L>NOV., 1913.

6

d

lieiiew of Reviews, l/npS.

A " nib

noto

The pen to possess.

in every style.

" iVhaHva< your stylt oj handwriting, you xcUi find
thai ! can ittfply you with the very nib that rwi/i f«v
best Aik for "u fersi^ruiUv at tht shop to-day

Don't put up with the old-fashioned
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get an Onoto.

Don't keep on using a pen that
leaks — get an Ono^o

The Onoto fills useK with ink easily and
quickly from any ink supply. It is the
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(f you buy the wrong kind of pen to-day
you will probably wish for an Onoto
to-morrow — so be sure to get an Onoto.

GUARANTEE.— The Onoto is British
made. It is designed to last a lifetime; but,
if It should ever go wrong, the makers will
immediately put il right, free of cost

Price 12/6 ana upwards ol ail Stationers, lowelleri. an! Stores. Booklet about the Onoto P«p
(ice on application to Tbos. De l^ Rue 4 Co., Ltd 206 BunbiU Row London E C

^•k for ONOTO INE— Best <or aU Pens.

The

ROYAL

Standard

nPEWRITER

Supplied under Contract to the N.S.W. Government Stores.
Supplied under Contract to the N.S.W, Government Railways,

MODEL. PRICE

5 Foolscap £21

6 Brief - £23
8 Policy - £28

Including Tabulator, Back Spaces,
and Bichrome Ribbon.

Many of the largest and
most exacting concerns in
Australia have adopted the
ROYAL. They could afford
any Typewriter ; they use
the ROYAL because they have
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The Royal represents the late^ development in Typewriter manufacture.
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Write for Rojral Ltiteratvnre—

WACEY and PINCOMBE,

Australasian Agents,

Afe7bo«rne Represenfatit e- 46 HuntCr Street, SYDNEY

B. L. HOUSTON, 44 William Street.

yori'tnher 1, VJl.i.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Cyclone Gates & Fences

The

H 'W > '

Gate (Fig. _'(U).

"Z" is the last letter in the alphabet, and the "Z"' Gate is the "last word" in stroi g
gate construction — 10 to 16 feet wide. Note the strutting of the four corners, it is indeed a
strong gate. In our Catalogue are shown many other styles of Gates. Get it; it is posted free.

((

All Cyclone Gates and Fences are GOOD."

Fig. 39. Style " F " with wood posts and rail and gate.

One of our Ornamental Fences also illustrated with other fences, ornamental and for the
farm. Every reader of this Magazine should have a copy of our Catalogue.

Cut out this Coupon and post TO-DAY.

Cyclone Fty. Ltd., 459 Swanston St.,

Melbourne

Please ^send me copy of your Cj'clone Catalogue, post fix-e.

Name

Address

u . o . R

C vclon e F*tv. L td. ,

459 SWANSTON ST., MELBOURNE.

Thank you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when writing- to advertisers.

11.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Novemher 1, 1913.

Why the Human
System Needs
Exercise.

Because it is natural stimulant for
replacing the waste tissue of the human
system.

Every effort you make causes the
destruction of a greater or less quantity of
tissue in proportion to the exertion in-
volved.

This process is going on every minute of
the day, and unless you exercise judiciously
the accumulation of waste tissue, will de-
bilitate your system.
Of course, you may not notice the difference. It is so gradual. But
it certainly exists It is ever increasing, and always undermining your
energy — your health,

By performing a few simple, yet scientific, exercises, such as those
comprising the BAKER COURSE OF HEALTH EXERCISES, you
immediately expel the destroyed or worn-out tissue, and construct new
tissue to take its place.

These Health Exercises are very beneficial They are very thorough.
They ensure a copious, virile blood circulation. And a strong blood circu-
lation means nourishing and strengthening all the thews, sinews, nerve
cells, etc., of your body.

The benefits to be gained are illustrated by results others are securing.
Here are a few typical letters of many hundreds in my possession : —

" I feel splendid— never lelt better in all my life. Thanking you for the good your
course has done me."' —C.W.E., Maryland (N.S.W.)

"I have now had your fourth section of Physical Culture. The exercises are doing me
the world of good, and I am looking forward to the next section."

— H.B., MiLLlCENT (S.A.).

" I am now thanking you for what you have done for me. Your exercises have built me
into a man. I have better health and strength than ever I had. I have tried Sandow's grip
dumb-bells, but the Baker Exercises are the best. I have put on nearlv a stone in weight."

^F.W.G., Gatton (Q.).

" I think it is the best investment I have ever made, as I feel a lot better since I started
your lessons three weeks ago." — PLV.T. , Ingham (Q.).

Why not get full particulars about my instruction. Write for my pro-
fusely illustrated 48-page booklet, which gives full particulars, cost of
tuition, etc. I'll be glad to post it to you. Send three penny stamps to
cover postage.

REG. L. ("SNOWY") BAKER,

291 BeEtnont Buildings,
Castlereagh Street, SYoNEY.

Thank yo\) for mentioning the Review of Reviews when writing to a.avertisers

Novemher 1, 1915.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

111.

/

&

Mental

Mental efficiency is superior to, and governs pliysical strength
and brute force In social life, in the mart, in the oftice, in the
class room, in the World s work everywhere, throughout the
wide world, it commands respect, enforces admiration — and
succeeds.

The Pelman System of Mind and Memory Training developes the memory,
increases the power of concentration, strengthens the will, gives clarity of
thought and self-possession in ditlicult situations, cultivates organising and
directive capacitj' — in brief, it gives all-round mental efficiency.

No matter what your calling or where you live, you can derive ful
benefit from the Pelman Course of Training. Our Method of Posta
Tuition is full and comijlete.

^^^Bgfl^mm

m.

The Pelman System of Mind and Memory Training,
which is offered to the Public of Australia and New
Zealand, is the same in every particular as that
through which

H R H THE PRINCE OF WALES

Is now working, and which has the commendation of
hundreds of Australians and New Zealanders — your
neighbours. The opinions of some of these are
given in our book "Mind and Memory Training."

TAUGHT BY POST.

The Pelman System is taught by post in 12
interesting lessons. It takes from eight to ten
weeks to complete the course. Benefits begin
with the first lebson, and the interest and at-
tention are maintained throughout.

W ite now to the Secretary for Book, " Mind
and Mem.ory Training," which is posted free.

Cut

this

out and Post To day

To the Secretary
AND MEi.ORY
ket Street, Melh

Please send your
ory Training."

Name

PET.MAN SCHOOL OF
23 Oioucester House,
ourne.

free book, " Mind and

MIND

Mar-

Mem-

.Addrcs.-

-

Thank you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when writing- to advertisers

IV.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

.\orciiihcr 1, V.nS.

A XMAS PRESENT
THAT EDUCATES
AND PLEASES.

s

Home
Cinematograph

Everything Necessary, excepting only the Screen, for a Successful Picture Show in your
Drawing-room, is in the Machine as the girl is holding it,

Pathe's Home Cinematograph.

Makes its own light. Fig. i6 is a small magneto. .A.s the handle that
projects the picture is turned, sufficient light is produced in the magneto
to throw a moving picture of startling distinctness on the screen. Any-
one m any place, town or country, can have Moving Pictures in the Hr»me
without the use of gas, electric lieht, or oil. No outside light i«
necessary. You cannot get this advantage in any other cinematograph.

I he Films will not burn.

Pathc Films are non-inflammable. There is absolutely no danger. In

Victoria the Fire Underwriters' Association charge no extra premium

if a Pathe Home Cinematograph is in the home. You cannot get this

advantage in any other cinematoyraph.

Large choice of Films in Pathe's Circulating Library not obtainable

for any other cinematograph.

AGENTS :

VICTORIA : Home Cinematograph & Agency Pty. Ltd., 48
Queen-st.. Melbourne. NEW SOUTH WALES : C. W. Eraser
& Co., 139 York-st.. Sydney. QUEENSLAND : Birch & CarroH,
Edward-st., Brisbane. WEST AUSTRALIA : Optical & Photo.
Supplies Co., 672 Hay-st., Perth. SOUTH AUSTRALIA :
Hayward & Hayward, 16 Bower Buildings, Charles-st., Ade-
laide. TASMANIA: S. Spurling & Son, 93 Brisbane-st.,
Unncesfon. NEW ZEALAND: Harringtons (N.Z.) Ltd.,
42 Willis-st., Wellington. G. R. Foreman & Co., Napier.
F. C. Wade & Co., Greymouth. Wilkins & Field Hardware
Co. Ltd., Nelson. The New Zealand Farmers' Co-operative
Association, Canterbury. Patterson & Barr Ltd., Dunedin
(for Otagol. Arts & Crafts Depot, Masterton. Andrew
Ltd., Wanganui.

PATHE FRERES (of Paris),
251a Pitt Street, Sydney, N.S.W.

CUT THIS OUT AND SEND TO-DAY
to the Agent in your State.

Please send me particulars of rathe'?
Home Cinematograph.

X;inie

.AiUlrcsH

3.?

I'hank you ror mentioning the Review ot Reviews wiieii writing to advertisers.

Novemljer 1, 101 i

REVIEW OE REVIEWS.

V.

How to do Business

by Letter, Advertising & Personal

Salesmanship.

A Practical and Scientific Method of Handling
Customers by IVIodern Salesmanship.

Slierwin C'odv's new
Iniernational Coursi' on
" How to Do l)usincss by
l.fttei", Ach LM-li>int^, and
I'ersonal Salesiiiansliip,"
is twenty lialt'-Iiours of
straii^lit talk iniu your
mind antl lican on 1 low
to Use Words so as to
Make People Do 'i'hinL;s.
I low to Deal with I lunian
Nature so as to det Ke-
sulis, how to plan and
carry out ,i Iml; success-
ful ca.npai_^"n, how to tmai
naiiiby - painhy, hasty
d lily letters into masterly
business bringers, how to
manage an otnce on a
scientific |)lan, how to
make an oiiiice assistant
\\orth ten times as nuu h
to himself and his em-
jjloyer, and any man or

SHErRWIN CODY,
ness Scientist

tlie Noted Busi
of Chicago.

woman, gni
greater force foi

or l)oy, in an\ business, a
sales and progi'ess.

Sherwin Cody's new International Course,
greatly enlarged and perfected, goes right
to the heart of the subject of getting busi-
ness by sales, letters, and acberiising. with-
out a moment wasted, showing you at a
glance, in a most intensely practical way.
just what you need to know. A i artload of
instruction is not sent to y(ju at one time
tor you to aljsorb as b}' magic, biU you are
supplied with e.isy lessons for study in a
sane wav half an hour a week. \'ou'll

digest e\er\' particle of
the information, learn it
in the best wa)-, and use
it next day.

It is a clear, com])lete
Course of Instruction in
Modern Selling Methods,
1)\- which the business
manager can make hi.-
firm's letters ring with
trade-getting strength and
con\ iction ; the salesman
make his selling effort^
keen, terse, and doubh
successful : the young
man ehwelop himself into
a power with his em-
]jlo>'ers ; the young woman
an.vious to succeed, make
herself of greater value in
her work, and enal)le
exeryliody undertaking
the Course to write letters,
pre]jare advertising, and

sell goods witli sciinitirtc certainty m
style and character that commands.

the

Write To-Day for Free Booklet,

giving full particulars and instances of how
others have succeeded : how a boy's letters
brought ^8o,ooo worth of business in one
year : how one man more than doubled his
business witliout increasing his expenditure ;
how young people have taken this Course
and quickly risen to high-salaried positions.
Send at once, and see vuhat Sherwin
Cody can do for you. Address your letter to

SHERWIN CODY of CHICAGO, 73 Challis House, Sydney, N.S.W.

Thank yoii for tueutioiiing the Review of Reviews wlieu writing to advertiser*

VI.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

November 1, 1913.

TO-DAY

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MILK FOOD No. I.

From birth to 3 months.

. MILK FOOD No. 2.

From 3 to 6 months.

MALTED FOOD No. 3.

From 6 months upwardc.

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pS flesh and bone and promote robust health and vigour. No digestive disturbance need be
Jc2 feai-ed from thcusc of these pure milk and malted foods.

m
m
m
m
m

The

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iiJBr' PAMPHLET ON INFANT FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT FREE. ^

^ ALLEN & HANBURYS Ltd.. London, England, and MARKET STREET, SYDNEY. j^

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Provide for the ioiig evenings, give
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free delivery 10 nearest railway station Id Doited Klagdom.
and 7 days free trial-

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See that slot

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and

Good Looks

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ORIENTAL

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in The Perfecr
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6^- a. 1/-

If you would like a' trial tin

send 2 penny stamps to

JEWSBURY & BROWN

OoDartment T
Ardwick Green, MANCHESTER

Ctvom Inmtant Rollmf.

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CURE FOR Sa ASTHMA

T

Satisfaction is the
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tour in a TaJbot Cor aod note Us lileQce. its ipeed on
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could have.

The First Car in the World to
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Catalogue on Request

CLEMENT TALBOT, LTD.

Automobile Manufacturer* and Engineers.

Barlby Road, Ladbroke Grove, LONDON, W.

TaeboT

I

Thaxik you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when writing to adveriiecrs

November 1, 1913

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Vll.

IWAH

\SS\

The perfect temper
of tfie gold nih. the
smooth lasiing
iridium pomt which
imparts a velvet
touch, and the
"ladder" feed that
ensures an even
flow of ink always
— these features
have popularised
the "Swan." Why
not buy a " Swan"
and secure jm-
mumty from all
writing troubles ?

Prices

from

10 6

A point for every
hand.

We mamtbm in
perfect order.

Every " Swan "
IS guaranteed.

