Heview vf /i-iricirs, II'JJIS. L « CYCLONE" Gates are GOOD. The Illustration (Fig. 171 iu our Catalogue, shows the effective combination of Scroll Work and Mesh which makes "Cyclone" Gates not only strong and lasting, but elegant in design and proportion. Get a Catalogue of This and Many Other Gates and Fences. "Cyclone" Fence and Gate Co., 459 SWANSTON STREET (Corner Franklin St.\ MELBOURNE. New Zealand: 59 St. Asapb Street, Chrlstcburch. The Keviei* of Heviews. THK IXADEQU-Vra FEXOE. {The liiillvtin. Mr ilni:lie3. Attorney-General of Australia, says he Laa learned that the Uniteil States Meat Trust has pnrwner9 t<) rarry on huainess. The Imdeqi vteii-Akmf.d Person : " \Vh-9-s-9-9h !" 1 •< iS li fit I 'vt Jhe Hei/iew uf Heviksws. kawanflla W.BILL I for genuine BRITISH^Ma \ LONDON, w. Made CLOTHS. Wholesale, Retail, Export, None but sound, iinjtnrtrlKibie clot lis .>f Hiitish origin are stocked; aiidlhcsein ininiciire i|ii;iiitilies,--»)f vveghis, qu.Mlities, atui chriractcristifs suited to ;ill cuunirJcs, cliinat^rs, and jjuri oses— my trade bting world wide. These can be tailored, if desired, by well- establiNlitd funis in cr vj^oit and lounge wear. Suit length, 15, - to 33 3 I Heavy Tweeds f«T cold climntes. Suit length. 24,'- to 29,9 I Fines! Flannels and Cashmeres for the tropics. 2 .Suit length, 17 6 to 28 - Worsteds and Angolas for ordinary wear. Sna length, 21 -to 36, 9 Serges, rough ;ind smooth ; for yachiirg and geiicial wctt. Suit Itngth, 15 9 tn 32,6 Flannel Tweeds for semi-tropical wear. Suit length, 14, - to 21, - l.l.li.iiti'iti : )mt i\ visit lo l|i.- \».m. |i.,iik.. J'KH V. LISTS i.iu! SAMIM.l-.S wlifiHVi r I ■osj.il lie i.» titrnn^'lv v «;ili>.fv v.MiiM-If ..f the 1 lV^.,.- m ■• i>i-'m. tirin. To write l".nil.H>lii' m.v. . 1 1« um ilI ~ :- . followfi thitt llmt-c who make ili- ^;i.M(e^i I'l' pel■fl•rmauee^. il,.. I- 31 & 29, GT. PORTLAND ST., W. L.:, 93, New Bond St., London, W. I., .Mm n r.-l.l ■ ^' !■ •■<' V "-^ T.l. : (il-KHMd ^ ^ OSTER GARXER FOR GENTLEMEN. Fits the leg perfectly ; all meial parts being protected, it cannot injure the skin. COMFORTABLE, ii.'' .111-.' il li' - I ii;-: il.it. RELIABLE, because it is niailc ut' material. the best To be obtained from all principal de.ilcrs, or / we will send sample ' pair post free on receipt i of 1 - ^- W. B. SCOTT & CO, 164, CLARENCE ST., SYDNEY. A KNICIIT OF CARTERS.' Is this Man Gifted with Strange Power ? Prominent People say He Reads Their Lives Like an Open Book Do You Want to Know about Your Business, Marriage, Changes, Occupalions. Friends, Enemies, or what to do (o Achieve Success?" Test Readings free to all ** Review of Reviews " Readers who write at once. AUenliun of llic mystically iiuiiiie.l seems to be centrcil at present upon tlie wovli of Mr. Clay Burton "Vance, who, although laying claim to no .special gift of supernatural powers, aiteinpts to reveal the lives of people through the sl.-ntler clue of birth-dates. The undeniable accuracy of h s delineations lea]iheis, astrolo- i;ets, and seers of divers b.'liefs have failed to apply ill..' tnie principles of the -^iriice of diviii,iii..n. The foUuwinL: letters are published as evidence of Mr. \'ance's ability. Mr. i.afay- itie Redditt writes: "My K. a. ling received. With the g.ciie-^t amazement I rea.l a^ step by step you "Uilincd my ,ife since in ancy. I have been somewhat intviesled along these lines for years, hut b' I no idc.i ihat such priceless advice could be given. I inusi .limit that you are in leed a very remarkable man, and am glad you use your great gift to benefit you clients." Mr. Fred Walton writes : ' I .lid not expect such a splen.li.l ouiline of my life. The scienl lie value of y. ur Readings cannot be fudy appreciated uniil one has his own Reading. Til consult you means success and happiness." .\rrangcmenls have been made to give free test Readings to all readers uf ReviI'.w ok Reviews, but it is especially re<|Ucstcd th.it those who wish to avail themselves of this generous olfcr make application at once. If you wish a delineation of your own lite, if you wish a true description of your characteristics, talents, and opportunities, simply send your full nanse, the date, month, and year ol your birth (state whether Mr., Mrs., or Mi.ss), and also copy the following verse in ).iur own handwriting: "Your power is marvellous, So peopL u rite : Please read my li e — .•\ic my prospecis liright?" r to lite \rhiniiiiiiiwi^auii v_i')\riiiiiif iii IM iiuuiiig a new terr'>r lo life liy the creation of a new Court. Thi-^ is the eflet't of the Bill to amemi the Koyal Coniiiiissiona Act. It turns a lioyal Commission into a Cej-i-h1 >y«l»'iii. I'.a-^y to l.oarn. |-,a«y lo Wrilp. KHsy ti) itcail. K\|ierl I'liKtal Tuition. Write for Kye Openin;,' l''arl« itnil I'n'o Sample liPssoii lo PHIL. C. BAINES, ABRtralian l;e|,re«eiitai iif. Alhliin. Itrlshanc (^Id. , deaf; I)K4I NHSS and HtAl) ^OIStS Wll 9nN'R COMMON SENSE ""-^"'^^ EAR DRUMS. Irnisitiif, ■iiiMDrl .'lliiv. i iniiisilinii* in use. eiviii;; ptTfeet MiiiifAction. Book sent Irfc li> lh» dwnf. tViiif to - WILSON EAR DRUAA CO.. ll'.li Prrml.-r B'lMili-ia JJ'l f.iliin* St M.lb. LEXXERS COPIED WHILE WRIXING ,-," '»o ^^ By usliiK youf own Lutttr Puper, Invoices, ace wltli tlio ^--°" "'■ *°;2^\vr \ Vriii Mniply in, en your niiliiig paper in llic hi'Idm/nd wrilc Wlicrcnpuli you >«.utc liy ihc .let of urhiiig .1 y^'^J^ ^^^r-V^V^t \ perffrl l.|irr ^iiid n prtirrl . ipy (wdioh l^llll^ill^ ill the li..okl. Then- i» n.i •ifii ofcopyini;. no p.'ifnr.Ttcil cdcc ^^^ -^>-^ ^S' -^i' ^ . \ ^\ A,;.,, , , ' 'ft, >t hOnittfl />init'r Pufn-r lihlrh /JuttlilCf^ fhit irtiilt, /in /rum— ,* y^^ ^ \\V > ^ •'. ■■ ^ R.R.ZANEXIC, Zanelic Works. Welford Road. LHICESTER. if iKiiii;Kd ;idilrc«^cd ciivrl<>|tc iti<;lo«c«l. One Complete N.8.C. '1200 ropTlnv 200 Qiinrto or 400 Oi-tnvo I,elteri 3/9 post free, or N 8.C. 4/400 i'o|iyitiK 4oO Quarto or 800 Orlavn letterg. 5/- post frfc. :^ The Review of Reviews. BOOKS FOR THE BAIRNS. This Handsome Present Is one that will be acceptable to either very young or older children. The Books are cloth bound, pleasing in appearance, and put together strongly. THEY ARE FULL OF NURSERY RHYMES, FAIRY TALES. FABLES, STORIES OF TRAVEL, Etc.. Etc. Everyone who buys the Books is delighted with them. Numbers of people repeat orders for friends. You Could Bot Buy a Better BIRTHDAY GIFT FOR YOUR CHILB, ©n'y 7/6 CONTENTS: VOL. I.— ^sop's Fables. VOL II. — Baron Miincliansen and Siiibad the Sailor. VOL. III. — The Adventures of Reynard the Fox and Th« Adveutnrea of Old Brer Rab- bit. VOL. IV.— Twice Que are Two. VOL. V. — Pilgrim's Progress. VOL. VI. — Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Tales. VOL. Vn. — The Christma.* vStocking and Han« Andersen's Fairy Storiea. VOL. VIII. — Gulliver's Travels. 1. — Among the Little People of Lillipnt 2. — Among the Giants. VOL. IX.— The Uglv Duckling. Eyes and No Eyes, and The Three Giants. re- write, enclosing 7"g_ Q^ (or from New Zealand, Qs. 6d-) The Manager THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS," TEMPtRANCE & GENERAL LlfE ASSLR4NCE BlILDING, Swanston St., Melb., AND IT WILL BE SENT TO YOU. POST FREE. All New Zealand Orders should be sent to the "Vanguard" Office, 100 Willis Street, Wellingto The Review of Keviews. xlv WILL-POWER AND PERSONALITY. ■ Ttu- t.f ( .,i WilHiiK'ir.- (Kf ••1,.]. your Will 1' • l.i Si.'iiii H:l1|I f \|-Ii< itiv (• . li.-ti.i\\ i...|,-\. •!,.]. your Will W.w,-, i-mI.-uKI. ii< |.i kItrllL'tll ill Il>i S to4lll"Iltllti. ANorliiiiiiioiislv i]l< ■• rtvi^ ^.nu |(. ^,.;,tU iiLTfttrtcl Str.iik'iliiif Chiinu-li-T iintl I'ei-S'.iiahty. You will rise in the estimation of the men and women you meet. 'I'lir <<■■■ tti?iL' 1^ -^im-, « nl, iMitiii'i'"!- • ■ti!> utivo cxfr» i»i*iii IK imly J i'< This is your total expenditure. I'oiirse Bent in |i1hiii s.-,i1ii| jia-knu.' KmimI IimIh. N. \( ii>gr.v>. THE ST SETT^F INSTITUTE l-.i,t -Ki.Perai. N.B, NOSES AND EARS. NOSES. r;c ■-'ii!y p,a-:in X _\I....hir,.s in the world. lnipr'>ve ugly rH'Scs of all kinds. .Scientific yel simple, C.iu bf worn during -^Icfp. Send stanipctl envelope fur full p.-irliculars. RED NOSES. -My long established medically .ipproved TieatnicNt .ibsolulely cures red noses. 3/9 post free. Kore'^ii, t 6 extra. UGLY EARS.--Thc Rubber Ear Caps invented bv [,ecs R.'iy remedy vigl\ outstanding cars. Hundreds tjf successful c-»*es. 7 6 post free. Korcign, 1 6 extra KAV, loK. Centr;iUh;mibers, M VKR l*i )(>|.. Spectdcles cannot cure eye de."t;ctii. Medicines are ineffective. Operations are dangerous. Yoii re.'ili-'e Iiuw preciuus is i:,Oi>^ eyesight, and the Inipottance of irrattiig your eyes, if :il alt affected, in the riRht way. The right — the rational— way is Dr. <>illicrl Terci^al's genile. s;i1e method of Kye-iiiassav;e, uhirh is giving wonderful reli--f to hundreds of cyc- siifT-rers every day. -iiiiplv I'V senile nianipul.itinns THIS METHOD MAKES EAK EYES STRONG. \ In i.^it.K .!-.ilv -i:i.i 11. -M |.; TKi:\TMK\T. :i- .l.-.nl, -i in Dr Perclval'B Booh on tne Eyes. ii,..>infh*li<<< on Nntnrr- <.wii |.l:>ii. uliir*' fyi-irLi.>.>i.')<. ni<'ik an- lii'itiK Kitten Huay al exiir. km that th<' i>uMl<' luwy l<-iirn (hi-iifrht trratiia'nt Writi- tnr n ■■i.j.y now, itnd "l"'" y«'iir vwn. Mt-relv *»-nil your fuU muiik' bihI ii-Mr<*H. \(i(h titrti- et.u)ii>t ihj\ 1..r.itcn. If ,il>r..,ul t.. 0. A. PERCIVAL. Neu ■ Vita Eye Institute. 67 106. Exchantjc Buildings, Southwark. London. PERFECT HEALTH and a SHAPELY FIGURE. lias liecii my one ambilion througluml my career to show every man and woman how it is jiossible to obtain ami maintain perfect health and a shapely figure by the simplest means. Everyone I, nous to-day that regular bodily exercise A onod thing for the maintenance of good health ami figure proportion. But it is not everybody who knows that it h.as been left to an Englishman to systematise and perfect such means. There is only one 'jnnof exercise that will correctly and definitely restore the Body to its healthy normal condition, and thnt is to Stretch! Stretch! Stretch! evry muscle and every limb lor a feu- minutes each day. This is a state- ment of which I defy contradiction. Abnormal lees, alUuing literature, or sensational advertising do not in renlitv coiiin fiu anvihini;. ST 3S THE METHOD. I am the inventor of the stretching method of exercise which is so much appreciated by ..ver 100,000 of my pupils today. Those w'ho would care to kn.tw moreabout this simple :ind iKitural metlmd may do -,0 by applying to-day lor :i copy I' mv latc-t li."'k cniitli d " Stretch, Strctcli, or the Art of Physical Beauty. ' In this one volume will be found a complete library >l in- liirniali.'ii "ii ilie eliicacy of the stretching method in curing and removing llie following ailments and defects : — Obesity, Vi/cak Heart, Flatulence, Proinineiit Hips. Liver Disorders, Nervous Ailments. Prolruilinii Abdon.cn, Wenk Back, Constipation, Stunted Growth. Indigestion, Organic Troui>les. This b.)ok will be found of great help and \ery instructive. Those who are lit will learn how anf yonr iutttimabli- Antuiifto. Txo,i of tht Just-class limnkaftti hitv^ fiffM ci"n//rtr/y 1 urn/, one tvith f.vo />,ickrt:t nmi thf oikrr vith t/tn-e. H^e .tfn.i yiJit jC^ h. that yon may scHii us a furtnrr (M/*/»/j' 0/ thf AHtii/ift" to (h( tuidffi% 0/ our i''teiiiifnt,"'^\\. Holy l t.hiirclu Tkii wond I'f'JOf, t.t: ..,k. ..f l»,f..,.. 'L il. \v. b- hrjul,^ ■|l,. , .11.1,,, " ..r in*l,' |il.iiti u l'h.,111. t thi« uiiho it Leing .ibic to furnish ir -iHii^-s). I turiiii; ihi^pcriiMl itiunsandii ' .ind )>eili.ipK ruin. houtd be '»ucccit»ful in busineM, w \ , u 1. . Kiivftheiii, W'c wilt 1 :ill wc |»"N»ibly cati. Wc have liir ■ i^- pp nl !■• .l^>i^l lis, I'lit we will pre-*u. . , -■ a^k'-d. no hotn'- ''*r »i//tt alii itiiiirftf, en» f. i-iii^ stamp lu p.»> p-'-^Lige, m\\.\ vfc will •■••nd > ou n> • ily tiitt will nb«4itutr|y ir-irflorrn the dtiihk.ird. Write ^ »d.iy to The Ward \<. .'^nt •^M..■t I ..r..|..n. W.,.iikI yuur inquiry wilt receive imiiicdiate attcniion. The Review Set your Watch by Homan s SUN CLOCK (the U|)-tri-(latc sunilial), AND YOU WILL ALWAYS HAVE THE RIGHT TIME. ll''ri/<- 1,'y piirli:i(l,trs If l!i, Iinu-illt'i: W. HOMAN, 20, Renfrew St.. GLASGOW, Scotland. Agi-iits ii'-xntfti eoeniwhi're Please mention this maqa^ine. 5' CHIVE Carpet Soap " £ is the lK--t -jarijct cle:irn;i- in tin; 1^ ^ wiirld. 1 1 removes ink, grease, and ail 9 5-. dirt fnim carpets and woollen fabrics. ?v' § A damp cloth— a liule Chivers' Soap § —a carpet lil-x ne\v without lakint; it up Sample ball sent post free, yL stamp-.- F. CHIVERS & CO., Albany Works, Bath. SHORT-STORY WRITING A i-'xuse ol"i'oLl\' le-S'jus in the liistory, lorni, stni' line, and writing of tlie Short-Story, taught by J. Berg Esenwein. Kditoi- Lippincott's Magazine. Over one Jnindred //oiite .Study Conrsis under projis- sorsiii Han'ard.BriKi'HyCoriielLand other ^reat Ameri- can Colleges. 250-p&ge Catalogue Free. Please Address : The Home Correspondence School, Dc|)t. 538, Springficiil, Mass TO J- ^ ESPERANTO STUDENTS. Esperanto Manual, Indispensable to Students, 2s. Motteau's Esperanto-English Dictionary, 2s. (id. (2s. 8d. posted). O'Connor's English-Esperanto Dictionary. 2s. (id. (,2s. Sd. posted . Esperanto for the Million, ;id. Le Sercado por la Ora Saflano (The Golden Kleece), 7d. (!td. posted), Pociiet Vocabulary (English-Esperanto), 3d. The liritish Esperantist : a Monthly Journal in English and Esperanto. Annual Subscrip- tion, 'tS. Send to "REVIEW OF REVIEWS," T. & G. Building, Swanston Street, Melbourne. of Reviews BERKEFELD FILTERS were fitted on the V. &. O. S'cam- slii|> "Medina," wliicli larued the Kini^ and (",)iieen li.i l[i iia IF FIT FOR A KING. FIT FOR ALL. Write/or Catalogue " N" to THE BERKEFELD FILTER CO., Ld 121. OXFORD STUEET. LONDON, W. L. & C. Hardtmuth's i))i| PENCILS Nothing too good can be said about the quality of the " Koh-i-noor." Its silken touch and durability make it the ideal pencil for every kind of pencil work. One " Koh-i-noor " easily outlasts six ordinarypencils. Made in 1 7 Degrees and Copying. OJ StatioturSy &'c., everyifhere. L. e? C. HARDTMUTH, Ltd.. LONDON. England. The Review of Reviews. ixlvii. ...How to Make Crops Grow... A SPLENDID ICSTIMOKY CONCERNING NITRO-BACTERINE. The following appeared in the Wairarapa Daily Times, N'ew Zealand, of Januaiy 4, 1912. After reading this even the most sceptical must be assured of the wonderful properties of Nitre- Bacterine. A letter from Mr. Wingate informs us that the weather was extremely unfa\ourable, and that the oats were in stook for 12 days, two facts which make the results all the more astonish- ing. NITRO-BACTERIITE. Eifect on an Oat Crop. Mr. John W inflate, of Masti'ilou, uiut lias been e.xiJerimenting for some time past with nitro- bacterine, and its effect on crops, has kindly sup [)lied us with some figures showing thf result of the application of the culture to a sowing of oats. Mr. \VingaIe set aside live plots, to which he applied various manures, and he kept a careful note of the cost of the different methods of treat- ment he usefl. The results may best be shown in the following form :— It may be added that Mr. Oeorge Dagg, a well-know'n farmer, did the necessary measuring and weighing, and comiiiled the figures C]Uoted. Plot I, treated with ih cwt. ofmi.xud basic slag anrl super|)h()si)hate. not inoculated with nitro-bacterine, ga\e i Uni 12 cwt. 16 Itis, Cost of manuring : 9s. Plot' 2, treated with i\ cwt. super-jjhosphate per acre and inoculated with nitro-bacterine, gave 2 tons 5 cwt. 2 fjrs. 24 lbs., and co.st 9s. gd. Plot 3, treated with li cwt. mixed basic slag and siiper[)hosphate inoculated wifh nitro-bac- terine. gave 2 tons 15 cwt. 2 qrs. 24 ll)s., and th' manuring cost 9s. gd. Plot 4, treated with li cwt. of basic slag in ociilated with nitro-bacterine, gave 2 tons 10 cwt., and the manuring cost 9s. 9d. Plot 5, in(x:ulated with nitro-bacterine only (fourth crop without any other manure), ga\e 2 tons 12 cwt 16 lbs. Cost of manuring: gd. A study of plots i, 3 and 5 is well worth while. No. i, the only plot without the culture, .dthough expensively manured, gave the poorest return. The best results, irrespective of cost, were obtained from plot 3. Ivasily the most profitable return was from plot 5, which, although it was without the expensive manures used in the other plots, was only three lumdredweight behind niimlx-r 3. Send for Trial Packet to " Nitro- IJactcriiic," "Review of Reviews" Office, T. aniJ Q. Life iiuilJinff, Swanston Street, Meihoiirne. Tasnianian orders should Ro to Messrs. \V. L). Peacock & Co., Mobart, and Ne\> Zealand to Mr. John Wingate. High Street, Masterton, or Mr. I.. AV IsKt, 05 ColiMiibii Street, Christchurch. Wlien ordering, please state for what Crop the culture is re(|uired. Price, 7 <■> per packet. * The Review of .Reviews. THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS FOR AUSTRALASIA. (Annual Subscriptiun, SO.i W. T. STEAD, Late Editor EotrliBb "Review of Reviewe " WILLUM H.JUDKINS, OR. ALBERT SHAW, Editcr 'Review nf H' for Australasia. '' Editor American "Review of Rivitwg.'" CONTENTS FOR SEPTEMBER, 1912. PAGE PAGE History oi the Month (Austrilasian) 1. Lsading Articles (Continued)— „, . , ., ,, .. ,r- ,, . \ -, Tlie Waste of Eiiei'gy in IlUuiiiuauts SO Ht»tory of the Month (English) 3 u tlie Language of Our Biijle too Antique? 50 Fifty Years' Goiitinuous Corn-growing ■ ■ ^^ Current History in Caricature 25 Tlie Peak Moments of Life 51 Scientific Eu\e8dropping 5Z ■Wfiaf iVi* MaAilrrrxnem lVI»an>: »n Ik 31 '^^^^ Fertiire and Fatal Fly ... 