K '^ .'V rv' @ U THE REVIEW .^ '(5^»§)] W lEWS IIRALASIA D ., 1912. THE LATE MR. W. H. JUDKINS. IE REVIEW OF REVIEWS FOR AUSTRALASIA, r. and (J. Building. Melbourn* hi (1. n ;s2 i Review of Reviews, tllo/ti. •'CYCLONE" Gates are GOOD. The Illustration (Fig. 171 in our Catalogue) shows the effective combination of Scroll Work and Mesh which makes "Cyclone" Gates not only strong and lasting, but elegant in design and proportloa. Get a Catalogue of This and Many Other Gates and Fences. L "Cyclone" Fence and Gate Co., 459 SWANSTON STREET (Corner Franklin St.), MELBOURNE. New Zealand: 59 s|. Asaph Street, Chrlstohnreh. The Revieu of Reviews [Melbourne THK CATE AN'D THE WAY. ' Punch. 'The lirst sod of the overland railway was turned l>y lord Deninan on 14th September.) ArSTRjtLiA (openinsr his transcontinental linei : "Here. llr. World, is room for all. A land overflowing with milk anil honey. Come and ' scoop the pool.' " 1 .j^.MJi^j'j'J ^ kL-idii— ••.^.. The Review of Reviews. Set your Watch by Homan's SUN CLOCK (the up-to-date sundial), AND YOU WILL ALWAYS HAVE THE RIGHT TIME. Wiitc for J'artindars to Ihf ln7't-nloy: W. HOMAN, 20, Renfrew St., GLASGOW, Scotland. Agents wanted everywhere. Please mention this magazine. NOSES AND EARS. NOSES.— I'tic only p.itent Nose Machtnes in ihe woild. Improve ugly noses of all kinds. Scientific yei simple, Cnn be woin durinc sleep. Send siamped envelope for full particulars. RED NOSES. —My long established medically .Tppio>td Trcalmeiit absolutely cures red noses. 3/9 posi frt-e. Fore'gti, 1 ■ 6 extra. UGLY EARS.— The Rubber Ear Caps invented by I.CiTS Kay rcmt-dy ugly outstanding ears. Hundreds uf vuccessfiil case^- 7/6 post free. Foreign, 1/6 extra. -R. R. LEES RAV, loE, Central Ch.-.r.ibers LIVERP'.'OL. SHORT-STORY WRITING A course of forty lessons in the history, form, stiin- tiire. and writini; of the Short*Story, taught by J. Berg bsenwein, Editor Lippincoti's Magazine. 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But it is not erybody wlio knows thai it has been left o ai\ Englishman to systematise and perfect such me.ans. There isoplyone form of exercise that w ill correctly ;iii'! definitely restore the Body to ii^ 'leillliy normal condition, and tli.a i.-> I.. Stretch! Stretch! Stretch! . v. ly nnscle a:id every liinli tor a Irw minutes each day. This is a state- ment of which I defy contradiction. .\bnormal fees, alluring Hleralurc, ir sensational advertising do not in reality c^unt for anything. "H E THE METHOD. 1 ain the inventor of the stretching method of exercise w hich is so much appreciated by over 100,000 of my pupil> to-day. 'I lio^o who would care to know more about this simple and natural method may ,lo so liy applying to-day lor a lopy ol niv latest liook enlitlid "Stretch, Stretch, or the Art of Physical Beauty. In this one volume will be found a complete library of in- loimation rui the efticacy of tlie stretching method in curing and reuio\-ing tlic following adments and defects: — VIcuk Heart, Flatulence, Liver Disorders, Nervous Ailments, Weak Back, Lack of Symmetry, Stunted Growth, Imperfect Bust Organic Troubles, Development. This book will be found of great lielp and very instructive. Those who are fit will learn how and why they should keep fit. In fact every njan and woman who 4ias the slightest regard for their jjersonal a])i)earancc or health will read my latest book with interest. Please mention Review of Ra.'irj;s. WRITE OR CaLL— F. MEREDITH CLEASE, 124, IIou Bond St., London, W, F. MEREDITH CLEASE, The Brnmh etiy^ical Cullurt expert. Obesity. Prominent Hips, Protruding Abdomen, Constipation, Indigestion, W L&C.HAPDTMUTH'S^^.^^>ii^^ KOHINQOR PENCILS IN 17 DECREES M AND COPYING. BfSI fOft tVERY PURPOSE • AND THE MOST ECONOMICAL FT* &YVY.M.I.I>I.I.I.T.J' The Review of Reviews. ^,1.' . . iw*.; J i;c " I'uiU It," WAinNO ON THE WA1TEH8. (" niev alu ) rule' who only stand mid wait."_yiLION Revised) Andy, ihe Waiter: "Preference pie? Yes, gentleuien; cer- tainly. And when it comes to • Remember the W.iiter,' Bentleineii. I hupe yon will not ff^rget I refused to dine with thi.se F.i'nicr Blokes." TO Keep This Mower Sharp-WORK IT. THE knives of the "Pennsylvania"' Mower are so constructed as to sharpen then).>olves while run- ning. Thus a keenness is maintained which makes the mower delifrhtful to use. Pennsylvania Self-Sharpening Mowers -..on lian.l buck their cost by the saving- in regrin'i- iufj expenses— this is another vo'"t for consideration. Many styles. Prices from 18s. to iJOs. Ga'den Tools, Hose, Sprinklers, etc., in large variet.v and at [Tices yon will admit moderate. SEND FOR CATALOGUE. DANKS 39«-390 JOHN PROPTY. BOURKE STREET. MELBOURNE. & SON, LIMITED. "A GOOD DIGESTION »a er onl /. ALLEN &HANBURYS LTD. LON.DCM ENGLAND and Market Street, Sydney m m m m %} m m m m m GREGG SHORTHAND. Coming I iii.iTsal System. Kasy to Learn, Kiisy to Write. I^Hiy to Head. Kxpert I'listnl Tuition. Write for Kyc i tj.enin;; fact" and I'lci. .Sainiile Lesson to PHIL. C. BAINES. AiKtraliiih l.'<'|>re'>entat I Mbinn, llrlsh.inc (.ild. . [deaf: DtAFNHSS and HEAD NOISES K( lit-\ eti l'\ UsillK WILSON' COMMON SENSE EAR DRUMS. Im\ isit.Ir. .-oiiiforlal.Ie. Thoiisalnls in usf, iri^ini,' perfect KAfcishtction . Book sent trie to the .l.-;\(. Write to — WILSON EAR DRU/»\ CO., ir>0 Pffmipr llulldinu -'-"I l...|lir< St M»lb. LEXXERS OOPIED WHILE WRIXINC ;:,.'^;:^,. By uslncp your owrn L.ettoP Pnper, Invoices, &c.. ^Ith the Yoii dimply intcrt yoiii wtiting pafxr in llic hultlcr .mrt Wfilc. Wr.'i. up^ifi yon •<•. me J.y ihc ;»ct %•( wiilini; ^ pfrl'rt t Irttcr ;intt a per feci ■ «ipy (wfiii ti trinrtiii". in the UM,»kh 'I l(-:rf- is no si^jn of C'pyini;, n«"» p-ifor-ileii c»li;r, Samplf *./ thf cttvbratcd Nanette Paper which prttducva this result, frvc from— R. JR. ZiUtEXIC, Zanelk Works, Welford Road, LEICESTER, if M.ini;jcd adiircs^-d cuvvIhIm; tiiclo.rtl. O,io (^.,,.,.1. . s.S.V '1/200 (:op.vini: 200 Quarto or 400 Ootavo Ixitters 3/9 p out free 4/400 copjrlng 400 Onnrto or 800 Oolnvo letten, 5/- po«t free. Ix. The Review of Reviews. THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS FOR AUSTRALASIA (Annual Subscription, 8/6.) CONTENTS FOR OCTOBER, 1912. The Late Mr. W. H. Judfcins .. History oi the Month (Australasian) History of the Month (English) Ixiii. Expert Views on Empire Emigration IJLUniii^ Uevolu- "Damn Your Coaling Stations!" tion in the British Navy Current History in Caricature The Betrayal of Trade Unionism .. Mr. Stead at the American Embassy Board of Trade Guilty No More Rotten Ships: Duin^' without the lioanl of Trade "And God and Man" on Earth: Imperial i;\aini.le, Acldevemeiit, and I^esson from Japan ... Ixvii. . J33 149 157 162 164 168 I/O 172 Leading Articles In the Reviews— The OUviupir Idea . . The Stadium at Athens The Jew's Immunity from Disease .... Slavonic Unit.v Real Detective Sport Luxury in African Sport A Merrie England Ouice More An Alarm of Cholera " Dayliglit SaA'ing "' Are We Going Utterly to the Does!-' Plies Carrying Infection Tlie Insurance Act , , Unionist Bid for Home Rule . Mr. [.loyd George's Square Deal . . . Mr. Harold Co\ as Editor Trihute to Mr. Chur<'liill The New Pacifism Under Fire . Can We Afford More on Naval Armaments.' The Military Training of Lads War Expenditure and Cost of Living Whit the Women's Vote has Done Redressing Women's Grievances PA6B 177 181 184 184 185 186 187 187 188 188 ld9 189 190 190 191 192 193 19'! 194 195 195 196 197 (Contiinicd on ne.rt page.) Be sure you buy pure food. Your health and the health of the children depend upon it. Birds is the Pure Custaird and contains a rich store of real nutri- ment upon which the children thrive. Do not accept inferior substitutes. The same money will buy the genuine BIRD'S Custard with its delicious flavor and creamy richness. Try it to-day ! A trial is simply a revelation, Smce 1837 the wonderful qualilyof Bird's Custard has reigned supre.ne. % The Review of Keviews. Ixi. CONTENTS -(Continued from page Ix.) Leading Articles ( Continued )- Leading Articles (C'ontiiiued)- The Franchise Quedtiun Mr. lioorsfe X. Bariiee on Strikes Iiidustria! lyei^islation m Australia The i>>n(l4>ii Port Strike Ijabour » Real Troubles Poet JLUd Workman The Olive Branch, to Engla.nd Anglo-tierman Mirage Why Baron Marscball was Recalled .. A Xew lU'nais8aaee The Needs of the French Navy The War in Tripoli Italy and Turkey The Knropean Reconqueet of North Africa unr Mediterraneiui Land Forces Is He the Coming President.' The DeiniX'Tatic Nomine© for Vice-President United States in a New Light Trouble in Cuba A Burninir Slav Question Does Hussia Want Norway.' The Kingdom of Pearls Prant-oltUBsiaii Railway Troubles . Baghdad The Secret of Chinese Unrest Yuan Shi K.ii Are the Chinese Our Gquals? India's Hercules . . A .Jew's t^timate of Jesus , Moral and Keliglous Values Value of Christian Missions Rousseau's Vital C^>ntrihution Oddities of Japanese Mafdc Old Cilv Churches 197 198 198 199 200 2U0 201 202 202 203 204 205 205 206 207 208 208 209 209 210 2'i] L.M1 212 212 213 213 214 214 215 215 216 216 ?16 217 The Cost of Becoming an Archbishop .. A Montessori School iii America Pupil Self-Governmeut in the Elementary Schools The Pulitzer School of Journalism The Cocoa-nut and it* Commercial Uses . . . . , . . "Our Dealings with the Public" How Imperialism Pays Digging the Ditch — and After Automatic Ticket Machines The Railophoue Tlie Death-traps of the Sea The First Transmutation of Elements The Rising Sta.r of Music A tireat Orchestral Cjnductor From Cutler to Choirmaster 'IVo Musical Centenaries . . Columbus in Statuary " The Raflaelle of Sculpture " Tlie Futurists Random Readings from the Revtfws 215 2U 21( 21i 21< 21< 22( 22( 221 221 221 221 22i 22: 225 22i 22; 22;: 22^ 22! The Revie'ws Reviewed — The Cniitemporai-y Review — The North American Review 22( The National Review — ^The Nineteenth Century and After 22S The Fortnightly Review— The Edinburgh Review .. 22£ The Quarterly Review— The Hibbert Journal .... 22S Some Books of the Minlh Insurance Notes 23( 234 OSTER FOR GENTLEMEN. l-its til- leg pirfoclly; all melal |).irt.s lieinj,' protected, it rann.d nijiirf: the skin. COMFORTABLE. I>l-|-.UI^'- it lie-, .|llitr tl.U. RELIABLE, because II lb 111.1' le ul the best materia I. To b< obtained from all principal dealers, or we will send sample pair post free on receipt , ""* of 1/- • ' W. B. SCOTT & CO. IS4, CLARENCE ST., SYDNEY FOOD Children thrive on it. Delicate and aged persons enjoy it. Benger's is the onlyself- diijesling food in which the (.ieyrec of difj;cslion Is under complete control. It lias thereiore the great advantage of giving the digestive functions regu- lated exercise according to their condition. Benger's Fond forms with milk a dainty and delicious cream. BENGER'S POOr>. LtilOTTUB WORKS. MANCURSTnH. N«w York Dranch officc-w. WHtiAm Street. Htnctr*! F^c^t u lotd in tini ty Chtmuti, tie., ntryvhtrt. E^a Photo.] [Iliirtniijion Studioe. THE LATE MR. W. H. JUDKINS. Ixiii. MR. W. H. JUDKINS. A ST. GEORGE OF THE NEWER CHIVALRY. By Rev. K. Ditterich. The Editor of this Review dii.l not long survive his English chief, Mr. W. T. Stead. Between the two there wa.^ a bond of reciprocal [ler.sonal esteem, and an affinity hwrn of common ideals on social re- form. Each in his own sphere was a warrior under the banner of civic righteoii-sness. Each met with much obloquy on account of his principles, anc] each left a memory to be cherished bv all who love justice md goodnes.s. In the deep waters of the Atlantic Mr. Stead went down, meeting death like a man of British l)lood and faith. And through the deep waters of pain and suffering Mr. Judkins passed with the same conquering heroism. AS EDITOR. For .seven \ear.s he was Editor of this journal. His literarv qualities are known to its readers, an.! need no furtlvr mention. He brought to the task of editorshi|> an alert and readv mind, a flowing style, and. al>ove all, a grand enthusiasm for loftv leals of public life. His views often require'l Durage for their utterance, and that courage \va.- never known to fail him.- It would .sometimes have lieen easy to leave things unsaid, and .so avoid _iving offence to readers, but that was not his way A journal was to him a means of pro[)agating certain onvictions. and not a money-making business. As ■• was on the pl.itform, so was he in the Review — 1 champion of the higher .nationhrKxl, a wrestler with evil, a .*^t. George of the newer chivalrv fight ing. not fabulous monsters, but those masterful dragons of social vice whos*^ cruel fangs are on the lives of men. women and children all around us. THE MAN. Mr. JudkiiiN w.is lif»rn at Mars Uirougii. \ Htori.i. 1 1869. His p.ipnis. of whom the father is still ving. belong'-d to the Methodist Chun-h. He wa-, •inverted in Victoria, and s succeeds Mr. Judkins as Superintendent of the Social Reform Bureau : the Rev. .\. R. Edgar, tlv minister of Wesl.-y Church, which has been all through the rallying centre of reform : Mr. S. Manger, a true Christian gentleman : and mvself. as Editor of the Sfechilor. ih>- weekly paper which has been the consistent and outs|)oken literary organ of every movement for .social riglUiiousness for year- past The Rov. T. <= B. W.->odfull. whose name The Review of Wev/ews. was linked with that of Mr. Judkins as a social re- former j)LThap.i more than any other, gave a tribute of admiration on the following Sunday. It is not too much to .say that the tributes paid were impres- sive, and that the subject was worthy of them all. THE REFORMER. Mr. Judkins began his social reform work while in New Zealand, where he became Organi.sing Sec- retary of the Temperance Alliance, and took a prominent part in organising the third great poll of rhe people on the licjuor question. Of these polls there have been seven, with an increasing body of opinion for prohibition. The record is interesting. It is as follows : (i) 48,993, (2) 98,312, (3) 120,542, (4) 151,524, (5) 198.768. (6) 223,466, (7) 259.995. At the last vote a clear majority of 54,282 voted for the national extinction of the traffic, but the law requires a three-fifths majority. But his great w^ork was done in Victoria, whither he returned after another breakdown in health. He soon became jwpular as a platform speaker in and around Melbourne. He had the gift of saying things in a striking way, a faculty for apt illustra- tion, a calm clear method of rea.soning out a case, a plentiful supply of himiour, a remarkable power of repartee, a voice singularlv [ileasant and far- reaching, and, behind all, a heart that so evidently was touched by the sight of wrong-doing and its awful consequences. Others could speak well, but he could speak better. Such was the hero, and the rlcK-k struck the hour for his appearing. RAMPART LAWLESSNESS. In 1906 vice had become utterly shameless in its absolute defiance of the law and conscience of the communitv. Never had gambling been so rife. A totalisator, kept bv John Wren at Collingwood. was a perfect citadel held by a lawless gang. It had barbed wire protection against invasion. Its spies and pickets guarded the entrance and gave warning against any suspected foe. Thousands of people made it their gambling centre. It was a terrible blot upon the city. It led large numbers into the bad habit. John Wri n became a hero to these people. 'l"he place was ultimately captured by the jX)lice, and held bv them for a time, but afterw-ards the iwlice were got out, and the old wretched busi- ness resumed its sway. In the city itself great gambling clubs were regularly carried on, and the agents used were largely convicted criminals. It was onlv with great difficulty that evidence could be obtained of their doings, so rigid was the system. Men suspected of giving information were followed, threatened and assaulted. .\ reign of terror exi.sted. When one looks back it .seems almost incredible that things could have been what they were. The lifiuor traffic was in a similar stati' of lawU^ss ness. Sunday trading was rife. Ry hundreds men could lie seen entering and leaving hotels tluring ]irohibited hours. Convictions for drunkenness. accidents through drink, and violence from the same cause were common. The papers reeked with the doings of drink. Along with the.se evils was the prevalence of prize fights of a brutalising nature. The descriptions of these given in the public press were most revolting. They were mere expressions of the savagery that lurks in human nature, and that begets savagery in those who look on. Men were beaten into insensi- bilitv. Unregistered pony racing was another of the curses inflicted by the gambling promoters. It was a means by which blacklegs and sharpers could prey upon each other, and as the "Age" put it, ■' pUm der any unsuspecting citizen who might mistake ponv races for legitimate sport." From Ta.smania another peril came through Tattersall's, a gambling institution which had been expelled from every other countrv, but w'hich had corrupted Tasmania's poli- ticians by money gifts. Medical institutes were also carrying on a business that was utterly shameful in its nature and effects. A THRILLING CAMPAIGN. The whole story of the great campaign against these evils cannot be told here, nor can space be found for the part plaved therein by men like the Revs. A. R. Edgar. J. ' Nicholson, T. S. B. Wood- full. H. Worrall, the Hon. S. Mauger, G. Swin- liurne. J. Balfour, W. Hutchinson and others. But Mr. Judkins was the man whose voice roused the people generally. He spoke so as to compel atten- tion. Soon his meetings were thronged. The largest halls in all the suburbs were too .small. Sometimes eight hundred people could be .seen outside, while every inch of available space within was occupied, ■j'he o]){x»ition came. Its supporters could yell, tlirow eggs, set up organised attempts to silence him. Hut, above all, the clear ringing voice would rise In triumph, the point would go home, the story would carrv its message, the appeal to the noblcr nature prevailed. After these stormy assemblies mobs of the ba.ser sort followed him along the streets seeking an opportunity for further insult and, .sometimes, violence. Hut he had a bod\ guard of \alinnt men who never failed to gather round him. Memliers of the police, too, who knew too well the truth of his charges, were his faithful allies on tliese (M-casions. The ruffianlv element sometimes got the assistance of that ass, the law. Thus Mr. Judkins was once asked to give a Gospel address at the Gaiety Theatre on a Simdav aftermxni, at one of a series of services arrnnged by the Y.M.C.A., in order to reach the masses. Several men who were known to be noted followers of Wren disturbed the meeting by throw- ing rotten eggs. The mer, were secured by the police and convicted, but the inevitable apjieal fol- lowed, when a judge uf»held the appeal, on the ground that the meetings could not be defined as '■ Di\lne .service." Mr. IV. H. Judkins. PARLIAMENTARY ACTION. I'ublic opinion was so stirred that rctorni legis- lation was felt to be absolutely necessary, and the Hon. ,T. Bent, the Premier, brought in bills for dealing with Injth the licensing and gambling ques- tions. These had a stormy passage in the Houses of Legislature, but in the end lx>th were carried, although the form was greatly modified in order that a majority might be secured. The result waS the closing ot Wren's tote, the quarantining and then suppression of great gambling clubs, the limitation of racing, and the prohibition of street betting. The law was again evaded for a time, but its provisions were enforced with the rt.sults just named. The Licensing Bill provided for a Reduc- tion Boaril, who.se task was to close all hotels be- yond a certain proportion to the population, and allot compensation to l* paid out of a fund raised from the trade itself. Any reduction or extinction of licen.ses by local option was barred by the bill, which remains in force until 1917. This greatly dis- appointed Mr. Judkins and those who fought with him, being a denial of the people's right to local veto. Nevertheless, under the operations of the Board alxjut 100 licenses a year are being taken away, while .Sunday trading was checked, at least to a large dcgn-e. by the provision that the tiuyer as well as the seller should be punishable. The failure to banish barmaids was another thing that grieved our friend. His chivalrous soul revolted at the de- gradation upon womanhood imposed by the traffic. The traffic in opium was another growing curse until .Mr. Juilkins trt into .Australia the prohibited ^'ambling o)rresp<3ndi-nce. The medical in.stitules dieil a hard ^t f»opular champion of that reform move- ment, upon the crest of whose wave these things w>re (lone. It had l>een felt that the forces of reform were t(X) scattered, and that what was wanted was one l)lace where workers for temperance, .social purity, .mii-gambling crusades, and for the promotion of go«jiness dealings were launched, and these used to be .shouted out at him in public meetings, but as soon as any- thing definite w\as asked for and obtained, the com- plete refutation was publicly given. It was hinted, in fact broadly stated at times, when his healtii gave way, and he had to retire, that he was out of his mind. This rimiour was repeatedly spread, and lor it there was no ground at all except the lying m.dice of people whose interest lay in evils against which he fought so nobly. The climax of all these vicious attacks came from a prominent liquor cham- pion.. Mr. J. C. Dillon, who publicly challenged Mr. J\idkins to read out from the platform of a public meeting certain extracts which he would mark from the Beale report on drugs, etc. Mr. Dillon did not quote the words, did not formulate any charge, and gave as his reason that to do so would render him liable to legal actioji. Vet he dared Mr. Judkins to read them and clear himself from the implication that he was unfit to retain his position as a reformer. .According to one of the daily papers, he said: •' If Mr. Judkins gave a satisfactory explanation of the paragraphs he would say that Mr. Judkins had earneil his po.sition as a member of the community interested in public morality. If Mr. Judkins could nn to pursue a i)olicy of energy and en- terprise in thf future conduct of this magazine. Thi- most im|x>rlant i)rospective An Invasion of ,.vent will U^ flu- visit, in August, Scientists. ,g,^^ ^f Q^.p^ ^^^ notable persons, repre.senting the British .\ss(x:iation for the Advancement of Science. It is tiue, ais Mr. James Brvc.-. and other notable visitors, have periodically r-mindcd us, that Australia's is<:)lation is one of the lirst things to strik<- visitors. Austra- lians them.selves iu-e not unaware of the fact. Science, however, is rapidly diminishing the distance betwet-n »'"• old. world and the new, while there are other lences that the work of bridging the gulf is The Personal Contact. r.ipidlv proceeding. Australia is beginning to loom larger in the world's eye. and is attracting the atten- tion in Britain which formerly belonged only to Canada and the United States. ' The reflex influence of this fuller knowledge and closer acquaintance in the old world is better commercial relationships, and the attracting, not only of immigrants to this coun- try, l>ut repre.sentdti\rs of the great national interests and sf;htx)Is of thought and learning which centre in the Motherland. There is a manifest d.-sire in all this to teach and learn, and 30 strengthen the l>onds of Empire. It i> the personal conta<-t, after all, as Lord Chelmsford has expres.sed it. which inspires, gives the .sense of projiortion, and makes possible a true und.Tstanding the one with the other. From that point of \iesv alone, to .say nothing of the fillip which must fje given to .scientific research in this land of glorious possibilities, the coming of the British .scientist.s in such large numiier must be hailed with satisfaction. The pr.>je<:ted visit is the result of an Muitation by the Commonwealth Government, at the uistance of our s<:ientilic .so<:ieties and universities, and the Commonwealth Go\erimient has generouslv promised ^^15.000 towards the exj)enses. The ad- vertisement will Ik- alone worth the money. The p.irty is .scheduled to .irrive at Fremantle on August 4- Five days will In- spent in Adelaide, seven ilnvs ui Melbourne, seven days in Sydnev. four days 'in Brisbane. It has been arranged that the first' |)art of the Presidential Address shall l>e delivered in Melbourne, ami the si-cond part in Sydney, This arrangement, it has been naively remarked, will pre- serve an tor this X Splendour memoraljle visit are Iteing entrusted of Excellences. ^^ gtate executives ; but there will i>e a central executive committee, with headquarters in Melliourne, on which the Com- monwealth Government will he represented. The visitors are expected to include at least 200 official members of the British Association, including such eminent names as Sir Oliver Lodge, Sir W. Ramsay, Sir \V. Crookes, and leaders of thought in the old world in the realms of astronomy, chemistry,,^ geo- logy, geography, mathematics and physical science, economics, engineering, zoology, anthroi>ology, phy- siology, Viotahv, agriculture, and education. The remainder of the party will comprise the wives ol memlx-rs and official lady members of the Associa- tion. Surely such a constellation of stars, such a splendour of excellences, has never been sighted in these southern hea\ens. It goes without saying that the visit is entirely outside the sphere of party politics. Mr, Fisher's Bonus for Babies Bill Is It a National has been the most-talked-about item Insult? fy{ political news during the month, but the Prime Minister has only laughed at criticism, and promised a quick despatch for the measure through both Houses. Opposition to the Bill has come from many quarters. An in- fluential deputation, repre.senting the Victorian Churches, waited upon Mr. Fis'her, and urged, among other things, that there was a danger of the bonus proving a premium to illegitimacy, Mr. Fisher's treatment of the deputatioir was neither diplomatic nor courteous, and his reply showed either that he utterly failed to grasp, or declined to recogni.se, the weight of the arguments adduced. The Svchny .Voniiii^ Herald has characterised the mea.sure as a n,iiional insult — " an insult to the motherhood of a whole ])eople " — a levelling of " the miracle of birth to a cash nexus." If the bonus is to be regarded purely as a charitable dole, there is some justification for passing so stern a judgment on the proposal, for, while there will doubtless Idc some mothers who will accept the money offered, an overwhelming majority of Australian mothers will as probably refuse the bonus with .scorn, especially if payment has to be applied for. And if the fK)nus is not to be generally availed of, it may Ix; taken for granted, on the basis of universal experience, that the least deserving will lie the chief applicants. If, on the other hand, the ruling idea of the Bill is to promote population by encouraging larger families, failure to attain the desired end may be safely predicted. The causes which are respon- sible for low birth-rates are not peculiarly Austra- lian, They are univer.sal. They are part of the social complexities of the age, and the remedy is not to be found under a live-pound note ! There is surely a more excellent way A More - of accomjilishing what Mr. Fisher Excellent Way. evidently has it in his niind to do than by distributing cash bonuses, a ])roportion of which may, as Dr. Arthur, M.I. .A., reasonably fears, find its' way into the " pubs. "Dr. Arthur has suggested a way in which he believes this money could be better spent, with the same end in view. To give ^^5 to everQ- mother, does not, he says, mean that the children will receive any better attention than they do now, or that there will tie more of them. He is hopeful of a scheme being introduced that will solve the problem of infantile mortality. He wants to see all the elder girls in the public State schools given both theoretical and practical training in the care an:l management of children. " Foreign languages and music and draw- ing are all very well," says Dr. .-Vrthur, " but the first thing to teach girls just blossoming into woman- htK3d is how to rear babies." The ignorance of th.: average young woman in his experience is simplv pitiable. His proposal is to establish crei-hes in all the large public schools, in charge of trained hospi- tal nurses, with trained assistants, and the elder girls of the school as further assistants. These, he claims, would be a great boon to many poor mothers, and they would, at the same time, enable the girls to gain practical knowledge of the way to take care of children. To people who might object that this proposal spells Scx:ialism, Dr. Arthur replies that Socialism "is a good thing in some respects. It might be applied to the welfare of the young child, to reduce not onlv morality, but morbility." The Presbyterian Church in N'ew Tacklinj; a South Wales has set itself a hard Hard Subject. ^ ,,jj . },^,j ^j^g ^ff^^f j^ ^0,,^ ,he less commendable on that account. The Prime .Minister, Mr. Andrew Fi.sher, is a Presbyterian, and .swne time ago he accepted an invitation from the New 'South Wales Assembly, to address the members on the industrial problem, as it confronts us in Australia to-day. His remarks set the A.ssembly thinking along definite, practical lines, with the result that a sipecial committee was entrusted with the duty of collecting data that should at least throw helpful light on the subject. Specifically the committee was charged to carefully consider mat- ters arising out of industrial questions as they affect the relations of the various classes (kf the community and the attitude of all classes to the Church; and, further, what is the duty of the Church towanis h.ir- monising complicating interests. To help them in framing a reixjrt that shall !:« of definite vahic, the committee, through their convener, haxe sent out circulars to a large number of people in public and commercial life who are regarded as qualified by exi)eriencc, knowledge and interest to offer infor- mation on industrial questions as they affart the re- October, tqi. History of the Month. Ixix. l.itioiis of employers and employed, and who, at the same time, are recognised as teing in sympadiy with the ideals of the Christi.an Church. Plain an- s^vers are .sou^'ht from the citizens thus circularised to the following plain and pertinent questions: — i. What are th«- causes for the apparent antagonism between emplover and employed? 2. How far, in your opinion, is the Church concerned in the mat- ter? 3. In what way can these causes he removed sii,h an enquiry, and the spirit Fault Lie . which has prompted it is praise- worthy. The business of the Church is to preach the mes.sage of the Advent and promote the spirit and practice of the Golden Rule as be- tween all men. If employers and employed are in danger of ignoring that teaching, and are seeking to work out their industrial saUation outside the scope of influence of the Church's teaching, it is the duty of the Church to inquire why. There is much in the spirit of industrial unrest and turmoil to-day which is calculated to cause the Christian Church anxiety. But man's extremity is the Church's oppor- tunity. In the abstract, it is almost accepted as an axiom that the ma.sses are largely adrift from the Churches. If this is true, who.se fault is it? Is the fault with the Church or with the masses? It is definite information on that point that the Presby- terian Church in New South Wali-s is now .seeking through its s|)ecial committee. With the ch.iracter- istically practical Wnt of Scot.smen. the committe.; have determiiK-d that their inquiry shall be compre- hensive, and that their report .sbi.ill not cover mi-r<- geiK-ralities and reflections derived from the .studv of social r|ucsiions or movements in other parts of the ttoriil. u 1' n- conditions are essentiallv diffi-rent from those pp viiling in Australia. Their purixise is to obtain i-\ idence at first hand from citizens who have studi.d the qu<-stion right here. F;very Church in the Com nmn wealth will be vitallv interested in ^'1 ir quest. .Sydney hotelkeepers are having The (ircnt trouble in their iletermination to AustralLin \UU. ,|„,|i,,, ruunter-hinches. a cu.stom almost as old as the State. There w.is .1 |io|>ul.ir theory in the earlier days that couil- ter-lunch<-s, <-s[ieciallv in the back-countrv, where -^e re- garded as a concern of necessity, or, in other words, a sprat to catch a mackerel. But another change has passed over the trade. The hotel business is not what it was. There has been an evolution in the public appetite which has led the hotel-keeper to cast aliout lor legitimate economies and the alx)lition of the counter-lunch is one of them. Hut in the licens- ing business cu.stomers, as well as hotels, have to be grarli'd, and by .si>me of the Sydney publicans, re- niem1)ering the character ol their cu.stomers, the abo- lition of the free counter-lunch is interpreted as bad business. The Sydney hotel -keejiers are evidently not as well organised as the average trade union, for a numl)er of them have ignored tiie general resolu- tion to discontinue the free lunches. Not only has the cry of '• bla inflict a lioycott, and thus assist th<- I.ict-nsfil Victuallers' AsscK-iatioji to " see that the Markli'i;> j-t no U'cr." l\\. I he Keview ot Keviews. October, igi: There is a natural evolution towards More Tea, temperance for which Temperance Less Whisky. reformers are not directly respon- sible. Thirty years ago whisky was the beverage of commerce in Australia. It was al- most impossible to do business without washing it down with whisky. The morning and afternoon nips were epidemic. " Shouting" was the correct thing. All that has been radically changed by the arrival of the age of reason. It may not be that in the aggregate less whisky is being consumed to-day HI Australia than thirty years ago. Population has substantiallv increa.sed. But it is undeniable that whisky and business have fiecome largely divorced. In the professions as well as in commerce men have discovered that it does not pay to associate whisky with business. The demand to-day is for clear brains and a strenuous application to business during office hours. Where the social custom demands it, tea is now largely fhe beverage ho:ioured in place of whi'sky, as witness the extraordinary development of afternoon tea shops, with their thousands of regular patrons. These have become one of the social sights in all our large cities. The l.idies mav be credited with starting this new fashion ; but where is the business man who does not appreciate the change? The most important event of the A Great National month, an occasion of historic in- Enterprise. tercst and national moment, was that picturesque ceremony at Port Augusta on Septeml)er 14, when the Governor- General turned the first sod of the railway to Kal- gfX)rlie. It marks the realisation of many dreams and heralds the linking up of this continent by a great transcontinental railway. The picture of the ceremony presented by the reports in the daily press was one to thrill the heart of every citizen in the Commonwealth. The actual spectators numbered about 2000, including the pioneers of this great enterprise, Governors, Senator.s, and memlx^rs of Parliament, with a company of aborigines looking on in amazement, and the baby fleet King off in the gulf. In spirit and aspiration, all Australia was present, and, as the King's gracious message lx)re testimony, the motherland and the whole Empire were watching afar off, with admiration and approval. In his message to Lord Denman, the King cabled, " I desire, on the occasion of the turning of the first .sod of the transcontinental rail- way, to express my keen .sense of the importance of this great national enterprise to my people in the Commonwealth, and my best wi.shes for its complete succe.ss. " The .Secretary of State for the Colonies also cabled the congratulations of the Imperial Government, and expressed the opinion that this great undert.iking would " redound to the strategic and commercial advantage of .Austra- lia." The new line is to lie 1063 milps in length, with I in 80 as its steepest grade. The gauge will be 4 ft. 8i in. The highest point on the line will he at 103 miles from Kalgoorlie, at an elevation of 1354 feet. It has been estimated that the work of construction will be finished in from three to four years, and that the cost will he slightly over ;^4,ooo,ooo. There were three men, at least, in A Group of the company which witnessed that Pioeeers, historic ceremony, whose names are peculiarly associated with this un- dertaking. They were Sir John Forrest, Senator Simon Fraser, and Senator McGregor. Forty two years ago, Sir John Forrest, as a young m;'.i:. was one of the first to make the oxerland journc} I rom Perth to South Australia. With .some comii.i:i::ms, he arrived one evening at Port Augusta, weary anjJ travel-stained, after the perilous and trying journey. From that day, Sir John has never ceased to advocate the importance of this trans- continental line. One immediate result of that overland journey was tlie establishment ot tele- graphic communication. The sequel is to be seen in this great railway line. Senator Fraser, though in his eighty-first year, was another of the " makers of history." Thirty-four years ago, he helped to build the railway from Port Augusta northward. That extension will be part of the line to the North- ern Territory. Senator McGregor, it is equally in- teresting to learn, was employed by Senator Fraser in the construction of that line. These three are proud men to-day, and everybody will echo Lord Denman's wish that they may live to ride on the fir.st train which travels across from Port Augusta. Sir John Forrest is a statesman with a vision. Long years ago he saw as clearly as he sees to-day that this railway, making " ways in the wilderness ana paths in the desert," would link up the continent, and prove one of the liest assets in any system of national defence. 