All Stationers sell
" Swans."

tAl^rio Calalo^uc
/ice on rLQucil

Mabic, Todd & Co.

78 4 80 High Holborn

London W C.

And Br.Anth<^»

Thank you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when wriUng to adverdsers.

\111.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Sovemhcr 1, l":!"

Profitable
Farm Power

The "Victoria" BRITISH
MADE Kerosene Engine

Stands the Quality test. It is suitable alike
for light or heavy duty. The simplicity
featured throughout reduces wear and tear.
It also ensures smooth operation A solid
and powerful engine. Cost of running is un-
surpassed by any engine which has come
under our notice. It averages less than id.
per B.H.P. p;r hour. Sizes 3', si, 6-^ 7i, gi,
lli, Ma.ximum B.H.P. Horizontal or Port-
able types. Each engine is accompanied
by makers' certificate of test.

Send to-day for Free 4-page Folder.

i?^, BANKS

&SON

Limited

391-9 Bourke St., Melb.

Do not tamper with your delicate "
digestive organs by seeking relief in drugs.
Drugs are merely palliatives and do not remove
the cause of indigestion.

Bragg s Charcoal absorbs the impurities set up
in the process of digestion and passes them
out of the system. Unlike drugs it is never
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will not need to be continuously increased.

SolJ by all Chemists and Stores. Powder, 21-
and Ah per bollle ; Biscuits. 1/- 2/- and 4/-
pe' tin ; Capsules, 21- per box ; Lotengtt,
\l\\ per box.

SEND THIS
COUPON

(enclose 3d. postag
address for Samples
6ve different forms
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TTT

" The Finest Review in the English Language."— ^'J'o/i/ lienmtt.

The One Indispensable Periodical for Colonial Readers.

WHY?

Be ca 1- •

IT IS ALIVE!

"Even the most prejudiced oljserxer of the progress of periodical literature must admit
tliat ' The Hiiglish Review " is the most distinctive achievement of its kind in recent years.
The English Re\iew' heiraii in 1908, and I need not apologise to other periodicals if I say
that not one has to its credit .so disciiiguislied a list of contributors; the very names of
tliese contributors alone is auflicient argument in favour of the higli position ' The English
Ke\ie\v' takes among modern periodicals. But that is not all; were "The English Review'
(leiiendent only upon eminent names it would receive small praise from me. The feeding
of any imbiication with tlie work of merely eminent' writers is the easiest form of editing,
a species of maiidariiiisni, but ci>ntemptil)le and futile, because it sets a limit to new literary
expression. Far from being such blind worshippers of the mandarin in literature, the editors
of • The English Review ' have always been ready to print the best work of tlie rising
generation. 'The English Review ' is undojbtedly the most vital and the most modern of better type periodicals.

"It is ali^e I.ecause its editor is co'irageoui, ei.uugh to give resi)onsil)le writers the
freedom of honest e.xiiression, and for that reason alone, in this age of shoddy thouglit and
imitation morality. ' The English Review ' not only deserves, but, I trust, gets the support
of alllovers of what is clean and vigorous in modern thought. 'The English Review' is
the expression of this newer and saner view of life; it represents the higiiest interests of
both literature and freedom— that publication has committed no enormity of frankness, it
has just had the courage to print the sort of things that are being discussed in every
literary society, in every group of intelligent people, not only in England, but throughou't
the whole of the civilised world "—HuUirool; Jackson.

si'ECrAj. ai^Fnii to khai^uks of tub "review of reviews^'

Specimen Copy and Interesting Prospectus mailed free upon receipt of Mail Card, provided the " Review of Reviews " is mentioned

ONE SHILLINC NET MONTHLY.

Annual Subscript ionjost^ free to all parts of the World, I 2s. 6<J.

"THE ENGLISH REVIEW," 17-21 Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, London, England.

Thank you for mentioning the Eeview of Reviews when writing to advertisers.

Sovemher I, I'JiS.

REV/EW OF REVIEWS.

IX

r%/*HamTya

Pioneer
Wood Pipe.

The most effi =

cient pressure

pipe for every

duty.

It costs less than
inetal pipe — has
greater carrying
capacity — is more
durable.

The Australian
Wood Pipe Co. Ltd.

57 York St., Sydney (Hd.
Of.); Wks., Balmain,
N.S.W.; Footscray, V,;
Pt. Adelaide, S.A.; W.A.
Agt., G.P. Harris, Scarfe
& Co. Ltd., Perth ; N.Z.,
Jno. Chambers & Son,
Ltd.

^.^'"kV

. "I.S:^l

^"sr

m

r

if......

3C30C

There is refinement and
good taste in Hall's Distemper
decoration — and more.

The liability of wallpaper to fade and
discolour in patches, its abihty to absorb
dust and dampness, and the monotony of its
patterns, are all overcome in

Halls Distemper

This decoration m>)kes rooms appear airy
and spacious, shows furniture and pictures
to advantage, and gives a pure atmosphere.

Besides being- the most lasting- and beautiful
of wall coverings, it is a powerful dismfectant
and germ destroyer. It is recommended by
health authorities, and used in all homes where
good taste prevails.

!-■ t ussenil you our Booklet. " ilow 10 ni-X'uRATF.
VriUK lUJ.Mi;." It tells ail .ibout H,il|- . ;M-.icij,pe. .iiid .ill
about home ilecor.ition It helpi in the clioicc and st leLtimi
01 cotoufs. and we send with it samphs of the :o beautitul
sha<le, in vrliicli H.\ils Distemper is made. \Viit<' 10 (lay—

SISSONS BROTHERS & CO. LTD, HULL.
London Office— 199" Borough Hiijli Street, S.E
Hverpool— 65, Mount Pleasant. Glasgow— 113, Bati St. Reading- G. Gun St
3U

^^

X.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Novemher 1, 1913.

THe Boy Says :
*LOOI\!
**I Built It Myself
with MECCANO."

He has had the happiest
time in his Hfe building his
models from shining steel, and
the work, too, has set his
young mind thinking and con-
triving, and his fingers have
become quite skilful.

WHAT ABOUT YOUR BOY ?

He can do the same, and build these and hundreds of other
models with MECCANO.

GET HI3VE A SET.

Think of the many pleasant and profitable hours he will spend
with it.

HE "WILL BE DELiaHTED, and so will you.

MECCANO.

MECCANO is an outfit of pieces of bright steel accurately cut, fitted, and
perforated, with all the necessary brackets, eyes, wheel strips, springs, rods,
collars, nuts, bolts, clips, and tools, and with it you can make hundreds of
models of Cranes, Towers, Bridges, Railways, Roundabouts, and iVIachinery of
all kinds. It is simple, but correct; you need no skill, but start right away.

Obtainable from MELVILLE & MVLLEN Pty. Ltd., 262 & 264 Collins St., Melbourne.

PRICES FOR ALL.

MECCANO Royal makes 14 Working Models — 5

No. I
No. 2

No. 3

No. 4
No. 5
No. 6

17
25
34
63
71
81

5 -

Postage,

Victoria,

1/-

76

,,

,,

li-

15/.

f f

,,

1/6

226

»»

*>

2/.

37;6

>>

,,

2/3

77;6

£7 10s.

MECCANO— The Brightest, Jolliest, Best Hobby for Boys.

USE THIS ORDER FORM.

To MELVILLE & MULLEN Pty. Ltd.,

262 & 264 Collins St.. Melbourne.

.1913.

Please send me Meccano No

Signature.
Address .
: enclosed.

Thank you for mentioning the Review erf Reviews when writing to advertiaera.

liovemher 1, 1913.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

XI.

xlUO for Ten Smiles!

Have You Any to Sell at the Price?

£500 for Being: Happy.

£100 for Ten Happy Little Kodak
Snapshots.

116 Prizes for the happiest Men,
Women and Children.

28 Prizes reserved for Beginners
who have never taken Photo-
g^raphs before.

The most delightful Competition ever an-
nounced. All you have to do is to be happy
— happy in your own way — and prove your
happiness with ten jolly little Kodak pictures.

The KODAK HAPPY MOMENT COM-
PETITION is not a photographic competi-
tion— it is a Happiness Competition. The
ii6 Prizes, amounting in all to ;^5oo, will be
given for the Happiest Moments — not for the
)est photographs. Technical and artistic
excellence will not count.

Get a copy of the " Happv Moment "
Booklet to-dav from any Kodak dealer, and
set out at once to win ^loo.

KODAK (Australasia) LIMITED

Incorporating Baker & Rouse Prop. Ltd.,

" Tlie Block," 284 Collins Street, Melbourne;
379 George Street, Sydney; 37 Rundle Street,
Adelaide; 78-80 Queen Street, Brisbane; Ruth-
ven Street, Toowoomba ; Flinders Street, Towns-
ville; East Street, Rockhampton; 346 Argent
Street, Broken Hill; 3 Lome Street, Auckland
and 6 Mercer Street, Wellington, N.Z.

I'haiik you for mentioning the Review of Reviews when writing to adverti

sers.

xn.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Xovcmher 1, 1913.

New Gearless Windmills

Alston's 1912 Patent.

The simplest Windmill Motion ever invented.

Fitted w^ith Ball Bearings throughout and an

Adjustable Regulator.

Only Three Working Parts. All moving parts are enclosed

in a Dust Proof Case and run in Oil Bath.

It has no Cogs. No Rocker Arms. No Pitmans.

No Connecting Rods. No Chain Drive.

No Crank Pins or Keys. lo fact it is

The Simplest and Strongest Mill in the World. '~

Over
30,000
"Alston"
Mills in use
throughout
Australia.

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Xove lithe r I, 1913

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

XI 11.

THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS

FOR AUSTRALASIA.

EDITED BY HENRY STEAD.

CONTENTS FOR NOVEMBER, 1913.

Lloyd George

The Progress of the World —

Page
Frontispiece

Page

The Progress of the World (Contiiiued)^ —

A Coming Bevolntion .. .. 849

What the Proposals Are 849

Homo Rule 850

Ulster to Revolt 850

Tho Balkan Situation 850

Albania and Servia 851

European Affairs 851

Tho Cost of Armaments 852

Aerial Defence 854

Tho Mexican Upheaval 854

The Chinese Republic 854

South Africa 855

Tragedy in the Atlantic 855

Other Disasters 856

Wedding Sea to Sea 856

Tammany and Sulzer 856

Australia's Fleet 857

Sydney's Welcome 857

Can She Get In? 857

Tho Federal Parliament 857

Double Dissolution ■. 858

Tho Griffiths-Wade Controversy 858

Tho New Zealand Strike 858

State Governors 859

Tho Difficulty of Selection 859

Abolish the Pi^sition Entirely-
A Home for the Aged .

The "Herald" on Defence

My Father : W. T. Stead.

Stead

860
860

861

VI. By Henry

862
869

870

Theatre and Concert Platform ...
The Defence Act II.

Topics of the Month —

XVIIT— Shall Australia Participate in tlie

Panama Exhibition? 875

Australian Artists ... ... ... .. 87S

(Continued on next page.)

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XIV.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

yovemher i. 1913.

CONTENTS. — Continued from page xiii.

Page

Yuan Shih-Kai, Master of China. P.y Carl (row 879

Leading Articles in the Reviews^

Captain Scott's Story 885

Imperial Matters 887

In the Far East 888

Dickens' Characters 891

The Divine Weed . . 891

The Women's Movement in Germany . . . . 892

Paragraphs About People 893

Page
913

The Foreign Reviews

The Romance of the Tartar Wyclif

Where do the Indians Come From?

Missionising in Alaska

Hay Fever a Form of Anaphylaxia
Human Health

History of the Month in Caricature
Notable Anniversaries of the Month

896
898
899

901

903
904

905

911

Educational Progress

Notable Books of the Month—

The Myths of Mexico and Peru 915

War Against Wa'- 916

The Human Slaughter House 919

In the Central City Swarm 919

Books in Brief 923

Financial and Business Quarter —

The Colonial Bank of Australasia Ltd. . 928
The Trustees, Executors' and Agency Co.

Ltd 931

A Visit to Some South African Battlefields By

Miss W. Wrench 932

939

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November 1. 1913.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

XV.

THE
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Rh:V/E\V OF REVIEWS.

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848

I'evicu- of Reviews, 1/11/13.

Pho1o.]

A HOME PORTRAIT OF MR. LLOYD GEORGE.

[/•;. a. Mills.

Be view of Revieiis, 1 ill 1 13.

849

The Rev

EDITED BY

EVIEWS

HENRY STEAD.

NOVEMBER, 1913.

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

A Coming Revolution.

Far the most drastic reform the
Liberal Government has proposed at
home is the scheme with regard to land
tenure outlined by Mr. Lloyd George.
Beside this revolutionary measure
national insurance, old age pensions,
Home Rule, and Welsh disestablishment
sink into comparative insignificance.
The Chancellor stated that his pro-
gramme is not unauthorised, and that he
spoke on behalf of Mr. Asquith and the
whole Cabinet. This means that the
most powerful political party in Eng-
land is definicely committed to a policy
of land tenure reform which will in time
entirely alter the face of Britain. This
will now be the chief plank of the
Liberal Party. By it Mr. Asquith and
his colleagues will stand or fall. In-
directly, but none the less surely, Mr.
George's proposals will affect Australia.
The steady exodus to Canada and the
Commonwealth is beginning to alarm
economists and thinking people at home.
This scheme, the Chancellor frankly
says, is devised to stop the country
being bled in this way. What is con-
sidered a justifiable emigration has been
largely exceeded of late years ; this
exodus will be reduced to its right pro-
portions as soon as the land reform sug-

gestions become law. W'e ought to be
bestirring ourselves to find other sources
of supply. The Panama exhibition
could help us, and there are still plenty
of people available in Germany, Scandi-
navia, and other parts of Europe.