53 wnat IBe meoiterranfan ivuans lo us o» Conservative Social Reform . . 5-) _., , ,, „, . r .. TT . T ■ ^ ,1 ■ i'lie "Titanic" Inquiry .. ..55 The Life-Blood of the Empire: Imperial Ort^aiiis.i- xhe Unsinkable Slup ... ..55 tion of Iiniierial KiniLCration ... ... ... 37 Tlie Lessons of the "Titanic ' 57 The Englishman. By Ella Wheeler Wilcos .. .. 57 ■Wan(»rl' Sanp Tratip ITnioniim ' 41 The Peril of Australia 58 wanieo. aaoe l raoe unionism ij ,^,1^^ Turco-Italian War 58 _ , , _^ . ,, ,. The Mediterranean Fleet , .53 btrong Labour Denunciation s4 xhe Traffic of the Dardanelles .. ..53 " The Gre.it Illusuui " Up to Date 60 The Truth About the Bulkhead System 45 Naval U-e of Aircraft 61 A Paramount Navy Our Permanent Need .. .-. .. 6? LeAiiinr Article! In the Reviews— Anglo-German Naval Rivalry 63 i^eaoing Aiuciei in me i^eviews _^ Great French PaciHst 64 The Coming of Bonaparte 48 Germany Our Friend, not Franc*, in the Morocco Contract Practice or Fees? ... 49 Dispute .... 65 ■ The Schools Problem in Holland tl The (Jerimin Menace , ... 65 liOrd Courtney on Home Rule 50 The European Situation 06 [Coilt'tii ili'il nil next p^QC.) Be sure you buy pure food. Your health and the health of the children depend upon it* Birds is the Pure Custard and contains a rich store of real nutri- ment upon which the children thrive. Do not accept inferior substitutes. The same money will buy the genuine BIRD'S Cu?tard with its delicious flavor and creamy richness. Try it to-day ! A trial is simply a revelation. Since 1837 the wonderful quality of Bird s Custard has reigned supreme. "% [Ct^STARDJ lCreamy E':g-likK illiRn n.AVi*^ ''I' Sold JD Id. pkls., 4d. and 7Jd. boxes, and new large SJd. tins. The Review of Reviews. xlix. CONTENTS -(Continued from page xlviii.) PAGE Leadlog Articles (Continueil)— Wh..i the Balauce of Power Mciins 67 •The Oiiiv « ay to PleaBe John Bull " C7 How to >.ive the Empire o7 France .iiul Her North African Colonies . 68 How M..r.ci'> Keeps Cool .... 68 The ChaiMiinK Pe-iple of Fez . 6» Old Ixmcloii Kevived tj9 The Xear East Problem 70 FreeTiia8«.'nr.v in the Affairs of "iurkey 71 The Thiril Ouuia ; What it Has Achieved .. 72 Ghineseifviiig Mon^liO' .. .- 73 The Will to Conquer .. 73 The Eflcc t of Votes on AVomen in Finland 74 l^e Xew Woman of the New East 75 The Position of Women Suffrat^e . , 75 Women in Persia , . 76 Educati'in in India 76 Ijady Colonels . . 77 Artists '>u l..;i(lie8' Hats 77 Plea for JaiMineee Fo')twear 77 A Workinij Woman's Library 73 A Home for Homeless Women 73 A Women's ttaol .... 78 Don't Penalise Parentage 79 Air Sewaee and Ozone 79 The Blind Leailing the Blind 80 Two Kinds of Patriotism 80 The 0\ertlirow of 11. Ollivier 81 Making; the Dumb to Speak 81 K«al E(lu< ation~and No Holidays 82 "A Typoeraphical Vicar of Bray" 82 Eiaminatione and Examiners 83 The Rule of the Fat and the Thin 83 Tiic Prolilen) 'f Uie Averaee Boy . 34 Leading Articles (Continued) Dickens' Manchester Orit^inals Thomas Hardy at Home George Cruikshank'a Work Two Wellington Stories The National Reserve , . . . The Kousseau Bicentenary Dismal Views of Democracy Behaism A Modern Winckelreid .. Kndyanl Kiplin? on the Coal Strike .Automatic Brakes E.\traordinarv Letting the Child Teach Itself " How the Machine Emancipates Man The Scientific Orsanisation of Human Labour Music and .\rt in the Mag-azines 8-) 85 85 ?5 85 86 35 87 87 38 33 88 89 89 90 9J Random Readings from the Reviews The Revle'ws Reviewed — Tlie Conieniporary Keview 93 The Nineteenth Century and After — The World's Work — The Arena 94 The F7>rtnightly Review — The liOndon Quarterly Review 95 The National Review — Hispania — The Windsor . 96 The North American Review— The Italian Reviews 97 The Spanish Reviews — The Dutch Reviews 98 The Back of the Month: "The Maiden Tribute of Modern tiahylon.' I'.y \V. T. Stead ... ... 99 Insurance Notes' ._ .- 106 11 ■III Gold Nibs to Suit all Hands. Watermans (IdeaU FountaihPen To meet the reauiremcnii of a W irld of Walerman'i Ideal Founlain Pen uiers, nur Factories produce over a million and .i liaK Gold nibs every year. The varicly u IjcwiI- dcrmg — every degree of line, medium, airl hroad pointed pent bcinff manufactured. All pens are 14 cl. Gold ana lipped with indium WalcrmAn'i Ido&l in 4 Slylci Re«uli>r >nd S«lf-Fillii<(. 12 6 and upwarda ; Safely and Pump-Fiiluie. 15'- and upwarda. 0/ Slal'oner$ and JeuKlleri evtrywhfre. L. & C. HARDTMUTH. LTD., Kob-i-nogr Mou»e. London. EniilRnd. assists nature. It IS used mixed with fresh nc'.v milk and forms a delicate and nutritive cream which can be enjoyed and assimilated when other foods disagree. it is entirely free from rough and indigestible particles which produce irritation in delicate stomachs. .Mllhor^ .in'l intrrr-: wt iic (ur It .■.l.lrr. \.c il.' Tlu Ollct Woil.s, .\Uii ..! ,.- r'l-,1 10 How 1,1 The Rev evie:ws TEMTERANCB AJVI> OHNKMAL I^IBIB A9SURA.NCB BUH^I^ING, SWAiVSTOA STREET, AIET^BOVRNE, If a Bcark i^ agalast tbi Wm the copy Is > simple one Will you read it carefully and then send 8s. 6d, either to your qqws agent or to ■■ The Review o( Reviews T. »nd G. Building, Melbourne, and receive It for n months, THE HISTORY OF THE MONTH. By the Acting Editor. Death of William Booth. Melbourne. August 29. igi2. Austrnlians, more than Engli.shmen, liiok with aeen founded in jilenty lietore his time, and in that respect there was nothing unique alx)ut thi- "Army," but the lx)ld ron- ception of a body of ardent people organised aftei- the styli- of an aggressive armv. with uniform, titles, divisions all corresponding to tlie ide-a. was as daring as it proved to be effective. Tlif .-Xrmv is a church without sacraments, in that it is liki- the Society of Friends. It is a lx>dy inspired bv evangelism, thus re.st-mbling Methodism in its origin. Between \Ve.sley and Barth there are .striking re- semblance,s. Each Iiegan his work with a per.sonal e.\|ierience of an inten.se kind. Both met with fierce hostility from the rowdyism of the streets. Both were rlisparaged by the Churches to which they CM'iginally l)elonged. Each lived to be honoured by his King and by all sections of the people. Each set in full tide great philanthropic movements. Each left a great and powerful organisation to make hi.story. The two great deaths of the nionth have been the Mikado, the maker of New Japan, a great politiail ruler, and William Booth, a Prince in that great spiritual kingdom which is destined to last while sun and mcion endure. On all sides flags have lx;en hung at Reiirct and Its half-mast on public iiuildings. From 8i(5nificance. Governors, Prime Minister. State Premiers — from politikians of all ranks, aiul from every class of people, have come e.vpressions of respect. What dnes^ill diis signify? No doubt the thing that is upp<'rmos| in the mind of the man in the street is the thought of the philan- thropic work accomplisherl by the "Armv." Men who care little for the spiritual realities of religion aie drawn to sympathise with its application to the relief of poverty and distress. To find work for th(> vvorkless — above all, to make a worker out of a shirker, to feed the hungry, to befriend the friend- less— ^^this is what the world applauds. It is Scrip- ■ tural Christianity that can never go out of favour so long as the need for it remains. Prison-gate Bri- gades, Inebriate Retreats. Homes for Fallen Women. Shelters. Lal)Our Colonies, are among its beneiicial institutions. But the " Army " did more by indirect influence. Every Church is the richer to-day becaii.se of the energetic example set it by this youngest sister of the Churrhes. It gave a great insi)iration to others. But after all we mu.st look to tile motive ])O^Vl'r that is behiiiil all this class of work, and this is the intense evangelistic fervour ot these militant Christians. All -this philanthropic work could never have Ijeen built up on a basis of religious negation. No company of unlielievers ever did so. On many sides it is whispered that the " Armv ■' is less a s])iritaal bodv. and more a trading organisation than it u.sed to be. We be- , lieve, however, that its business jirofits are only used' for the extension of the work. Be that as it may, the simple fact remains that out of a purely reli- gious movement there have ari.sen those mightv vv\>rks of mercy that have called forth the admira- tion iK)t only of King Edward and King George, but the ungrudging prai.sc of King Demos himself. The Endurance of Spiritual Forces. Hut. more than all, the rise of a great religious personalitv and .i great religious organisation is a portent to men who prophesy the decadence of religion. Again and again when men have sunk into torpor and even gro.ss contempt for the spiritual, and some man, in the name of science, has pronouiwed the funer.il oration over its sup- po.s<'d corpse, it has st(X)d up and shaken itsel f out of slumlier with a.stonishing eflect. Wesley and Whitfield afforded a remarkable example of this at the clo.se of the eighteenth centurv. William Booth and the " Army " gave us another a century later, while gre.at sjiiritiial hercx-s like Spurgeon, Hudson, September, 1912. History or the tVionth. ll'ait} V. t'oitlgen, Brisbane. WILMAM BOOTH, lieiieiiil iinil Founder of the Salvation Army. Taylor, Mooily. the foiiiult-r.s of llu- l.avmen s Mo\'fni<-iits. :m(l m;iny other.s, li.uc in a strikiii;,' way tTiiphasi.sfd the .otli for the individual aiul for so<-iety. When it l)ecomes acailemic and formal it languishes. Kiit when the great spirit of the Son of Man iK)sses.ses ,1 follower of His with an enthirsiasm for (iod and a passion for the uplift of his fellow man, religion flourishes. A great man is at once a reproof anil an inspira- tion to his age. The very "evils that arouse his |iity or indignation arc the reproach of .so<'ietv, and in turn his iearlership in a gallant crusade l)e<:omes an insfiiration to all the right-minded. The .Salva- tion Arm\ appeals to only a limited number of people as a religious denomination, hut it stands for great principles, and its fire is kindled at a holy altar. Anil finally, whatever man mav projihesv about the future of the " Army," itself, no one will deny to its great organiser and head a position with Ixiyol.i, I.uther and Wesley, amongst the great reli- gious personalities of the Church's historv. Prosperity iint Its I'crlis. The debate on the Feder.il Itudget lirings oirt the prosjierous condition <>i the country. The taxation im- posed u|)on the|)e.sed hv the previous Ministry. Mr. Harper wanted to know why the ordinarv expenditure was allowed to nuiiuit up in sticJi an alarming manner. It had risen from J^,i\,n)(i.ooo till' year l>efore the present Cio\ernment te efjually justified in adopting a " Yellow China," policy. But we must not confuse the issue \)\ slurring over essential differences. Our policy presses hard on a few, but it represents a great ideal — ihe vision of a continent to l>e kept for a great race under economic and social conditions that make lor a lofty type of hiimanitv. We fear that Lieiiind much of the opjiosition to it is a mere desire for cheap labour in the interests of a class. The agitation with reference to pro- Houslnj; the per housing accommodation for the eople. pme from their ranks. It is not a thing to lie tolerated that in a new coun- try, with lx>undless spaces around us, we should be cramped up after the custom of old countries. Un- fortunate'ly the mischief was allowed to begin, .uid it is hard to mend it. In some suburbs oi oui great cities we have streets llfteen feet wiile. In the.se thoroughfares are erected cottages with ;i front. ige of ihirtt-en feet, .some of them resting tl.it on the ground, and being without ventilation, be- sides iKuiiig .small rooms. .Attached to these nn- yards a few leet .square. Large numbers of these buildings consist of but three rooms, and in the.se whole families live, everv room being used as .i sleeping apartment. Sometimes four per.sons sleep in one Small room. The children have no |>lace to plav excejit the street, with all its as.sociations. It is true that something has l)een done to allevi.itr the [)osition during the ])ast lew years bv citv councils. Houses m.inile.stly unfit to dwell in have fieen con- demned, and in s<7me ca.ses destroved bv fire. In many c;ises. however, the buildings ha\e .'Amply liee'n closed (or re|)airs, when a little paint and paper. and not much els«-, have condoned matters, and the same old tr.igfdy U-gins over again. All this is bad for he.dth, b>r comfort, for happhiess of any kind. The blame for some of the sordid conditions rests U|K)n tenants who are dirty and destructive in their habits, ami who are the despair of agents and land- lords. 'I'he original cau.se is that owners have been anxious to swe.it every |x-nny out of their land by way of rent, am! have crowded these small tenements upon th<- ground witlumt regard for the welll)eing of tho.se who wouh! h.i\e to occupy them. A .Moral Uuestloii. 'I'he efT<-<-t of b,td housing ii|xiii physical health is not the worst aspect of the question. There is a mor.il side to it. Women who.v daily life ol drudgery is spent in llic.se narrow domi- cil.-i ill il,:, !,|,I .,],■ .,,,;. I ,1,..-,. ,i,-,;, Mirroimding*!. are api to becoaie miX)dy and despondent. Fre- quently they become disheartened with the frtfitless- ness of their efforts to make home in such places. Then the position becomes more trying for the man, and he finds home a good place to keep out of, while round the corner is the ever attractive public- house. And so the dreary chain of causes works, link bv link, that draws people into vice and misery. Emironment has its weight of influence and tell* mightily against righteousness. There are indeed cases where poor people li\e in such localities, keep- ing their homes bright, and bringing up their chil- dren well and respectably ; but too many lack the religious principle or moral backbone to do so, and so thev and their families go down. Such being the case, it is well that the Churches are concerned in the matter, and are helping, not only to sway people by the sanctions of religion to improve their char- acters, but are also seeking to influence publio opinion, first of all, against any further extension of the evil in new localities, and, secondly, to seek some means of redressing the e\il where it already exists. The question is more easily stated What is the than answered. The e\ il no one ca» C"fe-'' dispute. What is the remedy ? The rights of owners who have erected these places by jjermission of the State have to be considered. "Their property cannot l)e confiscated. To compensate them for loss would \>e a huge task. Again, were they to pull down their shanties and' erect better places the rents, proportionate to the cost, would lie raised to meet the interest. This would put them out of reach of the working classe* who live in these localities fiecause they are con- tiguous to so many pl.ices of employment. There is a tendency in some districts to u.se up the land for more and more factories, thus displacing numlicrs of small <'ottages. This, however, is only a slow way of altering affairs. Large firms might do as Cadbury has in Hoiunville — get a suitable site at a distance, ere<-t their factories, and around them build dwell- ings for employees at a small rental, leaving suffi- cient air and light aiiout each allotment, and pro- vidy do th.it here? It would be better than leaving a ipiarter of a million to charities that largely relieve- [)eople whose sufferings are due to the evil condition.s in which thev are compelled to live, without donig anything to guard against the evil Inking continued for ever. Then, .stage b\ stage, too, the .State should' see, either that the liuildings now used are dis- placed by better ones, wh.iti-vi'r the cost, or else see th.it workers can live in healthier localites at fair rents and get cheap ai-cess to their work. Ve-sted" interests are to Iv reganled. but the li.ili'i .ind" moral vv«'Ilare of the [leoplc .ire s.nr. ill propnrti'"' I. > .-'M.l.l.-r !■ : I t'-'i -..'■, J IV. I he Heview ot neviews. .Sei'te.mbeb, 1912. An interesting case has liet^n before Illegal. Election the Victorian Rlections and Qualifi- Practlces. rations Committee in which Mr. A. A. l''arthing, the new member, has fjeen found "' iiimself, liy his agents, and other per- sons on his behalf, guilty of illegal practices."- The case was interesting, not onlv by reason of the cliarges sustained, and, incident, dly, the de- vices alleged fo have Iiecn employed by friends "f the defendant, but also from the strategy li\ which the election was fought. It is well to recall the campaign. Sir Henrv Weedon was the sitting member. He stood as a Liberal, and incidentally .supported a Refer- t^iidum on the vexed question of .Scripture teaching in .State .sch(X)ls. He was opposed by two representa- tix'es of the Liquor traffic;, each a publican — one l>resident, the other .secretary, of the Hotelkeepers As.sociation — at least a .short time ago. One of these stood as a Liberal, the other as a Labour candidate. ']"his might seem strange at first, hut when it is re- membered that the pre-ferential \'Oting svstem was for the- fir.st time in force, it looked as if there was method in the business. It soon became apparent th.it ih<' supporters of the publicans gave their second \otes to e.ich other's side. Sir H. Weedon's friends, being Liberals, naturallv gave theirs to Mr. Farthing, although many did so with great repug- nance, owhig to tlie issues, other than Liberal and Labour, which were involved. The result was that Sir Henry had- a large majority on the first count, but not the absolute vote required. Hence the pre- ferential votes had to be counted, and these turned the scale against him. Illegal practices were then alleged, and the trial took place, dragging along wearily through a long [)eriod. The Committee has declared the electjon void, thence a new contest will f,fi>-)n be in progress. We in .