiminion Prohibition.

The Temperance Party has been
The First humbugged over this long enough.
*'""• But now it has its teeth shut, in

a determination to see the thing
through. Immediately a campaign is to be insti-
tuted in all parts of the Dominion, to carry
the determination into effect. This is bound
to affect general jiolitics, and who can say
what changes will take place in the Domin-
ion Parliament from this new departure? In
connection with the same Convention, a remark-
able piece of corruption was disclosed. It was
pointed out that, at the last polls, there were 5000
more votes on tlie rolls than there were adults in
the Dominion. An electoral department that can per-
mit of such a state of affairs as that requires re-
forming absolutely. The thing is so monstrous,
and suggestive of roll-stuffing and corruption, that
it ought to be enquired into at once. Take it all
round, both the Liberal and Conservative Parties
will have to wake up if they are going to continue
in power.

To the intense delight of reformers.
The and als<5, to their surprise, the

TotallsatDr. Xew .South Wales Totalisator Com-
mission has declared by a vote of
6 to 4 against the Totalisator. It vLsited several
of the Australian States, and New Zealand,
and examined some 1 20 witnesses. Of these
90 per cent, were in favour of the Totalisator.
Possibly that fact played into the hands of the
reformers, lor there was no doubt expressed by
many of its advocates that the introduction of the
Totalisator would mean increased gambling. At
any rale, the Commission has decided against it,
declining to support if iKvau.se of its fatal facility
for drawing to it gamhU-rs of everv ag« and class.
A good many pedjile have pn.-judged the Commis-
sion. We confess that we were among the
number. From its personnel, and from the w.iy in
which many of the witne.sses who were against the
Totalis.nfor wcp- v^^'v---]. it was U'li.-vf-il thul ihi-

Jhe Review of Reviews.

August, 1912.

Commission generally had made up its mind, and
that that mind was not against the Totalisator. Pos-
sibly the distinction between the manner in which
the two sides were dealt with was assumed. At any
rate, the verdict came as a pleasant shock to reform-
ers. It is to be presumed that now the proposed Bill
to legalise tlie Totalisator in New South Wales will
not materialise, and that the agitation that arises
from a few isolated points in other States in its
favour will cease. If the advocates of the Totali-
sator had choscm the Commission, they could hardly
have chosen one that seemed more in its favour, and
the finding is all the more remarkable. The conclu-
sion of the finding is : —

We view with apprehension the growtli of betting,
believing, a.s we do, that it has an unsettling effect on
the community, and tjiat there is much in present-
day racing and betting methods that requires con-
sideration at the hands of the Government. We are
convinced that the introduction of a machine would
not cure, but would add to, the evils which now
exist. We find that the facilities for betting are at
present more than sufficient to meet all reasonable
requirements, and therefore re.spectfidly recommend
that they .should not be added to by the introduction
of a betting machine.

It could hardly be expected that

A Minority the niinoritv would not voice their

Report. views, and they have done so in a

report of their own. They say that
it is quite impossible to separate horse-racing and
betting, and so propose the Totalisator as a regu-
lator, seeing that, according to them, it " has been
the means of increasing prizes, providing for the
more efficient upkeep of courses, purif\ing sport,
and tending to improve the breed of horses."
(Which, l)eing translated, oif course, means in-
creased betting.) But its cause is weak when it
makes its most powerful plea the public financial
benefit one : — " While improving the sport, and pro-
tecting tl." public, the Totalisator would supply a
legitimate form of taxation, from which a large
revenue would be reaped by the State." There is
the cry, again, of the selfi.sh pessimist — " You can-
not do away with an evil, then let us share in its
wealth ! " — a principle which spells ruin to any
nation or individual acting upon it. That betting;
can be put down, and gambling restricted till
it ceases to he a national menace, is evident from
what has happened in other parts of the world. The
New South Wales Commission is to be congratu-
lated upon its finding. It will have far-reaching
effects on the national life of Australia. We are
coming on.

The Melbourne "Age" has done

Bee' the community a good turn by its

Trust. publitation of a series of articles on

" An Australian Beef Trust." The
" Age" avows that American Beef Trusts have al-
ready l>egun operations to endeavour to gain con-
trol of the sale of meat, lx>th local and export,

having at one end ol their objective the fixing of
prices to the Australian consumer, and at another
end the Smithfield Markets. The newspaper goes
on to say that properties have already been acquired
in Queensland, with this end in view. Of course,
if a Beef Trust is formed, even upon the mystic
but substantial basis of a '■ gentleman's understand-
ing," there will be a gtwd-bye to legitimate com-
petition. Up will go prices to the consumer, and
down will go prices to the breeder. It would seem
as though the intention of the parties concerned is
to buy up or establi-sh businesses under different
names, and operate together, rather than scare the
community by openly announcing a trust. At any
rate, the "Age's" statements are serious enough
to warrant an enquiry into the proceedings of cer-
tain per,sons, and a serious looking into both Stale
and Federal laws, to see whether there exists suffi-
cient legislati\e power to cope with them. The
Federal Parliament might well institute such an
enquiry. The Queensland Government has made a
start, and has appointed a Commission ; but the
matter is so serious that it needs a Commonwealth
undertaking to do it properly.

The Young Women's Christian As-

The sociation of Melbourne has been

Y.W.C.A. making a rousing effort to secure tlie

sum of _;^26,ooo, to provide ad<'-
quate accommodation for tht- girls who are anxious
to find a hfime under their care. For many years
this admirable institution rem. lined .somewhat in the
background, but a little time ago a change was made
in the management, a forward movement w-as under-
taken, and a lady brought out from England to in-
fuse enthusiasm, and bring modern methods to liear.
It has all worked out very successfully. Miss Snel-
son, the lady in charge, is doing admirable work.
But, as success attends h<-i- efforts, greater demands
are made on the institution. And now it needs a
huge building, as a home for hundreds of girls,
who require lodging, and who want to have it under
the care of the Y,W,C.A. So, under the manage-
ment of Miss Snelson and Miss Barnes, who came
from America to help, the help of scores of
influential women was enlisted, the city mapped
out in sections, and an invasion made for funds.
The response was very fine, indeed, although the
ideal set by the promoters was not reached. But
in ten days the sum of _;^i 1,000 was gathered, and
the -Association will Ix' able to make a start.

Something of the necessity for its
Tlie Great work may l>e understood wlien one
Need of It. realises that there are hundreds of
young women in Meloourne, em
[iloyed in offices, shops, and factories, at wage-
that do not permit of high rates being paid
for board and lodging, whose homes are not
in Melbourne, and to whom the ordinary

August, 191::.

History of the Month.

XXXV.

Photo

Miss Snelson.

N'dsing- house is simply a pl.ice to f.it and
slet-p in. It tht^ Y.W.C.A. idt-al can be realised,
it will mean a eomfortable home, with the home
asl>^■t emphasised, and all th.it that will mean to a
girl in a great city, as compared with a place, not
too comfortable, where she simply eats and sleeps.
There is one error that, to our mind, the Association
is making. It is projecting putting its building up
in the heart of the city. There will be nothing but
the building. How much better would it be if it
s<-cure(l land, say, along the St. Kilda-road. or
somewhere adjoining the huge parks that lie along
the east and south-east of the city. It would he
adja<-ent to the <'ity — only a few minutes' travel
away— and provision could Y>e made for tennis, and
anv .imount of oiit-door life around the home. It
would Ix- as supirior lo the city home, as that home
will be to the present lodging-house that girls have
to patronise to ilay. It is worth considering.

A move is on foot in Melbourne

Slum uhirh may well be imitated by every

AbolKioa. ,.i,y anj (Q^y„ ;„ ,he Common-

rt<'alth. .Although the question has
been discussed in an academic fashion for years,
it remained for a somewhat unknown .society to
bring it into prominence enough to ensure it some
pros|iect of prai lii'al result. The Coburg Baptist
Debating .Society. (Coburg is one of the suburbs on
the northern edge of Melbourne), has the good for-
tune to i>ossess a ■^■cretary in the [)ers<'>n of Mr. J.
3. Huggau, who is an enthusiast on the question of
doinf; away with slum areas, and preventing th'-ir
■iirther accirmulntion. He recommends that " ,dl

that is required is that our laws be so ;iniended that
the Registrar of Titles should be debarred from ac-
cepting anv further plans of subdivision of land in
our outer suburbs, esp<"cially land now u.sed as
paddocks, etc.. unless such plan shows each road
not less than 66 ft. wide, and each allotment with
a frontage of not less than 50 ft. by 150 ft., or an
area of not less than 7500 square feet, and that
no certificate of title should l>e issued unless the
above conditions are complied with ; with an en-
cumbrance marked on the title, that only one dwel-
ling be permitted to be erected on such allotment."
.So far Mr. Huggan has succeeded, surely beyond
his expectations, lor he has received enthusiastic
promises of support from public bodies, societies of
all kinds, and last, but most important, from seve-
ral municipal councils. Indeed, there might be
more unlikelv things happen than some Government
assistance to get the principle embodied in Victorian
legislation this session. What neeii there is for it
in Australia evervone kntTws. In all the large cities
houses are, in some parts, huddling together as
though there was no r<x>m outsidi-. .And yet,
around all our cities — take Sydney and Melbourne,
for example — there is room for expansion on every
side. Look at Collingwood in Melbourne, and
Wnoll<x>mooloo in Sydney. Hou.ses stand crowded
together there as though all the hoary old sins of
(^reedv, grasping landlordism, were here in full
maturity. With electric tranvs coming along at
lightning spe<-d to .solve suburban transit problems,
no State ought to l>e backward in passing legislation
on the lines indicated. .And then, main of the
dreams nl ihe reform'-rs will be realised, for, with

I he Heview or i<evlews.

August, 191:

a bettt-r cinironment, a better class of people will
develop in our cities. More power to the Coburg
Debnting Society !

<^1iieensland'.s Parliament is making
Queensland arrangements to strengthen the
and Strikes. weak places in her industrial de-
fences that were made evident by
the late strike, l)y introducing a Bill, which, if put
through, will prevent a recurrence of the ugly
features of that incident. Tt provides for the for-
mation of courts, and then goes on to the penalties
for breaches of the law. The penalties for non-
observance of an award a.re : — An Association, up
to ^500; an employer, ^£250; an employee, ;£io.
Inciting or assisting a lockout carries penalties up
to ^"1000; for taking part in or inciting a strike, a
penaltv of ;^5o. A strike or lockout is declared
unlawful until a compulsory confetence has proved
abortive, and fouiteen days' notice given to
the regi-strar, and the latter has taken a secret ballot
among employers or employees, as the case ret]uires,
and such ballot has resulted in favour of a lockout
or a strike. This ought to put the whole situation
industrially on a better basis, and prevent a repeti-
tion of the wild-headed business that held unioni-wi
in Queensland up to general scorn a few months
ago.

Reciprocity The proposal that there should be
Between reciprocity between Australia and

*and'"N'z* ^^^'■' Zealand with regard to pen-

sions is a good one. It is one of
those sirbjects that the two countries can approach
one another upon with mutual tenefit to each. At
the present time, if anyone entitled by age and
impecuniosity should be residing in either country,
but should have resided a certain length of
time in the other countr\ , they are ineligi-
ble for a pension. If the scheme carries
through, however, this will be put an end
to, and .Australia will pay pensions to applicants
now residing in the ('ommonwealth who have been
disqualified from receiving a pension owing to resi-
detice in N'ew Zealand, while N'ew Zealand will
reciprocate. The more of this kind of thing that
can be done the better. There is no probability of
con.'vtitutiona! union ever taking place, but there
is no reason why there should not be co-operation
in everything where there is mutuality of interest.

Some months ago 1 invited those
The who could give information as to

Aborigines, ^^^. alleged cruel treatment of abor-
igines to freely state all they knew,
and ontf and for all ef[5ose the wrongs, or e.\plotle
the statements that were false. 1 have had no reply
that goes into detail, and consequently can publish
nothing as authoritative. Some have sent a good
deal of hearsay, which, of course, in an inquiry of
this kind, cannot be accepted. I publish on page

673 the report of Mr. C. F. Gale, the Chief I'nv
lector of the aborigines in Western Australia,
which shows what the West Australian Go\'ernment
is doing.

The conclusion at which I ha\e arrived in my
own mind is that, while some years ago there was,
without doubt, great cruelty practised on the natives
bv many of the men who pushed out to the frontiers,
there has never been anything to warrant statements
that any of the Governments carried out a poljcy
of extermination. At the present time the Federal
Gox'ernment is initiating a policy of protection for
the natives in the Northern Territory, which should
bear good fruit, and result in the improvement of
the condition of the aborigines.

What the aborigine suffers most from in hi> con
tact with the white is moral contamination, and this
is awful. His alcoholic liquor and his lust have
produced conditions that are appalling. Syphilis is
horribly prevalent among the natives who ■ gather
alx>ut the settlements. It is often said that the
Japs and Chinese are the worst offenders, some of
them keeping harems of half-a-dozen lubras; but I,
for one, am not willing to saddle the responsibility
on them. Many depraved whites are just as bad,
and, moreo\er. it is white go\'ernments that ha\e
made the laws that permit these things. And so
bad are things in this respect that instant action
is necessary. Professor Spencer may be relied upon
to do everything he can to quench this flame
of destruction, but he ought to be armed wdth such
drastic powers that he can effectively \Stop. not
lessen, but stop this frightful form of evil.

The first thing to be done, as time is pressing, is
to forbid, under penaltv of expulsion from the Terri-
tory, any physical contact between white or alien and
aborigine, and to enforce the penalty rigidly. After
such a proclamation was made, anv man who yielded
to his lust should have no right to be in the Terri-
tory, no exceptions being made.

The .second thing is to apjiortion territories for
the exclusive use of the aterigines, making ample
provision for hunting grounds, and providing them
with necessary food and clothing if native supplies
are insufficient. Xo whites .should be allowed within
the native reserves. If these two simple principles
were worked upon, and the diseased nati\es segre-
gated, there would be e\'ery hope of vet sa^•ing the
remnants of the original Australian race.

This is the trouble that faces those interested.
The policy of the Governments is. without doubt,
preser\'ation ; but it may well be that the natives
would be better exterminated by the rifle than by the
frightful diseases that follow on the unbridled lust
of men. It would be kinder, at any rate. But
ihere is e\ery reason to hope that both Northern
Territory and Western Australia will, in ways I
have indicated, or in others equally eff'retive. save
the n itives from the vilest form of cruelty th.it the
liiunan niuid can conceive.

Will Australia Ever be An Empire ?

Hy TJIK HeV. HeNKY WoliliAl.I..

Tlie soa-giri Continent of Australia is a vast and
lonely outpost o( the greatest empire of all time.
And within the Uritish Empire, of which Australia
forms a part, there is a population of not less than
400.(X)0,000 of people. Since '' the morning stars
sang together and the sons of God shouted for joy,"
no other flag ever floated over such multitudinous
hosts, and no government was ever administered across
such va-it territories,

rilK 1(I\ IXi; KLK.MK.N'r I.\ -NATION lUII, DING.

The writer liui'.* not blusli t(i i)\i n (juitc frankl.v that
he has never looked on the wind-lluttcred Hag of the
Kmpire, on lomly seas or ainicl the waving palms
ol tropical archipelagoes, witliout regarding it as a
symbol of the pre.sence and guardiansliip of Almighty
(iod. He believes that the looms of (lod, working
through ages of pain and mvstery, through labours
and privations immeasurable, through education
diverse and ottcn crude, and through the unfolding
processes ol nligion, have woven ever.v thread of our
Kmpire flag. It will surely not hurt, but rather
■ riliance and glorify, a Briton's patriotism to recognise
the imMiineiice of the Eternal God in matters pertain-
ing to national life. No Christian mind can belie\e
that (!od throws haphazard shuttles across the mighty
looms that weave the destinies of the nations.

Kor more than a (|uarter of a century, spent in
many strange plates and amongst many strange
peoples, r have carried an ever-deepening conviction
that Australian enterprise, courage, .-md personality
are dcstineil t<i play a great and important part in
the further extension of Mritish hopes and ideals
amongst the uncounti'd millions who live and struggle,
or drift and dnMin and die, in close proximity to the
shores of our .Vustralian Comnionwealth.

^ IIIK W KITE .MAN S HllfDKX.

It is by far too late in onr Empire's history for
any man to argue that imperialism is a mistake, or
that our fathers were guilty of a huge blunder when,
in frail crafts but with stout an<l <launtleRs hearts,
they Haile<l liiyonil the narrow gi-ographical lines nl
the l'nit(sl Kingdom, and planted their ensign on
many n wihl and lonely strand. The Empire is a
l:i<t a ere.scinl I ict that neither \\f nor an.v people
on the face ol tin- earth to-day can afford to ignore.
I''<ir weal or woi' we hold beneath the folds of thi'
llritish Hag the di'Stiny of alien races who number
3 10,1 KM 1,(100,

We English-»pi'. iking subjects of our king are only
some (iO,O0O,IKl() III people — stretched like a loiig-diawn
white thread iuoiiiid tho vast circumference ol an
Kiiipire that coniilns a series of cluNtering nations
spread over a ten i;ory whose ar<a is live times greater

llian the iiM.iiiil . iii|,i I llnMlv III. I .11 li:i«t liiiir

times the size of that valiant and historic empire over
which the old Roman emperors so proudly flung their
golden eagles. Unless the thin white thread of British
personalitv that now wraps itself around the globe,
throbs and glows with an aluKist divine passion for
liberty and justice, it will some day suddenly snap
asunder, leaving such wreck behind as humanity has
never before witnessed.

The racial ([uestion is without doubt the most com-
plex and important question of our times. Under
modern science <listances are melting, implements of
destruction are bec<iming more terrible every hour,
and human brains, whether they think behind pale
brows, or brown, or black, are keener in their think-
ing than at any other period in human history.

.\ NATIONAL NERVE-SVSTEM,

For hvc liundied .years and more there has bei'n
at work a vast series of events that have resulted in
.spreatling around the globe a national nerve-system
that has to a won<lerfiil extent heightened human
sensitivity in relation to government. There was
onc<> a period during which two nations might easily
in agonies of prolonged warfare without, to any

'•oil

serious e.\tent, disturbing the eiiuaniniity of other
nations. But it is not so to-day. It can never be so
again. If in our da.v a ritle barks in far-off Fashoda,
or a lishing-smack is rammed in the North vSea, or a
lonji-hairivl (Serman »haws a brush across a canvas
witliin sight of a British fort, or a gatling gun ratt'es
its hail on an oasis, or cannon shot splash in the
Yellow Sea, or the cutlasses of bluejackets flash be-
neath the palms of some lonely coral island, then
the whole wid(> world is awake in a twinkling, and
the biggest men in all the nations stretch themselves
on tip-toe in the attempt to see beyond all others
wliat these things mean.

'i'his state of facts makes it eminently necessary
that we, in Australi.i, look upon the complex rela-
tionships of our Empire with a keener and more in-
telligent .scrutinv. It is everything to u.s that tho
British Empire has entered upon a gigantic bargain
with millions of alien peoples a bargain that will
produce goods that will rei|iiire centuries to deliver.
.\iiiongst us are men who would haie us believe that
a political while chalk-line, drawn aiuiind our almost
illimitable coast line, is (|uile sullicient for these
things. They think it is a wise policy to refrain
from discussing the racial problem: for they believe
that to agitate the iinest.on would imperil shipping,
imperil immigrati<iii, imperil real estate, imperil com-
merce, and. above all. imperil race-purity.

CRE.St ENT ALIEN RACES.

Not only for the benefit of the coloured siibjcct-
r;ii-..v •■.iiniiiit ti><l {o iiiir Empire's eliargi'. but also

The Review of Reviews.

Hr.ivc Hii^;lish ijlanlt-rs in iii.niy a ijininn.iiii mjHUk].' .irc
L-il)[)ire' building, and know it iint.

A I iji ,11 f. asl I'f ijork apul turtle. They fu.ibt wcU and laiiyli
rit'Iil merrily— l>nt tliey drift and die.

Wliere the loni.' boat now ;^Hde's tliroiigh bays thick-sOW" with stran;ie isli;s. i^jrertt navicb
will some day ride at anchor.

Whcrr ihe ihitternti; iKi'm-lups uliisiicr to Uie rippling river.

.SuK'H-ciiic fichls iultiv.iiud l.y liulinn coolie labour.

[Le b'aivK Art Sliidios. Sura, f'r;>.

Will Australia Ever be Jin Empire ?

for the protection of the very principles that make
national Ijfe possible, ne must immediately and pro-
foundly analysi' tlie clcnu'iits that play on surli a
heterogeneous mass of luunanity as wi' hold heneatli
the ensigns of Britain.

The paternal care of our Government in rolatinn to
some of the more numerous of our alien peoples is
lessening the native death rate, and greatly increas-
ing the birth rate. This is strikingly true of India.
There the cessation of tribal wars, the prevention of
famine (through irrigation), and the application of
sanitary laws an<! medical science, have given facili-
ties for the enormous increase of the people. Elemen-
tary and t<>chnical education also open up astonishing
vistas to these people. Religion, m the form of mis-
sionary enterpri,se, is fast changing the moral nature,
and unfolding the mentality of vast numbers who
were tornierly fast hound in the fetters of ancient
superstitions. Not only is the ma.ss of the people in
India becoming greater in bulk, but each individuil
member of that remarkable race is expanding in per-
sonality and becoming a mightier unit than was pos-
sible prior to liritish administration.

While these things are true as they applv to tribes
and nations within our Empire, they are also true as
they apply to independent nations like China and
Japan. Kach of these nations not only carries an
immens.' population, but is po.ssessed of latent poten-
tialities, the development of which may mean the
alteration of many a geographical line. It is not wise
to take it for granted that the boundaries of these
great peoples will never expand. It is not reasonable
to believe that the example of Britain will not cause
these alien races to dream of colonisation. When that
dream takes the form of actual interpretation, what
then will bo th(> po,sitinn of Australian civilisation?

when obtained, quite inadequate for the production of
sugar-cane, the company was forced to look beyond
the .South Seas for its field hands. J^inally. with the
assistance of the British Government, the company
has been able to inaugurate a s.vstem of indentured
coolie-labour. This immigration of coolies has re-
sulted in placing about .50,000 Indian people in Fiji.
Extensive as are the company's operations in Fiji
to-day, there are indications that their industry is in
its babyhood. Extensive tracts of country on two of
the large«t i^slands are now producing caiie to supply
inimense mills that are working to their utmost cap-i-
city. Besides the operations of the Colonial Sugar
Company there are other companies carrying on pro-
htable investments in other parts of these islands.

Having recently visited Fiji, after an absence of
fifteen years, the writer was surprised, and not a little
<lelighte<l, to note the extensive commercial and in-
dustrial improvements that lia\-e taken place in .so
.short a peiiod. The introduction of scores of thou-
sands of Indians, who are increasing at the rate of
some five thousand per annum, is rapidly creating a
new set of circumstances that must most profoundly
affect, as the years pass, not only a few scattertnl
archipelagoes in the Pacific, but also the commercial
ami political outlook of .\ustrnlia — to say nothing of
the retlcx influence that may be produced on India,
China and Japan.

It is patent to one who has lived and laboured for
a considerable number of years amongst the Fiiims
that, unless the race is .soon to possess itself of indi-
vidual and racial powers that it has not yet mani-
fested, it will be quite incapable of permanent and
successful coinpetitiou with the marvellously indus-
trious and keenly intelligent Indians who hiive come
to make their home in Fiji.

WHEN THE .VLIEX SEA lURSTS ITS DYKES.

The all-important question to Australia is this:
when thi.« pent-up alien sea bursts its dykes, will it
flow north or .south? Looking northward and east-
ward ol .Vustralia we ma.v see some fifteen millions of
square miles of sea-floor strewn with archipelagoes, j>
wIio.se indigenous peoples are comparatively few, and,
in some instances, rapidly diminishing. These island-
groups are simply ideal as arenas for the development
■ f Eastern peoples.

The Pacific Islanders have manifested no particular
genius for self-government, for extensive trade, or for
invention. With half-closed eyes they dream, and
drift, ami<l the clash and competition both of war
and commerce. For nearly thirty years a trickling
stream of alien immigration has been running from
India into the Fijian group. Foreign missionary
enterprise commencing in Fiji in the year IS.^.'). and.
facing a system of cannibalistic savagery and moral
debauchery .so terrible that it almost outruns the
limits of human i^redence. sjicceeded, after some fifty
years of <launtleHs endeavour, in practically subjugat-
ing the whole country to Christianity. At last, ni.ide
safe for all coimrs, Fiji has siuldenly develop(><l into
considerable commercial and industrial importance.
To-<lay one of the most succeR.Hfiil industrial experi-
ments in the group is that condiwtifl by the Colonial
Sugar Kefining (ompany. This huge company liai

investod capital in Fiji that rvins into .seven figures.
and is giving evi-ry promise of growing into a still
more prodigious corporation.

FIFTY TIKtfTSANI) ASIATIC I.NVADEHS

Finding, after considerabh' experience, that Fijian
mil Polynesiuii labour wav difTicuIt to obtain, and.

A RAPIDLY DYING RACE.

The ohl traditions, legends and even authenticated
history go to prove that for centuries the Fijiaiis have

been rapidly diminishing. During the last thirty-five
ears there has been a reiii.-irkable decrease of about
4,000 of these fine people. Under Governmental ad-
ministration that has honestly attempted to be pater-
nal, the decrease has never been seriously arrested.
But now, under the strenuous competition occasioned
by the introtluction of such a greedy and restless
petjplo as tho Indian-coolies, there is less likelihood of
the Fijian declension being stopped.

It is stated by men who know the remarkable pro-
ductiveness of the ,soil that Fiji is capable of sustain-
ing about 2,000,000 Indians. It may happen that
within tli(> next fifty years Fiji may be carrying an
Indian population approximating to a million souls.
With their pride, ambition ami ,strong commercial
tendencies, it is highly improbable that these people
will be content to confine their energies to Fiji ahuie.
As opportunities offer it is likely that they will
migrate' to other Islainl-grdups that lie within two or
three tlioiisand miles of our coast.

A NOBLE NATIONAL DESTINY.

More, then, is an important call to .-Xustralian Chris-
tianity and to Australian commercial enterprise. To
purmit thesi- pi'ople to come into the possession of
iiioii<>y. and land. an<l inlucation. without the balanc-
ing and colli rolling power of Christianity, will he a
serious menace to thi' Comnioiiwealth. But .\ustralian
politicians will certainly have to reconstruct their
ideas of alien raci>« before it will be possible for this
CoiBinoawcalth to dream of exercising government

xl.

Th<t Review of Reviews.

over tliciii. 'I'lif loiiii liistoiy ol tlii' iiatiiins proves
that it is uiisufi' to attempt to kicp any pcoplp down.
Till" divine idea is tliat men sliaU rise in the scale
of being. AVe who have onrsolves risi'ii from barbaric
conditions .should nK-ogni.se by this very fact that we
are calle<l to liberate ntlier men lioni the bonds we
have l)rol\en.

It will be selfish, and even dangerous, for Australia
to continue to ignore these crescent peoples who must,
as the a^es pass, be brought into closer contact with
this continent. Unless we approacli them in kindness,
and with a de.sire to advance their interests as well
as our own, they may have substantial reasons, in the
da.v of their strength, to make some bitter retalia-
tions. Is it unreason that prompts us to believe that
the (lav will yet dawn, tlumgh it may be long delayed.

when .\ustialia will bear towards the millions along
the .\siatic sea-board and scattered across the Pacific,
a relationship somewhat analogous to that which the
United Kingdom bears to the Western world?

Liberated from base super-stitions by the teaching
of our missionary organisations, and enriched and
augmented b.y our science and commerce, ma.y not
these people become to us a vast national asset? If
we are to dream of a great national existence in Aus-
tralia, We must find a market nearer to our shores
than we have yet discovered. I am convinced that
the increasing milli<ms so near to our continent might
easily become a commercial constitiienc.v large enough
and profitable enough to lift Australia to a position
of glorious and peaceful empire.

— .n st.ilwart but pcnsliiiij; race.

Sniiic iif tiic.v thiltlrcn are niotlii'rs at twelve years of age.

Has the

LosDos, Jiina 1, n) I z. permanent blow fo
Glory departed ? ^" '^^"^ '^l^.te of victory, whether we, by a
reminiscent of much that can at least partially

is finest in the naval

history of this conn-
try, it is almost with
sadness tliat we have
to ask ourselves
whether the clay does
not show us that
( i r e a t Britain no
longer lead-, the way
ill maritime matters.

I

ossesseil

of

the

hugest of merchant
fleets, master of the
world's commerce,
we liave been also
ever regarded as tin.-
dictator ol" thing,
maritime, the giver
of laws tile layer
down of re^;ulations.
To-day we h ivc lost
that posiiidii, and it
lies Willi w-, Id decide
whether tin- loss of
the I'ilanii and the
subsequent l.u k. of
reform in the JJoard

I'not.-iraph fy\

\K.N..l.

The late King of Denmark.

This innnshot shows (he I.ilc Kinj; with hi> sister the Dinvafier-
t Trade shall be a '■•"'l"'*-'*'* f>n<"^i'>i ami l'ti"c<; Waldcmar of Denmark (holding

a c.imcra).

national prestige, or
great patriotic effort,
regain the lost ground.
Thanks to a per-
nicious state of
affairs there is no
douln that the Board
of Trade, in wliose
hands lies the control
of British shipping,
is in the pocket of
interested parties.
This has come about
through the lack of
interest on the part
of the public, and
because of the ex-
aggeration of inter-
est on the |)art of
those who make
money out of ships.
N\'e do not say that
all slii|)owners are
tonceriied in the
control of the Board
ol Trade — we believe
that many ship-
builders would pre-
fer to build more
efficient ships, but
until we can see
clearly which are the

592

The Review of Reviews.

good and which are the bad, we are hound,
in the interests of the travelhng pubhc and
the sailors, to attack, the whole system indis-
criminately of personality or individuals.
The outburst of vituperation against Senator
Smith, in as far as it was not inspired
otherwise, came from the imconsciously
indignant feeling that some other country
was usurping our right to decide what
must be done in shipping matters. But
indignation and strong words will not
stop America and Germany from wrest-
ing the lead from us unless we make a
strong effort for efficiency, unless we hang
those who must hang for past misdeeds, and
start out, without any delay, on a sound
basis. If the Board of Trade is unable to
do what is needed, let us put matters under
the Admiralty, or else create a special de-
partment. The less open and public we
make the control, the more easy it is for
that control to be rendered inefficient. To-
day we find that the shipowners control the
situation, caring nothing for the Govern-
ment or for the public, less still for those
who work their siiips. All those who are
])atriotically proud of their country and
jealous of its honour. should know nothing
of rest until we have regained, not necessarily
the lead, but the right to lead. And all
such right must be founded upon giving to
everyone who goes to sea in a British ship,
whetlier passenger or member of the crew,
the maximum chance for life.

It is pleasant to turn from
Mr. Winston '''is subject to that of the
Churchill's Success, success which Mr. Win-
ston Churchill has made
at the Admiralty. Belonging really to no
political party, he is gifted with imagination,
with that restless energy necessary for those
who have to do with the untirine sea, and
he is wakiiis: s;(i(iil. I'lediied to tin- standard

By />crtii!SSlon of the f>r?p*ictoi-s of *' Punch '^\

Dogg'd.

Winston: " .W//V biscuit, I think."

of peace, the standard of two keels to one
of any other com])eting Power, we do not
have to stop and wonder at every moment
whether things are well with naval policy or
not. We admit that there are many in the
present Government who look askance upon
the First Lord, antl who are beginning to
murmur. Mr. Churchill does not need to
hear such nuirmurs as long as he has the
mass of public opinion behind him. And
that he has to-day to a surprising degree.
We do not say that he does not make
mistakes, many of them, but the great point
is that he has seized upon the vital necessity
of the situation. This is concentration
where the danger is, and adequate patrol
over the whole ol the world. That is a

594

The Rkview of Reviews.

policy dictated by the situation and which
alone can ensure peace.

"As the navy is an urgent

^^y "°' need of the country, let it

a Permanent ,■, i ^ r

Winston Churchill ? Speedily have a firm foun-
dation," runs a Japanese
Imperial rescript. " You cannot go round
the corner and buy a battleship like a pound
of tea," says Lord Fisher. The Navy is a
national, not a party matter ; it is a vital
matter to us all ; it lets parties bicker, allows
us to enjoy the luxury of inefficiency in the
Army, at the Board of Trade, and elsewhere.
Not only does the Empire exist to-day,
thanks to the Navy, but the peace of the
world depends upon it. Why then should
we allow the affiiirs of the Navy, which
depend for efficiency upon continuity
and not upon chopping and changing, to
remain the sport and plaything of election
agents' organisation, or party politicians' exi-
gencies r The public and the electors are
unanimous for a strong Navy — a referendum
is not needed to show that — so why expose
the Admiralty to the disadvantages of
party and elections ? In Japan, where
it is held that " in matters of national de-
fence a single day's neglect may involve
a century's regret," there exists continuity
at the Admiralty — and the Japanese navy
is not the least efficient. Why should
we not free the Admiralty from the lottery
of party selection and reward, and determine
that when we find a suitable man we shall
continue to use him where he is most use-
ful ? There are few statesmen — too few — wIuj
can grasp the grand policy for a century to
come, and in naval matters it is these who
count. Mr. Winston Churchill is singularly
fitted for such a departure from precedent,
since he is at once of all parties and of no
party. Party is not wanted in the Navy,
and party changes do liarm abroad. We

have a definite policy in naval matters — we
must have, else we and peace will disappear.
Mr. Churchill has grasped this fact, as he
has shown by his actions, when he said,
speaking of naval policy, " upon that precise
object is directed all that the science of our
age can boast, all the wealth of our country,
all the resources of our civilisation, all the
patience, study, devotion to duty, sacrifice
of personal interests which our naval officers
and men supply." This is proper lan-
guage, and we would rather perpetuate the
speaker's right to speak thus than risk the
Navy's future upon a dip into the party
unlucky bag.

Events have conspired to
The Situation ^f^o^d to Mr. Churchill an

the Mediterranean, opportunity tO show that
he is worthy to be per-
manent Minister of the Navy. The situa-
tion in the Mediterranean needs readjust-
ment if we arc not to declare our readiness
to abandon Malta, Egypt, and the direct
route to India. Thanks to our entente
with France, we have concentrated our
fleets more and more at the point of
supreme crisis, and now have no longer
a fleet worthy the name in the Middle
Sea. Italy and Austria are building
Dreadnoughts in ever-increasing proportion,
and while we have no other desire nor jiros-
pect than of peace with these two countries —
in fact, many things jjoint to an entente with
Italy- we cannot overlook the fact that they
are allied with Germany. Can we leave
the whole question of the Mediterranean
and our route to India, our position in
I'.gyjjt, ill the hands of another nation, even
of one with which we are as closely bound
as France: It is contrary to the ideas
upon which the British Empire has been
reared. Garrisons at Malta and Egyptian
armies do not affect tlic situation — the

The Progress of the World.

595

British Mediterranean fleet must be brought endeavour to break, an entente more hghtly
to a strength sufficient to enaiile us to be from tearing up an alliance. It is a serious
the deciding factor, and to guarantee that, matter, to be discussed from all sides.
as heretofore, we have the right to speak, for To make an alliance is to give to the
peace in these waters. It is well also to people at large the idea that success or
remember that we who believe in the possi- failure does not depend upon their effort
bility of a new Turkey may weh have to help alone, and that is fatal to national strength
in her regeneration and shield her from the and development. Alliance with France
danger menace— and only with our fleet we have in fact ; to have it also in name
can we do this task most vital to us as would, we are afraid, mean apathy on the
the greatest Mohammedan
Empire. Let Mr. Churchill
insist on an immediate pro-
gramme for the strengthen-
ing of our fleet in the Medi-
terranean, and he will have
again earned the praise of
the nation, which is so much
more worth while than the
fleeting approval or con-
demnation of a party or a
party leader. With a supreme
force in the North Sea, a
deciding fleet in the Mediter-
ranean, and an Empire patrol
in which the four Dominion
nations join with us to secure
all parts ofthe Empire, peace
is assured for years to come,
and tlie age of peril of war
will have approached nior
nearly to its end.

There are

Entente

or
Alliance ?

tliose who
advocate the
transforma-
enlenlc with
PVance into an alliance. AN e
do not hold witii paper

V

tion of the

treaties, and we imagine that
the only advantage of such a
change would be to dissuade
any Power which might A Submarine beneath the water, as it is revealed to the airman flying above

59^

The Review of Reviews.

question of the Mediterranean, indifference
on all army questions, and a tendency to let
things drift too much. Pending a solution
of the question, we would remind our readers
that while an alliance may prove fatal to
maintenance of our independent position in
the Mediterranean, the raising of our fleet
there to proper strength cannot but make
alliance more easy or oilentc more stable.
The Prince of Wales's visit to the French
fleet has been excellent ; his descent into
the depths 'in a French submarine has shown
the progress made by these new engines of
destruction. The time is not long past
when there would have been nobody
courageous enough to suggest that the
King should go down in a British sub-
marine and his son in a French one. Sub-
marines and aeroplanes — what will these
not do to revolutionise the possibilities of
warfare ? France is convinced that her
future flies in the air, and has almost come
to believe that she originated the, aeroplane.
But in Dayton, Ohio, there has died the man
who was the first to fly ])ractically, and the
first to convince the world that flying was
possible. France should erect a splendid
monument to Wilbur Wright, that original
and earnest genius, who, caring little for
money and less for glory, flew and forced
the world to admit that it can fly. To us
in this country Wilbur Wright may have
brought a com|)lete and definite ending to
insularity. The other day an aer()])lane,
leaving Belgium, flew over to Dover, circled
round, and without descending flew back
to Belgium. And Dover is a naval harbour.
The recent visit of a com-
Tlje mittec of eminent I'^rench-

New France. men U) America to give
to the American nation a
wonderful presentment of France by the
greatest of French sculptors — Rodin —

affords its an appropriate opportunity to
survey the coming of the New France.
The work of Rodin is destined to ornament
the monument to Champlain, that French-
man who dreamed of and worked towards
a New France across the Atlantic. Although
Champlain's ideal was not realised, there is
no doubt that the New France of to-day
has gained much and owes much to the
great Republic which now exists where
Champlain lived and died. The American
Republic has been an inspiration to the
French Republic, thus rendering back to-
day the assistance of former years. The
two nations are to-day bound by a friendship
"founded on a more enduring basis than
the friendship of any two sovereigns could
possibly be, because the two peoples have
similar ideas of government." Few more
surprising changes have taken place in a
nation than has been the case recently in
France. It would seem as if a wind had
blown on the dry bones, and they had
become alive. There is no comparison
possible between France of two years, or
even of one year ago, and the France of
to-day. There is no lassitude, no indiffer-
ence apparent now — rather an mtense,
enthusiastic belief in herself, and a determi-
nation to justify this confidence to all the
world. It would seem as if the coming of
the aeroplane had marked a new era in
France. It certainly proved again that in
new invention France can lead the world ;
just as the forerunners of the British Dread-
noughts of to-day were modelled on J'rench
men-of-war. so to-day aeroplanes in all
countries are closely unitatuig I'^rench
motlels. A possible war will show France
with some thousand aeroplanes and a corps
of airmen unrivalled in anv country. All
this gives confidence, as does the friendship
with l',n2,laiHl : the oi/ciitf conlidlc has been

The Progress of the World.

597

a great stimulus towards new lite. The
alliance with Russia, binding a rich modern
democracy to a crumbling and impoverished
autocracv, could not be expected to re-create
national spirit ; a close friendship with free
Britain could not fail to do so. The last
Morocco incident, with its demonstration
of the realness of the Anglo-French friend-
ship, set the seal on the making of the New
France. On all sides there is joyous and
running-over patriotism and determination
to excel. Our old battles are forgotten and
new victories of peace to be won together
replace them. This was well shown by an
mcident in the schoolchildren's visit to
Paris. On seeing the Arc de Triomphe,
with its glorious array of French victories
engravetl on its columns, an urchin cried
out that he saw no name of Waterloo
amongst them. Qiiick as thought came
the reply, "That was wiped out by the
entente cordiale."

It was a fine piece of state-
Children (-r^j,. ^^,^ ti^j, p^rt of. the

" Entente Cordialers."M"nicipaHty of Paris to
invite British boys and girls
to take part in the Whitsuntide Musical
Competition. Some 800 schoolchildren
from London, Lancashire, Yorkshire, the
Midlands and Wales spent four days of
delirious bliss in the French ca|)ital. Five
hundred came from Lontlon schools, and
had a special steamer chartered to take
them across the Channel. Several prizes
fell to our little singers, but the importance
of the visit was more internati(jnal than
musical. 'I'hese 800, to the last boy and
girl of thciu, will be enthusiastic friends ol'
the I'Vench. A generation ago school-
children played at fighting the French ;
now they j)ay real visits to the French ;
and m> one can doubt which is the more
delightful experience. So gradually jjcace

becomes more, attractive than war — even to

boys ! So is sown a fine crop of future

pacifists. The idea is too good not to be

repeated. After French children have paid

a return call to England, why should the

London County Council not straightway

invite 1,000 German children to spend next

W'hitsuntide here? There is a strange

suggestion of an ancient Galilean idyll in

this picture of " the child in the midst" of

the disputing nations, the motlel and pioneer

of peace. Following close upon the visit of

the Prince of Wales, this French trip of the

children is a further reminder that both

France and Britain have their eyes on the

future — a future intended to be one of even

closer amity. "And a little child shall lead

them ! "

Had any other proof been

Increase vvanted as to the effect of

in ...

German Army, the new spirit in f ranee,

we could find it in the
new German army vote, and in the debates
in the Reichstag. Large increases in the
perxonnel, considerable open antl still more
remarkable changes and additions in the
artillery — all these may be laid primarily to
a consciousness that the I'Vench army is a
much more formidable force than it was
a little time ago. And so up goes the
military expenditure, and further votes are
secured to the Social Democrats at future
elections. There is undoubtedly another
reason for the German military expansion,
and that is the way in which the military
correspondent. of the VVwr.v showeil up the
deficiencies of the (krman army in his
articles on last year's mananivres. We do
not say that he opened the eyes of the
German military authorities, but he did un-
doubtedly give a shock to the mass of
(icrmans, who had been living in a happy
belief in the supreme excellence ot I heir

598

The Review of Reviews.

army and all that thereto belonged. Ger-
man militarism owes him a monument, but
we cannot but think that it would have
been better for this country and for France
if the Tivif's had not published the articles.

In trying and condemning

The Case j^iss Malecka the Russian

Miss Malecka. vjo\ ernment seems not

only to have acted with
small regaru to our ideas of justice, but also
to have shown very little common sense
from the Russian point of view. If Miss
Malecka had been tried as a Russian subject,
whether she be one or not, the task of the
British Government would have been very
much more difficult. Then it would have
involved the thrashing out of that most
delicate of questions, whether the Russian
claim — "once a Russian subject, always a
Russian subject" — holds good. But the

The

War to End.

Miss Malecka.

it iintl Gffwii

Russian authorities tried Miss Malecka as a
" British subject," and thus gave their whole
case away. Now we can, and must, insist
on revision, on justice being done to a
British citizen. The incident inevitably
recalls that famous speech of Lord Palmer-
ston, "when he asked the House in 1850
whether, as the Roman in times of old held
himself free from indignity when he could
say, ' Cilia Rovumus siiiii^ so also a Brit'sh
subject, in whatever land he may be, shall
feel confident that the watchful eye and the
strong arm of England will protect him
from injustice and wrong."

. Between Italy and Turkey
little of note has taken
place on the actual scene
of conflict, but there has
been a verv active campaign going on
amongst the Great Powers to secure an
early termination of the war. This because
there is a very real and well-founded alarm
that any continuance ot the struggle will
bring into play, not only Italy's soldiers and
sailors, but many of those so often uncertain
Balkan elements which are far from bemg
content with matters in the interior of
Turkev, matters which, through their co-
nationals, touch them very closely. In Italy
no secret of some such de\ elopment has ever
been made, antl Balkan trouble would mean
European complications, if not conflagra-
tion. The Young Turks are now seeing
that their lack of energy in j)utting their
house in order exposes them, first, to a
verv real and pressing danger from their
neighbours, and secondly, to a strong urging
from without to end the war, so that the
greater peril may be averted. Signor Gio-
litti's declaration that there had been no
"annexation," in the sense of making
Trijjoli and Cyrenaica an integral part
of the kiiiiidom of Italv, shows that a

The Progress of the World.

599

golden bridge may have been found. Italy
is evidently prepared to modify her attirudc
considcrably.and in any case to leave the re-
ligious suzerainty with the Caliph. In place
of an indemnity to Turkey it is probable that
the majorirv at least of the islands which Italy
has been '-collecting" will be handed back —
possibly to the sore discomfort of their Chris-
tian population. There will be a great sigh
of relief wlien this stalemate war is ended,
and the Young Turks can at any rate plume
themselves on having well gained their point
ao-ainst a Great Power. Let the satisfaction
urge them to efficient internal organisation
and reform. In Italy universal male suffrage
has been introduced, the illiteracy of the
majority of the new electors being some-
what counterbalanced by the effects of
military service and the new patriotism.
Because that is, as we have held before, the
great result of the war — it has wiped out
tlie diflerence between the Whites and the
Blacks in Italy.

Of all the news from Con-
Turkey -11
to stantinoplc there is none

Follow of better omen than that

Japan's Example. ^^^ j^j^^ ^f making USe of

the services of foreign advisers is gaining
ground. 'i "his would indicate a serious
endeavour t(j grap|)le witli the many and
urgent questions which now confront rlie
Young lurks. Much sympathy has been
losr in foreign countries because of an
ap|)arent delay and hesitation in setting the
1 iirkisii house in order. Sufficient allow-
ance has, we tiiink, not been made for the
lack of comj)etcnt and properly trained
officials to carry out or initiate the obvious
reforms in Macedonia, in Albania, and in
Armenia. Hut the Young Turks must now
sec that it i^ to imperil the whole of their
work if immediate steps arc not taken to
set matters right. An announcement that

compreliensive reforms were to be at once
introduced into the vi/ai/ctx, backed by the
enpasement of a considerable number of
foreign advisers and officials, would do
much to avert possible trouble in the very
near future. Therefore we are glad to find
the Tallin whole-heartedly advocating this
policy : —

II (it says) we complete that which is wanting, if we imitate
the Japanese in having recourse for a time to the experience of
specialists, we shall reap the benefits ; but if we allow ourselves
to be carried away by harmful pride, to undertake things which
we are unable to carry out, it is we who will have to support all
the consequences. The want of European specialists in all
branches of the .Vdministration is just as urgent to-day as at the
beginning of the Constitutional era, especially in the affairs of
the Roumelian provinces. We should no longer hesitate or lose
time. It is our object to attract European public opinion to our
side, to convince it that we want to ensure justice in Macedonia,
and to persuade it that if the situation in Roumelia is not normal,
the fault is not ours, but that of foreign instigators.

This is sound good sense, and no time

should be lost. Surely Japan demonstrated

once and for all that if a nation be sure of

itself, good and not harm comes from the

utilisation of foreign advisers.