What the Proposals are.

The proposals, not very definite }et,
have already thrown the Unionist Party
into a state of almost inarticulate rage.
Landlords and those who hold ever to
the old order of things are horrified to
find the Chancellor laying sacrilegious
hands upon the sacred edifice of pro-
perty which has been built up in Great
Britain through the centuries. The idea
is for the State to assume complete con-
trol of the monopoly of land. It will
not necessarily acquire it, but would see
that all tenants were fairly treated, and
for this purpose would appoint commis-
sioners, whose duty it would be to re-
ceive complaints from all tenant
farmers. They would have power to
reduce rents and regulate them gene-
rally, having regard to labourers' wages
and temporary agricultural depression.
There is a shortage of 120,000 labourers'
cottages in England to-day ; the Gov-
ernment intends to build them. Uncul-
tivatable land would be used for affores-

850

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Xovemher 1. 1''I3

tation, and cultivatable land would be
cultivated. The scheme will throw open
great tracts of land for settlement. Game
will no doubt decrease, but happy
tenants, living in decent homes will mul-
tiply exceedingly.

Home Rule.

The chances of settling the Ulster dif-
ficulty by consent are not likely to be
improved by speeches like those of Mr.
Bonar Law, at Newcastle, on October
29th. He insisted upon a General Elec-
tion before Home Rule was enforced,
and e.xpressed his admiration for Sn-
Edward Carson. We will stand to-
gether, he declared, and, if necessar}',
fall together. Unionists, he said, believe
that an Irish Parliament would be a
danger to the nation and to the Empire,
and he went on to forecast a national
tragedy if the measure were persisted in.
If such a danger really exists a further
mandate by the British electors m
favour of Home Rule would not lessen
it at all. A General Election would
not help to solve the difficulty, and
it is only urged because of the
chance of the Government being de-
feated. If it won. Sir Edward Carson
would no more accept Home Rule
than he will now. Mr. Asquith and
Mr. Churchill have stated that the
Government is willing to discuss the
matter with the earnest desire of finding
a solution, but the other side has not yet
shown any spirit of conciliation, and un-
less it does a round-table conference
would be useless. The Liberal attitude
is simple. Home Rule is going through.
If Ulster's champions care to try and
bring about any modifications they will
be met half-way but a separate Irish
Parliament is going to be created.

Ulster to Revolt.

Proposals are put forward by Sir
Edward Carson and his followers for
making Ulster a separate state, and the
Ulster Unionist Council have gone so

far as to form themselves into a cen-
tral authority, and set up committees
on Law, Education, Finance, Customs,
Post Office, Railways, Supply, and
Volunteer services. The body thus
created is about the most undemo-
cratic in the world. Not a single,
working man has been asked to join it.
Needless to say, the Nationalists, who,
after all, number at least half of the
population of Ulster, are entirely unre-
presented. Of course, an independent
state such as suggested could not last a
week without the consent of the British
Government. One instance will suffice
to show this. The post office would not
be recognised. Ulster would be imme-
diately cut off from the rest of the world.
All foreign orders would stop, ever\'-
thing would be at a standstill. Fac-
tories and shipyards would have to shut
down. There would be no question of
fighting at all. It would merely be a
case for the boycott so well-known in
Ireland. Belfast cannot exist without
the support of the great British cities.
Sir Edward Carson knows that as well
as anyone, but he persists in demanding
separate government for Ulster. He
objects to an Irish Parliament, in which
he and his friends would be in a
minority, but he proposes to set u]) an
authority in Ulster which would take
no account whatever of the Nationalists
li\ing there !

The Balkan Situation.

Once more the ability of Turkey to
rise Phoenix-like from the ashes of de-
feat is being demonstrated to an
astonished world. It is true that history
is but repeating itself, though on most
occasions the Turk has only had to
reckon with his immediate opponents.
This time he deliberately and success-
fully flouts the whole of Europe. True
he has lost many square miles of ter-
ritory inhabited by turbulent tribesmen
who were a constant source of trouble to
him, and were alwavs causing complica-

Review of Hciicws, l/illis.

PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

Siniiiliris.^iiii !(.-•.] [Munich.

Russia to Bii.oaria: " I told you th.it you stu)ulcl
have been roiied to me."

tions with the powers. Instead of a fron-
tier touching" Greece, Montenegro, Servia
and Austria, Turkey now lias a strong
strategic boundar_\-, witli only the unfor-
tunate Bulgaria as a neighbour. The
army, flushed with its bloodless success
in retaking Adrian<iple, and in re-occu-
pying the conquered territor)-, is full of
confidence, and dominates the situation.
The liu kless Bulgars, on the con-
trar\-, ha\e exhausted themsehes in
the war. After all, their country is
no bigger than Ireland ; they have
lost 44,oco men killed, and sj^ent
£^24,000,000. They have obtained
Thrace, without Adrianople, have had
to abandon the River Maritza, and give
up the seaports of the ALgemi. An al-
liance between them and their erstwhile
enemies against Greece would not be sur-
prising. Turke\- wants the JKgean
Islands back, and Bulgaria wants
Kavala. (jreece is isolated just now, and
the prospect of losing S^donika would
no doubt compel acquiescence in such
demands. The Great Powers have or-
dained it otherwise, but Turkey is not

likely to take much notice of what they
sa\'.

Albania and Servia.

Austria's policy, all through the war,
has been directed against Servia becom-
ing too strong. The Albanian tribes in
the territor)' annexed by Servia are of
differing religions. To set them against
Servia would not be a difficult matter.
They are now up and King Peter's Gov-
ernment has its hands full. The people
of the newly-created state of Albania
also desire to take a hand in the
matter. To " quiet " them Servian troops
entered the country, but retired when
orderecJ out by Austria, which on one
excuse and another has dela\-ed the ap-
l)ointment of the boundary commission
until it is too late to do anything until
spring comes round again. The stories
from the occupied territories make grim
reading, the mixed population of
(ireeks, Serbs and Bulgars are fighting
amongst themselves, and the only
method of permanent settlement their
new masters seem to employ is to kill
out all but their own nationals. Albania,
the creation of which state was the bright
particular achievement of the Powers, is
rent with feud and strife. To rule over
such a distracted land with subjects who
refuse to pay taxes is not a cheerful
prospect. Many European princes ap-
pear willing to try. The war has weak-
ened the Balkan States for years to come.
Tney are more divided than ever, so that
both Austria and Turkey can congratu-
late themselves on the entire disappear-
ance of the threatened danger of a
powerful confederation, which could
have controlled the destinies of the Near
East.

European Affairs.

Over 5,000,000 men \\erc enfranchised
l)y the recent Italian election law. Not
many of these new voters seem to ha\e
gone to the ballot-box at the elections in
Oclol^er. Signor Giolitti, the man re-

«5-'

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Novemher 1. 191S.

■sponsible for the war with Turkey, is
immensely popular, and finds himself
again in office, with a large majority be-
hind him. The old Regent of Bavaria,
Prince Luitpold, who died recently, al-
ways refused to have the insane King
Otto deposed, but his son, the present
Regent, had no such scruples, and has
now formally ascended the throne ; Otto,
brother of the more famous madman,
Louis, the patron of Wagner, being de-
prived of the title of king. Prince Lud-
wig is well liked in Bavaria, and he cer-
tainly should have the official position as
well as the real power. Prince Ernest of
Cumberland is, after all, to be made
ruler of Brunswick, despite his refusal
to formally renounce his claims to the
throne of Hanover. Family dissensions
appear to have followed this decision of
the Kaiser, and the Crown Prince, now
more popular than his father, is again
more or less in disgrace. Owing to the
increase recently made in the compul-
sory period of service — from two to
three years — in the army, France has

Kladdcradatich.] [Berlin.

IN THE POLITICAL CHILDREN'S PLAYGROUND.

The Fat youngster tries to make-believe, by
drastic manoeuvres, that the sea belongs to him
alone.

found herself compelled to borrow no
less than ;^40,ooo,ooo to meet the addi-
tional cost. In addition, largely owing
to military expenditure, the yearly
budget shows a deficit of i^3 1.760,000.
This reintroduction of the third
year's service was strenuously op-
posed in France, but, as usual, the people
were not consulted, although, just as in
Australia, they are supposed to have
control of such matters.

The Cost of Armaments.

The eight great powers, Britain, Ger-
many, France, Russia, Austria, Italy, the
United States and Japan, are spending
tne huge sum of ;^i 70,000,000 on naval
armaments alone during 1913-14! A
colossal sum this to pay annually for
marine insurance. In addition Russia
contemplates spending no less than
;£" 1 00,000,000 on naval construction dur-
ing the next ten years. Mr. Winston
Churchill has again made the sugges-
tion that there shall be a holiday in
battleship construction. Once more the
German naval authorities, to whom the
First Lord addressed his remarks, reply
that he carefully omits Australian and
prospective Canadian battleships from
his calculations. They also point out
that Germany must go on with her
policy of naval construction already
laid down, and that this cannot be
affected by the number of ships Eng-
land chooses to build. Canada is still
undecided as to the policy she shall
pursue with regard to naval matters.
Sir Wilfred Laurier, a strong advocate
of a local navy, insists that there is no
immediate danger to British naval sup-
remacy. The question was made the
chief issue at a recent by-election, and
the Government candidate was defeated,
the Liberals thus winning back a seat.
Canada certainly does not need a navy
as long as the Monroe doctrine exists,
and in her case a contribution of ships
to the Imperial navy would clearly be
the most practical course to adopt.

Review of Beviews,:ill/lS. PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

853

THE INGENIOUS " BARON " AIRSHIP.

Drawn by W. B. Bohinson, from particu-
lars supplied by the owners, for the "Illus-
trated London News."

The maiu principle on which Baron's dirigible is designed is that of a central double
cantilever skeleton surrounded by sectional gas-containers. The central cantilever, which is
stayed in both vertical and horizontal planes, is sufficiently strong to support the full weight
of all the gas-containers when deflated, and also to take the horizontal thrust required for a
speed of sixty miles per hour. The outer skin would be flexible, thus allowing for a yielding
of the central cantilever support, in the case of any sudden unsyrametrical pressure, without
damage to the outer skin. The construction affords the means of inspecting all the sectional
gas-containers and their connections by means of a longitudinal gangway running the whole
length of the airship. It is proposed also that four quadrautrshaped gas-containers of each
section should be inter-connected by flexible hose-pipe connections at the centre. The gas-bags
are arranged in position round the hub, and are divided across the ship into a large number
of sections, each section being sub-divided into four quadrants, the two upper quadrants touching
each other on the vertical centre-line of the ship, and touching the two bottom quadrants on the
horizontal centre-line; but the two bottom quadrants are of a smaller size, in order to allow
a passage about three feet wide between them from one end of the ship to the other immediately
below the hub. Each right-hand top quadrant is coupled by a flexible tube to its corresponding
left-hand bottom quadrant, and each left-hand top quadrant to the corresponding right-hand bot-
tom quadrant, the object of this arrangement being to allow gas expanded by heat on one side of
the ship to pass into the opposite cool quadrant, and eo minimise the loss of
gas due to varying temperatures. In the type illustrated in the accompanying drawing, the
central section contains no gas-bags, but forms the engine-room, crew's quarters, navigating-
room, etc. The engine-room is completely insulated in the gas section, and kept under forced
draught so as to prevent intrusion of gas. The ship is driven by internal combustion engines
driven by two propellera.

«54

REVIEW OF review:^.

Soiemher I, 1913.

Aerial Defence.

Those who regard control of the
air as vital will welcome the news
that the navy has practically taken
over aerial defence from the army,
which has had charge of half of
it for the last few years. This means
that Britain will no longer hang behind
European countries in preparing for
possible war in the air. A million
pounds are to be spent this year on air
craft, rather more than Germany votes
for the purpose, although not as much as
is spent by France. Two terrible acci-
dents which recently overwhelmed Zep-
pelin airships have caused a revulsion
of feeling about these huge rigid craft.
The accidents were unfortunate, but they
do not prove very much. The Zeppelin
is still without doubt the best lighter-
than-air machine which has yet been in-
vented. This it has again demonstrated
in the recent manoeuvres in Germany.

The Mexican Upheaval.

Matters are going from bad to worse
in Mexico. No reliable reports reach the
outside world. All are coloured either
Ijy the Government or the rebels. The
presidential elections, demanded by Mr.
Wilson as the price of recognition by the
United States, have taken place, but the
situation has not been improved thereby.
As was to be expected, General Huerta,
although not a candidate, received the
greatest number of votes, and announces
that he is duly elected. Bearing in mind
the disturbed state of the country, and
the inaccessibilit)- of much of it, an
election, the result of which was declared
four or five days after it was held, was
obviously a farce. In the United States,
despite up-to-date methods and rapid
communication, a couple of weeks
elapse before all the returns are in. Pre-
sident Wilson refuses to recognise
Huerta, but has warned the other powers
that they must not interfere in Mexico.
Strong pressure is being brought upon
the Government at Washington to in-

Tennc.t^can.] [Nashville.

THE RETORT COURTEOUS!

EUROPE: "If you can't manage that child. Til
take charge of him myself I"'

U.S. : " Well, madam, since you are ao com-
petent, you might begin at home!"

duce it to step in and restore order. Pre-
sident Wilson is very loathe to take such
action, knowing the complications which
will at once ensue, for all parties in
Mexico would combine against a com-
mon foe. But no other power can move.
If a policeman is required. Uncle Sam
will have to play that role. Huerta is in
serious financial straits. The administra-
tion is nearly bankrupt, and is only car-
ried on bv forced loans from the banks.
It is significant that General Felix Diaz,
although a candidate for the Presidency,
took no part in the election whatever. He
can afford to bide his time.

