/?

i

tievia'u of tteviews, l/itlti.

r

"CYCLONE" Gates

are GOOD.

The Illustration (Fig. 171 in our Catalogue i shows
the effective combination of Scroll Work and
Mesh which makes "Cyclone',' Gates not only
strong and lasting, but elegant in design and
proportioQ.

G«t a Catalogue of This and Many
Other Gates and Fenoea.

L

"Cyclone'' Fence and Gate Co.,

459 SWANSTON STREET
(Corner Franklin St.). MELBOURNE.

New Zealaid: 59 St. kstpk Street, Ckrlstchoreh.

o. mmatkim <o> *• Children'a %V<

S^Mft Linea Omvn,
rur. Cher* a bat oos Pcrlao StarcA
will cnsun Good Appcaruica. tft

COLMAN'S STARCH

The Review of Reviews.

Ixxui.

(Afelbourtie " Vunrh.'

TIIK COCKPIT OF ECROI'E
I'he B^intama Let Loose.

riNOlOEjTloAJ
/HEADACHE

k'

j:tjjiuj'j ^

fhe Review of Reviews.

BE MEASURED FOR YOUR SUIT.

t)ur simple sj.stfin of ,sclf iiiciMiit:-
incnt assures a porffct fit. you get
ciolhcs llial arc built fur you alone —
that arcstylishand (iistinclivc. The
eosl is less than you pay for ready-
rnailes, the cloth is suptirior to any-
thi"i; \ou ran tin\ eisewlicre. heini^
thf picU of the nuddersfield In. nis.
Deal tiirect and save the Miivjdle-
man's profit.

SHABT SUITS from 29/6

I or ilii,- iii;in with thr Ii-nger jjui se,
however, we can supply suits from
the finest worsteds ol tainable up to
53/-, which is our hi^jliest price, hui
you can't buy a l>etter suit at am
price.

CLOTH IN THE SUIT LENGTH.

If jjreferred, wcwiU tuppl) \ oii with
eloth at from 10/6 the suit lcn-;lh,
which youi' own tailor can makeup.

OUR GUARANTEE.

Your nion-v wHI Iw in^taiilh ir-
funded if, on inspection, yuu are
not sali^^u■d.

tHEE PATTERNS AND EASY SELF-MEASUREMENT FORM

S'nt to any aJdrcss. Why not send a post card to-day?

GROVES & LINDLEY,

70, Lion Buildings, HUDDERSFIELD.

is used I'y leading liovein-
inenls, Railway Companies,
Land Companies, WcU-Hor-
ing Engineers, and others.
A Coi.oNiAr. Knginkek w
".Since purchasing ll'c iiisinimcnt
I have sclectcil -,oo sites, imt'-t of
whicii 1 ha%'«: cither borcil niwn
with our own plants, or hatl liotcd
hy sub-contriictors. In every in-
stance we have Iwen hucrcssful."
('rices of the instruments :iic as
fiittows :

£30 locating up to joo fL ilupths.

£5? .1 i> 500 ft.

£101 II II 1000 ft. II

•£176 11 tr 3500 tl. 0

•Also used for locniiiift Oil.
Delivery at Colonial or Foreign
Sruji-irls ^1 extr.i.

I,t>{:, ui,i>\ -ft .if'^iim.'ii'n to

W. MANSFIELD & CO.,

Brunswick ,Strc'ct.
iLIVERPOOL.

itali^i nf Writ h-r.i,,

• tift •rrrir
i( irt/h Wittrr fytirff^ and

DO COMING EVENTS

CAST THEIR
SHADOWS BEFORE P

Let This Man Read Your Life.

Offers Free Test Readings, Advice on Business,

Marriage, Occupation, Changes, Journeys, Friends,

Enemies, and All important Events of Life.

Attention (if ilu- niysti(-all\- inclined seems to be centred
.11 |i)esciit upnn the- work of Mr. Clay I)iirt:on \":incf, who,

altlifiu^li laying <'lHiiii to no
special gifts of supernatural
powers, attempts to reveal
the lives of people through
the slender chies of hand-
writinjj and birtli-dates.
The undeniable accuracy
of his delineations leads
one to surmise that here-
tofore palmists, prophets,
astrologers, and seers of
<li\ers beliefs have failed to
apply the true principles of
the scien<e of divination.

The following letters are
inililished as ■ evidence of
Mr. X'ance's ability;— Mr.
Lafayette Redditl wTites :
'■ .My Reading received.
Willi the greatest amaze-
ment 1 reatl as slop by .-.tep you outlined my life since
infancy. I have been soincwhat interested along these
lines lor years, but had no idea that such priceless ad-
vice could be gi\en. I must admit that you are indeed
a very re.narkable man, and am gl.id you use your great
:..:ift to benefit your clients."

Mr. Kred. Walton writes : " I did n.il expect such a
splendid outline of my life. The scienlitic value of your
Readings cannot be fully appreciated until one has his
own Reading. To consult you means success and
li.ippiness."

Arrangements have liccn made to gi\e free test Reail
>ings to all readers of Rr.\iK\v or liKVlKW.'s, but it i>
especially rcc|ucsted that those who wish to avail them
selves of this generous otifer make application at once.
If you wish a delineation of your own life, if you wish
,1 true descri])tion of your characteristics, talents, anti
opportunities, simply send your full name, the date.
mcjnth, and year of your birtli (state whether Mr., Mrs.,

or Miss;, and
h.nulw riling :

also copy the following \erse in your

'■ N our power is marvellous.

So people write ;
I 'lease read my life-

.■\re my prospects bright r

Send yoiu- letter to .Mr. Clay Hurton \ance, Suue J04A
r.dais Royal, I'aris, France. If you wish, you m.iy
enilose 6d. (stamps of your own country) to pay postage,
cliri( al work, \c. I'le.-ise note that 2UI. postage is
recpiired on letters posted to l-'r.ince. Do not enclose
I oins or silver in vmir Utter.

The Review of Reviews.

.'C

[Mi-lljon nir " f*i(»(i ^. "
■rilK CKUKL (JOMHINKS.
(Mr. Hiiches says the (Jovenunent should luive power
Ui euppreiM oinhiiies nf all sorts.)

AUSTKMJA: "But what <>f that pet of yourR, the biggest
comhiiio of all?"

BiLvr.Hts: "Well, you see. he's necessary to <hew up the
♦thorp i!'<l f\ *>r\-' hiitir eNe !u» '':ui -JOt lii^ teeth in,"

Danks'

New

Mill.

"BILUBONG" mill; made in
Aiisliiilia ilaim yo<"' investiga-
tion. Tlie Patent Speed Regu-
lator and Governoi', tlie Kenew.
aide Split Hearing-, tlie Hall
Hearings, the adeciuate l^ubricating System,
I lie Simplicity of f.'onstniotion, together with
the Strength of Structure, conduce to a reliable
and duralile mill. And the prices are very
moderate, as you will admit upon receipt of
lists, etc. Send now. We are the Manufacturers
und Patentees.

.JOHN

PROPTV.

& SON,

LIMITED.

DANKS

.^9i-,199 BOURKE STREET, MELBOURNE.
Pump, Troughing and Windmill Makers.

• V •^ •N •v •v ax •N •V •N bX •X •V aV •v •v •N •V •V •% tV •^

Infants fed on these
FOODS are neither
Fretful nor Wakeful

MILK FOOD ."to. I

Phim liirth tu .1 oiontha

.MILK FOOD No. 2
From i (•• ft inofltb*

.M.VLTKI) FOOD No. 3

Frtxii A nioiithfi upwards

S^^ A Pamphlet on '
Infuiit Fecdiiif; and
ManiiKrment FREE

• •

• •

SCIENTIFIC CERTAINTIES The •Allenh.ir.v>-

l'"'ioils an- based oil scientific ciiiaiuties. / '.v<'i/ iis ilinclctl, they
are exactly what a baby needs to develop into a healthy and
robust child. The 'AUenhurys' Foods are easily assimilated ;
digestive and kindred disorders are avoided by their use.

iSllcnburgs

i\ •% •% e^. ^«
ee
•N

• e

• •

• •

••

r

• •

ALLEN & HANBDRYS Ltd.,

London. Rng

..and Market S(.

Sydney

:^

•\«'

v«\ •%•%•%

•\

•\»v«*

ov»

^. •v •v •^ bv •v •n •v •x •

V«\«\«\

• \ •N •V •X •N •N •% •N •V •V

§

SHORT-STORY WRITING

A . .mtm: ..t (..rf •, i.- VI- . Ill ih'- hi-.rTy, lot in. %trii

I ,1. . an'! wiiiiii^ ..f ilu- Siiorl-Story, nu^'lit I»y J Berjj
Escnwein, l-.ttitni |.ip|.in< ott'*. M.»ga/inr.

( >:;r<'fir htH'irfii Ih-me Stuty lows, i «»;</. / /•'■■J- •
(t>» k /« //•in-<t*'^./*r<ti'H,Ci'r/i, t/..iu-l\-.'''tfr ; »>-(/ . Imen-

..tni'olUc**. 250-B»lle C«Ulo<ue Free. I'l. .v A.l.lrrss :
Th< Heme CorrnuonJcn^ School, Dv|)t.SM,SpriniificlJ,Ma««

ALL PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS.

AR.MY. INDIA POLICE, UNIVERSITIES, AND

EN(i I N E i: R I N(i SC HOD LS.

13 SUCCESSES (nil Isilrial) i.ul of 14 sent up.

^Iii'l 1 iiiM-r'<il> lliinotirH Mm .'intl 'J KMiliiiiierH lo l'ilivlT^il) nl London
LOWE.ST rEEK Good Chi-mV-.l Knd Phyalcal LktorAtorlti
EAIINC rOACniNn COLIEGC. f AUSC, W. Phone 684.

LEXXERS OOPIED WHILE WRIXING -;i„/,;^

By usinfc your own Letter Paper, Invoices, dec, with the

V«li \impty interi \»..iii «tilii.c I'.-ip*^! in tlic Iii.iiirr .ind \%iilc. Wt.- i. ni»-.h >u>" '*■' •'"" ''V !•»'• i"-"i •'' «iitiiii; -i
fWrfect letter ami .t iwrferi ■ <'py iwtii. It (•:niai<i-< in tlic U'\>k . { Urii: i« no ^i^;!! i>rc>j|t\ mn, H' p'lfui.ilc i - ! ■

Sample of the ceiebratvii Zantiic Paper which products ihiit reauU, fn*tfrom—

Xt.R.ZAT^ETIC, Zanetic Works, Wei ford Road. LRICRSTr.U. ^^:^

it .l.ini;>«Ml .i(Mli--.^4l .Il\t:l..jK: . u, i.i.r.l.

One (V.iniiU'Tc .\ »X. 1/200 i opyliiB 200 Qunrtn or 400 Octavo I«lter> 3/9 p'"! frnv N

4/400 ciipyinit 400 Oiinrto or 800 Oi'Invo letlem. li/- pom fn*

Ixxvi.

The Review of Reviews

WILL-POWER AND PERSONALITY.

■■ Ml.- Sl, S,tU-l ( ..,i(s.' M( Will-'. iiUiii,- ilin.i.'il ,,1 MUiniHr-.' li.^lM
cplii itlv I nclies Ikuv i.) i1i-M'Im|. your Will IVmcr tj il..itl.lt_- )t> |>ris.iu
MrcHKlli ill .1 l<^n' iiiMiiths, Alsfi i.-ii<ijiiii>us y incrt-iM-. your jiowcrs or"t>iii
cc-«lr.mt,ri. Sulf-Kcli lU c, S*^lf-C<.iiilrol. ;uiil I'ersoii.il M;ii;nctisiii. Curr-. |
Mmil \\'.iu<li-nii(; mid Iiiik:ci>i(m, ^'our fuc an.f bLMrinj; will (k-iion-
iiific,iM-.l Strriniili ,.r Cli.ir.itler .iiul I'lt >.li.ility. You Wll rise In ihu ,
estimation of the m-n and women you tneft '> Ik- fw. for t> c v\lii>k-
( oiirsL' ifniir .iiisiirlmij^ly iiittrc-si tij; 1 .csm.iis, ^vitll ,. -"f eas.ly 'earn I .imi
(■.V.ily ■ .irrinl c.di f\,Ti.i>i-,l is ..|ily -s. f.,1. (luri'ij;" postage 6(1. e\.l. 'ihls
JB your total expeniiture t i-nrsc st-iit in plain, securiiiy sealed pack-
.((;(■, 1 nml to ij.iy. N,-v svtik »il( soc. you lit'|j;,'llt(;d Willi j OUT proyrt?'.^.
-THE ST. SETTEF INSTITCE (UeiM Kt. P^nh N.B.

PATTERNS SENT DIRECT
FROM LOOM TO WEARER.

SPLENDID SUITINGS AND 0VEKC04TINGS

from 3s. a yd. iipwarils. Ijutest Novelties. Hatterns Free.

West Riding Manufacturing Co., Regal Mills, Oolcar,
HuJder^field.

NOSES AND EARS.

NOSES. — T'lie only patent Nose Machines in the
world. liiipruve ugly ncses of ail kinds. Scientific
yt--t sinipiL:. Can bL- woin during ifilt-ep.

Send slaniped envelope for full particulars.

RED NOSES.— My long established medically
approved Treatment absolutely cures red noses. 3/9
post fr<i>^. ForeJ[;ii, 1/6 extra.

UGLY EARS.— The Rubber Ear Caps invented

by Ixcs Ray remedy ugly outstanding ears. Hundreds

of successful Cases. 7/6 post free. Foreign, 1/6 extra.

R. R. LKKS RAV. loi-:. Central Chambers. LIVKRPOOI..

GREGG SHORTHAND.

Coming Universal System. Kasy to Learn, Easy to

Write, Easy to Kead. Expert Postal Tuition.
Write for Eye-Opening Facts and Free Sample Lesson to

PHIL. C. BAINES,
ABBtralian Representative. Albion, lirishane (Qld.).

DETpNESsTnTiTbAiriToIsEs"

Ki-lieved by Ut^in^,'

Wll (tnM'^i COMMON SENSE
'"'"-^"'^^ EAR DRUMS.

Itnisible, comfortable. Thousands in use,
Kivinj,' perfect satisfaction. Book sent
free to the (Isaf. Write to -

WILSON EA« DRU/A CO.,
160 Pfmier B illdinq 229 Collin. St . Mrlb.

[deaf:

TACIAL
r^^ (TiARM

1^" W ^^EAUTYCUPMASSACE

1 " ■■ ,, r \,,„ ,,,,„>,.( 1m,.U mv tr,.l ^,„ulL■ ,uM

^ , I.M.HIn ji \,.iii <.,n.|,'.M..|ii- II..I ji.-ii

■ '^l. ). M '111,., f..M. ii >...i.in-tr .l.-.l

■!!• vviiiKli - M I. Mir,MU,.,i-i.lli.'riiir

, .1 II I. ■ ; ,,' !lj. ill l>\' lll>' III'»t

n,.Iul l;ul.l.llliaiJi'Ili..d..||ll!.>- k'r

lir. llarl:ur.-i j-vMnn >,l Hrlf-iippli.-d

iiiii«.iif:c IN uiii-Xitlt.il for 1'i.tli w\c,-,

MMil U ■Mlf<■kt..n.■!lil•v<■lh^■l^•^i^vd w

- . , s. MdtK Artiim' ..II III.- .Iiviilatinn. it

''w - Htimiiliit*-'- tin- n.MV.H mid Iimxih--. imrl

ritiiM->.n IniiltlH st ivHin of fiiMli |i] 1 to

/ tlow oitiliruiotinly \tli.'irt<r iM'i>1ii-d. lilarkli<-fi<fK

/ .li-,ip[.i'nr in II ft" iiiiiiiiti-.. tlir Hi'Hh luiromi-H limi

f iitkI t)«'><ki]i .HI Ill ;iM.I "ulinv.

T!.. iiiii-vjuri-. t.\ wiiirillv t-.iiiiik' up thf ririuliitioii.

iiklv<nuv<'H idl )ii.]|o» iil.ii.-H ill lh<- <lH-«-k-.. iK'ck.

I.n-I. ftr . I" !•<• mini oiil ; a <»..id.- hil .l.-\.-|M|«-r, and

II- .lU' t^iip'iii Hi.rw^i-ni'Ml l..-M.li.i:il,iii.kiiii; Ilimi

i.ii-ht Mild I l.'ur. and kcrpin^ IIkii. tit fi..ii> -.tiaiii.

Cliv i;iMiiIv-rii|i IP i.o<i1r'd in ptaiii »iapp<-i. tondhir

uilha nio»I Iirlplitl t>o..k. nitit Ifd " Ilc-liulv nn>l Hntlth

.S'Mi'i?.. ■ Hlii< h i* intiiiiim iniK'h vrihinlih- Iiif<iiiiiiitiori on

tlir.;iii'..f iIk -k n.aiHl h'xlv iKiH-niH V. Till- irt/ntin prit-r-

• •r III.- K.iiiit\ < n|i i^ 2 ■. Iitit to intvodrni- Ilii- Xhi-Hiud-r to

^"•l^w>>.iII l''rxM<i-.| II r n 1 6 ipo-'tii:'*' Id., al.ioad Si. I. It

(111- II ht ). rii.|.,..d \sil)i >nui oi'il.r. Call or \n-ltc:

D A Harlan. Nou-Vila Health Assoc li;<t fM\:ii

67-108. Exchaiido Buildings. aouLhwurk. L.oiidon,

E:n(t[and J.'mm-^ , , ,/ / ,„,/r i/-../ ,\.n \ ,!,,

SECRET Of MYSIERIOIS POWER
REVEALED AT LAST.

How Prominent People Have Gained Wealth
and Popularity.

Famous Hypnotist Perfects Simple Method that Enables Anyone

to Control Thoughts and Acts of Others, Cure Disease and

Habits Without Drugs, and Read the Secret Desires of People

Though Thousands of Miles Away.

Wonderful Book Describing: this Strange

Force and a Character Delineation Post Free

to all who Write at Once.

I'lie National Iiislitiitc of Sciences lias appriipiialcti ^5000
toward a fund for iIil- free di.stribution of i'rof. Knowlcs" new
book, "Tlie Key to the Develop-
ment of the Inner Forces." The
liooU lays bare many asloundint;
facts concerqini; the ])raclicesol
Eastern ^'ogis, and explains a
wonderful system for the develO[i-
nient of Personal .Magnetism,
iI)pnolicand Telepathic Powers,
and the curing of diseases and
liabits without drugs. The sub-
ject of practical chaiacter reading
is also extensively dealt with, and
the author de.scrlbes a simple
method of accurately reading the
-secret thoughts and desires of
others tlnaigh thousands of miles
away. The almost endless s'ream
of letters retpiesting copies of the
book and character <lcIineations
indicate clearly the universal in-
terest in Psychological and Occult
.Sciences.

" Rich and poor alike benefit
by the teachings of this new sys-
tem," .says Prof. Knowles, "and
the person who wishes to achieve
greater success has but to apply
thcsimi)le rules laid down." Ihat
many wealthy and prominent
people owe their success to the

power of Personal Influence there is not the slightest doubt, but
tiie great ma.ss of people have remained in utter ignorance of
these phenomena. The National Institute of .Sciences li.as there i
fore undertaken the .somewhat ariluous la.sk of ilistribuling!
broadcast, without regard for class or creed, ihe iiiforin.itioii
heretofore possessed by the few. In addition to sup|)lyingl'
books free, each person who writes at once will also receivi
chaiacter delineation of from 400 to 500 words as premrerl I ,
Prof. Km>\\les.

If you wish a copy of Prof. Knowlcs' book and ., iJharact. 1
I )elini-alion. dimply top\ iIr- fojhiwing verse in your i>wn han'l
w riling :

'■ 1 Ham power of mind,

I'orce and strength in my look,
Please read ni) character
And send me your book."

.Mso send your full name and adilre.ss istate wheihe
-Mrs., or Miss), write [ilainly, and atidress \"our leller lo :• - |

National Institute of .Sciences, Dept. i \<}, No. 25K, WeAij
minster liridge K<fad, London, .S. I\., Fng. If >ou wi.sh yoi
nia\- ein'lose Od. (stamps' to pa\ postage. ,V(

ftlr.l

The Review of Heviens.

THE LATE

MR. W. T. STEAD

Shi.rlly licl'i. jjoinu on his ill-fated voyaye, ;;avc wliai
was prolial.ly liis lasl coninicn.lation to the Conceniro
Course, Scientiric Concentration. Ifesaiil: " 1 havi-
!cm\ «ith mu.h interest and satisfaction the series of
Booklets and Lessons published by the Concentro Co.,
of VVallscnd, Newcastle-on-Tyne. I do not renicnibcr
ever hayiny seen irealises which are at once so simple,
to practical, and so detailed. I cordially commend the
Concentro Course, Scientific Concentration, and « ish it
every success." lOveryone who wishes to do better work
in businessorsiudyshould secure this world-famous Course,
which trams your min.l as a whole, thus developing your
whole menlality- Scientific Concentration will enor-
mously increase your iiowers of Attention, (Ibservaiion,
Memory, Thinkinf;, and Speaking. It will give you yr.at
strength of Will, Self-Control, decision of CharaVler.' an I
splendid menial alerlnes.s. It will give you the stimulus
that will lea<l you on to success in your aims an<l idcaK

THE REV. T. A. SEED, IN •'GREAT THOUGHTS,"

**i'"' L.!'^*"^ l-x;lclcu and Lessiins of the foncentro Course ..re
aOmlrablc, m.,rit.:d by common sinsi-, prjclic.,1 (.xiyricnc.:. wid.
radiiig in psycholoey, and .ire th.irounbly sci<:nlilie. '

"THE GUARDIAN,"

Ihe le-iding weekly of the Church of Engl..nd. referring lo the
Concenlr., (_ouf<, say:-" The principles therein laid down arc
unqueMt-'Hitbly sound. '

Every teaJe.
STHii to-ita

I THE CONCENTRO CO., "

Jtr ojllu " Rrvieiv of Rrvrrais " ihnld
'.'■ yw- Frtr niscripir.,/ /l,„Al,l lo—

[.Central BuMding,. Wallsend,
N«wcaBtle-on-Tyiie.

lions o." prime nun-
intoxicating Beer can
L,; m.idc at home quite
simply, by means of
Sixpenny Botilc of
MASON'S tXTRACT
OF Hf-KBS and boilini;
water. Contains yarrow.
da..dclion, comfrcy, anJ
lior hound. I'ronioles tem-
perance and good health.
Extract sold by store
keepers ihrou ,iio
Ausir.tlas'.i.

Mtniificiiircd only by
Nl » HM.i. «, MA.sr)N,

N"Hi ii;h,»ni, 1 uc\ i-ul.

rmmilllli!i»niim.U!iiiii|.iramiTimTn!

PERFECT HEALTH

SHAPELY FIGURE.

IT has been my one ambition throughout
* my career to show every man and
woman how it is possible to obtain .•>nd
maintain perfect health and a shaptty
figure by the simplest means. Kvcryone
knows lo-day that regular bodily exercise
a good thing for the maintenance of good
health and figure proportion. But it is not
verylwdy who knows that it has been left
an Englishman to systematise and
pLifect such im-aiis. Tliere is only one
fonuol exercise that will corrcclly and
definitely restore the Hody lo its
healthy normal condition, and ihal is
to Stretch! Stretch! Stretch! e\.ery
muscle ami evny linil) for .1 fe\\"
minutes c.icli d.iy. This is a state-
ment of which I defy contradiction.
.Vbnormal fees, alluring lileratiuc,
or sensational advertising do not in
rtality C"iint tor tiin-thinL:. TF JS
THE METHOD. I am the inventor
of the stretching method of ciicrcise
which is so iniich appreciated by over
IOO,OOOof my pupils to-day. Those
who would care to know more atjout
this simple aiul natur.al mellKKl may
lo -J by applying to-day i". >r a ,. .py
it my l.u. -I l»"'k riuiilrd "Stretch,
Stretch, or the Art of Physical
Beauty. ' In this one volume will
be found a complete library of in-
tnnnation on the etVicacy of the
stretching method in curing ami
removing tlie lollovving ailinents
and defects; —
Obesity, V^cak Heart, Flatulence,

Prominent Hips, Lirer Disorders, Nervous Ailments,

Protruding Abtioii,. II, Weak Sack, Lack of Symmelrt/,

Constipation, Stunted Growth, Imperfect Bust

Indigestion, Organic Troubles, Development.

This Ixiok will be found of great help and very instructive,
ihose who are fit will learn how and why they should keep
lit. In fact every man and woman who has the slighlesl
regard for their personal ap|)ear.ancc or health will reail luy
latest book with interest. Please iuc:^*iim Kcvie^u 0/ Rfricws,
WRITE OR C'-LU—

F. MEREDITH CLEASE., 124.. ilnr Bond St., London, W.

F. MEREDITH CLEASE, r/,..

Britiuli PItgaical Culture Ej,,jvrt.

Set your Watch by Homan's

SUN CLOCK

(tlir upt'>-ti:itf sundial),

AND YOU WILL ALWAYS HAVE
P" THE RIGHT TIME.

Writt for fmrtieitlmrs to the Inventor:

W. HOMAN. 20. Rct\frcw St.. GLASGOW. Scotlaad.

40i'/i'> ii'aniril rvcri/uilitrr. PiMii montlon thli inaqailne.

The Revieiv of Reviews.

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The Review of Heviews.

Lxxix.

THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS FOR AUSTRALASIA.

(Annual Suhscription, S6.i

CONTENTS FOR NOVEMBER, 1912.

PAOB PAOI

History oi the Montb (Australasian) Ixxxil. The Voice of Their Masters. The Uiimaskin-; of

the Boanl of Trade 311

History of the Moath (English) 26)

The Late General Boolb (Portrait) 314

The Diath-Knell of BrilisS Railways: Why the

Motor .Mu=t Suppliuit Them 277 Leading Articles In the Reviews —

r- • u- . • /- • . tQA Woman's '•Mission" ... J15

Current History in Car:caiure 284 Equality in Miirriuge 315

Women's Social Settlements 316

Bulgaria aad the Macedonian Problem. Bv His Women's Trade Unions in Prance 316

Kxeellency MciiMeiir Ivan Cluechoft' .. " ... 290 \^'";\'"^k^ P'^^'v."';'.""'' J° ^,'""'?.,'.' 'i V V r\l

•' .\n Orthodo.\ Mother Speaks Out at Last 318

._, - , r . , v\-i A 1 T- I ■ I Married CoUaborat<jra 318

The Lords of Islam: " hy an Anglo-lurkish Mr p. E. Smith upon His Compeers 319

Entente Mn-t Come 295 " 5loney-Mad Fishins " 319

.\nslo-C!erman Eelations 320

The Arnsy and the Rural Problem. Hy <olonel t"!^ i^rcen'of Kurope . ! .- 3M

Henry I ilkinj,'ton 297 Unionist Prospects 324

Malta for Erythrea 324

The Duty ot Citizenship. -^ I'raetiial K.xample The Presidential Oampaign 325

from .lai.an 299 ?"°''«'"^'.'' =;,? ^''*':'''", ■„,■,'■■ • ^«

■ .Americas Task m the Philippines 326

_,, , ,, r,, , I ., rr i tr\/ Six Months After: China's Predicament 327

Th' Lite-Blood ol the Umpire 306 .v Warning: from Japan 328

(Continued nn ymur tr.rri.')

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The Review of Reviews.

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The Review of Heviews.

IXXXI.

CONTENTS (Continued trom page Ixxix.)

Leading Articles (Continued)—

Has the Partition of Ohiua Begun?

Ohiiia in lAadiriK Striiies

The Worli i>f the Third Duma

Our Sea-Fr mts

•■ The ly<>\e 'if Pain "
What 18 an Ideil Holiday?
Britain'x l/'st Reputation
'I'he Kar as Kye
A New Canlen of Eden ..
h><ai)e to the White Man
The Piiiiunayo Problem ..

'I'lie Puliiiiiayo Indians

A Ni'w -Science

The l»i*t of the Great Viotorians

A llefornicd Almanack

Max N'lrrtau on Degeneration

SyniliialisMi

Borialisni i-. Syndicalism

The Pariahs of To-day

■India for the Indians"

The I).>ukhohor9 an Ideal Community

The Nations Compared

H.ecent On«u8 Ketunig

UuBl Wc Always Muddle?

Sir Itiniptylilc Fuller on India
New llailroails Needed in Africa and

The Ijlw of the Air

Air<'raft

In the Twopenny Tube

Slercdithiana

■'Our Mtlle Indian Stead"

328
329
329
330
331
331
332
332
333
333
334
334
335
336
336
337
338
338
339
339
340
340
341
341
342
342
343
343
343
344
344

PAGE

Leading Articles (<'i,iiiinued)—

A 11 real Philosopher 344

Tlie Origin of Writine 345

A Novel of Philadelphia 345

The Opera Question 346

The Secret of Music 346

Picture Galleries in Picture .. .347

Manmioth Movins Pictures .... .

Houarlli's Little Country Box .. 347

Shakespeare's Ixindou 347

Popular Dramas 348

Historical Momnnents — Waiworks 348

"The Soul's New Refuge" 348

Robert and Clara Schumann 349

.\ (Ireat Carilloiineur. 549

Random Readings from the Revle-ws 350

The Reviews Revie'wed —

The Fortniulillv Rexiew— The Nineteenth Oeutury

and After 351

'I'he Italian Reviews 351

I'svchic and (Vcult Magazines — The Dublin Review 353

'I'lie l'ontcnii>oi'ary Review— The National Review 354

The Book of the Month :

The Keystone of linpeiial KiMlcration 355

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The Rev

EVIEWS

TEAtl'JBKAAOH A?iL> aUKHKAL I.IFK ASSURANCE BUlClJUSa, SWANSTa^

STREET, JilBT^BOVRNB,

itk i> Airalnsl thi- llna the copv Is a sample one. Will you read it carefully and then send 8s. 6d. either to your news agent oi to "Th« Review of Ki-

T. and G. BuildinE. Melbourne, and receive it for la months.

THE HISTORY OF THE MONTH.

Shabby
Disloyally.

Melbourne, October 30th, 1912.
Sydney's cup of indignation at the
e\-iction of the Governor-General
from Federal Government House
is still running over. Nothing has
stirred Sydney people .so much for many a day.
Outside of Parliament it has been difficult to find
anyone anxious to excuse the McGowen Go\ernment
for their .shabby dislovalty. whik- from one end of
the State t<5 the other jiublic disgust has been \'oiced
in the press, in the street and on the platform. The
jialtry plea of expense has .served only to fan the
tlame of luiblii' indignation, and if such an arrange-
ment couUl ha\e saved the situation numbers of
private citizens would have cheerfully subscribed
tiic money rather tlian experience the hirfniliation
that is generally sliared. Everylwdy is aware of the
fact that there is a nondescri})t element in Australia
wkich professes contempt for the links which
liiud this country to Kngland and Empire. Tlie
action of the New South Wales Goxernment is the
lirst indication of the fact that there is a political
jiarfy in an\ State strong enough to attempt to
snap one of these links, and the country has teen
startled by the knowledge. Nobody will interpret
this to mean that New South Wales as a State wishes
to .set the fashion in disloyalty. Tlie magnific<'nt
wnd-off to Ix)rd and Lady Denman when they took
their farewell of Cibvernment House, in Sydney, was
<:heering evidence to the contrary. It was indeed
-I triumphant vindication of the fact that the loyalty
of the citizens of the mother State had been scan
dalouslv betrayed by a majority of tiieir ix>litical
repre.sentatives for party purpos<.'S. It was no less
a w.irning to the McGowen Government that tliey
would be called to account concerning this matter
when the time came- for the electors to give their
verih'-r \l<-.(invhile file tide of indignation is rising.

aud before tlie next State elections are over the
M(.-Goweii Government may find that they have had
to pay dear!\ toi their foolish and niggardly dis-
loya]t\.

The King's
Wishes.

.\ new and rather sensational de-
\elopment of the Sydney Govern-
ment House trouble has served to
further complicate matters for Pre-
mier Met 'idweii. It has been authoritatively stated
by the daily press that as s<X)n as the first news
of the New South Wales (jovernment's intentions
reached England, before Lord Denman's departure
for Australia last year, his Majesty the King ex
pressed a very definite \iew ,is to the desirability of
retaining Government House, Sydney, as a resi
deuce for the Governor General. His Majesty, it
is recorded, further ga\'e e.\])rt-ssion to his desire to
visit Australia at an early ojjportunity, and to use
tiovernment Hou.se as .i residence during his stay
in New South Wales. 'I'liest,' \ic\\s, it is assertoil,
were communicated to the State Government. .\n
the Sydney Morning Herald points out, the King
rarely interferes in the domestic concerns of his
over-seas Dominions: "In this instance h<: has
thought it right to reoonl his ojiinion on a matter
affecting his representative in the Commonwealtii.
and, contingently, himself. The unprecedented re
fusal of a liritish Government to accede to his de
sires in such a ca.se becomes, therefore, an act ol
direct disloyally. The camjiaign against the evic
tion of Ix)rd Denman \vill now receive an addfi!
impetus, and .i still more potent justification. h
has been plain that the people of New South Walts
were not willing to deny courtesy and hospitality
to the chief representati\<- of the King in the < 'oni
monwoalth. They cert.iinly iXo not desire to fluni
the wishes of his Majesty himsell."

NOVKMBKR, igl

History of the Month.

rhr I'riim- Ministt-r does not anti-
Federal Business ,.; tf that the Federal I'.iilianKii
and the ' . .

Referenda. tary session will elosi.' till within 3

fortnight of Christinas, and tlie
frt)v.-riiiin?iu an- resolved to make the most of the
iiiterveniof; time to push through some of the im-
(lortant lej{islatiun on their i)rogramme. The Naviga-
tion Hill is oiif of the measures which it has be<'n
ordainccl shall pass ixjfore the session terminates.
From reci-nt sji.'eehes it is evident that the Ministry
are laying their plans cirefully for the next Ref-
erend.i. which. is to Ix; made a party is.sue. The
l>recise- torn) ot tlu- Referenda is not to he announced
■ till nearly th<- i-nd of the se.ssion. " Wc w.int iiowcr
to protect the f)eo|)le of Australia against aggres-
sion," says -Mr. Fisher on this subject. " Whv
should not th-- High (Vmrt l>e a court of api)eal in
industrial matters? We go even further and say
that the High Court should hav«: original jurisdic-
tion in matters of industrial dispute, e\en though
confined to one .Stale. Why should we wait until
the dispute has extended to two or more States l)e-
fore the Commonwealth can interfere. Our con-
tention i.s that there should Ix; p.ower 10 jiermit of
the High Court Ix-ing moved at any lime. In the
case of the Ne« South Wales coal strike, two \ears
.igo, although industries all oV<'r Australia were
.iffected, the Commonwealth could not intervei.e in
any way lH.fausf there was no aclual strike in any
other Stale. Tin- same diflieulty aro.se in regard
To the Hrisliaiie tramway strike. We are not making
V attack upon the rights of the States. All we
iv.int to do is to protect the people from industrial
warfare. II lh<; proposals that we are about to
DuKmit are carried, the High Court will be able,
if it tljinks fit, to sit in any State at any time to
deal with an industrial matter. At the present time
disputes might ari.se that the State Courts coulil nni
\erv well deal with. 'J'he shearers, for instanct-, :ir.
A working jieacefully under an award that IkhI
;o take into consideration the varying standard of
living in difTereiit jiarts of Australia. And the
shearers have h.id two aw.irds in ten years. There
is another thing. We have lieen asked why we don't
make our own rails for the transcontinental line.
.At present the • ornmon wealth's hanils are tied with
this inatt<'r bei .iu>e w<- couKl <m\y manufacture for
our own consumption. II we m.ido one or two rails
over we coulfl not sell them, but should have to
throw them awav. We wani to alter that sort ol
thing. ■ There is no doubt as to what .\lr. Fisher

Jill! Ills colleagues w.nil. Whether the el< ei<irs liui'

changed their minds or not on th<' subject ol .State
rights since the last Referenda is quite another
matter. The present indications are thai they have
not.

Tht^ fluent and jjervasive Mr. Hoi-
The (ioal niaii is nothing if not ojitimistic,

ol Labour. ^^ ^j^,^^ ^^,,^;[^. ^,^,,^1,. ^^.|,^, r|„sely

study the signs in the political
heavens are shaking their heads at the prosj)ects of
the Labour Party in New South Wales at the next
elections, Mr. Holman is assuring his followers that
though they are as yet only on die fringe of the pro
mised land, full [K>ssession is near at hand. In an
addre.'^s at the Ivight Hours' celebration ai C'obar
the New South Wales .Xttorney-Ceneral reminded
his audience th.it the gaining of the eight hours prin
ci|)le b\ the miners was practically the first important
step towards that gentral success ol organised lalKuir
that th<'\- were celebrating thai day. They had
begun at one end of the .scale by aiming at the
sim7)le lKX)n of the limitation of the hours of labour,
and the\ had gone from one goal to another till to
da\ laliour aimed at what many would regard as the
ambitious proji'<-t of controlling the entire govern-
ment of the country in which it found itself. '.Al-
though it was too earlv yet to say that l.alwur ])riM
ciples were in an\ i)ermanent way inculcated or
established, he thought it was not t<x) early to .say.
" We shall not be defeated." No one who had
seen the advance that had be<fn made could doubt
that Au.stralia was destined to Ixr go\ernetl by the
workers. That was the goal towards which Aiis
tralia was going, and he exhorted them to celebrate
flight Hour Day in a spirit of hojx-fiil looking for-
ward, and as a foretaste of hundreds of othei^ vic-
tories thev Were to celebr.ile in ihe iie.ir funnc.

.Australia is not old enougli y«'t to

The lirsl and leckon its historv bv centiiri<'s. She

the Last. j^ moving toward the centuries

r.ith<r than along them. In any

ca.v liiere is one man in .Australia who has estab

lislK'd a |)roud re<'(ird. Hi' is an old railway servant

in whom practically tlu- railway historv of the Com

monwealth is rejjre.senled. Mr. T. R. Herald joineif

the railway service in .Sydnex .it its iiic<'ptioi\

55 \ears agt>. He was the lirsl stationma.sler .it

Newtown, and is the last of the Iratlic staff living

who joined th<' ."Mirvice at the opening of the rail-

wa\s. 'I'lu* total start in th<' s<'rvici' in those days,

under .1 six)re, com|iri.sed the trallic manager and two

elerlvs, I »■> lei Milnal slilioPiilisters. loiii iiilerinedi il<

The Review of Keviews.

N'OVEMRICR.

1 I) I J .

divisions — northern, central aiul southern. Sjx^cial
arrangements are being maile for the convenience of
the goldfields settlers in West Australia. Savings
Bank facilities are to he provided for men rnipioyed
in the construction of the transcontinental railway
line, including a travelling office on a car specially
fitted up, and which will be kept at the head of the
works both at the Port Augusta and Kalgfwrlie end.
The initial arrangements for the Northern Territorx
include a central office at Darwin, v.ith branches at
Brock's Creek, Pine Creek and Katherine River,
where there are post offices wdth money <Jrder depart
meat. Mr. Miller concludes that the establishment
of a liank in the Xorthcrn Territory will I"-
a great convenience to .settlers, who have j)revioush
been comix-lleil to do iheir business with Adelaide-.

ISydnev " Dailu Televaph."
.VNOTHEH DYED CHKSTNTJT.

■' 1 look to the Attorney-General to prepare the fseues in
Buch a way as you will a<'cept and agree with them as
citizens of Australia." — Mr. Fisher.

Andv: "What about it. Billy? D'you think we'll he able
to ring him in?"

Billy : " I think I'll t^ive him another couple of coats to
make sure."

stationniasters, two guards, three policemen and
some four porters. The terminal stations were Syd-
ney and Parramatta, and the intermediate stations,
Ashfield, Burwood and Homebu.sh. Mr. Herald re-
calls that the salary paid to the intermediate station-
masters was ;^i2o a year, though everything was
dear, "excepting, meat and watermelons." Beer
was sixpence a glass, without a counter lunch thrown
in. The total wages sheet for the traffic department
in 1855 was ^£480. Mr. Herald was born in Eng-
land' in 1831, and on entering the railway service
joined the Eastern Counties' Railways. Coming to
New South Wales in 1855, he was appointed to the
local raihvay service, and before he resigned in 1891
he had ri.sen to the rank of superintendent.

I in- ( ioM.-mot ol liH' ( oiiiiiiijii\\<'alth
The Federal Hank has been busy during the
''" ■ month, ;ind his activities ha\<' in-

cluded a visit to South and W'est
Australia. Central offices have now been established
in Melbourne. Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth
and Townsville, ami Mr. Miller is even i)rei)ared lo
commence banking operations in the I''<'deral capital
territory If the prospects of success are sufficiently
alluring. Queensland has been treated differently
tu I he other .Stales hv being portioned into three

A Choice ot
Professions.

" The Boy, what will he becom-'?"
is the problem of every generation.
There are imlications that the mind
of the Australian boy is, for the
most iiart, turned in the right direction, and that he
has worthy ambitions. In his annual report, the
Minister for Education in New South Wales regards
it as a happy augury that during 191 1 no less than
1932 boys left the public schools of his State to
engage in agricultural pursuits. Of these 1784
hailed from country schools. The first stage of com-
mercial life, including clerkships, attracted 10 11
boys, ot whom 574 came from city schools. The
teaching profession attracted 61 country lads, but
only 15 city boys, while for the other branches of
the public service the numbers were — country 287,
and citv 141. The number of boys who entered tlu-
University in 1911 was double that of the previous
year. Of the professions, engineering appeared to
be the most popular, and journalism the least .seduc-
tive, as only one recruit was announced for the
ranks of the Fourth F.state. It is not surprising that
farming should attract more boys than journalism.
Farming in Australia has much to offer in the wax
ot inducements ; journalism very little. Life on tlv
land is wholesome, and the prospects are substantial.
Most men of average ability, who go on the land
.iccumulate a comfortable nest egg at the bank, if
they do not die in affluent circumstances. Th.
journalist, who must be a man above the average in
intelligence, is happy if he e.scaj>es burial by the
parish. The prizes of journalism are limited, ami
few there be that find Ihem. The profession has
its lit<'rary and social fascinations, but the cash
nexus is i)Of>r indeed.

November. 1912.

History of the Month.

Ixxxv.

That Bin! Day slioiild have been

League of so widely observed on October q

Bird-Lov.rs. ' ^

was a good sign. The idea appeals

to the best side of the child nature,
and it is ]ileasing to find that already the Gould
I.«ague of Bird Lovers has hundreds of branches all
ovor the ( "onimonwealth, with many thousands of
nit-mlxTs, who have promised to protect all birds, ex-
cept thoso that are noxious, and to refrain from
thf unnecessary collection of wild birds' eggs.
Apart from developing the attributes of mercy and
kindness towards dumb animals and birds, and the
value of promoting in children the fascinating study
of natural history, there is a crying need that some-
thing should be done to prevent the ruthless destruc-
tion of the beautiful bird life of Australia. There
is a .small army of boys and youths obsessed by the
idea that pea-rifles and Winchesters were only in-
tended to kill birds. These spend their holidays
and often their Sundays in tramping through the
country and shooting anything that can fly, and
without any regard to utility or wanton destruction.
In this way the bush and mountainous country is
being rapidly depleted of its bird life. Bird Day
has not come any too soon if it can help to educate
these marauders of the countryside, and check them
in their thoughtless acts of mischief and devastation.

.Another of the pioneers who, in
Passing o( a liieir particular way, have helped
* "' "' to make history, has passed away in

the person of Mr. William South,
wiio held tiie distinction of being the oldest fireman in
.Australia. His long span of years covered an in-
teresting career. He came to Australia from the
motherland with Sir William a'Beckett, afterwards
(2hief Justice of Victoria, and was for some years
in his «'mii!<iy. It was as a lad of 14 years that
South had his first baptism of lin'. The (xjcasiiHi
was the burning of the Royal Hotel and Theatre
in Sydney, and South took part in the .salvage ojx-ra-
tioiis. Ten years later he gave u]) his calling as a
sadiller, .iiiil l>ecame a fireman. He joined tiic
Sydney I'irf Brigade in 1850, when it was first
formed. .\t that time the brigade was maintained
by the insurano; comi>anies. It was a very primi-
tive affair. There was only one fire engine. This
was ix>|)ularly known as "The S'lnirl " It was
liou,s<-d in a shop, trom which the front had been
removed. South continued in service after the con-

trol of the brigadt' hail pas.sod from the insurance
companies to a board, hut in 1884 he was relieve<l
from the arduous work of fire-fighting and appointed
as mes.senger to the Fire Brigades' Board. His ser-
vices were recognised by Sir John See when Premier
of New South Wales, and the veteran fire-fighter
was presented with a medal of honour. Two years
,igo South was retired from active service. He died
on OctolxT 15 in his 89th year.

The curtain lias been rung down on

Evan}<elical uie projwsals for the reunion of the

Reunion. ,, i- i ,-.1 1 • , .. i-

Kvangelical Churches in Australia,

and the negotiations are declared to
be virtualK at an end. .\n authority on the sub-
ject, in the jierson of the Rev. J. E. Carruthers. a
leading minister of the Methodist Church, has been
reviewing the position in the Sydney .^/nrnint;
Herald, and his information is to the effect that
the fairly general concensus of opinion in sympa-
thetic quarters inclines to the view that the cause
of union " will eventually lx» best served by the ter-
miixation of negotiations that, up to the preser^t,
have proved absolutely futile, leaving an open path-
wav for wiser and more statesmanlike proposals
when the man and the hour arrive to make them."
Mr. Carruthers, who has followed the movement
closely from the commencement of the negotiations,
which have been practically confined to the Presby-
terian, Methodist and Congregational Churches,
affirms that the reunion cause has failed through
lack of leadership, and what is even more essential,
lack of authority. "It is no reflection for any-
one," he claims, " to say that there has been no
outstanding leadershij), nor was tlxTc either at the
beginning or at any stage of the movement, any-
thing" like a general desirr on the part of thi-
churches concern<-d for the success of the effort to
sink tht'ir denoininati'inal sep.ir.iteness. ... IT
it has failed, it has not failed iK'caiise of a lack of
merit in its intrinsic principle. It has rather lieen
by reason of its having been started without any
sufficient warrant. . . . The lea<lership has
In.vn academical .md ecclesiastical, and has contented
itself with the gathering of a few cho.sen representa-
tives around a table, thri'shing out si:hcmes that
h.ive not s.itislicd those who jiroduced them and
have utterly f.iiled to aw.ik.-n interest, much less
to enkindle elilliusiasni in the rank ,ind file of those
whom they were siipjKJsed to repre.sent."

The Review of Reviews.

NOVEMBKR. M) 1

I'iiat ;i])iH'ar.s tu !«• a fair and accur-
The Lion and itf summing up of the situation.
the Lamb. Resolutions recently carried by Con-
grcgationalists and Presbyterians
have made it cjuite clear that the negotiations have
failed and could not be continued with any hope of
success. The result of the ten years' negotiations is
disappointing, if natinal. From the beginning the
pro.spects of success were speculative. It is, of
course, generally recognised that, theoretically, the
reunion of the Evangelical Churches is possible and
desirable ; but the difference between theory and
juactice is one of surrender and the trouble is to
find not the altar, but the willing sacrifice. The
id(ra of a composite Church in which each denomina-
tion shall be able to clearly recognise itself without
undue disfigurement seems impossible of attain-
ment. Success tarries until some scheme shall have
h(?en evolved whereby the lamb may lie down with
the lion without feeling that it is inside. Of the
<lifferences which would have to be reconciled in any
scheme for evangelical reunion, doctrine and polity
are jxtpularly supposed to be the most awkward.
There is also the difference of atmosphere, and of
these three — doctrine, polity and atmosphere — the
greatest, probably, in the mind of the rank and file,
is atmosphere.

I'hf month has been saddened by

Mount Lyell an apjialling mining disaster in

Disaster. Tasmania. On .Saturday, Octolier

12. a fire broke out at the 700 ft.

level of the N'orth Mount I-yell mine, in which a

day shift of about 150 men was working. It is

believed that the molor-pump blew out, and caused

tiie firing of ihe chamber-house, a structure of

particularly inflammable wood. The flames set fire

to the mine timber, and the burning timber in turn

set fire to the ore. The fire quickly spr<'ad with

alarming ])ros])cots. The mine workings became

filled with smoke, anil it soon became apparent that

nothing Init a miracle could sav(^ many of the miners

from death by suffix-ation. As soon as ihe disaster

was reported, rescue parties set to work, bul the

work was difficult and dangerous, on .iceounl of the

deadly fumes to be encountered. Nothing deterred

the brave rescuers, however, and at the risk of their

own lives there w<'re i)lenty of volunteers. The

work of rescue continued for a full wix'k, and many

H'.scues were effected. 'Ihe latest ligures up to time

of writing siiowed that of the 95 men believed to

haxe l)ecn in the mine after the fire on the Saturday,

5.4 were r<-scued. Iea\ing .41 either dead or missing.

Heroism.

The rescue work which resulted in fifty of the mincr.-
imprisoned at the icoo ft. level being saved refle<;ted
the highest credit on those who planned and cqxtteil
it through .so successfully. The chief problem wa^
how to get the survivors out of the mine, as the
shaft was out of order, owing to the effects of the
fire, and repairs were impracticable. The men hail
to climb part of the way, and be hauled the rest.
From the 1000 ft. level to the 700 ft. level th, \
were hoisted b\ .the engine winze. lietwcen ili-
700 ft. and the 500 ft. level they had to climb ,1
150 ft. ladder. Tt was an exhausting experience tor
all concerned, and cxxupied six and a-half hours.
The saving of so manv lives was, however, sufficient
reward.

The disaster furnisiies a stoi y of
Splendid splendid heroism, which everybody

has been ready to recognise. I'he
accounts furnished in the press day
by dav of the nobility and unselfishness of character
displayed alike by the rescue parties for their com-
rades in peril, and by the entombed men for each
other, has stirred everybody's heart with pride.
" Out of the gloom of the surroundings," as Mr.
Josejih Cook voiced the .sentiment in the House of
Kepresentatives, " we have been glad to .se<- bright
gleams of heroism, and to note the efforts made
to rescue the entomljed. It makes one feel glad and
proud of his race when he .sees men braving dang<;rs,
even to the sacrifice of their own live.s, if hajjly
thev may rescue .some of the lives of those Iielow."
Some of the deeds of valour deserve to be recog-
nised, and it is gratifying to find that the Prime
Minister's thoughts are turned toward instituting
some national form for the recognition of heroes of
the first class. Interrogated in Parliament as to
what form of recognition he favoured, Mr. Fisher
replied, " Some token which alone is \-ahied by tlv
brave."

Ihe uicidetices of taxation are
Incidences of wavs puzzling and vexatious to l.i
Taxation. ,,^,,;, ^^.|^q j,^;. j^ p,,y_ This is more

pcvuliarly the ca.se in regard to the
income tax than any other form of taxation. The
Victori.ni Full Court has given its decision in an
appeal as to the right or otherwise to deduct the
anxMints paid with respect to the Fedei-al land tax
from the taxable income for the purpo.se of tb'.
State income tax. On the face of it the la) mind
would conclude that the deduction is reasonable.
Tlie Victorian Full Court, in efftx-t, argued that the
d.-duction was rea.sonable. but nilod it out Ixjcause

NOVEMBtR, I9IJ.

history of the flonth.

thf State ..\i't dots not provide for such nii allow-
ance. Mr. Justice a'Beckett said that, in regarti
10 the general effect of the Act. tlie [irovision made
lor d<'iluctions from gross income showt-d that it was
intended to tax only that part of the gross income
which was available for the taxpayer, and which
was the surplus over and above the necessary out-
goings. The land tax might, in some cases, exceed
the income ])roduced by the land, and unless its
deduction wa.s ix-rmitted the landowner might, in
>uch a case, ha\e to pay tax on an income which,
to him, was virtually non-existent. But land tax
was not payable by reason of land being used in
business. It was payable without any regard to
the use to which the land was put. The Court had
to consider not what were the profits of the busi
fiess, but what was the income derivable from per-
M^>nal exertion in carrying on the business. The gross
.imount of this income could only Ix- diminished b\

• leductions authorised by statut<-. If the deduction
<'f Commonwealth land tax was not authorised it

• <iuld not \x allowed, though its exclusion might re-
sult in the taxable amount of the income failing to
be an .iccurate repre.sentation of the profits of the
business. The decision in the prestnit case did not
< xclude the deduction of the Federal land tax, where
the income of a company had to be ascertained by
determining its profits. The Court decided that the
-iim in question could not \^c deducted from the gross
income of the taxpayer. The appealing taxpayer
was a Victorian grazier, who last year owned 17,970
icresof land, which was assessed for Commonwealth
and tax purposes at ^44,924. The. tax levied upon

It by the Commonwealth was ^^387. To a grazier
«ho owns land valued at ^50,000, the amount of
,'-'.178, which he sought leave to deduct from his
riajme for the purposes of the income lax is a mere
ride; but the jirinciple involverl in his appe.il is an
nportant .in.-.

* Naval
Motto.

The Prime .Minister has recently

publicly expressed the thanks of his

fKJvernment to .Admiral Sir C.eorge

King-Hall for his official services ff>

the (Vinini. inwcalth, and for his a.ssistanc<' and ad

.CA- in deferuv matters. There is another sense in

vhich the .Australian [jcople are indebted to Sir

';«orKe King Hall. He is a man of high Chris

iT.in char.-ict.r and ideals, who has given the weight

of his prestige and influence for the promotion ot

ic highest tyjx; of citizenship. Speaking at a

Irothorhooil nK-iting the other day, Sir Gi-orge gave

II interesting account of the origin of the Naval

TN THK CITY OF DUST AND COXGESTED TRAFFIC.
Mr. Murray, the Victorian Chief Seoretary, finds the 8yd-
ne.vitc a happy and prosperous-looking person.

Temjjerance Society, who.se motto, he mentioned,
was " For the glory of God and the good of the
State." Some years ago the captain of the
" Russel " had a terribly drunken lot under him :
but he had come to see that something should Ix-
done. He called the men up and told them how
all the crime in the world arose from drink. \\<-
said, " T will tell vou what 1 will do. I'll stop
my wine for three months if you will stop your
grog." Forty of the men stood out and said they
would agree to that. At the end of three months
the captain called the crew up again, and found
that every man of the forty ha<I kept his promise,
for they all loved the captain, and not only th.it.
but a number more had joined them. Some years
afterwards, the former captain of the " Russel "
was an admiral. The captain Sir George referred
to was his own father.

" Do as
I do!'

I'roni that l>ap])\ inception ilv
.Naval 'l'em|Krance Society has
spr<'a(l among all gr.ides of bliu-
jackets. Some prominent men in
the na\\, ,is Sir (U.'orgo stilted, are now teetotallers,
including four admirals, and amongst them I^ord
Charles Heresford. It was saying .1 gooil deal for
the .service, he thoi ght, that there were now 15,000

Ixx.w iii.

I he Heview ot neviei*^.

NON'EMUER. lyl.

naw men in the society. Sir Gforgu related that
iic li.KJ met ("ommodore ("loodeiiougli in the Chiita
war, and he had become a total abstainer on the
advice of Sir George's father. The Admiral did
not hesitate to speak of the advantages of total
abstinence to himself, mentally and physically. Sir
( leorge strongly urges moderate drinkers to knock
off lirjuor altogether, so that they may be able to
sav to " weaker brethren," " Don't do this becaiis<'
I tell you, but do as I do !" The Admiral's example
in this respect probably ex[)lains the conduct of the
men on the Australian .sijuadron, which is recog-
itised to be exemplary, a.shore and afloat. A member
of his audience asked Sir George whether it w'a.-^
[Kjssible to "knock off grog in the navy?" His
r<'ply \vas that they were moving that way, and seek-
ing to have a penny a day added to the pay instead
of grog. The reform would do good, and he hojjed
to see it. " Australia is before the Imperial navy,"
he added : "no grog is given out in the Australian
na\ \ . "

It can hardly be doubted that Sir
The High Ciedrge Reid is Australia's best ad-

Commissioner, verti.sement in England. During
the month he has \ieen extending his
s])liere of influence in ("anada and the United States,
and the cordiality of his reception must be accejited
as a tribute to the High- Commissioner as welT as
to the growing imjwrtance of the Commonwealth
Tn his annual rejxjrt to th<: Commonwealth Govern-
ment, Sir George shows that he is keenly alive to
the j)ractical interests of Australia. He complains
that British newspapers do not keep in touch with
Australian affairs, and explains that the reason is
an embarrassment of .s<'nsational news from every
cjuarter of the globe. He gets about 90,000 words
about Australia into the Briti.sh press mostly free of
cost, and says the papers would take any number
of g<j<)d photographs if they could be secured. Sir
<rtx)rge is distributing sets of eighteen postcards
afniong school ehildnii, and a hundreil thousand

(■(_)pi<-s of a children's book on Australia. Other
forms of i)ublicity include exhibits on railway sta-
tions, a biogra])h motor-car, cinematograph theatres,
onniibus advertising, window spaces and lectures.
The High Commissioner has induced British am-
bassadors and Consuls throughout Europe to act
as Australian trade agents. On the . .subject of
emigration Sir George says that shipping companies
require an assurance that emigration will t^e encenir-
aged and assisted for the next four or five years at
least before the\ will liuild the necessary pas.senger
steamers to relie\e the present congestion of j)as-
senger "trafTic.