Japan was able to seek her

Englishmen experts and her foreign

„ ^ , advisers from all the world

Save Turkey.

at will, but so wide a
choice is not for Turkey. It has become
too much the fashion for great nations to
regard 'these experts, who should be
volunteers of international friendship, as
so many agoils /jronxatciii-.s, or excuses for
increasing material, if not territorial, hold
upon tiie country which i-. being helped,
'i'lius Turkey must avoid the enlistment
in iier regenerative service of those who
come from countries who ma\' or who
hope to benefit tVoni Turkish partition.
It is not for Russians or (iermans or
Austrians to undertake the work, if onlv
because it would be resented by all the
neighbouring small States who have so
much to say in the peace or unrest of
Macedonia and Albania. Americans might

6oo

The Review of Reviews.

do, but lack experience in such work, and
especially are out of touch with things
Mohammedan. France again has not too
fine a record in her story of relations
with Mohammedans. It is evident that
the only nation to whom Turkey can turn
with confidence is Great Britain, who is
disinterested, who can supply men fitted
for all branches of administrative and
executive work, and whose Empire is
the greatest Mohammedan Empire the
world has ever seen. Let, therefore,
the Turkish Government take the necessary
plunge and announce to the world, by word
or by action, that until such a time as the
new generation of Turkish officials and
administrators shall have developed, aid is to
be sought in all branches of national organi-
sation from the services of the Englishmen.
The world will cease to cavil at the re-
forms long promised, but necessarily slow
of execution, since the men to execute them
aie lacking. We do not agree with the
diplomat who said, "The Young Turks are so
busy executing reformers that they have no
time to execute reforms " ; but it is necessary
to move ahead. English aid will be freely
granted without conditions, and the asking
ior it will in itself be a proof of the indepen-
dent strength of the New Turkey. The
interested small States, to whom England
stands for progress and freedom, will gladly
then lend their aid to Turkey in Macedonia
and in Albania.

Mr. Roosevelt is proving
Roosevelt's himself once more to be
Victorious Revolt, the most Sensational fac-
tor in American politics.
When he started (^ut for the Republican
nomination lie seemed to possess not the
ghost of a chance. I'Aerytliing was a])-

By fcniiissiofl o/ the proprietors of Pn>i< fi"]

For Auld Lang Syne.

Unci.e Sam (philosopliically wutcliing the Taft-Roosevelt
scrap) : " Wal ! I guess old friends are the best."

parently against him : liis recent eclipse in
public estimation, his solemn pledge not
to stand again, and the determined opposi-
tion of ])arty managers. But in two months
he has changed the whole situation. He
has completely upset the official apple-cart
of his party. In the ])rimary elections of
delegates to the Party Convention his star
has been steadily in the ascendant, lie
won in State after State. He swept Cali-
fornia. Most dramatic of all his successes,
he coinpletely vanquished the President in
Mr. Taft's own home State of Ohio. ']"he
two rivals have at present an almost equal
number of delegates returned to support
their nomination. Whatever be the deci-
sion of the Convention, Mr. Roosevelt is
said to lie resolved to go to the country as
candidate.

The Progress of the World.

60 1

These unexpected changes

Why Roosevelt cannot be set down to a
is
Rising-. sudden outburst of hero-

worship for tlie personality
of the old Rough Rider. That personahty
undoubtedly counts for a great deal. But
it is not enough to explain the present
transformation scene. The ex-President
has been swept to the front, so far as can be
discerned from this side of the Atlantic, by
two waves of popidar feeling, either strong,
both almost irresistible. One is economic^
the universal resentment against the rise in
prices : a rise which Mr. Taft's failure to
reduce the tariffs and his apparent alliance
with the "special interests" are taken to have
aggravated. The other is moral — the
general revolt of the popular conscience
against the dominance of the " machine "
in politics, and against the tyranny of party
" bosses." What would be described in
this country as the Nonconformist con-
science has evidently been captured by
Mr. Roosevelt. From the seclusion of an
American theological seminary comes this
account of the struggle :—

Belli llic two yrcat I'arliL'S arc ilivided bclween the Con-
icn'alivcs and the Progressives. And, again, the issue is sharply
drawn bclwccn the interests of men and the interests of privilege
and property. Mr. Roosevelt, with all his extravagances, is a
moJern profhet, -xnA is fighting the battle of the people. lie
may not win. l!ut the cause is bound to win in the end.

Against the conviction expressed in the
words which we have put in italics — once
it seizes the popular conscience — |)arty
machinations are powerless. Similar move-
ments are at work in tiic Democratic Party.

,, „ ,, When Mr. Balfour re-

Mr. Balfour - _

"Thinker signed the leadership ol

'Of the Unionist Party there

the Empire." , ^ ,

was a universal regret tiuu
one whose intellectual and political gifts
were so many and so imdoulned should
be lost to the nation. All the mmr sn

because politics are now in that transition
stage where class distinctions are more
unpleasantly apparent, and the gentle-
manliness which results from centuries of
noblesse ol-Zige, formerly so distinctive a
feature of England's Parliament, begins to
be singularly lacking. The old ideas of
Whig and Tory, when the leaders of one
party sat at dinner, hunted and shot to-
gether in the intervals of Parliamentary
debate, have gone, and the various leaders,
as well as the varying rank and file, no
longer understand each other or instinc-
tively know each other's motives and
methods. Where formerly was mutual
confidence there is now almost universal
mistrust, if not worse. And so it was in-
evitable that Mr. Balfour should give up a
leadership which must ha\ e become singu-
larly distasteful to him, and which offered
him only a certainty of further changes for
the worse. Happily what was the partv's
loss has shown itself to be the Empire's
gain. Since his retirement Mr. Balfour
has not onh' been able to think out manv
vital topics of national and imperial im-
portance, but has now libertv to express
the results of his thoughts. And what the
Emi)irc needs is just such philosophic,
objective thought, shar|)cned bv actual
past experience of national life and doings.
A race pre-eminently made for action,
whose education tends too little towards
concentrated thought, we need more than
we can realise such men as Mr. Balfour to
think out our problems and to crystallise
into plain and uncoloured phrase our
nel>ulous yearnings, convictions, ami Ix-
lieis. By his speeches on Im|)erial ideals,
on syndicalism, and his summing up of
the Anglo-CJerman situation, Mr. Balfour
has in one small month done yeoman
work tor the niitidti. \n<l tlii> is only the

6o2

The Review of Reviews.

Timely Truths.

beginning. We trust tliat Mr. Balfour will
recognise himself as having come into a
new office, one in which he will be secured
by public acclamation, growing steadily in
volume as the days go on— that of Thinker
FOR TUK Empire. And who could desire
or imagine a higher position ? It is one
which might well have been filled during
past years by Lord Rosebery, who has,
however, been content to be the orator of
errant inspiration. To show the Empire
what its inmost unrealised thoughts are, thus
to strengthen ideals, make practical ideals,
and by helping the people to know them-
selves, make the Empire more practically
patriotic, more sentiently loyal to King and
country.

Singularly appropriately
came the views of the
"Thinker for the Empire"
on syndicalism, since to-
day sees Lontlon in the throes of strike and
disorder. Still more valuable was Mr.
Balfour's speech at tlie historic Grocers'
Com|)any, when he claimed that the Great
Rebellion under Cromwell ought to be
called a Revolution, and the Revolution
which sent James II. packing was really a
successful Rebellion. The latter maintained
continuity; the former ruptured it; and
not even the genius of Cromwell could
induce England to accept the rupture.
"History is Philosophy teaching by cx-
amjjles " — with Mr. Balfour as mouthpiece.
Seismic thrills have still
General l^c^n shooting through the

Labour Unrest, mining World, reminiscent
of the industrial earthquake
of Maich. That struggle reduced the
April ex|)orts by more than two millions
sterling, though the imj^orts showed an
advance of eight and a half millions on
April, 191 I. Dissatisfaction has been ex-

pressed in some districts with the minimum
awards, and a national conference of miners
was held in protest. Twenty thousand
London tailors went out on strike at the
beginning of the month for an increase
in pay and better workshops ; but, ,'is
the two unions concerned fell out, the
strike gradually collapsed. The Sea-

llili.] [Beitin.

The Strike Belt.

The Meiidian of Greonwicli, or the bolt embracing the world.

men's Union tried to organise a strike
against the P. and O. unless at least two
white seamen for every lifeboat were on
board, but failed to obtain the support of
the Transi)ort Workers. Later, however, a
dispute in the London transport trades,
which was already luider trial by Sir Edward
Clarke, led to 20,000 men going out on
strike before Whitsuntide. The docks were
laid idle, and food sujipiies were only landed
and carted under police protection. Sir

The Progrkss of the World.

603

F.dward's award came out, approving five out
of the seven points in the men's case. The
Gov^ernmcnt intervened, and invited both
sides to a conference.

The men came. The

Masters and Doctors ^^jfgrg^ including the

Revolt. quasi-State Port of

London Authority, refused
to come, thereby putting themselves
publicly in the wrong. If they persist, the
Government will apparently have to resort
to legislation to compel their submis-
sion. Great Britain has by no means a
monopoly of this form of social trouble.
A strike of anthracite miners in the United
States has led to serious rioting. Chicago
has passed through two strikes, one of
freight handlers, the other of press machine
men, which almost stopped the issue of
nevvsi)apers for a day or two. Weavers on
strike in Lisbon have rioted and been shot
down in the streets. A general strike took
place in Budapest in support of universal
suffrage ; troops were called out, several
lives were lost on both sides, and more than
a hundred were wounded. Another form
of political strike is threatened by the
British Medical Association. Unless the
terms demanded from tlic Chancellor of
the Excliequer are granted, the doctors are
called on to be ready not merely to refuse
to work under the Insurance Act, but also
to cease all contract or " club " work.
Medical nun have always been close trade
unionists; they seem to be advancing to
Syndicalism. Our most notorious Syndi-
calist, Mr. 'i'om Mann, received from the
authorities the further free advertisement
of a sentence of six months* imprisonment
for inciting soldiers " not to shoot " if caik-d
to fire on strikers; and his position has been
additionally strengthened by the Govern-
ment reducing the sentence to two months.

Ail these Labour troubles

Sources ^j-g symptoms of a deep-

Discontent seated social restlessness.

Too generally the cost of
living has risen far in excess of the rise in
wages, owing, in a measure, to the increased
output of gold, while at the same time the
standard of living has gone up in the minds
of the workers immensely higher still. The
resolve to resist further restriction, and the
demand for a fuller life, together with the
growing intelligence of a school-taught
proletariat, have driven the wage-earners
into ever larger and more compact com-
binations. There is a movement on foot
for the complete amalgamation of all
unions in each great industry, as well as
for federation between the several industries.
The moral discipline of these combinations
of masters as of men is a magnificent
training in democratic citizenship. But
there will be many throes before the new
State is fidlv born.

There sccnis to be a con-

The Passing stant drain in the reverence

Reverence for Law. ^nd respect for law and

laws which used to be so
marked a characteristic of the people ot this
country. Formerlv laws and institutions
established by laws were sacred, now they
are much less so. Ministers to-day seem to
have no hesitation in revising sentences,
especially where any political question is
concerned. In this they are putting them-
selves above the law of the land and casting
contempt upon the courts. We do not
pro|)osc here to go into the right ^ or wrongs
of the various cases, but feci impelled to
record what seems to us a very serious
breach in the bulwark of British liberty.
If the Ministers do not show reverence for
the laws and those who in open court execute
them, is it to be woiulered that the |)ower

6o4

The Review of Reviews.

of the laws lessens in the mind of the
common man r Passive resistance began the
destruction of the old, instinctive respect for
law!;, and thus the holders of the Noncon-
formist conscience are to a large degree
guilty of having pulled out the corner-stone
of the British legal edifice. Here the
])()liccnKin has always ruled by moral in-
fluence, and has been respected because he
was the outward sign and concrete fore-
runner of a system of law not yet put into
motion. Abroad the policeman, armed with
sword and revolver, is the avenging symbol
of an active and fear-inspiring law. Are
we now to arm ovir police and abandon the
sway of moral force ? We must if we
weaken the respect for law. The numerous
remissions of sentences lead us almost to
believe the foreigner who said, " I always
knew that in England jjrisoners were inno-
cent until proved guilty ; it is only now that
I sec that they are also innocent when
proved guilty." One notable exception,
and one which shows that the courts of law
can take into account special circumstances
as well as a Minister, is the fact that the
niutineers of the Oli/mpic were released
without any punishment. This because
they represented public opinion, the real
framer of the unwritten law of England,
upon the question of the right of every pas-
senger and sailor, the right to a chance of life.
The sentence of Mrs.
Woman's Suffrage Pankliurst and Mr. and
Advancing. Mrs. Pethick Lawrence to
nine months" imprisonment
in the second division will, it may be
hoped, put a full stoj) to the tactics of
violence which ha\e proved so harmful to
the cause of the woman's vote. There
could be no shadow of a doubt of the truth
of the charge of conspiracy for the pur|)osc
of inflicting material damage. l"he jury

mercifully drew attention to the " pure
motives "' that underlay the agitation^ The
moral effect of the sentence is greatly
heightened by the fact that the judge who
imposed it, Mr. Justice Coleridge, is well
known to be an advocate of woman's
suffrage. It is not too much to say that
the conscience of the community as a
whole, including many of the warmest
supporters of votes for women, approves
the justice of this punishment. The im-
prisonment of the three conspirators will
tend to wipe out the adverse effect produced
on public opinion by the window-breaking
episode. While we must always admire
those who are ready to suffer for their
convictions, we cannot raise any enthusiasm
for Roman martyrs who as soon as they
find themselves in the arena whine if they
do not fall to the share of a toothless old
lion. Perha[)s the most pathetic spectacle
suggested to the eye of the sympathetic
mind is that of poor Miss Christabel, the
chief of staff of the militant suffragettes.
She has had none of the glory of arrest,
none of the opportunities of addressing the
world from the prisoner's dock, none of the
kudos of martyrdom-: still wgrse, her en-
forced flight has simply effaced her. To
be driven into obscinitv and inactivitv in
. this crvicial \ car of the women's strueale is
surely one of the hardest punishments ever
meted out to an ardent soul.

In the absence of these
Woman disturbers of the peace

Labour. ^'^^ woman's movement is

rapidly recovering itself,
and will be effectively heard of when the
Government's Franchise JJill comes before
the House of Commons. The National
Union of Women's Suffrage Societies has
just executed a dett stroke of electoral
strategy. In view of the lo\al and con-

The Progress of the World.

605

sistent support officially given by the Labour
Party to the cause of female franchise, the
National Union has decided to take this
fact into strategic consideration, and to
" support individual Labour candidates,
especially in constituencies now represented
by LibcraU whose record on suffrage is
unsatisfactory." This is an adroit move,
which may turn a cold douche on the
transports of some Liberal Memliers who
cheered the defeat of the Conciliation Bill
so frantically. There is one Cabinet
Minister who owes his seat princi])ally
to Labour votes who would find him-
self in an awkward position were a Labour
candidate to be run against him at the next
election, supported by all the forces that
the organised womanhood of the nation
could place at his disposal. The apostate
Liberals who jeer at woman alone will adopt
a very different tone when they find Labour
and woman combining to bring them
to book. Another demonstration of the
advance of woman was afforded by the
great procession of 8,000 white-robed
women which filed through the streets of
New York, and took about two hours to
pass, in support of votes for women.
Further, Mr. Roosevelt's triumph at the
" primaries " of California is said to be due
to the woman's vote in that State.

The Ladies' National As-
"A Memorial sociation for the promotion

to /- • 1 ■

w T StcaJ." "' social purity, to men-

.tion one among many

bodies, have by resolution put on record —

ihcit sense of the irreparable loss sust.iincd in the <lcatli of
William Tiiomav Stead, and their earnest hope that tin-
Government will ailcipt as a Government measure the Criminal
Law Amendment (While Slave Traffic) Bill, which has been
already approved liy the Home Ofiicc, as a monument to tin:
man who, by his br.ive self-sacrifice, seciircl \hr i,i,,iiii' ..! i In-
Criminal I-aw Amendment Act, 1885.

The chief |)r(>visions of the meaMiic are
summarised a^ follows: —

"Women First.'

To give power to the Police to arrest " procurers ' caught in
the act, without the delay of obtaining a warrant (as they can
arrest a pickpocket). To strengthen the law dealing with
keepers of brothels. To provide that if a house is used as a
brothel, the tenancy may be terminated by the landlord, and
that if he does not terminate the tenancy, he shall be held liable
for any future similar use of the house. To amend a paragraph
in the Vagrancy Act, 1898, which deals with solicitation by
male persons for immoral purposes, by making it clear that it
includes soliciting persons of cither sex. To extend the defini-
tion of cases in which a man inay be presumed to be living on
the earnings of immorality.

Resolutions demanding immediate legisla-
tion are being passed at various meetings
throughout the country. A great mass
meeting of men will be held at the Guild-
hall on Monday the loth inst. to enforce

the appeal.

The perils to which poor

"iris are exposed ought
alone to be sufficient
ground for prompt en-
actment. There is scarcel\- any more
diabolic deed conceivable than that of the
procurer who for gain traps innocent and
trustful women to their ruin. Mere murder
is morally a far less damnable offence. Yet
to stand by and see murder committed,
without seeking to prevent it, is in law to
share the guilt of the murderer. One hopes
that the British (Government will not, by
standing by inactive, contract the deeper
shame of sharing in the procurer's crime.
Serious opposition is not anticipated. In
Chicago a ])rorit of three millions sterling
per annum is drawn from the houses of
ill-fame, which are fed by a well-organised
bodv of jirociirers. But in our country
" vested interests " of this kind are, one
would hope, nothing like as large or as
bold. Any Member of Parliament who
opposetl tills Bill might look for short
thrift from Mouse and constituency. We
ail know tin.- congestion of business in this
Session. But surely, where tlie honour of
Iter (laugliters competes even with measures
of the first Constitutional importance, (Jreat

6o6

The Review of Reviews.

Britain ought to insist, as peremptorily
as on the Titanic, "Women first!" If
to this ethically irresistible demand the
memory of our Chief's life and death can
add popular momentum enough to " pass
the Bill " this year, none will rejoice more
than he.

While American party

The designations seem shortly

" Unionist " Party, about to change, the title of

one of the historic British
parties has been at last officially altered.
The national organizations of Conservative
Associations and of Liberal Unionist As-
sociations have become one, with Mr
Joseph Chamberlain's reiterated blessing.
" Conservative " has gone where " Tory "
went ; henceforth the party name is
" Unionist." The " Liberal Unionist "
drops his " Liberalism," and along with the
" Conservative " becomes solely "Unionist."
So far as the new name denotes simply
opposition to Home Rule, its adoption
during the very Session which marks the
victory of Irish Nationalism would suggest
the vi'e F Anarchic of the Anarchist under
the knife of the guillotine. Happily for
our national self-respect, the new label
co\crs more enduring qualities and ele-
ments more essential to statecraft. llie
British Empire is manifestly in the first
stages of a ])roccss which may or may
not lead to true organic unification.
That process, if successful, will consist in
the mutual adjustment and eventual satis-
faction of two tendencies. One tendency
will lay stress on the freedom of the parts;
the other on the unity of the wliole.
'i'hese tendencies will naturallv find ex-
|)ression in the councils of the Empire as
two parties. Neither party will ignore or
deny the special objective of the other ;
both will gram the necessity of local free-

dom ; both will admit the desirableness of
Imperial unity. The dift'erence will be in
the emphasis on each tendency. " Unionist,"
therefore, represents an enduring element in
the politics of the future. Its strength will
lie in standing for unity. Its weakness, as
in the present Session, will appear in oppos-
ing that mobility of the limbs of Empire
without which there can be no organic
movement of the whole. " Liberal " may
fairly claim to remain the logical opposite
of "Unionist." For, similarly, the weak-
ness of Liberalism has too often been a
forgetfulness of the claims of wider unity
in its strong pursuit of local autonomy.
These changes in party nomenclature on
both sides of the Atlantic present a curious
reversal of roles. The solidified Republic
develops divisions akm to the historic
British parties, while the coalescent Em-
pire adopts appellations reminiscent of the
earlier stages of American politics, when
"Republican" meant "Unitary" and
"Democrat" meant emphasis on local
State sovereigntjf.

Meantime the^Home Rule
Growing^ Victory j^jn^ ,,,i,i^.i, j^ y^^^\^ ^^^■^^_

Home Rule. '^'"7 ^"'1 Nationalist, has
emerged from the ordeal
of the Second Reading in the House of
Commons with a triumphant majoritv of
loi. In spite of recurring spasms fi^om the
Orange moiety of Ulster, the real opposition
to the measiu^e is steadily dying down. In
the bye-elections, the Unionists themselves
being witness, there is no panic among the
voters at the approach of a subordinate
Irish Parliament. The most frenzied blasts
on the Orange horn leave them quite cool,
not to say frigid. The " No Poperv "
drum awakes no alarm. The countrv is, in
fact, quietly settling down to the prospect
of Home Rule as inevitable. So much is

The Progress of the World.

607

this the case that one of the cleverest
and most popular agitators on the Front
Opposition bench is said to have privately
confessed that no party capital is to be got
out of opposing Home Rule ; he means to
pursue a more profitable line of attack.

The old bogey is dead,

Will the and all the lurid rhetoric

Peers be Wise ? „f Sir Edward Carson will

not avail to resuscitate it.
According to the Parliament Act, the
Home Rule Bill can be carried into law
over the licails of the Peers in two years'
time. But is there not a possibility of the
15111 becoming an Act even this year ? The
Peers are for the most part Englishmen
who have a traditional reverence for facts.
They are, and feel themselves to be, repre-
sentative of the vis inerticc in British
politics. They suppose themselves to
possess a strange telepathic consciousness
of the inert mass of British o])inion. Is it
too much to expect that they have thus

become aware of the altered mood of the
British people toward Home Rule : The
Lords have not been impervious to the
ridicule that visited the performances of the
" die-hard " troupe. If they could pass the
National Insurance Bill, with all its new
and unconsidered perplexities, out of defer-
ence to the manifest will of the nation, how
much more might they, as reasonable
statesmen, consent to enact a principle
which has been before the minds of the
people of this country for well-nigh a
generation, and which has behind it a
majority of over a hundred in the Lower
House? It has been the boast of the Peers
that they are the mouthpiece of the settled
conservative instincts of the British people.
As these are manifestly setting in the
direction of Home Rule, would not the
Peers be wise to ciiange accordingly ?
Their history, as well as their devotion to
the memory of the author of the phrase,
is scarcely needed to remind them that
" consistency is the last resort of a fool."

"PROGRESS"

1912.

IN SAFETY

UNDER Till
1906.

BOARD

OF TRADE.

1858.

WAriN lift I

'■^■?i"^"^- }''"^'?-^^'^'r^'i^Jil

OOuBlE DKh

iinu

OO»/0lf irtfiL

This shows that, under the Board of Trade, from 1858 to 1912 the margin of safety has moved progressively
backwards against the passenger's right to a chance of life.

The "Titanic"— Built 1912. The " Maurktama"—1Juii.t 1906.

the section shows how the conslriiclinn of The section shows liow thi; ,I/.;«r,/,»H/<j

the Titanic left hct side ficlow w.iicr-liiic is prolcclcil below the waicr-linc by

comparatively unprotected, having no coal lar(;e masses of coal in bunkers on

bunkers at sides. iKitli sides .ind at the forward cml.

This was done owing to the insistence
of 'the Admiralty authoritiet,.

The "Gri:at Eastern"— Boilt 185S.
The secliim showshow the Great Easltrn
was protected not only on the bottom
but up the sides to well above the water-
line.

l-'rom a phologrAph /m']

u:. H. MilU.

MR. A\'. T. S^rivM) \'r WORK FOR I'lvVCE

The Great Pacifist,

AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL CHARACTER SKETCH.

This article, which gives in bis own words a remarliable survey of a life devoted to Peace, contains some
of the latest work of Mr. W. T. Stead, the latter portion having been dictated only a few days before he le't on
the "Titanic," and he had not even an opportunity of revising it. With the MSS. we found the following
note ; — " This is a statement which I prepared, I think, about the year 1901, when I was asked by a
member of the Nobel Coramittea to submit a statement as to my record in relation to the Peace Question. I
have added to it a supplementary statement w<h:ch describes my activity in the field of International Peace
during the last ten years. I prefer that the first statement as prepared in igoi should go as it stands without
any alteration. I have not even read it over."

ALL my lilt- long I have been a pa.-^sionatc advocate
of arbitration, not as the ultimate solution
of the difficulties, but as an ideal the advocacy
of which would strengthen the sentiment in lav«ur
of the creation of the United Slates of Europe.
The thought which has always dominated my
mind has been that of establishing a High Court
of Justice among the nations, whose decrees would
not merelv be the recommendations of Arbitrators,
but would be enforced by the authority of the
Court. My reading of history always pointed
to the same conclusion — the successive stages
by which mankind has emerged from that anarchic
savagery when every man's hand was against his
neighbour, and it was lawful to kill any stranger at
sight, up to the present slate of things when the right
to raakc war is practically confined to half a dozen
great Powers, who are all governed by the same law.
It was not by the abandonment of force on the part of
the advocates of law and of peace that anything could
be done, but i)y ihe use of force in the defence of law
and for the suppression of anarchy.

EXORCISING THE SOLDIER BY THE POLICEMAN.

This conception has always separated me from the
majority of the propagandists of peace. I was as earnest
as any of them to cast out militarism and (lethrone the
soldier, but my observations anfl reflections cryslallised
in one phrase — you can only exorcise the soldier by
the aid of the policeman. I was therefore ever anxious
to aid in the development and strengthening of the
principle of the European Concert, which seemed to
mc the germ ol the United Stales of Europe ; and I

I ways wrote and spoke in favour of the European

I oncert being ii'.(<l. not only for the purpose of con-

olidalion, but .iUd for the purpose of action. For

instance, when in 1876 the European Powers meeting

in conference at Constantinople had unanimously
decreed that autonomy should be given to the Bul-
garians, I used every means at my disposal in order to
urge upon the Powers not to allow their unanimous
mandate to be set at defiance by the Turks. What I
wished to see was the use of the Allied Forces of all
the European Powers to compel the Turks by the use
of their overwhelming force to obey the mandate of
civilisation as formulated by the nearest approach to
an International Court that the world had yet seen.
Unfortunately England, under Lord Beaconsfield,
refused to support Russia in the coercion of Turkey for
the liberation of Bulgaria, and the Russn-Turkish War
was the result. Looking back upon the period when I
was a young man of seven-and-twenty, 1 remember
with gratitude the part which I was able to play in
rousing the North of England, and in supporting Mr.
Gladstone in his protests against the threatened war
against Russia on behalf of the Turks. Both Mr. Glad-
stone and Mr. Bright repeatedly recognised the service
which I rendered to the cause of peace in that cam-
paign, and it was my proud privilege to be one of the
three Englishmen who received the thanks of the first
Bulgarian Assembly for the services which I had
rendered to the cause of Bulgarian Independence.

THE PRINCIPLE OF THE EUROPE.W CONCERT.

All my life long I have been a thoroughgoing
opponent of the Russophobist war spirit which has
plunged Europe into the Crimean War, and which has
repeatedly brought about war both in Europe and in
Asia. Bv advocating constantly the principle of the
European Concert, and demanding the enforcement,
if need be, by the armies and navies of Europe, of the
ireat\-guarantred rights of the unfortunate Christians
of the East, I was always more or less at variance with
the orthodox Peace Partv, whose one idea was non-

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intervention and abstention from all European rom-
pliiations. I protested against this doctrine because 1
believed it to be an abdication of the responsibility
which we owed to those for whose good government we
had made ourselves responsible by the Treaty of Paris
and the Treaty of Ik-rlin ; and whenever the chronic
mi.sgovernment of Turkey became acute in massacres
and atrocities I never ceased to urge upon England
and upon the other Powers to use the overwhelming
strength which they possessed for the purpose of com-
pelling the Turks to carry out their treaty obligations.

THE POWERS AND THE GR^CO-TURKISH WAR.

I applied the same principle impartially to all dis-
turbers of the Peace in the East. 1 protested against the
attitude taken bv the Powers at the outbreak of the
(Jrseco-Turkish war, and maintained that it was their
duty to have restrained Greece by force of arms, if
need be, from precipitating war which terminated so
disastrously, and I rejoiced exceedingly when, a little
later, an international fleet and an international army
were employed for the purpose of wresting Crete
from the grasp of the Sultan. Always and everywhere
I asserted that it was the imperative duty of the Powers
who had undertaken the settlement of the Eastern
Question to make their will effective by all the means
at their disposal.

THE IMPERIALISM OF RESPONSIBILITY.

The same order of ideas led me to be for several years
one of the foremost, if not the foremost, ad\'ocate of
what I may call the Imperialism of Responsibility, as
opposed to the Jingoism, which is the imperialism of
pride and avarice, on the one hand, and to Littlc-
Englandism, which seemed to me to be almost as
selfish and unworthy a policy, on the other. When in
my teens I shrank from any extension of English
authority over the dark-skinned races of the world,
but the experience of Fiji convinced me that it would
be an abdication of duty for England to refuse to use
her imperial power for maintaining peace, and putting
down piracy and the .sla^■c-lradc among the weaker
dark-skinned races of the world. It seemed to me that
the European nations have no right to breed fili-
busters and adventurers, to permit them freely to
go to Africa and Asia, armed with the weapons and
the poisons of modern civilisation, and to leave them
free to prey upon the native races. In Fiji the policy
of abstention was carried to its extreme logical limit.
The natives implored England to send them a Governor
in order to protect them from the white men who were
kidnapping them into slavery. Mr. Gladstone refused;
but a year or two later the horrible results which fol-

lowed from this refusal of the plea of the natives
compelled him rcluctantl)- to undertake the responsi-
bility of governing the islands.

FOLLOW THE FILIBUSTER BY THE POLICEMAN.

It was then I summed up my conclusion in
the phrase, " It is necessary to follow up the
filibuster by the policeman." I became enamoured
of the idea that the Briti-sh Imperial power was
the instrument for maintaining peace among races
vyhich would otherwise have been cursed by internecine
warfare, and of putting down the horrors of slaverv
and of other barbarous works in vast regions. The
maintenatice of the Roman peace throughout the
300 millions of India by an army which was much
fewer in numbers than the force maintained in a small
European country seemed to me an end for which it
was worth while to make many sacrifices. From the
Himalayas to Ceylon, among one-fifth of the popula-
tion of this planet, no cannon could be fired except by
permission of the supreme Government. Brigandage
was suppressed ; civil war disappeared, and we main-
tained absolute peace in that vast country by what
was little better than an armed police force. I became
an impassioned Imperialist, but my Imperialism W'as
always an Imperialism of Responsibility, or, as I
phrased it nearly thirty years ago, an Imperialism plus
common sense and the Ten Commandments.

UNCEASING WAR AGAINST JINGOISM.

Against Jingoism in every shape and form I alwa\-s
waged unceasing war. Empire was to me not a source
of pride, excepting so far as it was the emblem of duty
done, of burdens borne for the benefit of humanity.

I applied the same principle with absolute impar-
tiality to other countries. I claimed nothing for
I'.ngland that I did not claim with equal vehemence
for Russia, whose progress through Central Asia seemed
to me a great gain for civilisation and a benefit for
humanity. The suppression of the slave-trade in the
Khanates of Turkestan, and the establishment of law
and order in the midst of marauding tribes, seemed to
me a desirable end in the interest of peace ; and
although I deplored the incidental bloodshed of a brief
campaign, I regarded that as a small price to pay for
the great advantages which could not otherwise ha\e
been obtained.

THE CIVILISING SOVEREIGNTY OF A GRE.\T POWER.

It is obvious that this conception of the civilising
sovereignty of a great Power, as well as my conception
of the importance of strengthening the authority of
the European Concert, brought me into constant oppo-
sition with those who.se ideal was that of the disuse of

The Great Pacifist.

6ii

all force, of gt-nerul disarmament, and the adoption of
what arc usually recognised as peace principles. When
I succeeded Mr. Morley as editor of the Pall Mall
Gazelle 1 preached this doctrine of a beneficent Impe-
rialism and the necessity for using the policeman to
exorcise the soldier with the utmost energy and
enthusiasm. .Mfred Milner, now High Commissioner
at the Cape, was my assistant and worked with me
on these lines, and together we reared a school of
journalists and politicians whose influence has been felt
in every corner of the Empire.

CORDON SENT TO KHARTOUM.

It was as editor of the Fall Mall Gazelle that
I succeeded in cornpelling the Government to
send out General Gordon to evacuate the Soudan,
believing that it was shameful on our part to pro-
claim the abandonment of the country and to take
no adequate steps to secure the safe retirement of
the abandoned garrisons. General Gordon being
besieged in Khartoum, I insisted upon the despatch
of Lord Wolseley to rescue him from the perilous
position in which he was placed by a Government
which had refused either to allow him a free hand or
to supply him with an adequate force to carry out his
instructions. This led many to hold me responsible
for the wur in the Soudan, but an examination of every-
thing that 1 wrote in those days will vindicate me from
such an accusation. When Gordon fell, I was the first
to protest against the wild cry for vengeance which was
raised in this country, and no one felt more humiliated
than myself at the horrible blasphemy perpetrated ten
years later by Lord Kitchener when he desecrated the
tomb of the Mahdi and held a solemn Christian service
of thanksgiving in the midst of the corpses of those who
were slain in the avenging of Gordon.

IMI'KR[.\LISM NOT JINGOISM.

That my lni|)erialism was really conditioned by
moral considerations, and was in no way to be con-
founded with Jingoism, may be proved by the fact that
I was a vehement advocate for the restoration of self-
government to the Boers before and after the battle
of Majuba Hill. .\ still more signal illustration was
afforded by the part which it was my privilege to play
in 1885, when Mr. (iladstone, with the whole country at
his back, prepared for war with Russia on the subject
of the .\fghan frontier. It was my glory at that time
to have been the only English journalist who main-
tained day after day, in the heart of a hostile country,
the cause of peace. The pwrt which I played in averting
war on that occasion has been gratefully recognised

both in England and in Russia, and is bitterlydenounced
by those who were thirsting for war.

THE TRUTH ABOUT THE NAVY.

I had always been a strong opponent of conscription.
Compulsory military service seemed to me detestable,
but in 1884 I realised with horror that the British Navy
had sunk to such a condition of comparative weakness
that conscription might any day become inevitable
owing to the collapse of our first line of defence. I wrote
a series of articles, entitled " The Truth About the
Navy," which led to the rebuilding of the British Xavy,
and .so averted a threatened danger. But the demand
for an increased navy, which alone stood between us
and the curse of compulsory military service, was bit-
terly resented by those whose one idea of peace was to
cut down armaments.

RHODES AS I.MI'ERIALIST STATESMAN.

In those days I made the acquaintance of Mr. Cecil
Rhodes, to whom I was naturally attracted on account
of the liberality with which he supported the Irish in
their struggle for Home Rule. Jlr. Rhodes in those
days was the great champion of the Dutch of South
Africa. He was distrusted by the English Tories on
the ground of his sympathies with the Africander Bond.
But I recognised with delight that there was in South
,\frica an Imperialist statesman who had the sagacity
to perceive that the strength and prosperity of the
British Empire in that continent depended upon the
conciliation of the Dutch, and for the years during
which he was faithful to that policy I was his most
strenuous supporter on the English Press.

REUNION OF THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING RACE.

At the same lime as I was preaching those doctrines
in the Pall Mall Gazelle I was ever passionately plead-
ing for the removal of every cau.se of friction between
the two great halves of the English-speaking race. I
never ceased to deplore the infatuation which led
George III. and his advisers in the last century to drive
the .American colonists into revolt, and I laboured
in season and out of season for the re-union of the
English-speaking race. So far was 1 from indulging in
any of the vainglory of naticnalism of the Jingoistic
type, that 1 have repeatedly declared that to secure
the re-union of the English-speaking race I would
willingly merge the independent existence of the
British Empire in the .American Kepui)li<-, if that union
could be brought about in no other way. Always and
everywhere I argued for the elimination of points of
difference, the establishment of a federal system which
would secure the peaceful reign of law in the place of

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The Review of Reviews.

the existing irgiiiie in which rival States pursued anta-
gonistic poHcies. dependent for their execution solely
upon the force of arms. '

VISIT TO ALEXANDER III. OK lU'S.SIA.

My first peace mission to the Continent took place
in 1888 at a time when the popularity of General
15oulanger seemed to threaten Europe with war. I
went to St. Petersburg, and was received by the
Emperor Ale.xander III. at an interview which has
contributed not a little to allay the fear of an armed
conflict. I do not think it is too much to say that, as
the result of my conversation, I succeeded in establish-
ing the true character of Alexander III. as the peace-
keeper of Europe. I was laughed at when I returned,
but years afterwards, when Alexander III. died, I had
the honour of being told by the British Prime Minister
of the day that I had been absolutely right, and that
he and others who had laughed at me had been al)so-
lutely wrong.

THE DANGER OF ANGLO-RUSSIAN ANTAGONISM.

The permanent danger to the peace of Asia, and not
of Asia alone, lies in the antagonism between Russia
and England. For thirty years I have constantly
laboured to promote a better understanding between
the two countries. On two occasions, at least, when
Russia and England were on the verge of war. my task
was one of no little difficulty and danger ; but the long
and passionate apostolate of peace has at least suc-
ceeded in convincing all the more thoughtful English-
men that the true interests of both countries is to be
found in a good understanding and friendly relations.
In 1890 I founded the Review of ReviI':ws in
London and New York and Melbourne, for llie avowed
purpose of promoting the re-union of the English-
speaking race and of preaching the doctrine of the
imperialism of Responsibility as opposed to the
jingoism of passion, prejudice, and pride. The next
service which I was able to render to the cause of peace
was when President Cleveland threatened England
with war on the subject of the Venezuelan frontier.

THE STANDSTILL OF ARMAMENTS ACITATION.

In the vear iSg2 I had tlu' privilegeof takinga leading
part in- the agitation in ICngland in favour of a pro-
pf)sition which even at that time 1 knew was strongly
favoured by the Emperor Alexander III., for what
was afterwards known as the Standstill of .Vrmaments.
An influential meeting was held, and a memorial was
largely and influcntially signed, uhich was presented
to the Government of the day. urging them to
co-operate with Russia in securing, if possible, an
international ag eement in favour of arresting the

movement in favour of the continually increased
armaments. 'Jhis moxx'inent was the pioneer of the
Hague Conference. I took a leading part in con-
junction with Dr. Darby, of the Peace Society, who
has always been most useful in all this work.

THE VENEZUELAN ARBITRATION.

A year or two later President Cleveland threatened
Great Britain with war if she refused to allow the
question of the Venezuelan frontier to be referred to
arbitration, and it was again my privilege to take a
leading part in organising the demonstrations in
favour of arbitration in this country. By public
meetings and memorials we succeeded in producing
such an expression of public opinion in fa\oi;r of
arbitration that Lord Salisbury gave way, and the
question was amicably settled by reference to a Court
of Arbitration subsequently held in Paris. Of course,
I could have done nothing in these things without the
loyal and enthusiastic support which was given me by-
such men as Mr. W. Randal Cremer, of the Inter-
parliamentary Conference, and Dr. Darby, cf the
Peace Society.

ALWAYS ARBITRATE BEFORE YOU FIGHT.

And here let me say that my ideas about Arbitration
differ considerably from those of others. It is always
assumed that when a question is sent to arbitration,
both Powers must bind themselves in advance to
accept the award, whatever it may be. The net effect
of this is that questions of vital interest are never sent
to arbitration. Now the true policy, it has seemed to
me, which I set forth in a pamphlet entitled " Alwavs
Arbitrate Before You Fight," is the necessity for
insisting that every question, no matter whether it
may affect vital interests or not. should always be sent
to arbitration before there is an appeal to arms.
Always arbitrate before you fight, and in ninety-pine
cases out of a hundred you will never fight at all ;
but if nations are required to repudiate all appeal to
the ultimate tribunal of war before going to arbitration,
they will in all important cases refuse to allow the
question to be sent to arbitration. Always arbitrate
before you fight .seems to me a much more practical
formula than always arbitrate instead of fighting.

THE SOUTH AFRICAN QUESTION.

During all this time the South African question was
beginning to create unrest. The influx of luiropean
population to the gold mines of the Transvaal boded
ill for the peace of South .Africa unless some means
were found whereby the claims of the Outlanders, who
paid three-fourths of the taxation, could be recognised
by President Kruger and the Boers. President Kruger

The CiREAT I'ACIl'IST.

613

held a position in the 'rriins\ual very much like that
of our House of Lords in this country. The Boers,
constituted a landed oligarchy., and the Outlanders, who
were taxed without representation, seemed to me to
have a grievance of which I made myself the spokes-
man. I was, therefore, for years the advocate of
reforms in the Transvaal which would obviate a
conflict that threatened to become inevitable. But
although I constantly advocated reform in the Trans-
vaal, I was resolute in opposing any action which would
alienate the Dutch of the Free State and of the Cape
Colony. A policy of steady pressure on the one hand,
coupled with the sedulous cultivation of the Dutch
majority in South Africa, seemed to me to promise a
peaceful solution of the difficulty.

THE JAMESON R.MD.

Unfortunately Jfr. Rhodes was impatient. He
feared that the Outlanders would make a revolution
on their own account, and that they would establish
a Republic which would be more hostile to Great
Britain than that of President Kruger. He also
believed that he could carry with him the Dutch of
the Cape Colony and the Orange Free State in
supporting a revolution which would upset Presi-
dent Kruger, and pave the way for a more liberal
Government at Pretoria. His plans were spoiled by
Mr. Chamberlain, who insisted that Dr. Jameson
should go in under the British flag, and that the
Transvaal should be annexed to the British Empire.
This policy destroyed all chance of a successful revolu-
tion, and the conspiracy might have been dropped if
it had not been for .Mr. Chamberlain urging Mr. Rhodes
to hurry up, as delay was dangerous and American and
Kuropean complications might ensue if the matter was
not put through promptly. Thus, goaded by
.Mr. Chamberlain, Dr. Jameson made his lamentable
Raid, which resulted in overwhelming disaster. From
that moment I used every effort in order to prevent
Mr. Chamberlain from avenging his defeat by making
war upon the Transvaal.

SIR ALFRED MII.NER.

I had known Sir Alfred .M liner for years, and
believed him to be a thoroughly level-headed man,
rtho understood the impossibility of governmg
South Africa except with the aid of the Dutch,
and I pressed upon the Government his appoint-
ment as High Cnmmissiontr at Capetown in the
belief that he would be strong enough to keep Mr.
Chamberlain from i;oing to war. My advice was
followed ; Alfred Milner wa.s appointed, and he left
London with every assurance that he would [)revent

any attack upon the Transvaal. The result, alas !
proved how terribly we had been mistaken. For a
sea.son he acted in accordance with our hopes, but
afterwards he suddenly changed front, and became
the most ardent advocate for war, and succeeded in
bringing both Mr. Rhodes and Mr. Chamberlain to
support a policy which has resulted in the present
di.sastrous conflict. My responsibility both for training
Alfred .Milner and for pressing for his appointment as
High Commissioner must be taken into account as a
very heavy set-off against any work which I have
been able to do in the cause of peace.

RESPONSIBILITY FOR JINGOISM.

Xor is this by any means the only set-off against
an\- action which I have taken in recent years in defence
of the cause of peace. I cannot conceal from myself
the fact, however sad it may be for me to admit it,
that the earnestness and enthusiasm with which 1
insisted upon the importance of the position of the
English-speaking race, and the emphasis which I laid
upon the immensity of our Imperial responsibilities,
contributed not a little to swell the tide of Jingoism
which of late has carried e\erything before it. My
disciples accepted so much of my teaching as ministered
to their own pride and vainglory, and left unassimi-
lated the moral considerations which were the indis-
pensable corrective. Nay, more, the very effort which
I made to present the moral aspect of imperialism was
used by the Jingoes as a kind of virtuous cloak behind
which they could carry out their designs.

RKSPONSinil.ITV FOR MR. RHODES.

The same tendency may he noticed in relation to
what I have written about Cecil Rhodes. Because I
knew and appreciated Mr. Rhodes' devotion to a highly
ideal conception of the Empire, and also because I
believed in his devotion to the Dutch of South Africa,
I supplied him with a certain moral status in public
estimation which he would otherwise have lacked,
and thereby enormously increased his influence in
London ; and from the effects of this the cause of
peace is still suffering. My only consolation in
meditating upon this disastrous misapplication of my
teaching when it had been stripped of its moral
ingredients is that this has been the fate of nearly all
those who have lalioured for the moral improvement
of their kind. Of this the most conspicuous illustration
is supplied by the way in which Christianity has been
used to defeat the Objects of its founder.

THE PEACE CRUSADE.

We now come to the time when I first appeared
conspicuously before Kiirope as an advocate of peace.

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The Review of Reviews.

In the autumn of 1898 the Emperor of Russia issued
his famous Peace Rescript, which seemed to me to
afford an unexampled opportunity for rousing popular
attention to the need for arresting the portentous
growth of militarism. I made a tour of Europe/
visiting most of the capitals in order to ascertain what
was thought of the proposal and to pave the way for
an International Agitation in favour of the Tsar's
scheme. In order to satisfy myself as to the ideas of
the Emperor. I went to I.i\adia, where I was twice
received by Nicholas II., and discussed the subject with
him at length. I \yas satisfied as to the sincerity of
his desire to cope with the evils from which civilisation
is .suffering ; I returned to London,, and proclaimed
with the hearty support of all the friends of peace,
all the organised Peace Societies, and all the friends
of peace in every country, a great crusade in favour
of the Tsar's proposal. The so-called " Peace Crusade "
was launched in London at a great meeting in
St. James's Hall, and was prosecuted more or less
vigoroush- in concert with the acti^■e assistance of
friends of peace in America. France. Germany, Belgium,
Holland. Denmark, and Norway and Sweden, although
in those latter countries the agitation owed little if
anything to the impetus from London. The friends
of peace in Scandinavia were so well organised that
memorials and meetings went on almost spontaneously.
In Holland, Belgium, Germany, and Austria the
popular agitation in favour of peace was largely
carried on in connection with the Crusade movement.

THE EUROPEAN PILGRIMAGE ABANDONED.

But the full development of the Crusade, which
embraced a pilgrimage through all the capitals ol
Europe with a view to presenting them with a memorial,
was checked by diplomatic considerations, confiden-
tially communicated to me, to the effect that any
attempt to carry out such an international pilgrimage
in the existing state of European atYairs might defeat
the very end which we had in view. Demonstrations
were, however, held everywhere, memorials signed by
hundreds of thousands of persons were forwarded to
Russia, or presented to the President of the Hague
Conference, from various countries. The cardinal
secretary to the Pope formally expressed the sympathy
of the Holy See with the movement, and everywhere
public attention was roused, and the nations were
interested in a peace propaganda to an extent that
had never before been believed to be possible. P'or
nearly three months I travelled backwards and
forwards throughout the length and breadth of England
and Scotland, addressing crowded meetings at which

re.solutions were passed calling upon our Government
to support the movement against militarism and
in favour of peace and arbitration. Altogether in
England and Scotland memorials with 160,000 signa-
tures were presented. The Bishop of London headed
a deputation to Her Majesty's Government presenting
the result of the movement, and received from Mr.
Balfour the gratifying assurance that the Government
would do their utmost to support the cause at the
Hague.

SUCCESS OF THE CRUSADE IN ENGLAND.