'i'hc iigures for iqii, in r<'gar(l tn A Bulletin of iiopulation. published by the Corn- Demography, monwealth Statistician, offer an in- teresting and profitable study in statistics. During last year the gain to the ])opula- tion of the Commonwealth was the largest for any year yet recorded, and amounted to 143,624. The gain i.s represented liy an excess of births over deaths totalling 74.32 r, and an excess of arrivals over departures amounting to 69.300. The interest- ing details compiled by Mr. Knibbs further sliow that at Decemlier 31, 197 1, the population com- prised 108 males for every 100 females. The total number of births registered, 123.193, w.is the highest on record, and the birth-rate of 27.21 per looo of the mean population was the highest for the past eleven years. 1'hese registrations reinvsent 115,119 nuptial, and 7074 ex-nuptial liirtlis. the <).. I . history of the Month. latter representing 5.79 per cent, of the total birth-. the lowest rate for the last ten years, with :h. exception of iqio, when it stood at 5.75. The rate of infantile mortality was the lowest on record. The deaths undt-r one year of age represented 68.49 per 1000 births, as against 74.81 per 1000 in 1910. Another gratifving feature is shown by the favi that the marriage registrations for 191 1 con.stitni< .mother record, loth in number (39.482) and in ;.)• rate per 1000 of the mean population (8.79). i)t the marriages registered, the numt^er celef>rated by minister> of the .\nglican Church was 13,04 1 ; Methodists. 6810; Roman Catholic, 6712: Presliy- terians, 5737; Congregationalists, 240X ; and Ba] lists, 1372; while 1314, or alx>ut onc-thirieeni 1 of the total, were celebrated by civil registrars. 1 the figures dealing with the relative ages of persci:> marrying, it is shown that 1472 males and 8028 It-ranles weie married under the age of twenty-onf'. Tlie oldest couple married during 1911 was a brid'- groom of eighty to a bride of seventy-four. Bishops, as \vell as clergymen and Anglican : lymen within the .\nglican Corn- Autonomy, immion, are radically divided on the subject of autonomy for the Australian branch of that historic Church. The Primate has recently given his voice against the proposal to cut the ecclesiastical painter. Bishop Frodsham, of North Queensland, is as emphatically in favour of it, and, in his latest utterance at the <)|)»-ning of the Provincial Synod, he t-xpres.sed him- >'lf in almo>t violent terms. " I would give mv life cheerfully." he says, " if by so doing I coulil prevent any schism in the Anglican Church. 1 am v-cond to none in my unswerving lovalty to :he ■ I'ictrines of the Church of F.ngland. I am tied '■y f>irth. l>a|)ti.sm, confirmation, and ordination to ti'ie Church of Kngland. I have no desire for any- thing that will mar the full communion between the ' hurch of lingl.ind and the Church in .Australia. 1 tielieve tii.it the wlude -Anglican Communion .should in.trch t')g<*tln-r in lim — one in ho]K', in h.irmony with ;h<-ir • nvironnx-nt. HIn earne.st de>ire is " that .Austr.i- liafts, who '..v.- ,\u>tralia, who tx-lieve that ihe < 'hurch if 1 1 gl.niil iias a mission in .Au^tr.din, who REV. PROFKS,SOR REXTOUL. D.D.. Tlie new Moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly of Victoria. Ijelieve in the guidance of the Holy Spirit for the Church in .Australia, will take no rest until they make the Australian Church free — free to grow up in her own environments, free to live in willing obedience to the doctrine and teaching of the Eng- lish Church, free to make and administer effective law, free to follow the guidance of the Holy Spirit, free to fully serve for Christ's sake that country which Ponce du l,eon once called, with a s.^ilor's vision, Tierra del F.spiritu Santo — the land of the Holv Gro.se." A Fair Rents' Court. '■ We want some sort of a fair rents' court, and we want immigra- '11 str.])|)od," was the request of I .leput.ition representing the com- bined l.ab.iur le.igues of the .Sydney metropoli';. which waited on Premier McGowen last week. B- hind the dfjiutatio.-i, i: was urged, there were many thousands of workers. These complained that the increa.se in wages had Uen negativeil by the high rise in house rents. Mr. McGowen was n<-<'. able to offer any satisfactory s^ilution of the prol lem, but he promised serious con.sideration of tlv subject. There can be no •|uesti(in alwut the ex travagant rise of hfuise rents in Sydney and suburb^, or, for that matter. ever\ where. It is part of th general tendency which has .so seriously increased the rost of living, and male the average mnn Iriok Ixxii. The Review of Reviews. October. 191. askance. The incre.i.sed price of material aud labour is .1 chief contrihutory cause. The increasiug (lemaud for houses, with the rapid growth of popula- tion, is another. But, after all, the man who most feels the pinch of these phenomenal increases, and who is therefore the most to be pitied, is the salaried man — what would be called in England the middle class — the man who has had no corresponding rise in income, the man whose income is not affected bv WaLfes Boards. The Re-Assurance Two assin-ances have come from experts during the month which of Experts. should go far to allay the fears excited by the critics of the Com- monwealth defence system, whose name is legion. According to cable advices from Vancouver, Admiral Tate has been speaking in pessimistic tanes of Aus- tralia's embryo navy, chiefly from the standpoint of an anticipated difficulty in getting the right .sort of recruits, and enough of them, to man the fleet. .Sir George King-Hall, who. from his practical experience as Admiral on the Australian station, is presumably better qualified to pronounce judgment than Admiral Tate, tells quite another stor\ . In his view, the scheme of the Royal Australian Nav is the only practicable plan b\ which the Common- wealth could take its fair share in the defence of the Empire. " There have been great difficulties to overcome, and much opposition : but, bv dint of hard work, perseverance, and hopeful confidence on the part of those who are engaged in the work, everything is turning out most satisfactorily, and in course of time the Royal Australian Xavv will stand out as a most efficient division oif the Imperial Fleet, of which every man, woman, and child in the C^ommon wealth will be proud." As to the pii.ssibility of obtaining naval recruits. Sir George gives this as his testimony: — "I do not believe that there will be any difficulty in manning the Royal Australian Nav}'- by Australians; there has been none hitherto, and I am assured by those offi- cers who are engaged in the training of these entries that they could not wish for men more amenaljle to discipline or keener in their work, anrl thev are also animated lis nnirh es|)rit-de-corps." An assurance against the possibility The Second Line ,,f invasion comes from Colonel of Defence. ,.o,ter. R.E., Director of Military Science at the Sydney Universitv, as the result of careful ob.servations.' "A hostile .irmy. including nearly 20,000 infantrv. 4000 horse, and sixty guns, could not," he says, " invade Austra li. I with prosjject of success, if her forces at present existing were well trained and fully prepared for taking the field." And he further ventures the o|iinion that nr> foreign general staff would run the risk of launching an invasion against Australia if it must encounter her existing forces, mobilisei! :it war strength, and adequately commanded and staffed. The weak spot in any defence programme, under existing conditions, it may be judged, from the Colonel's observations, would be slowness in mobilising in case of sudden invasion. For this tlv break of gauge in the raihvays would be mainly responsible. A uniform gauge is imperative. It is a national necessity, and, as .such, the mattmpulsory idea. Man\ of the cadets, it is also evident, do not. as vet. re- gard their drill in a serious light. In country dis tricts, the grievances are most genuine, and it is not surprising that parents should complain of the conditions imposed. Colonel Ryrie ventilated the grievances of area officers who had to walk mile- to deliver summonses. But what alx)ut the boys who h.ive to tramp miles before and after drill, to arrive home long after boys sliould Ije in lied ? The provision in regard to travelling is certainly not. generous; in many ca.ses it operates harshly upon boy and father alike. But at the worst, the griev- ances can only be reckoned as temporary, and time will supply the remedy. Whether the fault lies with tlv- rllVJlIK State or the Commonwealth Govern- Eviction. ment. the Sydney public are rightly indignant at the notice which bas been ser\ed upon the Go\ernor-General to \acate bis official residence in Sydney. Mr. Fisher lays the responsibility at the door of the N.S.W. Govern ment. The State Ministers have s bl.ime the Commonwealth Government. The Sydney peo- ple, however, have fastened the responsibility on their own Ministers, and the experience of ' Mr. Beeby, wh;) was howled down when he sought -to explain his Government's position at a meeting in the Sydney Town Hall. sufficientl\ indic.ites tlie temper of the N'.S.W. jniblic on the subject. Such treatment of the King's representative represents the quintessence of .shabbims^. Hy main ii i> in- teriireted as an insult. The Turks preparing to defend the Dardanelles. itinH€apoiis Journal.^ Unwarranted Suspicions. Hindi PuHch.\ The Tempting Fruit. (Rombay. Let us hope that he mx^ not slip and fall into the yawning abyss below. Ufuftili./lt,-r.\ Mammon and We. l\ ICIIII.' THE COMING REVOLUTION IN THE BRITISH NAVY. Although i,ooo tons has been taken to estabHsh the radius of action, it must not be forgotten that a Dreadnought can carry between 1,500 to 2,000 tons of oil in its double bottom, besides a maximum of 3,000 lores of coal. A vessel carrying enough coal to cross the Atlantic could go to Australia with internal combustion engines. Why Consols are Down. LoNDOy; Aug. I, 19 1 2. Consols have fallen with a most bewildering persist- ence in the last few years, antl now have reached a point formerly thought impossible. This, of course, has brought prospective disaster upon the m^y who placed their small savings in national bonds, with a sort of belief that never could ,:;6'ioo be worth less than ,£,'100. Their interest is all right, but their capital is all wrong. There are numerous causes apparent to all, and others less clear, why Consols have gone down. We are concerned with them rather as an advertisement to the world of the country's credit than in the more technically financial aspect. Is there anything radically wrong with the country, and if so, what is it ? 'i'o us the answer seems quite simple, always leaving aside the question of how far parry jjolitics and political platforms mav momen- tarily atlect the outward signs of national credit. Originally, when distances were greater and the Empire was smaller in actual lounting size, the price of Consols represented the guarantee of Great Britain, and was only adversely affected by the risks of this country, since it was this country alone which decided on action or inaction. In other words, it was rrui\' a national security. What do we find to-day? The case is very different. The various parts of the Empire, while tending politically to draw together around the Mother Country, are financially independent, borrowing on their own credit, and spending the results of their borrowing within their own fron- tiers. Thus the effective guarantee behind Consols has diminished very materiallv- On the other hand, the risks affecting the price of Consols have not diminished ; they have increased considerably. Every Dominion across the seas feels that it has the right to decide world questions for itself, and thus this country's credit has not only to bear the- risks of decisions taken in London, but of possibly purely local decisions, without any direct interest to (ireat Britain, taken in Ottawa or Mel- bourne. Can we, then, wonder that the price of Consols goes steadily down ? It would be a miracle were it not so, and we can also understand why British national bonds have fallen in value proportionately more than those of other countries. To-day we find that Imperial Credit \ arious parts of the Empire I • °\-< A ;ire paying less for their Imperial Needs. 1 y o borrowed money in this countrv than is yielded by Consols at their present price. Tliis is a startlini^ fact, and 134 The Review of Reviews. fAlLIIVPOINrS SINCC 1903 1 T .■\ A % 6 7 ■a] 9] 10 II \2 13 14 15 16 17 IS 19 20 21 2?' ImSHLAND(ei) ccnsois an LocAi lOAia ( SI LCC (51 INDIA (SV CAVAD/av (51 3AU5TPAIIA(51 GZRMA/I 15) Russian (fi Thaksvaal (51 OutinsiANOd) mwICALANDU) YlCTOHIA (5) ITALIAN 15^1 r/HLNCH (51 CAPE (i) AKOCNTm 14-1 ^S H 8J 18 "i ^i I^J :li 13 % 15 ' B/>iTi5n Consols WITH A TOTAL NOMINAL VAIUTOF ^'S6S9360e6 HAV£ DePRCOATCO BY ^l/JOOOOOO SI/ICfl903. OfT/llS TOTAL TAIL ^9bOOOO0O 12 10 9i 8i /-IAS STTN LOST SINCCI90S UHlNTHCHAOlCALS TOOK Office How to Begin. [From I lie " Daily Express* The Nation's Waning Credit : How Britain compares with other countries. Since the year 1903 there has been a genera! depreciation in Government securities the world over, owing to the tremendous industrial activity opening out new fields for investments. While this has been a normal characteristic, the fall in British Government securities has been abnormal, far exceeding the depreciation experienced by other nations. This is shov/n in a graphic manner in the chart given above, the fall being calcu- lated for the sake of fairness to tlie end of last week. The figures following the names of the stocks indicate the interest they bear. one which proves our point in an almost un- comfortable way. These Colonial securities have all the guarantee of the Empire and really only the risks of the individual Dominion. To a certain extent they are affected by Imperial risks, but to a much lesser degree than arc Consols. Thus actually It would be cheaper for this Government, if it wanted money, to arrange with, sa)-, Canada to borrow and, for a small com- mission, hand over the proceeds. It seems a ludicrously indirect method of realising Imperial crctlit. Nor do wc naturally advocate any such hole-and-corner methods, more especially since there should be no difficulty in going straight to our object. This is that, for Imperial needs, the Empire should be able to enjoy Tmi)erial credit. That is to say, that there should be Imperial Consols issued for |)urposes affecting tlic whole of the Emigre. These would r.mk as our premier security and would give a truer idea of the credit of the Empire than the purely national Consols can ever do again. The question of interest is a detail for financiers to decide ; it is the principle which we wish to press home. Not only will the Empire's credit benefit, but one more band of common interest will have been created between the nations composing the Empire. There is no doubt that the present mxoment is a very opportune one for this question. The Canadian Cabinet has come to this country to ofi'er Dreadnoughts ; the other Dominions, each in its own way, is doing the same. There is no question that the next few years are the critical ones for Peace or War. We are all united on the basic fact that the British Navy is the greatest force for peace to-day. Menaces of the breaking of the world peace do not come because the British fleet is too strong, but because relatively it is thought to be too weak. In many countries the conditions, social and political, between the majority and the minority of Daily Pisf.il.li.] The " Tail " of Woe. (Nhiiitlicittr, Lli>YU ("i. : ** It l<(;i.'ps \Towlini^ away like une o'clock, but fur the life o{ mc I <"\n't make out why ! " The Progress of the World. 135 the peoples are being adjusted. Once the majorities have an adequate say in the coniluct of affairs we do not beheve that the dangers of wars will seriously exist. It is seldom the majority of any people want a war, never a war of aggression. We take it, therefore, that in the interests of peace, and of the peaceful majorities, it behoves us to settle definitelv the fact that the British Navy is alwavs going to be strong enough to fulfil its mission and en- sure peace. We believe that an unmistakable forcing of this fact upon the world's imagina- tion would enable the danger period of the next few years to be rendere"d innocuous. How is this to be done, and without enabling our enemies amongst the ruling minorities to accuse us of aggression ? Let an Imperial Navy Loan be issued with a definite policy of construction in Imperial naval defence. This loan would be guaranteed, not alone by Great Britain, but, in addition, by the various Dominions. In other words, the Imperial Navy would be financed by Imperial credit. Such a plan would be far better than a patchwork Imperial Navy made up of contributions from various parts of the Empire, and having no continuity. It would be cheaper to all parties concerned, and it would prove to the world in the nioit conclusi\e manner possible that for Ini|)erial Defence the Empire is a unit. There is one result which Imperial Questions would be immediate, and Imperially Solved. ]( „nly for this we would advocate an Imperial Loan. That is that such a policy would bring out much more rapidly than there is anv pro- spect at |)resent a calling of the Dominions to the Empire's councils. If the Im|)erial credit has been established on a sound and lasting common basis, it is only natural that the various parts of the I'.mpire, each Mc't'oume " F:inc'i."'\^ The John-Bull Dogs. John Bum. : " See that foreigner over there ". He's set his heart on beatins,' your father." The Pt;i's : " Then he's got a hopeless job. He'll have to beat the lot of us." interested in the upholding of Imperial credit, should take part in the deliberations and decisions on Imperial cpiestions. Gifts of Dreadnoughts may be more spectacular and may more rapidly achieve the desired remits, but they do not inevitably lead to Imperial Councils. Antl it is for the good of the ICmpire that Imperial questions should be considered and solved Imperially. In the Imperial Defence Committee there exists an autonomous and elastic body which should be developed into an Impe- rial Council. To this all these Dominions, which are ready to realise Imperial duties as well as Imperial advantages, should send special representatives, who will deliberate either at special meetings or as ordinary members. In e:u li Dominion Government a new post would be created 136 The Review of Reviews. in the shape of a Minister of Imperial stocktaking and an establishment of Im- AfFairs, who would reside in this country perial credit. and share in the Imperial discussions. But all Im[)erial councils must be founded upon solid Imperial finance and defence, while there can be no Empire until all parts of Mr. Churchill and his Problems. At the Admiralty Mr. Churchill continues to win the golden opinions of the Service he now represents. it reaUse that their Imperial duty may Whether Mr. Churchill remains in the fiesh sometimes temporarily lie before their local as permanent First Lord or not, there is no advantage, and that in any case it always question but that the spirit which he has exists. The visit of the Canadian Ministers infused into his office will endure for here and the possible visit of Britisli Minis- many years. For the nation and for the ters to Canada are excellent, but they must Empire he is the most important Minister not be allowed to obscure the commonsense of the Crown. All we ask is that he and matter-of-fact necessity of an Imperial shall be left undisturbed in the carrying out of his duties, and may not be draoged into the sor- did, vicious circles of party manoeuvres. The very fact of being responsible for the peace of the world should surely suffice to lift the First Lord of the Admiralty out of party politics. To - day, of course, with parties in flux, it is per- haps impossible that one who is destined to lead parties should not seek to dominate them, but we are convinced that however much Mr. Churchill may be of a jxirtv politician he does not let the Navy suffer in even a minor degree. I lis speeches with regard to the new construction and the Mediterranean came rather as a surprise to many who ex- pected greater things. Be that as it mav, tlie Mediterranean solution is good as a temporary The Seagulls of the Future. measure, and secures British For the price of one Dre;iclr)o>ij;ht cruiser it woulil be possible to construct • • 1 three thousand aeroplanes. Which would win in war ? prestige in tllOSe WatetS. The Progress of the World. 137 Members of Parliament visit the Fleet and realise the Peril in the Air. Commamlcr Samson in hi-. liyilropLine flying over the AriiuiJa/c CaslU: Tile fleet in llic background. The lack of provision for An Emergency ■i'-'^"'' Construction arose un- Measure. doubti;(ily from tlie fact that the whole c]uestion of oil fuel and internal combustion engines is under vigorous discussion. The ap[)arent neglect of an increase in men depends also on the same discussion. Mr. Churchill is confronted with two problems of j)eculiar importance. First, the question of oil above alluded to; and secondly, the bridging over of the immediate international danger period. With regard to the latter point, and with- out preiudice to the former, why should we not purchase ready made the princi|)al Dreadnoughts now being built in this countrv for the lesser States? It would be good business to buy these at even increased rates. We could probably convince the prospective owners, who depend for their existence upon the British Navy, that it is in their best interests to concentrate the battleships of peace under one flag. In this way half the Mediterranean Fleet would be found |)ractically ready made — the Dominions could thus present their Dread- noughts at once, and prove that Lord i''islier was wrong when he said, " \ ou can't go round the corner and buy a battleship." It is gratifying to us to Increased Naval Pay ji^yg to record that the Estimates. Admiralty have not only decided to increase the pay of all lower deck ratings, but have already drafted out the revised scale of pav. This shows an increase of from fifteen to twenty per cent., and this increase will probabl)' come into force almost at once, since the opposition at the Treasury is not likely to be any- thing but half-hearted. \\ lien we ilealt with this matter last month we pointed out how incredible it was to think that the men who are the most vital assets of the Empire, since they alone make the British Navy a force, should be paiil on a scale out of all projiortion to the increased cost of living. It is another featiier in tlu cap of Mr. Winston Churchill that he lias not wasted any time in coming to tiie root of ariairs, and is obviating anv |)ossibility of discontent amonjist the men of the Navv. This and other special contingent votes will cause the ICstimates to show an increase of 138 The Review of Reviews. The Peiil in the Air. Photograph taken from an aeroplane of the Great Fleet at Spithead. action of the London County Council in safeguarding from obscenity and intemperance the amusements of the people. Still more popular has been the visit of their Majesties to the West Riding. The Royal pair in- spected some half-dozen of the principal industries of Yorkshire, and showed keen interest in seeing their humblest subjects at work. The most dramatic incident was something like half a million- It is interest- at Elsecar Colliery, where the King ing to recall the fact that in the Naval himself went down the pit, walked Debates in the House of Commons every along its galleries, interviewed the miners speaker adopted the standpoint that the at work, took a pick into his own Royal British Navy was the greatest force for the hands, antl worked with it for a while. We peace of the world. Nothing could be are reminded by this incident that when more excellent than that the idea of this working his way up in the Navy, the King country's duty as policemen of peace should shrank from no task, however disagreeable, be more widely accepted and should form His experience in a Yorkshire coal mine the basis of all discussions of policy. has, it appears, made him realise the July has been a busy difference in the kinds of coal hewn, and The Monarch month for His Majesty, consequently understand the claim for the Miners. ^^^^ visits to Newmarket differential wage. The terrible explosion and Henley, as also to the which occurred during the Royal visit at restored Winchester Cathedral, and the the Cadeby Pit, and which caused over Windsor garden party with 7,000 guests, thirty deaths, led to a visit of sympathy were quite in the line of traditional Royal from the King and Queen, and deepened functions. So was the opening of the the conviction of the people that the Royal Immingham Dock near Grimsby, with its heart goes out to them not merely in their forty-five acres of water space and 5,400 work but also in their sorrows. The feet of quays, laid out at a cost of nearly poi)ular reception seems to have exceeded three millions sterling— one of the triumphs even the traditional warmth of a Yorkshire of modern enterprise. But the presence welcome, of King and Queen at a command per- formance in the Palace Theatre is the ^'■■- Asquith first Royal endorsement of the music-hall as a legitimate element in the national life. For the recognised arrival of this cent welcome which the Irish people ac- form of popular recreation thanks are corded to Mr. Asquith on the i8th and very largely due to the so-called J'uritanic lyth of last month. The occasion was in Ireland. The cause of Home Rule and of good-will within the Empire has been greatly advanced bv the maonltl- The Progress of the World. 139 historic. It was the first visit ever paiil to Ireland by an actual Prime Minister of the Crown. And that Prime Minister was one who is securing the enactment of the measure on which the hearts of the Irish people have been set for generations. His reception was one worthy of the occasion, of the man and of the people. It was, as Mr. Redmond said, " a spontaneous outpour- ing of the gratitude of the whole people." The Irish leailer may be pardoned for the l)ride with which he referred to the" dimen- sions, the good order, the absolute sobriety, and the whole-hearted enthusiasm of the enormous assembly " that went out to greet Mr. Asquith. The Theatre Royal was crowded with representatives of all classes and creeds. There were present the Lord Mayors and Mayors of every city and town in Ireland with two exceptions, and the chairmen of the County Councils of twenty- eight our of the thirty-three counties in Ireland. It was the heart of the nation expressmg itself, and that the most warm- hearted among the nations. Not least notable was the impression produced upon the Prime Minister. As one of the oldest members of the Mouse of C-ommons has said, " No one would accuse Mr. Ascjuith of emotionalism." Bur as all his subsequent speeches testify, the Irish welcome roused him to a rare pitch ot emotion — an emotion which does him credit. He came, as he said, to signalise the union of the long-parted democracies ot (ireat Britain and Ireland, and to "open a new volume, on the title-page of which will be written, ' Those whom God has joined together man shall no longer put asunder.'" The daring of that quotation, over against tiie hostile chatter about "separation ami dismemberment," is as evident as its fit- ss to tile fact. And it was lining, too. that the glow of noble passion was not wantmg. Liberal and Labour Split. Industrial wars, as well as those decided on the battlefield, have their casualties, not merely among the rank and file, but among the generals on both sides. Not infrequently the leader of the masters has succumbed to the terrific strain of the economic confiict. Less frequently the other side suffers simi- larly. The death of Mr. Enoch Edwards, M.P. for Hanley, was a result of the late miners' strike, the conduct of which com- pletely broke him down. His removal is a I Kirf.i Cause and Effect I will show my cmployir »li;it I lliiiik of him. Workman : ... . . . Good heavens : ihc price of bteail has yoiie up.' 140 The Review of Reviews. loss to the House of ^Commons and to tlie Labour world. In both spheres his genial personality and conciliatory temper will be much missed. The electoral sequel adds to the tragedy. Mr. Edwards was elected in the first instance as a Liberal- Labour Member, and the Liberal Associa- tion had carried through his election. When the Miners' Federation decided to join the Labour Party, Mr. Edwards naturally considered that his duty to the Federation must stand before his tie to the Liberal Party. The seat, which had thus become a Labour seat, was on his death claimed by the Hanley Liberals and their candidate, Mr. Outhwaite. As the Labour Party could not sacrifice the seat without a struggle, Mr. Finney was put forward by the miners as their candidate. It is a great pity that Electoral sufiicient pressure from Results. Liberal headquarters was not brought to bear upon the Liberals in Hanley to avoid this struggle, and to allow the Labour seat to remain a Labour seat still. True, the result in Hanley was a complete electoral justifica- tion of the Liberal policy, inasmuch as Mr. Outhwaite was returned by a majority of four to one for the Labour candidate. But this deliberate capture by the Liberals of a Labour seat was bound to involve repri- sals. The election at Crewe followed. The Labour Party put forward a candidate who obtained a much larger vote than fell to his comrade at Hanley. The result was that the Unionist went in at the head of the poll. The Liberals were thus ])unished for their cajjture of a Labour scat by the loss of a Liberal seat. And the majority for Home Rule and Manhood Suffrage has been corresjKjndinglv reiluced. The votes cast in both elections scarcely justify much 01 Parliament. Unionist exultation. For the majority of votes cast against the Unionist candidate was in Hanley 2,348, and in Crewe 3,451- In the election at Ilkeston the pojjular cause sustained a much more serious reverse. For there, in a straight fight between Liberal and Unionist, the Liberal majority fell from 4,044 to 1,211. But this drop is also attributed, rightly or wrongly, to the alienation of Labour, votes from the Liberal cause. As the cause neither of Labour nor of Liberalism is likely to advance by these estrangements, a better understanding would conduce to the advantage of both. The Canadian Premier has The Decline told US that the British Parliament is no longer an Imperial body, and we arc grateful to him for the information. It is wholesome to have news about Parliament occasionally from outside, because in this country nobody really knows or cares any- thing about the doings at Westminster. The vision of party machines, working more or less in unison, does not onlv not enthuse the average man, it does not interest him. He sees the party system changing, the members becoming more and more grouped under the heads of Con- servati\e - Liberals and Radical- Socialists, and he knows that the same change is taking place all over the world. What .used to be great political measures are no longer allowed to ruffle the serenity of everyday life — a supreme laissezfaire has fallen upon us all, because it is no use doing anything. Home Rule may or may not be attacked for party purposes, but it will not be repealed, nor much changed. Time will show the Irishman that it oft^ers a chance of securing more real representation of the mass of the people than does the present The Progress of the World. 141 Parliamentary groups. Then the Irish agri- culturist will lie down amicably with the Ulster manufacturer and be mutually helpful. Tariff Reform — of a kind -will come inevitably, when there is no more chance of securina: revenue by other means. Indirect taxation is perhaps most liked by the Minister and least disliked by the tax- payer. But there is no need to make a fuss about it or to put it seriously in a party programme. The people of this country want constructive development and evolu- tion; they do not want the politics of mere partizan pugilism. What we want is a party as free from merely polemical politics as modern religion is not free from polemical creed and do2;ma. By^trmisii ■■ Peaceful Provocation. At all costs I shall rlcfcnd this CiKRMANY (challenging) \x<\y." Britain (calmly) : " .Same here— and a bit more." I'EACK : •' Well, let':, hope they won't quarrel, or there'll bo an end of inc." The militant Suffragettes The Sisterhood \yj_yQ again shown to the importulJe Widow. ^^■'""I'l ^'''^^ ^^ev are pre- |)ared to go to any extreme in pursuit of their ideals. Arson, personal violence, destruction of property — these are but incidents in their campaign. They certainly realise that if they once embark upon a campaign of importunity they must keep it up. and on a rising crescendo, if they do not want the whole thing to fall Hat. We do not think that their method is the most likely to secure them what they want, since it does not appeal to the mass of those they seek to convince. They will doubtless terrorise Ministers, but they will get the vote later, not sooner. They forget that it is hard to convince English peo])le who are iust emerging from the law-abiding era that it is the right thing to entrust the making of laws to those who consistently break existing laws. Some excuse may be found for the militants in such pre- cedents as the burning of Bristol before the Reform Act, and others of similar nature. But the very fact that these |)recedents are used as arguments in favour of present-day violence is a very inter- esting sidelight u|)on their lack of mental perspective on the march of progress. What was recognised as legitimate argument in the Stone Age would not produce the necessary results to-day. 'i'he militants seeni to forget this. What would they say if, when convicted of employing the methods of before the Reform Act, they were to be punished as were the agitators of that period ? .