Th<- most interesting bit of news
JoiDing Naval relating to defence matters has come
Forces. (iQjn the Prime Minister, and Ijeen

reiterated by the Minister of De-
fence, ft is to the effect that there is reasonable
probability of New Zealand at no very distant date
joining in an Australasian naval defence scheme.
.Sen.'itor Pearce admits that " the thing is still in the
air," but he has lieen encouraged by a recent speech
made by the New Zealand Minister for Defence to
believe that th<' Dominion and the Commonwealth
will come to common uiid*-rstanding on the matters
of defence, ft is satisfactory to know that the Com-
monwealth Government has not been behind in mak-
ing friendly overtures, and though twice an offer to
take a certain number of New Zealand cadets and
train them has been declined, the Minister is .san-
guine that it will yet lie accepted. Senator Pearce
.st>es no reason win there should not also Ix; a
common understanding regarding military matters.
If the one, why not the other? Surely Australia
and New Zealand are near enough and clos<-ly
enough related, with identical interests, to make
Ixjth desirable. .Meanwhile the programme of Aus-
tralian defence is being |)ushed forward. The Aus
tralian unit, so far as ships are concerned, is .said to
111- Hearing completion. The work of establishing
ihe three naval ba.ses i> pifm-ding.

KladJrrn<iatKh.\ [Berlin.

The New Caesar.

" Lcl none bul fat men be about me ! "

Der n'akre Jacol.\ iSlultgarl.

The Prince's Education.

" What is the Latin for white ? "
" Niger black."

" It used to be called by another name, but now
we will call it so."

1 eOOM'.MOI^BOe!! ^

ROAR FOR TmE \'r^' —

Z^^c--

Diifatch.^ (( .'olittnhiK,

Starting; Something for Effect

The Expert to the Rescue of China.

BRITAIN, 'IIIR GUARDIAN OF TIIH OUTl'.R (iATI'.: THE PANAMA
CANAL AND NEIGHBOURING BRITISH POSSESSIONS.

Jamaica and British Honduras lie closer to the entrance of the Canal than any fart of the U,uted Stata or any other

European Dependency.

Common Sense

about

Panama.

London", Sept. 2, 19 12.
The action of the United
States Senate and of Presi-
dent Taft in tearing up
the I lay-Pauncefote Treaty
governing the Panama Canal has evoked
a cliorus of surprised disapprobation
througliout the world. And nowhere has
the disapproval been more outspoken
tlian in .the United States. The world
reahses less accurately than does the sane
American citizen how this . situation
has come about, and regards it only as a
deliberate violation of a solemn business
compact, followed by a refusal to submit
tiie ijuestion to any independent tribunal
for arbitration. The fact of the matter is
that President Taft is a desperate man,
who sees before iiim the probaliility of
defeat in the Presidential camjiaign.
Roosevelt's organisation is doing wonders
and should ensure that Taft will not
enjoy another term, if it does not land
Roosevelt at the Wliite House. .And be-
hind Taft arc all those who know that if
lie is out of office they are also out of
jobs. .\t Presidential election time in the
United States moral fibre becomes very
slack, and the fervour of the contest elimin-
ates too often any consideration of the
justice or iniquity cjf methods. This

being so, actions on the part of a Presi-
dential candidate, actuated by the insidious
suggestion of his political spongeholders,
cannot and must not be regarded seri-
ously. It is certain that if a candidate
thought that hv advocating the wholesale
annexati"on of Juirope lie coidd secure
re-election, he would cry aloud in favour
of it ; and his opponent would prob-
ably reply by asking, " What about
Asia r " Taft at the moment is temporarily
suffering from electionitis, and is not respon-
sible for his actions. It is all very terrible,
no doubt, this talk of tearing up treaties
and refusing arbitration, but it is all talk,
and there is little real chance of it being
ever anything else.

I'or the Panama Canal will
The Awakenmg ,

of a not be open for trafhc

National before two years, anil long

Conscience. ^^^^f^^^^ ^j^^^ ^..^^-^ .^,^^j ,,|;

political ni:ui(i'u\ res will have passed out
of practical politics. And it is only after
the Presidential election is over and the
United States is sane again that we can judge
of the American attitude towards the Panama
Canal tniU. Alieadv the electioneering
repudiation of treaties li.is achieved much
good: it has awakened the national con-
science. The great drawback in American
public life has always been that the think-

262

The Review of Reviews.

ing men, the sane citizens and the real
business men have kept out of pohtics,
regarding tliem as wasteful, if not worse.
Thus the political game has fallen into
the hands of the less worthy, with the in-
evitable results. But Taft's rude jarring
of the national belief that in matters of
international probity the United States

leads the way has effectually awakened th<;
more serious elements of the population
The newspapers of importance, almost with-
out exception, have united to denounce the
denunciation or ignoring of treaty rights ;
professors at the great universities have in-
veighed to their students against this sullying
of the Stars and Stripes, whilst a very active

>^ Quebec .^ -. ■- *

i' '' r

F> T H

ANTIC .'' ,':

"" .#!#

Azores -.^' ."<ft" / I*-.

^""'ftc

^

•JAMAICA -','\\S'-"^^fl"i^^ S 1.

ierjj,o'

Cape Verde I! /
Portuguese •■ '

6^i^

DtJCif I.
'PITCAIBN I.

*S.iU->,OofneT

■2

AEteosion 1,

s o u r w
r z. /I y r /

OCEAN

''tape Horn

[^^^y^euTT)

Note. British Territory is shown in a darker shade * unoehlinco

as *TRINIDAD

The Shriuking of the World.

The r.iinma Cail.nl brings New V'ork iicaiei lo llit: Wcslcin Stales of Anieiica, and shorlens the journey Id East China
ami Japan. The Suez route will still be the sliorter route from Britain to Auuralia and the East, but \ew Zealand will be
brought 1,000 miles nearer and British Columbia 6,000 miles nearer the Home Country. Pitcairn Island, that lonely and
Almost forgotten postession of thi» country, will now be placed direct in the highway between Panama and Australia.

Thk Progress of the World.

263

Anglo-German
Relations.

sense of sluune has permeated the thinking
sections of the communitv. All this is
excellent, and _ may result in permanent
good. Once the election is over the
reaction will gain strength from this solid
desire to vindicate the international good
name of the United States, and we shall be
astonished if in the end the present mad
action of President Taft does not result in a
permanent drawing together of the two
great English-speaking races in a joint
endeavour to make the best out of the
Panama Canal. The guardians of the
inner and the outer gates of this international
waterway together can ensure fair play for
the- world's commerce and prosperity for
what is one of the world's greatest engineer-
ing feats.

The reports of the serious
illness of the Emperor of
Germanv brought anxiety
as to Anglo-German re-
lations. Wf know the German Emperor
and the German people do not want war,
hut if death should reniove the Kaiser a
new and comparatively unknown factor
would come into play. And the German
Crown Prince has always been ])resented to
the world as rather more warlike than his
father. Happily the danger of change is
not a real one at the moment, but the hint
has been salutary, in that it warns us that
changes may come, and unexpectedlv. W'c
do not believe that a war will c;ome if the
forces of |)eace are adequate, but we must
acknowledge that the longer there is no
certainty that there will be peace, the
greater grows the danger of war. If Eve
had not continued to look at the ap|)le
she would never ha\e taken it. \n<l so
if two nations are contiiuially looking for
war they bectuiK- accustomed to the idea.
and the descent is casv. That there is

danger about may be judged from the
eflect ot knowledge of its nature upon the
Canadian Ministers and also from the very
exhaustive naval preparations recently com-
jileted. It is no consolation to learn that
Holland, abandoning coast defence war-
ships, is going to build Dreadnoughts.
F'or every new Dreadnought belonging to
a minor Power may seriouslv affect the
balance of naval power in time of war.
Meanwhile we can only go on preparing
for j)eace by making greater and greater
the margin of security in the British navy.
We need more of the spirit of Richard
Cobden, who, no Jingo, said in 1861, "I
would vote ,^'100,000,000 rather than
allow the French navy to be increased to a
level with ours, because I should say that
any attempt of that sort, without any
legitimate grounds, would argue some
sinister designs u()on this countrv."

For the British Empire

The Navy there is one qtiestion which

a Party Question, ^'lould never be made a

party question, and that is
the maintenance ot the Navy. For without
the Navy there is no Empire. Here Party
politics still play some part in naval matters,
but less than in any other. Gradually we
believe that the Navy will be regarded as
much outside of jxilitics as is the monarchy.
In Canada an excellent lead has been given
bv the |)roposal that both parties should
unite in voting the share of the Dominion
for the Imperial Navy. It is probable that
even Sir Wilfrid Laurierwill not be able to
prevent this unanimity of the expression of
an Imperial a|)preciation of Im|)erial needs.
Meanwhile Australia is proceeding ajiace
with till- creation ot a local na\ \ of cruisers
and >maller vessels, anil is endeavouring to
achieve her ideal of relieving the Imperial
Na\y of the duty of policing ami defend-

264

The RevH'W of Reviews.

ing Australian waters. Of all the Dominions

it is probably Australia which has realised

most adequately the need for national

defence. The annual tax for defence has

now i)asscd ,£'i per licad of population.

The magnificent industrial
The ■ c n

Canalisation expansion of Germany

of finds its network of rail-

Germany, ways quite inadequate to
cope with the increasing traffic. The
British Consul-General at Dlisseldorf reports
on the systematic development of. the
German inland waterways. The Govern-
ment proposes to deepen the bed of the
Rhine as f^xr as Cologne, so as to enable
larger sea-going steamers to reach the city
of the great Cathedral. This bringing of
the ocean to Cologne is a project on which
the Netherlands will naturally have some-
thing to say. It would, of course, do away
with the necessity of transhipment at the
Dutch ports, and the consequent profit to
Dutch pockets. This, however, is only one
of the manv projects of the German Govern-
ment, which means to build canals and
waterwavs wherever feasible, in order to
cheapen freights. The Consul proceeds: —

It is fiirllier proposed to biiilil a transcontinental canal due
cast beyond Dortminid. All the rivers running from south to
nortli into llie Baltic and Noitli Sea are to be joiiicd toi^ellicr
by a large canal running from cast to west, thus bringing the
cast and south-cast in direct connnunication with the North Sea
fia the Rhinc-Mcrne-Dorlmund-Kinden Canal. The construc-
tion of the Khine-Wcser Canal and the enlargement of the
Ik-rlln-Stettin Canal have already been taken in hand. The
Kiver Ruhr, at Essen, in Westphalia, is to be deepened and
widened. At Kingcn, on the Rhine, the dangerous Hingen
Lock is to be made more easily navigable. The Rhine itself,
which so far is only navigable for large ships as far as Strasburg,
is 10 be made navigable .is far as Basel. The Mosel and Saar,
tributary rivcr.s of the Rhine, arc to be deepened and canalised
as well. By this means the industrial districts of Alsace-
Lorraine and Luxemburg will gain immensely ; all three
provinces have been developing their industries by leaps and
bounds during (he last ten years, and will get a fresh impetus
by getting cheaper canal freights.

Germany deserves our ungrudging con-
gratulations on this resolute policy of
internal development. Wc might even

go so far as to offer her the sincere flattery
of prompt imitation.

The German Blue-book
Is War upon the new German

Worth While? colonies in the Congo,
which .resulted from the
menace of war consequent on the visit of
the Panther to Agadir, must have come as a
disagreeable surprise to those enthusiastic
Germans who in their desire to secure a
place in the sun for Germany risked
oluneine the entire civilised world into war.
And this risk was run for what the German
Government, who are not likely to be unduly
pessimistic, call a dismal, uninhabitable
swamp. Surclv such results from menace
of war will in time bring the peoples to
realise how utterly unprofitable war generally
is when compared with more commercial
but less spectacidar methods. Nobody
will ever know what the Agadir scare
cost in militarv and naval expenditure,
not only to Germany, but to all
European countries, antl the result is
that from now on the German flag
will fly over an uninhabitable swamp!
Nor have the financial effects finished
even at this day, since we find that
the British Government is continuing to
purchase some 15,000 tons of explosives
monthly, an amount which is far more
than they have bought since the South
African War, and considerably more than
the monthly purchase of explosives during
the war. The other side of the picture is
shown by the recent figures published
about Alaska, which was purchased in
1867 by the United States from the Russian
Government at a price of under one and a
half millions, for which the Ignited States
has since received a return of somethine
over 80 millions sterling. Facts such as
these do mm li to pre\ ent wars and remove

The Progress of the World.

265

Playing

at
Soldiers.

even the possibility of wars being taken
into serious consideration by peoples.
Kverydavthc worlil grows more commercial,
and evcrv dav's progress in this tlirection
must make it more anil more impossible
to think of spending mohey on wars ot
aggression or conquest when judicious pur-
chases of territory yield so abundant a
result.

Foreign countries are
pleased to regard (ireat
Britain as the land in
which militarism is most
rampant. And this because, in lieu of
universal service, she prefers to maintain a
|)rofessional army, paid to fight, and leaves
the mass of the population without e\entual
risks of having to fight, irresponsible, and
dangerously addicted to Jingoism. A
man is frequently more courageous when
shouting for war means sending someone
else to fight. We do not wish to discuss

The late Emperor of Japan.
An intcrating snapshot taken at the iiKUiocuvrcit.

this Continental point of view, but we cannot
help wondering how our critics will regard
the way in which we train our army for
war. litis in view of the very elaborate
regulaticHis issued bv the War Office for the
guidance of the troops during the coming
mananivres. Were such restrictions and
regulations incorporated in the libretto of a
comic o])era, we might all laugh with a good
conscience, but when it has to do with
national defence, and incidentally with the
wasting of hundreds of thousands of pounds,
it is no laughing matter. And instead of
such manoeuvres being of use, it would
seem inevitable that they can only result in
giving to the troops so hopelessly incorrect
an idea of actual war conditions as to
militate largely against any good resulting.
It is all very well to let old ladies, old ruins,
golfers, pheasants and racehorses prevent
the effective training of troops ; but can the
country be sure that an invading enemy
will be as anxious not to be a nuisance ?
Suppose a hostile battery dared to gallop
across a golf course, or foreign riflemen to
fire upon British troops near a galloping
ground i'or racehorses! What could the
J5ritish armv he expected to do: is it any
wonder that our soldiers struggle on, hoping
for better treatment, but without much
encouragement? It would be better tar
to drop such expensive emascidated
maniriufes, buv more ammimition, and
sa\e money for more necessary sides of
national defence.

We do not suggest that it

The Duty j. ,1,^. |■.^^,|, ,,|- ,1,^. \\-.„.

Olfue thai the mantvuvres
are thus rendered value-
less sinte they are tmder the domina-
tion of the Cabinet, and all government
nowadays is singularly susceptible to the
wishes of potential \t)ters. There may to

of

Citizenship.

266

Thh Review of Reviews.

some people be a certain humour \n this
vision ot a Liberal Government, one of whose
members is supposed to be anxious to tax
vested interests in land out of existence,
going out of its way to prevent even
temporary interference with the luxuries
of the few during the manaHivres. The
real fault lies with the citizens of this
country and their verv complete lack of
appreciation that they owe dujties to the
nation, even if these duties occasionally
are inconvenient or unpleasant. It is, of
course, much pleasanter to enjoy privileges
and to insist upon rights than to carry out
duties, but it is questionable whether any
nation can hope to retain her position in the
world whose citizens do not even realise
that they have duties. In i)rimitive com-
munities duties are apparent and privileges
only rewards. We have left that far behind
and take our privileges first, generally
expecting additional rewards should we per-
form any duties. In this country we have
no conscription, which is a privilege not
enjoyed by any other European [)eople, but
so far from valuing this distinction, and
being |)repared to do our best as civilians
for the defence of our country, we write to
the authorities to complain beforehand of
possible inconvenience, and lieing \-oters,
successfully impede the military training of
our army of national defence. Surely the
health of a pheasant or the nerves of a race-
horse should not pre\ent the citizens of a
country from doing their duty. As the
Canadian Minister of Militia truly said, " I
consider the loyalists who are loyal onlv
with their lips a more serious peril than the
actualb disloyal."

A hundred vears asji) the
The Centenary steamship Co/lit^/ steamed

Steamship. ''"^^■■■' f''^" Clyde to the
wonder of all beholders.

To-day, in celebrating the centenary of the
steamship, we seem to be on the eve of
another innovation which promises to enil
the reign of steam for ships. The internal
combustion ])ropulsion engine is arriving,
and has so manv advantages over steam
that there can be no lasting competition.
It is announced that Germany is to build a
motor cruiser of 5,500 tons displacement,
which will have a cruising radius of 1 2,000
miles. And already we have, in the sub-
marine, the best sea-going vessels in the
British Navv. These submarines, with their
motor-engines, can keep the high seas for
months at a time, and point the way which
must be followed by other war-craft. Steam
has done much for sea-traffic, and yet it
must give wav to oil — ami, in its turn, oil
will be sup[)lanted by something of which
mankind has not yet known, or not realised,
the possibilities.

The tlevelopment of the
The Ferrets submarine and the various
the Sea. ^yi^g craft leads us seri-

ously to question whether
the future warfare at sea will not depend
rather upon these new factors than upon
the gigantic line-of-battle vessel. The possi-
bilities of the submarine are not \"et fully
realised, but in the recent na\al manamvres
it was shown how a submarine could enter
a defended harbour and work havoc to the
shipping riding at anchor in supposed safety.
There is no question that these ferrets of the
sea are of greater advantage to an attacking
navy than to one forced to remain on the
defensive. There will no longer be need
for long and • tedious blockades, since the
sea ferrets can enter harbours and drive out
the sheltering warships to cond>at m the
open, just as a rabbit is driven (>ur of its
hole to fall to the waiting guns. How
things have changed since Nelson's time —

Till-: Pro(;ri-:ss of the World.

267

ro-day the establishment ot" a submarine
station at Alexandria means more to us in
the Mediterranean than tliil the blockade
of Toulon then. The submarine, with its
great range of action and despite its
relatively slow s|)ced, is the real commerce
destroyer, and the knowledge that one is
cruising in any of the narrow seas . will
immediately stop all conimerce.

The results of the Army
The Progress acrojjlane trials have re-
Aviation, suited in a triumjih tor
Mr. Cody, the e\-l^nitcd
States citizen, who was placed first in every
class of the competition. This demonstra-
tion of the superiority for |)ractical pur|)oses
of a large aeroplane over the lighter and
more fashionable French models mav be
taken as a sign that in aviation this country
is not so hopelessly outdistanced as has
seemed to be the case up to the present.
What will be exactly the rok- of
aeroplanes and dirigibles in a future war it
is im|)ossible to predict, but there i^ no
tiucitioii that they must inevitablv plav a
very considerable part, and it mav be an
:poch-making parr. Mr. Cody's success
coming as it does after years of personal
enileavour, will encourage those who are
prepared to devote their time and risk tiieir
lives in the advancement of aviation in this
country. I'or the first time aeroplanes are
to take a considerable |)art in British
mancruvres, although on a very small scale
com|)ared to the PVench and (urman
manauivres. In the latter country a (om-
prehensive scheme for the subsidising of the
private owners of aeroplanes and airships is
being elaborated, with the obiecr of increas-
ing the reserves at the disposal ot tlie ( ieriuan
(iovcrnmeiit in time of war. 'I'liose who
have thought fit to laugh at the idea of
danger from Cicrman dirigibles would do

well to note that one of the leading German
papers has set down as the minimum
requirement of a German dirigible that it
shall be able to make the vovage from
Germany to this country and back.

Mr. Asquith has not

Hypothetical '

Rebels tollowed up the charge

and of " open incitement to

the Crown. violence" which he made
in" the House of Commons against the
leaders of the Opposition, by instituting
proceedings in a court of law. In place of
this more dignified but certainly more
dangerous course there has been a very
trenchant letter published by Mr. Winston
Churchill insisting that " the doctrines of
Mr. Bonar Law at Bleiiheini are the doc-
trines of Mr. Ben Tillett on Tower Hill."
'J'hey arc, he urged, doctrines that are sub-
versive of the |)eacetul evolution of the
British Em|)U"e, which is engaged in the
mighty task of reconciliation ami consolida-
tion amongst the many races which com-
pose it. Mr. Churchill concluded bv a
reference to the time when the direction of
national policy might |)ass to others. But,
he added, with an authoritative tone, which
only a much higher source could warrant :

The tr.infferencc of power will not be effecled by violcni
nieuns. It will not come unlil our work is (l.inc. It will not
come until llie leader of (lie Conservative I'arlj- clivesis himself
of doctrines which dii-qiialify him and ihose who back him from
the discharge of oflicial responsibilities, by which every lawless
or disrepulnblc nioveiiicnt in any part of the Empire can be
jnsllfied.

Mr. Bonar Ljiw replied dioic .sv/r*, with
rejoinder tVom Mr. Churchill, antl other
inciters to civil war joined in the wordv
frav. Hut the unmistakable hint conveved
in Mr Churchiirs letter has not been
without its eftect. There has been a
peiceptible impro\enient in the language
ot the leaders of the Opposition. The
pro^i)ect of perpetual 'exclusion from office
under the Crown if thev continue their

268

The Review of Reviews.

wild career as liypotlietical rebels lias had
a cooling influence. They are finding, too,
that they have raised a Frankenstein which
they cannot lay. Tiieir cue has been to
incite Ulster to rebellion if Home Ride is
passed without another General Election.
Were another (xcneral Election to return
a majority in favour of Home Rule the
leaders of the Opposition would have no
consistent course open to them but to
counsel submission. But the irreconcilables
of Ulster have no intention of allowing their
destiny to be decided by another General
Election, or any number of General Elec-
tions. On the forthcoming Ulster Day,
the 28th inst., they propose to take a solemn
covenant j)ledging themselves, " if a Home
Ride Bill becomes law, not to acknowledge
the Parliament in Oulilin, not to obey its
laws, and to pay no taxes to it." This is
unconditional refusal to acknowledge the
authority of the Parliament of the United
Kingdom.

The Unionist capture of
North - West Manchester
with a Eibcral vote de-
creased by i,iSS and a
Unionist vote increased bv 439 was largely
obtained by keeping "^Fariff Reform in the
background —Sir John Randies, though a
Tariff" Reformer, says he has "all al(;ng
refused to acknowledge it i\^ the issue" — and
by dilating on the inconveniences caused
by the Insurance Act. The electors on
both sides seemed to be very tepid about
Home Rule and Welsh Disestablish-
ment. The East Carmarthen contest shows

The
By-elections

a niaioritv of 3,817 votes

the

Unionist candidate. Inhere was an increase
in the Liberal vote of 257, and in the
Unionist xote of 1,039. Phe I>abour vote

sank

^y

8

/■

'i'lie friends of (liiirch

defence profess themselves satisfied with

the result ; but in the return of a Non-
conformist minister and champion of Dis-
establishment with nearly three thousand
majority the nation at large will not see any-
thino; but an endorsement of tlie Govern-
ment Welsh policy. The fact remains that
out of thirty-eight electoral contests since
the last General Election, the Unionists
have only gained ' seven seats. And this
after all the revolutionary horrors proposed
by the present Government have been
completel}' unmasked !

The retirement of the
Curious Exit Master of Elibank from

of the , . . r 1

Liberal Whip. ^ '"-' position of the
Liberal Chief Whip is
accompanied with unusual circumstances.
He" not merely receives a peerage, but also
withdraws from political life. Hfs health,
it is said, cannot stand the long and late
hours of Parliament. He will devote his
energies to the management of his father's
estates, and will become a director of a
noted engineering firm with large in-
terests in oil. The choice of a com-
mercial in preference to a political career
in the case of a man who has ailvanccd
so far on the high road to j)olitical
power is unusual. Still more unusual is
the line he has taken in respect of the seat
which he has just \acated. Hearing that
the Midlothian miners might desire to
nominate their agent, Mr. Robert Brown,
Provost of Dalkeith, as Labour candidate, •'
the new V^iscount wrote to the Midlothian
Liberals stating that in this case he would ask
the pros|)ective Liberal candidate to hold '
himself in reserve for another Scottish
constituency, and would earnestly advise
his own Liberal supporters to "concen-
trate on the Provost of Dalkeith " as a
thoroughly experienced politician, of wide
sympathies, sound common sense, and strong

The Progress of the World.

269

progressive views, deservedly" held in high
popularity and respect, and possessing the
confidence of all sections of the community.
The Liberal Association did not, however,
act on the advice of their late member, but
have nominated Mr. Alexander Shaw. The
Labour Party naturally nominated Provost
Brown. The Unionist candidate is corre-
spondingly hopeful. So we have the some-
what humorous spectacle of a Labour can-
didate who is trying to capture the historic
Liberal seat of Midlothian coming before
the electors with the strong recommenda-
tion of the late Chief Liberal Whip 1 Of
course, the new Viscount has later expressed
his hope that Mr. Shaw will be returned.
This peculiar triangular situation suggests
once more the need of a clearer under-
standing between the Liberal and Labour
Parties. When the retiring Liberal Whip
so blurs the border line, what can the
average elector be expected to do r

^i^g The much advertised Li-

insurance Act surance Act is now in full

^"^ operation as far as con-

the Public. , ,. , . ,,

ccrns the licking or stamps

and the collection of contributions. The
country at large has accepted the innovation,
and it would be a bold man who would
say that any change of Government would
mean its repeal. Meanwhile, since no
benefits are to be given for six months, the
(iovernment is enjoying to the full its
immediari- benefit of some quarter of a
million of free revenue weekly. The interest
on this sum alone during the six months'
interval will be considerable. And by the
time the State has to find its share of the
benefits there will be an accumulation of
money — nobody can quite tell how much,
but it must be between ten and twenty
millions. Hut the general public is more in-
terested in the inconvenicnccof stamp-licking

than in the destination of the money. It is
perhaps this financial aspect of the Insurance
Act which brought it into being — it is in any
case the only great social measure which has
been originated within recent years without
any public demand. And when the benefits
begin for those insured, the State will be in
the happy position of not only having a
large reserve fund, but also the usual weekly
income from the stamps. It is undoubtedly
this view of the Act which will cause many
employers to protest and some to resist.
During the six months' period of payment
without benefits it is probable that a general
election would reveal irritation rather than
enthusiasm on the part of the electors.

The only organised oppo-
The Case sition to the Insurance Bill

for . , I • 1

the Doctors. '''^'' Come trom the medical
profession, and it must be
confessed that the doctors have a good
case. They speak as those who have to
spend considerable sums of money in order
to practise, who suffer under many disadvan-
tages, and yet who are an essential element
of the nation. Without doctors where
would we all be? And vet the strongest
argument used by the doctors against the
Insurance Act is that, by making it still
more impossible to make a living, the State
is going to hasten on the serious diminution
in the number of doctors. When we learn
that in 191 1 there were only 176 new
doctors admitted to practise as against 564
in H)io, and that the entries of medical
students at medical schools is seriously
declining, we are bound to admit that it is
an argument which cannot be ignored
without serious national consequences.
Some time ago a plav was produced which
showed the home of a striker who had
arranged that all the electric lights in a city
should be cut ofi. A doctor was engaged

270

Tiiii Review of Rj-:vih\vs.

in a life and death operation on the striker's
child when the light was cut off. The
child died. Is the Insurance Act to bring
about a state of things which will mean
that while there will be light there will be
no doctor.- And the nation's children will
die : This is what the doctors' arguments
and tacts must mean.

The Chivalry ^'^s Ethel Henley does
of well to call the attention

"Honourable" 4" »K 1 r 1 11

Members. "^ '^"^ P"'^''^^' ^^^''^^'S'' ^'""^

columns <jf tlie Slandard,

to the way our legislators are proceeding
with the White Slave Traffic Bill. On
passing its second reading, the J3ill, it will
be remembered, was entrusted to a Stand-
ing Committee of finally 82 members.
Miss Henley remarks on the fact that at
its seven meetings the attendances were 35,
42, 44, 41, 38, 36, 21. More serious than
the lack of attendance is the disposition
shown to increase the risks of innocent
women being entrapped into a worse than
living death, in order to diminish the risks
of some chance man suffering incon\ enience
from a false charge being made against
him. We are left to infer that if any
Honourable Member who appro\es this
course were given the option of himself
being apprehended on a false but odious
charge, or his sister being decoyed, violated,
and imprisoned in a den of loathsome
shame and suffering for the rest of her life,
lie would j)refer that his sister should be
sacrificed. Happily, chivalry is not en-
tirely dead even in the male electorate of
England, and the constituencies may be
trusted to deal with men who thus reveal
their standard of honour. A similar mea-
sure is now being introdiued into India.
\ccording to the Hon. \\', (\ .Maduc, in
I he Jiidiaii V'/wev —

If the feasonalilf bcvcrities inlroduccil iiilu the Knijlisli l^iil |,a.|

licTii anlicipalecl, the proceeding proposed under the Indi.ui
liiU might well have been m.ide more stringent.

Any person reasonably suspected of making money over the
degradation of an imported woman may be arrested without
warrant, but bailed out, and, on production before the
magistrate having jurisdiction, be heard on his defence, and,
if convicted, deported ; and on repetition of the ofience, or even
for reappearing in India, be imprisoned with hard labour.

The remark suggests the vast influence
for good or evil which the standard set by
the Home Parliament exerts abroad. Mr.
Madge expresses the hope that "when the
Bill is on the anvil, its penalties will be
made severer and more deterrent." He
says it is undeniable that European victims
are still imported into India, while the
trade in Japanese girls has grown apace.
He rightly adds that the importation of a
white woman into India aims a more deadlv
blow at British |)restige than any sedition. '
Many suggestions have
been advanced for a fit-
ting memorial of our late
Chief. Several are already
realisation. The lai-gest
las the approval of a con-
siderable number of influential and repre-
sentative men and women, is now beint^
made public. It is based on the fact that
in many towns in England, and also in
other countries, there is no properly super-
vised safe and sanitary hostel for wo.men
and girls. F'or men there are the Rowton
Houses and Workmen's Homes. This sad
omission lay heavy on the heart of our late
Chief. He summoned a conference on the
subject at his own home, and his interest in
it sustained the ])ioneers of the movement
which has now taken the form of the
National Association for \\'omen's Lodging
Homes. The promoters proceed : —

IliL- internation.-il char.ic'er of Mr. Stead's work is well
known, and therefore it is propose.! to raise an inlern.ilional
memorial fund which will be available for founding lodging
liiiincs for women li> be walled the " .Sle.id Hostels. '

< )ftcn Ihe initial cost of starling a hostel is the grealesl obstacle
10 be overcome, as lo.al inicro^i can be obtained if ihig cost h

"Stead Hostels."

m [)rocess of
scheme, which

The Progress of the World.

271

iiui. In this country those in charge of labour exchanges fiml
it difficult to tind suitable lodgings for women and girls for
whom work is waiting. By co-operation with the labour
exchanges local neetl could be ascertained.

It is intended that the funds raised in each country should be
available, if desired, for establishing there the most suitable
kind of home, which would be placed under the supervision of
some existing Dtganisation.

In the autumn it is proposed to call a
meeting and appoint a committee before
issuing a public appeal. Friends desiring
to co-operate will kindly communicate with
Miss Josephine Marshall, Salvt;, Williheld
Way, Hendon.

The pa.ssing of General
The Future Booth has given rise to

of the ° .

Salvation Army, many Speculations con-
cerning the future of the
Salvation Army. There is the usual
tendency to expect tliat the departure of a
great personality will be followed hy the
decay and final disappearance of his work.
Sucii estimates seem to be based on an
insufficient recollection of the tenacity of
great religious movements. St. Francis of
.\ssisi died in 1226. The resemblance
between the Salvationist and the Franciscan
methods of evangelism has often impressed
Church historians. During the saint's life-
time the Order tiiat hears his name had
extended into many lands, but had attained
dimensions in no way comparable to those
of the Solvation Army at the present
time. Vet the Franciscan Order is ' still
alive and active. The autocracy of the
.Vrmy need not be considered more
fatal to continuance than the autocracy
which ruli-. the .lesuit Onlcr. In a
|)urely vdliintary organisation autocracv
can only be by consent of the governed,
anil is therefore, to use (ieneral Booth's
own words, a Mosaic ilemocracy. It ;iiav
be answered that the lite <»f the (u-neral, <tr
even tiie life of C'atherine Booth, cannot
compel the devotion of succeeding genera-

tions with the charm of the Saint of Assisi.
But the red-hot passion for saving souls
which filled the founders of the Salvation
Army is a precedent and an inspiration not
less potent than the emotion or purpose
from which Orders have sprung that have
lasted for centuries. The progress of
social reform will doubtless tend to dry
up the sources of the social morass and
render the social wing of the .\rmy less
and less necessary. But so long as there
is to be found a " submerged " fraction
of humanity anvwhere in the world, so long
is there need for perfervid Salvationism of
the earliest type. And Mr. Begbie's
" Broken Earthenware " attests that at the
present time, as in the earliest days of the
movement, conversions are taking place, by
means of the Army, of the most startling
and seismic character. Yet in the earliest
days of the .^rmy General Booth confessed
that his great difficulty was to " keep his
people down in the gutter. No sooner had
they been saved than they tried to become
respectable. But he meant, by the help
of (jod, to keep the Army down in the
gutter." The General clearly foresaw the
chief peril. Forewarneil is forearmed.

The British Isles are
usuallv so fortunate in

The Floods. , . ' • r

their exemption from great

catastrophes of Nature as
to make us, as a peoj)le, more impatient
when they actuallv arrive. Last year the
countrv was burnt up with an exceptional
drought. This year it has been devastated
with cold and flood. The month of holi-
day and harvest has been in temperature
anil in moisture mf)re suggestivt- ol
February than of August, 'llu- spoilt holi-
ilav is a minor matter compared with the
spoilt harvest, but is none the less a disaster.
The holiday of the brainworkers in especial

272

The Review of Reviews.

rhoU'sraph ly]

\Xi'7('S/'ij/''-r lUustraliims, Ltd.

England's Summer, 1912.

is a national asset ot" no small magnitude,
and the lack, of life in the open air during
their chief annual holiday must react in
serious detriment to their subsequent health
and etHciency. The damage to the crops
up to the present is enormous. Further
loss may be obviated by a fine Se]3tember ;
but already tiie value of the national harvest
has been impaired, it is reckoned by ex-
]ierts, to the extent of several shillings a
quarter. As the decrease of one shilling a
quarter represents a national loss of a
million and a half sterling, the diminution
ill the national income in consequence of
these August rains is something formidable.
The climax of the downpour was reached
on August 26r]i. On that and the follow-
ing (lav the rainfall in the Eastern counties,
which arc normally the driest portion of
these islands, reached the portentous total
ior twenty-nine hours of more than se\en
and a third inches. This amounts to a
quarter of the average annual rainiall : that
is, as much rain fell in twentv-niiic hours as
usually falls in three whole months. This
is said to be a downpour un|)rccedented in
our hydrometric annals. Widespread de-

struction resulted. In East ('
Anglia eighty bridges were
destroyed. Railway embank-
ments were washed away.
Railway communication was
interrupted over a wide area.
Tiiecity of Norwich was cut
ofi"' frorn the rest of the
country. The highest water-
mark of previous floods was
surpassed by eighteen inches.
A square mile of the lower
streets of the city were under
water; 10,000 of its towns-
folk were rendered homeless
are iieing housed and
other public build-

and
fed in schools and
ings. The electric light and power station
was paralysed. For several nights the city
was in darkness. Happily, only two or three

//■^..^^■.,l;<'• ':il

Norwich Streets, August, 1912.

The Progress of the World.

273

of
the Deep

lives were lost, but damage to the extent of the taxpayer shall foot the bill, then we
<5^'ioo,ooo is alreatlv reported. The injury think, that some very pertinent questions
to health that will follow from the deluge should be asked with regard to the
remains to be seen. special fees paid to the various counsel
In the various British and the retainers, which undoubtedly did
The Perils reports and inquiries aris- not make them less adverse to dragging
ing from the loss of the out the Inquiry. Since no benefit accrued
Tilauic much was made of to the public, and since Lord Mersey
the fact that it was an exceptional occur- expressly declared his lack ot interest in
rence, and this was made the reason for what the public thought or desired, it
no new regulations being framed. Now, seems unjust to spend the public money
however, in the Corsican we have another without rendering any account,
case, which would have had similarly dis- The change of Govern-
astrous results had the steamer not been "'"'"' "^ ment in Turkey has pro-
running ticad slow at the time of the ^^^^ East. duced much telegraphic
collision. After this we trust that active eftervescence, centring in
steps will be taken to bring life-saving Vienna, as is usual in such cases. Through-
equipment up to date and generally to give out the Near East it is a matter of common
the passengers and crew a chance of life, knowledge that the majority of telegrams
It is interesting to note that Senator Smith emanating from the Austrian capital and
is to ask the United States Senate to cir- dealing with Balkan affairs are unreliable
culate Lord Mersey's Report as a State when not deliberately intended to deceive,
paper. It would certainly not suit the Things are not as they shoidd be in Turkey
Board of Trade here, after its whitewashing — far from it — and, as Cherif Pasha says,

commission of inquiry, to |)rint the Ameri-
can Senate's Inquiry Rej)ort as a Blue-book.
And now that the whitewashing of the
While Star Line and the Board of Trade is
completed, it is of interest to the taxpayer
to know on whom will fall
the cost of Lord Mersey's
inquirv, which in the words
of Captain Ilampson " has
left us just where wc were
before the Tilouic Disaster."
Since Lord Mersey was com-
pelled to lind that the acci-
dent was due to the excessive
speed of the White Star boat,
It would seem natural that
the White Star ('ompany
should bear the cost. If,
however, it is decided that

the good fruit trees of Europe must be
grafted upon the wild trees of Turkey before
the internal situation materially improves.
Be that as it may, the deposition ot the
Committee of Union and Progress from

Ice on the forecastle of the Allan Liner "Corsican," after striking an
iceberg on a recent trip from Montreal.

274

Tini; Review of Reviews.

supreme jjower is a ste|) in the right direc-
tion. The merits of this organisation were
rather in the direction of the destruction of
the old r('gime than the construction of a
new Turkey, ^"o-day the pohcy of con-
struction must begin, and to no country
does Turkey look as she does to us. Were
those who are sincerely anxious for the
creation of a new Turkey to be assured that
the British lunpire, which is also the greatest
Mohammedan Empire, were behind them,
the present stop-gap Cabinet would make
way for one composed ot the most progress-
ive elements. To expect drastic changes
at Constantinople while the Turks cannot
know who are their friends and who their
enemies is expecting too much. We must
give them a friendly lead. Although the
actual Government does not pretend to be a
permanent one it nevertheless contains many
elements of good. It means to maintain the
Chamber and to insist that the Elections
shall be tree. It excuses itself for the
amnesty of the old exiles by the fact that it
is strictly constitutional, since these officials
of the time of Abdul Ilamid were exiled
without any legal trial. The surest guarantee
that no unconstitutional methods will be
followed is that Turkey to-day looks towards
Great Britain, and knows that by following
constitutional methods she at least avoids
any danger of meriting a rebuff.

The Albanian disturbance

Albania,

Montenegro, ^^'1'' 'iiore smoke tiian hrc,

and and the prompt measures

Bulgaria. ^.j,.^.,^ ,^^. ^^^^ authorities in

the way of an expression of readiness to
treat with the rebels, and at the same time
showing jjreparation for the emplovnient of
militarv force, had a very salutary cfTect.
The Albanians not only returned home, but,
having obtained rifles, went towartls the
Montenegrin frontier with the avowed inten-

tion of repelling anv attack from the sub-
jects of King Nicholas. The Albanian
situation is one which will have to be dealt
with in due course, but it is very compli-
cated indeed, there being little national
cohesion and a very decidedly developed
system of clan vendetta to be taken into
account. For the moment Albanian unrest
must mean Servian and Bulgarian anxiety,
since in Macedonia and Old Serviathe bulk
ot the po|)ulation is related to the people of
one or other State. But it is extremely
improbable that cither King Ferdinand or
King Peter desires to pull the chestnuts
out of the fire for Austria or Russia, and
they know quite well that by precipitating
war they are creating a situation very well
calculated to swallow them up as well as
extinguish any future hopes. We may
take it then that there will be no movement
on the j)art of Bulgaria or of Servia, and
that these nations will aid, as far as is possi-
ble with the sentiments of their populations,
in Turkey's work of regeneration. But it
must not be forgotten that in Bulgaria
especially the voice of the people may in
the end override the will of the King anil
the Government. We do not, however,
believe that the wiser course will be aban-
doned, and with a mutually tolerant appre-
ciation of inevitable frontier incidents,
peace will be preserved. And internal
peace will thus synchronise with the coming
peace with Italv.

N\'e are too ajjt to regard
The Progress the Smaller luiropean States

°f nil

Bulgaria. — especially those m the

proximity of Turkey — as

nure epluiucral creations, living from hand

to mouth, and re\elling in battle, murder,

and sudden ileath. it is therefore a pleasant

corrective to this erroneous view of things

to record the twenty-fifth anniversary of the

Thi-: Progress oi- nii: World

275

ivign of King Ferdinand. It would he
difticult to overestimate the progress wliitli

• the country has made under his rule, and it
will ever remain, together with Roumania,
as a proof of the wisdom of calling in as ruler
in a new, inexperienced land one who by right
(if birth anil tradition understands kingcraft.
Anil the Bulgarian ruler is exceptionally gifted
in abilirv to steer a way through troubletl
European waters. It is no exaggeration to
say that he has built the Bulgaria of to-day
with diplomatic bricks made without straw-
That the democratic ])easants love their
autocratic and aristocratic ruler is doubtful,
that they realise all he has done for them is
uncertain, but that tiiey know well that the
country cannot do without him is inevitable.
The anniversary should call the attention
of this country to the remarkable progress
made by Bulgaria, Servia, and Roumania
within a comparatively short time. The

' wonder is that whereas the financiers of
Europe regard these States as offering the
best possible field for investment, the British
|)ublic will have nothing to do with them.
And yet British capital would be preferred
to any other, since it is the freest from the
taint of political intrigue.

.Journalism in Great
Regnant Britain, although its power

Journalism. j^ dreaded and e\en re-
si)ected, is, governmentally
considered, a prophet without honour in
his own country. VVitli the eminent ex-
ception ot Lord Morley, a journalistic
career has been regarded as a bar to high
oflice in the State. _ China, however, in
making her world over again, gives official
recogiutiou to the actual dynamic position
of the journalist by appointing as her
political adviser the 'I'imcs correspondent

at IVkin. The hearty congratidations of
pressmen all round the world go to Dr.

ni.'tograpll /;vl [;/',.//.-, Sofia.

King Ferdinand of Bulgaria
at llic celebration of his twciUy-nflh anniversary as ruler.

Morrison on attaining this momentous share
in the direction of the destinies of well-
nigh one-fourth of the liumaii race. Dr.
Morrison has graduated with honours in
tlie school of world-wide experience, fie
must also be congratulated on ha\ ing, with
similar di>regard of tradition and eve for
reality, married the ladv who, as his secre-
tary, has been a true partner in his great
career. Meantime, at home, the Timvs has
ihanged its editors. The late editor, Mr.
Buckle, takes with him into his retirement
the respect of the world for his scholarlv,
judicial, and unobtrusive conduct of the
great newspaper. His successor, Mr. Geof-
frey Robinson, is a pupil of Lord Mihicr, but
will, it is h()|)ed, have a more reverent re-
gard for consequences than his former chief

276

The Review of Reviews.

Under liis sway the Times may he expected
to develop :i policy of more avowed and
thorougli-going Imj)erialism. Meantime
it is interesting to note that measures care-
fully restricting the licence of the Press are
being contemplated or enacted, at once by
the Turks in ('onstantino|)le and the Labour
(iovernment in Australia. Journalism is a
force with which the Governments of the
world have not yet completely reckoned. In
the interests of peace and order it is to be
hoped that the responsibilities attaching to
this enormous social force will be duly
safeguarded antl enforced by law, tiiat
journalism may be a good servant of the
community and not the bail master it often
threatens to become. Some day, perhaps,
the journalist that lies a nation into an
unjust war will be given a fair trial and —
hanged.

In the meantime, while we
'^^^ are all too largely at the

Ditrinishing Life-cost . ■ 1 ,r

of War. mercy or tlie bellicose

editor, it is gratifying to
note tliat gradually progress is making
for reduction in human sacrifice. A
naval battle, even the most destructive,
cannot mean a death-bill a])i)r()aching a
great land battle, antl to-day the destiny of
the world is decided by sea power. It is
true that this has come to pass because the
British Navy has command of the sea and
because the sea-borne provisions, gathered
from all corners of the earth, are essential
to all countries but it is none the less the
case. And now we see the submarine and
the dirigible or the acroj)lane coming to
displace the Dreadnouglit. And again
there is a great shrinkage oi the human
element brought into play and offered on
the altar of the God of War. luen the
motor Dreadnought will be manned by

fewer sailors than the battleships of to-day.
Also in land warfare the toll of victims will
tend to be less — the Russo-Japanese War
was no real criterion. Ammunition, pro-
visions, great distances, all these are going
to play a role in land war of the future, and
all tend to diminish the slaughter.

The Government's an-

Out of the nouncement at the begin-

Sugar Convention, ning ot last month, that

twelve months hence it
will withdraw from the Sugar Conven-
tion, has been attributed to a desire to
influence the North - West Manchester
election. In that purpose it failed. It had,
of course, far wider ends. The Convention
was an agreement to hinder the importation
of bounfv-fed sugar. When this attempt is
relinquished, the hope is that the people of
this country will have the benefit of cheaper
sugar; the fear is that the cane-sugar trade of
our Colonies will be seriously injured. On
the other hand, it is perfectly possible, as
Mr. Asquith pointed out, for this country
to give a preference to Colonial sugar.
though he did not propose to adopt that
policy. A serious consideration is the
menace in\ olved to the sugar beet industry
just introduced into this country. Over
three thousand acres in the Eastern Counties
have been planted with sugar beet, and
factories are being erected. But, as Mr.
Asquith pointed out, there is no reason why
this nascent industry should not receive
assistance from the development fund. The
country is now free to adopt such measures
as seem desirable. So far forth the advan-
tages seem to be on our side. Italy is
apparently of the same way of thinking, for
she also has given notice of withdrawal from
the Convention.

The Death-Knell of British Railways.

WHY THE MOTOR MUST SUPPLANT THEM.

THERE ran now l)e no dis;^'ui>inj,' Ihc fan
that the railways of this country are no
lon^'ir good business. It is not only that
they do not earn high dividends, or that every
year sees more railway ordinary aipital receiving
no dividend at all, but they do not any longer seem
able to fulfil their national work. There are many
very obvious reasons,, some of which it will be
instructive to glance at. To begin with, the railway
network of this country
has not been created re-
cently; it has grown with-
out any system or with-
out any ordered business
idea back of it. This
was perhaps inevitable in
the first place, but there
was no need why matters
should have been left
thus without any real at-
tempt at bringing thing.s
into line with the most
irdinary business ideas.
lo begin with, the rail-
.v.iys are burdened with
I tremendous load of
[lital and dead money
ich makes it practi-
Iv impossible for them
hope to pay their way
. e at the expense of the
■^il.lic.
While the ( liicf railway
'ipanics are great and
iiplex businesses, we

■ not hesitate to say that they are not really

II on business lines. There is too little joint

ion, too much hide-bound tradition for real

■grcss to be possible. And, therefore, the nation

iiicrs. Railways have been so vital a part of national

ii- for deiades now that anything unlicalth) in them

i-t affect the whole national structure. What is

ded is a very drastic- stocktaking and a ruthless

• I ling down of capiUil if ever the publii- are to obtain

I ^onably chca|) rales on the railwavs. And then

me business organisation and a real business idea,

Diagram showing the life work of a goods wagon.
It is in use only two minutes per hour, and in all for
six months during seventeen years.

including all the parts of the system, must be
inaugurated. It is appalling to think that to-dav in
the United Kingdom there are some 250 distinct
railway companies and that the i .300 directors receive
in fees something like £650,000 a year ! And these
directors, or the great majority of them, are no more
competent to decide questions affecting modern rail-
ways than is any man in the street. Their special
qualifications seem to be extreme respectability and

extreme age. On the
board of one railway
company there are six
gentlemen whose average
age is over seventy-seven.
Since the capital value
created by these hundreds
of directors is not in ex-
cess of their fees they
must be considered as an
uneconomic factor. Then,
again, there are the 250
general managers of the
250 railway companies, all
in receipt of handsome
salaries, .and yet many
(,f them indisputably un-
economic factors and of
little commercial value in
the railway business. It
is astounding to find .so
immense an organisation
being run by those pos-
sessing so little real
training and scientific pre-
paration for their work
— a work upon which much ol the welfare of the nation
depends. Surely all these boards and all these general
managers are not needed to manage the 23.41.-j miles
of railway in the United Kingdom. It would work
out at a little over ninety miles of road for each
separate organisation ! If the present apparently
unbusiness-like and w;i.steful method of running our
railways made for ciriciency. the expense might be
cxcu.scd. But it does not make for efficiency in time
of peace or in time of w.ir. The freight rates on liritish
railways are far higher than those in Continental

270

The

Rkviilw

OF Ruxiiiws.

( .uiilrit- . In ma.iv instances tlicy aic ninn: lliaii
(l(juMc Ihu (Icrniiin nitus. Surely this amnol bi' lo
the advantage of the British manufacturer or the
a;iriculturist ?

Freight rates in the United Kinj,'d()m average
I • 123d. per ton mile.

Freight rates in I'Vancc average o'726d. i)er
ton mile.

Freight rates in (krmany average o-fij/d. per
ton mile.

Freight rates in Holland average o'59od. per
ton mile.
The passenger tralTic is in a belter slate than the
freight, although the lack of thought-out business idea

lilr. li 1. e(|ui\ali-nl In .saying that in every hour
tile good- wagon is only used for two minutes. It
is undergoing repairs for twelve minutes each hour,
and lying idle for the rest of the time.

Putting the price of these wagons at from /jo to
£80 apiece, it is seen that the capital sunk in the
1,400,000 amounts to about £100,000,000. This is a
very large amount to sink every twenty years or less,
especially when the wagons representing these millions
are not in use for the vast majority of their years of
life. 15ut this is not all. The repairs necessary owing
to exposure to the weather and violence in shunting
amount to between £3 and £4 per wagon per annum,
or an annual outlay of about £5.000,000. And this lor

The Sidings at Willesden Junction, showing hundreds on hundreds of goods wagons standing idle.

in the whole system must have some considerable
effect. Turning to the question of goods traffic, how-
ever, we have forced upon our notice a most incredible
state of chaos, and one which is quite sufficient to
account for high rates and no dividends. There are
in existence to-day some i,|oo,ooo goods wagons,
some belonging to the railway companies, and some
to private individuals. These wagons are mounted
on wheels and placed on the rails; but then it would
appear that their object had been attained. Because
they arc seldom employed lo carry goods ! 'I'he life
of a goods wagon is about seventeen years, and
statistics prove that it is mobile on an average, laden
and unladen, for six months out of its seventeen years'

the pleasure of seeing the wagon.s stand idle, whil'
tons of merchandise are not moved owing to prohibitiv'
freight rates ! Some wagons naturally are mor
mol)ile than others, but there is no return made t
shareholders giving the numbers of wagons bough
and ne\or used at all.

I'.ut the baneful efTects of this method of not organ
ising business do not end there. We must also cor
sider the space factor. It is quite clear that if a wago
is standing still or being shunted for sixteen and
half years of its existence, it must be standing sunn
where ; and unfortunately that " somewhere "
usually a valuable piece of land. The standing rooi
of a goods wagon sometimes costs a.s much as £4

Tui: HiiAi ii-1s.n1':li, oi' Hritnii I

\AII.WA\

279

square luol. A wagon rct|iiirLS a standing spacj 01
ubuut 20D square feet, and, thus, £800 worth of land
to accommodate it. Detention of a goods wagon is
accounted for in loading, unloading, shunting, mar-
shalling, repairing, and waiting. Is it to be wondered
at that there are 14,353 miles of sidings in the United
Kingdom (as compared with 23.117 miles of open line)
costing ahout £2 727,000 per annum for maintenance?

In London alone the rateable value of the railway
property, mostly' goods yards, is £2^57,514, and the
capital v.ilue at thirty years' purchase is £70,000,000.
At 7s. ^(1. in the { the rate; p.mount to about £.Soo,ooo
;'.nnuall\'.

There arc seventy-four goods stations in London'
joined by 500 milei of line, and interchanging goods
by 700 trains per day running between them, whilst
only about 300 arrive from the country. In a Board
of Trade Blue-book of 1909 we find the following
figure", as to railway capital and dividends : —
lielween 1880 and 1906 gross

earnings increased by ... 79 per cent.
Working e.xpenscs increased by 1 16' 6 per cent.
]n 1908 over £97,000,000 ordi-
nary stock paid no dividend.
In 1908 over £1,000,000,000
ordinary stock paid less
than

Only about £3,000,000 ordinary
:torkpaid more than 6 per cent.

I'Vom 1904 to 1908 the stock pay-
ing N') dividend grew by £18,000,000.

Let us now look at the effect of
this hopelessly unpractical freight
system of the railways upon the
countr)- at large. It is disastrous
and is the direct cause of much
of the a;,'ri<ultur.il depression. The
fertile soil of Ivigland can produce
foodstuffs, bit l!io;e who produci-
them cannot market them. And
this not only because of the cost
of carriage, lv.it because of the
delay and didiculty in getting them
on the train and oflf the wagons
when they finally a-rivc at their
de.stinition. Nor must we forget
that should the goods not be salt •
able they are returned, but only
after so long a delay a": to be worse
than useless if they happen to be
perishable articles. And so to-day

per cent.

tlii; country only produces 25 per cent, of the f.) jd it
consurnes, the remainder, tj the tune of £200,000,000,
coining from abroad. The railways of this country as
at pre.sent constituted cannot hope to come to th? aid
of the agriculturist or the small manufacturer. Even
willi the present high rates of carriag;, we have seen
how small are the dividends.

The dimensions of the business have entirely out-
grown such organisation as it possesses, and a \'ery
simple job is frequently done five time; over, fojr of
which times are obviously unnecessary. If we e.\aniine
a railway goods station, we find that there is notliing
about it which, from an engineering point of view, can
be called design. It is usually a wilderness of sidings,
sometimes nearly a mile in length, and perhaps a
quarter of a mile broad or more. It is furnished with a
loosely congregated juml.le of sheds, which are dotted
over it higglcdy-piggled\' from one end to the other.
It has absolutely no design, and it is too unwieldy and
scattered to admit of the rapid inter-communication
of parts which is essential to a building intended for
a place of exchange.

W'h'le the average speed of a goods train may be
taken at twenty miles an hour, the actual time s[;ent
in covering distances from point to point is so small
a portion of the period which must elapse before the
agriculturists' goods reach their destination as to be

( /',•//.. 1/.

Chaos where Order should R.iiii: How produce v. unloaded from goods
wagons on arrival at terminus.

280

The Revif.vv of Reviews.

almost negligible. First, Ihe wagon conlaining his
goods has to wait until it can be shunted on to a train,
which train again must wait its turn to get right of
way. These processes of shunting and marshalling
occupy an enormous time as well as an enormous space.
If the wagon has to pass from one railway system
to another, hours or days may elapse before it continues
on its journey. The intricacies of the process are too
great to be dealt with here, but as a shunting yard
may have as much as thirty mile? of sidings, it is
evident that there is scope for vast delay.

Even if the wagon is going over one system direct
to its destination, further delay must be expected
when the time comes to unload the goods. If anything
could be less admirable than the shunting yard it is
the goods yard of a great railway. Without system,
struggling with each other, the vans and carts seek .to
approach the wagon or the shed. The handling, the
cost of labour, and the appalling waste of time all
make railway carriage a particularly impossible method
of sending goods to market. And meanwhile the small
producer is unable to reap the full benefit of his labour,
being often forced to feed the pigs with produce which
might materially help to swell his revenue were he
able to market it.

We have seen that the railways are hopelessly and,
it may well be, irretrievably handicapped in the
direction of fulfilling their national, function. 15ut
something must be done, even if railway directors are
content to draw their fees and shareholders to forgo
their dividends. Happily, there is an easy and a simply
achieved way out of the present state of affairs.

The railways may be good or they may be bad as
recards their permanent way, but there is no question
that the roads, high roads, and secondary roads of the
kingdom are excellent and well kept up. They should
be the natural arteries along which the produce of the
countryside .should flow towards the centres of
consumption. The railways have developed an extra-
ordinary centralisation upon London, and the producer
has come to think that there is no real market save
the metropolis. And yet there are only some five
millions of people there as compared with forty millions
in other centres. Once the roads are accepted as the
natural channels for carriage of goods, then inevitably
local centralisation will lake the place of the present
undue rush to London. When we say the roads must
be used, we do not wish to multiply the slow-moving
market gardeners' carts, drawn by intelligent horses
and in charge of sleepy and unintelligent humans,
which wend their way every night froih Essex and
Kent to Covenl Garden.

Just as the road is the natural channel, so the light
motor-van or lorry is the ideal vehicle for the develop-
ment of this country. It will enable produce to be
transported with a minimum of handling from the
home of the producer to the centre of consumption.
The rate of actual running will Ik- approximately that
given for goods trains— twenty miles an hour — but there
will be no waste in shunting, marshalling in trains and
discharging. The accompanying map shows clearly
how completely the country could be covered by a
series of circles of collection around the great centres
of consumption. A twenty-five miles maximum run,
or, say, ninety minutes on the road, and the produce
would be on sale, fresh and commanding better prices.
The same motors could easily do two or more journeys
a day, especially those well within the outer radius.
Where goods had to go to London, they could be saved
all the tielay and expense of branch railway lines
and be motored direct to the nearest station in
connection with the terminus. Railways cannot hope
to compete with organised motor traction locally
centralised.