The Chinese Republic.

Yuan Shih-kai was duly elected presi-
dent on the third ballot. This result,
which appears to have been arranged
carefully, gives the astute statesman the
official as well as the real overlordship
of China's millions. The arrangement
entered into by the five Powers for the
united control of Chinese loans has
ended. The ring fence they had hoped
to set up had already been broken down ;
unauthorised financiers and concession-
hunters had invaded the prohibited ter-
ritory. Each power is, therefore, now
free to do what it will in the matter of

Review of Reviews, l IJIJ 13.

PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

^55

Chinese finance, but there is not much
likelihood of China being able to get
any further loans, whilst the present
chaotic conditions existing in many
parts of the country continue. The
danger is that one or other of the powers
will deem it necessary to " take adequate
steps " to protect its interests, and if one
begins the rest will surely follow. The
recognition of the republic by the great
powers is expected at an early date.

South Africa.

The trouble between General Botha
and General -Hertzog still continues,
rhe latter has a considerable following,
and will undoubtedly be a force to
reckon with at the next election. Gene-
ral Botha is now advocating the advis-
ability of Rhodesia joining the South
African Union. We need, he says, a
united South Africa as far north as pos-
sible. The British members of Parlia-
ment have had a strenuous trip, and saw
much of the country. They are now on
their way home. This world trip will

GENERAL HERTZOG,
General Botlia's Cliief 0|)|) )iie?it in Si>ntli Afi-ica.

undoubtedly bear fruit in a better under-
standing of the Dominions at home.

Tragedy in the Atlantic.

On October 9th the " Volturno," a pas-
senger steamer of the Canadian-North-
ern Steamship Company caught fire in
mid-Atlantic. Efforts to put out the
conflagration failed. The passengers
were all assembled on deck, life belts
were served out, and boats got ready. A
gale was blowing, and the heavy seas
smashed the boats which the men tried
to launch. All those m them were lost.
Although the first statement that there
had been a panic amongst the crew has
been categorically denied, there do not
appear to have been any passengers in
these boats. Wireless messages for help
were sent out in all directions, and were
replied to by no less than twelve great
liners. The first to arrive, tearing
through the wild waters at her highest
speed, was the Cunarder " Carmania."
With the spray flying high over her
decks she dashed up to the " Volturno "
four hours after receiving the call for
help. Next came the German " Seyd-
litz," and then another German, the
" Grosser Kurfurst." Soon eight more
liners were on the spot. Helplessly this
"Teat international fleet watched the
flames slowly and surely envelope the
doomed steamer. They could do nothing.
The gallant attempts made were un-
availing. The wild storm proved too
much for human effort. At last the
" Narragansett," steaming furiously
through the night, reached the scene.
She poured ton after ton of oil upon
the water, which reduced the waves so
that boats could live in the tempestuous
sea. Had it not been for the arrival of
this oil ship it is doubtful if anyone
would have been rescued. As it was, 136
men, women and children perished in the
flames, or were drowned ; the rest were
saved, most of them being taken on
board the German ships. Seldom has

3s6

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Sovemhcr I, 1013.

a more thrilling spectacle been enacted
before the world. When the " Titanic "
sank there was, alas ! no such fleet with-
in call. There were no watchers, save
those in the boats, as she slid silently to
her last resting-place.

Other Disasters.

The Aisgill collision in Yorkshire has
been followed by several minor railway
accidents at home. The driver in the
second train in this accident has been
sentenced to two months' imprison-
ment. He certainly over-ran the signals,
but had the first train been supplied with
the right sort of coal the accident would
never have happened. Much has been
said about the danger of fire when gas is
used as the illuminant in trains. Ac-
tually, this has hardly ever been respon-
sible for the tragic fires which have so
often followed a smash. In almost
every case these were caused by the live
coals from the engine. Steel carriages
and improved automatic signalling
will probably result from the recent
disasters, but the human element can
never be entirely eliminated. As a
result of a terrible explosion in the
Universal Colliery, near Cardiff, on
October 14th, ever 417 men lost their
lives ; 935 men were in the pit at the
time, but 518 were saved. A rag-
ing Are prevented the heroic rescuers
reaching the other men, who probably
lost their lives in the explosion. A ter-
rific hurricane broke over Wales, and
though it lasted but three minutes, it did
i^50,ooo worth of damage. Several
people were killed, and many houses
utterly destroyed.

Wedding Sea to Sea.

On Friday, October 10, 191 3, occurred
what is probably the most notable event
of the century. At 9 a.m. the waters of
the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans were
admitted to the great Canal of Panama.
Phis marked the realisation of the
dreams of the early explorers of the

Elizabethan era, of the ambition of de
Lesseps, and of the determination of the
American people. In thus joining sea
to sea America has placed all nations
under a great obligation. The ever
shrinking distances of the world are
now still further reduced, and trade will
be immensely stimulated. But the Canal
will do more than that. It will increase
the naval power of the English-speaking
{Deople in the Pacific enormously. The
United States has now the third largest
navy in the world ; the Canal puts the
whole of its battleships within easy
reach of the Pacific. At present the
eastern fleet is four weeks distant from
the Pacific Coast. When the Canal is
open it will be a few hours only.

Tammany and Sulzer.

Governor Sulzer, who was impeached
by the Legislature of the State of New
York, has now been formally found
guilty of corrupt practices, and has been
forced to abandon the gubernatorial
chair. Mr. Sulzer has been attacked for
his virtues rather than for his faults. He
refused to do Tammany's will, and so he
had to go. This is the larger Tammany
which, directly the State began to spend
millions on canals. State roads, new
prisons, and other important work, de-
sired to have control of such expendi-
ture. It, therefore, sallied forth from its
lair in New York City, and captured the
State Government at Albany. Sulzer
was a Tammany man himself in the old
days, but he had strayed from the fold.
Instead of coming to heel he remained
a rebel, so, perforce, he had to go. He
may have been guilty of indiscretions,
but these would have passed unnoticed
had he done as he was told. A fierce
fight is being made against Tammany
in its own particular stronghold, and if
the reform candidate, Mr. Mitchell, is
elected Mayor of New York, we are told
that the very existence of Tamman)- will
be threatened. We have heard that be-

F.eviewofBeviews,l/il!l3. PROGRESS OF THE WO'^.LD.

857

fore. There have been reform mayors
before, too, but Tammany goes on cheer-
fully just the same.

Australia's Fleet.

On Trafalgar Day, October 21st, Ad-
miral Sir George King-Hall, Comman-
der-in-Chief of the British Fleet m Aus-
tralian waters, formally hauled down his
flag, and I-I.M.S. " Cambrian," the flag-
ship, sailed for home. Thus was severed
a connection which has existed for 125
years between Australia and the British
fleet. From now onwards the Common-
wealth will have ships of its own. They
will form part of the Imperial navy, it
is true, but they will be paid for and
largely manned by Australians. The
Admiralty does not consider the situa-
tion in the Pacific in any way critical,
and has not carried out its share of the
barpain made when Australia decided to
build a fleet. Should it ever become
necessary to strengthen the China squad-
ron, it would speedily be clone, but it is
unfortunate that the extra ships cannot
at once be sent out. Until they are, Aus-
tralians will not unnaturally feel that
they are not being quite fairlv treated.

Sydney's Welcome.

Much has been written, especiall)' in
Melbourne, about the chilling reception
given to the Australian flagship and
the other vessels of the fleet by Sydney.
Actuallv, immense crowds turned out to
watch the arrival, but this was not well
stage-managed. When the American
Fleet arrived the great ships, painted
white, steamed close along the shore.
When they reached the Heads they
swung out to sea, and turning in a
majestic circle, entered the Harbour m
stately line. Everyone of the hundreds
of craft awaiting them shrieked a wel-
come on whistle, siren or horn, and the
thunder of the guns added to the volume
of sound. The Australian ships were
flrst seen black specks far out at sea.
They steamed straight to the Heads, and

hu<je crowds on the shore saw them not
at all. No welcoming whistles greeted
the battleships as they went slowly up
the Harbour. It was only as the "Aus-
tralia" swung to her anchor that the
guns of the " Cambrian " boomed out
their salute. The welcoming tugs, motor
launches and craft of all description
were there in their hundreds to welcome
the warships, but the use of whistle, horn,
and siren was expressly forbidden. The
greeting was to be very dignified. It
erred on the side of too much dignity.
The immense crowds cheered, it is true,
but it needs more than human lungs to
make much impression in a great har-
bour like Sydney's. The march through
the decorated streets was of the briefest.
The procession did not take five minutes
to pass. Part of the route was changed,
too, at the last moment, which did not
add to the success of the spectacle. The
enthusisarn was all right, but it had too
little opportunity of showing itself.

Can She Get in?

The "Australia" does not appear to
be coming to Melbourne, for some time
at any rate. This brings up again the
question of the depth of water at the
Heads. Even those who poo-poo the
need of hastening the deepening opera-
tions being carried on there, admit that
the " Australia " will only get in under
good conditions at high tide. The
15,000-ton " Ceramic " went to Adelaide
to complete her loading, the first White
Star liner to do so. The spectacle of
our Flagship hesitating to enter one of
our great harbours will probably result
in a speeding up of the deepening sO'
urgently wanted.

Tiie Federal Parliamant.

On October 2Qlh the Government was
defeated on a motion for adjournment^ ^
moved to enable Mr. Fisher adequately
to prepare a reply to Sir John For-
rest's criticism of Labour financial
methods. Stung bv this rcxerse Mr.

8=;8

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Xocemher 1. 191S.

Mr. Cook next day began to use the
closure. Sitting until 4 o'clock on Fri-
day morning the Government forced
through the Loan Bill. In the same way
progress was made with the Voting by
Post Restoration Bill, and the Abolition
of Preference Bill when the House met
again on Friday. Wild scenes accom-
panied the whole of the proceedings.
Mr. Cook caught the Opposition with
several of its men away, so that the
closure could always be carried. \\ hen
they are back in full strength this can
no longer be done. Signs are not want-
ing which show that Mr. Fisher is find-
ing more difficulty in holding his fol-
lowers together than is Mr. Cook. The
irony of the situation is in the use of
the closure by Mr. Cook, and the re-
sentment thereat on the part of Labour
members. Mr. Cook was the chief
opponent of the measure and of the
standing orders when they were in-
troduced by the Deakin Government.
It was only after a record sitting of
four days and nights that the stand-
ing orders on which the present Govern-
ment is relying were forced through,
with the help of the Labour members,
against the strenuous objection of Mr.
Cook ^nd nis party.

Double Dissolution?

The Government is obviously try-
ing to force a double dissolution, and
there is a possibility of one being
granted next March. Even if this plan
succeeds, the chance of carrying the
Senate is very remote. L'ndoubtedly the
Budget will tell against the Govern-
ment with many unthinking electors,
and, unfortunatelv, it is the wobblv man
who gives one side or the other the
majority. The Liberals went to the
country accusing the Labour Govern-
ment of extravagance, and promising
economy and reform. As we pointed
out in an article at the time, this charge
was not justified, nor was any consider-
able economy possible, and events have

proved us right. The present Budget is a
legacy from Mr. Fisher, but it is every-
where spoken of as Sir John Forrest's. It
not only takes the whole estimated reve-
nue, but it also mops up the entire surplus
the Labour Government had accumu-
lated during the last three years. Is this
economy? says th^ " -: in the street. If
it is, I had better j, k to the extrava-

gant Labour Government. However it
may be explained >\\;i\, the Budget i?
bound to have ect against the

Liberal Party in any election during the
next few months

The Griffiths-Wads Controversy.

Last month I c< : on the

«, ^es which Mr. Wade had made

against Mr. Griffiths, Minister of Puol;
Works in New South Wales. Mr. Wade
refused to produce any evidence in proof
of his assertions because the Roval
Commission whir^^ '^ >d been appointed
to enquire into ..-: ..latter had beer,
limited t*-' the investigation of five only
: ■ .; _ rs he made. The five in

question referred to rases where the
Minister had authorised a large expend 1
ture of public money, the sixth wa? a
suggest • ' Mr. Griffiths owned an
interest .1 c-. w. ..k of land at Medlow.
held in another person's name. As this
did not involve public money in an\-
way, the Government did not cons: .
that it she included in the scope

of the Ro\ai ' ssion's enquirv

Nothing further lia- oeen done in the
ir *^"°- though the charges Mr. Wade
h .:: :....de against a responsible Minister
would, if substantiated, drive him from
public life. Either Mr. Wade ought •
endeavour to prove them, or he ought •
withdraw the \'hilst perhaps the

Government might have offered wider
facilities, the onus of proving his
charges lies, after all, with Mr. W--'-

The New Zealand Strike.

The strike ol waterside workers in
Wellinp* ^ i-^omfortable re

Ufrii.ir of Recieuif, !/ ll!!3.

PROGRESS OF THE WORLD.