\ sentence of transportation to distant parts of the Empire would perhaps work permanent good to the Empire, but it would not, we believe, |)lease the militants. \m\ yet therr they might find votes and equality without 142 The Review of Reviews. The Suffragettes' excuse : The Burning of Bristol before the Reform Act vvliich Ulster will go which' I shall not be ready to sup- port." This is the way the leaders of the Opposition are sowing the wind. Behold the first sheaves of the harvest of whirlwind in the Belfast Terror: Mr. Birrell, as responsible Minister, de- clared in the House of Com- mons that there is no dispute about the facts. He said : " Since July ytli outrages have been committed in Bel- fast shipyards and streets of a terrible character. He had before him mformation becoming criminals. We may sympathise with the sisterhood of the importunate widow, but common-sense tells us that they are putting back, the clock for their cause. It is evident that very Unionist Leaders serious Steps will have to o „ . t. . be taken bv those who are Belfast Terrorism. ." responsible for the govern- ment of this country, if the prevailing epidemic of lawlessness is not to result in something terrible. On the twelfth of last month Mr. F. E. Smith told the people of Belfast that " the crisis has called into exist- ence one ot those supreme issues of con- science amid which the ordinary landmarks of permissible resistance to technical law are submerged. We shall not shrink from the consequences of this view, not though the whole fabric of the commonwealth be convulsed." At Blenheim on the twenty- seventh, Mr. Bonar Law stated that the people of Ulster would be justified in resisting Home Rule" by all means in their power, including force," and added, " If the attcm[)t be made under present conditions, I can imagine no length of resistance to with reference to eight or nine outrages upon innocent and harmless workmen who were unable to help themselves. These men were working quietly in shipyards and solitary places when they were set upon aiad horribly assaulted. Two thousand Roman Catholic workmen and a consider- able number of Protestant workmen felt that their lives would not be safe if they continued to attend the yards." The Unionist workmen are using every means to compel the workmen who differ from them politically to join their Unionist clubs, preparatory to more serious measures of revolt. Mr. Asquith endeavoured to convey to Mr. Bonar Law some sense of the re- sponsibility of his utter- ances by asking him to consider their effect if the present Opposition Oecame the (jovernment and endeavoured to coerce, not a minority of the people of Ireland, but the overwhelming majority. Mr. Asquith declared that the whole force of rlu' law was being exerteil to put an end to the Mr. Asquith's Responsibility. The Progress of the World. H3 disturbances in Belfast ; but he concluded, " I cannot acquit statesmen opposite of responsibility for open incitement to vio- lence." One hopes that Mr Asquith is aware of the responsibility attaching to his own utterance. If " statesmen opposite " are responsible for open incitement to violence, the law should be enforced in their case as relentlessly as in the case of Mr. Tom Mann or any sedition-monger. Mr. Gladstone did not hesitate to avail himself of the unexhausted resources of civilisation by putting Mr. Parncll and the Irish leaders into prison. If incitement to violence is a crime, then the Government is responsible for the punishment of such crime, no matter how highly placed the criminals may be. If a Prime Minister, speaking in the full responsibility of his office, charges political opponents with con- duct that is criminal, and takes no steps to punish the criminals, he himself becomes, however unwillingly, a partner in their guilt and a passive accomplice in rebellion. At a time when there is The Mockery talk and danger of war and of It All. international complication, when we dream of Dread- noughts and defence, it is strikingly absurd to hnd that any idea of war or the need for war preparations is absent from the minds of the people of this country. We wonder why the Army is not more efficient, we make light of the Territorials, we allow the National Reserve to be financed by individuals more or less patriotically sincere. And yet we are to blame for it all. It has been reserved for the Dis- trict Council of Sheringham, near Cromer, to hold :i minor up to the nation, and to show us the hollow mockery of it all. This courageous council, although situated on the East Coast, ex|)osed to (lerman attack should it come, forbade that Territorial mananivres should be held there — because it would interfere with the golf and disturb the old ladies ! And how was this tender and patriotic solicitude for the welfare of the nation met by the British Government r It arranged to change all the plans and have the manoeuvres in Wales ! Comment is unnecessary. Does it not make thinking men and women wish for a period of strong- handed dictatorship, when national necessi- ties would stand before the tremendous interests of the golfer and the bathchair man ? _. In foreign affairs perhaps Mediterranean the most significant event ^"roc/i('iiu'n/ with Austria. We are too ready to forget Austria as a vital factor in I'yuropean politics, blinded bv the more flamboyant a|)pearance of (Germany ; but, in reality, if Austria desires peace as cor- dially as we do, much of the menace of war will have been averted. Let no time be lost in entering into friendly discussion with Austria in order to see what can be done. In any event, no harm can be ilone, and a 144 The Review of Reviews. greater and more complete mutual know- ledge will result. Naturally an agreement with Austria to limit construction, followed inevitably by one with Italy of friendly co-operation, would completely change the tace of the Mediterranean situation. The German attempt to International exploit the inevitable tend- Affairs. ency of autocracies to sup- port each other in these days of increasing democracy, which at- tracted public attention only at the moment of the Baltic interview between the German and Russian Emperors, has failed to achieve the desired results. Coming as it did at a moment when the Franco-Russian relations were less cordial, it has awakened the autho- rities both at Paris and at St. Petersburg to tile dangers of separation. It is another instance of the efforts of the governing minorities to dictate to the majorities, who have not yet achieved their full political power. The people of Germany and of Russia have no common tie and no desire for friendship. They and the Eur<)])ean balance of power, therefore, run the risk of being seriously disturbed in order to bolster up the idea of governing by " divine right," but not by right. Japan, following upon her constructive policv of eliminating all possible points of friction, has made the necessary arrangements with Russia with regard to the Far Eastern points of contact. Those who say that Japan has any idea of making an Alliance with Russia show how little they understand the straightforward policy of Japan, who cannot but know that j)ermancnt friendship with the existing rdgimr in Russia is im- |K)ssible. Japanese statesmen do not make alliances for a few days, and whilst they are anxious to live in friendly relations with their neighbours, they do not believe in deceiving themselves as to facts. It is a great pity that the death of the Emperor of Japan forced Prince Katsura to return to Japan instead of coming to this countrv, as had been his former intention. . . The inevitable result of Again , . - 1 a New Regime the lack of political ex- '" perience which marked so ^^' many of the actions of the Young Turk Committee of Union and Progress has arrived, and it would appear that the reien of those who made the revolution against Abdul Hamid has come' to an end. It is of excellent significance that this should have come about without causing bloodshed and civil war, and affords the world a very decided proof of the deter- mination of the majority of the Turks to sacrifice individual interests in favour of national welfare. It is indisputable that the present Government contains many more experienced men than did the last, and in this there is hope both for internal improve- ment and for cessation of external conflict. As ever, tlie final say remains in the hands of the army, and it is likely to remain so for a considerable number of years. The real strength of the new Ministry lies wi'-h Ferid Pasha, the Minister of the Interior. He was formerly Grand Vizier under Abdul Hamid, and was probably the only Grand Vizier of whom Abdul Hamid was sin- cerely afraid. An Albanian, with distinctly patriotic ideas, he is one of the few Turkish officials who do not think that to hold office is the supreme ideal. The new Minister of the Interior has courage, he has exjierience, he has patriotic pride in his country, and he will do far more to bring about a real state of affairs upon which Turkish progress can be based than all the fine words and unworkable theories of some of his immediate predecessors. The Progress of the World. H5 We think that it is quite wrong to assume that Fcrid Pasha is an ardent friend of Germany. He is an ardent friend of Turkey, and will work loyally with any country whose objects do not confiict with his ideas as to what is due to Turkey. Of course, it is immensely unfortunate that the Ikitish representative in Constantinople is quite the worst Ambassador that could pos- sibly, have been found. \Mien the entire mastery of tiie situation at Constantinople was not only open to us, but urged upon us. Sir Gerald Lowther made no effort to secure for his country the advantages which should now be hers. It need now be no secret Ferid Pasha's that the late Turkish First Duty. Government had taken official steps to secure the assistance of the British Government in the selection of a number of British adminis- trative officials who would be given a practically free hand in the reorganisation of many of the departments of State. We trust and we believe that Ferid Pasha and his colleagues are far too intelligent not to continue this most excellent idea of their predecessors. It is gratifying to find tliar however mucii we, as a nation, may have lost in other directions, the world still re- gards us as the most able administrators, advisers and tlirectors ; and this in face of the urgent representations of other countries, backed as they are, l*o a far greater extent than lias ever been the case with us, by all tiic diplomatic and governmental forces available. \tter the turmoil and rush Perhaps ,• , ,• ^^ or the campaigns prece(hng American President the nomination convention, in the ^j^^l jIj^. ]j||.j^] rhetoric of United States. Mr. 1 heodorc Roosevelt and Mr. Bryan, a calm has fallen upon the country, and Americans are beginning to size up the situation. It is no exaggeration to say tliat it is quite unprecedented in the history of the United States, and there is a possi- bility that it may lead to a very curious situation. The division of the two Repub- lican parties and the creation of a new partv by Mr. Roosevelt may result in there being no absolute majority in the Autumn when the Presidential elections are held. Should this happen there will be no President elected, and were it not that in the United States the terms of the new President and that of his predecessor overlap for several months we should have the interesting spectacle of one of the greatest nations without any head. While this might be workable in another republic, it is unthink- able in the United States, where the chief executive has far more direct power and many more direct duties than has any constitutional monarch. Should this dead- lock occur, the matter of electing the President has to be referred to the House of Representatives ; but there is an interest- ing doubt as to whether it would be the old or new House that should elect the new President. For the sake of the Ameri- can business men it is to be hoped that this eventuality will not occur, although it must be confessed that the situation cannot but be interesting for all students ot national politics. It is doubtful whether an}' Panama change of President can Tolls. have real influence u])on the steadilv improving re- lations between the United States and this country. The coming of Home Rule will aid greatly in this direction, since at the present moment it is generally among the Irish political sections that op|)Osition to anything British is to be found. It was the 146 The Review of Reviews. Irish, wirli the assistance of the German communities, who defeated the Arbitration Treaty when it was before the Senate. How much more sane the relations between the two countries have become may be judged by the question of the Panama Canal tolls. A few years ago this would have marked the occasion for an outburst of invec- tive on both sides of the Atlantic. As it is, one saw a reasoned discussion on treaty rights, and a decision that treaty rights must be respected. One curious fact which came into prominence during the debates on the Panama tolls was that the United States has a deep conviction that the International Arbitration Court at the Hague is hopelessly European in its point of view, and that, therefore, America could never hope to obtain absolute justice there. In this we think thev are mistaken, and that their mistake arises out of the very complete detachment from world politics which characterises the greater part of American thought. The idea of the announce- The New ment of a new Monroe Monroe Doctrine, doctrine, backed not only by the United States but by the British Empire, is rapidly gaining ground. A very noteworthy fact with regard to this idea is that the Latin Re|)ublics of the Americas, both North and South, have practically subscribed to the old Monroe doctrine, and that they will be more than delighted to have an additional guarantee that, shielded on closer terms with both the British Empire and the United States, they can reap to the full their enormous advantages without fear of outside ])eril. It is not generally known that at the time of the Pcnttlicr incident the Latin Republics of America at Rio de Janeiro gave a striking, in fact almost start- ling, demonstration of their unanimity vvith regard to the Monroe doctrine as applied to South America. At the time of the incident, with only the delay contingent on cabling. Cabinet councils were held in every capital of South America, and resolutions were passed in favour of supporting Brazil against German aggression. These resolu- tions were at once communicated to Rio, also to Washington. It was this, far more than anything else, which caused the inci- dent to finish as it did ; and once more the danger of outside aggression was repelled. This American solidarity, together with a world-wide declaration with regard to the Monroe doctrine on behalf of the two great English-speaking nations, would transform what too many statesmen are apt to think is a musty record of a long-dead American President into a living actuality pregnant with peaceful force. The appointment of Dr. The Value Morrison, the famous cor- British Advice. respondent of the Times, as special adviser to the Chinese Republic is another proof, if proof were necessary, of the prestige which this country enjoys throughout the world. The sound common sense of the Englishman appeals more than any other aid to countries in the throes of change, or to people emerging from the darkness of autocracy into the light of constitutionalism. If we might urge in advance any possible disad- vantage of the choice of Yuan Shi-Kai, it would be that Dr. Morrison knows too much about China. In other words, he must have many friends, many enemies, and undoubtedly many settled convictions. For a cou«try in the melting-pot it seems to us a drawback to have as adviser anybody who is not ready to take things as they are, not as they may have been, and make actual The Progress of the World. 147 condition the basis ot" future progress. We (h) not for one moment belittle the import- ance of Dr. Morrison's appointmenr, well deserved as it is, and gratifying to tiie 15ritish ICmpirc, since Dr. Morrison is an Australian, but we gauge tlie measure of his ability toniould tiie future without too iiuich influence from the past. '^I'he repott of tiie British Consul-General in Peru Peiu and Congo. , ^ ■ on the atrocious cruelties ])erpetrated by the officials of a British rubber company on the natives of certain districts of Peru caused an in- e\ itabie recollection of the words of scorn and unmeasured attacks upon tlie Belgians HI the Congo State of some short time ago. Here was a 15ritisli company guilty of the same iniquities as we had accused the Belgians of committing. While taking into account the inevitable " going black " even of Euro])eans when released from the control of civilised surroundings, we trust that no measures will be left untaken to ensure that the Peruvian horror ceases ; indeed, we think it probable that United States action will be of powerful avail in this direction. (Jood will come out of evil, however, if those who are o|K'nly if not ostentatiously interested in the welfare ot the n:)tive races learn two things: First, discrimination and judgment ; and second, that fretjuently self-interest is to be found in those who advocate the most seemingly high reforms. This was so in the Congo, and it is an ever-present danger lying in wait for all philanthropic societies existing for a single object. They really are an easy l)rey for the unscrupulous and commercial merchant and concession ininier — once convinced the society and those who are connected with it go full steam ahead, often doing great harm to those whom they prcj- fess to benefit. A Case in Point. A question of native rights in the Gold^Coast Colony has arisen out of the Forest Bill of igii, and a de]ni- tation from the native chiefs and the million odd inhabitants is in I>ondon at the present time to voice the grievances of the natives in regard to it. Previous Bills met with the opposition of kings and chiefs, it being asserted that the rights of the natives woukl be interfered with. To a deputation to the Colonial Office in 1897 Mr. Chamberlain acknowledged the justice of the objections raised against the Bill, and It was prevented from becoming law. The present Rill also introduces similar encroachments, but under the name ot management. If passed, it would give the Governor power to declare land subject to forest reservation 5 to prohibit the taking of timber, rubber, etc., during certain periods ; and to constitute forest reserves. The deputation pleads that by taking away the control of the land from the kings and chiefs the whole fabric of native institutions will be destroyed. They cite the statement of the Conservator of Forests to show that the timber areas have scarcclv been touched, that it is the native alone who is able to cultivate the soil to its utmost possibility, and that the Kuro]5ean cannot dispense with him. It would, therefore, be a great mistake to dcjjrive the native of the management of his own land. From time immemorial these lands ha\e belonged to the natives, and it is by their labour that the great cocoa industry has been built up. It" we wish them to remain indejjendent and not suffer undue hardshi]), we ought to allow them the continued possession of their own land. * It would be both unjust to those who are under our protection and contrary to the traditions of the British Empire were the British (Jovernment to be led away by the insidious vvhisjierings of interested parties, and |)enalisc the natives of the (Jold Coast for their success in cocoa growing by destroying the whole labric of their state constitution. 148 IS THE DREADNOUGHT THE LAST WORD IN DEFENCE? Thhly to One ! For the cost of ;i Super- Dreadnought (with 900 men) thirty of tlic most modern airships (manned bv 600 men). If only one survived in an attack the whole science of national defence would be revolutionised. "Damn Your Coaling Stations!" COMING REVOLUTION IN THE BRITISH NAVY.* THERE is at present preparing the greatest of changes in the British Navy since the adoption of steam and the abandonment of sails. Lord Fisher of Kilverstone, the Grand Old Man of the N'avy, has returned to preside over a special Royal Commission to inquire into the use of oil fuel and internal-combustion propulsion engines for war- ships. It is an open secret that Lord Fisher, before his retirement, was an ardent ad\ocatc both of oil fuel and of internal-combustion engines, especially the latter. After he retired it is reported that he declared that, excluding of course war necessities, nothing would bring him back to active participation in the naval affairs of the country except to be respon- sible for the accomplishing of the revolution culmina- ting in the total abandonment of coal for oil and the motor warship. Lord Fisher has come back, and the inference to be drawn from his return is all the more unmistakable when we know that Mr. Winston Churchill, whose occupancy of the Admiralty is winning him golden opinions in the Ser\ice, is, if any- thing, more enthusiastic about oil than is the veteran Admiral. And the Royal Commission is a notable one in every sense of the word ; it is one to get things done, to accomplish even the impossible. The following arc the members :— Lord Fisher of Kilver- stone : Admiral of the Fleet and ex-First Sea Lord of the Admirali)-. .\Ir. George Lambert, M.P. : Civil Lord of the Admiralty ; Liberal member for South Molton. Sir Hoverton Redwood, ]5art. : Adviser on petroleum to the Admiralty, Home Office, and India (JfFice, and on petroleum transport to the Port of London .\utliorily. Sir Philip Watts : Designer of the Dreafiiioiti^lit ; adviser on naval construction to the Admiralty. ICngineer Vice-Admiral Sir H. ]. Oram : Eni.'ineer-in Chief of the Fleet. Vice-Admiral Sir f. k. jcllicoc : Ex-Controller of the Nav\ . Sir William Matthews : Consulting engineer for harbour and dock works. Chief engineer of the new Dover Harbour. Sir T. H. Holland: Profes.sbr of geology at Manchester, and author of works on petrology. Sir T. E. Thorpe : Director of the chemical laboratories of the Imperial College of Science and Technolog)' ; late director of Government laboratories. Mr. .Alex- ander Gracic : Managing director of the Fairfield ShipbuildiiiLT Comp.iny. Mr. A. F. Yarrow: Head of the Yarrow lirm of torpedo craft builders. .Mr. II. (). Jones : Lecturer on chemistry at Cambridge. • A most eminent Kiiropcan naval man ci^resml himself as follows: "(•ivr nic wariihips burning oil, ami ibmn ymir co» ■•«{ slatioiis The terms,jof reference are very definite : — " To report on the means of supply and storage of liquid fuel in peace and war, and its application to warship engines, whether indirectly or by internal combustion." THE D.\Y OF COAL ENDED. We may take it as certain that the day of coal in the Navy has ended, and that the intermediate stage has arrived when oil will be used to raise steam. How long we will be before the final stage is reached, when steam disappears and all the vessels are propelled by that most economical of all methods, the internal- combustion propulsion engine, depends upon the science and invention of the constructors, who must devise and scheme to secure a minimum of i.ooo h.p. per cylinder. The little more, the minor details, these are all that block the way, and those responsible for the tremendous increase in power from coal-fired boilers which has marked the last few years can surely be trusted to overcome the last difficulties. Already the British Na\ y possesses in the submarines what are perhaps the best marine motor-engines of any country, and there is no motor-engine in use of pureh- British invention. Much interest has been aroused by the Selaiidia, the inotor-ship of the East Asiatic S.S. Company, but we believe we are right when we say that her motor-engines are much inferior to those in the newer submarines, developing many horse-power less per ton ^vcight. But to the public the SHandia spells successful achievement and the coming of the motor- liner ; in any case, most of the members of the Royal Commission have not only visited this vessel, but have travelled in her. ENORMOUS S.WING IN STOKERS. Pending the final experiments, we may assume that the British Navy will shortly he burning altogether oil and raising .steam without stokers. In German\ . the United Stales, an5o The Review of Reviews. Fholasr.if'h lyi A Torpedo Destroyer taking in Oil Fuel. (Tlic Iwo men aic not needed.) many thousands of men, who will then he available for other branches of the service. THE GLORY OF COALING-STATIONS GONE. It is only when we begin to think out the question in detail that we grasp how serious is the change and how irre.sistiblc must have been the arguments to brirg it about. In the past, as in the present, the wonderful chain of coaling-stations possessed by this ecu itry represen' sone of the greatest of weapons which we possess in time of war. They enable our war- ships to go wherever they will over the face of the globe, replenishing their stock of coal at convenient .and safely fortified harbours over wliich flies the Union Jack. liut it would be to ape the blindness of the ostrich were we to imagine that what has been in the past and is at the present is going to last for ever. .Mas! it will not last many months; it may even now be .said that the day of the coaling-station has gone — that the glory of the British coal- ing-stations has gone. Oil-fuel it is which has brought this about ; and it was in this connection that a very prominent luiropean naval man made the remark which heads this note : " Give me warships Inirning oil-fuel," he said, " and then damn )-our coaling - stations ! " And he was right — terribly right. An oil- burning fleet needs never to run to harbour to replenish its supply oi fuel. At all points of the seas it can meet tramp oil-carriers ; in fact, it will be one of the m.ost lucra- tive of businesses for neutral vessels during a naval war to hang about with cargoes of oil, waiting a good sale chance. The warship comes up to the tanker, passes a haw-^er o\'er, and after that a flexible tube, through which the new supply of oil flows into the warship's tanks. This pro- cess can be continued while both vessels are under way. The fact that, despite the enormous loss which this depreciation of our chain of coaling - stations represents, the British Admiralty is convinced of the absolute necessity of the adop- tion of oil as fuel on warships, should con\'ince even the most sceptical that the day of oil as fuel has come. REVOLUTION IN RADIUS OF ACTION. The great advantage which the experts expect from the use of oil is that the fuel required for steaming a [Topical. A Destroyer taking ui Oil during Maiic Damn Vouk Coaling Stations; 151 Admiralty inspection of the motor-ship " Selandia." Admiral Sir A. Moore and Sir Henry Oram (Enginecr-Ln- Chicf of the Fleet) on board, inspecting the ship. given distance will weigh much less than fonnerly. This means that a battleship can be given a greatly enlarged cruising radius, and th.it some of the weight which has here- tofore been devoted to coal can now be gi\ en up to armourand armament. It is e-stimaled that the 4:10 tons of oil carried by the Dela- ware will increase her steaming radius not less than 1,000 miles. The result of installing motor-engines into warships will he both important and startling. The cru.\ of the whole matter — the eagerness for the new motive power — is explained b\- a recent statement of Dr. Diesel, the dis- tinguished (lerman engineer and inventor of the engine that bears his name. He said that the radius of action of a man-o'-war fitted with Diesel engines was such that " the ship would sail all over the world, fight an\ battle, and come home without having to take in one pound ol fuel on the way." Such a claim, coming from so distinguished a source. in\ ites thinking ; for the realisation of the claim will revolutionise maritime war- fare. At once England's superiority in tin matter of coaling-stations vanishes. The task of safeguarding our food becomes a hundreil times more ditficult. All Powers will be on their merits, and I'",ngland's superiority, b\ rea.son of her worl( even the largest dinu-n.-ions, there has been little in the wiiy of sudden anquipped, however, as the\' are with oil-fuel tanks, the ships whi<'h wouhl Itave to bear the brunt of the b.itlle would be able to bunker in a very short time, even in a heavy sea, by the use of a hose con- nection and the oi)erations of a steam-driven pump. 156 The Review of Reviews, It is estixnaled that under such conditions more work could be done in one hour by a single pump than could be accomplished by the whole company of a battleship taking in coal under the most favourable circumstances, either in a roadstead or a dock. In regard to the emis- sion of smoke it does not need a naval expert to under- stand the situation. The warship that reveals its pre.scnce by sending out black smoke makes itself a ready target for the guns of the foe, while the flare from the funnel top at night indicates its position. Besides getting rid of the smoke nuisance, the use of oil-fuel enables the fires to be shut down imme- diately the ship is slowed. Jhis is an important factor in connection with torpedo-boats, as it is almost impossible to govern the coal fires, and any require three-quarters of an hour. As an instance of how this quick-firing w^ould work, let it be supposed that a wanton act of war was suddenly committed by a neighbouring Power. Communication can be made by wireless telegraphy from Whitehall to all the ships of the Royal Navy at any point on our coasts and for many hundreds of miles out on the broad Atlantic. Assuming that a code message was flashed through the air to the special service oil-fuel destroyers stationed on the East Coast to leave immediately for a certain destination, steam could be raised promptly, and well within thirty minutes these terrible engines of destruc- tion would have quietly left the naval base and be speeding across the North Sea at thirty-five knots an hour. ■^I'-A,' ^f-^h^r-4. -sr^—asse is for Transport Federation to refer latest phase to affiliated Unions ; Unions as such should then convene private meetings of respective members to explain that re.sumption of work is first step in re-opening negotia- tions with employers re grievances, and to insure reconstitution and reconstruction of Federation. Affiliated Unions could then issue manifestoes simul- taneously advising resumption of work forthwith. Unless something like this is done soon you will experience a Trade Union rout instead of a temporary Federation defeat." .■\ny practical result from this was pre\'ented, how- ever, by the extreme elements of the Strike Committee bringing in Mr. Norman Craig, and cndca\-ourinc; to divert attention b\- the so-called " negotiatiiiiis '' carried on by that gentleman. Meanwhile Mr. Havelock Wilson had returned to town, and after consultation with the strike leaders and the Strike Committee, he drew up a line of policy which he has publicly described as endeavouring to — {a) Get those who were in work throughout the country to dip their hands in their pockets for one shilling a day each for the financial strengthening of the London strikers ; {b) To incjuire of the transport workers in the larger ports of the United Kingdom if, in the event of the employers in the Port of London not being prepared to come to a reasonable settlement, they — the transport workers in other ports — would " down tools " in favour of the London men. This; however, \vas too direct an interference with forces controlled by sane trade unionism — that is to say, the Sailors' and Firemen's Union, and no time was lost in bringing the real facts of the case before Mr. Havelock Wilson. On July 23rd he was informed that on the resumption of work by the men the employers were prepared to meet representatives of the unions to consider grievances, in a just and generous spirit. This he did not know. It is apparent, however, that the Strike Committee, who did know, did not fully inform him of the situation, probable- actuated by the desire to use his great influence in bringing on a national stoppage. Once having been put in possession of the facts, and having had laid before him good reasons for believing that any attempt to engineer a national stoppage in connection with the London strike was doomed to failure, Mr. Wilson did not persevere in his polic)-. Steps were at once taken to place Mr. Havelock Wilson in possession of the facts of the actual situation necessary to protect him from acting upon a false hypothesis. A series of visits and conversations took place embracing everybody con- nected with the cessation or the prolongation of the strike, and while these were not in any sense negotia- tions, they enabled him to preside over the deliberations of the sailors' executive in full possession of all facts. On the 26th the Sailors' l",\ecutive Council met and communicated to the Strike Committee their opinion that the strike should he brought to a speedy termina- tion. On the next day, after it was known that the so-called " negotiations " of Mr. Norman Craig had comi)letely collapsed, it was reported that the Strike Committee had determined to call off the strike, and to issue its own order to the men to resume work on Monday. There was, however, no decision on the part of the Strike Committee to carry out the obviously sane methods referred to above — that is to say. refer the matter to the respective unions to enable them to consult with the men liehind closed doors prior to the The Betrayal of Trade Uniomsm. 163 issue of the orders to resume work. The Strike Com- mittee issued its orders to end the strike with as callous a disregard of the men's wishes as it had shown in commencing the strike. The repudiation by the rnen of the manifesto on the Sunday afternoon came as no surprise to the sane union leaders, since the men had had nothing e.xplained to them beforehand, either by the Strike Committee or by the officials ol their own unions. The strike had been brought on without reference to their wishes, and it was now called off in the same manner, and they p.iiturally resented it. So much did the men resent it that they insisted upon the rule of sane trade unionism — that is, that they should be consulted. On the same day Mr. Gosling had to acknowledge defeat, and to say that the Strike Committee was in a tight corner, and they proposed to take the men into their con- fidence and talk to them ai their own trade union meetings. This, however, was wisdom after the event, and it is very much to be doubled whether it can save the situation so far as the immediate strike is concerned. It is true that the strike is ended, but it has ended with no credit to the Strike Committee, and with the net result that the only prominent man in direct relation to the strike who has been a i^enefactor to trade unions is Lord Devonport. Had he yielded to the abuse and threats of the leaders of the strike, who were not the leaders of the men, trade unionism would ha\e suffered a terrible blow. As it is, there is no question that many men are lea\ing the unions, and that many more are in a mutinous state against trade unionism, and quite rightly. What shotild have been from the men's point of view only a tem- porary Federation defeat has, because of unconstitu- tional action, become a trade urion rout. The greatest hope *s that the rout may be transferred into a trade union strike against their officials in every case in which the rules of the union do not explicitly provide for consultation with the men, or with the majority of men available ; that all ballots shall be secret ; and that a sufficient time shall elapse between the announcement and taking of a ballot to allow the men ample opportunity for reflection. Let all the discontents in trade unions refuse to pay their con- tributions to their unions until the organisation is put upon a sane basis, and we shall have much fewer strikes, and in a remarkably short space of time there would be an acquisition of members to the trade unions which would enable them to more adequately carry out their part in national development. The strike of 1912. with all its misery, with all its mistakes, will not ha\e been wasted if it affords a base of attack ujjon insane trade unionism ; and it behoves all thinking men to encourage and assist this element which makes for sanity in connection with trade unionism. Peaceful Pickcliiic ' It was largely iii oidci lu jcluic the tiglil of inliiiiidaliuii lluit llic bltikc woa p[oioiii;ciJ. Mr. Stead at the American Embassy. These notes were made by Mr. W. T. Stead after attending a reception at the American Embassy on June 4th, 1901, and are interesting both because of the many well-known persons who are mentioned, and because of the characteristic fragments of conversation and criticism. I']' was the eve of the Derby, e\'er since the " Maiden Tribute " an eventful day in my historv. I took my wife to Earl's Court Exhibition, where we witnessed the drama of the release of Peking. She went home, and I came back to Westminster, Westminster Bridge Station, and walked across to i, Carlton House Terrace, a spacious palace, rented by Mr. Choate, the American Ambassador, at £5,000 a year. It was a reception from ten to twelve, given to the delegates of the New York Chamber of Commerce. I arrived at a quarter to eleven and left at a quarter to twelve. The first person I saw was His Excellency the Chinese Ambassador, waiting for his top-coat in order to leave the house. It was a curious contrast from the mimic representation of the Boxer Rising in China to run across the actual representative' of the Chinese Empire. He wore spectacles, and I was on the point of introducing myself to him, when his carriage was called, and I went away. I was the only man of the company — which numbered about 200 (my hat ticket was iq6) — who wore a straw hat and a light coat. Almost all the others wore opera hats. • CARNEGIE STILL HOLDING TO STEAD. There was a band playing at the foot of the stairs, and on going upstairs my name was announced at the stairhead, and I was received by Mr. Choate, who remembered me at Skibo, and replied as cordially as a man can who has already shaken hands with two hundred people. He said to me, " Mr. Carnegie has come.'' I met Sir Robert Porter, who took the American census five years ago, and whom I met in Russia on my last visit. He is staying at Brown's Hotel. After shaking hands we pressed through the crowded room and came upon Mr. Carnegie. " You are still holding to Mr. Stead," said Porter. " Yes," said Mr. Carnegie. " Oh," I said, " it is a case of labouring for my conversion. Mr. Porter ! Mr. Carnegie will not give up." " Oh, b\-the-bye," said he. " just on leaving Skiho I got a letter ol yours, to which I have not had time to reply ! " " Don't reply to it," I saiil. " It's ail (.iHlcd -thai newspaper." " All right," he said. " But," I said; " what did you mean by writing that awful article, the cruellest and most ironical article you ever wrote ? " He laughed, and somebody came up. ALL PRO-BOERS EXCEPTING THE ENGLISH. I went into the large room that looks out over the Horse Guards. There the first person I came upon was Philip Stanhope, who said he had only arrived in England yesterday. We sat down and talked. He said he thought things were going as badly as they possibly could be. On the contrary, I told him, they were going admirably ; that I had seen De Wet's doctor this afternoon, and he said they could fight for years. Then George W. Russell came up. He has grown fatter than ever. I shook hands, and said : " Well, we are doing splendidly, are we not ? " He said, " We ! I wonder whether any person twelve months ago would have dared to have said ' we ' about the Boers.'' " I did so," I said. " I have done so from the first. But we, that is the British, have run up against God Almighty in this business, and we are going to have a bad time." " I wonder," said Russell, '" whether there are three other pro-Boers in the room, excepting ourselves." " I think the\- are pretty well all pro-Boers," I said, " excepting the English," SIR HIRAM MAXIM. Then I saw Sir Hiram Maxim. He did not recognise me at first. He is very white. He thought 1 was an American of the name of Stewart, I think, but when he recognised me, he shook hands with the greatest cordiality, and we had a little talk about things. I said 1 understood that he had been supphing a lot of ammunition to the Boers. He .said, " Not a single cartridge." He said he had refused to supply any cartridges because it would be used against the Govern- , inent, and that not all liie wealth of Atrica would Irmj)! him Ui sell one cartridge to the 15oers. I said I thought he was not going to the help of the Lord against the mighty, and I hoped that, considering Mr. Stead at the American Embassy. 