The Peace Crusade in England was remarkable on
account of the unanimity with which all sections of
the conununity and all the different associations —
religious, socialist and industrial — worked together
for the common end. It was also remarkable from a
financial point of view. The sum of between /4.000 and
£5,000 was subscribed for carrying on the agitation.
In addition to this, I published and edited for three
months a weekly paper, entitled War Against War.
Both in size and circulation Il'iir Against War was an
advance upon an\thing that has yet been issued in
the way of a peace newspaper. As soon as the Crusade
was closed in England I was commissioned to proceed
to Russia to present the signatures of the ilemorial
to the Emperor. I was received by Nicholas II. at
Tsarskoe Selo, and reported in detail concerning the
moxement, about which I found he was \ery well
informed and extremely sympathetic. He asked me
to report to him personally e^■ery week the progress
of the discussions at the Hague.

THE FIRST HAGUE CONFERENCE.

From St. Petersburg I returned to the Hague, where
I remained during the whole meeting of the Conference.
Besides reporting the proceedings direct to the Emperor,
I hired a portion of a local daily paper, the Dagblad,
and published therein in French and Dutch the
chroniqiie of the Conference from day to dav. Great
difhculties were thrown in my way, but I succeeded
in overcoming them, and the publication of the Dagblad
did much to keep up the interest of the delegates in
their own work as well as keeping the local public
inlormed as to what was going on in their midst. I
also reported the Hague Conference for the Manchester
Guardian, and cabled a weckh- letter to the United
States, where it was published by newsptipers from
New York to San Francisco. During my stay at the
Hague I was in constant communication with the
delegates of England, Russia, France, Sweden and
Norway, and I think I may, without boasting, s;iv that
there was no delegate present at the Conference who

The Great Pacifist.

615

I'ji. iirci

ni.- wu\ or ani.'cner tin; impact ol the
tfnerg>' generated by the Peace Crusade.

THE DiTERPAKLI.\ME>T.\HY CONFERENCE.

On the adv. •.. ot Mr. Konow. the Norwegian delegate
JC the Corrtnce. supported strongly by Lord
Pauncefote. Baron d'Estoumelles and others, I
uruveUed dn-t from the Hague to Christiania in
order to i:::p-i.-ss upon the members of the Inter-
: . - amentory Conference the message of those
cc.^u:ates who were most earnest in promoting the
success of the Conference. The message which I had
to bring was that the Conference had met and made
a good machine, b«it that it would depend absolutely
upon tfae friends of peace in the various countries to
generate the steam by which alone it could be made
to work. .Vlter receiving my message, the Inter-
parliamentary Conference pa.ssed a strong resolution
' ieciaring its intention to undertake this work, and the
:Tiembers of the vaxions groups undertook to organise
-pective countries groups for inculcating a
- in the people of what hud been done at
the Hague and creating public opinion in &vour of
Arbitration as against war.

TEE SOCTH .\FRIC.\>" W.VR.

Returmng home to my own country, I was at once

nnfronted by the terrible prospect that the troubles

:a South Africa would culminate in war. The men

who were hurrying on the war, llilner, Rhodes, Jameson

Cape, were all my own personal

c too much to say that they owed

o small measure of their position in public esteem

J the way in which I had written about them in past

(-•ars. Thev were enabled to avail themselves of the

popular ; -St President Kruger which I had

also done ; generate in my advocacy of reforms

1 previous years. Bat the moment I realised the use,
or rather ■' .' ..y were making of their

position, I my whole soul into the

agiution aga:n.st the war. Both on the platform and
in the press, plMicIv and privately. I . -vvelf

to the uttermost to induce the Eniili^^h i nt to

apply the - of the Ha^'ue Conierence to the

settlement _. -.^pute. Pa->>:on. however, was too

much e.\cited, and the plaintive appeals of President
^ •! by Sir

iment was
summoned, the reserves were called out, troops
were hurried t-' South .\fnca. President Kruaer
issued his ultimatiun, making one last despairint;
appeal for arbitration. This was rejected, and war
began.

'" WAR .VG^UNST W.VR."

The outbreak of war led to the immediate auanuon-
ment of the cause of peace by the majoritv of our
friends in England, including the President of the Peace
Society, Sir Joseph VVhitwell Pease, who declared that
nothing could be done but for England to carrv on the
war with vigour. The actual outbreak of hostilities
paralysed most of those who. before Kru^er'^
ultimatum, offered strenuous resistance to the polic\
which threatened a breach of the peace. It did not
seem to me, however, that the mere fact that war
had begun rendered it less criminal than we believed
it to be before the first shot was fired. I published a
series of pamphlets which were widely circulated
through the length and breadth of the land. The
first, which was published iu the Review of Reviews
in the form of a catechism, was entitled "' Shall We Let
Hell Loose m South Africa ? " The first pamphlet.
pabUshed as such, was entitled "Shall I Slav M
Brother Boer ? " This was succeeded by another a^
soon as war broke out, entitled " Are We in the
Right ? An Appeal to Honest Men." I then began
the publication of a weekly paper, War Against War
in Stmik Africa, which I continued to publish for
nine months.

P.A.MPHLETS ON THE W.\R.

I also published a pamphlet e.xposing Mr.
Chamberlain's share in the Jameson Conspiracv, en-
titled "Mr. Chamberlain, Conspirator or Statesman ? "'
Besides this, I published a great number of leaflets
and smaller pamphlets. The most effective broadsheet
which I published was entitled "• Hell Let Loose in
South Africa." It contained letters from a British
officer in command at the front, describing house-
burning and similar atrocities by which the British
violated the laws of civilised warfare. This was followed
up by the publication of another pamphlet entitled
■' How Not to Make Peace in South .Vfnca," which
contained a collection sf evidence illustrating the
method in which war was being waged by the British
forces in South Africa. At the General Election I
published a cat' d "The

Candidate-- of (. ,i ^ ^ a broad-

sheet entitled ' The Truth .Vbout the War," of which
several hundred thousand copies were t! ' ' I
addressed several meetings in the ci . : in

London, until all meetings were suppressed by the
violence of the mob.

STOP THE W.VR.

I took an active part in the organisation of the
Stop-the-War Committee, which has afforded un-

6i6

The Review of Rk views.

rumpn)iiii>]iig rcsihliuuo lo tlu' war in all its
stages. 'J'herc has never before in any war in
inixiern times been so direct and vigorous a demand
made for the stoppage of the war and so unspar-
ing an impeachment of its criminality as that of
which the Stop-the-W'ar Committee has been the
organ.

I wrote a history of the Hague Conference, which is
in the press at the Hague, and has been in the press
for the last eighteen months, the Dutch printers
appearing to find much difficulty in bringing out the
French book.

POPULARISING HAGUE CONFERENCE PRINCIPLES.

1 was too heartsick during the first twelve months
of a war brought on by England's refusal of arbitration,
and waged in defiance of the Rules of War to which
.ill the Powers had agreed at the' Hague, to undertake
much international work on behalf of the principles
01 the Hague Conference. No Englishman could
appear on a foreign platform without shame at the
'ontrast between the professions of his country and its
practices ; but when the Interparliamentary Con-
ference met in Paris it seemed that a time had come
for an attempt to renew the efYort begun at the
I-'eace Crusade to organise the forces of peace in all
countries upon an international basis, and to secure
the harmonious co-opcralion of all the existing
elements in an organised effort to popularise the
principles of the Hague Conference, and to secure their
adoption by the Government. With this end in view,
the International Union was formed at a meeting held
in Paris in August, 1900. Mr. Cremer and other
leading members of the Interparliamentary Conference
were present on the occasion. M. Passy was the first
speaker, and the proceedings were unanimous and
enthusiastic. Professor Charles Richet accepted the
presidency of the Provisional Committee, which was
constituted of representatives of the leading friends of
peace in all countries, including M. dc Hloch, M. Passy,
Mr. Lund; Mr. Hodgson Pratt, Mr. Ducommun,
P.aroness von Suttner and others. The work ol
organising National groups was ncces.sarily .slow, and
meantime the provisional Committee took action,
Ijrotcsted against the atrocities periK'l rated in China
and in South Africa, and began the collection of
evidence illustrating the realities of war as waged at
present in China, the Philippines, and South Africa.
It al.so undertook to secure, if possible, a simul-
taneous celebration of the opening- of the Hague
Conference on May i8lh by demonstrations in al'
I nuntries represented.

WORK. 1-dR PEACE UP TO I90I.

Such is a brief statement of what I have done or
tried lo do in the cause of peace. In the last two or
three years I have neither spared my health nor my
purse in the advocacy of the cause. The action which
I have taken. has been extremely unpopular, and has
affected me seriously from a business, point of ■^■iew,
for it is impossible to adopt the most unpopular of
all attitudes on a question on which national passion
is aroused without feeling the consequences in. the
conduct of a popular magazine. The cost of my
pamphlets and War Against War papers, with my
subscriptions to the Crusade and Stop-the-War
movement, has been over £4,000 ; but by this means
I was able to raise other subscriptions for the Crusade
and Stop-the-War amounting to between £5,000 and
£6,000. Altogether the expenditure in the last two
years of campaign, of which I may fairly claim to have
been the originator, may be estimated at little short
of £12,000.

I hope you will not consider that this narrative is
written in any way in a boastful spirit. I am quite
sure that its accuracy would be confirmed both by
friends and foes so far as relates to my public action
in this matter. I have endeavoured to set down the
truth and to endeavour to let \ou see both the mischief
that I have done and the good that I have tried to
do. I am afraid you will say that the former largely
out-balances the latter, and up to the present I am
not disposed to deny that. I only say that the end
is not yet.

IIISTORV OF THE LA.ST TEN YEARS.

The foregoing narrative brings down the story to
the time when I was engaged heart and soul in battling
for the cause of peace and justice against the Chamber-
lain (lovernment of that day. The pro-Boers of
England kept up the protest to the last, although in
the latter stages it was impossible to hold public
meetings anywhere, owing to the fact that the mobs
would have broken the windows, and the proprietors
of the public halls refused to run the risk. During the
closing stages of the war I did not hesitate to place
mvself in constant commuincation with the Boer
leaders in liurope, with President Kruger and Dr.
Lcyds, thereby exposing myself to a charge of
high treason ; but as I reported all my doings at
the time to Lord Salisbury, who expressed himself
as very interested in my communications. 1 suppose
he recognised that my action was really in the
interest of peace.

The Great Pacifist.

>i7

THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR.

On the eve ol the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese
War Sir VV. R. Cremer asked me to join him in sending
a telegram to the Tsar of Russia and the Mikado of
Japan, reminding these potentates of the existence
of the Hague Tribunal, and urging them to submit
their disputes to arbitration. It was a forlorn and
belated attempt, in which I confess I took part merely
to oblige my colleague Sir W. R. Cremer. It produced,
as might be expected, no result. I afterwards learned
from Mr. Maartens that months before the outbreak
of the war he had drawn up a memorandum for the
Emperor pointing out that the points in dispute with
Japan were quite capable of judicable settlement, and
suggesting that they should be referred to the Hague.
The Emperor wrote on the margin, " I agree that this
should be done."' Unfortunately, he put it oflf. The
Japanese did not put it ofi ; the chance of finding
Russia unprepared was too good to be lost, and war
followed.

FIRST VISIT TO SOUTH AFRICA.

When the Boer War was over I paid my first visit
to South .\frica in 1904. My health was broken down
in an attempt to found a daily paper, and I was ordered
to South Africa by the doctor. As soon as I arri\ed
there I began an active propaganda among the Boers
in favour of a policy of peace and reconciliation. I
do not think I am claiming too mu<h when I say that
my public speeches and my private conversations
contributed considerably tor' the ultimate settlement
by convincing the Boers of the good faith of the
British Liberals and their sincerity in promising the
Boers full contrf)l in South Africa if only they would
accept the grant of independenc e and self-government
under the British flag. My conduct was violently
denounced by the Jingoes; Lord Milner cancelled his
promise to receive me, and my action in inducing the
Boers to resume the singing of their old Volkslied
created much scandal. But I maintained that it was
my mission t<» interpret to the Boers the privileges and
the liberties whii li everyone enjoyed under the I5ritish
flag. That was in 1904. I had not to wait long for
my vindication. .\s soon as a general election took
jjace .Mr. Chamberlain and his friends were hurled
from power, and Mr. Campbell- lianncrman came back
to ollii e, and in the programme' the restoration of sell-
government to the South African States occupied a
promment place. Seldom has an impatriotic: action
such as that of the pro-Boers during the Boer War
been so triumphantly and speedily vindicated. 'I'he
oi)position which the pro- Boers o(Ti:red to the Torv

Go\ernment that made the war was perhaps the mtjst
striking illustration that has been afforded us of recent
times in which the citizens have carried their
opposition to a war in which their Government was
engaged' to such extreme lengths as that of holding
meetings, publishing books, making speeches, and
writing letters in support of those with whom they are
at war. No such freedom of action would have been
allowed in any other country but ours ; but the result
has singularly vindicated the liberty which was per-
mitted by the law, although it was somewhat severely
modified by the violence of the mob.

THE RUSSIAN EMPEROR AND THE DUMA.

The year after I came back from South Africa
the Tsar proclaimed his intention to establish a
representative assembly in his country. I went over
to St. Petersburg and saw the Emperor. I pointed
out to him that the granting of a representative
assembly without the concession of the liberty of public
meeting, liberty of association, liberty of the press,
and a Habeas Corpus Act, was granting a horse without
any legs. The Emperor told me that he intended to
concede the four legs of the Duma, and on that basis
I undertook to address meetings throughout the
country, setting out what I considered to be the
English point of view, and pleading for the acceptance
of the Duma as a pledge of peace and reconciliation
between the people and their dictators. It was a
forlorn hope which ended in failure. But, as M. l\Iilyu-
koff said when I returned to Russia some years
afterwards, " The secret of the failure was not in the
lack of wisdom on the part of the man who ga\e the
advice ; it was due to the lack of wisdom on the
part of those who ought to have received it." A general
railway strike and revolutionary moverhent followed,
but ultimately, when the revolution was suppressed,
the Duma came into being. I only mention this
episode to show that my desire to maintain peace has
not been confined to international questions, but that
I went boldly into the revolutionary centres of Russia
on the eve of an outbreak of revolution in order to
plead with them to accept the offer which seemed to
me to afford a basis for a pacific settlement for the
internal trouble of Russia.

UECIMAI, POINT ONE.

The ne.\t service which I endeavoured to render t..
the cause of international peace was the promotion of
what I called " Decimal point one," which, being
interpreted, means a proposal that lor every £1,000
spent by the nations on the army and navy they '
sliould spcncl [t for ii.ternatmnal hospitality and the

6i8

The Review of Reviews.

promotion of international peace. I obtained ihv
signatures of more than loo Members of Parliament to
a memorial to Campbell-Bannerman in favour of this
idea, and secured the adhesion of Mr. Asquith and
Mr. Lloyd George, and I .succeeded in getting' a begin-
ning made in an annual grant for the purpose of
international hospitality, which figures in the Estimates
each year. I did my best to secure the acceptance of
the principle in Paris as well as in London, and the
idea met with considerable success in America, where it
was taken up by others, but it has never been fully
carried out at all. I saw Lloyd George immediately after
his entering the Treasury. He told me he entirely
approved of the idea and would give it effect. When
it came before the Cabinet the sum voted was less .
than los. for £i,ooo, and was confined to the cost
of international hospitality. The next step which I
took was to promote an interchange of visits between
the journalists of Germany and England. I first
proposed and finally carried out an arrangement by
which twenty or thirty German editors were invited
to England for a week. The English editors paid a
return visit to Germany in 1908. It was followed by
visits between the clergy of both countries, and Prince
von Billow, then Imperial Chancellor, told me that he
considered that the promotion of international visits
and the exchange of international hospitality were the
most hopeful and the most effective of all methods of
promoting peace.

SIR KDWARl) C.REV AND ARMAMENTS.

At the end of 1907 I wrote a letter to all the news-
papers of the world in which I called attention to the
forthcoming meeting of the Hague Conference and
urged that the Powers should instruct their delegates
to concentrate upon practical things. One practical
suggestion which I put forward was that of the Peace
J3udget of £1 per £1.000 to be spent on promoting
peace, and the other was that they .should place any
.State under an interdict that went to war without
first appealing to arbitration. The chief point of my
letter was to show that it was absolutely impossible
to get anything done about the question of armaments
at the Hague Conference. That unanimity was
necessary, and that unanimity was, on the face of it,
impossible, seeing that Germany refused absolutely to
enter into any agreement to the limitation or standstill
of armaments. Before dispatching this letter 1 sent
it to Sir Edward Grey, who sent for me and asked
me to omit from the letter the reference to armaments.
He said that, whatever I might say in my letter, it
was his fi.xed determination to bring the question of

armaments before the Conference, T remarked to him
that it was running his head against a stone wall.
He said he was amazed to hear such a thing from me;
that if it was not possible to carry a resolution in favour
of the reduction of armaments, the reason was that if
public opinion was not ripe, it needed to be ripened,
and there was no method of ripening it better than by
a serious debate at an international parliament. He
said that the only question that people cared anything
about was the question of armaments, that if nothing
was done about armaments the Conference would
become a farce, and we should become the laughing
stock of the world. I said that it was the first time
that I had ever been upbraided by a Foreign Minister
for lack of faith in the cause of peace, but since he was
determined to take such a line I thought it was very
necessary to advise our friends of peace in Europe
and our own country as to the line he was going to
take. I then went to Campbell-Bannerman, who
confirmed what Sir Edward Grey said. He said that
Grev was very earnest about armaments, and Campbell-
Bannerman thought my idea of going round Europe
was a very good and useful one. He asked me when
1 returned to go to him and report as to what I found
out as to how the land lay.

EUROPEAN PEACE TOUR,

I then began my tour, I found that in the House
of Commons pacifists like Sir W, R, Cremer had not the
slightest ghost of an idea that Grey was going to take
.such a strong line, and that the public knew nothing of
the policy he was about to pursue. It was the same in
every other country that I visited. I found that no
British ambassador had received any instructions from
Sir Edward Grey urging him to communicate with the
other Powers concerning the line that Sir Edward Grey
told me he was adopting. My statements were
recei\'ed with incredulity and in some cases with
indignation and resentment ; but I was faithful to
my self-imposed mission. I went from Paris to Rome,
from Rome to Vienna, from Vienna to Buda Pesth,
from Buda Pesth to Berlin, from Berlin to Copenhagen,
from Copenhagen to Stockholm, from Stockholm to
Christiania, and from Christiania back to Berlin, and
so home, I then went over to America, and saw
Mr. Root and Mr. Roosevelt, and addressed meetings
in several of the large cities, setting forth the idea of
the Peace Budget and the Peace Pilgrimage, for the
purpose of affording the delegates at the Hague with
a demonstration in favour of Sir Edward Grey's
programme. I found everywhere that the smaller
States would be -delighted with such a proposal, and

The Great Pacifist.

619

would agree to any proposal for the arrest of arma-
ments, but that Germany and Austria would not listen
to any such proposal, and were determined to exclude
the question of armaments from practical consideration.
I reported to Sir Edward Grey and Sir Henry Campbell-
/Jannerman exactly how I found the situation. I told
Sir Edward Grey that I considered that some of the
British Ambassadors, notably Sir Francis Bertie, were
the worst enemies of his policy to be found anpvhere
in Europe.

THE SECOND H.\CUE CONFERENCE.

On my return from America I accompanied the
British journalists, who made a return visit to their
German colleagues, and then went straight to the
Hague, where I published and edited the Courricr de
la Conference, an illustrated four-page dail\- paper,
which I produced every day at my own expense
during the time of the sitting of the Conference. My
son Henry and myself remained at the Hague during
the whole time of the second Conference, gratuitously
devoting much labour to the production of the paper,
which was the only unofficial record of the proceedings
of the Conference. I used my influence as editor
strenuously in favour of arbitration, but my own
Government gave it very lukewarm support. Mv
paper was the organ of militant pacifism. I was in
constant touch with all the leading members of the
Conference, with the exception of the British delegates,
with whom I was in more or less opposition owing to
the extraordinary instructions which they seemed to
have received for the Hague Conference. Every-
thing that Sir Edward Grey said to me he would do
he appears to have told them not to do, and instead
of leading the van of progress in th*e cause of peace,
the British delegates hung back behind. Ica\ing the
first place to f)e scrambled for by Germany and the
United States of America. A more miserable and
scandalous dehAdc I have seldom seen.

I'ROrflSEI) I'lI-GRIMAdE OF I'RnPAC.XNDA.

.\t the close of the Hague Conference I proposed
that a Pilgrimage of propaganda should be made
across the world. What the Hague Conference had
done was very considerable, but what it had left
undone was still more considerable. The constitution
of a permanent tribunal wa.s left over, and there were
many other questions upon which it wa.s felt that
public opinion was not yet ripe. In order to ripen
public opinion I proposed that some, say a dozen,
members of the Conference should devote themselves
for six months lo a tour round the world. In
every capital they should explain what the Conference

had done, and state also the problems that were left
over to solve at the approaching Conference. The
scheme met with great approval, and at one time I
thought it might have succeeded in obtaining a grant
of the Xobel Prize money for defraying the expenses
of a tour, but a domestic bereavement prevented me
from prosecuting the idea any further. The death
of my eldest son rendered it impossible for me to
leave London as I had done before, so the idea came
to nothing.

THE ITALIAN-TURKISH WAR.

!My next sphere of international activity ^Yas in
Turkey in the year 191 1. I twice visited Constanti-
nople, the first time before the war, and I seized the
opportunity of presenting as vigorously as I could
upon the attention of the Sultan and the Grand
Vizier the absolute necessity for following the policy
of peace and reform, and avoiding any collision with
the Balkan States. My second visit was after the
Italian War had broken out, when I went to see what
could be done towards demanding that the Powers
should refuse to recognise any change in the stains quo
before an International Tribunal. My visit was an
active propaganda for arbitration in Constantinople,
which met with great support, and when I left every-
thing was arranged for the departure of a band of
Ottoman pilgrims representing all the races and
religions of the Empire, which would go round Europe
protesting against violated Treaties, demanding the
establishment of an International Tribunal before
which it would be possible to arraign such an inter-
national malefactor a.s the Italian Government. On
my return home I summoned a meeting at Whiteficld's
Tabernacle, for the purpose of rendering an account
of my stewardship, and setting forth the result of my
pilgrimage. The meeting was a great success. After-
wards I took the chair at another meeting, when
Mr. McCulIagh lectured upon the Italian atrocities in
Tripoli. But other issues, notably that of the .\nglo-
German dispute over Morocco, and the question of
Anglo- Ru.ssian policy in Persia submerged the Tripoli-
taine question. The Turks themselves broke up
into parties, the Pilgrimage never started from
Constantinople, and the war is going on to this day.

WORKING ALWAYS TOWARDS THE WORLD-STATE.

Such is a brief survey of my activities in the cause
of international or domestic peace since I wrote the
foregoing memorandum. It may be said that it is
little better than a series of failures. In some cases
the failure was comp'ele, in others it was partial.
The effort was always in the same direction, and if

620

The Review of Reviews.

it (lid nol succeed il may at least be said that I was
the only person who had sufficient faith and courage
even to try to achieve ideals so far in advance of the
average opinion of the time. Let me say, how-
ever, that during all these years I have main-
' tained unhesitatingly the fundamental principles of
the pacifists' work. I have worked for the organisa-
tion of a World State whose tribunals would render
the maintenance of armaments unnecessary.

" TWO KEELS TO ONE."

I have as sedulously maintained that until such a
\Vorld State comes into existence it is necessary for
(ireat Britain to maintain on an unas.sailable founda-
tion the superiority of her naval power. I have
crystallised this into a phrase in which I demand a
standard of two keels to one, by which I mean that
(ireat Britain's Navy should be twice as large as
that of the strongest European Power. I have
done this as much in the interests of Germanv
as in the interests of Great Britain. Witjiout such
a supreme fleet we should have no secm;ity for our
national independence and even our national exist-
ence. The maintenance of a two-to-one naval
superiority has been the very corner-stone of the
European State system since the battle of Trafalgar.

Sl-.e IS now threatened by the German ambition to
possess two keels to three, a proportion which, when
we remember the much more extended area over
which the liritish Government has to operate, would
deprive us of that naval supremacy in the North Sea
which it is of vital interest should be unassailable by
any other Power.

STRONG BRITISH NAVY ESSENTIAL FOR PEACE.

I may be quite wrong-^most pacifists believe that
I am wrong — but I have always maintained, and
maintain to this hour, the doctrine that you can do
no greater di.sservice to the cause of international
peace than to weaken the Ikitish Navy, and that if
the British Empire is to continue to afford the Inter-
national World State the. most effective example of
liberty with justice, of independent self-governing
states united in fraternal union, each leaving the
other to pursue its own destinies, securing for
all the strength that comes from the co-opera-
tion of all, the British fleet must be maintained
at a standard of two keels to one, whatever the
cost may be. To have a weak Navy is to invite
attack, to lead your neighbours into temptation,
and to remove the only security which we possess
against a possible aggressor.

Special Announcement.

Ar.T, those who have read the foregoing article from the pen of Air. W. T. Stead
will be glad to learn that wc have in oiu^ pos.session a great number of MSS. which
Mr. W. 'J'. Stead wrote from time to time during his crowded life. Interviews with
|)rominent men and women, not only of this country but of other lands which came
into his sphere of activity, records of conversations, and notes of new schemes, new
developments — all of these are included in this material. The jiages of his auto-
biographical survey show how wide a groimd mk h MSS. must cover, with what
interesting persons and events they must deal. We propose from time to time, in the
future, to publish these MSS. in these pages, thus making the magazine not only the
fjtgan of the ideas of its foimder, but also the medium, as in the past, through which
his words shall reach the world. It is no exaggeration to say that the appearance oi
these hitherto uni)ublished MSS. will be an event so important as to be almost
sensational.

621

Current History in Caricature.

" O wad some power the giftie gie us,
To see oursels as ithers see us." — BURNS.

Tl--Ai;.

1 MAGIC ' ,-^_

'r-r'^M^:- i.

'/ 'fslnituslty Oazfltf. j

Well Guarded.
The next I'arlianieiUary stage tliroin,'h which the Home P^ule
and Weisli Disestablishment Hills will have to pass is the
Committee Wood, where they will be e.\posed to the machina-
tions of the Wicked Uncles.

By ftrmissiim of Ih' proprietors o/*^ PuH^h "J

Unqualified Assistance.

Mknt MkhI' tSK (to the .\iilhor of the Insurance Bill)
■ Never mind, "tear fellow, /*// stand by you — to the death."

Diuly Nnvt aHii Lia.tc j

THK (M : " I've eaten the canary "

(The "Liberal Unioniit rarty " lia» liccn " fu-scd " into .l/>«oi<riK /•«.,;. |

the Conservative Parly under ihc title of " The National The Industrial Scale.

Unionist .Xsiocialion of Conservative and Liberal Unionist Till: Worklr : "Well, I'm blowed ! It's almost as difficult
Organisations." ijuilc a mouthful.) , to reach as when I had inucli less to stand on."

622

The Review of Reviews.

Kladdfradatuh.^ [Berlin.

rhe Clerical Party Dominates the German Parliament.

The Clerical Wolf has desiyns upon \.\w Imperial Chancellor
Red Riding Hood.

Ktaddtradatsch.T, (Benin.

The Modern Neptune.

Kino of Italy : " I am King of ihe Medilerranean. But
where is the money I need to come from?"

Bebel II.

[Zurich.

/V AttnUniat>lln< r.^

u/^ [Berlin. Perseus and Andromeda.

Heydebrand ajid DaU-WITz : "Does Redmond is rescuing Ireland. The shade
it not suit him 1 " I of Gladstone represents the pioneer.

The cartoonist depicts Yuan Shi-Kai,
the first President of the Chinese Republic,
as a Bebel II.

Current History in Caricature.

62?,

^^^

'^31

^«

^^^^^^^^^V^^^^H

^^H^^

^Ksmr

>^((f^^HH

^1

^^^

fi^

m ^

rA/yxxxxxyyvxAXNVVxxvNXXXv]

The Imperial Lightning- Conductor.

[.Lciliti.

Kuidderaiiatsch,\

Spoils from Corfu.

IBcilin.

I Ik'ilin

K. l.^■i,t,t^.tlu'■.

From the New Prussian Province with the seat of
CoTCrnment at Strossburg.

Li Ki,t.{ 1

Wilhelm dearly loves a Puii.

"I don't kiimv wlicllicr Kruncc will ever uccupy Murucco, luK I
do know that Morocco bas occupied Fiance loni; enough."

624

The Review of Reviews.

TUc LiUral MontUy.\

Ml. Asquith will go to Dublin next month to address a Home
Rule demonstiation in the Irish capital.

Der Wahrc Jacol:]

Peaceful Germany

Gives an iron door for the I'eate Palace at the

fStutigart

Hague,
the principal

Teace : "How am I to get in? Am I not
person in a Peace Palace ? "

German Chancellor: "Just because of tliat you are shut
out, stupid."

^^ .^■^'^^.y

m
^i*:-^-'"'

^Si

In the Socialist Kitchen.

[StuttKarl.

Lackey : " His .Majesty sends to ask whether they are tender
yet."

Naumann : " .No, my friend. Notwithstanding all the
steaming the verdict is that they are getting harder and tougher,''

This Look-out uses Glasses.

Current History in Caricature.

625

;::MU-raJat«li.] (Berlin.

Old Suspicions and New Discoveries.
Thk South Poi.k (lelephuno to iIic North I'ulc) : "llalhi, colleague, I Imvc
Ix-'Cii iliscovcrcil I "

NOK Til Pi>LK. : " I< it one or two ? "

South Pdlk : " I'wol"

NoRTW ^ULIC : " Trouble already I "

J'lUijHlrnt.] [rutin.

'V Terrible Punishment.

(To the ;\l*;Uiiin^) : " Wrclclii-s ! Vou
sliall nut even bcalluwcU to read my three-
act play I "

YAfiOS

I3.COO

.Ikf.

6 5h'P5 •J'' THr DpFr^DKCo'C-

tl It
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••VVliY WE AlUbi HAVE TWO TO ONE IN DREADNOUGHTS.'

An elaboration of a pictorial postcard by l.ieut. Carlyon HcUairs. The following text appears on the cards : " Xine Majesties
and six Dreadnought;. — lo minutes' fire of one ship on each line is equal for all ships on the same line. — Why we must have
two-to-one in Dreadnoughts. —The Dreadnoughts, having at least four knots' advantage of speed over the i)re-Dreadnou"hts
can choose the range with the sun behind their gunners. Nine Majesties fire in ten minutes 21(1 projectiles, which iienc"rate
II inches of armour on Drcadtiought waler-line at about 9000 yards range. Six ^dreadnoughts fire goo projectiles, which can
penetrate all armour on M.ajcstics at any range. The newer guns on the later ships are far mure accurate. The 6-incli guns
on the Majestic arc ineffective at long range. The large area unprotected on Majesties makes them very vulnerable."

827

England Must be Strong!

Our Duty as Policeman of Peace.

The FORCES OF PEACE must be STRONGER than the FORCES OF WAR.— This is the only
andoubtedly sound foundation upon which to rest all work for peace ; it is the TOCSIN of the NEW
PACIFICISM.

THERE are plenty of forces about which would
be only too glad to break the peace. Even
at the recent Peace Congress in London we
find Mr. Zangwill solemnly warning everyone
that war, not peace, is the summing up of the world
situation to-day. What pacifists want is some police-
man of peace, some force to cope with the Apaches
of war. But it is no use having a policeman in a
bad district if he is not strong enough and not able
to control the strongest of the bad characters on his
beat. There are many nations and more governments
who think in terms of war, who make plans and
spend money always with the probability of being
able to wage a successful war in the back of their
minds. Such cannot be policemen of peace ; they are
the enemies of peace, the friends of war, just as much
as the man who carries a jointed jemmy and a bunch
of skeleton keys is a criminal in all but opportunity.
Here we do not speak of the smaller nations, because
too often for them armaments are their only hope of
life and contemplation of war is by no means desire
for battle.

THE OLD AND THE NEW PACIFICISM.

Away with the old pacificism which believed, or
forced itself to believe, sufficiently to preach that by
many words much disarmament would ensue — that a
word spoken was of more value to peace than a cartridge
in reserve. The lime has come for practical politics,
for looking the situation fairly and squarely in the face,
and shaping our pa( ificism accordingly. Pacifists want
peaic, and the new pacificism, leaving aside shibboleths
and ostrich-like head-hiding, is going to advance
towards peace by a sane realisation that there exist
forces for peace just as much as there exist forces for
war. All that is nc( cssar>- to secure peace is to make
the forces of those nations which think in terms of
peace as strong, or stronger, than those of nations
which think in terms of war.

THINKINC. IN TERMS OF IT.ACE.

This need for the new pacificism has been more
clearly recognised abroad, perhaps becau.se they know

more clearly the horrors of war and the blessings of
peace. And what do these Continental pacifists find as
a solution ? They are quite clear on this point, and say,
" England must be strong." That is all ; but there we
have the problem and the solution in a nutshell. What
a compliment, and what a responsibility, to be police-
man of peace for the world ! .\nd yet it is striking that
the idea does not ring false in English ears, even when
suddenly enunciated. And naturally not, because we
are a people who do not think in terms of war, who
do not really ever think enough about war to study
what war means, but who do desire peace, and think
only of peace. But let us look a little more closelv into
the question of our qualifications to regard everv one
of the great guns on our Dreadnoughts, every rifle in
our armouries, as a baton of peace.

ENGLAND AND WAR.

It is no exaggeration to say that it is thanks to the
strength of England and the British Empire that many
of the minor States exist and continue to exist. If
there were no British Navy, how long would the
status quo remain in Europe ? Ask any of those respon-
sible for the conduct and safety of a small State, and
the answer will be illuminating. In no part of the
world can it be said that there is a point where England
is meditating, or has meditated, going to war unpro-
voked. A policeman may be guilty of the minor sins —
he may even beat his wife — but as long as he remains
a good policeman he is not lacking in the great essen-
tial. And so, although at times England may have
been led astray by scheming politicians or mistaken
ideas, it must be noted that always the reasons adduced
to force the people to go to war are based upon the
idea of humanity or justice. .\nd the strengthening of
our forces makes more than ever incumbent the duty .
that we hold our Jingoes back and never again allow
them to seize the reins of power, for a Jingo-ridden
Britain with an overwhelming fleet is no longer a
world-policeman, but a homicidal lunatic at large.

PAST PRIVILEGE MEANS PRESENT DUTY.

There will be those vho say that it is easy to be
peaceful when earlier warlike decades have given all

628

The Review of Reviews.

that any Empire can desire. That may be so, but it
is only another argument in support of the theory
that England is a force for peace — an argument on a
low plane, if you like, but none the less an argument
for. What we feel is that the greater our privileges in
the past, the greater our present duty towards the
world and the cause of peace. Because we have intro-
duced the pax Britannica to many parts of the world,
why should that be held to be prejudicial to our aiding
and maintaining peace throughout the world ?

A WORLD IN MINIATURE.

The very fact that the British Empire is a world in
miniature is one of the surest of guarantees that Eng-
land is, and alwavs will be, a power for peace. A world,
even in miniature, cannot even think of a war where a
nation, centralised and localised, often even dreams of
one. Inevitably the more the various British nations
across the seas become powerful and have a sa)- in
Imperial affairs, the certainty that the policeman of
peace will not be otherwise than a force for peace is
much increased. Our oversea dominions may be trusted
to clip the claws and still the shrieks of our music-
hall Jingoes. It is for this reason that all friends of
peace should welcome the establishment of an Imperial
naval patrol and ever-increasing intimacy in naval
matters between the five British nations. It is well to
remember that the British title to hold is like other
such titles, not of much use for aggressive action,
however invincible for defence.

OUT OF THEIR OWN MOUTHS.

Did we desire further proof of the peaceful ideas and
ideals of this country, we have only to seek it in the
mouths of the most rabid of German Chauvinists.
These say with pride, when referring to the develop-
ment of the German navy, that after 1916 (or whatever
other date they may fi.x) England will not be able to
attack them. This is a sufficiently obvious acknow-
ledgment that until that date it is to England's advan-
tage to take the aggressive. And every year for the
last decade or more it has been to our advantage to
attack, and we have not attacked. Surely it does not
denote a very warlike frame of mind to avoid advan-
tageous war even at the risk of later disadvantageous
conflict. We do not think that anyone can uphold
seriously any other contention sa\'e that lingland is a
force for peace. If this is so, then England must he
strong.

A rUNDAMF.NTAI, DIFFERENCE.

Mr. Winston Churchill, speaking at the Academy
banquet, said : — " The best way to make war impos-
sible is to make victory certain." Nothing could better
show the mental attitude respectively of this country
and Germany, and proves that we are well fitted to
take up our ride of policeman of peace. No German,
even the most pacific, could have uttered that sentence
without both feeling ridiculous and being laughed at.
To the German mind it would present itself as follows :
— " The certainty of victory is the certainty of war."
Now we can see clearly the difference between the two
i-vntalities.

THE GERMAN PEOPLE AND GERMANY.

Here we would say a word about Germany and the
German nation. This because all questions of peace
and war at the moment resolve themselves into ques-
tions between London and Berlin. And the difference
between the ideas of the two great Powers is that set
forth relative to Mr. Churchill's dictum. " The German
nation has never been our enemy," writes Mr. Balfour,
and that is perfectly correct. We hope also that the
(ierman nation at heart may never be our enemy. We
hope this, even should Germany be at war with England
at some future date. This may happen should England
not be strong, even though the vast majority of the
German people do not desire it, and althoc.gh the
British people do not think about it. Friendship with
the German people is excellent, and must be fostered
and encouraged, but it must not be allowed to blind
us to the fact that it is not the friendly majority which
holds the reins of power in Germany.

THE GERMAN PEOPLE NEEDS A STRONG ENGLAND. '■

It is the reactionarv, military few, with ideas of
divine right and consequent autocracy, who direct
German policy, and it is this reason why only strength
in England can appeal to Germany — for they rule by
"divine right," and not by right. The Germans them-
selves admit this, as do they that Germany may go to
war with England against the wishes of the German
people. A strong England is the only means of rescuing
the German people from the danger of such a war, and
therefore the German pacifists also raise the cry,
" England must be strong." This is, perhaps, the most
significant feature of the whole situation, and should
never be forgotten. We do not wish this attitude of
distinction between rulers and ruled in Germany to be
taken as any encouragement to the voters to elect
Social Democrats rather than any other candidates ;
we only insist that the law of facts shall not be ignored.
It would be a splendid if not a readily practicable
plan for a great thinker such as Mr. Balfour to go to the
German people and tell them in unmistakable language
that, while we do not think of war, we are determined
to keep peace.

WHAT BRITISn ARMAMENTS MEAN.

Mr. Churchill has well summed up the reason for

increased naval armaments : —

" What lies behind this development of force and
war power ? Behind it lies all our right and claim to
our great position in the world ; behind it lies all
our power to put our own characteristic and dis-
tincti\c mark upon the unfolding of the civilisation
of mankind.'"
We think it well to reproduce here some striking

lines from Mr. Balfour's article on Anglo-Ornian

relations from the Nord nnd Siid : —

" If Englishmen were sure that a German fleet
was only going to be used for defensive purposes — -
i.e., against aggression — they would not care how
large it was ; for a war of aggression against Germany
is, to them, unthinkable. . » . Without a superior
fleet Britain would no longer count as a Power.

England must re Strong.

629

Without anv fleet at all Germany would remain the

greatest Power in Europe It is, therefore,

the mere instinct of self-preservation which obliges
Englishmen, not merely to take account of the
growth in foreign navies, but anxiously to weigh the
motives of those who build them. If they are built
solely for purposes of defence. Britain .... would
have no ground for disquiet, still less tor an ill-will."'
For those who accept the policy of Germany's right
to " a place in the sun," " German development
means German territorial expansion. All countries
which hinder, though rt be only in self-defence, the
realisation ol this idea are regarded as hostile."

GERMAN POLICY NAKED AND UNASHAMED.

Thus Mr. Balfour, and to judge how accurately he
has summed up the situation we have only to turn.
not to General Bemhardi, that Prussian general of
European reputation who seriously talks of the peace
movement as ' poisonous," asserts Germany's " right
of conquest." and, declaring that " might is right,"
ridicules the idea of respecting Belgian neutrality — not
this eminent soldier, but to Professor Dclbriick, friend of
the German Emperor and mouthpiece of German
apologia. He leaves little hope in our minds that
Germany docs not think in terms of war, but rather
is as an envious king gazing upon the Naboth's vine-
yards of the world, in South America or elsewhere.
He says : —

"The German people, since attaining unity as a
great nation, have gradually reached the determina-
tion not to permit the world to be divided up among
other nations, but to demand their own share of it.
.... For this object she needs a fleet. . . . Eng-
land and other Powers still refuse to recognise the
natural demands of Germany for full equalit)- in
world politics. Germany's natural answer has liccn
again considerably to strengthen both her army and
navy."

After speaking of " enforcing the accomplishment of
Germany's pur[)oses by increased armaments," the
Professor concludes with this consolingly " peaceful "
declaration : —

" The world can rest assured that Germany with
her army and navy seeks nothing but the main-
tenance of her position in Europe and fair partici-
pation when changes of ownership in colonics are
taking place elsewhere in the world."
Since all such questions must be decided in Europe,
unless we conclude that Germany means to destroy
* the Monroe doctrine, despite our refusal to abandon
the Unitetl .States in her policy, we are temptefl to con-
clude that the large guns of the German warships arc
the life-preservers of the housebreaker rather than the
linlons of the policeman of peace.

THE COMING OF BARON MARSCIIAI.l..

With much flourish of trumpets it was announced
that Germany wa.s to send to us as ambassador her
most illiistrir)us diplomat, Haron Marschall von Biebcr-
stcin, and we were told tli.it this was to herald a
new era of peace and rapprnchtmeni between the two

nations. Methinks he doth protest too much ! We
admire immensely the intellectual brilliance of the
new ambassador, and bow before his intelligence. His
qualifications are unmistakably adequate ; besides,
was he not selected by the German Emperor himself
for his new post ? At first blush the appointment
seems most flattering to such an intelligent nation as
we are, but on mature reflection we cannot fail to
wonder whether we should be flattered because the
authorities at Berlin have raised London to the level
of Constantinople !

PAST SUCCESSES OF DESTRUCTION,

The new ambassador has had a most successful
career, but his missions have always been de-
structive rather than constructive. At the second
Hague Conference he ensured little real accomplish-
ment— but he was very pleasant to talk to ; at Con-
stantinople he lost for Turkey all her former friends,
and was largely the cause of the war with Italy, but he
made beautiful promises. But are we to be as suscep-
tible to fair words and pleasant manners as were the
Voung Turks ? We do not think so ; perhaps Berlin
does. If Baron Marschall came from the German
people we would be delighted to have so intelligent and
progressive an ambassador ; but he comes from the few
in power, nor from the many in their power. And from
the few w-e, as policemen of peace, want acts, not
words. We do not want an intelligent ambassador who
comes with the new Navy Act in his pocket, as a
German deputy put it, but would prefer a stupid man
with a definite proof that Germany had accepted the
first definite overture made in public by one great
Power to another to check the headlong rush to ruin,

WHAT HE WILL REPORT.

We can, however, rejoice in Baron Marschall's intelli-
gence, because we are convinced that after a very short
stay here he will report to his Government that the
British people are solid on one point, and that is that
they will not leave the German pacifists in the lurch,
And that they are determined that " Ivngland shall be
strong I " If he does this, his visit will not have been
wasted, since, coming to Berlin from Germany's best
diplomat, it cannot be ignored. .Xpart from this
ser\Mce to the cause of peace, it seems that the eminent
diplomat would he wasted here ; " we be but stupid
folk." Perhaps China, awakening to a knowledge that
a democratic republic in full-going order is not attained
bv a universal haircut, might offer him a less "steep
and stony path."

A HEARTY WKICOME— WITH SPLENDID RESERVES.

It is well in any case that we can welcome him with
the splendid response of the Dominions in our hand.
" Those strong young nations, whii h have grown up all
o\ cr the world under the shelter of the Brili'^h flag and
by the stimulus and protection of British institutions,"
have responded nobly to .Mr. Churchill's appeal that
we should be able to make " the true division of labour
between the Mother Country and her daughter States ;
that wc should maintain a sea supremacy against all

630

The Review of Reviews.

comers at the decisive point, and that they should
guard and patrol all the rest of the British Empire."

The New Zealand Government offered their battle-
cruiser for service in home waters, which, while much
appreciated and temporarily accepted, does not fit in
to the big idea of Mr. Churchill's. Australia " have
cheerfully undertaken to defend their country by sea
and land, and are prepared to make all personal or
other sacrifices necessary thereto." Canada, if we can
believe the Toronto News, is going further, with a
very clear idea of the value of what her action means.
She is going to make a considerable corftribution in
cash or Dreadnoughts. " If Canada now leads the way
in a big way, the War Lords of Germany may see that
they cannot build battleships against five prosperous
British nations growing every day more powerful. By
doing the right thing now the Ottawa Government
may actually check Germany in her mad ambition."

AN EX.Min.E AND A DETERMINATION.

And so we become stronger and more able to fulfil

our mission of peace. But we must not let aid from our
colonies or fair words from the new German Ambas-
sador lull us into slumber ; we must always be working
and thinking how to make England strong. What an
example we have in Sweden, where, in a hundred days,
a population of five and a half million souls voluntarily
taxed themselves to the value of a new battleship for
their navy ! A voluntary tax of less than is. per head
in this country would add a battle-cruiser to the ijritish
Fleet. Still more readily it could be done by half a
dozen of our great industria.1 magnates. Whether we
imitate Sweden or not, we must never forget that all the
pacifists of the world are looking towards us, hoping for
our strength, and relying on the Policeman of Peace to
prevent war. The British Empire floats on the British
Fleet, and the Peace of the World depends upon the
British Empire ! And from now on amongst the most
persistent of those who are determined that England
shall be strong will be the pacifists transformed into
new pacifists.

CeiUxU I\\7'js.\

H.M.S. " Hibernia " Hoisting on Board the First Naval Hydroplane.

H.M.S. Ilihriiia occupies llic proud posilion of hcinj tlic first lirltisli w.irsliip to have hoisted on board a nav.al Iiydro-
plane— one of the weapons of tlie new arm. 'I'hc hydroplane is here seen swinging from a boom liy a cable which spreads
out just aliovo the wings, so that four cables actually take the wciglit of the machine. There seems no immediate prospect
of flyins; machines being able to alight on a warship. They will start from a specially prepared way, but will have to
alight on the water under cover of the baUlcjhip and be raised as shown in this picture.

631

The Board of Trade in the Dock

Mend It or End It — -a Patriotic Duty

" We shall leave to the honest judgment of England its painstaking chastisement of the Board
OF Trade, to whose laxity the world js largely indebted for this awful fatality. . . . The
lessons of the hour are, indeed, fruitless and its precepts ill-conceived if rules of action do not follow
hard upon the day of reckoning. Obsolete and antiquated shipping laws should no longer encumber the
Parliamentary records of any Government, and over-ripe administrative boards should be pruned of dead
branches and less sterile precepts taught and applied." — Senator Smith, in the United States Senate.