That is all very well, it may be said ; but how are
you going to induce your producer to buy his motor-
lorry, and how is he going to afford it ? The British
War Office has answered these questions by the recent
issue of a scheme for the subsidising of private motor
lorries capable of carrying a load of either 30 cwt. or
3 tons. 'I'his step has been taken because the military
authorities have recognised that for mobilisation
purposes, as well as for transport of troops and stores,
the roads and the motor can easily beat the railwa\s.
The scheme of subsidy is well thought out and com-
prehensive. The lorric.-- shall be of makes and types
approved by the War Office. They must accomplish
a trial of up to eighty miles satisfactorily before accept-
ance and enrolment : —

The i^cncral conditions provide that each iftotor-lorry will be
subsidised for a period of three years from the date of accept-
ance, and the owner will receive in respect thereof a purchase
minimum, ami an annual subsidy at the following rates :

A purchase premium of ^50 will be paid in six half-yearly
instalments of jCS 6s. 8d. e.ich, in arrear. The first instal-
ment lo be paid in six months fiom date of acceptance.

A further purchase premium of j^io will be paid in respect
of each of the said motor-lorries which is provided with a
body of an approvt:d ly|K- for the carriage of meat slung from
Ihe roof, jiayable in six half-yearly inst.alments of ;^I 13s. 4d.
each, in arrear, payable at the s.imc limes as the instalments
of the purchaser premium of;^50.

.■\n annual subsidy of /^20 per motor-lorry will be paid
half-yearly, in arrear, the first instalment to be paid in six
months from the date of acceptance.

The owner of a siilisidiscd motor-lorry without a special body
will thus receive the sum of /Jiio, spread over a period of three
years, provided he conforms to the conditions.

The owner will not be entitled to any payment, whether on
account of purchase premium or .annual subsidy, unless the

Note Thf ROADS grn*fntf/y sfiown aftcvc air only tfiosf (Qncentrating
upon Vie ToYvfii indicatvU, CffQSi /tOAOi.t*nc(fpl nhere Mcy

arc Nam artcrfes,dcin(/ omitted.

r^F A^-^(ft^l-l.,

now MOTORS WILL SAVK AGRICULTURAL EXCiLANli

Kftch sliailcil (li'ic inilicitcs generally Ihe district that wmilil supply tlic centre or centres named. Of course, for
clearness only a few of the largest centres roiild lie imlicatiKl here, tmt the principle would apply to all cities and
market towns. The discs inilicatc the follnwing radius distamc-s : — London, 40 miles ; Manchcslrr, eli., ltitininf;hani, etc.,
30 to 40 miles ; Hr:idford and I>ccds, Bristol and llalli, Southampton ami rorlsiiinulh, 30 miles ; all the rest, 25 miles.

282

Till' Riiviiiw OF Reviews.

fi>lli)tt'inj; comlilioDS arc complir.l wilh ;il Ilu' linu' of |i:iymcnt :
(d) The nioU)r-li)rry must conliiiuc In lio inrolloil : (/') llic lurry
must remain lire property of the owner ; (e) llie lorry nuist l)c
in llie United Kingdom ; {//) o. cerlilicate lias been signed l)y
the War Department inspecting officer that the lorry has been
inspected by him and found to be maintained in a thoroughly
ser\iceable condition and in a satisfactory slate of repair.

With regard to the right to purchase, the conditions set forth
that if and whenever the Army Reserve or any por'.ion shall be
called out on permanent service the War department shall be
entitled to purch.ise any motor-lorry enrolled. The price to be
paid for any motor-lorry shall be the then value at the date of
taking over by the War Department, plus 25 percent., provided
that the sum to be paid shall in no case be greater than tlir
original actual purchase-price, and never less than 30 per cent.
of such piircliase-price. Every motor-lorry is to be kept in a
suitably covered-in building where the necessary protection
from frost will be ensured. Motor-lorries shall be at all times
driven by pio/'erly qualifitd drivers.

'I"he aveiage price of such a three-ton lorry vvjould
lie between £500 and £600.. so that the Government
subsidy means a very considerable saving. It might
al.so be arranged with the makers that the payment
should be spread over a period so as to enai)le a wider
class of prodticer to purchase. In case of war the
lorry" has to he delivered to the authorities within a
period of seventy-two hours.

Jf the War Office scheme meets with the success it
de.-crves, a great step forward will have been made,
towards the freeing of the country' from the strangling
hold of the railways. The producer or the co-operative
society will be able to sell his or its produce and live
on the land , paying a reasonable carriage rate instead
of the present impossible charges. 'i"he sale of produce
will be locally centralised to the benefit of the centre
and of the neighbourhood. As drivers of the
lorries it would be an excellent idea to encourage
in a practical way retired soldiers or reservists to ta' e
service.

So much for peaceful times. In time of war or
sudden raid — and we have i)ecn told that a raid, such
as was proved to be possible in this year's naval
manauvres, is the chief danger this country has to
fear — the possibility of doing without the railways is
an immeise boon. Even assuming that the military
authorities have evolved a plan for working the rail-
way system in time of war, and that they have so
informed the various general managers, it would take
a miracle to secure smooth or even possible working of
all the various companies' lines if taken over suddenly.
And if it is a raid that has to be met, there will be no
days in which to get things straightened out. Uesidcs
which there is no railway line in this country really
tqjippeii at any point for the rapid concentration of

Ironjjs: there :irr plenty td' sidings, but nut whcir
thc>- arc waiilerl. A lesser Ualkan State has niilwa)..
JH'tter prcjiared for w.ir than are ours. Then a line of
railway is always liable to be cut by an enterprising
enemy; and we are now considering the case of a sudden
attack upon East Anglia, of which the first notification
would be the arrival of the transports. Railways would
be wiarse than useless,, but the motor-lorries could
enable a sufficient concentration to be rapidly carried
out to more than hold the attacking forces. Concen-
tration l)y motor-lorry would be more rapid than
disemliarkation from transports. On the announce-
ment of the war or raid all the lorries would concen-
trate at their local centre, carrying up the local reservists
instead of cabbages. Thence they wouTd proce3d by
the chosen roads towards East Anglia, duly ordered
and system:itically dispatched. The various types
might follow different roads, all converging on the
point of concentration. In a few hours literally the
entire garrisons of England could be drained into East
Anglia, and twenty-four hours see the first, battle of
defence well under way. There would be no congestion,
no delay, since the emptied motors would return by
different roads ; and it would be an energetic enemy
indeed who would undertake to deUroy all the roads
leading into East Anglia.

No le.ss an authority than I'rince Henry of Prussia
has advocated recently the building of a great motor
hi,ghway from the camp of Doberitz, near Berlin, right
across country to the French frontier at the fortress
of iMetz. He declares the highway in times of peace
will be a boon to motorists and of inestimable value for
quick transfer of troops, ammunition, and artillery in
war time.

The adoption of the roads of England in place of the
railroads, which would still have their functions to
fulfil, and the substitution to an ever-increasing extent
of the independent motor-lorrv, free to choose its road,
for the locomotive, tied and hampered by its inability
to do other than follow the rails, seem not only ine\ it -
able, but highly advisable in the true interests of the
country in times of peace or war, A striking parallel
may be found in the relative success of the motor-'bus
and the electric tram. Hut its adoption must be
tantamount to sounding the death-knell of the present
railway system, and the loss of many millions to rail-
way shareholders. But — who knows ,? — it may he the
needed shock to force the railways to put their houses
in order, antl by the adoption of sane business methods
fit themselves to wi>rk harmoniously with the motors
for the good of their country.

V '^■i?'^ Heading

^ Both "■' r-.^

TiDWORTH

y

ALDERSHOT. / +

SALISBURY.^' "^inclS^ste.- ' '"^

Southern ^-^ ■

inEXET|a «

^ LONoqrvL ^

•'h■C^r^'' ;3URY

Dorchester

,_-"i-Wpyrriaulti

FPortland

•'^"w^^

^OUTH Note On/y <Ae Wo/n W/lflS leedi'riQ to Ihe POINT of
CONCfNTnATioN are indicafed above, BY-ROADS:
and CROSS ROADS being oniitttd , ^. .„„„., , i

now Tin: K()\i).s i.i:m) i iii:msi:ia i:.s lo kaimd motor

( ONCKNTKATION IN TIME OF WAK.

Tin- i- l.ikcii a- an tx.uni.lc lo show liow far more cfrc-cliially roads woiilil load Ironi places wlicrt- li..,,|.s aic
stnlioi.cl lo ,tny f>oint of coiucniralion tliaii woul.l Ik: the case- with railways. The shaded area rcprcsciils a radius of
two lum<lr(.'(l niilcs from the hypothetical [Mjiiil of concentration.

Current History in Caricature.

Mitttteapolis yournaL]

Uncle Sara throws his hat in the ringf.

(But in tile I'anriiiia Canal tli,|,iUe llicrc is really no question
of the Monroe Doctrine, simply one of Presidential electioneering
intrigue.)

Uncle Sam's long: arm stretches through'an'open
canal at Panama, menacing Japan.

Pay, and you may pass through I .
A I'rentli view of the attitude of the United Stales.

Putting His Foot in It.

An .\tncrican view of the action of the Senate with regard to
the Tanania t'anal dues.'

Current History in Caricature,

ThCjThree'' American Flycatchers.
><:vell,iTaft,'aii.| Wilson all out to catch the voters.
i GL-rni.in view i>f tlic American I'rcsidcnlial struggle.)

Can LaDour vote for such a strange-looking thing as this i

he"6rave"Rough Rider President!

«•« V«t«. ■•>«« «•*.« WiMi^ P« M

^ii»»» &A*r »n T IM ia«.-

^>/^

'>(.'/;,

Before election Atcr Cicction

WHAT A DIFFERENCE!

■ to 'act ifviajii <iw<«iiini.> of ».« (,>m*a*i wmil*

V Uu„r,li„i 1 ' ■|:i.Mon.

in historical illustration of that Roosevelt " courage

to do things."

A bitter ne|;ru view of Kooscvclt.

Af'f-t.tl to Af.it,'M.]

I Kansas.

Can t^e Leopard Lhange his spots ?
An extreme I.alx>ur view of Hoosevcit as {'residential camlidntc.

The Review of Reviews

K huitter(tiiatsch.'\

Little John and Little Lieschen.
t\ clever Gciiu.in view of Anglo-German naval rivalry

„IJcq>IV HCIIV.. :s>!nj. :inx

Uik.\\ England's Suicide. '"

Report from an Englishman in the year 3000 : " The launch

went off successfully, but the tiisplacement of water was so greatj

that our beloved country was swamped ! "

Either Way Up.
[111-. liAl.IAN : "Scmprc Savnial"

,I/»,//.i.|

Count Berchthold's Proposal.
Tile Powers anil Turkey.

[WarsaM

Current History in Caricature

ii '

'^•■'"'

InP

H^^^^^N

^^^^^kJ^W

^^%li^u

^^^^^^-

^m^^9r^^

^^9^ -■ y^i

LtCri lit laru.\ , [Paris.

True Friends I
The Tsar (lo M. I'oincare) : " Do you think for a moment
that we would leave you for others who would not lend us a
penny ? "

John Bull and France.

JdllN Bum,: "Do you not wish to regularise our union i
iMARlANNE : " When your sons do their military service.'

The Franco-Russian Naval Conyention.

Rl.ssiA : '• Uiidcr>liKKl then; l>ul we would like lo be sure
llial your (Hiwdi-r is j;ood."

Fra.nck. : ".And wc arc rclyinj; thai your Naval Kudgcl iloes
not exceed your private means."

The Juggflers of the Baltic.

ICurope may he happy ; ihi- sditui i/Hi reni.iins, even after Tsar
.-inii Kaiser have met.

288

The Review oi^ Reviews.

CliiMuliltt.

In Despotic Turkey.

' Wo will Krant ymi all vour wislius, lilH,rt>-loving rebels,
:inil wc arc gl.iil to trc.il with ymi."

rasgutHO.\

Patching up the Crescent
An Il.ilian view of ihc sinuuioii in Turkey.

Current History in Caricature.

289

li'itArt Jaioit.^ [Stuttgart.

RiTlsHER : "Is that the whole German fleet?"
N \ only a quarter."
' . Iilani ! Where is the rest ? ''
I I'lcitcnhciin, near to Cape Bankruptcy 1 "
I illy. I will also go there ! "

Jf'l'^l f!(<IJi''

^^ mm

•/.l",l,/..fU*.\

Alpine Notes : the Fall of State Securities.

^l

H
§

A

1 IJ^—

•S^'jrftv-

Ulk.}

Dr. Morrison in China.

Teachinjj' Chiru to write in England's favour.

[Ucrlin.

. W*.l iCcli,,.

Fraccful John Bull I
" KnKlaiul desires no further territory I "— Mk. Asijuith.

Bulgaria and the Macedonian Problem.

By HIS EXCELLENCY MONSIEUR IVAN GUECHOFE,

Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Bulearia.

N

O account of the development of the present
situation in Macedonia would be intelligible
without a brief retrospect of the glaring
contradictions of European diplomacy in 1877 and
1878, of the fatal blunder perpetrated by the Congress
of Berlin. I do not intend to put an unfair construction
upon the Peace-with-Honour policy of the British
plenipotentiaries at that Congress, the chief authors
of that blunder, or to place them in an unenviable atti-
tude iiefore the English public. The facts, however,
are that tlrat iiolicy was neither consistent nor humane ;
that it was wanting in logic and foresight ; and that it
sowed the seeds of the present appalling harvest of
frightful bloodshed and harassing unrest.

But let the facts speak for themselves.

At the Constantinople Conference of 1876-77 the
late Lord Salisbury, with Lord Beaconsfield's approval,
not only acquiesced in the opinion that an autonomous
government ought to be given to Bulgaria, but agreed
to this, Bulgaria being almost as big as that of
San Stefano. It comprised, as it will be remembered,
two provinces or vilayets: — (i) the Eastern, with
Tirnovo as capital, composed of the sandjaks of
Ruslchuk. Tirnovo, Toultcha, Varna, Slivno, Philippo-
polis (with the exception oi the cazas of Sultan-yeri and
Achir-Tchelebi), and the cazas of Kirk-KliSsi, Moustafa-
pasha and Kizil-agatch ; and (2) the Western, having
Sofia as capital, and comprising the sandjaks of Sofia,
Vidin, Nisch, Uskub, Bitolia (with the exception of
the two Southern caz%s), a portion of the sandjak of
Seres (three Northern cazas), and the cazas of .Stron-
mitsa, Tikvech, Velessa, and Kastoria.'

Writing on January 4th, 1877-, '-o ^'i*-' '-^^''^ Foreign
.Minister. Lord Derby, in favour ol this great Bulgaria,
Lord Salisbury said :- •

" The proposed limitation and di\ision of the terri-
tory known inaccurately as Bulgaria is the only other
matter which requires some notice before I conclude.

" The idea of confining guarantees against mal-
administration to the country north of the Balkans is
negati\ed by the fact that by far the worst excesses
were committed in the sandjaks of Philippopolis and
Slivno, which were to the south of that range. A
imilar reason made it necessarv to incluch- the sandjaks

of Uskub, to the west, as well as some cazas fron.
other adjoining sandjaks.

" The extent to which this was done could not be
made a matter of serious controversy, as the happiness
of the inhabitants would be materially advanced, and
the authority of the Sultan would not be injuriously
diminished by the inclusion of a larger territory.

" A far more serious question arose as to the division
of the territory which was to be so dealt with. It was
in the first instance proposed that one province of
Bulgaria should be constituted, extending from the
Danube almost to .Salonica. To this proposal there
appeared to me to be insuperable objections. Under a
system of self-government the province would have
been in the hands of a Slav majority ; they would ha\e
held the most important strategic positions of the
country, and the extent of their population and terri-
tory and the magnitude of their resources would have
made their position, in regard to the Sultan, one of
practical independence. I pressed, therefore, for a
subdivision of the district into two, and the dividing
line which I proposed was so drawn as to leave the
eastern district in the hands of a non-Slav population.
The Mohammedans alone would have been very power-
ful, and, combined with the Greeks, who, in any
question of political aggregation, could have been
trusted to act with them, they would have commanded
a clear majority. The traditional supremacy of the
Mussulmans and the superior intellectual resources of .
the Greeks would have given to the predominance of
the non-Slav population a decisive character. Th';
Eastern Province so formed would have included th|e
sea-coast, of course, the passes of the Balkans, th.c
approaches to C"onstantinople, and a large portion o\f
the Lower Danube, which an invade.' could not afford
to leave in hostile hands. I therefore thought tliat in'
the interests of Turkey the arrangement was of some
importance." — (Turkey, No. 2, 1877.)

And so, according to Lord Salisbury, it was the
western half of this liulgaria which would have bcerf
Slav, while the Eastern province would have containeJ
more Turks and Greeks than Bulgarians. And yet, bjl
a strange transition, it was the Western province, wit j
nearlv the whole of Macedonia, which, at the CongresI

h

Bulgaria and the Machdonian Problem.

291

(of Berlin, was tlirust back under the Turkish rule.
The same Lord Salisbur>^ who, in the despatch of
fanuap.- 4th, 1S77, wrote that there was no ground
in history for a belief that a grant of practical self-
government to the Bulgarian provinces would de\elop
■ in the population the desire for the incorporation
into the Russian Empire," changed opinion as soon as
he saw the same great Bulgaria emerge from the Russo-
Turkish War and the San Stefano negotiations, and,
lontradicting every word he' had written in the begin-
ning of 1878, insisted upon the " material reduction "
of a " Stiite likely to fall under the influence of Russia."
— (General Instructions to Lord Odo Russell, Turkey,
No. 39. "SjS.)

History would, perhaps, have condoned this apostasy
of Lord Salisbury from principles he had so warmly
defended at Constantinople had he at least insisted
upon such a system of government for Macedonia as
that which Lord Duflferin, with the aid of a French
army of occupation, had established in the Turkish
province of Lebanon. Unfortunately, he not only con-
tented himself with Art. 23 of the Berlin 'I'reaty, but
went so far in his hostility to Russia }hat he refused
his agreement to Count SchouvalofT's proposal for its
execution, a proposal which had found the support
of Germany and Austria. The first plenipotentiary of
the latter Power, Count Andrassy, had proposed the
following reading : — " The High Contracting Powers
look upon the totality of the Articles of the present
.\ct as forming a collection of stipulations of which
they undertake to control and to superintend' the
execution." Lord Salisbury could not comprehend the
object of this proposal. " His Excellency," says the
eighteenth Protocol of the Congress of Berlin, " knows
of no sanction more solemn and more binding than the
signature of his Government, and prefers not to accept
an engagement which appears to him either to be
useless, as it is evident that Great Britain holds to
the execution of the Treaty ; or to have a signification
of too un<lcfined a bearing." And thanks to this
special pleading the Congress rejected the proposal.

The result of this rejection is what might have been
expected. Turkey declined to carry out the law for its
European provinces elalioratcd in 18.S0 by the Inter-
national Commission appointed under Art. 23 of the
Berlin Treaty : and, no one undertaking to superintend
and control its execution, that law remained, us one of
its signatories, Lord Kdmond Fitzmaurice, predicted,
,1 " fresh talc ol great expectations,"

I'or fifteen long years the deceived inhaliilanls of
M.iccdonia and the vilayet of Adrianople hoped against
liopc and believed against history that the " solemn

and binding sanction " given to the Berlin Treaty Ly
the Great Powers would put an end to their sufferings.

At last their patience was exhausted ; in 1895 the
first insurrection broke out, and was followed
since, especially in 1902 and 1903, by the general
uprising in the very districts which had been assigned
by Lord Salisbury to the Bulgaria of 1877 on account
of the revolutionary spirit they had shown and the
sufferings they had endured : in the cazas of Kirk-
Klissi and Moustafa-pasha ; in the vilayets of Uskub
and Bitolia ; in the three northern cazas of Seres ; and
m some parts of the cazas of Stronmitsa, Tikvech, and
Kastoria.

If the atrocities committed during the terrible sup-
pression of the revolution — the 215 destroyed villages,
the 19,410 burnt-down houses, and the 25,000 killed
and wounded inhal)itant.s* — have come to an impartial
observer like Dr. E. J. Dillon " like deadly visions oui
the plague-polluted mist of hell," one can easilx
imagine the profound emotion they produced among
the 15,000 Macedonian and Adrianople natives estab-
lished in Bulgaria, and among the Bulgarians of the
principality themselves.

The impression made by such excesses upon a popu-
lation akin to the sufferers, and the social and econo-
mical crisis they produce, were described at the
Congress of Berlin, with the evident approval of the
high Assembly, by the Greek plenipotentiary, Mr
Dclvannis. Speaking of the efTect produced upon Greek
public opinion by the news of outrages and atrocities
perpetrated across the frontier, he said : —

" The natives of the Greek provinces of the Ottoman
Empire are counted by thousarwls ; a great number
occupv high positions in all branches of the Adniini-
tration, in the Navy and in the .\rmy ; others, no le-
numerous, are distinguished by their commercial and
industrial activity. 'The echo which the news of an
Hellenic insurrection in Turkey produces in their
hearts is too powerful not to move them. Some it
drives to cross the frontiers to join the combatants ;
others, to empty their purses for the common cause.
This excitement is rapidly communicated to all the
inhabitants of the country, although not natives of the
fighting provinces, and the whole population of the
kingdom, which cannot forget what it owes to the
former struggles of these disinheritccl brethren, nor
remain impiussive in view of their struggle for
deliverance, rushes to join their ranks in order to
n.ssisl them in reconquering their liberty.

• " l-T <^>iieslion Mncinloniciinr <l ks k i-formr<irn Tiii.,.i,. ,
(i;ir I, V, VoiiKiv, r,ui<, l')05. Pp. 11JIJ7, ThU bonk, ili
iiewisl on the M:ii:cili>ni«ii ptnlilcm, (;ivr» ilct,-)!!- .ilioiu il
iiiiniciic;il strrn(;lli »r the ,M,icc<l<>ninM iiiUinnuiilics in .1
llic iiwffiof il< three vi/tiyfli. Aicorilin;; lo llicsc lij;iircs, i<ni .
a lol.nl popiitalinn "f 2,25S,J2|; (inclmlini; Jcw«, .Vrnicniai
qi|MicS nnil forei;;ni,r») Mmilonia niinilicri. iSl, 3,5(1 |liil);,iti.ii

292

The Review of Reviews.

" Such a state of affairs gives rise each time to
serious crises in the Hellenic kingdom, which render
the position of its Government very difficult : unable
to refuse its sympathies to the Greeks of the provinces
in question, united by the bonds of history,' race, and
common misfortunes to free Greece ; unable to pro-
claim an indifference which would deprive it of the
confidence of Hellenism, and would smother the just
hopes which the Greeks of Turkey have always founded
on free Greece ; every Greek Government would be
powerless to struggle against the stream.

" Should it even believe it its duty to do so at the
sacrifice of the most precious interests of the kingdom,
it would be overturned by the current, which would
carry away the whole country into the struggle of the
insurgent provinces. Even if the Government had
the power of opposing a barrier to the national current,
all these efforts would be without effect, by reason of
the extent and conformation of the frontier line of
the kingdom, which an army of 100,000 men would
not be sufficient to guard so as to be able to prevent
the clandestine departure of volunteers.

" The situation created for the Hellenic Govern-
ment by these insurrectional movements is not less
difficult and untenable from a financial point of view.
The Budget of the kingdom has often experienced,
and is even now experiencing, the influence of like
ever;ts. The -pecuniary assistance granted each time
to refugees from the insurgent provinces and to the
repatriated combatants, and the armaments caused
by this -abnormal situation and by the somewhat
strained relations with the neighbouring State which
have always resulted therefrom, have often swallowed
up several millions, increased the public debt, and
appropriated in fruitless outlay the greater part of
the public revenues, which if employed in the material
development of the country wcjuld have greatly
increased the resources and well-being.

" 11 great and rich nations with which little Greece
could never compete have always, under analogous
circumstances, felt the onerous effects of expenditure
of a like nature, it is very natural that the poor Hellenic
kingdom, which more than once has found itself obliged
to confront like obligations, which at the present time
has on its territory 30,000 refugees, and to make
preparations beyond its strength — it is very natural
that it should not only feel the ill-effects of all tlic
burden of such expenditure, but should be crushed

by it."

•
I have quoted in cxicnso Mr. Delyannis' declaration
because it gives a very accurate idea of the deplorable
situation created in Bulgaria by the Macedonian
imbroglio. The uncertainty of the political future,
the precariousness of the existing peace between
suzerain and vassal, is another reason why Bulgaria
should desire to free herself from the continuous and
oppressive nightmare of that imliroglio. Everybody
expecting war uith Turkey, nobody cares to invest

money and help to develop the natural resources ol
the country. Its mines cannot be sold ; its produce
cannot be utilised ; its streams lack mills ; its mill
lack men and capital. Bulgaria cannot be quiet anH
prosperous so long as Macedonia is disturbed anM
distracted. Add to all this the systematic exterminatimi
of the lUilgarian element in the Macedonian and the
Adrianople vilayets, and you will understand the
paramount interest Bulgaria has in a prompt and'
satisfactory solution of the Macedonian problem.

This interest has very often been misrepresented ;
very often has Bulgaria been accused of aspiring to
annex Macedonia, of being the disturber of the peace
and joy — Friedens und Freudenslorer — of the Balkan
peninsula. And these accusations have not been
without influence upon our relations with our neigh-
bours and upon the settlement of the Macedonian
question itself. But both of these two accusations arc
baseless. Bulgaria does not desire to annex Macedonia.
Bulgaria is not troubling the peace of the East. Hcrt
and there Bulgarian journalists may have spoken of
certain reversionary interests of their country in the
event of the breaking up of the Turkish Empire, and
here and there Bulgarian youths may have joined the
Macedonian revolutionary bands. But there is no
ground in history, as Lord Salisbury would have said,
for the belief that Bulgaria, as a nation, i.s blind to
the dangers of an annexation policy, and that b\
fomenting Macedonian insurrection she has light-
heartedly brought upon herself the troubles under
which she is now labouring. It is not Bulgaria th;il
has disturbed the peace of the Balkan peninsula since
the Congress of Berlin. Prince Alexander entered, it
is true. East Roumelia after the Philippopolis revolt
of September, 1885, which Bulgaria had not encouraged,
but he was obliged to act so in order to save that
province from anarchy. But when the then Bulgarian
Government saw that Europe did not appro\'e the
union, they decided to restore in East Roumelia the
status quo, and would have done so had not King Milan
of Servia declared war on them. Bulgaria has not
stirred since 1885, in spite of the great temptation
offered to her by the war between Greece and Turke>-
in 1897 and of the enormous excitement produced
among her population by the Macedonian uprising of
1903. Neither Greece nor Servia acted so prudentl)
in 1854, 1S85 and 1897. The United States thcm'-
selvcs could not resist in 1898 the strain laid upon
their patience and the emotion produced among their
population by Senator Proctor's report upon the
sufferings of the Cuban rccoucintrados and by the
imprisonment and escape of Miss Cisneros. 'IT.e
causes of Macedonian discontent are so manifest and
so manifold that no Bulgarian ambitious views need
be suspected in accounting for it. The solemn and
binding promise given at Berlin, the autonomy granted

J

Bulgaria and the Macedonian Prohlem.

293

to the island of Crete by the guaranteeing Powers,
in spite of the unsuccessful war of Greece in 1897 ;
the conviction that freedom will be obtained onl)-
after heavy sacrifices; the growth of public instruction ;
the progress of the neighbouring Christian countries ;
the spread of Western notions and ideals, consequent
upon the amelioration of the means of communication ;
the incapacity of the Turkish administration to mend
itself, to conform its system of government to the
modified conditions of life of the Turks themselves ;
and, last but not least, the continued excesses which
render life an intolerable burden — are these reasons
not enough to explain the Macedonian troubles ?
Our neighbours pretend that we have encouraged these
troubles in order to East Roumclianise Macedonia,
and then repeat the Philippopolis coup d'etat of 18S5.
I repeat lliat this encouragement cannot be proved.
I affirm that what we want is not to East Roumelianise,
but to Lcbanonise Macedonia. And the example of
Lebanon, as well as that of the island of Samos, proves
that Turkish provinces with Christian governors can
exist for long years without developing in their
population " the desire for incorporation " into a
neighbouring Christian State. Three-quarters of the
East Rounielian population were Bulgarian. She had
no Turkish troops, no Ottoman garrisons. The
conditions not only of the political constitutions, but
of the ethnic elements and of the frontier defences of
Lebanonised Macedonia, will be so different from those
of East Roumelia that no new edition of the Philip-
popolis experiment of 1888 will be possible. No fear,
therefore, of a new disturbance of the balance of
power in the Balkan peninsula and no distrust of
Bulgaria's designs should inspire the policy of our
neighbours. It may sound like a paradox, but it is
true in fact, that with respect to .Alacedonia. Bulgaria
is the most conservative and the least sub\ersive of
all the Christian States south of the Danube. She is
against the partition of Macedonia, against any
change in the present political map of the Balkan
peninsula. Had she lent a willing ear to the hints
thrown out to her, especially during the Gra;co-
Turkish War of 1897, that map would probably have
been changed. All she wants is the entire execution
of the Treaty of Berlin, which established this map,
the applic.ition of the 25th Article, and the repetition
in Europe of an experiment which, ha\ing succeederl
in Asia, is sure to succeed in our part of the world
also. Anrl I do not see any reason why this policy
should be suspected by our neighbours. It is a policy
which should commend itself to all of them, as all
suffer from some at least of the diffirulties due to the
Macedonian danger. 'I'hey all sh(juld unite to put an
end to the latest and worst curse of Macedonia — the
mutual slaughter of its different Christian nationalities
— a curse which recalls the saddest pages of the mutual
extermination of Druses and Maronites in the province
of Lebanon forty-five years ago. They all shoulfl join
their efforts to ap[)ly the Lebanon remedy to Macedonia
also, to obtain lor her such reforms as will guarantee

to her different ethnic groups — Bulgarian, Greek,
Servian, Roumanian and Mussulman — equal security
of life, honour and property, and etjual chances for
progress and prosperity.

I have insisted so much upon the necessity of intro-
ducing into Macedonia an organisation similar to that
of Lebanon, that \ery little remains to be said about
the reforms themselves. In those reforms, whatever
be the means proposed for their attainment, all
Bulgarians concur. Macedonia for the ]\Iacedonians ;
the control of the Powers ; an efficacious self-govern-
ment extended to the sandjaks, cazas and communes ;
equalit)- for all languages, freedom for all creeds ; the
financial and other reforms in favour of which,
according to one of Lord Lansdowne's speeches, there
is now a consensus of the Powers — those are the
unanimous demands of the Bulgarians. A European
Lebanon under European control — that is the solution
which the Powers ought to obtain by moral pressure.

Should the simple application of moral pressure fail
to produce the expected result, the European concert
ought to reserve to itself the- right to take such other
or further action as may be made necessary by future
events. " The independence of the Ottoman Porte,"
wrote Lord Salisbury in the above-mentioned dispatch
of January 4th, 1877, " is a phrase which is, of course,
capable of different interpretations. At the present
time it must be interpreted so as to be consistent
with the conjoint military and diplomatic action
taken in recent years b\' the Powers which signed
the Treaty of Paris. If the Porte had been independent
in the sense in which the guaranteeing Powers are
independent, it would not have stood in need of a
guarantee. The military sacrifice made by the two
Western Powers twenty years ago to save it from
flestruction and the conference which is now being
held to avert an analogous danger would have been
an unnecessar\- interference if Turkey had been a
Power which did not depend on the protection of
others for its existence."

.'\cling on the principle so categorically affirmed
by Lord Salisbury and so consistently .applied liy
Europe since the Crimean War, the Powers found
the means to pacify the province of Lebanon and
the island of Crete. In the fifth sitting of the Congress
of Berlin Lord Jieaconsfield declared that he was
authorised by his Government to accept the Austro-
Hungarian amendment, which he regarded as a wise
and prudent one, concerning the formation of a foreign
auxiliary army for Bulgaria, and added that England
was ready to furnish its quota of the contingent.
Having this readiness in view, and encouraged by the
success of the experiments in l.elianon and Crete, one
may be permitted to hope that the pacification of
Macedonia will not be beyond the statecraft of the
Powers, provided they arc determined, to quote Lord
Lansdowne's words, " to urge their claims in the
great <-ause of humanity," and to put an end to that
" standing menace to the peace of Europe " which is
called the Macedonipn question.

RUSSIA & TURKESTAN
1 2. 1 50.000

PERSIA ^<f'!oO°°^
9.350.000 6°

CHINA AND
CHINESe TURKESTAN
30.000.000

f

TRlPOU - i-
ISOO.OOO '

10.367.000

ARABIA '

f;2.000.000.
"Triiufai'i to-Turkryp

6 3.000.000.

INDIAN

MADAGASCAR
1.500000.

1AU-

O.SOO.OOO

0 C li A N

•Maurit/ur,

AUSTRALIA
20.500

Note Oritich Territory X. Region of control
is citlicr sho/^n BLACK or UNOERLINCD

I'^KAryKKcF.l")

M'>l<3mrnod«n!. rri Xht-

BRITISH EMPIRE

96.237000

M(jh^inmc<'laiiS in
TURKISH r.MPIRE
1 8.000.000

Moh<inimfcUn'i in
FRENCH CMPIRc
l2.8O0.000

TUV. (JRK.'VTEST MOHAMMEl).\N EMIMRK
W'lY Giu:\r Bkii\i\ Mr>r uk Fkikmin wriii Tiukkv

235

The Lords of Islam.

WHY AN ANGLO-TURKISH ENTENTE MUST COME.

"Great liRriAiN being the greatest Moliamiuedan Power in the world, all Mohammedan countries, and
in particular 'I'urkey, which is at the same time an independent. Power and the seat of the Caliphate, cannot
fail to attach the highest importance to British opinion and policy." — Prince Sabah-ed-din.

Islam is the gi"eat, the growing force. North Africa,
Morocco, Tripoli, and Algeria — all these are avowedly
and clearly followers of Mohammed, and look to the
Caliph. But still more vital is the spread of Islam
amongst the negroes and other races of Central.
Eastern, and Western Africa. The teachings of
Mohammed have been spread in Africa for nearly
thirteen hundred year^, while Christianity has not
been active for a tenth part of that. Islam in Africa is
a permanent faith, attracting and elevating the negro.
There is no question that as Europeans conquer new-
territories in savage Africa, Mohammedanism spreads
more and more rapidly. All those who have posses-
sions, therefore, in Africa must necessarily take a great
interest in the fate of the Caliph and of Turkey. For
the position of Turkey and of the Ottoman Empire
is unique among the .Mohammedan countries of the
world. For centuries it has stood before the world as
the one great temporal power of Islam, with its laws
and usages built upon the tenets and traditions of the
Prophet. Here is the residence of the Caliph, the
Imam-el-Muslimin, the supreme pontiff of the church-
state called Islam. 'I he Sultan of Turkey as the Caliph
of the Mohammedan world is the custodian, not only
of the sacred cities, but of the sacred relics of Islam.
In the hall of the Holy Garment on the Bosphorus
are kept the mantle of the Prophet Alohammed, his
staff, his sabre, and his standard, and although all
Mohammedans pray towards Mecca, the vast majority
of the -Mohammedan world pray for the Caliph who
resides at .Stambnul.

It is recognised in Germany that the most \\tn\
problem before her colftnies is the negro question.
.Since the bulk of the Kaiser's place in the sun lies
in Africa, and since Islam is the dominating common
denominator of the .•\fri(an population, the control of
the Caliph must mean much to Berlin , and if Berlin
takes the Caliphate seriously, why should not we do
.so in London, since the British Empire stands to lose
far more, and to risk more serious troubles, if Islam
turns against her.' It i.-i not only in .Africa, but also in
India, that the followers of the Prophet are of vital
importance to us.

U'e, ius the greatest of Mohammedan Powers, should
b;; as anxious lor the safety of the sacred places of
Islam as are the Turk^. .Meiia .ind .Medina, shrincfl
a-, they arc in the hc.irts of millions of British subjects.
^holil^i lie defended and guardeil with all the power of
the iSriii^h Kn)|)ire. .\nd we imiNt tml forget ilut'. ,
next to the sacred cijivs of l>lam all our .MolMmmeduii
citizensrherish the thought of the Caliph, and the lx;lief

WHILE we read alarmist telegrams and reports
as to change and strife in Constantinople, or
rclicllion and civil war in the Turkish pro-
\ inces,how few of us realise how vital a ques-
tion it is to ourselves ! For good or for ill the destinies
of the British Empire are closely bound up with the rise
or fall of the Turkish Empire. It is no exaggeration
to say that we .should be .is anxious for the welfare of
the iSultanate as any Turk or any Mohammedan,
wherever he may be. The Sultan of Turkey is not
only a temporal ruler, good or bad as may be. but he
IS the Caliph of the Mohammedan world, the keystone
of the whole structure of Islam throughout the world.
.\s temporal monarch we could pretend to ignore his
well-being, we might even aid in his destruction, but
it is in no way possible for us to differentiate between
the Sultan of Turkey and the Caliph of the I'aithful.
Of the whole known Mohammedan population of the
world the British Empire contams over 100,000,000.
We are the greatest .Mohammedan Power, and in our
Indian and African possessions we have given hostages
ii\- the million to the Caliph. For these British fol-
lowers of Islam form the most positive portion of the
inhabititnts oi the various territories of the Empire.
Islam is A religion which breeds positive followers, and
therefore we may assume that the hundred millions
of Mohammedans under the British flag represent a
real force, and one which must be reckoned with. At
present, however, the common denominator of these
millions of British subjects is Islam, and the key and
I ontrol of Llam lies in Constantinople, not in London
iir Delhi. ro()uote the words of Kader Effendi-el-I)ana.
of Beyrout : " The millions of .Mohammedan subjects
ha\e borne faithful allegiance, and, indeed, a true love
to the British l-.mpire, because it has always stood as
the fricnrl of the Sultan of Turkey, whose Caliphate
IS acknowledged by Islams throughout the world.
.\nd these 100.000,000 Mohammedans arc scattered
tar and wide in India, Aden. Cyprus. Kgypt, and the
Sudan, a formiflabic and vast force to hold together.

" It is, therefore, to be hoped th;it the wiser among
British statesmen will revert to their old policy of
iriendlines-, with the Ottoman Ciovernment. and work
'i.md in h.ind with the Ciliph of Isl.im, the Sultan of
Beni Osman."

This Turk ilid not lay any loo much stress upon the
situation in .Xlrira or in India. It is not only that
Kgvpt h.is over 10.000.000 .Mnhammeflans .ininng-.i
icr population of ir, 000,000, or that in Indi.i ihc
Mohammedan population fornt the greatest bulwark
of British power; but in all parts of savage Africu

296

The Review of Reviews.

that England desires to be on the friendliest terms
with the Caliph spurs them on in their loyalty and
work for the Emperor-King.

At the present monicnl, however, it would seem as
if the British Government, occupied with Cabinet
differences and local affairs, had completely forgotten
that we are a Mohammedan Empire, or that it behoves
us to stand well with the centre and direct control of
Islam. They remain still under the hypnotism of
Mr. Gladstone, who led the nation to think of the
unspeakable Turk, and whose ideas have caused a
generation to grow up holding as a fixed tradition that
the Turks are models of iniquitv. What suited Mr.
Gladstone in his time is, however, far from being the
best policy to-day, and no time should be lost in
changing the British policy of indifference towards
Turkey into a warm friendship and rapprochement.
No two nations have more cause for joint action, and
it would be untrue to say that British friendship for
Turkey would be only to the advantage of the latter.

Lasting alliances are based upon common interests,
and not upon parchments. The common interest
l)etween the Empire possessing more Mohammedan
subjects than any other, tind the land where is all that
is sacred and revered by these Mohammedans, is
.sufficiently defined. If this country is hall-marked
throughout the world of Islam as friend and defender
of the Caliph, many of the sources of possible danger
will have become innocuous, even if they have not
been turned into forces for good. To allow any other
country, especially Germany, to usurp in the world of
Islam the place which is ours by right, would not only
be reprehensible, it might easily be almost suicidal.
Nor must it be forgotten that besides the verv real
advantages which are to be gained by friendly alliance
with the head of Islam, there are sufficiently good '
reasons for friendship with the Sultan of Turkey as
temporal monarch. An entente with Turkey means
much in the Mediterranean question, more still for the
Suez Canal, while it opens up a safe land route to
India.

Whoever holds Constantinople or is friendly with
those who hold it dominates the Eastern Mediter-
ranean. The Black .Sea becomes a negligible question
if an Anglo-Turkish entente controls the Dardanelles.
The Suez Canal is saved from danger within and
without and the two Mohammedan Powers command
one of the world's great natural highways, and reach
unbroken to India and beyond.

What then should 1)C done ? Turkey is threatened
from within and menaced from without, so that what-
ever is to be done must be done quickly. First and
foremost, there should be an immcrliate change of
Mritish representation at Constantinople. The present
Ambassador is not able to adequately .safeguard the
country's interests, much less take an active and
moulding part in Turkish affairs. To leave Sir Gerard
Lowther at Constantinople, because of influential
support, or for any other reason, is to betray vital
Imperial interests and to risk the losing for ever ol

an opportunity to bring together in harmtinious '
co-operation the two great forces of Islam. But wc
should not rest content with merely replacing an
incompetent Ambassador by one more fitted to British
dignity and more able to take advantage of occasions
such as the present. \Ve should recognise boldly and
openly that in the Sultan we have to deal with two
distinct factors — the spiritual head of Islam and the
temporal ruler of Turkey. The Vatican and the
Quirinal are not more distinct — the difference at
Constantinople being that the Caliph has far more
direct and actual power for good or evil than has the
Pope in Rome. What greater recognition of this
difference and of the power of Islam and British
interests in its welfare could we give than by sending
a Mohammedan Ambassador to the Caliph as well as
our regular Ambassador to the Sultan ? Such an action
would ring throughout the whole world of Islam and
win the whole-hearted gratitude and friendship of
every follower of Mohammed, down to the negro
of savage Africa. And what an insight the British
Government would gain into the thoughts and ideas
of the world of Islam, knowledge precious to the
governing of countless parts of the British Empire !

We hold not only the future of Turkey and of
Islam in our hands, but also the present. Prompt
and decided action on our part will not only checkmate
possible schemes of dismemberment by other Powers,
but will be welcomed by the neighbouring small States
who are now straining at the leash because of the
manifest impossibility of adequate reform in the
Turkish provinces. If we arc with Turkey, the day
of reform will soon come, and with reform will come
closer friendships and alliances with those neigh-
bouring States which have been carved from Turkey's
territory, but which would find more stable safety in
common action and common policy with an Anglo-
Turkish entente than with ever-hungry Austiia or
Russia. In this way the menace of Near Eastern unrest
would pass for ever and Europe arrive at another
stage nearer certainty of peace. Disinterested as wi
are towards Turkish territory, interested as we arc
vitally in the maintenance of the Caliphate, this
country can best come to the aid of Turkey and,
recognising franklv the claims of Islam to respect,
reorganise the administration of the country. British
administrators trained amongst Mohammedan or
mixed peoples are easily to be found, and by their
aid marvellous changes would be wrought. Turkey
would become a serious and progressive nation living
at peacewithin its frontiers, and no longer would Europe
look towards Constantinople, awaiting the tearing
asunder of the dominion of the Sultan. Let " the
greatest Mohammedan Power in the world " join
friendly hands with the highest Mohammedan force,
and together, doubly strong and in no wise weakened.
Great Britain and Turkey will become the " lords ot
Islam," and the hundreds of millions of Mohammedans
will have been transformed into a furtlier force for
imivcrsal peace.

The Army and the Rural Problem.

By colonel HENRY PILKINGTON.

THE beating of the sword into a plouf,'h-
shiie, though now a merely rrietapliorical
expression, as well as the converse process,
was probably an actual and frequent
practice as long ago as the Iron Age. Vet the
proposal to turn the modern British soldier into an
agriculturist comes with something of what stands for
novelty in days when another proverbial phrase tells
us that new ideas have vanished from under the sun.

The Soldiers' I.and Settlement Association, lately
formed under the presidency of Field-Marshal Lord
.Methuen, seeks by an ancient expedient to remedy a
serious and admitted evil of our military system, and
at the same time to contribute substantially to the
solution (if what is, perhaps, the most pressing problem
of nationid and imperial economy. The programme of
the Association provides for giving training in agri-
culture and allied industries to soldiers, preferably
duripg the period of service in the Reserve. Afterwards
openings are to be found for the men thus trained as
working farmers or employes, either in the United
Kingdom or in the Dominions. The evil to be remedied
is the deplorable condition into which, often through
no fault of their own, many old soldiers drift after their
return to civil life. The economic need which will be
incidentally, to some extent, dealt with is the need for
skilled agric ulturists to restore vitality to the rural
industry of these islands, and to open up the illimitable
agricultural resources of the oversea Empire. The
movement thus initiated has the support, not only of
distinguished soldiers, but of many leading statesmen,
philanthropists, and experts in rural development. It
has before it almost boundless possibilities. In normal
times the .\rmy dismisses annually from its ranks
between 30,000 and 40,000 men, all in their prime, for
the most part in first-class physical condition, accus-
tomed to. utive life in the open, and with the inestim-
able ad\antagc of disci[)line<l habits. Even if all this
constant and considerable stream of vigorous humanity
could be turned on to the land — and this is, of course,
much more than can be accomplished — the vacant
spaces of the Empire which await the plough and olTer
desirable homes and fruitful careers to men of European
race could absorb the whole for many years to come.
'I'he rural problem of the IJritish Empire is a four-fold
one. A full solution of it must provirle in the first place
for the revival of agriculture at home, where the
countryside might contribute much more than it does
to the supply of our own markets, and should act as a
central school of rural development for the whole
Empire. TIkii it is desirable to expedite the settlement
of the enormous areas over which our (lag (lies in the
temperate zones. And one of the oversea Dominions
DO sesscs Viist tracts of rich soil King within the

tropics. Australia will not lightly surrender her
ambition to remain entirely a white man's country.
And tropical South Africa, not yet technically included
in a " Dominion," demands a considerable population
of European race. Lastly, agriculture must remain the
chief economic resource of the Dependencies, in which
the welfare and progress of coloured peoples are the
first objects of our policy, but where the leadership of
white men is essential. Any well-devised system of
agricultural training naay ad\-ance the solution of all
four departments of the problem ; but there is one
department of it — the settlement of white men in the
tropics — with regard to which the military scheme is
peculiarly qualified to gi\e help. There is unquestion-
ably among the inhabitants of this country a certain
small proportion to whom life and work in hot climates
is neither distasteful nor detrimental. Hut it is impos-
sible to discover those who possess this qualification for
tropical settlement until they have been tested by
experience. The .Army life is the only one which pro-
vides the test for any considerable number. It seems
to follow that the enthusiasts for a white Australia and
the organisers of Rhodesian development may look
to the new movement and to the Army for the first
essentials of their purposes more hopefully than to any
other source. This consideration, howe\er, though
interesting, is a matter of only secondary importance.
The first aim of the Association will be settlement on
the land at home; the second, emigration to the
temperate regions of Australasia, South .\frica, Canada,
and Newfoundland. Hut, of course, each mdividual
must be left free to choose his destination for himself.
With all its possibilities the lack of training men for
settlement and settling them on the land is not likely
to prove an easy one. It is, however, clearly possible,
because the economic basis is sound, and because the
human material to lie dealt with should be found, on
the whole, of admiralile quality for the object in view.
Agriculture, as the ( hief produttise industry and the
source of almost all the |)rime necessaries of human
existence, is the most essential of all activities. It can
never cease to be profitable on the whole. It is capable
of unlimited expansion. Some may be inclined to
questi(<n the fitness of the average soldier as a recruit
to country life. It is, unfortunately, true that the
Army contributes a large proportion of failures to the
employment market. Hut the circumstances should be
carefully considered before the blannc for this state of
things is charged entirely against the character of the
soldier. We are i'om[)elled bv conditions which cannot
be changed, by the need lor finding garrisons in many
distant parts of the world, and at the same lime main-
taining adequate reserves, to adopt a period of service '
with the colours which is neither " short," as the

2a8

The Review of Reviews.

word is understood in conscript armies, nor " long," as
it used to be in our own service when e\-cry man was
free to serve till he had earned a pension.

Our system may best be described as one of
"medium" service. Normally the soldier serves
seven years with his regiment and subsequently five
in the Reserve. He joins the Army when little more
than a boy, and when he returns to civil life on his
transfer to the Keserve seven years later he fmds his
connection with any civil employment he may have
had before enlisting completely broken. He has to
make a fresh start among men who have been acquiring
skill in their avocations while he has been serving his
country. He enters a severe competition handic^ipped
by the fact that his competitors have had seven years'
start. It is small wonder that he often fails to make
up the lost ground. And failure is a cumulative force.
It drives its victims, unless thev have the rare power
of resisting it, with ever-increasing rapidity towards
the condition of hopelessness and inefficiency from
which recovery is almost impossible. It is com-
parati\ely seldom that 'the soldier is devoid of average
resolution or incapable of reasonable effort at the
outset of his civil career. It is the hopeless quest for
settled means of living which gradually unfits him for
steady work.

It comes within the experience of most officers to
meet men whom they can remember high-spirited,
confident, and thoroughly capable, reduced to desti-
tution and almost past benefiting permanently by
any help. I'.ut even if we take the average character
of the soldier to be as low as many who do not know
him put it, there are undoubtedly among the men who
leave the Army every year a considerable number
of excellent quality who nevertheless often fail to
establish themselves. There must be thousands of such
men in each year's output, and some time must elapse
before the Association finds itself in a position to deal
with more than a few hundreds at a time. It would
therefore be unreasonable to decry the scheme on
the ground that suitable human material is not at
hand. Rxperience alone can show how many old
soldier., can be fitted for land settlement. There can
be no doubt that more suitable men are available
than it will be possible to provide for till the scheme
develops.

And the time is propitious. Public opinion and
the tendency of legislation fa\'our an increase in the
luimlier of those engaged in agriculture. The sm;dl
holdings movement is sure sooner or later to result in
greater success than has hitherto attended it. The
Dominions are eagerly competing for settlers to develop
their vacant spaces, and ofTer liberal inducements in
the way of free or cheap land, assisted [)assages, ready-
made homesteads, and generous credit to men of the
right kind. Above all, the forms of organisation which
agriculture needs to enable it to hold its own among
organised industries, and the methods by which
organi.saiion can be applied, lia\e been reduced to a

iencc hv the genius of Sir Horace I'iunketi and tlie

labours of the increasing number who have realised
the value of his work and joined in it.

It may be well to consider an objection to the pro-
posals of the Association which has been raised in
more than one quarter. It has been suggested that
the scheme overioolcs the important fact that agri-
culture is an industry which requires much varied
knowledge and technical skill, that it contemplates
the impossible in looking to unskilled labour to make
farming profitable. It would be nearer the truth to
say that the Association starts with recognition of the
skilled character of agricultural work as the very basis
and foundation of its programme. The men to be
trained will no doubt in many cases com.e to the work
with little or no previous experience. But all men
necessarily approach their calling in the first instance
without experience. Working farmers, like other
workers, have to learn their business, and moreover
have usually to earn their living during the process.
The training will, therefore, extend over as long' a time
as may be found necessary to produce efficiency. If
need be it will cover the five years of Reserve service.
It will follow the course by which the ordinary farmer
attains proficiency, but a carefullv-thought-out system
will be applied with a view to expediting the acqui-
sition of knowledge and skill. The system is an
adaptation of that applied b\- Herr Otto Kellerhalls
with such marked success at the rolutiie penileiilidire at
Witzwil in Switzerland. It consists in employing
along with those to be instructed a large proportion of
highly skilled workers who labour themselves and
teach mainly by example. It is found that by this
method unskilled labour can be rapidly rendered
efficient, so that there is no reason why the unskilled
soldier-agriculturist should not be worthy of his hire
during by far the greater part of his term of instruc-
tion. Indeed, it is a matter of common knowledge that
farmers find it well worth their while to take on un-
skilled but willing workmen and pay them living wages
while thev gradually improve in efficiency.

Naturall)' the first step will be the establishtiienf
of training farms at home. The work and instruction
will cover as wide a field, agricultural and horticuluiral.
as possible. The men will be encouraged to specialise
gradually as their capabilities reveal themsehes and
they decide on their future careers. It is hoped thai
other training farms may shortly be established in
the Dominions, v.here those who decide to emigratt
may pass an intermediate stage in learning local
conditions. The constant aim will be to make th(
scheme self-supporting ; but, of course, there is ar
experimental stage to be passed, and it is seluon
possible to make experiments pay.

The terms of Army service, prejudicial as they arc
to the interests of the men who return to urban industry
lend themselves with peculiar aptness to the land settle-
ment scheme. When transferred to the Reserve th(
soldier is usuallv in the fullest \'igour. and when finalh
discharged is not beyond the a.ge at which averagr
men are best fitted to embark cm inde|)cndent careers

The Duty of Citizenship.

A PRACTICAL EXAMPLE FROM JAPAN.

We feel profoundly that in this country there is a distinct and ever-increasing tendency amongst
those who enjov the privileges of citizenship in the British Empire to demand more and more rights, and
to ignore more and more completely that there exist duties as well as advantages. No nation can remain
truly great whose citizens consistently not only ignore their duties, but largely ignore the fact that
duties exist. An inhabitant of any country, enjoying rights and privileges for which others have worked,
is the absolute negation of a citizen if he does not also recognise his duties and endeavour to fulfil
them. We give below a striking example of a nation where the duties of citizenship are real and
r.-:dlv fulfilled. In a future number we will endeavour to vindicate the broad lines of duty which even
the less ardent British citizen should follow from his cradle to his grave.

A SPIRIT of fervent patriotism has always been every man, woman, and child is ready and proud to
one of the most highlv prized treasures of the share the task, it is not to be wondered at that remark-
T ».o „^t;«n ir,i:,r.:,n nMtrinti^m is thp able rcsults are achieved.

SPIRIT of fervent patriotism has always been
one of the most highly prized treasures of the
Japanese nation. In Japan patriotism is the
corner-stone of the national existence, it is the
flame illuminating every heart from palace to farmer's
hut, and providing the motive power for all national
ution. It is by no means our intention to compare the
national efficiency of Japan with that of other nations ;
our object is simply to give examples from various sides
of national life in that country which demonstrate
the advantageous effect of a universal and practical
patriotism. Whether a nation which invariably places
the State before the individual is superior to one in
which the individual lakes precedence of the State, it
1^ not our intention to discuss, but certainly the causes
which have enabled that obscure country of some
forty years ago to become one of the first Powers of
the world to-day arc worthy of every consideration.
It is of value to deal with those causes, with that living
thread which has bound together in closest union the
whole national policy of that realm, and make tangible
the working of its methods which have resulted in
uch proficiency. This thread is to be found in the
earnest, thinking, and eminently practical patriotism
of the people of Japan, for the love of the Japanese
ti)r their country is a real, active force, which is shown
in every action, and whii'h colours all the national

• levelopment. Ask a Japanese whether he would be
prepared to sacrifice him.self and his career for his

• ountry's good, and without hesitation he will answer
m the affirmative. It does not need consideration, it
i> instinctive in every Japanese, for to the Japanese

NOT THE INDIVIDUAL, BUT THE NATION.

Self-sacrifice for the good of the State, without any
hope for self-advancement, is the dominant note of
the people. Keenly and profoundly as they look
toward their future and their prosperity — the future of
their family and their nation — they cling still more
keenly and more delicately to their past — the tradition
of their forefathers and their nation. They always
look ahead in search for something higher than their
present condition for their descendants. Their present
welfare and happiness is nothing to them when com-
pared with an illustrious past and a great future for
their family and their nation.

'J'hus looking forward to their future, they constantly
strive to mark out " the grand policy for a century to
come." This is a rather high-sounding phrase, but
when we examine their history we always find it
underlying their national movements— social, religious,
and political— because the Japanese from time imme-
morial have shown the peculiar characteristic of
marking out what they will do for the future. In
order to establish this grand policy they always study
tlic problem with a far-reaching for^'sight. This trend
of mind is the characteristic of the race. When they
contemplate a great problem for national affairs they
never think of themselves, but always look forward
through the labyrinths of the future to find out the
surest way to attain their ultimate aim and goal.
According to [apanese notions, compared to this suc-

atriolism is part of their life, not, as with us, a thmg ,.p^^(ui policvfor the future, the present welfare and

part. The Japanese patriotism, with its resulting '

iride of country, demands national efficiency in every
epartment of the nation, and since this demand is

ba<ked by the whole and unilerl force of the entire
po|)iilation. national effiiien'cy is no mere lormula.
empty save of theories. National efficiency can never
he achieved without national solidarity. Where every
citizen, however humble, Is determined, not only to be
rfficient for his counlry's sake, but to sacrifice hims''lf
if neccisary to secure that national elViciency. and
>\liir'" nil ■""■ \<'is is Ii'ft tfi liiMf nil the skri- . but

happiness of themselves dwindles into nothingness.

\ LIVING AND SENTIENT REALITY.

In jap.m there is no mere chance collection of indi-
viduals speaking the .same language; the Japanc.sc
natiun is a living and sentient reality, throbbing \yitli
all the life and vigour of the millions of himian lieing^
within the isl.md shores, and directed in one common
direction. In Japan there exists no distinction between
the individual and the State— whoever attacks tin
State at talks e.ich anrl every Japanese subject. Tin

I

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individual interest always gives way to the national.
The Japanese recognise to the full . the duliei of
patriotism as well as the rights and advantages of
citizenship.

Dr. Nitobe says, " Our patriotism is fed by two
streams of sentiment — namely, that of personal love
to the monarch, and of our common love for the soil
which gave us birth and provides us with hearth and
home. Nay, there is another source from which our
patriotism is fed : it is that the land guards in its
bosom the bones of our fathers." And do not the bones
of Britain's ancestors lie in British soil ?