K^9

minder that the best haws in the world
cannot protect a community unless they
are obeyed. New Zealand has led the
world in the attempt to make strikes im^
possible. The si'^ht of her workers re-
fusing to lay their case before the
proper tribunal, and defying the law
by using the hideous weapon of a strike,
will damage the cause of industrial
arbitration everywhere. No doubt tlie
men got out of hand, and once on strike
the union officials can do nothing but
support the men. That is always hap-
pening at home, where there is no per-
manent and pr(i]icr authority whose
business it is to settle differences between
employer and emplo)-ed. Whatever the
merits of the case may be in New Zea-
land, the men h;)\e alienated s\-mpath\-
b\' their action. W .iterside workers m
other ports are leaving work m sym-
pathy, and the trade of New Zealand
will be paralysed solely because the men
refuse to obey the law. Technically
they are not committing a punishable
offence. Compulsory arbitration applies
only to those unions which are regis-
tered under the i\ct. Recently the
Court granted the application the
Waterside Workers made to l)e re-
moved from die register. The shipping
companies are making special arrange-
ments to unload their steamers, and de
mand Government jirotection for the
men they employ. Riots have occurred
in Wellington, and there has been fight-
ing between the strikers and the special
constables enrolled to kee]) the peace.

State Governors.

Every now and again some member in
one or other of our many Houses of Par-
liament urges the (jovernment of the
day to suggest to the Colonial Office thai
no more Governors should be sent out
here from home, and several newspapers
strongly advocate the appointment ot
local Lieut. -Governors instead, as in
Canada. Before Federation, we are told,
the State Governors were necessary ;

since the ai)i)ointment of a Governor-
(ieneral the need for them has disap-
peared. Therefore, let us do away with
them, and content ourselves with local
men as Lieut. -Governors. No doubt the
bare official duties now performed b\-
the Governor could be equally well done
by a Lieut. -Governor. But no local man
could possibly keep up that direct con-
nection with the old country which is one
of the chief reasons for having a Gover-
nor, a connection more than ever needed
now that Australia is taking so much
greater an interest in Imperial affairs.
Try he ne\er so earnestly, no local man
can possibl)- dissociate himself entirely
from the influences in the midst of which
lie has grown up. lie can never have the
detachment of an outside man. From
the jMirely social point of view, a British
Governor must always be more popular
than a local num. No matter how-
esteemed a local Lieut. -Governor may be
personally, he could never endow his
office with the social position it enjoys
when a P)ritish (jo\ernor fills it.

The Difficulty of Selection.

The tendenc)-, too, if the appointment
were hxal, would be for the same man
to fill the position year after year. A
chani-e every fi\e years would be most
necessary. It is constantly urged that
political leaders ought to go fairly often
to Eiigland in order to keep themselves
in touch with Imperial matters. This is,
as a rule. iin]M)ssible, but they can at
present, at aii\- rate, ha\e the advantage
of the advice of and association with an
Imperial Goxernor -^a man well in-
formed about Imperial affairs, and iii
close touch with Ic.iding statesmen al
home. One could mention man\' .\us
Iralians who woulrl fill the office ot
Lieut. -Cio\crnor with great distmclion.
but could one be appoinlecl every livc^
years without serious umbrage being
<>"iven to one section or another ot the
comnmnitv :' The Hritish (joxernor is.
at an\' rate, eiitirelv renioved trom Icjcal

86o

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Xovemher 1. I'jiS.

party considerations, knows nothing of
personal jealousies, and can always be
relied upon to take an unbiased and im-
partial line.

Abolish the Position Entirely.

The change is urged in some quarters
on the ground of economy. After all
very little would be saved if a Lieut. -
Governor were expected to carry on the
functions and entertainments the Gover-
nor is now called upon to give. In
Canada the salary of the Lieut.-Gover-
nor, who is appointed by the Governor-
General, averages ii^20OO. Here it aver-
ages i^4000, but it undoubtedly costs a
Governor many thousands more than his
salary to carry on his office with dignit\-.
On the whole the appointments of
Lieut. -Governors in Canada have been
satisfactory, but the)^ do not play much
part in either the political or social life
of the Provinces over which they preside.
The suggested change is certainly not
justified on the ground of economy. If
economy is the idea the proper thing to
do is to abolish the post altogether. The
Chief Justice could be called upon to
confirm Parliamentary Bills, and carr\-
out the official duties of the Governor,
and the social side of the position could
be done away with altogether.

A Home for the Aged.

The review of a remarkable book will
be found on page 919. It tells the stor}-
of Robert Browning Settlement in Lon-
don. There for eighteen years a most
noble and notable work has been carried
on in the centre of the poorest and most
densely populated part of London. The
record is one of extraordinary achieve-

ment. There movements have been
initiated which have stirred Great Bri-
tain. The book makes no mention,^
though, of the struggle which goes on
year after year to keep the Settlement
out of debt. The Warden, instead of
being able to devote all his energies tO'
the work lying to his hand, has also to
find the money required to carry on all
the multitudinous activities which centre
in the Settlement. Australians cannot
even imagine the condition of grinding
poverty existing in London. The Set-
tlement never gives anything in charity,
but to carry on its many activi-
ties it requires funds. Would an)' of
our readers like to help? Take the
Bethany Homes at Whyteleaf, for in-
stance. No one who has not been there
can realise what it means to the aged to
be transferred from the hell of the slums
to the heaven of the homes. There cot-
tage after cottage has been erected, and
already 130 aged folk have been housed
in comfort, and live in harmony under
the care of a lady who has devoted her
life to them as a labour of love. To
carry on the homes it is necessary for
ever)- cottage and room to have a patron
who guarantees £2<^ a year towards the
cost of upkeep. There are always aged
people waiting to enter the cottages, but
until patrons are found they cannot do
so. Here is an opportunity for those liv-
ing in this glorious land to lighten the
closing years of some aged wayfarer
who has spent his or her life in condi-
tions which would appal us here. We
would be glad to give anyone interested
further particulars about the Homes and
Settlement.

E i view of Rev iewf, i 111 /it

86i

THE "HERALD" ON DEFENCE.

My esteemed contemporar}-, the
Herald (Melbourne) devoted its lirst
leader on Monday, October 20th, to m\-
article about the Defence Act, which ap-
peared on September Qth. In a most
courteous manner it took me to task for
\enturing to have formed any opinion
on the working of the Act after only
seven months' study thereof. It was
good enough to point out that I had
been careful not to prejudice my mind
by acquiring knowledge of the subject
before writing about it. It said many
other complimentary things in the same
vein, and tore passion to tatters in its
eagerness to show that the Act was im-
mensely popular. The writer had evi-
dently read my article, part of it, at an)-
rate, for he quoted odd sentences here and
there, to punctuate his remarks, and
round off his lecture. Some people ir-
sist, indeed, that he was not quite fair in
the criticisms he meant to be so crushing,
but I would not go so far as that. I
think, if I may repeat his own words, he
was merely " careful not to jirejudice his
mind by acquiring knowledge of his sub-
ject before writing about it."

What appears to have hurt the Herald
most of all was that I had referred to a
" conspiracy of silence " in the jiress.
W'hy, " on the contrar}', the pa]3ers have
been most unequivocal and repeatedly
outspoken in praise of the x'Xct, and their
columns are open for adverse comment —
of which there is very little." Had the
Herald stated "of which very little is
allowed to appear," it would have been
more accurate.

Since this little breeze over my article
far more has been published in criticism
of the detail working of the Act than
ever before. My remark, even if untrue,
as stated by the Herald, has had some
useful result. I happened to be away in
Svdney when the hrst comment on ni\'
article appeared in the Herald, and,
being much occupied on my return, did
not see its leader until it was shown me
the day after it appeared. I ventured to
write a mild i)rotest to the editor, ])oint-
ing out that he seemed to assume that 1
was against the whole Defence Scheme,

whereas 1 only criticised the part of the
Act relating to land forces. A few
days later my letter was duly pub-
lished, together with an interesting
editorial comment. The editor appeared
to be grieved because he gathered from
mv letter that I was not a close reader
of the Herald.

I feel that I must put him right on
that point. I read his excellent paper
regularh' — when I am in Alelbourne. I
do not see it in S\'dney, but I have no
doubt copies could be obtained there if
one knew where to go for them. Since
the Tin:es cables, \ia the S)'dney Sun,
have appeared in its columns, I expect
that I do better than most of its readers,
for I get at least two copies daily.

In his comments the editor conveys
the impression that no one could be up
to dale who did not read the Herald.
He IS quite right. Being the only even-
ing paper in Melbourne, it is quite in-
dispensable. People must get it for the
da\-'s news, and the foreign cables.
Greatly as its clever leaders may be ad-
mired for their well-balanced and lucid
style, no one thinks of turning to them
for guidance in municipal or political
matters, or for inspiration in difficult
national or imperial situations. No
other o-reat citv in the world has had to
be satisfied with only one evening paper,
and it is good to know that Melbourne
will soon have this disadvantage re-
moved. Naturally people will welcome a
second pajier, although having been ac-
customed for so long to accept thank-
fully whatever they were given, it will
be an unusual exjierience for them to
find their requirements and convenience
carefully considered in future.

I much apiireciate the kindly way
in which the editor refers to the
Review of Reviews, and really rc;?,ret
that in concluding his admirable para-
graph he should ha\-e so far for-
gotten what he wrote six days before as
to state that the Herald had " already
published luauy letters adversely criticis-
ing the compulsory drill provisions of
the Defence .\ct." "Of adverse com-
ment," he had iireviousl\- told us. "there
was very little."

86:

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Xovember 1, 1913.

TSARSKOE SELO— THE TSARS PALACE NEAR ST. PETERSBURG.

MY FATHER: W. T. STEAD.— VI.

Bv HEX

We crossed the Russian frontier at
Wirballen, a note from the Russian Am-
bassador in England passing us with-
out trouble through the Customs. No-
where else on the ( onlinent have I seen
Custom officials who so resembled
Englishmen. The trains are very good.
The broad gauge there shows well in
contrast to the 4 ft. 81 in. of the rest of
Europe. The restaurants at the rail-
way stations are of the best, and as the
trains never start until three bells have
been rung, at respectable intervals, there
is always plenty of time \.o enjoy the
good things provided in comfort.

During a strenuous fortnight in St.
Petersburg father interviewed every-
body whose opinion on the Tsar's Peace
Rescript was of value. In a letter writ-
ten at that time he said : —

When J left St. Petersburg I did so witli
th'6 happy consciousness that 1 had missed
nobody who was worth seeing, and that I had
got down to tlie bedrock of the question
which J had como to Kussia to investigate.
For be it noted, tbat my visits to the ^Jinis-
ters and otliers were by no means mere call.'>
of courtesy. I came on a mission of enquiry,
and I interviewed every one " down to th<'
ground." It is no small test oif the urbanity
and courtesy and hospitality of the Russians
that tliey bore -with my inquiries so patiently,
and entertained me with a cordiality and

RV STEAD.

generositv th^at coulil hardly have been ex-
ceeded if 1 hrid been an accredited envoy
from a friendly and allied .State.

.\ MODERN TORQUEMADA
I remember specially M. Pobyedoii'j^l
zeff. He was the Procurator of the Huly
Synod, and had been dubbed Torque-
mada by father because of his fan-
atical persecution of the unorthodox.
When we saw him at his house at
Tsarskoe Selo he shook his finger at
father, reiterating, " \'ou called me Tor-
quemada ! You called me Torque-
mada!" He was a thin old man, with
scant grey locks, and large round spec-
tacles on his nose. He and father spoke
German, and between them the lan-
guage was pretty well murdered, but
they soon got on famously. They met
several times, and finally parted with
feelings of mutual respect. The old
man had a wonderful record of achieve-
ment for his country. He was the foun-
der of the volunteer fleet, and had time
and again come to the rescue in things
diplomatic. He was just the type of
earnest selfless man to make the very
worst kind of persecutor. It was, said
father, an intellectual treat to sit at
the feet of this Russian Gamaliel, even

Review «f Reviews, 1/ll/lS.

MY FATHER.

86.ti

M. MARTENS.

M. POBYEDONOSTZEFF.

PRINCE HILKOPF.

although you were utterly unable from
temperament, education or environment
to accept his eloquent vindications of
the necessity for secluding the Russian
peasant from the perils of a heretical
propaganda

WAR IMPOSSIBLE.

Amongst others we met Jean de Bloch,
the canny Warsaw banker, a man of
Jewish origin, born in Poland, but a
Russian s ibject. Father used to call
him the Russian Cobden, as in many
ways he reminded him of that most
famous of all English economists, who
was also a statesman. His book, " The
Future of War," created quite a sensa-
tion at the time, and some people erro-
neously attributed the issue of the Peace
Rescript to an interview the banker had
with the Tsar. Just as Lord L\'tton
predicted the end of war by tl. ^ dis-
covery of Vril, so M. de Bloch demon-
strated in his book that, owing to the
marvellous improvement in the deadli-
ness of modern weapons, war had be-
come practically impossible. The Boer,
Russo-Japanese and Balkan wars since
then have showed the eminent economist
wrong, but many of the theories he ad-
vanced in his book have proved correct.
He was a most charming man person-

ally, but his theories of modern war en-
tirely obsessed him.

THE tsar's companion.

I remember Prince Ouchtomsky and
father sitting far into the night discuss-
ing China and Eastern Asia. Father
expanded at length a scheme whereby
the Dowager Empress and the Powers
could agree upon appointing a trust-
worthy w^iite man as the foreign secre-
tary of the Chinese Empire, cnrough
whom negotiations should proceed in
all matters relating to foreigners. A
counsel of perfection he admitted, but
something ought to be done to prevent
the one anti-military people of the
world being forced by the Powers into
creating a military system. Ouchtom-
sky knew China intimately, and was a
great personal friend of Li Hung
Chang. He accompanied Nicholas H.
when Tsarvitch, on his Asiatic tour.

Prince Hilkoff, both in appearance
and manner, looked more American than
Russian. He was exceedingly frank
about the construction of the Siberian
railway, on which he was engaged.