\ii>lrali.i li.irdh know how Australian well we ha\e done in enactments for Gamblinf! Laws. .„arding again.st at least some ,=»cial evils. Occasionally we get a shock b\ i< .iding of some proposal being rejected on the other side of the wivrld which we have on -om- .Statute Books. an?inir fostered. .V country in the.se jjrosjTerons times should be able to m.inage its charities without the necessity of re- .sorting to gambling. Hut just at this time this very thing is prevalent. The law was meant to ])ut down lotteries, and yet they are permitted in a very gener- ous wav. It was meant to limit the .sale of lottery tickets to tlie |)eriod during which a bazaar is held, but thev are sold months ahead. They are run often as business enterprises as much as efforts for charity, and it is time a nobler spirit and a cleaner method obtained in raising the ntX'dfiil funds for charitab'e institutions. \ Hill was introduced into the Vic- Attempts to i,.,,.;,,, i.e^rislative Coimcil with Go- Wrecli Local . " ^ • 1 r Op(jpp vrrnment su|)port to jirovide tor lirciises in the Mallee districts of tlu- St.ite at the di.scretion of the Chief Secretary. This is the result of .'■cheming by the trade, and com- jilaints bv a handful of commercial travellers, who compl.un of the lack of suitable accommodation. 'l"he glaring fault of the measure is its negation of the principle of local option. The residents ar.- to lie ignurcil. no vote is to be takni. and ■• I'lEilBEK, 1912. History of the Month. !v. .ii.r 10 be dumped down upon ihem, whether they will it or not. This, of course, has set the whole Temperance Partv aflame, and petitions have poured in against the measure. The curious feature ol the iiole shameless proposal is the cool way in which liijuorites st'ck by it to \-iolate what they are plea.sed to call the truce or loc'al option <-ntered into si.\ years ago. when the last Licensing Act was passed. The Temperance Party made no such compact. I hey declared that they would fight to get Local Option as s<»jn as [wssible. The other side has met their everv effort to do so by alleging that it was agreed that the .Act should not be interfered with until 1917, when the term of the Licenses Reduction Hoard terminates. Politicians have taken this view to save themselves from trouble. But now the Min- istry is endorsing the opjwsite ]X)sition purely in the interests of grog. Great is King Grog, who can so change the minds of honourable Ministers about honourable eompai'ts ! When reform is wanted, and men seek 10 reduce the temptations to drinking and 'rtdyism, a lion is in the wav in the form of a eompact '' ; but when Grog comes along the lion oLdigingly falls asleep. The Legislative Council, to its credit, \oted against the suspension of Local ' 'jition. and it is to l)e hopeil that any further efforts .. inilHfi it ,\ill meet with a similar late. The pro[X)sal to reduce the majoritv New Zetland re.unred tor the alwlition of the and the I'm- ,. ' „. i , • . hibiliiin Vole. I'luor traflic was nUroduei-d nito I'.irliament by Mr. Maliolm. the Govemiiiiiii having declined to take up the measure. i'he Priilie Minister, h^AV•ever, voted, or rather paired, in t.ivour of it; but it was lost by 42 votes to 32. Kvidently hon. members do iK)t think it enough that 55 i)er cent., as asked for by the pro- posal, was sutlicient to coiidemn a bidv-wnnrking and soul -destroying trallic. On a new (juestion of expedi. €ncy — a mattttr ing nothing. Very different is the sjtirit of a man like Mr. Crt-offrey S\nie, of the " Age." who, when at- tacki'd in U-(l by a |K>werfiiI burglar armed with a revolver, spr.ing ii|)fiii him, and, in spit*- of ri'iK'ated shots, overe.ime the villain ami haixled him over to custody. The maids of the house e.iiiie to his help on hearing the alarm. A ilo/en iniciiiities m.iy break int«( the morality, pei|ue,sts are worthy of notice ;nid of w.irm coaimenilalion. I he He view of He views. September, 1912. Mr. Walt has intiYKhu:rntrihuti left a sad mark upon it. First we were deprived of the .services of our incomparable captain, Mr. M. A. Noble, whose leadership was an outstanding asset in every match, ajiart fixmi his fine all-round quali- ties as a player. Then came the larger dispte, which involved the omission of six '" certainties,'' from the team sent liime. What would not the interest gained dairing these matches had Ai-mstrong been there just when ner\-e and skill were needed to break the the bowling; c)r had the brilliant Trumper l)een in- troducing the ball to the bound. try fence with grace- ful strokes ; or Hill and Ranslord with brilliant left- hand play rallied their side, or Carter and Cotter come in towards the end of an innings to show the strength of the Kangaroo'.s t.iil. The team did as well as anvone ex|)ected it to do. Some members did brilliantly, but the task was above them. The Weather, too, was against the best kind of play. The I'lnglish clim.ite treated our men bailly. On the whole, however, .some of the men return with enhanced reputations. Bardslev, who was out of form last year, has re(x>vered. Kellawav has kept his i>lace. Macartney has justified his inclusion, while Hazlitt and Matthews have rendered good ser- \ice. The Board of Control won its case and lost its matc^hes. The |)la\ers ha\e h.id their trip and got \ery little profit out of it, while Australian cricket lovers are saildt'r, if not wi.ser, for the humiliating experience. The editor of this '' Review of .■\us- Mr, W, H. tralasia " has had to undergo an- Jadkins. other operation A year ago iiis life was des|)aired of, but, to the sur- [)rise of all, it was sijared, and he has been able to (k) his work for the greater part of the tfme since. Hut there has Ix^n constant weakness and much I lain. His sufferings ha\e been so intense of late rh.it a further operation to gi\e temporary relief was resohed U])on. This was performed bv Dr. J. R. Lee last week, and at the time of writing Mr. Judkins was somewhat relieved, although exceedingly feeble. The ojx-ration, it may lie mentioned, was not performed with any \iew to permanent cure, but to relieve excruciating pain for the time being. Mr. Judkins has reo-ntly published a booklet under the title, " From the Mountain Top," in which he gives his experiences of peaceful meditation during months of suffering. The thoughts there expres.sed represent the triumph of Christian faith and forti- tude over great difficulties, and many friends and admirers h.ive found inspiration through reading them. the Einpire. LoXDOX, ////// I.v/, Hjll. _ . , To-day, the fortv-tirtli Canada s . ■' ' Faith in Herself anniversary of the ])o- a"d minion of Canada, was made notable liy one of the most eloquently loyal and imperially patriotic of speeches which have ever been littered by a Canadian statesman. At the Dominion Day banc]uet Mr. Foster, Cana- dian Minister for Trade and Industry, speaking as the forerunner of the Borden C^abinet, left no doubt possible that Canada had once and for all decided to share the burdens of Empire and take an adequate |)art in F.m|)ire defence. Canada, he said, had been liuilt up by Canailian faith and thanks to the shelter of the British navy. Now the time has come when Canada, if onlv to save her national pride, must reali-.e tlie duties as well as enjoy the |)rivilep,es of Empire. This is as it should be. We have heard much of Canadian |)rosperity, wc have helped to create and increase that |)rosperity, and we shall be glad indeed if Canada will not only talk of doing her part, but "wdl put the mone\ on the taiile." The Borden Cabinet has not only a great chance of soliiUy establishing it. prestige in Canada, but also of paving the way to a far nearer approai li td lm|)erial direction oi I'hupire questions. Nor nuiit i' l)e forgotten that the expulsion of the Congregations fiom France has much improved the attitude of the French Canadians towards England. It was a noticeable and regrettable fact that there was no member of the British Government present on this historic occasion. How Mr. Winston Churchill would . have availed himself of such an opportunity I Mr. Foster's most . note- " Go and do worthy Utterance was when Likewise." he dealt with the future relations between Canada and the Empire. He said : — Two courses lie liefore Canada : first, to turn her power and her sentiment internally to the development within .her own borders ; the oilier to let it run in the long accustomed lines of loyal and Imperial channels. She can become great and powerful to a large extent within her own borders, and remain at first an ally and always a friend ; but peril lies in this direction — possibly disinlegralion, and, to my mind, a denial of the great mission which she is destined to fill. Common origin, common mirlure, common ideals, and the consciousness of a common destiny impel her to community of knowledge, community of council, .and community of elVorl with the other parts of limpirc. In this lino, to my mind, lies the larger and finer destiny, in lullowing which she will not only make the best for herself, but Hill help in the general uplift and advaiicciiient of the civilisa- tion to which she owes so much, and which it is her duty to aid towards continued power and permancme. Sir George Reid, High Comntissioner tor Australia, supjjiied a notably practical corollary to Mr. Foster's speech, asking that Canada should |)ut her money on the table, and concluding: So far as helping the defence of llic Kmpire was coneerncd, ('an.id.t had had too much of the eye of failli ami loo little in the way of giving I'rovidencc a well-deserved rest. l'"ar away as tlicy were from the centre of lhi> mi^hlj Empire, twclvc-ycar- The Review of Reviews. old Auslralia said to forly-fivc-ycar-old Canada, "You are a grand race and wc are proud of you. You are beginning to discover that you have two great gateways, but wc from Australia, who arc throwing all our boys into military service, and are building battleships and cruisers and submarines, say to our older brother, ' You go and do likewise.' " We believe that Mr. Borden is prepared not only to go and do likewise, but to go and do more. He has realised that the Imperial Navy is the greatest of Imperial common denominators. The visit of the new Canada Canadian Premier to this Solidified by ^ • i ,- , Mr Taft Country witli seven or the principal members of his Cabinet will doubtless evoke this month a welcome worthy of the Dominion and worthy of the Motherland. Mr. Borden comes not merely as head of one Canadian Party; he represents a Canada that is now united on the crucial issue of, the last General Election. President Taft's phrase about " Canada as a mere adjunct to the United States " has settled that — much more decisively than did the Canadian ballot-boxes. ■' Sir Wilfrid Laurier, sur- rounded by the chiefs of his party, at a banquet given in his honour at Toronto, has formall}- declared that as a Constitu- tionalist he accepts the verdict of his countrymen. For Mr. Taft he had very emphatic words: — Canada can never be an adjunct of the United States, except with the consent of the Canadian people, and that consent cannot be obtained by all the profits and wealth of the United Stales. Whether we trade or not, Canadians wc are, and shall remain. Thus, with deeper unity of purpose than ever, Canada sets about finding her economic future in the Empire rather than in tlic Republic. Mr. Foster is here to organise the development of British and lMU'()|)ean trade with the Dominion and the migration ol' po|)idation to Canada. Ik- counts on half a million settlers arrisintr o every year, and expects that in fifty years the Canadian people will be fifty million strong. As though to prepare for this influx, with all that it involves, the Canadian Pacific Railway is laying down a double track of lines along its route over the Rocky Mountains to the tune of twelve millions sterling. The Canadian Ministers A Pregnant Imperial Precedent. come amongst us enhaloed awakens, the suggestion with the dawn of a splendid era. Their presence which accelerated and, let us hope, safer ocean travel makes ever more feasible — that every new Cabinet in the four great Dominions should employ its first long recess in a visit to the Mother Country, and have its appointment — which the Governor-General has already made oflicially complete— confirmed personally and with regal ceremony by the British Monarch. A law to this effect is out of the question. But if Mr. Borden so sets the custom, he will have done the cause of Imperial unity no small service. The world is still ruled by personality, and if every Premier in Greater Britain were as a matter of course brought into personal touch with the wearer of the British Crown and with his Home Ministers, the sain would be great to the Empire and to mankind. For the dynasty is an aW\d- Alexandra the Beloved. ing common denominator of Empire. The Sovereign and the Royal Family are common possessions to all parts of the wide- spread British Empire. Great dominions as well as isolated and infinitesimal islands alike feel that the British monarch and his I'amily iielong to them. For this reason, if for no other, ilieiv can never be any serious question of weakening the position of the monarchy in this country. And all The Progress of the World. true Imperialists must rejoice at anj- action, any tliouglir on the part of any member of the Roval P'amily whicli strengthens their liold upon the nation's aff^ections. It is no exaggeration to say that to-day Qi_ieen Alexandra is the most popular of all the Royal Family, and we say this with due regard and appreciation of thu selling of wild roses was undertaken by some 10,600 ladies in the streets of London in the cause of the hospitals. Thanks to the idea being launched under the auspices and with the name of (.^leen Alexandra, an immense success was registered, no less than /,'25,ooo being collected, towards which nearly four million persons con- :iit^> Alexandra Day : The coster's cart and donkey which won the first prize at the Horse Show aid in the cause of the hospitals. vmtiring work and effort of their Majesties trihuted a |K:iny each. That is lar more tile King and f^ieen. Tlie nation needs significant than that a stray rich man gave time to lake anvonc to its heart entirely, . ^'100 for a iilossom, because iIk- future of and in due course they will perhaps have monarchy is not based upon the one but for other members of the Royal I''amily the upon the millions. (^.i^ieeii Alexandra's same admiration and afl'ection which they drive through the streets of London was have for (^leen Alexandra. An imnn- the greatest triumph she has eiiJoM-d takable proof of this was given liy the sue- since she came to this couniry filt} years cess of Alexandra Day, when the organised ago. The Review of Reviews. The figures of the Aus- Tjjg tralian census, taken in Australian Census. April, are disquieting not merely to the people of the Commonwealth, but to the whole of the Empire. Here is a territory more than three million square miles in extent, twenty- six times the size of Great Britain and Ireland, yet its po|)ulation now numbers not quite four and a half million persons (4,455,005). This total is slightly less than the population of the County of London, and works out at less than one and a half j)ersons per square mile. And the increase during the last ten years is only 681,204. The last ten months report an increase of 113,000, which is an improvement. But even at this improved rate, the next decen- nial census would show an increase of slightly over 1,300,000, and the continent would be practically as empty as ever. Unless there be a change, and that right speedily, our moral right as an Empire to hold this island-continent will he seriously weakened. It is reassuring to find that the lessons of the census have been promptly taken to heart by the Commonwealth' Government : which, at the opening of its Parliament last month, announced its intention of granting a five-pound maternity allowance payable to the mother. Parentage has been too long penalised. It is good to see the current setting in the opposite direction. One may hope that the State will more and more encourage antl reward the mother- hood on which the very future of the State depends. The new transcontinental An railway which the Austra- Easy Opportunity, jjan Government is under- taking offers a great ojipor- tunity for deluging the waste places of the island-continent with the overflow of the peoples of Europe. The Government will be the direct employer of all labour upon the line. To employ almost exclusively immigrant labour on this^new undertaking would in no way interfere with' the labour of Australian citizens, who are presumably already employed. And strong mduce- nient might be offered to enable the workers on each section of the line to settle down as jiermanent residents. Surely a Labour Ministry, of all Ministries in the Panorama of the projected new Capital of Australia. The iicvv cnpilal fur ihc .Aiislrali.iii