WESTERNISATION TO SAVE THE NATION.

japan has never known schism and division in time
of crisis. Even during the feudal times, with constant
internecine struggles, it needed but a national peril
to consolidate the whole nation around the Emperor.
" Why," it may be asked, " did so national a people
wish ever to adopt the civilisation of the West ? " The
Japanese never wished, nor do they wish now, to
replace their own civilisation by Western ideas. They
adopted many of the ideas of the West in order to
enable japan to remain Japanese and not the play-
ground of all foreigners. Exclusion and resistance alike
had failed, and the intense patriotic nationalism of the
Japanese, which taught them that they must meet the
foreigners on an equality, led them to take this step.
It was an affirmation of nationalism, not a negation,
and in it the Japanese scored their greatest success as
a nation. The old fundamental ideas remain as a rock
upon which is builded the house of modern Japan.
Being a nation in reality, and not merely a collection
of individuals, Japan has caught up, in forty odd years,
the start of centuries possessed by the Western world.
Japanese subjects are the elements that make up the
Japanese Empire, and this sentiment is held to-day as
much as it ever was hundreds of years ago. its effects
may be seen in the granting to the people of Japan, by
the free will of the Emperor, since the Kestoration, of
the Constitution according full private and public
libertv. It must not be overlooked that these conces-
sions, these limitations of the powers of the Emperor,
were not forced from the sovereign by wars or rebel-
lions, but were the natural outcome of the relations
between governing and governed.

THE RESULTS OF NATIONAL SOLIDARITY.

Where has this practical patriotism, this intense
national solidarity, led Japan, and what proofs are •
there that such national impulse is superior to the
isolated action of several millions of people.' The war
with Russia has demonstrated, beyond the powers of
argument, the fallacy of the artificial barriers between
races and between continents. No longer can the white
races of Europe sit above the .salt while the nations of
.Asia sit below. Japan, a brown race, a nation of Asia.
has demonstrated her right to sit above the .salt, and
as she has done so by the force of arms. Western
civilisation acknowledges her right. .She is an example
of the tact that a nation does not become great because

of the colour of its population or because of its
geographical position, but because of the power
within it. It is due to the unceasing labour, the
unwearying effort of the Japanese people to make
Japan great and themselves worthy of a great Japan.
Unless the •^leople of a nation — the people, mind you,
not a class — are prepared to do this, they have no
hope of permanent greatness. If Japan's triumph
demonstrates one thing more than any other, it is
the absolute necessity for national efficiency, achieved
by the unanimous effort of all the people. Japan
teaches the world the lesson that thoroughness and
efficiency, broad-mindedness, and a readiness to learn
are possessions which far outweigh any artificial
superiorities raised up by an arrogant cluster of
differing nations as a standard whereby they may
judge others.

THE WIDER MEANING OF NATIONAL DEFENCE.

.Such is but one result of Japanese national solidarity,
and the Japanese do not exercise their national
impulses save after due thought and along the most
practical lines, for regulated patriotism is a force,
unregulated it would be chaos.

" With regard to matters of national defence, a
single day's neglect may involve a century's regret."
In this short sentence the Emperor of Japan sums
up the national policy and feeling of his country. By
national defences in Japan, however, is not meant
the mere naval and military bulwarks with which
European nations have been content to fortify them-
selves, and which, in their point of view, constitutes
the only interpretation of national defence. In Japan
the term has a much wider and, it must be confessed,
a much truer meaning ; it is taken to include the pre-
servation to the country of everything that might be
threatened by foreign influences. The safeguarding
of Japanese trade by an efficient Consular service,
or of Japanese maritime enterprise by a navigation
bounty, is just as much a part of the national defences
as the pre\'cntion of invasion by a foreign foe.

PATRIOTISM AND LOYALTY.

Patriotism alone is an immense national force,
both because of its uni\-cr.sal character and because
of its practical nature ; but when it is allied with
loyalty to the Emperor and religious veneration,
it becomes almost omnipotent in mundane affairs.
The coimtry they love and the Emperor they reven
have both existed when the ancestors of the present
generation lo\ed and revered the ancestors of, their
ruler, and the influence and the spirits of the ancestors
will always be an enormous factor in maintaining the
close union between patriotism and loyalty.

The result of this feeling of religious patriotism has
been that there is no weak link in the national cham.
The military authorities can count with certainty on
the bravery and devotion of the armies on the field
of battle ; the central Government can lav a«ide all
care as to any disaffection or disloyalty at home.

The Duty of Citizenship.

301

NATIONAL UNANIMITY ON ESSENTIALS.

Naturally there ar^ and have been, differences
amonji the various sections of the Japanc;!: nation,
but they are ineffective when exposed to the binding
force of patriotism. The nation is not rent by schisms
and divisions, but is always unanimous on essentials,
though they may differ on details. All the leaders
are inspired by the same moral ideas, by the same
fervent a^pirations for the national well-being. What
is true of the nation at large is true also of the political
element which under the constitution a.ssists in the
guiding of the national destinies. Matters of vital
importance are never made the sport of parly politics ;
matters of foreign policy are not made the chance
playthings of changing governments. The foreign
policy is a stable thing, continuous and far-reaching,
and docs not change with the administration. The
Ministers of the army and the navy continue. There
has been a very serious discussion as to the advisability
of continuing the Foreign Minister from one cabinet
to another, and though this has not yet been done,
foreign policy is already a matter quite outside party
influence or wrangling ; and matters domestic are not
mingled or allowed to influence national affairs. In
naval and military matters continuity of Ministers
has practically been arrived at.

THE DUTIES OF A POLITICAL PARTY.

Prince Ito, Japan's greatest statesman, never
ceased from impressing on his countrymen the supreme
necessity of unity.

" In view of the duties it owes to the State," he says,
' a political party ought to make its primary object
to devote its whole energies to the public weal. In
order to improve and infuse life and vigour into the
administrative machinery of the country, .so as to
enable it to keep up with the general progress of the
nation, it is neces.sary that administrative officials
sh(Hild be recruited, under a system of defmite quali-
fnation-. from among capable men of proper att.iin-
ments and experience, irrespective of whether they
belong to a political party or not. It is absolutely
necessary that caution should be taken to avoid falling
into the fatal mistake of giving oflicial posts to men
of doul)tful qualifications, simply because they belong
to a particular political party. In considering the
questions atTecting the interests of local or other
corporate bodies, the decision must always be guided
by considerations of the general good of the public,
and of the relative importance of these questions.
In no case should the support of a political party be
given for the promotion of any partial interests, in
response to con'-iderations of local connections or under
the corrupt influences of interested persons.

" If a politic al party aims, as it should aim, at being
a guide to the people, it must first commi-nce with
maintaining strict discipline and order in its own rank-.,
anti, al)ove all, with shaping il.s own conduit with an
absolute and sincere devotion to the public interest
of the country. . . .

_" They should further try to avoid all unnecessary
friction amongst themselves, or in their dealings with
others, all such friction being likely to endanger the
social fabric of the country. Above all they must
always place the national interests before the transient
interests of a political party."

THE NEED OF AN EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION.

This sentiment of patriotism might not be so funda-
mental a part of the Japanese character were it not
developed in every Japanese from earliest infancy, and
now finds its greatest support in the educational
system. In nothing is the patriotic spirit of the
Japanese shown to such advantage as in this intense
desire for education, which permeates the whole nation,
without distinction of class. It has been recognised
that no nation can be truly and permanently great
without a serious educational foundation, that
ignorance is but as shifting sand whereon to build a
house, and it is a national duty to be educated. There-
fore the Japanese have acquired an educational
system second to none in the world. The moral
instruction taught from the Emperor's speech on
education is intensely patriotic — and the teachers and
pupils alike realise the value of the school in making
for progress. Physical training is made much of, in
order that the future physical condition of the Japanese
race may be efficient and able to support the nation
in the ever-increasing physical struggle for existence.
It is this which has led to the prohibition by law
of tobacco smoking under the age of twenty, and the
imposition of penalties, not alone upon the boy, but
upon the tobacco dealer and the parent. Desire to
avoid stunted physique in future generations is the
patriotic motive in such restrictive legislation.

MORAL, NOT RELIGIOUS TEACHING.

The school system of Japan contains no religious
education, as the term is generally understood. In
fact, it is the most valuable example of the possibilit)'
of teaching moral conduct and right living without
dogma. 'I'he Japanese recognise the value of religious,
not necessarily Christian, teaching, but say that it
should be taught elsewhere than in the schools. They
take the ground that, since religion to be of value
must be the result of conviction, it is impossible that
children of the tender age of six could reason out the
mysteries and difficulties of religious dogmas. Con-
fusion in the mind of the child is bound to result, and
the development of the intelligence suffers by intro-
duction of abstract and inconi|)rehensible subtleties.
That a child in the primary schools can understand,
for instance, the idea of the atonement for sin clearly
enough to do him good, and not merely to mystify
him, is incom|)rchensil)le to the Japanese mind. In as
far as religious education is made the \ehiile of moral
instruction, an<l for the development of character, the
Japanese quite recognise its value ; but they do not
(omplicate these moral teaihings, which may be made
intelligible to the child liy abstract and sectarian
dogmius and creeds. Moral leaching forms a part of the

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school curriculum, and sonic hours each week ;ire
devoted solely to this purpose for eit.h class. " The
essential point of moral teaching should be to nourish
and develop the virtuous instincts of the children, and
to lead them to the actual practice of morality/' runs
an ordinance relating to education.

CITIZENS OBLIGED TO BE OFFICIALS.

In the local government of the country, also,
patriotism is taught and the duties of citizenship
encouraged.

The citizens of Japanese cities, towns, or villages are
obliged to fill any honorary ofiRce to which they may
be elected or appointed. In this way there is no possi-
biHty of the best citizens keeping out of politics, a
state of things which is so very prejudicial in America.
The punishment of declining public or official service
is not a mere fine, such as, for instance, that imposed
under certain conditions at the election of sheriffs in
the City of London— it is a very serious matter indeed.
Those who decline to serve are " subjected to suspen-
sion of citizenship for from three to six years, together
with an additional levy, during the same period, of
' from one-eighth to one-fourth more of their ordinary
shire of contribution to the city expenditure.''

The Vvar with Russia naturally atTorded many
c\ imples of the practical patriotism of Japan. The
ca'ls for the reserve were responded to without any
defection, the men left their work cheerfully and went
to the depots, encouraged by the approval of their
families. The spirit of self-sacrifice was universal, the
highest and lowest classes alike shouldered their
national responsibilities, imperial princes fought in the
fieid with their countrymen of all classes. When a
soldier or sailor was sent to the front, his family was
taken care of by his neighbours or by his village com-
munity. Landlords made it a rule not to collect the
real from his family, and doctors volunteered to treat
the sick in his family without charge.

SKLF-SACRIFICE NOT SELF-ADVANCEMENT.

The soldiers and sailors of Japan have given example
after example of patriotism and de\otion to their
country. That there is no thoughtless determination
to die, however, such as is demonstrated by uneducated
fanatics, is shown by the address given by Lieutenant-
Commander Yuasa to his men before leading an attack.
It contains the essence of the practical devotion and
patriotism of the Japanese soldiers and sailors. He
said : " Let every man set aside all thought of making
a name for himself, but let us all work together for
the attainment of our object. ... It is a mistaken
idea of valour to court death unnecessarily. Death
is not our object, but sucrcss. and we die in \ain if we
do not attain success."

Self-sacrifice for the good of the Stale, not hope
for sclf-advanccmcnt, is the dominant note of the
nation. This sentiment has been fostered by every
fliical conviction of the race, especially by Bushidn
.i.iil ancestor worship. Biisliido. besides establishing
a (Jclicatc code of honour, had one point in its teaching

for which no sacrifice was held too dear, no life too
precious. This was the duty of loyalty, which was the
keystone of the arch of feudal virtues. As Bushidu
holds that the interests of the family and of its members
are one and the same, so it should be with the entire
nation. There should be no interests separately for
the subjects or the rulers; all should work for the
whole, and merge his or her personal interests in those
of the whole nation. Thus has Bushido made of the
Japanese the most patriotic race in the world.

ANCESTOR WORSHIP.

Ancestor worship accentuates this point of loyalty,
and is an influence still more far-reaching and funda-
mental.

It may be said without exaggeration that every
Japanese man, every Japanese woman, and every
Japanese child is an ancestor worshipper. This applies
to the Christian convert equally with the Buddhist
devotee.

The effect upon the living of their duties to the
dead .and of their duties to future generations is
enormous. All through their life the Japanese have
the responsibility not only of living up to the reputation
of their own ancestors, but of being good ancestors
in their turn. In Japan death begins responsibilities
on this earth rather than diminishing and ending them.
The action of the Japanese Emperor in ennobling
worthy subjects or granting them other murks of
honour on their death-bed or after death intensifies
this idea.

RELIGIOI'S TOLERANCE.

With all this intensitv of belief in worship of
ancestors, one of the striking features of Japan is the
fact that there exists absolute religious freedom and
the fullest tolerance among religions. Not only is
there no State Church, but from the national stand-
point there is an absolute equality where the various
religions are concerned. The Japanese consider that
a State Church does not tend towards the advancement
or the well-being of the nation. The idea is too
narrow for a people which finds in every religion, in
every creed, some elements of the same fundamental
truth. From each they draw something which helps
them towards that right living which they regard
as one of the essential duties of the patriotic inili\idual,
of the community, and of the nation.

To sum up, then, in religious matters generally,
the Western World may learn from Japan the dangers
of a Slate Church, the elimination of politics from
religion, tolerance, and a desire to seek out and help
on the best in all creeds, and an insistence on practical
and philosophical religion.

THE INSPIRATION OF NATIRE.

\\'ithout doubt, however, the inspiration of nature
has had as gre.'t an effect upon this national develop-
ment of patriotism as any system of beliefs handed
down by tradition and studied in books. For it would
1h' difficult to exaggerate the infiucnce of climate and

The Duty of Citizenship.

303

country on character, and in no country in the world,
at the present st:'.ge of civiHsation. does a whole people
live so close to nature and spend so much time in com-
muning with it. The Japanese people love nature,
and they ha\c a love and sense of beauty about all
things founded upon this closeness to nature. It
would be iille to argue that centuries of intelligent
>tudy and admiration of the beauties of nature could
fail to affect the character of the people. The sensitive
fabrfc of the mind, of the soul, could not fail to have
been deeply influenced' by the constant contemplation
nf nature which has been going on for centuries. It is
indispensable to realise this influence upon the national
force, which is apparent everywhere. This love of
nature and all that nature gives so bountifully has
developed the Japanese along lines of true simplicity
and naturalness. Artificiality is not respected and
revered as in other countries. Japanese art is simple,
with the simplicity of perfection ; the Japanese
national characteristic may be said to be a true, a
simple love of nature. To them nature means, or,
rather, has meant in the past, Japan, and undoubtedly
this fact has to be taken into consideration in judging
of Japanese patriotism.

So much lor the nature of patriotism, its principal
causes, and the methods by which patriotism is taught
and preserved.

WHAT HAS BEEN ACCOMPLISHED.

But what has this patriotism of the Japanese done
in the way of national improvement, and in what
ways has it shown that it is a practical force and not
a theoretical fancy ? Time will only allow of a few
instances being given from the many which present
iliemselves to the student of Japanese progress.

The Restoration found Japan practically an agricul-

I'lral country -there were few, if any, industries of

:inportance. Even the taxes were paid in rice, and

.rriculturists were ranked far higher than merchants.

History showed the Japanese, however, that it was

\ery difTicult to maintain a high standard of national

reatness when the revenue of the land and the

prosperity of the people depended absolutely upon

t he lall of rain or the hours of sunshine. I-'or a small

^late such a 1 ondition is possible. although not enviable.

lor a State such as the Japanese were determined to

:ii.ike [apan. such a foundation was altogether too

;ii--tabie. liesides this the rapi<l increase of the

.opulatiun, together with the increased luxury of

i\ing. showecl the Japanese in a very unmistakable

.ishion that s'ime adjustment was imperative. The

nil of Japan is cultivated intensively, anri although

I was pos>ible to augment to a certain extent the

■roduction, that wouhl (jnly n-sult in a postponement

.1 the settlement of the problem. And so the patriotic

l.ipanese, in their intense love for their countrj- and

iiide in it-, future, took the bull by the horns and

lidceeded to build up an industrial fabric to sup|)le-

iiient the agricullural one. In Kngland is to be seen

the (ibjeil Ici^nii which taught |apan both what to

copy and what to avoid. In Kngland the developnient
of industries came aJmost insensibly, on no organised
plan, and with the industrial growth came agricultural
decay. England became an industrial power of
hitherto unheard-of importance, but she ceased to be
in any degree self-supporting — the produce of the
world has to feed her millions. The Japanese realised
that the decay of agriculture was by no means the
inevitable corollary of industrial growth — in fact,
properly organised, the industries should assist agricul-
ture, and vice versa.

DEVELOPING INDUSTRIES.

Besides the necessity, there was an additional reason
to be found in the knowledge that industrial growth
would add enormously to the power of the nation,
not only in the Far East, but among European nations.
It was recognised that industrial and commercial
development was a much more sure guarantee of
greatness than military power, and that the conquest
of markets was more efficacious than the destruction
of armies and navies. A difficult thing this, for the
Restoration not only found Japan an agricultural
country, but also under a feudal system. Such a
svstem', wherever it exists, elevates the military classes
and abases the merchant and trader. Now, in Japan,
there is only one gauge — the extent of benefit which
any individual, in whatever profession he may find
himself, can bestow upon his country and his nation.
The people of Japan plungeil into the national and
patriotic duty of developing the industries so success-
fully that to-day Japan stands as the greatest industrial
nation of Asia. And the Japanese take the same
pride in this as they used to take in their military
achievements, and as they do in everything which
advances the national progress, for Japan seeks the
substance not the shadow of empire.

One of the results of this policy of encouraging
industries was to add enormously to Japan's financial
strength in the late war. since of the enormous sums
spent in malhiel de guerre aI least 75 percent, remained
in the country, and, enriching the people, i)ro\ided
them with money available for reinvestment in the
public bonds. Without the industrial backbone so
thoroughly developed Japan's resources would have
been far less efficiently organised. Thus patriotism in
this instance brought an immediate and substantial
reward.

The Japanese people have succeeded in establishing
a sound industrial basis to their country, and have
j)rovided, within a remarkably few years, a solution
for the problem of rapidl\ -increasing population.

CREATINi; A MKRCANTU-K MARINli.

To the Japanese it seemed the most natural and
logical corollary to the growth ol their industrial
development that they should also provide the
merchant vessels to carry the goods. Warned by the
example of the United States, they avoided the
mistake made by the .\mericans of developing their
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mercantile marine available. In this way an enormous
amount of American money left, and .still goes out of
the country, in the shape of freight charges to foreign-
owned vessels. Nothing shows the Japanese thorough-
ness to better advantage than the way in which they
prepared their merchant service preparatory to
acquiring the goods to load the vessels with. Visitors
to Japan at the end of the nineteenth century must
have seen the number of Japanese vessels lying in
the harbours waiting for employment. Then it
seemed to be a waste and a miscalculation, but time
has shown that it was only foresight. Slowly, year
by year, the proportion of the Japanese foreign trade
carried by Japanese vessels grows larger, and a corre-
sponding proportion of money stays in the country.

BUILDING JAPANESE SHIPS IN JAPAN.

And the Japanese thoroughness did not stop at tlie
mere creation of the fleet. It developed the means
of building the vessels, so that yet again Japanese
capital might remain in Japanese hands rather than
pass into those of the shipliuilders of the Clyde or the
Thames. Whereas formerly the whole supply of new
vessels of the great Jajianese shipping companies was
bought abroad, it is now doubtful whether there will
be any so purchased. The shipbuilding yards of Japan
have been developed up to the point where they can
supply the needs of the Japanese merchants, and
henceforth Japanese ships will be built in Japanese
yards. This proficiency is not confined to the merchant
vessels, for tlie same is true of the Government navy
yards, where first-class warships are being constructed
where but a short half-century ago sampans and
small junks were the only craft thought of.

MAINTAINING AGRICULTURE.

In developing the country into an industrial manu-
tacturing nation, both in order to set the national
finances upon a stable basis and that Japan might
play the great rdle which is her destiny among the
nations of the world, agriculture was not neglected.
Kather it was nurtured the more, forming as it does
a valuable national asset. It would have been illogical
for Japan if. while developing the great ideal of Japan
for the Japanese, she had neglected her agriculture
and ceased to be able to feed her own jjopulation.
The national idea demanded that, however important
the manufactures became, the food supply of the
country should be able to cope with (he increasing
population. Xot only could the agricultural output
not go backward, it had to move forward with the
nation's development.

The cultivated area of Japan is comparatively small,
and owing to the natural conditions of the islands large
increase is not possible. Therefore the Japanese turned
their attention to the improvement of farming methods,
to improved irrigation and fertilisation in order to
secure an increased output. One great advantage which
Japan possesses, besides a beneficent climate, is the
fact that the faims are worked in small sections by the
small farmers and their families. This enables greater

care to be paid to the crops, though, of course, it has
also the disadvantage of the impossibility of using
labour-saving machinery. Sixty per cent, of the whole
population is employed in farming pursuits, and the
farms being worked largely by manual laliour, there is
every opportunity for national impulse to inspire
individual effort.

MAKING A COUNTRY SELF-SUPPORTING.

" Imagine," says one writer, " all the tillable acres
of Japan as merged into one field. The centre peri-
meter of such a field could be skirted by a man in an
automobile, travelling fifty miles an hour, in the period
of eleven hours ! " Small wonder, then, that the agri-
culturists of Japan are entitled to rank amongst the
best patriots of that patriotic people ! In one of the
Emperor's poems occurs a verse in which he declares
the tiller of his field in Japan is achieving for his nation
equal glory with the soldier on the battlefield. Japanese
patriotism, aided by the latest scientific methods, is a
force which is able even to overcome all obstacles and
produce on 19,000 square miles food for 45,000,000.
It is in the spreading of the scientific methods and
the latest methods of agriculture that the Japanese
Government has been so successful, the farmers never
lacking in enthusiasm. In the old times the farmers
had as their duty the feeding of the military classes;
now they have the larger duty of feeding an entire
nation, which has increased by over ten million persons
since the Restoration.

The House of Representatives, the elected represen-
tatives of the people, passed a law outlining a reform,
a change in the very appearance of Japan, which was
welcomed by the country! This was nothing less than
a law for the adjustment of farm lands, and providing
for the change of farm lots so as to allow of the more
regular arrangement of holdings. The irregular boun-
daries and pathways between the various properties
were to be simplified, and in this way the amount of
land under cultivation was to be increased.

NATIONAL DEFENCE AND NATIONAL SERVICE.

In a country where patriotism and universal sacrifice
for the welfare of the fatherland play the predominant
part, it is inevitable that the question of national
defence should be treated in a competent manner.
Theoretically the army system of Japan is based
upon conscription, but truly this is a case where
the voice is the voice of voluntary service although
the hand be the hands of conscription. From
the age of seventeen until that of forty all male
subjects are placed on the military roll.r, and
are liable for service. Concerning this Marquis Ito.
writes : — " Japanese subjects are of the elements
that make up the Japanese Empire. They are
to protect the existence, the independence, and the
glory of the country. . . . Every male adult in the
whole country shall be compelled, without distinction
of class or family, to fulfil, in accordance with the pro-
visions of law, his duty of serving in the army, that he
may be incited to valour while his body undergoes '

The Duty of Citizenship.

305

physical training, and that in this way the martial
spirit of the country shall be maintained and secured
Irom decline."'

All subjects must also pay taxes, these being con-
sidered as ■• the contributive share of each subject to
the public expenditure of the State. It is neither
iienevolcnce paid in response to exaction, nor a
remuneration for certain favours which have been
received upon a mutual understanding."

THE QUESTION OF CONSCRIPTION.

Conscription is, in the minds of the British and
.\mcricans, indissolubly bound up with constraint, an
impression strengthened by the disinclination of the
conscripts on the European continent to .serve their
country in the ranks. In Japan there is none of that
>ide of conscription. The Japanese look upon it as a
privilege to be allowed to receive such training as will
enable them to adequately defend Japan in all emer-
genc:es. Japanese conscription is rather a means of
the selection of the fittest than a system to compel
citizens to serve. Every Japanese knows it to be his
duty as well as a highly prized privilege to serve his
time in the army or the navy. There are none of the
hundred and one drawbacks which too often mar the
system of compulsory service. In Japan the duty of
service would be felt more compulsory were there no
conscription law and no regulations for calling up year
by year those available for military service. And in
thi.s'fact lies one of the greatest of all lessons for coun-
tries owning free institutions, and anxious to maintain
their right of independent progress.

THE RIGHT TO BE AN EFFICIENT DEFENDER.

There is a duty which every citizen owes to his State
which should lead him to desire the chance of fitting
himself to defend his native soil. In conscription such
as this there is no disgrace — no ignominy. Were the
British Empire filled by such a recognition of the duty
and privilege of citizenship, there would be small need
of polemic discussions as to whether the country could
or could not be invaded — there would be no doubt as
to the security of the heart of the Empire. There is
no doubt that it is the duty of all who see into the
future clear-sightedly to urge the development of this
patriotic spirit which lies latent in the breast of every
I ilizen. Who would doubt that, in the case of invasion,
all the manhood of the country would spring to arms
to repel the menace? Hut surely the olTer of amateur,
I untrained devotion is a much less thing than the
I readiness lo become to the highest degree ellicient
1 whenever the call to .service may come. Physically, the
benefit would he enormous ; morally, it would be no
; less, and the nation would reach its true level of com-
I picte self-confidence and strength. It is no alien idea
' which is suggested by the example of Japan ; it is an
mstinct whh h requires to Ik; called forth and deve-
loped along lines of practical patriotism. For in Japan

may be seen the ideal form of national service, a
nution in arms, and educated to make the best use of
those arms. It is not necessary to dwell upon technical
details, intelligible only to the military or naval
student; these follow of themselves provided the
central idea, the national impulse, be right. When
Great IJritain shall have reached the point that every
citizen feels it his duty and privilege to be trained for
the defence, social and economic or militar)-. of the
Motherland, and is educated to understand the real
significance of this service, the Hritish nation will
become a greater, saner, and more efficient people.

UNIVERSAL SERVICE SYSTEMATISED BY CONSCRIPTION.

The national army of Japan is an educated force,
and each year sees the percentage of illiteracy sinking
lower. National pride demands education, and thus
the national privilege of conscription feels the benefit
of a unanimous progressive force. The defence of Japan
is the work of the nation, and it matters not whether
the individual atom works for his country in the field
or on the water — the same driving force is at the back
of him and there can be no retrogressions. Japan's
idea of the best means to secure the defence of the
country is no new thing, but the growth of hundreds
of \cars. Japan's military and naval greatness is the
result of the nation's determination to be fitted to
defend the country and to be able to secure its best
interests. It is no sentiment of part of the people only,
it is the whole nation undertaking a task which affects
every unit of it, and of which each one is proud to bear
his or her share. Universal service by all the
people, systematised by conscription, is the founda
"tion, with education, of Japan's army and navy.

THE FORCE OF A NATION OF CITIZENS.

Step by step the national dc\cl<)pment has led the
Japanese nation to a point where it is quite justifiable
for them to look with pride upon the progress their
practical patriotism has enabled them to accomplish.
Not only has Japan become one of the eight great
Powers of the world, but she has successfully demon-
strated that she is the one great Power which dominates
Eastern Asia. The wonderful force lying in Japan's
hands is not even yet properly realised, and there are
unknown potentialities of which the other nations
have not even a suspicion. But before very long, this
nation, which is able to think out problems as
thoroughly as any Oriental, and act upon the result of
the thought as energetically as any Western race, will
receive its full recognition in every branch of national
life. The fore e which is possessed by a people etlicient
in every department of national life, and possessing the
unique impulse of a sentient, practical patriotism and
an undivided public opinion, is so unknown, so enor-
mous, as lo defy its measurement by any standards
possessed by the Western world.

The Life-Blood of the Empire.

DAY by day the interest of every class in the adequate poopling of the Empire grows and becomes more
insistent for real organisation. The Government does not share the general conviction that ■something
must be done, and Mr. John Burns, the President of the Local Government Board, in whose province
the question of State-aid and help lies, does not apparently intend to take any real step towards securing a
systematic fiow of Imperial life-blood. This is regrettable, but the apathy or indiff ^'•ence of a Minister or of
a Government cannot prevent the inevitable development of emigration to our overseas Dominions on lines
which will become more and more systemitised and niDre an 1 more calculated to ensure that the right
emi'^'rants go to the right places. We hope and expect that there will soon be a serious movement on the
pat-t of all those who place Imperial matters before party politics to organise the existing bodies in conjunction
with the Dominion Governments on a practical basis. If there is one thing certain in the whole question of
Imperial emigration, it is that the Dominions are determined to have the flow of life-blood organised so that
the greatest possible good shall result. We confess that we fail utterly to realise why the British Governmsnt
does not desire this equally, and prefers to continue to spend millions on perpsluating poverty, rather than
thousands to make life livable for hundreds of thousands.

COLONEL LAMB, Salvation Army Emigration Department.

DtTRiNG the past ten years the Salvation Army has
become the largest and probably the best organised
emigration agency in the world. The Army's form of
government— highly centralised at its International
Headquarters in London, and yet giving to its local
territories the largest possible measure of self-govern-
ment and responsibility — m.ide its work in the emigra-
tion field almost a necessity, for it had at hand ne.irly
all the machinery for a very pressing need.

During his giant s',heme of investigation of con-
ditions in these islands, which resulted in his book,
" Darkest England and the Way Out," General Booth
was led to the conviction upwards of twenty years ago
that a scheme of organised emigration on a large scale
was one of this country's most crying needs. He
re-echoed Carlyle's call for "a free ferry" and the
organisation of the unemployed. In those days emigra-
tion was a more haphazard thing even than now ; and
the people flocking ungaided from these islanrls were
settling mainly in lands outside the Empire. Those who
proposed settling in the Colonies were arriving unwel-
comed and unadvised, even through those doors whose
Governments, to a certain extent, encouraged immi-
gration. The birth of his emigration department was
the result. And it is interesting to note that this was
•imongst the first of the Army's movements into a
sphere of social activities outside the range of labour
that could be classed as " rescue " work. The General
at that time had clearly in his mind two schemes —
one for planting overseas Colonies on lines which to-day
will bear the closest possible examination ; the other for
giving guidame to the worthy and industrious members
of the workin'.; class, wh'i by pressure at home were
lieing drawn towards llij emigralio:) outlet. His inten-
tion was to inspire them with courage, to prepare their
minds (or conditions overseas, to guide them across the

ocean, and in the new land to meet, direct, cheer, and
assist them.

NOT ONE PER CENT. DISAPPOINTED.

The Army, with its organisa:tion all round the world,
its workers in the home departments who have a per-
■ sonal knowledge of conditions overseas, and whose aim
is not to paint glowing pictures, but to give a true
account of light and shadow (with emphasis, if possible,
upon the shadow), is working upon the right lines.
The fact that not i per cent, of its 75,000 emigrants
has proved disappointing or been disappointed as a
settler speaks for itself.

•All classes have flocked to the Army's emigration
banner. Ships flying the A^my flag at their mastheads
have crossed the Atlantic ; 75 per cent, of the pas-
sengers have paid their own fare ; 60 per cent, have
recorded themselves as belonging to the Church of
England ; 15 per cent, have been Salvationists ; while
all the other bodies have contributed to the balance.
On those ships the saloon bar has been closed, while a
labour bureau has taken its place, every worker going
out under Army auspices having a guarantee of work.
No anxious forebodings have added to the trials o( the
voyage, for every man has gone with a spring " from
the ship's side to the job waiting for him."

I^atterlv weekly conducted parties to Canada have
taken the place of occasional ship-loads, but the
guarantee of v/ork has ever been to the front.

INSURINC. .\GA1NST UNEMPLOYMENT.

.And (lie Army has faith in its own right hand, fm
during the past three years it has actually insured it-
pas^engers against unompluynicnl and against the
risks of their being --ent to situations alrcaily filled.

The Army has had a varied experience in the
recoverv of its loans. In some instan<-ps it secures a-

The Life-Blood oF' the Empire.

307

!)igh as 85 per cent. ; in others it tails as low as 10
per cent. IJut this very experience will be invaluable
lor future developments, and it may be that wb.at
rannot be ijot direct can be secure'l indirectly.

The problem bpforc the Army is plain but immense.
\n outlet must be found for forty thousand widows,
nearly all able-bodied, with 120,000 children, in
receipt of outdoor relief, generally admitted to he
quite inadequate. Thousands of those are ready to
escape the bondage of crushing poverty and assured
of being weK omed abroad. There is also a stand-
ing army of at least 500,000 workers suffering
continually from under-employment, at least half
of them readv and willing to emigrate ; work and
opportunities waiting for them across the seas :
I ,,^00.000 single women in e.xcess of the male popula-
tion. Average earnings of working women about 7s.
per week. In our Colonies the male population is in
e.vcess of the female by nearly 1,000,000. There are
three hundred and fifty thousand unwanted chil-
ilren in Britain ; half of them are at least eligible
for emigration, while their present cost of main-
tenance is /lo.ooo.ooo p(;r annum. I approve of the
suggestion that the Council schools should train
children for future emigration, and think that school-
teachers, having presumably some knowledge of their
pupils and their homes, could with advantage be
used to pass boys of fourteen who are orphans, or
who live in undesirable homes, into the proper emigra-
lion channels. These boys — the unwanted here and
the needed in the (!olonies— through lack of knowledge
and lack of somebody to press their claims, would be
likely to miss their opportunities and drift into
channels of " blind. alley" labour in this country.

.MISrSE OF UNEMPLOYED WORKMEN'S ACT.

The Unemployed Workmen's Act could easily have
icen userl to further the emigration of those who
wanted to go. But it has simply been made to add t6
the congestion of towns, for the countryman, no matter
how hard he is pressed, cannot hope to obtain emigra-
lioii help til! he has come into a city to add to tin-
miserable congestion, and he himself and his famil)'
to serve an apprenticeship of at least twelve months'
semi-starvation, for all the Local Government Board
orders have applied to the larger towns.

No doubt the Liberal Party hone^•ly believe that
these islands can be so organiseil that ihoy can support

in decent comfort at least double the population they
now carry. The Unionist Party are at least theoreti-
cally more favourable to emigration, although pre-
sumabl)' Tariff Reform would give more work at home.
But both parties arc now truly Imperial, and so wc
ma)' reasonably e.Kpect them to agree to the treatment
of this question outside the sphere of party politics.
The State can best do this work by finding the money
and leaving responsibility. A pn)[)osal put forward by
General Booth some time ago has in it the right idea.
'■ Set aside," said the General, " ten millions ot pounds
— appoint a small commission whose business it would
he to consider schemes put forward, and let the work
be done, and grants and loans, free of interest, be made
according to the scheme approved."

JOHN BURNS AND EMIGRATION.

John Burns probably thinks the Army should be
content to prepare people for Heaven and not for
better conditions on earth. That is because Burns does
not understand the Army, and fails to see that better
conditions mean better service, and to the Salvationist
that is nearly everything. l"\irthermore, the cheery
optimism of the President of the Local Go\ernment
Board is apt at times to lead him astray. Again, Burns
is afraid of the Labour Party, and the Labour Party
afraid of themselves in the Old Country, because it
does not appear to be their policy to recognise the
necessity or utility of emigration, and, perhaps, because
their colleagues in the Colonies are not yet educated
up to an immigration policy.

Courage is wanted at the offices of the Local Govern-
ment Board. .\t a conservative estimate, thousands of
Poor Law children could have been emigrated where
only hundreds have gone abroad during the past three
years. It is not that the officials are opposed to emigra-
tion ; I believe a great change has come over the Local
Government Board in recent years, and that the
permanent official is really sympathetic to the idea of
emigration. What is wanted now is encouragement.
Let the Local Board of Guardians be /yiisluut a little.
A contribution of, say, one-third of the cost from the
Central Funds would work wonders, for the average
Board of Guardians is very susceptible on this score.
Never was such waste of lands, opportunities, and
human life. Surely the problem confronting the
15riiish race to-day is the i tii.isation ok this

W ASTi:.

HAND-PICKED EMlCiRANTS : T. W. SIIKKFIKLD.*

The necessity for some system of selecting immi
rants becomes more apparent every year. Many
iheories have been advanced and much said on this
\ital question, but so far no method has been atlopled
that wll render any striking benefits to Canadian or
British authorities. The <lif1iculty of assimilating the
relatively huge influx becomes appallingly apparent

• Mr. ShcfTicM h Aclinjj Commissioner in this connlry for
lU'gip*. Saskttlclu.-w.in.

when the numbers, as compared with the number of
Canadians, is considered. During the last eleven yeans
Canada has received nearly 2,110,000 immigrants, of
whom approximately 820,000 were from the United
Kingdom and 7^0,000 from the I'nited States. Up to
the close of the fiscal year ending .March 31st, l()ri,
tin- total was 1,714, .^26 for the decade. Since then
nearly too.ooo more have arrived, divided equally
between British and .\incri( .m mimigrants. About

3o8

The Review of Reviews.

6i per cent, of the immigrants arriving from the United
States have been farmers, who, for the most part, have
settled in the prairie provinces. Thirty-eight per cent,
of the total numher from the United Stiites made
entries for homesteads in the West. About 30 per cent,
of the European arrivals were farmers or farm-
labourers ; while 25 per cent, were classed as general
labourers, and nearly the same percentage as mechanics.
'I'he influ.x of negroes has totalled a little over 400,
while 5,200 Hindus have come to Canada. Of the
British immigrants appro.ximately 500,000 have been
English and Welsh, 150,000 Scotch, and about 45,000
Irish. Figures for other nationalities include Austro-
Hungarian, 121,000 ; Italian, 63,817 ; Russian, 39,950 ;
Swedish, 19,349; German, 21,146; French, 16,236;
Norwegian, 13,798 ; Syrian, 5,223. Western Canada
received some 300,000 more immigrants than the
Eastern section; Saskatchewan and Alberta received
more than half a million ; Saskatchewan is taking
15 per cent, more than the latter province.

In some parts of the West the Canadian-born must
be outnumbered two to one, and without any fixed
policy for educating the new-comers.

OBJECTS OF IMMIGRATION.

The object and aim of any immigration scheme
should be to give Canada the very best of the Old
Country's surplus population, promoting amongst
those of British birth a true sense of Canadian
nationality, the main reason for this being that the
newly-arrived Britisher on landing in Canada becomes
endowed with the full rights of Canadian citizenship.
He secures his vote by residing in any one province
one year, and three months in one constituency, this
being a special privilege accorded to all Britishers by
the Canadian Government over all other nationalities -
entering Canada.

The selection and distribution of British new-
comers (immigrants) throughout the Dominion calls
for more careful consideration. The system, or policy,
adopted involves a host of consequences — stragetically,
socially, and morally — which are vital to everyone
throughout Canada. Many and varied are the schemes
put forward from time to time dealing with immigra-
tion. Some are certainly theoretically excellent ;
others the work of unpractical people. Those who
have made a study of the question know only too well
the difficulties which exist in any scheme. The whole
question is purely a business one after ^11, and must
be conducted on commercial lines. A large industrial
concern has its different heads of departments, all
directly responsible to the general manager, who, in
turn, is responsible to the president and directors ; in
the .same manner it .seems reasonable to expect that a
similar organisation could be developed in each pro-
vince, whereby the Commissioner of Immigration
would control the different departments. This would,
in turn, necessitate a simple classification system
dealing with the specific requirements of each city,
town, and village throughout the province. The classi-

fication should cover every opportunity for farm-
labourers, dairymen, fishermen, skilled mechanics in
all trades, small investors, openings for women, profes-
sions, and all branches of trade for British subjects.

The particular requirements of each city, town,
village, or locality could be supplied by the Boards of
Trade or other representative bodies, thus preventing
any overlapping.

DUMPING PROCESS MUST STOP.

During 1909-10 £8,000 was paid in bonuses for
agricultural and domestic servants, covering 9,813 men,
6,015 women, and 2,840 children. This sum was paid
to 3,000 booking agents in the British Isles, a sum
sufficient to pay several duly-appointed officials
knowing Canadian conditions, and the class required
to fill these conditions. The agent gets his bonus, the
transaction is finished, he has no further interest in
the person emigrating. With an efficient official the case
is quite different ; he is directly responsible to the
Dominion, Provincial, and British Immigrating
Departments as to the welfare of each immigrant.
How is it to be expected that an agent in Leeds,
England, should be in a position to give the slightest real
advice when he has never even been educated to the
different requirements of each province, let alone
general conditions of the Dominion ? It is, no doubt,
a good business for an agent to hand a profusely-
illustrated pamphlet to the intending emigrant, draw
a rosy picture, say wages are £2 a day, get a commis-
sion on the railway and shipping fare, say " It's a
glorious country — good-bye ! " This is no imaginary
conception of what takes place ; it is done, more or
less, hundreds of times a day by a not altogether
intelligent class of booking agent.

THE EFFECT OF THIS SYSTEM.

Of course, there are exceptions, but they are in the
minority. The first shock comes if, on landing, the
new-comer finds there is no immediate opening for his
particular training ; he feels the loneliness, and instead
of going into the smaller cities or rural districts which
invariably require him, for some job or other, if he is
at all adaptable, he seeks the larger cities, where
competition is practically as keen as the city he came
from in the Homeland.

The practice of allowing the class of agent alluded
to to solicit immigration is, I believe, attributed to
want of thought rather than want of heart on the
part of those responsible, for there still exists a wide-
spread belief in the Old Country that those wljo are
unemployable at home will, as soon as their feet touch
Canadian soil, become the wage-earners of any sum
double what is paid at home. Now, this is where
the objection to the agents' beautiful theory lomes in.
The unemployable at home is unemployable here.
None has recognised more clearly than the King him-
self the evil of such misconducted immigration. " Let
us take care," he said in his famous " Wake up,
England ! " speech, " that we give the overseas
dominions onlv of the best." Words of sound advice

The Liri:-BL00D of the Empire.

309

that should be printed in letters of gold on all literature
ent to thegeneral classof immigration agent alluded to,
and every immigration society not having studied the
question of their fellow-countrymen and Canada alike.
'I'he question is too complicated for any one com-
missioner to handle for this great Dominion, and it is
reasonable to expect the Dominion Government will
eventually a[)i)(iint a Royal Commission of Immigration,
with representatives from each pro\incial parliament,
to confer and draw up a definite plan with the Hritish
authorities and trade interests for a more compre-
hensive scheme than the bonus system at present
largely in vogue in Great Britain.

BRITISH GOVERNMENT'MUST AID THE WORK.

It would seem that the British Government has
only just begun to understand the importance of the
question of immigration ; at the same time, it must be
arlmitted. in spite of the lack of correct methods,
there has been a great influx from Great Britain into
Western Canada, which is a credit to tlie Canadian
immigration authorities, especially when one considers
that few, if any. are really acquainted with British
as well as Canadian conditions. The time has < ome
when the British authorities must give their best
co-operation to the Canadian authorities, and not
consider the question as one of simply getting rid of
misfits and surplus population. It seems expedient
that the British Government had much better spend
money in assisting men who are willing to work, but
find employment ' hard to get in Great Britain, to
emigrate, rather than pay millions for the maintenance
iif poor-houses.

AUTHENTIC INFORMATION MUST BE GIVEN.

The prairie provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan,
and .\lberla, and the great timber and mineral lands
of British Columbia, require the selecting process
alluded to far more, perhaps, than the Eastern
jjrovinces ; here the rules of the game of life are
harder than in the Motherland or the East, and the
man or woman who accepts the hardy climates, or
allows the lure of the new provinces to tempt them,
needs real British grit. There is the strenuous atmo-
sphere of new-born cities, requiring brawn and muscle ;
tiiey arc not the places for the " corner man " nor the
V cak-hearted ; there arc new worlds here for a million
I the most rlesirable of the middle classes to-day, and
hough they will find the VV'est a fierce adversary, it
■.ill recognise tiie real Britisher, and although it means
i.ird work, it means quicker and more generous rewards
ili.m anywhere else in the world. These are a few of
the real truths that should be plainly set forth in
i;nmigration literature ; it would bring out the best,
and it is this class that can build up a strong Canada.
It is important that new-comers should be perfectly
clear regarding where they are going, and the con-
ditions of life, lal)our or btisiness to which they propose
to commit themselves before coming to Canada. Where
tliev arc educated more than at present in this respect

there will be no fear of glutting the labour market in
excess of the prospective demand.

RURAL IMMIGRATION NEGLECTED.

A greater advance could be made if more particular
prominence were given to the smaller growing cities
and rural districts of the provinces in the literature
sent out to the British Isles; at the same time more
attention should be given to the country towns ahd
rural districts of Great Britain. When this is done
we shall get the sturdy classes of fifty years ago, and
not until, for they seldom, if ever, come from the large
cities. Immigration must keep pace with progress ;
one must not be allowed to overlap the other, other-
wise it will lead to congestion, which is to be avoided
at all costs. The most approved system will never
quite eliminate the " misfits," but it will be. reasonably
admitted that a systematised method of selection will
be instrumental in preventing hundreds from coming
to this countrv belonging to the category of those
who " won't fit in."

For those following agriculture the position is
different, there being thousands of farmers in the
Eastern and prairie provinces who cannot obtain
sufficient labourers, and domestics are badly needed
from coast to coast. It is well to bear in mind,
population is not by any means the most accurate
barometer of the prosperity of a country nor of a
community ; rather should it be gauged by a high
standard of good citizenship. Canada is a new-
country, and as development proceeds will be ready
for a million of the real, sturdy middle classes of
Great Britain annually, but they must be told Canada
is a rough and unpolished country for the tenderfoot
and weak-hearted. Home living conditions and social
life are quite different. This is a matter of cold fact,
and people who have not a taste for hard work should
not come. Canada takes into her arms men and
women of many nations, but naturally prefers all the
Britishers she can get. Ministers responsible realise
that a gain of 85,000 to even 100,000 new-comers a
year will take a long time to make a nation.

Australia is spending over £200,000 on immigra-
tion. Canada, through the Dominion and Provincial
Governmgpts, railways and public authorities, is
spending even more. The Dominion Government
expenditure for 1911-12 alone w-as £270.940— a sum
totally inadef|uatc to efliciently control the question
of immigration, but the obligation also rests upon the
Ministers of Great Britain ; will they think out how
best they can co-operate ?

It is f|uite time the British Government faced the
facts, al)uli^hing the short-sighted policy of leaving
the entire control of immigration to societies ever
begging for funds, or leaving the (]uestion to incom-
petent agencies. A department shouhl be organised by
the Government for the better control of immig'ration,
taking under its control every immigration society,
enlisting their help, but at the same time directing
their endeavours by well-thought-out rules, with

3IO

The Revikvv of Rilvikws.

financial support liflinj; tlicni l)c\r)nrl rharitalile
management.

An immigration policy is soniethinn that has to
be decided upon practii-al considerations. The most
urgent need is to get the matter out of the theoretical
stage to a definite system based upon the solid founda-
tion of facts. It is greatly to be desired that the
Dominion and Provincial Governments should reach
common ground of action whereby Canada should be

peopled by desirable settlers from Creat Britain. Tin
question is a vital and severcl\- practical one, and must
be so regarded if it is to be dealt with successfully.

The system adopted calls for more careful selection
and distribution of British new-comers (immigrants)
throughout Canada ; the question involves a host of
consequences, strategically, socially and morally, all
of which are \ital in dc\-eloping a strong and mighty
Canada.

A SCHEME FOR CHILD

The special Sub-Committee of the Royal Colonial
Institute, appointed on December yth, 1911. to draw
up details of a scheme of co-operation for submission
to the Home (Government and the Australian States,
in order to further child emigration, has presented
the following report : — The matter of child emigration
is one containing issues of national and Imperial
importance, and an experience extending now over
many years enables the societies interested in emigra-
tion to state their opinions with much confidence.
An intelligent and cornprehensive scheme of child
emigration can only be the outcome of co-operation
between the Imperial Government, the Colonial
Governments, and the emigration societies interested ;
and the time is now favourable for urging the Home
Government and the Governments of New Zealand
arid the Australian States to seriously consider what
is the best system by which a steady flow of child
emigrants of both sexes can be ensured year by year.
with due regard to the future welfare of the Empire.

To assist in formulating such a scheme of co-opera-
tion this Sub-Committee, after consulting the societies
engaged for some years in the emigration of children,
suggests the consideration of the following principles : —

1. Extended recognition by the Home Government
of the Overseas Dominions as fields for the emigration
of children of both sexes.

2. Extended provisions by the Governments of
New Zealand and the Australian States for the recep-
tion, supervision, and after-care of approved child
emigrants.

3. The establishment of receiving homes, and of
farm homes or farm schools, with organised machinery
for securing the welfare of the children fftm first
selection in this country to final settlement in the
Colony.

SUOGESTEII DETAIIS.

A. — Home Government to undertake—
I. To facilitate the emigration of suitable orphan,
deserted and adopted children of both .sexes now under
the control of Poor Law Guardians, through appro\e(l
emigration societies, by enabling the (niarchans —

(a) To spend, where neces.sary, a larger sum
per head than at present in and about emigration.
In the metropolis this might rightly be made a
charge on the Metrt)politan Common Poor P'und ;

(b) To pay a subsidy to the societies in propor-
tion to the age of the child, which shall bear a

EMIGRATION.

relation to the expense that would be incurred if
the child were kept in this country till ihe age
of fourteen, chargeable to the rates.

2. To modify the existing statutory requirement.s
whereby the consent of the child has to be obtained
in every case prior to emigration.

3. In the case of adopted children, where no appeal
by parents has been lodged for twelve months subse-
quent to adoption, to extend to Poor Law Guardians
as full powers over such children as they have at
present over orphan and deserted children.

4. Through the officials of the Local Go\Trnment
Board to encourage throughout the Kingdom the
emigration of Poor Law children as one of the best
means of providing for their future.

B. — Australasian Governments to undertake —

1. To co-operate with the approved emigrating
societies by giving free or assisted passages to children
nominated by the homes or farm schools established in
the States, or by their representatives in this country,
and to provide free railway passes in the States.

2. To facilitate the provision of and staffing of suit-
able receiving homes at the ports of entry for the
temporary reception of the children on arrival.

3. To provide land and give a money grant per
capita towards maintenance and technical training
where the emigrating society bears the capital expendi-
ture on buikhngs, furniture, and stock, and the cost
of paying the staff of teachers at farm schools or farm
homes. Such a money gr.mt to bear some relation to
the cost of maintaining orphans when boarded out or
in State orphanages.

4. To arrange for the periodical inspection of all
homes and farm schools established for children up
to the age of fourteen ; to furnish reports thereon
to the Home Government ; and to secure that the
education and training are such as have been authorised
by the Home and Colonial Governments.

The Sub-Committee further suggests that when the
draft scheme shall have been agreed to by the Com-
mittee, it should be forwarded to the High Com-
missioner for New Zealand and to the Agents-General
of the Australian States for their remarks. The
Sub-Committee has reason to believe that such a
course would be welcomed, and that it would lead in
some cases to the scheme heir'- forwarded to their
Governments with a strong re y^st for its favourable

consideration.

The Voice of Their Masters.

THE UNMASKING OF THE BOARD OF TRADE.

"Yhe time has iirri\c(l wIumi all these matters should form the subjeit of a searching In()uirv before
a Commi>sion or Committee composed of members independent in every way of the shipping
interest, but at which the various representatives of the different sections of shipping should be invited
to submit their respective views." — Captain YiKVivsmi'^ Reservation to Report of Advisory Committee.

IN recent issues we have pointed out that the
Board of Trade Marine Department might as
well have been at the bottom of the sea for
any good it does or can do, and we have shown
that the whole of the business of the department
is in the hands of shipowners or those dependent
upon them. The Advisory Committee, of which
.Mr. Buxton says that it " has done very good service
indeed to the Board of Trade and the country at
large, and has shown how well qualified it was to
deal with these questions," is to all intents and purposes
a close corporation of shipowners. The secret meetings
do not allow of any real chance to the honest minority,
even although these minority members are the nearest
approach to public opinion .and guardians of publi(-
interests. We can quite well understand that the
Rt. Hon. .\. .M. Carl.sle signed a report he did not ap-
prove of. The overwhelming weight of the majority was
too much for him. And so matters have gone on, the
'^hipowning majority imposing its will upon the Board
of 'I'rade and drawing up its regulations for shipping.

A BETRAYAL OF PUBLIC INTERESTS.

We do not hesitate to say that no more scandalous
betrayal of public interests has ever come to light.
(iradually the Government Department ostensibly
entrusted with the control of British shipping has
handed this control over to the most interested parties
— finanrialK' and commercially interested. .\nd \\-X
the greatness of the British Kmpire has been built up
by the mercantile marine, and much of her wealth is
due to it to-day. Are wc to remain quiescent when
we sec this glorious source of greatness bound and
prostitu'ed to the wishes or good pleasure of a coterie
of shipowner-. ? The various concessions which the
Board of Trade has made from time to time to the
Shipping Kedcration, which are too long to deal with
here, indicate dearly enough the trend of affairs. But
the Advisory Committee was the nuisterpiece, %\nv\\
it gave absolute control with a semblance of technical
representation. With its advent the Board of Trade
Marine Department ceased to be of any importance

whatever, even in theory. 'J'hey had sold the pass
to the enemy, and to-day they dare not do anything
save exert every effort to whitewash everybody
concerned.

HELPLESS BEFORE THE SHIPOWNERS.

To blame the shipowners would only be to pre-
pare a rod for their own backs; to confess that they
were doing nothing to safeguard the real interests of
British shipping would be to lay themselves open to
impeachment. Therefore, Lord Mersey's Court of
Inquiry whitewashed all and sundry, save only Captain
Lord, who, however, is still at lurge, although ironically,
no doubt, the Board of Trade has notified tho.sc con-
cerned that those guilty of a crime such as his are
punishable by two years' impriKonment ! But it was
not thought that Lord Mersey's decision and report
went far enough to give the shipowner security
from reform or irtiprovements tending to safety at
sea, but costing money. And so the Advisory Com-
mittee, that pa.cked jury of shipowning interests, Wiis
supposed to bring out its report, leaving matters
just as they were lieforc. The Bulkhead Committee
and the Lifeboat Committee were to follow suit, and
then, public interest having waned, nothing would
ha\e been done.

INDEPENDENT CONDE.MN ATION KRO.M WITHIN.

But for once the Board of Trade's masters reckoned
without their host, and the very act of publication
showed how worthless the report really was. All the
independent members, the usually inarticulate
minority, signed with reservations, and Capt.iin
Hami)son, Kx-Chairman of the Merchant Service
Guild, a seaman of fifty years' experience, penned a
reservation which disposed once and for all of any
possible pretence on the part of the Board of Tnide
as to who were their masters and what value a practical
seaman put upon the disinterestedness of the Advisory
Committee. Before quoting the most striking points
of Captain Hampson's reservation, w<; would point
out that the t)nly shi,)owning member \\\\m inserted a

312

The Review of Reviews.

rcsL-rvation was one who was evidently anxious lest
increased boats should interl'ere with the necessary
" facilities for coaling and handling cargo." It would
thus seem that eve'n the most apparently humane
actions ol the^e masters of British shipping cannot be
free from the trail of the serpent.

CAPTAIN IIAMPSON's RESERVATIONS.

The more important parts o£ Captain Ilampson's
report are given herewith : —

" I have signed the Report subject to the reservation
that I do not by any means approve of the whole of
its contents, and I am of opinion that it is sadly
lacking in practical value as regards safety of life at
sea. I do not think that the Report in any way
covers the ground, and I am strongly of opinion, after
attending the whole of the proceedings of the Com-
mittee and its sub-comniittees, that the time has
arrived when all these matters should form the subject
of a searching inquiry before a Commission or Com-
mittee composed of members independent in every
wav of the shipping interest, but at which the various
representatives of the different .sections of .shipping
should be invited to submit their respective views.

AN INDEPENDENT NATIONAL COMMISSION.

" Whilst I most heartily approve of international
negotiations which, I understand, are now proceeding,
[ trust that the President of the Board of Trade will
now advise that a Committee or Commission of
Inquirs of a national character be at once formed for
adequate consideration, not only of the Reports of the
Court of Inquiry and of the Merchant Shipping
Advisory Committee, but of other matters which are
not contained in these Reports, but which, nevertheless,
mav have a direct bearing on the subject. From the
manner in which the Report is drawn I fear that it
will be very difficult to act upon it in taking any really
effective steps in bringing about those reforms in
connection with safety of life at sea which are urgently
demanded.

BOAT ACCOMMODATION AND FIRE.

" It has been urged as against carrying sufficient
l)oat capacity for the whole of those on board a ship,
both crew and passengers, that it would be impossible
to provide this in the case of vessels carrying a great
number of passengers. But I do not think the dilTi-
culties are so great as could not be surmounted. In
connection with this point it is an essential feature
that the danger of fire has only been casually men-
tioned and not considered. It is not referred to in any
way in the Report. There is not a shadow of doubt
that the present regulations and appliances for extin-
guishing fires on merchant ships are miserably inade-
quate and inefficient. It is in a case of fire that boating
capacity for every soul on board would he necessar\-,
and this is a matter which requires urgent consideration.

SHIPS NOW CO TO SEA WITHOUT INSPECTION.

" It is even more imperative that there should be
cfTicient and periodical inspection and supervision by

officials of the Board of Trade who have had long
practical experience at sea, and thereby possess that
knowledge of such matters without which any form of
inspection or supervision of the kind would be value-
less. At the present time, in most cases, merchant
ships proceed to sea without any inspection of the
kind whatever, and it has been proved before the
Committee that where the life-saving appliances of
passenger vessels have been inspected, the inspection
has been carried on by officials who have had no prac-
tical experience in these matters.

