Q^ 0) so s s» CO CO CO rEat:l«i*red al Ibm it P O.. M«lbourii«. t..r trautuiiMlou by P"«i «• • o»v.«p«,i»r JIustralla's new fence : Rtiew of RtvUwi, IJUItl THE CYCLONE Spring Coil fence. Woven in our factory from the very best possible material, and specially adapted to Aus- tralia's needs. Fewer posts are required, and no wire holes are needed. This saves time, money and material. No S!U,-. "THE CYCLONE SPRING COIL FENCE IS A GOOD FENCE." «*"'"'"« ""^-^ ^'^^'t'"" HORIZONTAL lines are crimped; this gives elasticity. Cross ties are one foot apart, and bind the fence stoutly. Resisting power is immense ; any strain is distributed over the whole fence. A breach does not affect the whole fence, and can be quickly repaired. A reliable stock holder for any stock, large or small. Easily and quickly erected. Sent out in 5-chain rolls. tLLUSTRTtrnO QTlTTiLOGUE FRnn. ^.^^^.-.^^...^.^^^ .^^ A PERFECT HOC-STOPPER. m CYCLONE WOVEN WIRE EENCE & GATE CO., SWANSTON STREET (Corner of franklin Street). MELBOURNE. VICTORIA. Reading for Winter Evenings. TWELVE NOVELS for 1,4. (1,5 In Stamps.) TWELVE POETS for 1,4. (1,5 io Stamps.) Xothing Belter for Famil\ Reading can be found. I. CHARLES OMALLEV; Charles Levers stirring romance, telling of the adventures of an Irish officer in the Napoleonic Wars. 1. CONINGSBY; one of the most famous works of the statesman novelist. Lord Beaconstield. 3. THE SCOTTISH CHIEFS: A stirring tale of the days of Wallace, by Miss Jane Porter, « THE SCARLET LETTER; Nathaniel Hawthorne's master- piece- Tells of the stern, early Puritan doings in America. 5. ALDEESYDE; a charming story of the Scottish border, written moat graphically by Annie S. Swan. 6. NEOMI: THE BRIGANDS DAUGHTER; the title ex- plains itself. The novel is one of the most popular of that popular writer, 8. Baring-Gould. An epoch-making book, by A tale of the slave days in 7 UNCLE TOlfS CABIN. Mrs. H. Beecher-Stowe. America. I. THE FIFTH FORM OF ST. D0MINIC8; one of the best stories of school days in England. Bright, having plenty of incident. By T. Barnes Keed. %. ROUND THE WORLD IN EIGHTY DAYS: by Jules Verne. This is one of the few storie* which give some idea of the world as a whole. lO THE TRUE HISTORY OF JOSHUA DAVIDSON; by Mrs. E- Lynn Linton. U. LAY DOWN YOUR ARMS A thrilUng tale of the four great European Wars. 1870-1, by Baroness Snttner. 12 FRANKENSTEIN, or THE MODERN PROMETHEUS: by Mrs. Shelley. Send only Is. 4d. (is. sd. If stamps^ and th« twelve For 2s. 6d. the whole library of twenty-four volumes will 1. THE EARTHLY PARADISE: by William Morns. Htone. from this great masterpiece of one of the greats*, of present-day poets, told in prose, wuh copiou. extracts in verse, by special permission of the aathot 2. THE POEMS OP WILLIAM CULLEN BR IT ANT. tht Wordsworth of America. This edition contains sped mens of all his various styles. 3. CHILDE HAROLD'S PILGRIMAGE. The book containi the second portion of Lord Byron's greatest master- piece. It is more popular than the tlrst, as it deals with the poet's wandering in better known lands. 4. POEMS OF LIBERTY, PROGRESS & LABOUR, by Joho Greenleai-Whittier, the Quaker Poet of America. B« has been called the Poet Laureate of the Suflrage 5. WHITTIER'S POEMS, contains his aatobiographica) poems and selections from the verses he wrote against slavery. 6. COWPERS POEMS, including a collection of all his poems relating to animals. 7. LEGENDS AND BALLADS. A Selection of the best known legends and ballads in the English tongue. 8 ST. GEORGE AND THE DRAGON. That portion of Spencer's Faerie Queene which tells of the adventures of the Red Cross Knight. 9. THE CANTERBURY TALES, in which GeoBrey Chaucer tells of a pilgrimage from London to Canterbury flvs centuriee ago- 10 THE PLEASURES OF HOPE, and other poems, by Thomas Campbell. The Scottish poet is chiefly known by his battle poems. The Battle of the Baltic, Hohen- linden. U. THE POEMS OF JOHN KEATS- This "Poet of Beaoty " lived but 25 years, and yet he was one of the greatest poets of the 19th century. All his best masterpieces are included in the volume. 12. IRISH MELODIES, and other poems, by the greatest of Irish poets, Thomas Moore. novels or the twelve poets will be sent you by return, be sent, post free. THE MANAGER, "The Review of Reviews," Equitable Building, Melbourne. Novemhfi- i, 1906. The Review of Reviews. ^: Minneapolit Journal.2 Uncle Joe at Oyster Bay. Speaker Cannon visits President Roosevelt at tlie sea- shore and "sees things." All desn^r^^ copyri^trand. London. RR A VARICOSE VEINS BAILEY'S Elastic Stockings, For the Colonies. SILK, Post Free COTTON „ 8t. 6«. 6s. With Free "amphlet Varice." All Kbout EluM* Stockings; How to Wear Clean t Repair Th««, DIRCCriOVS FOR IMEASIJREIVIENT.-Clrcunif«reic« at A, B, CO, E; lenoth, A to D. W. H. BAILEY &SON, 38 OXfORD SfRfET, lONOON W. The Review of Reviews. Novernber 1, 1906. HORNSBY SUCTION GAS PLANTS. Saving of so to 80 per cent, over Steam or Electricity. GAS ENGINES, ^ - 11,000 IN DAILY USE. OIL ENGINES Are Still Unequalled. \. 655-667 Bourke-st.. Melbourne. Cor. Hay & Sussex-sts., Sydney. To Esperanto Students. Esperanto Manual, Indispensable to Students, as. Motteau's Esperanto=English Dictionary, 2s. 6d. (2s. 8d. posted). O'Connor's English=Esperanto Dictionary, 2S. 6d. (2s. 8d. posted). Dickens' Christmas Carol in Esperanto, is. 4d, (IS. 6d. posted). La SercadoporlaOraSaflano (TheGolden Fleece), 7d. igd. posted). Pocket Vocabulary (English=Esperanto), 3d. Dr. Zamenhof's Ekzercaro, With translation by .Iose|di Rhodes, is. Lessons in Esperanto, appearing in Cassell's Popular Educator, by 'i- W. Bullen, -jA. Primer of Esperanto, by Dr. O'Connor, M.A., 2d. First Lessons in Esperanto, by Th. Cart and Joseph Rhodes, yd. ' Komercaj Leteroj, by Lambert. 6d. Eneido de Virgilio, kanto I. and II., translated by D-ro \alienne. yd. Pagoj el la Flandra Literaturo, translated by D-roj Seynaeve and Melekeliecke, is. 6d. L'Avarulo, of Moliere, translated by Sam. Meyer, pd. LIMITED SUPPLY. SEND AT ONCE. Learn the coming: Universal World Lant.'uage, used at the recent Boulogne Congress by people of 22 nationalties. Send to REVIEW OF REVIEWS," Equitable'Building, Melbourne. Delightful. Frajrant Drink G At Lunch Time, for Break- fast, ready at a moment's notice. Only One Quality— BEST. «< SWAN'' Fountain Pens have the reputation of many years behind them. They have seen service on the battlefield, on the sea, in the desert, in Antsu'ctic regions, and have proved invaluable to all users. NO EVAPORATION OF INK— A "Swan" writes every drop on the paper. Sold by all Stationers, Jewellers, and importers. MABIE. TODD &. BARD 79 & so High Holbom. London. E.C. Sxdney WrIteforCatalogue. November 1, 1906. The Review of Reviews, iii. Minneapolis Journal.} His Royal Highness. The reds in Russia threaten to make the C'zarV title good. Householders Never Complaii Of SMOKE or SMELL Provided their Grocer supplies American "White Rose" Kerosene. THE BEST OIL FOR USE Lamps, Oil Heaters and Cooking Stoves. HUDSON'S "EUMENTHOL JUJUBES" ARE THE GREAT ANTISEPTIC FOR Coughs, Colds, Bronchitis, Sore Throat, Hoarseness, and all Affections of the Throat and Lungs, and for the Prevention of Consumption. ASK FOR HUDSON'S AND Avoid IMITATIONS that are likely to PROVE HARMFUL. L'nlike Cough Medicines, " Eu- menthol Jujubes ' do not interfere with the Digestion ; on the con- trary, they have a beneficial effect, as their antiseptic properties prevent abnormal fermentation of the food. " The Practitioner " (London) : — " Useful in Tonsilitis, Pharyn- gitis, and similar ailments." "The Lancet" says: — "Proved to be as efifective bactericidally as is creosote. " The " Australian Medical Ga- zette":— "Of great service in affections of the Throat and Voice.'" THEY ARE SOLD ONLY IN THE TINS. PRICE, Is. 6cl. A. The Larynx, or organ o' Voice. I). Ihe Trachea, or Windpipe C The I ronohi&l Tubes of a Dissected Lung. D A Lobe of one o( the Lungra IT. The Review of Revievts. Xoecmber 1, 1906. To- TOURISTS AND TRAVELLERS IN SYDNEY. Ton should shop with the following Firms. Yon can depend on getting the Best Goods at the Most Reasonable Prices. Make a note of the Firms in your Pocket-Book:— WILLIAM FARMER & C0.» Diamond Merchants. Goldsmiths, SHversmiths, An inaldBg % MagniBceot Exhibit of Eeautiful JEWELLERY from EngUnd, America, and Parit, 2t their Showrooms. 30 HUNTER ST.. SYDNEY, vfaich U veil worthy of inspection. Diamond and Jewelled Orna- ■•■li, SilTer and Silver-plated Ware Gem Rings. Necklets, Bangles, Maw ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE POST FREB. FURS AND CURIOS. Uost dc ^ohu, Taxidermists, furriers, Tanners k Curio Dealers, 6-10 A 12 MOORE ST. (noh •.p.».). SYDNEY. Largest Collection in Australia. Uuseam and Sh"wr«inM. In5re<-ti"n Iivited- ***"'* "***<. " MANHATTAN " Tea and LuncKeon Rooms, EfSITABLE BUILDINGS, GEORGE ST., SYDNEY. lincket, Afternoon Tea. lounge and Smoke Room*. 'Phone 3365. Hours from 10 a.m. Proprietress : MRS. I. L. HARTE. DAVID JONES & CO., Opposite G.P.O., SYDNEY. DRAPERS, CLOTHIERS, FURNISHERS. CHi^RT^ES GrIBB & Co., ■peciauties : sci«ntific sight testing, txpert spkctacls making. OpAthaimic Opticians, 6 HUNTER STREET, SYDNEY. A. A. MARKS, TOBACCONIST, 376 Qeorge Street, 3»o Qeorge Street, j8 Hunter Street, 177 Oxford Street, And Mark's Corner- King and Pitt-sts., SYDNEY. INFORMATION & GENERAL AGENCY CO. OF AUSTRALASIA. fieneral Commission and Service Agents to the Public. InformAtion Supplied on Any Subject. CorreBpondence Invited. W. S. JACOB, Manager, Bull Chambers, 14 Moore Street, Sydney. «t>J«7. 1806. . T. T. JONES & SONS Ltd., JEWELLERS, 3J6 GEORGE STREET, SYDNEY. Telephone 939. 2ifter Travelling mm. Did you ever try having your Clothes CLEANED or DYEDT It will save you a good amount of cash in your tailor'i or dressmaker's account ROGERS BROS., steam & Trench Cleanert a*i Pyeri, 181 Oxford St. & 7 75 Gaorgc St. (opp.Chriit Church). Kintr tip Telephone 19.54. SVDNPV Under Vice-Regal ■^^g^ Patronage. MISS VAN BHAKKEL, Ladies' Hairdresser and Dermatologist, Only Address : 20* THB STRAND. SYDNEY. Tails. Fringes, Tranlformations. NATURAL HAIR PADS from One f.uinea. Hair Dveiag a Specialitv All Tourists Requisites Stocked. "THE SETTLER," The Leading Organ of the Closer Sottlemeit Moveaoal. Brl£ht, Descriptive, Splendidly Illustrated. The JouroAl for the 'Man who Wants Land," Th« Man ea Ito Land." and "The Man who tUnks e( £om^ on tb* Land/* Address— 4 Post Office Chamb«rs, Pitt-st., Sydoty. HOLIDAY MAKERS! READ PAGE viii. See Announcement on Page 528. Kovriilhtr 1, 1H6. The Review of Reviews, A STUDY LN BLACK AJND WHITE, " by Madame Kajih A PORTFOLIO or 18 Beautiful Pictures for Is. 6d., POST FREE. All by NOTABLE Artists. Landscape and Cattle Lost Sheep Fen Lode: Driving Home the Geese A Study in Black and White ... That's My Chair „ A Happy Family ... Maternal Anxiety The Horse Fair .. The Inside of a Stable The Twins Suspense ... The Sick Monkey Shoeing Man I'ropuses, and Ood Disposes Study of a Lion Gathering Seaweed The Frugal Meal The Bull T. Sidney Cooper, E.A. H. VV. B. Davis, R.A. R.W. Macbeth, A. R. A. Madame Ronner, R.I. Madame Ronner, R.I. Madame Ronner, R.I. Edward Douglas. Kosa Bonhenr. (reortje Morland. I.aiiil.'^eer. Laiidseer. Land?eer. Landseer. Laiidseer. Landseer. !•■. K. Lee. It.A. J. X. Herring. I'anl I'otter. These exquisite Pictures are printed on fine art paper, and are beautifully-executed reproductions of the celebrated originals. There is a delicate softness about them and a perfection of detail that draw from each purchaser the warmest expressions of approval. You cannot but be delighted. Framed in dark wood, you will think them so good as to need hanging in your best room. We have not a great many of them, so send early. Enclose 1/6 in postal note or stamps to (( The Manager THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS," Equitable Building, MELBOURNE The Review of Reviews. November 1, 1906. TOIRISTS, TRAVELLERS AND HOLIDAY MAKERS IN OR PASSING THROUGH MELBOURNE. y»i should shop with the following Firms. You can depend on getting the Best Goods at the Most Reasonable Prices. Make a note of the Firms in your Pocket-Book :— FRANCIS LONGMORE & CO., Melbourne's Popular CHEMISTS. Prescription Drug Stores. Beit Stocked Emporium of Kare Medicines in Australasia. 185 & 187 BOURKE STREET, MELBOURNE. AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHERS Can have their Pictures Carefully Developed and Printed, and obtain all Photo. Supplies and Accessories from BAKER & ROUSE Propty. Ltd.. Sole Australian Agents for KODAK Limited, " The Block," 284 Collins Street, Melbourne. ...ARTISTIC PORTRAITURE... T« BURLINGTON studios. 294 BOURKE STREET, MELBOURNE (OppoiiU Oole'B Book Arcade). atf Phone 3361. Appointments Booked. Popular Prices* VALAZE, the Wonderful Producer and Pre- server of Lovely Complexions. Acts quickly, naturally and effectively. It is invaluable to all who suffer from wrinkles, blackheads, tan, and freckles, and all other skin blemishes. It will completely remove them, leaving the skin soft and trans- parent. 3S. 6d. and 6s. All Chemists, or H. RUBIN- STEIN & CO., 274 Collins Street, Melbourne. THE TDJblAJ^ ...TEA and LUNCHEON ROOMS. BASEMENT. Corner of Boarke and Swanston Sts., Melbonrne. N«xt Baok o( Tiotorik. tucheoos Mt AfterMM Tea. Lauige iid Smol(e Ro«a$. J. BOKEB, Propriety. HOLIDAY MAKERS. Look at Page v. of this issue. »«£»«««*«««l ►•♦•♦•♦•♦•♦«»»»«»»»«««»«»»»^ The Review of Reviews for Australasia !■ far and a'v^ay the beat Moutbly Paper published in AuBtralaaia. It is not only the busy man's and -woman's paper, but the best paper that the man or w^onaan of leisure can buy. As no other paper does. It grives, month by month, a resume of the -world's doingrs, and the best thoughts of it6 best writers. w7« M* Sfianager. \jhe Slevieu) ef Sievieio* for jlnttralaiia. Squilable Zuilding, SKelbourn*. S'leate tend me the Stevieio of Sieottio* for 3tuttrata»la for twelve monllit, ktgliinlag for lofiiefi S enelote 6j 6 (iJfr. ) Dlame \ SKrt. \ - ( 5fii„ I JtJdret* 3>att »♦? »e » 3*««e«««e4-9*9«c« D«e««^««««9»««e»»»«»»*9«'9««««««««*e««««^9 -»••♦ I Norember 1, 1906. The Review of Reviews. Minneapolis Journal.'}- The King has in Interview with Mr. Bryan. " God Save the King." GOOD HAIR FOR ALL. Iholland's MARVELLOUS HAIR RESTORER Has gaiiietl a world-witle reputatioii tV>v arrestin^i" the prema- ture ileeay, promoting- the griiwtli. ami g-ivins' histre to the liair. If your hair is falling off. try it. If it is thin, try it. Price 3s , 4s., 5s. Postage pd. extra. HOLLAND'S PARASENE, For Eczema. Ringworm, and all Parasitical Diseases of the Head, and for making Hair grow on Bald Patches. Price 5s. Postage pd. extra. HOLLAND'S NATURALINE, for restoring Grey Hair to its original colour. Acts quickly, naturally, and effectively. Price Ss. 6d. Postage '.*d. extra. Consult E. Holland for all Diseases of the Hair. Sold by all Chemists and by Washington Sonl A; Co.. Pitt-st.. Sydney C. HOLLAND, Hair Specialist, '^^mSInI.'- FREE Make Big Money We KiTP »w»3r Talking Machines, «old Watches, Jewellery. Ac, to those who help us introduce oirr remedies. This Talking Machine reproduces Sonss, Speeches, Band Music, &c., and can be used at all entertainments, in any size hall or room. It has a 14-iuch Metai Amplifying Horn, with Concert Pnse Many of our agem 9 are making hig money by giving concerts with this machine, which we give away Free. Send us your name and address, and we will send you 8 boxes of our New Life Vegetable Pills ^Formulae printed on eachboxl. Sell them at 1/- a box, then remit us the S/- received and we will promptly forward you, without extra expense or work, the valuable premiums as listed. This is the biggest offer ever made, and you will be delighted. We are an old, reliable firm, and will present £10 in cash to anyone who can prove we do not do as we say. Our Pills are good sellers, and we are anxioas to introduce them no matter what it coats us. Send at once. Don't delay, it costs you nothing to try. We take all risk. ELECTINB MEDICINE CO , 21 Ash Street, Sydney Given ^^ = XQTCCV^J** "'"" The OneMinute CurE 4iiaranteed to CIRC TOOTHACHE INSTANTLY. 1/3 and 1/9, Post Free. Alex. TROUP, Sole Agent. 46 ROYAL ARCADE, MElBODRNf, Still another honour has been granted to the manufaetiu'ers of C'erebos Salt, H.M. King Alphonso, of Spain, has given them his Koyal Warrant of Appointment. They are now purveyors of Cerebos Salt to H.M. King Edward VII., H.M. The King of Spain, H.M. The King of Porttigal, and H.K.H. the Prince of Wales. The Review of Reviews. xovemorr i. ims. BOOKS FOR THE BAIRNS. NOVELS. All Strongly Bound In Cloth. MOST SUITABLE FOR USE IN SCHOOLS. BOOKS FOR THE BAIRNS. Kwnmrj KhrmM, uid Norsery Tales 4d The Chriertmas Stocking, and Eaua Aadersen'a Fairy Tki Ugly Duckling, and Eye* and No Eyes 4d. Stories M. |ka AdTentoTM of Beynard th« Fox, and the Adreutares Oalliver's Travela— 1 Among the Little People of of Old Brer Eabbit 4d. LlUipnt 2 Among the Giants 4d Otadarella, and Other Fairy Tales, and Qrinun's Fairy „ ,, , j „- , . , „ Tales 4d. Baron Mnnchaasen. and Sinbad the Sailor 4d. Tke Btory of th« Boblne, and the Story of a Donkey 4d. iBsops Fables «. .„ .„ «,.«««. M NOVELS, 4d. Each. Charles OMalley, and Ooningsby. Round the World In Kghty Days, and The Troe History ., Mclhourttr. Jfor mutual advantace, when you write to an advertiser, please mention the Review of Keviewi. The Revieiv of Reviews. Xoiember 1, 190$ HEARNE'S BRONCHITIS CURE THK famous remedy For Has the Largest Sale of any Chest Medicine in Australia m' BEWARE OF COUGHS! HSTHMa. COUGHS, BRONCHITIS, ASTHMA AND CONSUMPTION. Those who have t.Tken this medicine are amazed at its wonderful influcn^-e. Sufierers from any form of Bronchitis, C ugh, Difficulty of Breathing. Hoarseness, Pain ^r Soreness in the Chest, experience delightful and immediate relief : and to those who are subject to Colds on the Chest it is invaluable, as it effects a Complete Cure It is most comforting in allaying irritation in the throat and giving strength to the voic«, ■nd it neither allows a Cough or Asthma to become Chronic, nor Consumption to develop. Consumption has never been known to exist whert "Coughs" have leen properly treated with this medicine. No house should be without it, as, taktn at the beginning, a dow it generally ■ufihcient, and a Complete Cure is certain. Remember that every disease hai Its commencement, and CoBSumpti«a it no exception to thii rule. HHV HSTHAla. A SEVERE ATTACK EELrE\'ED IX TEN MINUTES BY HEABNES BRONCHITIS CURE. THE EFFECT WAS WONDERFUL. Mr. W. G. Hearne. Dear Sir,— About three weeks ago while in the vicinity of mnaty chaff, I gradually felt k ditacultiy to breathe. My nose began to run, and to all appearances I was developing a severe attack of Bron- chitis or Asthma. At last could stand it no longer. I then tried your Bronchitis Cure, and its effect wa« wonderful. In less than ten minutes I was all right again. Such a result, and so quick, astounded me. 'Ala is no exaggeration. I am pleas«d to say.— Tours truly, S. H. MAYO. Meredith, Victoria. A FIVE YEARS' CASE. AT TIMES VERY BAD INDEED. QUICKLY AND COMPLETELY CURED BY HEARNES BRONCHITIS AND ASTHMA CUKE. Mr Hearne. Dear Sir, — For five or six years I was troubled with asthma, at times very bad indeed. I was very ill just after Christmas, so sent to the local ohemist for a bottle of your Bronchitis and Asthma Oure. I took the first dose on going to bed, and was not troubled that night. I finished the medicine, and have not had a touch of the asthma since. I tell everyone about it. M. MURRAY. Postmistress, Pampoolah, Manning River, N.S.W. BRONCHITIS HN'O HSTHMH. A 8YDNT;Y RESIDENT SUFFERED FOE OVER SIXTY SO BAD HE DARED NOT STIR. YEARS. RELIEVED IN A FEW MINUTES BY HEARNES BRONCHITIS CURE. WOULD GIVE £50 FOE THE SAME BENEFIT BATHER THAN SUFFER. Mr. W. 6. Hearne. Dear Friend, — Chronic Bronchitis I had from birth, and I am now 66 years old. Some time back I con- tracted Aflthma, and for months I was so bad that any remedy that had previously relieved smothering was of no use to me. I was ao bad that I dared not stir, and spent the worst night I ever had. When in a conver- sation. Mr, March, J. P., of Balmain, Sydney, kindly told me that a friend of his was using your Bronchitis Cure, and that it was good. So my sister bought me a bottle of it. and in a few minutes after taking the first dose I oonld breathe a little. The next day I was better, and kept getting better every day. To-day I am better than I have been for the last seven years. I took the medicine as directed, si-x bottles, and it cost me less than £1. I would give £50 for the same benefit rather than suffer as I did. Please make what use of this letter you think fit. if by so doing it would onl.y cause one to get rid of this fearful complaint,— Tours faithfully. WILLIAM CANHAM. 108 Curtis Road, Balmain. Sydney, Mr, Hearne. Chemist. Sir,— I am thankful to say that the medicine you sent for Asthma has had a wonderful effect, I have not taken all the Bronchitis Cure, as I did not need it; therefore I send yon my hearty good wishes for your future success, I myself will, for the benefit of others, make it known to all I know, I am 73 years of age,— Yours truly. JOHN BRAT. Alliance-street. Clunes. Victoria " I was a bronchial subject for nearly AO year*, bnt have found Hearne's Bronchitis Cure a iierfect remadr " E, EDHOUSE. J. P., Stawell Brewery. Stawell. Vlctorla- " Tour Bronchitis Cnre is a splendid medicine. It ia the best medicine I have ever used for Cougha, Coldi on the Chest, and Sore Throat." (Mrs.) JOHN McKENZEB, Werona, Victoria. " I suffered very much from Asthma for four yean, and tried lots of so-called cures, without deriving any benefit. I got a bottle of your Bronchitis Cure, No. la. last Friday, and a bottle of your No. 2 Medicine, for obstinate Asthma, on Saturday. Since the Erst dose of your No. 2 Medicine. I have not had the wheezing at all." V. CAMERON. " Leongatha," Eiversdale Road. Hawthorn. Melbourne. " Your Bronchitis Cure really acts like magic." (Mrs.l E. L. SYMES, Narracoorte Hotel. Narracoorte, South Australia. " .