165 the excellence of the Boer cartridges, they had secured them all from him. " Oh, no ! " he said. He did not think thai God Almighty took any part in the matter. I said, ■' When you see a small company of men put to fliifht whole armies, and you find that 250.000 men cannot cope with fifteen thousand, you htgin to feel that there was some invisible power behind the Boers." " No," he said, " God is on the side of the stronger battalions." I said, '■ The stronger battalions have made a pretty mess of it for the last two years, anyhow, and they don't seem to be mending matters now. God Almighty never had a belter case to interfere with than on the side of the Boers." He said I was quite incorrigible. He said that the attack in the days of the old flint-lock ought to out- number the defence by three to one, but in the case of modern weapons it ought to outnumber the defence by six to one. I said that might be, but every Englishman was taught to believe that he could at least lick an equal number of his enemy anyhow, and when it came to 350,000 against 15,000 it was simply too humiliating for words. He said no ; that the state of the country had to be taken into account, and so forth. 1 told him that I had seen De Wet's doctor, and he said they were going on. SIR GEORGE LEWIS. Then I came upon Sir George Lewis, who was looking very white. I .said to him that he and I were both getting respectable at last. He said that I was quite a youngster compared with him. I .said I was fifty-two. lie .said lie was in his sixty-ninth year. Sir George Lewis said he thought the war was a irightful disaster for the country, and that the name of ChamlK-rlain wuuld stink in the nostrils of the nation. I >aid 1 thought it already smelt. He asked ne if I did not think his son had done splendidly in ■ ii'fending the Slur. I said yes, but at the moment I really did not know that his son had done il , but they made A very good fight. " But," I said, '' why did they give so nmi-h dimatjis to the other fellow ? " He said his own idea was to have olltrcd tlic olliir i( How a (|uarter f>f what Chamberlain got, which was rily /50, but he would not take il, anti there wa .dly no defence possible, and the £1,500 included lie costs. He said that Chamberlain only got £'200 i. images, and they had paid Clarke £1,200 to act as their counsel. He said that the case had cost the Star altogether, including everything. £5,000, and it had cost Chamberlain £2,500 over and above what he got from the Star, and if they had known that they knew what was elicited in cross-e.xamination, they never would have taken the case into court. He said that there were a lot of judges there, including the Lord Chief Justice. I said I never saw a Judge excepting from the dock, so they were no good to me. He laughed. He said he was merely hanging on in order to push his son forward as much as possible, for he did not know how much longer he would last. I said, " Will you get to work upon your memories ? " " No." he said, " they will never be written." " Well," I said, " history will lose a great deal." SIR HOWARD VINCENT A.ND PRO-BOERS. Then I came upon Sir Howard Vincent. He was very cordial, and said I was growing very fat, and that when he last saw me I looked underfed, and now I was looking extremely flourishing. Then I said to Sir Howard Vinicnt that I was afraid he would shrink from shaking hands with such a pro-Boer as myself. He said no, he was very glad to see me. " Well," I said, " anyhow, things are romping round in your direction." He said, " You mean about trade ? " " Yes," I said. " Did you ever reflect," he said, " upon the frightful irony of this ceremony ? " " Yes," I said, " I do." He said, " Is it not very humiliating for John Hull ? The conquerors do not insult us ; nevertheless thev are dragging us at their chariot wheels." I asked him whether he had read Carnegie's article in the Nineteenth Century for June. He said he had not ; i)ul he would read il, and hu was much interested in it. 1 saui to iiim, '" Look here, sir, I always feel interested in you. because you were with me at the ' .Maiden Tribute ' time, and said that it was the jumping-ofT point of all that I did, and now I give you a word of advice. We arc going to have a very bad time in England. The House of Lords and all the fossi- lised Conservatism in this country is going to be crumpled up. You get out from under while there is lime." SMASll-UP OF FOSSILISED CONSERVATISM. " 1 agree," he said — " 1 agree with you ; we are going to have a very bad time. You believe that il will be through trade .' " i66 The Review of Reviews. " It will be through trade and everything. This war has begun it." " You mean morally," he said. " No," I said, '" I don't". I mean politically, mili- tarily ; I mean every way. You are on the Continent much more than I am. You know the Continent well. Is it not true that no Englishman can put his face anywhere in any circle of Europeans without their having to change the subject out of politeness, so as not to speak about it, because they feel that we have so utterly discredited ourselves in this war ? " " Well," he said, " there is a great deal of truth in that, I must admit." •' Well," I said, " you mark my words. There is going to be a great smash-up, and the old Krugerism of the country, that is the fossilised Conservatism which refuses to recognise facts and to face the thing, is going to have a very bad time indeed. You get out from under." LORD BRASSEV AND THE BRITISH NAVY. So saying I left him, and wandered back into the stairhead, where 1 found Lord Brassey, and shook hands with him, and said, " Really, Lord Brassey, 1 must say I was astonished the other day in )our article to find your assumption of ignorance that you did not know anything about the beginning of the rebuilding of the British Navy." " Oh, I know perfectly well that you did it, and I have always given you the greatest credit whenever I have spoken about it ! " ■' I was not speaking about you," I said. " You have always been most generous to me, but you spoke about the reason why Lord Northbrook changed, as if vou did not know an)thing about it, whereas you know perfectly well that the information which you gave me enabled me to do everything." '■' PLENTY OF DEAD MEN HERE." Then we came upon Porter. I said, " Come and introduce me to some of your Americans. By-the-bye^ is that Mr. Hondy ? " ■' No," he said, " he has been dead some years." " Well," I said, " that is no reason why he should not be here. There are plenty of dead men here." I passed Sir Richard Temple, but did not speak to him. Then, passing into the ne.xt room, I found .Mr. Russell talking to Spender. I introduced Porter to both of them. Mr. Porter reminded Mr. Spender that he had written an article for him before the Cuban war broke out, in which he had pointed out that the war was certain to break out in spite of everything that everybody said. Spender remembered and thanked iiini for it. He said, " The only way to make peace is to fight the war through quick, the way we did in Cuba, and the way you are not doing in South Africa. " By- the-b)'e," he said to Spender, " what line did you take about the war ? " MR. SPENDER AND THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR. " The line which Mr. Spender takes about the war," I said, " is that of a disused bottle-holder for those who disapprove of the war and for those who wish the war to be fought through quick. They ought to do one of two things. If they want the war over, they ought to fight it and not dawdle on as they do." " Well," said Porter, " I don't see anybody in this country, as far as I can see, who is against the war." " Yes," said Spender, " I think that is correct. I do not think there is any party appreciable who is against the war." " No," I said, " there is nobody at all. The people who are against the war may be counted upon the fingers of one hand ; but I tell you what," I said to Porter, " these people who are against the war d onlrance, and who are resolutely opposed to it, are being hammered by the Fates until they form the spear-head of the party which will be driven to the heart of the whole of the present majority." " Yes," said Spender, " I think that you are quite right in that." Then I said to Porter, " For Heaven's sake come and get some tea somewhere, for I am famishing ! " " Well," he said, " there ought to be something somewhere. Let's go and see." On the way I met Mr. Neaf of the Associated Press, shook hands with him, and he asked me where T was. I said I might be in Timbucloo-for anything he seemed to care. I was in London, but he never came to see me, or looked me up at all. Then we went down and shook hands with Choate. " Do you know Mr. Stead .^ " said Mr. Porter to Choate. " Yes, I know him," he said, " many years ago " — which was a good deal to say, considering that it was only two years since I met him. Going downstairs Pierpont Morgan was talking to Mr. , who used to be Finance Minister of India, and who is now on the Pierpont Morgan hrpi. J. I'lERl'ONT MORGAN. " By-thc-bye," he said, " let me introduce xou to Mr. Morgan " ; so he introduced me to Morgan, and I shook hands with him. Morgan said, " I know yoa verv well, Mr. Stead, but >ou will aol get hold of me tor an inter\ iew." Mr. Stead at the American Embassy. 167 " But I have written to you, Mr. Morgan," I .said. " I want to see you very much. I don't want to get lioiil of you, Mr. Morgan, I want \ou to get hold of me." "Oh," he said, "anything personal that you like ! " " I want to have a very good square talk with you whenever you have leisure enough." " Nothing for publication." " Oh," 1 said. " do you really mean that ? " " Yes," he said, " any morning between ten and eleven I shall be delighted to see you, except from Friday till .Monday," so I said to Porter that he did me a very good turn in introducing me to Morgan. I have often wanted to meet him. Then we went downstairs and found that the refreshments were served on the ground floor in the big room looking out to the parade. There was champagne and a good set out, but no tea, so I had some champagne with Porter, and some sandwiches. Then .Morgan oime up again, and I said to him ; " By-the-bye, .Mr. Morgan, do you really mean it, that you would not regard me as a nuisance if I came ? " " Not at all." he said; " I know you very well. I know you a good deal better than you know me. I have known you for years. I know all about you," he said, " and I shall be delighted to .see you." " Very well." I said, " then I shall come along, because you have done a great many up-to-date things, but it is nothing to what you are going to do in the future, and I would like awfully to come along and square up vuur mind, and to know vour mind about things." " Well," he said, " come along and see me." A DANCING GOWN FOR 3S. Then I met .Mr. Bainbridge. who used to be a Member V of Parliament, who has a model village down in the ^^idlands in Dcrby.shire, a colliery village. I asked him what he was doing in his leisure. He said putting up a holiday hotel for factory girls at Seaforth ; that he had bought a wooden building in Paris, and jjrought it over to Seaforth. I told him I was publishing Miss Ncal's article. He .said. Really, he had been working with .Mi.ss Neal, and knew her very well, and liked her very much. He had been to her club, and had given each of the members of her dub 2S. 6d. as a Christmas present, ,ind his wife had given them all 2s. 6d. to give to some- one else ; that he had been da:i(ing with a factory girl, and she said to him, "By-the-bye, Mr. Bainbridge, are you the gentleni.m who gave us 5s. at Christmas ? I want to thank \iju for it very much." He .said, " What did you do with it ? " " Well," she saici, " there's a girl in our factory who is very poor, and who had neither fire nor warm clothes, and I gave it to her." He said, " What did you do with your own ? " " Oh," she said, " my grandmother is very poor, and I gave it to her." The gown in which she was dancing she had made herself, and it cost her 3s. .MR. GROSSMITH AND CHICAGO. " By-the-bye," said he, " do you know Mr. Grossmith ? " I said, "No, I would be glad to have the pleasure of being introduced to him." Mr. Grossmith, said he. had met my books in every part of the world. He had bought my book on Chicago, and had come upon one of my circulating libraries at Newlyn. The one thing that he said he did not like was that in the Chicago book, as he said, " You know that Chicago book was wonderful — that page in wliich you gave a map in which all the houses of ill-fame were printed in red and the gambling-houses in black." He said, " .My wife was not with me just then, and I said to my secretary, ' This is the most useful book I have ever come across. Now we will know where to go,' I .said." " If you had gone," I said, " you would not have stayed long." " How long were you in Chicago ? " he said. " Four months," I said. " So vou got to know things prettv well ? " " Yes," I said. He said he had taken the chair for ]\[ark Twain on one occasion in New York. He said that he had never before taken a chair, and Mark Twain began his speech by saying that Mr. Grossmith said he had never taken a chair before, but he did not give him any knowledge of how many other things he had taken. Mr. Bainbridge then told an anecdote about the Mark Twain dinner, which did not seem to me par- ticularly good. Grossmith was verv pleasant. PEARSON THE CONTRACTOR. " Dick," said I^ainhridge to a man, but Dick had got out of hearing. " I want to introduce vou to that man," he said. " Who is he ? " I said! " Oh," he said, " he is Pearson, the great contractor who is building the* railway across Mexico. He is a very interesting man to talk to, but you would think he was the stupidest man in the world. He has the most wonderful head for figures that ever you .saw in your life." " I have shifted my hou.se," said Bainbridge. " I am now li\ing in 15erkeley .Square. I wish you would will be deposited, sealed, in the safekeeping of trustees of the Union or in some independent hands, absolutely con- fidentially, with a letter giving instructions for the enve- lopes to be opened in certain circumstanies. Kven the olTicials of the Union will not neiessarily know the contents of the reports ; the officers have then every reason to feel free to give their real views and th<' actual facts. 'The vessel sails and, we will say, is lost or meets with accident involving loss of life. The certified reports are then handed over to the Union and opened. Should they contain facts to justify a belief in the unseaworthiness ol the vessel, the docu- ments will at once be handed over to Lloyd's under- writers, and they will be advised to refuse to pay the insurances on the vessel. The living officer cannot bear witness, but out of the mouths of the dead such evi- dence may come as will permanently shatter the present system, and make it immaterial whether the Board of Trade be reformed or not, P'or if the under- writers do not pay on rotten vessels, few vessels which are rotten will go to sea. There should be little difficulty in arranging for an undertaking on the part of the underwriters that a definite percentage of their saving should go to the families of the lost men whose testimonies have been the means of saving Lloyd's thousands of pounds. It is difficult to see how this scheme of enabling the dead to bear witness can fail to produce good results. It is obviously in the interest of the officer, even although he be not a member of the Union, to draw up his certified report, since, if he be claimed by the sea, he w'ill know- that his family will have a greater chance of a liveli- hood, and his character a greater hope of being unstained, if the truth is known than if the shipowner draw's his insurance and nothing is done. How con- siderable are the sums concerned we may judge from the fact that for the six months of this year the estimated total of losses exceeded £5,000,000 (in the same period of igii the amount was 50 per cent. less). There were 3,001 total and partial losses — vessels under 500 tons gross register being excluded fror* the calculation — and of these collisions were responsible for 936, strandings for 848, and weather damage for 634. No fewer than 127 vessels, 46 British and 81 foreign, aggregating 127,114 tons, were lost. Indeed, 32 ships, 20 British and 12 foreign, were posted " missing," carrying with them to a nameless grave as many as c)oo officers and men. Over ten of the British vessels lost carried in.surance of over £50,000 each. Can we wonder that the new scheme of protecting Lloyd's against rotten vessels possesses for them a more than theoretical value ? We do not hesitate to say that with the founding of the Masters' and Mates' Union, and with the putting into force the system of ensuring that every ship shall leave its record behind it in incontrovertible form, a new era has begun for the mercantile marine of this country. We shall be surprised if there will not he seen a very sudden improvement in conditions. Through the pocket is the surest way to progress in this case, and the saving of the pockets of the under- writers will result in the saving of the lives of hundreds and possibly thousands of officers, crew and passengers. Kven the fear of such a system of evading the enforced dumbness of to-day cannot fail to have a good effect. 'The officers have the whole question in their own hands, and we believe that by their action this country will once more lead the world in matters mercantile, and that everyone who goes down to the sea in ships shall be assured a " chance of life." " And God and Man " on Earth. IMPERIAL EXAMPLE, ACHIEVEMENT, AND LESSON EROM JAPAN. 'There is no second way whereby to show The love of Fatherland. Whether one stand A soldier under arms, against the foe, Or stay at home, a peaceful citizen, The way of loyalty is still the same." —JAPANESE EMPEROR. IT is singularly appropriate for us to write on the subject of the late Emperor of Japan, even although some time will have elapsed before these lines are published. To all the mourning subjects of the Emperor there is rejoicing that in the future the Imperial ancestors will number amongst them one who, of all the long and unbroken line, did most during his lifetime to achieve the advance- ment of his country. And this added force for good and for progress, together with the unimaginable forces already existing, cannot but work for the good of the country and for the carrying out of the ideals of Mutsuhito. Where here we cry, " The King is dead, long live the King ! " in Japan they say, " The Emperor never dies ; long live the new Emperor, who in his person contains all the good and all the force of his predecessors." Toilive in order to become a good ancestor is the ideal of the Japanese ; how much more so when in dying the Emperor becomes part of the religious part of the nation, from which it draws its daily inspiration, and around which centres that patriotism which has marked Japan out from amongst other nations. While his subjects considered Mutsuhito as a more than man, he, availing himself to the full of the advantages and attributes of that national point of view, without allowing himself to be unduly influenced in his commonsense decisions, made of his country what he would. And what he would was good. " The reign of the late Emperor," says Mr. Asquith, " was the most memorable in modern history. He witnessed in less than fifty years his own transformation from a semi-Divine and carefully sequestered figure in the background of the national life into a constitutional monarch, and without losing any of the attributes of his illustrious ancestors, he became the mainspring, the central force, the pioneer and leader of a trans- formation which has placed Japan among the foremost nations of the world as a great na\al and military Power with a splendid record of stubborn and disciplined heroism." The personal side of the keystone of the Japanese national arch is perhaps of less importance to the world than the nature of the office he has inherited and of the cumulative force of his position vts-d-vis the nation. These because they appertain as much to his successor as to himself, and it is because of this lliat we think it well to devote some time to the Imperial position in Japan, that curiously successful mixture of theocracy, autocracy and democracy, which has made many profound thinkers wonder whether in Japan there is not to be found the answer to many of the most thorny of Western social problems. In the fact that Mutsuhito began to reign in 1S67, when a mere boy, we may find a parallel with our own Queen Victoria. Both had to gain their experience in living history, and neither one nor the other failed in the great task they were called upon to take up, to the unending honour and glory of their respective countries. The Japanese Emperor was the one permanent and unchanging point in a rapidly-changing country. He acquired experience and learnt to use to the best advantage his inherited wisdom, even while leading and encouraging change, and achieved the apparently impossible work of perpetuating the old Japan in the new. A man of immense industry, working early and late, and ever ready to respond to the call of duty, he was able to keep in touch with all the many sides of Japanese development. His frank nature led hirp to abhor subterfuge and to demand truth from all around him. Endowed with a remarkable memory, and a good judge of character, he was able to make use of his servants and ministers to the best advantage. Of his private life nothing but good can be said. He saw Japan domineered over by the arrogant nations of the West ; he becomes an Imperial ancestor to watch over one of the great Powers of the world, bound in indissoluble alliance with this country, whose proud boast for centuries was " we want no alliances." From his position in the nation, from the use he made of it, from his actions and from his utterances, Mutsuhito stands as an example to sovereigns and a mark of admiration for ail. What he was his successor may have every hope to he. for have not the Imperial ancestors who guide and dominate him gained a very wonderful recruit ? We do not need to be anxious as to the future of any Japanese Emperor ; the past Emperors keep jealous and true guard over him and his actions. To know what the new Emperor will do we have only to turn to the past, and in the actions and utterances of the late Emperor we find mirrored the quintessence of Japanese Imperial ideals and an expression of the forces which continue to-dav to dictate Imperial action. And God and Man on Earth. 17: In Japan the Emperor is the centre of the nation, the sun 1)1 the Japanese universe, and the keystone of the natii.nal arch. As a leading Japanese hterary man and ni\v- ' treaties ' is meant treaties of peace and friendship, of commerce and of alliance. These sovereign powers are operati\e in every direction, unless restricted by the express provisions of the Con- stitution, just as the light of the sun shines everywhere unless it is shut out by a screen. So these sovereign powers do not depend for their existence upon the enumeration of them in successive clauses. In the Constitution is given a general outline of the sovereign powers ; and. as to the particulars touching them, only the essential points are stated, in order to give a general idea of what they are. Not even the most arrogant monarch, the most exigent Tsar, could ask for greater powers than are possessed by the Emperor of Japan. By such a Constitution the position of the monarch is more defined and infinitel\- belter founded, since the people, secure in their liberties, give lo\e where they would only give fear." The constitution is replete with proof of the domi- nance of the national feeling, both in the minds of the Emperor and of his people. To the Japanese, nationalism has no narrow, no selfish meaning ; it is inherent. It is not antagonistic to any other nation ; it is without an)- prejudices ; and Japan's rapid strides are due to its virtues as a nation. Every monarch, every statesman should study the Imperial rescripts of the late Emperor for illuminating inspiration, for concise directness, and for information in the art of go\ernance. When there was an urgent need for naval expansion and the Treasury was depleted, the Emperor cut the Gordian knot in his special message to the nation. He said : — " With regard to matters of national defence a single day's neglect may involve a century's regret. \\'c shall economise the expenses of the household, and shall contribute during the space of six \cars a sum of 300,000 yen annually. We direct Our military and ci\il ofVicials, except in cases where special circumstances interfere, to contribute one-tenth ol their salaries during the same period, which sums shall be devoterl lo supplement the bmd for building men-of-war." Not only were the>e words, but deeds, the results of which were shown lo the world at Tsushima, and have rai.sed the Japanese navy to the domination of the Eiustcrn Se.is. Can we imagine a similar case here ? .\nd yet to ihis country the navy means more than it ever did to Japan. Eor us it is a vital necessity ; without it all things are as naught I The Emperor's speec h on education might >er\T as a model in many countries, and show a very rea recognition of the fact that in education is to be found the real basis of a nation : — '" The goodness of Our subjects, displayed generation after generation in loyalty and piety, and in harmonious co-operation, contributes to the lasting character of Our country. These form the fundamental principles of education for Our subjects. Be loyal to your relations, as hus- bands and wives, and faithful to your friends ; let your conduct be courteous and frugal, and love others The New Emperor of Japan. Whose icign bears Ihe name Taislto, or "Great Resolutions." as yourselves ; attend to your studies and practise )our respective callings ; cultivate your intellectual faculties and train your moral feelings ; foster the public weal and promote the interests of society ; ever render strict obedience to the Constitution and to all the laws of Our Empire ; di.splay your public- spirit and your courage, and thereby give Us your support in promoting and maintaining the honour and the pros- perity of Our Em|)ire, which is coeval with the heavens and the earth. Such conduct on vour part will not onlv be what is fitting in Our good and loyal subjects, but 176 The Review of Reviews. will also suffice to make manifest the customs and manners bequeathed to you by your ancestors." While the Emperor's work and influence on internal affairs are of great importance; the world is naturally interested to know whether or no the influence of Japan in world politics is for peace or war. We have heard from Prince Katsura and from our own statesmen that the Anglo-Japanese Alliance is one of the greatest of forces making for the peace of Europe; but what does the Emperor think, and what will the Emperor do ? To answer this it is only necessary to turn again to the utterances of the Japanese Emperor on the all- important subject of the future of his country ; in these there is ample reassurance for the most appre- hensive. And in reading the Imperial words, it must A ^t [ 1 ^^ 1 V \ f \ •*^>dfe:^-: _: k^- The New Crown Prince of Japan. never be forgotten that they are no impromptu speeches or telegrams, such as we are accustomed to from the lips of European monarchs or American Presidents. They are something far more serious than that, partaking of the nature of proclamations, for the very position of the Japanese Emperor in the eyes of his subjects is different from anything that can be found in Europe. Besides his position, there is his character to be considered, and also the powers granted him under the Constitulion. It is no exaggera- tion to .say that, as a monarcli, the |a|)anesc Emperor stands |)re-eniincnt at the present monuiU. .'\nd he has had to accomplish his great work of making Japan what she is now without any of that preparation for kingship which falls to the lot of Western monarchs. Everything was against him. and yet at the time of the Restoration he gathered all the threads into his hand, and for forty years has been the motive power for progress in every department of his Empire. Situated as he is in isolation, he is not able to touch all the thou.sand and one details of national existence ; but the broad lines of policy, the essential foundations for success, are due to him. There is no. statesman in Japan, however great, not even the wonderful Ito himself, who does not acknowledge that he is but the instrument of the Emperor, and that all his work would have been unavailing had it not been for the Imperial impulse. Speaking little, thinking much, the Emperor of Japan is one whose utterances must carry weight in Japan above anything else. By the Con- stitution he is granted the greatest powers to enforce his utterances, and to see that the policy he lays down as the best shall be carried out. The Ministers of State are responsible to the Emperor alone, and are dismissed or retained at his pleasure. The Emperor is the head of the army and of the navy. As regards foreign relations he is also supreme. By the thirteenth Article of the Constitution it is held that the conduct of diplomatic affairs forms a part of the Imperial prerogative, and lies entirely outside the rights of the Imperial Diet. Thus the utterances of the Emperor on foreign relations are those of the man who decides those relations, not merely those of one who suggests them. The following extracts from speeches and Imperial edicts allow of no misunder- standing as to the Imperial policy towards foreign countries. In an Imperial proclamation of April 21, iSgs, occurs the following: — "We deem it that the development of the prestige of the country could he obtained only by peace. It is Our mission, which We inherited from Our ancestors, that peace should he maintained in an effectual way. The foundations of the great policy of Our ancestors has been made more stable. We desire that We shall, together with Our ijcople, be specially guarded against arrogance or relaxation. It is what We highly object to, that the people should become arrogant by being j)urfed up with triumph, and despise others rashly, which would go towards losing the respect of fore/ign Powers. Since the development of the nation can be obtained by peace, it is a divine duty imposed upon Us by Our ancestors, and it has been Our intention and endeavour since Our accession to the throne to maintain peace so as to enjoy it constantly. . . . We are positively against insulting others and falling into idle pride by being elated by victories, and against losing the con- fidence of Our friendly states." .And so there is another " Policeman of Peace " to aid the British Navy in the world mission. The new era in Japan which commences with the accession of the new Emperor has recei\ed the name of Taiaho, or '■ great resolutions," and wc do not hesitate to say that the work and the continuing influence of the late Emperor will go immensely towards the great resolu- tions of his .successor. Expert Views on Empire Emigration, IN our last number we dealt with the greatest of all Iiii[)crial problems — the Imperial organisa- tion of the peopling of the Empire. The article has awakened universal interest, and has shown to us that at the present moment this country and the overseas dominions alike are searching after some adequate means of coping with the twofold problem — the relief of continuing pauperism here and the filling of the empty areas of the Empire with the most suit- able citizens. The solution of this will mean more to the Empire than many Dreadnoughts, since it will enable the dominions across the seas to attain a fuller measure of stren^'th and wealth. We have thought it well to collect the views of some of those actually dealing with the migration of citizens from one part of the Empire to another, and give them below. The main fact is clear and undisputed — that something must be done. There are those who say that the philanthropic societies are to be discouraged, and the bona fide agents, who frankly do their work for so much commission per head, encouraged. There seems no doubt that there is room for both, but they must be adetiuately controlled and subservient to an Imperial machinery for dealing with the whole question. The foundation of Empire-peopling is the education of the young and the continuing of that education when the child reaches his or her destination. The elemen- tary schools arc the great beginning of Empire settle- ment ; but pending the results of an Imperial universal education we must use up existing material. There is much to be karned from the letters given below, and in a sub.scquent article we will endeavour, out of all the needs and existing organisations, to evolve a truly Imperial and practically workable scheme of emigration machinery, which will not only people the Em|)irc systematic:ally and scientifically, but will also bring into being an lm[>crial department, the creation of every new one of which brings closer the day of real Imperial Fcleration. We would just say, however, that while the work of sludyuig needs anil material available should be carried out by an Imperial Board, once the migrants have been allocated their future home they would naturally be dealt with by the \jrious Governments, who possess now in many cases an excellent machinery. Then again the Board of Trade Labour E.xchanges should be made more use of, the local post-office should become a centre for the spreading of Empire knowledge, and the various countries seeking population must be prepared to spend money on a large scale to assist passengers to their shores. Recently in Canada a Minister declared that they should spend ^10,000,000 in order to secure 3,000,000 competent farmers— or only over three pounds per head. As immediate steps, pending more complete organisation, the Poor Law authorities should have the right to board out children anywhere in the Empire, not only in this country. That would be a great step. Then, again, there is the great question of time-expired men from the army and navy. This is material of the very highest value, even although the men are not agriculturists, nor have they any special line of business. They are, however, physically fit, trained to think, and in the prime of life, while many are married men. To enable them to migrate relieves the labour market here, peoples tracts of our overseas dominions, and supplies a stiffen- ing to the military systems of the various parts of the Empire. In ancient Rome the planting of soldier colonies was an excellent institution, and to-day we should not be above following the Roman example. When we consider that for the next three years no fewer than 24,000 men will be leaving the armv annually — or 72,000 men in all— we must admit that here is a very real and immediate method of supplying good Empire population while waiting for the younger generation. It is of interest to note that .Mr. Scamniell has gone to Canada to arrange for some business method of sending over these tens of thousands of men with their families. It is probable that the Canadian Government will give financial assistance in the way of passage money — it would be extra- ordinary were it not so. These few points show us the wonderful variety of the question, and cannot fail to impress upon us the necessity and the Imperial duty which devolves upon us all to lose no time in systematising the peojiling ot the Empire, a problem which, to (|UOto Sir John Henniker Heaton, " is of fust class importance and has never before assumed such importance." 