THESE are words which come oddly to the cars
of a nation which for many decades has con-
sidered itself entitled to lead the world in
matters maritime, and yet they are uttered
in the Senate of the United States by a man who is a
member of the Foreign Relations Committee and the
Committee of Xaval Affai-'s in America. There has
been so much cheap and uncalled-for abuse of Senator
Smith in tiie columns of the less responsible news-
papers of this country that we feel it our duty to
a.ssure Mr. Smith and the Senate of the United States,
as well as the American nation generally, that the
British public and the officers of the I?ritish mercantile
marine are grateful for their remarkable and con-
scientious effort to get at the truth of things, and to
hasten the day when modern regulations and real
supervision shall make ocean travel more humanly
safe. Senator Smith, no expert, and arrogating to
himself none of the attributes of the expert, felt deeply
that the travelling public had been living in a fool's
paradise, and determined that the Titanic disaster
should not pitss without bringing real reform in its
train.

senator smith on his task.

" The task," he writes, " was a most necessary
and exacting one. requiring immediate action and
thorough and painstaking inve-.tigation. With no lime
for preparation we entered upon our work, fully detcr-
minecl to leave nothing undone which would throw any
liL'ht upon the causes leading up to this most unneces-
iry tragedy. We felt that it was necessary to obtain
I he evidence of the officers and crew, all of whom were
British subjects, and that this should be done without
flelay, m order that they might not be inconvenienced
more than was absolutely neccssarv. Ti> ili o ind «!■

laboured unceasingly, and, while it was necessary to
insist upon their presence at the hearing, this was done
courteously and with every consideration for them and
their country, and it was with some satisfaction that I
listened to their words of praise for the manner in
which they had been treated while here. I am sure that
we have overlooked no fact or circumstance necessary
to a proper understanding of this matter, and believe
much good will be brought about as the result of our
efforts," These are not the words of one taking himself
or his task lightly — nor does the report of the Senate
Commission call for anything save commendation and
wonder at its completeness and the valuable recom-
" tncndations contained in it, when we remember how
rapidly things have moved.

the committee's conclusions.
The conclusions of the committee have been fully
dealt with ; but the chief recommendations are those
dealing with adequate supervision, boat accommoda-
tion, and watertight compartments. " No sufficient
tests were made of boilers or bulkheads or gearing or
equipment, and no life-saving nor signal devices were
reviewed. . . , The supposedly watertight compart-
ments of the Titanic were not, in fact, watertight
because of the non-watertight condition of the decks
where the transverse bulkheads ended," And because
of these "watertight compartments and bulkheads"
the British Hoard of Trade regulations allow a very
great decrease in boat capacity !

shall AMERICA LEAD ?

We have dealt at some length with Senator
Smith's attitude in this most vital question to the
greatest of maritime countries, not only liecausc he
has been grossly misrepresented here, but because his
earnestness gives us no ground to think that he will

632

The Review of Reviews.

loa\'o the matter where it is now. He intends to go
much farther than reports and speeches. Senator
.Smith means to proceed to action and to introduce new
standards of inspection and supervision for vessels
entering and leaving American ports, which will ensure
more adequate provision for the safety of passengers.
The report recommends that revision should he made of
steamship inspection laws in foreign countries, and
that they should be adapted to the standard proposed
in the United States. An attempt will be made to
establish the new American standard by law in the
course of the present session, so that all vessels sailing
under a foreign flag will have to comply with the
requirements of American law before they are granted
their clearance papers. There is also a recommendation
that in the event of any country with which the United
States have a reciprocal arrangement about the mutual
acceptance of certificates failing to revise its regulations
in conformitywith the above suggestions, the reciprocal
arrangement with that country be abrogated. At the
present moment the American authorities accept a
British Board of Trade certificate as adequate ; in the
future they will no longer do so, and who can blame
them ?

A NATION ASHAMED.

All those who are proud of this country, and who
have felt some measure of reflected glory from the fact
that they were citizens of the country which led the
world in maritime matters, have reason to be alarmed,
indignant, and ashamed. The Board of Trade has no^
only lost its reputation in matters maritime, but it has
damaged in the face of all men the dignity of British
maritime prestige, one of the nation's most glorious
possessions ever since we wrested the command of the
high seas from the Dutch. No wonder Mr. Douglas
Hall said in the Board of Trade debate, " We who
have hitherto led the legislation and the regulations of
the world in all shipping matters are in the humiliating
position of having the finger of scorn pointed at us by
every other nation on account of our obsolete rules
and regulations." Instead of being angry with Senator
Smith becau.se he points out our weakness, we should
follow his advice and chastise the Board of Trade with
the scorpions of just indignation, and determine to
wipe out the indignity which has been placed on the
nation.

SIIAI.I. MR. ntJXTON HANG ?

But it is a question how far we can do anything to
avoid the loss of initiative in the matter of shipping
reform. America or Germany seems certain to wrest
from us the leadership. For it must be confessed that

a closer inspection of the Board of Trade with regard
to the Marine Department does not fill us with con-
fidence. We do not wish to hang the President of the
Board of Trade as a traitor to the nation's best interests,
since we are convinced that nobody is more horrified
than Mr. Bu.xton at the state of aff'airs at the Board
of Trade. The ills are of long standing ; the bureau-
cracy must be as powerful at least in this department
as in any other, and as we will show later on, the idea
that the Marine Department of the Board of Trade is
a Government office, doing the will of the taxpayer
and protecting his interests, is really quite an incorrect
one. But a Minister has to take responsibility when he
takes up office ; he has to pose as an expert and take all
the sins of permanent officials upon his shoulders. And
so, highly as we estimate the many qualities of Mr.
Buxton, we are bound to hold him responsible for the
truly terrible state of affairs now existing in matters
pertaining to the regulation and supervision of British
shipping. The debate in the House of Commons on
the Board of Trade Vote brought many interesting
points to light, but it cannot be said that it brought
forward anything which can be taken as even a feeble
excuse for the present state of things. Even a masterly
system of shifting responsibility from Minister to
Committee, from Committee to Commission, cannot
continue indefinitely to blind the eyes of the public or
of their elected representatives.

HOPELESSLY AND FARCICALLY INEFFICIENT.

" The Board of Trade regulations," said Lord
Charles Beresford, " are not up to modern require-
ments ; they were laid down in 1894, and since then
the mercantile marine has entirely changed ....
Not until the appalling disaster of the Tilanic was it
that the Board of Trade really made any efforts to
carry out their own regulations or the recommenda-
tions of their .\dvisory Committee." Another Member
said :— " In July, 191 1, more than ten months before
the Tilanic disaster, the Advisory Committee of the
Board of Trade recommended a large increase in life-
boat accommodation, and the damning fact which
convicted the President of neglect was that no steps
were taken to carry out these recommendations." But
that is nothing to the Board of Trade ; years do not
count for much, so why should we expect them to take
notice of mere months ? In 1906, when the Merchant
Shipping Bill was being considered, and the question
of lifeboat accommodation and the training of men to
man boats was raised, Mr. Lloyd George, the then
President, said that these matters should be dealt with
by regulations to be framed by a responsible body

The Board of Trade in the Dock.

633

called the Advisory Committee, which was to he set
up. So we see that in 1906 there was an admission of
the need of reform; but nothing has been done since.
Example could be piled on example, but to what
purpose.' The fact is clear enough: the Board of Trade,
as far as it has pretensions to control marine matters,
is hopelessly and farcically inefTicient.

IN THE HANDS OF THE SHIPOWNERS.

Then comes the question, " Is there any real chance
of reform, or must there be a purging ? " To have
some idea of this we must deal with the real power
behind the Throne and see who it is who controls the
Board of Trade, its President, and through them the
whole of this country's shipping. The whole situation
is, to put things bluntly, in the hands of the ship-
owners ; in other words, they control the regulations
which are supposed to force themselves to look after
the welfare of the travelling public. If it were not so
grimly serious, so tragically wrong, it would he farcical
and worthy of comic opera. Let the public once realise
the vicious circle that now exists, and a great step
forward towards reform will have been made. Two
Members referred to this state of things in the debate —
Sir Gilbert Parker and Mr. Sandys. The former said,
" The Board of Trade are depending upon the
advice of those who, on the whole, are most
interested in having the fewest lifeboats and the
minimum of regulations, compelling them to do things
which they thought were not necessary " ; while Mr.
Sandys was cc|ually outspoken. " If you are going
to leave it to the shipowners it will be far better not to
have any regulations of this kind at all. Then, at any
rate, the travelling public would know where they
were." Or, as one of the travelling public remarked
recently to the manager of one of the leading Atlantic
pa.sscnger lines, who had been explaining that boats,
life-belts, etc., were all unnecessary, because useless,
•• V'ou had belter advertise your steamers thus: —
• Passengers by this line do not need to be anxious as
to whether their lives will be saved in case of accident
or not ; they will know — that they are doomed before-
hand.' "

• THE shipowners' SMOKEROOM."

Nor is this idle talk when we see what is the
composition of the Merchant Shipping .Advisory Com-
mittee, that mainstiiy and protection of the President
of the Board of Trade. There arc eight shipowners,
two underwriters, two shipbuilders, two shipmasters,
two engineer ofTners, and two men representing the
Seamen's and Firemen's Union. The two additional
•members co-optefl by the Government were a ship-

builder and a representative of shipowners. The Com-
mittee thus represents shipowners' interests or people
who are in the business to make money out of the
conveyance of passengers and cargo. There is no
representation of passengers or public. Is it a wonder
that the House of Commons is known amongst the
officers of our merchant service as '' the shipowners'
smokeroom " ? But the most damning thing about this
shipowners' Council of Ten is that its sittings are in
secret, and reports of its proceedings are not made
public. Such a state of things tends to reassure the
travelling public that — their safety will never be
allowed to interfere with the interests of shipowners.

•' GOOD HEAVENS ! IT'S HOLLOW ! "

Apart from these experts and interested parties,
we are forced to believe that the knowledge of the
President of the Board of Trade in these matters
dealing with ships is somewhat akin to that of the
prominent member of a political naval commission
in one of the European countries who had made a
great reputation in the Press and amongst his fellow-
countrymen as a naval expert. On one occasion he
happened to be summering in the neighbourhood of
the naval manoeuvre ground, and thus came to pay his
first visit to a warship, one of those bulwarks of his
country he had so ardently worked for. Delighted, he
looked at the guns, walked here and there on the deck
and bridges, and then was asked to go below. He
looked perfectly astonished, and cried out, " Good
Heavens, you don't mean to say it's hollow ! "

IGNORANCE AND " OLD MOORE's ALMANAC."

.Such ignorance alone on Mr. Buxton's part could
excuse acquiescence in such facts as that the Titanic
could have gone to sea with only half her crew-,
that the Board of Trade would not have cared, and,
even if caring, would not^have been able to stop her
doing so, or that, while there is no means of judging
of the efficiency of watertight compartments and
no regulations for so doing, a rule of the Board
of Trade lays down that " when ships of any class
are fitted with efficient watertight compartments to
the satisfaction of the Board of Trade, they shall
only be required to carry boats, rafts, and life-saving
apparatus to the extent of half of the capacity
required by these rules " ! We would call the atten-
tion of these shipowners, and others to whom are
entrusted the safety of ships, of crews, and of passengers,
that since January of this year at least fifteen British
vessels have gone down with 430 lives, before ever the
Tilntiir's end startled their puppets at the Board ol

634

The REviiiw of Reviews.

I'riuie into a semblanre of taking action to endeavour
to save the reputation of the Jlinistcr and of the
Government. But what can be expected of a Minister
who. when asked why there had been so much delay,,
announces that there had been no " unavoidable delay,"
in tliesr words, " If we had anticipated the loss of the
Tilani(. naturally we should have moved more quickly,
but that was a thing we could not do." If this is argu-
ment, wc would recommend the President of the Board
of 'I'radc to buy an " Old Moore's Almanac," and lay
out his j)lans according to its predictions !

IS THERE A RAY OF HOPE ?

Admitted that the shipowning interests are supreme
at the Board of Trade, is any escape possible ? Is there
any ray of hope for the passenger ? Apparently none,
.since behind the shipowners there are the insurance
brokers, and it must never be forgotten that the
day of the unsinkabie ship means the end of marine
insurance. There are few Board of Trade surveyors ;
according to Lord Charles Beresford. " only sixteen
nautical surveyors to inspect 7,000 steamers with a
tonnage of over 13,000,000." How can the regulations,
which allow for a yearly inspection of life-saving
appliances and boats, be adequately carried out ? And
these surveyors are chosen on whose recommendation ?
On that of their former employers, the shipowners, to
whom they must look for testimonials. It all seems
hopelessly well arranged for the shipowners and
against the travelling public. Nothing can do any
real and lasting good .save a complete cleansing of
these Augean stables.

THE '■' INSPECTION " OF VESSELS.

We do not wonder, after all this, that the inspection
of vesssels is a mere farce in nine cases out of ten ; we
should be surprised were it otherwise. It does seem
strange that a Board of 'I'rade surveyor has apparently
not the right to choose the time of his visit himself,
but must wait a notice from the owners or captain.
Why, every seller of a farthing's worth of sweets in the
slums is more adetjuately supervised than are the
merchant-vessels of Britain ! Most cxtraordinarilv
' ircumstantial tales are told of these inspections: how
special stores are kept, and only brought forth to play
their part during inspections, afterwards being landed
until the next time. The j)rincipal item in the inspec-
tion seems to be lunch, even though this has to be
frequently specially supplied from a ncighbourin"
hotel. In our next number we will deal more fully
with these most damning sides of the present domina-
tion of the Board of Trade by the shipowners.

HOW TO GET AT THE TRUTH.

How are we to get at the truth ? From the sur-
veyors ? Scarcely, if the}' value their positions. From
officers of the merchant service ? Certainly not, if we
are to believe what we hear of a blacklisting private
register at Lloyd's, in which owners can ruin all chances
of future employ;nent without the unfortunate man
having any chance of rebutting the accusations. It
would seem that the case is hopeless save in a court
of law, where subpcenacd witnesses would be forced to
give evidence. And even then — what ? It all seems
very hopeless, unless there is a great public expression
of sentiment and of indignation. We fail to see how
the public can adequately realise the enormity of
the crime save by exposure in the Courts of Law.
But how can any real good be expected from the
British Titanic Commission, which seems to prefer to
cross-examine the modern Mantalini to investigatmg
the vital question of bulkheads and watertight com-
partments. Much will be referred to the Bulkhead or
other commissions, and nothing further will be heard
of it for months. In any case it is only a shifting
from one farce to another ; the parts as well as the
whole are controlled by the shipowners directly or
through those, such as shipbuilders and experts (who
depend upon the shipowner for livelihood). The
shipowners mock the public just as much as does
a rude little boy who puts his fingers to his nose ;
but the shipowners are clever — they put the Board
of Trade's fingers to their nose, and the public is
deceived.

PUT THINGS RIGHT !

But, oh, the shame of it to England, and the
cruelty of it to those who have to go down to the
sea in ships ! Every day sees vessels leaving port to
run even greater risks than the Titanic, since they
attract less attention ; and it is for the crews of the
tramp as well as for the passengers of the liner that we
would speak, for those who cruelly, silently disappear
without any glamour, without anything save slowly,
pitilessly making widows and orphans here and there.
It may be that the Titanic disaster may prove, as many
mercantile marine officers think, the Waterloo of this
country's marine prestige. We hope not ; we cannot
believe that it can be ; and wc are convinced that, even
at the elc\-enth hour, the nation will reassert itself, and
to such good ])urpo.se as to put matters on a basis
which will at the same time be worthy of the British
Empire and regain for us the riglit to lead the
world.

635

thp: sinking of a modern liner

By W. T. STEAD.

This remarkable description of the sinking of a modern liner, with all its attendant horrors, was
written by Mr. W. T. Stead in 1886, and appeared in the Pall Mall Gazette in the form of the
narrative of a survivor. We make no e.xcuse for reprinting this commentary upon the results of the
present regulations of the Board of Trade, as shown as well in 1912 as in 1886. Now, as then, the
majority of passengers on a modern liner are doomed beforehand, without chance of appeal, should
there be any accident. We think it well that all travellers, in reading this vivid account, should
realise the perils awaiting those who go down to the sea in ships under present conditions. Undoubtedly
the most striking fact about this article is that, when originally published, Mr. W. T. Stead appended
an editorial footnote as follows : — " Tins is exactly wh.^t might take place, and what will tak'-
I'LACE IF THE LINERS ARE SENT TO SEA SHORT OF BOATS." And after twentv-six years of "progress,*
the Hoard of Trade is responsible for the loss of sixteen hundred lives on the Tilain'c, because there
were not enough boats 1

WE took in 158 mailbags and 342 passengers
at Queenstown, and there was a great deal
ol confusion as the steamer headed awav
■<> the west, for we had shipped 560 passenger?
in all at Liverpool, and it was a pretty tight
fit in the steerage. I stayed on deck till after
eleven at night. " She's going it," I said, by
way of opening a conversation. " Yes, by the
hokey, she's doing sixteens now, and if the wind only
I omes round she'll score eighteens like winking."
• It's rather thick to drive her, isn't it ? " " Thick,
be blowed ! We ain't got to mind that much. We shall
slow her down a bit if we blunder into a regular fog,
but she can't spare a yard. Reckon we shall average
sevcntecns right across." Our talk went on till the
curtain of midnight was fairly folded round us, and
then I went aft to lend a hand with the log. Sure
enough we were going " sixteens," and our progress
wa.s rather like that of a mackerel than a ship.
The enormous pulse of the engines sent great tremors
from stem to stern, and at every wheeling lash of the
propeller the iicjat thrust her way through the black
mountains that lamc down on her, tossing their savage
white crests. In the morning the gale blew harder,
and the decks were almost deserted save by the few-
seasoned handi who came up to smoke in the alleys,
it was not till the fourth day we had a fine spell of
sunshine, and from the fore hatch to the spare wheel
the deck was 1 rammed with jostling lines of pale hut
< hccrful people.

DDWN IN THE STEERAGE.

I did not much like the appearance of our
Liverpool lot. I had an intermediate ticket, but 1
wandered among the steerage company without much
interruption until I happened to stumble against one of
the Knglish roughs. I begged pardon, but the surly

fellow said : " What be'est moochin' round here for ?
Say, Curly, see this blank swine majorin' round's zif the
place b'longed to'm. I'll give you my toe, my joker,
'fore you can say ' knife ' if \ou come that agin ! "
I said : " I've asked your pardon, my man, and I
assure you it was an accident. As for your toe, I advise
you not to try it on. I have a full allowance of toes and
boots." He was a fellow with that type of snake head
which denotes the fighting man ; his jowl was vast ;
the point of his jaw was covered by the strained skin
which showed how he was clenching his teeth ; and
his evil little eyes looked venomous under his rugged,
bestial brows. He said : " Do you know who I am ?
I'm Jim Cormick, and I'm going out to spar with the
Boston Boy." I was not much alarmed, though I saw
that his fist would mark me if he got home. His friends
came round, and I am bound to say that they were as
unpleasant a lot as you can meet.

PASSENGERS — STEERAGE AND SALOON.

There was no sign of discipline among the five
hundred and sixty steerage passengers, though it is
fair to say that the foreigners behaved admirably.
When a vessel hove up there was a nasty rush to the
side where she could be seen, and the women had to
get out of the way as best they could. 'Ihc officers'
uniforms cowed the most offensive of the rowdies, but
I don't think the terror was very deep-seated. The
after-cabin passengers were a nice lot, and I parti-
cularly admired some of the ladies who came out in
their sea-rig and made the deck gay. One Englishman
of distinction attracted me strangely. He had his wife
and family with him, and a more beautiful group I
never saw. The eldest girl was a dark beauty about
eighteen years of age, and it was a pretty sight to see
the father beau-ing her about. The lime went by
pleasantly enough for us all, but I did wish that some

636

The Review ok Reviews:

sort of discipline c6uld have been established amonj^
the more blackguardly males, for their games were
senseless and olTensive.

COUNTING THE BOATS.

On the fifth night out the moon shone beautifully,
and we were surrounded by a fretwork of silver. I
could not sleep for the very delight of living, and 1
walked up and down crooning over old rhymes under
the glad mystery of the night. A sudden freak prompted
me to hoist myself up from the alley, and I had a look
at four of the boats. The thole-pins were laid ready,
water-casks made fast forward, oars lashed handily;
plugs out. I I'ounted the thwarts, and it struck me
that the other four boats must be pretty big. for the
four amidships were certainlv small enough. At the
finish I calculated that by loading all the eight boats
down to the water's edge, and packing the children
along the bottom boards, we might accommodate
390 people. We were carrying 916 altogether.

" VESSEL ON STARBOARD BOW."

The next morning at three o'clock I felt restless ; so
I came up, and found that we were lunging over a long,
true sea that moved in grey hillocks under a thick
haze. It was not exactly a fog, but it was puzzling.
The look-out man sang shrilly, " Vessel away on the
starboard bow, sir." " All right." We steamed on, and
I watched the looming ship. " Shows his green, sir ! "
" All right." A minute after the boatswain ran swiftly
aft, and said softly to the officer on the bridge : " He's

going about, sir. D d if I know what he wants to

do." We lost sight of the vessel's green just as we
cleared the big bank of haze, and then I saw that a
big barque was standing right across our bows. I
glanced at the mate, and saw him compress his lips ;
then I saw that we were edging away to port, and I
knew that our man was going to shoot across the
barque's bows. Distances are so deceptive that I still
had no thought of nervousness till the barque suddenly
shook out her square mainsail and came surging away
till we saw her red light. What could one make of
this ?

THE COLLISION.

1 he officer yelled of a sudden, with an oath,
"Starboard — for Christ's sake, starboard !" — and then.
as if by magic, the cloud of canvas seemed to overtop
us. I saw the officer hanging to the rails, and as I
jumped on the hatches I noticed, with forlorn curiosity,
that his knuckles were white. I heard a long scraunch,
and then the barque bounded back a few yards, while
the steamer trailed on ; she came slowly into us again,
and I heard her bows crashing, for she had dashed

clean against the baulks of the stokehold. One shrill
scream came shuddering up from the cabin — only one
— then a murmur, then a hoarse burst of yelling ; then
a man came up ana cried, " Oh, my God ! " and then,
in a wild, remorseless, ferocious crowd the steerage
men trampled up, struggling, tearing each other's
clothes, cursing, praying. Some of the women battered
and screamed as they tried to force the bolts of their
door ; then the whole crowd broke clear, and soon they
were clinging to the men, praying, jabbering with notes
of horrible pathos all kinds of incoherences. 1 ran aft,
and saw the barque waver, lurch, and then sink.

, AFTERWARDS.

I remember now observing how her masts quivered,
and I heard a report like that of a heavy cannon as her
hatches were thrust up by the air. A green-and-white
mountain gleamed in the grey of the dawn, and then
the ship was no more. The ladies from the cabin were
mostly in their nightdresses, and the men also had no
time to dress. I saw white, drawn faces, and I noticed
particularly my English gentleman and his daughter.
She was hanging to his arm, and 1 thought she was
shaking convulsively, but she kept her lips tight, and
only the deadly stare of her eyes flashing from the
pallor of her writhing face told of her trouble. The
captain rushed forward buckling his belt as he came.
He was in his shirt-sleeves, and I saw the butt of a
Deringer peeping from his Yankee pocket behind him.

STAND BY THE BOATS.

From below there came a queer sucking sound, with
an occasional long gurgle, and I saw that the \essi-l
seemed to " hang " as the seas met her. The second
officer, who was a smart man, had passed a spare sail
over the side, and I knew he wanted to reeve it under
her, but he might just as well have tried to stop the
midfUe arch of London Bridge. The engines were still
kept going, but the deck slanted steadily, and the list
to starboard reached an angle that- made it difficult to
stand at all, especially as the uneasy, staggering lunges
of the steamer were taking her anyhow. An awkward
rush of men swayed forward ; the boxer and his gang
made a desperate attempt to get one of the boats
clear ; cursing and praying, they hacked at the tackles
with knives ; soine of them swarmed up, and stood on
the thwarts tearing savagely at the chains ; but the
boats were made fast to stand heavy weather, and only
skilled sailors could launch them. A loud crack, fol-
lowed by a wallowing noise like thunder, rendered all
other sounds insignificant, and the captain, who was
going out to New ^'ork, said : " The bulkhead's gone.
We must take our chance now." The ship stopped

The SiNKiNci OF a Modern Liner.

637

nearly dead and began to tremble furiously, but thiit
was only the river of water pouring aft, and we soon
saw the firemen driven up like rats from a burrow.
" Stand by the boats ! "

THE FIGHT FOR LIFE.

The order was given, and the boatswain's call rose
in a long, tremulous screech. The sailors tried to get to
their quarters, and I observed that their occasional
drills had done them good. But then the drills had been
1 arried on while the passengers stood aloof, so that the
sailors were used to having their own way. .\t this
juncture there was a maddened host of cowardly men
and hysterical women to be dealt with. 1 forced my
way forward towards one of the starboard boats, and
as 1 thru-;t mv way through the crush, an Irishwoman
clung to me with one arm, while she held up a shivering
baby with the other. The woman was nearly naked,
but she never heeded the cold. " Mother of God," she
iried, " take my little one and make sure of him." I
shook her off and pushed on. A terrified navvy sought
10 keep me back, and he scratched at my face like a
/at ; but I reached the davits. The men had the boat
iwung round, and the carpenter was about to let her
un, when a mixed mob of English and foreigners took
possession, and in an instant the little craft was packed
with a weltering heap of men who had quite lost their
senses. I saw the captain leave the bridge with a flying
>pring, and I saw also the gleam of the pistol barrels.
Then I heard on the starboard side the rapid '" Smasli,
smash" of a revolver-shot, and the captain shouted,
'■ You hear what they are getting on the other side !
Out of it, or I take you one after the other." The
sailors were fighting hard, but the men in the boat
fought also with the oars and boathooks ; one seaman
had his head split ; another received a wound from
a boathook, which took his cheek away in one nasty
tlaj).

WOMEN FIR.ST.

Still the ruftians did not know how to lower away,
and one of them began to lash at the forward fall with
an axe. " Come down, you, sir." " \'ou be d— d."
Crack ! The man flung up his arms, dropped his axe,
and fell headlong into the sea. " \ow down with you,"
said the captain, livid and half-blind with fury. Hut
no. A furious fool succeeded in letting the boat go by
the head, and the whole crowd of poltroons were
emptied into the swashing sea, where they gasped and
struggled till the last two men throttled each other and
rolled under. One of the starlxiard boats was suicess-
fully launched, and the chief offu er stood, revolver in
hand. " Women first hert. Thompson, you will steer
her. Take (our men, and no more." The young Knglish
lady was lowered down, although she clung liard to

her father and begged him to let her stay. "No,
darling ; good-bye. Be happy ! " he said, and then
stood composedly amid the hurly-burly. A pretty
actress and two Iristiwomen were ne.xt sent down ;
then four children were put in, and then the sailors
sprang over the side and prepared to help others. An
Irishman shouted, " Now, boys ! " His voice seemed
to send an impulse through the crowd, and the roughs
tore themselves away from the women and flung them-
selves recklessly — some into the boat, some into the
water. The officer fired two barrels and missed each
time ; a sailor shoved off, and we saw an overladen
boat lumber heavily aw^iy astern.

A SCENE OF HORROR.

.Ml this scene of horror took place in less than two
minutes, and the ship settled more and more every
sei'ond. The prize-fighter and his gang were not suc-
cessful in their attempt to steal the boat forward.
The purser and the steward armed themselves with
firemen's rods and beat the fellows down ; then the
baker— a quick young lad, who had learned his
business as a seaman in addition to his trade — let the
boats slip, and four gallant men withstood the ferocious
rowdies until eighteen women had been pitched over
the side and carelessly lowered. A seaman took the
tiller, four stokers, the purser, and the baker jumped
in at the last moment, and this second boat went
adrift. Meanwhile the captain had reloaded — alas,
what a pity he only had two barrels ! — and a third and
fourth boat went off with half their proper complement.
Another boatload might have escaped, but si.x men
sprang from the port side and actually stove the
cutter in.

ONE BOAT LEFT — AND SEVEN HUNDRED SOULS.

At last, only one light boat remained, and
still there were over 700 of us jammed in the narrow-
space left by the awful list. The captain had dropped
his hands , he could do no more. The third mate took
a handspike and went smashing among the men who
were wTestling around our last hope. One sailor said,
•' We've stood it long enough, Tom. Let's have our
turn." .\nd he, with three sturdy Swedes, managed to
get at the davits. They were just in time, for the
steamer began to sway as they floated, and they were
all but swamped by the charge and leap of a crowd
who flung themselves into the water. Then I was left
with a great multitude, whose agonised clamour
stunned me. I felt a mighty, convulsive movement ;
then the sea seemed to flash down on me in one mass,
as if the wall of water fell from a high crag. Then 1
heard a humming noise in my ears, and with a gasp 1
was up amid a blackened wriggling sheet of drowning
creatures. A boat came past me, and I struck out
lustily. I raised myself to the gunwale. " Shall I hit
his fingers ? " said a man. " No, let him rome," and
then I was laid, sick and di/./.y, on the bottom boards of
a crowded boat. You know that we were picked up
after a nasty time, and I am at home minus my kit.

638

A French Appreciation of Mr. W. T. Stead.

Among all the countless tributes which have been published in various lands none is more striking than that
which appeared in "La Revue" from the pen of M. Jean Finot, who was one of the closest friends of
Mr. Stead. There were few matters which he did not discuss with M. Finot, either by word of mouth or by
letter. We give here the most notable passages of a notable appreciation.

WITH \V. T. Stead has disappeared not only
a great writer, an illustrious journalist, but
also one of the best men who ever lived.
I do not intend to analyse the intellectual
inheritance bequeathed to us by the dear departed
one. An impossible task 1 A great stirrer-up of ideas.
Stead has sown them in handfuls throughout the
world. As in the forest you cannot see the trees for
the wood, so his ever-stirring activity, which embraced
the whole of life and human proclivities, has hidden
his talent as a writer of rare and sparkling originality,
full of the unexpected as to form and inspiration. A
hundred little books, written in honour of and inspired
by the love of children, would alone have procured for
anyone else an envied place amongst the most adored
writers.

His ghost-stories,, masterpieces of unheard-of and
poignant terror, should have their place amongst the
most thrilling pages of an Edgar Allan Poe or a
Hoffmann. Stead considered them authentic, attri-
buted them to real spirits, and humanity took him at
his word. These jewels of imagination have not been
appraised at their true value, coming in a direct line
from the other world. They were a subterfuge to the
professionals and a simple transmission of the words
of the dead to the credulous. So the glory of Stead
as a writer of phantasies has been strangled between
his readers, of whom some believed in themselves too
much, and the others were decidedly too weak to
understand.

A MILLIONAIRE OF GENIUS.

In Burderland, a. stnxn^e and fascinating periodical,
which, as a most mysterious star, shone upon the occult
firmament of two worlds, scattering amongst its readers
dreams and follies, Stead e.xpended an imagination
worthv of a millionaire of genius, who neither troubled
about his own resources nor the receptiveness of those
who followed him. It contained an e.xtravagant story
of a double which, after giving me delicious night-
mares during a series of summer nights, almost deprived
of reason a friend of mine, a logician, and one of the
greatest unbelievers in any manifestations of the
spirit world.

Add to this the collection of some twcntv \ears of
the Review of Reviews, fifteen or so of political
works, pamphlets without number, and thousands ot
articles scattered in the English and American Press,
and vou will get an approximate idea of the i areer of
this prolific writer. Nothing can compare with this
richness and originality of literary production, except,
perhaps, that life so worthily fulfilled that he deserves
to pass into posterity as one of the most interesting
personalities of our time.

The catastrophe of the Titanic has shown this — we
know how to die worthily, but we do not know how to
live humanly. We must salute as heroes those who
in their daily life offer the unusual spectacle of men
living by and for a great ideal. It is from this point of
view that I like to examine some episodes in Stead's
''fs. t * * *

the white slave trade.

Then one fine day he began his Homeric fight against
the white sla\e trade and the terrific hunt of the
souteneurs of London ; of the unavowed vices of the
Vioble, very noble lords, and of opulent, all-powerful
men. Europe and the whole world followed with
passionate curiosity the superhuman acts of courage
of this journalist. That which increased their sym-
pathy for the writer was his evident good faith, his
inspired prophetic style, unlimited devotion for justice,
and his boundless temerity. These were, perhaps, the
most heroic and the happiest hours of Stead's life. He
alone succeeded in rousing his country against vice of
all sorts, in saving the existence of thousands of women,
in branding innumerable sins, and in causing the
triumph of virtue, his idol always.

What mattered to him the risk of his life ? — the
dangers which assailed him on all sides? He loved a
real fight in any shape ; not that imaginary peril which
gives delicious soul-trouble, hut that real danger which
might have and did almost cost him his life. On him
was inflicted one day the punishment of several months'
hard labour. His soul, athirst for martyrdom and
suffering for the truth, thence drew fresh strength.
Those months passed in prison were, perhaps, the most
symbolic of his life ; anyway, they decided his future
activities.

THE effect of prison.

His convict dress caused him to think much about
modern society. In the light of this outward humilia-
tion, for him a divine reward. Stead realised more fully
the beauty and happiness of sacrifice for one's fellow-
creatures, of this struggle, splendid above all others, to
bring heaven upon earth. He understood also the
power of reflection and the inner life. From this time
he glorified the beautv of solitude. Thence he drew his
strength, his inspiration, and his thoughts for more
inten.se fight. His predisposition to the mystie there-
became immeasurably exalted, and side by side with
the man of action grew the imiterate dreamer, an
easy prey to touchingly nai\e manifestations, which
sometimes mastered his lucid mind and his proved
knowledge of men and ideas.

Stead was considered a sort of king of journalists.
Never was title more justified or more merited. From
all countries people went to Stead to ask him to defend

A French Appreciation of Mr. VV T. Steau.

639

true and just cauMS. ^overeiyns themselves did not
disdain to call him to them, in order to interest hin^
■n their great or generous conceptions.

He was amongst those most convinced about and
most devoted to the cause of arbitration. Hut that
which is less known is that for this Slcad expended a
small fortune. The Russian Government wished to
reward Stead for that which he had done before, during.
and after the (Hague) Conference, and as he would
have nothing to do with decorations it was proposed
at least to refc.nd him the expenses necessary for the
prolonged propaganda. Stead refused.

THE NAI'OLEON OF THE CAPE AND HIS WILL.

One morning Stead rushed into my little retreat
! where, far from the noisy life of Paris, I was working
', to improve my attempts at optimistic philosophy. He
i had accustomed me for several years to these unex-
j pected visits, followed by delightful and interminable

chats. A common friend, .Mme. de P , had once

invited us together, and we left that evening tied for
e\er by an attachment stronger than death. Often,
fatigued or discouraged by a life of feverish work, we
called upon one another, and dined together in Paris
or in London, to return next day to the daily task.

His visit then did not astonish me very much. With
that childlike gaiety, full of the charm of the unex-
pected, he asked me brusquely : " Will you go with
me to hell ? "—and this hell, in the Biblical language
with which Stead interspersed his ordinary conver-
sation, was just a great world journal, or, rather, two
gigantic journals, two enterprises grandly human. All
this belonged to the wonderful, the strange, as was
c\xrything which inspired Stead to act.

Cecil Rhodes had asked Stead several days before :
'' What would you do. Stead, if you had a million of
money ? " Stead did not hesitate an instant. In his
talk with his intimate friends he had often spoken of
the need to found an international paper independent
of subscribers, purchasers, advertisements, finance,
governments, and the devil in person. His reply was
riady : — " I would start an English paper such as
I'.nijland has never seen, and another for the Continent
tiiat Europe could never ha\e conceived of." And
Rhodes answered him with that absence of gesture and
sobriety of words which were so astonishing in this
mover of men and millions ; — " Start your two
journals ; I will put the million at your disposal."

What new and fascinating conception wou'd be
nrrded in order to get these journals accepted and
riad — journals whirli were to realise the ideal of a lay
gospel, supportcfl b\- the ocrult and open, despotic and
irresponsible power possessed by the modern Press ?
• • • •

THE NEED OF PRISON FOR RHODES.

.Stead wrote me llie lines in which the nobility of his
ioul. wrapped in the n)anlle of a mjslic, showed itself
n its solemn and reflective beauty :--" Cecil Rhodes
- not a man of finished morality. What he needs is a

ir of hard labour. If he had to reflect in prison upon
.ii and the |>roblems of existence, he would become
)crfect."

This man, whom man> represent as mspired, and
therefore with foregone conclusions impossible to
move, was open to argument. His honesty compelled
him to acknowledge with true Christian humility his
faults and errors. Passionately devoted to peace and
the brotherhood of the peoples, he cherished the project
of an Anglo-German enteiile. With his customary
energy he projected and organised the visit of the
German journalists to London, and also that of the
JJritish journalists to Berlin, Then came the turn of
the teachers and industrials.

HIS ATTITUDE TO GERMANY.

The abuse and mockery which were hurled down upon
him flowed over his soul as water over marble. Thus
he endeavoured to realise a fantastic, improbable
dream. He wanted to bring all the professionals of
England and Germany in contact, in order that,
knowing each other better, and thus being able to
appreciate each other, they might the better love one
another. But his successive journeys to German)-
opened his eyes.

He began to understand the fatal force which was
pushing the German Empire towards the domination
of the world. He was dismayed at the danger which
menaced his dear England if she went to sleep under
the influence of the intoxicating music which had
cradled his own slumbers. And then, braving ridicule,
he declared himself the advocate of two keels to one.
He travelled over England, held conferences, thun-
dered in the newspapers, and this friend of Germany, in
short-sighted eyes, appeared to have become her implac-
able enemy.

His passionate search after truth often brought him
into an impassable lalnrinth. He felt the danger of
responding to the appeal of the mysteries of the life
bevond, hut he pursued them after all. His righteous
simplicity often subjected him to misapprehension.
Starting with false premises, he arrived at solutions
which made him ridiculous to people who counted
themselves wise and knowlcdgable. That trust in
premonitions which laid him open to troubling pre-
visions, automatic writing, and communication with
spirits, never ceased to haunt him.

A BEAUTIFUL REFLECTION OF THE DIVINE.

What an exquisitely fantastic book the relations
between Stead and Julia and Catherine IL would make !
But what would be the use ? Let us confine ourselves
to this^that this courageous investigation of the
truth, at the risk of sacrificing his renown and his
fortune, is also one of the traits of the heroic honesty
of Stead. The more he believed in the possibility of
benefiting his brethren by some sparks from the
Great Mystery whi<'h he really felt to be working in the
Unknown, the more he would have thought himself
dishonoured if he had al andoncd the field of battle.

Would Stead have purified spiritualism, or would
spiritualism have contributed to the aggrandisement
of his soul? What does it matter.^ Such as it was, his
soul was one of the most beautiful rellections of the
divine upon earth.

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641

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

WHO IS TO CONTROL THE
DARDANELLKS ?

Writinc in Questions Diploinatiques el Coluniales lor
May i6, Commander dc Thomasson deals with the
question of the Dardanelles in an article entitled " 'I'he
Command of the Mediterranean."

THF. AMBITION OF FRANCK.

He begins by referring to two previous artiiles in the
same review (February i6th and July ist, iqio). in
which it was soui;ht to demonstrate the great advan-
tages which France might derives from offensive opera-
tions in the Mediterranean. The writers point out that
the combined forces of France and England, with
Gibraltar, Toulon. Ajaccio, Malta, and Bizerta as naval
bases, were already in command of the Western Mediter-
ranean, and that they should endeavour to obtam
as soon as possible similar conditions in the F^ast and
in the Adriatic. In short, the two Powers, while
respecting the Italian fleet, should make it their busi-
ness to crush that of Austria, or at least shut it up at
Pola or at Cattaro. The present writer in the re\-icw
arids that the disappearance of the flags of .\ustrian
.ind German commerce from the .Mediterranean
\vould inconvenience considerably the revictualling of
(iermany in time of war.

CO-OPERATION OF BRITISH FLEET ESSENTIAL.

The importance of France maintaining a strong
position in the Mediterranean is recognised, and it is
.idmitted that almost all her ships of the line ought to
be concentrated in that sea. But it is evident that if
I'Vance is to prepare for action in the minimum of
lime, her fleet must be superior to the combined fleets
of Austria .md Italy, and this not because the co-opera-
tion of these two fleets is certain, but because
in making plans of a warlike nature it would be
'ulpable not to imagine the worst. .Since the support
of the British fleet is essential to France at the present
moment, the writer views with concern the recent
redistribution of the British squadrons.

THE NAVAL BALANCE OF POWER.

In 1912 the position of the Powers as regards ships
of the f^rst line is that Austria and Italy combined have
twenty-five, France and England combined forty-eight,
and France alone twenty-eight. Thus, if FVan'cc may
reckon on the support of the British squadron, she is
in a position lor vigorous action, but if she has to stand
alone, her superiority over the combined fleets of
.Austria and Italy is very small. In 1915 the posi-
tion will be worse. France will then have only
twenty-seven ships to oppose lo .Austria and Italv,
with si.xteen each. As Lord Charles IUr'4ord has
|)ointcd out. the increase by 1015 in the Austrian and
Italian navic-; will imply the ne(essity for Kngland to
maintain in ihc Mediterranean a scju.-idron of eiqht of
the most modem and powerful ironi lads, reducing by
that numl)cr the forces which we have in home waters

RUSSIA IN THE BLACK SEA.

The conclusion of the whole matter is that from the
point of view of the future command of the Medi-
terranean the greatest importance is to be attached
to the condition of the R'assian navy in the Black Sea.
-At the present moment the Russian squadron in the
iilack Sea consists of four ships. The new naval pro-
gramme provides for a reinforcement of three Dread-
noughts and four torpedo-boats. The construction of
them, which has recently been put in hand, is entrusted
to a Russian company served by F'rench capital and
British constructors — the Triple Entente applied to
naval construction. The first aim of Russia, doubtless,
is to maintain her authority in the Black Sea, not
merely over the small navies of Roumania and Bulgaria,
but over the Turkish fleet, which the rulers of Turkey
have proposed to establish by acquiring ships from
Germany and England and guns from France and
England.

THE SOVEREIGN RIGHTS OF TURKEY.

.At the same time, it is evident that Russia cannot
desire such a strong force to be permanently confined
to the I31ack Sea. In all probability the question of the
Straits will be re-opened. F"or two centuries Russia has
been fighting for a solution of this question. Turkey,
who regards everything as an attempt against her
sovereign rights, offers the most active opposition. So
far as she is concerned the question has been settled
many times — to her advantage. Not onlv does she
consider herself mistress of the Straits in the course of
a war in which she is engaged, but she professes to be
free to close and to open the passage to commercial
navigation as she chooses, and it is very diflficult to
contest this right. Should the question again come
before Europe for settlement, it is probable that
resistance to Russia's demands will come from Germanv
and Austria, for the two allied Empires have no desire
to see the blue cross of St. .Andrew make its reappear-
ance in the Mediterranean.

WHAT Kl'SSlA SHOUI.n DO.

It might be objected that freedom of the Straits
would permit Russia to have a permanent naval station
in the .Mediterranean, and that, in consequence, when
war broke out a union of the Russian squadron with
the allied fleets might take place. But it is verv '
doubtful whether in the period of political tension
preceding hostilities Russia would leave her ships in
the Mediterranean. Free access to the .Mediter-
ranean seems to have no real interest for Russia
except on the hypothesis of a distant war, such as that
against japan. In a Mediterranean 1 oiiflict the import-
ant thing for Russia to do is to win the good graces
of Turkey. One may suppose that in a war Turkcv
would think twice bei'ore committing any act of hos-
tilit\- against the Triple JCntente.

642

The Review of Reviews.

GERMANY AND HER FINANCES.

'I'wo Views.
With the introduction of the German Defence Bills
the attention of the world is again drawn to the finan-
cial position of the German Empire. On this subject
the Deutsche Revue for May publishes an important,
but ver}^ technical, article by Herr Adolf Wcrmuth, the
late Minister of Finance, written probably before the
proposals of Herr Kiihn, his successor, were made
known. It is a severe criticism of the policy of the
Government.

THE LATE GERMAN MINISTER OF FINANCE.

He begins by e.xplaining that since he has quitted
office he sees no reason why at so important a moment
he should not be able to express his opinions candidly
without doing harm to anyone. While he was in office
he had made it his concern to endeavour to place on a
sound basis the Imperial finances, and though he had
not cjuite completed this work, he felt himself com-

eould have been completed in 191 2, and just for this
very reason it would have been well to hesitate before
interfering with the revenue of this year for additional
outlay on armaments. In 1913 the Treasury, he con-
tinues, will need an extra sum equal to about nine
millions sterling, and in 1914 a sum equal to ten
millions sterling. He does not see how the money can
be procured from new taxes, so that the Government
will be compelled to borrow, and the finances will fall
back into the old muddle.

He discusses the possible sources from which new
revenue might be obtained, and concludes that, after
all, the inheritance duties may yet have to bepa.ssed.

A French View of the Crisis of 1911.

A second article on the finances of Germany appears
in the mid-May number of the Revue de Paris, but the
writer, M. Leon Poinsard, confines himself to the crisis
in the autumn of 191 1, showing the serious extent of
the effects of it, though it was only of short duration.

Vir iWultrc jMoli.]
"My Imperial thanks, O Kriitke, to you and lo your ofiicmls
for tlie fine surplus you give me."

pelled to retire owing to the refusal of the Governments
of the Confederate States to sanction the inheritance
duties, which would have supplied him with some of
the wherewithal to meet the expenditure entailed by
the increase in the navy desired by Admiral Tirpitz.

A decade of debts.
He passes in review the finances of the Empire from
1900 onwards, and shows how the difTicuities and
experiences of the first decade of the present century
' should suffice to teach what methods to a\-oid in future.
He lays down the principle that the undertakings of the
l'".mpirc should not exceed its revenue. He describes the
policy of this period as one of debts, culminating in
1909-10 in a great loan, a worthy coping-stone for the
debt which had been accumulating since 1900. He
refers to the financial reforms of 1909, and points out
what will be the effect of the new armament proposals
on the soundness of Imperial finance. Even without
this new charge it seems anything but certain that tiie
work of establishing the finances on a solid footing

' Father, can you not buy for us, out of the Imperial thanks,
something to tat ? "

The vast economic edifice constructed by the
Germans in half a century, he says, is suffering from
the haste displayed by the builders. It has weak
parts. The crisis of 191 1, for instance, was facilitated
and aggravated by the lack of financial organisation
in the country. One cause emphasised is the necessity
of calling in foreign capital lo develop the industries
of the country, and ha\ing to pay out of it the interest
on this capital. This, he says, brings about a periodicttl
draining of the money market.

BLACK SATLRDAV.

When the panic occurred in .September it was at
first onlv partial, but it was at once found necessary
for the kcichsbank to inteivcne. not in favour of the
Savings Hanks alone. By September 8 the false news
spread during the week had reached the most distant
parts of the Empire, and the Reichsbank's most ener-
getic .support was necessary lo prevent disaster. And
the cause of such a crisis ? Insecurity following a
political agitation, imprudently and blindly provoked,

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

643

and kept up for m;iny weeks by a (lovernmcnt too little
concerned about forms and too sure of itself, by a
Chauvinist Pre^s arrogant and tactless, and by unscru-
pulous speculators. Since Germany must have capital
to carry on her industries and markets for her surplus
production, it surely behoves her to practise a prudent
Foreign Policy. What she has to do is to inspire abroad
legitimate respect and entire confidence.