\s my purchases show, your remedies are Increasing in sale. From time to time I hear people speaking about the good results obtained from them. Wishing you a very much enlarged sale and ereat prosperity." JOHN KING. Chemist, Ballarat. " I have purchased a small bottle of your Bronchitis Oure. and have only taken four doses, and am glad to tell Tou that I am cured." J. WEIGHT. c/o Mr. D. McLean, Camperdown, Victoria. "I was laid up for twelve months with Bronchitis, during which I tried many remedies, without succesi. I used two bottles of your Bronchitis Cure, and am now eorapletelv cured." JAMES WILLIAMS. Huntly Street. Elsternwick, Melbourne. HEARNE'S BRONCHITIS CURE-SMALL SIZE, 2/6; LARGE SIZE. 4^. Sold bv Chemists and Medicine Vendors, and by the Proprietor, W. G. HEARNE, CHEMIST, GEELONG, VICTORIA Forwarded by Post to any Address when not obtainable locally. Norember J, 1906. The Review of Reviews. i^-"<' V r^ \ JftnTieapoZu Journal.J . It Will Take More Than B;e Stings to Stop Him Now. HaTing tasted the political liberty honey, the EasBian Bear will never give it up. "THE KAUZOIC," THE LEADING HOUSE HOUSE FURNISHINGS- CARPETS, LINOLEUMS, CURTAINS, BEDSTEADS, and BEDDING . . FURNITURE . . Of every Description. Newest and most Upto-Date Designs are now arrivinj: by Mail Steamers. Inspection of Our Showrooms Invited. CHURCH BROS. PROPY. LTD., • 43^'45 Elizabeth=st., Melbourne. Warehouse and Factory — Fleming Place, City. OOEMSUEVIPTION CAN BE OUK^D. At last a Remedy bas been found that Cures Consumption. Marvellous as it may seem after centuries of failure, a remedy has been discovered ■hat iiaa cured the Deadly Consumption, even in the advanced stages of the disease. \o one will longer doubt that consumption can be cured after reading' the proof ot hundreds of cases ctired by this wonderful discoverj- — some alter change of climate and all other remedies tncii, had failed, and the cases had been pronounced hopeless of cure. This new remedy has also proved itself effective and speedy in curing Catarrh, Bronchitis, Asthma, and many serious throat and lung troubles. In order that all in need of this wonderful product of science may test its efficacy for themselves, a company has been formed to give it to the world and a Free Trial Treatment can be obtained by writing the Derk P. Yonkerman Co. Ltd., o-j Dixson Buildings, Sydnev. Send no money. Simply mention this paper and ask for the Free Trial Treatment, ft will be sent you by return of post, carriage paid, ABSOLUTELY FREE. Don't wait if you have any of the symptoms of consumption, if you have chronic catarrh, bronchitis, asthma, pains in your chest, a cold on your lungs, or any throat or lung trouble, write to-day for the free trial treatment and book of instructions, and cure yourself before it is too late. Dr. Dcrk P. Yonkerman, Discoverer of the New Core for Consumption- Fop infants, INVALIDS, and THE AGED. BENGER'5 FOOD is mixed with fresh ^^ new m Ik when used, is dainty and ^^^^. delic ous, highly nutritive and ^^^l^^^ost easily digested. Infants thrive ^^^^^^^S. on it, and delicate or aged ^F^^^^^^B^k persons enjoy it. ^^V JV^^I^k ''"^ BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL '^^^^^^^ ^^J^Hj^ says: "Benger's Food has ^^SK^^ ^^H^*^ by its excellence established ^^^^^H^^ 3 reputation of its own." ^W^ BENGER'S FOOD is sold in Tina by Chemists, »c., everywhere. The Review of Reviews. y'oieuiher 1. 1906. r i» *

m m f m m m m m m m m m m m i r- . :#. iiM BRE/\KFA5T LUNCii U^ i the Kyeball. and restores Eyelashes- ? 6, post free to any part of the States. No careful housewife should be without PROCTE R'S EYE LOTION, more esi. PROSERPINE. By D. G. Rossetti. (9 x 19 in.) (The siiei given are of the actual Pictures, and do not include the white mounts.) These famous pictures look best in a green or brown frame, wilk gold edging. The Collotype process excels all otheri. The Director of the National Gallery, Melbourne, says they »urpa«s photograph! or steel engravings. COUPON. Please send me " BLOSSOMS," for wblcb I enclose //• Name ;To "The Review of Reviews," Equitable Building, Mclbourna The Review of Reviews. November 1, 1906. If you have not, study our advertisements, and write to our adver- tisers, and see whether they will not serve you as satisfactorily a* if you shopped in person. 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They are reproductions of Original Oil and Water Colour Paintings in all their Natural Colours. Now that the postal restriction, which prohibited writing on the address side has been removed, Picture Post-Cards will be much more used, especially as the Post (lffic(^ officials take ereat pains not *o damage the picture. Q Q Q 1 SERIES No. 1. (15 Cards. 1 ^ The Harbopr at Venice ^ Purity ^ The Shepherd's Star s The Wedding Party a A Neighbodrly Chat 0 land of the Midnight Sun a Sunset on long Island i Berkshire Brook in Autumn A Passing Storm % landscape (Cotol) 't In a Bad Fix Si Judgment of Paris Autumn ^ Three Boatmen of Barce- i? lona i The Fishermen's Return SERIES No. .14 Cards ) 2. The Chess Players Youth A Summer Day In Holland Waters The Fortune Teller ( Ddti i Venice (Canal) The Evening Meal Highland Sheep The Old Homestead The Puritan Olrl Preparing the Fete Sunset on Mount Hood The Young Mather Street Scene In Venice An Old Salt C Picture Post-Cards are becoming more and more popular, but the best should be used ; that is why you should write for our series at once. HIGHLAND SHKEF It will be seen from the particulars given that the two series embraces a variety of land and seascapes, heads, domestic subjects, animal life, etc. They exceed in beauty and finish, richness and variety of design, any- thing on the market. It is of these pictures, which are now tor the first time reproduced as Post-Cards, that Sir PHILIP BURNE JONES writes ;—" I have the greatest pleasure in ex- pressing my admiration for the high standard of excel- lence obtained in the coloured reproductions of paint- ings, which I had the opportunity of seeing the other day, and I wish them all the success they so undoubtedly dtserve." I The Two Series (29 Cards), 2s. post free. I Series No. I fl5 Cards). Is. Id. post free. I Series No. 2 (14 Cards), Is. post free. I THE MANAGER I "THE REVIEW OP REVIEWS," ^ Equitable Building, Melbourne. the chess players. ^4wN^\\vM^\\\\\\\\^\\\\\\\\^^^^^ The Review of Reviews. November J. 1906. GAUNT^S WATCHES. "CORRECT TO THE SECOND' GAUNT'S "CHAMPION" WATCHES. Guninetal Kcvless Lever Watch iewelled with ic Jewels, onlv 21$. Oaant's "Standard" Silver English Lever. £6 lOs., £7 lOs. Every Watch bears our Guarantee. Visitors are invited to inspect our Sh iwrooms, which contains the latest and most complete stock of Jewellery, Electroplate. Silver Ohurchplate. Eyesight TeSteil OratlS. WATCHMAKERS. OPTICIANS. JEWELLERS. 337-339 BOURKE STREET, MELBOURNE. T. GAUNT & CO., » "Progress ana m TIscal Problem. By THOMAS KIRKUP, Author of "A History of Socialisui." "South Africa. Old and New." Etc. Being a Masterly Summary and Review of Fiscal and Industrial Matters in Great Britain, Germany, and America. Crown 8vo., 200 Pages. PRICE, 3s. 6d. MESSRS. A. & C. BLACK. LONDON. '' n Blsiory of Socialism;' Second Edition. Revised and Enlarged By THOMAS KIRKUP. .4/Afiif i5 efficacious \r\ or^c in5t2kr\ce, i5 K^rmful or irNcffective , ir\ ar\otKer. ' 5end,witK stamped envelope for 1 1 reply, particular3,er\dojir\^ a few ; [ fJleiA Kair^ , and we will fell • you, free of cost, the cause of '^ trouble, and the po53ibilitie5 Address. 274 Coiiii\5 :tr rielbourr\e.. A TENDER HEART. Mr. G«oige E. Hicks, R.A., the clever artist who painted that raoet successful picture entitled The Sweete.st F.tce on Earth," again touches our hearts with his .sympathetic genius in his new and original picture, called "A Tender Heart," which was ex- hibited in the Royal Academy, 1905. It relates, with great pathos and truth, a touching incident in a little girl's life— her first awakening to the knowledge of grief. She sits, cla.sping to her breast the lifeless body of a bird, her pet, which she has found Ij-ing on the bottom of its cage. When she was told it was dead, and would never again chirp to her nor feed from her hand, her loving heart ached with untold grief for the los-s of her little featheretl friend, and she looked up at the artist with blue eyes full of tears, and such a wistful expression, that the sor- rowful little face haunted him for many days, and .ise one could not help noticing the very fine work sent in by small country schools, some from scho ils in the VVim- Revie,r or Review,. 1/11106. -pfj^ State Sc/tools ExhiMtioit. 441 The Training Coliege for State School Teachers, Melbourne. mtTii, some from others buried in the heart of Gippsland forests. Not manv vears ago the average teacher in a country school taught little drawing. The exhibits showed there has been a striking improvement in this subject, for the work of town and country school alike was excellent. In no subject was de- velopment more noticeable than in history. I saw- many plans and relief models of battlefields, as I strolled through the courts. A smart boy in our schools to-day can not only give you an account of, say, the battle of Waterloo, but can model the long ridges and the valley between, where the great struggle took place, with men and guns in position, and could no doubt point out the exact spot where Wellington and his great opponent stood at the crisis of the fight. Another subject which attracted one's attention was the nature study. In many courts collections illustrating this branch of the S'^hool work were on view. Insects have always had an attraction for the average boy. We all know how hard it used to be to pass by an ant heap without disturbing the deni- zens of the mound, and insects generallv have had little cause to be grateful for the pointed attentions paid them bv Australian juveniles. In nature study, while manv have made botanical collections their aim, most children have preferred the study of in- sect life. Where definite work had been undertaken in this direction, it was seen to be the life history of an insect, as a rule — for example, the Empeior gum moth. The eggs were shown first, then the cater- pillar, then the cocoon with its chrysalis, and finally the moth. Thus the life history was traced out. In more than one court, there was a small aquarium in which insects that frequent the water were kept for observation. A part of the exhibition which was much frequented was the Sloyd court, w'here boys were busy at wood work during each afternoon. The knowledge of tools and the dexterity shown by the boys was praiseworthy, and the attention paid to the workers showed that people were decidedlv curious about this form of manual training. Undoubtedly this preparatory work will be of great advantage to boys who intend to become mechanics. Another s_triking feature was the wfirk shown to illustrate geography, and how it is taught. Relief maps and models could be seen ii every court. Some of these were beautifuly finished. A model of the floor of the Pacific, which could be filled with water, attracted considerable attention. The mapping in many courts also was decidedly good, anrl there was no evidence of any falling off in this part of the work. The quadrant w-as freauently no- 442 The Review of Reviews. iforember 1, 1906. Mr. Leach B.Sc. one of the Continuation School Teachers, Giving a Geography Lesson. ticed, and is evidently coming into general use for obtaining the meridian altitude of the sun. Many of the quadrants showed simplicity and ingenuity in their construction. There was abundant evi- dence that geography has been made one of the most interesting subjects of the school course. The writer has a vivid recollection of forming one of a class of children who used to learn lists of long names by heart. Many men past forty can remem- ber when they were wont to go through, say, the seas of Asia, from Kamtschatka to Akaba, like a pack of hounds in full cry. In such a subject as arithmetic, too, there was abundant evidence that concrete illustrations are used far more than formerly. Apparatus was seen to show such things as the ratio of the inscribed circle to the square, the relations of the squares on the sides of a right-angled triangle to each other, the area of the surface of the cylinder, and the like. Probably no court in the Exhibition building at- tracted more notice than the joint one occupied bv the Teachers' Training' College and the Continua- tion School. The fine disp'.avs in the science sec- tions of both made the court particularly interest- ing. The Training College court was intended to show as manv teaching aids as could be exhibited in the limited space available. The science exhibit contained apparatus to illustrate almost every part of the science taught in our schools. On the walls, model blackboard sketches, illustrations for the teaching of infants, histor}' aids, and model lessons in reading, number, and other subjects were dis- played, while on and above the tables, geographical and arithmetical aids, notes of lessons, nature study exhibits and others were shown. The science de- monstrations given daily by the students were much appreciated, judging by the numbers who listened. The notes of lessons showed the best way to draw up set lessons, and manv teachers seized the oppor- tunit\- of consulting them. Excellent work was characteristic of the exhibits shown in the half of the court occupied bv the Con- tinuation School. The work in geography and nature study was especially fine, and showed de- finiteness and thoroughness throughout. The draw- ing and brushwork was also good — in fact the whole exhibit was highly creditable to all concerned. It it not the purpose of this article to deal with the Review of Revieus, 1/11/OG. The State Schools Exhibition. 443 Pechnical Schools' exhibit, nor that shown by the X.S.W. Education Department, but a word may be said about the Cookery Centre. In no part of the State school work is more practical work being done than in the teaching of cookery. The girls are taught not only how to cook, but what to buy, which is almost as important, and a visit to the room where operations were carried on was sufficient to convince the most sceptical of the value of the work done. Even a cynic will admit that the sum of human happiness can be improved by good cookery. AIMS OF THE EDUCATION MOVEMENT. One aim of modern education is to produce a perfect type of citizen. The school life, too, is to be linked with the life around — the life of the world. In the " Souvenir Book," published in con- nection with the exhibition, we are told " that the teacher is expected to take the children on the tjround where they are, and lead them outward from that." Is there any evidence that something is being done to realise these aims ? When the programme of instruction and exhibits shown have been con- sidered, the conclusion arrived at is certainly favour- able. In such a subject as history, than which none should be more potent in helping to train the future citizen, we find that the best teachers begin with the local history (some of which appeared on the walls in the form of composition exercises), so that the child is led outward from what he knows. From the local history he is led to the history of his own State, and thence to that of Australia and the Empire. In like manner the shire or borough coun- cil is dealt with, then the State and the Federal Parliaments, and finally the Parliament of Great Britain. Lessons are also given on the duties of a citizen, and thus the children are placed in a position to understand what membership of a state means. ' In this subject, then, definite work is being done towards the realisation of the aims mentioned. SCIENCE. Turning to science, we find that much latitude is allowed as regards the branches of science dealt with. In some agricultural districts, agriculture has been wisely selected. Plainly, then, the life of the child is linked with the life and industry around him in such a case, and the results are likely to be valuable. Some years ago a young teacher in Gippsland taught the principles of agriculture to his scholars. T(i-dav the farmers who, as boys, received their education from him, are noted as being up to date and ahead of their fellows. In the exhibition there 144 The Review of Reviews. November 1, 1906. Pliato kiiully lent by tlif piofridjrs cf" The icaiif> '] A Gippsland school. were two exhibits which were the subject of much praise. One was from the Mortlake school, where farming in miniature is carried on within the school grounds. The work done is both practical and scientific. The rocks of the district and the soils formed by their disintegration are carefully studied. Such important matters as the rotation of crops, the growth of grasses suitable for the district, the ex- haustion of the soil and the remedy, are specially studied. The planting and cultivation of potatoes and other vegetables is part of the regular work. Experimental plots are used to demonstrate the use of fertilisers and the value of each. The children have been trained to recognise drought-resisting plants, and those which cannot resist the Australian climate. Weeds, too, and their effects are carefulh studied. In addition, records of the direction of the wind, the rainfall, the meridian altitude of the sun, and the effects of these are shown. On the same chart barometric and thermometric readings are also set out. The other exhibit was from a small school in Gippsland, Wy Yung, and dealt with the dairying industry carried on there. As in the case of the Mortlake school, the rocks of the district and the resultant soils are shown, and the chemical consti- tuents in them. These are proved to exist in the grass and other vegetable products, and finally in the milk, so that the connection between the soil and its products is clearlv traced. In geography, too, we see from a study of the various courts that the local geography is taught first, and that it is linked with geology of an elemen- tary character. Local maps and relief models alike show that this subject is made a living one, and that the teacher develops the subject from what the child knows of his own neighbourhood, afterwards linking this knowledge with the geography of the great world without. NATUKAL STUDY- If we consider the nature study sections we find further evidence that the aims I mentioned before are being realised. In the different districts plant and animal life is being observed in the vicinity of the schools, as it never was before. Already these observations have proved of value. It is said that in the Castlemaine district the observations of the children have led the fruitgrowers in one locality to modify their gar- den oj)erations for the better. Morally, the subject should have a good effect on children, and tend to make them more considerate and less cruel towards insects. THE THREE R'a. As for reading, WTiting and arithmetic, the evi- dence at first sight is not so clear. But when we learn that hundreds of libraries have been estab- Review of He I' i-iews. 1111106. The state Schools Exhibition. 4 15 Interior of a Country School. The Cookery Room, Melbourne Continuation School* 446 The Review of Reviews. November 1, 1906. lished in the schools throughout this State since 1900. we need have no doubt about the subject which •■ maketh a full man.'' As for writing, the exercise books and composi- tion shown prove that it is used to a considerable extent in the right way — as a means of expressing or recording thought, and with a view to the future — shown by the practical nature of the work done. In regard to arithmetic, anyone who studied the exercise books would conclude that its use in every- day life is kept in view. The problems noticed are for the most part such as the child will be called upon to solve in actual life. These exercise books also indicated that more attention is being paid to English as it is spoken, and to the rules of syntax, than to the dry- as-dust details of parsing and analysis. INFANT EDUCATION. But in no department of our school work has a more striking change been wrought in the wav of making education a living thing and a preparation for the future, than in the teaching of infants. Manual de.xterity is certainly a great advantage to the future citizen, no matter what occupation he follows. The exhibits in paper work, mat weaving, string work, and other subjects such as brush draw- ing and colouring, bore remarkable testimonv that there has been a great gain in manual power during the last few years. But the evidences of mind-de- velopment were just as apparent. On the walls of the exhibition one saw many lessons in reading, number, writing and observation work, which the little pupils had assisted to build up. The activitv of the child is now turned to account, and he has become an interested co-operator. From the point of view of thought-development and its expression, probably the most striking fact in favour of the new methods is the wonderful composition written by children under seven years of age. The work shows a masterv of words which is really amazing in those so young. Not many years ago children of twelve could not do such good work. WHAT SHOULD BE DONE IN THE FUTUBE. While admitting that much has been done to at- tain the high ideals aimed at by the Education De- partment, it must also be frankly conceded that there are some things to be avoided. The work in some cases needs to be more definite yet. In con- nection with some of the nature studv collections, where the sole object seemed to be to gather as many specimens as possible, one could not help asking the question — what definite purpose is aimed at ? The industries which engage the attention of our people are manufactures in the towns, agricul- ture, viticulture, dairying, mining, and the like in the country. It seems to me that wherever it is possible the nature study and science work should be taught with these in view, as has been done in some cases I have referred to. Again, it will be imperatively necessary- to provide a supplv of highly-trained teachers for the work in the future. Why is this ? As more subjects are now taught than formerly, there is grave risk that such essential subjects as reading, writing and arithmetic will suffer, since less time can now be devoted to Review of Revieics, IjlltOG. The State Schools Exhibition. 