178 The Review of Reviews. THE HON. GEORGE FOSTER, Canadian Minister of Commerce and Industry. What will Can Ilia be fifty years from now ? To-day we have 7.000.0:: j of people. Last year 354.000 people came in as immigrants and settled in Canada. We took 138,000 frcjrn ( ireat Britain, 132,000 from the United States of Aim-rica, and nearly 80,000 from the rest of the world, making a grand total of 350,000. This year the number will at least be 400,000. You may lay down as a lairly reasonable estimate that for the next fifty \c,:i there will be an increase by immigration of at lea--i 500,000 people per year into Canada. Add that to the n.itural increase, and in fifty years the population should be close on 50.000,000 people. FORTY MILLION CANADIANS. If the aspect of Canada, as evidenced between the periods of 1867 and 1912, is different, how much more different will be the aspect of Canada in relation to this Empire when her population has grown from seven millions to forty or fifty millions of people. This thought impresses itself upon one. Ought we not to be thinking about it — men in the United Kingdom, men in Canada, and men in the Overseas Dominions ? If on a certain day 33.<5oo Scotch people were to make a track to the port of Glasgow and find a fleet to take them at once over to Canada — 33,000 at a time — what a commotion it would raise in (ireat Britain ! Yet this was the number which went out from Scotland in 19H-12. If 138,000 people, in these islands were to trek to Liverpool upon a given day of the week and take ship for Canada it would make a great man)' people who do not think certainly do so ; but they went all the same — and they are going every year. SIR JOHN TAVERNER, I am fully in accord with your statement that " there N no more vital and pressing Imperial duty than the systematic peopling of the Empire." I am also strongly of opinion that there should be co-operation between the Mother Country and the Overseas Govern- ments. If we are really to be partners in the Empire we should work together in building up and main- taining our Empire by our own people for our own people. Surely there is a screw loose somewhere when we find that last year about 100,000 of our people left the Mollier Country to go under foreign flags, and this exodus while there are vast undeveloped areas in different parts of the Empire. This is bad business, and some united effort should be taken to stem this tide. The various Governments who are conducting emigration policies are doing their best to secure the class of people which come within their respective policies. Personally, I am very strongly of an oi)inion that there should be some combined action on the part of the Imperial Government and the Overseas Governments in designing a policy for the preparation WHAT IT MEANS TO BRITAIN. What does that mean to this Old Country — 138,000 vacant chairs, vacant rooms, vacant places in the United Kingdom, as compared with last year ; 138,000 fewer toilers in this country to work upon its raw- materials and to do its labour ; 138,000 fewer people to pay its municipal taxes and its general taxes ; 138,000 fewer people to build homes and replenish them in this country. Emigrants they are called ; I wish somebody would bar that word and substitute another. When a man from Nova Scotia goes to British Columbia he is not called an emigrant ; he has simply moved. What reason is there in the world, when a man goes from Scotland to Australia or to Canada, that he should not be put in the same class as the man who has simply moved and not emigrated .' But the head and centre of the Empire is poorer by 138,000 people ; and the Empire is that much poorer provided they have not simply moved to another portion of the Empire and which shall continue within the Empire. CITIZENS OF PART — CITIZENS OF WHOLE. Therein lies the whole question. There should be but one Empire. The citizen of one portion of it should be the citizen of every other portion of it ; the man who goes from one to another should simply have transferred his home and not transferred his national characteristics. If these great, mighty, outlying Dominions continue to grow — as they will grow — and their populations increase — as they will increase — fifty years will put the heart of the Empire and the outlying portions of the Empire in a very different position the one to the other. Are we not going to think about these things ? Shall it always be laissez jatre ? Agent-General for Victoria. of lads, say from twelve to fourteen years of age, for planting in different parts of the Empire. I think that the best class of emigration that could be brought about, in addition to what has taken place, would be the sending of young men from fourteen to eighteen years of age to our Overseas Dominions and States. The great ad\-antage of this would be that the young men grow up with the conditions obtaining in different parts of the Empire where they may be located, and become very useful citizens. I would like to see, say, about fifty miles from London, a farm of about 1,000 acres secured, and there established what might be called a preparatory agri- cultural school, where boys could be taken at even a younger age than twelve, assuming that they would receive some education. But the primary object of this farm would be to give these lads some rural or agricultural training. The farm should be .self-support- ing; the boys should be taught to milk, to look after poultry, feed pigs, and be instructed generally in the class of work obtaining on the ordinary farm. I am quite sure that the various Governments would be Expert Views on Empire Emigration. 179 only too glad to take whatever number ot l)oys this farm could produce, say after a couple of years of agricultural training. And I am also quite sure that, speaking for my own particular State in Australia, hundreds of farmers would he only too glad to take boys on the lines of the policy which is being carried out by the Victorian Government, which 1 had the pleasure of inaugurating some three years ago. These lads were sent out in batches of twehc. and before they reached the Colony the Govern- ment had arranged that practical farmers should each take a boy for twelve months, giving him his food and keep for that term, in return for his labour, which may be regarded as a kind of premium. The system has worked remarkably well. (The accom- panving photograph illustrates the type of boy that was sent out. Each of the.se boys is doing w-ell,many of them sending remittances home to their parents.) An Imperial Board of Emigration would serve a useful purpose, and I think the time has arrived when the peopling of the Empire is one deserving of Imperial consideration and Imperial action. A SIR WILLIAM HALL JONES, late I thank you for sending me the July Review OF Reviews containing the article upon Imperial Emigration. Perhaps you were not aware that at the end of May I retired from the position of the High Commissioner for New Zealand ; but it may interest you to know that in New Zealand there is an Immigration Department and a Labour Depart- ment, each controlled by Ministers with Portfolios so named. The Government then ascertains the class of labour most required in the Dominion. For some time this has been those connected with farming and domestic servants, and assisted passages are granted to them, the essentials being experience in their work, good health, and good character. Those living in New Zealand may nominate relatives in this country, but they are mostly selected by the New Zealand Ofhcial Representative here. This is done by adver- tising, etc. In obtaining the class of labour required they have the a.ssistance of the Emigration Office of the Government here, and also of the Labour Exchanges, great deal could be achie\cd. as is pointed out in this article, throughout the elementary schools, in teaching the rising generation what the Empire is, what it means to the Slother Country, and the great responsibility that is attached, from the defence point of view, to keeping our own people under our own flag. It is appalling to read that we have in this country a quarter of a million of pauper children ranging up to sixteen years of age lixing upon charity, when there are such fine opportunities for placing them throughout the Empire. I am quite confident that thousands of these children, if they were placed on a preparatory agricultural .--chool-farm, would make excellent lads for planting in different parts of the Empire. I am quite in accord with the statement in the article that " Young countries need young blood," and in carrying out an Imperial policy such as I have suggested I am satisfied that an immense saving could be effected in the cost to the ratepayers, and at the same time useful citizens of the Empire would be produced under the best possible conditions. High Commissioner for New Zealand. and I am doubtful if an Emigration Board would w^ork as efficiently as the Labour Departments of the Colonics, working in co-operation with the Labour Exchanges of this country, in obtaining the class of emigrants desired by the different Colonies. Here are many wishing to emigrate who have not the means ; a Board as suggested might arrange for the cost of outfit and passage cost being advanced, and repaid by instalments. This was done some years ago, but discontinued, as there was frequently difficulty in collecting the investments, and sometimes the immi- grant left the countr)-. .Much could be done in this country in training lads for farming life, both for service in this country and in the Colonies, and I heartily agree that " The Emigration of the young is the keynote of the Empire's future " ; but there must be the preliminary training, which as stated should begin in the Board Schools, where, with a better knowledge of the Colonies, there should be little cause for complaint that our emigration does not sufficiently follow the flag. SIR JOHN McCALL, Agent-General for Tasmania. I quite agree witii what is said in your article in the July numbtr, that it would Ik' very advisable to have a proper system for fli-.posing of the surplus pojjulation of this country, and placing them in the various parts of the Empire, where there must be any amount of room for them. As far as Tasmania is concerned, we have for some time ceased to assist ; but recently the Government have again started their system of nomi- nation, by which the people resident in the country become responsible for the care and employment of the immigrants when they arrive, the Government contri- buting something towards their passage — (ft in the case of a man, and £9 in the case of a woman, and a small amount for each child. That system has just been reintroduced, and already we are sending over peo|)le under the system. During the whole time 1 have been in England we have really been seeking the class who can not only pay their passages, but with capital suffi- cient to take up farming. In the majority of instances they have gone in for fruit-growing, an industry well established, and giving very substantial return. We have also had a limited number of miners on the West i8o The Review of Reviews. Coast of Tasmania, where large mining enterprises arc carried on. Pcrsonalh', I have come to the conihision that we want something hke a business arrangement, b)' which provision would be made in the Overseas Dominions for the settlement of the people who may be encouraged to go out there to settle, on the land. We do not want to land a lot of people into each city to go wandering about and become useless citizens ; we want to have provision made for them to take up land work as soon as they arrive. We have plenty of land, even in Tasmania, to support a very largely increased population. There could be four or five times the mnnbcr we have already there. I am hopeful that within the next few months the Government wiW adopt a land settlement policy, so that we might get the whole of our available land settled at once, instead of waiting for years, as we have to do under the policy — or, rather, want of policy — that has obtained in the past. I purpose going out to Tasmania in November with a view to inducing the Government to take up a land settlement scheme, so that the people in this country desirous of settling on the land in the Overseas Dominions will know that, so far as our State is concerned, the land is immediately available, and also know the assistance they may expect from the Government through their experts, who are employed by the Agricultural Department to advise settlers, and generallv to bring back with me all the information they could desire to enable them to judge of the future prospects in that State. I believe something similar has already been done by Victoria, in what is known as their irrigation areas ; but 1 believe that this policy could be extended to such an extent in Australia alone as to make full provision for all the desirable settlers that could be obtained from the Mother Country at the present time. When you come to consider what might be done on this side, it would appear that whenever you have a large surplus population you must have a considerable number of people who, through no fault of their own, are thrown on the rates, and have to be supported by their more fortunate brothers who have employment. It appears to me that it ought not to be difl'icult for those on whom the responsibility falls of making this provision to come to some business arrangement with the Governments of the Dominions or States, by which, at any rate, they would be relieved of a considerable proportion of their present expenditure. That is to say, that the whole cost of getting these new settlers ought not to fall upon the Colcjnial (Governments, but might well be shared by the bodies now practically responsible for their full keep. I( this were done the position of the people would be belter, and the lost to the rate- payers considerably reduced. With reference to your article in regard to child emigration, I think a great deal might be done to relieve the position here, and at the same time educate and develop colonists, who would probably prove to be of greater value than the majority of those now secured under tlie more expensive methods. Where these children have no relatives, I think the earlier the}- emigrate the better for themselves and for the Dominions; but where the children have parents who do not wish to lose them at so early an age, much might be done to educate them for emigration in the elementary schools. A very excellent scheme is being carried out in Western Australia, having originated with one of the Rhodes scholars at Oxford. They have formed an Emigration Society, and have obtained from the West Australian Government land for carrying out their experiment. The children will be taken on to farms and there educated as farmers' sons would be educated ; in that way they would grow up in the right environment, and would secure for that State a large number of land workers. An extension of this scheme might be made to include girls, for whom no provision is made ; in the same way they would be educated under Colonial conditions, and would be ready to take up positions on the various farms when old enough to be allowed to work on their own respon- sibility. These girls should be trained not only for farm work, but for domestic work, and the farm home would become a real home for these boys and girls, to which they could return for holidays, or when the}' were out of employment. It is better for the children to be altogether educated in the country where they will spend their future, if they have no parents to whom they can look for help. But there would still be a ver}' large class who could be educated in this country on a farm school until perhaps they were thirteen or fourteen, when they could be sent abroad to complete their education at a similar,farm school in one of the Dominions. Personally. I think that in the end they would probably get better labour by taking the children and educating them under local conditions than by sending out adults. For I think few of us who have been in both countries have any doubt as to the superiority of the Colonial labourer. (At the present time a very large number of untrained young fellows who come to the Colonies have a difficulty at first in obtaining employment . owing to want of training and experience, and these men have a very detrimental elTect on the Colonial labourer, tending to bring him down to their level.) In those cases where the ratepayers are being relieved they should not hesitate to expend a portion of that money in giving these children a large outlook for their future. Of course, one of the things the Colonies have to be most particular about (this ha been called to one's mind by the recent Eugenics Congress that has been held in London) is th<^ type of child that is sent out. In some of these institutions, I understand, a very large proportion of the children would be considered undesirable, not owing to their vices, but because of their mental deficiencies. It would have to be understood that under any scheme that might be inaugurated there would have to be a rigid examination and inspection, and only the desir- ables could possibly hope to be selected. Expert Views of Empire Emigration. i8i I agree that the whole of this question should be tiiken up by the Government of this country and the Governments of the Dominions working in constant and close co-operation. It is a question capable of settlement by business people with advantage to the Mother Countrv and the Dominions. PREBENDARY G. 1)E M. RUDOLF, tlic Founder of tlic Church of England Waifs and Strays Society. I have carefully read through the article in the July issue of the Reviews of Review, and certainly agree that there should be some systematised organisation of emigration to the other parts of our great Empire, and the matter is one which the Government might well take up in conjunction with the (Colonial Govern- ments. We however, concern ourselves only with children, and the only Dominion which at present possesses a properly-organised system of child- emigration is Canada. The advantage to the Colonies of a properly-organised system of child-emigration from the .Mother Country has been amply shown by the experience of Canada, where thousands of respect- able citizens owe their present position to its operation. The Mother Country is also a decided gainer, inasmuch as many of the children before they were emigrated were in grave danger of drifting into the condition of " waste material." It has been admitted by an Ottawa journal that there is a smaller proportion of crime among these young immigrants than among Canadian-born children, and this ma\- be safely attributed to the careful training given them before they were emigrated in the English institutions where they had been sheltered. The e.vpense of carrying on this emigration has hitherto been met by private benevolence, except in .so far as Poor Law children are concerned. In their case a grant of £13 per head is allowefl by the Local Government Board to cover cost of outfit, passage, maintenance in distributing home, and inspection by the Canadian Government. The societies emigrating children to Canada have, at their own cost, established and maintiiined these receiving and distributing homes, and bear the expense of inspection. The only con- tribution by the Canadian Government is a per capita grant of S2, which is so trifling that it is not always worth claiming. It is extremely doubtful, however, whether the present system can be appreciably extended without more liberal financial aid from the Home and Colonial Governments. CHILD EMICR AllilN NECESSARY FOR EMPIRE. The welfare and prosperity of the Empire as a whole demand that soim intelligent and comprehensive system of child-emii.'ration should be .speedily cstali- lishcd by the Governments concerned, if the Mother Country is not gradually to become an asylum for thcdcgener.iteand unfit. On the other hand, whatever system of selection be adopted, due regard must be had to the future welfare of botii the Mother Country and of the Dominions beyond the seas. There are about twenty thousand children in English certified Industrial Schools who have been taken from unsatis- factory surroundings to be trained up as respectable citizens. It is undesirable that they should remain in the Mother Country after the completion of their training, since they run the risk of drifting back to the surroundings from which they were originally taken. Why should they not, as a matter of course, be sent to the Colonies, provided that they show no indication of having inherited the physical, mental, or moral disabilities of their parents ? Agam. a large proportion of the thirty thousand orjjhan and deserted children under the charge of the Poor Law Guardians in England and Wales, after being trained, would make excellent emigrants, and it w-ould effectually obviate the risk of their becoming adult paupers in after-life (as some of them do) if they were sent to the Colonies. It would clearly be to the advantage of the State to give grants in aid of the emigration of Industrial School children, and it would be a w-ise policy on the part of the Poor Law Guardians to spend a considerably larger sum than they do at present in the emigration of their pauper children. Thus the Home authorities could advantageously co-operate with the Dominion Governments in extending child- emigration. Lastly, there are a large number of destitute and neglected children rescued by English philanthropic agencies from bad surroundings, w'ho come neither into certified Industrial Schools, nor into the hands of Poor Law Guardians. This class would yield a considerable number of child-emigrants, and it would be to the advantage of the Dominions if substantial "assistance were given to such private agencies for this purpose. WHAT THE DOMINIONS ML ST DO. As regards the age at which children should be emigrated, it is clear that they should 15e sent to the Dominions as early as possible, so that they may be more thoroughly acclimatised and accustomed to Colonial life. Such a system, however, would not allow time for the tliscovery of any inherited taint ; and the Colonies may, therefore, justly demand that the children shall spend a few years under r-areful training and supervision in England before being emigrated. It h.is been pro\ed by many years' experience of <-hild-emigration to Canada that there is no practical disadvantage to the children in receiving their early training in the Mother Country ; they soon adapt themselves to Colonial life anti conditions, and the proportion of actual failures is less than 5 per cent. Private initiative ami enterprise have clearly shown in the case of Canada that child- 1 82 The Review of Reviews. emigration is beneficial both to the Dominion and the Mother Country, as appears from a recent report by the Canadian Government inspector. It would appear, then, that the time has arrived when all self-governing Dominions should seriously consider how best to arrange for the steady annual flow of young immigrants, so that the necessary population may be provided for the proper development of their resources. It is obvious that the first and foremost step is for each Dominion Government to vote a sub- stantial annual grant for the encouragement of child- emigration. This grant could either be used to subsidise existing private ■ benevolent agencies, thus enabling them to extend their work ; or it might be spent by the authorities themselves in establishing and maintaining institutions for both se.xes in the Dominions where the children from England could be received and trained for Canadian life. THE SELECTION OF CHILDREN. .\s regards the selection of children lor emigration, due consideration must be given l.wth to the interests of the Dominions and the Mother Country. The lornier have a right to expect that only the physically, morally, and mentally fit children should be selected, so that a healthy and law-abiding population may be built up ; while it would be imprudent also and impolitic to deplete the Mother Country of its best material. But the question of age, as well as the nature and extent of financial assistance, methods of co-operation between the Home and Dominion Governments, and of subsidies to philanthropic agencies, are matters of detail, and can safely be left for future discussion. The important question to be first considered is whether a large and comprehensive scheme of child-emigration to the Dominions beyond the seas is not evidently desirable in the interests of the Empire as a whole. THE SELF-HELP EMIGRATION SOCIETY. I am sorr)' that my absence from the office for a short holiday has prevented my earlier reply to your favour of the nth inst. I am much obliged to you for calling my attention to the article on page 37 of the current number of the Review of Reviews, with most of which I agree. With reference to child emigration, probably one of the first steps to be taken would be to give the Boards of Guardians power to provide for boarding-out anywhere in the British Empire instead of only in the United Kingdom, as at present. The cost of this would be no more in Canada than here, and the child would, as you have pointed out, be brought up among altogether different surroundings. The suggestion as to the formation of an Imperial Board of Emigration is similar to a recommendation made by Lord Tennyson's Committee some years ago, and more recently by the Emigration Committee of the Royal Colonial Institute, both of which propose that the present Emigrants' Information Office should be strengthened and its powers con- siderably enlarged. I am in full accord with both Mr. Hawkes and the writer of the article in the necessity of educating the children in all our schools in the conditions of life and work in the Overseas Dominions. I do not think, however, that emigration will ever be a cure for unemployment, although it may be a palliative. Unfortunately a very large proportion of our unemployed are unemplovable, and we should have no right to saddle the Overseas Dominions with the failures for which we are responsible. Until we find some means of eliminating the unfit from our population we shall be always face to face with unemployment of some sort or other. Among the unemployed, however, there are to be found many thousands, sober, honest and hard-working, who from the stress of competition cannot make headway here, but in Canada find the wav open to competence, . particularly if able and willing to work on the lan(5. It is such whom this Society endeavours to help b\ the methods detailed in the report I enclose. THE EAST END EMIGRATION FUND. Referring tt) your letter of the nth inst., with which you were kind enough to .send me a copy of the July number of the Review' of Reviews, my Committee have requested me to say that they quite agree with the points raised in the article on " The Life-Blood of the Empire." They are quite of opinion that it would be of great mutual advantage if the Governments of the 0\'er.seas Dominions could see their way to much extended co-operation with volun- tary emigration agencies, and that it would be a great advantage if the Overseas Dominions would accept the full responsibility with regard to the reception and distribution of those sent over. This especially applies to .some of the Australasian States, where the dilliculty of housing on arrival has undoubtedly hampered emigration work. We also think that, having regard to the acknowledged success of child emigration in Canada, it might well encourage other Overseas Dominions to take some steps, whether by help in the establishment nl farm schools or homes, or by the selection of special boarding-out homes under adequate Government inspection, to promote child emigration, both male and female. Generally, my Committee feel that emigration to bur Overseas Dominions has now reached .so great an importance, both as an outlet for our people in England and as a means of development of the vast unpopulated areas in these Dominions, that some central office might be established which should have representatives of the home and Dominion Go^■ernmcnts, and of the \arious agencies, both State and voluntary, for pro- moting emigration, and they are entirely in accord Expert Views on Empire Emigration. 183 with the recommendation of the Tennyson Committee, and also the recommendation of the Standing Emigration Committee of the Royal Colonial Institute. THE CHILD EMIGRATION SOCIETY. My Committee also approve of the statements con- tained in Mr. Hawkes' report to the Canadian Govern- ment. Thi.s Society was founded by a Rhodes Scholar at O.xford in October, 1909, and the Rhodes Trustees have made a grant of £100 towards it. The object of the Society is to establish a farm-school in W'estern Australia, which will fit British boys to take up good positions on farms in the Colony, and girls for useful occupations in Colonial households, and teach them how to take care of themselves under the conditions of Colonial life. It is obvious that the sending out of children untrained, unfit, and with no knowledge of the life they will have to lead, is worse than useless. The aim, therefore, of the Society is to supply this two-fold need — the need for a training which will enable orphan and destitute British children to earn their own living, and the need of the Overseas Dominions for trained farm labourers, farmers, and domestic girls. In this aim the Society has enlisted the enthusiastic aid of the Government of Western Australia, who have placed at their disposal an area of 1,000 acres, and will bear part of the cost of transport ; while the primary educational system of the State will be available for the children. The Local Government Board is ready to allow Boards of Guardians to emigrate children to the farm-school, and several IJoards have notified their intention of doing so. The principles of the farm-school system are, shorth-, that the boys and girls be trained continuously from their first arrival at the farm-school, for farm and domestic work ; that religious instruction be given on the basis of a Creed Register ; that the children be brought up with a knowledge of Empire history ; that any profits made from the farm Ix; divided among the children, rateably according to age, conduct, capacity, etc. ; that the older children be given a share in the government of the farm-school ; and that the boys and girls shall have as free social in- tercourse as experience proves to be desirable. Trained nurses and matron.' will form part of the staff, anL'.ii it\jy ill Leading Articles in the Reviews. SPORT, HEALTH THE OLYMPIC IDEA. There are many million devotees of the " God of the open air/' and the Century's article on " The Olympic Idea : Its Origin, Foundation, and Progress," comes at a timely juncture. The author is William Milligan Sloane, Senior Member of the International Olympic Committee. The originator of the Olympic Idea and of the International Olympic Committee was a young Frenchman, M. Pierre de Coubertin, who some thirty years ago began to study outdoor life in England and America. He travelled extensively, published several books on the subject, and in his own land was the organiser of clubs for cultivating the more strenuous, inspiriting, and daring sports which had hitherto been neglected. On June 23rd, 1894, M. de Coubertin summoned a meeting at the Sorbonne, at which the delegates were representative, selected chiefly from his wide personal acquaintance in different countries. The outcome of their delibera- tions was the revival of the Olympic contests. Mr. Sloane observes that : " Primarily sport must be the medium of international conciliation. There can be no rivalry without some friction, but rivalry in sport .should and must be the most generous of all rivalries — a contest in magnanimity. The contestants and their friends at any given Olympiad might not number more than a, few hundred; but supposing there were only a hundred from each of the contesting nations, and that forty nations were repre- sented. This assembling together is no unimportant agency for reciprocal acquaintance. That *^everal thousand strangers are temporarily the guests at any national capital makes for present fellowship and future friendship. The common interest in the com- petitions and daily intercourse at other times, the appreciation of representative' delegations, tend naturally to sweep away the cobwebs of international suspicion and distrust. " How far the Olympic Idea may go is not yet determined. Its definition for present use is suffi- ciently fi.xed on the lines of its first appearance ; first, to create and strengthen the bonds of friendship, such as ought to exist among all civilised nations, by frequent, peaceful intercourse ; secondly, to purify sjjort, abolish selfish and underhand methods in the struggle (or athletic supremacy, secure fair play for all, even the weakest, and, as far as possible, make the coiUesl and not the victory the joy of the young." AND HOLIDAY. THE STADIUM AT ATHENS. In the July issue of the Architectural Revieiu Mr. Lionel B. Budden concludes his article on " Modern Athens." Writing of the Pan-Athcnaic Stadion, he describes it as a building having no influence upon the archi- tecture of other buildings, yet it is profoundly indi- cative of the spirit animating many. The athletic theatre across the Ilissos, in which the first of the modern series of Olympic Games was held, was origi- nally built under Lykourgos, 330 B.C., in the usual Greek fashion, on the sides of a depression between two hills. In 140 B.C. it was renewed in marble by Herodes Atticus. Its final reconstruction, 1895-1905, in the same material, was undertaken at the expense of Averoff, a wealthy Athenian tobacco merchant. This last restoration was carried out in strict con- formity with e.xtant remains, under the supervision of Hansen, of Vienna, who worked on the amended basis of a plan originally drafted by General Metaxas. The clean workmanship and carefully preserved sim- plicity of the scheme, adds the writer, are. above criticism ; and if the resolution of the major and sub- sidiary portions of the screen colonnade could have been more successfully managed, its general effect and appropriateness would more than atone for the error. THE JEW'S IMMUNITY FROM DISEASE. In the study of immunity from disease by Professor J. A. Lindsay, in the Eugenics Review for July, he says : — The Jew suffers less than the average of the populations amongst whom he lives from .alcoholism, venereal dise.ise=^, ami ill some cases from prevailing epidLMiiic diseases. He is not prone to suicide. His percentage of illegitimacy and of still- iiirlhs is relatively low. In modern times he enjoys some degree of innnunity from leprosy, which apparonily prevailed extensively amongst Jews in ancient limes. Il must he horiiu in mind, however, that the leprosy of the Old Testament probably include ^^ That was the clue whiili the Governor waf His men followed it, and ultimately discof^ seeking. liiding-i)lace of the brigands and broke up thaf''-'" '•"''' e band. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 187 LUXURY IN AFRICAN SPORT. Mr. S. E. White, in the August Badminton, describes the American in Africa and his difference from the Englishman. A Britisher provides for an American who would go on caravan into the African hack country as many as a hundred and fifty men as his personal attendants. The American explodes at the idea of requiring this army 6i men to look after him. The English friend ' explains : — " You are under the Equator, and you must do things differently here. As long as you keep fit you are safe, but if you get run down a bit you'll go. You've got to do yourself well, down here, rather better than you have to in any other climate. You need all the comfort you can get ; and you want to save yourself all you can." .