1'.\K.\LLEL1S.\1S BETWEEN FR.ANCE .\ND GERMANY.

The German Empire to-day, continues the writer,
displays a tendency the danger of which is certain.
The striking parallelism between her historical evolu-

<(niT DEN KOPFEN
ZUSAMrlt N CEW/\CH5ENE ZWJLLiNaE
fCAJTAHI PanoPTiMUM )

Luiliit Ulailer.l (Bcilin.

A Question of Funds, with the heads of the twins
grown together.

tlon and that of France is remarkable. France has
always been a few steps in advance of her neighbour,
but Cicrmanic nations have invariably followed in her
path. 'I'hey have achieved their intellectual movement,
anfl it remains for them to develop their financial power
and their politiial concentration, (lernmny has natur-
ally adopted the error of Imperial I'Vance, who wished
to exercise an impossible and harmful hegemony over
the interests of various States. The wealthier and
more centrali--ef| I'Vance gfew, the more was she domi-
nated by that vain ambition born of the spirit of high
< ivil and military bureaucracy, and spread throughout
Oie nation by the university, the school, and the Press.

Ciermany runs the risk to-day of seeing the new forces
of her people exploited for the personal glory of an
ambitious Emperor, as was the case with France and
Napoleon I., or for a party interest, as was the case
with France in 1870.

LIMITATION OF ARMAMENTS IMPERATIVE.

But there is in Germany a formidable contradiction
to be noted. On the one hand, the interests of her
material prosperity in full development counsel
moderation and prudence. On the other, her historical
tendency is dri\-ing her to political combinations, to
armaments, and to inter\entions. It is the promoters
of these tendencies who pretend sometimes to relegate
with disdain to the second place the care of material
interests in order that what they call national security
shall prevail, and at other times invoke these same
interests as a pretext to justify hazardous enterprises.

-Assuredly, if the Empire was attacked it could
defend itself with energy enough, but a mere war of
ambition would lack the two necessary points of
support — popular opinion and credit. England was
right to try and induce Germany to practise a really
peaceful policy by accepting the principle of a limita-
tion of armaments.

OKUMA ON TERRITORIAL

EXPANSION.

The Oriental Revieiv for May contains a valuable
paper by Count Okuma, one of the foremost statesmen
of Japan, on the policy of territorial expansion. The
Count says : —

Tlicrc is no land on this earth that lias not an owner. The
world is mapped out ; and even if we Japanese desired to
expand territorially there is no territory to be picked iip. The
a};e of territorial expansion is past ; and that policy is a dream
of a century or more ago.

Truly lias the time come when the increase of a nation's
power is to lie expected from economic development only and
not from territorial expansion. .Steam and electricity have
been rapidly decreasing the distance between diflerent countries,
so that the world can be said to have become ten times smaller
- tli.an a century ago. When the Panama Canal is opened three
years hence the world will perhaps be in a sense smaller than
the Japan of the feudal age. liconomically speaking, the world
is now comparable to a single Stale, and to speak of territories
is 10 ignore the progress of the times. Territorial expansion is
a dream. Its time is gone, .and peace has come upon the earth.

The progress of peace must ultimately resuU in disarma-
ment. The condition of armed peace as at present kept by the
I'owcrs compels them to keep up the strength of iheir arma-
ments at a cost t)eyond their financial capacity, this condition
giving rise to the high cost of living and llie growth of
Socialism. Kor these very reasons the nations desire the
reduction of armaments, and arc trying to find some way to
pcacefidly di.spose of international disputes, the Il.ague Confer-
ence Ireing one of the results of such efforts. At the second
conference at ihc Hague, Russia proposed dis:irmament, the
proposal being defeated thmugh the opposition of other
ambitious Powers; but the reduction of armaments will not Ik.-
impossible if the miivemeni be started by two or three of the
strongest I'owcrs. The second Hague Conference achieved
more results than the first, and 1 have great hojics for the
tliird.

644

The Review of Reviews.

ISOLATION OR 'ENTANGLEMENT;

At a time when ententes arc the order of the day, and
tlic suggestion is even made that they might be
di'cpened into alHances, it is well to have such a paper
as that contributed under the above title by " Demo-
critus " to the Fortnightly Review. It is a very thought-
ful challenge to the presuppositions of our present
foreign policy. The writer laments that we have aban-
doned the impregnable position of isolation for the
entanglement of ententes. He says : —

Kngland was unperturbed wliile Germany founded a Colonial
Dominion, and France added hundreds of thousands of square
miles to her oversea possessions. Last year we were, it seems,
ready to go to war to prevent Germany acquiring a mud-hole in
Morocco and a second-rate port on the Congo co.-ist. In the
'eighties and 'nineties we could allow Germany to establish
herself in East Africa, in the Cameroons and Togoland, in
llamaraland, and in China, and France to paint a huge area
with her colours on the map of North-West Africa and in
Further India. We were even willing to let Russia get down
to the open waters of the Pacific if she could. The policy of
bottling up great Powers had not then been adopted.

Thus, unhampered by damaging obligations, and dependent
on no embarrassed and reluctant associates, we could act freely
and promptly whenever any of our rights were invaded. We
had no allies to consult, we had no elaborate calculations of the
European balance to make. We choose our own arena for the
conflict, and that is the sea, where we fight to win. Compare
the tranquillity with which we regarded French animosity in the
'nineties with the nervous anxiety with which we have been
watching Germany during the past seven years. But, in truth,
there is reason for our "jumpiness." France, as I have said,
could not really hurt us. Germany can ; not so much because
she has been strengthened by her fleet, but because we have
been weakened by our alliances.

Even granting the extreme Teutophobe position, the
writer asks, What do we gain by the policy of Conti-
nental alliances, by Lord Lansdowne's and Sir Edward
Grey's departure from the system of Lord Salisbury ? —
" So long as we remain in isolation we are ' on velvet.'
While she has to reckon with us alone, Germany is
helpless. She could not get at us. That being the situa-
tion. Germany could not afford to quarrel with us."
Instead of gain, the writer evidently thinks that we
have suffered damage through our alliances. He says :—

Our alliance with Japan enabled that Power to achieve its
defeat of Russia, secure from interference, and to establish
itself on the mainland of Asia. Our (virtual) alliance with
France has placed the Republic in possession of another great
dominion in Africa ; our alliance with Russia, it seems, is to
pave the way for a Muscovite absorption of Persia. But what
have we gained by it all? How is Britain the better, the
richer, or the stronger for these acquisitions and annexations
obtained by otheis with our assistance and encour.agement !

To us, as the rulers of 300 million Asiatics, the Awakening
of Asia has lirought no advantage ; we have no reason to
rejoice in the defeat of a white and Christian Power by an
Oriental people. The victorious campaign of Japan, which
Lord Lansdowne must have anticipated and desired when he
agreed to the Treaty, has been of no profit to us. We are none
the better because Russia, definitely cut off from access to the
ice-free harbours of the Pacific, has a more impelling motive
than ever (o force her way down to the open waters of the
Persian Gulf.

Tlic writer thinks that it cannot be too strongly
insisted upon that with Eraiice as an ally we are in a
worse position than with France neutral. Had wc with

France fought Germany over Morocco, we could not,
with our sinall army, have saved France from defeat
at the hands of the overwlielming German forces. It
was this knowledge which kept the French from
pressing the Morocco dispute to a rupture.

Then, too, " If we had gone to war with Germany in
the summer of igii, it would have been on grounds
which were absolutelv unknown, and which were never
avowed to Parliament and the constituencies. The
net result of all is that France has gained Morocco and
Germany has gained a large slice of the French Congo,
while Italy is compensating herself by endeavouring to
seize Tripoli. We have obtained nothing except dan-
gerous friction with Germany, a network of entangling
engagements, a constant sense of insecurity and uncer-
tainty, and a portentous expansion of armaments."
" Democritus " advises us to withdraw from the orbit
of Continental commitments and concentrate on our
Imperial and domestic tasks.

In the same magazine " Democritus " will find in
another paper a ground for his contention. For Captain
Battine, asking how to postpone an Anglo-German
war, answers, '" By mobilising from 250,000 to 300,000
British troops for European service." For a naval
power without land forces, he says, goes the way of
Tyre and Carthage, Holland and Venice.

THE JAPANESE AND SOUTH SEA
ISLANDS.

The Round Table for June, in its interesting quar-
terly survey of the British Empire, discusses the advance
of the Japanese in the Pacific. A new Japanese steam-
ship service is to be established from one of the
Japanese ports or from Singapore, to open up a
trade with the South Sea Islands. According to one
informant : —

Japanese schooners regularly visited outlying islands, from
which they gathered bird skins and anything else of value.
Their plan was, wlien they came to an uninhaliited island, to
leave a few members of their crew there to collect the products
of the place, and to call back for them in two or three months'
time.

The American, Dr. Dorsey, has also reported : —

I know also from personal experience that every ship that
conies south to practically any of the islands of the Northern
Pacific brings with it one or two, or perhaps more, Japanese.
And they arc not poor, ignorant, uneducated Japanese. It is
almost safe to s.ay that there are no Japanese of this type. The
men who are coming south are clever men, many of tlicm skilled
tradesmen, many of them university men, pretty well all of them
soldiers who fought in the Russo-Japanese war. I know that
in the Admiralty Islands, for instance, there is a Japanese who
is quite a little rajah in his way. lie has his steam launch and
his little fleet, and he flits about from island to island just as
though he were the Governor.

There can be no doubt about it that one of Japan's ideals is
to gain sway over the trade of the Pacific. That is a very
laudable ambition, and wc cannot objict to it. Australia cannot
object to it either. The only atliluiic that she can adopt is to
keep awake to sec that no other cud is in view, and, .anyhow,
to prevent Japan from grabbing all llie trade.

Leading Articles in thb. Keviews

645

A CANDID GKKM AN ON I'Hb
MONROE DOCIRINK

That Germany resented deeply the assumption by
the United State's of the overlordship of the American
continent is no news, but in the Grcnzbolcn we find
an articulate protest from the pen of Dr. Herbert
von Dirksen-l^onn. This writer thinks that the Monroe
doctrine is founded upon the catchword, " America
for the Americans " ; and declares that men use such
( atchwords without thinking, and " easily succeed in
hypnotising foreigners and hindering them from testing
the grountis on which claims are made." " No people
have gone to such e.xtremes in the use of political catch-
words as the people of the United States in the almost

J'licMetto.]

Germany's New Suit.

|1U,M,

GER.MA.N Jim;o : " L/'ncIe Sam has no more right In lllc^c
clothes than I have ! "

hundred - year - old phrase, ' America for the
Americans.' "

This outspoken apostle of German aspirations and
hopes docs not mince matters in dealing with America
and her claims : —

" Hy what ri^hl," he asks, "does .\mcrica allcnipt to check
the strongest expan>,ii)ii policy of all other nations of the earth ?
Is it because of over-population in the regions where expansion
is attcrnpteil ? Is it because the United .Slates has seized for
itself new outlets for the settlement of its people ? Hy what
right docs the United .Slates fall upon weaker peoples anil turn
into colonies regions with which it has neither trade nor
geographical relations? By what right docs it hinder other
great Powers from treating with the independent states of
South America? To all these questions the stereotyped
answer is returned: 'America for the Americans.' The
questioner i» of course nonplussed, remembers the Monroe
doctrine, and admilii the claim based on such nn iricxpugnablc
foundation."

Ihe Monroe doctrine, the sacred palladium of the
American nation," he declares, is —

not a revelation sent from heaven, not the outcome of the
divine inspiration of a prophet ; it is not something decided by
eternal justice, eternal truth, anything eternally inviolable. No,
it is simply a forward move on the political chessboard, a
reactive measure following a long series of political and diplo-
matic advances. ... .
"America for the Americans " must mean "We allow no
interference of foreigners in America, even as we do not inter-
fere in the afiairs of foreign countries." And yet the phrase
can hardly carry this meaning. If America belongs to the
Americans, just as Germany belongs to the Germans and
England to the English, the matter would be simple
enough, for no independent, self-respecting nation tolerates
foreign interference in its alVairs, nor would any prudent, com-
ppii'nt statesman think of attempting such interference. That
would be to violate the very foundation of international law.

.■\fter explaining that the United States is doing in
South and Central America what the Monroe doctrine
forbids other nations to do, the writer proceeds to
encourage the European Powers to " up and at them ! "

It is clear that the European Powers have really no need to
consider themselves bound to obey the dictates of this American
whim, which they can only interpret as a bid for the extension
of America's own trade. . . . The most important question for
(jermans to decide is a practical one. Germans must take
advantage of the negative side of the Monroe doctrine, which
kads to the conclusion that neither blulT nor pretension can
exercise compulsion over them. Every move of the adversary
^Imuld lead them to take a firmer position. It is important
tliat we stand up against this Anglo-Saxon Republic which
wraps itself round in a mantle.

It must be recognised that a firm and self-possessed policy
must be adopted towards the United States on account of its
Monroe doctrine. It should be carried out even if the
.■\mericans did not shrink from war. Hut it is to be remarked
that it would appear to be very questionable whether the
.•\mericans are in a condition to support their words by dec<ls—
" to back their opinion," if we may use their own jargon in
expressing the thought. In fact, there exists a well-grounded
suspicion that they have their hands full in the protection of
two oceans. That America's army of 100,000 men could not
cut a particularly distinguished figure in a serious war is clear.
Even the American Elect fails to make a very imposing impres-
sion. Erom all these considerations we express the wish that
Germany will no longer suffer herself as hitherto to be dazzled
by the commercial power of the United Slates upon which that
country bases such high claims, and that our Government will
return any attacks made not only in the domain of politics, but
also of trade.

We hope that these views are duly appreciated on
the other side of the Atlantic, and will be taken as yet
one further proof of German desire for peace !

TiiK principal articles in the Oxford and Cambridge
Revird' are a long paper hy Mr. F. E. Smith on the
Home Rule Hill, and a \ehcment denunciation of free-
masonry by Elavicn Hrenier, secretary to the Erench
anli-Masonic League, as essentially anti-religious and
responsible for the Erench Re\()lution and all its
attendant horrors. " It was freemasonry that made
the Revolution. It organised the bl(>ody hecatombs
of the Tribunal, the wholesale shootings at Toulon. It
substiiuied for the ceremonies of religion the festivities
of the goddess Reason.'

646

The Review of Reviews

ANGLO-GERMAN RELATIONS.

Is THE German Government Entirely to Blame ?

" Yes," is thu unhesitating answer of " Politicus "
in the Fortnightly Review for June. Writing on Baron
Marschall and Anglo-German differences, "Politicus"
puts the case thus : —

(Ireat Britain's principal aim is to maintain her naval
supremacy, the loss of which would endanger her national
existence and bring about the fall of the British Empire.
Germany's principal aim is to destroy that naval supremacy
which is indispensable for the security of motherland and
Empire. As things are at the present moment the policies of
Germany and of Great Britain are irreconcilable, and all attempts
to reconcile them must be hopeless. The greatest exertions of
Baron von Marschall must necessarily fail to improve Anjlo-
German relations. Their improvement can be effected only in
Berlin. It can be effected only when Germany abandons her
attempt to oust Great Britain from her position in the world
which she has conquered for herself by centuries of war and
of work.

Every British attempt to arrive at a settlement with Germany
led merely to a fresh anti-British campaign of vituperation, for
nothing would have been more unwelcome to the German
Government than an Anglo-German reconciliation.

The writer then quotes from a pamphlet which
appeared soon after Haldane's departure from Berlin.
It is thoroughly representative, he says, of a large
number of anti-British pamphlets which have been
recently published. The identical arguments and facts
are published simultaneously in other anti-British
pamphlets. As " Politicus " says, " The pamphlet
depicts with diabolical skill and in the most plausible
manner the British nation as the enemy of the humiin
race, which deserves to be held up to execration and
contempt " : —

Perusal of the foregoing pages proves that neither the British
Government and nation nor the German nation is responsible
for the unsatisfactory relations existing between Great Britain
and Germany. The responsibility for the strained relations
existing between the two countries is solely due to the German
Government, which has deliberately created the present position.
The German G.ivernmint has embittered Anglo-German rela-
tions and brouglit the two nations to the bcink of war by tryin"
to destroy Great Britain's naval supremacy and by enga"-in<'
upon a campaign of calumny and vilification which is probably
unparalleled in history. Germany cannot in reason expect an
improvement in ,-\nglo-Gerinan relations as long as she continues
her policy of undermining our naval position and besmirching
our national character, and Baron Marschall can best work Iot
a real and lasting improvement by reporting in this sense to
Berlin.

Germany's Anti-cultural Policy.

Dr. I)illon in the Contemporary Review advocates
an international agreement checking the ruinous
growth of armaments, which would enable each country
to set social objects at the head of its life. For this
the principal peoples of Europe are ripe, but the
e.\periment has been vetoed by the champions of
militarism. He says : —

GLTminy, who seems incurably bitten with the militarist
mania, has again given the signal for augmenting the /c-m/'o of
the armament race, and a new era of anti-cultural expenditure

aas accordingly tiegim. I'or a smgle nation is able to compel
every other nation to tax its people more heavily.

It is the old story : the Press inaugurates a campaign of lies
for what is regarded as a patiiotic end. Some members of the
Government inspire or encourage the Press ; the German nation
is wrought to tlie highest pitch of anger against England, and
the *' beneficial " measure of jirecaulion is passed. The
Chancellor is sorry that the steam to drive the engine to such a
desirable goal should have been obtained by burning valuable
ethical assets, but none the less he is pleased with the outcome.
That the newspapers which rendered yeoman's service in this
campaign were inspired by the Marine Ministry is an open
secret. The two Ministers, however, appear to be colleagues,
but nothing more. .Spenlaw and jorkins : the one talks, the
other acts, and both labour together for the same end. For
Germany's defence, therefore, the reinforcement of her army

I Kladderad.itsch.]

The Peace-MarshalL

[Berlin.

With such a friend of Dreadnoughts surely the cousins will be
on better terms with each other.

and navy is not needed. Indeed, no solid grounds can be
alleged in favour of it. Germany nnist require it for unavowed
purposes of her own, 'I'hat object may be expressed by a single
word, "hegemony,"

GERMAN DESIGNS ON PORTUGAL,

Dr, Dillon reports that Dr. Karl Peters, writing in
the Tag, slates that England's assent to the expansion
of Germany at the cost of Portugal is almost a condition
sine qua non of an understanding, " In plain English,
the two nations can be friends if Great Britain will
deliver up her weak ally to be swallowed whole. We
arc to assent to Germany's incorporating the oversea
possessions of Portugal, That is all. Robbery and
jobbery will bring us together— f.^r a time, at least."

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

547

OUTLOOK IN TURKEY HOPEFUL.

Sir Edwin Pears write:? in the June Conleiiil>irary
on the situation in Turkey. He by no means overlooks
the darker side, hut his conclusions are, on the whole,
hopeful. He mentions that he met Mr. Stead in
Constantinople, who candidly confessed that having
had an inner view of the situation, he had changed his
opinion and had become optimist. Mr. Stead described
[ahid Bey, the editor of the Tanin, as " a man quit"
after my own heart."

YOUNG TLRKS TAUGHT BV RESPONSIBILITY.

In .spite of the errors and misdeeds of the Young
Turks, Sir Edwin insists they are a great improvement
upon their predecessors. The Committee has made its
greatest failure in Macedonia. If the Committee's
recommendations are sent and followed up by practical
measures, there may be hope that Turkey can retain
-Macedonia. Its opposition constitutes a very serious
danger for the Government. He grants, too, that the
courts of justice are just as corrupt as ever, but : —

I prefer lo ask — arc there no hopeful signs ? My answer is in
llie affirnialive. They have effected niuth improvement and
'lesire to effect more. A specially hopeful sign is that the men
who have governed the country during nearly four years confess
(rpnkly that they have made blunders. Responsibility has had
its effect on then). They are losing, or have lost, much of their
t'hauvinism. .Some of their wildest and most unreasonable
projects — notably that of Turkefying the country — cease to be
>pokcn of. 'I'he absolutely fearless discussions in the Chamber
dl' Deputies have had an excellent effect. No efforts of the party
in power, or of reactionaries, succeeded in slopping the exposure
of abuses. The deputies on both side were in deadly earnest.

IMHROVE.MENT WROUGHT BY RAILWAYS.

.\ hope has dawned on the Turkish peasantry
throughout Anatolia. In general, Sir Edwin reports
that the construction of railways is going steadily
forward. Now that the railway has come to the neigh-
bourhood of the Turkish peasant, he has begun to
cultivate four fields instead of two, the produce of the
added two being now sent to market at a profit.
Throughout the length of the new lines the same story
K heard. New lands are being broken up for cultiva-
tion, l-'reedom of travel was granted by Young Turkey
immediately after the revolution. Sir Edwin reports
that he has heard more said in favour of the abolition
of the local passport than of any other advantage that
has been conferred upon the people. The consequent
education of travel has had its effect upon the people.

ADVANCE IN OTHER DIRECTIONS.

The distressing hostility between the Greeks and the
I'.ulgarians has greatly diminished. 'The improvement
in the condition of Turkish women is continued. .Xs
lo the enormou-ly increased efTiciency of the Turkish
troops, no one who has seen their development during
the last four years can have any doubt. 'The intro-
duction of Christians among them has so far worked
well. Sir Edwin says : — " My conclusion, in reference
to the progress of Turkey, is that, all things considered,
--he has made as much progress since July, i()o8, as
ought reasonably to have been expected." Me objects
lo ihe criticism of the alleged secret character of the

Committee of Union and Progress. " The Committee
keeps its secrets largely by telling them to everybody."

THE CROATIAN PROBLEM.

Mr. R. W. Seton-Watson writes in the Con-
temporary Revinc on Hungary and the Southern Slavs.
His paper is one long indictment of the tyrannous
and unconstitutional and eventually impossible attitude
of Hungary to Croatia. The result has been a great
impetus for the movement in favour of Croato-Serb
unity : —

There is a growing feeling of solidarity between the various
provincis of the Sl.-'.vonic South. In 1883, when the Constitu-
tion was last suspended, Croatia was isolated and friendless ;
to-day Dalmalia, Istria, and liosnia regard her cause as their
own, and are no longer a negligible quantity in the counsels of
the Monarchy.

If Austria had any statesman worthy of the name, he would
not be slow to take advantage of this intolerable situation, and
by guiding the national movement among the Southern Slavs
into .Austrian channels, would seek to promote Habsburg in-
fluence and prestige in ilie lialkans. But so long as there is no
sign of such a man, it still lies in the power of the Magyars,
even at the eleventh hour, to retrie\'e the situation. The intro-
duction of universal sufTrage in Hungary would jiurge Parliament
of its most Chauvinist elements, and by breaking the power of
the present oligarchy, would pave the way to an understanding
with the nationalities and with Croatia. The insane policy of
forcible Magyarisation would have to be abandoned, and the
Law of Nationalities would have to be enforced ; but the
hegemony of the Magyar race, so far from being destroyed by
such a change, might be established on surer foundations than
ever. It is to be feared that reform will come too late, and
that the leadership will have passed to other hands than those
of Hungary. One thing alone is certain — thai the present
situation is untenable, and that the introduction of electoral
reform in Hungary is, in the long run, as inevitable as the
achievement of Croato-.Serb Unity.

TENNYSON AND THE (ilRL.

" Edward W'hvmi'er as I Knew Him " is the title
of an interesting paper in the Slratid by Coulson
Kernahan. Whymper tells this story of Tennyson : —

.\\. a garden-party a rather gushing young girl went up to the
hostess and said, " Oh, is that really, as I am told, Lord
Tennyson sitting there by himself smoking on that rustic scat?"

" Ve.s, my dear, that is he," was the reply.

" Oh, I should so like to meet him. Do introduce me," said
the girl.

" Lord Tennyson," said the hostess, when the two had walked
together to the seat where the Laureate was smoking, " this is

Miss B , daughter of an old friend of mine, who is very,

very anxious to have the honour of saying, ' How do you do ! '
to you." ^

" How d'yoH do?" responded Tennyson gruffly, and scarcely
looking up.

.Seating herself l)cside him, the girl attempted awkwardly to
carry on some sort of conversation, but .as all she got in reply
W.-IS an occasional "Humph I" or else stony .silence, she lost
her nerve and began, schoolgirl-wisc, to wriggle and to fidget in
her seat.

Then the great man spoke. " You're like the rest of them,"
he grunted. " Vou're laced too tightly. I can hear your slays
creak."

Abashed and embarrassed, the girl withdrew. Later in the
afternoon Tennyson came behind her and, laying a hand on
her shoulder, said kindly, " I wa>. wrnn^ just now, young lady.
It wasn't your slays I hean. creaking, but my braces. They're
hitched up too lightly. Sorry." .•\nd he lounged nway.

648

The Review of Reviews.

THE MOSLEM PERIL:

What Italy's Action May Bring Upon the World.

Ameen Rihani, a native of Syria, but American by
education, writes in the Forum for May on the crisis
of Islam. He speaks of the Moslem world as "a
nation " of 250 million souls, more than one-half of
which is under Christian rule, but is struggling to
shake off its fetters. He declares that : —

The nation of Islam can put in the field one 'and a half
million drilled soldiers in addition to two or three million
fighting men from the rising tribes. And these Muslems are
drilled and trained and kept in active service by Europe — by
Fr.rnce, England, Germany and Russia — to maintain peace in
their Mohammedan possessions. But the day is soon coming
when the European officers of these Mohammedan regiments
will not be obeyed ; when in Algeria, in Morocco, in Tunis, in
Egypt, in India, in East .Vfrica, in Central Asia, the Muslem
legiments will follow the green flag of the Prophet, the flag of
they'/7/rt(/, heeding no commandment but the commandment of
Allah as set down in the Holy Book. Indeed, a word from
Sheikh'ul-Islam in Constantinople, or even from the Mufti of
Egypt, can light the sedges of revolt in every Europo-Muslem
army in Africa and Asia. Consider that in Egypt alone there
are twenty thousand British-drilled Muslem soldiers.

THE TURKS NO LONGER LEADING ISLAM.

He says European aggression has always helped the
spread of Islam, and now it is " goading it to a jihad
the like of which the world may not have seen since
the Crusades." The present war has given proof of
the rise of the Arabs, of the awakening of the black
races of Africa, and of the fighting strength of both.
The writer is no lover of the Turks. He says they are
rapidly becoming a negligible quantity in the struggle.
They are themselves apprehensive of pan-Islamism.
The one great Turk that could initiate the movement
is the e.\-Sultan. They lack the stamina and the
(Ivnamic moral force which is the supreme factor.
Their leaders are to a great extent sceptics and
atheists.

RENAISSANXE OR JIHAD ?

Tint the free-thinking Mohammedans of Syria and
Egypt have realised that a political revolution not
preceded by a spiritual one inust necessarily miscarry.
It depends partly on Europe whether Islain shall
become again one of the civilising forces of the world,
or whether all religious and moral reforms shall be
frustrated and a holy war proclaimed : —

For the Mohammedan world to-day is in the clutches of that
passion which excludes all others — that p.ission of fanaticism
which Europe, by its criminal acquisitiveness and broken pledges,
is fanning to a conflagration, and on which the Turks must look
with the cowardly heart of 0:1c who would ingratiate himself
with both parties.

What Islam is losing on the borders of Europe it is
gaining in Africa and Central Asia. " Who knows
what might arise? — a new Empire of Islam, or perhaps
a .Mohammedan Republic." The transfer of the
Khalifale, which would work the ruin of the Turks,
might be ei'fected. " 'I'he Khalif in Mecca, say, like
the I'ope in Rome, and the greatest reform in Islam

will have been accomplished." The two opposing
voices of two re-awakenings now heard in Islam are
the voice of a renaissance and the voice of a jihad.
" The voice of the renaissance is now being drowned
in the cries of the monster of fanaticism which the
criminal acquisitiveness of Europe is provoking,
goading to criminal violence, and on Europe shall be
the guilt which centuries of righteousness cannot wash
awav."

THE KING'S DEPUTY AT DELHI.

Mr. Saint Nihal Singh describes in Nash's for
June the picturesque personality whom he calls
" Britain's pet Indian protege," Hayat Khan. Ten
years ago he was unknown, just a gay young fellow
and a large landowner possessing about 50,000 acres
in his own right. He held an honorary commission in
the King's Own Tiwana Lancers. He is devoted to the
British Doininion, and has fought for the L^nion Jack
valiantly in the deserts of Somaliland. He always
defends the British policy in the Viceroy's Council.
He has now all eves in India riveted upon him. The
position at the Delhi Durbar coveted by the natives
was that of the King's Deputy-Herald, whose duty it
was to read the Imperial proclamation in Urdu. Hayat
Khan got the post without asking. His language is as
picturesque as his costume. He speaks English fluently,
but it is an English of his own. Pie is regarded ijy
educated Indians as a heretic, but the great mass of
the people pay great attention to his views.

CANADA'S NOMINATED SENATE.

The Round Table for June describes the consti-
tutional conflict going on in Canada between the Upper
and Lower Houses. The experiment of a nominated
Senate is interesting, in view of the proposal to adopt
it for Ireland. It appears that during the whole history
of the Canadian Confederation only one Senator has
been chosfen who was not in actual political sympathy
with the appointing Government. Only Liberals were
nominated by the Liberal Go\-ernment in office from
1873 to 1878 ; only Conservatives, with the exception
mentioned, by the Conservative administration, 1878
to 1896 ; only Liberals during liie sixteen years of the
Laurier Government. With the vacancies filled in by
Conservatives, there will still lie a Liberal majority of
sixteen in the Senate. Practically there has been
single-chamber government ever since Confederation,
save for a few years of petty warfare between the two
Houses. The Liberal majority in the Senate mav
vitally embarrass the Conservative majority in the
Lower House. The writer refers to- —

the element of comedy present in the immediate situation, as
the whole Liberal press of Canada and the mass of the Liberal
politicians gave a very energetic support to the movement to
destroy the veto of the House of Lords in Circ.it Britain, and
now find themselves as cnergetiu.illy defending the exercise ot
the veto by a nominated Senate ni Canada,

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

649

HOW A NEWSPAPER
PRODUCED.

IS

Bv William T. Stend.
The Girl's (hen Paper and Woman's Magazine
publishes an article by Mr. W. T. Stead on how a news-
paper is produced. This, says the editor^ is probably
one of the last things Mr. Stead wrote. She received
it on .\pril 4th, only a few days before the tragic
\ovage in the ill-fated Titanic,

IHE FIRST ESSE^TI.\L.

Mr. Stead wrote : —

The first step in the production of a newspaper is for a man
to lake a hatchet in his hand and go forth to fell a tree. For a
newspaper to come into being, the first essential is paper, and
modern news paper is largely the product of wood. The
material on which our journals are printed was a living tree in
\lie forests of America or Scandinavia but a few weeks before it
was pressed into the service of journalism. Every Sunday, New
\'ork newspapers consume thousands of acres of forests. What
they will do when in thirty years no trees are left standing in
the United States does not yet appear.

THE SECOND.

F.ut if the first essential for the production of a
newspaper be paper, the second is news : —

.\s the foundation of the paper itself is the wood-chopper's
liatchct, so the foundation of the news is the pencil of the
reporter. He is the fundamental man. Without him the lordly
editor, the brilliant leader-writer, would be merely inarticulate
voices inaudible in a vacuiini. The reporter, the penny-a-liner,
the pieker-up of unconsidered trifles, he alone is indispensable.
I le is the Tommy Atkins of the profession.
automatic: rKODUcnoN.

.K great deal of the work of producing a newspaper is so
systematised as to become almost automatic. There is a great
sameness about the doings of mankind. The opening and
closing of markets, the periodical meetings of local councils,
the great racing fixtures of the year, recur with the regularity of
the seasons. Three-fourths of the copy that streams into the
sub-edilor's oft'ice has been arranged for in advance, sometimes
years in advance.

Some years ago all the more important newspapers considered
il neccss;iry to send their own reporter to take down the words
of every notable speaker. It was a great waste of men and
money. Nowadays, if they send their own man, he goes to do
special descriptive articles to accompany the more or less olTicial
text of the agency whose report is accepted by all the papers.

If the grtattst fool in the world (ietcrniined to bring out a
newspaper lo-morrow, he need only pay cash down to a
iloztn rctogniseil agencies, and he would find three-fourths
of the niali-iial for next day's paper fed into him by telegram
anil " flimsy " without any more cITort on his part than if he hail
nut a penny in the slot and left the m.ichine to do the rest.

Tilt; MAN IN TIIK SAUDLE.

The centre of a newspaper office is the sub-editor's room.
The eilitor is above the sub-editor no doubt, but ihe man in the
saddle, (he man in command, llie man who makes the paper, is
ihe news cdilor.

Il is he who foresee* everything, arranges everything, dis-
tributes the work lo \>e d(mc among ihc men who have to do il,
unci, when it is ilunc, decides how much of it is worth print-
ing, how il is lo appear, and where.

The advertising piges are filled by Ihe business siiteof liic
house. The advertising man-igcr fills as much of the paper .as
he can, and leaves the rcsiilue to be marie up with news and
leading nintler. A* il is the advcrlisemcnis which enable a
p.iper 10 p.iy ils way, in Ihc constani struggle lielween the two

departments it is usu.illy the news side that goes to the wall.
The adverlising manager daily grows more insistent and
aggressive.

" i'ERSPective" .\nd "scare headings."

Of the work of the news editor, Mr. Stead says the
study of the art of journalistic perspective is fascinating
and elusive, for the perspective varies from hour to
hour, sometimes from minute to minute. He also
speaks of the great art of scare heading, the production
of sensational titles in large print, which is one of the
most important in modern journalism. It has some-
what run to seed on the other side of the Atlantic.
Mr. Stead remarks in closing that before a single item
of telegraphic news m the paper reaches the eyes of
the public it has been read at least nine times.

THE MAKING OF A BAT.

Lv the Captain for June C. W. Shepherd traces the
evolution of a bat from willow-tree to cricket-field.
He says : — " In East Anglia — in Essex or in Norfolk —
one may often see willows growing in hundreds along
the banks of streams and ditches, having been plaiited
there with the express purpose of supplying the ancient
game with bats." The strong aversion felt towards
knots is described as a fallacy. The knotted piece
frequently has more driving power. Grain marks are
also mistakenly thought to be an indication of quality.
The willow-tree may be used when it has grown to a
diameter of about i5in. Felling takes place in the
winter, for the reason that the sap is down at this
period.

THE BLADE.

The trunks are trimmed and taken away to the
factors-, where they are cut into lengths approximately
the lei'iglh of a bat blade, .\bout :;olb. of timber is
cut away in the process of making a blade alb. in.
weight : — " The blades are now stacked to season.
They are left thus for about a year, when the seasoning
process will be complete. The next process is to chisel
them to proper proportions, a very tedious branch of
the work." The wood is then put into a press, which
exerts a tremendous pressure upon the hat. It has
been known to squcezx as much as a cupful of oil out
of a bat sent up for repair.

THE HANDLE.

Handles are all made on the .same principle : —

tight or less oblong snips of cane are glued together in the
form of one large oblong, a strip of rubber having been
previously affixed between the two halves. The end is now
cut to fit the splice, in which il is wedged and firmly glue<l with
Ihe best glue obtainable. Needless lo say, ihe fitting must be
of the most precise character. Not until the glue has safely set
is the bat put into a lallic and the handle turned untd it
osiumes ihe familiar round shape.

The finisher then, with his planes and chisels, models
the shoulders and the " swell," which is the driving
part of the bat, and is varied in position according to
the personal tastr ••( |Iv batsman.

650

The Keview ojh Review^

THE "TITANIC- DISASTER.

In tlic Fortnightly Reviewi Mr. Thomas Hardy contri-
butes lines on the loss of the Titanic, under the title of
" The Convergence of the Twain." We select three of
the eleven stanzas : —

Well ! while was fashioning
This sliip of swiftest wing,
The Immanent Will that stirs and urges everything,

Prepared a sinister Mate

For her — so gaily great —

A .Shape of Ice, for the time far and dissociate.

Till the Spinner of the Years
Said "Now I " The which each hears,
And consummation comes, and jars two hemispheres.

"Someone Ought to H.\ng."

In a strongly written article the editor of the
Nautical Magazine arraigns the Board of Trade's
Marine Department : —

The Marine Department of the Board of Trade has been
brought to the bar of public opinion in regard to this late
terrible disaster. Unless public opinion keeps the matter in
view and continues to agitate, only half measures will, as in past
times, be adopted, and this irresponsible Government Depart-
ment will go to sleep again. There is the crux! Who is
responsible? Can responsibility be brought home to anyone?
And yet someone ought to hang. This is none too strong
language. No one will be hanged, no one, we presume, will
lose his position ; but at least let us have reform. It is time
this farce was ended, and that a Board of Trade really existed.

The Board of Trade has no excuse. In 1894, ^"d again in
1906, that body obtained from Parliament additions and
revisions of the Merchant Shipping Act, etc.

Now, in 1906, the Marine Department had every opportunity
to revise, or add to, the rules made eighteen years previously,
but the only things done were to apply these rules to foreign
ships in certain cases, and to compel an entry to be made in a
ship's official log when boat drill is practised or the life-saving
appliances examined ; but there was no compulsion to have any
drill or examination at all ; everything was, practically, left as
in 1S88.

A SERIOUS INDICTMENT.

Passenger steamers are surveyed by an engineer
.surveyor, even to such things as boats, compasses, etc.
Emigrant ships are surveyed by a seaman, but there
exist no definite orders thtit he shall .see any boats
lowered, and " we are informed that in many cases no
boat is lowered, and that one well-known steamship
line is excused from any ollicial boat drill at all." Also
" the chief provisions of the Emigration Act are more
than sixty years old." '• As to manning these huge
vessels, we find that the emigration officer is ordered
to proceed on a basis of the minimum cubic contents
of boats and rafts, under which we presume that the
Titanic only required, all told, forty-eight deck hands,
this total including master and officers."

The instructions do say that the emigration officer
shall satisfy himself that the ofiicers and men shall be
-able to " pull an oar." On the Titanic not even the
A.B.'s were tested !

Wc hereby arraign the Board of Trade. If this Marine
Department is out of date let it be s'.vept away. If nautical
men are too few on its councils, let more seamen he given posts,
and let them be decently paid. At present wc understand that
the salary and prospects are not sufficient to tempt men who

ate m good position;, ahoat The late disaster calls loudly for
more nautical men on the cimiicil of this department.

There is another branch of this question, that of local excur-
sion boats. These are iiezrr surveyed by a nautical man. Some
of these can be found, certified by an engineer to be fit to carry
1,000 passengers, with only boat accommodation for forty!
Away %vith this phantom Board of Trade, and give us someone
responsible, in flesh and blood, who can be made to answer for
such utter disregard of public lives. At present these matters
are in the hands of this Board of Trade, apparently quite
irresponsible. Give us responsibility, and we shall see a change.

Women's Rights and "Women First."
The editor of the GirVs Own Paper is so carried
away by the chivalry that decreed " Women first "
on board the sinking ship as to make it a weapon
to cudgel the suffragists. That in supreine instances
the best that is in manhood comes out is no argument
against endeavours to level up the rest of Hfe towards
these rare altitudes. The whole of the mad scramble
of modern competition in business is entirely opposed
to the ethics of a sinking ship ; but that the ethics of
the sinking ship are carried out in crucial emergencies
is no reason why one should cease endeavours to
mitigate the ordinary brutalities of conmiercial com-
petition. Tfte editor cries :—

What of women's rights in a ciisis of this sort ? What about
equality when there was a pitiful insufficiency of boats? What
about man's "unfairness" to women when things suddenly
resolved themselves down to the bare question of a life for a life '/
Supposing men had taken women at their word, and had
placed them on an equality with themselves, where would those
women have been in a hand-to-hand struggle for the lifeboats ?

A Rebuke to Arrogance and Levity.

The Christian Statesman for May expresses wfiat
has been, however unjustifiably, a widely-cherished
feeling : —

Ever since the futile attempt, in the building of the tower of
Babel, to gain the mastery over untoward forces, men have
been vainly struggling to gain dominion, by the massing of
their energies, over the elements that seem to war against them.
Especially in these last days when science has made such
mighty strides .and has put us in possession of knowledge which
enables us to use as our servants most of the forces of Nature,
has the pride of human society vaunted itself in vain boasts of
human achievements. This pride shows itself most conspicu-
ously in departures from God and in defiance of His laws.
Because of the discovery of the natural laws and processes by
which God governs, men have confidently affirmed that there is
no God, but that these natural forces are accountable for all
that exists and occurs. In their supposed mastery of these
forces they have vainly imagined that there was no longer any
need to fear God and keep His commandments.

The excessive levity and frivolity by which human society is
characterised is most solemnly rebulicd by this event. Many of
the first cabin passengers attended a banquet and a ball on that
fateful .Sabbath night. " There w.as a gala lime on the 'Jiliinic,"
says one report. It would seem that at least on shipboard,
where there is no business to transact, no labour to perform,
the Sabbath might be observed with some show of respect. '

Seamanship versus Dividends.
Commander Carlyon Bellairs, R.N., writing in the
Contemporary on tht Titanic disaster, laments that
seamanship has been relegated to a back seat, and
finance is allowed to control. He hopes that wireless
apparatus will be made compulsory on all ships with
■' '-ertain number of crew or passengers, with two

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

651

operators and an apprentice in each ship, so that mes-
sages can always be taken and sent. By means of
wireless, information as to the movement of icebergs
might be communicated, without rigidly fixing the
lanes of trafTic. In dangerous waters the look-out
should be doubled, and one out of two might use
glasses. An apprentice system for seamen would secure
more competent sailors. No seaman in sole authority
would go twenty or twent\-two knots in hazy weather
at night in a misty area strewn with icebergs. But
seamanship has been dominated by finance. If some
new tj-pe of engine, such as the Diesel motor, proved
its superiority o\er the turbine, it might easily lead to
a recasting of designs facilitating sub-division into
watertight compartments. This would be better than
the somewhat doubtful pro\nsion of boats and rafts.

WANTED — ..\ BOARD OF TR.\NSPORT.

The writer thinks that it is time the Board of Trade
ceased to control transport arrangements. He suggests
a Board of Transport, of three or four experts, to watch
and control transport questions on the large scale, even
as the Road Board established by Mr. I.loyd George
does on the small scale with the roads of the United
Kingdom.

his book, he gave names to three mountains discovered by him
and marked thereon. One was Mount Asquith, a second
Mount llarcoun (after the Colonial Secretary), the third Mount
Henry Lucy.

ABOUT SIR ERNEST SHACKLETON.

Sir Henry Lucy, continuing his " Sixty Years in
the Wilderness " in Cornhill for June, tells some inte-
resting incidents about H. M. Stanley, Nansen, Sir
Harry Johnston, Dr. Sven Hedin, and Sir lamest
Shackleton. Of the last he says : —

Shackleton told a pretty story illustrative of the daily life of
the expedition, and of the sort of men who composed ii. One
day he and his three officers, having finishe<l their scanty meal,
were hungrier than ever. As they trudged along through the
soft snow, dr.agging their sledge, they agreed with each' other
that if they lived h> nach home, and ever saw a hungry man or
child flattening his nose against the window of a cook-shop,
they would take care that straightway he had a good square
meal.

Sir Henry then describes how he found that the
Antarctic expedition had been financed by members
of Sir Ernest's own and his wife's family raising a loan
of £20,000 : and the proceeds of his book, which was
translated into nine languages, and was promising to
beat the record of British books on the Continent, and
the proceeds also of his lecturing tour, went to defray
this debt. The Australian Legislature voted jf.S.ooo,
New Zealand /[t,ooo, and Shackleton w;is fared with a
deficit of £14,000. Knowing the facts, Sir Henry
published them in one of the London papers : —

It happened that the brief article hail attracted the attention
of the Prime Minister. On reading it he sent for Shackleton,
and the result of the conversation was that the explorer rcceiveil
^ T'-isury grant of £20,000, which hand'.omcly covered the
in the cost of the expedition, Ic-iving its leader in
ion of the private earning^) he h.id .set asitie for thai
I'urposc.

Sh.acklclon m.ide rare acknowledgmi-nl of Ihii small service.
Preparing the chart of his Antarctic loule which accompanic<l

WHY WOiMEN FIRST?

Lilian E. Tottenham writes to the Englishcoman
for June, asking whether it is right for tlic majority of
women on occasions of common danger like the Ic-s
of the Titanic to forbear the choice of dejath in
obedience to authority : —

The law of the sea, that the weak should be saved first, is a
beautiful survival of chivalry that calls forth our reverence and
gratitude ; we cannot wish that any alteration regarding it
should originate with men. On the other hand, in these days
when women are so busy fighting for their "rights," is it not
incumbent upon us to show that, among other privileges, we also
claim with men the right of dying for the common good ? Would
it not indeed do more for the advancement of women than even
a claim to the suflrage if men were made to realise that women
are ready so to die, and if women were to expect such action
from one another ? One has only to consider the manv valuable
male lives sacrificed, the numerous homes left fatherless, the
already preponderating number of women among the general
population in comparison with that of men, to come to the
decision that it is at least permissible to doubt whether any
woman who has not young children depending upon her for
support, or young children in her charge and with her at the
lime of the dis.isier, should accept any chance of life in prefer-
ence to men. The existing condition of things is one that
honour forbids men to alter.

SUMMER— IN THE SLTMS.

JUNic, glorious June ! is here, with all its wealth of
roses and leaf and flower, and the meadows are
daisy-pied, and the buttercups, " the little children's
flower," flood the land with gold. .And the child of
the cott.iger is gay and jocund, just because Mother
Nature is so prodigal and gracious. But the child of
the city is drooping and panting, his playground the
dusty street, his touch of Nature the "grotto" at the
street-corner, a pitiful little abdrtive attempt at a
garden, a still mure pitiful attempt at begging. He
has no chance of free, healthy play in lane and
meadow. I>en the innocent game of cricket is
|)layed with the added excitement of dodging the
policeman. And what of the girl-( hild } If siie seeks
the far-dislanl park, she must toillully drag the baby
with her, the cares of motherhood upon her all too
soon. The summer, even with its w.altli of sunshine,
is to tlie city child, whitefaced and drooping, almost
a har<ler time than the winter. Will you help to give
somi- hundreds of these little mortals a taste of their
birthright, of the free air and the wide spaces and the
glad life of the countryside for one foriniglu in the
year? Ten shillings will buy a whole fourteen days
of happiness for a child. One pound will do the
saniv for an adult. All help to this end will be gl.idly
and gratefully received by the Wanlen of Hrowning
Setileineni, I'. IIkkukkt .S| kah, Itniwning Hall, \ ork
Street, Walworth, London, .S.E.

652

The Review of Reviews.

THE "REVENGE" REVIVED.

Mr. Seymour Lucas describes in Nash's for June
how he has restored the great Elizabethan ship for the
Shakespeare's England Exhibition at Earl's Court,
London. He says : —

The work of reconstructing tlie Rtvetigc has not been easy.
The actual building has been done in spile of great odds. The
existent models in lingland of sixteenth century war galleons
are not authentic, and throughout the preparations for
" Shakespeare's England " a high premium has been placed on

accuracy. In putting together this historic ship we have relied
on conlempor.iry evidence only.