447 A Class at Clay Modelling. them than formerly. Greater skill and better methods than ever before will be required by the teachers in the days to come. The exhibition has proved that where the teachers are well trained and skilful, the essential subjects are as good as ever. But if ill-trained teachers or, worse still, persons not trained in teaching at all, are sent out to take charge of schools, then there is an absolute cer- taintv that some of the subjects of the course, and probably the most essential, will be badly taught. THE TEACHEE'S INFLUENCE. The influence of the teacher on the plastic natures of chil- dren is at last being fully realised. How is it that men from the village schools of Scotland have so often been able to rise to the highest positions in their own coun- try, and also abroad ? The answer is. they were under the right kind of man in the vil- lage school, often a graduate of a university. And if we ask why America and Ger many are in the forefront to day, we find that the reason is the same. In those coun- tries education on proper lines has been established for some time. And as the destinies of the countries I have named have been profoundly in- fluenced for good by their educa- tion system, so will it be in Vic- toria. But the fine system which has been introduced here, and which in the nation's interests should be extended and de- veloped, needs the influence of the right kind of man, highly trained, enthusiastic, and loving his fellow-men to carry it out, otherwise it cannot be whoKy successful. THE DUTY OF THE GOVEENMENT. There is undoubtedly an in- creasing difficulty in obtaining teachers of the right stamp. This is especially true in regard to men. The reason is not far to seek. Young men find that they can make a better living on the land, or at a trade or some other call- ing, than as teachers. Teachers have now to pass through a long course of training before they can hope for a living wage. Six or more years are ordinarily required to qualify as a trained teacher. The salary to begin with is small, and promotion usually slow. From the point of view of rewards, the prospect before a young man or woman who enters the teaching profession is not bright. It is an axiom that education is necessary, and it is also universally admitted that it concerns the State. I have shown that we have laid the foundations of a fine system by which the children of the State can be trained for the future, and have A School, Its Play House (the latter due to local effort) and Garden 44^ The Review of Reviews. November l, 1906. A Country icjnooi and its Garden. proved that highly-trained men and women are a necessity for carrying it out. Plainly, then, it is the duty of the Government to provide for such a body by holding out sufficient induce- ment to lead men and women of ability to enter and con- tinue in the ranks of the teachers. Much is being ~ done, but pore remains - to be accom- plished by those in power. \Vhen men see that teachers are more generously treated they will not hesitate to join one of the noblest 'and most important of professions. The Director of Education and his co-workers will be able to formulate schemes for the national benefit ; the labours of the teachers will be sweet- ened by the hope of reward, and they will be ready to agree that in Victoria, at least, Thomson's lines are true : — • Delightful task to rear the tender thought And teach the young idea how to shoot.'' Rei-ietc of Reviews, 1/11(06. 449 P),ofo. by] [Bacon. Newcastle. Armstrong College, Newcastle; The New Buildings Opened by the King. The college was founded in 1871, and is affiliated with the University of Durham. For many years it was known as the Durham College of Science, liut some time ago it wis decided that the buildings should be completed at a rost of £50.000 as a memorial to Lord Armstrong. Photo by] The New City Hall, Belfast. («• n.l, /,, iic//a,»(. The Hall stands in Donegall Square, and occupies an acre and a-half out of about five acres of ground, the re- mainder being laid out as a public garden. The cost of the entire work is about £300.000 and the architect. Mr. .\. Brumwell Thom.aa. has been engaged ten years in t:)e undertaking. Review of Reviewt, IflljOS. THE NON-FLESH DIET. By a Vegetarian. To the casual observer vegetarianism is simply a petty food fad, but to those who have enquired into the matter vegetarianism has many sides, each of which has either a scientific or a moral basis. The science of comparative anatomy, for ex- ample, places man in the category of the frugivora, that is, fruit and nut eaters. Thus Gassendi, the contemporary friend of Galileo and Kepler, says: — " We do not appear to be adapted by Nature to the use of flesh diet, from the conformation of the teeth, since all animals which Nature has formed to feed on flesh have teeth long, conical, sharp, un- even, and with intervals between them ; but those which are created to subsist only on herbs and fruits have their teeth short, broad, blunt, adjoin- ing one another, and distributed in even rows. And, further, that men have received from Nature teeth which are unlike those of the first class, and re- semble those of the second." Professor Sir Charles Bell, F.R.S. (1774-1842), in ■' Anatomy, Physiology, and Diseases of the Teeth," 1829 (page 33), says: — " It is, I think, not going too far to say that every fact connected with the human organisation goes to prove that man was originally formed a frugiverous animal. . . . This opinion is prin- cipally derived from the formation of his teeth and digestive organs, as well as from the character of his skin, and the general structure of his limbs." Baron Cuvier, the chief of modern anatomists ; Darwin, the greatest af naturalists ; and Sir Richard Owen, one of the most eminent of zoologists, con- firm these statements. Baron Cuvier, the chief of modern anatomists ; dom," r827. Vol. I., page 88; Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B., F.R.S. (i8o4-r892), in his '' Odontography, or a Treatise on the Comparative Anatomy of the Teeth,'' 1829, page 33 ; Charles Darwin, LL.D., F.R.S. (1809-1882), in his " Descent of Man," second edition, 1874, page 156. The sciences of Physiology and Chemistry are equally emphatic in their testimony to the excellence of a non-flesh diet. Dr. Albrecht Haller, the celebrated physiologist, anatomist and botanist, in speaking of diet in which flesh has no part, says it is " salutary, fully nour- ishes a man, protracts life to an advanced period, and prevents or cures such disorders as are at- tributable to the grossness or acrimonv of the blood." The modern uric acid specialist, Dr. Alexander Haig, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., in his work, " Uric Acid as a Factor in the Causation of Disease," savs : — " That it is easily possible to sustain life on the products of the vegetable kingdom needs no demon- stration for physiologists, even if a majority of the human race were not constantly engaged in de- monstrating it ; and my researches show not only that it is possible, but that it is infinitely preferable in every w-ay, and produces superior powers both of mind and body." Dr. W. B. Carpenter, C.B., F.R.S., says: — • There is ample and unexceptional evidence that, where neither milk nor any of its preparations are in ordinary use, a regime consisting of bread and fruit and herbs is quite adequate to the wants of a population subsisting bv severe and constant toil." Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson, M.D., F.R.S., says : — • " It must be honestly admitted that, weight by weight, vegetable substances, when they are care- fullv selected, possess the most striking advantages over animal food in nutritive value." That this is so is fully shown by the following table of nutritive values: — IN 100 PARTS. Nitro- Hydro- genous carbonate Saline Matter. Matter. Matter. Water. Lean Beef 19-3 ... 36 ... 51 ... 72-0 Fat Beef 148 ... 298 ... 44 ... 510 Lean Mutton ... i8-3 ... 49 ... 4-8 - 720 Fat Pork 9-8 ... 48-9 ... 23 ... 39-0 White Fish ... 181 ... 2-9 10 78.0 Oysters 14010 .•• 1-515 2695 ... 80-385 White of Egg 20-4 — 1-6 ... 780 Yolk of Egg ... 16 0 • ■■ 307 13 520 Butter — ... 830 20 150 Dutch Cheese 29-43 ... 27-54 — 36-10 Chester Cheese 2599 ... 2634 4-16 ... 35-92 Hydro- Carbo- Nitro- car- » drates. genous. bonate. Saline Water. Beans 55-86 30-8 2 0 365 8-40 White Haricots 55-7 25-5 2-8 3-2 9-9 Dried Peas ... 5S7 238 21 2-1 8-3 Lentils 560 25-2 26 23 II-5 Cabbage 58 2-0 -5 -7 91 0 Dry Wheat ... 770s 15-25 1-95 275 — Oatmeal 63-8 126 56 30 15-0 Barley-meal ... 74-3 63 24 2-0 15-0 Dry Maize 71-55 1250 880 1-25 — Dry Rice 89-65 755 •80 -90 — Dry Figs 659 6-1 ■9 2-3 17-5 Dates 653 6-6 •2 1-6 20-8 Bananas 19-0 4-820 -632 791 73-900 Walnuts 8-9 12-5 31-6 17 44-5 Ground Nuf? ... 117 245 50-0 1-8 7-5 Cocoa Nibs I Chocolate ) 500 3-0 Review of Reviews, 1/11/06, The Noti'Flesh Diet. 451 Dr. Milner Fothergill, a great authority on foods, declares that beef-tea is an impostor. At one time Liebig held a high opinion of the food value of meat extract ; but the eminent English food expert, Dr. Edward Smith, F.R.S., after a spirited contro- versy, compelled Liebig to acknowledge that ex- tract of meat is no more a food than tea is. It should be classed with tea and coffee as a nervous stimulant. With regard to the risks and dangers of fiesh food. Dr. Alex. Haig, quoted above, states that he had been all his life a sufferer from severe head- aches, and had tried a great variety of alterations in diet. The non-meat diet produced at once a change, till eventually eighteen months elapsed with- out an attack. Further study led to the conclusion that the cause of the headaches was uric acid, and that meat produced it by introducing into the body and blood uric acid, plus substances of the Xan- thine group. He devotes fifteen chapters of the book to the study of gout, rheumatism, Bright's dis- ease, etc. That a vegetarian diet is sufficient for the produc- tion and maintenance of great bodily vigour is at- tested by the following: — The British soldiers, who fought the battles of Xorman, Plantagenet, Tudor, Stuart, and later times, w^ere bred on vegetarian food. Scotch oat- meal and Irish potatoes have had as much effect as English beef. O'Connell was probably right when he said that the Irish peasantry, reared on potatoes and butter-milk, was the finest in the world. Of the Cumberland p)easantry. Smiles, in his " Life of George Moore," says that, though occasionally they got a slice of meat in winter, " stalwart sons and comelv maidens were brought up on porridge, oat- cakes and milk : in fact, there could be no better food." Brindley, the engineer, testified that his piece-workers from the North of England, who lived on porridge and hasty pudding, did more work and earned more wages than the labourers of the south, who lived on bacon, beer, and cheese. Even fur- ther north, in the coldest of climates, the Nor- wegians, Swedes and Finns, who live on rye bread. milk and cheese, are finer men than the Laplanders and Esquimaux, who live oa flesh. In spite of the poor physique of the Bengalis, and of some other of the Hindu races, there are many illustrations in India of how powerful and enduring men may be on a diet of corn, pulse and fruit. Among millions of the coolies of the North-west Provinces, Punjaub, Rajputana, Central Provinces, Bombay and Hyderabad, the work done daily on very low pay, often in much exposure to fierce sun or heavy rains swamping the country for weeks at a time, or very cold weather, is toilsome and pro- tracted. Their rule is to work from sunrise to sun- set, with short rests for sleep or food. The Sikhs, who fought so well against us in the Punjaub, and who are now our best and most trustworthy sepo\s, are, by religion and immemorial custom, vegetarians. Thev are the finest race in India, being as a rule ex- ceptionally powerful men. Seventy per cent, are purely vegetarian. Others get meat on the occasion of a feast or a hunt, say once in three or four months. Those who enter British military or police service have meat supplied to them, but compara- tively few PTt it. Professor NeuTnan writes: — ■' Dr. Edward Smith, who reported to the Privv Council on the food of the three Kingdoms, came to the conclusion that the Irish are the strongest, next to them the Scotch, next the Northern English, lowest of all the townsmen, observe ; their vege- tarianism is graduted in the same way, the strongest being the most vegetarian, and the townsfolk, who are weakest, being the greatest eaters of flesh. I do not mean to assert that diet is the only cause of strength or weakness: it is sufficient to insist that vegetarianism is compatible with the highest strength. The old Greek athlete was a vegetarian. Hercules, according to their comic poets, hved chiefly on pease pudding." To this brief outline of the scientific justification Df vegetarianism we shall add, in a future article, if permitted, a review of the moral and aesthetic aspects of the question. -^It= =11^ Review of Reviewi, 1/lliOS. OUR UNWIELDY STATES. The Nicessity that Exists for the Divfsion of the Large and More Unwieldy Australian States into Smaller and More Compact Ones. By G. S. Curtis. Rockhampton. The idea of writing you upon the above subject was suggested by the gridiron maps of Australia, which you published in a recent issue, showing the relative strength of Socialism in the different States as represented in the Federal Parliament, and also by what you have said about the necessity (inter alia) of extension of Government, and placing more complete power in the hands of the people. The maps illustrate the noteworthy fact that the larger and more unwieldv States send the largest propor- tion of Socialists to the Federal Parliament, and, conversely, the smaller and more compact the State, the smaller number of Socialists does it send to the councils of the nation. This is conspicuous in the case of the smaller States of Tasmania and Victoria, and appears to emphasise and accentuate the tnitli of the political axiom, upheld by many past-time statesmen — viz., that small and compact States are more easily and better governed than huge and unwieldy ones. The late Sir Henr)- Parkes was one of these statesmen, and no one was better qualified to judge. He on Several occasions referred to the necessitv of the division of the larger Australian colonies, and in his book, '' Fifty Years in Making Australian History," he expressecJ his concurrence in the fundamental principle '" that excessive area is not necessary, but positively detri- mental, to national growth and development." Re- ferring to the then proposed Australian Federation, he said : — " As a matter of reason and logical fore- cast, it cannot be doubted that if the union were inaugurated with double the number of the present colonies, the growth and prosperity of all would be more absolutely assured. It would add immensely to the national importance of the new Common- wealth, and would be of immense advantage to West Australia, South Australia, and Queensland themselves if four or five new colonies were cut out of their vast and unmanageable territories." About the time Sir Henry Parkes gave expression to these views, Sir S. W. Griffith brought in his Bill to divide Queensland into three provinces. Sir Henry noted this fact, and added a synopsis of the Bill as an appendix to his book. I am satisfied that the truth of the political axiom endorsed by Sir Henry Parkes would be most strikingly exemplified in the case of Queensland were she divided into three States. Brisbane, the seat of government, is most inconveniently situated m the south-eastern corner of her huge territorv, an anomaly that can hardlv be equalled in the political arrangements of any'other countrv. Under present conditions, it is impossible to get suitable men in Central or North Queensland to come for- ward as representatives, because they cannot atiford to lea\-e their homes and business to go to Brisbane. This is largely accountable for the fact of so many Labour men being sent as representatives from Central and North Queensland. The larger and more unwieldy the electorates, the better for the Labour Party, highly organised as it is in all parts of the country. This has been verv clearlv shown by their great success at the Federal elections, the Federal electorates being enormous in area. Queensland as one electorate is simply a political monstrosity, making a contest for a seat in the Senate a tremendous and very doubtful undertak- ing. The establishment of separate Legislatures in Central and Northern Queensland would mean both smaller State and Federal electorates, and would greatly stimulate the interest of all perma- nent residents in public affairs. There would be much less difficulty in securing candidates for the State Parliaments possessing some tangible stake in Central and Northern Queensland because the\ would be within comparatively easy distance from the State Capital and seat of government, while the new Federal electorates, being much smaller than the present ones, would be more easily or- ganised, a matter that would be of very great en- couragement to the opponents of the powerfully- organised Federal Labour Partv. As regards increased cost of government, this- wou'.d not be very great, as it would not be neces- sary under the new arrangement to maintain the huge Brisbane establishment ; but if it did involve some increase in cost of government, it would ensure better representation and much greater efficiencv. The present number of members in the Queensland Assembly is 72. Twenty-five members each would be ample for -hew- Assemblies in the centre and north, and presumably South Queensland would not require any more. This is about the number that all Queensland had when she started as an inde- pendent colony in 1859. Unfortunate'y th:- important question of the di- vision of the larger States has been quietly ignored' bv every one of our present-day politicians. Ileinew of Reviews. 1/11/06. Our Unwieldy States. 