fcdcralion lies between MellHiurne ami Sy.hiey, nji a niduiilaiii plalciu 2,ooo feet above ihu sea, ill a triarnjle between Mount Ainslic, 131aek Mountain, and Mugya .Mugjja. This view is from Mounl Aioslic. TiiF, Progrf-ss of the World. The Peril in the Air : A dirigible's shadow across the cornfields. world, should Ik- the first to wcIcohh- the |)roletariat of all countries to their civic paradise. It is pleasing to note that the (Jovernment of Victoria, which was advised to purchase its railway material from Krupp's, has decided that the order be given to British firms. So the spirit of Fniperial loyalty, or rather Imperial co- fraternity, displays itself increasinglv and most gratifyingly. Tiicrc has been no more The Peril significant happening the Air. during the month of June, and none more fraught with thought - compelling consecpiences, than the imexpected flight of the new (iermaii Zepiielin over neutral territory and tor ,i long ilistance. It detnonstrates to the uorld more clearly thiii has been realised at |)resent thai the artilicial but jealously guarded frontiers of the past no longer have the same value. In one way this is for the good, since artificial divisions on the map often breed actual divisions amongst the peoples congregated on each side of them. But in another sense the Zeppelin flight is ominous of new perils, and perils of which we can only say that they are so imminent that thcv should bo at once taken into serious consideration. What must have been the feelings of the good citizens of Amsterdam when they beiield floating over them a giant dirigible capable of destroying half their city, and flying the Hag of a foreign nation, and at that a nation whose friendliness lias often been suspect in its disinterestedness r And yet the Dutch people arc accustomed to think of |)ossibilities of war, and know something of its inconveniences! Imagine for a moMK-nt what wduIiI happen if to-day a giant /e|)pelin a|)peared over Lontlon, luiannounced, fi\ing the (ierman flag, and without anv indication ot her errand 1 / 8 The Review of Reviews. There would be a millionfold breath- holding; incredulity, terror, uncertainty would struggle for mastery, and panic would result. The inconceivable is always the most terrible when it arrives, and a Zeppelin over London would be visualised as to results in the terms of the various novels dealing with future wars. And yet it would be well if some patriotic millionaire were to buy a Zeppelin simply in order to make the millions of Londoners hold their breath for a few seconds when they saw the German flag unfurled above them and there was absolutely no means of defence. For they would not forget quickly, and the toll of accidents in the streets would increase for the simple reason that everyone would be looking upwards, waiting for the peril in the air. The time has passed when n o I D -uT* we can afford to laugh at A Real Possibility. . o dirigibles, just as we no longer take aeroplanes lightly. It was no doubt amusing to see photographs and cinematograph pictures of wrecks of Zeppelins and naval airships, but we can no longer be amused ; we must realise facts. The map which we print here gives some rough sort of an idea of the range of modern airships and aeroplanes. Who can say that it does not give us furiously to think ? The Zeppelin Fihloria Liii.se has travelled nearly five hundred miles with eleven men on hoard, and might have travelled still further had there been any need. An aeroplane has flown from Belgium to Dover and back without stopping. These are serious facts, and change all our ideas about islands and fleets. A writer in the Tacii/idir RmK/fir/iaii, commcnUng upon the fact that iliL- distance of the new (iernian army airship is the same as the distance from Heligoland to Rosyth, writes: — At this naval station on the Firth of Forth which is now being developed there are stationed the sixteen English battle- ships and the ten large cruisers of the strongest type which are the factor of prime importance in deciding the issue of an engagement at sea. Moreover, it is from this point that the "sealing of the North Sea" — extended blockade — is to be effected in the area between Norway and Scotland. Nowadays, however, a Zeppelin airship can fly over from its shed at Hamburg to Rosyth, landing, if necessary, on Heligoland on the way. She can make such a flight with all the greater security because changes of temperature at sea are very slight and there are not the vertical air currents to be encountered which make the handling of an airship so difficult in Central Germany, particularly in the Rhine valley. For that reason the capabilities of a naval airship can be estimated as nearly half as great again as the capabilities of an airship inland. A Zeppelin ship flying to Rosyth to watch the advance of the super- Dreadnoughts could either fly back after accomplishing her task, or else, in cert.ain circumstances, hover on the horizon all day and transmit by wireless all the information acquired, finally sinking into the depths of the ocean as soon as her supply of fuel was exhausted. Still more simple is the reconnaiss.ance of Harwich with its active destroyer flotilla. This' naval station is 2S5 nautical miles distant from Heligoland and only 235 from Borkum — mere child's play for our big airships. Dover, with its six battleships and four large cruiseis, and Shecrness, with its reserve ships, lie, so to speak, one excursion station further 0:1 and could be patrolled at the same time. Directly the German naval administration has four ships of the rigid system and of a capacity of al)0ut 20,000 cubic metres, they can undertake a reconnaissance along the entire English coast at the moment of mobilisation. In other words, every naval What Must be Station in this country, Done. every great city, and every fleet is at the mercy of the dirigible ! Perchance the first news of war which we will have, should it come, will be the destruction of Chatham and Sheerness. This will be bringing home the horrors of war to the ])eople in no gentle fashion, and the moral eft'ect must be taken into accoimt. Wc believe that the first realisation, at first hand and not through the papers, of what modern war means will create a ])anic without precedent in national history. It is probable that panic will be succeeded by determination and courage even against the unfightable; but for a certain period the i)eople will be stunned with the horror of knowledge. And yet we are doing nothing to enable us to cope with this pci-il already llli; l)AX(ii:R IN Till', AlK. riic lirsi ( irclc of 125 miles from Ili-ligolanil gives tlic nut ami home journey of an aeroplane. Tlie 250 miles circle is tlie "iitwnni i' H v only. Till- v "iilc.H cin If is (he oiil and home journey of an airship. The 6c» miles circle is the outcrmosl line, thai is practically ilie liinil, 1 in airship juutncy without any hope of return. If III. n hip started from Rorkuni or the Ueljji.in frontier it would be much nearer London, and doulitlcss could (^t to .1 I . ., i,a(.|; atjain. London «ouIrl lie well wiiliin ii.; cmt arul home range. London an lO The Re\"iew of Reviews. existing. The I^'reiuii arc in a far licttcr position to (lefcnil thcinselves in the air or even to take the offensive. But tliat will be of small help to us in our agony. At this moment we have nt) adequate dirigible in the countrv, and far too few aeroplanes. Let us by all means have many aeroplanes and hydroplanes; but ought we to neglect absolutel}'^ the dirigible in view of its recent achievements ? We think not, and we would consider that public money would be well spent which gave us at least an equal chance of defence against German dirigibles. We are c|uite willing to be told that dirigibles are no good ; but little worth as they may be, we believe that the national defence requires as many chances of success or failure as Germany possesses. Until something is done we must always see a sinister, relentless, and unhghtable shadow lying across the ha|)py and smiling cornfields and pastures of England. Thanks to the enterprise of What Has Been th<^ Daillj Mail the aero- Done, plane is alwavs before the j)ublic, and the nation owes a debt of gratitude to Lord Northcliffe for his sustained action in this direction. We know little enough now in all conscience ; we realise but feebly the signi- ficance of aeroplanes; but we shudder to think what would have been our ignorance JKid there been no such newspaper effort. But the work has only begun. 1'here is the great question of the relative value of dirigible and aeroplane. This to our mind resolves itself into the old tale of the hawk and the heron : whichever can rise highest and quickest wins, or at least does not lose. It is interesting in this connection to observe that a French military airship recently rose as high as 9,922 feet. Why should not the idea be practicallv tested by Lord Northcliffe ? Let him organise a mimic battle over the sea between a modern diri- gible and the latest variety of aeroplane. Let this be done at a time when the naval display is being organised fcjr the benefit of the political party pawns, and thus enable the elected of the people, if not the elect, ro see with their own eyes the real thing, the future war in the air. There is everv probability that the Admiralty would give every assistance, and it would be a suffi- ciently sporting event to arouse enthusiasm in the heart of the great British public, and so awake them to a clearer realisation of aerial possibilities. There would be risks, but not more — if anything less — than in aerial Derby races and ordinary com- petitions. An interesting sidelight on the commercial value of aerojjlanes is given by the series of photographs taken from the air of the sunken Oceana oft' East- bourne— an enterprise owing its origin to the fS/)hrre. Wlicre would we be in aerial matters were it not for such Press enter- prise : Baron Marschall v. Bieber- The Coming ^^^-^^ \y.^^ arrived in our Our German Friend '"''l^t and has succeeded in enshroudino; himself m oblivion, which indeed we were told by the German Press was the first essential. We can choose between the widely differing stories of his mission, that he is an angel of ])eace or a fiaming sword of destruction, and rest content that, whatever he may have had as earlier instructions, h.is work here depends solely u[ion oursehes. If he finds us strong and determined to be stronger, ])eaceful but able to command ])eace, nobody will be more amiable-he would even smile at tiie British naval visit fo New York and the enunciation of a new Tnii Pkogkess of the World. 1 1 Baron Marschall von Bieberstein in London. Monroe Doctrine. But in this case lie will not remain long in London. We niu-^t not fi'igct that the j)oiity oi the German rulinf!; minority is based u|)on the ideas of I'Vederic the (Jreat, who said : — Si;il<- poliiics rciluci' llipinsclvfs lo lliri'i; principles :— The lii^i. to yiivttii aiul to ng(;raiiclizc oneself accontini; lo circuniii. inert. Till.' -1 i '111(1, lo :illy oiieiilf if an .■\ilv;inla;;i- is oliiaineil. The iliii'l, to lu.iki; oneM-lf fe»tcd and ropvcted, even in llic iiiu^t UTi!<.>\\ard eiicunulanceii. Kver follow this maxim : that to despoil your neighbours is lo lalic away from ihein the moans of doin^j you harm. \\ e tear that the n'jw German Ambassador will be more apt to be swayed bv these tiaditional maxims than by the will ot' the (ierman nation, the overwhelming majority of which, according to Merr Ernest Easser- mann, desire an entling of the strife and mutual suspicion between the two nations. We stand for ' peace, for the (jerman Emperor and the German people against the Prussian .lunkertum and the clerical and military reactionaries. Wanted : Continuity '^'^^' "'^'^ ^liat We slluuld of have a jjcrmanent Winston Responsibility m L luirclui and continuitv Naval Affairs. j,-, ^j^g control of the nation's naval affairs gains ground. After all, there are no real arguments advanccable against the idea: it is so manifest that in the Navy at any rate the country must pursue the grand policy for a century to come, not the fiddling attitude of the rag and bone man. The two most efficient navies to-day are admittedly the Japan- ese and the German, and in each case the principle of a permanent \\ inston Churchill has been adopted. There are many and precious advantages, but the greatest of all is the possibility of fixing responsibility, of educating the man respon- sible for naval affairs, and thus for Imperial existence, without the chance of a snap vote on the number of buttons on an officer's tunic removing the I'irsr Lord of the Admiralty and re|)lacing him by some- one with whom ad the work would have to bei'in atrain. To-day tiiere is continuity among the bureaucracy, the |)ermanent officials, but there is no responsibility. The permanent official can always screen him- self behind the Parliamentary representa- tives, and in these there is no continuity or 12 The Revii:vv of Reviews. permanence. Those who are desirous of assisting in the efficiency of the Navy should continue to urge the making permanent, independent of Party and Cabinet, of the man responsible for the welflire of the Empire. The verv fact that the Cabinets have lost their former resjject makes it all the more necessary not to involve the Navy in this lack of prestige, national and Parliamentary. At the moment there are Mr. Winston tvvo great oppottimitics be- ChurchiUs Chance. foreMr.WinstonChurcliill. One is the taking of a strong line on the Mediterranean ques- tion. This we believe he is quite anxious to do, and will do as soon as public opinion shall have given him the necessary force to overcome the opinions of some of his colleagues. The second chance is more spectacular in that it does not merely perpetuate British naval and world prestige, but makes new international history. Last month we wrote of this country's mission as " policeman of peace " ; now we would call attention to the fact that in very bad districts policemen go in pairs, not singly. And the world to-day is, from a peace point of view, fit to rank with the worst striker-ridden slum of East London. And so we must go armed with another police- man, to maintain order. That other police- man is the United States, the great English- speaking nation across the Atlantic, whose northern border runs with the southern limit of one of the Empire's new and vigorous overseas Dominions. We would at once say tliat we do not dream of an alliance. We are against alliances on paper, preferring alliances of mutual iiUerest — indeed, tliev are the only ones which have any worth. The two policemen patrolling a shun do not need to go through any legal form of partnership before they set out to keeji the peace; they go together to safeguard each other and more efficiently to keej) the peace. What task could be more congenial to one born of American and English parents than to bring about a nearer realisation of a union, of the good results of which he himself is so striking a recommendation r ^ _, How is this most desirable S?nd a British Fleet ot world events to be to secured and all the nations New York. adequately apprised of the fact that the two English-speaking nations are bound by mutual interests — the Union Jack and the Stars and Stripes back to back against war and for the maintenance of peace and order r A sign, an unmistak- able portent is needed. The first step must be no undecided or wavering one. What more significant first step could be devised than for Mr. W^inston Churchill to send a Dreadnought fieet to New York in all the pomp and panoply of armed force? The Germans have sent Dreadnoughts to New York ; let us send super-Dreadnoughts, and in the proportion of two keels to one. And with this dread but friendly array, powerful for war but still more powerful for peace, let the King send the Prince of Wales. What a worthy succes- sion to the peace mission of the first holder of the title — to bring confessed peace and friendship to the two English-speaking peoples I For all that is needed is emphasis to the world of community of interest, of the existence of a real tie of friendship, that will suffice to keep the peace of the world. I'rom Carnarvon to New York— from triendly Wales to IVieiidly America — is a magnificent |)rogress in achievenunt, paral- leling the growth of England of Edward I. to the British Empire of King George. No The Progress of the World. 13 more fitting demonstration could be ima- gined tlian to send the most worthy repre- sentatives of the dynasty and of the Navy, the two most vital and enduring possessions of the Empire. The common denominators of Empire would thus accentuate the com- mon denominator of the English-speaking- peoples. The reception in New York would lack nothing in enthusiasm, and it would contain in the programme a joint parade of British and American sailors ; and it is worthy of remark that there was ncj parade of German sailors during the recent visit. llie visit to New York The New would be the most suitable Monroe Doctrine. {^^■^^ f(,r the declaration of a revised and enlarged Monroe Doctrine, cementing, in the joint upholding, the unity of interests of the two races. To-day we are the most potent, al- though unseen, defender of the Monroe Doctrine. It will be well for the peace of the (vorld if we should join with the United States in affirming our adliesion to this doc- trine, which is to all intents a peaceful one, enabling the lesser but still important Republics of the South to develop without fear or hindrance, covered by the shield of the English-speaking peace. The enunci- ation of the new Monroe Doctrine would once and for all remove from the hearts of the world's Ahabs all hope of entering in and possessing the seductive Naboth's vineyards of South America. 