RESPONSIBILITY NOT TO BE SHIRKED.

' " Further, it is obvious that, in all cases, in addition
to her various life-saving appliances, the navigational
equipment of a ship in the way of charts, compasses,
ship's logs, lead-line, and the like should be carefully
inspected by a Board of Trade surveyor whose sea-
faring experience has been such as to give him expert
know'ledge of these essentials to the safety of a ship
and her passengers and crew. At present no such
inspections are carried on, and naturally passengers
and crews are constantly exposed to the gravest
dangers. There is no reason whatever why such inspec-
tions cannot be carried out, except on the ground that
the nautical staff of the Board of Trade is hopelessly
inadequate. This is a serious and dangerous admission,
which could most easily and effectually be remedied.
It is urged by the Board of Trade that responsibility
for safety of life at sea does not rest so much upon
them as upon shipowners and shipmasters ; but the
time has arrived when they should most certainly
take over the first responsibility in this direction, and
the provision of a proper supply of nautical surveyors
would then be a great protection to merchant
shipmasters, who, in so man)', cases, are helpless
simply because every item of the expense which
they may suggest is brought under the close
and, ofttimcs, unreasonable criticism of their em-
ployers.

IF ONE LIFE IS LOST, LEGISLATION IS JUSTIFIED.

" Undue importance has been given to the case of
passenger-carrying vessels. The safety of ordinary
cargo ships and the lives of their crews is just as
important, and the time has arrived when, as I cannot
too strongly assert, all ships should be properly sur-
veyed and inspected by the Board of Trade for the
protection of life as far as possible. Passenger and
(argo vessels alike should be subjected to compul'K)ry
surveys periodically, not at the hands of classification
or other societies, but by Board of 'I'rade officials, who
should be given the fullest powers in thifj way. Surveys
carried out by classification societies are in no sense
adequate, for usually they mean that life-saving
appliances and such-like are never surveyed at all.
If only one life at sea is lost through a preventable
cause, then it is quite sufficient to justify legislation,
which would most certainly ensue if similar loss of life
arose ashore.

Tin-: Voice of their Masters.

313

AS WE WEKK BEFORE THE " TITANIC " DISASTER.

■' The Report is to the effect that the e.xisting scale
in regard to the stability and sea-going qualities of the
ship itself and to the carriage of the boats required
which has been in vogue for the last twenty years are
■ adequate for all ordinary emergencies.' Therefore
from this we are lelt exactly as we were before the
Titanic disaster. Such an opinion is indicative of the
worthlessness of the trouble, time, and labour expended
in the deliberations of the Committee.

THE REPORT HOPELESSLY INADEQU.^TE.

Under the law as it stiinds, it is open for a similar
?hip to the Titanic to proceed to sea with a certificated
master and one certificated officer only. In the
interests of safety and efficient manning, it is high
time that a proper and adequate scale was framed and
laid down by the Legislature. No matter how big the
tonnage of a merchant ship may be, there is nothing
incumbent upon her as regards her carrying a proper
upply of certificated and responsible officers.
.\ccording to Recommendation 30 of the Report of
the .Manning of Merchant Ships Committee (i8y6),
' a ship is in an unseaworthy state when she leaves
port without certificated officers or with her respon-
sible officers unfitted for their duly by reason of
prolonged overwork.' The .Manning of Merchant
Ships Committee therefore recommend that vessels of
500 tons gross and over should have two mates, and
of 2,000 tons and over three mates. Xo steps whatever
have been taken by the Board of Trade in enforcing
these recommendations, although the Manning of
Merchant Ships Committee stated that they ' urgently
demanded legislation.' The present Report as it
elands is, in my opinion, hopelessly inadequate in this
respect.

THEORY. NOT PRACTICE.

'■ Many of the troubles which now exist in the
service are due to the fact that it is dealt with in a
theoretical instead of a thoroughly practical wav. It
is essential that those familiar with active seafaring
in all its branches, whether on the quarter-deck, in
the engine-room, or in the forecastle, should be invited
to .serve and should figure far stronger, numerically
speaking, than i.s usuallv permitted bv the Hoard of
Irade."

SWEEP ^WAY THIS NATIONAL DISCRACE I

It would be most difficult to imagine a more damning
criticism of the Board of Trade and the .\dvisory
Committee, an^l it gains most decidedly from the
fa(;t that it comes from one who is a member of the

.Advisory Committee, who speaks what he knows.
Surely no more is needed ? The existing state of
things must be swept away and the country saved
from a national disgrace. Too long we have allowed
this special branch of national life to be dominated
by those who are specially interested in its material
side. The foundation of British liberties is the jurv
system, which ensures that a man shall not be con-
demned save on the verdict of twebe citizens specially
selected as having no interest in the case. We may
not condemn a man to death without an impartial
jury, but the Board of Trade can condemn thousands
to death by handing the mercantile marine over to a
packed jury of men who care more for cargo than
lives, and would rather risk lives of crews and
passengers than risk dividends. Such a state of affairs
is not only disgraceful, it also strikes at the root of
J5ritain's greatness.

LET THE NATION SPEAK.

Let us have done with pretence. " There is in
practice no such thing as a Board of Trade . . .
nothing remains but a Minister, whose principal
functions are executive, and who in no sense represents
a board. That being so, it can hardly be expected
that the opinions of the Department as a Consultative
Department should carry the same weight as they
originally did." 'I'his is no new opinion, since it was-
expressed in 1864 by .Mr. J. Booth, then Chief Secretary
to the Board of Trade. And who will dare say that
things have altered for the better to-day ? A glance
at the evidence of the Board of Trade officials at the
Titanic Inquiry can leave no doubt on that point.
And yet these officials are not only intrusted with the
carrying out of such laws as the Merchant Shipping
Art (1906), but are, under one of its clauses, empowered
at any time to suspend the operation of every section
of the Merchant .Shipping Acts, as well as of everv
regulation made in accordance with these Acts. In
other words, to-day, if the shipowning interests desire
it. and instruct the .Marine Department of the Board
of Trade to that effect, all the shipping laws are so
much W4ste paper. .And upon this solid biisis is the
mercantile marine of the Empire, tfiose arteries of
Empire, founded. No thinking man or woman can
fail to realise that something must be done and that
no half measures are possilile. The betrayal of the
fCmpire is too great, too bare-faced, to tirook delav or
palliation. Let the nation speak on a national question
and sweep away the jumble of vested interests and
bureaucratic anachronism which to-day m;is(juerades
as the Board of Trade Marine Department.

/Vio/..f».i//( /y)

THE LATE GENERAL BOOTH.

\TKfiical I'rrss.

316

Leading Articles in the Reviews,

WOMEN

WHAT

WOMAN'S "MISSION."
Mr. a. Maurice Low contributes to the August
issue of the .Vjrili Anieruan Revieiv an article on the
■ Mission " ot Woman.

A PASSmXATE DEMAND.

" Let woman remain in her proper sphere ! " That
is the crushing answer of the opponent of woman
suffrage, writes Mr. Low. " Woman's sphere is the
home and family. .\ woman fulfils her hi<;hest mission
when she is wife and mother," and further argument is
closed. The fact is, replies Mr. Low, the demand of
women is new, and to the ignorant everything that is
new is dangerous. There are only two relations which
woman ran occupy to man. She can be his wife and
the mother of his children, as in primitive times ; and
she can he his intellectual equal. There is no middle
ground. The intimate relation between man and
woman makes it impossible for man morally or inlel-
lectuallv to advance and woman to stand still. Man
has brought woman to his own level. Women have now
reached that stage when they no longer regard mother-
hood as their only function. There is no revolt against
sex, but there is a passionate demand on the part of
woman to be recognised, within her own limitations,
as man's equal, and not as his inferior based solely
upon the fact of sex.

WHAT MAN OWES TO WOMAN.

The demand for the ballot, Mr. Low explains, is only
incidental to the breaking down of the artificial relation
i-xisting between the two sexes. As a result of women's
intelle( tual emancipation the birth-
rate mav possibly fall, because women
will marrv- later and more rationall)-.
The children will then be more virile
and more intellectual, and quality is
more desirable than quantity :—

Is not lh<- cli.ir.iclcr of a race dclcmiincil
by tlic inlelltctuilily of the niollii-r ? Is
n<i( the higlier level iif civilisation, in a
l.irge measure at least, the result of the
larti.il eni.inci|)alion of woman, anil the
nio<lificati<in ol the olil rclalirn lietwccn
ihewxes? . . . Kijuality will not destroy
woman's r.ipmity (or child-liearing, nor
prevent her performing her part as a
imilher; it will, however, make her a
belter and more iiitclliyeni wife and
mother. ... It will not make man the
»eaker Mx. It will place man and woman
on a level.

Mr. Low concludes : —

U,iille as wi' may again-st proRress,
wc cannot del.iy ii. Progress demands
that woman Ix: r<-garde<t, not as man's
toy or chattel or inferior, or .simply the
female of the r^ue, but as his cijual and
companion in l!i'- largest an<l truest sense.
That comp.1nion^hip will come only when
the tradition 'if iufcrioriiy is broken down,
ami men and wurncn meet on lonnnun
;;rinin-l I'-spite the wciilcnl of Hex.

ARE DOING.

EQUALITY IN MARRIAGE.

The August number of the Ribliothcqiie UniverscUe
contains an article, by M. G. Chastand, on Women and
Marriage in Switzerland and in France, from the civil,
the moral, and the religious point of \'iew.

A FAMILY REPUBLIC.

The writer explains how Switzerland has revised and
modified the chapters of the civil code concerning
marriage. In the new code, which came into force in
January of the present year, the word " obedience "
iias been deleted, and the writer hopes France will
soon follow the example of Switzerland in this impor-
tant particular. The new chapter on the Rights of the
Family and treating of marriage rests upon a really
democratic conception. Conjugal union, represented
by the wife and her husband, is no longer an absolute
monarchy under the go\^ernment or, rather, under the
despotism of the husband, but a family republic, a
mutual association founded on common agreement.
In this union the wife owes her husband, according to
her strength, aid and counsel in view of the common
prosperity of the menage which she directs. Thus the
law now recognises the right of the wife to give counsel
to her former lord and master— a remarkable innova-
tion. She has now an equal share in paternal power.
Husband and wife henceforth share equally the direc-
tion of the education and religious instruction of their
'hildren, and a child has the right at the age of sixteen
to choose the religious confession which he or she
prefers to adopt.

>/«/.'r »>»fr«.] (London.

A Three-Headed Monster.

The women's enemy is not merely the flnvcrnnient, but a coalition monster
whose three heads arc those of Mr. .\squilh, Mr. Urdmonil, and Mr. I.loyd
Cieorge,

3i6

The Review of Reviews.

CHRIST V. PAUL AND I'ETER.

TiiL- lilurg)-, too, has been revised in harmony with
the Christian conscience of the twentieth century.
Pasteur Paul Vallotton, of Lausanne, who has pre-
pared a new marriage Hturgy, points out how Christ,
in speaking of marriage, never says a word about the
subordination of the wife. He is always full of respect
and deference, and even indulgence towards women.
The liturgies which proclaim the duty of the wife's
submission to her husband merely corroborate the
doctrines of the apostles Paul and Peter, and not the
teaching of Christ.

WOMEN'S SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.

The most important article in the Windsor Magazine
for September is that by Miss Alice Stronach on
Woman's Work in Social Settlements.

CH.\RACTER OF THE WORK.

Miss Stronach quotes Canon Barnett's saying that
" a settlement's distinguishing feature is the absence
of programme, and the presence of men and women
who recognise the obligations of citizenship." An
American settlement offers as a definition of such
colonies " a group of men and women who choose to
live in the less favoured districts of our cities, that
they and their neighbours may share what is best in
their lives." One feature seems essential, adds Miss
Stronach — " the settlers should be founders of a home
in the midst of those whom they desire to befriend —
a home in the back blocks of our great cities." While
the settlement idea was originated by men, it is largely
to women that it owes its later development. The
care of children and the nursing of the sick form a
large part of the work, and in all ages the greater share
in the training of children and sick-nursing has been
done by women. Other work includes the institution
or management of benefit societies, savings-banks,
juvenile labour exchanges, school clubs, health societies,
district nurses, dispensaries, play centres, holiday
schools, clubs for girls, etc.

HOW THE IDEA HAS SPREAD.

To enumerate all the .settlements founded and run
entirely by women in London and in our provincial
cities would be no easy task, 'i'he article deals with
women's settlements in London only. The pioneer is
the Women's University Settlement in Nelson Square.
Southwark, founded about twenty-five vears ago. 'I'he
students of Lady .Margaret Hall, Oxford, have a settle-
ment at Lambeth, the Chellenham College students
and the Oxford House ladies work in Bclhnal Green,
the Presbyterians arc in the East India Dock Road,
the Congregationalists are at Canning Town, the
Wcsleyans are at Bermondscy, and the Catholics are
in .several districts in East London. Another important
settlement where men and women work side l)y side
is Browning Hall, Walworth. In addition, there are
settlements provided by girls of high .schools. Of
settlements which are reallv modernised sisterhoods.

the College of Grey Ladies, with whom the Brown
Ladies recently joined forces, is the best known. At
Highbury another group of Church women have
formed a settlement.

About fourteen years ago Miss Honor Morten
started a centre for social work in the Nile Street
district, but the little settlement is now only a memory.
Here, however, the pioneer school nurse began the
work, which has resulted in the school nurse becoming
a permanent institution in poorer schools. Of the
other London settlements mention may be made of
the Passmore Edwards Settlement in Tavistock Place,
inspired by the imagination of Mrs. Humphry Ward.
In the lu.xurious hostel of this settlement residence is
only permitted to men, although it has been stated
that the greater share of the work is done by women.
Almost everywhere in London the woman's settlement
exists, and from London the movement has spread to
the provinces — Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow.

WOMEN'S TRADE UNIONS IN FRANCE.

In the August number of the Revue Ghurale A.
Pawlowski has an article, " Women's Trade Unions
in France."

In 1908, according to statistics, 116,652 women had
joined professional syndicates or trade unions. Of
this number only a very small proportion belonged to
unions for women alone. Since the. number of women
earning their living in 1906 amounted to nearly five
millions, the proportion of women who have joined
trade unions is remarkably small. The French working
women, says the wTiter, are still very ignorant as to
their rights and their interests.

THE SOUI. OF THE MOVEMENT.

Under the law of 188,4, Pere Du Lac founded in
1892 a mixed women's trade union, composed of
workers and employers. But the soul of the move-
ment has been Mile. L. Rochebillard. She repudiated
the mixed union of workers and employers, except
the small emploxers with less than five workers,
realising that the interests of the small employers
were not very different from those of their girl-workers,
whereas the interests of the large emplovers are
naturally very different from those of their employees.
At Lyons she founded trade unions of needlewomen
and of women silk-workers, with happy results. Other
provincial cities followed her exanijjle, and in Paris
various unions were created. They were mostly of the
Catholic denomination, only a few being undenomina-
tional, but the aims of all of them are professional,
economic, and social and moral. Those connected
with the Confederation of Labour believe in a class
struggle which will bring about the emancipation of
the workers ; the free associations desire to establish
an understanding between capital and labour.

COUNTERACTING SWEATING.

,\ll action of the women's unions being strictly
professional, courses of training, educational and

Lrading Articles in the Reviews.

317

technical, arc organised by them. At the present
moment the women's unions of Lyons have seventy-
eight teachers, who give instruction in commercial and
industrial subjects. All the unions ha\e employment
bureaux, and the free unions give legal advice to
members. To counteract sweating, co-operative
institutions of production have been created. In
1908 the .Syndicat lilondelu, the first co-operati\e
institution of [iroduction in Paris organised by women,
was founded. So far it has answered pretty well.
At Grenoble the glove-workers have adopted a similar
plan ; and elsewhere the same method has been taken
up. The co-operative idea has even been extended to
the purchase of materials. The trade union buys
needles, thread, etc., wholesale, and retails them to
the workers at cost price.

LEGISL.\TION NEEDED.

Hut the women's trade unions have not lost sight
of the fact that all their institutions merely constitute
palliatives. Suitable legislation alone can improve
their condition, especially that of the home-workers.
While the unions belonging to the Confederation of
Labour reject Parliamentary intervention, those
grouped under the Catholic banner approve of State
intervention to aid by social laws the efforts of the
unions. Three bills are before Parliament to establish
a minimum wage. The unions all agree with the
principle, but they complain that home-workers are
not suffi( ic-ntly taken into account. Coupled with the
(|uestion of the minimum wage is that of the hours
of labour. Twelve to fourteen hours a daiy is c[uite a
usual thing. Some groups have tried to get the week
limited to sixty hours ; others demand the English
week (the Saturday hulf-holiday), arguing that their
.Sunday is practically devoted to household duties,
which is not the case with men.

Mutual ai<l is much more encouraged in women's
unions than in those composed of men. Pere Du Lac
introduced the system, and Mile. Rochebillard developed
it. In the matter of maternity benefit, however,
lrani:c is very much behindhand. Parliament ought
to take up the ijuestion of helping and jirotecting liie
mother, and the friendly societies shouhl include
rjiaternily benefit in their schemes. Creches, too, are
b.idlv needed.

WOAIKNS RESTAURANTS IN PARIS.
Writing in the Correspotidanl of August 10, Abbe
|. de Muislrc describes the Women's Restaurants of
Paris.

TIIK Rf-,rnAi;D.

Thousands and thousands of working people invade
Paris every day to go to their work, a very large number
of them being young girls employed in shops, oflices,
or factories. The .Xlibe, who is full of sympathy for
the poor girls whose wages do not permit them to enter
an ordinarv restaurant, tells how hi' has seen them
partaking of their miserable lunch, seated on a Ijench

in a public garden or sheltering in a doorway, and he
realises with others how these girls are thus exposed
to all sorts of dangers. Christian charity has made an
effort to .supply the wants of these people by founding
rechauds and restaurants for women onh'.

The rechaud consists of a room furnished with tables
and seats, utensils, gas-warmers, and water. The
customer pays ten centimes, for which she has the
use of the gas
and the uten-
sils to warm
her food, and
before leaving
she must wash
what utensils
she has used.

A few re-
c ha lid s sell
vegetables and
sweets, and
even tea or
coffee, but on
no condition
may they sell
wine.

MEALS A I.A
CARTE.

The tired
girl who pa-
tronises the re-
chaud has to
prepare her
food and clear
everything
away, while
her meal is
often insufii-
cient and un-
appetising, and
these are
serious draw-
backs to
workers with
long hours.
The .Abb c,
therefore, re-
< o m m e n d s
restaurants.
Some of those
established for
women serve
me;ds at fixed

prices, but here the choice of dishes is apt to be
limited. He therefore advocates such restaurants as
that founded by Pere Du Lir, the first restaurant for
young girls established in Paris. He who names the
restaurant Stanisla<; at the Palais-Royal founded in
honour of Pere Du Lai-. Opened two years ago, in
the first year it served .|o,ooo meals, and in the second

K'liuliitradtilsch.] Ilicrliii.

'I'liK Starving .st:i traci -i 11: : " I
will mil cil my soup — no, 1 «ill not cat iiiy
soup I "

o

18

Tiiii: Rkvif.w of I

vF.VlF.VVS.

fio.ooo. It requires capital and is probably more costly,
to run than the recbaud. lUit both the restaurant and
the ihhaud pay their way when they are well managed.
Four, restaurants for women now exist, and in them
2.500 to 2.800 meals u day tan be served. In choosing
a locality it is necessary to select one where a large
number of customers is likely to be found — young
girls whose homes are at some distance away ; to
avoid starting a restaurant near another of the same
type ; and to see that the (ilace is light and easy to
clean, and that the installation is simple, and such as
will make perfect cleanliness easily possible. Cleanli-
ness should be the onl\' luxury permitted. Adjoining
the dining-room there must always be a waiting-room,
provided with good papers and interesting periodicals,
hooks, and convenience lor writing.

AN ORTHODOX MOTHER SPEAKS
OUT AT LAST.

MfcH significance attaches to the paper contributed
by Mrs. Huth Jackson to the Nalional RevicK' on
" Modern Science and Eternal Truths." She speaks
-from the standpoint of the Incarnation, and of one
who venerates the Mother of Our Lord. She scorns the
" extremely ugly and rather futile development "
known as feminism, but she says : "The time has now
come when jA'omen, and the best of them, must say
what they have come to think on marriage, child-birth,
and the regularisation of the family." She savs that
on the whole the position of women till the Christian
era was a fairly comfortable one, but the Apostle Paul
inaugurated an entirely dilTerent status for the female
sex. The Catholic Church did, however, take Our
Lady as the model of all h'mian perfection. Protest-
antism made matters worse. A lower ideal of women
than that possessed by men like [ohn Knox and Martin
Luther can scarcely be imagined. Mrs. Jackson admits
that the feminist movement has the excuse that the
better class of women have been cowardly. The best
women in Europe, she says, think that women are the
links between man and God, physically to be more
sheltered , more tended than they ever have been , and not
merely kept under lock and key. In the course of her
wide experience, Mrs. Jackson says she has not met
more than two dozen women who, when happily
married, did not want to have children. The rare
exceptions were all neurotic, useless types, and for the
sake of the race one was tlvuikful they did not have
children, 'i'he writer does not hesitate to go on to say : —

Cliastily is not merely a matter of m.irriaf;c. 1 1 iiman lieinijs cm
live just as (lcj;r.iilcfl and revohing lives with their legitimate
males as were ( ver liveil in any house of ill-faiue.

But to rcliirn to my <iuesliiin : What flo the best womrii
think about bearing children ? They think that it is a matter to
be settled between each couple of parents fur themselves ; that
iheymust delilierately think out wliellier they want few cliiklren
or several, and at what periods ; and that they nnist so live as
to give tho^e children the lust chance of coming into the world
under the most satisfactory conditions. Whenever I am in
G-rinany it alw.iys strikes me as the happiest country in Kuropc

— and I believe one of the reasons is because this point of vii\>
is more or less universally arce]Hi-d in all classes, anil chiUlrrii
are so Inverl and -vanlfiL

MARRIED COJ>LABORATORS.

In the August number of the Book Monthly there
is an article on .Married Collaborators by Mr. C. E.
Lawrence.

Among the wedded in life and letters are included

Muclm.] (Vv'avsaw.

A Polish View of the British Suffragettes.

Coralie Stanton and Heath Hosken, Mr. and Mrs.
Askew, Mr. and Mrs. Williamson, and Mr. and Mrs.
Egerton Castle, all writers of fiction. A man's world
and a woman's are quite distinct and difterent, and
nothing can alter it, according to Mr. Lawrence. Some
of the finest heroines, he maintains, have been created
by meii; but he is not so sure that women have,
generally speaking, been so successful with their
masculine characters. Taking the rank and file of
novelists to-day, he thinks it is safe to say that a
man's woman and a woman's man are not so living
and real as a man's man and a woman's woman. What
man — in a book — could dress a woman properly ? Is
not this one instance of the limitations of unassisted
man in his novel-writing ? Woman, however, is, as a
general rule, less adequate than man in depicting her
heroes.

The fact is that in the multitude of cases a man's
or a woman's view of the world is only partial — •
which suggests that whit is lacking can be sup-
plied by the complementary opposite. This, it is
shown, is a cotnplete justification of the collaboration
of literary married people. Together they caiv build
the plot, settle the characters, plan the situations, etc.,
but when they come to the paiticular it is she who
must look after the woir^en and lir who must look after
the men. Since e\cryone cannot join in such a partner
ship, the writer thinks it would be well if more revision
and criticism of a man's work liy a woman, and vice
versa, were practised. Nevertheless, literary union is
not necessarily everything. Many novels written iindei
these conditions have considerable defects.

i.iiADiN(, Akiicl1':s 1i\ nil. Ri:\ ii^ws.

3'9

OUR CHIEF ORATORS.

MR. F. E. SMITH UPON HIS CCniPEERS.
In the Oximd and Cainhrid^e Revieio Mr. F. E. Smith.
M.P., disrusses the Padiamentary oratory of to-day.
He dissent^ from the current talk about the decay of
Parliameniary eloquence. He thinks there are a certain
number of Nlemburs now who could have conformed
with strikini; and even brilliant success to the Parlia-
mentary standards of fifty years ago.

MR. B.M.FOUR.

would persuade Mr. Smith that there has
a time in the history of the House of

Nothin;,'
ever been

Commons in which Mr. Balfour would not have reached
his present ascendency : —

Many people can speak belter. I have never liearil any one
aIio can think aloud so brilliantly, so spontaneously, and- so
1 inclusively. I have heard hicn rise to speak on vital occasions
where it was certain that every word, reported exactly as he
uttered it, would be read and re-read by hundreds of thousands,
with no notes except such as he had hurriedly scribbled on an
envelope during the progress of ' the debate. Often his speech
as delivered has produced a great impression, sometimes an
extraordinary impression, but I have-never heard Mr. lialfour
speak without reading his speech with a wonder iiifiiiitely
greater ; for its structure, its logical e%'olution, ami its pene-
tr.-iling subtlety of thought always supply elements which help
him very little at the moment just because, it is not- possible
instantly to appreciate, while listening to him, theii amazing
excellence.

MR. ASQUITIl.

Of the present Prime Minister Mr. F. E. Smitli
<ays : —

He can confine his remarks within reasonable compass simply
■cause he possesses the gift of never s.aying a word too much ;
■ always has at his command not merely the appropriate but
e inevitable word ; and it is therefore never necessary for him
In u^c two words where one would express his meaning.
Whether he has prepared his speech or whether he is speaking
extempore, the one word is always swiftly available. lie
produces, wherever and whenever fie wants them, an endless
succc^>ion of perfectly coined sentences conceived with un-
matched felicity, an<l delivered without hesitation in .a parlia-
ment.ary styh; which is at once the envy and the despair of
imitators, lie never perhaps takes a point very subtle, very
recondite, very obviously out of the reach of the ordinary
ember of the House of Commons.

MR. -no.NAR LAW.

Mr. Smith's tribute to his present chief is certainly
not lacking in generosity : —

Mr. Honar Law employs metho<ls of ptcpar.ation which are,
so far iw I know, unique. In his most carefully prepared
speeches he makes no notes, but formulates in his mind the
SKpience of hi-, argument in the very words in which it is to b-
cxprciued, ainl then by a scries of mental rehearsals makes him-
self as much master of Ihc whole s|x'cch .as if he read il from a
Manuscript on the table. It might have l>een suppo-ed that
uth a method of preparation would have imposed an almost
intolerable mental strain, but il appears tn cause Mr. Ilonar
I aw neither trouble nor anxiety. Mr. i'onar I^aw's style as a
'■r is peculiar to himself. Me is sinipte, perspicuous, and
nely cogent. Very few l.atiii worfU overloa»l his sentences.
liioicl, his style and iliclion resemble those of the late Mr.
Kiight. lie posscv>es a pungency and a degree of combative
britli-tit'V.

MR. I.LDVD GEORCE.

Of the Chancellor of the Exchequer Mr. Smith
spjaks with more reserve. Mr. Lloyd George, he says,
is undoubtedly a speaker of extraordinary variety, flair,
and plausibility. He has three wholly distinct styles of
speech. The first is that of Limehouse, the second that
of the House of Commons in an excited debate, the
third that of the House of Commons when he is con-
cerned in forwarding business and conciliating critics : — •

Mis cleverness and address in the third method are beyond
all praise. He thanks his opponents for their assistance, he
compliments them upon their public spirit, he accepts their co-
operation with gratitude, an<l the whole proceeding is conducted
with an ingratiating hoithomic which, at its best, is extra-
ordinarily clever, if at its worst it recalls the emollient
properties of highly-scented soap. His second style, that
employed in the combative Party speech in a full-dress debate,
docs not impress me equally. He i.s, indeed, a very adroit
controversialist on these occasions, but the methods employed
arc a little crude. His speeches are wholly lacking in that
iiter.ary quality which marks all the best House of Commons
oratory, and when he trusts, as he sometimes docs, to the
eloquence of the moment, it is usually more that of the platform
or me pu!|)it than of the House of Commons.

.MR. WlNSTliN CHURCHILL.

Of the First Lord of the .\dmiralty Mr. Smith says
that he could not have made so great a reputation as a
speaker without extraordinary ability, or if his per-
severance and tenacity had been less dogged, for he
hardly belongs to the class of orators who are some-
times called " natural " : —

He bestows upon his important speeches a degree of almost
meticulous preparation :" he elaborates and sometimes over-
elaborates. Latterly an excessive dependence upon his manu-
script has a little impaired the parliamentary success of some of
his most important speeches, but his hearers enjoy the com-
jicnsating qualities of these defects. His speeches are nnrked
by an arresting literary quality.

Mr. Smith concludes with a reference to Lord Hugh
Cecil. Eight years ago Mr. Winston Churchill anil
\jiXi\ Hugh Cecil were intimates, confederates, and, in
a sense, rivals. Lord Hugh is a far more spontaneous
speaker than Mr. Churchill, and hus other qualities
which no one in the House of Commons but himselt
possesses. He unites to the inost tenacious combative-
ness an idealism ol view which even those who are
most affronted by his controversial bitterness admit
in their hearts.

"MONEY-MAD FISHING."
In the British Columbia Magazine for July Mr.
Martin Monk draws attention to " money-mad fishing "
in ihtit province. He says that under present circum-
stances the " sockeyc " salmon, the most valuable
fish, will l)ecome extinct in ten years. 'I'he depletion
of the " sockeyc " run is due to excessive fishing and
lack of protection from predatory fish during the
spawning se.uson. lirilish Columbia needs a Fisheries
Board on the spot, 'i'he young salmon returning to
the sea are devoured by enormous swarms of trout
and chub.

320

The Review of Reviews.

PEACE OR WAR?

ANGLO-GERMAN RELATIONS.
Secret Diplomacy to Go.
After the great symposium in Nord mid Sud on the
relations between Germany and England, the sym-
posium by English M.P.'s on the same subject in'the
August number of the -Deutsche Revue seems insigni-
ficant.

WHO IS TO BU\ME.

Mr. Arthur Ponsonby contributes an introduction,
and he is followed by Mr. Noel Buxton, who states the
diplomatic side of the question. At the present time
the people in each country, conscious of their own
sincerity, do not, he says, recognise the dangers and
apprehensions which justify the attitude of each nation
to the other. If the two nations understood each other
they would take steps to assure each other of their
peaceful intentions, and would make their naval expen-
diture as light as possible. The trouble is not that the
people lack understanding, but that they are not told
the facts. Mr. Buxton cites as causes of irritation or
suspicion to the Germans the Jameson Raid, the Boer
War, the Moroccan Affair of 1904, the debate on the
Navy in 1909, and our intervention in the Franco-
German business of last year. On the other side, the
Germans are asked to remember that the British have

AeM.MUrA Anglo German Friendship. tZu,i.l,.

Lord Haldanp. : " WmII. up, «;ilk ii|i ! Horc istlic grtalcsl

m.in of the century, the (juintcssencc of Geinian spirit I "

. cause to comjilain of thei'r methods ; for instance, the
telegram to President Kriiger and the Agadir Affair.
In both nations, in fact, the people blame their official
representatives. But it does not follow, according
to Mr. J3uxton, that individual official personalities
deserve reproach. They are the victims of a system,
and the State is to blame which allows the svstem to
continue. The nations must show that the time has
come for the people's views to be heard, and for
diplomacy to be as representative as other State
departments.

WANTED — MORE LIGHT.

It is left to Mr. F. W. Jowett to give Labour's point
of view. The working classes in this country, he repeats,
do not believe there is any antagonism between
England and Germany to cause either to arm against
the othes". They are quite convinced that all the mis-
understandings between European nations are brought
about by the secret character of diplomacy. The people
may desire peace, but secret diplomacy, inspired
no one knows how, intriguing no one knows how, and
often working in close contact with interested financial
magnates, weaves its net of intrigues, and keeps the
nations in mortal fear of one another. While millions
are now being spent on battleships and deadly weapons
of destruction at the behest of permanent officials,
whose advice is followed blindly by Ministers and
Parliament, Members of Parliament are denied access
to authentic sources of information. Is it, then, to be
wondered at that there is so much difference between
the attitude of the nations to one another and that of
the Governments to one another 7 It is absurd to
think that Germany and England would attack each
other's colonial possessions. What the peoples of
Great Britain and Germany need is more light and less
secrecy in regard to inlornational relations. They ha\ e
no quarrel with each other, and there is no reason
which, when it has been discussed openly and truly,
could cause a war.

OTHER VIEWS.

Mr. A. C. C. Harvey's contribution deals with the
naval question. He is still of opinion that it was
England which set the pace of shipbuilding a few years
ago. So far as the protection of commerce at sea is
concerned, there is plenty of room for an understand-
ing, he says. One thing is evident. For the sake of the
peace of the world, tor economic reasons, for lh« sake
of human development, there must exist between
iMigland and Germany the most complete mutual
understanding. He bclie^-es the peoples of both coun-
tries are inclined to such a course, and that statesmen
can accomplish it if they will avoid every appearance
of aggressive ambition, conduct their foreign policy
openly, and encourage moderation and mutual esteem.

The economic side is voiced by Mr. W. H. Dit>kinson.
The more one thinks of the consequences of a war
between England and German}.-, he writes, the clearer

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

321

it is that it would he a friglilful inistifke to imagine
that thereby tlie commerce of either nation would gain
an advantage. When we can liberate public opinion
from this madness we shall have taken at least one
step forward to a better understanding between the
two nations, whose industrial, social, and moral
interests all lie on the side of peace.
I Peoples v. Governments.

Mr. Arthur Ponsonby, M.P., in the Coiileiiiporary
Review, distinguishes between the attitude of the
peoples and ot the Government, fhe peoples are
cherishing a growing conviction of the futility of war
and increii-singly insist on pacific international relations,
and desire international co-operation in gra[)plingvvith
social problems. Governments maintain continual
suspicion and apprehension, a superstitious belief in
force, a'fatalistic-mistrust of diplomacy, and a complete
confidence in the powers of the Press to rouse the
combative spirit of the nation at the appointed time.
Mr. Ponsonby proceeds to deal with the arguments
usually advanced in support of increased expenditure
on armaments. lie declares tliat " there is no ground
whatever for us to declare that Germany has aggressive
designs, any more than there is for them to bring the
same accusation against us." The alleged failure of
diplomacy to improve relations between Germany and
England simply means that a means has not yet been
found of ascertaining and expressing the true national
opinion, free from the excrescences of syndicated
journalism and ignorant Jingoism. For that true
national opinion is in favour of friendship and
co-operation. The belief that a certain numerical
preponderance of ships means security is one on
which Mr. Ponsonby throws great doubt. The most
experienced experts are in doubt, he says, not only as
to type of ships, but a.s to what a modern naval
engagement means. He argues further : " In both
Great lirilain and Germany an attempt has been made
on the part of the naval authorities to usurp the func-
tions of the Foreign Ofiice. Hut there is reason to
believe that in Germany, anyhow, the Foreign OHice is
recovering its proper control." Mr. Ponsonby also

lestions the belief that a victory of Great Britain
wver Germany would be an untiualified gain for us.
He rightly maintains that damage to both countries
■'.ould be immeasurable. In crippling Germany, we

lould be dealing a fatal blow at our own commercial
ascendency.
THE bigger thk navy, the smaller the security.

" War settles nothing ; it only sows the seeds of
I iturc discord." He adds :—

Surely it is wotili a great Mcrificc to .ivoid Ihc possibility of
1 h .1 ilis.xilcr. Hut heavy |i;iynicMl for excessive prcpar.ition
Illy ttrives us nearer to the e<lj;c of the preci|)iee. If ft ipiarter
■ ■I the iiiniiey spent on arinainenis, n (piarler of llie energy.
iii);enuily, ami lalxiur clevotol tn warlike nrenaralions were
j;iven up to the orj;ani«j<l, coneefteil, niicl deliheralc furllier-
ancc of a pi>licy of peace, tlic storm cluuiU which now haiij;
over tlic horiziin woulil a.viutcdly lift and pass away. This
policy has not licen tiietl.

This remark reminds us that we have not heard
much of late of the use to which our Government is
putting the small sum set apart for promoting peaceful
relations.

WAR A VESTED INTEREST.

Mr. Ponsonby concentrates in the following para-
graph his view of the situation : —

Unfortunately there is no selfish gain to be derived from
pcice. W.ir is a vested interest. To some considerable nmnber
it is a paying concern. Millions .ire invested in the construction
of munitions of war. It is the interest of a large number of
influential people to support and cncour.->ge any policy which
makes for the increase of armaments. Financiers, indeed, are
the tyr.ints who rule us to-day. A section of the Press is
readily at their service, and the still unfortunately large mass of

D,r ll'ahrr y.ii-.V.) .Suillc.irl.

John Bull applies more Naval leeches because his
Cousin Michel has just done so, and — because his
means allow hint to.

unidiiCTte<l opinion, whose patriotism takes the form of arrogant
pride in superior strength, and whose conception of Imperialism
IS an ever-expanding Kinpire b.ascd on force, is always rcaily,
when eallc-<l upon, to make the necessary clamour.

.Sir George Toulmin, M.P.. follows in the siinic
Kcvino with a thorough-going defence of the naval
ex|iendilure a[)proved by the Liberal Parly. lie says
that the Liberal Party, " with courage but with
profound .sadness — not for ourselves alone, but for all
ICurope — accepts the heavy burden tus absolutely
neces.sary ; anil looks forwiirrl to the time when the
friends ol ])e.ici; in every land shall be so strong that

322

Thii; Rfa'iiiw ou RnviRws.

all appeals will be made to rtnuthcr and juster trilninal
than that of torce."

" W'k Cannot Kkki' It I'l'."'

Dr. Dillon in the Coii/cni/nnciiy llius sounds the
alarm. He says : —

Germany can build warships and even cumpele successfully
witli Great Britain for foreign orders. But what is of much
greater consequence, slie can man without an eff.jrt all the vessels
she cares to build. That is the crucial point on which the out-
come of the race will ultimately depend. 0.ir rival is gaining
ground on us rapidly in spile of our efforts to lieep well ahead
of her. And the longer the competition lasts the more formid-
able the difticullies with which we h.ave to contend.

Another eipially disadvantageous to us is the necessity we are
in of constructing two ships ("or every one built by our rival.
And the manning of each of these vessels costs us twice as much
as it costs the Germans, so that for every million sterling laid
out by C}erniany on her navy we are obliged to spend four
millions. That is why we cannot lieep it up.

Dr. Dillon quotes M. Menshikoff in the Novoye
Vrcinya, who says, " 1 personally believe that what
really conquers is not so much the means of fighting
as the desire to fight." England has lost the desire
to fight. She has lost the warlike instinct.

The Triumph of Germ.'^ny's Policy.

Under this provocative heading Mr. Archibald Hurd.

The Question of the Dardanelles,

Russia, Tt;RKEV, Gki;man-v, and AcsruiA (to Italy)
" Shut up ! You disturb us."

in the J'orlniglilly, shows how German policy li;-
resulted in liritish triumph. He says : —

The last thing that Admiral von Tirpitz desired to achieve
when he initiated, umler the inspiration of the German Emperor,
the movement fin' the cieation of a great German Fleet, was the
strengthening of British sea-power and the lightening of the
bonds which unite the Mother Country to the Dominions. He
certainly had no thought that he woulil thereby assist in weaving
strands which in years to come would bind Fiussia to France in a
firm alliance, France to England in the closest friendship, and
Kngland to the United States in cordial amity; nor did he
realise that the policy of «*•// politik, supported by increasing
naval power, would throw Japan into the arms of England in
defence of equality of commercial opportunity and "the open
door."

AH these wonders — any one of which would have confirmed
the title of any statesman, not of German birth, to a high place
— Admiral von Tirpitz, with the assistance of the other Ministers
of the German Empire, has worked not as the main end of his
policy, but merely as incidental trifles. What a triumph of
blind zeal !

Mr. Hurd goes on to insist that two keels to one in
armoured ships a«re essential to British adtnirals fighting
with the certainty of victory, but nothing less than
three keels to one in cruisers against Germtmy will be
adequate to our future needs. This standard corre-
sponds closely to the actual output of ships during the
last five years. The two-to-one standard_ in men is, Mr.
Hurd opines, not needed in the British Fleet, for our
system obttiins far more efficient crews than the
German navy. British naval officers hold that it takes
from five to six years to train an expert naval rating.
'J'he German fleet is manned by men who serve at sea
for only three years, without preliminary training
ashore.

NEED OF A FI'VE YF-ARS' N.WAL LAW.

Mr. Hurd remarks upon the unfortunate effect Ci
annual- discussions of naval policy and recommends a
quinquennial Act as in Germany. He says : —

By means of a British law the nation through its representa-
tives could make an effective demonstration of its resolve to
maintain its supremacy on the seas at all costs, and then for
five peaceful years qu.-'Stions of relative n.aval strength and the
motives and actions of rival Powers might be completely buried
.as far as Parliament is concerned. F^ach spring the Admiralty
would bring forward its Estimates based upon the provisions of
the jN'avv Law ; the speeches of Ministers and private members
would be confined entirely to administrative details, and there
would he no occasion to brandish in the face of the world a
British trident or to give expression to suspicions as to the
actions of other countries which now periodically serve to excite
inevitable and very natural irritation in all the Chancelleries of
iuirope.

A German on Gi:rman Policy.

l)r. Dillon, in \.\\c Contemporary , shows ho_w even
moderale German newspapers represent Kngland as
the marplot of the world. As an offset to this he quotes
from Maximilian Harden a severe censure on the
German policy : —

This howling over the mote in our neighbour's eye does not
free ours from the beam which is bigger. Not a day passes
without coarse, w.anton insults being offered to the foreigner.
Our behaviour is base, even when it appears to be determined
by the authority of office. To strive to thwart a transaction
where you are foredoiimed to fail, to sow mistrust where the
seed must remain fruitless, is insensate and despicable.

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

323

THE NEXT WAR.

Economic Causes.

An article on the Economic Causes of the Next
War appears in the mid- August number of La Revue.

DANGERS OF OVER-POITI.ATION.

Sociologists view with some alarm the enormous
increase of population in ditTcrent countries, says
M. L. Raymond, the writer. The most prolific
countries, Germany among the number, are fast
becoming a ( ommon danger for the peace of the world.
In the last century Germany's population has trebled,
yet her emii;ralion has always been considerable. In
a century she provided the United States with over
six million immigrants, and, in addition, a goodly
number oi Germans have settled in other distant
lands. At the same time her economic prosperity has
been extraordinary — another source of danger for the
[>eace of the world. Not only is Germany obliged to
allow large numbers of her population to emigrate,
l)ut uniler pain of ruin she is compelled at all costs
to find markets for her surplus production. Having
delayed too long the acquisition of colonies, she made
the further mistake of exchanging Heligoland for
Zanzibar, tiie former being an important strategic
point and the latter of little value as a market.

FRANCE AND THE UNITED STATES.

I- 1 .111' c. on the other hand, has considerably extended
and developed her colonies, yet in the last ten years
of the previous century there was a marked set-back.
In tho^e years her commerce was stationary, while
that of Germany, Holland, and the United States
made remarkable progress. I5ut the population of
France is almost at a standstill, while that of England
and Germany continues to increase. As regards e.xcess
of population, therefore, France cannot be a menace
to the world's peace. In the last decade, however,
the econ(jmic condition of France has improved; but
while her wealth is assuredly a reality, it must be
remembered that in other nations, too, wealth has
sensibly increased. In fact, the rivals of France have
progressed at a more rapid rate, so that France is no
longer the only great reservoir of monetary wealth.

Even in the United States the plethora of people
is being fell. Hitherto the steppes of the Far West
seemed to offer indefinitely work to the pioneers of
civili.salion, but there are now indications that the
space avail.dilc for the ever-increasing tide of humanity
is giving out. Only this year 100,000 farmers of, the
West emigrated to Canada, where there is still room
and to spare. Comparing the density of population
per .square mile of various countries, we see that in
Canada there are only two inhabitants to the square
mile ; in South America there arc 7 ; in the United
States, ,^0 : in the Philippine Islands, 69 ; in Gtrmany,
303, and in japan, 315. It is due to the increase in
the popuLilion that the United States has been com-
pelled to increase its military and naval expenditure,

and become a Great Power, with all the burden and
risks this entails. In ten years the American expendi-
ture on armaments has more than trebled itself.

THE CHAMPION OF ARMED PEACE.

England having found markets across the seas for
her manufactures, it is always Germany who, with
her surplus population and over-production, her
ambitions, and a susceptible foreign policv, remains
the great factor of international malaise. The only
country systematically opposed to any initiative for
the limitation of armaments. Germanx's attitude
discourages the best endeavours of the pacifists. She

^^^. .

r/i:] |Hrlin.

The Open Air Theatre of the Powers.
But, .iftcr all, an opcrcU.i slioulil not continue Itn months.

is always proclaiming in every possible way that force
is and will be the only safeguard of her rights and
the guarantee of the peace of the world.

LIMITATION OF ARMAMENTS AND POPULATION.

On land and on .sea the race for death goes on.
but all this war expenditure is only an armed peace.
Germany has made the greatest effort in this sense.
Exerywherc the numerical growth of peoples is making
iiie\ilably for war. Even Japan feels herself congested,
notwithstanding her outlets in Korea and Manchuria.

324

The Review of Reviews.

It is the surplus population which is always .to be
feared. Yet war is not altogether inevitable. Already
some nations are animated by a sincere spirit of peace.
The progress of aviation is another element of pe-nce.
A moment's consideration of the dangers which it may
offer to future belligerents will make people recoil
from their realisation^ Still, while proclaiming peace,
the writer warns us that war is standing at our doors,
and is, perhaps, only waiting for an opportune moment
to break out. Finally, we are asked to remember that
at the present time all that pacifism can ask for is a
simultaneous limitation of armaments — to which
the writer should surely have added a limitation of
population.

THE CONCERT OF EUROPE :

Is It Reactionary ?

'Mn. H. J. Darnton-Fraser describes in the JVest-
minster Revieie the genesis of the Russo-Turkish War,
with the help of Turkish documents made accessible
since the deposition of the late Sultan. His narrative
tends to show that had the progressive Powers sup-
ported Midhat Pasha against the secret opposition of
the Sultan and the designs of Russia and Austria, war
might have been averted. He concludes by saying : —

The genesis of the war of 1877-78 affords a conspicuous
example of tlie danijcrs of tl)e Concert policy and the advantages
— from the Liberal standpoint at least — of a policy of entente
between powers of liberal and pacific tendencies. Just as the
speed of a squadron is that of its slowest ship, so the beneficent
influence of the European Concert is that of its most reactionary
unit.

As the Gladstonian policy was t(^ support the
Concert of Europe, the significance of Mr. Darnton-
Fraser's conclusion is obvious.

UNIONIST PROSPECTS.
I.\ the Round Table for September the writer assumes
the rbk of impartial observer, and declares that the
countrv has come to the conclusion that disorder is

Why not settle thus iiiteriiational conflicts i"

the enemy. Ordinarily this would have furnishi
ground for a Conservative reaction. But the Part
that would ordinarily have profited by Conscrvatix^
reaction appears to the country to have struck ordi i
out of its programme as it had struck out the Con-
stitution three years ago : —

The discredit which at present seems to attach to the Unioni-i
policy is due to a suspicion of opportunism, of recklessness, ol
emotionalism, and of a number of other qualities which arc
usually regarded as the antithesis of Conservatism. Change,
loo, is no longer inscribed solely upon the banners of the
Liberals. If the Unionists return to power there are to be
changes as vast as any which have been proposed by their
adversaries.

MALTA FOR ERYTHREA.

The Rassegna Conteiiipuranea publishes a somewhat 'l
sensational article from the pen of a well-known
Maltese Nationalist, Enrico Mizzi, on the present
situation in the Mediterranean. For what he regards
as England's dilemma he brings forward a solution
that has at least the merit of novelty. Briefly, the
proposal is that we should cede Malta to Italy in
exchange for Erj-threa. The writer begins by empha-
sising the importance of the recent conference at
Malta between Mr. Asquith, Mr. Churchill and Lord
Kitchener, and the significance of the changes in our
Mediterranean fleet. He believes the days of our naval
supremacy all the world over to be past, and pictures
us as seeking support from Continental allies. He
does not belie\'e the time ripe for an effective alliance
between this country and France, mainly owing to our
lack of a Continental army. He notes the immensely
superior strategic position which Italy occupies in the
Mediterranean since her .invasion of Tripoli, so that
the balance of power as between her and France has
been considerably inodified. Moreover, Italy and
Austria are rapidly increasing their fleets, a fact which
must cause concern both to France and England. In
Signer Mizzi's opinion the present moment for England
is " terrible," and the one favourable solution lies in
" the inxaluable friendship of Italy, which
hitherto she has not sufficientlv appreciated."
■['his friendship can be sealed liy the cession
of Malta. Once the ally of Italy, England
need have no fear of seeing the route to
India barred. Italy to-day sits astride the
Mediterranean, and in the words of a Signer
Colocci, quoted in the article, " between an
I^uropean Italy and an African Italy it is
inadmissible that Malta, the pylon^of the
bridge that unites the two shores, should
remain in foreign hands." W'ere Malta ceded
to Italy, it is argued, the island would become
a self-governing colon\-, and we might be
allowed to retain our right to use it both a.s
a coaling-station and as a base for our fleet.
It is suggested that if we held Erythrea v,e
should greatly strengthen our position on
the Red Sea and might some day conquer
Abxssinia.

Leading Articles ix the Reviews.
IN THE TWO BIGGEST REPUBLICS.

325

THE PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN.

Electium ERiNC. in the United .States is hardly the
dull thing which we know in this country, for it must
be admitted that we take our political privileges as
sadly as our pleasures. This contrast is the subject
of an article in this month's Pall Mall Magazine bv
.Mr. William H. Rideinj. Under the impartial title of
■■ A President, an Ex-President and a Candidate,"
we read much of Roosevelt, something of Taft and
liryan, and are introduced to a new portrait of
Governor Woodrow Wilson. Mr. Rideing cheerfully
tells a story against himself : —

When I was mnmgins; eflitor of the S'orth Aiiiei-uait
KiTuie-.o, Theodore Rooscvell called at our offices one day lo

The Bull Moose.
The wild hunter on ihe elk.

-ell n
wilh .1

ni.inii.crl|ii. juil a? any other conlril moi mii.;iii 'v\
,■. «iiii 11 mo<l.--i d.fcrence to cililori.nl opinion and nil ihc
\ uriianity whirli -in'vi'hs him in soci.il intercourse. .\11 he
wanted wa* an iijimcdiale decision, and as we could not (jive
ej that he tofik llie ^n:iniiscri|it back without a nmrniur of protest
■ •r a lou-h <if annoyance. He was at the time (lomuiis-
siiiner of llic Police of \cw York, and doing very goo I work
■ that diflTi nil pnsiii >n. Of coiirv, w.' reco(;nised his inlrlli-
lice, lii^ n10r.1l fi»rce and his nndiiiion. hut «c did not foresee
liiin one who very soon .would lie I're.si lent. I will confess
i.il had our pr<«cicncc cone lh.it far we probalily wnuUI
ive taken Ihe proflered manuscript at o;icc and unrc.nl, and

stocked our pigeon-holes on the best of terms with as many
more manuscripts as he chose to offer.

We are reminded that it was Jlr. Roosevelt himself
who placed Mr. Taft in the presidential chair. The
following scant sketch does the President, bare
justice : —

Meanwhile his favourite pupil, well-intentioned and diligent,
gave satisfaction in the job he had inherited. Djing his very
best, he failed. .Mr. Taft is one of the simplest and most
honourable of politicians ; hardly a politician at all, not brilliant
or epigrammatic or subtle, but judicial by training, and naturally
a peaceful gentleman. He is almost as ponderous as he looks.
I recall only one epigram of his. It agreeably surprised the
guests at a dinner given in .Vew York to Mr. \V. D. Honells
on the seventy-fifth birthday of that delightful author. Mr. Taft
said that when he was delivering an adtlress at Yale University
in his college days, he had become doubly conscious of his
inadequacy as soon as he discovered Mr. liowells in the
audience, and nevertheless Mr. Howells had praised him at the
close. "And compliments," he added, " are one of the few
things in the world which do not wear out."

\o one extolled him as Mr. Roosevelt <lid in those happy
(lays when he was merely Secretary of State or Secretary for
War. No friends were closer than the quondam schoolmaster
and the quondam scholar, e.ach pinning his faith to the other
anil emblazoning it. Mutual admiration could not have gone
further, no bonds could have been stronger, no apotheosis more
edifying. .\nd now, O land of contrasts ! The former school-
master w.ints lo recover the school, and the scholar to keep it.
They revile each other in dead earnest, and throw mud, like
two hooligans. It is the saddest battle ever w.aged, a strife
which all the better elements of the country deplore and blush
at. No doubt Mr. Roosevelt enjoys it ; one feels that Mr. Taft
is ashamed of it.

ROOSEVELT AS IDEALIST.

Count Oku.m.^'s eulogy of Tlieodore Roosevelt
appears in tlie Oriental Rn'icw. and is interesting
as an outside and impartial estimate of the great
electoral protagonist. The Count admonishes those
thoughtless persons who fail to admire the im-
petuous ex-President : —

My opinion of Mr. Roosevelt's attempt to win a third term
as President diflers from that of those .Americans who indulge in
adverse criticism of his action. It seems to me a pity that they
do not appreciate the value of this gre.tt man who lives among
them. Tnese critics who attribute Mr. Roosevelt's action to his
insatiable desire for fame show their in.tbilily lo grasp ihe
viewpoint of such a man. .So far as fame is concerned, it is
doubtful whether his present purpose will add to his fame or
not. His name ranks equally with those of Washington and
Lincoln, and Fame has little left to give to induce him to further
risks. Now he is venturing where even Washington himself
il.ired not to venture. He would not <lo this merely for the sake
of fame; it is a passionate ciTirt on his part to carry out his
political creeds, for the sake of whicli he is determined, as it
seems, to ignore the criticism of the worl.l.

llis priuLiry purpose is to purify the political atmosphere of
America, pirticularly in reference lo the Republican natty. He
hn|>cs lo .ipply to the political worUI that standard of right .and
wrong which holds among individuals in everyday life. His
cfforls'asfiovernor of New Ymk and as Tresideiitof the United
.Stales were devoted lo tlie realisati.rn of this ideal. He has
Nione everything he cnuM lo wreck that system which is the
outgrowth of the abuse of weilth, of power, and of spcciat
privileges. He nude Ihe p.dllical and social tyrants Irembjc

326

The Review of Reviews.

liy restraiiiiiig illegal corporations and monopolies and by

punisliing dishonest public offijials. His every past act testifies

to ilie nature of liis iileal and to his passionate desire to mate-
rialise that ideal.

Wc can only trust th;it Mr. Roosevelt will be
enabled to live up to his picture, but one cannot help
remembering other politicians' discovery of their
country's wrongs, before election and after — well, the
reformer vanishes, and we are face to face with our
old friend Ihe apologi.st. There is little but praise
in Count Okuma's appreciation, which is sufficiently
tempered with wisdom to avoid prophecy, for he
concludes with the naive admission : — " Of course it
is impossible to predict who will win the election, but
to my mind Mr. Roosevelt does not care whether he
is defeated or not so long as he is doing what he thinks
right for his country. Apart from the question
whether his election be beneficial to the United States
or to other countries, recognition must be given him
as the manliest man in the world."

AMERICA'S TASK IN THE PHILIPPINES.
The Hon. W. Morgan Shuster was at one time a
member of the Philippine Commission, and his eight
years' experience in the archipelago gives weight to
Ihe friendly criticism of American policy which he
contributes to the African Times and Orieni Review.
I'he average American citizen is not much concerned
about his duties in the Far East, but he has under-
taken a portion of the "white man's burden" and,
must accordingly accept the gratuitous advice of his
friends. Mr. Shuster writes more in sorrow than anger
when he reflects :• —

We liave so many bif; and important things on hand in
.■\incrica at the present time that it is perhaps useless to expect
that our people will, as a whole, devote the care and serious
attention to the Philippine problem that it merits. We adopt
an altitude something like that of the highly-paid carpenter
who h.is no lime to pick up the nails which he drops.

Uut whether we choose to face them now or not, there are
some very serious difliculties about our leap into the colonial
sea, in so far as pertains to the I'hilippines, and .is time p.asses
they will become more pressing and patent to all.

Mr. Shuster then proceeds to regret the lack of
experienced colonial administrators, the tendency to
mclude Philippine policy in the realm of party politics,
and further deplores a system of administration which
is too costly for a poor nation. He completes his
category of complaint by a few home troubles : —

Wc have constantly preached to the Filipinos about the
corrupt and tyrannical Spanish oflicials from whom we rescued
then), and about the chaos and dishonesty which would result
if we should lurn the government over to them, the Filipinos.
Wc, in other words, arc the honest people, divinely com-
ini».sionud to look after their finances. Vet in the first few
years of our civil government there so many American oflicials
were guilty of defalcation and embezzlement that the matter
became a serious topic for discussion and semi-official apology,
and Ihe exaggerated moral elfect on the Filipinos will not be
lived down for many years.

Mr. Shuster is certainly the candid tricntl, and thus
admonishes his old colleagues : —

.M all events, we must guard against jiermitting our officials

^ /'

1

v_^.

^^

1

■ \ \/

../-_

Teddy Roosevelt's New Party as Italy sees it.

to view their career in the Islands as a mere holiday speclacle,
or a mere stage on which petty princes may strut. and roar only
as real kings can do in the larger theatre of our country. One
can see government there in embryo and in the making. Let
us, then, see no embryonic dictators, however agreeable the role '
to those who may be temporarily performing it.