453 This must be due either to inadequate pohtical Icnowledge, or want of foresight, or from a feeling that it is a difficult and embarrassing problem, which should be left alone in the absence of any popular demonstration, or from a conviction that, while the State capitals continue, as they do, to overshadow and control, and hold in subjection the rest of the country, it would be a hopeless task to attempt to secure a division of the larger States. It is, however, a problem that must come up for solution before very long, and more especially in the case of Northern and Central Queensland. These two' enormous divisions of Queensland -the former embracing 250,000 square miles of territory, and the latter 210,000 square miles — had been petitioning the Crcrwn for separation from Southern Queensland for many years prior to Federation. The replies of two Secretaries of State to our Envoys were distinctly to the effect that, failing some such settlement as that proposed by Sir S. W. Griffith, the qiue.stion would be considered " whether the time has not arrived at which the great colony of (Queensland must be separated into three " (v/de Times Rrport, May 7th, 1802). In order to prevent territorial separation. Sir S. W. Griffith, then Premier of Queensland, in 1890, and again in 1891, brought forward proposals for a tripartite federative division of Queensland, and, with the view that the three Queensland provinces so to be created would merge into the larger Aus- tralian Federation, when consummated, as three separate States. These proposals were cordially supported by the late Sir Thomas Mcllwraith, who pronounced them to be wise and philosophic. At the Federal Convention in 1891, Sir Thomas said: — " In Queensland we are on the eve of dividing the colony, if we can, into three parts. We shall require some guarantee that Queensland is going to be recognised as three provinces in this new Fede- ral Govenunent." Manv people in Central Queens- land voted for the Commonwealth Bill on the assur- ance of some of its advocates that satisfactory pro- \-ision had been made for the division of Queens- land. Unfortunately this is not so. In my opinion the people of Queensland were very short-sighted and very unwise in agreeing to the unconditional incorporation of their huge and unwieldy colony as one State, with miserably inadequate representa- tion. Certainly the Federal Constitution makes pro\ision for admission of new States, but the con- ditions are very difficult, if not impossible, to comply with. Had a similar provision been embodied in the Con.stitution of New South Wales (as was at first propose-d by the late W. C. Wentworth), Queensland would not have been able to secure her legislative independence, except perhaps In- extra constitutional means. The subject of division is quiescent at present in both Northern and Cen- tral Queensland, but I venture to predict that it will not be very long before Northern Queensland will realise the vital and absolute necessity of hav- ing the management of her own affairs, and will resolutely demand autonomy, and admission as a separate State of the Union ; and Central Queens- land will almost certainly follow suit. Both these embryonic States have much larger populations (the North about 115,000, and the Centre 65,000) than that of all Queensland in 1859, and they are far more advanced in every respect. Why, therefore, should they not have the management of their own affairs, as separate States of the Union? A good deal of ignorance or misconception prevails respect- ing this question. If you talk to the politician about the necessity, in the interests of good govern- ment, of dividing Queensland, he usually displays an utter lack of interest, and is inclined to regard it as an unreasonable, if not absurd, proposition. The stock argument usually advanced as a clincher is '"Oh, look at your population; it is not large enough,'' utterly ignoring the fact that the popula- tion of all Queensland at the time of separation in 1859 was not more than 25,000, and that it does not require any particular number of people to form a self-go\erning community. Very few persons appear to be aware of the fundamental principles by which in the earlier days of colonisation colonies, by settlement, were enable I to manage their ow-n affairs. Their right to munage their ow-n affairs was inherent in the colonists by virtue of the com- mon law which they carried with them. The acts of the Sovereign in issuing a proclamation in divid- ing the colony into electoral districts, in calling for the return of representatives, simply discharged a constitutional duty, which preserved to the people who had hived off from the parent State, or colony, those constitutional rights which belonged to them as Englishmen, and without which the laws and institutions of England would not accompan\ them. It has been pointed out by competent authority that these features of our constitutional system have disappeared in England, and the Treaty of Union between England and Scotland, and the Act of Union with Ireland, have made the exercise of this prerogative in Great Britain and Ireland no longer possible, but the prerogative has not perished in other parts of the Empire. It has accompanied Englishmen wherever the sovereignty of the Crown has been established by a settlement of people enjoying common law rights. This constitutional doctrine was well stated by Mr. Justice Willes in the case of Phillips v. Eyre. This great principle of self-government has been ignored and overridden by the rigid and restric- tive provisions respecting the creation of new States embodied in the Federal Constitution. The people who, like those of Northern and Central Queens land, have settled and subdued the wilderness and laid the foundations of new and self-supporting communities, have been deprived bv the Federal 454 The Review of Reviews'^ Noveviber 1, 1906. Constitution of their constitutional rights which be- longed to them as Englishmen. Limited space precludes anything like an exhaus- tive treatment of this, to my mind, very interesting and important subject. I hope it may commend itself to our politicians and leaders of thought and action throughout the Commonwealth. In this con- nection, I would draw the attention of vour readers to the splendid example of that great English- speaking nation, the United States of America. Commencing with the thirteen original States, which were gradually carved out of the two original plan- tations, these now embrace no less than 20 self- governing States, while other 28 States have been carved out of the territories, making 48 in all. Ad- ditional States will eventually be car\-ed out of the remaining territories. Many of the States of the American Union are verv small in area, compared with the area of our Victoria. There can be no doubt that not only Queens- land, but also the who!e Commonwealth, would be greatly benefited by her division. It would also tend towards that ultimate equality of Federal power, so necessary for a successful federation of States. A Federation in .which one or two States are so powerful as to practically overshadow and dominate the others is not a good thing, a fact that will perhaps be eventually exemplified by the mam- moth State of New South Wales. I am aware that some persons contend that there are already too manv Governments in Australia, and advocate the abolition of all the State Governments. The saving of expense is one of the stock reasons advanced, but that, in my opinion, is a very great fallacy. Abolishing the State Legislatures would mean Unification, and an intolerable centralisation of power and authority in a far distant capital city. It is not the cost of government that is the trouble, but unwise and mischievous legislation, the ill- effects of which we are suffering from to-day. In conclusion, let me express the opinion that the gridiron maps do not truly represent either the state of public opinion in the Commonwealth with regard to Socialism, or the relative degree in which the different States are affected by the Socialistic doctrine, e.g., there "are probably more Socialists in New South Wales than in Queensland, but the maps do show that in the larger States the well- organised Labour Socialists are able to get a fuller representation in the Federal Parliament, and thus give the national policv a much more decided Socialistic character than is demanded by the majo- rity of Australians. If this be so, then the question of the formation of new States by the sub-division of huge areas like Queensland, is one which deserves more attention than it receives at present from those who, while sincerelv desiring political and social reform, are yet determined to avoid the falsehood of extremes, and do their best to prevent the wreck of the Aus- tralian ship of State upon either the Scylla of Indi- vidualism or the Charybdis of Socialism. So far as Queensland is concerned, her division would bring into existence other centres of activity, and a great stimulus would be given to the nro"TPs« and development not only of Northern and Central Queensland, but Southern Queensland also. To use the words of Sir Henrv Parkes. their " growth and prosperitv would be more absolutelv assured." Under the present system the progress and develop- ment of the country is checked and retarded to an enormous extent. If any of our readers desire to help in fulfilling the besrt national ideals, and of bringing about social conditions which will assist in giving such facilities for right doing that oppression and wrong mav vanish, join our League of Patriots, a band of men and women all over Australasia banded to- gether for social service. Everyone, rich and poor, educated and illiterate, may help us. All that is necessary is a loving sympathy for one's fellow- creatures. Send along for a copy of "How to Help," and it may give you some valuable hints for becoming a real power for good. Send to W. H. Judkins, "Review- of Reviews," Equitable Building, Melbourne. .5^ ,(c\jg/G)f . . >EJLJI * (£1/5 tr\2) ' Review of Reviews, 1/12/06. What Some of Our Readers Say About ^^The Review of Reviews/' ["The Review of Reviews" aims at bringing about the best condition of society possible, believing that the environment of a people very largely influences them in their development. We are con- stantly receiving from our subscribers letters of which the following are specimens. " The Review of Reviews " aims at being the magazine which gives the best view of world-wide affairs, but in ad- dition to that it strives to promote social reform in its best and widest aspect. Vou will be giv- ing the general cause of reform a wonderful lift by trying to get "The Review of Reviews "into the homes of all who are about you. Tell your friends how^ you appreciate "The Review," and show them what some of our subscribers say. I thank vou in anticipation. — The Editor.] .Sir Robert Stout, Chief Justice of New Zealand, writes : — " I am, and have been, a Kubscriber to ' The Re- ciew ' from its start. I am much pleased with the impiovement that you have made in it, and I think the reduction in price will make it still more popu- lar than it has been. I am also pleased to see that you are, in addition to giving an account of the events political, social and litei-ary, of the month, paying some attention to the social life of the people of the colonies. We ought to lead in social progress, but I do not know if we are at pre.sent doing so. I have been specifically pleased to see that you are dealing with the gambling evil. It is very serious. It is not merely the loss of money that many sustain who can ill afford such los,s;, but the whole ideal of life Ijecomes low, and men do not look to thrift and work as a means of social progress." " A.W.A." writes : — " I am glad to say I owe a great deal to ' The Review of Reviews,' and I like your idea of Social Service." The Rev. W. G. Sharpe (N.S.W.) writes : " Allow me to express my appreciation of your ideal as e.^pres,sed in the July ' Review,' and I sin- cerely trust you may live to see it in part realised ; but the social reformer rarely if ever sees the frui- tion of the seeds he sows. I am delighted at the splendid stand ' The Review ' is taking against gambling and its attendant erils, evils which threaten, vampire-like, to exhaust the life-blood of the>se States. I sincerely trust you may be able to inspire every man and woman to strive for the at- tainment of your four aims. To many of us in iso- lated places it appears a long struggle, but knowing now that there is a force organising, working and striving all through the land, fainting hands and feeble knees will be strengthened." Mr. R. C. Watts (Vic.) writes:— " I have been a constant subscriber to ' The Review of Reviews ' for over fifteen years, and I am now more interested than ever in its work." Rev. T. A. Joughin (N.Z.) writes:— " I heartily approve of the tone and spirit of the addre.<>s to your readers. For far too long the politi- cal atmosphere has been charged with low ideals, and even when righteous laws have been placed on the statute book, unrighteous administration has too often made them of no effect. I am sure that your maga- zine \rill be an efficient in.strument in helping to secure clean administration of the laws we already have, as well as a potent influence in shaping the opinions that must crystallise into the legislation of the future. The July number of 'The Review' is ex- cellent. Vou have found your pulpit, and appear to be using it with a full sense of your responsibility to God and man. May you never lower youi' flag nor drift into that hardness of heart that brings irrever- ence for the dreams of youth !" Mr. H. Hubbard (N.S.W.) writes ;— " I have studied your magazine for a considerable time, and cannot but admire its really ' Puritan ' spirit. In one of your back numbers you made a suggestion about a ' Humanist ' party^, but your magazine all along has advocated 'Humanism,' from its ' leader ' to its covers. As Colonel Parker, the American Educational Reformer, writes to teachers that ■ The tone of a child's mind cannot be improved if we separate the intellect from the religious spirit,' so ' The Review of Reviews ' launches forth and at- tacks any and every abuse, from social and religious grounds, with such a sincerely religious spirit, that its success is assured with all God-fearing men and women. How soon would heathen jingoism disappear if our local country paper were to study the spirit of ' The Review,' the onh/ paper in Australia that ad- vocates purely un.selfish national interests and prin- ciples without pandering to the opinions of a ' rag- ing ' minority of fanatics. You attack the ' Tote ' with such a daring spirit that one yearns for a simi- lar article on ' Tattersall's.' which has got such a hold up here that a candidate for the Federal Par- liament was applauded by the whole audience the other day when he expressed on the platform that hi.s partv (Labour), at least, had no intention of thus interfering with the pleasures of the people." W.T.W. (N.S.W.) writes: — " In renewing my sub.scription, I would like to ex- press the high appreciation I have of ' The Review of Reviews,' and the stand you are taking therein on various social and national refornw. In most of these you have my entire .sympathy, and I hope the sphere of your influence may be broadened until the goal is reached, . . . With all else (one suggestion noted) the articles on various topics, nobodv can do else than admire your liberality and impartiality." Review of Revi^^s, Ijll'-'-j. CORRESPONDENCE. AX UNDEMOCRATIC DEMOCRACY. • Professor Priin "' writes : — t;nio:sists asd ^'o^--^:xIO^^STa. - The merest glance at some of the measures current 111 various mirts of Australasia since the advent of the Labour Partv is sufficient to prove that the New Democracy, as it" loves to be styled, is extremely un- democratic. New it certainly is from a democratic point of view, since one of its main planks is the denial of the verv fundamental principle on which Democracy is based— equal opportunities for all. And this is the more surprising as the party wliich advo- cates it, and which has succeeded in getting it judi- cially enforced, is wholly recruited from the ranks of the workers, and is naturally therefore suppo.-^ to represent the interests of those who toil. Yet that the very contrary is the case is apparent directly we examine what this party has really done. It calls itself the Labour Party; but it is very inappropri- ately named, since its member.s are mere puppets in the hands of the Labour Unions, whovse yie\vs they endorse, whose orders tliey oh-ey. and wha^e bitterest enmity and persecution they incur when they break loose from the yoke. But the Labour Unio-is only re- present a very small proportion of the workere. prob- ably not more than 20. or at the most 2.5, per cent, of the whole of the manual labourers of the Common- wealth, and it is almost solely in the intei-ests of th-s small section that a large part of the labour legis- lation of .Australia is based. Very niany of the workers object to join the unions, which are hot- beers of the I nion competent to do work required to be done, and ready and willing to perfomi it, they must be employed, the question of competency being for the Court and not for the employer to decide. Then there was the case of tlie Sydney hairdresser named Channell in 1903, who very naturally refused to dismiss an em- ploye with whom he was thoroughly satisfied, and to whom he was paying the highest wage, at the dicta- tion of the Labour Union, and who was taken before the Court and compelled to sack the uon-Unionist and employ .someone else. But a far more startling case occurred in the- same year, when a Sydney un- dertaker named Byrnes employed a man named McDonagh on an emergency, and, as he had proved his efficiency, wished to retain him. In order to com- ply with the clause in the Award, which prevented him from permanently employing a non-Unioni.st. Byrnes gave McDonagh the option of joining the Tfnion or of leaving his employment. McDonagh ac- cordingly applied for admission to the Union, was refused for no other reason than that there were several members of the Union who wanted the job, and he was accordingly deprived of the opportunity of obtaining brejid for his wife and family. And his employer was actually fined, although the Judae ad- mitted that he had made every effort to get McDonagh admitted into the Union, and had endea- \ouied to the best of his power to comply with the award of the Court. "TRICKY, T^^DERHA^^) A>T) DISHONEST." A precisely similar case occurred a few weeks ago. when a man named O'Dwyer, thoroughly competent in every way, was refu.sed admission into the Sydney Wharf Labourers' Union on no reasonable pretext. Judge Hayden characterising the action of the Union as ''tricky, underhand, and dishone.st." But the climax wa.s reached in 1904. when the same Union, having obtained all it wanted from the Court, in- cluding a settlement of wages and preference to Unionists, at once closed its books and refused to ad- mit another member, thus turning the Union into a clo.«e guild. The action of the T'nion was denounced by .Judge Cohen as ■' undenincratrc and tyrannical in the extreme." and the award was amended so as to make the preference clause inoperative unless the rules of the Union permitted competent persons of good character and sober habits to join the Union without election. The cases cited above, some of which were use has beiMi fKl repute standina idle, and diminish segregation by filling up vacan cies. It should liehtom cost of transit, bv furnishinf tnde and customers in continuous stream. Tt should diminish cost of all caterinc for th« Iiuhlic. It would cheapen economic rent, but rai.se rent- value of improvements. It woukl rai.se wages and interest, while cheapen- ing foo < hear it.'' Delegates from all nationalities vied with each other in expressing the delight with which thev heard the familiar doctrines so often stated on their platforms, repeated with the utmost earnestness and fenour by the Prime Minister of Great Britain." The speech was a portent of progress and of peace, and to W. J. Bryan it was an unexpected reveljition of the faith and coun gc which animate Sir Henrv Campbell-Bannerman. THE BELGIAN DELEGATES. Belgium sent more representatives than any other nation in proportion to its size. Count Goblet D'Alviella, who is just bringing out a book about America, was conspicuous from his height and his clear, frank speech. He is a leader among the Liberals. M. La Fontaine and M. Vander\elde represented the Socialists, while of others there were no fewer than seventy-seven. Much curiosit\- was expressed as to the sentiments of the English to- wards Belgium. ■' We feel unhappy to think that you no longer regard Belgium with the affection which used to prevail in your country. '• Sir,'' I always replied, " we love Belgium as much as ever, and the Belgians as well. But we cannot stand the Emperor of the Congo." " Oh !' was the answer, " but what we think is that England wants the Cop.go for herself. Were it not for that suspicion things would be very different." To which, of course, I could only reply that not even our Jingoes, who are now stretched out fiat, wanted the Congo. But that the one thing absolutely intolerable was that King Leopold, whose title was created by an Intem-tional Conference in order to civilise and open up the Congo, should ise the authority so acquired to con- vert it into a huge monopoly and collect rubber bv torture and murder. I asked one of the Belgians how things had gone at the General Election. " Excellently well," he siid. " and the strange thing is that everyone is satisfied. The Clericals, who lost many seats, are delighted they escaped being turned out. The Socialists are pleased because they gained tvvo seats, although they lost votes, and the Liberals are also pleased because they gained both seats and votes." The Spaniards and Portuguese were represented, but they were silent. The most important German Review of Eeviewi, IjlljOfi. at the Parliament of the Nations. 463 was Professor Eichkoff, a member of the Freisinnige party in the Reichstag. He has a good voice, and is an admirable speaker. I was very glad to hear from him confirmation of the reports I receive by nearly every post as to the excellent results that have followed the visit of the German editors to London. Another notable person, one of the most picturesque figures at the receptions, was Monsignor Count Vye de Vaye, a Hungarian Chamberlain of the Pope. He looked like a boy, but he has travelled round the world, interviewed Emperors, inspected the missions of a Continent, lectured the millionaires of America, and written a book — altogether a notable man who is but at the beginning of a notable career. W. T. Stead. ruck.'