\ FIVE-COURSE DINNER EVERV NIGHT. He finds that the style in which the Englishman travels requires this large retinue. For example : — At evening our friend has a hot bath, a lonjj cool Cuz]y drink of lime juice and soda ; he puts on the clean clothes laid out for him, assumes soft mosquito boo;s, and sits down to dinner. This is served to him in courses, and on enamel ware. Each course has its proper-sized plate and cutlery. He starts with soup, goes down through tinned whitebait or other fish, an entree, a roast, perhaps a curry, a sweet and some coffee. He is certainly being "done well," and he enjoys the comfort of it. THE A.MERICAN'S SIMPLER STV'LE. The American finds it a little galling to think that it requires one hundred and fifty men to take care of him, but your Englishman does not mind that ; he enjoys being taken care of. The writer himself and two friends were satisfied with only forty men, but he >ayS' : — In essentials the Englishman is absolutely right. One cannot camp in Afric.i as one would at home. The experimenter would be dead in a month. In his .application of that principle, however, he seems to the American point of view to overshoot. He certainly does not need a five-course dinner every night, nor a complete battery of cutlery, napery and tableware to eat it from. Klour, sugar, oatmeal, tea and coffee, rice, beans, onions, curry, dried fruits, a little bacon and some dehydrated vegetables will do him very well indeed — with what he can shoot. These will pack in waterproof bags very comfortably. In addition to feeding himself well, he finds he must not sleep ne.tt to the ground, he must have a hot bath • very day, but never a cold one, and he must shelter himself .V ith a double tent against the sun. Otherwise the Englishman merely uses a basic prin- ciple as an excuse to include sheer luxuries : — " The Englishman in tiie field likes to approximate as closely as may be his life in town, even if it takes one hundred and fifty men to do it." Doing things differently he calls " pigging it." The .-tHima/s' GiiarJiiin lor August contains an open letter to the Archbiihop of Canterbury, by Sidney Trist, appealing for the (Church's support for the fuller protection of the lower creation. All • iiiimal lovers will a|>preciatr this vigorous little magazine which holds a watching brief against cruelly in any sliape or form in any part of the world. A MERRIE ENGLAND ONCE MORE. The Revival of Morris-Dancing. Writing in the World's Work for August on Morris- Dances and their recent revival, " Home Counties " describes the recent performances at Kelmscott. Mrs. William Morris and Miss May Jforris, who live at Kelmscott Manor, are warm supporters of the movement for the revival of folk-dancing, and Mrs. Robert Hobbs, Jun., also known as Miss May Elliot, the pianist, arranged the meeting. There were dances for men, dances for women, and dances for men and women together. Mr. Cecil Sharp, who was present, explained to " Home Counties " that the original view as to the Moorish origin of the morris-dance will not bear examination. The dance, in various forms, is found pretty nearly all over Europe ; and wherever it is found it is associated with other strange customs quite independent of the dance, such as the mummer's play and the sword-dance. The morris is a spectacular dance, full of complex co-ordinated rhythms of hand and foot, demanding the perfection of unstrained muscular control. In the mummer's play the feeling^ for drama is the determining factor ; while in the sword-dance, with its elaborate dexterity of evolution, its dramatic accompaniments of song and interlude, we get drama and dance combined. Fifty years ago morris-dancing was quite a common pastime, but of late years various circumstances seem to have contri- buted to its neglect. The enthusiasm with which the revival has been received must impress everyone. It looks like filling a place in the village which no recreative agency has yet hit upon, says " Home Counties." Mr. Sharp is for dancing because people like to dance, but he is also for skilful and artistic work. In his enthusiasm he sees the taste spreading through every class. Already folk- dancing is making its way in the elementary schools. At Stratford-on-Avon there is in August a summer school where the art may be studied. Miss Mary Neal, with the Esperance Club, has also done a great deal of propagandist work. THE tlOMER OF INSECTS. This is the title given to ,M. Henri Kabrc, now eighty-eight years of age, whose wonderful career is sketched in the Lady's Realm. His parents were poor farmers. The school through which he passed was miserably inadcquule. Uut he had a love for animals, and resolved to be free to stud>' them. ;\fter forty years of hard work as teacher of mathematics and in other ways, he at last secured suHk ient to keep him in independence, and to secure a bit of barren wild where he could walch his beloved liltle things, and wrilc the slory ol their lives. Darwin de.scrilHil him as the ii)com|>arable observer. Rostand calls him the savant who thinks like a philosopher and writes like a puct. 1 88 The Review of Reviews. AN ALARM OF CHOLERA. The present menace of cholera is earnestly urged in the Fortnightly Review by Adolphe Smith. He reports that in 1910 cholera had already invaded the Adriatic coasts of Italy, and created such a panic that 30,000 of the population of Leghorn fled. Genoa and neighbourhood was infected. In 1911 two international congresses to have been held at Rome were postponed because of the risk of cholera. From Italy persons sickening with cholera have travelled in all directions. But these facts are carefully concealed. AMONG us AT ANY MOMENT. The writer maintains that we are face to face with a danger similar' to that which beset us in 1892. The trouble is that the public is deceived, and the existence of cholera is sedulously concealed. During the twenty years of respite that we have enjoyed, the writer maintains, a Ministry of Public Health should have come into existence, with a budget of its own. The cholera might at any moment be introduced by the thousands of passengers crossing over from the Conti- nent to this country, or still more probably by .sailors in some of the smaller vessels that frequent our smaller .ports. Detection on the frontier is a policy that should be absolutely uniform in every part of the country, and should be directed and paid for by a national authority. Cases have been known of cholera patients arri\-ing in a small harbour, and the medical officer of health being some nine miles away. As to precautions, the frontier services should be improved and the number of inspectors increased. Clean, large, well-aired bedroom<, giving on to an l0F. H^^^ !£^ -A ^. ^: J ^fgl^ open space, constantly purified by direct rays of sun- shine, is the ideal which has not yet been attained in any country. In Spain, though a re.spite of a quarter of a century has been granted, very little has been done. Poverty is one of the principal obstacles to the removal of the conditions that favour disease. The condition of the subsoil is also most important. " ABDUL THE — BLESSED ! " An unexpected fact is recorded from Constantinople. The writer says : — When I visited these places and inquired if there were any cases of cliolera, I was surprised to note with what regret the inliabitants confessed there was no more cholera. Had I been able to discover a case these poor people would evidently have been delighted. The fact was that when cholera was present, police were placed at the door of the //a«, and no one allowed to go in or out. The inhabitants, therefore, could not be blamed for remaining idle. Then every day the Sultan sent an ample supply of oil, lentils, onions, rice, bread, and other food, together with some carefully boiled water, so that ail could eat and drink safely and to their hearts' content,'without any anxiety, and without having ajiything to pay. Tliese labourers and other poor folks liad never in all their lives enjoyed such a rest, such good and ample food, and such free- dom from an.xiety for the morrow. With this excellent treat- ment the cliolera was nipped in the bud ; it was all too good to last. In England I had heard a great deal about " Abdul the Damned " ; but here, in the poorest part of his own capital, I only heard about "Abdul the Blessed." Now that cholera is in Constantinople again I wonder whether the poor are as well off under the new n'gimt; i " ■ ;,' '. Hindi Punch. \ [Dojiiluy. In the Grip of Death t Cholera is rampant in Uombay, the majority of victims being Mahomedans. "DAYLIGHT SAVING." The scientific aspects of daylight saving are discussed by Professor Turner in Bedrock for July. He says the proposal to put the clocks one hour forward on April ist and return them to the usual hour on September ist has met with extraordinary favour. He points out the arrangement that has been come to for adjustment of time by altering clocks one hour every twenty-fourth part of the globe's circum- ference. He proceeds :^ Now Mr. Willett is not asking either more or less in the way of change in our clocks than is cheerfully accorded by everyone who has crossed the American Continent. At certain points of the journey the travellers are directed to pvit their watches forward or backward one hour ; and the inconvenience is insignificant. Even the accumulation of several such changes within a few days is of no consequence. And there is no essential dilTerence between making such a change at a [jarticular point in a journey and making it at a particular time of year. So long as it is tmiversal, and by common consi-nt, it will be forgotten almost as soon as made, since almost everything will go on as usual. The claims of science, thereforCj should not be advanced against these proposals if they are judged to be for the general public benefit. The writer declares either voluntary or partial movement, or a universal change of habit, impracticable. One wonders that the more radical suggestion of dividing the sixteen hour waking day into equal parts at noon, which would affect the whole year and oh\iate any playing tricks with clocks, has not been advocated. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 189 ARE WE GOING UTTERLY TO THE DOGS? Dr. Tredcold contributes to the Qiiartirly for July a study of eugenics which is most lugubrious reading. He accepts the retrogression of the people of England as an indisputable fact. The diminished death-rate does not demonstrate improvement in our inherent vitality. SICKNESS INCREASING. He quotes from the statistics of the friendly societies to prove that sickness is distinctly on the increase. Amongst the workers of the country as a whole the amount of sickness is 10 per cent, higher. Infant mortality has been decreased, but out of every thousand childrcnborn to-day there are practically as many who die from immaturity as in 1873. He quotes the chief medical officer to the Board of Education to show the extraordinarily high percentage of defective children. INCAPACITY INCREASING. The mental condition of the people of England he finds ver\- disquieting. He concludes that the propor- tion of the mentally weak in the entire community must be well over i per cent. Lumping together Poor Law relief and Old Age Pensions and charitable expenditure, he concludes there has been a very real increase in the proportion of those persons who are unable or unwilling to sub'sist by their own efforts. Since the begmning of the century there has been a marked increase in crime. On the other side of the account, he grants the increa.se of membership in the friendly societies and of savings bank depositors. He then sets himself to discover to what this '" dis- tinct increase in deterioration " is due. Of the two factors, ensironmenl and heredity, the environment of the people has been steadily improved. It is the other factor that has prevailed. THE PROPAGATION OF THE UNFIT. A study of the birth-rate fully explains the retro- gre-s^sion of the nation. The decline has been chiefly marked in the most capable, most cultured, and most intellectual classes. The Hearts of Oak Benefit Sot iety shows that the falling-ofT in the birth-rate in the million and a quarter population represented by its members has fallen by : — " Sufficient has lieen said to show that the decline in the birth-rale is not unilorm through- out the community, but ihut it is practitallv confined to the best elements ; and that the worst elements, the ins. me, the feibli- minded, the diseased, the pauper, ihe thriftless, and, in fact, the whole parasitic clas.-> of the nation, arc coiUinuing to propagate with unai)ated .md unrestricted vigour." Further danger lies in the fact that these degenerates frequently mate witli the lieallhy members of the community : — " 'i'he wliole lendencv ol modem sentiment and present-day rivili- bUtion is not so much to aid the fit as to favour the survival and propagation of the unfit." REMEDIES; Dr. Tredgold goes on to advocate, as the best remedy in restrictive eugenics, the segregation of the unde- sirable in suitable colonies or institutions. In con- structive eugenics he would recommend that in com- petitive examinations for appoinlinents regard should be had to the family history of the candidate, as also in all responsible appointments, university scholarships, bursaries ; and the Chancellor of the Exchequer might provide some more definite encouragement to the pro- pagation of the eugenically fit. He himself advocates the institution of a national system of family records. He thinks that the First International Congress in Eugenics, now being held in London, may mark an epoch in the history of civilisation. FLIES CARRYING INFECTION. In Bedrock for July Dr. Graham-Smith describes a number of interesting experiments on house flies. Ik- says : — Flies fed on coloured syrup often regurgitate coloured fluid twenty-four or more hours later, though fed in the interval on plain syrup. When infected food has been given, the infecting bacteria are usually lound in great numbers in these "spots," and moreover, fluid regurgitated from the crop is used to dissolve or moisten sugar and other similar dry food materials. The importance of the habit cannot therefore be overestimated. These experiments show that flics are at)le to infect sugar for at least two days after feeding on an emulsion of Bacillus prord and Cambridge Ra'iCiV. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 193 TRIBUTE TO MR. CHIRCUILL. Mr. .Vi.an H. Burgoynk. editor of the Navy League Annual, writing as a pronouncecl political opponent of Mr. Churrfiill, contributes to the l.mulnn Magazine fur August a glowing panegyric on Mr. Winston Churchill at the Admiralty. He declares that there are two Mr. Churchills— one is the politician, and the other is the First Lord. In none of the many offices which he had filled, Mr. Burgoyne asserts, did he attain even a semfjlance of popularity, either amongst his associates or in the country at large. APPREHENSIONS. In some quarters it was anticipated that if Mr. Churchill became First Lord, half the Navy would resign and the nation go into mourning. I5ut there was a great surprise :— Mr. Churcfiill went to Whitehall listening — also with eyes wide open. The new Y\t%\ I.onl was iliscovcrecl to be a very silent man — he spoke in public but seldom. His day was very strenuous. He spent ei^ht hours at the .\dmiralty, eight hours in the dockyards, and the remaining eight hours travelling from the former to the latter, sleeping and eating when convenient, and, if possible, on Sundays. DISARMED. He cared nothing for his political opponents. He disarmed the na\-al extremists by convincing them that their unique ability and exceptional merit had been appreciated by a very penetrating eye. The realK- keen, earnest students of naval affairs, who loved the Navy, he consulted. .Mr. Burgo)Tie says : — Once your true interest in progress, unalloyecl with any ulterior motive, i- iccognised and accepted, there are no secrets at Whitehall. This is .as the law of the Medcs and Persians ; it has been BO through all lime, and is the reason why this, of all Governhient departments, is least trammelled with vcxaliou-s and hide- bound regulations. Vet, 1 believe, in the result (and as the result) there is more true secrecy in matters of Adminilty intention than anywhere else. I.ct me here make a statement of fad, lilunt, blatant and blessed I Mr. Winsiun Churchill is not only admire7 at large, he is even liht/l He is genial to all who conic to him (I speak of the Service, now, Ijoth civil anil naval), and has a glad-eye for lx)th odice-boy anil admiral. I vc seen it many times — so I know. NAVAi, WAR STAFF AND FLEET 'iRCAMSATION. Mr. llurgoync reports : — Mr. I'huri hill asked mc, early in liis rjgimt, what I thought of a naval war sl.dT. I guess he asked that question of hundred; who had made naval administration .1 hobby. The? greati-sl quality in man is sufcly that of knowing how best to make H«; of the brains of others ; even the vilLage idiot can direct you to the inn. That Naval War Staff was the first big cliani;i'. or so the public thought. Then came the new l'"leel Organisation, which was a business arrangement that .ships of the same class should act together instead of being a collection of samples. niS RESTLESS ACTIVITY. Of his personal activities Jlr. Burgo\Tie says : — Let us turn for a moment to his personal activities. He has made himself familiar with every kind and class of ship in the Navy List. He voy.iged in a submarine — has done so more than once — and came away a fount of speedily acquired know- ledge on the type. Armoured cruisers, scouts, destroyers, Iwttlcships, hospital and repair ships have all been, not visited, but investigated from truck to keelson, whatever that is in the modern vessel. When on board the Enchantress, the Admiralty yacht, he seldom if ever dines without signalling a number of officers to join him ; one night it will be captains, the ne.\t midshipmen, and the third officers from the submarine depot. To each and all he is the same ; he lets them talk into the small hours, and, being sailor-men, they talk that in which the heart delights — shop. 1 walked with one of these after such a gathering, and he said, " liy gad ! He plays the First Lord devilish well ! " Which, as spoken, implied a coniplinient beyond mere words. One Sunday afternoon he set off, in a deuce of a storm, to inspect any ship that struck his fancy, just to see what they were like when quite unprepared for their master. He did four, which is seeing the Navy as it really is, and came aw.ay well content with an afternoon of pure enjoyment. He is a tiger for work ; just note this as an example. He speaks "Navy "all day, and confesses to dreaming " Navy" at night. His restless energy is killing his secretaries, but they love it. Mr. Winston Churchill and Sir Francis Drake. Armada Day at Earl's Court. 194 The Review of Reviews. PACIFICISM AND MILITARISM. THE NEW PACIFICISM UNDER FIRE. The Quarterly Review for Jul)- discusses Mr. Norman Angell's " Great Illusion " as the arrival of a new pacificism. The writer says : — Pacificism has passed through two phases : the appeal to the soul — "war is wrong"; and the appeal to fear — "war is dant;eroiis." Now Mr. Angell ushers in the last phase with the final appeal to the pocket — "war is expensive, since whether you win or lose there is no money in it." . . . The general consensus of opinion would seem to be that tlie appeal to the pocket may succeed where the appeals to fear and lo altruism are acknowledged to have failed ; and that love of money will in the end bring about that change in the attitude of mankind to war which could not be effected by such motives as love of right and love of life. " THE MORAL STI.MULUS OF SUCCESSFUL WAR." The writer holds that Mr. Angell has committed the initial error of endeavouring to disengage the moral and economic aspects of war. lie leaves out of account " the moral stimulus of successful war." Notably is this the case in his survey of the Franco-German war of 1871. The writer asks :— Is it of no moment that we find in German industry and commerce after the war of 1870 characteristics of self-reliance and enterprise which we fail to observe during the years of peace between .Waterloo and Bismarck's wars, years which, on Mr. Angell's thesis, should have been the fat and prosperous years of German industrialism ? WARS WITHOUT ECONOMIC MOTIVE. The writer strongly dissents from the position that economic causes have led to recent wars, and asks : — Where is the economic issue which led France to Magenta and Solferino, and so drove her to make of Italy a nation ? Was it economics alone which spurred Garibaldi to his great effort for the freedom of his country ? And in the wars waged to make United Germany, can we conceive that any aphorism that "war does not pay" would have led Bismarck to liold his hand, even were he convinced of its fundamental truth ? He would have replied that Prussia was not fighting for money, but to make of dismembered, contemned, politically insignifi- cant Germany a united and powerful nation owning no master and brooking no alien interference. The greatest war of our time, the Civil War in the United .States, was fought because 2I,ooo,CXX) of white men refused to acquiesce in the shame brought upon them by 5,000,000 of their fellows wdio saw no harm in the ownership ol slaves. Similarly, of the reasons that led Japan to go to war with Russia : — " By battle, and lay battle alone, she knew she could raise men of her colour to an equality with the white races ; and she has been justi- fied in her decision." " SOULLESS CLASS-SELFISHNESS." The writer dismisses Mr. Angell by saying : — The vision Mr. Angell welcomes is one in which the material well-being of working men is to be the prime concern of some soulless administration called into being by a renunciation of all that the nations have stood for through the centuries of strife in which civilisation came into being. It is a world in which the lowest form of class-selfishness is to take the place of patriotism ; it is one in which no man with a spark of man- hood in him would tolerate existence. CAN WE AFFORi:) MORE ON NAVAL ARMAMENTS? Yes : Twenty Millions a Year ! So Mr. Edgar Crammond insists, writing in the Nineteenth Century, with a profusion of statistical evidence. He thus sums up his case : — N.Ttional Wealth "S 1 j^ National j_ i Income & i rt 1 Expendi- jj rure on ^ 1 Defence y (Estimates Ci9l=-i3 + Per Head England and Wales Scotland i3-7i^.779>ooO [380 i>45^. 615.000 305 1,740,000,000 173,500,000 48 65,700,000 36 1 7,300,000 23 1 nil Is.d. ... United Kingdom 15,882,683,000 351 12,016,500,000 44 t 73,000,000 16 ' =,.2?C.OQO I 12 3 6 5 100 2 9 5 9 I 3 Australi.i Soutli Africa New Zealand ... 1,312,000,000 387 164,000.0001 36 j 4,775,000 600,000,000 ICO 75.000,000 t 12 1 843,000 320,000,000 320 40,000.000 ; 40 1 *288.ooo down Colonies, Possessions, and Protecto- 1,200,000,000 ... 1 170,000,000 ... 1,000,000 Total 24,986,683,000 1 ... 3,332,500,000 [ ... 102,440,000 * Exclusive of cost of b:itlle-cruiser presented to home Government, f Or latest figures available. The British Empire is in every respect the most important and wealthy Confederation in the world. It has an area of 11,306,000 square miles and a population of 4l6,cxx),ooo. Its foreign or external trade during 1910 was valued at j^i, 776,888, 000, practically the whole of which was sea- borne. The national wealth of the Empire is approximately ^25,000,000,000, its national income ;^3, 332, 000,000, and its expenditure on defence ,,^102,000,000 per annum. In point of wealth the British Empire greatly exceeds that of any other Confederation, its nearest rival being the United States with an estimated national-wealth of ;f2:, 000, 000,000, while the national wealth of France cannot exceed ^12,000,000,000. The comparative smallness of the expendi- ture of the British Empire on defence will be appreciated when it is realised that it represents only £'^ in respect of every .j^loo of annual income. As a matter of fact, Germany and Fiance, Avhose combined national wealth is largely exceeded by that of the British Empire, now spend .about ^110,000,000 per annum on defence, and their overseas possessions are inconsiderable in relation to those of the British Empire. There cannot be the slightest doubt that the Empire could bear with the greatest ease an additional expenditure on naval defence of ;if 20,000,000 per annum. All the great sell-governing communities h.ad a surplus last year : in the case of Great Britain it w.as;^6, 545,000, Canada ^'7,800,000, and Australia /'s, 196,000. But if the Empire is to be a unit in defence, it must be a unit in the direction of defence. Mr. Crammond suggests the transformation of the Committee of Imperial Defence into a representative and executive Imperial Federal Council of Defence. He would allow one representative or one vote to each million of white population and one to each million spent on defence. The scheme works out at a total membership of 174 ! Defend us from a defence directed by such a mob I Leading Articles in the Reviews. 195 Tin: MILITARY TRAIXINCx OF LADS. The .Midsummer issue of The Nation in Amu; contains a special contribution on compulsory cadet training in Jersey. As the author remarks, " Probably few people are aware that this system has been in vogue for over a century in a British community and on British soil within twelve hours' journey of London. Every male inhabitant of the island is subject to Militia service between the ages of sixteen and forty- five. The ser\'ice is divided into three categories : (a) preparatory, (A) active, (c) reser\'e. The prepara- tory training is for youths, and lasts from the age of si.xteen to the age of twenty, when the youth is incorporated into the ranks of a regiment, battery, or company. In the month of January each year all boys who ha\-e reached the age of sixteen since the previous January are called upon to enrol themselves in the Militia. Failure to do so involves a fine of £1, with, of course, immediate enrolment. In February the boys commence their drills at the arsenals of their respective districts. '• I'he island is divided into three districts, each of which furnishes an infantry battalion. The headquarters and stores in each district are called arsenals, and attached to them arc spacious drill grounds. The boys just enrolled are known as ' first year boys,' and are put into a beginners' squad. rhey attend drill for an hour and a half on two mornings a week, and receive instruction from the Militia permanent staff in squad drill and physical exercises until they have completed forty drills. In the following February they come up again for another forty drills as ' second year boys,' and the training now extends to company drill, the use of the rifle, and practice on a miniature range with the aiming tube. " .\ 'first' year boy' who shows particular aptitude i generally promoted to the second year squad after a few drills, and it not unfrcquently happens that a boy %vill win one of the spoons (drill prizes) in his first year. The ' third year boy ' has a full training programme. He is usually so far proficient that his forty drills are not exacted in full, but he has a thorough musketry training, finishing up with a full range course of fifteen practices, the la-.t fi\c of which (classification practices) are exactly the same as the classification practiies fired by recruits of the regular Army. If he passes his musketry test he is transferred to the active list . . . receives his uniform, attending the camp training of his unit in the same year. At this .stage the jersey .Militia recruits will easily bear com- parison with those of the .Special Reserve, and are incomparably belter trained than the average Terri- torial recruit. Boys are often chosen (or the artil- lery, and commence gun drill, etc., at the end of their first or second veur." WAR EXPENDITURE AND COST OF LIVING. In the July number of the Friedenswarte is published an address of .Mr. W. Bourke Cockran on the subject of the Expenditure on Armaments and the increased Cost of Li\ing. C.\STINC SEED INTO THE SEA. Mr. Cockran expresses the opinion that the constant rise of prices is due to the rivalry among the Powers to acquire the most complete armaments. Every penny spent on armaments is a loss to the Treasury. Money disposed of in this way resembles a seed thrown into the sea, whereas every penny spent on a pro- ductive object resembles the seed planted in fertile soil, reproducing itself a hundredfold. A battleship produces nothing, and it is least harmful when it is absolutely idle. It can only be effective when it is destroying. Battleships, fortifications, guns — all war material is a dead burden, except when utilised — to destroy life and property. To-day the cost of arma- ments is to ht reckoned by the increased cost of the necessities of life for cverv man, woman, and child. :making war on the people. We are asked to imagine the amount spent on arma- ments in the last twenty years, and to measure the contribution of each country. Then we are asked to assess the amount of damage which would have been caused bv war. If a town is plundered, the houses burnt down, the factories razed to the ground, and the fields laid waste, and if there is a heavy indemnity to pay, the armaments, at any rate, would have been for once brought to an end. But this loss could at least be gradually made good again, whereas the outlay on armaments has neither end nor limit, nor is there any hope of a reduction ; and the peace which is supposed to be assured by them is an armed peace — for war, for a continuous destructive war without end, not a war between States, but a war waged by each State on its own people by imposing burdens, not on an enemy in arms, but on the citizens, whose welfare should be its chief care. In conclusion. Mr. Cockran advocates some court of arbitration, composed of representatues of all nations, invited in the name of justice. \\ ith the success of such an undertaking all problems which disturb humanity would be solved, and the peace, which is established on the foundation of justice, would be eternal and unchangeable. " T(;N()RANCE. conceit, arrogance - thee summarise the Englishman's character as exhibited on his travels abroad. We behave as cads, hypocrites, fools. We display all the vulgar qualities that we despise in the mob."— Cuari.es Crknvili.e. in the OxfcrA and t'liiiibridj^c Rcviciv. 196 The Review of Reviews. THE WOMAN'S MOVEMENT. WHAT THE WOMEN'S VOTE HAS DONE. Writing in the Grande Revue of July 10, Marie Louise Le Verrier recounts the chief results due to the women's vote in those countries where woman suffrage exists. THE PIONEER SUFFRAGE STATE. The countries where women have the right to the parliamentary vote include six States in America. In the granting of the vote to women Wyoming appears to be the pioneer, not only in the United States, but in the world. In 1869, when woman suffrage was introduced, Wyoming did not belong to the Union, and when it became a State in 1890 it was still the first suffrage State. In 1893 its House of Representatives passed a resolution unanimously declaring that not only had the exercise of the suffrage wrought; no harm, but it had done great good m many ways. It had largely aided in banishing crime, pauperism, and vice from the State, and that without any violent or oppressive legislation ; it had secured peaceful and orderly elections and good government, etc., and as the result of its experience Wyoming urged every civilised community on earth to enfranchise its women without delay. WHERE WOMEN VOTE. In the same year (1893) Colorado took the advice offered and proclaimed political equality of the sexes. Utah and Idaho followed in 1896, Washington in 1909, and California in 191 1. In Washington women have made great use of the " Recall," which permits electors to recall officials whose performance of their duties is unsalisfactor)-. The case of the Mayor of Seattle will still be fresh in the minds of most readers. While the women of Wyoming have been exercising ihc political vote for over forty years, the women of Great Britain have been agitating for it in vain for close upon half a century. Meanwhile certain British colonies have shown themselves more enlightened in this respect than the Mother Country. New Zealand set the example in 1893, Southern Australia followed suit in 1895, then came Western Australia in 1899, New South Wales in 1902, Tasmania in 1904, Queens- land in i<)05, and linall)- Victoria in 1908. In addition, the federal suffrage, with the right to be elected, was extended to all women in 1899. In Europe we have to look to the Scandinavian countries for examples of the benefits derived from the women's vote. Here Finland was the first to take its courage in botli hands in 1906, and Norway followed in 1907. In Iceland the ((uestion is practically settled. In Sweden, though woman suffrage has figured in the King's Speech, and the King has expressed himself in sympathy, no Bill has yet become law. WAR ON ALCOHOL. Having briefly enumerated the rights accorded to women, municipal and otherwise, in various other countries, the writer draws attention to the main influences of the women's vote. The most noteworthy point about the countries where women exercise the vote is that practically everywhere women have not begun by asserting their own personal claims. Their first act has been to declare war on alcohol, and their next concern has been laws for the protection of children. ' We hear of the great prohibition victory at Caldwell (Idaho), where the women recalled the Mayor and the Jlunicipal Council. In New Zealand, also, feminine direct influence has had excellent results in the cause of temperance. In 1894 the country- was divided into sixty-two districts for the purpose of dealing with the drink question. Thanks to the women, thirty-nine districts nominated a com- mission of temperance moderates, while twenty-three elected prohibitionists. Since 1894 the women have learnt to co-ordinate their efforts, and recently absolute prohibition for the whole of New Zealand has been passed. But it is in Scandinavia where women have achieved their most brilliant successes in their war against alcohol. In Norway there is now only one cabaret to 20,000 inhabitants, and suicide, crime, and , poverty have greatly decreased. In Finland, where drunkenness, as in Sweden and Norway, was a national vice, local option, which was adopted in 1886-1892. gave way to prohibition in 1893. Later still steriier measures were introduced, but it has not been found possible to enforce them rigorously. PROTECTION OF YOUNG GIRLS. Before making laws for the general welfare of children, the women's ardent desire is to raise the age of protection of young girls, one of the most difficult of reforms to obtain. The women of Colorado, who were politically enfranchised in 1893, introduced a Bill in 1894 to raise the age from fourteen to twenty- one. The Senators were in consternation at such a propo.sal and resisted it \iolcntly, with the result that the age was raised to eighteen, a victory of four years for the women. Similar laws have been passed in Utah and in Idaho; and in Australia the legislation on this question is much more complete. CHILDREN, EDUCATION, HYGIENE. On the whole, however, it is the children who have most to gain by the women's vote ; and it is not only the strong and healtliy, luit the feeble-minded and the criminals among them, to whom women extend their solicitude. It was the women who were the means of instituting in Colorado in 1903 the famous courts for child delinquents. Most of the laws regulating child-labour arc also due to them. In matters relalinu to education their influence has everywhere been most beneficent. They decide questions relating to th< Leading Articles in the Reviews. 197 school buildings, the hours of study, the holidays, etc., and they have even gone so far as to require that teachers shall not only be competent, bi.t that their private life shall not give occasion for criticism. Questions relating to public health, cleanliness of cities, erection of drinking fountains, pure food, and many more important matters apt to be considered mere details by men, are in women's eyes of supreme importance. TESTIMONY OF JfDOE LIXDSEV. George Creel and Judge l.indscy have testified to the fact that the complete citizenship of women has raised the intelligence, the character, and the mutual esteem of the two sexes. The possession of the vole has made women take an interest in political and general questions, and this has naturally . stimulated the interest of the men. The interest taken by women in public affairs has indeed forced men to greater activity, and there is no evidence to show that the widening of the domestic horizon has had any evil results. The two Chambers of the Federal Parliament of Australia in 19 10 declared that the women's vote after si.