'I'lie declar- ation of the Monroe Doctrine in its new form as common denominator between the British ICmpire and the United States migiil well be followed by a joint cruise by units oi the two llcets around the Ameriian coasts, bearing messages of frundsiiip and assuraiH es of |)eace to the lesser Republics of America from the two great world-State^ most closely and most disinterestedly interested in their welfare. Those alarmists who would What Canada Would endeavour to see in such a Think. g^ep danger to the relations between Canada and the Empire forget that Canada has now achieved the full measure of national consciousness, and that the fall of Laurier marked the end of parochial and dangerous littleness in Canadian policy. Sure of herself and certain of a great future, Canada's wish is to see the relations between all parts of the English-speaking race as friendly as is possible. A significant utterance was that of Mr. White speaking on behalf of the Canadian Government in a meeting to organise Canadian co-operation in the Anglo-American peace celebrations. He said : — So far as I can see, no serious conflict can possibly arise between Grc.it Britain and the United States. On the contrary, there is everything to draw them together. I venture to say without disrespect to other nations that the United States and England together could keep the peace of the world. Both being interested chiefly in jiroduction and commerce and all the arts of peace, their interest is decidedly opposed to war, which is wholly destructive. I believe that the future will see an increasing perception of this fact on the part of both nations, and a^ natural drawing together for the purpose of making permanent peaceful conditions under which ijoth can best realise their ideals. Nor would a joint Monroe Doctrine be without ])ossible concrete advantages to Canada. There is now a ciuestion of dis- criminatory tolls against British and Canadian shipping in the Panama Canal. Some readjustment of this question might easily accompany the announcement of the concert of the two nations, and thus real benefit accrue from the rfi/)/)rot/irmt'n/, to the vast interests of both the Western and Eastern Provinces of Canada. The struggle for what Mr. Roosevelt's Americans call the world's Defeat. greatest office continues to excite the ama/.eil attention of the whole world. In this cdimirv \a^rlv H The Review of Reviews. greater interest has been sliown in the Repubhcan Convention at Chicago and the Democratic Convention at Baltimore than has ever been taken in the national meetings of our own Liberal or Unionist associations. These latter are, perhaps, not sorry to be without the features which luuc invested the duel between Mr. Taft and Mr. Roosevelt with the sensational attractions of an inter- national prize-ring. Into the vicissitudes of the contest at the Repidilican Convention there is no need now to enter. They are not edifying to the self-respect of the ICnglish-spcaking man. Suffice it to say that the " machine " asserted its ascendency. The great majority of the delegates (561 ) were secured for Mr. Taft's nomination. Mr. Roosevelt in the end bade his followers abstain from casting futile votes, retired from the Republican party altogether, and formed a new party, to which he gives the fanciful name of the Bull Moose party. lie has annoimced as its programme the one compi'eiunsive ' j^lank, which, fully carried out, with all its implica- tions, would certainly revolutionise more than the politics of the United States: the venerable precept, " Thou shalt not steal." In more detail he is said to stand for woman suffrage, Presidential primaries, tarifl' revision, control of trusts by a national commission, and monetary law reform. Oolite the most distinctively significant thing from the world-standpoint is Mr. Roosevelt's advocacy of " V^otes for Women." Woman is evidently advanc- ing witii a rush nowadays throughout the English-speaking world. Which will lie the first to do her justice — the United Kingdom or the United States r The Democratic Con Mr. Bryan's ventiou at Baltimore has Renewed Ascendency. 'It Kist arrived at an adjustment of competing claims. Amid scenes of disorder, approach- ing almost to violence, ballot after ballot was taken, but without decisive result. The figures of the twenty-sixth ballot were, for Mr. Champ Clark, 467; for Dr. Woodrow Wilson, 405. The requisite two-thirds majority was thus not yet secured. Mr. Bryan, as soon as the New York delegates supported Mr. Clark, transferred his support to Mr. Wilson, on the ground that he must oppose any candidate put forward by Tammany. He seemed to dominate the Convention. Eventually Dr. Wilson, on the forty-sixth ballot, carried the nomi- nation by 990 votes to 84 for Mr. Clark. The division of both parties mto Progressive and Conservative sections has fiung the States into the furv of Presidential electioneering many months before the excitement usually begins. The protracted turmoil which will culminate in November is likely to make us Britishers grateful that we are under a monarchy ; for no General Election and the consetpient ap|)ointment or reappointment of a Prime Minister so interrupt business as it is being interrupted now in the United States. \\'ith the more genuine loyalty, therefore, may the nation welcome the coming of a<;e of Prince Edward, which was celebrated in a characteristicallv cpiiet way at home last month. By the quiet gradation of growth in the lloval Home does our future President advance to Ins peerless jiosi- tioii. And how the Crown compacis the nation mav be seen in the tre- Tin: Progress or the World. mcndoiii demonstrations of cntluisiasm from the transport workers in Hyde Park assembled when they heard that the King was willin" to receive an address from the strikers. The deep interest wliich His Majesty takes in all industrial disputes, and his sympathv with the lowest grades of labour uhieh was so feelingly expressed in his \\s\r to Cardirt' last month, do more to |)reserve the stability and unity of t lu- nation than the victory of any party t hanipion in a national plebiscite. The moral of the Personal GovernnienfAdmitted Presidential wrangle '" this year is thus [)ut the U.S.A. 1 ,-i .11 ^ ui by Dr. .-Vlbert bhaw in tile ./mi'riicni Ri-ric/r (if Rericirs for July: Whatever may have been the exact outcome of tlic Chicago and ISaltimorc Conventions there will be per- manent t;aiM to the people of the United States by reason of the struggles of 1912. In some of the .States the new primary laws have been imperfectly drafted. They can be greatly improved. It costs a good deal of money to operate these primary systems, and there are still some people will) prefer to have our political arrangements made for ns (|uiclly by little groups of interested gentle- men, coii-piring in secret. But the people of the country will not be induced to return to .iny such methods. Tlie I'residint of the United .States is no longer a modest fxccutive official, ol«:ying the Constitution and seeing that the laws are enforced. He has become an arrogant ruler, exercising power in a more personal w.iy and with more profound effects than any other ruler on earth, whether czar, enijKjror, sultan, king, president, or prime minister. The people will no longer be content merely to choose in Novcml>er lictwecn two candidates, one called " Kepublican " and the jJ"-^- The Growth of the German Navy, 1900- 191 1. The Question of Naval Pay. When the shortage or men in the British Navy causes the Admiralty to coquet with the idea of ai-)andoning the Mediterranean we may conclude that it is a serious question. We thc'candid.itc», as well as in Ihe later an.l final election of build Dreadnoughts, We mUSt build mofe the I'rc-sident himself. \Vc have gra.lually come under .n Dreadnoughts, and Vet there Would Secm IH;ison,il government ; and smce this means much to the people, ,1 1 . ii- 1 1 ' ' ' to be no adequate eitort made to man these they will insist upon selecting their ruler. Rarely has tlie autocracy in which the .American Republic culminates been so frankly confessed or so forcibiv describetl by an American citizen — or ■^liall we now say, subject .- Dreadnoughts, and so much of the national etibrt goes for nothing. At Chatham lie scores of vessels which cannot be manneil, anil in the coming naval mananivres many effective vessels will be unmanned, includ- ing one Jiattle Squadron and li\e Cruiser i6 The Review of Reviews. Squadrons, as well as s1h])s under repair. Crews for these could only he found if men were summoned from rlie reserves hy proclamation. This is a state of affairs which should not be allowed to continue. To neglect reform is to strike at the roots of national security, to imperil the Empire. It is a striking fact that whereas the British Navy has only added 5,000 men to its strength between 1904 and 191 2, Germany has added no fewer than 26,892. Lord Charles Beresford, who has been doing excellent and patriotic work in calling public attention to this question, writes : " The fleet has been seriously short of men since 1904 . . . To-day the fleet is actually short of between 4,000 and 5,000 men required to man the ships needed for active service ; and in view of future requirements, it is 20,000 short." Inquirv into the question shows that the men do not find it " good enough," and have small inclination to stay in the service. For one who leaves on this account it is probable that ten do not come in. For fifty years the pay of the men has remained practically unaltered, although their work has become steadily more skilled and more arduous. A comparison of the relative in- crease of the wages of similar branches of employment on shore and in the Navy would be as instructive as it would be astounding. But whether this be so or not, surely the nation cannot for a moment stand for a state of things which renders much of our naval supremacy a delusion and a sham. The life of the nation, the existence of the Empire, depends upon the Navy, and are we to allow our safety or future to be imperilled because red tape at the Admiralty or the Treasury declines to recognise that conditions change in fifty -4-^ vi'^^^x The Problem of Road Traffic in London : The lines of vehicular traffic in Trafalgar Square. The Progress of the World. 17 years r In any other branch ot" national life the men would strike and be justified in striking; here they just go out because it is " not good enough." It is a national disgrace, and those responsible are guilty of imperilling the continuance of peace and ot the Empire. The old catch phrase will have to be altered to " We've got too few ships, we've got too few men. and (yet) we've got the money too ! " It is the last which makes the whole question inexplicable to the serious thinker. The strike at the London London docks seems to be slowly Labour Troubles. hz/Jing out. The dockers have undoubtedly estab- lished many grievances against their em- ployers, who in their turn have put them- selves time and again in the wrong. The suffering of the innocent women and children commands general sympathy. But, as events have clearly showed, the men were badly led. Tiie leaders seem to have been dazzled with tlic glamour of the idea of a sudden strike, and then if that first line of attatk was not immediately successful, of following it u[) with a national strike of transport workers. But British working men, though wonderfully loyal when democratically guimmentary on the valour and clu\alr\- (A the stronger sex that rhotograph OO I 'I'-'P'oi I- Frau Beatrix Vix- Kuneticka. The first woman to be elected a member of t lie Austrian ._... Parliaitient. some men would rather let any number of girls be trapped and ruined than run a very remote chance of themselves being exposed to the danger of blackmail. Happily the nation is in no mood to yield to such un- manly cowardice. The meeting in Qiieen's Hall on the 26th ult., called at once to do honour to the memory of our Chief and to insist that the Bill be j)ut through this Session, was an impressive demonstration of resolute purpose, although undoubtedly the dominant impression was that the surest way to protect our womanhood was not by occasional martyrdom, but by giving the women themselves the vote. The whole discussion brings to light the fact that poverty is the worst pander of all. A correspondent writing in the Times reports that there are " firms, amon"' theiii Roval Warrant hoklers, where every one oi" the girls was said to be found at night on the streets" to su|)plemciit her miserable carnines with the hue of shame. From The Progress of the World. 19 such <^rms, surely, tlie Royal Warrant ()ii"lit to he witluirawn. 'ilie Crown can have no truck with tin.ni. For employers who so underpay their workgiris are con- sciously or unconsciously the chief pro- curers. They cause the ruin of thousands where the ordinary kidnapper of unsuspect- ing girlhood only ensnares his tens. Lady Stout made timely mention at (.^leen's Hall of the |)recedent which New Zealand has set in establishing a legal minimum wage for women as well as men. Mr. Lloyd George, in his "The Woodford speech, very New Anarchy." properly called attention to what he described as the New Anarchy, of which the classes w ho ordinarily profess to stand for " law and order " are among the chief exponents. Peo|)le in wealthy circles, far more than among the poor, seem to think that they will onlv obey the law when they like to do so. In former times opjjosition to any measure ceased when it became the law of the land. Now the Englishman's refusal to know wiien he is beaten is allowed to impair his law-abiding instinct. "Loyal" L'lstermen declaring their intention to revolt against Home Rule, window-breaking suffragettes, vicars and even prelates objecting to recognise the legal mar- riage of a deceased wife's sister, con- tract-breaking cm|)loyers and workmen, hunger strikers, medical men declining to work tile Insurance Act, and mistresses refusing to stick Insurance stamps, are ome of them amusing, otiiers very serious, symptoms of a widespread disorder. The present outbreak began witii the very estimable |)ersons whose consciences allowed tiiem to pay taxe^ in support of denomina- tional initniction in our schools, but woidd not allow them to |)ay rates. The Noncon- formist passive resistcr gave the sanction of Jiis high character antl record to a tendency which has now developed into open law- lessness. The maxim of govern- Imprisonment by '"tnt by Consent is being Consent? given a very elastic inter- pretation. Lord Hugh Cecil, for example, thinks that no class should be taxed without its own consent. And, as things are going, we seem almost to be drifting to the position that no one is to be imprisoned without his or her con- sent. Mr. Tom Mann is sentenced to six months' imprisonment. His friends do not like the sentence, raise questions about it in Farliament, prevail on the Home Secretary to reduce it to two months : and Mr. Mann emerges into freedom, with corilial Thirteen Weeks ending 13th OCTOBER. 1913. A NftliouJ HcaUli Iiu-iir»i.»^ S(»i.i). to b^ (irtivM lor cnrh W«k in the rroper flpaco. No other Stamps may by used. Every sump murt tw c»nccUed »t Uio liuiO o!^^i:iii; by wrilm^ tlio U&U itroM it in ini. H«ne mi kiAnmf It CoothbuMT' befor« Surname^ Chrittian Na ■f-" f^ Addr, ^'Cc In *Mor4*ae* "llli Pn-lloo IS or Lh« Slvsp UuH.* M>o>««oiBol Acl. mi. >"r pw«oa »no rrmu^ult i.nj remoVBi %aj ■ump rrum itil. CuJ or moWos uM of — ,.a folony. 4th 9lh 5il. 10th eimi'noti-lnt Ist Wr«V «omn..u<1nf Uoo'Uj. 1& jDi;, laia 6lh lltb 2nd 7il. 12ih ^ 3rd 8lh 13ih yAndar. 7 0.1., U\t The ContnbulQr mu«l n^ in Iho .i«ie tolow Ul.« r^lurnitiK Ui» c*rJ to llU llociety or, if be i« out e Member ol e iiocjct/, to the I'uot Urfice. Stgnaivrt or Marh of Cnnirihulr.r /--t^t^ J.T rt^yt Jirn.e^ • i, .- .1. ir.-l .*r>t^t^.'tJ. Wilna^ to ihi Mark (Onlj i*)ii>"4 1' lK« ei S4^ :^L ■Qf"/>..r/v R«««rw*J for utc of KooUty or Intumnct Commllt«a. Vn ftitt7 niu.l U ro».Ic m Uiu. .[*co until aftrr th» r»vufn -i ili» » .rl lu lliC Bou«t; ur Toil Uffl<.o :••»< t>l dMMif (N Ct»a*uuu«. DaU»r Birth J If J„'f. Iftilf For:u for new Insurance Stamps. 