\ Peace: Next Gentlemen, Please! [New York. But the Powers, whose heads are bristling witti ijayonets, are in no hurry to take the vacant seat. More interest is being taken every month in the ideals of "The Review of Reviews," and I am grateful to the friends who have sent me the names of friends who they think will be interested in them, and in a magazine of such literary worth as "The Review." If any reader has friends (and who has not) interested in social ideals, will they please send their names, that we may send them a sample copy. Send to Editor "Review of Reviews," Equitable Building, Melbourne. Rerieic of Reviews, IjIlfOG. ESPERANTO. ESPERANTISTS AT GENEVA. (Written while the Congress was in progress.) To obtain an adequate idea of such a gathering as the second Esperanto Congress at Geneva, no- thing less than a visit suffices (writes a correspon- dent). Let no one imagine that the members are there for amusement. From Monday morning they have been at work : even before the official opening many meetings were organised. The nations had each to select their speakers, the Language Com- m'ttee to settle exactly what could be done in the time available, the organising committee to attempt to satisfy the hundreds of people from all quarters of the globe. All, however, led up to the formal public opening on Tuesday evening, when the Vic- toria Hall, which holds some 1800 people, was tilled to its top gallery. And such a company I Not often have idealists, artists, ordinary folk, labouring men, and business people united thus in a common cause. The entrance of Doctor Zamenhof was the signal for a tumultuous welcome, and, quiet, modest gentleman though he is, he must by now have learnt to enjoy thit which can only be called a loving greetmg. The president this year is Pastor Schneeberger, whose opening speech of welcome was followed b> one from the eminent linguist (whose seven lan- guages do not, however, include English), Professor Naville. Then Doctor Zamenhof rose, and when the shouts of •• Vivu Zamenhof " permitted, began with a few graceful words of thanks to the hospitable town which had received the Congress. Continuing, he said that he was really only there as a private man, for the condition of his unhappy country had hin- dered him from much active participation in the progress made. With pathos he spoke of his native town (Bvalistock), and the descent upon it of savage hordes, who had put to death the innocent and helpless. The Russians are not naturally cruel, he cried out; the sole thing they desire is to be left to pursue their way in quietness. War is horrible at any time, but when the bloodshed and slaughter is between those who dwell in the same place, divided onlv bv racial and religious differences, it is far more horrible, for then friend is arrayed against friend, and even the women and children are not spared. Dr. Zamenhof then spoke of the idea that Esperanto is only a language Perish such a thought, he cried ; if that w-ere true I would tear off mv green star, and never speak a word of it again. For twentv years I have fought and struggled, but not for a language: it is for an ideal. I am bat- tling for the spirit of reciprocal helpfulness, which shall ensure a better future for all mankind. The fervent oration had as fervent a reception, and then succeeded speech after speech from the various delegates • in the following order : — Bel- gium, Bohemia, the Marquis de Beaufront (who has been called the second Zamenhof) for France, Den- mark, Finland, Germany, Great Britain (represented bv a lady whose clear voice sounded admirably),- Spain, Catalonia, Russia, Sweden, United States, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Canada and Italy (also re- presented by a lady). It is not possible to give the various speeches in detail. The Finnish delegate said that nowhere were there more fervent Esper- antists than in his country, upon which the e\es of the world had so lately been turned. The Spanish delegate, a typical, comfortable-looking Abbe, re- gretted that he was not a better speaker, when a voice from the hall cried out, " Vi parolas bonege, bonege !' causing hearty laughter. M. Cart spoke well and forcibly on the delight Esperanto gave to the blind; and M. Michaux gave a most delightful finish by a witty speech in French. Telling about a shop in which a phonograph was loudly perform- ing, and outside which was a man who insisted that the phonograph, which was trumpeting loudly, was not a fact, but only an illusion of the senses, he cleverlv led up to a declaration that the whole even- ing in the Victoria Hall was a delusion and a snare, and all the Esperanto speeches pretence; that the foreigners had prepared their speeches, and told them to everyone else; and that, in fact, it was quite a cheat from beginning to end, and even the Dane who had come to the hall straight from the station had been coached in the train. Amidst shouts of laughter from those present who under- stood French, the evening closed at 11.30. On Wednesday evening the performance will be in the theatre, when the programme will include " A Letter of Recommendation,' by Max Maurey ; a duet from -^ Figaro " ; '■ The Flower of the Past," a drama of Edmond de Amicis, translated especially for the congress; and several original songs, the performers in each case being of different nation- alities. It is a real misfortune that representatives of Governments were not present, for this is one amongst manv remarkable facts — of the national delegates onlv one showed any difference of accent and he in one word only, and there cou il be no more conclusive proof of the suitability of Esper- anto as an international speech-medium. H.R.N. —The fii-st attompt.s at Esperanto poetry submitted to us do not seem to be of a partitularly high-class variety. — .l.B. Review of Revieus. Illl/hC. Esperanto, 4(^5 We print this isBue a very neat translation of Es- peranto Specimen No. 6, sent in by " E.H.," of In- vercargill, New Zealand. We were about to say that we regretted the small number of translations that ar«> being sent in to us, but on consirity to Servia. His grandfather, the founder of the Karageorge dynasty. The Princess Helena. military studies in 1867. At the same time he de- voted much time to the study of political science and history. It was in 1867, at the age of twenty- three, that King Peter translated John Stuart Mill's ■' Liberty " into Servian. On the outbreak of the Franco-German War the young Prince took an ac- tive part and served with great distinction, being at- tached to the Foreign Legion till the reoccupation of Orleans, and then to the General Staff of the i8th Army Corps till the end of January, 1871. He served under General Billot and Bourbaki, and took part in many engagements. He received the Cross of the Legion d'Honneur after the battle of Le 470 The Review of Reviews. Xovem'jer i, 1306. Vellersexel, in \Vhich he distinguished himself notably. During the war Prince Peter was able to supplement his theoretical military training by practical ex- perience, and _at the close he was anxious to turn his military ability to the account of his own people. The Obrenovitch dynasty reigned at Belgrade, and it was therefore not possible to assist the Servians of Servia ; but there were the Servians of Bosnia in order to supplement that already begun in Herze- govina. He organised the first insurrectionary troops at Doiibitza. on the Onna, at his own expense, and of Montenegro. He then settled at Cettigne, and re- mained there even after the death of his wife, until 1894, when the education of his three children de- cided him to choose a place of residence more suit- able, and in that year he settled in Geneva. His three children were all born in Montenegro. They are the Princess Helena, born in 1884, the Crown Prince George, bom in 1887, and the Prince Alex- ander, born in 1888. The two Princes passed through several classes in the college at Geneva before proceeding to the Alexandrowski school for i PI i y- c9H K j f r 1 » Alexander I. 'King Peter's Father. raised the standard of re\-olt 'm Bosnia. Despiie the enmity between the dynasties. Prince Peter wrote at this time to King Milan and offered to work in common with him. Milan's reply was such as to do much harm to the Servian cause in the two pro- vinces ; and when Montenegro and Servia declared war on Turkey, Prince Peter withdrew in order not to lend weight to any accusation of seeking to pro- mote the claims of his dynasty. After this time the Prince lived in Paris and Vienna till his marriage in 1883 with the Princess Zorka. daughter of the Prince King Peter's IVlother in National Dress, — ' vddets in St. Petersburg. King Peter personally superintends their education, and they number amongst their instructors the leading professors in Servia. Nothing is left undone to make them worthy of the dignity of ruler of the Servian f>eople, and there is no doubt but that they have seriously taken to heart the wise counsel and example of their father the King. Although living in Geneva for the years before his accession. King Peter was in close touch with Servia and the leading Servians. The regime of the Revieu: of Rerietr)', 1/11106. Character Sketches. 41 i two last Obrfiiovitchs gave him every prospect that the people would demand the return of that dynast) of which he was the representative. He, however, refrained from involving himself in any of the numerous conspiracies, real or fictitious, against the Obrenovitchs, and was content to await the time when the people of Servia should imperatively feel the need of him at their head. He was not to blame that the call came after a tragedy horrible in its bloody details, which was presented to the world bv those interested in Servian unrest without the circumstances which made it intelligible. A great admirer of Great Britain, it was a very real sorrow to King Peter that the first vears of his reign should be shadowed by the refusal of the British Government to send a Minister to Belgrade, while declining to give any idea of the steps con- sidered necessary for the renewal of diplomatic rela- tions. At last, thanks to the decision of King Peter and his Prime Minister, Monsieur Pachitch, relations have been reopened, and there is every hoi)e that the two countries will remain friends, more and more clo.sely bound in the future. Servia is a small State, but the Servian nation is large and a very considerable factor in the future of the Austrian Empire and the Balkan peninsula, while there seems no adequate reason why we should abandon the rich resources of the countrv to more enterprising Ger- mans, whose ideas are not without taint of political aspiration. Under King Peter, a real constitutional monarch, of high moral principles and honest pur- pose. Great Britain mav be sure that Servia will pursue a straight and progressive course, making her more and more worthv to be considered a modern European State on an equality with any in the west of the Continent. King Peter s mission is well begun ; it behoves those who hold to the prin- ciples of constitutional liberty and progress to see that he does not lack for moral and practical sup- port against the enormous difficulties which confront him. II.— IN MEMORIAM : PEARL MARY TERESA CRAIGfE. By Desmond Mountjoy Raleigh. When Death steps fresh from the Darkness, and taking one of our friends by the hand leads them out into the great silence, w-e one and all hasten to make a trivial tribute of sweet flowers or perhaps of words, to the memory of our friend. I am not sure that we are not to some extent impelled to do this by the unacknowledged feeling which sadly reminds us that while that friend was still with us, and fighting the daily fight, we often failed to cheer and help them by a word or a smile. Pearl Craigie never wanted for friends, or the sweet offices of friendship during her life. Emer- son says, " the way to have friends is to he one,' and as she was one of the be-st friends that a man or woman could possibly have, she had her exceed- ing great reward. Her days of darkness and her nights of sorrow were .softened by the ineffable odour of friendship, and her happy moments were made happier by the light reflected from the eyes of those w hose greatest joy w-as to witness hers. OUR FIRST KEETINCt. Six or seven \ears ago, viewing the mysterious world of Literature and Art from atop of the magic hills of inexperienced youth, I saw in Pearl Mary Teresa Craigie a bright particular star, to whom I freely accorded all my homage and adoration. When I found myself in London for the first time, I speedily made my way into her presence, and ne\er shall I forget ni> feeling of exaltation and gratitude when I discovered that she was all and more than the ideal my fancy had pictured. I suppose we are all more or less dual-natured. but to me Mrs. Craigie always seemed three dis- tinct people, and it was the gracious admixture of these three that was known to the world. But to manv to whom the personalitv, as a whole, was fairly familiar its triune aspects were pu2zling and mys- terious. Born of the best blood and tradition of the New World, she was in early life steeped in the poetry, passion and glorious traditions of the Old, and the result was her almost unique modernity and keen- ness, which, worn as a graceful outer garment, covered the soul of a poet and a saint. THREE IN OXE. She w as " John Oliver Hobbes," the somewhat puritan, who with unfailing finger pointed out the evils and sores of modern life, and who had much of the stern puritan hoped-for-make-believe and sham. Then she was Pearl Craigie, the darling of her friends, the intimate of the great social, artiiftic, and literary world, the equ;d of Queens, a woman who faithfully served her contemporaries to her utmost abilit\'. Last, and most alluring picture of all, she was ■ Mary Teresa," and she was not unworthy of the great woman whose namesake she was, and in whose steps she humbly sought to follow. The world may not have known it, but it was the •■ Mary Teresa " in her that gave grace, sweetness and strength to her character, and added an unde- finable something which all felt thuugh few could The Review of Reviews. November 1, ItOi. The Lata Mrs. Craigie ("John Oliver Hobbes "). Bom Xovoml.T :!i-.l. IS:;:. Dkvl .A.iif.ixst IP.tli. 10%. define ; it was as intangible, as exquisite, and as refreshing as the odour of rose gardens in the morn. ONE or THE SALT OF THE EARTH. A devout Roman Catholic, she was, as are many members of her Church, somewhat of a fatalist. Her extraordinary activity, her deep sympathy, and her wide understanding were to some extent accounted for by the fact that she felt she had much to do, and that the niglit soon cometh when no man can work. Yet it must not be thought that she wished for an earlv death. She was one of the great lovers of the earth who are at once the salt thereof, and the living chalices of the wine of God, and she has herself said : For who that loves dotli ever sigh for death? A mutual friend told her 1 was most anxious to make her acquaintance, and almost immediately I received a friendly note saying she was staying for a time at the Carlton Hotel, and asking me to come and have tea with her there. A THREE HOURS' INTERVIEW. It was a wonderful afternoon : I think I stayed about three hours, and it seemed like ten minutes. Her beauty of person, her perfect taste in dress, her wit, her charm, fascinated you, and one of the greatest compliments I can pa\ to her cleverness is to say she never let you realise how clever she really was. She knew that to be virtuous out of season is to be worse than wicked ; and so she was all things to all men, and to each she gave something intan- gible and imperishable. The apparent spontaneity of her work was the result of long and strenuous effort. She spent some six or seven years preparing to write '" Robert Orange " and " The School for Saints," and these she considered her best works, an opinion which most critics would, 1 think, endorse. ON BOOKS AND AUTHORS. The author was to her the high priest of the things of the soul, and her opinion of those of her contemporaries who might be said to write for gold or applause was unsparingly contemptuous. She had a deep admiration for both Mrs. Humphry Ward and Mrs. W. K. Cliflford, and gladly confessed that she owed much to both of them. I fancy that at one time she must have been a keen admirer of Emerson, though I do not remem- ber having heard her say so, and her Catholic taste and svmpathy made her at once appreciate in vary- ing degrees Jenny Taylor, Lord Beaconsfield, George Moore, Hall Calne, W. B. Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Mr. Balfour and Marie Corelli. The author of '■ Robert Orange '" was largeh in- debted to Beaconsfield. and she said that as a nove- list who dealt with politics, certaiji aspects uf his Rti-ieu- Of Recieirs, I'JUIuS. (Character Sketches, 473 -work had never been surpassed. As a man he at moments obsessed her by his great abiUty, while her Puritan soul writhed when she remembered his ethics. ON POLITICS. rolitics interested her immensely, though I hardlv think she thought much of politicians. She felt that if you knew things from the inside, and could watch the pu'.ling of the strings, it was vastly amusing and even absorbing. While she acknow- ledged that the game of politics was a necessary one, she was somewhat pessimistic as to its value, and 1 think she only saw two ways of helping man- kind in the mass, and these two were religion and literature. In common with all who think widely and deeply, John Oliver Hobbes clearly realised the value of the theatre as an asset in national life. ON DR-AMA AND THE THEATRE. Her views on the drama were very sane, and she could admire a musical comedy as much as a Shakespearian or classical play, though I have heard her define a certain very successful musical comedy as " movement gone mad.' The two living dramatic artists she most admired were Mr. F. R. Benson and Miss Olga Nethersole. The former's " Richard the Second " she regarded as the high-water mark of excellence on the modern stage, and while she was w»ritlng " The Flute of Pan " for Miss Nethersole she told me that in her opijiion this actress wa.s a great actress who had never had a chance. And here let me say that her concurrence in the somewhat unusual action taken by the management to boom an obvious failure was the result of her firm conviction that she had given a great artist a fitting medium of expression, and was far removed from auN desire to force something on the public which they did nut want. She did not quite believe in a national theatre, because she felt that an art which is not self-sup- porting c.innot be said to bear any vital relationship to the life of the people, however interesting or ad- mirable it may be in itself ; but she certainly thought that Shakespeare should be continually presented in this country. Her feeling was that his plays should be mounted with chaste simplicity and austerity, and not have their beauty shadowed by excessive mil- linery and too much ornament. HER AUTOGRAPH. I remember calling to see her in the spring of 1904. I found her with the proof sheets of "The Vineyard " on the table, and she copied for me the letter, which in the book is addressed to a young painter ; — Feb. 3. 1904. You h;i.ve caught the gaiety, the very madueBS and in- tojiicatioti of the suminer; you ha\e put it with express beauty and skill on canvas, liut you have done it from the outside — aa though you yourself were in a dark cave and watching the world through some little hole. Another time join iu the madness: be less distant and calm. Tlie calm does not deceive me: it is another name for death in the soul But the saddest histories in the world are the hiB- toriea of its men of genius — " The Vineyard," p. 313. Pearl Mary Teresa Craigib. " The saddest histories in the world are histories of its men of genius.' How keenly she realised that, only God knew. THE TRAGEDY OF HEK LIFE— Her brief married life was a failure, and she suf- fered intolerably. What that suffering meant to her work and to the world no one can say. We only know that through suffering men find God; and only a soul that has suffered can point the way to Him. She found rest and cdnsolatiini in the arms of the great Roman Catholic Church. I liked to think of her as retiring occasionally from the strenuous life of the world, into the white peace of the convent, where only God, and the things of the soul, are deemed of any account. Then she would come forth laden with benison and balm, and pass its sweetness on to her vain and foolish brethren, who stupidly toiled for the world's rewards. —AND ITS CONSOLATION. The great reward of all her labour and sorrow was her boy. Now a lad of sixteen at Eton, he is old enough to remember and appreciate his beau- tiful mother, and. one day, if God wills, he will gr(jw up a good, gracious man, and she, watching from Heaven, will smile and kiK)W that, however pro- minent and great a woman's public career may be, her rarest privilege is that it is she whom God has deputed to first set His seal on the soul of a child. This is not the occasion to try to fix her place in Literature, though it is undoubtedly a very high one, and as far as one can see, alive she had no equal, and dead she has left no successor. Had she lived, it may have been that she would have given the world even finer work, but that need not fret us. Death is never premature, and none die before their work is done. Royal natured, she gave rovally. Widely dowered, she gave widely ; great souled, she explored and revealed to us the heights and depths of human nature. None ever appealed to her in vain, and each got more than he asked, and however he may have re- ceived it, you may be sure it was offered with sin- cerity and grace. HER PHILOSOPHY. Broadly speaking, her philosophy may be summed up in a few words. .She held that a man may com- mit murder, lust, theft, adultery, sacrilege, or any other sin, and repenting, find forgiveness and peace; but he who, seeing and knowing the higher, delibe- rately shut his eyes and chose the lower, cemmitted the unpardonable sin for which there is no redemp- tion. She taught the terrible truth that if a man has 474 The Review of Reviews. Xovember 1, 1906. an ideal, and if for lust, or gain, or ease, or friends, or societv, or religion, or charit}', or his loved one, or for anv other reason, he abandon or sell it, his soul is eternally damned and lost. He shall wander afar in the fields of darkness, and round his breast he will ever wear the flaming wreath of remorse. " With God all things are possible,' but it is ques- tionable if even He could forgive this sin ! HEE END. Her end, like her life, was very quiet and very beautiful. It was not sudden. God is never a sur- prise to such souls as hers. How sweet to come away from the beautiful country home of beloved ones, and, passing unsoiled through a city of strife and sin, fall asleep with the perfume of the kisses of vour best beloved on your lips, and wake in the arms of God ! How beautiful that the last words which you pen- ned should express loving care, and thought, and devotion, to those who had given you life 1 What an exquisitely graceful memorv and inspira- tion for those left behind that they know that at eventide you went into your oratory and there, hum- blv stripping your soul of all worldliness, gave it in happy confidence into the loving care of God, and, falling asleep to the world, awoke to finil your- jelf eternally in His presence! THE LESSON. Her life shames us, and teaches us many things. First of all, she tells us that in these days if you want to be a " Mary Teresa " you need not enter the. cloister. You can live freely in the world. You can laugh and sing and dance, and be merry, and marry and bear children, and live happily in the world, and be a saint. You can love and admire beauty, you can wear beautiful clothes, and be surrounded by beautiful things, and your soul can be as good and pure as if you wore a shirt of hair. You can live in the social and intellectual en- vironment to which your ability admits you ; you can moderately enjoy the luxuries of life and still be a friend, a brother, and a helper to the ugly, the poor, the afflicted, and the distressed. Finding God in all things, you can follow beauty afar and worship Him in Nature, in .