It is not all "' blame, blame — praise never," for the
critic pays tribute to the success already achieved :—

We seem to have realised the necessity of the firm ami '
permanent planting of certain cardinal principles, to which
general assent has apparently been given. Such are the
doctrine of complete separation of Church and State, of the
independence of the judiciary (though there is still some room
for improvement), of free public schools, of the purity of the
ballot-box wherever sulTr.ige is granted, and of the construction
of permanent highways and public buildings.

Onk of the latest things in sky-scrapers is described
in Cdssier's. The Hankers' Trust Company building is
said to embody tlie highest achievements in sky-scraper
construction. Counting basements, the building is
forty-three stories high. It is based on the rock
seventy-five or a hundred feet below the surface, and
the foundation is laid of a heavy pillar of concrete-
resting on the rock. A coffer dam of concrete six oi
seven feet thick was formed around the central
foundation.

Leading Articles i\ the Reviews.

327

SIX MONTHS AFTER.
China's Predicament.

Under the heading. " Six Months After the Drama,"
Comte Albert de Pouvourville contributes to La Revue
o( August I St un article on the present condition of
affairs in China.

OIT OF THE FRYING-PAN INTO

Explaining China's predicament, he says here is a
country with the richest of soils, without money,
financial institutions, or credit, and the people have
not the ghost of a notion of economic or fiscal matters.
Inevitably, then, the country was bound to become
dependent on Foreign Powers. But we can understand
and sympathise with the leaders of the triumphant
revolution. Undertaken for the liberation of China
from foreign yoke and outside obligations, the net
result of its success is a probable increase of the pre-
\ ious burden and the creation of new obligations. The
revolution, like all other revolutions, cost a great deal,
and it at once became necessary to find money, and
that quickly. That, indeed, was the first duty of
\'uan Shi Kai and the Government, and it brought
them face to face with a F.urope, at first hesitating and
auspicious, and afterwards ac(iuiescent in principle,
authoritative, punctilious, and draconian.

BOND SLAVES OF EUROPE.

Public opinion in China, as was to be expected,
found the re(|uiremcnts of the Powers inexpliiable.
and there has been much di-(()ntent in consequence.
The Chinese vented their wrath on Yuan Shi Kai. who
had to negotiate the loan under most difficult circum-
stances, and overlooked the fact that their country
was at the end of its resources, and was overwhelmed
with debts, and that money must be procured on
whatever conditions possible.

Immediately the universal cry went forth, "' What

"Help I"

\()tNt. »HiN\: "I e.Tn ni.-in.i;;*' linn pcrjVrtly well liy myself, think you.
Unfortiin.itcly, at llic present nionicnt hv appears to be helplessly Muck in
the mud."

was the good of overthrowing the dynasty if the suc-
ceeding regime was going to overwhelm them with
crushing charges and a humiliating tutelage by
foreigners? The revolution was made to restore China
to the Chinese, and yet the new regime is introducing
the foreign element more than ever was done by the
Imperial dynasty. We cannot endure it. Let us begin,
even if we have to suffer for it, by refusing this money —
w'hich we need, but which we will not accept along
with such shameful suspicions of slavery." The
animosity of the yellow race was further aroused.
The Chinese Republic, which Europe was going to
control, was considered valid enough by European
judges to guarantee a loan of sixty millions, yet this
same Europe, while recognising China a,s a valid debtor
and financial client, refuses to recognise her as a
Government and as a political entity. From the point
of view of international diplomacy the Republic has
ceased to exist. She is not worthy to be a national
figure — but she is considered responsible enough to
pay !

NORTH VERSUS SOUTH.

The truth is, adds the writer, that since the disap-
pearance of the dynasty popular passion has had no
outlet for its ardour and enthusiasm. Disenchanted
by the accomplishment of the revolution, the people
are now suffering from a sort of lassitude. It is pointed
out how divergent is public opinion in the North and
in the South. The Northerners hate all foreigners, and
yet are willing to resign themselves to the financial
control of Europe, which must bring other control in
its train. In the South and in the Centre, the people,
imbued with the political teachings of Taoism and
Confucianism, care little whether they live under a
republican or a monarchical government, but they do
t.ike a direct interest in public affairs. They demand
that China, empire or republic, shall continue to be a
confederation of autonomous pro-
vinces— autonomous as to taxation,
military service, and internal ad-
ministration. Hut not even the
Chinese of the ."^outh can dispense
with a budget or an army or a
na\y ; and it is folly to say that
these things should have disappeared
with the sovereigns. A firm hand is
needed to prevent a recurrence of
the rupture patched up for the
moment between the North and
.South. Has \'uan Shi Kai the hand
and the head .•' Tiiough he is only
fifty-four, his life of work and
ambitious activity is telling on his
physi()ue. Moreover, his moral posi-
tion is less brilliant than it was. His
retirement is even foreshadowed in
certain circles. Nevertheless, those
who wish to be rid of him have the
leiist idea how to replace him.

323

The Review of Reviews,

A WARNING FROM JAPAN.
It is one thing to borrow money and another t(j
call the tune, and Japan is apparently discovering
this, if we read the signs of the times aright. Professor
Kiroku Hayashi, who writes on " Racial Recognition
and Economic Pressure " in the second numlicr
of the African Times and Orient Review, is alarmed
at the prospect of endless indebtedness to European
financiers. He says : —

To many of us out here in tlie East the new phase of the
situation brings us face to face with a financial combination of
JMirope anil America before which we may well hesitate anil
tremble. When it comes to fighting, we can figlit and hold our
own. But when the weapons are gokl and silver we are at an
immense disadvantage, as we have only just begun to practice
the use of these, and our armament is the most meagre. So long
as the money loaned us by the West \\'as ostensibly for our
commercial and industrial development, we could only be
grateful, and regard the influence as for our good ; but as we
feel ourselves grailually being drawn into the coils of financial
obligation to the Occident, and realise the disappearance of the
right to call ourselves our own, we naturally begin to doubt
whether after all our financial dependence on strangers will
prore ultimately for our welfare. The only thing about which
we have no doubt is the fact that the financial pressure of the
West upon the East is increasing steadily with the months and
years, and that the East will have to be more than wide awake
if the ensuing difficulties are to be obviated. Things cannot be
allowed to go on with the hope of some happy chance that
they will right themselves. Pressure is bound to bring irritation,
and this will lead to collision if not alleviated. We must,
therefore, face the situation frankly, and call upon the West to
.consider with us the responsibility created by the circumstances.

He calls China in aid to give point to his argument : —
That country is to-day hopelessly in the hands of the West
from a financial point of view. When a co.mtry loses its
financial independence its sovereignty is little more than* name.
The spectacle of the representatives of 400,000,000 of people
wriggling in the hands of financial syndicates, such as we have
been witnessing in China for some time past, is pathetic in the
extreme. When a country is so wholly at the mercy of strangers,
it is unnecessary to say that its future dejiends altogether on the
altruism of its masters. So far we have escaped this humiliation
in Japan ; and if we are permitted to prosecute our policy we
hope to be able to make ends meet without foreign inter-
ference.

/.«■ K/re I

The Russo-Japanese Reconciliation.
J.\rAN : " Lei us forget the past. Shake hands ! "

While hoping for the best, the writer suggests that
so far as Japan is concerned there will be no
acquiescence if the methods of Shylock are used_ to
her abasement.

HAS THE PARTITION OF CHINA
BEGUN ?

Under the unexplained title, " Agree with Thine
Adversary," .Mr. A. R. Colquhoun, in the Fortniglitly,
seeks to throw light on the actual state of things in the
Far East. On the surface it appears that the integrit\-
and independence of China are amply secured by inter-
national agreements. But such agreements are only
secondary to the Treaties entered into by China herself.
These latter include the cession to japan of Port I
Arthur, of the Manchurian railway and of the Autung-
Mukden railway, as well as the abandonment of the
Sin-ming-tun line. We are left in the dark as to how
far the open door to all nations is possible under obliga-
tions assumed by China to Japan and Russia. Then \
the Convention of 1910 between Russia and Japan ^
bound those Powers to respect each other's ric;hts in
Manchuria:, and to assist each in maintaining the
status quo; and the Convention of 1512, shortly to
develop into an alliance, binds both to respect each
other's " sphere of interest " : Russia's being " Outer
Mongolia and Northern Manchuria," Japan's " Inner
Mongolia and Southern Manchuria."

Mr. Colquhoun ascribes " the initial impetus to the
Russo-Japanese union tor spoliation " to the " amazing
indiscretion " of Mr. Kno.x, United States Secretarw
in objecting to Japan's encroachments on China, and
in proposing the abandonment of the Manchurian
railways by Russia and Japan. Mr. Knox got no
support for this futile suggestion, and " the chief
result was at once to unite Russia and Japan in the
determination to main lain Manchuria as their own
special preserve."

The conclusion of the writer is that " our alliance
with Japan and our friendship with Russia must not
blind us to the fact that they are pursuing a joint
policv of territorial expansion in Asia, and at the same
lime embarking on an unprecedented na\'al expendi-
ture which cannot fail to affect us." He asks, what is
our policy to be ?

Dr. Dillon, in the Conteinpurary, points out that :t
formal alliance between Russia and Japan is super -
lluous, and he forewarns —

liriti.^h politicians that it behoves them to familiarise themselves
with the idea of Russo J ipanese guardianship over China, and
virtual protectorate, resembling in character, but siirpa-dng in
results, .\ngio Russian tutelage in I'ersia.

East and West for .\ugust reports the sudden deatli
of its founder and editor. Mr. B. M. .Malabari. He wa
ill Simla, talking on the telephme to a contributor to
the magazine, when he was suddenly taken ill. He went
into his room, called for tea. groaned twice, and \\;i
no more. Every effort will be made to conduct h:
magazine on the usual lines.

i

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

329

CHINA IN LEADING STRINGS.

The Editor of the Oriental Rmirio devotes many
pages to a symposium on '" The Future of China, "
which enal)les one to appreciate the many-sided
problems awaiting solution, whether by internal
adjustment or external action. The statement of case
is thus presented : —

Recent developments in Chinese affairs seem to show that —
(I) If money bo not forthcoming at once the Chine=« soldiers
may mutiny at any moment ; (2) The Six Powers will not leml
money unUs^ iliey obtain the right of financial supervision ;
<3) The ChiiRso provinces .are against such supervision, ami
President Yuan Shih Kai does not dare ignore this opposition ;
<4) The Chinese are either not able or not willing to advance
their own nionuy for the operation of the government ; (5) It is
therefore necessary for the world to be prepared for a serious
situation in China.

This being true — (i) Arc the Chinese able to govern them-
selves ? (2) Can the Chinese Republic be successful ? (3) In
ca^e the Republic fails, what will become of China? (4) What
is the best solution of the Chinese situation (a) from the Chinese
standpoint, and (b) from the world's standpoint ?

The most interesting papers are by Dr. Berlhold
Laufer, who states empirically that '" China can take
rare of herself," and Professor Chester Lloyd Jones,
who is equally emphatic in viewing the crisis as " a
situation full of danger."

While occupying different camps, both writers are
1 oncerned that the integrity of China shall be main-
tained. Professor Jones admits the necessity of
foreign loans, but Dr. Laufer strongly inveighs against
interference of any kind, and uses strong language : —

The best solution of the Chinese situation will come from
China herself, as long as the Powers keep their greedy hands
off. Japan should not be hostile to the new republic, but
welcome it heartily and enter with it into a close alliance and
a'nily. The ni4,;ressive anti-Chinese policy followed by Japan
in Manchuria for the last years was a gross blunder. Japan
thus forgot her own historical r^/c and incurred the animosity'
of all Asiatic p roples. Japan must stand up for the integrity of
<"nina, and juin hands with her .against the white man's depre-
datory aggressiveness. Learn from the I'anislamic Movement
and the Arair, '. The Powers rule the worlil not by means of
the intclieciiial and moial superiority which they by no means
possess, but Iwuause of the discord among the nations of Asia
and Africa. Tile storm-centre, for the peace of the world isniot
China but Kurope. The best means for the preservation of

A'/;.#;ii.l

lVi,.i,iu

Ch'na, a modern State, also practises the policy of
the open hand.

universal peace must be sought in a counle-pjise against the
white peril, in a common understanding and federation of all
native races of Asia ami .M'rica against the insane encroach-
ments of the infidels. Peoples of .Vsia anrl .-M'rica, guard your
most sacred ideals !

THE WORK OF THE THIRD DUMA.

The Russian Revieio contains several interesting
surveys of the work of the third Duma. It opens with
a summary statement by M. Rodzyanko, President of
the Imperial Duma. He says : —

The chief meiit of the young National Assembly of Russia is,
I think, that it has successfully accomplished these tasks, and,
after tranquillising the country, has [ roved that without revolu-
tion and the excesses accompanying it, there is possible a for-
ward movement, slow, it is true, but always advancing, with ai\
evolution of the life of the country and practical reforms. We
must not forget that after a ruinous war, after all the internal
disorders, in five years the finances have all the same been
regulated and brought into a brilliant condition, the strength of
the army has been re-established, a beginning has been made
with the renovation of the lleet, a land reform of the most
enormous importance has been carried into execution, the local
law-courts have been remodelled, a wide development of public
instruction has been made possible, considerable improvements
have been introduced in the mutual relations of employers and
workmen, and order h.as been brought into the work of all the
ministries and of the organs of local self-government.

The President concludes by hoping that the
impending elections to the fourth Duma will return
most of the members of the third.

EDUCATION UNIVERSAL AND FREE.

M. Evgrav Ko\alevsky, Vice-Chairman of the
Education Committee, reviews the educational work
of the Duma. He says that the financial proposal
of May i6th, 1908, to assign 6,900,000 roubles for
educational needs settled the question of universal
education in Russia. He reports that the third Duma
always heartily supported the equality of women in
education, and in all the Bills which it passed women
obtained the place in this province which ought to
belong to them. He further reports : —

The Imperial IJuma was always disposed to support the wish
of non-Russi.an nationalities to preserve their culture ami
languages, within limits which do not openly infringe the
interest of the State.

An important factor in the legislative work of the Duma was
its aim of decentralising the administration of schools, and asso-
ciating unofficial bodies and private persons with the work of
public education.

It is a great thing to have brought system into the extension
of school work, and to have established the principles of
universal and free education.

\'eiy typical have been the efforts made to destroy in the
.school system all class barriers, and to democratise schools of
all types.

FIVE YEARS AGAINST A CENTURY !

The writer adds : —

In five years ihc Builgrt nf Public K lucalion h.as reached
170 million roubles, while in 1007 it w.is only 85 million
roubles. In other words, the liudgft has doubled, and in five
yi-ars of the representative regime we have assigned to education
, sum as large as that which was spent on it in the preceding
105 years under the old regime (1802- 1907),

HOLIDAY, SPORT,, TRAVEL.

OUR SEA-FRONTS.

Beautiful and Otherwise.

A TIMELY article on the " Architectural Treatment
of Sea-Fronts " is that by Mr. Brook Kitchin, in the
July number of the Architectural Revieiv.

The Sea- Front at Ventnor.

By courtesy of the Architeciural Revkw for
VENTNOR AND COWES.

One of the most depressing sensations to a person
afflicted with a sense of beauty, he says, is the degrada-
tion of our beautiful seashores. We seem to have
touched the lowest depths of architectural baseness in

catering for the holiday- _. _ _

making public. Happily,
however, there are excep-
tions, and it is also satis-
factory to be able to record
a great advance in recent
years. In such towns as
Cowes, Ryde, Ventnor, or
Bournemouth, where some
natural shelter exists, or
where climatic influences
are favouralile, the presence
of trees near the sea-front
produces admirable results.
N'entnor presents, perhaps,
the maximum opportunity
for a sea and south aspect
in its buildings, and though
advantage has been taken
of it, it is not with the
architectural effect whii h
the opportunity offered,
'ihe actual effect produced

by the absence of any considered arrangement is con-
fused and spasmodic. Brighton, with its fine sea-line,
depends for effect on its single tier of high buildings
and the lay-out of the area between these and the sea,
Ventnor, with its natural advantages, depends on the
groups of buildings scattered somewhat aimlessly on
its steep contour lines.

Southport, Eastbourne,
West Covves,and many other
towns have developed the
garden lay-out greatly to the
attraction of the fronts,
though the character of the
garden frequently loaves the
impression of the engineer
rather than of the artist gar-
dener. The Green at Cowes
is cited as an example of the
effect of grass, trees, and
sculpture on the sea-front.

THE TOWN PLANNING ACT.

The powers granted under
the Town Planning Act will
now enable councils to de-
termine in advance the
street-lines and the line of
sea-frontage of newer sea-
side places, and no council
having at heart the pros-
Ju'y- perity of its town can afford

to neglect the opportunity it possesses of laying out
the sea-frontage to the best advantage. The careful
preservation of natural features, and a sincere effort
to secure a sense of harmony between buildings
and the natural features, should always be aimed at.

The Green at Cowes.

cou.-tisy iif ihc . \tihitcctut.\l Ktvif.'i for July.

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

331

"THE LOVE OF PAIN."
Miss Constance Clyde writes in East and West on
our reaching out for pain. She insists upon —
the fact that what we may frankly call the love of pain is
more innate in u> than is usually imagined. Generally spoakini;,
it needs less encouragement than people think. The desire for
what materi.ilisis call a rough time (what in religious people
is felt as the need of pwnance) is part of human ualure.
It cannot be eradicated, it is as much part of that Nature as the
opposite desire for ease and luxury, .ind it is more lasting than
the opposite desire for ease and luxury. Pleasure has no such
faithful disciples as has pain. Monle Carlo gaming tables attract
.adherents less ferwnt than Thibetan monasteries. St. .Simeon
Siylites staycil loni;er on his pillar than Nero in his palace. When
the passion fur penance seizes the human soul it holds it in firmer
thrall than dots any passion for pleasure ; for pleasure is not a
descent down a hill, as is so often pictured. Rather it is a sea
wherein we plunge, only Icf return to the surface in spite of
ourselves. The more we think of it the less seldom can we
realise the embo<iiment of that simple oft-quoted phrase " the
pleasure-lover. " The man who pursues pleasure from the cradle
to the grave is practically non-eiistenl ; the man who pursues
pain from the cradle to the grave is everywhere.

ihildren

WHAT IS AN IDEAL HOLIDAY.'

.Mr. Stephen Paget, author of the " Confessio
Medici," contributes to the August number of the
I'arenis' Revinc a charming essay on the subject of
holidays.

LONDON FOR COUNTRY CHILDREN.

When we Londoners talk of holidays we are thinking
111 anvwhere but London, he says ; but many of us
dream, now and again, of a holiday in London. London,
however, has been so much with us these many years
that we shall never sec her with amazement. Mr. Paget
has another dream, which runs thus. If he com-
manded sufTicient wealth of money and time he
would have up from the countn.-, every June and
every Christmas, two or three really nice
who have never been in Lon-

lon. They must be talkative,

inbitious, imaginative. young
people between fourteen and
eighteen, from some dull place in
the .Midlands, and he would give
them their unforgettable first sight

I London. This not being realis-
il)le, he >ays that at some future
day the ('i(i\ernmcnt may intro-
duce a Country Children's London
Holiday Hill to compel every
Londoner rated at £100 or more
III provide board and lodging for
I fortnight each yeur for two

hildren who have never seen
London.

CHII.I>RI.N AND NATl'RE.

Leaving ihe^e fancies, Mr. Paget
gives us his idea of the me.ining
of holidays. He compares holid.iys
to music. We enjoy holidays as

we enjoy music, he says. In each of them the^e is
the same form of experience — the quiet, happy
recognition and appreciation of something beautiful
addressed to oneself. .\ holiday is a performance
which Nature arranges for us and addresses to
us ; but we cannot take it all in. We have a
sort of turnstile inside us, which lets in one im-
pression at a time and no more, and we count those
impressions which get through, but, alas ! we forget
a large number left kicking their heels outside. W'ere
we only keener, wiser, and better than we are. Nature
would get more impressions into us. From some
inquiries which Mr. Paget recently made it appears
that on an average people are seventeen before they
attain real admiration of scenery. It takes education,
experience, and wisdom to admire scenery, and children
cannot obtain these acquirements ready-made.
Scenery, to impress children, must be sensational ;
they will attend to a storm, a cataract, a precipice.
Those who are old enough will observe and admire
Nature in their own erratic fashion without being
urged.

SOME HOLIDAY REQIIREMENTS.

It is a real good famih' holiday which Mr. Paget has
in mind, a magic time earned by work and ended by
work. A holiday should neither be too long nor too
short. More than eight weeks is not a holiday,
but a house in the country. Among the many
gains of a holiday this is set high : that it brings
us nearer the children, and them to us. Besides
sight^seeing and the pursuit of health, some books,
which must not be rubbish, are necessary, and
there must be added " the pleasant sense of leisure,
freedom, elbow-room, lime to turn round, and space
to turn round in ; and the sense of a simpler way
of living, the riddance from the machinery of our
life in London."'

t.r Khr.)

A French Holiday Crowd.

532

The Review of Reviews,

BRITAIN'S LOST REPUTATION.

The results of the Filth Olympiad at Stoi-kholm
have caused much heart-burning, but in the Badminton
MagaziiieVix. Adolphe Abrahams suggests that we were
beaten because we did not take trouble, and that there
are excellent grounds for encouragement if we take
pains, without which success is impossible. Among
other things, Mr. Abrahams believes in the value of
the professional trainer :—

I am sure that many who see the results of American training
imagine that we have only to import a trainer from across the
Atlantic to produce a lea n of world's record breakers. Let us
have the trainer by all means. (Hi^ snlary, by the wav, \\ould

THE EAR AS EYE.

The English Mechanic records the latest marvel of
science, an instrument enabling the blind to see, or
at least to locate Hght by means of the ear. The
inventor is Mr. Fournier d'Albe, of Birmingham
University, who has made use of the well-known
property of selenium of changing its resistance under
the action of light. The instrument is called the
" Optophcne," and consists of two parts^ and is thus
described : —

One of them is a pair of high-resistance telephones, as used
for wireless telegraphy. The other is a long box, measuring
iS in. by 4 in. by 6 in., which contains the selenium briilge. the

iiy couriay 'J tlu:.

The Stadium at Athens.

L*' ^iichtitCiwu^ tCti/hiu 'jar J-'y.

he one which most professional men would envy if we paid him
what he receives in .•\merica.) He would get the best out of
our men, but if an athlete has been running or jumping wrongly
for years he could not be sufficiently untaught to be taught.
Our matured long-jumper of twenty-three feet could not be
turned into a twenty-live feet man ; but a boy capable of
nineteen feet might be the ideal material from which to make a
world's champion. .America knows well the importance of
getting .at the malleable material whose nervous system has not
yet become grooved in wrong paths. To educe absolutely the
best possible out of our available material we ought to begin
preparing now, not for the Games at Berlin in I9i<3, but lor
those in 1920.

The' above illuslntion refers to the article on the
Stadium at Athens, which appeared in our last issue
on pa'.e 184. It represents the last restoration
carried out under the supervision of Hi'.nsen of
X'ienna.

battery, the \\'ire resistances, two adjustable carbo n resistances
and a clockwork interrupter. The last is there for the purpose
of making the telephone current intermittent, as a continuous
current is inaudible in the telephone.

The method of using the optophone is as follows : The tele-
phones are attached to the head, and the optophone box is
carried in the right hand, connected by flexible wires with the
telephones. On turning on the current and starling the i^ioek-
work, a ticking or rasjiing sound ii heaid in the telephones.
This can be rediiced to silence by adjusting the sliding carbon
resistance, and by an auxiliary resistance giving a fine adjust-
ment. That silence will continue so long as the light shining
into the box rcm.ains of the same intensity ; but a very slight
change of illumination, either a brightening or darkening,
sutlices to restore the sound iii the telephone, and the hnidness
of the sounil pioduced measures the extent of the brightening or
daikening of the light.

In jiracliee it is found best to adjust the resistances so that the
briglUest light available produces silence, and then the various
shades of darkness produce sounds of corresponding intensity

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

333

A NEW GARDEN OF EDEN.

The August number of the Geographical Journal
contains a lull report of the lecture delivered before
the Royal Geoirraphical Society by Sir William Will-
cocks, and gives the results of his surveys in .Meso-
potamia on behalf of the Turkish Government. There
are few themes possessing more interest than " The
Garden of Eilen and Its Restoration," and still fewer
authorities who can vie with Sir William in the rarest
combiniition of literary charm and technical skill.
The e.xplorution of the valleys of the Euphrates and
Tigris has been conducted with a full sense of the
romance associated with the earliest settlements of
mankind, and at the same time directed by the need
of recovering the lost fertility of the land for the
service of the present and future generations of the
sons of men.

So charmingly does he discourse of the past that
the reader is almost tempted to forget that Sir William
is an official concerned with contracts. Of the actual
site of Eden he says : —

In my first leclure I had stated that the Garden of ICden of
ihc .SeiiiitLsTtiiist have been near an outcrop of hard rock as we
see it at .\nah upstream of Hit, where water could be led olV
fiom above a rapid and utilised for irrigating, with free flow,
gardens situated a little down-stream and above the reach of
the highest floods. Uclow llil, no place could be found for a
girden wiihout lifting apparatus or protecting dykes; l>ecause,
otherwise, any garden irrigated in the time of low supply would
be inunilaled in flood, and if irrigated in flood would be left
high and dry in the time of low supply. Since then I have
studied on the spot the scriptures of .Sumer and .Akkad, and
see that their earliest scltlemenls were made inside the level
plain perennially under water, where well-protected dykes kept
out the fljotis which are there never more than three feet above
ground-level ; and where, free from wilil beasts and descit
.\rabs, ihey coidd build their cities and temples and cultivate
their lands, which could be irrigated by free flow through
openings in the dykes. It w.-is in the marslies surrounding their
settlements th.it they encountered the giant brood of Tiainat
mentionc<l in ihe first tablet of creation. .Sliatks from the
I'ersianGuK travel up the Tigris to Samarr.a, north of liaghdad,
and must have been then, ns now, a terror to bathers. The
beasts ilescribed as raging hounds and rams in the translations
may have been liuns and ttlUl boars, of which the former were
conmion in l-uvver Babylonia before the .\rabs possessed fire-
arms, and the lailer are still exceedingly numerou-. It is no
unreasoning tradition which places the (jarden. of Ivlen of
.Sumer and Akkail, the cily of liridu and its temple K-.Sagil, at
Kurna, the lale point of junction of the Tigris and Kuphrales ;
though I cannot but think that it will eventually be found just
north of Ur at the ancient junction of the two rivers.

Sir William possesses the blessed gift of imagination,
and his dc^criplions of what he sees are always
picturesf|uc and informed with historical reference ;
his theories are clothed with verisimilitude whiih may
well be the truth itself.

In an interesting comparison he says : —
. When human beings first appeared on the earth, and for
many a generation afterwards, men could only h.ivr iui lnM
their own against wild animals, and, while their c|»
were surrounded by ftircsU and jungles, Ihc uneri
must have left iheni but lilllc lime to make any re.il aJ%.iii^c in
civilisation. It was far different in the oases of .-Vrabia and

f radical <>a-Ci liki- Anah and Mil on the I | prr I Jipljt.ile*.
leic it was p 'Milr t'H men to ik-.lri>y ihc i'xl>lin^; » ill I"M.i.,
and .IS ihfii iiuii !i t > L>juld nut b<: ri-LiaiN-.l out ur ili. -1' 'i:-,

they were e.ttcrminated ; and men had leisure to become
gradually civilised. " .Amaiek was the first of the nations"
was spolien, with knowledge, of the .Viabs stretching from the
delta of the Nile to the L'ppcr Kuphrales. Living in tents and
using gourds for vessels, they have left no traces such as we see
in I-gypt and Babylonia ; but .Arabia has been able to pour
forth Irom her parched loins her viiile sons who began ihe
subjugation of both the Nile valley and the valley of the
Euphrates. Everything in Egypt was easy and to hand ; the
Nile was and is the most stately and majestic of rivers, and,
carrying a moderate amount of deposit, creates no serious
difiiculties for the dwellers on its banks ; the Garden of the
Lord, the land of Egypt, is very fertile ; and ihe climate.is mild
in winter and never parches in summer. EgypI, therefore,
produced no world iilcas. None of her sons were possessed of
a fine frenzy, with eyes glancing from heaven to earth and earth
to heaven. It was far diflerent with Babylonia. The Tigris
and Euphrates in flool are raging torrents, and their ungoverned
and turbid waters need curbing with no ordinary bridle.
Babylonia's soil is very fertile, but the winters are severe indeed
and the summers savage and prolonged. The range of
temperature is between 2odegree5 and 120 degrees in the shade.
Brought up in a hard school, they possessed virile intellects.

The article is accompanied by an excellent map,
and the Journal should achieve a record sale, for its
contents throughout maintain the highest level of
interest.

ESCAPE TO THE WHITE MAN.

That the white man is a walking city of refuge in
the dark places of the earth is a fact attested afresh
by an incident mentioned by P. .Vmaury Talbot, in the
Journal 0/ Ihe African Society. He describes his tour
from the Gulf of Guinea to the Central Sudan. H
says : —

Only a few months ago, as I sat at my writing-table, a bo.
of about sixteen sLaggercd in, ullerly exhausted. .According 1
his story, two men liad hired him at Calabar to accompan.
them to the interior. Whenever they neared a town they serr
him through the bush, giving as an excuse thai there was sonu
lliing in his li ad which must not be seen, but really lest question
should l)e asked on their return without him. When the town
of Ojo was reached, he was taken to the house of ihe he.id chiel.
to whom they arrangctl to sell the boy for /'20, and there Icit
hini. After a while an iron cage was brought out, such as is
ux;d for human sacrifice. The boy said : "The held chief tied
his hunting knife about his waist, and stoo*.! by the main door,
I was on the other side of the compound by his principal wife.
She saiil, 'I am sorry for you, because they are going to kill
you. If you could get awny, perhaps you could reach while
man.' I slipped Iwhiiul her and ran out through the litllc door
It was night time, and people came uiih lanterns to seek for
me. I dared not follow the roads lest other towns should be
warned of my escape, but on the third day 1 saw Forest Guaid
Ukorc, who helped me."

Captives and poor have good cause to welcome while rule in
Africa, hoHcvcr great 1 iril> like G.irauonga may regret the
icsltaint il impose.

Asii ejectors, or means used for ridding; the steam
ship of the mass of ash and clinkers which accumulatr
on all voyages, are described in Citssier's for .August In
G. 1'". Zimmer. The niethcid arlopted in the Hrilisii
Navy is to crush the clinkers, ashes, and other refuse,
and then expel by pneumatic pressure through tin
opening in the Ixiltom of the ship.

1 -> )

Tun RiiViEW OF Reviews.

THE PUTUMAYO PROBLEM.

In the American Review ol Revicies there is a paper
on Peruvian rubber and international poHtics in which
other motives than those of pure humanity are sug-
gested for the recent outcry. The writer says : —

That tlie English Rubber Company was solely responsible for
the atrocities committed in the rubber forest in the Putinnayo
district of Peru, and that the English Consul at Iquitos has been
aiding the guilty parties in keeping from the Peruvian Govern-
ment an exact l^nowledge of what was taking place, is the con-
tention of Peru.

Mr. David Cazes, English Consul in Iquitos since 1903,
would have been in a good position to find out about the
management of the rubber plantation. Iquitos, a port on the
.\mnzon, is the door to the rubber land. .\il the rubber gathered
in the Putumayo is shipped from Iquitos. Xo one can enter the
territory of the rubber company without the permission of the
company's representative in Iquitos. And
yet he always swore that he knew notliing.

The twenty-one constables whom the
Peruvian Government kept in the Putumayo
in those days had been all l^ribed by the
English traders, and shut their eyes to
what was happening in the jungle.

The Judge Paredes, who was
appointed by the Peruvian Govern-
ment to inquire, and who confirmed
the horrible reports of atrocities,
was asked to what he attriliuted
the recent exposures of wrongs
committed several years ago. He
replied : —

It may be that certain Englishmen are a
little jealous of the cordial relations exist-
ing between Peru and the United States.

If certain schemers could only prevail
upon the United States to intervene in
Peru, some other nation would derive a
positive benefit from the friction thus en-
gendered, and the purpose of the .Monroe
Doctriiie could be successfully defeated.
You can see, therefore, how eagerly certain
English merchants would welcome the
seizure of the Putumayo lands by, say, an
Anglo-.Vmcrican syndicate that would
" guarantee order and peace " in the
rubber region.

ceptive — although not, I think, receptive — and their dispositions
cheerful and courteous . . . Nothing became more clear the
more these Indians were studied than that they were not
children of the forest, but chililren of elsewhere lost in the forest
— babes in the wood, grown up, it is true, and finding the forest
their only heritage and shelter, but remembering always that it
was not their home. They had accommodated themselves, as
far as they might, to their surroundings, and made a shift at
living there ; but had never really accepted this environment.
Thus while their bodies were stroyetl and lost in the trees, tiieir
minds, their memories, maybe, refused to accept these sur-
roundings. They never gave the impression of being at home.
They had refused to make the material best of circumstance.
While their knowdedge of the forest and everything it possessed
was profound, one felt that these age-long denizens of the
woods were not citizens of the forest, but strangers, come
by chance amid surroundings they did not love. Most of
the Indians I met had, I believe, a positive distaste for the
forest.

Tro/'ical I^i/c.^

Wake up ! John Bull, and make Uncle Sam help you to stop these
atrocities before your investments become mere waste paper.

THE PUTUMAYO INDIANS.

I.\ the Conlemforary Revie7o Sir Roger Casement
gives a most interesting account of the Putumayo
Indians. He opines that the tribes interned in the vast
Amazon forests were of identical origin with the
Aymaras and Quichuas of the Inca Ivtnpirc. Tiie music,
songs, and dances of the forest Indians are not based
on their life of to-day, but drawn from some far-olT
ancient fund of inspiration : —

They went, it might be said, almost quite naked — the men
only wearing a strip of the bark of a tree, wound round the
loins, while the women, entirely nude, stained their bodies with
vegel.iblc dyes, and, at dances, stuck fluff and feathers with an
adhesive mixture to the calves of their legs and sometimes dowji
the hips. The men, loo, stained their bodies with varied native
dyes that soon wash or wear off. Both sexes are chaste and
exceedingly modest. Tlieir minds are alert, quick, and per-

This disposition partK- explains their submissiveness.
He says : —

Their submission is not alone that of the submissive, gentle
Indian mind in front of its mental superior, but that of a mind
that has known better things than anything the forest can offer,
and has never ceased to hope for the means of re-contact with
them. In this, too, I believe lies the secret of the Indian's
ready acceptance of the guidance of religious instructors.
Wherever the Jesuit or Franciscan fathers were able to reach
the Inilians, these followed them with one accord out of the
forest, and built their houses around the "padre's" antl
delightedly submitted to his authority.

TilK .'Vugust number of llic .In/iilcrtiiial Revir,v has
an interesting article, with specially taken photographs
by Mr. C. Lovelt Gill, on " .Some Houses in St. Albans
and its Environs."

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

335

SCIENCE, PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL.

A NEW SCIENCE.
Human Geography.
The Correspondant of .\ugust loth contains an
article, by Professor Paul Girardin, on a most interest-
ing subject— namely, Human Geography.

LABJLRS OF M. BRLSIIES.

About fifteen years ago M. Jean Brunhes gave a
series of lectures' at the College Libre des Sciences
Sociales on such subjects as coal, irrigation, the
dwelling, etc. He taught that wood and coal, water
and stone, for instance, were an integral part of geo-
graphy, and he showed how their presence or their
absence affected the lives of the people'^ of the world.
The resull^ of his studies seem to have been embodied
in a book. • Human Geography," and recently a second
edition, su enlarged and improved as to be almost a
new book, has been published. The Geographical
Society of Paris has awarded the work its gold medal,
and the French Academy the Halphen prize. In addition
the labours of M. Brunhes have been crowned by the
creation of a new Chair of Human Geography at the
College de Trance, and the author has been invited to
be its first occupant.

IIIMAN GEOGRAPHY DEFINED.

While diplomatic or political geography finds nothing
in maps but facts connected with frontiers or treaties,
M. Brunhes says to his pupils :— "' Close your books
and open your eyes on the world, Nature, the fields,
dwellings, railways, men. Observe for yourselves ;
make geography for yourselves." In order to be able
to teach hi> system and organise his teaching in abso-
lute independence, .M. Brunhes went to a Swiss uni-
versity. Human geography is a novelty of a subject,
placing itself as it does between political and economic
geograpln, and making appeal to such auxiliary
sciences as history, statistics, etc. The doctrine of
M. Brunhes is by no means the same as the anlhropo-
geogra(>ln of Friedrich Ratzel or the social geography
of Caniili<- Vallaux, though the efforts of these two
scientist> to make of geography something more than
is usuaih understood by the term were laudable
enough. Si. Hrunhe-i defines human geography as being
much niD'-e the geography of human endeavour than
the geography of races and human masses. This fixes
the place of human geography among the sciences
already < <>n^tiluted— etimography, anthropology, and
language - together with statistics, demography, and
fconomic geography, all of which have in view human
masses, and are concerned with the consideration of
individuals and articles of commerce and the estimating
of averages rather than the consideration of their
distribution.

PlrToRIAI, .MAI'S.

Thus human geography absorbs political geography.
M. Brunhes begins with the three essential facts of

shelter, food, and clothing. He considers the dwelling
and the path which leads to it, and food in connection
with the cultivated fields, cattle, cereals, meat, milk,
etc. Thirdly, he speaks of man's pillage of Nature,
without restitution, for his needs or caprices, or simply
for the love of destruction. This destructive exploita-
tion of Nature may embrace the cutting down of
timber, the exhaustion of the quarry or the mine for
stone, gold, silver, iron, lead, coal, oil, etc., without
restoring anything to the earth. He deals with
humanity as represented by some 1,500 millions of
beings on our planet, and studies the reasons of their
varying distribution over the surface of the globe,
owing to greater or fewer facilities of life, climatic
conditions, and other things. He says the facts of
population, movements and density, emigration and
colonisation should all be depicted on the map as
important geographical facts. He would have the map
picture to us a village with its houses and roads, and a
cilv with its streets, avenues, wide roads, and houses
built or to build. Rivers and other national routes,
such as railways, should also be shown ; in fact, there
is a whole geography of circulation alone.

LEARNING BY OBSERV.\TION.

Having somewhat explained his subject, how does
M. Brunhes propose to proceed ? His method is that
of observation with the open eye of the world, as the
new philosophy of introspection is the eye of conscience
opened on the 'inner phenomena. The tourist, the
mountaineer, the traveller, all learn geography uncon-
sciously. M. Brunhes would have everybody taught
how to see the facts of terrestrial reality in all their
vigour, in all their colour, as the first duty of geography.

EXTERMINATION CONDEMNED.

Professor Girardin discusses from the point of view
of M. Brunhes a few subjects. Having applied the new
method to the consideration of the dwelling and the
migrations of population, he refers at some length to
the destructive economy of extermination, when man
destroys for the sake of destruction without thinking
of others. By cutting down forests and exterminating
animals, birds, and native races, man is exhausting
Nature in many forms. Reference is also made to the
extermination of native races by such methods a.s
slavery and the introduction of alcohol. The geography
of coal and gold shows how cities which have sprung
up in the mining regions are ephemeral, and how they
arc doomed to be elTaced when the mines are exhausted.
But M, Brunhes is not the first to deal with the stupid
destruction by the present generation of much natural
wealth. It was necessary to prove that the geo-
graphical method is the most convenient to study
these facts taken singly and together, and to group and
classify them. M. Brunhes has endeavoured to do all
this. Professor Giranlin and other experts are of
opinion that he has succeeded.

336

The Revihw of Reviews.

THE LAST OF THE GREAT
VICTORIANS.

That excellent little monthly, TheMillgalf, contains
an interesting interview with Dr. Alfred Russel
Wallace by Mr. Frederick Rockell. For three hours
the veteran scientist and reformer reviewed the many
problems to the elucidation of which he has devoted
so many long years of his useful life.

On the subject of world e\-olution Dr. Wallace
naturally had much to say, believing as he does that
" an orderly and purposive variety is the keynote of
ihe universe." This variety "provides for the
development of man in endless diversity, not of body,
but of mind. So far as bodily structure is concerned
man's evolution is finished. Man's physical structure
stopped evolving when he began to use outside aids
to express his individuality. When man discovered
fire and its uses ; when he made weapons and invented
traps ; when he began to use tools ; when he developed
speech ; when he commenced to conquer Nature ;
then further evolution was shifted from the physical
to the mental plane."

Physical dissemblances between men are as
nothing compared with their wide mental differences.
In the various gradations between the ordinary man
and the genius, what wonderful variety ! And between
men of genius these differences are even more striking."

As a scientist of the highest repute. Dr. Wallace's
testimony to the truths of spiritualism possesses more
than ordinary interest, and his interviewer records
that—

whatever may be the grounds of his failh, il was im-
possible to hear Dr. Wallace talk on the subject for five minutes
without perceiving that to him spiritualism was no mere working
hypothesis, nor a question of speculation, but a conviction
settled beyond cavil or dispute. I did not, therefore, question
him as to the evidences oT his belief. I was more interested to
learn what that belief had taught him as to man's destiny —
what was man's state after death ?

"We gather from people who have passed over," said Dr.
Wallace, "that man goes on developing in the spiritual world
towards that infinite variety whicli is the object of life on
earth."

" But," I asked, " if this development can go on in the
spiritual world, why was it necessary for an earth life at all ?"

"The earth life is necessary," said Dr. Wallace, " in order,
as it were, to get a point of departure for the individual spirit."
The inference I drew from his further remarks was that the
purpose of material evolution was to establish conditions out of
which man's individuality could come into being. Without
such material conditions the individualisalion of humanity out
of the Godhead (this was not the exact word Dr. Wallace used)
might not have been possible. Hut that individualisation once
achieved, growth and development could go on in the spiritual
world apart from, and inlependent of, material conditions.

Dr. Wallace retains his faith in the future of
Democracy, and is a convinced Socialist, having been
converted by Edward Bellamy's " Looking Backward."
Mr. Rockell explored a wide field in his interview,
;ind gives the outlines of an interesting educational

suggestion, which shows that he is at least a generation
in advance of his time. We are glad to see that
Dr. Wallace repudiates the suggestion that he is a
convert to the latest fad of Eugenics : —

" Wherever did I advocate any such preposterous theories ?"
he said in scorn. " Not a reference to any of my writings ; not
a word is quoted in justification of this scientific libel. Where
can they put their finger on any statement of mine that as much
as lends colour to such an assertion? Why, never by word or
deed have I given the slightest countenance to eugenics. -Segre-
gation of the unfit, indeed ! Il is a mere excuse for establishing
a meilical tyranny. And we have enough of this kind of tyrannv
already."

A REFORMED ALMANACK.

In the British Columbia Magazine for July Mr. M. B.
Cotsworth advocates his scheme for " a rational
almanack." He recalls Julius Ciesar's reform, by
which the odd-numbered months were given thirty-one
days each, and the even ones thirty days each, with
the exception of February, which then ended the
year. Thi's was altered by Augustus, jealous of
Julius' fame, into the present extraordinary and
arbitrary calendar. .Mr. Cotsworth's scheme is set
forth in the table below. Thirteen months each with
twenty-eight days, each beginning with a Sunday, is
his simple proposal :--■

J.\N.

Sun.

Mon.

Tues.

Wed.

Thur.

Fri.

Sat.

Sol

Feb.

M.\RC11

I

2

3

4

5

6

/

July

AtG

At Kit.

iM..\v

■5

9
i6

10

17

II

i8

12

19

'3 .

20

14
21

Srrr.
Ocr.

Nov.

j 11 N E

22

=3

24

25

25

27

2S

Dix.

fic thinks that perhaps the Chinese Government
may decide in its favour. The 365th day in the year
should be made an international holiday, apart from
both weekly dates and monthly dates. The last point
was agreed on amongst leaders of calendar reform
throughout the world. Easter should be held on a
fixed date in April. Tlie new month he would call Sol.

Th.at French culture is in danger, tliat }oung
Frenchmen, presumably educated, are losing ihcir
ability to use their native tongue with the old-time
clearness and correctne.s.s, not to sav elecrance and dis-
tinction ; that the scientific method, in imitation-of
Germany, is ousting tiie old French style, are tendencies
discussed in the Nmlh American Review by Mr. Allan
Ball, who writes on " the rescue of French culture."
lie traces the tendency back to the anti-classical
propaganda in France, and its alliance with the political
Radicalism that is sociological and utilitarian The
situation is described as " a crisis in French," and has
led to the formation of a League for the Defence of
French Culture.

Leading Articli-s in thi-: Re\ii-:\vs.

337

MAX NORDAU ON DEGENERATION.

In the Ilibbert Journal Dr. Max Xordau dis-
russev his favourite theme. As against the proposal
for the sterilisation of degenerates, he says " we need
not interfere ; the process accomplishes itself auto-
i.iticallv." The advanced degenerate cannot beget
r bear children. Weismann's theory finds no mercy.
It is not a scientific hypothesis, but mysticism of the

worst kind : —

Wcismann jo's attemptc-d to deny that the germ of life
v-hich is iraniinitled hy p.ircnts lo off pring can share in the

.,>n,^e sustained l>v the parental organism. To future his.
• .rians of science it will be a matter for astonishment that such
an extravagant doctrine can have been conceived by a biologist
and accepted, for a time, by serious scientists.

WHAT IS HERITABLE.

Onlv tho^e acquired characteristics are heritable
which influence the quality of the germ : —

A Slate of the nervous system which aflecls the innervation of
the gcfn-S'^"'!* '^^^ 'heir physical and chemical function, a
(lysciasy of the organic liquitls, through which the chemical
composition oi ihi- glands, the nutriment drawn into them from
the blood, and the germ-cells formed and secreted by them, is
altered; do intl lence the germ-plasm to such an extent as to
make il quite intelligible that it should form new individuals
■,v!io resemble their parents, but are somewhat different, or very
afferent, from their more distant ancestors.

(.ENERAL LOOSENING OF MORALITS'."

IhciC give thousands the courage to e.xpress and
lollow tendeniies which they would otherwise have
^Hppre3sed with shame. Not only so : —

We grailuiUy observe a general loosening of morality, a
lisappearance of logic from thought and action, a morbid
.rriiabilily ami vacillation of public opinion, a relaxation of
character.

.\ mean, cowardly egoism, which is pleasantly dubbed
"sovcreigniv of ihe personality," smothers public spirit, the
■ nse of national solidarity, energetic patriotism ; self-sacrifice
; >r the common weal is becoming a rarity, while anti-militarism,
intipatrioti^iTi, and twaddle about the theor)' of anarchism
.ibound.

" INTOXir\TI0N " THE CAUSE OF DEGENERACY.

Of renudv Dr. Nordau is chary. The degenerate
himiell i- il<i»med: his heredity is his fate. The root of
degenerarv is an intoxication of one or both pro-
genitors. Inlipxicalion from without is happily being
lomlwitcd. nut without prospect of success, by the
dolhcnbur^' system, temperance legislation, by the
new wav oi ireatmg syphilis with ]".hrlich's salvarsan.
sanitation, protection of people from adulterated lood-
siufls. Auto - intoxication— organic wear and tear
through fatigue consequent on over-exertion — is the
more dilficuit and deadly : —

Tlir iloniinani pari played in proloolion l>v the machine. In a
m.r.- rut. nl.iii! ..n which man in ihe factory lias Ijeen dcgradeil,
and the ivcriiu r.-.T.ing division of lai>our, which condemns the
worker lo an eternal, aulomalic repetition of a smnll niiml>er of
movements, and rc<liice« the pari taken in his work by the
inlrllcclual f.iculiir* 10 a minimu n, wears him out one-sidedly,
and therefore ii'iickcr and more completely ihan is the case
when, with a varied, manifold activity, which calls in lurn upon
different groups of muscle* and requires the conlinual inter-

vention of imagination, judgment, and will, he manufactures
some complicated object of common use from the raw material
up lo ihe perfect article.

THE ILLUSION OF WEALTH.

Dr. Xordau lays his finger on the spot from which
this evil arises : —

The whole end of civilisation seems lo be economic. AH
progress aims at facilitating and augmenting the production of
goods. Thai in this process the individual is being worn out is
not considered. The world-economy is not euda;nionislic. It
does not ask whether il enhances the happiness of the single
Ininian being. Il produces wealth, and sets this on a level with
happiness — a manifesi illusion.

SOCIALISM A REMEDY.

Socialism would be a remedy : —

Extreme Slate iniervenlion in the sense of the .Socialistic
programme, while il would deprive the individual of all
economic autonomy, would probably ensure lo him better
hygienic conditions, short hours of labour, a belter style of
living, freedom from care, and Ici'iure to occupy himself in
things that bring diversion and cnlerlainment, and would
rescue him from the over-exertion and fatigue that make him
a progenitor of degenerates. .Since, however, il seems
chimerical to look for a realisation of the integral Socialistic
programme at any date to which we can now look forward —
modest lentative measures like Mr. I.loyd George's Old Age'
Insurance are of no efficiency — we must ngard this theoretically
conceivable remedy (or degeneration as practically inapplic-
able.

THE DECISIVE CONTEST BETWEEN NATIONS.

Once, Dr. Nordau points out, degeneracy affected
onlv the ruling cla^s of the nations. Now. with a popu-
lation more
and more ur-
ban, it affects
the people as
a whole. De-
generation has
its chief home
in the large
towns ; the
population of
the large towns
is condemned
as a whole to
degeneracy : —

(,)nc thing is
cerLain : in the
great historic
contest of the
nations the ad-
vantage will rest
with those that
know how to
in a i n t n i n a
strong ami toler-
ably prosperous
and contented
pi-a«nnlry, and
the first to go
under will be
(hose thai most
lliorjughlylrans-
forin tlicmselvi-s
into peoples of
large towns.

Kikrriii. I

Crime in Paris.

'This is what lliey are comine to in the
Paris police I "

338

Tun Rkview of Reviews.

SYNDICALISM.
In the North American Revieiv Mr. Louis Levine
describes the genesis and growth of SyndicaHsm. It is,
he says, a synthesis of Socialism and Trade Unionism.
The electoral success of Socialism in France, in Germany,
and in other countries led to the invasion of the
Socialist parties by members of the middle classes,
representatives of the liberal professions, who swamped
the Socialist working-men in all positions of authority
and responsibility. The invading intellectuals intro-
duced into the social movement the ideas of slow evolu-
tionary changes, and of peaceful and diplomatic
negotiations with capitalist parties.

DISTRUST OF PARLIAMENTARY SOCIALISM.

To the militant Socialist working-man, the success
of political Socialism became in his opinion dangerous
to the real success of the social revolution. He sus-
pected the environment of Parliament, its methods and
political trickery, and felt in his heart a growing
antagonism to the form of action which led Socialists
into the stifling embrace of capitalist Parliamentary
institutions : —

Examining more closely the nature of the trade union in
which he had always played some part, the militant Socialist
working-man was struck by the idea that it offered the form of
organisation he was so eagerly looking for and that it was
capable of carrying on the social movement in wdiich he placed
his hopes. He therefore now changed his former attitude to
the trade union ; instead of merely suffering it, he now began
actively to support it and to shape it in accordance with his
views and aspirations.

" DIRECT ACTION."

So was developed the whole theory of Syndicalism : —
Direct action — which the Syndicalists so much insist upon —
consists in exerting energetic pressure and coercion on the
employers and the State in such a manner as to rally all the
workers around one banner in direct opposition to existing
institutions. Nation-wide strikes, vehement agitation, public
demonstrations, and like procedures, which arouse passions and
shake up llie mass of the working-men, are in the view of the
.Symlicalists the only methods which can make the working-men
clearly perceive the evils and contradictions of present-day
Society and which lead to material successes. Such' methods
alone drive home lo the working-men the truth that the emanci-
pation of the workers must and can be the work of the workers
themselves, and free the latter from the illusion that anybody
else— even their representatives in Parliament — can do the job
for Ihem.

THE GF.NERAI, STRIKE.

The direct struggles of the Syndicats — argue they — increasing
in scope and importance, must finally le.ad to a decisive collision
in w hich the two antagonistic classes — the working-class and the
employers— will be brought face to face. How that decisive
struggle will be begun cannot be foretold. But it most probably
will have its origin in a strike which, spreading from industry to
industry and from locality to locality, will involve the whole
country and affect the entire nation. This will be the General
Strike, in which the issue will not be an increase of w.ages or
any other minor matter, but the par.iniount social issue : who
shall henceforth control industry and direct the economic
activities of the nation ?

THE AIM OF COMMON OWNEKSIIII'.

The Syndicalists will not wait for Parliament to decide that
question, but will take matters into their own hands. When
Ihe "final hour of emancipation " strikes, the militant workinp-

men organised in the Syndicats will step in and assume control
of all means of production, transportation, and exchange.
They will proclaim the common ownership of all means of pro-
duction, and will start production under the direction of the
Syndicats. Every Syndicat will have the use of the means of
production necessary for carrying on its work. All Syndicats
of a locality will be organised in local federations which will
have charge of all local industrial matters. These local P'edera-
tions of Labour will collect all statistics pertaining to local
production and consumption, will provide the raw material, and
will act as intermediaries between a locality and the rest of the
country. All Syndicats of the country in any one industry will
be organised in a National Industrial Federation having charge
of the special interests of the industry, while local federations
and industrial federations will be organised in one great
National Federation of Labour, which will take care of matters
national in scope and importance.

SOCIALISM V. SYNDICALISM.

The essential conservatism of the Socialist thinker
has been demonstrated by his refusal to be tempted
by the weapon of Syndicalism. Mr. J. L. Engdahl
contributes an article to iheTwenlieth Century Magazine
affording ample evidence that, as in England, so in
America, the Syndicalist propaganda is doomed to
failure. The recent
convention held at
Indianapolis resulted
in a definite endorse-
ment of the old So-
cialism as against the
new lure of Syndical-
ism. The dilYerence
between the schools
is well expressed by
the writer : —

The Socialist cries to
the worker, " Vote as
you strike 1 " or " Strike
at;the ballot-box ! " The
Syndicalist changes this
phrase to read " .Strike
at the ballot-box, but
strike with an axe ! ''

The attention of the
Syndicalist is centred
entirely on economic
action. He appears to
believe that it is possible
for the workers employed
in every industry lo walk
into factory, workshop,
mine, or warehouse some

fine morning, to send for the employer or manager, and to
inform him that they propose to conduct the business for their
own benefit.

Syndicalism is the gospel of the bludgeon, and its
anarcliic appeal is its own sure condemnation and
justification of the saner method of Socialism which
seeks to " leaven the lump." " An argument put
forth against Syndicalism is that if all the workers
in any industry' secured the absolute control of that
industry they would then proceed to exploit the
remainder of society for their own gain so far as that
industry was concerned."

Syitiey Bullet in.\

Tom Mann assails the Temple.

Australia's old friend, Tom
Mann, is going to devote himself to
a war against society ; but it is a
long job, and iManu isn't so young
as he used to be before he became
as old as he is now.

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

339

THE PARIAHS OF TO-DAY.

Resli.t of Caste in India.
In the mid-July number of the Revue de Paris
-Marguerite Glotz takes up the pitiable case of the
pariahs in India.

DEPLORABLE CONDITIONS.

We learn that the pariahs number over fifty millions
— more than one-si.\lh of the population of India.
J?flonging to no caste, impure from birth, they are
despised and hated and condemned to perform the
lowest and most degrading labour. They are the
untouchabk-i ; they li\e apart from other men, and
are deprived of the solace of religion, for they may
not enter the temples. They dwell in wretched hovels,
and altogether their misery is terrible. Surely thev
have need of religion ; yet it is a religious law- which is
the cause of all their suffering. But in their passive
submission, their resignation to what has alwavs been,
and must continue to be. they bear no grudge against
the gods. The same religious law which has brought
about their moral misery is also the cause of their
material destitution. The untouchables may not own
land, which in India is the chief form of wealth. The_\-
may not cam a living by business of any kind. How,
indeed, could they procure the money necessarv }
Moreover, no one would buy from them or touch the
things soiled by contact with them. Their only resource
is day-labour, such as agriculture. They are paid very
little, and unemployment is frequent. Povertv, igno-
rance, bad feeding, in.sanitary surroundings, make tiie
hygienic conditions of the untouchables deplorable.
Cleanliness is impossible, and leprosy and ophthalmia
are among the fliseases which attack them.

INKRTIA, MENTAL AND MORAL.

Children who adopt the paternal profession as in
India rarely desire anything else. The system of here-
ilitary specialisation opposed to all spontaneous choice
of a vocation makes routine beings. In such a society
every innovation, every attempt at progress seems a
I rime. For the untouchables the yoke of custom is
equally rigid. Their position seems quite irrcmerliablc.
Who is impure remains impure, and the hostilitvof the
men of caste seems ineradicable. In India the system
iif caste i.s an invincible obstacle against union. No
political power has yet been able to unify the countrv.
liach caste seeks to .safeguard its own particular inde-
pendence. i)rivilegcs, and dignity, and there is nothing
in common between men pure and impure — neither
interests, ideas, nor hopes. In consequence of the
immobility imposed on individuals by the repine of
I aste, all emulation and personal desire to l:)ctter one's
position are lacking in Indian society. There .seems
absolutely nothing which can stimulate an untouch-
ible ; he is infinitely more degraded than anv sl.ur.

I'llABISALSM OF CASTE.

.\mong other tilings, the rif^imc of c.iste h.is il.ve-
loped vanity, envy, narrow judgment, and a taste for
I'.a'-fern distinction.'^ — Pharisaism, in short, with evcrv-

thing that is poor, egotistical, and unintelligent. Tin
people of caste know nothing of charity ; pitv and
benevolence are extinguished by the e.xclusive con-
sciousness of the duties of caste. But it is among the
untouchables that the most disastrous moral con.se-
([uences of caste are to be .seen. Rejected by society,
they are not aware that they have any social duties ;
exciting nothing but horror and contempt, they have
no sense of human dignity or any notion of individual
virtues.