There is every reason to believe that the Kn'ffi!^i' \\as built
about 1579, in Chatham, by Sir John Hawkins. .She was
notoriously unlucky. There exists a long record of her mishaps
— her running aground and her sustaining leaks. Nevertheless,
the RcTcngc seemed to land on her feet, to abuse a metaphor.
But her exploits are almost as numerous as her catastrophes.
She was of 500 tons tonnage, which known fact helped us
mightily in reproducing her dimensions. She carried a crew of
two hundred and fifty men, and there were forty odd guns on
the main and gun tiecks. These giant guns are now at the
world-famous Woolwich Arsenal, but we were called upon to
realise the gun bases, which we have done from contemporary
pictures. These guns are serviceable relics, being from eight
to twelve feet long with bores of from five and a half to six and
a half inches.

The Revenge belonged to Queen Elizabeth, and was
selected by Sir Francis Drake wherein to attack the
Armada. But her chief achievement was her glorious
d)'ing battle with the Spanish fleet off the Azores : —

Perhaps, in reanimating the Ri'viige, we have been guided
most efficiently by a painting in the Ryx Museum at Amsterdam
from the hand of a contemporary Dutch artist. Curiously
enough, this is a British warship showing the " E.R." distinctly
and duly crested with the British lion and the Tudor rose.

The Rcv€}ige has three masts — a main, a mizzen, and a fore.
Unfortunately, the sails must be furled throughout the exhibi-
tion, owing to the danger of a sudden gust of wind which might
upset the captive craft. The sailcloth has been woven in
accordance with the stuffs that prevailed when Elizabeth was
(Jueen.

FREE OCEAN FERRIES.

In the British Columbia Magazine Mr. William
Greener warmly endorses the proposal of Mr. W.
Angus that there should be free ocean ferries, .-^s the
old toll-gates have been abolished on our highways,
and free river subways and free river ferries have been
established, why not free ocean ferries ? The cost
would be borne by the British Empire, and the vessels
belong to the Empire. They would be large cargo-
carrying boats, one vessel in five a modern cruiser and
fullv-equipped as a vessel of war to convoy cargo ships
of their class in time of war. They would be manned
Ijy British crews exclusively. Furthermore, the fleet
"would not endanger or in any way damsge the'
important interests of British shipping companies," as
it would be directed to create commerce where it does
not now exist, by opening up the vast tracts of idle
lands in Africa, .\ustralia, and other countries. Britons
would have a preference in everv British market, to
the extent of free ocean transport.

The reader naturally reflects that if these free ocean
ferries are not to interfere with the interests of British
shipping companies, but are to be kept for the develop-
ment of new sources of trade, free ocean travel becomes
a rather limited ideal.

Photogrnph hy\ \S'i-wsf-tif'er lltust rations.

The " Revenge" at Shakespeare's England Exhibition
in London.

Thk Golden Rule is the subject of an interesting
discussion by .'\. T. Cadoux in the Internalional Journal
oj Ethics for May. He states the criticisms that have
been levelled against it by some of the greatest thinkers,
and yet maintains its .supremacy.

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

^5o

"THE MASTER FORCE OF THE
WORLD."

Mr. T. H. Manners Howe puts in a very vivid and
>triking manner in the June number of London the
ominous facts connected" with the continual rise in
prices. He says the master force in this world of ours
is not to be found among principalities and powers, but
in the pantrv. " To fill the pantry in his rock cave the
primeval savage framed his axe of stone. Social man
of the twentieth century, impelled by the same stern
law, trains great armies and builds fleets of giant
warships."

\V.\CE-E.\RNERS EIGHT PER CENT. POORKR.

The fact that, according to the official returns of the
Board of Trade, our food prices have gone up 8-4 per
cent., and our wages have increased less than i per
cent., is put by Mr. Howe in very striking light and
colour. He shows to what straits the wile of the well-
paid artisan, and still more of the ill-paid labourer, are
put. It is these straits that are at the l)ack of our
labour unrest. Mr. Howe says that in the case of
Germany the cost of living has risen about 25 per cent,
in the last seventeen years, but in the same period
there has been a rise in average wages of from 37 to
38 per cent.

THE INCREASING DEMAND FOR WHEAT.

He then goes on to refer to the increasing demand
for wheat, the staple of the world's food supply. The
world's old growing grounds are becoming inadequate
to supply the total of the needs of the world's popula-
tion. " The d\ namic force radiating from the pantry
power-houses of the world's nations is big with the
foreboding of a huge reshuffle of time-honoured terri-
tories and frontiers." Great world-movements such as
this produce grc.il world-struggles ; and in the struggle
those alone will survive who are best fitted.

I'KRIL TO ClUR EMPIRE.

The British lOmpire holds nearly a quarter of the
world's total .icrc.ige of 52,000,000 square miles, and a
large proportion of its great virgin area. On the British
Kmpire, therefore, the bulk of the movement will be
directed. .\ sui < essful attack upon the home islands
would break uj) the Empire into more easily disposable
fragments. Hence it is the people of Great Britain who
will experience the first brunt of the pressure. It is
upon the virgin lands of our planet that the movement
i . setting.

TWO DISTINCT FACTORS.

Mr. Howe mixes in this menacing forecast of his
two factors that arc only too frequently confused, but
are distinct- the political and the economic. The
increasing demand for wheat, lor example, would be
satisfied ii\ wheat grown anywhere, under any Govern-
ment. Wheat grown in the British Km|)ire would just
OS efleclually satisfy the hunger of the German work-
man as wheat grown binder the red, white, and black
flatt. The most efTicacious answer to the cry of the

hungry millions is the development of the virgin soil
as rapidlv as possible by an accelerated system of
emigration, and on the spot a vastly augmented
increase in the birthrate.

"SUN, WIND, AND WAVE"

As Sources of Motive Power.
In the Strand Mr. Arthur Dolling, under the title
given above, discusses the possible .sources of the power
of the future.

THE END OF COAL-MINING.

He quotes Sir William Ramsay's declaration that
there is no necessity to mine coal at all. Sir William
would run a bore-hole down to the coal stratum, and
bv means of tubes set fire to the coal by electricity,
and blow air down to enable the coal to burn. Then
gas would be produced to work gas-engines at the
mouth of the bore-hole and produce power there, which
might be diffused by electricity over an area of a
hundred miles or more radius : —

By this plan 30 per cent, of the coal eneryy can be converted
into useful work, instead of a meagre 15 per cent., which, by
present methods of coal consumption, is the best efficiency
obtain.able. Thus we may double the life of our coal mines, and,
in addition, the smoke problem will have become a thing of the
past.

SOLAR HEAT.

The sun has also been harnessed to supply man with
requisite motive power. -V boiler is put at the focus ot
a reflector, and the steam obtained by the heat of the
sun is utilised by a small vertical motor, which can
actuate a printing-press. The Funke apparatus is used
to create a current of air by which a rcciprocatinc
engine or turbine is driven. The .\dams apparatus
now in use in India and in Egypt, consists of a cbnica!
reflector made ot wood and lined with common silvered
sheet glass. Inside of this is placed a cooking vessel
which is heated by the reflected rays of the sun. Mr
Frank Shuman's sun-engine is to be used in Egypt foi
pumping water, and is said to lift 3,000 gallons o
water every minute to a height of 33ft. at Philadelphia
In Egypt the hotter weather will produce iiettc:
results

TIDAI. POWER.

The tides of the sea are used by various means. Mr
Laird's patent is a huge walled basin on the seashore
into which the tide flows o\er a long mill-wheel, th
power being conducted by belts to a dynamo. Whei
the tide ebbs, the basin being full, the motion of th
wheel is reversed. It is estimated that this methoi
would produce enough electricity to run all the train
on a railwav having its terminus on the coast. Th
windmill might be developed so as to supply ever
house with electric light and force.

As tl.e portrait-painter of the horse. Mr. Austi
Chester introduces to the readers of Wimisor Mr. J. I
Herring. 'I'here arc a large nmnhcr ot rci)roduclions (
Herring's work.

654

The Review ot Reviews

PERE HYACINTHE

THit^hequered career of this great pulpit orator,
who died last February is outlined in the Contem-
porary for June by Dean Fremantle. The Dean tells
how rap'dij he rose till he became Head of the

Mask of P^e Hyacinthe, which now reposes in the
Capitol at Rome.

Carmelite Order. His gift as preacher led to him being
appointed to preach the Advent Conjhences at Notre
Dame, the highest post to which a French priest could
aspire. Four thousand men of all classes crowded to
hear him.

A CRISIS MET WITH COURAGE.

The crisis of his life came wiicn tlie Vatican Council
was asked to decree Papal infallibility. Pere Hyacinthe
" went to Rome in May, 1869. to sec if there were aiiv
remedy ; but, finding thai the fatal step was inevitable,
he quietly waited for the assembly of the Council or
the pronouncement of the decree, and on the 20th of
September resigned his position in the (larmelit:; Order
and his place as Advent preacher at Xotre Dair. '

He had no me.ins of support : his sympatliiscrs were few, or
mute. He went forth, literally, " not knowint; whither he
went." It was an act of coiuatjc, a protest in favtmr of triilh,
of which few examples can he fminit in the history of the world.

In the year following the decree he visited l,onilon, Rome,
and Munich, Iryini; to win adherents to his cause and to
counteract the mischief wdiicli had heen done.

In 1872 he was married at Home to an American lady, llie

widow ui Ml. Merinian , and the episcopal benediction which
gave ecclesiastical sanction to the future marriage was given ir,
Rome on May 5th ; but they lived apart till they met again ir
London in October. There the legal marriage was solemnised
.at the Registry in Marylebone.

The liishop who gave the blessing to the marriage which was
ifterwards to take place was Monsignor Passavalli, titular Arch-
bishop of Iconium — a man of great distinction, who was chosen
!o preach the opening sermon at the Vatican Council.

A CHURCHLESS WANDERER.

Various endeavours were made to find the redoubtable
preacher a pulpit and a church at Geneva, but the
work there did not suit him. He resigned in August.
1874 :—

When his friends thought that the time had come to n.ake
the attempt in Paris, which had failed in Geneva, they opened
for him a place of worship, first inl the Rue Rochechouart, and
;hen in the Rue d'.'Vrras, where services were held in French,
though, like the Anglican Prayer Book, based on those of the
unreformed Church. These services often attracted large con
gregations. Many of all countries wished to hear the celebrateo
preacher, whose fire lasted to the end. But there was n^
"Church." A few priests joined him from time to time, bj-
there was no prospect of a solid and enduring institution

APPEARANCE. ELOQUENCE, INFUIENrE.

The Dean gives this portrait : —

P^re Hyacinthe was rather below the average m stature, bui
seemed to grow as he spoke and to dominate his audience. His
voice, his gesture, his articulation were consummate, and the
arrangement of his subject was perfectly clear. He possessed
also thai electric power which is the mark of the true orator.
But thai which gained his greatest power was his complete
sincerity, which made Mr. Gladstone, when presiding at one of
his Coiifi'reiues in London, speak of him as tl^ most loyal soul
he had eser known. There was nothing exaggerated and
nothing bitter in his speech, which was always well thought out
and suited to his audience. He was sought out and received
for interviews by almost all the leaders of thought, of literature,
and of society in Europe, such as (Jueen Victoria, the Kmpress
Frederick of Germany, the Queen of Roumania (Carmen Sylva),
the latter of whom wrote him an autograph letter on the death
of Madame Loyson, ending with the touching words : "On ne
pleure p.as, on s'atteud." Gambetta wished to have made him
a .Senator, and the list of those who on his death expressed their
sympathy with his family contains almost all the leaders of
political and philanthropic progress in France.

WHAT HE BELIEVED.

His final message to the world is : —

(r) I have never denied Catholicism, nor answered the
anathemas of which I have been the object. I have hoped
against hope, though the darkness seems to thicken, and I have
to cry with the prophet, "Watchman! what of the night?"
(2) Let us louk to the future. Woe to the Churches which, like
Lot's wife, looked backwards. (3) We must hold fast to the
Biblical origins of our religion : but their revelation is not the
only one. God did not leave the nations without a witness for
Him. The Christianity of the future will mark the value which
each system has had in \.)\e fn-pay,ilH< t-vangelica, as it was 1 ailed
by the Fathers. (4) Science also is a divine revelation. It has
an affinity with Christianity, which wilt disclose itself in the
future according to the presentiment of Joseph Le Maistre.
(5) We must not dwell upon an everLasting doom, either in
this world or the next ; the gates will open, as the M.asler
taught, through a sincere conversion, even to the worst of
sinners, ami the Kingdom of ( lod be established. (6) The
('hrislians of the future will reconcile the various elements of
human life which seem now to be divided : n.alurc with grace,
work with prayer, the needs of the body with those of the' soul,
labour with capital ; and the power which will reconcile them
is true, united, and reformed Christianity.

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

655

WHAT LOCOMOTIVES ARE
COMING TO.

In Cassier's for May Mr. J, F. Gairns describes
remarkable locomotives of iqii. Not only are loco-
motives growing in length of body^ number of wheels,
and shortness of funnel, but in their inordinate length
they are actually becoming jointed so as to wind their
way round cur\es : —

w -•America is now almost the exclusive home of the Mallet type
articulated locomotive, especially on a large scale, and several
interesting designs of this class will require reference in duo
conrse. But the locomotive is peculiarly notable, in that
it provides the only instance of the provision of twenty
driving wheels in one machine. The origin of the class
is somewhat strange. Some ten years or so ago a series of
enormous 2 — 10 — 2 tandem compound engines were placed in
service by the .-Mchison, Topcka and Santa Fe Railroad.
These were then the largest locomotives in the world, and
represented about the extreme possible develoj)men!s under non-
articulated conditions. They have now Decn utilised to jiroduce
the new design by fitting a fresh boiler with front extension
containing superheater, reheater and feed -water heater, remov-
ing the leading wheels and the high-pressure cylinders, and
attaching an articulated frame with another .set of wheels, high-
pressure cylinders, pony truck and other details. The new-
parts were supplied by the- B.ildwin Locomotive Works, and
the result is the production of a dc-sign that is by far the largest
in the world, and which is unique and likely to remain so for
some years. In service these engines have done marvellous
work on the mountainous sections, and it is understood that
they have abundantly justified themselves in every way.

Mr. Gairns also mentions an articulated locomotive
with fle.xible boiler connection. Four have been con-
structed by the Baldwin Locomotive Works having
flexible boilers with a bellows joint and intended for
service on the same railroad.

TRIBUTE TO BROWNING.

The frontispiece to the North American Review for
May is a fine portrait of Robert Browning. .Mr. Darrell
Figgis contributes an appreciation, in which he says of
Browning, "It is not too much to say that he has
emerged, or is like to emerge, to the foremost rank of
English poets, with such as Shakespeare, Milton, Blake,
Wordsworth, and Shelley for companions." He says
the mind will turn with distaste from the shallowness
and smugness of" the "Idylls of the King," and will
read and re-read and again re-read " Men and Women "
with increasing joy. For " Tennyson's poetry answers
to the immediale and more obvious meanings of the
word poetry, while Browning's poetry seems always to
avoid them." 'Jhe writer makes the following pene-
trating remark : — " Browning seems ever to need some
other personality whom he inay fashion to sing for
him. lie seems never to be able to get at grips with
Kealitv till he is able to approach it in the guise of
another's soul." Mr. Figgis, speaking of " The I<ing
and the Book," says it is one of the very great things
in our literature.

TRAINING OF AMERICAN
CHILDREN.

In the Outlook for April Klizabelh McCrackcn writes
on .\mcrican children. She says : —

The English mother, whatever her rank, tries to give her
children in their home what she had in her childhood'.s home ;
as well as she is able, she copies what her mother did. The
conditions of her life may be entirely different from those of her
mother, l.er children may be unlike herself in disposition ; yet
she still holds to tradition in regard to their upbringing ; she
tries to make their home a reproduction of her mother's home.

The American- mother, whatever her station, does the exact
opposite— she attempts to bestow upon her children what she
did not possess ; and she makes an effort to imitate as little as
possible what her mother did. She desires her children to
have that which she did not have, and for which she longed ]
or that which she now thinks so much better a possession than
anything she did have. Her ambition is to train her children,
not after her mother's way, but in accordance with "the most
approved modern method." This method is apt, on analysis,
to turn out to be merely the reverse side of her mother's
procedure.

The parents try to give to the children ideals that were not
given to them ; they attempt to inculcate in the children habits
that were not inculcated in themselves.

American parents do not relinquish their authority over their
children. .'Vs for government — like other wise parents, thej
.aim to help it to develop, as soon as it properly can, from a
government of and for their children into a government by
them. Self-government is the lesson of lessons they most
earnestly desire to te.ich their children.

American fathers and mothers explain so many things to their
children. And .\merlcan children explain quite as great a
number of things to their ixirents. They can ; because they are
not only friends, but familiar friends.

VOTES PX)R ()LD1:R WOMEN
FIRST.

Mr. E. Crawsh.\y-Willi.\ms, M.P.. writing in the
Contciu porary Reviau onX\\>i position of WoinanSufifrage,
makes a curiously interesting suggestion. He grants
that the nation is not yet ripe for adult suffrage. He
grants that woman must not in the first instance be
enfranchised in overwhelming numbers. At the same
time he anticipates that the Government Keiorm Bill
will introduce .Manhood SulTragc. To give the vote to
women on a restricted property or other qualification
would seem to him to be reactionary and impossiblei
His conclusion is : —

I'resuming, then, that the Government liill is to introduce
manhood suffr-ige at a certain age, all that it is necessary to da
in order to graft on to this a harmonious, simple and moderate
form of Woman .Suflragc is to provide fur womaidiood sulVrage
at a suitably higher age. It is quite cvi<lenl that by a process
of raiding the age-limit for the women's vote, the number
admitted to the franchise could be fined down to any extent ;
the policy of adult suffrage with a higher agc-limil for women
than for men fulfils all the reqaircments laid down for a true
conciliation measure. Nor need advocates of comp'etc adull
sulTiage look askance at the proposal. Adult suflragc in its
entirely is the only ultimate and logic.d solution of the franchise
(|ucslion, and it would not take many years to reduce the agc-
limil for women down to that for men if, as is certain, the new
dep'>rture proved a success. Meanwhile, not even the most
rigorous of democrat purists could ol>ject in principle to such a
preliminary measure.

656

The Review of Reviews.

THE RED CROSS WOMAN OF
AMERICA.

The life and work of Clara Barton, founder of the
Red Cross in the United States, who died last April at
the age of ninety-one, is sketched in the Norik American
Review for May by Ida Husted Harper. She was the
daughter of an Army captain, and granddaughter of
one of the revolutionary heroes. She provided for her-
self, by her own savings, one of the best educations
then open to women. She got the State of New Jersey
to found a free public school, almost the first in that
State. In 1854. she was given the position of confidential
secretary to the Commissioner of Patents at Washing-
ton, and so was the first woman publicly employed in
a Government department. The male clerks were
highly indignant, and made a dead set against her.
But she brought the department out of chaos into
order. Dismissed because of her supporting the anti-
slavery movement, she was found so indispensable that
finally she was recalled.

HOW HER LIFE-WORK FOUND HER^

She went to the help of the first wounded soldiers : —

She'saw at once the great need of woman's help in nursing,
feeding, and caring for the sick and wounded, and from that
moment she consecrated herself to this worlj as long as the war
should last. Women never had been permitted in hospitals,
camps, or on lialtle-fields,' and officials, military and civil,
declined her services, really not knowing how to accept them.
In her own unequalled manner she succeeded in gaining the
confidence of the commanding officers, and finally made her
way to the front, where the situation was terrible. As soon as it
was known slie was there supplies sent to her care poured into
Washington, first from her own State and then from many others.
Her wonderful work under the most distressing conditions in a
short time gained for her the name " Angel of the Battle-
field." By her quiet self-reliance and her prompt decision she
obtained so large and complete a recognition that camp and
hospital supplies, a corps of assistants, and even military trains
were placed at her service.

She was present on sixteen battlefields. After the war
was over she located and marked the graves of over
twenty thousand Union soldiers, which- but for her
would for ever have remained unknown. She spent
her own wealth freely in this service, and later the
Congress refunded the outlay with thanks. Then she
became one of the mo.st highly-paid lecturers of the
time. Her profits enabled her to lay aside about
25,000 dols.

FIRST A15TH0RESS OF AN INTERNATIONAL TREATY.

Worn out with her exertions, in 1869 she went to
Europe, came to Geneva, was approached by the Red
Cross Society there which had been formed in 1864, but
which the United States, absorbed in Civil War, had not
joined. In 1877 she was so far recovered as to approach
the United States Government, first President Hayes
and then President Garfield. In 1882 she secured the
adhesion of the United States to the Treaty of Geneva.
" This is doubtless the only instance where an inter-
national treaty vvas brought about by one person, and
that person a woman." Miss Barton became President
of the United States Society.

RED CROSS WORK DURING PEACE.

At her instance, the scope of the society was
extended to include any national calamity — forest
fires, river floods, cyclones, famine, earthquakes, yellow-
fever epidemic, tidal waves, etc. Its services in the
Spanish-American war were much appreciated by the
Spanish Government as well as by the United States.
She was five times appointed to represent the United
States at international conferences of the Red Cross
in Europe. In 1902 she was received with marked
distinction by the Tsar and Tsarina and the Empress
Dowager of Russia.

THE BEST PART OF HER RELIGION.

Though eighty-four years of age she purchased a
house and outlined her later work. She vi-rote to
friends, " You have never known me without work,
and you never will. It has always been a part of
the best religion I had." She set about establishing
"organised first aid to the injured." Miss Barton was
a strong advocate of woman's suffrage. When she was
eighty-four she offered her services and those of the
Red Cross to both Russia and Japan, and held herself
in readiness to start -for the Orient at the word of
command. Almost to the last she kept a stenographer
busy day after day answering the thousands of letters
which came to her from all parts of the globe,

JAPANESE EPIGRAMS.

In the Open Court for Ma\' there are three pages
devoted to translations of poems by Confucianist philo-
sophers and others from the pen of the late Arthur
Lloyd. Soine are quite delightful and worthy of being
remembered : —

The child of lliree'
Possesses his own soul ; that self-same soul
Is his at sixty.

How true to everyday life are the following two
songlets : —

Your shoe string's broken, but beware you stoop
To mend it till you've crossed that melon patch,
■ Lest those who see you misinteipret you.

And again : —

A thief may sometimes t;ike a holiday :
A watchdog, never.

How many more of us would live happier lives and,
perchance, accomplish great things were we to learn
with the Japanese philosopher : —

There is a gate, whereliy ijDod luck and ill
May enter in. But of that gate yourself
Hold the one key.

In the May issue of the Connoisseur, Mr. George
Cecil has an article on the collection of Sir Alfred
Turner at Carlyle House, Chelsea Embankment. The
treasures of Sir Alfred include some fine examples of
Bohemian and other glass, a combined bureau and
prie-dieu used by Madame dc Maintenon, an ornate
early Jacobean cabinet, furniture of the Stuart and
other periods, china, rare old colour-prints, and curious
engravings, clocks, etc,

Leadixg Articles in the Reviews.

657

THREE MILLIONS A YEAR PROFIT
FROM WOMEN'S SHAME.

Mr. Archibald J. Allen, in the current number o(
the Church Quarterly Revieiv, writes on the social evil
in Chicago and elsewhere. He says : —

When Mr. W. T. Stead, seventeen years ago, pu1)lishe<l his
somewhat remarkable book, " If Christ came to Ciiicago,"
with a plan of a portion of that city upon which brotheU were
coloured red and saloons were shown in black, it was thought
by not a few that his fierce but righteous sympathy with the
victims of what has, for want of a better or more accurate
designation, become knovra as the While Slave Traffic had le<l
him to see more red and to paint a blacker picture than the
facts would warrant.

He says that the report of the Vice Commission
appointed bv the Mayor and City Council of Chicago
makes it clear that "Mr. Stead was not guilty of any
exaggeration."

" A COMJrERCIALISED BUSINESS."

The Commission reports that " prostitution in the
citv is a commercialised business, controlled largely
by' men, and producing a profit of more than three
millions sterling (^15,000,000) a year." The Commis-
• sion fixes the number of professional prostitutes in
' Chicago at approximately 5,000. An official police list
in 1 9 10 contained 192 houses of prostitution with
2,343 rooms, and flats and assignation hotels containing
\ 4,525 rooms, used (or immoral purposes. The Com-
mission discovered 514 houses, flats, and saloons used
for immoral purposes not on the police list.

THE UNDERPAID SHOP-GIRL.

The Commission makes it clear that but for the cor-
ruption of a lonsiderable part of the police force the
existing scandal would not have attained to such

' gigantic proportions. In the opinion of the Commis-
sion, economic conditions— that is, the under-payment

^ of unprotected girls in stores and business houses— are
an important factor in the recruiting of the army of
shame. The Commission lays special stress on the

\ department stores as a source of supply. It is proved
that it is quite impossible for a girl in a large city to

' live on less than eight dollars a week ; yet the average
wages in a department store is from six to seven dollars
■A week, (urlhcr reduced by fines for minor irregu-
larities. The department stores are regular hunting-
grounds for procuresses. The writer presses (or the
passing of the Criminal Law Amendment (While Slave
Traffic) Bill.

'• CHICAGO IS HELL."

Of all the black spots on the scutcheon of any city,
'irely this annual revenue o( three millions a year
profit made by men (rom the moral and physical
damnation o( five thousand women is probal.K one o(
the very blackest . almost enough to justify the laconic
flescription given l>v a visitor to the great Lake City—
" Chicago is hell '

A SECRET OF AN INDIAN
WOMAN'S EMANCIPATION.

In the Woman at Home for June Mr. Saint Xihal
Singh describes the Ranis of India, and begins with the
Rani of Gondal, Her Highness Shri Nundkuverba. One
of the leaders amongst the emancipated women of
India, she confessed to Mr. Singh that she was led to
emancipate herself, not out of any passion for equality
or abstract principle, but out of love for her husband,
which is a characteristic woman's reason : —

Her Highness, in reply to questions, told the story of her
emancipation. The gisl of it was that the chief had imbibed
advanced notions from his Western tutors at the Rajkumar
College, and in the course of an e.xlended lour in Europe, and
she loved him loo dearly to allow him to slip away from her
because she was not advanced enough to be a true comrade to
him. So, although the prejudices in regard to the segregation
of the sexes were bred in. the bone, she decided to be the first
Indian noblewoman to cast aside the veil, and also assiduously
applied herself to her studies 50 as to become educated enough
to be a pleasant and useful life companion to her liege lord,
endeavouring to keep pace n ith him in his progress. She said
it all as unassumingly as if it was nothing more than going to
sleep at bed-time. ;

Mr. Singh gives many other interesting sketches and
portraits of many other notable Indian women,
amongst them Her Highness the Begum of Janjari,
the only emancipated Mahomedan Queen in India.

UNGALLANT L.C.C. !

" Women first I " may be the rule enforced in the
tragedies o( the sea. But, according to Mr. Herman
SchetTauer in the Lady's Realm, it is entirely reversed
when it comes to making provision (or lonely persons
in London. Every effort is made to raise £100.000 to
provide for homeless young men in London, but the
lot of the lonely woman in London, who is in much
greater need of the protection and comforts of home,
is sadiv neglected. The position of ladies dependent
upon their small earnings is staled to be often uncom-
fortable to the point o( actual hardship, while the
L.C.C. which has built houses with splendid accom-
modation (or men, who have aNo Row ton Houses to
go to, declined to consider in their housing department
the claims of working women.

A i.iTTLE monthly. Sunshine, has been sent out for
manv years to brighten the homes of rich and poor and
to give a message o( love and kindness to its readers.
With the beginning o( the year a new editor has com-
menced her work, and certainly the change will not
dim Sunshine. Children will find stories, poems, com-
petitions—children themselves boinK the judges o( the
merits of some o( these last— gardening notes, etc. The
.Sunshine charities are an especial (calure o( this
interesting little magazine.

6s3

The Review of Reviews.

QUADRIGAS ANCIENT AND
MODERN.

Now that the quadriga on the Wellington Arch has

been inaugurated, Mr. T. P. Bennett, writing in the

Maj- number of the Architectural Rcvie-.c, takes the

■ opportunity to discuss other groups which have been

the forerunners of this work.

EARLY EXAMPLES.

E.xamples have been found said to date from the
eighth century B.C., but these are rude in form. The
first use of the chariot in anything like a developed
style occurs in the bas-reliefs of the Syrians. These,
however, are two-horse and three-horse chariots used
in sport or war. In Bceotia an interesting example,
dating from the sixth or seventh century B.C., has been
found. There are four horses, a chariot, and two stand-
ing figures, but here the work is rude in the extreme.
Another example of about the same date is to be found
in one of the metopes from the older temple at Selinus,
now in the British Museum. It has a quadriga carved
upon it in semi-relief. The general treatment of a
quadriga at the present time is to place it looking
towards the principal point of view. In ancient bas-
relief it is carved so that the spectator is looking at the
side.

ROMAN TRIUMPHAL ARCHES.

Canina's engravings of Roman triumphal arches
show most of them crowned with a quadriga. That

upon the arch of Trajan at Benvenuto is cited as
perhaps the most satisfactory. One figure only is in
the chariot. Upon the arch of Septimus Severus we find
six horses, three male figures in the chariot, and two
foot-soldiers and two horsemen as accessory figures.

QUADRIGAS AT BERLIN, PARIS, AND VIENNA.

Among modern examples is the Triumphal Arch in
the Place de Carrousel, Paris. In Berlin the quadriga
upon the Brandenburg Gate stands at the end of an
avenue a mile in length. Two new quadrigas in Berlim
are those upon the monument to the Kaiser Wiihelm T.,
They represent North and South Germany, and are
more successful than most, the figures in the chariots-
being particularly worthy of admiration. Other
modern examples are to be seen at the Houses of
Parliament, Vienna, where there are four groups with
the flanks presented to the main front.

CAPTAIN ADRIAN JONES's GROUP.

With regard to Captain Adrian Jones's group on the
top of Dccimus Burton's Wellington Arch on Consti-
tution Hill, the writer expresses the opinion that while
the setting of the four horses is effective and the model-
ling vigorous, the central figure of the .\ngel of Peace
in her chariot makes the group too high and pointed.
The total height of the group is 32ft., and the width
36ft. The total weight is forty tons. The horses are
double life-size and w-eigh six tons each.

/;, -,;.-,-,■ -q

I" /■;,• I ., '■;:/,■, /:,rni A\:ino.'

The Wellington Arch.

THE QUEEN'S DAY.

In the Home Messenger for June Mrs. Sarah A.
Tooley sketches a day in the life of the Queen. She
says of Her Majesty : —

She begins her day early, wiih her mind clear and alert for
(he dmies whicli lie lie.''ore her. The (Jueen knows nothing of
fiitii/i and the ainilcssness of life which keeps the indolenS
wom.nn of fashion in her chamber til! noon.

The children are Her Majesty's fust care.

After the children's hour in the morning, the Queen transacts
business in her private room with her secretary and lady-in-
waiting, and gives instructions regarding the replies to be sent
to her numerous correspondents. .She is very methodical and '
exact in her work, and rarely alters her mind after giving a
decision.

The Queen gets through a quantity of needlework for
charities, and never sits with idle hands. For one charity-
alone she makes sixty wool p iticoats a year, and garments for
the Needlework Guild are always in her worl;-basl;et. She has
a piece of needlework in progress in each of her rooms, so that,
wherever she chances to sit, there is work to take up. The
Queen gives but little time now to music or painting, but
reading is a passion with her.

Gossip finds no place in the r)ueen's day. It is well under-
stood that.ller Majesty dislikes idle talk and society gossip.
She is deeply interested in topics of the day, in books and in
art, and enjoys conversation on these subjects. The scandal-
monger .and tale-bearer gets no countenance from the f)ueen,

A l.ady intimately connected w ith the l^)ueen, on being asked
what were Ilcr M,ajesty's religious views, made the pertinent
reply : " Look at her life '. That is the best evidence that she
is a sincere follower of Christ," The (Jueen makes the Bible
her daily guide, she instils its precepts into the minds of her
children, and from her lips they learnt their first prayer. No
matter how full her day may be, the (Jueen always reser\-es a
quiet time for religious exercises.

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

659

STRANGE LEGP:ND OF A RUSSIAN
TSAR.

Did He Die a Hermit in Siberia ?
Madame Jarintzoff discusses in the Contemporary
Review the legend of Alexander I. and the hermit,
Thcodor Kouzmilch. She says that the great historian,
N. K. Schilder, transparently alluded to his own belief
in the possibility of the story. A book pviblished in 1907
by the Grand Duke Nicholas Michailovilch denies this
possibility. But the writer thinks it worth while to
state the case afresh.- According to the usual story,
Alexander died at Taganrog in 1825. But the legend
says that shortly before this occurrence he went out
visiting the soldiers' hospital, and was struck by the
face of a soldier dving of fever, who was said to have
been strikingly like the Emperor. On November nth
the Empress's diary ceases.

CID HE CHANGE PLACES WITH A DVING SOLDIER ?

The doctor's diary tells how that Alexander refused
on the 14th to take medicine, and said, " Don't be
angry with me ; I have got my reasons " : —

During these last few days, from the l6th to the 19th
November, Alexander ceased to speak. All the descriptions
agree that he " became delirious and (|uite changed." // any
replacing of him by the soldier from the hospital or by anyone
else could have taken place, it could only have been done in the
course of those three days, whilst the real Alexander was still
conscious and able to fulfil the desire of his life, and yet ill
enough to make his suite think that he was near death. With
his extraordinary self-control, one may, perhaps allow him even
this feat. Certainly, if the (eat was accomplished, it was with
the help of people of the place, and not wiili the connivance of

which, it must be remembered, were painted in both instances
only from memory.

There are many other things that point to the
identity between the hermit and the Tsar. But " the
legend cannot be killed, however much may be written
against it."

bU staff.

THE MYSTERIOUS HERMIT.

There were many popular legends at the time to the
elTect that the Emperor had not died, but a soldier had
been killed in his place :—

In 1837 (/.f., twelve years after the stated death of -Mexander
in Taganrog) there appeared in those remote places an old
hermit, who called hlmseU Theodor Kouzmitch. L'ntil his
death in 1864 he lived a grave, solitary life in four successive
places, the last of thc-sc a hut near a forest belonging to a
merchant of Tomsk, one KroniotT, who in 1S59, with great
reverence, invited Theodor Kouzmitch to dwell there. The old
man, without disclosing his past or his real name to anyone,
became known at once from the time of his appearance, not
only amongst the neighbouriog popul.alion, but in all Siberian
and European Kassia.

When people came from afar to see Theodor Kouzmitch they
found a tall man with something great and strangely fascinating
about him, with a big brow and a long silver-white beard, of
felicent and gentle speech, like one who hail known and suffered
much, with manners instinct with natural charm, and a lovable,
smiling look in his eyes that was not to be forgotten. I lis habits
as regards tidiness and accuracy were exceptional. lie used to
walk up and down the field, in front of his hut, with the gait .,f
a military man ; the altitude of his head and shoulders, and his
arms folded at the back (.\lexander's favouiil'; pose) suggested
power and command ; his itep was precise ; nd .licrt. I lis pose
on horseback undoubtedly expressed perfect case, and indicated
practice since boyhoml. There was an extraordinary amount nt
gentleness and consideration in him and a fascination in his
quiet voice (one of Ahxandcr's characteristic qualities). •

.Schilder traced a great likeness in the features of Theodor
Koiumi:ch to those of .Mcxandei on comparing their portrait".

A BENEVOLENT AUTOCRAT.

Under this genial title, T.P.'s Magazine contains an
appreciation of the Hon. Richard McBride, K.C., from
the pen of the editor.

Advocates of second chambers will be pained to
know that British Columbia gets along very well with
only one house of legislature ! Tlie supporters of ilr.
Jlciiride number forty, and the Opposition two
members. In addition to his premiirship he holds the
office of Minister of Mines. Th^ office is no sinecure,
for " T. P." writes :— " Take, for instance, his treat-
ment of what even in British Coluinbia is a not infre-
quent occurrence — namely, labour unrest. Labour
unrest is serious in any country, but it is most serious
in countries where the' prospect of the (juick return of
mining draws the strong and advL-nturous and some-
times unruly men of all nationalities. British Columbia
is full of great mining camps ; and thus the Prime
Minister has had to deal, more than once, with situa-
tions that, beginning in a dispute about wages or
hours of labour, or a conflict between union and non-
union, might easily have developed into bloodshed.
.\nd bloodshed there would have been if the conflict
between elements so stubborn and so resolute as the
miners on the one side and the mine-owners on the
other had not all to be submitted to the cold, clear
judgment of the ruler of the country." We coijld do
with a few autocrats of the same sort on this side at
the present moment.

poi:try in the magazines.

When June is IIi.kk.
Mr. ]ows. Northern Hilliaru contributes to the
June Lippi'uott's the following Unos : —

When June is here the btirgconed trees
Vield tribute to each passing; breeze ;
The ghostly dandelions while
.Sift through the air in ftallier flight.
And tleck, foamwise, thfr grassy seas.
The lilt of birds, the droBe of bees,
And all the jocund niinsttrelsies
Of nature swell for oui ilelight, __
When June is hew.
We reck but little, at ou^ ease,
Of either leaven or the Icls

Of life ; but with a heart as light
As buoyant swallows in ihcir llight,
Wc cast aside care's panoplit^,
When June is her».

Rodin at home is the subjei t of a chatty antl
interesting sketch in the Lady's lualiit by .Madame
Ciolkowska.

66o

The Review of Reviews.

ARREST IN GERMAN

SHIPBUILDING.

Mr. Ellis Barker, in the Nineteenth Century, gives
the following statistics :—

Between 1S90 and 1900 the German shipbuilding industry
expanded very greatly. Since igoo it has expanded very little,
and the shipbuilders are complaining loudly. If we now look
at Germany's Merchant Marine we find that it has progressed as
follows i —

Tonnage <,/ German SUwinships.

Tins Tons

In 1895 . . . 879,939 In 1908 . . . 2,256,783
In 190S . . . 2,256, 7S3 In 191 1 . . . 2,396,733

Increase for period 1,376.844 Increase for period 139,950
Increase per year 114,500 Increase per year 47,ooo

Here we find again that the rapid progress of former years is
no longer maintained, but has been replaced by a state resembling
stagnation.

TRUSTS NO NOVELTY.

" The People and,the Trusts " is the title of a series
of articles besjinning in the June number of the American
Review nj Reviews. They were the absorbing interest
of Mr. Lanier during the last six months of his life.
" The keynote of the series is the demand for publicity
of the essential facts nl organisation and management
of combinations of capital."

TRUSTS 'f FOLKS NOT FORCES."

The first paper is by Mr. Holland Thompson. He
asks : —

Why must calm discussion of monopoly, the most human of
forces, expressing as it dees one of the fundamental facts of our
natures, be dehumanised ? For that matter " trusts," that is to
say, the driving power bt-liind the combinations of capital, are
not forces. They are folks first and forces afterward. Will it
not throw light upon the whole matter to discuss these folks in
their relation to the other individuals concerned ?

.So he deals with the individual citizen in his relation
to the managers of " big business." " Succeeding
articles will take up the borrower, the labouring man,
the investor, the middleman, and the captain of
industry."

TRUSTS AND MONnPOLIES ONCE EVERYWHERE.

Then he launches into history and asks : —

Why not compare moni.p'ily with itself? Why not study the
trusts of to-d.ay in the liglu of the trusts of yesterday ?

Step by step the probli-m will grow simpler. One by one
those features of trust pr. dice which we have thought so new
will be seen to be old, atui they will grow less important as we
see how our fathers met and dealt with them. A series of
interesting parallels will rv-ull. We shall find that competition
was the uncommon, and monop6ly the usual condition of busi-
ness in the past.

Trusts will be found from Hudson Bay to the Bay of Ik-ngal,
from the Baltic to the Gulf of Mexico. One trust ruled India
and controlled the destinies of millions of people ; another made
the Baltic an inland sea, making treaties and dethroning
monarchs as need arose. Another financed the Crusaders who
captured Constantinople and set up a Latin kingdom there ;
another, the London branch of the Virginia Company, first

planted permanent English settlements in the New World.
These were international monopolies. Of the lesser national or
sectional monopolies there were many. Every guild organised
in the Middle Ages included some features which we would call
monopolistic, while kings bestowed upon individuals the sole
right to sell various luxuries or necessities, which right w.as sold
or leased to the merchant or the producer.

TWO HUGE TRUSTS.

" The greatest trust in the world's history " is
declared to be the East India Company, chartered 1600,
dissolved 1874. Another huge trust was the Hanseatic
League : —

At the height of its power it "had three good crowns at its
disposal-"; it set up a rival and successful king in Sweden ; it
twice captured Copenhagen and drove Waldemar III. of Den-
mark from his kingdom in 1368. Later, in 1523, it was instru-
mental in dethroning Christian II., it enabled Gustavus Vasa to
become ruler of Sweden, and once its armies ravaged the
English coast. The Baltic became a ILanseatic lake into which
no other flag might enter without the permission of the Hansa,
a permission rarely granted. Though never rebelling openly
against the Emperor, the League, treated his demands with cold
courtesy, and went its own way.

First and last perhaps ninety cities belonged to the League,
though the exact number is uncertain, as the membership varied
at different times. . , , With the increasing growth of national
feeling in the States with which they dealt, their power to
monopolise grew less. Under Elizabeth they were expelled
from London in 1598. The pupils had learned how to trade
from their Gernian teachers, and then they dismissed the
teachers. The Thirty Years' War completed the destruction.

Our judgment on the results of its work will be much the
same asj_on our present-day monop jlies. It was done selfishly,
and often roughly, but much of it was really constructive, _

ONLY ONE NEW FE.\TURE,

So the writer sums up : —

Everything which could be monopolised was monopolised at
some time or other in the world's history.

We find then that practically every feature of the problem of
monopoly to-day has appeared before. There have been
monopolies of enormous size, proportionately larger than any-
thing we have to-day. Sinister alliance with, or influence upon,
government officials was comnu-n. The monopolists wilfully
limited the supply, behaved with brutality toward the producer
of goods and toward wouhl-be competitors, and officials took
advantage of their trusteeship for private gain. These are the
most common charges against modern trusts and their managers.

But there is to-day a new feature — a new sin. That
new sin is " the suppression of information which the
people have the right to know."

OBITUARY.

May 2.— Sir T. W. Boord, 73 ; Sir John Inncs, 71.

May 9. — .Sir Wm Ffolkes, 72 ; Lady Hamilton, 69.

May 10. — Earl of Euston, 64 ; Lady Pcnrhyn, 94 ; Lady
Spencer Walpole, 70.

May 12. — Lord St. John of Bletso ; Sir George White (M.P.
for N.-W. Norfolk); Lady Tupper (Canada) ; Mr. Archibald
Coats (Paisley).

May 14. — August Strindberg (Swedish dramatist and novelist),

63-

May 15. — Hon. Sir T. C. Scanlen (South Africa) 77 ; Mr.
J. W. Harrison (King's printer), 82.

.May 21. — Sir Julius Wernher, 62.

May 24. — Sir lid ward S.assoon (Unionist M.P. for Hythe), 55 ;
Mrs. Lccky (widow of the historian).

May 28. — Lady Byron (widow of the eighth Lord Byron),

May 29. — Lady Northwick, 79.

May 30. — Mr. Wilbur Wright (pioneer aviator, of D.ayton,
Ohio), 45-

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

66 1

THE FIRST COAST-TO-COAST

RAILWAY IN SOUTH AMERICA.

The first railway in South America from the Atlantic
to the Pacific is now an accomplished fact ; and the
Scientific American considers the engineering feat as
■■ one which will rank among the most remarkable
achievements of the world." The Scientific American
furnishes some interesting details of the work of con-
iruction, which all tend to show the enormous diffi-
rulties of the undertaking. On the Argentine section of
the line, from Mendoza to Uspallata, " natural obstacles
and other defects intervened so continually that, in
the opinion of several eminent engineers, the further
progress of the railway was considered to be very
improbable."' On the Chilean side —

The construction was divided into three sections, the first of
which, from Los .Vngeles to Juncal, was opened for traffic in
I'ebruary, 1906. Ueyond Rio Blanco the grade becomes in-
creasingly severe, running as high as 8 per cent. Between Kio
Ulanco and Juncal there are three avalanche sheds, lo protect

in line 2jin. only. The maximum number of men
employed on the Chilean side was about 640, and on
the Argentine side from 800 to 900 were usually at
work.

The physical difficulties to be surmounted were
often great : —

The rock on the Chilean side was of a much more uniform
character than that on the Argentine side. Froni the tunnel
entrance to about 200 feet from the boundary line the rock on
the Chilean side was a hard volcanic sandstone, very much
fissured with veins of feldspar. .Xear the boundary line the
rock changed to a reddish claystone, which was comparatively
soft, but which gr.idually hardened for a distance of about
400 meters and again gradually become softer. Through it ran
numerous veins of conglomerate ironstone and almost pure
feldspar. The rock, with the exception of the red clayslone,
proved very difficult to drill, the large number of joint planks
lending to make the drill-bits skid and jam and causing endless
trouble.

Many will wonder where the traffic to pay the
interest on the undertaking is to come from. In this
connection the Scientific American writer, Mr, F, C.

W.

\-:r

rransnruiinr R Ji

iViUian STATE H A' — —
C?kile ArycnCtne Soundarf •

lod

\au.PAA^ \SO^

•eufNOS AIRtS

By ^iurtf^:.

the trains from the cnuriuous masses of snow which collect upon
ihe side and arc frequently precipitated upon the line. . . .
Section 2 is that between Juncal and I'orlillo in an exception-
ally mountainous and wild district. This second section was
opened in June, 190S, well within the specified time.

It was in the last part of the third section, that from
Los Andes to La Cumbre, that the most noteworthy
engineering feat was accomplished. This was : —
the great spiral tunnel, perhaps one of the longest of its
kind and mu^t difficult of construction in the world. The
summit tuuii' ! Ii.i' i li nuth of 9,906 feit, and in addition there
arc short Icni; !. 1 irljlicial tunnel at e.ich end, viz., 105 feet
on ihe Cliilc.ui .1 Ic .ind 338 feet on the .\rgcnliiic side. The
Transandinc tunnel lies at an elevation of aljout lo,5cx3 feel,
nearly 1,500 feet higher than the highest carriage ro.id in
F.uropc, that over llic Slelvio Pois, and more than 3,500 feet
higher than Mont Ccni», St. Gothard and Simplon I'asscs, In
cross-scctiun the tunnel \s a replica of the .Simplon tunnel, the
internal area iusi<lc the lining being 273 square feet.

The skill with wliich the work of boring was carried
out is seen in the fact that wlun the two forces, working
from oppo-ile ends, junctioned on .November 27. looo,
the dillerente in level was but Jin., and the dilfercntc

[/'V ** Sciemti^v .-tmi-ruiin."

Colctnan, points out that Chile is " more important
than the Pacific slope was before the completion of
the first transcontinental railwa)s of North .America,"
and that " the first and for some time to come the only
link between two such countries as Chile and Argentina
must necessarily find considerable traffic ' : —

.\s Buenos .\ircs is the main gale on the .Atlantic coast t :
this highway, so is Valparaiso the gate on the Pacific side
From this fine port steamers sail lo all parts of the world. Th<
distance to Panama is 2,610 miles, and from Colon lo Plymouil^
4,520 miles— a total of 7,130 milc-s. From \alparaiso to New
< >rlcans, viii Panama, the distance is 3,070 miles by rxislin;:
lines of sleamcrs. This brings New York very close to Bueno-
Aires. The west coast of South America, the Central Amciicaii
Stales, the I'nitcd Stales of Notlh .\merica, Canada, and .\us
tralia, have all been brought closer logcther by the opening of
thi.s new iransconlinental route.