\rt. in Litera- ture, and in Life. Not being God's., and therefore not knowing ulti- mate good from ultimate evil, you will search for the scimething good which vou will inevitably find in all things ; and you will shun the evil which you will discover even in the most fair: remember- ing that Christ stooped and wrote with His fingers in the sand, you will be charitable to all men, and judge not. Remembering that compared to God's whiteness our fairness is but filth, we will help our brother who faints bv the way. Remembering that life is a quest and not a con- quest, we will not be disheartened by failure, or sneer should our brother make mud-tracks in the snow. It is the step forward that counts, and not the ground conquered, because the end is ultimate good, and ultimate good is God ; and no man can by stri\ing find out God, but if you strive earnestly, God can and will stretch out His hands and draw vou to Himself. The writer of the splendid article on '■ The Totalisator in New Zealand," which appeared in the last issue, desires us to make the following comment; — "I said that _;£40,ooo was a common amount to go through the Totalisator at one meeting in a day. It should be ;^25,ooo. ^40.000 is very common for two days' racing, but has never yet been reached in one day in New Zealand." Read Important Announcement on page 528. Review of Review*, 1/12106. Current History in Caricature. ■■() «ad some power the .yiftie ;_iie us. To see ourselves as itlicrs see us."--l!ri:NS. The first tiling which is noticeable about the car- toons this montli is that "F.C.G/' is away on his hohdays. The humour of the month would be poor indeed sometimes without the inimitable cartoonist of the ll'estninistcr Gazette. One of the best poli- tical cartoons in Puneh is reproduced in the " Pro- gress of the World.' It depicts Dr. Clifford and Lord Hugh Cecil as Ijrother Passive Resisters in the stocks. The meeting of Kaiser and King at the Castle of Cronberg has, of course, furnished material for the caricaturists, and the picture of William II. in Scotch kilts, reproduced from the Italian Pasquino, is verv funny. Mr. Bryan's campaign for the Pre- sidency will furnish many a subject during the next few weeks, but the one we publish is excellent. Puck represents the Democratic leader as the Knight of the Swan, Miss Democracy, of course, appearing as Elsa. The Roosevelt cartoon in Judge is good, but the artist was lacking in humour when he labelled his fourth card, seeing that it was the knave. For the rest the Revolution in Russia is still the most fruitful theme in the work of the Continental caricaturist. The reform movement in comes in for some comment, charges of bribery in connection with the famous betting appeal cases. Puncli cari(~atures what it calls my " recklessness," evidently chagrined, like some sections of the press, at its failure to make me " say something," forgetting that it is not the press that is fighting the battle of reform. In spite, however, of attempts at ridicule, the movement progresses merrilv. Victoria of course With regard to my The Bulietin.] The Abashed Pirate— A Tragedy ia Two Views. I have noticed, too. with much ple.a8ure that when a juvenile conies before the Children's Court no glowing ac- count of his escapade appears in the daily press. He is no longer the hero he used to be. He cannot cut the para- graph from the paper now, and carry it in his hat for weeks to show admiring companions and awaken in them a desire to emulate his (what they consider) heroism. — From the report of a A'.S.IV. Uefonnatory. View I. — This is what Jocelyn Jones imagined would usher in his career of crime. View II — And this was the unimpressive reality. Jocelyn Jones has now decided not to be a pirat«. There's no lime- light in the business. 476 The Review of Reviews. Xocember 1, 1906. Sampana de Gracii:.^ [B:ircelona, Obssrve, Reflect — aad be Wise. Kladdtrradaffch.'] The Last Hope. [Berlin. Von Stoeaael, condemned to death, hopes to escape bj" means of a decoration brought from Port Aithur. Melbourne Fttnch.l The Three Knights. (The Three Federal Parties are now preparing to make a fervid appeal to the countrj-.) THE THREE KXIGHTS (as one manj: " Siveet ladv. I am devoted heart and soul to thy cause. I pray thee dub me thine own chosen kniglit. and let me serve thee, and thee alone." The Fair L.\DY: •Marrv: little youll do but fight ©aoh other. -If I could roll the three o.f you into one vou might be some good to ine." Melbourne Punvh.] The Recklessness of Judkics. JUD. ; "I didn't mean them. But what matters who are hurt. 90 long as my bombs cre.ate a striking 3en^atiOll^ My objects must be achieved " Reiieic 0/ Relii'u-f, 1/11/OC. Current History In Caricature. 477 Ntut OluhHcMer.'\ [Vienna. Electoral Reform in Austria. " Electoral Reform is making continual progress." "Tes, lika a enailt" NebeUpalter.^ From Franci-. [Zurich. yebelifiaUer.] [Zurich. Uncle and Nephew. It (loe3 not follow that thoM who embrace will never fight. "Keep calm, my children: even it this door (Prance) is looked, I have a key which will open the next one (Qer- HamoiMitche BMter.^ [Vienna. The Russian Coup d'Etat. The Bear, having escaped from its cage (Dumai. does not appear to notice the abyps into which he 18 walking. The Review of Reviews. Nofemier 1, 1906. Hindi Punch.:] The Indian Chutney. [Bombay. Nice and spicy! Hot and cold, to suit all palates and all tastes ! [In presenting the Indian Budget Stat«ment Mr. Morley said he would like to abolish the salt tax altogether, but as that cannot be, we must be content with half a loaf. He refused to a^ccept tlie theory that India was an insoluble problem, and thouglit it was wise to advance with a firm step along the path of improvement. He could not under- stand why anybody was frightened at the aspirations of the Congress.] Minneapolis Journal.'} Strong Handed Reform for Russia. But is the Tsar in a position to apply it just now? jm/5^] [New York. To Republicans and Democrats. Would you stand pal on a hand like this ! Tht Bulletin.^i Aa Inlerruptei Death Scene. FATMAN (in alarm to Arbitration): "Good heavens, sir, make an effort, now, and live a little longer. It a big coal strike comes, where will I be? Oan't you get up and settle it?" Rerieir of Rtviewt, 1/11J06. Current history in Caricature. 479 KebeUpalttr.l [Zurich. A Bad Egg. MiCHBij: "After all tliis fn88 he has hatched out nothing. The egg (German Colonies) is bad. and oonta'inB nothing but scandal and debt." Ulk.-\ Bulow's Caslles on the Sand- [Berlin. Will the Triple Alliance still hold together when the tide rises and the wild, insatiable waves beat upon it? Hindi Punch " Goddess of ing children!' The BuUetin.'] About a Graduated Land-Tax. The raft i^ the world; ;in.1 liie castawavs on it are the -, -a ■ . TT ■ t> I rn u inhaibitenits thereof. The earth, which is the source of J famine in Hastern Dengal. L»ombay. j^^^ j^ ^],g provisions. The tat man. who sits on them. Plenty! Give of thy superfluity to my starv- yet does not eat them, is the groitt lanil-owner who blocks settlement. Tlic moral is left to tlie leuiers imag-ination. 480 The Review of Reviews. Xoreitther 1. 1906, wrn^^ ^^^3 ^P*-''- Ir/r^L,^ -^H a ^v^^ ^ l4:^^ p© g Wi j^ l '-^'^nl^MI^B Hh £2add0radat8eh.] [Berlin. Diligent Workers. They may talk as much as they like, but they must not eat. (Shows the Duma membera climbing bv the vine on which are bunches of ronbley. Trepoff stands below with a knout.) M ft^ ^^M Kladderadatsch.} [Berlin. King Edward as Faust. MAEGUEBITE I Germany): "He loves me, he loves me not. he lovea me. . . . " (From tJie garden acene in " FauBt.") Tht Bulletin.^ The New Disease. Sim'plieUsimus j What a Prospect ! [Hunioh. MAN IN THE STEEET: "Hello! whafs wrong? Broken arm?" SCOOPENHAM. M.L.A.: "No; land agent's elbow." The opening of the Simplon Tunnel gives yet anotlier outlet for Italian " induatry." Kevieu- of liecieicn, 1(11100. Leading Articles in the Reviews. EXPERIMENTS IN DOUBLING. Four Cases of Bilocation. (;i' all the phenomena known as ps\chic none is so inttrnst caution until I reached a point which I judged to be vertically above the head of the subject. When I oamo down again I found tlie specta- tors in great agitation: -"uring my absence Mrs. Lambert had suddenly leapt from .er chair, uttering a violent cry of pain, and joining her Hands over her head. Her whole bodv was contracted, the movements of the heart and of therespiration had stopped. It was only after some min- utes that, by means of warm insufflations on the principal hypnogenetic points, I enabled her to recover her senses. Then she complained about some drea ful pains in her head, which I tried vainly to relieve by means of ener- getic sngestions. I was obliged to have the poor woman put to bed, where she rem inef', without being able to eat or sleep, during all the night and a part of the following day. A kind of cerebral rupture had occurred, by which the Od waa escaping in great abundance: any object ap- proaching her head was inaupimrtahle to lier, and the inferior extremities were very cold. This was the first experience of the kind. He had effected hundreds of times the exteriorisation of the astral bodv, but never before had his subject suffered in this way. He came to the conclusion that the astral substance of a living person was capable of being impressed only by agents en rap- port with that person. This no doubt limits the risk, but it is not surprising that Colonel de Rochas did not repeat his experiment. HOW TO MEND THB HOUSE OF LORDS. By Mr. Frederic Harrison. In the Positivist Revicii) Mr. F. Harrison tells his Radical friends that it is all nonsense to talk of ending the House of Lort's ; the only thing to do is to mend it. .A.nd he knows how to effect this most desirable object without convulsion, and even without legislation. He says : — The first tiling to do is to put an end to the vicious and obsolete rule that hereditary right shall give legislative power. It would lie a step towards this if the nation re- solved that from a given date no new creation of a peer should endow his descendants with right to legslate. This could he done at once without an .\ct of Parliament, if tl " great majority of the nation insisted on this being an understood practice, and that the consent of the Crown were obtained to its being made effective. This might begin b.v Resolution in the House of Commons. There is nothing to prevent the Crown from creatine peerages for life: though the House of Lords exactly fifty years ago decided by resolution tha-t a Life Peer could not sit and vote in their House. If it became a settled rule of politicians, at least of Liberal politicians, that no hereditary Peerage shou'd in future be created, and if His Majesty were to be a consenting party to such a rule, the worst anomaly of the present system would receive a check. The irony of the situation is that such a reform would be exceedingly popirlar with the Peers themselves. If the Crown and the nation agreed that no hereditary Peerages sliould be henceforth created, the actual hereditary Peers- would receive a new dignity in that the roll of their sjiecial order was closed. If the Peers doggedly refused to admit Life Peers, it might be the time to try legislation and see if they would venture to throw out a Bill empowering Life Peers to ait by Statute, a.s Lords of Appeal do now. If it became a practice of the Constitution not to create iu future any hereditary Peerage, and if a body of L'fe Peers, strong in nuniber.s and reputation, were also en- abled to sit in the House of Lords, the resistance of the- old House to reforms would be effectually neutralised. England is not often, and not at all at present, in the- mood for revolutionary change, unless the Peers were to act like Russian bureaucrats. I doubt if the country \» even prepared to abolish the power of the Lords to throw out a Bill a second time, when again passed bv the Com- mons. Xo such reform is possible without legislation" which would involve a long and bitt-er struggle, for the old con- stitutional rights of the Peei-s would be at stake. The suggestions I have made could be tried without a Bill at all and would proceed in a tentative and grradual course of reform. The country, as a whole, desires a Second Chamber of qualified men. MR. MORLEY AND INDIAN REFORM. By Professor Beesly. Writing in the Positivist Revieiv on the Debate on India, Professor Beesly shakes his head mournfully over his old friend Mr. Morley. Not that he has- lost faith in him. " On the contrary, he gives him a glowing certifirate of merit. But^ — always that but : — Tvhen. at the end of his speech, Mr. Morley came to what he called " close quarters, " that is to say, when he de- scended from pious opinions to the mention of specific reforms, he had absolutely nothing to offer of any sub- stantial value. The most ureent difficulty of India is an economic one. It ia capable of being very briefly stated. The population is the poorest in tbe world— poorer, often, even than sav- ages; for savages, being thinly scattered on the gronnd,. can generally get enough to eat. And this poor, half- starved population lias to support the most expensive Go- vernment, in the world. This is tlie " insoluble problem." Mr. Morley's treatment of it cannot be called serious. His whole handling of the economic question left much to be desired, both in breadth and profundity. To i>a«s over iu silence the annual drain of wealth from India to Europe wi'L,hout anj' economic return, and the real sigrnifi- cance of the grea-t excess of exports over imports, while- attentior is invited to casual scraps of information about the use of sewing machines and mineral oil. looks very like running away from the insoluble problem. "Where I think he is mistaken is in supposing that he will facilitate his task by minimising the evils he has to combat. by drawing rose-coloured pictures of the existing system^ and by discouraging the "agitators" who are trying, under great difi&culties, to bring English opinion to bear upont it. The Indian bureaucracy is not going to be reformed from witliin. Mr. Morley will need all the driving force ot an aroused public opinion behind him if he is to accom- plish any reforms whatever. No doubt But does Professor Beesly imagine that any Secretary for India — even his friend Mr. Morlev — will welcome the driving force without which he is doomed to impotence as a reformer? Professor Beesly says: — Infinitely more important, if one could believe that he would be able to give practical effect to it. was Mr. Mor- ley's declaration in favour of honestly carrying out the- Koyal Proclarj-ition of 1853, which promised that all sub- jects of the Crown, of whatever race or creed, should be impartially admitted to all offices which they may be- qualified to fill. Will he b.e able, before he leaves office, to do anything in this direction? Will he succeed in effecting the appointment of a single native of India to the Execu- tive Council, or to his own Council at Whitehall, or— most important of all— to the command of a regiment? Here liee; the only way of pe pa ring India for self-government. Jtevieit of lierkws, IJII/OS. Leadlna Articles. 483 { NOTES FROM THE OCCULT MAGAZINES. The Hindu Spirilual Magazine for JuJy does Mr. .Stead the honour of quoting from Borderland the .storv of how he began to write automatically. The most remarkable paper in the magazine is an ac- •count of '■ wonderful manifestations in a haunted house " : — The occupants of a house near Cilcutta were annoyed, ■but not hurt, by showers of stones, and an unseen person performed puja to Kali in due form witli offerings of flowers and a water jar daubed witli vermilion. This cere- monial was enacted during: tlie night on a terrace-roof only accessible through the rooms occupied by the family. The "ghost" fiually drove the people away by setting fire to "their private papers. It is all very well, the writer says, to talk about "mysterious forces," but can a "force" be intelligent enough to know ihow to make offerings to a Hindu goddess in pre-scribed form? \, The Occult Rcvieiv for September is very interest- ing. It opens with the report upon the prize com- petition for ghost stories of animals. Most of the animals whose ghosts are described were cats. Some of the papers are very remarkable. There is nothing, for instance, to approach the story of the photograph of an Oxford professor's pet dog, which Avas obtained by Mr. Boursnell, who knew neither the professor nor the dog. Mr. R. B. Span's stories of Demoniacal Possession are noticed elsewhere. Miss Freer continues her extracts from her wallet t the Ronitmofls as in that of the Bourbons. 'I'he raiuics of the iiidiflerence are due to many factors, hut chiefly to three; temperament of the nation, currents of tiiought. and ^wjcial and economic state of the two lonntiies. The obst.icles in the way of Russian Liberalism become less insurmountable. Only when the large masses of the Russian peasants have been eaiiied over to the idea of political freedom, when they have learned to understand that only a tabula ram of the present rcqinie can save them and bring about a thorough agrarian reform when they at last understand that they I m hope nothing from autocracy. Liberalism and the re- volution will triimiph. But. for the present at least, all the uinujik is asking is an increase of land; he never dreams of questioning the sacrosanct authority of the Tsar. The alternative. I do not hesitate to say. is clearly this: either Tsardom triumphs once more, and Panslavism shortly rears its Hydra-head against Europe, and. European peace is contiHually disturljed. or Russian autocratic power — Tsardom— is crushed and Russia relucel, not only to a constitutional Power hut to a federated Republic. This would mean not only peace, individual liberty, and pros- perity for the Russian millions, but also commercial ad- vantages for Europe and especially for England. Without the assistance of Europe the Russian people will struggle in vain against Tsardom. The time, therefore, has now come for constitutional Europe and republican America to stop bloodshed, the crimes, and the atrocities committed by the Russian (lovernment. and to crush the power of auto- cra.cy and absolutism. What he means by intervention is really the ceas- ing to intervene bv lending money to the Russian Government. The St. Petersburg correspondent of the North American Revieiv takes a \cry gloomy view of the prospects. He says : — Trie bulk of the people are benighted, superstitious, ignor- ant, to a degree which Americans can hardly realise. Hence they are open to all kinds of hypnotising sugges- tions from without, while incapable of any deliberate action on their own initiative. Thev kill doctors whenever there is an epidemic of cholera, accusing the doctors of po'soning the wells and spreiding the disease deliberately. They burn witches with delight, disinter the dead to lay a ghost; they strip un- faithtul wives stark naked, tie them to carts, and whip them through the village. In a word, the level of civilisa- tion in the rural districts is lower than that of the Chinese or the .Moiie:ol». .KnA when a multitude like this which dif- fers fc^m savages only in a slight degree, is roused to mad- ness, the results of their rising in arms may be ttemendous. Of the whole nation, he says : — Their moral sense is distorted. Hence rapine, arson, aesaasination. and mass murders by bomb-throwing are of 9very-dav occurrence, and the only expression of public opinion which they evoke is regret that the criminals should be bronght to punishment. "Patriotism, not crim- inal inat.inct, inspired them." Blood will flow profusely. Socialists, revolutionaries ana reactionaries desire it, demand it. The organ of the extreme radica's writes: "From the interior of the Em- pire, cilm, level-headed observers, who are well acquainted with what goes on among the peasants, ai&rm that a vsrit- ;ibl6 Jacquerie is approacliing. There is so much electricity in the air that the le-'.st thing may draw it out." JAPAN SINCE THE WAR. Mr. Jacob H. Schiff contributes to the Norih America)! Reviav for August an interesting accouni of his observations upon Japan and the Japanese as he has observed them since the war. In the eariy months of this year ht- visited Japan and travell.