THE SCOTCH ACCENT IN RUSSIA.
The Russians are great linguists, but
I could not understand how it was that

864

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Nocovibcr 1, 1013.

most of them spoke English with a
Scotch accent. One evening we attended a
reunion at the Anglo-American Church,
presided over by Alexander Francis —
now the moving spirit in the Eurasian
improvement scheme. There were many
governesses there, almost all Scotch. I
found that for generations Scotch
ladies had held such positions in the
best Russian families ; this, of course,
explained the accent.

CONSPIRATORS AND DIPLOMATISTS.

We stayed at the Hotel de I'Europe,
and what an extraordinary selection of
visitors we did have. Ministers of State
and Polish patriots, soldiers and finan-
ciers, pressmen and diplomatists. One
Pole used to insist upon coming in to
explain how the Polish frontier should
run when Poland once threw off the
oppressive yoke of Russia, Germany
and Austria. The brilliant leader
writer on one of the foremost papers in
Petersburg, who had Deen furiously
attacking England, spent three hours
with father. He was stone deaf, and it
was a most extraordinary conversation
to listen to. Father wrote all his con-
tribution thereto on paper, and the Rus-
sian replied in a voice over which he
had no control whatever. I found St.
Petersburg a charming place to spend
a few weeks in. Everyone was exceed-
ingly cordial. At dinner they always
began talking English for our bene&t,
although they after drifted into French
and German, but never into Russian.
Jn fact, an ordinary Russian dinner
party is trilingual, sometimes one lan-
guage and sometimes another being
used with happy indifference.

THE ISVOSCHICKS OF PETERSBURG.

In North Russian there is no hxed
cab tariff ; in the south there is. The
visitor to St. Petersburg must, tnerefore,
acquire enough Russian to enable him to
bargain with the isvoschicks, as the
cabbies are called. The method is
simple as practised by father. You
learn five or six principal landmarks of
the city, and if you wish to drive to any
house, you ask the isvoschick how much
to the landmark — the market it may be,
or the Cathedral — you know nearest the
spot. He names a figure, you promptly

offer half, and the actual price is soon
fixed. When you reach the landmark
you indicate the spot you want with an
umbrella. The cabs are small affairs,
and the driver sits almost on your
knees. Whips are hardly ever seen, but
the reins are loaded with lead, and can
thus be used to hasten progress. The
Russians treat their horses well, far
better than the French cabbies, for in-
stance. The isvoschicks stuff themselves
with pillows, and the private coachmen
are padded until they look enormous
men. On the Nevsky Prospect, which
runs along the Neva the finest horses in
Europe can be seen flymg along at ter-
rific speed. They are superior even to
those the Austrians drive up and down
the Prata m Vienna.

BRAIN PIGEON-HOLES.

Father was a mine of information
upon Russian history, both ancient and
modern. Talking one day with one of
our Polish visitors he amazed him with
the intimate knowledge he showed of
events which led up to the partition
of Poland in 1795. I asked him after-
wards whether he had been reading up
about it recently. "No," he said, "if
you had asked me \-esterday I should
have said I knew little about it, but
when the question was being discussed
all I had read about it when 1 was a boy
came back again to me." He simply
went to one of his innumerable brain
pigeon-holes, and found there all he
w^ an ted !

TRAVELLING IN RUSSIA.

On the railway from Wirballen to St.
Petersburg we had to be content with
a candle to light our compartment ; we
should have had two, but the conductor
annexed the extra one as his perquisite !
The train from the capital to Moscow
was splendidly lit by electricity. It was
in Moscow we first saw the huge funnel-
headed smokestacks on the engines to
catch the sparks from the wood fuel
used. The St. Petersburg-Moscow rail-
way runs in a straight line, and thereby
hangs a tale. The engineers charged
with the survey for the new railway
asked the Tsar, Nicholas I. it would be,
what route the line was to follow, ure-
as many towns as possible

mg that

Eeritu of liecii'irs, 1111/13.

MY FATHER.

86:

should be louchecl on the \\\\\. The supplies direct from China, have pre
Tsar took up a ruler and drew a straight
line from St. Petersburg to Moscow on
the map. " We want to connect the two
cities," he said ", " that is the shortest

way !

Nowhere else in the world - the
United States, Canada, South Africa,
New Zealand, Mexico or ^Australia —
have I found such good catering" for
passengers' needs as in Russia. The
meals are si)lenclidly cooked, and pipmg
hot. The Tchai, or tea, is one of the
nicest beverages I have ever tasted.

served its right name.

A GREAT RUSSIAN PAINTER.
vSt. Petersburg is harcll\^ a t)pical
Russian town, it is so cosmopolitan.
Moscow was for long the capital of the
Tartar kingdom, and with its Kremlin
and quaint churches has still an Orien-
tal appearance. There were not a great
number of peo]ile to see in Moscow, so
we did not remaui long there. We
visited the gallery, and saw the pictures
of the famous Russian painter \''erest-
chagm. This genial giant was a great

MOSCOW.

TCHA, TCHAI AND TEA.
The other day I came across a most
interesting explanation of wh}- tea is
called Tchai in Russia. A friend, whose
home is in China, told me of the copy
of a newspaper he has which appeared
in London at the time of Oliver Crom-
well's death. It tells about the prospects
of Richard Cromwell being Protector,
and of General Monk's doings. It also
contains an advertisement stating that
So-and-so in the city now has for sale
packets of the new beverage Tcha —
called in France Tea — price 20s. a
pound. Tea is still called Tcha in parts
of China, and the Russians, gettinp" their

friend of father's, who considered that
his pictures were the finest arguments
against war ever put on canvas. Vas-
sili A^erestchagin was undoubtedl)" the
most famous of all painters of the
realities of war. It is said of Dante that
he wrote the " Inferno " because he had
himself been in hell. It is literally true
of Verestchagin that he painted war
because he was himself a warrior. He
was a soldier-artist, a man who became
a soldier for the sake of his art, and who
used his art in order to teach the world
the truth about soldiering. It was in
his search for realism that he lost his
life. In order to paint truh' scenes of

866

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Xovemhcr 1, 1913.

naval warfare he went out on the flag-
ship of the Russian squadron at Port
Arthur, the " Petropavlovsk," and
perished with all her crew when she
struck a floating Japanese mine and
sank. He painted a marvellous series of
Scriptural pictures, which excitid much
discussion and provoked an uproar in
the Catholic circles of Vienna. But it
was his score of pictures showing with
horrible reality the greatest catastrophe
in war that has ever appalled the imagi-
nation of mankind, which most im-
pressed those who saw them.

THE RETREAT OF THE GRANDE ARMEE.

In the whole blood-stained tragedy of
war there is no more terrible chapter than
that which describes the retreat of Napo-
leon and his Grand Army.

I will always remember the last pic-
ture, which represents Napoleon leaning
upon a stick, walking through the snow
followed by his staff and a long line of
his dwindling army. There he was
tramping along through the desolate
landscape white with snow, through
which peeped here and there ghastly
relics which reminded us that the few
flgures we see are but a miserable hand-
ful of survivors, while hundreds of thou-
sands of their fellows have perished be-
neath the winding sheet of the Rus-
sian winter. It makes one feel cold, so
marvellously had the painter caught the
frozen stillness of the scene. " Pictures
like these," said the Kaiser, " are our best
guarantee against war." After looking
long and earnestly at the Napoleon on
tramp in the snow, he turned awaj' with
the remark : " And in spite of that there
will still be men who want to govern the
world. But they will all end like this."

A PYRAMID OF SKULLS.

His "Pyramid of Skulls" is one of

the most famous pictures in the Moscow

Gallery. It is dedicated to all the great

conquerors that have been, that are, and

that will be. It is the Apotheosis of the

Glory of War. It is the grim pyramid

that remains to commemorate " the first

and last of fields, Kingmaking Victory."

In Western Europe, wrote my father, tliere
is &inflBcient veneer of civilisation and
humanity to render it impossible for even a
Napoleon to commemorate lids triumplis by
rearing a pyramid of the skulls of his slaugh-

tered enemies. But in Central Asia, where
the human animal is not ashamed to give
full vent to hia natural savagery, the cus-
tom of commemorating victories by piling up
skulls of the slain is one of the most ancient
and familiar practices of great conquerors.
Even with comparatively recent times a pyra-
mid of skulls erected near Nisch, in Southern
Servia, survived as a relic of Turkish bar-
barism, an unmistakable fingerpost of Otto-
man conquest. But «-ith the exception of the
pyramid at Nisch, Europe has hitherto pre-
ferred to commemorate her victories in less
realistic fashion. In the place of pyramids of
skulls we have the Arc de Triomphe, but
both are expressions of the same sentiment;
and if the skulls of all the slain in the battles
whose names are inscribed in the Arc de
I'Etoile were collected in one vast hean, they
would dwarf even the pyramids which were
reared to commemorate the devastating con-
quests of Tamerlane. There is, it must be
admitted, a certain charm about the Asiatic
method of demonstrating a victory by a
monument of skulls that appeals to the
simple instincts of the barbarian, which are
never far beneath the surface of any of us.

Whether historically accurate or not, there
is no doubt that Vassili Verestchagin has pro-
duced a very remarkable picture, one upon
which the eye rests with a certain melancholy
satisfaction, which is natural to man when
he feels that he has arrived at the ultimate
and bottom fact of things. There is in these
grey skulls, all wind-worn and sabre-slashed,
on which the raven perches, looking eagerly
for some stray shred of human flesh not yet
shrivelled in the sun or gnawed by vermin,
the last word of the great drama, the open-
ing scenes of which are bright with all the
pomp and circumstance of war. After many
succeeding acts of the deepest tragedy, it
culminates in this silent pyramid on the frame
of which the artist has inscribed his ironical
dedication: "To all conquerors, past, pre-
sent, and to come I"

FROM MOSCOW TO THE CRIMEA.
In Moscow we experienced a heavy
fall of snow, and sledges took the place
of cabs in the streets. The quaint
spired churches, their gorgeous interiors,
covered with mosaic, pictures and pre-
cious metals, so that no speck of wall is
visible, the priceless painting protected
with gold shields, sprinkled with valu-
able stones, and the ikones with faces
and hands kissed away by devout wor-
shippers, all interested father immensely,
and remain a vivid memory with me.

THE CRIME OF THE CRIMEA.
We left Moscow with the thermometer
below freezing point, but found Sebas-
topol under a smiling Italian — or
Queensland — sky, with a winter climate
like summer in England. As the train
ran through the rocky Crimea, an

levieir of Ui'L-firi', 1 111/13.

MY FATHER.

867

all but name, we noticed

the battleiields of that

and useless war between

with her French, Turkish

allies, and Russia. It

smiling

freezing"

si and in

nany of

iisastrous

ingland,

ind Sardinian

vas hard to believe that this

and could have witnessed the xi^v_z...i^

o death of thousands of the soldiers of

he Allies, whom mismanagement left

argely unprovided for severe weather,

md whose camps were pitched in the

nost exposed and bleak plateaux in-

;tead of in the warmer valleys. Father

hus described Sebastopol the day before

ve left for Constantinople : —

Last night Sebastopol was en fete. The
Cmperor and Empress liad come over in the
niperial yacht from Yalta to inspect the
ilack Sea Fleet, and to meet the Dowager
Cmpress on her arrival from Copenhagen,
^'he yacht was lying opposite the Count's
anding place, all aglow with electric light.
^ short distance further down the harbour
ay fiv^e battleships, black and grim, tlieir
lUge bulk looming large acro.ss the gleaming
i-ater. Viewed from my balcony, the scene
vas singularly beautiful. The moon, now at
ler full, shone down from a cloudless sky,
looding the white city with white light,
^'rom the boulevard, where once frowned the
hree-tiered rows of the two hundred and
ixty cannon of Fort Nicholas, there came,
IS the music rose and fell, throbbing strains
hf melody. Tn the streets the bright lights
►f the electric cars shot out here and there
hrough the leafy avenues; in the harbour
ie lynx-eyed patrol-boat, with its double

lamp, steamed ceaselessly round and round
the Imperial yacht, keeping jealoius watch,
like the fire-eyed water snake of fairy legend
over the Prince's bower.

I bad crossed that afternoon the battle-
field of Balaklava, and the site of the famous
Flagstaff Battery, behind which the Russians
kept at bay for two years tlie allied forces
of four nations. Forty-two years ago the
whole south side oif the city where I was
standing had been battered into blood-
stained, smoking ruin. Two miles to the
nortliward .stands the great pyramid erected
in the Russian cemetery to the memory of
the tens of thousands of Russian soldiers
who died in defence of their fatherland
against the foreiiru invader. The ink with
which I write this letter is taken from an
inkstand made out of case-shot, picked up
on the battlefield. Everywhere some name re-
called the sombre memories of the great crime
whereby the long peace was broken up, and
the half-century of war was begun. Two
lines came humming through my head :

" Here, where Murder breathed her bloody
steam.

And man was slaughtered by his fellow
man."

And wherefore slaughtered? Wherefore
but because those who decreed the slaughter
wished to destroy Sebastopol, and to forbid
Russia being the naval mistress of the Black
Sea. Now Sebastopol is far more strongly
armed tlian it was in 1853. And the great
floating fortres.ses of iron and steel anchored
in the harbour make the Tsar the undisputed
Lord of the Euxine up to the very gates
of tbe Basphorus. Everything is as it was be-
fore the war began, only more so, excepting
the hundred thou.sand gallant soldiers who
died that it may be otherwise tlian it was
written in the book of fate.

♦t^ -<*"

/

<JP^-,

THE FIRST .-VND LAST OK FIELDS. K L\(L\L\KINCi VICTORY.

868

Beviev of Eerhncs, l/ll/lS.

JOHN GAI.SWCJRTHV.