As regards passenger traffic, and particularly touri>i
tratTic—

much can be done with such remarkable scenery lo »ttr.-icl
visitors, no! only from Argentina, but from the United Slates
nml Kurope. The globe-lruilcr, tiie.l of India, Kliartum, and lli'
Victoria Falls "tn fii'' lomclhing iiuite new in the Cordillerni.

662

The Review of Reviews.

DISRAELI'S BROTHER.

Sir Henry I.ucv, writing in Cornliill for June,
transcribes Irom his dairy in 1S90 entries which describe
a person Httle known to fame : —

Fibnia)-}' II. — The House of Lords meeting to-day misses a
long-familiar presence. For many years there sat at the Table
a little old gentleman in wig and gown. When the House rose
the little old gentleman, divested of wig and gown, generally
walked across the corridors to the House of Comn.ons.
Unchallenged he passed the watchful doorkeepers, and, if
there was room, took his seat under the gallery, listening
awhile to the debate, and then went off to dinner.

This was Mr. Disraeli, brother of the famous Conservative
Premier, whose influence secured him the comfortable berth he
has occupied for more than a generation as Clerk-assistant. He
drew a salary of ;^l,8oO a year, with an allowance of ^f 300 a
year for rent. Having now retired from office, he will have a
snug pension.

Anyone more diametrically opposed to his brother in appear-
ance and manner could not be imagined. A quiet, retiring,
common-place old gentleman, he was admirably fitted for the
highly paid not mentally exhausting office he filled. Not
brilliant, he was always courteous. Many at Westminster will
regret this severance of a link with a name that will ever be
associated with Parliament and its history.

THE EVOLUTION OF A DANCER.

In the Pall Mall Magazine for June Miss Anna
Pavlova gives some pages from her Hfe. When she was
eight years old she was taken to the Marinsky Theatre
to see " The Sleeping Beauty," set to music of
Tchaikovsky. There and then the little girl resolved
that she would be a, ballerina — a title restricted offi-
cially to some five dancers in Russia. Driven by the
persistency of the child, her mother applied to a school
of dancing, and was informed that they could not take
any children until ten years of age. The child dreamed
through the two intervening years, and on her tenth
birthday applied for entrance to the school. She was
crazy with delight when the Director promised to give
her a place. The school was often visited by the
Emperor. When a little friend of hers was taken up
by the T.sar Alexander and kissed, Anna burst into
tears. The Grand Duke Vladimir tried to comfort her.
She said, " I want the Emperor to kiss me."

PERSONAL INITIATIVE AND HARD WORK.

One of the first tasks of the future dancer, she says,
is to learn how to jjalaricc herself on the tips of the
toes. Then the pupil learns a, variety of different steps.
Besides the classical ballet, numbers of national and
historical dances must be learnt. Success depends very
largely on personal initiative and hard work. Even a
successful ballerina, to preserve her technique, must
dance exercises every day, on the same principle as a
pianist plays scales. At the Imperial Ballet School the
history of dancing is now taught, and careful instruc-
tion is given in the art of make-up.

A LIFE OF IRON SELF-CONTROL.

The writer began her first foreign tour at Riga in
1907. Speaking of her visit to Stockholm, she says she
was greatly flattered by the King's receptioii and
decoration, but the homage of an enormous crowd
which accompanied her from the theatre to the hotel

one night seemed to her still more charming. The v.riter
then rectifies a common mistake : — •

Some people think the life of a d.incer is thoroughly frivolous.
In point of fact fri\'olity and dancing are imcompalible. If a
dancer lets herself go, if she does not exercise an iron control,
she cannot go on dancing. .She must sacrifice herself to her
art. If, as a result, she can make those who come to see her
forget the sorrows and weariness of life for a little, she has
her reward.

WH.\T IS SLXCESS ?

She says that the English public is exceedingly kind
and exceedingly impressionable. It has been a great
delight to her to find that the English show the
greatest appreciation of those dances which she loves
most herself, and in which she puts her whole self.
She adds : —

Pe pie ask me why I do not marry. The answer is very
•simple. In my opinion the true artist must sacrifice herself to
her art. Like the nun, she cannot lead the life most women
desire. She cannot embarrass herself with the cares of a family
and of a household. She must not demand of life the peaceful
happiness of home and fireside wliicli most women enjoy.

To follow, without halt, one aim ; there is the secret of
success. And success? What is it? I do not find it in the
applause of the theatre ; it lies rather in the satisfaction of
accomplishment. When I wandered among the pine trees in
childhood I thought that success was happiness. I was wrong.
Happiness is a butterfly, which charms for a moment and flies
away.

A GIRL'S ATTEMPT ON ARARAT.

Cornhill contains a charming girl's paper by Mary
Meinertzhagen, describing how she and her brother
went from the Caspian Sea in the hope of climbing
Ararat. This young English girl very vividly describes
both what she taw and what she felt in passing through
the Caucasus. She says : —

Suddenly out of the dawn, Kazbek ! Beautiful Mount
Kazbek appeared, all rosy and glowing with the rising sun.
One by one the white crests of the mountains come bursting
out of the darkness until we can see the entire range stretching
along the southern horizon to Mount Elbruz, the dull while
masses standing out in sharp contrast to the clear and trans-
parent morning sky. They are angry savage mountains, and
do anything but smile down on you, and as we slowly cliirib up
the deep narrow gorge of the Terek we can say nothing to eacJi
other, we are so overawed with the endlessness of their beauty.
The incessant rattle of the swift and tawny Terek completely
drowns whatever sense of loneliness one might have in the midst
of this savage scenery. Today even at some 600 feet above the
gorge, the "clatter reached us of the river rolling on in its
irresistible mass down the valley.

We climbed 5,000 feet up to the Kazbek Glacier, and sitting
on a great overhanging rock, an extraordinary unreasonable joy
came over me and I was filled with love and light. I w.as
changing every second from something minute and microscopic
to something huge and expansive, and then 1 was everything
and everybody. In fact I was in the world, and infinity was in
my hand.

I am radiantly happy and simply love the universe.

Evervone tried to dissuade her, and pictured the
perils of the way and the desperate character of the
Kurds. But she went on through the heterogeneous
people of the population and the changing landscape :— -

The terrible storm, the dense blizzard and bitter blast that
W.1S blowing up at Sardar Bulakh the following morning, l.irced
us sorrowfully to retrace our ste])s down to the great plain
again, and to abandon all hope of perhaps reaching the summit
of the great mountain.

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

663

REVOLUTIONS IX LATIN AMERICA.

Wanted — a Tribunal of Arbitration.
In the June number of Chambers's Journal there is
iin article entitled " .\spects of Latin-American
Revolution^.'' The writer, a resident for nearly a
quarter at a century in various Latin-American
republics, sa\s he has witnessed many revolutions, and
he gives some details which are the record of personal
experience.

LIFE UNDER MARTIAL LAW.

Personal ambition, politicivl intrigue, and love of
excitement are among the causes. It is comparatively
seldom, he says, that they arise from a desire of the
mass of the people to free themselves from oppression.
The Dictator Rosas was condemned to death in 1861
by the .\rguntine Congress as a professional murderer
and robber, 2,034 assassinations having been carried
out by his orders. On the outbreak of a revolution
martial law is proclaimed ; the people live under a
dictatorship, and the Government do what they please.
Many atrocities are then perpetrated. It is a capital
offence to criticise the Government, and in .March, 191 1,
two Argentine journalists were condemned to death
under such circumstances during a revolution in a
neighbouring republic. If atrocities half as bad had
been committed by the Turks, the British Press would
have been loud in its condemnation and calls for
redress ; but the British public, which can be roused
to indignation over the Bulgarian atrocities, views
with indifference atrocities committed in the South
.\merican republics. The writer hopes his article will
lead to a thorough investigation of the state of affairs
in Latin .Vmerica.

MARALTJERS IN COUNTRY DISTRICTS.

Xeutral foreigners who take no part in the revo-
lutions arc not left unmolested. Their horses and other
property are frequently seized, and no compensation
is made. Kven in times of peace there is little security
for life and property in remote districts. One of the
first acts of revolutionaries is to get " volunteers."
These volunteers are rounded up like so many cattle,
and tied with a rope to prevent escape. The conse-
quence is the remoter parts of the country are soon
filled with bands of marauders, who steal horses or
anything they may require, and commit outrages and
murders with impunity. '

SLOGESTED REMEDIES.

A society for the suppres.sion of revolutions, adds the
writer, is quite as necessary as one for the suppression
of international strife. He hopes that one will soon l)e
established, or that a tribunal, such as that at the
Hague, will widen its scope so a.s to include revolutions
and civil war. He suggests that such a society should
have an accredited agent in every South American
capital, empowered to offer his services as mediator
between the contending parties, and publish accounts
of the revolution and its causes in the European Press,

to collect evidence of atrocities, and do anything to
prevent revolutions or mitigate their effects. As an
alternative the foreign consuls or diplomatic agents
might form themselves into locul peace committees,
acting, if possible, under the auspices of the Hague
Tribunal, with the consent of their Governments.

ARE DEGREES DEMOCRATIC?

The Judgment of Brazil.

In the May Bulletin of the Pan-American Union
Dr. E. E. Brandon describes higher education in Brazil.
He says that up to the present time Brazil has the
unique distinction of possessing no universities. There
were schools of law, medicine, engineering, and other
professions, but no corporation combining two or more
of these faculties under one organisation. The new law
promulgated in ign has abolished by a stroke of the
pen the rights, privileges, and prerogative of these
ancient and aristocratic faculties, " .\11 degrees have
been abolished, as unsuited to a democratic society."
The graduate now receives only a simple certificate of
having finished the appointed course of study. The
Brazilian doctor, whether of jurisprudence, medicine,
or mathematics, was regarded as possessing a pass-
port to the most responsible places in the State and
society : —

It seems therefore the part 01" a democracy to abolish this
privilege, as it had abolished others. It is worthy of note that
in Chile, likewise, the title of doctor does not exist ; in the
medical profession only is it used by sufferance or courtesy. By
the abolition of titles, the stiffening of entrance requirements,
increa.sed severity in yearly and final examinations which can be
controlled by the appointive power of the central Government
to .State-aided schools, the Republic hopes to lessen the number
of aspirants to empty academic honours, and turn the tide of
young intellect and energy into channels of social and industrial
usefulness.

Under the new law there has already been formed in
Sao Paolo a university corporation, but it is doubtful
if the organisation can be made effective. Except in
rare instances, it is probable that the independent
faculty will continue to be the rule in Brazil. Liw is
the fashionable curriculum, and the law school is the
gentleman's school. It gives the general culture that a
well-to-do citizen feels most useful. The medical schoof
offers the best type of higher instruction in the South
.Vmcrican countries, and the physician is, as a rule,
the best educated man. His training is more practical,
and better develops the powers of observation and
judgment :^

As a result the average physician Is a man of better judgment
ami fairer appreciation of actu.iliiics than the average man in
other professions, and, contr.iry 10 the cuatoni in the L'nilol
Slates, the physician in South .\ir.erica is very frcnuenlly called
to positions of high political importance.

Two delightful features in the English Illustrated
Magazine for [une are the charmingly illustrated
sketches of VVinchel.sea by Nt. M. loIuiMin, and of
Evesham by Arthur Howle>

664

The Review of Reviews.

THE MAKING OF A NEW
ENGLISH PORT.

We are often apt to think that the production of a
brand-new seaport, complete and ready-made, belongs
to American or Colonial enterprise. Yet, as the Raihvay
Magazine for June reminds us, the King and Queen
will open next month such a newly-created seapor* at
Immingham, six miles up the Humber from Grimsby ;
nine miles further up, on the opposite side, is Hull : — •

On July I2th, 1906, Lady Henderson, wife of Sir Alexander
Henderson, the chairman of the company, turned the first sod
upon an extensive estate which had been acquired for the
purpose. The contract for the dock works was let to Messrs.
Price, Wills and Reeves, and carried out under the supervision
of Mr. Robert HoUowday. Nearly 100 miles of temporary
line (single track), 30 locomotives, 1,416 trucks, wagons,
10 steam navvies (including the " Lubecker "), 39 cranes — from
3 to 10 tons — 26 boilers, 39 pumps, 30 horses, 14 pile-drivers,
and 20 miles of water and other mains were employed during
construction. Two thousand five hundred men were engaged
by the contractors. At Brocklesby, only a few miles away,
Messrs. Price, Wills and Reeves purchased and worked a large
ilone quarry, from which a great proportion of the stone for the
concrete, ballasting, and other purposes was obtained. They
also erected on a site adjoining the dock property an engineering
Establishment equipped so that they could make anything from a
lip w.agon to a locomotive, and deal with all the numerous repairs
to plant. But much of the material required had, of course, to
be brought from a distance. For instance, the granite used in
ihe copings and the lock quoins came from Sweden ; the timber
— Jarrah wood, pitch-pine, elm and oak — from Russia, America
md Australia ; the gravel from Sunderland and various places
an the south coast of England. At one time there was as much
as 70,000 tons of this material in stock, forming a mound
several hundred feet long and 200 or 300 feet wide. Cement,
Df which 50,000 tons were used, was conveyed by barge from
the Medway.

A THOUSAND ACRES IN SIZE.

No less than 320,000 cubic yards of concrete were used in the
:lock, and the amount of brickwork was about 30,000 cubic
yards. At the entrance jetties the river channel had to be
Jredged for a considerable distance, and about ij million cubic
yards of mud were taken out. This was pumped through
wrought iron tubes, about 24in. in diameter, on to the land and
allowed to settle. By this process a considerable area of the
Jock site was raised nearly 5ft., the remaining area being filled
up with 3,500,000 cubic yards of excavation talven from the dock.
The raised banks for the coal storage and gravity hoist roads
were formed with 1,500,000 cubic yards of excavation from a
side cutting two miles distant from the dock site. From the
Humber Road bridge on the west, to Iminingham Halt on the
Last, the length across the dock property is I2,50ofl., or about
2j miles ; the width, from the southern boundary to the bank
jf the Humber, 4,800ft., or five-sixths of a mile, and the river
Frontage i^ miles. The total area of the dock estate is about
1,000 acres, so that ample space is reserved for any subsequent
extension that may be demanded.

The water area is about 45 acres, including the timber
pond of si.x acres. The entrance lock has a depth on
iill at high water ordinary spring tides of Al^t., while
It low water the least depth is 27ft. 6in. The water
ivithin the dock basin ranges in depth from 30ft. to
^5ft. At any state of the tide the dock may be entered,
ihis is true of no other port on the East Coast. No
towing expenses arc necessary.

It is within forty miles of widc-strctching coal
measures, and rich deposits of ironstone are found in
the locality. Altogether it is said that " the new port

of Immingham ranks as the most convenient in respect
of geographical situation, the most modern in all its
multifarious appliance's for loading and discharge, and
the most economical maritime commercial gateway in
the British Isles. At the same time it furnishes the
latest and most remarkable example of bold enterprise
on the part of a British railway company."

This remarkable enterprise is the work of the Great
Central Railway. The same magazine contains the
history of the chequered course of the Manchester,
ShefSeldj and Lincolnshire Railway.

THE CAPE AS TACTICAL BASE.

The United Service Magazine contains a seasonable
article on " The South African Defence Scheme," in
which " F. 0." emphasises the necessity of retaining
the services of " officers of high military rank and
experience," with the natural conclusion that " those
officers must be British." This moral is also the burden
of a contribution by a " Rooinek," who makes out a
strong case for the maintenance of the Imperial
garrison. The writer has his eye on complications with
Germany, and taking into consideration the small
forces in the German African Colony, he indicates that
in the event of war it would be easy " to seize and to
hold this great colony, as, so to speak, a sort of hostage
for anything we might lose elsewhere." He continues: —

With the command of the sea which we can assume to have,
troops from Cape Town could be landed at Walfisch Bay, and
if it would be difficult or even impossible to control effectively
the whole country for some time, the railways should fall a
comparatively easy prey, and the rest would be merely a matter
of waiting. Nor would it be unlikely that substantial assistance
would be repdered by the colonials themselves from the land
side. Even during the recent war scare last September this
feeling was very much in evidence, and there were many
volunteers ready to answer the call. The price of land within
the Union is going up by leaps and bounds every year, and if
for no other reasons than the spirit of adventure and fortune
seeking, the enterprise would appeal to the soldier-farmers.

It looks simple on paper, but sometimes circum-
stances alter cases.

MODERN

LANGUAGES
CLASSICS.

VERSUS

Tiii.s vexed question is discussed by Mr. C. F. Kayser
in the American Educational Review for May, He
says : —

We may admit that German literature perhaps has no prose
writers .as yet of the perfect type of a Demosthenes or a Cicero,
but neither have the Greeks and Romans any such lyrisls as
Goethe, Heine, Liliencron, and a dozen of others, or any
writers of fiction and romance such as modern Germany
possesses. Without fear of serious contradiction, I might also
emphasise the greater interest, and the more direct bearing,
which much of the best German literature has upon our own
immediate lives. When modern language teaching in all its
outward conditions h.as reached a position of equality with the
classics, its inherent qualities will entitle them to be regarded as
a satisfactory substitute for the classics.

^1

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

665

POSING FOR THE CINEMATO-
GRAPH SHOW.

" Dramatic art ? Bah 1 Anybody can stand up and
make faces in front of a camera I " This is a dramatic
critic's opinion, but is also a popular impression of the
art of posing for the production of photo-plays. And
yet, says Lida Evandel, in the Moving Picture News,
even if this were the only qualification, many prominent
actors could not pass the test, for they depend for their
success larsrely on a magnetic personality and a pleasing
voice, both of which, unfortunately, are lost to the
camera. E.xperience and ability, however, far from
being the whole equipment necessary for the photo-
play actor, are only the starting point : —

In addition, the director wants to know if he c.in ride well,
not only in approved city style, but also in Wild West fashion ;
can he swim, dance, skate on ice and rollers ? Is he a good
swordsman, pugilist, sailor? Can he row a boat, run an auto-
mobile, and has he a license as a chauffeur ? 'I'he very latest
demand is that he be an aviator, in case he has to elope with
the heroine in an aeroplane, licsides the requirements of the
director, if he is a wise man he will have his life heavily insured
before he joins the mob of a moving-picture company.

Acting for the moving-picture play is often no tame
studio alTair. with faked-iip properties, but is done in
a natural outdoor settin;:, luid is full of vivid and
dangerous realism, often involving injuries and some-
times death for the actor.s.

In a rescue-from-drowning scene, enacted near New-
York during the past yeur, the would-be rescuer was
himself drowned. .Mother fatal accident resulted
when an attempt was jnade to run a train so close to
the intended victim a^ to give the appearance of
actually running over him.

Rarely do dummies take the place of live actors,
even in the most dangerous positions. So that when
you see a man in a moving-picture hanging over a
crevice in an iceberg, or almost buried in a snowdrift,
you can depend upon its being realistic drama, and
that some actor has been kept in cold storage for some
time to enable the camera to record the scene.

In a regular theatrical production, many rehearsals
can be had before presenting the finished production
to the publir. In a picture play, however, after the
director has shouted " Action ! " the camera begins to
record faithfully whatever passes before it. Some
scenes may be omitted from the final play, but none
can be changed. Often a single little inrirlcnt will spoil
an entire scene and necessitate its re-cnaclion at a cost
of hundreds of dollars. In one play some of the less
experienced people in the company stopped to look at
the camera to see if they were in the picture. The whole
scene had to be done over. In another production there
was a mob in front of a building. A man stuck his head
out of the second-story window, without iieing seen by
the director or operator. The finished picture revealed
a man's face laughing at the moii, and 300 people had
to Ijc rc-a.ssembled at the same place and the pictures
taken all over again.

As a profession, posing for moving pictures offers
advantages not possessed by the " legitimate " drama.

There is work the year round, and opportunity for
home life for the actors. Husbands and wives may find
employment in the same company ; and there is
usually work for a number of children also. The voung
girls need not travel alone and unprotected, nor work
late hours, and there is no constant appearance before
the public. The wages are good.

But if a person is willing to work while he waits, if
he does not mind going without a dinner now and then,
if he does not object to being a target for amateur
shots, if he has nine lives like a cat and always alights
on his feet when he falls, if he doesn't care for the
bumps and bruises along the way, he may climb to the
top of the ladder of moving-picture fame, and live to a
ripe old age, to relate to his children and grandchildren
how many narrow escapes he had from the verj- jaws
of death.

ISTAXATION THE ONLY WAY
OF REFORM :-

Mr. Richard Higcs, writing in the Socialist Revieio
for June, raises this question. He laments that taxation
is overrated as a means of social amelioration. All the
efforts of modern reformers to relieve or remove
poverty are summed up in the one word — taxation.
Taxation, Mr. Higgs insists, is no remedy. He argues : —

The organisation of industry, and especially the organisation
of the vital productive trades, is the altern.ative to taxation.
Either the people must be organised to produce their own food,
clothing and shelter in publicly owned and managed establish-
liienls, or else the levelling process must come about by means
of some form of heavy taxation of the wealthy classes.
Orgaru.sed production of necessities for use by the producers can
easily be brought about by means of State and municipal farms,
factories and workshops ; it will produce commodities instead
of revenue, and after a little financial bt.arting it will finance
itself, and eventually cause tax collecting to become one of the
lost arts.

Mr. Higgs would begin his organised production by
providing for the needs of those who are employed hv
the Government, national or local : —

Is it an impossible task to nationalise sufficient farms, fishing
fliets and factories to provide for the needs of Slate and
municipal employees, and so make a start by bringing a part,
and that the lowest, of the consuming public outside the region
of finance ?

The organisation of industry for consumption by those for
whom the .Stale now proviilcs is a levellingup process, leaving
the wealthy in the enjoyment of their wealtii, and providing by
production for those who have nothing. Taxation is a Icveliinij
down process, taking from the rich for the <|ueslionable benefit
of the poor. Organised production would excite but a minimum
of hostility on the part of the mo^l powerful section of the
community, and would largely secure its active co-operation,
while taxation is the line of greatest resistance. Organisation
appeals to the Ixrst, the liumanil.irian and constructive side of
the people, while taxation by touching ofttiuics hard-earned
profits arouses all the evil passion-, engendered by many years of
prolit-sccking industry. Ort;:ini>.-ition is a clearly-cut, simple
jirojccl, and has nothing wlialcvcr to do with the mysterious
jargon nflccted by professors of finance. It recognise;, thai the
only cure for starvation is food, the only cure for raggcdness is
clothts, the only cure for homt■lc^^nc»J is homes, and the only
cure for poverty is wealth, and those very real and tangible
things it produces in a «.iy that even the most ignorant can
understand.

666

The Review of Reviews.

MUSIC AND ART IN THE
MAGAZINES.

The newest work on Mozart hails from France, and
is the joint production of M. Feodor de Wyzewa and
M. Georges de Saint-Foix. In the Correspondant of
April 10, M. Michel Brenet has an interesting article
on Mozart d. propos of this book. Born at Salzburg
in 1756, Mozart quitted it for Paris in 1777, where he
remained till 1781. He died in 1791 at the age of thirty-
five. The authors of the new book, which runs to
two volumes (923 pages, not including appendices),
deal with Mozart's works down to the time of his
departure for Paris, the first twenty years, the period
before maturity and his great masterpieces. The
plan adopted resembles that of a thematic and chrono-
logical catalogue, in which an analysis, with commen-
taries, of each numljer is included. The various
influences under which Mozart came are indicated,
and biographical and historical summaries are added.
Critics have divided Beethoven's life and works into
three styles, and ten styles have been allotted to
Palestrina, but the present authors have divided
Mozart's first twenty years and his 288 early com-
positions into thirty-four periods, some of which cover
only a few months and represent only one or two
works. Apparently the authors do not propose to
deal with his later works.

A Singer of the Gerontius Music.
The career of Mr. Gervase Elwes is briefly sketched
in the Musical Times for May. Born in 1866, and
educated at the Oratory (Birmingham), Weybridge
and Oxford, Mr. Elwes left the university in 1888.
He married in 1889, and then studied for the diplo-
matic service, which he entered in 1891. But in 1895
he resolved to abandon this profession and remained
several years without any clear views as to his future.
Acting on the advice of a friend, who urged him to
study singing, he put himself under various teachers,
and only made his first professional appearance as a
tenor in 1903, when he was thirty-six. In the inter-
pretation of Brahms's songs Mr. Elwes is now an
acknowledged master. In 1904 he sang in " The
Dream of Gerontius " for the first time, and was an
immediate success in the part. Up till now he has sung
in the work no fewer than sixty-three times. His
singing is distinguished by much subtlety and refine-
ment, and the intellectuality and spiritual elevation
uf his interpretations fascinate his audiences,

A Musical Centen.vrv.

An article by Herr Wilhelm Klatte in the Garten-
laube, Heft 8, reminds us that April 26 last was the
centenary anniversary of the birth of Friedrich von
Flotow (1812-1883), the composer of " Martha,"
" Stradella," and other operas. " Martha " was
produced at Vienna in 1847, but it did not reach this
country till eleven years later. The scene is laid in
England, and "The Last Rose of Summer" is intro-
duced into the score. " Stradella " had remarkable

success at Paris, but when it was brought out in London
in 1846 it proved a dead failure.

Rubens ,\nd His Two Wives.
In the May number of the English Illustrated Maga-
zine there is an interesting article by Mr. Evan Gray
on " Woman's Influence in the Life of Rubens." A
search in the records of the Antwerp Town Hall has
revealed the fact that Rubens was not only a painter,
but a great diplomatist, a friend and adviser of rovalt\!
and one of the most influential and highly-esteemed"
burghers of his day. Both of Rubens's wives were
daughters of prominent Antwerp burghers. His most
famous portrait of the first, Isabella Brant, hangs in
the Royal Gallery at the Hague. Other portraits or
pictures of her are to be seen at the Pinakothek,
Munich, and at the Hermitage, St. Petersburg. His
second wife was Helen Fourment, a beautiful girl,
who figures in many of his pictures. When she was
only twelve years old he chose her as a model for
the Virgin in " The Education of the Virgin," which
is one of the glories of the Ro\al Gallery at Antwerp.
The face of St. Anne in this picture is said to be that
of Rubens's mother. Rubens never tired of painting
Helen Fourment. He seems to have been singularly
happy with both his wives, and nothing is known to
have marred the harmony between the children cf
Isabella Brant and those of Helen Fourment.
The Moore Family of A,rtists.
Among English families who have done good service
in the world of art, the " Moores " of York hold an
honourable place, says a writer in the May number of
the Connoisseur. No fewer than six members of this
family have attained distinction as artists. William
Moore (1790-1851), the father, was a portrait-painter
of more than ordinary abilitv, and his five sons all
inherited his artistic talent. Edwin Moore and William
Moore, junior, were art teachers and painters of con-
siderable skill ; John Collingham Moore, a prolific
exhibitor in the Royal Academy, was well known for
his portraits and Italian scenes ; while Henry Moore,
the marine painter, and Albert Moore, the decorati\'e
artist, were among the greatest exponents of nineteenth
century art.

The Four Elements in Art.
In the mid-May number of the Revue des Deux
Mondes M. Robert de La Sizeranne writes on the
French Salons of 191 2. One of the great imaginati\e
works of the present exhibition in Paris which he
singles out for special notice is that of M. Aman Jean,
entitled " The Four Elements," which is destined for
the Sorbonne. Hitherto painters have persisted in
giving figures to the four elements, Air, Earth, Water
and Fire, and it is surprising that it should ne\er
before have occurred to them to represent the elements
together by one single figure, a figure at once plastic
and picturesque, antitjue and modern — namelVja potter.
7'he potter working with the earth cannot gi\e it a
shape without water, he cannot preserve that shape
without fire, and without air there can be no fire.

RANDOM READINGS FROM THE REVIEWS.

American Praise of English Beauty.
The American novelist, W. D. Howells, describes
in the North American Review for May the pageants at
Chester in 1910 and in Stroud in 191 1. In sketching
the first, he says : —

The art in tlie colour scheme was, if not the last word, at
least the next to the last. It had strongly the support of
nalure in that beauty of the English race which I think grows
upon the observer. In former visits I had been, in my modest
American way, impressed by the handsomeness of the men,
and I still think them the handsomest men in Europe,
if somewhat unnecessarily long-legged and narrow-shouldered ;
but at present I am lost in a far readier and more unenvious
wonder at the women's and children's loveliness, especially
the children's. It does not always follow that a lovely
little girl will grow up a lovely young girl ; the angelic
features sometimes turn out humanly lumpy, but generally they
do not ; the young girls are mostly more beautiful than the
little girls, if not more delicately beautiful, and the women
keep their beauty of face and figure longer ; there are not so
many lean ones, nor so many fat ones among the matrons as
with us. In them all— little girls, young girls, and wives and
mothers — the beauty is not beauty of colouring alone, but
beauty of feature and a universal kindness of expression. In
England everybody seems kind ; and they perhaps must be kind,
or, packed so densely together as they are, they would kill one
another.

Mr. Howells was also impressed with another
characteristic of the race — its all but universal single-
mindedness. He seems to have been entirely captivated
by the children. He says : — •

It was the children, those lovely English children, who
supremely took the eye in their silken blues and reds and
yellows. They came pouring over the scene literally in thou-
sands ; they danced, ihey seemed to fly ; nothing more exquisite,
more innocently dear was ever seen. Whatever the historic
incident was, they were appropriate to it ; they graced, they
■hallowed it.

'• N'EARER, My God, to Thee ! "
.\ centenary sketch of Browning, by Mr. J. Cuthbert
Hadden, which appears in the jlay number of the
Choir, is devoted to Browning's relations with the
sisters Flower. Eliza Flower is known as the composer
of a once popular chorus, " Now Pray We for Our
Country," a set of " Musical Illustrations of the
Waverley Novels," and a number of hymns and
anthems, including the original musical setting of
" Nearer, My God. to Thee." Sarah Flower, afterwards
Afrs. William Urydges Adams, is world-famous as the
author of ' Nearer, My God, to Thee." Browning is
said to have had nothing but a feeling of admiration
for Eliza Flower's music; but .Mr. Hadden, who has
been able to examine some of her compositions, .says
the setting of her sister's hymn is quite impossible,
whether from an artistic or an emotional point of
view. When .Mr. Flower died. William J. Fox, the
Unitarian minister at South Place, Ijecame the guardian
of his two daughters. They both sang in the choir,
and the well-known hymn was first heard in the
Fin.sbury Chapel. Objections have been raised against
its implication of Unitarian doctrine, but it neverthe-
less continues to hold a place in the front rank of our
sacred lyrics.

Old Kirk Feuds in Skye.

Miss .\da Macleod in the Canadian Magazine fo
May sketches a Sabbath in Skye. Yet she says that —

There is no doubt that a more tolerant spirit is abroad ii
Skye. Not many years ago if a Free Church boy were conv
pelled to pass a building belonging to the Established Churcj
he would run as fast as possible, not knowing the momeni
when something with tail and cloven hoof might emerge, anc
no sorer insult could be hurled at a man than to call him i
" Mo<lerate." Now there is talk of the two churches uniting.
And although the Highlander is a born combatant and is evei
ready to kick up a dust over a matter of doctrine, the spirit ol
union is abroad, and all signs point to the time when tht
barriers between Frees and Wee Frees, Established and Sece-
ders, U. P.'s, U. F.'s, and all other hair-splitling sects shall b«
broken down, and one united church shall stand ready to dc
her share in the bringing of the Kingdom to the beautiful Isle
of Skye.

The Pope Sending His Blessing by a Jew.

In a paper elsewhere noticed in the North American
Review for .May, Mr. Isidore Singer tells this story : —

When Pius X. became Pope one of his old friends, a rich
Jew from Venice, went to Rome and had a long audience with
him. The Pope asked for news of all his friends, and when he
heard that a certain priest was seriously ill he asked the Jew tfj
give him his blessing when he returned to Venice. The few
was taken aback at the Pope's request, and he hinted that, not
being a Christian, he was not a fit person to convey the apostolic
blessing.

" Vou need not worry about that," the Pope said ; "it does
not matter in the least, provided the goods are all right, whether
the wrapper is bad. Vou are merely the wrapper," he added,
smiling, and the Jew conveyed the apostolic blessing to the
dying priest.

" Exceedingly Drunk " — by JIiracle !

In the Church Quarterly Review Mr. E. J. Gwvnn
discusses the stories of some saints of Ireland. He
says : —

Cronan of Roscrea was a free-handed and hospitable saint,
largits et cariliUivus. Receiving a surprise visit from Mochoe-
mog, he blesses his small slock of beer and butter, and so
provides a plentiful supper for his visitor .ind all his following,
a hundred and twenty in number. As they were feasting far
into the night, a certain convert said in a loud voice (converts
arc apt to be over-zealous), " I see that no malins will be cele-
brated here this night." St. Cronan answered him : "Brother,
Christ is received in the person of a guest, therefore we ought
to feast and rejoice at the coming of Christ. Hut hadst lliou
not spoken, the angels of God would have said our prayers for
us this night." Another more questionable example of Cronan's
hospitality is related In honour of other guests he blesses
a newly brewed barrel of beer, and immediately, by divine
interposition, a great quantity of liquor w.as fermented. Ami
the guests who drank this same beer became exceedingly drunk,
vtjiile iiitbriali.

The biographer naively adds : — " Those who knew
this gave praise to Christ."

Jt;sT as Ehzabethanisms, obsolete in old England,
have survived in New England, so Mr. F. A. \\'ightman,
in an interesting paper in the Canadian Mai;a:ine for
Afay, on maritime provincialisms and contrasts, shows
how certain usages of words imported from the
Highlands flourish in the maritime provinces 0/
Canada.

668

The Reviews Reviewed.

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

With plenty of readable matter, the June number
does not contain any very eminent articles.

" A GREAT SCHOOL OF HEALTH."

Lady Paget makes the following suggestion : —
Why should not the Crystal Palace be made into a great
School of Health for all manner of people, for all ages from
infancy to childhood, for girls and boys, for young mothers on
to middle and old age ? It would be a school with practical
demonstration in everything pertaining to health. Demonstra-
tions in cooking, gymnastics, and dancing ; sun and air baths,
and every kind of water cure. There would be air huts for
those who wish to learn the simple life and nature cures ; no
place could be more perfect for this ideal way of recovering
health than the Crystal Palace, as on rainy days it would
provide a shelter and amusement and exercise. Hygienic
clothing would be taught and hygienic living in its best sense.
The theme and scope are so large that they would fill volumes,
and yet so simple that the rules once learnt become a second
nature to those who have thoroughly grasped them.

The writer suggests also that the Palace should
include a great Empire Club.

A GERMAN JEREMIAD OVER GERMANY.

Mr. Ellis Barker is very severe in denouncing the
failure of post-Bismarckian Germany. In its foreign
policy Germany has simultaneously created the Triple
Entente and weakened, if not destroyed, the Triple
Alliance. Its army has suffered in numbers and quality.
Her shipbuilding has expanded very little since 1900.
Its savings-banks are so insecure that a war might
cause in Germany the greatest financial catastrophe
which the world has seen. " Germany is politically,
militarily, economically, administratively, and morally
on the down grade." Germany is a one-man show, and
since Bismarck the one man has not been found. Some
patriotic Germans actually wish for a disastrous war
to re-create and rejuvenate the country.

UNIONIST LAND POLICY.

The Marquess of Lincolnshire subjects this to
vigorous criticism, and says : —

The truth is that the advocates of ownership are more con-
cerned with the political than the economic aspect of the
question. They are in favour of using .Slate credit to establish
a body of occupying owners who will form a "bulwark against
Socialism," and a useful addition to the ranks of Tory voters.
They are also influenced by the fact that their Tarifl" Reform
policy offers little, if any, benefit to the agricultural int'-rest.
They have, therefore, cast about for a land policy which is to
be the country cousin of Tarifl' Reform, and which they hope
will be the sugar coating to induce the agricultural voter to
swallosv the bitter pill o' Protection.

The only persons who would benefit from the establishment
of a system of occupying ownership by means of State credit
would be the present race of landlords.

What the farmer really needs is security of tenure.

DEMOCRATIC ANGLICANISM.

The Bishop of Queensland gives some Australian
experiences of the organisation of a disestablished
Church. He says : —

The basisof all church appointments in Queensland is strongly
democratic. The parishioners elect the churchwardens, the

auditors, the lay members of Synod, the parochial members of
the nomination board for the appointment of their respective
rectors and vicars, and two-thirds of the number of the parochial
council. The members of Synod, clerical and lay, elect in
Synod the diocesan members of the nomination board. The
diocesan members act in all appointments. The parochial
members act only in the appointments aft'ecting their respective
parishes. The members of Synod also elect the Bishop when a
vacancy in the see occurs. The Bishop, therefore, holds office
and authority by virtue of a democratic vote.

He recommends that the Welsh clergy, if disestab-
lished, be paid from a central endowment fund, and
protests against the formation of two Church bodies,
one dealing with the property-, and the other with
doctrine, etc.

CABLES VERSUS WIRELESS,

Jfr. Charles Bright puts the case for cables veruis
wireless with a strong leaning to cables. He asks for a
Royal Commission to inquire into the relative merits
of all existing methods of communication. He says : —

Dealing with facts as they are to-day, my own view is that
cable and wireless telegraphy each has its independent uses.
Whilst we require more cables, I am also in favour of wireless
telegraphy as an auxiliary service. 1 would, indeed, supplement
every inter-Imperial cable by some wireless system, thereby
alTording a convenient test for the relative merits of cables and
of different wireless systems.

Meanwhile he hopes that'some Dominion oversea, or
imperially-minded individual, will produce the half-
million necessary to lay a British cable from this
country to Canada.

THE ARMY IN FAVOUR AT OXFORD.

Mr. A. K. Slessor declares that an astonishing
enthusiasm for soldiering has seized upon the under-
graduate. The University contingent of the officers'
training corps now comprises more than a third of the
entire University. " All the best people are in it."
In January the corps had reached a strength of 1,140
of all ranks. The Universities are e^'ery year furnishing
a growing number of candidates for the position of
officer. " Schools " in military studies have been insti-
tuted, both at Oxford and Cambridge. The War Office
has done much to make smooth the path from the
University to the Army.

OTHER ARTICLES.

Mr. A. G. Bradley glorifies the record of achievement
of the Ulster Scot" in the United States. Mr. H. H.
Statham describes this year's Salon and the Koyal
Academy. Of the latter he says, " We are saved by
our portraits from what would otherwise be a very
weak exhibition." Mr. J. H. Morgan replies to
Mr. Balfour's criticism of the Home Rule Bill, and
\-igorously oj'jects to it being called Federalism. Miss
Edith Sichell gives a (harming sketch of Pauline
de Beaumont, the friend of ffubert and Cliateaubriand.
R. Y. Tyrrell supplied many interesting illustrations
of the attempts that haNc been made by English
versifiers to produce metrical versions of the Odes of
Horace.

The Reviews Reviewed.

669

THE NATIONAL REVIEW.

The June number strikes as strident a note as ever
in home and foreign politics. Mr. Maxse's wrathful
explanation of the advocacy in Unionist papers last
November of Home Rule all round claims separate
notice.

By far the raciest paper is that by Mr. James
Edmond, editor of the Sydney Rulhtin, on the birth-
rate and afterwards. He says, " The spectre of a
gigantic and incredible baby blots out the sun and
darkens the pallid luminary of night." He draws lurid
pictures of the ancient Malthusian kind, though with
the modernest phrasing, of the awful consequences
which would result from over-population of the planet.
The immediate future of the world will, he expects, lie
with the strong nation which contrives to get hold of
the last great thinly-peopled food-growing area. Some
day Britain may be blockaded by fleets lying 5,000
miles away and shutting up the" food outlets. Still
further, Governments may forbid the export of grain.
Then the hungriest nations will make war on the least
hungry nations. So w ith coal and iron, so with timber.
He says the last century or so has been a sort of world-
drunk, the world's one magnificent dmnk. " Man has
gone on a " burst,' and been drinking up a planet all at
once." This is only, he says, a comment on the birth-
rate fetish, a good fetish once, but now outlived. Jlr.
Frank Fox also discusses the Empire and food, and
attempts to show that the way to cheap food and sure
food is along the path of Imperial unity and Imperial
development, and along that path "alone. He would
also insist on developing the home country as a source
of food supply, c\-en though pheasants must give way
to peasants.

Mr. Lovat Eraser deals with the idea that Baron
Marschall von Hieberstein, the father of the Baghdad
Railway scheme, has come to London to settle the
matter. Mr. Eraser suggests that the Government
should simply say, " We have not the slightest desire
to stop your railway ; neither have we any desire to
join in it " ; but sliould refuse to consent to the
expansion of the line to Kowcit.

Mr. Arnold White says that the German Emperor
when at Athens, for his sister's wedding, drew up a
memorandum on the weakness of the British Medi-
terranean Fleet, which he sent to the British .Minister
of the day, and in which he criticised the gunnery of
our fleet. .Mr. White .says that the United States ship
Utah on April 5th made all hits at a distance of
I (,000 yards. H.M.S. Orion fired at a range of 4.000
yards. The firing from the German Dreadnoughts is
at a range of 9,500 yards. He adds, " We know that
the battle practice results are too bad to warrant the
Admiralty giving the actual figures."

Major A. C. Morrison-Bell, M.P., i)roposcs an eccen-
tric .scheme of redistribution. He would divide the
United Kingdom into ten electoral areas, each con-
taining about a tenth of the population, and each of
which should return sixty-seven members — Ireland ;

Scotland; Wales and Northumbria; Lancashire; York-
shire and Lincolnshire ; Midlands ; Eastern ; Western
South- Western ; London. These would be broken up
again into single-member constituencies.

The badger is championed by Miss Frances Pitt, whc
insists that it deserves protection, if on no othei
score, for the number of wasps' nests it destroys. It
not only scratches open the hole, but it eats up' every
fragment of comb and cells. It also destroys the harm-
ful young voles and beetles, and other noxious verminj
as well as carrion.

THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW.

The June number is strong in foreign politics. Most
of the articles have been separately noticed.

SELF-RULE OR PAUPER DOLES ?

Mr. Erskine ChiWers contrasts the Home Rule Bill
with the Unionists' case against Home Rule. The
latter treats Ireland as " a pathetic kind of slum in
regard to which exceptional philanthropic efforts must
be made, while the bare notion of bestowing responsi-
bility for their own welfare on the inhabitants is
scouted." How much this philanthropic treatment
would involve in the way of expenditure is thus
estimated : —

We can only reckon that the moderately specific items might
easily entail an additional annual charge ol^ three millions a
year, together with a capital charge of over forty millions.
Adding this annual charge to the existing deficit of ;f 1,515,000,
plus the normal estimated growth of National Insurance and
Land Purchase -/750,oco— we reach a deficit of ^{^5, 265,000.
.■\nd this is the result of an "outline," excluding large but
altogether incalculable items. Even so, the deficit would he
three millions greater than the maximum permitted by the
Home Rule Hill under the least favourable circumstances, and
however much we allow for a natural expansion of Irish revenue
it is plain that the Unionist policy will make and keep Ireland
irretrievably insolvent.

CO-OPERATION THE SALVATION OF INDIA.

Mr. .Murray Robertson, writing on India. laments
the backwardness of the Indian Government in the
internal development of Indian agricultural industry
and railways. He asks the authorities to carrv their
minds forward to the year 1945, when the population
w ill approach 400 millions. There is only one remedy :
to keep the multitudes prosperous on the land and
not allow them to crowd into the towns ; and the only
means of doing this is by teaching them and helping
thorn to co-operate, and by providing suflicient com-
munication throughout the country. Co-operation
has saved agriculture in Denmark, it is both mending
and making the vast Empire of Russia. In the
development of Indian railways, he would call in
Indian capital and Indian .as well as European
directors, would inlroilucc the uniform gauge on the
railways, and would promote a through connection
with the Russian railways.

Dr. Warschauer vigorously contrasts Dr. Forsyth's
insistence on " Paul's Christ " with the teaching of jcsus
Himself,

670

The Review of Reviews.

THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW.

The June number is more literary than usual. It
contains two poems — one b}' Thomas Hardy on the
loss of the Titanic, and another by Laurence Binyon,
entitled " Thunder on the Downs."

IMPERIAL VALUE OF TRIANGULAR CRICKET.

Sir Home Gordon writes on the real meaning of this
cricket season, and says : —

A grand chord of Imperial unity is struck when Spulh Africa
meets Australi.i at Lord's. To come " home " all those
thousands of miles to strive, not only with England, but with
each other, at the historical headquarters of the Imperial game,
is no small factor in Imperial unity.

No falser lie was ever penned than the empty gibe of
Mr. Rudyard Kipling at "the flannelled fool." Great
cricketers have fought for their Empire just as valiantly as
authors who receive large cheques for jingles about Jingoism.
Kipling and Mafficking have done_less for the Empire than
cricket and Imperialism.

The writer's enthusiasm may be imagined from his
saying " the cheers at Lord's will be hymns of Empire."

THE OUTLOOK IN IRELAND.

, Mr. Sydney Brooks declares that posterity will single
out Sir H. Plunkctt^as one who wrought the beginnings
of a mighty revolution. " He is the real liberator of
latter-day Ireland." The Nationalists have per-
sistently, he says, sought to thwart and cripple his
great co-operative movement — happily, in vain. He
rejoices in the entry of Irish women into the co-opera-
tive field. A writer, who does not give his name,
attempts to tell why Ulster distrusts Roman
Catholicism. By " Ulster " he means, of course, that
half of the province that opposes Home Rule. The
reasons he advances are of a kind that were current in
England in the old " No Popery " times. Ulster Pro-
testants, he says, believe that " under a Home Rule
Parliament Ireland will become a miniature Papal
State, governed by a Nuncio from Rome."

THREE CURIOUS POETS.

Mr. Horace B. Samuel contributes a study of August
Strindberg, whose dominant emotion is fear turning
into systcmatiscd delusion and persecution mania, so
that he writes, " I seek God and find the devil. My
hate is boundless as the wastes, burning as the sun,
and stronger than my love." Mr. Samuel says, " With
all his perversities, with all his aberrations, Strindberg
remains the blackest, and in his own particular spheres
the most drastic, intelligence in the whole of our
European literature." Mr. Francis Gribble finds the
secret of ilarcclline Desbordes-Valmore, who has been
called the French Mrs. Browning, in her lifelong passion
for a man who betrayed her in her youth — namely,
M. de Latouchc. Mr. H. M. Paull studies the work of
John Gay, the author of " The Beggar's Opera," friend
of Pope, and a star of the second magnitude in the
golden conslellation of that age.

Mr. G. Herbert Thrin* states the advantages and
defects of the Copyright .■Xct of igri, which makes the
term of copyright run for the life of the author and
fifty years after his death.

THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW.

The North American Review contains several articles
of moment, which have been specially noticed.

THE SENATE ON ITS DEFENCE.

Senator Bacon endeavours to defend the action of
the Senate in its amendments to the unreserved
Arbitration Treaties between France and England and
the United States. The purport of his arguments is
that these new treaties were unnecessary, there being
general arbitration treaties now in force between the
United States and twenty-five nations. The new
treaties would, he argues, have taken away from the
Senate its constitutional powers, and handed them
over to an International Commission that might have
been entirely composed of foreigners.