-d extensively through tht^ Islands and in Korea. H ■ says : — Japan's lirst care bas been to safeguard permaneutly he:- coi.trol over Korea. She has tjegun this work by cutting urt Korea's diplomatic intercourse with foreign nations, and, as already stilted, she has with a firm hand ^aken under her own control tl:e administration of the country. Her lieople are now occupied in a unitel misrhty effort to sscuro compensation in the avocations of re:ice for the great sac- I ifices which tliey were called upon to make. Anung no> other people can be found a greater tliirst for learning; pnhlic .icliools are many and of every e-rade; attendance i-i compulsory and education is entirely free. Toki:) Tin - versity. Waseda University, Kyoto University and other advanced seats of learning compare favourably with tbe best American Colleges and Uni\er8itie8. as to fixed appa- ratus as well as to quality of the faculties. If one were to char;icterise the people of Japan, a peojdo generally believed, and no doubt properlj- so. to be full of sentiment, one would have tJJ sav that they are a sober people. Men wiio have been the founders of New Japai.— men like Marquis Ito. Count Okuma. Count Matsukata, Count Innouye and others—are thoroughly alive to the Hangers which lie behind the glitter of a strong militiiry administration. The first struggle bt;t\veen them and Marsha! Vamagata turned upon the proposed acquisition i^t the railways by the Government. The Marshal triumphed, but Mr. Schiff does not think this in !i- eates the defeat of the Peace party. The real war- fare of the future will be industrial : — <.tnlv when the new markets now being o[>ened in ISj^i^tx ;ind Maiicliuria hove become more fully established la the true strength of Jai>an. as an industrial nation of great producing capacitj. Ukely to show itself and to become ap- preciated by the other nations, who base such high boi>es upon the promise of the " open door " — hopes which are likely to be doomed to considerable disappointment, be- cause of the industrial possibilities of Japan and the ad- vantage of her position in legitimate competition with l:er rivala. It is well that the fact has become recognised in Ear i)e and in the United States that Japan means to be, and i? to be. the dominant factor in the Far East, and that a ly commercial or other advantages in the distant Orient, wlu"li Burooe and America desire to secure, can be obtained only by the same legitimate methods these nations employ iu their dealings with each other. Mr. Schiff at the beginning of his article lays great stre.ss upon the fact that Japan would havtr l)een beaten by Russia but for the help she drew from the English-speaking world: — Not very generally is it realised, however, what Anglo- Aniericm friendship and support, moral and financial, meant to tho Island Empire; liow without these, the gallantry of its people, their readiness to sacrifice their all to maintain the supremacy of their country against the aggression of The Northern Colossus, would have been of no avail. Had America not willtnglv iomed hands with England in the spring of 19W. when Japan made the first attempt to secure foreign loans for the purposes of the war— an appeal which, until America showed its willingness, even eagerness, to co- operate, was met in England not over-enthustastically; bad the two nation* not so readily opened their money markets to every succeeding Japanese war loan, nothing r-nuld have averted the financial and economic ruin or Japan at a comparatively early stage of the struggle. Leading Articlei;. 405 THE SLEEPING GOD IN M*N. It wtli. Kege.neraie Humanitv. \\"f art- ali taniilhir with the time-honoured or- thodox conventional phrases which tell us that the Kingduni of Heaven is within us, and that every huninii h ing is a temple of the Holy Ghost. The Russian peasant's saying that there is in each of us a spark of God, is very striking. But after all, do we realK believe it? .Are we really pregnant with the living God? Is God latent within us? And if SM. how can we W'ake the sleeping deity? THE DOCTlilNE OF DR. OUACKENBOS. 1 u these questions a writer who is cursed with the terrible name of Quackenbos makes serious reply in an article on. " The Transliminal," which appears in the North American Review for August. He as- serts that Deit\ dwells in the transliminal region of the niin 1 ; that for the most part when we are awaki this divine part of us is asleep. When we sleep it is awake. It is by bringing to bear upon the conscious mind the omnipotent influence of the transliminal, that character can be transformed and hcm-iiitv regenerate 1. "God in us" is to be set in motion bv autosuggestion to redeem mankind. Not oiiK morality l>ut geiiivs can be evoked b> in- voking this sli eping God : — G*niu3 is hut a name tor coincidence o£ action on the part of p«;iche and pneiima ulon? tile lines of a discovered objective oa.pacit,v— for effortless expression on the part of liarmoniously operatintr fellow selfs. Two or three inspira- tion;il appeals, t'iven ater mastering the spirit of the plays and datisf.vin.ff myself of the personal fitness of the sub- jects, have raided now well-known actresses from medi- ocrity to fame. In these cases, dormant dramatic bent was inBtant-ineouslj- awakened to activity, self-consciousness was obliterated, genius in embryo was suddenly discovered and matured. THE POWKIH OF THE TRAXjLIMIN AL ODD. Iir. Quackenbos says: — Man in his higher personality is adequate to tlie cxtir- p.ition from his objective nature of any abnormal cravius^ or passion, like the craze for intoxicants. The latter is ainsularly responsive to treatment by suggestion. In the transliminal sphere, we are capable of acting inde!)en- dentiv of a visible corporeity; .and, as beings cast in the image of God, we intuitively apprehend, we possess supei- normal knowledge and wield supernormal power, we are .-iuhiject to impression by other human personalit'.es, as well as obnoxious t<, the touch of higher sp'ritual intelligences. and we are gifted with a measure of prescience that on oc- casion forecasts what is to be Of these unconscious agen- cies and forces, few have any realisation. THE GOD WHO WAKES WHEN ^\^E SLEEP. It is in sleep that the Transliminal God exerts His divine influence. Dr. Quackenbos says: — sleep, the familiar chapter of pneumatic lif?. is not a state of spiritual torpor, but rather of intense transliminal activity. It is the school of the soul, in which there is not only spiritual development but probable access to stores 01 knowledge, to a wealth of facts and memory-images seem- ingly res"istered in some incorporeal Chamber of Records which the subjective self may explore at w;ll. The Xeo- I'latonist was right in proclaiming "the iiighttiiiie nl the body to be the davtime of the soul " But granted, durinsr the hours of rest, symposiums of kindred transliminal spirits, incarnate and excarnate, having interests in com- mon and free to combine and interpenetrate: granted, on such occasions, unrestricted access on the part of every soul to the knowledge and experience and impulses and ideals cherished bv every other soul, and thought im- pression during states of sleep is rationally explained through creative commuu,c;ition. In the act of wakmg, as the transliminal dissolves into the supraliminal conscious- ness, the treasures detected or acquired during sleep are paraded before the objective view. Ideas elaborated in tr.ii.sliminal regions are appropriable spontaneously, wi.h- oul expentliture of brain enerL'y. Thought is easy and rapid; perplexities are disentangled in a flash of intuition; and knowledge conserved in the higher self, but novel to the objective mind, clamours for ut.erance. Everyone may cultivate the lubit of lingering at the morning liour in this borderland between the outer and the inner man, and garnering the resources of the transliminal state for the tietternieiu of his objective existence. HOW To YOKE THE (iOD Tu OUR CAR— Dr. Quackenbos tells us how to rouse the sleeping God, and compel Him to transform our lives: — • Auto-suggestion is a simple means whei-eby simple men ina.v bee me better, wiser, happier, more godlike. The life beautiful is within the reach of all through this natural means, for man's earth :\- constitution is not incompatible wit.h the indwelling of the Divine. .\s one is about .yield- ing to slumber for the night, let him siy to himself, for instance, that he will no longer be .a slave of the impera- tive conception or the evil habit that is crippling his best expression— tlrat he will develop talent along specified lines —that he will draw spontaneously upon the resources trea- sured in his higher being for creative work in the normal sphere. Lapse into sleep with the triinslimiiuil thus in- voked to employ itself as instructed, all but equivalents suggestion gi\en bj- another. The prerequisite is earnest, intelligent, pers'stent application of the self-given sugges- tions. —AND TO REGENERATE THE WORLD. If each can do this for himself, what may not be done bv a multitude bandeil together to secure a common end. Dr. Quackenbos says: — Given i few thousind properly equipped, earnest persons consecrated to 1 he wcirk of dissemiiuiting this creed of self- help among the people of the earth — and given willingness on the part of humanity to he uplifted and purified through this instrumentality — and the regeneration of the world within ten j-ears becomes an easy problem. THE litPtJRTjVXCE OF THIS DISCOVERY. Xo one can withhold a.ssent from Dr. Quacken- bos's conclusion — provided that his doctrine be true ; — The discovery of a new star or uhemical element or micro-organism is of absorbing interest; but such interest palts into triviality beside that evolved in opening t-he way to a perfect comprehension of man's relationship to Deity. to destiny, to his disembodied fellows, and to other spiritual personalities tliat are not of this fold. Metaphysics seem destined in the twentieth century to demonstrate immor- tivlity on reputable scieritilic grounds, by establishing the laws of telepathy and translating into the e:irtli life super- sensuous i>erc6i>tions fclairvoyancei. to determine the pos- sibility or impossibility of human communication with discarnate souls (a question left unanswered by tlie New Testament writers), to effect that adjustment with natural law which will banish disease, and to give us eutlianasia as the fitting close to every human life. SPELLING REFORM AT LAST. \\'uAT We are Coming To. liv the decree of President Roosevelt the official ddcumeiits published in .America will conform to the spellings of the amended word-list recommended bv the Simiilified Spelling lioard, and in his own pri- vate correspondence he will adojit the simplified spellings thus oflScially recogni.sed. The New York school authorities have decided to adopt in their [irimers the simplified forms already alluded to. 'i"he publishers exi)ect a boon in new primers. 486 The Review of Reviews. Xorember 1, 1906. The membership of the Simplified Spelling Board has been strengthened by the adhesion and addition of Professor Skeat, the eminent philologist ; Pro- fessor Joseph \\ right, editor of the " English Dialect Dictionary ' and Professor of Comparative Philology at Oxford ; and Dr. Bradley, a colleague of Dr. Murray, the co-editor of the '" New English Dic- tionary." Professor Skeat has published, through Henry Froude, of the O.xford Press, his address on the •' Problem of Spelling Reform,' which he delivered before the British Academy. Professor Skeat re- •endorses the suggestions of Dr. Sweet, and subse- quently recommended by the Philological Society the twenty-four rules for the araendation of English spelling. The best way of indicating what spelling re- formers are aiming at will be to reprint some pas- sages from an article which Mr. H. Drummond has contributed to a New Jersey magazine, TIte Jurnal ■ov Orthoepi and Orthograf. Mr. Drummond's ar- ticle is entitled " The British Academy — Spelling and the Press." He takes as his text Professor Skeat's lecture on " The Problem of Spelling Re- form," which he says " is a thoroly English de- liverans; interesting, lerned, cleer and com- hativ " : — Tl'.e members ov the Simplified Speling Bo.ird recomend a senain coars, adopt the simpUlied formz in their publica/- shoiiz, and enjoin upon editorz to permit the same modifi- c sh )nz in the publioashon ov contribushonz from memberz ov the Board. Professor Brander Matthews practises whot he preeohes. and sucscedz in obtaining a platform, tor the liropugashon ov biz pnnsipiz. Preeept iz good, practis iz beter; but p-esept and practis ar more powerful in pulling down the tals and putt.ing up the tru. We ■ hartily comend Professor Skeat's admirabl pamflet. and trust it will be red and aplied by yung :;nd old thruout tlie liiiglish-speeking race. .\fter citing sertain chanjez in pronunsiashon. Professor Skeat turnz to the practical part ov the problem. He goez back to the recomendashanz ov Dr. Sweet, in 1881. and breelly recomendz the omishon ov sertain idle leterz. such az tlie foloing: — 1.— liv, hav, giv, abuv, cum; agreev, aproov, solv, Ireez; aw, ax. . , . -^ , . 2._assembl. litl, dubl, promis, activ ; dnvn, wntn ; tratn. 3.— bredth, medow, hed, brekfast; hart; jepardy, lepard; i:eple or peepl. 4.— aoheev, beleev. feeld, eeege; siv; receev, deceev. 5. — improov, iooz. moov. 6.— cumfort. munk, mnney, ouver. , , , 7.~curage. cuzin, flurish, jumey, ruf: Labor, honor, harbor. 3— c'ecalosr. demagog; but vague, etc. 9.— ad, eg. bailit, ful„ stif; batl, ketl, writn, traveler; arive, ajust. af«ir, comand. 10.— det, detter; lam, lim, thum; plummer. 11.— ake, anker, qui'e. 12.— puld, lookt, slipt. , , ^ , Dr. Skeat faulz foul with the jurn.alists boo resolutely determind to crush the recomendashionz ov Dr. Sweet, in 16S1, and duz not hesitate to charj them with ignorans and declining to be taut by thoze capabl ov instructing them. .\z it woz 25 yeerz ago, so it iz today, jumalistic ignorans being az noizy and contemtuus az ever. THE TWO SOVEREIGNS AT FRIEDRICHSHOF. In the Empire Review Mr. Edward Dicey makes the most of his opportunity for promoting Anglo- German good-fellowship afforded him by the recent meeting ot King Edward and the Kaiser. King Edward's opinions, when expressed, are the opinions of the English, indeed of the Britons all over the Empire. Mr. Dicey wishes that the Kaiser's opinions were as much influenced by his private sentiments as is generally believed in England. The Kaiser is certainly apt to form decided opinions rapidly, to express them forcibly, and sometimes to modify them unexpectedly. That is to say, he is ■' a German after the German heart." Germans, the writer thinks, are nationally prone to come to definite conclusions on insufficient grounds, but at the same time they are nationally ready to listen to objections and acknowledge the force of their opponent's arguments. Notwithstanding official de- nials, he thinks the recent meeting in Friedrichshof may indirectly, if not directly, influence the course of European politics, though he admits that he has no grounds, other than those of observation and in- formation in the press, open to everyone. AK INNOVATION IN THE CONSTITUTION. It was undeniably an innovation of the spirit, if not the letter, of our Constitution that the prelimi- naries, in a sense, of the Anglo-French Agreement should have been conducted by the King in person, not bv the British Ambassador in Paris, instructed bv the Foreign Office. It will be a greater inno- vation still if the preliminaries to an Anglo-German .\greement should have just been concluded by King Edward for England and the Kaiser- for Ger- many, unaccompanied both of them by their Minis- ters for Foreign Affairs: — Happily for ourselves the good sense of Englishmen is ready to approve of any innovation which, in their judg- ment, is useful and beneficial, even if it is not in accord- ance with strict precedent or State etiquette. The innova- tion, however, would not have been passed without grave protests if the Throne of England had not been occupied by a sovereign who has so thoroughly identified himself with his people, and who commands their absolute confi- dence in respect to his high ability, his genuine patriotism, his loyalty to the Constitution, his deep s.vmpathy with our British ideas, and his extreme regard for Uie interest of our British Empire. The fact that the Kaiser personifies his people in much the same way as King Edward personifies his, will, Mr. Dicey thinks, do much to win the approval of the German nation for anything endorsed by their Sovereign, THE GEOWTH OP THE ONE MAN SYSTEM. 'Anent this probably weightily important meeting if Sovereigns, the writer notes the growth of the One Man system of administration in both the New and the Old World. In America, with neither an unemployed nor a pauper class, he considers it most remarkable, and part of a general tendency all over the worid to increase the authority of personal rulers, whether Presidents, Dictators, Kings, or Em- perors (and, he might have added, Premiers), and consequently to impair the authority of Constitu- tional Parliaments. Of this tendency the recent meeting at Friedrichshof is the strongest proof. Rerieii- of Rerieirs, IjllliG. Leading Articles. 487 A STATE INSURANCE MONOPOLY. Twelve Millions Added to the Revenue. In the Fina)uial Review of Reviews an article appears on this subject which is sure to attract much attention. The gist of it is that insurance is amaz- ingly profitable ; that the reserve funds are exces- sive ; that the cost of management could be im- mensely reduced if the State took over the working of fire and life assurance offices ; and that with the lessened reserve funds and saving in cost of man- agement an addition of some tw'elve millions could be made to the revenue, enough to justify either a substantial reduction of the Income Tax or to ex- tinguish the National Debt. THE PBOFITABLENESS OF INSURANCE. To come to details. Nothing in the commercial world approaches even remotely the security of a well-established insurance office — such is the opinion of a great actuarial authority. Some fifteen or more e.vamples are then given of the dividends paid by well-known British Fire and Life Assurance Com- panies. The net result is that — according to the last Government annual return for Life .Assurance Companies — on a oiipital outlay of about fourteen miilions there was a return of something over one million, or over seven per cent. The figure is a very striking one, and it appears the ntore significant when we remeTnber that all companies, good, bad. and indifferent, which come within the provi- sions of Section 10 of " The Life Assurance Companies Acts 1870." are included in the return. It is probable that no other interest or industry in the country could show ool- lect.ively such a handsome yield on its capital. HIGH EXPENSES OP MANAGEMENT. The remarkable thing, the writer says, is that this high profit is shown, in spite of the extremelv costlv system of working which competition, it seems, com- pels the companies to adopt. Roughly speaking, nearly a quarter of the total premium income of the companies goes in managerial and office expenses and commission. With fire offices this freedom i.s still larger. NEEDLESSLY LARGE EESEUVE FUNDS. The writer admits that large reserves are an e.ssential condition of sound insurance management. But it is a question whether these " mammoth and ever-growing funds " do not represent too high in- surance rates, rather than cautious finance. The companies work on a basis theoretically .sound, but in practice fallacious. The mortality tables are out of date. As a rule they go back to 1872, since which year sanitary science has made such strides that the death-rate has been materially reduced and the average duration of life prolonged. The calcula- tions of the companies, moreover, are not based on the selected lives with which thev usuallv deal, but on those of the general population, including, of course, the notoriously short-lived. Consequentlv. they are constantly paying enormouslv less in deatifi- claims than they expected, or might have expected. Twenty years ago one of the largest companies testified to its deaths one year being 26 per cent, below the number expected. And this improve- ment continues. Hence huge additions are con- stantly being made to the funds. Again, the average duration of a policv in a British company is only five years, and ' lapsed policies outnumber those on which claims are paid by two to one. Yet companies still calculate on the assumption that every policy will mature. The " epidemic ' argument is used to justifv these hoards ; but the writer does not think is does jus- tify them nowadays. The reserve funds "might be reduced by one-half, and the companies would still be well within the margin of safety.'' A PLEA FOR STATE INSURANCE. The writer then proceeds to argue from what the Government has already regulated (gas, electricitv, telephones, telegraphs, etc.) that it is not so revolu- tionary a proposal that it should also regulate insurance. In Germany it does so to a certain extent already. Of course in New Zealand State Life and Fire Assurance are well known, and the former long-established. Considering how wasteful and extravagant is the present system of insurance, he thinks Government regulation quite justifiable. Sweep away all the present costly offices and " gilded palaces," " all the paraphernalia of modern insurance," which is '■ an absolute excrescence of civilisation," producing nothing, and substitute a single, well-equipped office, and the public would be as well, indeed probabK better served. More- over, it would have absolute security. That a Go- vernment concern would be much Jess costlv than many private ones is not a point needing elabora- tion. 