\teen years' operation in different parts of the country, and nine in the Australian Federation, had fully justified the expectations of its partisans and deceived the fears and the black prophecies of its enemies. Its effects had been (i) the gradual education of women to understand their responsibility for the welfare of the community and (2) the urgency of domestic social legislation. WHY WOMEN NEED THE VOTE. Wherever the experiment has been made a large percentage of women have used the vote, and the percentage of men voting has been considerably increased. The women of Colorado have made over twenty laws in less than twenty years. It took tliem only one year to win the woman's right to be equal guardian with the father of their '\\\, which was intended to give a constable power to take into custody without a warrant any person whom he had good cause to suspect 01 having committed, or being about to commit, any offence against Section II. of the Criminal Law Amend- ment Act of 1885, and so check a large percentage o^f the traflic from England to other countries, it was fair- to assume, thought .Mr. Coote, would be carried without discussion. But this was not the case. Around this clause raged a fierce controversy in Comrhittce, and llic opponents of the Bill, in the supposed interests of the " liberty of the subject,'' succeeded in amending it so as to make it practically useless. Yet a man suspected by an ordinary constable of " loitering about a house with intent" can be arrested on the spot without a warrant. Equally, an unfortunate woman soliciting in the streets can be taken into custody without a warrant. The clause now reads that a constable " not- below the rank oj a sergeant and one detailed jor this special duty may take into custody," etc. Also the words " being about to commit " were altered into " attempting to commit." Mr. Coote hopes every reader interested in this question will unite in demanding the restoration of the original clause, which contains the whole crux of the matter. The Archbishop of Canterbury thinks it ought to humiliate us into the dust with shame that the facts of the trafl^ic could go on for a single week without an out( ry from one end of the kingdom to the other. Mr. Coote forgets to add that the Bill has been shorn of its proper name, and that it is to be known as the Criminal Law Amendment ,\ct. No. II.— a title which means little or nothing to the majority of people. TflE FRANCPIISE QIJESTION. ^ .Mr. W. H. Dickinson, .M.P., writing in the Con- tew fxiraiy Review for August, would meet the difficulty . raised by the Franchise Bill either by raising the qualifying age for a woman's vote to twentv-fivc or to thirty, or, preferably, in this way :— We may wilh pcrfecl fairness to the female sex compel ihem to pass tlirouyh ilic " ocui|Mlion " stage as men h,-»vc .lone I.efore rcceivinf; llie full privileges of alull female suffru'c' .\n(l, afler all, il is a fair arj;iimeiit ihat tlie mollier, .is i hi-uj. of the family, ought lo lake precedence of her (laughters 111,1. her ilomestic servants in entering into iheir new lieritacc oi political power. ^' I estimate that if we were to enfranchise wonicn at the age of t»ent)-one hy this niutho.1 we should have on the register in hngland an.l Wales something under six millions, whilsl (he numher in .Scotland ami Ireland would he rather over half-a- million in each country. If, on the other han-ers to improve conditions of employment and more efficient methods of production. INDUSTRIAL LEGISLATION IN AUSTRALIA. In the July Empire Review Australia's methods of dealing with Labour troubles are most ably dealt with by F. A. VV. Gisborne. The author thinks Wages Boards and Arbitration Courts are not unmixed blessings. He obser\es that, generally speaking, the Wages Board stands for prevention and the Arliitration Court for cure. The former, therefore, is more advan- tageous to the patient ; the latter to the doctor. It may be affirmed that among employers who are manu- facturers the Wages Board is distinctly preferred to anv other kind of industrial tribunal. As a rule, also, the men they employ share that preference. But, as before explained, there is a strong tendency on the part of both employers and employes, where wages and conditions of work are .subject to the arbitrament of a Board, to settle their differences at the public expense. Concessions granted to the men have to be paid for by the public in the way of correspondingly increased prices for the goods man'tfactured. Foreign competition is rendered ineffective to reduce those prices bv the revision of the tariff in the interests of the industries affected. If the men engaged in the boot trade are granted higher wages, up goes the price of boots at once ; and the duty on imported boots is raised simultaneously. Not infrequently the emplover gains substantially through an addition to his wages bill. A typical case of this kind lately came under the writer's notice. L'nder a Wages Board award the bakers in a certain Australian city were recently obliged to pay the men they employed con- siderably higher wages than they had previously paid. Directly afterwards, householders were called on to pay an additional halfpenny for each loaf purchased. The result in the case of one of the leading bakers was that in return for an increa.sc of £3 a week in wages he had to pay he made an additional w'eekly profit of £20 on his bread. Mr. C;isborne .says that Wages Boards have unfor- tunatclv rendered consumers generally the helpless \ictims of a triple alliance of mtmufacturers, organised working men and politicians. They have, in the main, tended to the preservation of industrial peace, l.uit at the high price of e\er-increasing cost of living. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 199 THE LONDON PORT STRIKE. Mr. Harold Spender, in the Contemporary Review ir August, discusses the London Port strike. He does jt spare the masters. He says : — The fault of the East London employer has, froni the rginning, belonged to the same class of error that beset the ive-owner of the Southern States of America. He is non- aping the inevitable harvest. The typical East London river- Je employer — I exclude, of course, exceptional cases of isdom and benevolence — has, for the last half-century, claimed i have the use of labour without being responsible for it. His etliud has been to draw from an indefinite reserve without iher paying or feeding that reserve in limes of unemployment. is habit has been to enjoy his profits in peace and security ithout sharing in the distress and misery caused by his responsibility. The typical East End riverside employer aves his people to stew in their juice, and lives himself in jalthicr and happier surroundings elsewhere. .As a result, the wage of this casualised folk has to e supplemented out of the rates. The high rates in le East End show how heavy a toll society has to pay )r the riverside employer attracting large masses of norganised casual labour. In the month of June three lillions sterling were lost in re-exports alone ; probably nother million represents the loss of wages in the ime month ; the real loss on trade was probably tiother three millions. Thus even in this struggle lone the Port of London has lost as much as it would ave cost to have more than doubled the wages of its mployees for a whole year. For the last twenty-five earsj owing to the policy of the employers; there has een want of harmony, and at the same time, com- ared with the great ports of Hamburg and Amster- am, the Port of London has failed to expand to meet lodern needs. THE K.MI.IRE OF THE PORT ALTHORITV. The Port of London .Authority only granted an icrease of one penny upon the docker's tanner of 88y in consec|uence of the strike in 191 1. Since then ley have paid (200,000 more in wages. But — le point on which the Tort of London Authority has signally lilcd is in influencing the very large number of emplnyers atsidc the Authority — the whailownets, shipowners, and coal- ivnecs^to fall in with the Laljour policy ol the I'ort. Un the iiwx.xty, the real fault and error of Lord Devunport during the 1st few months has been that, in:itead of attempting to bring |j the numerous employers outside to the highest labour level f the I'ori, he has actually taken the lead in the guise rather r an employer than "f the chairman of a public body, in a real struggle against the men's organisation. 'I'hat has been IS vital failure of polity, and it raises >o fundamental a qilestion ;, for instance, whcthi r the I'ort of London .Vutlioriiy has not tactically proclaimed itself in default of its public duly. THE HEROISM OF THE STRIKERS. The oc( asion (jf the strike was petty enough. .Aris- )tle said long ago that rebellions were produ>.cd with a mingling of horror ami Imirnlion the amazing resolution of that poverty-stricken Dpulalion in its light .against one of the strongest combinations f employers that have ever entered into such a struggle, lollies have been sold off their backs. The rooms have been «ed of the treasured furniluic. .Xnd yet the light has gone on. The larder has been emptied, and the recurring nieal-timc has shown nothing but an empty table. Vet there has been no whisper of surrender. Even the very people who have hated the cause most fiercely have stood in amazement at the spirit evoked by this contest. The dockers of East London, poor and ragged, overcrowded and underfed, have fought as good a fight as the soldiers of Wellington or the sailors of Xclson. NEMESI.S. The mast-ers on their side would do nothing. Lord Devonport refused absolutely to meet any third parties. .\t the same time, says Mr. Spender : — The wharfingers and merchants of London are now moaning and groaning over departed trade and closed factories. Those are the direct fruits of their own unwisdom. It is essential for them to understand that in this age consideration for workmen is as necessary a part of business organisation as care of m.ichinery. The manufacturer who took the line in regard to his machinery that these men take in regard to labour would soon ruin his affairs. For consider a moment. Suppose he said, " I will work my machine when I like, and neglect it when I like. I refuse all responsibility either for oiling it, or tending it, or mending it. I do not care whether it rusts or decays. The only thing 1 demand is that it should be ready to work for me whenever I want it." Such a policy pursued towards an inanimate machine would soon produce its reward, either in an explosion or a stoppage. Why should men imagine that it can be pursued with any less calamitous results towards that not less complex machine, the human being? The Port of Liverpool learned its lesson last year. Mr. Spender hopes that the Port of London will not be less docile. He also feels that the statutory helpless- ness of the Government must end. A MINIMUM WAGE FOR FARM LABOURERS. Mr. C. Roden Buxton pleads in the Contemporary Review for .August on behalf of minimum wages for agricultural labourers. He maintains that agriculture is a sweated industry. The average wage for the country is 17s. 6d. a week ; for Oxfordshire, 14s. iid. ; for Norfolk, 15s. 4d. These low wages mean bad housing, and by .sending farm labourers to compete with other workers lower the general standard of industry throughout the country. Mr. Buxton believes that agriculture could bear a higher wage, having during the last ten years become very prosperous. Most of the increased return from the land has gone to the landlord, none of it to the labourer. Higher wages make the labourers more efTicicnt. Yorkshire labourers imported into Dorset were paid at the York- shire rate of i8s. a week, and were much more efficient than the Dorsetshire labourers, until the latter were paid the same wage, and in six months rose to the S'orkshire level. The agricultural labourer could be paid a higher wage without injury, possibly with aflvantage, to the tarmer. .Mr. Buxton would approve a measure following the lines of the Coal Mines (Minimum Wage) .Act in 1912, adopting different standards for different counties, but ba.sed on the minimum of food, house room, clothing, fuel and lighting necessary for the healthy subsistence of a man and wife and three children. 20O The Review of Reviews. LABOUR'S REAL TROUBLES. Mr. T. Good, writing as an old workman, offers some " plain facts and comments " on the labour troubles of to-day in an article in the August number of the World's Work. EFFECTS OF SPEEDINC-UP. The first fact of the present turmoil is that the average workman is getting too small a wage and is paying too high a taxation upon the things he purchases to maintain the standard of living he desires. In short, he is convinced beyond all doubt or question that he is not getting a fair share of the world's good things ; and this is the bedrock fact upon which we must base our theories, our policies, and our legislation. Unfortunately, the workers have not yet learnt how to use their trade unionism or their franchise to their best advantage. Why is there at this time pronounced retrogression in labour affairs ? Much of the discontent is due to " speeding up," not only hustling the workman over his job, but including in its train unemploj'ment, or more casual employment, and possibly less pay. Within the last dozen years many industries have been well-nigh revolutionised, and labour has been economised to an extent hardly dreamt of by the outside public. FEWER MEN AND LESS PAY. Not only have many firms Americanised their works, but there came the Workmen's Compensation Act, which had as one result the weeding-out of aged and delicate men — to make room for the reckless and inexperienced, with the further result that accidents increased. The Minimum Wage Act will have the same effect in the coal trade, argues Mr. Good. But the chief point he makes is that our employers, becoming alarmed at the prospects of an American invasion, set about introducing hustle and grind, and our workshops were converted into prisons, if not hells. Concurrently with these harsher conditions there has been reduced pay. Little by little the pay and the conditions have worsened. The Board of 'i'rade Reports tell us that the rate of wages has increased, but fail to record that the actual earnings have declined. There is more broken time as well as more bustle, racket, and danger compared with fifteen years ago. At the docks and wharves gangs are reduced in numbers, and cargoes are loaded and dis- charged not only with fewer men, but in less time and for smaller wages. To these causes of discontent must be added the increased burden in higher rents, rates and taxes, and higher prices of food. And there is one other cause, a very human one, which cannot be ignored — the contrast between the lot of the working classes and the growing luxury among the people whom the workers arc expected to look upon as their " betters." POET AND WORKMAN. .Some Browning memories are contributed by W. G. Kingsland to the Contemporary Rniew for .\ugust. Mr. Kingsland was a young compositor who wrote a letter of admiration to the poet. In a kindh' reply, given in full. Browning said :^ I can have but little doubt that my writing has been, in the main, too hard for many I should have been pleased to com- municate with ; but I never designedly tried to puzzle people, as some of my critics have supposed. On the other hand, I never pretended to offer such literature as should be a substitute for a cigar or game at dominoes to an idle man. browning's KINDHEARTEDNESS. The writer bears willing witness when he says ;— In a friendship of over twenty years, one thing stands out clearly — the exceeding kindness of heart ever shown by the poet. His courtesy and consideration, his noble bearing, his helpful spirit, his solicitude for your welfare and comfovl — these things were part and parcel of the man. He would put himself to no end of inconvenience and trouble to oblige his fiiends or do them a service, while his generous and affectionate nature was always apparent to those who knew him. " NEVER DISCOURAGED." Here is a glimpse of the dauntless spirit in which the poet encountered opposition : — I asked him once wliether he had not been discouraged by the indifference or hostility of the critics. "Nevei," he replied. " Why, I had the approbation of Fox, of Mill, of Forster, and I was content with their verdict." Yet on one occasion he did express his indignation that Forster should have kept hidden for thirty years a letter from Dickens, expressing in passionate terms the great novelist's admiration of the " Hlot in the 'Scutcheon." "Had it been brought before the literary public, as Dickens no doubt intended it should have been, il would have rendered inv.iluable help to my work at that time," said Browning. HELPING A DKINKEN MAN ALONG. Here is another \aluable sidelight on the character of the poet : — - Browning had the true democratic spirit, and was concerned in all that appertained to the welfare of the people. I call to mind one summer evening, in company with M. Milsmd, the poet taking us into the little square patch of garden ground at the back of the house in Warwick Crescent. The conversation ranged round many topics — from Sunday schools to ragged schools ; " temperance work " also largely coming. The ])oel spoke with something like vehemence on this topic, and related how, but a few evenings since, he had come across a woiking man who was so drunk he could scarcely stand. "I helped him along for some distance as best I could," said the poet, "but he was gelling unmanageable, and I was gl.ad when anolher individual, apparently a fellow-worker, came to my assistance with (he remark, ' I think you had better leave hiii'i to me, sir.' And as he seemed to understand more about it than I did, I thought that was the best thing to do," he added. Mr. Kingsland, recalling conversations in the later years of the poet's life, declares that he spoke with rapt certainly of the soul's immortality, expressing his concurrence with the vital doctrines of the Christian faith. " I have no hesitation, from converse with him, in placing Browning among those who hold to the Uivinitv ol Christ." Leadixg Articles in the Reviews. 201 ANGLO-GERMAN RELATIONS THE OLIVE BRANXII TO ENGLAND. ]>ARON Marschall in London-. An anonvmous writer contributes to the Corre- spondanl of July lo an article on Baron Marschall and the Anglo-German Question. Before the last visit of the Kaiser to England there had been some question of the retirement of Count Metternich, we are told. Since that time events have occurred the consequences of which might be serious, and for the new situation new men are necessary. Anglo-German relations cannot remain in their present condition ; either they must become better or worse. THE AMBASS.\D0R'S RECORD IN TLRKEV. With regard to Baron Marschall's record in Turkey, the writer says the part he has played at Constanti- nople since the new attitude of Germany in the Italo- Turkish War was alone suflicient to make his retention as ambassador to the Sublime Porte impossible. He had won the absolute confidence of Abdul Hamid, and thanks to his influence no German demand was ever refused. Confiding in the assurances of the ambas- sador, the Sultan counted entirely on the friendship of the Kaiser. In certain difficult cases the Baron was .supported by Marshal von der Goltz. When the revo- lution broke out Abdul Hamid sent for Baron .Marschall, but he awaited his arrival in vain. At first the sentiments of the \"oung Turks were ardently Anglophil. As .Midul Hamid had Ijelicved in German assurances, the Committee of Union and Progress be- lieved in the English promises to respect the Treaty ol Berlin. On his return to Turkey Sir G. A. Lowther made a triumphal entry into Constantinople. THE TRl TH ABOUT THE NEW APPOINTMENT. Baron Marschall let this pass. When, however, the Powers of the Triple Entente, on the attitude of the two Empires of Central Europe, decided to take no action, the Bamn came out of his apparent inaction to persuade the \'oung Turks that the annexation of liosnia and Herzegovina was for their good, and that they might rei kon on the support of the German sword, as did the dethroned Sultan. Everything seems to show that tlie Baron and .Marshal von der Goltz were sincere in tliese Turcophil sentiments. When the ltalier of parrots, of which there are many in Libya, and put them all into a cage. He kept them there for a long time and taught them to say .- " .^psethus is a god." When the birds had learnt their lesson, he opened the cage and let them out. .\nd the birds spread al? over Libya, and their words penetrated into the Greek sei'.le- ments. And the Libyans, astonished at the voice of the birds and not suspecting the trick of .\psethus, looked upon him as a god. Similar influences have been at work with us in regard to Germany. We have too often accepted the version of c'he parrots for gospel truth, and have disregarded that which was of iar more importance to us, as it has already shown itself to he by the evidence of accomplished facts ; I mean the trend in tlie world of ideas, as we observe it in Germany to-day, and whicii is influencing England, not only in our modes of thought, but also in translorming our institutions. We have done more ihari this. We have not only accepted the dictum of the parrots, but we have assisted them to carry out their project — the building of a large fleet. This mutual estrangement has involved us in appal- ling loss. It has placed us at the mercy of the United States. It has ousted British trade from Morocco ; it has flung Austria-Hungary into the arms of Germany. The Germans, on their side, have brought about a solidarity of feeling between all sections of the .'\nglo- .Saxon race, and a discrimination against Germaii manufacturers in our colonies. WHY BARON MARSCHALL WAS RECALLED. In the Contemporary Revie'tV Dr. Dillon offers arr explanation of the recall of Baron Marschall von Bieberstein from Constantinople : — The Baron, who was at once a diplomatist man of business a I'allcmaiiile, played upon the Turkish tem- perament as Rubinstein played upon the piano. In this he was- aduiirably seconded by the lierlin Foreign Oftice and materially assisted by the late M. Siemens of the Deutsche Kank, the Director of the Baghdad KaiKvay Company, and the dragoman of the German Embassy, Herr Testa, to whom the Baghdad Railway Concession is mainly due. That concession, which was crowned shortly bclbre the war by Hakki Pasha signing, the arrangement for the building of the last section of the rail- w.iy, marked the end of the Karon's life-work and Germany's- complete satiation in Turkey. The Amb.iss.ador himself, recog- nising this, asked to be transferred to some other post, but for the time being the Wilhelmslrasse left his request unanswered. With the fall of Hakki Pasha Germany's star set in the East. When her ally, Italy, began the war in Tripoli, Germany undertook the protection of Italian subjects in the Ottoman lunpire : — Thus when at the end of last year the Porte felt inclined to expel all Italians from the Empire, the Baron interceded for them warmly and successfully. He nearly always won his case. Once, and once only, did lie plead in vain, and this miscarriage- was jieculiarly painful. .-Vfter the bonrbardment of the D.ir- danellcs, Talaal Boy, the Young Turkish Jacobin, called for the expulsion of Italian subjects generally. Some of his colleagues dissented and expostulated with him, but were finally outvoted. The decision was taken. But reason was powerless against emotion. Then the Baron threw his personal intluence in the scale. The least he could exiiect was tliat the decree of exjiulsion wouki not be promul- gated until he had quilled Constantinople. .'\nd his fiiends were conhdent that the Porte would wait until then. But al.as ! Talaat Bey and the extreme Young Turks were inexorable, and the Baron was witness^of the reluctant exodus of the Italians. Baron Marschall's recall was imposed by political necessity. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 203 THE RE-AWAKENING OF FRANCE. A NEW RENAISSANCE. The new Renaissance in France is the subject of a uggestive paper in the Edinburgh for July. The vriter grants that disorder reigns, alcohohsm has ncreased, there are eleven times more dramshops in Paris than in London, the number of babies and the lumber of church-goers are diminishing in about the ame proportion, unbelief loosens the bond between he citizen and the Church. The number of practising Jatholics in France is declared by a bishop not to ■.\ceed four or five millions, leaving thirty millions >utside the fold. Nevertheless : — France has exhibited strength in unexpected ways. Her oung men have adopted sport. They have shown remarkaljlc iplitude in golf, tennis .ind football, and notably in boxing. iVho supposed that a Krcnch Rugby team would beat Scotland me day, or that a French boxer would become a champion of he woild? More recently a French girl has carried off the -adies' Championship in tennis, and the national successes in ;olf are frequent. Ef religious aspiration. .Men are working out their alvation in the spirit recommended by St. James, ["he Church has never been more active. FRANCE " AT THE DAWN." From the Dreyfus affair dated the decadence of 'ranee. She lost lonceit of herself, and such a fceakcning of national pride is spei:ially dangerous o France, where amour propre is a strong and living mpulse. 'ihe new Renaissance is a revolt against he lowered prestige of France. M. Cheradame has aith in France and Young France. He savs : — ' France is again at the turning of her history. .Slowly nrl painfully she is ascending the slope. If she coni- trehends the imperishable truth of the old adage. Union is strength ' ; if she knows how to become consistent and methodical, and how to remedy her political ills, she is at the dawn of a new Renaissance."' SOLDIERS OF TO-MORROW. Mr. Arthur Eckersi.ev, writing in the Arena for August, gives a short account of the recent festival of patriotic youth at Paris. The occasion was the twenty-fifth national reunion of the '■ Societies of Military Preparation of France," and the jete was held on a Sunday in June in the 'I uileries Gardens. In the morning the writer witnessed all sorts of games and athletic feats going forward, but the review, the jete jjroper, was in the afternoon. An impressive roll of drums from the band is heard, and the crowd uncovers to salute the arrival of the Military Governor of Paris. Then, on a signal being given, the " .Marseillaise "' is played ; and, headed by the massed flags of the various corps, the procession of eight thousand boy soldiers begins to march into the arena. Undeniably, says the writer, there was a thrill in it. Even to a stranger this spectacle of the army of to-morrow slowly unrolling itself could not fail of effect. The spectators cheered themselves voiceless with enthusiasm. For more than an hour the com- panies went by, horse and foot — lads in every varietv of class and costume, smart cadets, athletes, all the bovhood of a nation in arms. PEASANT AND SCHOOL IN FRANCE. In France the effect of the declining birth-rate is making itself felt in the rural districts, especially in Gascony. Dr. Emmanuel Labat has taken up the subject in the Revue des Deux Mondcs, and in the first July number he has an article entitled " The Peasant Vocation and the School." He says that neglect to till the land and decline of the population are two social evils which go hand in hand in Gascony. While the population is being reduced in numbers agricultural labourers are bound to become scarce. It may be that a few of the rural population desert the land, because they can find better remuneration elsewhere, and there may also be a few who would be undesirables anvwhcre. But there is a peasant class adapted to work the land with ardour and intelligence, and for these something ought to be done. In the village school the peasant children, from their earliest years, should receive some agricultural instruction, practical rather than theoretical, and it should be imparted by teachers who have some affection for country life and some interest in agricultural pursuits. Nothing could be more easy of accomplish- ment, for the vocation of a peasant is more hercditar\- than any other. History should also be taught to awaken in the scholars interest in their native land and a feeling of solidarity. 204 The Review of Reviews. THE NEEDS OP^ THE FRENCH NAVY. The July Journal of the Royal Untied Service Insti- tulioH publishes a paper by Rear-Admiral Darrieus on the naval problem. The Admiral insists on France securing the fleet of her policy. He is \'ery compli- mentary to this country. He says :— Tlio unique and admirable example of England in following her splendid destiny for centuries almost unchecked, no matter who have been her leaders, and in spile of her internal crises, shows us the marvellous results that are achieved by the policy of a people, when that policy is raised to the level of a doctrine. The constant experience of history having proved to all Englishmen that the maintenance of the command of the sea was the safeguard of their supremacy, naval power has always been for tliem the supreme object of their policy ; but they have :.ucceedcd, with remarkable facility, in adapting this instrument (o the needs of the moment, in increasing or reducing its strength according to the gravity of the danger, or the threatened attack of .coalitions. They have contrived, more- over, to vary the direction of their energies so as to suit the prevailing circumstances. GERMANY THE MOST LIKELY ENEMY. Iiifjuiring what is the policy of France, he takes the German Empire as the most likely enemy, and observes in passing, of the conquest of Alsace-Lorraine, it is the conquests alone that have always brought about the downfall of the conquerors. In the event of a conflict with Germany, would France stand alone ? Would Germany stand alone ? He says ; — The urgent need of strategy is for concrete realities, andjt remains powerless before the sudden and disconcerting shifts of the wind which have too often characterised the "foreign affairs" of our country. Here, again, the genius of England lias always been able to find the happy solution in good time, the best alliance against the adversary of the moment, even though the ally of to-day may have been the enemy of yesterday. ALLIANCES TEMPORARY. The Admiral goes on to urge that alliances and ententes arc apt to dissolve with the interests which brought them about, and :^ It may be accepted then that the possibility of a single- handed struggle with Germany should serve as a basis for the study of the naval problem. It is all the more legitimate to accept these premises when it is remembered that every coalition is answered by a hostile one \\ hich seeks naturally to restore the balance of power : to the Triple Alliance is opposed the Triple Entente, ami vice versn. Erom whatever point of view we look at the question, the fleet of French policy is, then, the fleet which will enable that policy to fight the German Navy on equal terms. .Such a fleet alone will be able to contest command of the sea with its adversary, and, by securing it, to guirantee to the French armies full liberty of action in the Vosges. He remarks that if Russia had spent forty millions in securing a fleet superior to Japttn. it might have obviated the defeat of the Russians, which in\olved bi.\ or scNcn times as great an expenditure. THE At;STRO-ITALIAN FLEET. The Admiral, while complimenting Germany on the rapid rise of her fleet, laments that France did not keep pace with her. He goes on to calculate that if the Austro-ltalian navy cannot by itself be regarded as a dangerous force, yet as a possible addition of strength to an enemy it must be watched. In the Mediterranean the position would be thus : — " The forces mustering in the ' French lake ' would be actually ten Dread- noughts and twelve second-line battleships on the side of the Austro-ltalian coalition, and four Dreadnoughts, eleven second-line ships, and seven armoured cruisers for France." THREE BATTLESHIPS A YEAR. 'J'he ultimate aim of the French Navy should be the creation of a counterpoise to the German Navy. This would be the true conception of naval policy : — If the principle of having six ' squadrons as at present is maintained, the real naval programme then assumes the form of a periodical replacement of eacli of these homogeneous naval forces, beginning of course with the most antiquated— fust the I^othitaus, then the Saint Louis^ thirdly the Condcs^ etc. Adopting a maximum age of twenty years for the units, it will be seen that by igao three of these divisions should have dis- appeared, to make room for others composed of modern ships ; this effort means the construction of twenty-seven battleships, or, deducting the_/tv;« Bart, Courbct, France, and Paris, which are already launched or laid down, twenty-three ships only. Reckoning three years for construction and completion (and it only needs a little determination in order to do this) a programme of this nature w^ould require the laying-dow n regularly of three battleships a year. Is such an eff ut really beyond the resources of France ? In order to answer this question it is only neces- sary to have studied the marvellous vitality of this country throughout her history, and more especially to have felt its ]iulsations in times of difliculty. GUNS AND RANGE. The Admiral thinks that the 305mm. (t^in.) projectile is amply sufficient to produce at 8,750 to 10,950 yards range the necessary effects to put any modern ship out of action. The adoption of a higher calibre would, he thinks, be a mistake. The present fighting range of 10,950 yards is very near the maximum limit, which is 12,000 yards, the mean distance of the horizon, beyond which an enemy's ship begins to disappear from sight. THE SQUADRON THE UNIT. The Admiral regrets the omission of the scout, a swift ship of from 3,000 to 5,000 tons. He further urges : — The unit of force is not the ship of the line, but tlie sauaJron, composed of the line of battle and the light cruiser division. Consequently the fleet should be reconstructed squadron for squadron, and not ship for ship ; considerations of homogeneity (as complete as possible), ;vrmament, speed, matioeuvring quali- ties, seagoing endurance, etc., which must never be lo.-t sight of, render this an imperative obligation. The ;\dmiral then goes on to insist on the mobili>.i lion being permanent, and its concentration at a few judiciously selected strategic points, and holds that the present concentration of the main forces of France in the Mediterranean incets the requirements, of her present policy. " l^NC.Lisii as She is Japped " is noticed in the Oriental Review for July. " VV. F.," writing to the New- York Sun from London, reports this delicious bit : — " I saw recently in the Far East on a baker's shop ; ' A. Karimura, Biggest Loafer in Tokio.' " Leading Articles in the Reviews. 205 THE MEDITERRANEAN SITUATION. THE WAR IN TRIPOLI. Mr. G. v. Abbott, in the Quarterly Review for July, describes the Tripolilan war from tlie 'I'urkish side. His paper is gruesome reading for the friends of Italy. He glances at the very little that the Italians have done in nine months, and asks, at this rate of progress, how many decades will elapse before the annexation of Tripolitania is converted into an occupation ? .\RABS' REI.IGIOl'S EXAI.T.XTION. The feeling among the defenders is one of patriotic and religious exaltation. He says :— I have seen the wild tribesmen arrive from the interior armed with flintlocks, and go to the front armed with Martinis Mausers, and even Sniders ; and I said to myself — are these bare-fooled scalliwags to oppose an army provided with the latest pattern of magazine rifle, with artillery, with aeroplanes, and everything necessary for war 1 But I saw them rush to battle with shrieks of " Allah akbar," and return from the tield loaded with spoils, and then I realised that these volunteers who know neither fatigue nor fear, who can subsist cheerfully on a handful of oatmeal a day, and who are inspired by a faith in God as boun'lless as is their faith in themselves, are more than a match for any number of disciplined, liberally-fed, and scientifically trained conscripts that is likely to be broui;lil against them. THE RAINS FAVOURI.NG THE ARABS. With every week that has passed since October, 191 1, the position of the invaders has grown weaker and tliat of the defenders stronger. Funds subscribed all over the Moslem world have been pouring into the Turkish headquarters month by month, enabling the stall' to obtain supplies from outside in ever increasing r|iiaiililies. Nor is tliat all. The spell of drought under which the country lay for four years was this winter happily broken — according to some, by the enemy's own interminable cannonades ; and the rain has transformed the desert into a meadow. Where nothing but yellow sand and grey scrub was to be seen in December, in 1 e Tuaty bloomed a vast garden of bright verdure starred with an endless variety of flowers. The flocks and herds which abound in Tripolitania grew fat on the long luscious grass ; and the nomads brougbl their sheep and goats and cattle to the camp and sold them at prices considered fabulous in the desert, but which wouhl make a London butcher gasp. Thanks to the rains aUo, the fiiMs in the o.ases, tilled in tlic winter, are now yielding crops vliith will render the warriors independent of provisions from outside in the coming season. In brief, the forces of the Crescent stand in no fear of starvation, while those of the Cros>, since all caravan trathc with the hinterland has ceased, rely f'lr their foodstull's almost entirely on FCurope. The war costs Italy, at a moderate computa'ion, 50,000.'