Review of Revieivs, l/il/lC.

86q

THEATRE AND CONCERT PLATFORM.

To judge from Melbourne papers
theatres in Sydne\' have been having a
very bad time indeed. I was surprised,
therefore, to hnd the house crowded to
the doors for the Quinlan Opera Com-
pany's opening" performances, and not
a seat vacant when " Within the Law "
was being given. 1 his bright American
phiy is having a great run in Austraha.
It has been Angb'cised for London audi-
ences, and the plot is laid in German}- in
the play now running in Berlin. To us
here much of its popularity is due to its
American setting. To omit the American-
isms would deprive it of its unique char-
acter.

The Repertory Theatre has been giving
several plays in Melbourne with much
success John Galsworthy's " Strife " was
the last of these. Naturally this power-
ful play evokes mingled feelings. It
deals entirely with the clash of capital
and labour, and is really a conclusive
argument in favour of trades unionism.
The individual striker, no matter how
much he be in the right, is shown power-
less against the capitalist. Directly the
union takes a hand, the matter is ar-
ranged. John Anthon}-, old employer
and capitalist, is true to the last to his
life-long principle of no compromise,
but he, too, is forced to submit to the
dictates of the union in the long run, by
his own directors. The moral of the i^lay
does not require emphasising in Aus-
tralia. It depicts conditions which,
thanks principally to the trades rnions,
have long ago ceased to exist here. A
difficult play to stage attractive! ', owing
to the long speeches and dialogues in-
troduced. Considering that all those
taking part were amateurs, the produc-
tion was most creditable.

Air. John McCormack is having a
magnificent reception in Melbourne, re-
peating there the triumphs achieved in
Adelaide and Sydney. Mme. Norclica
has had a most successful tour in New
Zealand. She sings at the Town Hill,
Melbourne, during Cup week. Seldom
has a better, all-round concert compan}-
than hers visited Australia.

An interesting visitor to Australia
from the old country is Miss Drake.
She is the author of many short plays
which have achieved considerable popu-
larity at home. Not only does she write
the plots, she also takes the leading
part herself, with conspicuous ability.
At one time a regular writer on the press,
her health broke down, and she devoted
hei;self e.xclusively to the production of
plays. The most notable are — " The
Heart of a .Slave," " Pharaoh's Daugh-
ter," " fommy Soap Bubbles," and "The
Sculptor's Alasterpiece." She is booked
for an extended tour in Victoria during
the next two months. After she had
produced " Pharaoh's Daughter " in
London, it had the distinction of being
" potted " by the genial Pellisier, whose
recent death has so shocked all who saw
him with his " Follies."

MI.SS DRAKE.

Review of Riviews, lIllllS

THE DEFENCE ACT 11.

By HENRY STEAD.

To train the whole population for military purposes would create a greater force
than the country would require to defend it. ivould impose too heavy a financial
burden on the conntry, and would probably not lead to efficiency. — Official memoran-
dum explaining the South African Defence Bill.

South Africa took care in framing
her defence scheme, to make it elastic
enough to allow of its being expanded
or contracted as need arose, or financial
stringency existed. Australia did not
do this but adopted a hard and fast
scheme — so far as land forces were con-
cerned— which is forcing her into an ex-
penditure far in excess of what she either
contemplated or is indeed justified in
incurrmg. In South Africa, when it is
found that the Moloch of militarism is
devouring more than the nation can af-
ford, the expenditure can be brought
down to reasonable proportions without
in any way altering the Act. In Aus-
tralia he must get what he demands —
at present. Always, in fact, if the Kit-
chener scheme is considered the absolute
minimum necessary to secure the safety
of Australia.

My last article has been somewhat
violently attacked, but most of the criti-
cisms have been made by those whose
knowledge of the Act is obviously
slight, and who insist upon its being
swallowed whole by everyone. Reading-
these comments anyone would assume
that I was opposed to Australia prepar- only ;^4, 140,000 on defence this year

the Act receive honest criticism. They
are anxious to make the scheme as work-
able as possible, they admit the hard
case of the true moral objector, and
would, I am sure, welcome any practical
solution of the difficulty.

What, some critics ask, would you
and others thinking as you do, suggest
in place of the present scheme?

To me it is clear that the fate of
Australia will be decided on the water,
and not on the land. If once the con-
trol of the sea is permanently lost, the
whole of Australian manhood in arms
would fail to keep this vast continent in-
violate. If this is admitted, is it not ob-
vious that all the army Australia needs
is a force sufficiently large and well
trained to account for a chance raider
who might have succeeded in eluding the
fleet, but who must inevitably be cut off
from his base the moment the ships of
war arrive on the scene ?

THE NAVY THE CHIEF DEFENCE.

According to the estimates made when
Parliament was induced to accept the
Defence Scheme, we should be spending

ing to defend herself altogether. On
the contrary, I think it is the Common-
wealth's duty to shoulder her share of
the burden of Empire, nor would I have
her spend a penny less on defence than
she did this )^ear. I do not, though,
agfree with those who consider that a
man's loyalty and patriotism is only
to be measured by his willingness him-

\Ve are actual h' spending i^ 5,747,000,
and spending it in the proportion of
;^3, 290,000 on the army and only
i^2,45o,ooo on the navy.

If this heavy burden must be borne,
at any rate, let the greater expenditure
be upon the arm which even the most
fanatical advocate of compulsory ser-
vice will admit is the first and most im-

self to bear arms and to compel others poriant line of defence, instead of upon
to do so also. land forces, which can only be re'^arded

My article did not criticise the De- . . -.

ence Scheme in general, but only cer-
tain portions of the Act dealing with
the land forces. That is a very different
thing. I should like to bear tribute to
the way in which those charged to ad-
minister and carry out the provisions of

as a subsidiary means of nrotection,
which may perhaps be of value should
the first line fail.

THE PEOPLE DECEIVED.
\\'hen • the /\ct was introduced Aus-
t-alians were told that the scheme for

Eecicu- of liccicus, :/U/l3.

THE DEFENCE ACT.

the proposed land forces would cost,
when in full working order, in 1920,
less than iJ"2,ooo,coo Actually, if the
Kitchener recommendations are carried
out on the present lines, we will be
spending i^S, 000,000 in 1920 on that
branch of defence alone !

That is to say, the people of Australia
have been deceived, unintentionally, of
course, but deceived, nevertheless, into an
expenditure (part already incurred and
part estimated for the future) of
;^ 1 7,000,000 more in ten )'ears on the
land forces than they were told the
scheme would cost when their represen-
tatives agreed upon its introduction !

fjO COST i^5, 000,000, NOT i^ 1, 884,000.

As stated above. Lord Kitchener cal-
:ulated that the military budget would
>e /"i, 884,000 per ani.um when the whole
scheme was in working order, and
So,ooo men between 18 and 26 were being
trained. Before that happens there are
seven more quotas to come in, and as
each new batch of junior cadets joins the
seniors, and the seniors join the citizen
forces, an additional iJ^200,000 will be
added to the cost vearlv. Sir John For-
rest points out in his Budget speech that
the drafting of 22,500 junior cadets
into the senior cadets, and 17,500 senior
cadets into the citizen forces, and the
increased amount of ammunition re-
quired absorbs this sum in the following
ratio : — Instructional staff, ^^23,000 ;
clothing and equipment, £"97,000 ; am-
munition, i^8o,ooo. The ordinary mili-
tary expenditure, apart from new works,
interest on transferred properties etc., is
to be ;zf 1,914,262 this year, £^28 1,797 more
than last. It would be quite safe to
reckon that this ordinar)' expenditure
will increase annually by a quarter of a
million pounds, so that in 1920, when
the first batch of men in the citizen force
aged 26 pass out into the reserve, the
annual sum required will be £^3,665, 000.
New works, interest, etc., now i^ 1,277,000,
is hardly likely to be less than
i^ 1, 000,000 then. As it is frankh^ ad-
mitted that musketry equipment is
lamentably insufficient, and that con-
siderable sums must still be spent on
outfit and artillery, it looks as if in 1920
and following years, £^5,000,000 will be

required for the land forces alone, if
the present scheme goes through.

Naval expenditure is to be Z^2, 45 5,000
this year, only £^"200,000 more than Ad-
miral Henderson estimated. £150,000
of this increase has gone in higher pay
for the personnel than was at first
deemed necessary. Preserving that pro-
fortion, the extra cost for personnel in
1920 will be £"300,000, and the total
naval expenditure £^3,400,000, instead of
£"3,078,000 as estimated by the Admiral.

At the present moment we are paying
24s. per head for defence. Great Bri-
tain pays 3 IS. 9d., Germany i8s. 9cJ.,
France 27s. 5d., the United States 12s.
lod., Russia 6s. 7d., Japan 4s. 6d.,
Canada 3s. id. If the expenditure on
the land forces is not checked the
total cost of defence in 1920 will be
£"8,400,000, or 32s. per head, allowing for
an estim.ated increase in population of
18 oer cent, in ten years.

In view of the fact that Australia will
be faced with a deficit of some four or
five millions in the fi.nancial year fol-
lowing this, it is very evident that the
expenditure on defence will have to be
cut down to something like the estimate
on which it was adopted. Had we not
better follow South Africa's lead, and
see that, in carrying out our defence
policy we do not impose too heavy a
financial burden on the country ?

Everything turns on whether Aus-
tralia really requires 80,000 trained men
between the ages of 18 and 26 to make
her safe.

-She certainly does not, so long as we
control the sea. Clearly to have this
number is going to cost almost three
times the amount estimated when the
scheme was started. This expenditure
will inevitably cripple us in developing
this huge continent, and development,
which means additional pooulation, is
the supreme need of Australia just now.

THE SOUTH AFRICAN ACT.
The South xA.frican Defence Scheme
appears to be a far more workable one
than ours. To begin with, .South AfricM
has realised her limitations as set forth in
the quotation at the head of this article.
It is, therefore, proposed "to train an-
nually only such a number of the citi-

87-

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

S'jvcmher 1. 1913.

zens as seems reasonabi}- required for
defence purposes, and to let the Govern-
ment from time to time fix this number
in accordance with the probable require-
ments and financial resources of the
Union."

The South African Scheme differs
from ours in the fallowing fundamental
ways : —

(1) It does not comijel service until the
citizen is 21. In populous ai'eas cadets be-
tween 13 and 17 may ho trained if their
parents consent.

(2) It gives a citizen, between the ages of
17 and 21 the opportunity of voluntarily en-
tering himself for training.

(3) Although all must register, only a cer-
tain proportion, selected by ballot, will be
required to train in the citizen force.

(4) Those who do not carry out their full
peace training, that is, do not volunteer or
get selected by ballot, must be enrolled as
members of a rifle association, and for four
years undergo annually a prescribed course
of training in the care and use of the rifle,
and also pay £1 a year for 24 years as a
contribution towards military defence.

(5) Exemptions are allowed for the fol-
lowing reasons : —

(a) The interruption of a citizen's course
of eflucational studies.

(b) The nature and extent of his domes-
tic obligations.

(c) The conditions of his industrial pro-
fessional or business vocations.

{d) His bona fide religious tenets.

(c) The inaccessibility of training centres
from his place of residence.

(/) Physical deformities or defects or
mental incapacity being so marked as
to preclude any necessity for the sub-
sequent medical examination pre-
scribed.

Exemptions are granted b\' a board
selected from oificers commanding the
units allotted to that district, the magis-
trates, and such other prominent citizens
residing in that district as the Minister
of Defence may direct. The [Minister
appoints a magistrate to be president of
the Board.

Lord Kitchener, in his recommenda-
tion, estimated that the land forces re-
quired to protect Australia were 80,000
fighting troops. In order to obtain this
total the Field }ilarshal reckoned that
15,900 eighteen-}-ear-old men should
start training in the citizen forces every
year. This allowed for a wastage of
5 per cent annually during the eight
years of training. The first quota of
men born in 1894 — numbering 16,900 —

are now training in the citizen forces,
and the second quota — born in 1895 —
number 17,474 — fifteen hundred more
than required. The population of Aus-
tralia is increasing at the rate of 18 per
cent, per annum, so that each )^ear the
numbers coming in for training should
be larger. There should, consequently,
be room for considerable leniency, and
the South African scheme of exemptions
could be adopted without endangering
the 80,000 fighting men, which Lord
Kitchener deemed necessary to make
Australia secure.

C.\X THE PEOPLE RE.ALLY CONTROL IT ?>

A few of the points made in my last
article have been challenged, and as I
am anxious to give as accurate and fair
a criticism of the Act as possible, I
set them forth below.

I pointed out that one of the chief
dangers of the present Act was that it
might imperceptibl}- lead to a great in-
crease of militarism. That, I am told,
is quite impossible. The people would
never stand it. The}' have the power to
alter the provisions of the Act, to pre-
vent any increase in hours of service, to
stop any additional powers being
granted to the military authorities.
Theoretically that is true, but is it in
practice? A small boy may start a
boulder down a gentle slope, but soon
even a Hercules could not stop it.

The Inspector-General urges, in his
latest report, that the training period of
the Light Horse should be increased to
2^ days in all, of which at least 17
should be continuous. It is obvious that
this would greatl)- increase their effi-
cienc}', and from that point of view
would be admirable. Will the people
allow it? If so, will they later agree
to increased training for cadets, or the
citizen forces? I venture to think that
if all the military advisers of the Gov-
ernment urged such an increase, on the
perfectl}' legitimate ground of efficiency,
a majority of the people would never
sa>- them nay, and the minority would
be helpless to prevent it. The present
financial position shows how utterly
powerless the people are to control de-
tails. It also shows what a financial
vampire the army is becoming.