'I'he writer admits that comparison with the Post-office insurance business is not altogether ex- act, yet' its expenses of management are about ^^ per cent as against about 23 per cent, for the Life Assurance Companies, and 28 per cent, for the whole of the Insurance Companies combined. Even supposing the State expenses of management were, in practice, 7 per cent., what an immense saving — ;!^i_^.ooo.ooo and over. HOW TO EFFECT THE TRANSFER. The recent acquisition of the Metropolitan Water Companies shows how smoothly private interests can be bought out. A tribunal of arbitration would have to settle the terms of the transfer of the com- panies, and if, as in the case of the Water Com- panies, a little under thirty years' purchase of the net earnings is calculated for, we get the follow- ing:— Purchase price of the Life Companies ...£30.741.710 Purchase price of the Fire Companies ... 20.000.000 Bough probable est ima,te £50.000,000 Mutual offices would, of course, require special treatment, and it is a nice question as to how accumulations could be dealt with under a State 488 The Review of Reviews. Niivenlber J, 2i/[b. system- those enormous reserve and other funds, which the writer says are excessive. This, too, is a point which the arbitrators would have to settle. Again, what of the 56,000 and over persons en- gaged in insur.ince business in England and Wales? One million per year for a series of years would probably b«- an outside amount to allow for com- pensation, and this might be largely reduced, be- cause many of the officials would take service under the State. Putting compensation at ^10,000,000, we have ^£,"1 0,000,000, plus ^50,000,000 equals ^60,000,000 cost of expropriation. V.\HIOUS SUGGESTIONS. The Government, it is suggested, should do its utmost to encourage co-operative insurance, but not to compel insurance. Large lirms should be in- duced to insure all their employes, deducting the premiums from their wages, and paying them in a lump sum. It might even olTer special induce- ments, such as a reduction of the income tax to those insured among the more ■' comfortable classes " — the classes now mainly supporting the in- surance companies. The writer anticipates innu- merable objections, but reminds us that the age of State Socialism has begun, and the Government will now be thinking of doing many things of which ten years ago it would not have ilreamt. SOLVING A KNOTTY PROBLEM Many have been the attempts to solve the problem of ttie Domestic Servant, and many have been the failures. Few more drastic suggestions have been made than those advanced by Mr. P. V. Mighels in the September number of Good Housekeeping. Mr. Mighels has devoted much attention to the question, and has studied it in many lands. His scheme took shape after observation of the amaz- ing rehabilitation of the Hoodlum recruits enticed into the U.S.A. Army — a regeneration brought about by the process of drill, military discipline, and uniform. Why, he says, is there no military organisation to do as much for the raw female material so woefully adrift in our great cities? He points out that domestic service has come to be looked upon as degrading — " what generations of lamentable blunders lie behind this pitiable miscon- ception !" — but as a matter of fact he is convinced that young women positively like domestic service — that, indeed, it is a natural service to which they turn by inherited instinct. Of his solution he says: — The solution is pr.ictical, comparativoiy easy, and abso- lutely certain, it attempted upon the ordinary lines of business enterprise, for the simple reason that a huge and purniiinent need for domestic servants renders possible an industrial scheme of manutacturing and supplying servants at a profit, precisely as iron oie is converted into finished Bteel and marketed to great financial advantage. ATTEMPTED REFORMS. Many reforms have been attempted on behalf of the housewives, the chief are : — Employment bureaus, new importations Ifrom abroad), .ud training sthouls (ordinarily auxiliary to settlemente and B.milar institutions). The one scheme attempted in lieh.alf of the young women who . tions and privileges ; and that a portion of their wages will be retained weekly by the corporation for the maintenance of the business, THE POSITION OF THE MISTKESS. .^'o much for the maid's side of the question. The eiiipl()\crs would, we are asked to believe, also pro- fit largely by such an organisation: — Women desiring servants from the army will be informed that wants will be supplied on army conditions only. Women known for the practice of abuses will be blaok- liated. They will not be permitted to engage servants from the army. A higher wage than ordinarily paid will be exacted. The hours per day which the army members may be asked to labour will in no case exceed ordinary factory hours, and if service ie required from early morning till midnight, servants will necessarily have to be engaged in relays, extra payment being made for tlie overtime re- quired. Employers would also be informed that servants were guaranteed to be skilful, competent, neat and thor- ough, and that tlieir work would be inspected regularly and maintained at a high standard of excellence. Guar- antee would also he given against destructiveness, desertion and all other irresponsibility. Indeed, all lesponsibility for good behaviour of army members would be asstuned by the corporation. WHAT WOULD HAPPEN. Mr. Mighels evidently hopes that the institution would ere long control all the servants in the coun- try:- With smaller wages, with no ten-hour day. with no thorough training, no club, or social life, or army pro- tection, or barracks privileges, or anything else such as army members would enjoy, how long would it be till the outsiders would beg to he admitted to the fold.' And what factory life, even when backed by a trades union, could offer attractions so irresistible? As to the hoasewivcs — tJiey would presently be obliged to employ the army gradu- ates for self-protection, while the untrained servants would be driven, either to abandon the field altogether, or to enlist in the ranks forthwith. This scheme is evidently intended only for cities. It would be unworkable in scattered districts. Review of Rerieus, l/il/06. Leading Articles. 489 WAKK UP, UNCLE SAM ! John Bull has been so urged to '■ wake up," and has had the American workman and producer held up liefore him as bright and shining examples so long, that Dr. Louis Bell's article, in the September Engineering Magazine, " Do American Manufactur- ing Methods Imperil Her Trade?" may come as a surprise to some Englishmen. Dr. Bell refers to the wonderful growth of American manufactures, due largely to the immense resourcefulness of the American spirit, and says that it seems almost un- grateful to suggest even the remote possibility of disaster. - The foreign peril lies not in foreign acuteness, but in the painstaking avoidance of our mistakes. Our real danger is not from without, but from wdthin — the danger that comes from over- haste and lack of thoroughness." These things are just as characteristic of American in- duBtry aa lis the marvellous alertness that has been its motive power. In the mechanical arts, tor instance, Am- erican methods and workmen produce average results of remarkable excellence; but it one wants a bit of work done with the utmost thoroughness and precision, nineteen times out of twenty be will flml that the workman who has finished it is a German or Swede or Englishman— if indeed he is able to get it done at all. As every thought- ful manufactarer fully realises, there is a dearth of skilled l.%bour, and native American skilled labour is the rarest kind. As a result the finest artisans in many lines of work ■ are not Iw found in this country, and the goods which they produce are imported. THE AMERICAN SYSTEM. The primal intent of this system is to produce at the lowest possible cost the largest possible quan- tity of marketable goods. The result is to reduce manufacture to operations by automatic machinery, using human labour only where it cannot be avoided, and constituting a manufacturing plant as a species of enormously complicated machine tool, of which the artisans are merely belts, wheels and oil-cans. In consequence the average quality of American manufacture is high, and up to the point where machines need to be supplemented by a high degree of intelligi'nt skill the American method works magnificentlv : — At this point it becomes self-destructive, and all along the line it suffers more or less from too close adherence to the princiiile of averages upon which it is fotmded. There is a constant tendency toward the production of types modified so as slightly to cliea)>en const.ruction, even at a considernhie s icrifice of convenience; or. more serious still, manufacture is cheapened bv designs which make repairs and renewals extremely troublesome, on the principle that it is better to scrap the article and buy a new one than to pay a little more for one that can be properly repaired. In similar fasliion the high-pressure piece work results in turning out articles just capable of passing hurried inspec- tion, and n^> more- WHERE THK FOHEIGNEK EXCELS. The result of the method is to make high-grade work relatively expensive : - As an example take the medium-priced American hanil- CEumera. It is a man-vei of adroit adaptation to the needs of the average purchaser, and a renlly rronderful product tor the money, hut if one attempts to purchase apparatus of the highest grade it is rather cheajjer to im]>ort than to buy in America, let alone the fact that most of the finest lenses are imported anyhow. The same condition holds for many other lines of manufacture. Indeed, certain classes of goods are practically unknown in American trade, and it sometimes happens tnat goods which would hardly pass inspection abroad are unloaded here as quite good enough for a people that is content with the cheap and tolerable. On the other hand, in very cheap goods— far below th» average standard American plane— the foreigner some- times beats us at our own game. I'lie cheap rielgian gun, tor instance, comes to this country, duty paid, at a pric« that staggers native production. The European is learning American methods, and with the advantage of cheap labour it is only a question of time before he can bring standard workmanship up to the American plane. THE BANE OF A HUGE OUTPUT. A huge output is evidently a fetich too much worshipped across the pond. It has tended to- wards carelessness, with the result that channels for competition are opened never to be closed, and this in spite of a huge protective tariff. For instance, forgings are imported from Germany for many motor works, experience having shown that the foreign product has a uniformity in properties most difficult to secure in America, that the parts are forged so closely to gauge that the saving in labour is enough practically to counterbalance the duty. Another drawback to the rigid standardisation of type is that American standards do not suit foreign markets : — ■ .\t the v'resenl moment most American industries ore behind their orders and do not worry about additional sales abroad; but some day in the not distant future these markets will he badly needed and can he won only at heavy cost, if at all. The trouble here, too, is not only with the products, but with the absolute indifference to commercial requirements. The whole tendency of oiir modern industrial machine is towards inflexibility, and this extends to the methods of distribution as well. Foreign red-tape makes requirements which seem often nnreason- .able, but foreign business goes to the exporter who respects them. The American is too apt to treat them with lofty contempt, and suffers accordingly. Painstaking courtesy in meeting the possibly peculiar requirements of a foreign customer is a lesson that many American firms need sadly to learn. Every consignee won over by polite consideration is a self-.appointed advertising agent whose servicea are extremely valuable. The American has. however, no monopoly in this loftv contempt, unfortunately. WAGES AND WOEK. The American workman is better paid than his foreign competitor, but instability of employment, common in all lines and a re- cognised feature in many, goes far to compensate for the noniinallv greater wages of the American. The consequent feeling of insecurity is a demoralising influence, the seriousness of which it is hard to overestimate. LACK OF SKIId/ED WORKERS, I.)r. Bell concludes: — It is erapha,tically true that in very many lines of in- dustry ill our country active improvement has been checked in the interest of proflt^taking. In the long run the eflfect of this is bound to be disastrous to American progress. There are signs even now of foreign competition based on an active campaign of improvements. In not a few of the engineering trades we are in this country copying Euro- pean products instead of compelling them to copy ours, as of yore, lieanwhile the axerage ciuality of American labour is running down, owing to the practical abolition of iiitesral trades, and it will he progressively harder to obtain the skill needful as the basis of improvement. Every great works feels the scarcity of skilled craftsmen, and the worst of the matter is that such have small incentive to existence in the face of the uncertainty of employment due to the general labour difficulties. When t\ie rank and file of the workers strike, or the works are shut down on account of the latest merger, lumpers and skilled me- chanics alike are idle. Tliere is a constant feeling of unrest among workmen under American conditions. They know that they are merely parts of a machine which stops and starts, accele- rates and slows down, from causes absolutely beyond their control, and that each year they must take the chances of being displaced by cheaper men if such can be found available for ailing the oil-cups. 490 The Review of Reviews. Noremher I, 1906. THE DUMA DENOUNCED. By Dr. Dillon. In the Contemporary Review, Dr. E. J. Dillon deals out censure with a liberal hand. He declares that Russian opinion regards the meeting of King and Kaiser as a consultation of surgeons prior to a post mortem on Russia ! The Tsar, he says, feels nettled that his deposition should be discounted beforehand by his British friends. Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman's " Vive la Duma !" is in- terpreted to mean that he knows the victory of the Duma means the triumph of revolution, the break- up of the Russian colossus, and the supremacy of England. According to Dr. Dillon, Russia is an unknown land, not merely to foreigners, but also to the members of the Duma, to the Tsar, and — the reader is tempted to add — to everybody except Dr. Dillon himself. WHAT MIGHT HAVE BEtN I He is especially severe on the Duma. He says : The Russian Reform Party had a golden opportunity in ite grasp. The Tsar, who had ever refused even to enter- tain any project that savoured of constitutionalism, had at lii5t coi^sented to limit hie own power. From the point of view of the prince brought up as an autocrat it was a vast sacrifice. It is not easy fully to realise all this meant to him. Liberals, who a twelvemonth before would have been contented with some means of controlling the acts of the bureaucracy and of putting an end to arbi- trary inisrtile, now had a charter in their hands on which, by exercising prudence and patience, they might inscribe rights as extensive as those of any other monarchical country on the Continent. ,\nd " this rare opportunity was simply thrown away. Nothi!ig was attempted that ought to have been under- taken, and many acts were deliberately performed that ougiit to have been s?dulousIy avoided. The reply of the Duma to the speech from the Throne contained no word of thanks to the monarch for the rights he had liestowed upon his people. Threats, re- proaches, strictures, abounded, but no expression of grati- tude for an .'tct unprecedented in Russian history. As a political writer has iiointed out, in other countries the rulers who gave constitutions to their peoples have monu- ments to immortalise and reward the giver. But in Russia ? In Russia the first Tsar who bestowed a constitu- tion was blown to pieces, and the second has to shut him- self up lest the same fate overtake him. The beet men in Russia refuse to call themselves his loyal subjects. An assembly which sets about governing a noteworthy part of the terrestrial planet may reasonably be expected to displ.'Ly an average sense of dignity and courtesy. It ought not to borrow the methods of a mere mob meet- ing. It should have lauded the monarch for the 8t.ep he had already taken and encouraged him to take an- other in the same direction. It could and should have proved to him that he might with safety to his peoplie and his dynasty ttirn from the interested bureaucracy to a disinterested and patriotic democracy. ■ I LOOKED. AND THERE WAS NO MAN." The Tsar, says Dr. Dillon, was pliant. A wise and moderate political party, ready to share his responsibility, would have been a Godsend. A fairlv clever statesman would have cultivated the good disposition of the monarch, and transformed his conscientious readiness for political reform into genuine enthusiasm for national regeneration : — But there was none. The Russian revolution haa brought no great man to the front, has formulated no new prin- ciple, embodied no fresh idea. It is anonymous, jejune, imitative. .\nd not only was there no statesman visible in the Duma, there was no business-like committeemen there who would sit down to humdrum work for the good of the community. A PARLIAMENT WITHOUT BACKBOXE. They neglected the work they could do to indulge in dreary and truculent eloquence: — And what struck many observers still more forcibly than this dearth of politicians and leaders was the exiguity of men gifted with moral courage, what we generally term backbone, such as you lind in almost every English Non- conformist; men who stand upright and square to the htorm and the current, whose faith is unaffected by fear, whose hope leaves nothing to hea.ven which their own right hand can do. Patriotism, adds X)r. Dillon, is another of the qualities the manifestation of which Russian ob- servers sadly miss in the acts and discourses of the Duma. The Deputies were declared to be simply playing at revolution. They exhorted the nation to refuse to pay taxes, regardless of the fact that direct taxation is as dust in the balance compared to the annual revenue, only remembering the French precedent, and declaring : " Refusal to pay taxes forms part of the programme of modern revolution." THE TRUTH ABOUT THE TSAR. Towards the Tsar Dr. Dillon seems to be soft- ened. The Quarterly Rcviav portrait of Nicholas n., published two years ago, he describes as one that closely resembled caricature. He adds: — The plain truth would appear to be that even the Tsar may mean well to his people and his countr.v whatever the effects of his acta may be; that be would rather rule over a well disposed nation than over a rebellious people; that he does not really order heca.tombs of the Jews to be arranged l)y his police, because it would be unpolitic as well as immor.al; that he is not fitted by nature, by training, or by divine grace to play the part of Machia* velli's Prince, and that he does not delight in imprison- ing, shooting, persecuting. This view may of course be wholly wrong, bitt although I am open to conviction, I shall cling to it until I have had some proofs that I am mistaken. Victory, he declares, awaits the peasants. The Mujik dominates the situation. THE END OF ALGECIRAS. Mr. Frederic Harrison, in the Positivist Review, explains the real meaning of Algeciras, " the desire of a great military Power to dominate in Europe," and conjures up a dreadful picture of what the Kaiser will do now that Russia has collapsed :^ — The Germanic dominions of Francis Joseph must almost antomatically sink into the German Empire^whef her by intrigue, alliance, or force, or a judicious mixture of all these. When the dream of the Pan-Germans is realised. and the Kaiser sits astride Central Europe from the Baltic to the Adriatic— from the Tosges to the Carpathians— with a population double that of France — the German Kaiser will be all that Napoleon hoped to be. and. for a briefi sp.ace. was France will hold the same position with re- spect to him that Austria has done for years past — the obse