WHAT IS ENGLAND DOINO .'

The disunited condition of the country- which caste
brings in its train is for England a pledge of peaceful
rule. It delays economic progress, and the English do
not desire the economic emancipation of India ; thev
desire to exploit the resources of the colony for them-
selves. They care little for the emancipation of the
untouchables or for the moral welfare of India. Their
administration is directed to practical results. Thev
are not even making primary education compulsory,
and it is doubtful whether it will reach the children of
the untouchables. Hitherto education has been largely
in the hands of missionaries, who have also done much
for women. To bring Brahmins and untouchables
together both would have to be Christianised. No
Work could possibly require more patience and energy
than that which proposes to combat hostile egoism and
the enormous force of a religion of inertia caused bv
the common mode of feeling and acting of more than
200 millions of men.

"INDIA FOR THE INDIANS":

The Rioai. Principle of British Rule.

The Round Table for September contains a paper
on India and the Empire worthy of the highest
traditions of the British review. It contains a rapid
survey of the history of India bef( ro as well as after
it came under British control. Perhap; its most
distinctive contention is given in. this paragraph : —

The position of the British in Indi.i, indeed, cannot be under-
stood until it is realised that in internal polity they represent
India anil not Enijland. T" speak of Hriii-,li rule is strictly a
misnomer. It is nearer the truth tn say that the (;overnment is
conducted chiefly by Knjjiishmen, representing in fact, if not in
democratic the<iry, the people of India. It is literally the
(government of India. More than this since the Kriiish
assumcil responsibility for the Kovcrnmcnt of Inilia, not only has
their policy in India been an essentially Indian pulicv, but
Indian interests have profoundly inlluenci-d Uritisli policy.
Knt;land ha.s become a first-class .\sialic I'owcr Ix'cause her
Bovcrnment represents India. Her policy in the linsl is mainly
directed to protect the safely of her Indian subjects.

What i.s uni(|ue in India is the astounding moral
ascendency of the English. The writer maintains
that the ideal goal is clear, that India acquire the
status of a self-governing dominion, independent, in
control of her own internal affairs, a lojal and willing
partner with the other units of the Empire. To this
end, the most e.s.scntial thing in the me.inlime is to
retain the good- will anri respect of the people oi India.

340

The Review of 'Reviews.

THE DOUKHOBORS AN IDEAL
COMMUNITY.

In Chambers's journal Mr. J. T. Beall)y describes
the Doukhobors in I^ritish Columbia. They refused
to supply the census authorities with information
because they feared that the Canadian Government
wanted to enrol them for military service. They
object to bear arms for any purpose whatever. They
refuse to eat the flesh of any animal which has been
killed for that purpose, or to wear its skin or hair or
wool. They own all property in common ; there is
no private property. They now own about eleven
thousand acres in British Columbia, where they number
about two thousand people. There are four thousand
still in .Saskatchewan, where they have seven flour-
mills and six wheat warehouses. Th'ey engage prin-
cipally in agriculture, and are said to be good
farmers : —

One who lived five weeks amongst them quite recently says ;
" I watched during my visit to see if I could ,find a frown or a
discontented face, and I was unable to discover one. In
cleanliness they are superb. There is no liquor drunk among
the Doukhobors, no tobacco used in any form, no profane
language, while an exhiljition of bad temper is impossible to
find. And the morality of these good people is a world-beater
. . . The Doukholjors are an extremely honest people, good
neighbours, and most law-abiding citizens. The progress they
have made in .Saskatchewan is marvellous."

There is, however, a tendency towards individual
independence, members leaving their communities and
setting up as individual owners.

SOCIOLOtJICAL CON' 1)1 riONS.

THE NATIONS COMPARED:

Three Striking Tables.
In the Open Court for August Mr. Arthur MacDonald
discusses the mentality of nations in connection with
patho-social conditions. The paper is full of most
interesting matter. Three of the tables presented may
be cited liere : —

MENTAl.rrV.
Ei>i;cAr[ON. 1 I.nformation.

CoUNI KV,

lyoS.

Belgium

Dcninaik

Kr-ince

ijcimany

(Jrcat Britain and

Ireland

Italy

Nctberhinds

Russia

Switzerj.-tnd ..:

United States

2 2

3 a

833'

346'

100'
3.0793

910

6, 110*

q

380-

ia'2
13-0
14-1
170

17*0
8-1
■S-o

4 5*
186
•07

(■S

5«
77
7=
16
178

S:2

s fe =

■2 ao.

= n o

3 ao.

m 5 g c = \

»7

84

551

•)8

60

133

8

7(30

98
•35
38
49

6
116

1 q:z

48
43
43

39

45

34

36

3
90

' ic/>4. 2 ,897. 3 1903. * i8t)S. " iyD7 ; in IQ07, 39 per cent, of males
and a; p^r cent, of nil pcisons (nine >e.irs of age .tnd moKj; were able to
read. * In white male population twenty-one to iw^nty-four years of age
in 1900.

Ba-^ed I'f'ON Officiat.
Reports, 1908.

COL'NTRV.

Belgium (1^07}

Denmark

Fiance 1,1905)

Germany

England and Wales..

Italy (1905)

N'etheilands

Russia (1903)

Switzerland

United States

I ^ o

V

M .

n S
•- o

ticg

;^

4'3 I5'7

2'4 M'7
4*5 2o*6
3'6 iq'o
.. I 14-7
4'S 2i"t^*
39 i5'o
.. 29-4

3"2 l6"2

4"3 I5'9

^ J-fel

^f

s'

z

'1

2

10

a'^

■4

1

17

8

72

I

15

65

10

y.

27

2'

10

ti

'S

9

I o 5 ■= I ^

g 5 lu

Zi ft.

- =l.s e-s

3 '03

7"S
8-1 1
7'9
'4'3
7"7
7'3
8-7
7-8

lis

2;

227

66
73

I 112
' 2'S

6

1 igoo. 2 1907- ^ Per 100 births.
' 1897. ^ ic,oo. '0 Uriled Kingdom,

1904. •' 1907.
PATHO-SOCIAL CONDITIONS.

iS;)9. ' 1901.

Based upon
Of[--icial

REfORTS,

ic^o8.

COINTRV.

Criwinalitv.

Nu.MBEIt CONVrCTED

PER 100,000 In-
habitants.

-13

o -
\ 3 «

^-C ^

Belgium

Denmark

Fiance (1905'

Germany

England and

Wales

Italy (1905)...
Netherlands.,
Russia (n)03).
Switzerland...
United Stales'

715

358
501
.240

•71 114 ,
■30 76
■69 156
■13152

,6=8

.3^3

19^1'

3982

0

iq

2.7»

1.699

3SO I7

81

4.3

2.562

701

0

12

02

211

525

cu o-

3.= .:

lis

-o.a
'5 ^

« J3 5

" c c

3X a

«34
178

2£ 1

356 I

'87 j
42 >*
231' !
356",

900

"53

221
3.07ol'
2,360'-

■9
1 85

0-64

17
2.?

43
86

- All crimes known to police. ^ Larcenies known to police. * Known
to police. * Deaths from suicide. * Number sent to piison, gaol, or work-
house. * Number on J.-inuary i.-t. * 1906. " 1903. '^ 1901. '^ 1907.
'* Out-door relief includeil. '^ 1907. t" 1899.

'The writer notices the following correspondences : —
Those countries which have the greatest illiteracy, as
Italy, Belgium and l-'runce, show the highest percentage
of murder. They also have a high percentage of still
births, death rate, and death rate under one year of
age. Two of these countries, where the illiteracy is
more pronounced, as in Italy and Belgium, show a
. low rate of suicide and divorce. On the other hand,
the least illiterate countries, as Germany, Switzerland
and Denmark, have a high rate of suicides.

Dr.

C. F. BuRNEv, in the Church Quarterly Review,
gives a translation of the Aramaic papyri found
recently in the Island of Elephantine, in Egypt, which
dates from B.C. 407, and shows that a Jewish garrison
was established at Elephantine about B.C. 655, in the
latter years of Manassch's reign. It shows that there
was a temple of Yahu, or Vahweh, at Elephantine,
where sacrifices were regularly offered, in direct contra-
vention of the later Deuteronomic law.

Leading Articles in thi: Reviews.

541

RECENT CENSUS RETURNS.

Mr. C. J. R. HowARTH writes on some recent census
returns in the Geographical journal, which are illus-
trated by luminous diagrams. France, with a popula-
tion of 39.601,509, shows an increase of population in
twenty-three departments, and a decrease in sixty-
lour. As to the urban population, out of eighty towns
with populations exceeding 30,000, only six returned
a decrease, and the net increase in those towns was
475,442, while the total increase for the country was
only 449,264.

Prussia reports the highest absolute increase, but
the percentage of increase is slightly diminished. The
continued increase is the result less of an enhanced
birth-rate than of decrease in the death-rate and
emigration coupled with increased immigration. No
province returns a decrease : —

I.eaving out of account for the moment the Studtinis of
Berlin, wc find that East Prussia, with a total of 2,064,175,
returns an increase of only I '65 percent., and Ponierania
(1,716,921) one of I -91, and that (Saxony), West Prussia,
I'osen, and .Silesia return the next smallest proportional
accretions. It is pointed out in the notes accompanying the
figures that this is the more noteworthy, as in tjie east the
[irolific Slav clement is strong.

The principal increase in uriian population has
occurred in the environment of Berlin, and in the
Khine-W cstphalian industrial region.

Switzerland shows the heaviest proportional increase
in cantons containing large towns. " It is worthy of
notice that only six cantons out of twentv-fi\e contain
more than three towns with a population of more than
5,000, and that Uri, Obwalden, and Nidwalden i ontain
no such town." Females (1,911467) outnumber males
(1,853,535). Persons of other than the recognised con-
fessions, or of no confession of faith, have increased
in ten years from 7,358 to 46,597.

Austria shows the heaviest increase in Kiistcnland
and in Lower Austria. The movement towards larger
towns from the rural districts, which seems a feature
of Kuroptan 1 ivilisation, is shown also in (lalicia.

Norway shows also a greater increase of urban than
of rural population, though the rural population is
nearly three times as numerous as the urban.

The Canailian census shows a decrease since 1901 in
Prince Kdward Island, in the north-west territories,
and in \ukon, hut an increase in all the other pro-
vinces, amounting over the Dominion to 34' 13 per
cent. Out of eighty-four districts in Ontario, no less
than forty-four return a population that has decreased
since 1901.

India, in consequence of a decade not marked by any
very .serious failure of' the rains and by famines, shows
.1 total increase of 7 • i per cent. The central province
States, which returned a decroa.se in the previous decade
of 48 per cent,, now return an increase of no less ilian
29 -H per rent.

rhin,i has had an ofTicinl enumeration of households,
but only parti. d enumeration by heads. The total
population of China is estimated at 319,617,750.

MUST WE ALWAYS MUDDLE?

A FEW months ago the I5riti.sh public was assured
that it would reap a full harvest of safety from the
fate of the Titanic ; now it would appear that futilit\
will mark the epitaph so laboriously inscribed hy that
legal orgy known as " The Titanic Inquiry." Little
good can be derived from a reading of the report of
the protracted proceedings which has been laid upon
the table of the House of Commons, that mausoleum
of experience and reform, and the Nautical Magazine
does good .service in returning to the charge, and wi
hope it will keep worrying those serene " Departments "
which protect Go\ernments from criticism more
effectively than the bulkhead prevents calamity in
time of need.

The Nautical Magazine .igrees with the strictures
we have been forced to apply to the untoward conduct
of " The Inquiry " which went blundering along every
false scent instead of steering straight to the vital
issue — the safety of the travelling public. The marvel
is that the President thought it possible to conclude
his deliberations within the year, for among much
that was irrelevant the evidence that really mattered
occupied but a small proportion of the time consumed.

It is only a wild thought, but perhaps the public
might have been impressed if the notable array had
given their services to the unravelling of that which
concerns the nation so deeply, for what avails their
forensic skill when a serious journal like the Nautical
Magazine says : — " The speeches of counsel have
nothing of value for us ; they can be ignored " — and
e\eryone endorses this judgment of a profession which
has sacrificed too much to special pleading.

This might be only by the way, were it not typical
of the whole inquiry in which the seaman and the
public alike were made subordinate to legal methods
which experience has shown to be equally devoid of
imagination and practical wisdom.

As the editor of the Nautical Magazine well says : —
" We deplore the necessity of all this legal machinery.
When a Camperdcrtcn rams a Victoria a court-martial
composed of nautical men judges the case. When a
Titanic rams an iceberg the seaman is at the mercy of
lawyers. A few of these have been at sea ' a dog-
watch,' but they do not realise the intricacies of sea
usage as an experienced seaman does. Hence all this
waste of time and money, with little or nothing ,is the
outcome,"

Baily's Magazine of Sports and Pastimes for August
gives some quaint woodcuts from an old hook of
hunting, showing Queen Bess in the hunting-field.

" Mrs. presents her compliments to Lord

Houghton. Her husband died on Tuesday, otherwise
he would have been delighted to dine with Lord
Houghton on Thursday next." Such, Sir Henry Lucy
tells us, in Cornhill for .August, was the reply Lord
Houghton received to a dinner invitation.

o

42

The Review of Reviews.

SIR BAMPFYLDE FULLER ON INDIA.

" India Revisited " is the title ol a p.aper by Sir
Bampfylde Fuller, formerly Lieutenant-Governor of
Eastern Bengal, in the Nineteenth Century and After.
He reports that the unrest of the past five years has to
all appearances completely subsided. The extremist
leaders have grown weary of their protracted struggle
with the authorities. On the annulling of the partition
of Bengal, the writer says that it involved serious dis-
credit to the British officials of the province who had
accepted Lord Morley's statement that the partition
was to be taken as a settled fact. It also occasioned
much irritation to the Jlohammedans. Of Delhi as the
seat of the new capital, the writer says that it is
e.xceedingly unhealthy, notorious for its fever and the
disfiguring complaint known as the Delhi sore. The
available sites are either sodden with river inundations
or on the stony margin of an arid plain.

REFORMS WELCOMED.

The expansion of the Indian Legislative Councils
aroused apprehensions which so far have not been justi-
fied, " and the reform may be welcomed as exceedingly
beneficial." He says the Indian members as a class
are alert and often eloquent in debate, in intellect on
a par with their British colleagues. But they represent
only the educated and the well-to-do, and cannot be
expected to welcome protective legislation for their
poorer brethren. The high intellectual capacity of
Indians is recognised in their appointment to high
judicial office. At the same time the writer adds that
we must remember that judicial honesty is an exotic,
grown under British influence, and requiring an
influential body of British judges and magistrates.

INDIA AWAKING FROM SLEEP.

India, he declares, is awaking from her sleep.
Reform has been chiefly the outcome of residence in
the West. Towards the most fruitful reform, which
would be the emancipation of their wives and
daughters, Indians are making progress, not merely in
the P.rahmo .Samaj, but also in the Arya Samaj, in
postponing marriage and in allowing an increasing
number of women togo about unveiled. Material relaxa-
tions can be noticed in the caste rules relating to food
and drink. A Hindu gentleman at the Viceroy's Legis-
lative Council has advocated a change in the law,
enabling Hindus of different castes, and even a Hindu
and a Mohammedan, to contract a civil marriage
without abjuring their religion.

INDUSTRY AND EDUCATION.

The industrial development of India is advancing
very slowly. Nor will the manufactures materi-
ally increase until the Indians are willing to
spend more upon comfort and less upon the sup-
port of servants, relations, and dependants. Con-
\erts to Christianity, however, follow the habits of
the missionaries, whence the remarkably low death-
rate of the Indian Christian population. Conversion

to Christianity no longer arouses the old resentment.
Missionaries are exceedingly . popular, both with
students and parents. To extend free education,
however elementary, to all the boys of the country
would, the writer says, entail an additional charge of
at least four millions a year, which is about the sum
lost by gtving up the opium traffic with Chinii. Vet
the education budget has been more than doubled.

It is pleasant to receive so reassuring a report from
one who had much reason to be severely critical.

NEW RAILROADS NEEDED IN AFRICA
AND ASIA.
Sir Harry Johnston, in the Nineteenth Centiirv,
again gives outlet to his marvellous constructive
imagination. Now it is in the development of great
systems of railway in Africa and in Asia. .

T\NGIER to TABLELAND.

This is Sir Harry's variant on the Cape to Cairo
route. He says : —

The great desire of the traveller would be, not to travel to
and from Capetown z'l'a Alexandria, or even Algiers, but by
way of Tangier in the north of Morocco, \iithin re.ich, through
a steam ferry, of the Spanish railways. Consequently the yreat
Trans-African railway must eventually start from Tangier, a
place as to the political future of which Britain, France, and
Spain are now negotiating. It would by means of a steam
ferry be linked up with the Spanish railways and the whole
railway system of Europe.

THE ROUTE TO INDIA.

Sir Harry deprecates the objections to a direct
railway between India and Europe. He does not fear
for the obliteration of Persia. Its past histor^■, like the
past history of Egypt, will, he thinks, pre\'ent the
effacement of its nationality : —

The railway best suited to considerations of strategy from the
British point of view would be one which proceeded from Basra
7'i(7 Bushire to Shiraz and Bandar Abbas, and from Bandar
Abbas followed closely the coastline of .Southern Persia to
Baluchistan until it was linked up with the Indian system at
Karachi. This would enable the Trans- Persian railway, fronr
the point where it entered the British sjihere in Persia, to be
easily reached, supervised, controlled, defended, or attacked
from the sea coast of the Persian Gul.^

Sir Harry would square Austro-Gcrmany by giving
these Powers free expansion in Asia Minor. This would
make Teutonia as peace-loving as Great Britain now is.
The Baghdad Railway therefore should be welcomed.
The best security for Great Britain on the Ganges and
the Indus, as on the Nile, would be the growth of
German commercial interests and in\estments in the
lands watered by Ihc Euphrates and Tigris.

FROM TANGIER-ISMAILrA TO KOWEIT.

Sir Harry's fertile mind suggests \-et another route,
which, he thinks, will certainly be developed in course
of time — that from Spain to 'langier and all along the
coast of Africa from Tangier to Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli^
Alexandria, and Isniailia. whence a British railway
might rtm to join liic Baghdad line at Koweit. and link
on to the Trans- P.ersian railwavat Muhamrah.

Leading Articlus in the Reviews.

343

THE LAW OF THE AIR.

Mr. H. liK'a i;ii.\M Lelch writes on the jurisprudence
if the air, in the Forliiighlly for August. His discussion
I the private law leads to the conclusion that the
.arman is free to traverse the property of his neigh-
bour, to ho\er over and inspect or even photograpli
the premises below. He is responsible, however, for
damage that he may do, by falling or otherwise, to the
property he traverses. As to public law, the State may
provide for tiie collecting of custom dues, and for the
prevention of smuggling, of landing of infectious
patients, undesirable aliens, the inspection of forts,
arsenals, etc., and the operations of .\narchists. In
international law. in time of peace the air, as well as
the sea, is what the Roman jurists call a matter common
to all.

SHALL WAR IN THE AIR BE ALLOWED ?

In war, the question remains open. Is the air to
be made a theatre of war ? At present the prohibition
of aerial war was only signed by twenty-seven out of
forty-four Stales at the Second Hague Conference.
.\mong the non-signatory are all the great European
Powers e.xcept .\uslria and Great Britain, six other
1-^uropean States, and Japan : —

The lime is ripe fur an uprising of public opinion to slay the
progress of lliis impending scourge. There could be no fairer
opporlunily for a crus.idc, or holy war. Aerial warfare is
inhuman, unnecessary, and baleful lo all ; even lo the rulers and
statesmen, who, ai trustees on behalf of others, to whom it is
still more hateful, give il ihcir support. The sands are running
.lut ; the longer the delay the less the chances of success. Why
.liould-not a loud and general protest from civilised humanity
ue heard ? The question is slill pending, and probably will nol
i.e decided until 1915, when ihe meeting of the Third /V.i^c-
I onference is due. What of all the Churches of the eivilise<l
world? What of all the I'eace societies? What of all thi
.\ssociations, mis-ionary and philanthropic, which are working
/.salously for the welfare of humanity, though often with incom-
mensurate rc^ults.'

AIRCRAFT.

In the Quarlerly linimv for July .Mr. Mervyn
O'Gorman treats of airships and aeroplanes. The air-
ship is eclipsed in interest by the aeroplane.

tSKS OK THE AIRSHIl' AT SEA.

Nevertheless, he .says : —

It is noteworthy that in twelve years of work no Zeppelin
airship has s.icriliced a »iii;;lc aeronaut ; nor have our sm.ill
Kngli-'h oneN, with ihousands of miles to their credit. l''ur
>ca-work the airsliip may yet perform useful duties, since il can
come down 10 the waveJ with safety, ami cpiit them with great
ease. There ilns nol appear lo be any reason why a diueii or
more of small non-rigiil airship- should not be packed in the
hull of a suitable special ship in attendance on a fleet, and
carrying with it the necessary plunt for producing g.is, as
well as devices for mooring in the open ; for »uHiciciit experi-
.:nce nu« exists for mooring devices lobe considered practicable.
VARYING WlNli VELDCTTY TIIK CHIEF UIFFICLI.TV —

The chief ditFn iilty of the aeroplane i.s the fait thai
the veloci'' "' "i'"' ^ iri''^ lo an .uiii/liii' divrci . Tlie

diagrams show some twenty-seven changes of wmd-
speed in the minute. As the craft rises higher into the
air these wind-changes become less frequent, at any
rate in England : —

The 300-yard level line roughly follows the profile of the
earth's surface ; and the winds below that level behave
generally in a similar way, save that winds attaining a certain
degree of velocity — say 20 miles an hour— dash through and
[last aerial obstacles till they are raiseil vertically on the wind-
ward side of any long range of hills. The impression given is
that such a range of hills causes a veuical deflection of a body
of the air some 2,000 yards thick before the hill is reached ; and
the vertical movement of a 20-mile wind extends lo a height of
1,000 yards above the hills.

It is thought by Captain Ley, a serious experimenter on the
subject, ihal ihere are cerLiin dividing planes or levels or stages
other than the 300-yard level where special irregularity may
be met with in lingl'and, namely, somewhere about 700 yards
up, 1,000 yards up, and 1,300 yards up. These divisions
apparently occur at the loj) of the air-zone dominated by the
plains, the hill-ranges, and the mountains respectively ; and at
lliese dividing planes there are disturbances and sudden changes
of wind-speed.

— VET OUR CHIEF FRIl^.ND.
At present, wind-pulsations are the chief enemy mat aeroplane
workers have to vamiuish ; but, as we progress, it will be borne
in upon us thai the only hojie we have of deriving the energy
of flight from the air itself depends upon utilising these very
pulsations. It is safe to say thai with the inception of long-
distance soaring we shall find that wind-pulsations are, on the
contrary, l/ie friend to whom we must look for the commercial
as distinct from the naval and military success of the flying
machine ; and this further triumph is, by all the signs, nol very
far beyond us.

IN THE TWOPENNY TUBE.

The Raihvay and Travel Munlhly gives an interesting
sketch of the Central London Railway.

WHITEWASHI.NO UV MOTOR.

.\iiiung the curious items of information given one
or two may be quoted : —

The whole of the tunnels of the Central London Kailway are
periodically linie-whited ; a mr)tor-car having been liitcit up
with an ingenious apparatu-i which effectively sprays with lime
li.|iiid ihe whole of the interior of the lunnel, as il journeys from
end lo end of the line.

A DANGER-SIGNAL THAT STOPS TRAINS.

.\ very ingenious method of automatically prevent-
ing a train passing danger-signals is thus described :—

(Jn the side of the bogie there is a cock « ith a rubber Iiom-
attached. This cock is connected to the air-pressure pipe of Ih..
Weslinghouse br.ake, with which the trains arc fitted. Thi
cock has a lever projecting downwards, and if from any cause a
train were to lun past a signal which is at "danger," this leVcr
would strike against a trip Ireiulle at the side of the rails, thi
tock being thus opene<l, thereby automatically applying tli.
brakes .m all wheels of the train, anil bringing it to a standstill
At the same time, by means of a "control circuit governor,'
the current would be cut ofl' the motors. When the signal 1
lowered, the ireadle is lowered, «o that the " Irip cock," as it i~
calleil, passes without touching. The lever is fixe.1 on the righi
sitic of the line, no as lo work the trip cock on the leading car.

During the year nn 1 over eighteen million passenger^

wrn- carried on this line.

344

The Review of Reviiiws.

LITERATURE.

MEREDITHIANa.
Scribne/s for September publishes a further series
of letters by George Meredith.

SAVAGE ON TENNYSON.

AVriting to John Morley, he said : —

I should have written to ask leave to review Tennyson's
Arthurian Cycles ; but I could not summon heart even to get
the opening for speaking my mind on it. — I can hardly say I
think he deserves well of us ; he is a real singer, and he sings
this mild fluency to this great length. Malory's Morte
Arthur is preferable. Fancy one affecting the great poet
and giving himself up (in our days ] — he must have lost the key
of them) to such dandiacal fluting. — Vet there was stuffs here
for a poet of genius to animate the figures and make them
reflect us, and on us. 1 read the successive mannered lines
with pain — yards of linen — drapery for the delight of ladies
who would be in the fashion. — The praises of the book shut me
away from my fellows. To be sure, there's the magnificent
" Lucretius."

ON BIBLE, FAITH AND PRAYER.

Writing to his own son Arthur, he says : —
Don't think that the obscenities mentioned in the Bible do
harm to children. The Bible is outspoken upon facts, and
rightly. It is because the world is pruriently and stupidly
shamefaced that it cannot come in. contact with the Bible with-
out convulsions.

Look for the truth in everything and follow it, and you will
then be living justly before God. Let nothing fl.mt your sense
of a .Supreme Being, and be certain that your understanding
wavers whenever you chance to doubt that he leads to good.
We grow to good as surely as the plant grows to the light. The
school has only to look through history for a scientific assurance
of it. And do not lose the habit of praying to the unseen
Divinity. Prayer for worldly goods is worse than fruitless, hut
prayer for strength of soul is that passion of the soul which
catches the gift it seeks.

To R. L. Stevenson he wrote : — " Take my advice,
defer ambition, and let all go easy with you until vou
count forty ; then lash out from full stores. Vou
are sure to keep imagination fresh, and will lose nothing
by not goading it."

To Admiral Maxse he wrote : — " Saw Irving as
Romeo. The Love Play ceases to present a sorrowful
story, and becomes a pageant with a quaint figure
ranting about."

NO CYNIC.

To W. Morton Fullcrton he protests against the
charge of cynicism : —

None of my writings can be said to show a want of faith in
liumanily, or of sympathy with the weaker, or that I do not
read the right meaning of strength. And it is not only women
of the flesh, but also women in the soul whom 1 esteem, believe
in, and would aid to development. There has been a con-
founding of the lone of irony (or satire in despair) with cynicism.

ON GLADSTONE.

Of Gladstone he writes : —

On Tuesday night I was the guest of the Kighty Club, was
introduced to Gladstone (who favoured me with the pleased
grimace of the amiable public man in the greeting of an un-
known), and heard a speech from him enough to make a cock
robin droop his head despondently. We want a young leader.
This valiant, jirodiyiously gifted, in many respects admirable,
old man is, I ("ear me, very much an actor. His oratory has the

veteran rhetorician's arlilicos — to me painfully perceptible when
I see him waiting for his cftocls, liming those to follow. Morley
and Asquilh are able lieutenants. The captain is nowhere.

STIMULANTS AND LITER.\TURE.

To Mr. W. G. Collings he wrote : —

I do not abjure wine, when it is old and of a good vintage. I
take it rarely. I think that the notion of drinking any kind of
alcohol as a stimulant for intellectual work can have entered
the minds of those only who snatch at the former that they may
conceive a fictitious execution of the latter. Stimulants ma)-
refresh, and may even temporarily comfort, the body after
labour of brain : they do not help it — not even in the lighter
kinds of labour. They unseat the judgment, pervert vision.
Productions cast off by the aid of the use of them are but flashy,
trashy stuff.

"OUR LITTLE INDIAN STEAD."
This is the title which a writer in the Modern World
bestows upon the late Mr. B. ]\I. Malabari. He
says : —

The name of Mr. Malab.xri is a household word among
Indians and those who knew him by report perhaps are more
numerous and less unconcerned in the loss though are hardly
cognisant of the real services of the Parsi journalist. The
universal sympathy and regret felt towards the passing away of
our little Indian -Stead is so unanimous that Mr. Malabari
really deserves all for his solid services towards the substantial
improvement of Indian people.

The writer speaks of his developing English to such
fine mastery of st\'lc and diction that in prose and
poetry he was admired, congratulated and hailed iiy
eminent men of letters like Lord Tenn^■son. Lord
Shaftesbury, John Bright, and hosts of others. The
writer further says : —

The fundamental basis for the construction of a nation, lay,
in his opinion, in the removing of all social evils found in the
society. With this strong belief he set on his mission o( work
and his name as a thorough but silent social reforurer is
sufficiently well-known. Mainly he concerned himself wilh the
elevation of women. He endeavoured to set right the evil of
early marriage. It is no praise if we say that he was instru-
mental in the passing of the Age of Consent Bill in lS)i. He
was also the originator of the Seva Sadhan Sabah which
endeavoured to ameliorate the condition of Indian women.

A GREAT PHILOSOPHER.

Last month Germany celebrated the eightieth liirth-
day of Professor Wilhelm Wundt. and the Deutsche
Rundschau for August has marked the occasion l)v a
paper, by llerr Ernst ileumann, on the famous [ihilo-
sopher and his work.

Professor Wundt began life as a student of medicine
without any idea of esentualiy taking up philosophv.
From 1851-56 he carried on his studies at Tiiliingen.
Heidelberg, and Berlin, but his contributions to a
medical journal between 1858 and 1862 show that he
was gradually leaving pure medicine for research in
connection with the intellectual life of man. From
physiology he was led to psychology, and from psy-
chology to philosophy was not a very long step. In
1864 he became Professor ol Physiology at Heidelberg ;
and in 187^ he was called to Lcipsig.

Leading Articles im the Reviews.

345

THE ORIGIN OF WRITING.

liN the first August number of the Nouvellc Revue
h an article, by M. G. Courty, on the Origin of
Writing.

tup; .\ncient tr.\dition.

It has long been a tradition that the Phoenicians
transmitted to us the art of writing which they had
learnt from the Egyptians, but if tiie theory of
iM. Courty that writing had its origin in the neolithic
petroglvphs of Seine-et-Oise is accepted, that ancient
tradition must fall to the ground. The writer explains
how even in prehistoric times man felt the instinctive
need of picturing and recording events, and from the
picture to the sign was but a short step. The early
inscriptions from representing pictures advanced to
the representation of ideas, and then of^ sounds or
words. All this evolution was going on simultaneously
ill over the world, so that, in a sense, writing was
born just as much in Chaldea, Egypt. China, America,
xs in Europe. .\t Tiahuanaco, in Bolivia, the writer
made some archaeological re.searches in 1905-4, and
discovered a number of lapidary inscriptions, such as
are to be found in Yucatan and elsewhere. These
inscriptions form the motives of ornament used in
architecture, but the writing being of a conventional
figurative character, it has not so far been possible
to di-iipher it.

PICTURE-WRITING IN EUROPE.

In igoi, however, the writer had made a more
interesting discovery in Seine-et-Oise — the discovery of
a written language dating back to the neolithic period.
While he was in se.irch of signs engra\ed on the
rocks, he came across a number of cuneiform lines,
arranged without any apparent order. \'et he was
soon convinced that he had to do with a variety of
petroglyph-. not traced by accident. He realised that
the line.i had been made by long and patient rubliing,
and that they had nothing in common with the fanciful
inscriptions which might be executed by shepherds
and others. He was not long in finding the instru-
ments whicii had been used, small fragments of sand-
stone showing; a bevelled polished surface caused by
the action of tracing the inscriptions in the rock.
Comparing these petroglvphs with others, he came to
the conilu^iim that they were the work of a people
or a tribe, and that the rnarks represented not symbols
but figurati\c writing.

A NEW THEORV.

A< to ihcir interpretation, possibly there existed
once an oral tradition in regard to them. Every
^ign. the writer felt sure, corresponded to some reality,
.1 living being or an object, and by examining other
recognisal)lc petroglyphs he hoped to find some clue
to the mr)ri- enigmatic inscriptions of Seine-et-Oise.
lie has examined and compared a number of dolmens
in Ireland, France, and elsewhere in Europe, the
inscriptions of which are analogous tf) those of Seine-
cl-0is2, and has come to the conclusion ib,'' O.i . unei-

form petroglyphs of Great Britain and Seine-et-Oise
constitute a transition between the paleolithic and
the neolithic ages. The evolution of written language
has been practically the same all over the globe, but
if we can conceixe that writing obeys the law of
evolution and that conventional signs result from the
transformation of pictures, wc must admit that
European pictography has given birth to our system
of writing.

A NOVEL OF PHILADELPHIA.

Mr. James .Milne, who recently visted America,
was fortunate enough to be able to spend a day with
Mr. Owen Wister at Philadelphia. In the Book Monthly
for August he records his impressions of the novelist.

Mr. Wister's family has been associated with Phila-
delphia almost since Philadelphia began, writes Mr.
Milne. His ne.xt story is to be about the Philadelphia
of to-daj- — its affairs, its administration, its people.
Not only does he know the citN' historically, but he has
done great service to its municipal reform movement.
He and his band of reformers determined that the
corrupt political gang in possession of the municipality
should be turned out at whatever cost it might involve.
/\fter many arduous years it was accomplished, and in
the book the story of how it was done will probablv
be told.

No man, no city, can go forward wiihjut self-reliance (says
Mr. Wister), but when self-reliance degenerates into an in-
growing self-complacence, then yoii cease to go forward, and go
backw.ard ; with closed eyes Philadelphia has been inveterately
reciting the glories of her past, while Western cities that have
no past have been attending to the present and the future. . . .

The case of the (Juaker city is the case of Columbia's whole
system of cities, .States and Nation. To democracy are we
committed. . . . Does the theory of democmcy exact more
from human nature than human nature has to give? Upon the
virtue of ourselves and our children it depends whether Colum-
bia has hitched licr wagon to a fixed or falling star. . . . Let
it be printed in italics that our political system of chopping
responsibility until it is hashed so fine that nothing is any one
person's whole business is the sure way to breed that inefficiency
of which wc have become a byword.

TuF, Report of the Fourth Congress of the Inter-
national Musical Society, which was held in London
last summer, has now been issued by Messrs. Novello.
under the editorship of Mr. Charles .Maclean, It con-
tains an exhaustive account of the proceedings, includ-
ing .Mr. Halfour's Presidential .Address, and a large
number of papers, in English, French, German, or
Italian, by the most eminent musicians of our day on
all sorts of subjects connected with music, tedinical ;ind
scientific, historical, etc, " There are valuable contri-
butions on the (olk-song of dilTerent nations, and
papers on Church .Music, .Mtisical Instruments, Musical
Mibliography, etc. 'i"he Congress is to be congratulated
on its remarkable success in a country which is com-
monly supposed to be unmusical. (With Index.

4-S pairs.)

34^

The

Review

OF Reviews.

MUSIC AND DRAMA.

THE OPERA QUESTION.
Wanted — A New Policy.
Wanted — a policy ! " With these words Mr.

Hermann Klein begins a short article in the Musical
Times for August on Mr. Hammerstein and the
London Opera House.

WHAT DOES THE PUBLIC WANT }

According to Mr. Klein, the trouble with Mr. Ham-
merstein is that^ while his intentions are excellent,
he does not know his own mind. His fighting instincts
are so strong that he cannot refrain from challenging
Covent Garden on its own ground. That is to say,
with or without the right artists or the right repertoire,
he persists in putting forward " grand opera " in
Italian or French at high prices, only to discover in
the second, as in the first season, that the public do
not want it. In June he thought he had had enough
of it ; on July 13 he decided to try again in November ;
and on July 22 he could not say whether he would
go on. The question of real interest is. Will
Mr. Hammerstein at last bow to the inevitable, and
realise that his only chance of genuine and lasting
success in the British metropolis is to give opera in
the language understanded of the people ? Seriously,
Mr. Klein considers opera in English not merely his
best, but his only chance. The experiment of " The
Children of Don " was not a true criterion of success.

Mr

THE RIGHT POLICY.

Klein then tells Mr. Hammerstein how to do it :-

The cause is not lo be won by a hurried produclion of exotic
compositions, interpreted without the smallest sense of ensemble
by artists unknown to each other, trained by foreigners un-
acquainted Willi the laws of English diction, and uttering a text
that could not be comprehended even if it could be heard.

If opera in English is to have a fair trial, it must be under
conditions that are fair in every sense. The works, whether
old or new, must be such as the public can listen to with
pleasure. Th_e same may be said of the singers' voices, and of
the lines they are called upon to deliver either vocally or in
spoken dialogue. The bad old translations must go by the
board and the new ones must be first-rate. The enunciation of
every word must be clear, refined, accurate, and free from
dialect or provincialism.

In sum, the English must be as good .as is tlie French at the
Opera Comiquc or the German at the Hofobcrn. With all this
there must be conducting and artistic direction in complete
sympathy with English-speaking artists and the English
language. A representative reptrioire and adequate time for
stage and scenic rehearsals will do the rest.

A Practical Scheme.

In the Forlnifihlly Revieiv for August Mr. E. A.
IJiu^dian iilso discusses the Opera Question, and in
the main bears out Mr. Klein in his views. No operatic
enterprise, except that of (,"o\ent Garden, has been
properly prepared or well managed, he writes. Though
Covent Garden has prat-ticully ;i subsidy in its sub-
scription list, great care has to be taken to give the
subscribers and the public what they want. No

scheme that comes into competition with Covent
Garden can hope to succeed. ,A popular opera house
must give its performances in the autumn, winter,
and early spring, that is from about mid-October to
soon after Easter. As far as possible the performances
should be in English, and the repertoire should be
framed to attract the special Wagner and Strauss
public as well as. those who like melodious light music.
Mr. Baughan believes there are rich men who would
come forward to help a practical scheme. He con-
siders Mr. Hammerstein's Opera House too big.

But the theatre itself is the least of the difficulties.
An operatic company would have to be trained almost
from the very first principles. Though there is
plenty of dramatic talent among our singers, it
requires the most drastic shaping. The artists would
have to learn clear enunciation. As an adjunct to a
Repertory Opera House a national school of opera
must be established. There should be three distinct
companies to run an opera house. All the translations
of operas would have to be revised or completely
re-written. After a year of preparation it might be
possible to make a start. The permanent opera
houses of the Continent are the result of years of
practical work. Here we have to begin almost at the
beginning. Unbending will and patient care could
overcome all difficulties, but so far that will and
that care have been absent, and this, rather than the
indifference of the public, is responsible for our failures.

THE SECRET OF MUSIC.

In an article on Music's Revelation, which the Rev.
F. W. Orde Ward has contributed to the .Vugust
number of the Westminster Review, the writer refers to
the dominant characteristic of music — namelv, its
elusiveness. He writes ; —

The secret of music resides in its otherness, the inrlircction,
the ineffable, the fugitive !*r.ace, the eternal, at once lixecl and
fleeting, which, ere we grasp it, is gone and yet remains— mystic,
wonderful. To be acquainted with ourselves, according to
Malcbranche, we must be acquainted with God. And so, to un-
derstaml music, we go outside and beyond it into the hcavenliesand
the everlastingnesses, where faith and sight, thought and feeling
and will, are all one in the divine verities and certitudes, Ihe
innermost centralitics of life. .Music has most inadequately been
called "thinking in sound.s," though it belongs rather to the
instincts and intuitions, and associates not unequally a sort
of fatality ^nd freedom. For, in the spaciousness of its autlientic
spontaneity, it lies above and beyond the very sounds by which
it manifests itself in a spiritual world of its own. When -.fe
seem to have discovered its home with a view to definition, we
have lost it, because it refuses to be defined and moves to a logic
not of the schools. . . We demand in vain the meaning of
music, when its essence is, the indefinable, the unspeakable, the
final mystery that perishes when we would subject it to our quali-
tative and quantitative analysis. The artist sees and feels ami
knows, and that he finds enough. We may, in considering
music as a science, talk of the beginning and the end, but in a
very real sense it cm have neither, because it comes from, and
runs out into the eternal and the infinite.

Leading Articles i.\ the Reviews.

347

picturp: galleries in picture.

In the Connoisseur for August there is an article by
Mr. .M. H. .Spielmann on John Scarlett Davis, a painter
of pictures of picture galleries.

Davis, who was born in 180.). studied at the Roval
Academy, and then worked in the Louvre. At the age
of eighteen he exhibited a landscape, his first picture,
at the Ro>al Academy. Others followed a few years
later. In 1830 he began his series of interiors — Interior
of a Library, Interior of the British Gallery, Interior of
the Painted Hall at Greenwich Hospital, Interior of
St. Peter's at Rome, Interior of the Gallery at Florence.
Interior of the Louvre. Interior of the Church of
St. Haron at Ghent, Interior of the Cathedral at
.\miens, and Interior of Rubens's Picture Gallery.

'I"he e.\hibition of 1829, at the British Gallery, which
Davis has celebrated in paint, included two portraits
by Van Dyck. which now hang in the Kaiser Friedrich
Museum at Berlin ; a portrait of a woman by Rem-
brandt, now in the National Gallerv ; " The Holy
Family," by Reynolds; "The Alarket Cart," by Gains-
borough ; and others. Of the five living figures in the
■' Interior of the British Gallery," the two in the fore-
ground have been identified as James Northcote,
contemplating Reynolds's portrait of himself, and
Benjamin West ; while the others represent John
Scandrett Harford and his wife, and probably their
daughter. There is also a piece of sculpture represented
— a bust of the President of the Institution, the
Marquess (afterwards Duke) of Sutherland, executed
by Chantrey. A picture, entitled " Interior of a Picture
Gallery," painted by Pieter C. Wonder, of Utrecht,
in 1829, and exhibited at the British Institution in
1831, is an entirely different work from that of Davis.
-Many of the exhibitions at the British Institution
must have been very interesting. In 1813 143 of
Reynolds's best works were exhibited ; in 1830 there
was an exhibition of works by Sir Thomas Lawrence,
and the proceeds, amounting to £3.000, were handed
to Lawrence's ten nieces ; and in 1842 the exhibition
was devoted to the works (130) of Sir David Wilkie.

MAMMOTH MOVING PICTURES.

The cinematograph is now a familiar novelty. I'he
Americans have developed it to a colossal size, and
for advertising purposes. In Chambers's Journal
Mr. D. .\. \\ illey describes the mammoth moving
pictures made by electricity. The biggest of these is
erected on an hotel : —

II rcprcsciil^ .n Koman chariol-race, ilone in white and

coloured linhls, m whidi the horses appear to l)e speedinj,-

iruiind an arena at a mad gallop. The main theme of the

lispl.iy is represented by the words placed at the very top of

lie •.ign— namely, "Leaders of the World." One of the

' hatiol'i, which appears in the immediate foreijround, is rcpre-

■ iiled as heiny well in the lead of the other two. The lior-cs,

while yallopini; at full speed, nevertheless seem to I.e holding;

their own without the frantic efforts shown by the other two

learns. The spectator is supposed to be moving around the

arena with the leading chariot, ami for this reason the st.i'lium,

the arena wall, and the arena roadway appear to be Iravellin;;

|'a»l the horses at hiyh speed.

The sign has been made the leader of the world
in point of size and number of electric bulbs. " It
rises to a height of seventy-two feet above the hotel
roof, and is ninety feet wide. Many seven-storv
structures are not more than seventy-two feet high.
There are over sixty tons of steel-work to support the
scene described." This moving picture is worked bvthe
turning off and on of the light on the-electric bulbs: —

The legs of the near horse are outlined in eight differe nt
positions, and these outlines are successively illuminated so
rapidly that the eye fails to detect the change, making the logs
appear to lie moving as if in running. The mane and tail are
provided with a series of lamps, which are successively lighted
in such a way as to produce luminous waves representing the
waving of the hair, liven the tassels on the harness of the
horses are made to move in this wav.

HOGARTH'S LITTLE COUNTRY-BOX.

The Architectural Revinv for July has a note on the
interesting oriel window of Hogarth's " Little Countrv-
Box at Chiswick." By the generosity of Colonel
Shipway, Hogarth's house at Chiswick has been handed
over to the .Aliddlesex County Council " in trust for the
benefit of the public," and it may be visited at certain
hours on payment of a small fee. A curious and unusual
feature in this old brick house is the oriel window .
entirely made of wood, and built on the projecting
joists of the first floor. Mr. Bernard R. Penderel-
Brodhurrit has measured it and drawn a plan of it.
which is reproduced in the Review. The window is suli-
divided into panes of beautiful shapes, and the brackets,
the cornice, the base-moulding have all been made
delightful to the eye. During the early part of the
nineteenth century the house was occupied for .some
time by the Rev. If. F. Gary, the translator of Dante.

SHAKESPEARE'S LONDON.
As It Was and As It Is.

The crowds that go to see Shakespeare's England
Exhibition at Earl's Court will be interested in reading;
Wilson Benington's sketch in Pall Mall of Shakespeare'.s
London as it is. The writer describes by pen and
camera the places notable in Southwark and the City
which are historically associated with Shakespeare.
They present a gruesome contrast between ancient
romance and modern reality. But the writer makes a
suggestion which may be quoted : —

The new bridge from St. I'aul's is to be built, and will cut
right across liankside, with a new ro.id opening through thai
network of mean alleys which are the uglier lor the beauty ol
their names. There liave been many schemes for a .Shake-
speare .Memorial, none of them universally approved. The new
briilge atlords an opportunity ; it might well be " Shakespeare's
Bridge." And if monumental sculpture may form a part of the
memorial, il might be .adorned with statue groups suggested by
the plays. It has often been a matter of wonder to me that our
sculptors do not seek their subjects in that splendid fieM.
What noldcr subject than oUi Lear and the <lead Cordelia 7 —
"Cordelia, Cordelia, slay a little"— or than Lear again braving
(he storm, with the Ko'ol crouching under his cloak? .A score
of subjects leap to the mind ; there is no neeil to name them ;
but .Shakespeare himself might be gloriously portrayeil as I'ros-
pero in his hour of triumph, .\tiel hovering at his shoulder,
(.'aliban grovelling at his feet.

548

The Review of Reviews.

POPULAR DRAMAS.

East and West.

Writing in the first August number of La Revue,
W. Maurice Pottecher draws attention to the famous
People's Theatre at Mezieres, in Switzerland.

A people's theatre in SWITZERLAND.

Known as the Theatre du Jorat, this theatre is
described as a model institution for the purpose it has
in \-iew — performances by the people for the people.
The founder is M. Rene Morax. The latest performance
was a piece written by M. Morax, entitled " La Nuit
des Quatre-Temps," with music by M. Gustave Doret.
A legend of Valais was the source of inspiration of the
author. It is described as a very sombre drama,
impregnated with the religious terror of an austere
Catholicism, such as that of Brittany, and it is put on
the stage before a Protestant public. The idea of sin
and damnation dominates the story. Such a piece, in
which the action is a good deal restrained, could not
dispense with music, which is needed, not only to
accompany the couplets and the dances, but to create
the fantastic atmosphere of the legend. The inter-
pretation was confined to actors drawn from the
people, and seconded by two or three professionals.
Two of the popular actresses in the recent play, accord-
ing to the writer, were equal to professionals. The
mounting of the piece, the decorations, the costumes,
and the general organisation were worthy of all praise.
The home of the theatre is a little village of five to six
hundred inhabitants, not far from Lausanne. Last
\ear Gliick's " Orpheus " was given with great success.
There are tweh-e to fifteen performances during the
vear. and it is stated they attract good audiences.
The Swiss President, with the members of the Federal
and Cantonal Councils, Members of the Diplomatic
Corps at Berne, the French Ambassador, and M.
Paderewski, the pianist, have all been present at one
or other of the performances. At Geneva a committee
has been formed to arrange representations of the
works of M. Mathias Morhardt, another Swiss writer,
on similar lines to those which have become world-
famous at Mezieres.

Drama for the People in Japan.

The mid-August number of I.a Revue contains a
translation into French of some scenes of a Japanese
popular drama, entitled " .'\sago." The translator,
AI. A. de Banzemont, in a note says that in Japan,
more than in any other country of the East or the
West, the drama has always been a school of morals.
To encourage the good and reprove evil has ever been
its aim. Undoubtedly, however, the intrigue is often
\ulgar, the dialogue lacking in refinement, and the
personages commit acts of ferocity repugnant to our
feelings ; but at the close virtue triumphs and vice is
punished. Baron Suyematsu, in his book on the
Hterature of Japan, emphasises this distinctive
( liaracter of Japanese drama, and assures us that it
has considerable influence on Japanese character. As

in Greek tragedy, the chorus or recitative plays an
important part in the Japanese pieces, interrupting the
action constantly to guide the attention of the spec-
tator, and to explain to some extent the mental
attitude and intentions of some of the personages.
The dialogue, which alternates with the recitative, is
spoken almost always by one voice, and is rhjthmical
in character.

HISTORICAL MONUMENTS-
WAXWORKS !

How many Londoners know the collection of wa.x-
works in Westminster Abbey ? There is an amusing
article on these royal effigies in the Lady's Realm, by
Mr. Navillus Baldorch, who has rediscovered these
antique oddities for himself, and is apparently dis-
tressed at the indifference of a generation which turns
its back on good Queen Bess and her patient com-
panions in dusty distress. Mr. Baldorch makes a
really entertaining guide : —

Dust ! Dust I Dust ! Look up to where the vast ceiling
seems a huge grey bird winging its way straight to eternity.
More dust ! Half unconsciously you are drawing in impressions
as though they were wine — wine with centuries of dust on its
bottle. Faded blue, tarnished gold, yellow weary with its own
opulence, tired red, parchment-like faces in ivory wax, fringe,
tassels, cracked pearls, .and the diUl glint of paste jewellery too
faded to flash rainbow lints in answer to the sun. Over every-
thing there's a giant spider spinning. The spider of dust.
Does the Duke of Buckinghamshire lie at rest caped in ermine,
crowned with crimson and gilt? The spider knows. It spins
across his embroidery, dulling what once was vivid, modifying
what once was bold. It touches his closed eyes and builds
little streets and jialaces between the cracked fingers of yellowing
wax. It even mars his date, 1736. Q.ieen Elizabeth, standing
opposite him, defies the dust like the br.ave woman she was.
.She glares as though she scented an Armada in every grain.
The purple and red of her stifi hooped gown isn't quite so sure.
It ilroops and quivers away in faded patches and shadows. Iler
pearls, her crown are conquered, the dust has forced them into
a grey convent. They have renounced their lustre and gleam,
their red lights and their blue. They have taken the veil
— of dust.

They manage these things better at Madame
Tussaud's.

"THE SOUL'S NEW REFUGE."

Of music Mr. Francis Grierson speaks in the OxIorJ
and Cambridge Review as the soul's new refuge : — " It
is the only art untrammelled by sects, opinioas,
parties, and geographical limits, with an adequate
expression for all the varying moods of humanity and
the most subtle intimations of a w'orld lying beyond
that of reason and will." He goes on to dare to say
that it was not what Rousseau taught that influenced
the w'orld.but the way he taught — not the matter, but
the manner. Others before him had said much the
sume things, but they were not endowed with the
harmonic mysteries of speech.

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

349

ROBERT AND C[-ARA SCHUMANN.

In the August number of the Bibliolheque Universelle
Anna D. d'Alshcim tells once more the love-story of
Robert Sehunuinn and Ckira Wieek. Her article is
based on two volumes of letters by Schumann, which
have recently been translated into French b\' Mathilda
1". Cremieux.

THE WILL TO DO.

At the age of eighteen Schumann adopted the plan
of keeping a copy of all his letters, and consecjuenllx-
the Berlin Library possesses a collection of 4,600 of
these copies. Also a;^ a young man he was always
busy planning out the future. " When a man reso-
lutely wills a thing, he can do anything." " A man
can do anything if he really wants. Let us be deter-
mined and we shall succeed." He never had time to
be bored. His various activities were marvellous.
Having seriously injured a finger, he was obliged to
abandon the idea of becoming a virtuoso, but he was
not crushed by the disaster.

A FATEFUL PRESENTIMENT.

The writer finds the letters selected by Madame
Cremieux both delightful and disconcerting, owing to
the comple.\ character of the personality of the artist.
To her Schumann appears a most incoherent and
heterogeneous compound. Undoubtedly he had a
presentiment of the cruel fate which awaited him.
In February, 1838, he wrote : —

In the nighl of Oclobsr ly-iSth, 1S33, there .siuiaenly came to
me the most fri^jhtful thoui;ht which a human creature can
conceive, the thought of the most terrible accident which
Heaven can iiiflicl — the fear of losing my reason ! This horrible
idea took possession of me with such vi"l.nrc ihu 1 repuls..! all
consolation.

Obsessed and tortured by such apprehension,
Schumann consulted a physician, who reassured him
and advised him to marry. He became engaged,
living in the same house as the Wiecks, but after a
few months the engagement was broken olT.

THE COURSE OF TRUE LOVE.

-Music was not taken up as a serious profession till
after he had spent some time at the University studying
law to please his mother. ]3ut he had been a pupil of
Friedrich Wieik, the father of Clara, and had made
rapid progress. He had always admired the talent
of Clara, who received her training from her father,
hut VVicck wished to keep his daughter. Having
given her the musical education which was the
admiration of all connoisseurs, he fought, not as a
father, but as an artist against her marriage with
Schumann, knowing full well that she would devote
herself to the music of the young composer. He could
not bear the idea of the glorification of his own personal
work being lost to profit the work of another.

KNO\yiNG NO FEAK.
When Clara was seventeen, however, shr lucaine
secretly engaged to Sc liumann. A short lime after

Schumann sent a letter to her father through Clara.
It was to be presented to him on her eighteenth
birthdav. To herself Schumann wrote : — " I have
said to myself a thousand times that what we wish
will be if we really want it, and if we act. \Vrite me
a simple ' Yes.' " Clara's reply ran :—

Vou ask me for a simple Vis ! How could a hean so lull of
an irrepressible love as mine not be able to pronounce so small a
word ? — so important, nevertheless !

I'"rom the depths of my soul, I do it, I say it. Your proj- ;
seems adventurous, but a loving heart should know no fear. 1
answer again, " Ves 1 " . . .

I, too, feel that " it will be." Nothin,; in the world will
make us go back, and 1 will show my father that a young heart
can give proof of firmness.

HAPPINESS AND TRAGEDY.

I'or no adecjuate reason Wieck persisted in his
opposition for two years, and finally Schumann had
recourse to the law. The marriage took place in
1840 ; Clara was then twenty and Schumann twenty-
nine. No marriage could have been happier. Clara's
talents were strengthened, and Schumann composed
the works which his wife interpreted. After about
three vears Schumann had a serious attack of nervous
prostration ; in 1849 the headaches reappeared, and
(inallv he died in 1856 at Endenich, near Bonn, in the
house of a doctor under whose care he was under-
going treatment for complete nervous prostration.
His wife survived him till 1896.

A GREAT CARILLONNEUR.

AT Mechlin, on July i, there was a veritable feast of
bell-music in celebration of the twenty-five years
service of losef Denyn as city carillonneur, says the
Musical Times for .\ugust.

In the afternoon a recital was given by the best
representative players of Belgium and Holland.
Another item in the day's proceedings was the presen-
tation to -M. Denyn of a new bell to be placed in the
famous carillon, with the dedication in Flemish :
" To the great carillonneur, Jef Denyn, by an admiring
public." In the evening M." Denyn, the greatest living
exponent of his instrument, g;ive a recital to an
audience numbering anything from 20,000 to 40,000
people, whom he held sixll-bound with his remarkable
performance. Finally, the King conferred upon him
" La Croix de Che\alier de I'Ordre de Leopold," and
the city of Mechlin presented him with a medal in
honour of the occasion.

On Itdv 22 M. Denyn paid a visit to F.ngland to
give a recital on a carillon at Loughborough, composed
of forty bells, recently completed by Messrs. Taylor,
tl e well-known bell-foimdcrs. and ])l.i( ed in a tower
specially erected for the purpose on their ow n premises.
It is described as the first carillon with clavier made
bv an F.nglish founder, and is probabh th.- m(l^l
uccuratelv tuned H«t of bells in existence.

ANDOM Readings from the Reviews.

A Dkvout Diplomatist.

Prince Reuss, the great Prussian diplomatist, who
was sent after Sadowa on a special mission to
Napoleon III., who, as German ambassador in
Vienna, concluded the Austro-German alliance, and
who knew the dijiloniulic history of Europe most inti-
mately from 1866 till his death in 1906, is the subject
of a sketch b\- Mr. Sidney Whitman in the Forlnighlly.
■f'he writer quotes this testimony from one who knew
him intimately : —

His political instinct, his tact, fiis delicacy of touch in the
management ofaftaiis were remarkaljle. For at certain critical
junctures the alternative of peace and war may be said to have
been balanced at the point of his pen.

It impressed me deeply to find him, at such a moment,
sitting in prayer in front of his writing materials. " May God
grant to me His grace to give coirect e.\pression to the right
thoughts, so that bloodshed may be avoided," and God heard his
prayer, so full of simple faith and trust. There was rarely his
like, so absolutely exempt was he from everyday vanity and the
[lettiness of things. He combined rare modesty with a certain
loftiness : the union of a chastened spirit with the wide range of
a superior mind, and with it there was a delightful buoyancy
and freshness about him. I fancy it was his love of art and
nature that gave this mellowness to his mind. It enabled him
to see so much of the beauty of things, so much of their deeper
import. This again may have had something to do with his
charming social qualities, his keen sense of humour, for he thus
perceived many things unseen by his cntouia\^e.