20 The Review of Reviews. comj)limcnts to the courtesy and considera- tion of the governor of the gaol. The trio convicted of conspiracy for promoting wilful damage on a large scale by breaking the windows of unoffending tradesmen are no sooner sent to gaol than they make it appear that they don't like it, and, most obligingly, they are granted the privilege of a first-class misdemeanant. Then as a protest against this differential treatment they went on hunger strike. Finally, after serving only a few weeks of their sentence, they are liberated. Other imprisoned suffragettes go on hunger strike, are artificially fed, and so impair their health that they, too, are discharged. The obliging Mr. McKenna has been holding something like a general gaol delivery of unwilling prisoners. And yet he has been denounced as if he were the embodiment of Neronic tyranny and cruelty. He was finely vindicated by the House of Commons with the huge majority of 144 votes, and still more by his almost unprecedented considerateness for the convicted criminals under his care. He has, in fact, set very awkward precedents. He has made it evident that any woman who wants to get out of gaol before lier time only needs to refuse her food, to resist forcible feeding to the i)oint of injuring her health, and hey presto I the prison doors may open and she go free. And in these days of growing equality between the sexes, the privilege given to women can hardly be refused to men. Are we to end with voluntary incar- ceration or none? Perhaps Mr. Lloyd George and Mr. McKenna might consider together how far the New Anarchy has been promoted by the too easy unlocking of prison doors. Whatever difference of opinion there may be about releasing prisoners at home, tiie action of the Tsar in liberating Miss Malecka from gaol and Russia has met with universal applause. , . The resumption of window- Logic, ' Feminine— breaking by suffragettes and reveals a state of mental Masculine. 1 , 1 - 1 1 pathology which the ordinary man and, in all justice, be it added, the ordinary woman fail utterly to under- stand. It has aroused angry protests from the leader of the Labour Party; — the one party in Parliament which has been stead- fastly loyal to the cause of woman's suffrage. What possible connection there can be in any normal mind between wanting to get the vote and promiscuous window- smashing is a puzzle to most brains. Is the idea, as we have been told it is, to make all government impossible until the vote is granted? Bui can any sane intellect suppose that the Government of the United Kingdom will 'oe paralysed because a few windows more or less are broken ? The disproportion between means and ends suggests infantile fancy at /•a// A/ut/ Catetle.] Mrs. .\sguiTH (discussing the I.ansbury incident) : " I never 'eard sich lanywidgc in all my life. I never was called sich names — not in all my born days, I wasn't. Even Mr. Redmond, 'e doesn't call nic Sich names." The Progress of the World. 21 work ratlier than adulr judgment. Mr. Lansburv's chivalry in the woman's cause is magnificent, but to shake his fist in the face of the Prime Minister, using language the while in keeping with his gestures, and so to Compel his expulsion for the day from the precincts of Parliament, is — to make one wish that his head were as good as his heart. To denounce as a demand for the recantation of " principle" the generous offer of free- dom to the imprisoned suffragettes on their promising not to repeat the breaking of windows is another proof of the same in- explicable mentality. It remains to be seen whether the masculine intelligence of the House of Commons will in its turn not be guilty of similar or even worse logic, and because a few women have acted with provoking irrationality, proceed to refuse to the great mass of law-abiding womanhood long-delayed political justice. If what ought to be the picked wisdom of the nation changes its settled purjjose in dealing with a great national problem because of the eccentricities of a few abnormal in- dividuals, then the logic of the House of Commons will have sunk far below even the logic of the window-breaking suffragettes. The Government Bill to The Approach simplify all Parliamentary Manhood" Suffrage. Suffrages to the sole con- dition of six months' residence by an adult male, to abolish all plural voting, to do away with University representation, and to make registration the automatic act of the municipal authorities, is a grand step forward toward making democracy a reality ; though as long as wonien have no votes it still goes not quite half the way. The Opposition are logically unable to challenge the measure on principle, but will a|)parently pursue the old policy of demanding at the same time a redistribution of seats, on the basis of "one vote one value " ; the justice of which, again, Ministerialists cannot "on principle" dispute. Theamendment toabolishthe male monopoly of the Parliamentary vote may or may not be carried, but the Government is expected to push the Bill through at all hazards. The precise form of amendment which will secure the largest amount of support is yet to be discovered. Even the most sanguine suffragist does not expect the enactment of equal electoral justice between man and woman. That would mean a majority of woman electors : a result regarded for some occult reason as quite intolerable — at first. Ttie new measure forces Too Many Voters, to ouf memory Lord Ran- NottooFew. jojpij Churchill's words on election by popular vote. " Your foundation," he said, " is a great seething and swaying mass of five million electors, who have it in their power, if they should so please, by the mere heave of the shoulders, if they only act moderately unanimously, to wipe away entirely ancient institutions and put anything they like in their place, and to profoundly alter, and perhaps for a time altogether ruin, the interests of the 300 million beings who are committed to their charge." And now we are to have this seething and swaying mass doubled or quadrupled! Already the thinking man feels that there are too many who have the vote, not too few. Universal suffrage should logically only accompany universal education, and universal education should only be counted as real when the great majority of the voters have been taught to think. To- tlay that is far from being the case. The majority of voters consists of the unthinking, not of the thoughtful. If extension of the franchise be inevitable in the struggle for votes, then let it be universal extension, inchuling men and women alike. The fact remains that until our eilucational svstem is set on a sane 22 The Review of Reviews. basis tlic majority of voters of cither sex industrial Yorksliirc. aaricultural Norfok. will he unthinking — and the equal en- franchisement of u'omen who possess as their great asset instinct and intuition cannot but be for good. Verdict "^i-he first half of the jjresent of year has seen fourteen by- elections : in six constitu- encies previously Unionist, and in eight previously Liberal. Five out of the fourteen were uncontested — four Unionist, one Liberal. The seats contested were scattered fairly evenly over Great Britain. One was in Wales, two in Scot- Half-Year's By-Elections. and suburban Kent. They may thus be taken as good samples of the general opinion of the country. Of the nine seats that were fought for, seven were Liberal and two Unionist. Six are now Liberal and three Unionist ; a gain of one seat — that of South Manchester — to the Unionist side. The substitution at South Hackney of a genuine Liberal for an irresponsible and incalculable free lance may be counted almost as a Liberal gain, although the nominal Liberal land, six in England. They happened in ^'ofe dropped 1,675. The only serious the great towns of Edinburgh, Glasgow, changes in the Liberal vote were at St. Manchester, Nottingham, London; also in Rollox, Glasgow, where it dropped 761 ; in East Edinburgh, where it dropped 1,3 7 2, and, of course, in South Manchester, where the drop was 1,649. Lea\ - ing out South Hackney, the combined Liberal and Labour vote showed a de- cline ot 7 per cent, on the last |)receding contests, while the total Unionist vote had increased io"5 ])er cent. A similar change throughout the electorate of Great Britain would turn the Coalition majority of, say, 270,000 into a Unionist majority of about 160,000 votes. How that would work out in the actual number of seats is anotiier question. So is the effect wlfuli would be produced by the abolition of jilural Irish Representation Pictoriilly Shown. \C)tUlg. The Progress of the World. 23 The Nation Unmoved. Mr. Marconi Meantime, so far as seats are concerned, the Government emerges from the electoral ordeal unshaken. And this is its crucial year, wherein its most controverted measures are being titcidcd. Mucii more significant than the figures of the polling are the issues which the Unionists put for- ward, or held back at the various contests. Thev seemed to have relied for their attack chiefly upon the temporary inconvenience and bewilderment caused by the introduction of the National Insurance Act. On their own confession they found Home Rule a dead issue. Tariff Reform they prudently kept in the background. So we have the curious result : the impatient Tariff Reformers who thrust Mr. Bonar Law into the leadership now find their panacea relegated by elec- tioneering exigencies to a very obscure back sear. And the horrific prosj^ect of Home Rule as in\olving the utter ruin of the Empire leaves even Unionist electors cold. The stability of the (Jovernment has been further strengthened by its marvellous financial record. That it had a surplus of six and a half millions accumulated in the ordinary course of ta.xation, wiiich could be kejn several months in reserve for |)ossible eventualities, was a fact which impressed the world, and could not fail to produie an efi'eci (Hi the essentiallv mercaiitde mind The Magic of Liberal Finance. ( L nder:vi\'J. and the principal members of the Marconi Company at the Works, Chelmsford. of the Englishman. Mr. Lloyd George's final appropriation of the spare cash seems to have deepened the impression. Half a million is lent for the development of Uganda. Only one million goes to the Fleet as our answer to the new German Navy Bill. Five millions are applied to the reduction of debt. The Chancellor took the opportunity to point out that in seven years the present Government has paid seventy-eight millions of^' the National Debt. Yet this gigantic reduction has been going on while naval expenditure and expenditure on social reform have been unprecedentedly vast. John Bull may he by nature profoundly conservative, Init he is still more ingrainedly a trader and a business man. He will need much con- vincing before he comes to the conclusion that the fiscal svstem and ilic Govern- ment which work such wontlers in the realm of tl nance are not worthy of support. 24 The Review of Reviews. The Nevertheless it is to be Empire's ,-,^jj^,j ^j^^^ ^j^^ eighth Con- Busmess Men , r /-. in gress or Chambers or Corn- Congress, merce of the Britisli Empire assembled last month in London did, by a vote (based on population) of 122 against 9, 58 remaining neutral, reaffirm its opinion in favour of preferential trade within the Empire. The Lord Mayor of Manchester pleaded for free trade within the Empire as a higher ideal. But it is evident that with business men of the British race the unitive tendency is now running at full tide. The Congress passed resolutions urging the need of permanently uniting the British Empire for consultation, commerce and defence. Similarly the Canadian Minister of Trade, Mr. G. E. Foster, now in this country, has been ingeminating in our ears the importance of organising the Empire as his compatriots organised Canada. The Congress took a large view of its duties. It even dared — quite unanimously — to invade the ecclesiastical sphere, and to demand that a fixed date be established by inter- national agreement for Easter I Will the churches ever consent to so audacious an inno\ation .■' No survey of the Empire Henniker Heaton, during the last month Empire Worker, would be Complete without notice of the splendid and still more splendidly deserved public tribute at the Guildhall to Sir Henniker Hdaton, who has at last been rewarded in some measure for his yeoman services to the Empire. No man has done more to bring the various jjortions of the British Empire closer together. The pioneer and achiever of an Empire Penny Postage, Sir Henniker Heaton has his permanent and Imj)erial monument in every letter which leaves or r holograph /yO [H.fff. Sir J. Henniker Heaton, Bart Sir John Henniker Heaton, who received his baronetcy at the end of January, was born at Rochester in 1848. He is not only the father of Imperial Penny Postage, which he carried in 189S, but it is due to him that the Penny Post was intro the incia'-try and coinmcrcu ol France- afler Germany, Austria and Turkey. Wilhelmina, the New Maid of Orleans. OUKK.v W II.IIKI.MINA ill \ crsiiille^ : " .\l tlie lie.id of llie French Army I would conquer half the world." Enemies on All Sides. .Scarcely has China sl.iin the Manchu Dragon than new dangers appear. LefracunnA IDuljlm.' The War Confidence Trick ; Or, Beggar My Neighbour. German Workkr : " It is you an' mc dat has to pay all ze stake>, whoevair vins or loozcz." liKinsil WoKKBR : "Then let's button our pockets, and they'll soon slop." 26 The Review of Reviews. Mnc/sn.l (Warsaw. •The Arrival of Baron Marscha'l in London. Mm/m.'] [Warsaw. A Polish View of John Bull's situation in the Mediterranean. /<<■ Aiiisl,',! The New Army and Navy ia Germany. John liiili ami i-'raiicc at the Eiirojieaii IJIackMiiilh's. Current History in Caricatur£:. 27 / «■ I 11;, The Police President of the Prussian Parliament " I open the silence anil give Deputy the word to hold his tongue." The Disorders in the Hungarian Chamber. How President Tisza will conduct llie sittin bare soup. 28 The Review of Reviews. The Great Wireless Connection. Empire Day's message vibrating round the world. Lepracaun,"] I Dublin. In Sight of Port. Captain Asotinir : " Well Peered, John ; we got through that capful o' wiiul without taking; in a reef." Pilot : " Ayo, aye, sir ; but you nolice belnjtold (o jrou hy crialurci whoM,aola bastmtu IB IlK anina to coaalal In vllllylof md (raduclnt inc tia folnc," JOHN — "I trup 11, and only ratrel '«■«/ Prru. GREAT BRITAIN Home a, AManhc Medi^erl'anean BatHeships & Cruisefs 48 14- Reserve 46 Des^l'oyers & Torpedo 48 9 93 Reserve Submarines f \S 44 '•■. ,ftiW)leshif>5s Cruiseri^Bi . Building SM ■■I Building I2.I ijbmarirWs 24 Buildj»a.''l2' Gt. Brit. Cormany Austr. Italy Tripl. Al Completed .. .. 16 9 0 0 9 Liunched 5 ft 2 4 ... 11 Building •■ 9 7 2 0 9 Projecled ■■■ 0 2 0 2 4 VTorKMK.* Sl«Viil»«Ji» l^ii Fortified naval base. Battleship ports. Torpedo-boat stations. Coaling stations, harbours. Towns. The Review of Reviews. terranean had not been continuing for over a century as one of the foundations of Imperial policy and one of the doniiiuitiiiL; factors in world development and international politics. Where Nelson mourned, the present Cabinet picnic in the Mediterranean, and after an enjoyable few days of official merry-making, deal one of the cruellest and most unnecessary blows at British prestige. How far they have gone from those days when Frederic the Great wrote, " By despising the principle of ecjuilibrium grandeur is attained. See the English ; they have chained the sea, and that proud element can no longer carry ships without their permission." We are far from decrying the value of the entente with France, and recognise that France's determina- tion to maintain a two-Power standard in the .Medi- terranean may well be vastly comforting to the advo- cates of scuttle, but we do believe that if the Empire's prestige is to suffer no hurt this country must be able to play, if not the determining, at least the deciding part in the affairs of the Middle Sea ; and that outside of any grouping of the Powers. " To ally oneself for one's advantage is a maxim of State," wrote Frederic, " and no Power is authorised to neglect this. From which follows this consequence, that the alliance must be broken when it becomes prejudicial." Conditions change and alliances and ententes are more or less cordial, as witness Italy in the so-called Triplice, and it behoves us therefore to be strong unto ourselves and make sure of having friends in the Mediterranean by being of value as a friend. A former Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs was discussing a question of policy affecting the Mediterranean some years ago with a prominent politician. He outlined the various proposed first steps which this country was going to take in a crisis. The politician asked, " And what then ? " " Oh," he replied, " we never think more than a fortnight ahead I " And that would seem to he the policy of those responsible for the present decision ; it is cer- tainly not worthy of Mr. Winston ChurchSl, whom at least we thought capable of thinking out and acting upon " the grand policy for a century to come." To-day ull the problems of the Mediterranean are in a state of uncertainty, quite a[)art from the fact that there is a war proceeding closely alfecling the approa<'hes to Egypt. What is the value of the various (leels — French, Italian, and Austrian .'' When will the Austrian Dreadnoughts be ready.' Will Italy and .