. a day. The Turks say that it costs them only £'Vy>,ooo a month, and most of this money is raised by private contributions. Mr. Abbott adds :— I felt as though tin- expeditionary force was labouring under some curse quite iiui^lde the sphere of the campaign ; a> though some superior 'powrr compelled it to miss every chance of success and by a vigorous procrastination to i>ostpone a decisive iuue indefinitely. URAVE CONSEQUENCES FOR EUROPE. More serious than the difTiculties of Italy are the conse<)ucntes for all the European i'owers : — The Arabs have learnt that it is possible for them lo resist successfully the army of a great European Power. The dis- covery made in Tripolitania has been imparted to the whole of N'orthern Al'rica, to say nothing of the Moslem nations of Asia ; and it is bound sooner or later to yield bitter fruit to all the European I'owers that exercise, or wish to exercise, dominion over that part of the world. I have seen the efl'ect of the discovery on the natives of Tunisia, and I have reason to believe that it has not been without its efiect on the natives of Egypt. The Pan-Islamic crusade has received fresh impetus from the adhesion of the .Sheik of the Senussi. More- over, Italy's seizure of islands in the /Egcan has led the islanders to constitute themselves into an independent .^gean Confederation. As a by-product of Italy's Libyan adventure there has come into being a new Near Eastern problem, and one that may prove even more knotty than the Cretan question. The War a Tragedy of Errors. Dr. Dillon, in the Conteiiif>orary Reviein, says that the war continues as the result of a tragedy of errors, Italy being firmly convinced that 'I'urkey is on her last legs, the Turks similarly being sure that Italy is disheartened and will shortly withdraw the decree of annexation. 'J'he only way in which he thinks peace might be con- cluded would be for Italy to limit her annexation to the districts actually occupied and held, and Turkey would have to induce the Arab to give a favourable hearing to Italy's modified proposals. Otherwise, even if Italy and Turkey came to terms, the Arabs would still fight on. A Moslem wedge of land ceded by the Berlin Treaty to Montenegro still remains in the hands of the Moslems, they refusing to acquiesce and saying, " Let Montenegro take us." .So the Arabs may say, " Let Ital}- lake us, if she can." ITALY AND TURKEY. Dii'LOMATic Paralysis. CojiMANDKR DE Tiio.MASso.N, cdilor of QuesltoHS Dil'hinaliqiics et Coloniales, contributes to the first July number of his review an article entitled " The Dangers of Diplomatic Paralysis." CONDITIONS FOR A CONFERENCE. Writing with reference to the Italo-Turkish war, he says a European Conference at the present moment is inadmissible. There is no precedent tor calling a con- ference while the war is still going on, or for asking representatives of the two belligerent I'owers to sit at th: same table before the broad lines on which the conditions of peace will be based have been settled. 'l"hc necessary preliminary is agreement among the Powers of the Triple Entente and of .Austria and Germany. There is little doubt about Germany and Austria, but the Triple Entente is another matter. 206 The Review of Reviews. Sin e the outbreak of the war Russia has been the least neutral of the neutral Powers — that is to say, she has always shown a leaning to the side of Italy. The question of opening the Straits, apparently,, is her immediate object in the Near East, and we have yet to learn whether she will be willing to sacrifice that desire in' the common interest. DELAYS OF DIPLOMACY. A European declaration to Turkey and to Italy, the fundamental articles of which should be Lybia for Italy, the islands in the j^gean for Turkey, and the status quo for the rest of the Ottoman Empire, is the first matter to be arranged. When this has been done it will be soon enough to think of a Conference to settle the details. It would only be just to award some jiecuniary indemnity to Turkey, and Europe would require guarantees for the Christian population of the islands. The solution of the question, however, does not seem very near. In this century of steam and electricity the tendency of diplomacy is not speed, but delay. THE QUESTION OF THE GREEK ISLANDS. In the mid-July issue of the same review, M. Y. M. (joblet writes on the question of the Islands in the /Egean. Though the Italo-Turkish war did not create the problems of the Archipelago, it has certainly awakened Hellenism. Crete believes the hour has at last come for her to realise her desires. Her position seems illogical and intolerable. She cannot be an Ottoman sandjah, or a Greek department, or an island with autonomy, or the possession of any Great Power. While the position is illogical, it is by no means excep- tional, but it can hardly be considered intolerable, since the Cretans have less to pay in ta.xation than they would have to pay as Greek citizens. They have often tried to emancipate themselves, and in the war they think they recognise another opportunity for action. They have already sent deputies to Athens, but M. Venizelos did not allow the Chamber to receive them, REVIVAL OF HELLENISM. The autonomy of Samos is not respected by the Turkish Government. Cyprus, once ruined and ill-populated, has made great progress during the iliirty 3'ears of British rule, and is demanding a better form of Parliamentarism than that at present in force. She also objects to pay tribute to Turkey. In the Sporades all the privileges they once enjoyed were suppressed by the Young Turks in 1900. For thirty centuries the Archipelago has been the centre of Hellenism, and neither the conquerors of Asia nor the diplomatists of Europe have be^i able to take away this racial character from the islands. Maintenance of the racial Hellenic idea was the thought which inspired the Assembly at Palmos when it proclaimed the autonomy of the Sporades on June 20th last. It seems quite natural for the islands to turn to the little kingdom which alone represents the glorious empire of former days. But is this weak country still the centre of the Greek world ? Appeals for union have always alternated with declarations of independence in the Sporades, in Cyprus, and in Crete. If diplomatists had only taken half as much trouble to solve the Eastern Question as for a century they have taken to complicate it, Europe would long ago have been delivered from these continual alarms, and it would not have needed Italy to want Tripoli to get attention directed to the state of affairs in the Archipelago. The Powers have only their pusillanimity to blame for what they have to suffer to-day. THE EUROPE.\N RECONQUEST OF NORTH AFRICA. Writing in the American Historical Review. A. C. Coolidge describes Africa Minor, which comprises the territories of Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli. He records the attempts at colonisation and conquest, beginning with the Phoenicians and ending with the Italian raid on Tripoli. He believes that " before long now Europe will once more be supreme throughout North Africa, where her domination will be more complete and more extensive than it was in the days of the Roman Empire. Although there are parts of Morocco as unexplored as if they were in the innermost recesses of Asia, and there are oases in Tripoli where no European has been seen for many years, they will soon have their wireless telegraph stations and be accessible to the aeroplane, if not to the automobile. Europe has come equipped with all the paraphernalia of Western civilisation. The resources of modern science will enable her to triumph over material obstacles, tap new- sources of wealth, and in .spots at least make the desert lilossom like the rose. They will not, however, speedily change the spirit of Islam. Under French rule in Algeria the native population has multiplied, and it will multiply elsewhere under the same conditions, and though we may still expect a considerable influx of European colonists into North Africa, the whole of which is now open to them, they are not likely to ever constitute the majority of the inhabitants. This will continue predominately Berber, as it was under the Romans, and may resist assimilation to the conquerors as successfully as it did then. It is France that in these regions has succeeded to the heritage of Rome. Com- pared with her Italy and Spain have but meagre portions, and their own emigrant children add to her strength. It is France first and foremost that seems called upon to demonstrate whether the European reconquest of North -Africa, after more than eleven hundred years of Asiatic dominion, is to be merely a material or also a moral one. Granting that 'the majority of the people will always be of the primitive native stock, what will be the expression of that civilisation — the French of advanced modern thought or the Arabic of the Koran ? Time alone can furnish the answer to this fateful question, which is of immeasurable importance to the future of France, and thereby of consequence to the whole world." Leading Articles in the Reviews. 207 OUR MEDITKRRANEAX LAND FORCES. The military aspeit of the surrender of the Mediter- ranean is the subject of a study in the Fortnightly Review by Captain Cecil Battine. He says :— The local interests of the Biilish Empire in the waters of the Mediterranean are unquestionably of the gravest kind — not only on account of the immense and increasing Eastern trade which reaches our [.oris through the ^ucz Canal, but also because of our dependence on imported corn, and particularly upon the import of strain from India and Southern Russia. It might well be argued that so long .as this necessity exists we may not venture to risk even a temporary inferiority of naval power on the sea-route which connects Gibraltar and Malta with Port -Said and the Dardanelles. Political reasons, too, of great weight demand the presence of a powerful British squadron in ihe Near East. The writer laments that all the pick of our soldiers and our officers are sent out to the army in India. The rank and file of the Indian army are professional soldiers in the most thorough sense. This mighty force might be organised so as to become available for the expeditionary army, and not merely tied down to the local defence of India. AN INDI.\N .ARMY I.V EGYPT. It is futile hardihood to deny to Indian troops the right to share in the general defence of the Empire : — If our War .\dministration were in capable hands Egypt would soon become a potertlial base for an Indian .Vrmy of at least three divisions of cavalry with four divisions of infantry. It is not necessary to point out how the concentration of such an army in Egypt would aBect the policy of Turkey and other Balkan .States in the event of a general war, nor yet the influence it would exert over the councils of Italy. A success- ful invasion of North-Eastern France by the German armies might well be brought to a standstill by reinforcing the French armies on Ihe Rhone and Loire with such a powerful contingent of veteran soldiers. Lastly, Ihe existence of a powerful army in Egypt, or based on Egypt, would exert a tremendous influence in keeping open the trade routes by which we import our food supply. Tilt MlDIil.K TERM BETWEEN INDIA AND BRITAIN. It is evident then that while the principal centres of possible disturbance which might involi'c Britain in a life-and-death struggle lie as far apart as the North Sea and the Levant, the land lorces of the British Empire are located in two groups, the most powerful of which keeps ward over the Indian Peninsula, while the connecting link is formed by the fortresses, garrisons, and naval >quadfon of Britain in the .Metlilerrancan. This fact alone emph.isiscs the importance of the policy and strategy upon which our rulers may decide in respect of the situation in that pari of the world. The course of events, loo, points to Ihe shores of the Mediterranean as likely once more to furnish the ostensible pretext, if not the real cause, of a quarrel which must divide Europe into hostile camps. The writer goes on to enforce his favourite plea that our rulers must be converted to the doctrine of sym- metrical sea and land power. IRtiENCV ONLY FDR A SIK)RT TIMK. He thus treats of the Imperial significance of Canada : — The division of our main land forces into two groups con- nected by the sea rr>ulc of the Mediterranean is for us an unavoidable drawback, but time is building up a third and more poncrful seat of empire than either in Canada, whence boundless supplies of food can be imported into Britain. It is only necessary for the British nation to hold the pass ibr a com- paratively short lime ; but foreigners are more alive to the fact than our own people, and knowing that *' time is the essence of the contract," may force on an early decision. The latent and potential military power, both of England and India, is immense. The maintenance of the connecting link between England and India, between our two armies in being, between the dense populations of our industrial centres and the broad lands where grows their corn, depends on the naval strength we can afford 10 detach to the Mediterranean after providing for the situation in the .\orth Sea. Though severely disparaging the work of Lord Haldane at the War Office, the writer rejoices in the military capacity of Mr. Churchill and of Colonel Seely. Dr. Dillon, in the Contemporary, says that the with- drawal of British battleships from the Mediterranean would mark an epoch of manifest decline in British history. He shrewdly says no Power will nowadays face a war merely for the sake of keeping faith with its allies. Partial abandonment of the Mediterranean, through which comes a body of British trade valued at £200,000,000 a year, furnished Russian diplomacy with the first motive for raising the question of the Straits. It argued that as French Dreadnoughts there would be outweighed by Italy and .\ustria, it would be to Great Britain's advantage that Russia should have a strong Black Sea squadron able to pass freely in and out of the Mediterranean : — British supremacy at sea is a matter of life and death to the Empire. No price is too high, no financial sacrifice too heavy, to maintain it. Optimism in underrating the dangers that menace it, trustfulness in reckoning upon the active help of foreign States and care for economy in providing ships, men, or armaments, are among the most insidious enemies ol that supremacy on the maintenance of which the existence ol the Empire is dependent. ■ THE FALL OF SHEFKET PASHA. Dr. Dili.o.n, in the Contetiiporary Review for .\ugust, says that the army is still the arbiter of Voung Turkey's destinies, and that Mahmoud Shefket withdrew because of the overwhelming opposition he encountered among the Arabs :— The new army which Mahmoud Shefket had worked so hard to reorganise and build up — his own cherished creation— turned against him. It is a tragic fate that reminds one of that of Sejanus. Eor some lime past I had noticed the growing cold- ness of the officers towards their chief, then their sharp criticism, and at last their vehement opposition. The motives were many. Some held him responsible for withdrawing troops from Tripoli shortly before the war. Others blamed him severely for his loyalty to the ex-Grand Vizier, Ilakki Pasha, who was circumvented by the Ilali.ans, and against whom an indictment is now being lilcd. Others hated him for having so long covered with his person the Salonica Committee, and per- petuated a system of government which they deem responsible for most of the tribulations of Voung Turkey. The draconic bill lately brought in by Mahmoud Shefket prohibiting army officers and men from taking part in political manifestations, societies, etc., also entereen seems able to agitate his mind or cause wakefulness. This makes him a good traveller. His spirits are remarkably equable, neither elated by success nor discouraged by failure. He is very easy and democratic in his manner, meeting all sorts and con- ditions of men without reserve or precaution. The writer says that " under the Parliamentary system he would undoubtedly have been a great leader, equal to Gladstone or Lloyd George." in capacity for expounding and advocating great public policies. HIS ATTITt'DE TO RELIGION. Of his attitude to religion the writer says : — ■ It does not require much intimacy to discover of what thest consist — namely, a deep religious faith, penetrating the whole nature of the man and informing all his acts. This is the source of that peace of mind which seems to make him immune to worry or trouble. He takes things as they come, makes the best of them, and .abides by the event with simple and completr resignation to the will of God. The idealism that has "now entered into philosophy from fuller knowledge of the implica- tions of the doctrine o( evolution was long, ago perceived and appropriated by Woodrow Wilson. 1 remember once being with him at a gathering in one of the students' clubs at Princeton when the conversation drifted around to religion. We were grouped about a big fireplace, and the talk had been of a desultory character, with a jocose element predominating, when some mention was m,ade of Herbert Spencer. Wilson caught the theme on the bound, and before hi got through with it he had turned Herbert Spencer's philosophv inside out, exposing the inadequacy of materialism and vindicating the Christian creeds as symbols quite as valid as any known to science. His attitude on such matters is ardent and positive, very different from the negative position sometimes assumeil b\ college professors, whose attitude towards religion might hi- described .as respect lor a venerable social institution rather than sincere belief in its truth. Scholars of this kind are among those whom Woodrow Wilson is in the habit of classing as " ignoram specialists." Although a member of the Presbyterian thurch by birthright, and regular in his attendance, he does not talk on such subjects along denominational lines ; but he is quick to assert his Christianity and to claim for its dogmas a perfectly secure basis in logic and philosophy. THE DEMOCRATIC NOMINEE FOR VICE-PR ESI DENT. In the American Review oj Reviews 'I'homas K. Shipp sketches the character and career of Thomas R. Mjushall, of Indiana, now nominated by the Demo- cratic Party as Vice-President of the United States. He reports of Tom JIarshall — that he had lived in the State since he was born, at Xorth Manchester, Indiana, March 14, 1854, that he went to the common schools, the same as any other boy, attended Wabash College, where he received the degree of bachelor of arts, in '73 ; came back home, took up the study of law, in the office of Judge Walter Olds, Kt. Wayne, and was admitted to the bar, at Columbia City, on his twenty-first birthd.ay. He is yet leading partner in the firm of Marshall, McNagny and Clugston, of th.at city. .\s heretofore related, he had not done much in a public way, before he became Covernor. He had of course, accepted the duties and responsibilities that usually fall to a man of his prominence in the conmiunity. He h.ad been a member of the city school board, and «as elected a trustee of Wabash College ; he was a Presbyterian, and taught a class in Sunday-school — a thing he does yet — ami he was a thirty-third-degrec M.ason. Tli.at was his " life and works." ■ ■" ' Leading Articles in the Reviews. 209 UxMTED STATES IN A NEW LIGHT. In the Sociological Rntter reason than she knows. For the attack on Finland, he says, is simply a stalking horse for an attack on Sweden and Norwav. Besides her general desire for imperial e.xpansion. Russia desires a port on the Atlantic. For some three hundred miles Russia is only separated from the ocean by a narrow- strip of Norwegian territory. The acquisition of the Lapland Railway would give Russia a vast line of railway joining the Atlantic to the Pacific. Lapland has in it vast mineral resources, iron ore sometimes containing as much as 70 per cent, of iron. General Kuropatkin reported in 1900. when .Minister of War, that to ensure Russian safety from an attack by Sweden (I) it was necessary to promote the early uni- fication of Finland and Russia. Russian officers are especially encouraged to learn Swedish. Why, asks the writer, if Russia does not contemplate a war with Sweden ? The writer concludes thus peremptorily : — In view of the evidence coming from so many different (jiiarlers, from Sweden, from Norway, from Kussia, from h'inlanJ, froiii Great Britain, from pur.sonal utterances in the I'rcss, from leading articles, from the news cohiiiins, from uHicial report'! of persons in authority, from the strategic character of the new railways in Finland, and the creation and development of Sweden's northern defences, in view of the fact that >uch evidence could easily he multiplied, but for the fear of wearying the reader, the conclusion seems fairly clear that at least one of the reasons for the Kussianisation of Finland is Russia's desire to facilitate an attack on the Scandinavian i:ountries. No official denial can weigh for a moment against ihe overwlielming evidence of Russia's intentions. It is time Ihat Great Biilain took heed of them. It is the duty of our iliplomatists to secure without delay the cessation for ever of Russia's present policy in Finland, which is only the first step lowards the Ku!5ianir>ation of the whole Scandinavian I'cniiisula. rni: KixciDOM of pearls. Under the alxjvc title M. Lt'onard Rosenthal con- tributes an interesting article on pearls and pearl- fishing to La Rei'iie of July 15. Til KIR A.NTIQUITV AND SCARCITN. Pearls, he remarks, were known and much appre- ■iated by the most ancient peoples — Egyptians, IJaby- ionians, Assyrians. Chinese ; and they are frequenti\- ■nentioned in the I'.ible. The East has always been lond of them, and no tale of the Thou.sand and One S'ights can be considered complete without some reference to them. Certain countries, like Spain, Poland, and (lart of Eastern Russia, have always had in affection for them. It wa.s in the reign of Henri II. ihat they m.iowcrful Prussia and then a united Germany, while the upsliot in the second case will be that Russia will h.ave laboured for ■some other tcrtiiis gmidcns who will prove a more dangerous neighbour than Turkey could become. OVER THE BAGHDAD RAILWAY. The results are apparent in difficulties abotit two railways : — To-day the liaglidad Railwa) — a splendid concern— the I'aris-I.yon-Meditcrranec of Asia Minor — is become a Teutonic <-nterprisc, the ground-work of Germany's industrial and com- mercial prospt'rity in the Near F.ast, a source of enormous power and prestige. For some years it was within an ace of l)econiin" — as it ought to have become— an iaternational undertaking : Franco-Anglo-Russo-German. But Russia cri;d, "Veto! Our special interests are in danger," and bore down the opposition of France and Kngland. To-day Russia officially ^-ivows that that w.as bad jiolicy and a regrettable mist.ikc. I'Vancc in turn complains lliat the net result of her ally's action lias been to help Germany to oust out the international element ami lo make the great trunk railway an exclusively German undertaking. THE RAILWAY TO THE BLACK SEA. 'I'he other railway is one projected from Anatolia to the Black Sea. In 1900, when 50,000 .Armenians had crossed the border into the Russian Empire. Russia threatened to force them back unless the Sultan would make terms with Russia about the railway. Accord- ingly : — " The secret Arrangement of 1900 stipulates that Russia shall have the construction of the railway to the Black Sea, only if Turkey decides to have it done by way of concession. Not otherwise. And the Turks have resolved not to choose that way. They will do it by contract." They will do it by contract let to French contractors, by aid of a general loan raised in France. Russia, however, insists that the Arrangement of 1900 obliges Turkey either to bestow a concession or else build the line herself, and the projected arrangement with French contractors and moneylenders is not carrying out the bargain. To settle this trouble M. Poincare and M. Sazonoff are going to confer. If Russia remains obstinate, she will simply scare away French investors and make room for American : — The railway as proposed by the French syndicate would run from Samsoun lo .Sivas, from .Sivas to Khurpoot viA Divrik, thence to Erzinghian and Erzeroum. The Americans on their side propose to connect Kh.arpoot with Diarbekir, and to con- tinue the line thence to Bitlis and Van. Later on they would extend it from Diarbekir to Kerkook, the centre of t'nc petro- leum country, to the south-east of the city of Mossoul. B.VGHDAD. In the Moslem World Mr. Frederick Johnson writes on Baghdad as a Moslem centre. He says the popula- tion of the city may be estimated at from 180,000 to 200,000. Of this number 45,000 are Jews, 5,000 Christians, and the rest Mohammedans, Sunnis, and Shiahs. It is the commercial spirit that is strongly in evidence. The city was founded by Khalif Mansur, the second of the Abbaside Khalifs, in the year A.D. 754. The list of Moslem saints at Baghdad comprises upwards of sixty names. It is consequently the resort of a large number of pilgrims, ITS NEWSPAPERS. Modern journalism is not wanting : — In regard to the Press of Baghdad and its influence, a word is sufficient. It cannot, of course, compare with that of Cairo and JJeirul ; yet since the declaration of the Constitution 1)V Ili^ Majesty the Kx-Sultan, in 1908, upwards of thirty irewspapers, including two published by tlie Ulema at Nejef, have sprung into existence at Baghdad. Ol these seven only arc now in circulation, and the demand for these is lessening. Two of tl' seven newspapers are pronouncedly anti-Christian. For authc: tative news of the outside world these local papers do not rank high in the opinion of tlie inhabitants. ITS FUTURE. Of the prospects of this city Mr. Johnson says : — Her geographical situation, about half-way between the Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf; her accessibility fron> the Persian Gulf by the river by means of small (Iraughi steamers; her position relative to Persia with its pilgrim ami trade carav.ans ; the railway now in process of construction ; and last, but by no means least, the great agricultural re- sources of the country — the development of which has been planned out by Sir William Willcocks, whose irrigation scheme for the Tigris-Euphrates Delta is now in process of accomplishment— all combine to make the potentialities of the city, on the material side, considerable. Mr. Johnson's own feeling is that the empire and the city need moral salt. Leading Articles in the Reviews. 213 CHINA AND INDIA. THE SECRET OF CHINESE UNREST. ■ Ln the Edinburgh Review Mr. J. 0. P. Bland discusses the causes of Chinese unrest. Kast and West have proved themselves^ he says, to be no longer disparate and mutually incomprehensible. They form part of one great human brotherhood. The real explanation of the present disorder he finds in a survey of Chinese history : — If we look back through ihe Chinese annals since the end of the Tang dynasty (or, roughly speaking, since the Norman conquest of Liigland), we find history persistently repeating ilscll in violent rulicllions ; in the ejection, with great slaughter, •of dynasties that had exhausted the mandate of Heaven ; in regularly alternating periods of upheaval and recuperation, all traceable, in almost rhythmical series, to a social system which has inculcated principles of passive resistance together with a chronic tendency towards over-population. Intervals of relief fro:n economic pressure have lieen bought at the price of cataclysms which have depopulated vast regions. Within the memory of living men the whole process has been witnessed — provinces that « ere laid waste by the Mahomedan and Taiping rebellions have Ijeen rcpeopled in one generation by the surplus 'jf their neighbours, and in the next have once more been faced by the grim spectre of famine. Even when the needs of the I'.mpire's population as a whole have not exceeded the food supply, there have always been congested districts and over- grown cities, a large percentage of whose inhabitants live literally from hand to mouth. It is from these, the predestined hungry ones, the hopelessly submerged tenth, that are drawn the salt smugglers, beggars, bandits, vagrants and looters who maintain incessant uarlare against the rights of properly — carrion crows that hover overall fields of fruitful industry — " /i;s tHiii'rables" to whom a revolution means the looting of cities and unearned increment. These, in a land where the functions of government are practically confined to tax-gathering, are the inevitable result ol economic pressure on the one hand, and administrative disorganisation on the other. They are the J'rolli and foam of gr.at waves of humanity eternally breaking on the grim rocks ol starvation. " I'ROCREATIVE RECKLESSNESS." Only u slow educational process can remove the causes, of which the chief is the procrealive recklessness of the race, that Mind freiiiv of man-making, born of ancestor-worship and Con- fucianism, uhich, despite phaguc, pestilence and famine, battle, murder anringin(; their predestined victims of hunger and disease into a world liiat has no room for them ; breeding up to a food-limit which, amidst toil and penury incredible, has long since reached llie breaking point. WEAKNESS AND STRENGTH. l!ut while ri-ali.sin),' that profession, if not the prac- tice, of altruism constitutes a necessary passjxirt to the Ik'sI society, Young China has hardly raised a voice against marriages of minors or against polygamy and reckless overbrceding. .\nothcr cause lies in the ab.sence of any living faith or inspiration of religion among the masses. 01 religion as a steadying force to guide the nut ion through its grievous perils of change there is practically none. The absence of purposeful will-power is a characteristic of China's self-appointed leaders. \'et China's recuperative strength and its wealth have e\er lain in the people's unconquerable energy of labour, in the passive resistance of an instinctively democratic race-spirit, and in atavistic resistance to change : — '■ The Chinese national consciousness, indeed, resembles in many respects that of the Jewish people in its pride of race, its intellectual and philosophic aristocracy, its powers of cohesion and passive resistance, its collective economic superiority." NO SALV.^TION FROM YOUNG CHINA, Vet if it should come to a choice between Young China and chaos, and foreign administration with law and order, the masses will choose the latter. Appa- rently Mr. Bland also leans in this direction, for he says : — Remembering the ancestry and genesis of Voung China, being personally acquainted with many of its leading spirits, having followed its opinions and activities in every province from ihe beginning of the present revolution, I am compelled to the conviction that salvation from this quarter is impossible : not only because Voung China itself is unregenerate and un- disciplined, but because its ideals and projects of government involve the creation of a new social and political structure, utterly unsuited to the character and traditions of the race ; because it is coptrary to all experience that a people cut ofl from its deep-rooted beliefs and habits of life, should develop and retain a vigorous national consciousness. YUAN SI II K.VI: Sketch by an Old Acijuaintance. In the North American Review for [uly Mr. Horace N. Allen, late United Stales Minister to Korea, describes his acquaintance with Y'uan Shi Kai. He says : — The writer was present in Korea in an important capacity during all the periotl of twenty-one years covered by these three coi.llicts, when China defeated Japan in 18S4, only to be herself defeated and driven from Korea in 1894, which event was so greatly eclipsed by J.ipan's defeat of Kussia in 1904-5. The decade of V nan's residence in Korea he enjoyed more or less intimate relations with him. Yuan ilid not impress me .as an unkind man ; in fact, I later saw evidences, in matters too intimate for narration, to indicate quite the contrary. Vet when he refused me permission to amputate the arm of one of his soldiers with the amused remark, " ( )f what good would a one-armed soldier l>e ? " he seemed cruel, especially as I nssurcoiiin of his leaching. Kor it w.as not merely the Ic.iching of a passing prophet : it was ihe teaching of a tielove 1 ami conmianding personality. There was, indeeil, ns the generations passed, a shifting of emphasis, Imt this very sliiftin^ is, in the last resort, due to Jesus hinisell. MORAL AND RELIGIOUS VALUES. Professor Willi.mi Brown contributes to the Sociological Revirtc for July an interesting paper on emotions and morals. He considers morals as the valuation of conduct. " not by some special faculty of the mind, whether reason, or moral sense, or conscience, but by the entire personality, in so far as it is developed and systematised." He traces the application of value to moral judgment : — The notion of value is of economic origin, and first occurs in explicit form in .Vdam .Smith's "Wealth of Nations," where it is identified with the satisfaction of man's needs and desires ; but only recently has it been made the subject of specialised study. The chief names deserving of mention in this regard, after Nietzsche, are those of Ehrenfels, Kreibig, Meinong, Eisler, Colin and Witasek in Germany, Tarde and Kibot in France, and .Miinsterberg and Urban in ."Vmcrica. " Value is always in intimate relation to desire," and again, " In morals, the essential is the value ; there, all value is feel- ing, and inversely all feeling is value." In ihe judgment of value it is probable that the feeling determines the judgment. Nevertheless, some psychologists and philosophers hold the contrary view. Meinong, for e-xample, contends that the pleasure which constitutes a value, being only recognised assuch by a judgment, is secondary to that judgment which is the necessary condition of its existence. He emphasises the distinction between existential judgments (ordinary judgments of objective fact) on the one hand, and judgments of value on the other. These latter judgments are an integral part of the subject-matter of psychology. Principles of duty may be summed up in the words. Seek always the highest good. The value experiences of the race prove that discipline, enlightenment, renunciation, are necessary for the individual. Passing to religious experience, Profe.ssor William James is described as probably the most skilful intro- spectionist that the world has ever produced. But nevertheless : — Before the results of the anthropologists can be interpreted at all satisfactorily, we need the fullest account of the developed religious consciousness that introspective psychology can give us. (.)f this, the experience of value i- undoubtedly the essence, and therefore, instead of saying with lb tiding that religion is the satisfaction of the need felt by some people to assure the conservation of their values — physical, mental, moral, and a;slhelic — a religious person would contend that it is the whole system of values in so far as these values are ihought of and felt as .1 heirarchy dependent upon an immanent cause transcending not only our own personality but also those of all the other finite indiviiluals of the I'niverse. One essential constituent of religious emotion seems to me to be gratitude — gratitude not only for the values which we do not ourselves make, but also for our own limited power of making values for ourselves in certain cases. Points of conlai l l)il\vien ('hristianil\' and Islam, as indicated by Principal Garvie in the Moslem World for July, arc also points ol conflict — monotheism, belief in revelation, acknowledgment ol Jesus as a prophet, and common elements of piet\- .ind moralit\-. 2l6 The Review of Reviews. VALUE OF CHRISTIAN MISSIONS. Sir Harry Johnston in The East and the IIVx/ reiterates his conviction as to the value to the world of Christian missions. He says :— I wibh from every consideration, even the more material ones of commerce, the acquisition of l