All the Difference 1

In a most amusing paper by a recent patient in
appendicitis, " the confession of a reformed scoffer,"
which appears in the American Magazine for September,
the writer says :—

" Appendicitis surgically treated might justly be compared to the
eradication of a wart ; and scolfers would be right in proclaim-
ing : ",'Vw, there's nothing to it." No, and there's nothing to
jumping off the Urooklyn bridge until you're in the water.

A surgeon proffered a statement for $1,000 to a parent— or
maybe a husband ; more likely a husband. And the husband
kicked, demanding an itemised account. This promptly came.

For operating J I

For knowing how gcjg

So in appendicitis the patient's account should read :

Operation Nothing doing

Getting over it Wow!

The whole paper is one of the most humorous con-
tributed to periodical literature lor some linie.

Cromwell at Drogmeda.

Fresh light 011 Cromwell at Droglieda is offered in
(he Nineteenth Century by Mr. J. B. Williams. Thomas
Carlyle had reversed the traditional judgment on
Croiriwell's action in that iiistoric siege. Gardiner's
greater authority had confirmed this change of opinion.
Mr. Williams brings evidence from contemporary
letters and newsbooks published without licence to
prove that the whole garrison had first of all had their
arms taken away from tliem before thev were

slaughtered, that the refugees in St. Peter's Church,
which included women and children, were all slain,
neither women nor children were spared. So " to kill
unarmed men, women, and children brands Cromwell
as a savage, outside the pale of decent human beings."
In trying to conceal the truth about Drogheda,
Cromwell was but doing what he had done before.
Mr. Williams quotes JBa.xter's remark of Cromwell : —
" He thought Secrecy a virtue and Dissimulation no
vice, and Simulation, that is, in, plain English, a Lie,
or Perfidiousness, to be a tolerable faulf in case of
necessity."

The Grievances of the Lower Deck.

" Ships versus Men in the Navy " is the title of a
paper in the English Review by Mr. Stephen Re\-nolds,
in which he deals very faithfully with the Admiralty
for their neglect of the legitimate wants of the lower
personnel of the Fleet. He tells a characteristic
story : —

The outcome on the lower deck has been a growing sense of
soreness, of grievance, of being "done down" ; a smouldering
discontent which might at any moment recently have burst into
a l)laze, and which has, in fact, thrown olf more sparks than the
public is aware of. A yarn that is bsing told of Mr. Churchill
hits ofl' very neatly the state of the lower deck and its feeling :
if not authentic, as I understand the episode to be, it is
exceedingly l/eti Irm'a/o.

The First Lord, to the great glee of the louver deck, has a
habit of going straight to the men, with a disregard of ceremonial
and official receptions very scandalous to the old school of
oflicer. Aboard one of the ships he fell in with a stoker, asked
him how long he had been in the Service, and was duly inl'ormcd.
Said Mr. Churchill, " D'you like your job?"

" I can't say I do, sir," replied the stoker.

" Well, what's wrong with it?" .asked Mr. Churchill.

"What's wrong with it?" repeated the stoker, looking very
frankly into his face. " Well, what's right with it ?"

And Mr. Churchill was nonplussed. For once he had no
an-iwer ready. 'I'he wrongs so far outweigh the rights.

The truth is that the Navy has brought itself into ill-udouv
among the people from vvhoin the picli of the lower deck is
recruited ; good men are going out of the Service as quickly as
they can ; recruiting is falling off, and would have fallen ofl" still
more did it not mostly operate among boys not old enough to
know their own minds. Therefore, at last, something is to be
done, very largely because, perforce, it has to be done.

Tuberculosis is well known to be increasing in the
Fleet. What else can be expected ? :—

Fleet-Surgeon 13eadnell stated at Berlin that whereas a healthy
person on shore is estimated to require Soo cubic feet of air, a
soldier in barracks is allowed 600 feel, a pauper 300 feet, and
a training-ship boy 290 feet, the allowance for a man in a,
modern Z>reaJnoii!;hi is sometimes no more than 86 feet. As a
young seaman in one of the Dreadnoughts expressed it to me :
" Vou can't turn in your hammock without disturbing the men
each side of you, and when they cough — and there's any amount
of coughing aboard ship — the spit comes right into your face.
The old ships were a king to these new ones."

The writer gives in full " the loyal appeal from the
lower deck," the naval Magna Charla for 1912, con-
sisting of foui [)ages of close print.

The Reviews Reviewed.

THE FORTNIGHTLY RE\TEVV\

The September number is an excellent one. Most
of its papers deal with current problems of politics.

WHAT TO DO WITH ALBANIA.

M. P. P. (!e Sokolovitch gives an extensive survey
.1 the history of the Albanians, leading up to the
present disturbances. He urges : —

The Turk> should Icarn to realise that ihe Achilles heel of
Empire in Kurope is to be found in Northern Albania. They
should with iniiexible determination create real order in these
parts and inspire the inhabitants with respect for the Consti-
tution and the l.iws. This once accomplished, it would not bo
diftlcult to win over the Albanians to the new CJovcrnmint,
which is as much to their advantage as to that of all the other
subjects of the Empire. When they have advanced in the path
of progress they will form an important factor in the future
confederation nf the Balkans without any renunciation of their
language, their religion, or their loyalty to the Ottoman Empire.
The peace of Kurope at this moment largely depends upon the
solution of the .\lbanian question.

FRANCE PERMANENTLY REPUBLICAN.

Mr. Sydney Brooks, writing on France and the
Republic, dissipates the idea that frequent changes of
.Ministry indicate instability in France. He says both
in France and the United States the people are superior
to the politicians. The real life-work of the two
countries proceeds uninterrupted by the fretful
clamour of politics : —

The staff is constantly being changed, but the programme
remains the same. To maintain peace abroad and order at
home ; to keep the Church in its proper place without per-
secution ; to secularise education ; to maintain the .'Vrmy and
the laws that insure respect for property ; to build up a powerful
Navy ; to fouml Colonies, and to protect French agriculture and

dustries ; ami, in foreign afl'airs, to encourage the clo.^est
I'-lations with Kus>ia — this has been the programme which the
. nunlry as a whole has w illed and which every Ministry has done
omcthing to carry out.

If the permanent officiaLs administer the country,
;t is the peasant who is its ultimate ruler. His thrift
and tran(|iiillity and devotion to the main chance are
the determining factors in the policy of the State.

FIVE STAGES OF COLONIAL LIFE.

Mr. J. A. R. Marriott describes the evolution of
Colonial self-government. He says : — " Those portions
"I the Colonial Empire which have now attained to
the highest point of political development have passed
through the fiillowing stages: — (i) Military Govern-
ment ; (2) ("rown Colony administration ; (3) repre-
intative go\ernmtnt ; (4) responsible government ;
(5) federation or tinion." The formal links which
bind the great I)onninions to the .Motherlaml arc, apart
from the (li-eper ties — first, the King ; secoml, the King
in Parliament ; third, the King in Council ; fourth,
the Executive control.

OUR WITHDRAWAL FROM THE SUGAR CONVENTION.

Mr. Edw.trd Salmon writes with purple indignation
against the policy of the Government. He reports

the opinion of the West Indies. Barbadoes anticipates
acute financial distress, British Guiana an arrested
development and commercial depression, Trinidad
joins in the chorus of dismay. Mr. Salmon also says
that since the Convention East Anglia has laid the
foundation of a beet industry with the prospect of
increasing employment.

OTHER ARTICLES.

Mr. Norman I'entwich discusses the Russian passport
question, and the difiuulties involved in greater free-
dom being given under treaties than the local law
admits. Jlr. Hilairc Belloc attempts to define the
classical spirit in art. Mr. E. B. Chancellor describes
the changes taking place in London, and grants that
though much has been lost in picturesqueness and the
outer semblance of historic tradition, much has been
gained in dignity of daily life and architectural achieve-
ment. Mr. E. H. Moorhouse gives a charming paper
on aspects of William Morris. Mrs. A. Barter recalls
the escapades of Casanova, whom she styles " a prince
of adxenture.'' Mr. A. Beaumont surveys the life and
work of the musician Massenet.

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

The SepteiTiber issue covers a wide range of interest,
no fewer than six out of the seventeen articles dealing
with India, China, and Japan.

" THE PASSING OF THE ENGLISH JEW."

Mr. L. Benjamin traces the steady advance of
.\nglicisation among the Jews of England, one of the
most active elements being the advance of Jewish
w'omen. He asks : —

Have we outlived our destiny? Is our isolation a me.ining-
less relic ? Is the ancient race to be .Vnglicised out of its
distinctive existence? These are the <iuestions which every
thoughtful Jew must ask himself. And the answer ? Who c.in
doubt that it is in the allirniative. The disintegration of the
Jewish community has begun at the top, though the innnigration
of the foreign Jews, not yet emancipated from the trammels of
the tribal laws, constantly recruits the orthodox section, .ind
doubtless, for a very long time to come, will continue to do so.
The end is not yet, but in this country at least it cannot be
indefinitely postponed.

PROGRESS IN CHINA.

Captain A. Corbetl-Smith olTers some aspects of
Chinese reform. He suggests that five-si.\ths of the
Chinese people have no concern with the revolution or
with reform of any kind. \'et in the ca;;tern provinces
there has been a breaking-up of old traditions and an
influential progress in thought and action such as man,
cither east or west, has never conceived. At present
5,400 miles of railway arc in course of operation, with
plans for an additional 14,000 miles. Thirty-two and a
lialf millions of foreign capital have been invested in
ihc-^e railwavs. In the sphere of education over 50,000
schools and a million and a halt students arc reporlcd.

352

The Review of Reviews.

The study of English is compulsory, and English is.
the official medium in all seientilic and technical
branches. Books of science and technology are most
in demand for translation. One of the most popular
books is Carlyle's " French Revolution," with vvorks
by Darwin, Rousseau, and Huxley close behind. The
writer urges on English visitors to China to show less
arrogance and more sympathy.

PLEA FOR THE .ANIMALS OK THE EMPIRE.

Animals in their relation to Empire is the subject of
a most laudable paper by Mrs. Charlton, who has gone
through the length and breadth of India with a view to
promoting measures for the prevention of cruelty to
animals. She reports the horrible practice of flaying
goats alive, in order to obtain longer measurements,
which being done within closed doors does not come
under the control of the law. She grants that the
Indian people as a whole are but little addicted to the
commission of brutal acts, but the poor beasts still need
protection. She recommends that there be a central
council established for the supervision and further
protection of the animals of the Empire.

OTHER ARTICLES.

Mr. J. G. Snead-Co.\ explains the dispute as to the
Papal decree Ne Teinere and the Canadian marriage
law, and urges that in Quebec province an exception
similar to what prevails in Germany should be made in
the Papal ordinance. Canon Moves pronounces Pere
Hyacinthe's marriage to be against the laws of the
Church, and so incapable of approval by the Church,
and quotes the Roman Archbishop who was said to have
blessed the marriage as witness against that statement.
Professor Lindsay puts the case for and against
Eugenics. Lieutenant-Colonel Pollock indicates a
number of reforms intended to attract more recruits
to the colours. Major Clive Morrison-Iiell, M.P.,
presses for redistribution and a General Election before
Home Rule. Sir H. T. Prinsep pleads for the adoption
of measures to make British judges in High Courts of
India more respected by the native Bar.

THE ITALIAN REVIEWS.

Scir-io SiGHELE contributes to the Nuova Antologia
an interesting appreciation of Francesco Crispi and
his Imperialism, pointing out that his ideas were in
advance of his time, and that the occupation of Tripoli,
ten years afterhis death, is the realisation of one of his
favourite schemes. In his own day Crispi's policy was
held to be disproportionate to Italian potentiality ;
to-day Italy has risen to his level and is carrying out
his ideas. E. Buonaiuti discusses sympathetically the
Irish Home Rule Bill, and marvels at the opposition
to it of English Catholic Conservatives. The Deputy
G. Sannarelli writes in a very pessimistic vein of the
prevalence of tuberculosis in the human race, and
quotes many melancholy facts concerning its ravages.
He notes especially the prevalence of phthisis in all
the big European armies, and the fatal susceptibility

to it of persons coming from an uninfected to an
infected district. Furthermore, it is civilised man who
carries the disease to the uncivilised. On the other
hand, the author states that the Jewish race continues
to show itself singularly immune from tubercular
disease, and he quotes the I'.nglish as a striking example
of what he calls " the inevitable biological process of
collective immunisation," to which, far more than to
hygienic progress, he attributes the fact that con-
sumption has now been reduced among us to quite
tolerable proportions. G. Posta describes the military
preparedness respectively of Germany and of France,
making a comparison very unfavourable to the latter,
and sums up in favour of the probability of a European
war in the not distant future, one reason given being
that the Itahan conquest of Tripoli has " brought
Europe back to a more correct appreciation of realities,"
and has shown what a proud nation can accomplish.

The magazines, indeed, all continue to express com-
plete equanimity as regards the progress of the war,
and especially as to the moral results of- the " raid "
into the Dardanelles. The increasing internal troubles
of Turkey are naturally regarded with satisfaction.
Of articles dealing specifically with the campaign the
most noteworthy is one in the Rasscgna Contewporanea,
describing, with the help of photographs, the town of
Bengasi, the capital of Cyrenaica, and the transforma-
tions it is undergoing at the hands of the Italians.
Water and electric light are being laid on, the Arabs
have been induced to work, and plans are on hand
for the construction of a large port, the most urgent
need of all.

Ca'nohium, written partly in Italian and partly in
French, continues to represent advanced religious and
non-Catholic thought on the Continent. A discussion
as to Bergson's conception of God by Marcel Hebert,
a destructive examination of the miracles recorded in
the Gospels, and a learned essay on t^e spiritual
evolution of religion, form the principal topics of the
current issue.

The Rivista Irilernazionale gives the history of the
recent efforts to establish an international federation
of Catholic Peace Societies. This now exists, thanks
mainlv to the initiative of M. Vanderpol, of Lyons, and
some five or six nations are afliliated. England being
represented by the Catholic Peace Association, of
which Cardinal Bourne is president. It is now contem-
plated to found an institute for the study of Christian
international law. the seat of which will be at Louvain.
In an article on " Alcoholism among Women," Dr.
Rinaudi gives appalling statistics concerning the
results of the drink habit, which he sums up in the
single phrase " destruction of family life." Although
intemperance is far less common in Italy than in
Northern countries — while the average annual con-
sumption per person in the United Kingdom is two
gallons of pure spirit, in Italy it is only half a litre —
yet the evil is on the increase, and the writer is anxious
to enlighten his countrymen as to the consequences
they will incur.

The Reviews Reviewed.

ODO

PSYCHIC AND OCCULT
MAGAZINES.

The TlicosophisI for August contains a lecture
delivered by C. Jinarajadiisa at Benares in 1911, on
" The Vision of the Spirit," in which he describes the
various stages of life evolution, from mineral to vege-
table, from vegetable to animal, and from animal to
man. This doctrine, he says, " shows Nature as not
wasteful and only seemingly cruel, for nothing is lost,
and every experience in every form that was destroyed
in the process of natural selection is treasured by the
life to-da\ .' . ..." In each human being is seen
this same principle of an imperishable evolving life."
He descrilifs the e.xperiences ot the soul as it passes
through the \arious " Visions," to come at last to the
" Vision ol the Spirit." " liuddhu, Krishna, and Christ
have shown us in their lives something of what that
vision is." . . . . " Now for the soul who has come to
the end of his climbing, each man is only ' the spirit
he workciJ in, not what he did, but what he became.' "
Interesting to read in connection with this lecture are
two articles in the Tlieosof>hnal Path for August—
■' The .\ntic|uity of Man," by T. Henry ; and "' The
Scattering of Races," by T.H. Both deal with the
question of Evolution. In the former, T. Henry says
that, according. to the recent admissions with regard to
the Galley Hill man, to whom Professor Keith assigns
an antiquity of at least 170,000 years, if the accepted
ideas of evolution are to be maintained, the agexif man
must be put immensely far back, as there is no evidence
that the man (jf that remote epoch was any more ele-
mentary than the man of to-day. Mrs. Besant writes
on ■' Investigations into the .Super-Physical." "'A
Russian " follows his last month's paper on " The
I'erception of Man and Animals " with one on " The
I'our-Dimensional World," and explains how it is pos-
sible to break through our illusory three-dimensional
world and penetrate into the world of four dimensions.
An article, written by an experienced Russian educa-
tionalist, and translated by Princess (lalitzine, describes
the condition of children and edu( ation in Russia. The
writer maintains that it is the lack of religious con-
sciou.sness in education that is responsible for the
great rise in the number of suicides amongst the children
of to-day. " The root of the diseases of our young
generalii>n lies in the alisence of seriously defined
problems ol spiritual culture. This explains the lack
of moral development in our children, as well as the
absence of equilibrium, because where there are no
restraining moral centres, all other centres are also
weakened."

The Thinsophical Path for August contains, besides
the two articles named above, an account of Leonardo
da Vinci and his works, by C. J. Ryan, who writes of
him, not only as a painter, but as a great philosopher
and scientist. Far ahead of his time, in one of his
manuscripts preserved at Milan there is a note express-
ing the opinion that ships could be driven by steam.
Leonardo studied the principles of aviation, and tried

many practical experiments with flying-machines.
Other articles are " Theosophy, the Key to Ancient
Symbolism," bv H. T, Edge ; " Some Practical Aspects
of ■ The Secret Doctrine,' " by " W. L. B." ; " The
Immensity of the Universe," by " T." ; " Fear and
the Warrior," by R. W. Machellj illustrated by photo
graphs of Mr. Machell's two paintings on the subject ;
■■ Your Instinct of Greatness," by Lydia Ross, M.D.
The writer finishes this interesting article by declaring
that, " If you allow the greatness of your nature to
act, it will show itself in your thought and feeling, in
your face, in your walk, in your work. Your life,
however hidden, will be a strong, silent challenge to the
greatness in every fellow-man to come forth and claim
its kin. The peace that men seek at any price will
freely follow you e\crywhere. Try it ! "

The International Theosophical Chronicle for August
contains, amongst se\eral interesting short papers,
one of special interest by a student, entitled " Some
Reflections on the Power of Thought." It is well worth
reading and remembering. The following quotation
gives the keynote to the paper : — " It may seem that
what we do, and not what we think, is the more
important, yet let us not forget that every action that
is performed is preceded by a thought,"

THE DUBLIN REVIEW.

The July number covers a great range of interest.
Oeside the papers separately noticed, the editor dis-
cusses Leo XIII, 's bull on Anglican orders. He grants
that among Anglicans the Roman movement is
checked, yet •' if the time ever comes when the
extreme High Church party finds its position in tin
Established Church so difficult that it is led to approai h
us with a strong wish for reunion, they are likely to be
met halfway by general good-will." Mr. Stephen
Harding discusses the three great strikes. He favour-
the cause of the railway men, but pronounces thi
miners' strike an unjustifiable and selfish " corner "
in labour, and condemns the London dock strike a--
irrational and wrong. He advocates legislation to
make agreements between employers and Trad(
Unions legal contracts, with damages as sanction.
Canon Barry marks the centenary of " Ideal Ward "
by candidly condemning the mistakes he made, whilr
eulogising his vision of the Church and method of
silencing the sceptic. Mrs. Bellamy Storer writes a
poem on the Titanic, in which she says that : —

The priests lliat prayed

The wife that slaycii,

And sinners lirave

Who liicil lo save.

Thy (Ic.kI shall arise,

Savcil by sacrifiic,
Throu(;h love of Uixl and of man.

.\. P. Graves contributes an intcrestini: sludv of (ho
preternatural in early Irish poetry, from which excer[)ts
aregi\en in Eni;lish translation. M. Leon de Lantsheere
exults in the recent Belgian elections as proot ol
popular support for Catholic policy.

554

The Review of Reviews.

THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW.

Several articles have been noticed elsewhere from
the September issue.

NEW USES FOR OLD C.\TIIEDRALS.

Canon Barnett thinks that our ancient cathedrals
nre specially designed to help in the spiritualising of
modern life. He advises that they might be used for
I ivic, county, and national functions, for intercession
it times of crises, and for services in connection with
conferences for scientific and trade and social reform
purposes. He would have the newly-elected civic
council gathered in the cathedral. The clergv attached
to the cathedral should gi\'e classes or lectures in
sociological, theological, and historical subjects, and
regular teaching should be given in the relation of
music to worship. The staff should also instruct visitors
.ind their guides in the living significance of the sacred
])ast. The last suggestion is a calendar of worthies, and
a lecture every month on one such worthy.

A GREAT FIND IN ASIA MINOR.

-Sir William Ramsay describes a disco\erv made by
his party last year — one of the greatest theocratic
rcntres in Asia Minor, the sanctuary of Men Askaenos
at .Antioch, the Phrygian city riear Pisidia : —

It li.is been commonly understood that the god of Antioch
h.id his seat in the city ; but Strabo says clearly that the
sanctuary was near, not in, .\ntioch. The actual position is on
1 sleep mountain-peak on the opposite (left) side of the river
Anlhios (which llows close under the city walls) about two
miles to the south of the city, and nearly 1,500 feet above the
stream. A great altar, 66 feet by 41 feet, was the holy place.
It stood on the summit of the mountain in a plot of ground,
230 feet by 137 feet, which w.as defined by high walls. The
west wall is best preserved, and stands nearly 10 feet high, but
must originally have been liigher ; its front was concealed in
great part by fallen blocks of stone. The face of this wall, and
all the buttresses which strengthen it, were covered with
dedications to the god, a sufficiently abundant proof that the
sanctuary was dedicated to Men .-\skaenos.

BACON AS IRISH REFORMER.

Mr. J. M. Robertson describes Bacon as politician,
" the typical English political thinker of that time,"
if practicality be the English characteristic. In 1602
Hacon submitted to his cousin Sir Robert Cecil con-
siderations touching the Queen's service in Ireland.
Bacon urged : — (i) The extinguishing of the relics of
the war ; (2) the reco\ery of the hearts of the people :
(,^) the remo\-ing of the root and occasions of new
troubles; (4) plantations and buildings. Mr. Robert-
son also applauds Bacon's suggestion on the union
between England and Scotland ; he outlined such a
union as might have averted the civil war and the
Highland rebellion of the next centurv.

OTHER ARTICLES.

Canon Rawnsley calls attention to Charles Dickens's
connection with the Lake District in his friendship
with Mr. Angus Fletcher, a native of the Lake District,
with whom Dickens travelled in Scotland and Italy.
Mr. A. J. Philip suggests a central reference library for
London, consisting of books purchased from its own
funds at the rate of ^^30,000 per annum, and the use of
I he present reference stock of all the libraries of

I,ondon, anything from a million upwards. The Rev.
.■\le.\ander Brown urges against certain eschatological
fancies of Schweitzer and others that the programme
of Jesus was simple, reasonable, and now almost ful-
filled. The " end of the age " was the close of the
Jewish dispensation. Mr. Herbert Burrows emphasises
an.d commends the Montessori method of spontaneous
education.

THE NATIONAL REVIEW.

The September number is not all pitched in the
shrill tone of its monthly chronicle. There is a quaint
and eerie paper by Weyland Keene, entitled " In
Search of Silence,'' descriptive of a pilgrim seeking,
amid the Alpine snows, freedom from the sound of
human voices, and returning with difficulty from the
spell of the eternal solitudes cured of his misanthropic
taste. There is also an outspoken paper on mother-
hood, quoted elsewhere, by a writer who purports to
speak in the name of the best women of Europe.

A minor novelist tells of his e.xperience with
publishers — " thirteen years' hard labour, fourteen
novels published, three novels unpublished, and £646,"
an average of about £40 per volume less the cost of
.typing and postage. Driving a ta.xi-cab, he says, is
less risky and more remunerative.

Mr. Maurice Low says that if ever times were favour-
able for radical success in the United States, now is
the titne. For the people were never so discontented,
though he finds it hard to explain this discontent. If
all the Bills before Congress reducing the tarifi were to
pass, it would only reduce the cost of living per head
yd. a week. He mentions that after a Presidential
election every chairman and treasurer immediately
burn their books, but .it is estimated that Mr.
McKinlev's first election cost eleven million dollars.

'I'wo papers deal with the relations of England and
Italv. both of which seem to be thus motived : England
and Italy need each other for mutual protection
against the overweening power of Germany. There-
fore it is well for us to say beautiful and complimentary
things about Italy in the present war. Thus, Earl Percy
applauds the policy, the patriotism, the efficiency, the
strategy, the valour, and the humanity of Italy, and
denounces English censure or coldness towards tho.se
Paladins of modern war. Gian Delia Quercia is equally
wroth with the critif ism that " disgraced " the British
Press. Italy is a nation worthy of lingland's respect.
Let luigland cultiwile Italy and not shrink from, in
turn, making lingland herself worthy of veneration. -

" Navalis," in the approved " new style," denounces
Mr. Winston Churchill as a " treacherous windbag,"
who has betrayed the Navy. '' We have not sullicient
ships, we have not sufficient men, we have not sulTicient
docks, we have no well-protected bases in the North
Sea." The writer imperiously demands a special
squadron of battleships laid down for the Mediter-
ranean,two ships this year, twoshipsnextyear, two ships
in each following vear till a total of eight is reached.

The Book of the Month.

THE KEYSTONE OF IMPERIAL FEDERATION/

Sliall wf not take counsel together, jjian together, work together, and .so build up for the future
.111 limpire which in the past has done so much for civilisation, and which has so much left to do? Does
any man her.- believe that the British Empire has fullilled its mission — the mission of its own genera-
tions unborn, if you go no further — its mission to the world, for which it still has great things in trust?
I'iiis work lan only !« carried on by the fullest coojx-ration, and 1>\ calling ultimately to the seats of
council the Ixist experience that the whole Empire grows lieiieath its wide sky and upon its broad lields.
— Hon. Geo. E. Foster.

the Empire. Viscount Esher has " never ceased
publicly and privately to advocate the representation
ol the Dominions ujwn the Committee."

ARMAMENTS A MOST ODIOUS NECESSITY.

i'lu- writer prefaces his remarks by stating " tiiat
no man who has regard for the individual or col-
lective hajipiness and pros})erity of his lellow-
countrymeii can look upon war otherwise than as the
greatest of all curses, and naval and military pre-
paration for war otherwise than as the most odious
of all necessities."

He goes on to say that : —

■' We are sometimes told that vast jjreparation for
war, expansive and burdeiusonie, crushing down the
full exj)aiisive commercial activities of a nation,
inflicting Iiardship upon every individual man or
woman and child comjxjsing a nation, is unneces-
sary, and is economically unsound, because the
economic results ot defe.it to the individual are not
.SO heavy as the economic weight of preparation.
'I'liis 1 honestly believe to be true, and, if men were
governed 1>\ economic c^>nsitlerations alone, would
furnish an unanswerable lea.son for abandoning pre-
parations for war. Men, and nations of men, how-
ever, are the slaves of passion and of unreason,
and the great drama of war often moves within a
sphere from which man's imagination excludes all
consiilerations of prudence. There is always the
odd chance in reserve, and there is always the haunt-
ing iK)ssibility of the ancestral hou.se and home in
ruins. (;i\en, then, that preparation for war is a
high jiremium which every nation governed by wis-
cl(jm and forethought is tKMiiid to pay for insurance
•igaiiist possibly tragic disaster, it surely follows
thai prep.iration, which is ijound to 1»- exix.'nsive in
any case, should lie as complete as it can be made
by all the ix>-ordinated forces that can he i-oncen-
trated at the critical moment upon the enemy.

now THE EMPIRE IS GOVERNED.

■ ( )ur coiintrv and our Emiiire ar<- not ruled in a
vacuum, but under conditions which some of us may
deplore, l)ut which in tlie main we are obliged to
accept. These conditions im|M).se upon statesmen,
upon eminent civil servants, ii|)on the lx)rds of the
.•\dmiralty, and upon the Cieiural StatT of the Army,
limitations which man> would Ix- glad tn tv free

In this little lx)ok Viscount Esher performs a
ii.itional duty .iiid enables us to have a clearer idea
of the Imjxrial Defence Committee. This lK.)dy,
although pos.sessing none of the prestige and glamour
of one of thi- old State de])artments, is actually
jierhajjs the gr«'atest of governing forces to-day.
Freed from liamjiering traditions and remarkably
elastic in its constitution, the Committee yet re|)ri-
sents a Cabinet Council with the advantages of
technical advice and without the drawbacks inevit-
ably attendant upon a meeting of Ministers alone,
the majority of whom are amateurs in their office
and (jiiite under the guiiJing influence of their per-
manent olVu'ials. To convince a Cabinet Council
.irgument must l>e repeated for each individual mem-
lier beforehand, with the glorious uncertaintv as to
the lasting tffect of the conxiction when the Minister
is amongst his <olleamies around the council table.
In the Committee of Tmix^rial Defence, however,
tliose who know can talk to tho.se who do not, but
are in power in the Coxernment en bloc, and .see
decisions t.iken without d<'lay. While possessing no
I'xecutive authority, anil having been founded with
no definile .iitributes, the Committee has already
lieconie all |)ow<-rful, and offers jwssibilities in the
future of becnming the centre-point of the whole
rm]x?rial structure. It therefore is of immense value
to the world to have Vi.scoiint Esher's clear expose
of how it has d<v<'loped and to read his views as to
the Commitl«-e's (uture. For Viscount E.sher is one
of tlw mo^t aetive memf>t;rs of the Committe<-.
bringing to its work not only an exceptional experi-
ence, but al.so imiiarting to its deliberations an atti-
lilde of nun <.friii il iiwU-|»'iid<'iic<' I<»avening the
frfficial wh'il'-

THE C(J.\1.\I1I lEl; A " NUCLEUS " BODY.

The Coniniilt<-<- of Inifierial Defence has the .id-
Nantage of being, as Lord Haldaite descrifx-d it in
1907, a " niK-Uiis " bodv without any " fixed com-
|)asition." It therefore lends it.self excellently for
develoiiment into a true ImiK-rial Council, in which
representatives of all parts of the Empire will mc-et
and discuss with continuity the continuing needs of

•"The Committop of Tmpprial Dofenoe: Its Funr-
tiong iind Vntontinlitiiw." By Vioooiint Eshor.
I Miirriiy. n<\. net.)

356

The Review of Reviews.

from, and which all would desire in some respects
lo modify. These limitations, however, are for the
l)resent so lirmly lixed about us that it would Ix-
I'oolish to ignore them, and hopeless to contend
against them.

"The limitations I refer to are these: — First,
that our s\stem of government is based upon the
reju-esentation of the people's will, and carries with
it, by tradition, the custom of explaining fully, and
in public, the reasons justifying expenditure of
money, and the necessity of obtaining thereto the
assent of Parliament. Second, that the great
Dominions over.sea are not, except so far as senti-
ment is concerned, integral jx^rtions of the British
Empire, but are in reality self-governing States, in
alliance with Great Britain.

" And likewise, if any strategic plan is formu-
lated by those whose duty it is to make preparation
for war involving united Imperial effort, the first
question they have to ask themselves is whether
such a plan is likely to commend itself to the self-
i:o\'erning Dominions.

" These are the conditions and limitations which
ha\e to be borne in mind, and from the trammels of
which we cannot at present escape.

WHAT IS, AND WHAT MIGHT BE.

" We shall, so far as we can see, for many years
to come ha\e to be content with a scheme of co-
ordination that leaves financial control in peace sub-
ject to Ministerial responsibility, as devised under
our Parliamentary system of government, and leaves
to the Dominions a degree of freedom from naval
and military control that is unquestionably incom-
patible with the higliest naval and military effioiency.

" Decentralisation rather than the converse,
spreading of responsibility, especially financial re-
Nponsibility, rather than its concentration, have in
modern times been the main characteristics of change
in oin- institutions. The result has been a gradual
increa.se in the numWr of public offices and public
bodies.

THE EVOLUTION OF A PRIME MINISTER.

" Another consideration, impossible to disregard,
is the evolution of the office of Prime M'inister.
He is now in a ]X)sition resembling rather what on
ihe (.'ontinent is called an Imperial Chancellor than
a First Lord of the '["reasury of the early Victorian
lyp'. J think it is obvious that every modern Prime
Minister must perceive that he, and he alone, is the
Minister wliose function it is to co-ordinate and to
prepare all the forces of the Empire in time of
|H;ace and to launch them at the enemy in timeof war.

" No one who has read the reports of what oc-
rin-red at the Imperial Conference, and has watched
the attitude of the Dominion Parliaments, can be
under any illusion alx)ut the nature of the ties be-
tween the mother country and the great self-govern-
ing communities that form part of the British Em-
pire.

THE TIES OF EMPIRE.

" These ties are in the main sentimental, and,
although quite recently there are indications that the
Dominions are not unwilling to take part in defend-
ing the Empire against attack, any attempt to for-
mulate strategic plans, ba.sed on common action,
would be premature, and might not impossibly prove
to be disastrous.

" There is no imnieiliate prospect of the British
Executive Go\ernment being able to impose its ideas
of naval or military strategy upon the Defence
Ministers of the Dominions, and still less of the
British Parliament l>eing able to control or e\en to
influence the action of the Dominion Parliaments.
For purposes of Imperial defence the Empire is not
a federation, but an alliance between greater ai;d
lesser .States upon terms not so clearly defined as
those which subsist between some of the States of
Europe.

" It is by no means a satisfactory state of things,
but there is no help for it, until the Dominions
reali.se more fully that their security from attack,
during the long period which is bound to elapse
before they attain to maturity in population and
wealth, is inextricabK bound up with the security
of Great Britain.

THE DOMINIONS IN WAR TIME.

' ' That any- of the Dominions would, in the event
of a great war, leave the mother country in the lurch
is highly improbable; but they are not prepared at
the present time to bind themseh'es to any specific
joint plan of action under circumstances over which
they have no control, in spite of the obvious Im-
perial difficulty and danger of leaving the principles
of common action to be determined at Ihe last
moment, on the e\'e of war.

" 'J'his is the second exam])le I desire to give of
the kind of difficulties which a statesman has to
face who is anxious to perfect a system of war-pre-
paration in a eountr\ like ours, governed under a
constitution which phices individual liberty, and its
full <'xpression, before all other considerations, anu
in an Empire like ours, of which the comjionent
parts are bound together by lii's of sontiment and
not by material guarantees.

MR. BALFOUR'S IMMAllVE.

" These matters only engage the attention of P.ir-
liamenl and of the country by fits and starts.

" Up to the year igo4, even statesmen shrawk
from applying their minds consistently to problems
of defence. A distinct change for the better then
cxxurred. Mr. Balfour's Administration mu.st al-
ways be memorable in the history of national defence
for two reforms pregnant of far-reaching results.
Mr. Balfour created a' General Staff for the Army,
.and ho gave body and substance to the Committee of
Imperial Defence.

THE GENESI.S OF THE COMMITTEE.

" What is the Committee of Imperial Defence?
It is often referred to. Sometimes with a kind of

The Book of the Month.

357

awe, sometipies with malice not untinged with con-
tempt. It had its origin many years ago in the
mind of Ixjrd Salisbury, when, in a well-remem-
bered phrasf, he suggested to his fellow-countrymen
that they should study large maps before discussing
questions of Ini[>erial strategy. Much later in life
he crystallisfd this notion and drew together repre-
sentatives of thi- .Admiralty and the War Office in a
small fommiii.i-. under the presidency of the late
Dnke of D.-MiMshire, for the purpo.se of studying
large ma])s and .strategical questions. There were
no regular n^vtings, and no records were kept of
its deliberations or decisions. Its exi.stence was
.shadott-y, but it ixjntained the germs of the present
• ommittee of Imperial Defence.

ITS DEVELOPMENT.

'■ After the War Office Reconstitution Committee
had finally rf|x)rted to Mr. Balfour, that Minister
immediately g.iw effect to one of its most vital re-
commendations, and a permanent secretariat was
instituted for the Committee of Imperial Defence.
1 1 was the first step in the evolution of that body.
-Mr. Balfour's object was to establish a permanent
advisory committee on defence questions, and, by
giving it a .sM,retariat, to ensure that its delibera-
tions and decisions should be carefully preserved,
and a continuity of jjr.ictice maintained. The theory
enunciated by .Mr. Balfour — and his theory coin-
cifled with liis jirnctice — was that the ("onimittcc
shonld i>nl\ nwt when summoned liv the Prime
Minist.T, ivho was its only [)ermanent niemlx^r. He
summoned the Committee when he chose, and he
summoned to it whomsoever be pleased. This theorv
is still in \ogue, and has l)een endor.sed on several
occasions by th<- jtresent Prime Minister. In point
of fact, Mr. Hal four him.self destroyed his own con
ception of the Committee when he appointed to
serve upon it two permanent members who were
habitually summoned to atlen<I its meetings.

THE INSTITUTION OF SUB-COMMITTEES.

• The late Prime Minister initiated a plan of ap-
IKfiniiiig .subcommittees to inquire into and refxirt
upon strategii- .md t«'clinical questions, with aiithoritv
to call witlle^^.•^ and to t.ike shorthand notes of e\ i
dence. Thi> ehailged al once the .status of the Coin
mittee, and widened immediately its .scofx; of opera-
tive labours. I'he di.scu.vsions of the full ("ommiiteo
were preluded by what may k- called .scientific
inquiry. Mr. Asqiiith went ' a stej) further. He
noted, after ;i very short experienn-, ih.at in jire-
paration for war every Department o( .Siale w.is
' oiie<'riied.

He proeeded, lhercf<ire, to .summon the heads
. representatives of many of the public depart
ments to attend the.sc sub committees, and more re
cently he established a .Standing .Sub-Committee. U,
l)e presided over alternately by the I'irst Lord ol
the Admiralty and the .Secretary of State for War,
and composrd of rcpn ■icntatives of the Admiraliv

and War Office, the Foreign Office, the Board of
Trade, the Customs, and. indeed, all the great de-
partments, for the i)urpose of co-ordinating in war
the naval, military, and civil forces of the State.
This Standing Sub-Committee was instructed to
constantly review- and revise its own recommenda-
tions.

THE SCOPE OF THE WORK DONE.

" I am permitted, in order to give you some idea
of the subjects with which this Committee deals
beyond the scope of the more obvious naval and
military problems, to mention that its inquiries have
ranged over such matters as .lerial navigation, the
strategical asi)ects of the Forth and Clyde Canal,
oversea transport of reinforcements in time of war,-
the treatment of aliens in time of war. press cen.sor-
ship in war, postal censorship in war, trading with
the enemy, wireless stations throughout the Empire,
local transportation and distribution of food sup-
plies in time of war, etc., etc.

•| This is my final jxiint. 1 mean that the co-
ordination of the material forces of the country for
war is not the sole concern of the Admiralty and
the War Office, but includes in its active sphere
almost every branch of civil administration : and,
■further, that the conditions under which all the
forces of the Empire can \^e coordinated are con-
stantly changing.

It follows that, whether for i)urix)ses of war-
prej)aration in time of jx'ace, or whether for the
piirjwse of taking those initial steps in war which
decide its theatre and objectives, the sujjreme co-
ordinating authority can only hie the Prime Minister
and his Cabinet, who are resjionsible to Parlia-
ment."

Viscount Esher concludes hds survey of the
de\elo|)ment of the Committee with the following
aspiration: — "That we may live to see the great
Dominions .sending annually their rejiresentatives in
sit ujxin the Committee of Imperi.d Defence, and
that thus a long step may be taken towards that
federation of the l-lmjiire which has Ix-en the ilre.ini
of patriots here and oversea."

CALLING THE DOMINIONS TO OUR rOUNCILS.

Those who i<-ad Viscount Rsher's Ixwik, and thev
siioiild include e\'ery thinking man and woman who
has the interest of this country at heart, will lurn
with •.•spe<-ial interest to those pages which deal with
the admission of the Dominions to a share in the
work of the Committee. I'or this is constructive
work, the framework ii|K)n which the ftiluie of th<-
Empire will ix^ Iniilt. It is interesting here to recall
that Mr. De.ikin suggested to the iin|><-rial Confer-
ence of 1907 that ihi- rights of the Dominions in
reganl to the Committee should be extended. The
upshot was the following n-solution, known as No.
J of IQ07 : —

" Thai the Coloiii.--i Ih; authoriseil to lefer to
the r'ommitte*- <.f Imjierial Di'feiice, through the

35«

The Review of Reviews.

Secretary of State, for advice on any local ques-
tions in regard to which expert assistance is
deemed desirable.

" That whenever so desired, a representative of

the Colony which may wish for advice should In-

summoned to attend a.s a member of the Com-

■ mittee during the discussion of the questions

raised."

" A long step was taken in this direction," writes
Viscount Esher, "when, in 191 1, the Pri'ue
Ministers of the Dominions were invited to attend a
sitting of the Committee, and were addressed by the
Prime Minister, the Foreign Secretary, the First
I.ord of the Admiralty, and the Secretary of State
for War.

CHOOSING FOREIGN ALLIANCES OR FEDERATION.

" The rise of a great sea power in competition
with the British Navy — that force upon which,
hitherto, the security of Great Britain and of tin-
Britisli Empire has rested — has rendered imperati\e
the consideration of Imperial Defence as a problem
which cannot be solved by Great Britain alone.
Statesmanship has ibefore it the choice between
foreign alliances and a practical federation of the
'Empire for purjwses of common defence. The
matter is urgent, and a decision cannot he post-
poned.

" National safety and national ilignity indicate
the right path. Mutual help between the component
parts of the Empire demands mutual confidence and
a common resjionsibility for Foreign Affairs.

FUNCTIONS AND POTENTIALITIES.

" If the functions and potentialities of the Com-
mittee of Imperial Defence are clearly grasped the
liroblem is not insoluble.

" Two conditions are essential — first, that there
should l>e no concealment of policv or intentions
between the Prime Minister of this country and the
Prime Ministers of the Dominions.

" The sei"ond, that no new departure, in for<^ign
policy, involving Imperial interests, should lie taken
without the approval of the Dominions.

" In order to achieve the.se results some modifica-
tion of practice in the government of this country
and of the Dominions would l:>e necessary. Som<'
concessions would ha\'e to be made ; some sacrilici^
of the old-fashioned pride on the one hand, and
some abandonment of exaggerated independence on
the other.

" British Ministers should realise that they can-
not be free and untrammelled in future to choose a
foreign policv which may land the Empire in war,
and exj)ect material help from Canada ; while Cana-
dians should understand that, if thev desire to fl\

the Union Jack, they must face the fact that Great
Britain is a European Power, . and be ready to
shoulili-r a share of the European burden.

DOMINION PRIME MINISTERS AS REPRESENTATIVES.

" .Although the shrinkage of the world increases
rajiidlv, I do not believe that time and distance
would, at present, [lermit of constant and adequate
representation of the Dominions upon the Committee
of Im))erial Defence, if by that is meant the attend-
ance of Dominion representatives at every important
meeting of the Committee. The only adequate re-
presentative of a great Dominion is its Prime
Minister.

" For this reason I suggest, as the first step,
comjilete confidence and free communication between
the British and Canadian Prime Ministers upon all
first-class questions of Foreign Policy. .Annual
visits, or biennial \-isits, to London m July, to be
followed bv a series of meetings of the Committee
of Imperial Defence, in order to ventilate and deal
with technical questions, would be an admirable
de\'elopment and sufficient for our present needs.
It would test the strength of our Impei-kd bonds.

THE COLONIAL OFFICE AN ANACHRONISM.

" The dav cannot now be far distant when the
affairs of the Colonial Ol'fice should be relieved ol
the affairs of the Dominions.

" The Colonial Office, in that sphere, is an ana-
chronism. Every consideration points to the Bureau
of the Prime Minister, to the Secretariat of the Com-
mittee of Imperial Defence, as the suitable
machiiierv for keeping Great Britain and the
Dominions in touch, and as a means of establish-
ing more intimate, more confidential, and more
binding relations between the mother country and
the Dominions, which verv shorth' will .surpass her
in ])opulati<iii and wealth as tln-v do alread\ in area
and extent. "

FEDERATION BV MENACE.

Viscount F.sher concludes his survey of construc-
tive Imjierial jiolicy thus : — '" In order to federate
more or less independent groups of men of the same
race and speech, some menace is required to their
pride and independence.

•' First, iIk' ('hauvinism of the Napoleonic tradi-
tion ; and, secondly, the French spirit of Reranche,
f<'deraterl and have kejit together the German Em-
pire,

" Bismarck, far seeing, of esprit fiosiiif. found
in .Alsace-Lorraine the instrument he required to
hold together the South and North German jieoples.

" His successors ha\<> provided us with a weajxjn
equally ])0lent for our ]iurf)Oses. No British states
man could ha\'e federated the British Empire.
That object is going to be accompli.shed by tli'.'
menace ni the German Fleet."

The Review of Reviews.

350

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,^/)o The Review of Reviews.

THE COLONIAL BANK OF AUSTRALASIA LTD.

THE THIRTY-NTNTH EEPORT OF THE DlftEOTORS
01

THK COLONIAh BANK OP AUSTRAIjASIA LIMITED.
I'.i III- I'reafiitfii In ilic Shareholdera at the Thirty-ninth Ordinary General Meeting, to lie helil ;it llie Bank, 126

Elizalieth-street, ;it noon, on Tuesday. 29th October, 1912.

RKiPORT.

The Directors beg to submit to llie shareholders their Thirtv-niuth Reijort. with a B^ilance Sheet and Statement
<if Prolit and Loss for the Half Year ended 30th September, 1912, duly audited.

.\fter providing for Exuenses of Management, Interest Accrued on Deposits. Rebate on Bills Current. Tax on Note
Cinulation. and making provision for Bad aii^l Doubtful Debts, the net profit amounted to £28.932 3 1

Hnniiiht forward from 3l8t March. 1912

\Vlii<-h the Directors propose to apportion as follows, viz. : —
Dividend at the rate of 7 pt-r cent, per annum on preference sharen
Divideiul at the rate of 7 p:'r cent. i)er annum on ordinary shares

To reserve fund (making it .£190.000)

To officers' provident fund

Balance c.;trried forward

3.709 U 5

£32,641 1-) 6

£10.641 10 9

4.733 5 6

10.000 0 0

. 1,000 i) 0

6.266 18 3

£32.641 14 6
The Dividend will be payable at tlie Head Office on and after the 30th October, and at the Branches, on receipt
of advioe.

The Thirty-ninth Ordinary General Meeting of Shareliolders will be held at the Head Office Of the Company.
126 Elizabeth-street. Melbourne, on Tuesday, the 29th day of October. 1912. at noon.

By Order of the Board.

SBliBY PAXTON.
Melbourne. 15th October, 1912- General Manager.

BAI.ANCK SHKET OI'' THE OOI.ONIAl, BANK OP AUSTRALASIA LIMITED.

Por the Half Year Ending 3Uth September, 1912.

(INCLUDING LONDON OPPICB TO .3l8t AUGUST. 1912)

Dr.
To Capital Paid Up. viz. : —
31.184 Preference Shares, paid
in cash to JB9 15/- per

share £304.044 0 0

77.278 Ordinary Shares paid
in cash to £1 15/- per
share 135,236 10 0

£439,280 10 0
190.000 0 0
22,641 14 6

Reserve Fund .
Profit and Loss

Notes ill Circulation

Bills in Circulation

Balances due to other banlis

Gf)vernment Deposits —
Not hearing interest, £131.-
458 12/3; bearing interest.

£375.201 5/8 £506,659 17 U

Other DejKisils — Rebate and
Interest accrued —
Not bearing interest,

£1,310,661 10/10; bearing
interest. .tl.976.991 4/3 .3.287,652 15 1

£65i,922 4

23,696 0

353.106 11

33,629 10 11

Or.
By Coin. Bullion, Australiau
Notes and Cash at
Bankers, £800,629 14/2 .. . £800.629 14 2

British Consols, £70,668 15/2.
at £74 per cent.. £52.294
17/7; Victorian Government
S.ock and Dehenturee.
Metropolitan Board of
Works :ind municipal de-
bentures, ,E146,741 14/- .

Bills and Remittances
transitu and in l/Oudon

N^otes and Bills of other
banks

Balances due from other
banks

Stamps

-£1,422,259 0 6

Heal Si;tte. consisting of—

Bank premises 199,191 18 10

Other real estate .. . 8.811 10 0

Hills discounted and other advances ex-
clusive of provision for had ov doubtful

199,036 11

7

395,871 3

6

2,238 U

0

. 23.218 1
1,265 ID

1
2
f

-3,794,312 13 0
£4,856,666 19 11

Contingent Liabilities, us per

contra £181,945 10

debts

Liabilities of Custoiners and
others in respect of con-
tingent liiihilities, as per
contra £181,945 10

3,226,404 10 7

£4,856.666 19 U

PEOPIT AND LOSS AOOOUNT.

To current expenses (including salaries, rents,
re|>air8. stationery, note tax. etc.) .. .,
Transfer to Reserve Eund
Halan^-e

£40.050 9 4
10,000 0 0
22,641 14 6

£72.692 3 10

By Balance brought forward . .

Gross profits for the half year, after
allowing for interest accrued on de-
posits, rebate on bills current, and mak-
ing provision for bad and doubtful debts

£3.709 11 5

68.982 12 5
,£72.692 3 10

RESERVE FUND ACCiiUNr.

To Balniiec

(.190.000 0 0

£190,000 0 0

"By Balance brought forward
Transfer from Profit and Lnss

.»; 180,000 0 0
10,000 0 0

£190.000 0 0

NOTE. The cuslomary Auditors' Report and the Direo tors' Statement, to comply with the "Companies Act."
appear on the official report.

361

Sept.,

Sept.,

lyii.

1912.

£

£

439,280

439,280

170,0(K)

I9(),o;,o

39,799

23,690

;),789,623

3,794,313

1.334,030

l,422,2.-)()

3,145,502

3,226,404

11, a>)

8,311

•>03,9;}8

199,11,2

25,625

28,932

INSURANCE NOTES.

.V piTUsal ot tlip balance-ghci-l of the Colonial Uaiik
ul Australasia Ltd.. for the half year eiuled 30tli St'p-
tfiiilier last, wliich app. ars in these columns, shows
that the contiuufj prosperity of the hank remains
uninterrupted. The net profits for the half year were
£28.932, compan-d with £25,625 for the same term in
1911. and £2l..'ii;) for 1910. The .sum of £10.000 has
l)een added to the reserve luud, making tlial fund now
i;190,<'(K). and LlU(K) transferred to the OIKciis' Pro-
vident Fund, and a dividend at tlie rale of 7 per ci-nt.
per nununi is iiaid on both preference and ordinary
shares. Tln^ principal items of the balance-sheet com-
pared with th<> same term of the two previous years
:i ri' as follows : —

Stpt.,

1910.

£

Capilal 439,280

lU-sorve fund . 15^,000

Notes 117,3.52

l)epo.sit.s 3,493,095

Li.piid assets ... 1,302.433
.\dvances, vU-. ... 2,928,323

Iteal estate 20,1.5-')

Bank premise.s... 20;i,164

Net protite 24,.509

The sol id 'strength of tho bank's position is seen when
it is noticed that the liquid assets consisting of- coin,
liuUion. debentiirew. etc., amounting to £1,422,250, are
over 97 per cent, of the note issue, and iion-interest-
bearing depo.sits.

As was anticipated, the Bill before the Victorian
Legislative As.sembly, based upon the petition to I'ar-
liamt-nt (K>n<crnin;; the Colonial Mutual Life Assur-
ance .Scicii'ty I. 111., referred to in these notes la.sl
mouth, was not given effect to. Great opposition was
^ho»n to th<' Bill, which roliectod tho feeling in busi-
ness circles ;i<'ni'rally. Tho No. 1 Bill, to amend tin'
fwjciety's .Memorandum and Articles of Association, as
reipn-sttnl by tiic Soeii'ty, was passwl with an ainenil-
nient to provide for au inspi-etion of the Society'.^
ailairi*, as providi-d for in tho Companies Act. The
matter waa thus dealt with in a manner satisfactory
to the poliey-holdiTS.

I he annual report of tho tjtate Savings Bank of
\ Mloria shows that a further suhsUntial increase has
taken place in tlio magnitude of its transactions. Th''
gross amount of funds in tho Siiviug Banks Depart-
ment and I hi advances dopartment, togothcr i.s
£22.(j(i9,043, and. after allowing for bonds of ono
di'partniont lelcl l>y tho other, thi' not amount is
£21,297,293, ol wbicb about Hi millions has been lent
in various forms to tho Victorian Government, 4 mil-
lions is repriv.. iited by morti^ages. 3; inillion.s i.s on
fixed deiMjBit «ilh the banks, and nearly U millions
is invested in Board of Worka, City of Melbourne, and
similar .securities. The increa.se in di-posits during
the year (including interest crerlited), lia<< been
£2,;Mi,()l2, whicJi is conHidcrably tho largest in the
history of the institution.

THE

COLONIAL MUTUAL

INSURANCE

FIRE

COMPANY

LIMITED.

INSURANCE

FIRE

ACCIDENT-
EMPLOYER'S LIABILITY-
FIDELITY GUARANTEE ■
PLATE-GLASS BREAKAGE
MARINE -
BURGLARY
LIVE STOCK

OFFICES :

MELBOURNE— 60 Market Street.
SYDNEY— 74 Pitt Street.
ADELAIDE— 71 King William Street.
BRISBANE— Creek Street.
PERTH— Barrack Street.
FIOBART— Collins Street.
LONDON— 77 Cornhill, E.G.

WALTER TUCKER,

Oeneral Alanager.

THE EQUITY TRLSTEES. EXECUTORS, AND
AGENCY COMPANY LIMITED.

REStRVE Lt\BILIIY. i.lOII.UUI); OUARANIEE FUND. XHI.UOO.

HO.VHDOK niliKCTOKS Kilward FMiniiiiu. Ksq.. Cliairnnu:
W. H. Irvine. K«(|.. KC. M.l>.: DniiaUl Maikiiuion.
y.m, . M.I,.A.; K. <i. MCutilieoii. Ksii.. M.I. A.; Stewart
MiArtlnir. Ksq.. K.O.

Registered Office: No. 85 Queen Street, Melbourne.

'fiOH (Vtiiipjiiy M enipowerctl Iiy HinM'i;il A. t ol I'.i rli:uiient
t'l purfonn all vl.isHt'S of tfiiBtiH- Iii^kIhchh.

.KH;i. FOX. MauHBH

0. '1' MAIvTI.N'. Assialaiil .ViaiiaBCr.

WE FIT TRUSSES

FOR RUPTURE

SILK ELASTIC STOCKINGS, CRUTCHES. BELTS,
' SHOUIOEII BRACES. ENEMAS. BATTERIES,,
>- BEST. OU*LITY> "' MODERATE PRICES.

DENVER BROTHERS

CORNER SWANSTON A LONSDALE STS.
■^ . MELBOURNE. Vie >

'y/

"^11

362

The Review of Reviews.

BOOKS

FOR THE

BAIRNS

This Handsome Present

is one that will be acceptable to either very
young or older children.

The Books are cloth bound, pleasing in
appearance, and put together strongly.

THEY ARE FULL OF

NURSERY RHYMES,

FAIRY TALES,

FABLES,

STORIES OF TRAVEL,

Etc., Etc.

Everyone who buys the Books is delighted

with them. Numbers of people

repeat orders for friends.

,i"31ateme;i'

You Could not Buy a Better

BIRTHDAY GIFT

FOE 70UII CHIL5.

Only J/(y

CONTENTS:

VOL. T.— ^sop's Fables.

VOL II. — Baron Muncliausen and Sinbad the
Sailor.

VOL. TIF. — -Tho Adventures of "Reynard the
Fox and The Adventures of Old Brer Rab-
bit.

VOL. IV.— Twice One are Two.

VOL. V. — Pilgrim's Progress.

VOL. VL — -Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Tales.
VOL. VII.— Tbe Christmas Stocking and Han«

Andersen's Fairy Storiea.
VOL. yill.— Gulliver's Travels. 1.— Among tbe

Little People of Lilliput. 2. — Among the

Giants.
VOL. IX.— The Uglv Duckling, Eves and No

Eyes, and The Three Giants.

Write, enclosing Ys. 6d. {or from New Zealand, 8s. 6dv)

The Manager

"THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS."

rtMPtRANCE & GENERAL LIEE ASSIRANCE BlILDING, Swanstoa St., Melb.,

AND IT WILL BE SENT TO YOU. POST FREE.
All New Zealand Orders should be sent to the "Vanguard" Office, 100 Willis Street, Wcllinf((on.

/Iprii'ir »/ ttcvirwa, Hull--

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Did you ever hear of a machine that could save brain-labour ? A machine
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Its Tbougbts-

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The special light model is called the Hrunsvigiila. It weighs 7 li)s. , is the size
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There are _'ii,0(iii Hrunsvigas in use in the world. This is what uiie firm says
of it :—

"The Brunsviga Calculator Machine did in exactly v'- minutes, absolutely
correctly, certain pro-ratiiig which our f;istest accountant could only accomplish
in .V5 minutes of solid work."

Vacuum Oil Cornpany, Ltd.

If you like wc will ■-'■'"I ' '">" with a machine to your olTice to work test
calculations for you.

W. H. Colt

4 Albert Square, A^apcbester.

LopcJor) : 75b Queep Victoria Street, E.C

Glasgow : I 1 Royal Exchange Square.

A\essrs. Sarjtls & /*\cDou?all, /^elbourrje, Agepts for Westerp Australia.

Ft ■utBiI advaDUic when you write to an tdTcrtlHr, picuc atentloii the Review ol RcTicwi,

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I'ririleil aiiil imbliubc'l liy John Osboruc. 508 Albcrt-sl.. K. Melbourne; Sole Whole aiilo
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