\ustria combine in naval action ? \\ ill the Dardanelles be ODened, and, if so, how inaiiy new \essels is Russia to build in the Ulack Sea ? And in connection with the enormous vote recently passed in the Duma, it is significant thai all Dreadnoughts buill or to bo built in Russia are to have coal capacity to enable them to operate in the Mediterranean or the North Sea. Will Italy continue to hold the islands in the ^gean Sea, valuable strategic bases commanding the approaches to the Dardanelles and the Suez Canal ? Will Turkey stand or fall, remain an integral whole working out her salvation, or be dismembered and destroyed ? All these questions remain to be answered, and they can only be answered in the Mediterranean. Are we to understand that they are questions which do not concern us. at least in the opinion of those who wish us* to abandon the Mediterranean ? Because it would be well for those who are responsihfe to remember that A'ti'frtii. ] IVicn.u The Crowning of Falli6res as Viceroy of the Mediter- ranean after the Malta Conference. nowadays there is no possibility of any nation, e\'en the smallest, not being affected by the actions of another nation. And if this be true of Montenegro, how much truer is it of a world-wide Empire ? So far from being indifferent, we havT given hostages to fortime in all parts of the Mediterranean. It is not onls' the 31'^ millions of hundredweights of cereals which traverse the Middle Sea annually to feed our population, although this i-; not grain which could f'lllow any other route ; nor is it protection of trade in these waters. It is that we have occuj)ied Egypt, and must either resign ourselves to the prob.d)le certaint\- of losing it, or else insist that we exist in the Medi- terranean as a nation speaking with authority. The question of Turkey is still more im|)()rtant, for at Constantinople is the centre ui the acti\e Moham- What ihe Mediterranean Means to Us. 35 mcdan world, the Caliphate. .\nd wc arc the greatest Mohammedan Empire, with millions of believers in the Caliph in our many colonies and provinces. How can we, how dare we, lose for them the possibility of pro- tecting, or. at any rate, befriending the Caliph ? The loss of prestige would be enormous, the danger to India very serious. .\nd yet without an adequate fleet in the Mediterranean we cannot c\en dream of having any say in events at Constantinople. .\nd we must reconcile ourselves to the abandonment of an\- ide;i of always the chance that, left to themselves, the Kilkenny cats may not fight amongst themselves, but combine against the keeper of the gate — and who could blame them if they did } An Empire which goes back loses prestige, and prestige counts more than many legions. .\nd so there is no real alternative before .Mr. Winston Churchill but to insist in the Cabinet that steps be at once taken such as will enable us to maintain a fleet equal to the combined .\ustrian and Italian forces both in numbers and in quality, based upon .Malta, that RUSSIAN EMPIRE / 1 ■V?''' x^ CH6NA T^V^r-"^ V 5,c '''a ,S700. ^^-•v CAPE TOWN'-, 6150 LONDON TO ^. MELBOURNE 10. 870 PECTM.] LONDON to .MELeOURNe 11.950 mil» J SVDNEV To Wellington' 1150 MEIBOUPNE ■' Map showing distances via Mediterranean and via the Cape. It will be seen lli.u u> liulij vi,i Sue/, is a[niro.idin.ili:ly llic .■..iiiiu ilistancc a.< lo Cape Tumi ali.nr ai ti\i' irit niMiip with Italy, which must be lost by the abandonment of the Mediterranean. The argument of those who say that wc, holding Ciibraltar and .Xden. will be able to seal up the Mediterranean, and that we will be able to delend Egypt from the Red .Sea, ignore '\ the interests which we have in the Mediterranean :i .elf, and whicli wi- must lose if we cannot conic in, even if the others cannot come out. Of course, the idea of letting the French, Austrian, and Italian lleets destroy each other like Kilkenny cats while we hold the two entrances might Ijc ultraclive, but there Is strategic nerve centre of the Mediterranean. Wc ilo not \enlure to suggest to so able a .Minister how this can be attained with the least delay, but we would remind him that by a naval loan and a purchase of 1 ireadnoughts buililing for other countries in England, notably South .\nierican republics, much could be accomplished. It might coNt more, but the gain in prestige, the reiteration of Hritish determination to make itself " feared and iv.pected e\en in the most untoward circum-.t.ince.;, would be worth even lie.ivier expenditure." Our duty as the Policeman of the peace 36 The Review of Reviews. of the world demands that we shall not be found want- ing when occasion calls. We believe in the good sense of Mr. Churchill, and the nation at large is waiting to see him \-indicate himself. In this matter it is no exaggeration to say that he is the only Minister on whom tlcv rel\' — a very sircat honour, and one which carries with it great responsibility, for the British Navy is the British nation. We would call to Mr. Churchill's mind the motto in the Rathhaus at Liibeck : " It is easy to fasten the flag to the mast, but it costs much to haul it down with honour." IBXiJurU-sy of the " Trucs.^ Map showing the vital importance of the Mediterranean to Great Britain's grain supply. SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT. In the next (August) number of the Review of Reviews we will publish a delightfully and deeply interesting description from the pen of Mr. W. T. Stead of a reception at tlie American Embassy. The conversations with all the important men vvlio were there are of intense interest and aflbrd glimp,ses into their character and into that of Mr. Stead. It is a page from the lighter side of Mr. Stead's life which yet bears the impress of the increasing seriousness of purpose which underlay all his pleasures. A few lines will show the interest of the article. When introduced to Mr. Pierpont Morgan, the latter said : — " I know you very well, Mr. Stead, but you will not get hold of me for an interview." " But I have written to you, Mr. Morgan. I said, ' I want you to get hold of me, Mr. Morgan." "Oh," he said, "anything personal that you like. square talk with you wiienever you have leisure enough There will also be an article deaMng com])rehensively with tlie Conduct and finding of the Tildtiic Inquiry, together with a constructive scheme for the reform (if the iiiianl of Trade. want to see you very much.' want to have a very good The Life Blood of the Empire. IMPERIAL ORGANISATION OF IMPERIAL EMIGRATION. There is no more vital and pressing Imperial duty than the systematic peopHng of the Empire. Not to do so is as if we created a wonderful irrigation system, and then neglected to let in any water. Rlood may be tliicker than water, but it we do not supply the life-blood to the Empire the relative thickness will be of little account. The sooner the empty spaces are filled with a healthy and self-reliant population the better assured will be the future of the Empire. It is better for the Old Country that she should have her oversea dominions peopled by Englishmen than by foreigners. Occupied land is a national asset ; empty territory is not only worthless, but a danger. It is as much our duty to people the ICmpire as it is to defend it with a powerful navy. Providence has given us an ever-increasing population ; we ignore Providence and flout destiny by not making use of that increase as we should. At present emigration is spasmodic — it is chaotic, and the Empire suffers just as much as would one of us whose heart pumped life-blood without regu- larity and without method. Imperial emigration must not be left to the tender mercies of the various inde- pendent agencies or to the state of the labour market. We may be ready to allow our Army recruiting to depend upon industrial distress, but we cannot afford to take the same course with regard to peopling the Empire. Once it has been understood that a state of things which allows to exist Empire-continents without population and an overpopulated mother country, there must be no delay in organising emigration. There is ignorame at home of the Colonics, and what they ofTer and what they need. There is ignorance overseas of what our surplus labour consists of. UNSY.STEMATIC EMIGRATION. To-day emigration is carried on by various com- peting agpii' ic^. amongst which are the representative offices of the diflercnl self-governing Colonies. These must advertise, must push themselves if they desire to obtain i migrants, just as under the present system the hospitals of London have to advertise themselves and struggle to prevent funds being given to other institutions. The private agencies tout for emigrants and live on the commission per head paid by the shipping companies or others. Can it be wondered at if they do not strain themselves to give too true an idea of the disadvantages ? And thus we find city-bred men, unversed in anything appertaining to the soil, going out into the great lonelinesses of the prairie unprepared and unwarned. And at the same time the very man who would have been ideal in the situation is voyaging to seek work in a Colonial city. Such chaotic methods are bound to bring about disaster to the individual and to the dominions, since those who are disappointed do not hesitate to condemn every- thing without distinction. And this impedes the rational and sane development of the emigration movement. VOLUNTEERS, NOT PRESSED MEN. We do not deny that much has been done in tho was- of making conditions more favourable for the colonists, notably in Canada ; but we do insist that there should be nothing even remotely resembling a confidence trick in inducing men and women to emigrate. We want volunteers, not pressed men, in the Imperial development of our widespread dominions. One advantage of systematised migration would Le that the emigrant would learn to appreciate both aspects of his coming life overseas. At present he is often disillusionised on arrival because he has only seen one side of the picture. Therefore it would often be kind to have a sort of advocatus diaholi, who would meet the emigrant at the door of the Emigration OfHce, and tell him a few useful truths. If he was i)f llie right stuff it would not scare him away, and it he was not, it would save him going across to drag out an existence no i^iur there than here. 38 The Review of Reviews. AN IMPERIAL EMIGRATION POLICY. Of course the root system must come in the schools for future generations, and no reform is more necessary than that national education should teach Imperial lessons and conditions. But generally what can be the objections to an Imperial policy of emigration ? The great weakness of the present time is that there is no Imperial Migration Department Policy. Such policy as exists is confined to paupers and unemployed, and it is carried out on most haphazard lines. The Home Office can emigrate from reformatory and industrial schools, and the Board of Trade can also utilise the Labour E.xchanges. The Boards of Guardians who emigrate Poor Law children — children, by the way, who are trained at heavy expense to the ratepayers — do not, however, effect much in this direction, and a little stimulation from above would do no harm. If they really exercised the powers they possess they would emigrate on a large scale. 2511837 PAUPER CHILDREN. In June, 1912, a memorandum of the Local Govern- ment Board as to the number of children under the Poor Law shows that on January i there were 251,837 in receipt of relief. This is nearly 20 -i per thousand of the estimated population under sixteen. Nor is the number a diminishing one, since the figures for January, 191 1, show 20^5 per thousand and for March 31, 1906, 20-9 per thousand. And these charity children will remain handicapped with the stigma of having received relief from the Guardians, and thus their task of becoming useful citizens is made many times harder. Even in the case of the remainder of the children the task is hard enough. It is a remark- able coincidence that the number of British subjects who leave the country annually is about equal to the numi)er of children in receipt of relief. Beyond the coincidence there is probably no connection, but, there should be a connection, and there will be in the future under organised emigration. These children will not remain as charity children in this country,but. properly educated for their task, will go to people other parts of the Empire, and thus supply young and vigorous life-blood for the continuous and ever - increasing development of these new British nations beyond the sea.s whose greatness will later be the real greatness (if 'lu; l'',mpire. THE KICVNOTE OK EMPIRE'.S ITIT'RK. Tiic emigration of the young is the keynolc of the Empires future. Young countries need young birjod,' and it i- surch more imperially sound and humanly kind to give to the young boys and girls, reared here amidst pessimistic surroundings, a chance of optimistic development. It is a startling fact that 20,000 more children than were sent are applied for every year by good farmers in Canada This did not have any effect upon the Boards of Guardians in England and Wales, who prefer to keep the majority of the children under their charge. These children cost the ratepayers from £20 to £50 a year each, so that the refusal of the Canadian applications costs the country something between £400,000 and £1,000,000 a year ! And why were they kept from the open and free life of the new- countries ? In order to be thrown on an already overcrowded labour market, after having cost tVe ratepayers some hundreds of pounds each. This may be a clever and thought-out policy on the part of the Guardians, but to us it seems stupid folly and criminal waste as regards the ratepayers and cruel inhumanity towards the children. Of the crass ignorance it displays towards Imperial exigencies we do not think it neces- sary to speak, since Boards of Guardians in this country are not able or expected to think imperially or even nationally. PREPARATION FOR EMIGRATION. We do not suggest that the children should l:e exported en bloc without any preparation and without it being ascertained that the country to which they go has need of them and that they are fitted for the life in that country. It is self-apparent that it is abso- lutely necessary that young people should be prepared here for emigration. As about 300,000 a year wcrr leaving the country, it follows that 2,000.000 of tin- children now in our elementary schools would probably find themselves some day in one or other of our oversea dominions, and such instruction on Imperial affairs a.s was -extremely necessary for them would ccrtainly be beneficial to the children as a whole. BOARD SCHOOLS TO TRAIN EMIGRANTS. Everything points in one direction, and that is that preparation for emigration must form a very vital part of the curriculum of the board schools of the country. Let some of the other subjects drop out whose principal object seems to be to afford reason for examination papers, and in their place teach the boys and girls to know the Empire, to learn the condiuons of life and work in every part of the dominions across the seas, and later to fit themselves to be worthy and useful citizens of the Empire after they haxc left this country. Since so large a proportion are bound to go aw-ay, for Heaven's sake let them be given the best chance Tiiic Lifi:-Blood of the Empire. 39 possible I And who will dure to say that it will be harmlui to those wlio do not go to have a more eoni- plete knowledge of the Empire and of the practical things of life? The education of this country, instead of being the foundation of all endeavour and the factory of citizens, is a wolf in sheep's clothing. Imliued still by the ideas of instruction prevalent in the Middle Ages, then as now education seeks to give the semblance and not the reality, to enable the .scholar to be a parrot, but never to think things out. Organised instruction tor Imperial emigration may be the first step towards the reform of national education and advance the day when education means desire and ability to think. At present the ignorance about the Colonies is colossal, and unless immediate steps are taken the new generation will perpetuate this ignorance. With knowledge, how- ever, will come fuller understanding and appreciation of the glory of Empire citizenship. The patriotic instincts should be appealed to. Everyone going to another part of the Empire should be made to feel — what is emphatically true — that over there he, or she, would be looked on as a representative of the Old Country. They are in their humble way real builders of Empire. AN IMPERIAL BOARD OF EMIGRATION. The whole of the overseas dominions need the same policy for their development, settlement, production, manufactures, and defence. Great Britain has the same policy. It seems apparent that the] solution to the present chaos is joint action between the .Mother ("ountry and the Dominions. No other satisfactory wav out of the difficulty exists. Supervision over countless private emigration agencies or societies is impossible when we consider the figures of outflow, which figures tend ever to increase. These show a gain in British immigration in the four dominions of ('anada, .\ustralia. New Zealand, and South .Mrica during the last two years alone of nearly three-quarters of ft million, distributed as follows : Canada, 250,465 ; .\ustralia, 81,653; New Zealand, 16,830; South Africa, 15,776. In 1902 only 4,366 persons left Great Britain for the Australian Commonwealth ; in 1911 the total immigration was 65,758. The numbers are sufticient to warrant a special permanent depart- ment being lormerl to deal with emigration. This should not be placed under any of the existing Ministries — why strangle any new creation with the red tape of generations .' It would be directed by an Imperial hoard ( omposed of representatives of each of the over- sea.s dominions and memlK-rs from this country com- petent to deal with the subje. WHAT THE BOARD WILr, DO. This Board of Emigration would study con- ditions abroad and at home, and, while supplying the fullest and honeste.