AMERICAN MONEY ABROAD.

American commerce and capital abroad form the
subject of an interesting study by John Ball Osborne.
He estimates that at the present time about two
thousand million dollars of American money are
invested outside the United States. He urges the
President to use the power entrusted to him of reprisal
against hostile tariffs, by raising the minimum which
he now holds to the maximum tariff, which would
almost be prohibitive.

LET THE POPE ONLY TURN A LIBERAL JEW !

The future of the Papacy is exercising the mind of
Mr. Isidore Singer, who urges on the Pope to respond
to the plea of the Jewish Darmesteter, to " brush aside
the outworn dogmatic structures of the theologians
from the Council of Nicaea to the last Council of the
Vatican, and henceforth pray and make humanity
pray to the Father to Whom Jesus and the Apostles
and the early Christians prayed." Then the Catholic
Church will take on a new lease of life, and be able to
assume once more the supreme direction of human
society. Among the many appeals addressed to the
Papacy, perhaps this is the most astounding, to ask
that it should adopt the faith of a modern Liberal
Jewish theist.

Mr. E. H. Neal, in supporting the " closed " shop
as against the " open " shop, declares that organised
labour stands for clean living, right thinking, con-
servative action, and conservatism within the ranks of
organised labour will prevail.

The June number of the GirVs Realm has a very
interesting article by Saint Nihal Singh upon the
Maharanee of Baroda. Elizabeth Sloan Chesser writes
about Queen Margaret College, Glasgow, and Miss
Stewart upon the scheme originated by Mr. Stead for
holidays abroad for English" girls. As always, the
magazine contains a most useful amount of housecrafts
The chapter on amateur vase-making will amuse many
young people and supply a real want.

671

THE BOOK OF THE MONTH.

THE WHITE SLAVE TRAFFIC AND ITS REMEDY.*

The author of tliis remarkable book was a mother-
less child, brouglit up by a Quaker fa.ther, a sen-
sible, wideminded man, who was ready to answer
his little daughter's questions, training her mind and
inspiring her soul. He taught her that some abstract
questions were be\ond understanding ; the thing that
Ml ittered was "not to pretend to understand what
1 don't understand, and be always honest inside
\..urself whatever happens." Miss Addams. has set
herself to understand the Ancient Evil of prostitu-
tion, and especially that branch of it known as " the
white slave tratTic' that sheer human degratlation
on which a new conscience is being aroused. Her
book is an exposure of this foetid .sewer and the
sources which till it, together with a passionate
praver to her own and other countries to b«\Tr a
\.diant part in the crusade against this social e\i!.

MISS ADD.AMS' QUALIFICATIONS TO SPEAK.

Miss Addams was about thirty-two when .she
settled down in a Chicago slum, after her researches
in London and on the Continent for the best metliods
' prfx'e'lure.

Hull House was an old country house huilt for the
Hull familv, which now stands in Halstead-slreet,
Chicago, a street which is thirty-two miles in length.
The present King of the Belgians declared that he
'-id never seen such a street in all Europe. It is in

1 • mid.st of a congeries of foreign colonies, the
Mveated centre of industrial Chicago. This was
the centre from which she gathered her facts, and
which, in this l>ook, she now presents to the world.

WHY THE BOOK' WAS WRITTEN.

The object of the brok is thus .set forth by Miss
Addams : —

I venture to hope that 1 may also serve the need of
u rapiilly uroninn piililic when I .set dawn for ratioiKil
consicloriuioii tlic ti-iiiptations surrouiidiiifj nitiltitudcs
of young people, and when 1 a«senil)le, as Ih-kI I may,
thw many indication.^ of a new conscience, wliicJi in
various directions i.-* hlowly RatherinK strength, imd
which we may sohcrlv hope will at last Kiiccc.ssfully
array itself agaiii-Kt tliis incredihle'social wrong, an-
cient thoiiKli it may l>e.

" In evry large city throughout the world," she
says, " tlionsand« of women are set a«idi> a.s outcasts
from decent soci<>ty that it is con.nidered an impro-
priety to speak tdie very word which designates them.
Lecky calls tliis typi' of woman ' the mast mournful
and the most awful figure in hi.story ' ; he siiy.s lliat
' hIio remain.s. wlnle creeds and civilisation.s rise and
1 ill, the eternal sacrifico of humanity, blasted for the
ins of the pi-ople.' "

nil', MISTORV OP A WHITE SLAVE.

It will l>e well to Ix'gin with the history of a
;;irl, which will give a good idea of the methods

*'• A New rVin.Hciciicc and an Ancient Evil." By Mi»g
Jane Addams. (Macinillan. 4/6 net.)

who carry on the white slave traffic. It
Iv illuminaliiig in its sheer human degr.ida-

of those
is horril
tion : —

Mario was a Uroton peasant girl at her convent
school when her parents took her away, at the age
of twelve, to send her to work in Paris. There was
just this excuse for them— they were as wretchedly
poor in pocket as in spirit. Slie worked as a scullion
and sent all her earnings home. Tiien one fine day a
smart gentleman made up to her in the street, and
offered lier an engagement in 'a theatrical troupe"
for -Vmerica. She went, tempted by the promises of
a golden harvest; and when she reached her destina-
tion found tliat she had been entrapped into a den
of prostitution. Slic was without friends, without
knowledge of the language, without a sou. More-
over, there was a heavy debt against her, the debt
for her passage money. Marie became a white slave.
She now earned fifty pounds a week, and had to give
it all to her employers. She was rescued at last and
married, though apparently to a poor man. The one
abiding loyalty of her life was to the distant home.
It waM discovered that when there was not enough
money to make good the remittance, she sneaked out;
from her husband's home to earn it by her old trade.
Thousands of girls trapped in this way are still trua
to loyalties of this kind.

children's ignorance the slave trader's
opportunitv.

The slave traders, with their network of agencies,
their countless subterfuges and methods of avoiding
obstruction, find their greate.st aid in the appalling
ignorance of the essentials of life amongst young
girls and boys. I'^fTicient education of the young
would do more than anything else to check this great
and shameful .sotMal evil.

Miss -Addams holds that not tlie slave-de.ders
only are guilty, but the parents of the children them-
selves are wrong in their attitude of callous indiffer-
ence to entrenched' evils. In Chicago, the largest
woman's club in the city has established normal
courses in sex hygiene, attended both by teachers
and mothers; Germany has also led tiie way in this,
as in so many other educational movements. The
Bishop of I,ondo;i .some time ago gathered together
a number of influential people, and laid before them
his conviction that the root of the social evil lay in
so-called "parental modesty."

LOW wages and UNEMPLOYMENT ALSO CAUSES.

Miss .\ildams contends th.it in .\nieric.i, as in
I'lngland, another great factor in this crying evil is
the low rate of payment for labour and the long
intervals of unemployment wliich so often occur
under our present economic conditions, and amongst
other anecdotes she tells of tin- girl who first yielded
to temi)t.ition, when she had become utterly dis-
roiir.iged, because she hat! tried in vain for seven
months to save enough mone\ for a pair of sho<'s.
.She habitually spent two dollars a week for her

672

The Review of Reviews.

room, three dollars for her Ijoard, and sixty cents
a week for car fare, and she had found the forty
cents remaining inadequate to do more than re-sole
her old shoes twice. When the shoes became too
worn to endure a third soleing, she gave up her
struggle ; to use her own contemptuous phrase, she
" sold out for a pair of shoes." Then, again, the
need for lo\e and affection is often the cau.se of a
girl's fall.

rUBLlC OPINION RIPE FOR LAW.

Peril. ips the most pitiful part of Miss Addams"
Iwok is that in which she describes her visit to one
of the Chicago rescue homes, the tender ages of the
little cliildren brought there horrifying the gfwd
women who ha\e promoted the home.

Miss Addams is convinced that these philanthropic
ameliorations are of little avail to stem the evil ; what
is needed are strong legislative enactments bv the
Governments themselves, for public opinion is nri
longer indifferent.

ALCOHOLISM MAKES SOCIAL EVIL PAY.

In dealing with forces working towards limitation
and control of the white slave traffic, Miss Addams
lays special stress upon the part which alcoholism
]ilays in this sordid trade, and holds that decrease
in alcoholi.sm will aid much in decreasing the ancient
evil, and especially the dragging of voung girls
down to the depths. " A careful scientist has called

alcohol the indispensable vehicle of the business
transacted by the white slave trades, and has asserted
that without its use this trade oould not long con-
tinue. ... It is estimated that the liquor sold by
such girls nets a profit to the trade of two hundred
and fifty per cent, over and above the girls' own
commission." General Brigham, formerly Police
Commissioner of New York, says: — "There is not
enough depravity in human nature to keep alive this
very' large business. The immorality of women and
the brutishness of men have to be persuaded, coaxed,
and constantly stimulated, in order to keep the
.social evil in its present state of business pros-
perity.". This dependence upon alcohol would seem
to prove that both chastity and .self-restraint are
more firmlv established than is realised.

THE ELOQUENCE OF SINCERITY.

This is a notable book — the product of deep arid
feeling knowledge and infinite tenderness. It has
no pretensions to literary style or eloquence, but there
is no page which has not the eloquence of sincerity,
the determination to accomplish something marked
upon it. Of all the notable and enduring w'ork of
>Iiss Jane Addams, this little book must take, if not
the highest, at least a very high place. It is a work
which ought to be read by all who have at heart
social betterment, since to ignore this great question
is to leave a canker-worm at the heart of the new
social edifice.

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67:

What Western Australia is Doing for the Aborigines.

Mr. C F Gale.

Undt'r tlie provisions of the Aborigines Act 190o. the
Bum of £1I),(X)() is annually placed at the disposal of
the .\l)ori<rines Department out of the Consolidated
Revcnui' Fund, and such further moneys as may 1)8
provided by Parliament to be expended in promoting
the uelfare of the al>origines, providing tlieni with
food, clothing antl medical attendance where they
would oiherwise be destitute; providing for the educa-
tion of the aliorijiinal children, and assisting an the
preservation and well-being of the aborigines. The
total aii'ount appearing on the Estimates for the year
ending June 30. 1!)12, to carry on the above work, i.s
£'27,99.'i. which includes tlO.ODO provided by statute.

During the year UK)8 Lock HospitJils for aborigines
suffering from venereal di.sea.ses were .started on two
i.<iland.s wesi of Carnarvon. Up to the end of last
Knancial vear the total expenditure incurred in con-
nection therewith was £22,967, exclusive of the cost
of erecting all buildings.

During the last decade, ending June, 1911. the sum
of t^iKl.lM-") lias l)een «'Xpended in jiromoting the
general welfare of aborigines. Seven aboriginal insti-
tutions have been .sulisidised to t.hi> extent of £'1II.7.')S
during the la.vt •'5 years to provide for tlu' e<lucati(in of
native children, and £62,011 was expended during the
same pitiiod in providing for the sick, infirm and indi-
gent natives.

During the la.tt year the sum of t'2lAA~ 8». 'n\. was
expen<l«'<l in the purchase of cattle stations, which are
formed into one wntral native .settlement. »hen>
natives coming wiiliin its inflm-ncc can tin<l a home
for theuLselves and children, and obtain food when ri-
quired. In ud<iiiion to carinn for those natives resid-
ing within til" four 'ornerH of civilisation. Iiii.sh natives
of the Ka.<rt Kimberley division who have nev<'r bts'ii in
clos<' toiK-li with Killer races have not beon forgot^ten,
inasiiUK'li thai iindi'r the ]>rovisioiis of "The I'erma-
iient Ue.servi' .Vit IH!)9." an area covering approxi-
mately 4,(J<J0,(MW iu;rca luUL beeu .set ajjarl as u rewrvo
for the ii.se of aborinines and cliussified a,< C'las.^ A.

which renders it necessary for Parliament to sanctio:
the resumption of the reserve for any other purpose.

In face of the above ex])enditure and consideratio
given to alxirigines, no accusations of neglect in pr<
viding for their welfare ouii be laid at the door of th
present or past Governments, who have in a mos
practical manner recognasod their obligations and r«
.sponsibility to the original po-sseissors of the soil.

Statute and Parliament having entrusted to th
.Vborigines Department such a liberal yearly allowauc
TO promote the welfare of the native race, it woul
li(> unrea.sonable to suppose that every precaution i
' not taken that they are treate<l humanely, and give
everj' consideration by those who employ their servic
or come in contact with them. Travelling Protoctoi
have been appointed, who are continually movin
about the country enquiring into the condition of th
alHirigines, and .seeing that the provisions of the .Vc
are enforced, and Honorary Protectors to the numbe
iif 64 have been appointed.

When dealing with the native question generally, o
any accusation made of ill-treatment, it must b
remembered that Western Au.stralia embraces an are
of 1.000.000 .square milas, with, approximately, 30C
miles of coast line, and could include within its are
the greater iMirtion of Western Europe; therefore, i
mu.st be obvious that a clo.se .supervision over all th
native race is almost imjiossible. but every effoft i
made to keep in touch witli those witliiii the fou
cornel's of civilisation.

^^■itll regard to the statement made to Mr. .Stea
from someone representing an alwriginal institution i
this State, to the effect that people would subscrib
to a fund to shoot natives down, I can't believe
word of it, and it appears to me that it ^vas mad
more with the object of gaining symi)atliy than nit
a view of conveying the true sentiments of those wh
are in dail.v contact with our natives.

Individual ca.ses of cruelty have undoubtedly bee
committed in the past, and possibly will be in th
future, but whenever a charge is sheeted home th
offender has Iwen severely dealt with. (Jeneral charge
of ill-treatment without specific data are sometime
ilifficult of refutation, and letters often appear in th
pre.ss making accu.sations against employers and other
of tile want of consideration for the native race, am
the imiiressiou is conveyed to many minds that ;
.M-stem of .semi-slavery is existing in the northern por
tion of our .State, and that the community, whos
mi.sfortiune it is to be coni|)elled to live in all the dis
comfort of a tro|iical climate, are wanting in conimoi
Inimaiiity towards an inferior race. Statements an
often made by irresi)onsible persons, who perhaiw d<
not know all the con<litions aii<l circumstances of tin
subject-matter of whi<li tiny comjilaiti.

During the year 1910 l" travelled over .siune 2001
miles of country in the Kimberleys. visiting as man;
.stations en route as possible, .and have recently re
turned from a long journey of nearly equal distanci
in what is called the nortli-west division of the State
»ii<l I can a.ssnredly .state that throughout my travels 1
came acro.ss no in.siaiice of cruelty, or more than the
ordinary bush liar(Ulii|>s, among natives on stations oi
el.sewhere. On the contrary. 1 can ronfideiitly statt
that as a general rule natives in employment are wel
and humanely treated, aii<l given all the eon.si<leratior
dun to them, and in many instances the sick and aueti
r.liitives of cmployies are ei|ually as well cared for.

(Signed) C. !•'. (i.\I,K, Chief Protector of .\bori
I'.iniK. I7'4.'12.

674

INSURANCE NOTES.

Tlie Savings Bank department of the Commonwealth
Bank w;is opened on 15th July. Business was begun
at 85 agencies in Melbourne ami suburbs, and 401
agencies throughout the rest oi the State.

A destructive fire broke out in Maybe-street, Bom-
bala, N'.S.W., on the 14th July, when several fine busi-
ness places were destroyed — Lane's Dental Chambers,
Twecdie's " Bombala Times" newspaper office. Miller
and Co.'s general store, the premises of F. Dawson,
stock and station agent, and an occupied shop and
dwelling of eight rooms, owned by Wm. Beileitor.
The Bank of New South Wales and the Bank of Cuni-
merce had a narrow escape.

At a meeting of the Insurance Institute of Queens-
land held recently, it was resolved that the committee
should make a special effort to obtain more members
among the managers of the insurance companies, a
relatively small proportion of whom are on the roll,
which fact is to be deplored, as these gentlemen must
surely recognise fully that the Institute is doing good
work in disseminating knowledge among the younger
membeis of their staffs, and on that account, it on
no other, is certainly deserving of their support.

A resolution was recently passetl by the London
Clearing Bankers, wdth regard to crossed cheques,
that "no opening of cheques be recognised unless
the full signature of the drawer be appended to the
alteration," Thirteen years ago the Melbourne Asso-
ciated Banks adopted the following resolution : —
"That no crossed cheque will in future be paid in
cash by any bank that is not ' opened ' by the same
authority as that by which it was originally signetl,"

A fire which occurred at Lauristou (victoria) on
loth July dcmolishetl the Oddfellows' Hall, the Kent
Hotel. y\v. A. Tiu's butcher's shop, and Mr. A. Mid-
dlemiss's grocery store. All the buildings and tlicir
contents were only partially insured.

The report and accounts of the Commercial Bank of
Australia Limited for the half-year ended June 30,
again show an inci-eas(> in profits, which amount to
£(55,109, against 4'(il,081, for the previous half-year.
The total for the twelve months is thus £120,190,
against £118,301 for the previous twelve nu)nths,
ended June 30, 1911, To the net profit of £05,109 is
adcled balance brought forward £4877, nuiking to-
gether £(i9,y80. Dividend on prefei-ence shares at the
rate of 3 per cent, per annum absorbs £31,700, while
£25.001) is appropriated for reinstatement of capital,
£5000 to reduce bank premises, and £2000 for officers'

fuarantee and provi<lent fund, leaving a balance of
6220 to be canied forward. The amount applied to
reinstatement of capital, £25,111111, compares with
£23,Ono foi- the previous half-year, £25,000 for the
half-year en<led .Iiine 30, 1911, and £20,000 for the
iialf-year iiided December 31. 1910. The following is
a comparisiin of some leading figures for the past live
half-years: -

Not Profit
£
55,002 5,495,010
59,556 5,795,148
58,805 6,372,741
61,081 7.124,152
65,109 6,-508,822

Deposits,

June .311, 1910
Dec, 31, 1910
June 31). 1911
Dec. 31. 1911
June 30, 1912

Advances.
£
5,092.034
5.327,017
5,097,270
5,.520.404
5,779,806

THE

COLONIAL MUTUAL
FIRE

INSURANCE COMPANY LIJVIITED.

INSURANCE

FIRE

ACCIDENT-

EMPLOYER'S LIABILITY
FIDELITY GUARANTEE
PLATE-GLASS BREAKAGE
MARINE -
BURGLARY
LIVE STOCK

OFFICES :

MELBOURNE— 60 Market Street.

SYDNEY— 74 Pitt Street.

ADELAIDE— 71 King William Street.

BRISBANE— Creek Street.

PERTH— Barrack Street.

HOBART— Collins Street.

LONDON— 77 Cornhill, E.C.

WALTER TUCKER,

General Manager.

THt tQlllY TRLSTtES, tXEtUlORS, ANU
AGENCY COMPANY LIMITED.

RESERVE IIABILIIY, £100,000; GUARANTEE FUND. £10.000.
BOARD OF DIKECTORS- Edw»rd Kniininp. F.Bn , OmiiDian . W.
H. Irvine, Esq, K.C, M.P. ; Donald Macliinnon, Eeq., M.L,A, ;
R. O. M'Outc)leon, Eec]., M L.A. ; Stewart Mc.rthiir, Esq.

Registered Office: No, 85 Queen Street, Melbourne.

T)li8 Company i« empowered by special Act of Parliament tt
perform all claBBfe of trustee businebH. JOEL FOX, ^1a^aJ:er,
O. T MARTIN, Assistant Manager.

CLEMENT H. DAVIS,

Incorporated Accountant. Specialist for Installing
Latest American Office Bookkeeping Systems, viz, —
Looseleaf or Perpetual Ledi^crs and Card-Ledgers
Correspondence, Filing, Adding and Posting Machines,
&c., &c.

ROYAL BANK CHAMBERS. MELBOURNE.

is paved with Good Digc$tioi\

BRAGGS

CtiBteoat

purifies the system and is invaluable for INDIGESTION.

Acidity, Hcnrtburii, Impure Brc.ith, and Diarrlicra.
Rt'rouni.' >,il.'l hii lh,rt„rit. Of .ill Cliemisls and Sloies.
liisciiil.s, 1,2 , A 4 - i«T tin ; I'..\v,l.-r. 2 ■ Jt 4/ p.i l.oltl.- ;

Li./<'tmr8, 1 1 * ti" : CapsulDB. 2/ imt ln>\,

FREE SAMPLE Mill ..n ^'■r,-^^ ..f ilii^ (',)u|.'>ti t.ii<l :i</ fur

I".Bt:it.''' I . iiij\' |..ii-t .jf til.- Ilriii.ili HTii|.irr luid 1' S .\,

.1, I, 1;H,\<;U. 1*11... M. 'W liiMoiii: .ST, l.oM.itN ,:!

The Review of Reviews.

675

Macfatfatie
Lang &C0.8

New

BUTTERMILK

Biscuits

Light,Wholesome
and Palatable

^><^S^idJdiU.

■^'^■""tiriiiiiiiiiiKiiiMiiff """

676

The Review of Reviews.

An improved, new-
process blade for the
AutoStrop Safety Razor.

The Valet AutoStrop Blade

A FTER countless experiments with rigorously. They are exactly suited to

various processes, steels and machines, the mechanical stropping device of the

we are at last able to offer the public AutoStrop Safety Razor, because the

the perfect " Valet " AutoStrop Blades, edge of the blade meets the strop at pre-

No blades have ever previously been cisely the same angle at which the edge

made with such care or inspected so is ground and finished in our factory.

"Valet" AutoStrop Blades cost 4 6 per packet of 12, or 2/6

per packet of 6. They are obtainable at all dealers. See ^

that each packet bears the name " Valet " AutoStrop Blades.

Vw SAFETY^ ^

KAzoR

— the only safety razor which strops itself mechanically,
on the expert barber's correct stropping principle

— therefore the only safety razor which will always give you a .shave of velvet
smoothness. There is nothing to take apart for stropping or cleaning- — no con-
tinual e.xpcnse for new blades which is so necessary with all ordinary safety razors.

Ask your dealer for an AutoStrop S.ifety R.nzor on
30 d.iys' Trial, and convince yourself that it is the
kighcbt form of shaving comfort and satisfaction.
The .\iitoStrop Safety Razor, complLle with
horse-hido strop, one dozen blades, in neat O I /
leather case ... ^ 1 /■

All higli-class dealers sell the .AutoStrop Safety
K.-izor and ■■Valet" .AutoStrnp Blatles.

AtilfrSlrop Safely Razor G)., Lid

61, New O.^lord Street, London, W.C.
Agents t/nvnj^lh^rit t/ie -,i>or/ti.

The Review ot Reviews.

677

YALE

The name YALE, is recognised throughout the world as
a symbol of lock security and strength. Yale Cylinder Locks
and other Yale products are made with the greatest mechanical
accuracy, the finest materials — ah that imagination can conceive
and skill can contrive.

If you use Yale Cylinder Locks on your doors in your town
house or country house, in your office or works, on cupboard
doors, vour bureau or desk drawers, the motor house — -wherever
you have properly to protect — you can be perfectly confident

in their absolute security.

No. 630^ Y.\LE MORTISE
KNOB LOCK.

This lock is operated latch bolt,
by knob from both sides, dead
bolt by kev from either side. W^iicn
locked bv key will only open t'l
kc\ . riic safest and best lock for
room doors.

THE YALE BLOUXT DOOR CHECK& SPRING

IS a modern contrivance which prevents doors being left open,
and prevents them also from slamming and banging. It is a
combination of spring and check. It closes the door automati-
cally, quietly, gradually, firmly — ^just the click of the latch is
all that )ou hear. It is an absolute necessity where comfort,
order, and quietude are desired, either in tiic home, in the office,
or in the shop. For all room doors, communicating or opening
to corridors, for bathroom doors, or study doors, &c., ^'c.

Ask your ilcaler almiil Vnlc Cylimlcr Locks and
Yale I'roiliicls. lie can sup|ily ym or wc will
plarlly send yoii a little Iwok all abont them.

THE YALE & TOWNE COMPANY,

17-20, West Smithlield, E.C.

T. ' '."1 .T:r-. : -'.C... -1,1. \ ''ll'.. T-l. :rAm- "\\\y\-- W^V, I 'i-;n 1N-."

678

The Review of Reviews.

SETTLER, BUSINESS MAN, SPORTSMAN-

If you are going to CANADA or
the UNITED STATES— travel by

OANADA'S

GRAND TRUNK

R.2^il"way System.

Full particulars of the splendid opportunities oftered by Canada along
the line of the Grand Trunk Railway System will be sent Free to

THE BUSINESS MAN, THE TOURIST & SPORTSMAN,

THE SETTLER,

who wants a free home in Canada's W'est,
and who seeks g?o-Ai<:f reward for his
efforts than can be obtained in this country.

who has capital ond who desires to take
advantage of the imequalled opportunity
of!"crcd to him in Ciinad.i's I.a^i Best West

who want tjeniuiful scenery, natural won-
ders, splendid lliliing, excellent shooting,
and a delighthil trip in a Ik nntiful country.

SPECIAL SUMMER TOURS AND EXCURSIONS ARRANGED.

Through tickets are issued to all points in Canada and the United States, including oceim passage by any steamship
inc. Graphic descriptions of interesting and inexpensive tours will be sent free with be^auifully illustrated booklets.

EUROPEAN TRAFFIC OFFICES, 17-19, COCKSPUR STREET, LONDON, S.W.
Liverpool : 20, WATER STREET. Glasgov/ 75, UNION STREET.

FRED C. SALTER, European Traffic Manager.

'>.---<

THE HOSE WITH THE SOFTNESS OF SILK

STOCKINGS
£f SOCKS.

for Summer wear.

The merits of ^^£^ have made it pre eminent in
the hosiery world. Nothing speaks so eloqnently of
this as the sales, which last year were double those
of the previous one. Is not this convincing proof of
. the fact that jjg^^^ gives the greatest satisfaction.

The namerfW ^j> the manufacturers' Riiaranlee. Their reputa-
tion is behind every pair further proof of the excellence of this
woi Id renowned hosiery.
Don't waste your inne and money hii\ inK poor qualit>- hosiery. Have
tfic ho'stery with th ■ Kunranee "^a^&ftf . Ii doesn't cost an>' more.
Your dealer can supply you. v^^^^ liui make sure of jSocJ^y^

Men's \ [loKc : ribbc'l. plain an I in vcilU ;t) slri|)c:^. rt sliatlc.. I..).IIcs* 1 U'si: '
ribbed, pljln. \.\cii .inil l.iin \ . Chililrcii's X Huse and Sock^ : ribbed plaiD aoil
:.icf! O' a\i HoKtcrn •ni,l Oulfittcrit.

/(I ca»r f dtf'iciiHv

lie

JASON HOSIERY Co.. Leicester.

<}>

The Review of Reviews.

679

A REVELATION IN ART PRODUCTION

Now Ready. 200 copies of famous pictures in colour, on canvas, showing the brush and
impasto marks, which render them practically indistinguishable from genuine oil paintings.

The foil- wing arc aino''g>t tlie ini>st
popular >'.ib;ffCts.

PRICES LNFRAMED.

>Sjzf. Klirn tnuill. !•■ tn. by 7 in.)

Tbc i*>nili.-« lis in. by i* in '

Rt'fiiTintitclt
1 i* W-vl

1. ll>.)i.l:>J 10

l.T. - lti|<)ia<'l 7

Ite The M-...iiU.i Holbein 6

Wl F^ntfM^l.-^ Rubens 20

X*.* Oiik Tri-e» in x .StnnD lin ^ Kiten

A. <V«Uiiif 300 an<l

903 Th«.' Vallrv Kann.. . .1. Countable

SM Vbf Arenu*- of Middellumiii

Ilobbema
»h Briiin't the Plmigh ..L. Keinp>Welch
91 1 Thv Mill at Wyk ilU >n. by »| i».)

J. nui KuiMlael
»l» Tin- Ihiy* U)>oiir lh>ae....r. Arnold

tan Nenrinir Ibe Fold Do.

ST Thr Win-lwill rohn t'roroe

SJI Ifc-mr^'ii icy Morbml

xe Tb- Kanpitan) Vo.

W3 A s«abi.in<:tutlen A. Thamro 10

»U Old l(<p>i»^ 111 Swabia .... Ito. 10

THE HALT BEFORE THE INN. Mcissonier. 6s. 6d. : (mm. , 3s. 6d.

fR* .Mi<l»itP)ne«iandHeather..( Oniiiel 7

■'«<) r»rdI*hili|<>Vh»n'>ii Vhii l>y<-k 6

.'.J4 A I'druk Fon-tftPeiKint Giil

W. ILiseinuui 6

'•il Tlie t'^tvnlicr ^Ifif*«mi*:r 6

r.i:; The Sm..ki-r I>-». 6

5-J--' Tliel't-lhriTiiein.by lain )(lrutziitfr 6

.Vit Thf I.il.rariim il6in. by i:;in.t I>o. 6

634 The I'cbut.uite R. I'annitt 7

.vj:> .l.dm tlif I^iptiKt ..Aiidret del Sitrto 6

.'i'l <Miiiitcs.s. if oxford H.'i'i'iuT 6

Ur. Thtf \&iUi lin 2 (.iz.-s'

Angelica K:iulTmiin 400 :ii1.1 7

.vt-; Capri'-o Witli 20

.'.i-^ At the Fon-st Strenm Piii'ii'Tit?. 6

7i:: A Murky Niirht J. W. IJuiwird 7

71. -i Tbc iKTcH.-t 122 in. bv 13iii.|

T. K. Miles 15
719 A Grey I>awii (in *j size*'

M. Webb 100 and 6

T^i SummiTfM'i(Trev..iiei...I. H. .Millar 6

?29 The FiK'htiuk; Tvmentire ...Tunur 10

7% On the Riviera W. Ham.i< lier 6

900 A Dut<h Interior nil in. by ;•) iii.>

P. dc lbMK.b 7

110«; The Poultry Yard I»'Hondec*ter 7

1107 i'hO'!<nntheutunis (■'. (MMlebauf 30

The Duity Graphic s.i> s :— '" These reproductions arc am.izin;;, ihcy are absurdly cheap."

The l-'inc Arl Trade Journal says: — "The success the London Picture Co. has had is simply astonishing. Practically impossible to distingui'^b
them (Toll. .rrit;ibl': oil paintings."

The Stationery World says: — "So realistic and beautiful as to l>afflc even expert artists. We can only describ; the effect as amazing. It was

inip<.->i-.Jc. '-vci ■■■n cl -r -ni r.^rcful ex.nmination, to distinguish the pictures from oil pamtin^s. The pr-'vces'- will rcvoliiii-^nis'' :ir! recrodnrtion."

THE LONDON PICTURE CO., Lxd., 3, London Wall Buildings, London, E.C.

There are more than 80 Offices doing Life Assurance business in

the United Kingdom.
The Benefits granted by such Offices vary to an enormous extent.

Taking pxam|>l<;«. from Stone and (ox's Bonus Tallies (KJI2 issue), we lin<l thai for each /'lo of Annual Premium paid
by a man effcctin); an ordinary Whole Life I'olicy al ai;e 30, ihe follow inj; ranyc is c\liibiied : —

1:..

1 K.-m!

t . *i.'»wn ...

ilti shown

Ofigiii.-il

A>>ur.irn'-.

/.

Policy with Bonus Accumulalioii.s.

Actual Results of
past 30 ycais.

Results in 30 years. Ixtsed on the
last rale ofbontlv only.

£

55 -•

£

are those of the

AUSTRALIAN MUTUAL PROVIDENT SOCIETY

(/.;.- A.M.r.)

arising under a !<ystem of Annual Di.stribiilion of Bonus and n scale of Premiums unchanged since the foundation

of the Socieiy in 1S40.

FUNDS ... £28,000,000 ANNUAL INCOME ... .£3,600,000

*• A fcliut.^ci Life ' UtKc docs not cxifct, and the h*inu. record of the .Society is tful> rcni.irkahlc."— .Srt/»**i/.ij' /Crfir-;r.

"Tlir conditions it now presents m.ike the maintenance or iniprosenient of its leturns to policy holders p'aclicall) certain. "—7"*/ /nniraHce

S^r slater,

Jl.FeE: YOU INDIFFERENT

->; t-. y\\e- vtl'lf \ ■ ■ ■ I' . ' !■ '' t'.i *i '■ I ■'■'■ A ■ Ui.i:,. r ri.iiui,:;i ■ \ tn \ |m\ ' 1 1 not. Wrjlc lo

AUSXRALIAN MUTUAL PROVIDENX SOOIEXY

37. riiwi;Ai).NKi;i)i.i: si«i;i:r, i.om)o.>. i;.c.

^

68o

The Review of Reviews.

YOU SHOULD ALWAYS HAVE
AT HAND A LUMP OF - •

Harbutfs Plasticine

The Housewife, the Gardener, the Photo-
Ljrapher, the Golfer, and many others, find
it invaluable.

We have just brought out a small tin box
— the " lOO uses" box — with rounded
corners, suitable for the pocket, cimtaininy
Plasticine, and illustrated book of directions
for use.

Price 6<i.

KEEP ONE IN YOUR POCKET.

From all good class Toy Shops and Stationers,
or post free 8d. from

WM. HARBUTT, A.R.C.A.,

55, Bathampton, BATH.

AND ITS lOO ^?E^

GREGG SHORTHAND,

t'uniinj,' Universal i^ysteni. liasy to Learn, Easy to
Write, EasytoKead. Expert Postal Tuition.

Write for Eye-Opening Eacts and Eree Sample Lesson to

PHIL. C. BAINES,
.\iistralian Pvepresentative. Albion, Brisbane (Qld.).

;deaf;

DEAFNKSS and HEAD ^OISES

Relieved liv usiii^'

Wll 9nN'(i COMMON SENSE
"'^^""^ ^ EAR DRUMS.

Invisible, 'onifortable. Thousands in use,
giving- pL-ii'ect satisfaction. Book sent
free to the deaf. Write to —

WlLSOn EAR DRU^A CO.,
160 Premier Biiildlnq 229 Collins St.. Mclb.

SHORT-STORY WRITING

.\ i.ijiirse of forty lesson^ in the history, form, strin:-
lure, and writing of the SJlort-Story, taught by J. Berg
Esenwein, Kditor Lippincott's Magazine.

Over one hundred Home Study Courses umler />>vjes-
sorshi HartxirdMroivn^Corftell^and other great Auieri-
ecni Co//e^^es. 2S0-page Catalogue Free. Please .Xddress :

The Home Correspondence School, Dcpt. 358, Sprintificid, Mass

ft A vm

MADE
TIfEIR
MARK

SAMPLE BOX
et-KINDS

7° STAMPS.
BIRMINGHAM I

LETXJaiRS OOIPIED WHIL.E WRIXING -,i z"?

By using: your own Lettep Paper, Invoices, &c., writh the

\'oii ■-imply insert your writing paper in the holder and wintc. Wliercupon you serine by the act uf writinj_

perfect letter and a peifect copy {which remains in the book). There is no sign of copying, no perforated edge.

Sample of the celebrated Zanetic Paper u/hich produces this result, free from—

R. R. Z ANEXICj Zanetic Works, Welford Road, LEICESTER,

It sl.iiii;)ed .uldrcsscd tiniilojn; mcloscf!.

One C miplete N..S.C. 4/200 copying 200 Qunrto or 400 Octavo T/ettere 3/9 post free, or N.S.C
4/400 eopyiiiif 400 Quarto or 800 Octavo letters. 5/- post free.

NO MORE BALD HEADS, NOR THIN AND POOR HAIR!

GOLDEN OIL HAIR XONIO

Guaranteed to Cure and Prevent Baldness. Quickly stops the Hair falling* out.

GOLDUN OIL HAIR TONIC makes the hair to jfrow from the first hour it is used. In cases of baldness, ajje or the
duration of the baldness is no

Were Cloldcn Oil Hair T<inic generally used, in two or thrte years' tirne
there would be few, if any. bald licatkd persons to be found in the
cominnnity, and in a brief period the people of these Islands would be
iH'ird for ih*? beauty and luxuriance of their hair.

^h.> u >r GOLDEN OIL HAIR TONIC for a few
iH.Titlis will be chjirjiied wiih tli'_- iix r.-.iM-ii luxuriance
..■Ki 1-, ,,■■.,■ Mf x\v r li.,...

GOI.DtN OIL HAIR TONIC prevents prem&lure greyness, will
not injure the mo<it sensitive skin.
r.OI.DEM OIL MAIR TONIC for LaJics and Gentlemen. In iMih <

LADIES

the first hour it is used. In cases
impediment t<> a complete cure.

GOLDEN OIL HAIR TONIC is an ideal dressing for the hair of
children. It not oni\' ensures pl'jTiiituI and beautiful Hair for life, but
it is a certain cure for DandruJV. Uingworm, and all disorders and
dtscoinforls of the Scalp.

GOLDEN OIL HAIR TONIC is not a dye, hut a natural Hair Food,
wliich c:ui he u>cd wiih safety anM advantage by all. Too mvich can-
not be said of its valuable properties; it amply justifies its nruie,
boin>; atKU.DKN SHKt;i TIC for everything periaimng to the Scalp
and Hair.
Frc-c by Post ,U.K.\ at 2/6, 4/6, ant) 6 - (.\broad i/- extra).

rrHlE: OOUDEZPY OII:. CO., WArtllVIClC, E:NGLAr7D, and from all Chemists.

I Mi„l,>ti A^.-nt^- .Ml M,s. ItUfLI!^' >^ CIv'I^I'K. Wh-l- ^ilc rheniislv 82. t IrTh.-nwel! KnrtH. K.( .

The Review or Reviews.

68 1

NO ONE NEED REMAIN FAT NOW

Physician Banishes Fat in Seven Days.

These pictures belo^v tell plainer than any words the marvellous improvement to be made
in a man's appearance when superfluous flesh is removed.

USE THE FREE OOUPON XO-DAY.

On November isi
Dr. F. Turner, a
well-known I'hy-
j-ician, was one of
llie fattest men. He
weighetl iSst. 2 lb.
His waist measured
48 inches, and he
wore a 17'. inch
ollar. His health
Mas mistrablc, he
wasue.ik and ti ed
all the time : cjull,
heavy, and stupid
in mind : wasn't
able to work, 10
sleep at night, or to
digest his tdod. He
had just been re-
fused life insurance
■(•cause of his
excessive weight.
He was told that
liis very life was in
;;rave danger, and
that unless he 1 ould
get rid of hi^ fat he
might drop tie, id at
liiy moment.

He had previ-
ously tried all the
methods of llesh reduction known 10 medical science,
starvation diets, purging, violent exercise, &c., but they
had done more harm than good. With practically a
death sentence staring him in the face, and a wife and
family to support, Dr. Turner thought hard. He worked,
1 Npeiimentcd, studied I'n a plan entirely different from
iny he had useil, and finally matle a most womierful
■ ientiiic discovery, bf means of which he has actu illy
•educed his weight too lb., gaining in strength and
gehcr.il health with every i>ound lie lost.

On January 1st of this year Dr. Turner weighed 10 st.
10 lb., his w. •list measured 37I, and he » ore a i$\ collar.
His health is perfect, he is cap.ible of hard work as at
twenty-live years of age, and his mind is clear and buoyant.

iJr. Turner's wonderful success has amazed his friends
iiid lellow-physiciaiis. His method is simple, yet
ihorouglily scientific. There are no medicines or drugs
10 be t.ikcn, nothing to wear, no physical culture or
\ioleiil exercise. 1." Turkish li.illis, ^ui-.iliiig. purging,

starvation diets, or
weakening methods
of any kind. On
the contrary, the
system, which any
person can readily
practise in their
own home without
medical assistance
of any kind, is
designed not only
to remove super-
fluous tlesh at the
average rate of
about I lb. a day,
but to strengthen
the entire body and
benefit the general
lieahh right from
the start.

Dr. Turner's re-
markable discovery
and experience
created widcsprcid
attention from both
phys cians and the
genera! public, and
he has been fairly
deluged with re-
quests for personal
treatment. Close
friends have urged him to specialise in this particular
branch of work, where he could convnand large fees, but
other business inl'.rests which oc -upy much ol his time
ha\e decided him against it.

In answer, however, to the multitude of requests for
information, and in or.ler that ail may have the benefit
of the system it was his good fortune to discover, he has
pieparLd a small booklet treatment on his method, and
telling every lleshy man and woman how they may
accomplish this same hajipy result, without the least
danger or inconvenience, lie has mailed these books
without charge to those who have written him, but
has a few liiindre t copies left. Arrangements have
been made whereby these will be distributed without
charge among interested readers who will use the coupon
printed below. Send no money. Merely enclose two
pennv st.imjw to cover postage, .md booklet will be sent
to yoii bv return, .•\cldress your letter to Dr. F. M. Turner
'Depl. 771 A.). -Ml, Creat I'drilinil Sirci-t, London, \V.

-FREE FLESH REDUOXIOjM OOUPON-

(.S/;'« liV// X.lllli Itfhl A'lllfSt hot).

NAMK

AUDKE.SS

'HiU CouiMjn eniiile* you to on* copy of " I low 1 Kcdti*

.iVkivc. » lit GUI tlii^ Coupon (or wriif .aid inrnlion Nn. 77.
|ir|.i --I A.I, 7M- '^•"■•il l'"ll.in.l .Sirfrr. 1,.,n.lM.., W , and lli' \-

.:i»l
».'l.l I

I Piiiiiidn ■' by I)r..Tuincr, n* fxpLiiiied in the announc*'in'*i't
it, »ilh Iwo iieniiy •linip-. .lif. i i ■ Hx 1 M- It KM K
ill pl.iiii elivfl"l'c by K-l'ir-i

682

The Review of Reviews.

THE VALUE OF THE TONIC

When disinterested physicians voluntarily state the absolute necessity of the tonic in cases of
anaemia, nervous depression, and physical exhaustion, it is worth the serious attention of the
thinking public. Professional etiquette forbids the publication of doctors' names. The authenticity
of the following testimonies is guaranteed by sworn declarations before a Commissioner for Oaths.

" Besides its value in convalescence, I am of opinion
that if Hall's Wine were more generally used in the
early stages of debility, many serious breakdowns
would be avoided. I always tell patients who are
showing signs of getting run down to take a little
Hall's Wine, and they seldom need anything else."
(Interview \V. 329 — 14th July, 191 1.)

" I have a fairly general use for Hall's AVine when
a tonic is required; it is also particularly useful in
insomnia." (Interview W. 354 — 16th Aug., 1911.)

" Hall's Wine is a very good friend of mine. For
years I have been a martyr to influenza, I get it in
almost any sort of weather, and Hall's Wine has given
me a ' leg up' many a time, and enabled me to resume
my work after a very short lay up."

(Interview \V. 240 — 17th March, 1911.)

" I have a daughter who is somewhat ana;mic, and
I am allowing my wife to give her Hall's Wine. It
seems to pull her together when nothing else does,
and I am so far satisfied as to its tonic properties that
I am now using it in my practice."

(Interview W. 245 — 14th Dec, igio.)

•' I find Hall's \Vine particularly efificacious in
restoring animation when the condition is very low.
I have in mind several cases in which it was the only
agent employed, and the response was eminently
satisfactory." (Interview W. 252 — i6th Nov., igio.)

" On two occasions, after a very serious illness, I
derived so much assistance from Hall's \\';ne in
recuperating, that I now always advise it in convales-
cence if the patient's condition at all admits of a
stimulant." (Interview W. 345 — 24th July, 191 1:)

" I do not think Hall's Wine needs any special
mention, because it is so well known. Per.sonaliy, I
never think of advising anything else when a tonic is
required." (Inter\ic-w W. 405 — 19th Sept., 191 1.)

" I have used Hall's Wine for several years now
as a tonic in convalescence, and also in arresting
development of conditions tending to debility. It is
a most excellent preparation."

(Interview ^V. 418 — 27th Sept., 191 1.)

" No other wine has a chance with the medicos in
this city. We all know Hall's Wine too well, 'and
have too good an opinion of it to ever think of
advising anything else when a tonic is required."

(Interview W. 380 — istSept., 1911.)

" I always advise Hall's Wine in suitable cases, such
as neurasthenia, and especially in convalescence from
severe illness, and recovery from surgical operations."
(Interview W. 375 — 30th Aug., 191 1.).

" I have had a long experience of Hall's Wine,
which is the only tonic I ever prescribe for con-
valescent patients who can take a stimulant at all.
I invariably use it in neuralgia, and in neurasthenic
conditions generally. I have several school teachers
among my patients, and laryngitis is a very common
complaint with them. If a case does not respond to
medicinal treatment within a fortnight I put the
patient on a course of Hall's \\'ine ; and in only one
instance have I found it fail to act as the necessary
revitalizing principle. As this exception proved to
be idiosyncratical, I disregard it, and state emphatically
that Hall's Wine is always indicated in chronic
laryngitis." (Interview W. 202 — 29th March, 191 1.)

" I have always considcrtxl Hall's Wine a good tonic,
and as it is also a nutrient, 1 regard it as a most useful
preparation." (Interview W. 219 — 20th May, 1911.)

The properties of Hall's Wine are well known to
the Medical Profession, and we advise intending
purcha.sers to confirm the statements in this adver-
tisement by consulting their own doctors. (x 59.)

If you are run-down and out-oi-sorts
because of over-work, worry, or
loss of appetite — nourishment and
strength will immediately follow every
wine-glass of Hall's Wine taken.

Revieir of Revittti, l/S/il

By its QUALITY

has for 80 years
held the home market,
and has FORCED
its way through
every tariff abroad .

PESOWTElYJfEfUSESUBSTITUTfS

tmx muluil ailvaoUse. when yuu wrllr la an atlvcrlUcr. please mrnlioii lli< Kcview ol Kcticws.

Review of J{cview8, 1/8/li.

'Undischarged

Responsibility.

A MATTER OF
MEMORY.

At some time or other everyone has experienced the sense of
"undischarged responsibility," the heavy feeling of depression that
results from a consciousness of having left undone something that
ought to have been done. This "something" may not have been
of paramount importance, but it is impossible to remember it, and
so gauge its importance.

THE DIFFICULTY is one proiierly |iertaiuiiig to the memory, and is really a phase of
mind-wandering. It rarely faces the man whose memory is soundly developed on natural
lines, and it is worth while talcing the little trouble necessary to secure a good memoiy,
if only to be relieved from the incubus of the recurring sense of "undischarged responsibility."

The PEUMAN SYSTEM OF ME,MORY TRAINING takes the natural memory
which e'veryone possesses, and train'' it to its lii^'liest point of etticiency ; it cultivates the powers
of concentration to" a remarkable degree, and entirely removes mind-wandering, with its
attendant ineffectiveness and waste of effort. It gives, not only a retentive memory, but a
mind that is alert and ijuick to grasp and Imld any point, and makes the acquisition of
knowledge easy and pleasant.

TAUGHT The I'elman System of Memory Training is taught by post in live

BY POST. interestii g and simple lessons. Distance is no hindrance whatever to
success. Half an hour of your spare time daily for six weeks completes
the course, although you may take longer if you wish.

Write at oiue for free booklet, giving particulars of the Pelman System, with Australian
and New Zealand opinions thereon, to The Secretary, The Telman School of Memory, •-'3 York
Chambers, (^Mieen Street, Melbourne.

PELMAN SYSTEM

or MEMORY TRAINING.

jr

Printed and Duljlished by John Osliorne, 508 Albert.sl.. K Melbourne; Sole WIioIcbuIb
Diitributlng AgenU for Au»traliuiia: iie—n Gordon and Uotoh Pty. uva.