-.t information, would sort out emigrants, apportioning to each his or her most .suit- able niche in which to work for the welfare of the Empire. This department would naturally be in the closest touch with the immigration departments of the dominions. These would tabulate all openings for labour, in\iie local applications, then cable the balance of the unfilled places over to this country ; next, select from the individuals submitted tho.se who were most appropriate, and would, in short, be supplied " to specification," then co-operate a.s to fares , and, finally, place, distribute, and supervise the immigrants imported. Through their instru- mentality the Imperial Board should be able to arrange for the enforcement of contracts, for checking desertion, and collecting advances publicly or privately made. It would be able to feed our oversea possessions as required, and more effectively turn emigration in the direction of our own Dominions. All touting would come to an end, and the parts of the Colonies most in need of labour would receive special attention. CANADA'S EXAMPLE. .Already Canada has begun to set her house in order, and there has recently been published the report ol Mr. .Xrthur Hawkes, special commissioner to investigate the subject. He writes : — '• It is proposed to obtain a l)road uniformity ol policy and co-operation with the Dommioii through a central board, whose chairman shall be the chief ot the Immigration Department, and whose financial contribution to the provin(-ial services shall be propor- tional to the as<'ertained value of the immigrant to the Dominion Treasury in his first years in Canada. It is proposed that the Canadian propaganda in Europe be under the direction of the central board operating with a consultative board with the High Commissioner at its head ; each province being provided for by the appointment of special representa- tives working in a rotation of special districts, and their work syslemalically followed u[» by the general organisation. The Dominion should re adapt its machinery for obtaining immigrants with a view to securing the utmost degree of permanenc' in th( 40 The Review of Reviews. stream of immigration and the most equal distribution of it, in accordance with the requirements of each province. " It is imperative, in view of chanKed conditions in Canada and Great Britain, ami in order to taif|..Shii)luiilder(( lydebank E. and S. Co.). S. j. P. I'hearle. l"..-i(.. Chief Ship Surveyor of Lloyd's. Professor [. ]. Wilcli, Professor of Naval Architecture. Leading Articles in the Reviews. THE COMING OF BONAPARTE. By Lord Rosebery. The distinction of the Fortnightly Review for July is a paper by I.ord Rosebery on the coming of iJonaparle. It was originally written as a preface to the Nelson edition of M.^Vandal's " L'Avenement de Bonaparte," where it appeared in a French translation. It is a piece of brilliant writing, as vivid as a cinematograph, and as graphic as Macaulay. Lord Rosebery says that in this book we see the first accession to power of Napoleon, and his first appearance as a ruler : — New and wider horizons open before him, soon to be bound- less. As the narrative proceeds we see the nie.igre conqueror disappearing and replaced by something larger. There is something looming, one can scarcely say what, which obliterates the craving soldier Bonaparte ; it is Napoleon in the egg. The drama opens in 1799 with Sieyes as director, who saw that a heroic figure was required. Bonaparte, with all his victories, was shut up in Egypt, but finally he arrives in France : — His arrival savours of the marvellous. He has traversed and escaped hostile fleets almost by a miracle, revisiting his birth- pltice for the last time, and he has arrived safe. The Directory, with a grimace, grudgingly announces the news. The nation cares little for the grimace, so long as the news be true. There is unbounded enthiisi.asm ; legislation cannot proceed ; " suffo- cated with emotion," the legislators adjourn. WHY THE PEOPLE WELCOMED HIM. Then follows an explanation which may by some alarmed reactionaries to-day be regarded as not without present reference : — Why is there this remarUable outburst? The answer is simple enough. It is not that the nation craves for fresh glory at the hands of the conqueror. What it demands is order at home, and peace abroad. Order in the first place. For ten years tney have been living on high aspirations varied by massacre, believing that legisla- tion can eftect everything, even tr.ansform human nature ; and that taxation can be so adjusted by getting rid of the wealthy as to enrich and benefit the [loor : worshipping, in fact, the silly gods that blight a nation. In five years, 3,400 laws have been enacted, enough to make the mouths of modern legislators water, enough to convert eartli into heaven were earth convertible by such'me.ans. .\11 that liad been produced was anarchy, poverty, and discontent. Nor had the finance of the system been more successful. The graduated lax on property had been a hopeless failure, and the Treasury was empty. 'I'he .aspect of the provinces was little better. In Lyons, the second city of France, the Kevolution had ravaged like an earthquake, and destroyed whole quarters of the town. In Marseilles, the third, we are told, there seemed nothing surviving but hatreds. Brigandage reigned in some departments, civil war in others. It is not wonderful then that peace is the p.ission of the citizens, not only for ilsclf, but because they feel that without peace the restoration of order is impossible. Other generals may gain victories, but the population has an ingrained faith that only Bonaparte can secure peace.. He alone is victorious enough lo terminate a war. And the only way to end the Kevolution is to end the war. Tlic way i5onaparte (ulfilUd tlii^ r,'>/r is then told in a series of flashlight pictures. 'J'hc C^ouncil of Five Hundred is rcinoved by its President, Lucicn Bona- |)arle. to St. Cloud. Bonaparte addresses them, loses nerve, hesitates, is hustled and cursed; " stout Jacobins seize the little fellow and shake him like a rat." KICKING OUT " THE FIVE HUNDRED." His face is scratched to blood. His furious words lash his soldiery to rage. This is outside : — Inside, Lucien is still vainly struggling with his colleagues. At last he sends in whispers a message to his brother that the assembly must be broken up in ten minutes, or he can answer for nothing. Bon.iparte sees that this is the critical moment, and that he must make use of the presidential authority by capturing the President. Grenadiers enter and remove Lucien ; the arrest of the President involves the dispersal of the Council. Outside he joins the General, and, with the .authority of President of the Five Hundred, improvises in a passionate speech the famous legend of the poniards with which an attenijit had been made to murder his brother. The brother with bleeding face is by his side. The lime for action has come. Murat enters the Orangery where the Five Hundred are assembled, with drums healing and his soldiers. " Kick these people out of doors,'' is his brief order, quickly accom- plished. "The petlicoated crowd " of futile senators in imita- tion togas is hustled out to the relentless beating of the drums. The soldiers lift the more obstinate from their seats and carry them out like naughty children. These lamentable and dis- credited tribunes are helpless and become ridiculous. They scuffle out amid the scotfs and scorn of the crowd, BONAPARTE AS ADMINISTRATOR. So the Five Hundred were disposed of. But legality required some constitutional basis for future proceed- ings. So thirty of the fugitive Five Hundred were col- lected ; the Ancients, too, were collected. Before the Rump of the two assemblies Consuls Bonaparte, Sieyes, and Ducos took the oaths : — The work of reorganisation required infinite tact and patience, and here Bonaparte reveals himself in a new character. He is eminently tactful and imperturh.able. He has to keep vigilant watch in three directions where there is danger : he has to watch the Royalists, the Jacobins, and the army, which is Republican. He has to balance, to conciliate, to inspire confidence on the one hand without exciting jealousy and distrust on the other. The young (Jeneral — for he is only thirty years old, how in- credible that seems ! — haggard and emaciated, toils feverishly for eighteen hours a day, sees everyone of every party, works to bring order out of confusion. The Constitution is at last settled ; there are to be three Consuls, two with deliberative voice, but the decision of the First Consul is to be final. FRANCE FINDING HER MASTER. After his hurry to Italy and a new victory against Austria : — Marengo has changed him, lie has become master, his tone is curt and imperious. He knows that whether the fatal baitle h.as brought peace or nol, it has given him supreme power. Even on his way home he has dcuie what he could not have done before — he has opened negotialions for a Concordat. He is now master of h' ranee, ready to be master of Europe. Yes, France has found the man she sought, to rid her for the lime at least of Kevolution. But she h.is also found a master. And on Europe his hanil will be not less heavy. It will take the Continent fourteen years and a generation of mankind to get rid of him. The curious reader wonders whether, in giving this preface in its original Eiiglish to the British public. Lord Rosebery wishes to hint that the time in British politics for the strong man armed is not far distant. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 49 CONTRACT PRACTICE OR FEES? Which Pays the Doctor Bkst ? To those who have the ready answer, " Fees, of roorse ! " a paper in the Nineteenth Century for July by Mr. B. Hall, M.B., will come as an eye-opener. He determined to investigate his own affairs, as a country practitioner. He found that half his income was derived from contract work, and half from private practice, .md he was surprised to find that the number of his contract clients was less than the number of his patients. " One-third (contract) of my total clients return as much income as the other two-thirds who are private clients." If all his practice were private he would be earning less income by one-fourth than he is now doins;. Manifestly the best thing he could do for himself would be to succeed in persuading all his clients to ensure for medical attendance. CLUB WORK .NOT CHARITY. The average premium he received from all his club members would work out at five shillings : — This discovery, if it is found to have universal application, must have a far-reaching effect — it completely upsets deep- rootec greatly enhanced, since the same object is being pursued by every meuilicr of the community— the interests of doctors and people arc then identical. "^IX SIIILI.INHS A WI-;EK llENEROLS PAY. The writer then turns to the National Insuranrc Ari. M present exact figures have not been furnished on which to liase the estimate. The Council ol the British Medical Association insists on 8s. 6d. a week : — " Investigation of the books of my practice shows that an average premium of 5s. gives me better returns than private practice over a group of the same number of fees of which 2S. 6d. is the lowest." The writer esti- mated his patients ; yet not the actual patients, but the clienlNe, the possible patients, should be considered : — I am justified from the facts of my own practice in believing that in the majority of practices — nolwithst.inding excessive sickness rates and the most extreme grades of fussiness — the result of this investigation will show an average figure well below the 6s. offered us under the Act. I venture to say that the publication of this plan of mine last October would have solved then what is still in dispute, namely, the question what premium fairly represents the 2s. 6d. per visit. My books say emphatically that 5s. is ample cover. The .^ct offers 6s., but the Association threatens to call a general strike of doctors rather than consent to accept less than Ss. 6d. The average club premium throughout the country is said to be 43. With many clubs 6s. has been the customary premium, and wherever this holds the work and pay have been satisfactory to both doctors and club members. Now that Jlr. Lloyd George has insisted that an accountant shall examine the books of doctors in town and country in order to ascertain the equivalence of fee in half-crown practice to premium offered and demanded, definite results may be expected. THE SCHOOLS PROBLEM IN HOLLAND. In the Contemporary Revieia for July ^If- T- W. Robertson .Scott, in discussing the projects of Tariff Reformers in Holland, gives the following description of the real question at issue between the two parties. It may be interesting to persons in this country who imagine that the religious difficulty will be eliminated from the education problem by the complete seculari- sation of the schools. ."Vs is shown below, the Dutch secularised the schools, and have had in consequence a religious dilTicully which has more seriously affected their internal politics than an\thing of the kind we have known in this country : — The real difl'crence between the Right and the Left is a religious difference. It came about through that religion in the schools controversy which seems to have plague ,, ., tantalum ,, ... 4^87 ,, ,. ,, ., tungsten ,, ... 5-36 ,, ,. .Arc lamp, D.C. : enclosed ... ... ... i • i6 ,, ,• ,. ,. open ... ... ... 56 ,, ,, yellow flame .. ...I3"2 ,. It will be noticed tliat in tlie case of the great majority of artificial illuminants all but about 5 per cent, or less of the energy supplied is wasted. When to this prodigious waste is .added the considerable loss in the process of conversion of coal into coal-gas or into electrical energy, it will be seen how small a fraction of the original energy is ultimately applied to its intended purpose. IS THE LANGUAGE OF OUR BIBLE TOO ANTIQUE r In the London (Quarterly Revtezci Mr. E. K. Kellett, M.\.. discusses the need of a new translation of the New Testament. He criticises the archaic Engli.sh deliberately adopted by the translators of three hundred years ago from versions yet hundreiJs of years earlier. Its literalness as well as its uniformly archaic style misrepresent the original Scriptures. He says : — What the halo is to the saint of mcdireval art, that~thc dialect of tlie .Aulhorised Version is to the literary aspect of religion : it hides from us the .actuality of Christ, the humanitv of His Apostles, and the holy commonnessof their dailv lives. Toprovc this, it is sufTicient to compare the Gospel of M:irk in the version of Kin with thai in the "Twentieth Century .Vew Testament" . . When the .\postlcs looked round for'words in which lo clothe their message, they found words strong with all the strength of youth. . . We have lu think of iliem as men, and not as automata. Hut this we shall never do until the antiqm? style in which a false reverence has made them speak is dii- carded for ever. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 51 1 inV YEARS' CONTINUOUS COKN-GROWINCi. IMPURTANI EXI'KRIMEST IN liRlTISll AURICUl.TfRK. Mr. Marcus Woudward describes in the Conlem- finrary Revirw for July an experiment made on IJlounts Farm, Suwhridgeworlh, Hertfordshire. The jubilee of this experiment has just been celebrated. It shows ( 1 ) that corn can be grown continuously for fifty years on the same soil with success ; (2) that this success consists in an average of thirty-five bushels per acre; and (3) in paying its way. The initiator of the experi- ment Was the late Mr. Prout, a Cornish farmer, who went to Canada, and for ten years farmed in Ontario. He returned to England and bought Blounts Farm in 1861, paving £35 an acre for it. The land was in such a bad slate that it was said it would starve a donkey. He broke up the forty fields into ten square fields, each about forty-five acres. The land was thoroughly drained. AN ORDINARY CLAY SOIL. He had the soil analysed by the late Dr. Augustus \'oelcker :— It v/as only an ordinary clay soil, though tlescribei.1 as a clay and strong loam upon a subsoil of drift clay and cretaceous gravel, bordering on the chalk, and known geologically as the lower division of the Kocene formation. Though apparently of orilinary i|ualily, and certainly like vast are.ns of similar land in Great Hiiiain, the analysis proved a practically everlasting fund of fcrliiilv ; lime and polash were in abumlance, materials which must be applied to a light soil, but in clay need only to be developed by deep and frequent stirring, so that oxidisation by the atmosphere may do its work. .Mr. Prout decided on continuous corn-growing. The whole work of the farm was simplified. There was no rotation of crops, hardly any stock, but wheat, barley, and oats were grown year by \ear, with only a crop of clover, perhaps, once in every eight years, or a bare fallow now and again, once in seven years. " ACTtMLI.Y ENRICHING THE LAND." ■ .\t different periods samples of the soil were sub- mitted for analysis, and always the same answer was returned —no deterioration.no lack of fertility, improve- ment in physical condition." The two chief substances to be applied to the soil were phosphate and ammonia. I he cost of this artificial manuring over twenty-five years has averaged about 25s. per acre per annum. The present farmer, Mr. \V. A. Prout, says :— Now, at lllounts we apply from 3 to 4 cwl. of mineral super-phosphate and ij cwl. of nitrate of soda every year to our lanil, far more than the crops need, so that by the balance left we are actually enriching the land. Ami by deep and thorough tillage and aeration of the soil ami subsoil we are preparing, from year to year, a new abundance of all «Jie more necessary mineral conslilucnls of plant loo