Eeviev of Bevieivs, l/ll/is.

THE DEFENCE ACT.

87.i

A PURELY AUSTR.^LIAN SCHEME.

The Defence Acts of Australia, New
Zealand and South Africa are similar
in many points, and I suggested the
National Service League had not been
idle in the matter. I am assured, how-
ever, that the Australian Act, at any
rate, is a purely Australian production,
having been first adumbrated by Mr.
Deakin in 1907, embodied in a Bill by
Mr. Cook in 1908, and finally launched
by Senator Pearce in 1909-10. Lord
Kitchener visited Australia after it had
been decided on, to advise about it.
Colonel Legge, now in London, was
very largely responsible for the details
of the Act.

TWO CLASSES OF CADETS.

In referring to the fact that sons of
well-to-do parents had preference shown
them in the matter of drilling", I did not
intend to convey that the military autho-
rities were making any difference intcn-
tioudlly. It is the old question of silk
and fustian. The public school boy has
a better time drilling, as he has in every-
thing else. To him tlie military drill is
made largely part of his ordinary
studies. The boy who goes to work at
14, on the other hand, must do his drills
in the street during his half -holidays or
at night. To him they become a labour,
and he does not like the difference thus
made between him and the more for-
tunate schoolboy. Undoubtedly two
castes are being created — the school-
drilled Cadet, and the street-drilled
Cadet.

I inadvertently referred to the Mili-
tary Board as the Military Council in
stating that the ma jorit)' of Australians
had ttie vaguest idea of the power the\-
had given it. I mentioned the existence
of a virtual conspiracy of silence in the
newspapers in Australia on the subject
of the working of the Act. Althougli
there is ample proof of this, the state-
ment has been strenuously denied.

Recently, though, criticisms oi the
detail working of the Act are begin-
ning to find their wa_\' into the papers.
The most persistent is the comphiint thai
boys have to give up their half -holidays

to drill instead of to football or cricket.
The proposal is made that they shall
drill on Saturday mornings, at their em-
ployers' expense, and no doubt the sug-
gestion will find favour. It is hardly
fair, though, to ask the employer to.
contribute to the defence of the country
m this way, considering that he largely
pays in taxes and customs duties for it
already. The case might be met by the
trainees putting in three-quarters ot an
hour extra every day, and thus making
up the four hours worked on Saturday,
leaving it free for drills.

WHAT IS " ON DUTY."

Standing orders 115 and 116 were, I
stated, contrary to the spirit of freedom
on which we pride ourselves. These
l)ars. expressly forbid officers and sol-
diers to publish or communicate to the
jDress any information without special
authority, either directly or indirectly.
These Standing Orders, it is pointed
out, have been m force ever since the
Commonwealth forces were first organ-
ised, years before the inception of the
present scheme. I am informed that
neither of these paragraphs affect the
right of any trainee in his capacity as a
private citizen to discuss the Act and its
operation in the same manner as any
other citizen. The trainees are not sub-
ject to the Standing Orders unless they
are in uniform or on duty. This cer-
tainly alters the case, although there is
no mention of "on duty" in the two
paragraphs in question. There is in the
preceding one which runs : —

" Officers and soldiers are forbidden,
when in uniform or on duty, to institute
or attend any meeting, demonstration or
procession for any religious or political
purpose."

Pars. 115 and 116 have cerlanih- l)een
taken to mean that an\' cadet writing to
the inipers on the subject of military
training would render himself liable to
ininishment. " On duty " ma)-, of course,
be somewhat widely inter] )reted. A clear
definition of what il means would be
advisable.

These stantling orders do not appi)-
t(i men in the reserve, so that after the

^74

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

yofvni})cr 1 1913.

age of 26 Australian citizens will be
really free to write and say what they
will.

As every trainee, through the proper
channels, h is the right to appeal to the
Military Board, that, and not the Com-
pany Commander, is the final judge
of efficiency, and Provest Marshals,
whose functions are similar to those
•of the truant officers under the Edu-
cation Act, are being appointed. It
is their duty to ascertain why drills are
not attended, and so on and so forth.
This relieves the area officer, and should
result m fewer mistakes being made.

The notable drop in the registration
during the last three years is explained
by the fact that in igi i many youths
■over 14 registered, and the same hap-
pened in 191 2, but this year all save
those under fourteen had been accounted
for, hence the difference of 8000. This
would account for some of the falling
•off, but hardly for all of it.

PROSECUTIONS.

It has also been pointed out to me that
I was wrong in stating that the propor-
tion of prosecutions under the Defence
Act is no higher than under the Educa-
tion Acts. This assertion has been so au-
thoritatively made that I did not verify
it. It is difficult to obtain figures for all
the States, and the number of school at-
tendances required varies greatly in
each. In Victoria the law is far stricter
than in N.S.W., for instance. So if we
take the Victorian figures, the percent-
age will be higher than for the rest of
the Commonwealth. The number of
children who attended State schools in
Victoria during 1911-12 was 205,253;
the total number of prosecutions under
the compulsory attendance clause was
7212, which is 3.51 per cent. It is true
about half of the scholars are girls, but
as about half of the delinquents are
girls, too, the percentage is probably
right.

In the citizen forces and senior cadets
the number of prosecutions for various
offences for the nine months, ist Jan-

uary to 30th September, 191 3, were 8236.
Assuming the same proportion for the
remaining three months of the )'ear, we
get a total of 10,981 prosecutions for
the 12 months. The number liable for
training in the senior cadets and citizen
forces is 124,849. The percentage of
prosecutions is, therefore, 8.79, as
against 3.51 under the Victorian Educa-
tion Act.

It is estimated that a large number of
the prosecutions under the Defence Act
are against individuals who have already
been dealt with for failure to render
personal service during the year. As,
however, duplication also exists in the
prosecutions under the Education Act,
it is probably fair to take the figures as
they stand for purposes of comparison,
especially as the Victorian Education
Act, as already pointed out, is a strin-
gent one. It would seem, therefore, that .
the prosecutions under the Defence Act
exceed those under the Education Act by
5.28 per cent.

IS THE DEFENCE EXPENDITURE
JUSTIFIED ?

In summing-up the financial position
of the Defence Scheme, we find that
Australia, three years after the inception
of universal service, is spending almost
£'4,000,000 on the land forces, which /
were not supposed to cost her ;{^ 1,884,000
until 191 7. If the rate of increase, due
only to the beginning of the training of ■
new quotas of men continues, she will be i
spending ^5,000,000 in 1920. The present '
Budget has absorbed all the surplus of >
the last three years. Next year there will /
be a deficit of four or five millions to
meet. Under these circumstances is Aus-
tralia justiffed in permitting this huge
additional expenditure beyond what she
originally bargained for ? Ought she,
in the attempt to secure the 80,000
trained men, demanded by the Kitchener
programme, to cripple herself by pay-
ing more per head on armaments than
any other country in the world ? Every
unprejudiced man cannot but come to
the conclusion that she ought to cut her
coat according to her cloth.

Revieir of Review?, l/ll/iS.

87;

GOVERNOR ADAMS.

MAJOR Cr,OMAN.

TOPICS OF THE MONTH.

XVIII. SHALL AUSTRALIA PARTICIPATE IN
THE PANAMA EXHIBITION?

A notable commission is visitins: Aus-
iralasia. It has been appointed by the
United States Government, and comes
over here to formally invite Australia's
participation in the great exhibition
which will celebrate the openmg of the
Panama Canal.

Four brainy men are the commissioners.
The leader, the Hon Alva Adams,
several times Governor of Colorado, is an
eminent banker. Major Sydney A. Clo-
man has had a military and administra-
tive experience few can rival. Mr.
O'Neil Sevier is a well-known journalist.
Mr. Thos. G. Stallsmith has a unique
knowledge of exhibitions and the
methods and international regulations
which nowadays must govern them. lie
is the Chief of the Agricultural Dej^.irt-
ment of the Exhibition, so that his in-
clusion ni the team is peculiarly fitting,
for it is to Australia as a i^roducer of
the primary necessaries of life that the
Exhibition at San Francisco mainly ap-
peals.

These four commissioners are just
now in Melbourne. They have visited
Adelaide, and spent some time in Syd-
ney. Their stay in New South Wales was-
indeed longer than they intended, owing
to the quarantine regulations. In each
of the States they have called on the
head of the Government, and, after ex-
plaining the object of their visit, they
show the great opportunity the exhibi-
tion offers Australia to make her pro-
ducts known, tell of her immense re-
sources, and show to hundreds of thou-
sands the great openings she has to offer
settlers.

Everywhere the commission has been
received with mucji cordiaht}', but its
members are jiraciical men. and want
something definite done, and without
delay. Some time ago the Federal Gov-
ernment decided to make a grant of
;^20,ooo towards the cost of a Common-'
wealth building at the Fair, but thus far
the States have done nothing in the
matter.

8/6

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

November 1, 1013.

There are undoubledl)' very strong
reasons why Australia should accept the
cordial invitation now extended to her.
The Panama Canal will greatly benefit
this country, and it has not cost her a
cent. We ought certainly to show cur ap-
preciation of the boon Americans have
conferred on the world, and especially
■on the lands washed by the Pacific, in
thus " wedduig Atlantic Bridegroom to
Pacific Bride," by doing our best to make
the exhibition as great a success as pos-
sible.

Whilst this sentimental reason will not
perhaps have much weight, the chance
thus given of bringing Australia before
a vast multitude who know nothing at
all about her is one we ought to seize
without delay. There can be no ques-
tion whatever as to the great value an
adequate show of our products and stock
would be to Australia. She wants set-
tlers, and American settlers especially.
Special envoys have been despatched
from time to time to the United States
with the set object of advertising Aus-
tralia, and thus attracting Americans
here. After all, an exhibit is nothing
more than a glorified advertisement, and
the World's Fair at San Francisco is
about the finest hoarding for our show
poster that could possibly be found.

Canada considers it worth her while
to spend iJ^i 50,000 on buildings and
exhibits. Everv State in South America
will have a special pavilion, and will be
sending exhibits. Germany, after hang-
ing back awhile, has decided to be ade-
quately represented. France's pavilion
IS already being built. No State in
Europe but will be in evidence. Japan —
despite the difference over Californian
legislation — is spending a large sum on
a special building. England alone hesi-
tates to come in on the ground that the
high tariff in force in the United States
makes it useless for English manufac-
turers to take part in the Exhibition. In
spite of this, numbers of British firms
have already taken space on their own
account ; but it would be a great pity if
there is no British Palace amongst those
of the other nations.

The commissioners would rather that
Australia stayed out altogether than that
she sent only a poor exhibit. The Fede-

ral Government has voted ;^20,000, if
New South Wales. Victoria, Queensland
and South Australia make similar grants
a fine and really adequate representation
could be made.

Those m charge of the project have
arranged for separate magnificent
palaces to house exhibits in each of the
following departments : — (a) Fine Arts,
(b) Education, (c) Social Economy, (d)
Liberal Arts, (e) Manufactures and
varied Industries, (f) Machinery, (g)
Transportation, (h) Agriculture, (i) Live
Stock, (k) Horticulture, (1) Mines and
Metallurgy. Exhibit material from
every country in the world will be in-
stalled in these great palaces, each in its
proper class. Australia, if she comes
into the scheme, would have space al-
lotted to her free, chiefly in the palaces
devoted to the last four departments, for
of necessity the Commonwealth's great
products are from the soil, not, as in
older lands, from the brain.

Her pavilion, for which space has
been reserved near one of the entrances,
should be built as far as possible with
x^ustralian wood, and decorated by
Australian artists. It would be the meet-
ing place of all Australians viewing the
Exhibition, and, if well managed, here
could also be attracted tens of thousands
of visitors. At the Paris Exhibition in
1900 the Austrian pavilion was always
crowded. Not because it was the build-
ing of the Dual Empire, but because it
was so well arranged, had so excellent a
restaurant, and such a fine Hungarian
band. It was a fine advertisement for
Austria. There is no reason why Aus-
tralia's pavilion should not likewise be
made the most popular at the Fair.

It might easily be made to accommo-
date a picture theatre. Nothing gives so
good an idea of a place as moving pic-
tures of typical scenes in town and
country. A cinematograph show, how-
ever poor, always attracts a large crowd
at an exhibition — especially if it is free !
Fine films, depicting typical Australian
life and scenery, would tell thousands
more about this great country, convince
them more quickly of its possibilities
than an}' amount of dry statistics and
pamphlets. There are many other ways

RevU'if of licricni', 1 111/13.

TOPICS OF THE MONTH.

'/ /

in which the exhibits of our jiroducts
might be supplemented. For instance,
an Australian daily paper might be pub-
lished duruig the Fair. General Exhibi-
tion news and direct cables from Aus-
tralia would make it attractive, and
special articles upon the oiDportunities
Australia offers to all comers could be
published, and in this way be read by a
very great public daily.

The San Francisco Exhibition will be
the greatest that has ever been held.
Close on i^i0,0O0,000 will le silent on
it, whilst the exhibits are valued at an-
other i,6,ooo,cco, making a grand total
of i^i6,coo,ooo, the total cost nf cutting
the Suez Canal.

Considerable feeling has been aroused
in Great Britain over the suggested 5 per
cent, rebate in the dues on American ves-
sels using the Canal. According to the
cables just received, this rebate has been
disallowed by President Wilson, and the
Panama Canal is, therefore, open on
equal terms to the vessels of all nations.
No descrimination whatever will be
shown.

Australia has a chance given her now
of making herself known to Americans
in a way which has never before offered.
Much benefit is bound to follow to all
the States. They should embrace the op-
portunity, and carry out ihe scheme
handsomely.

THOS. (i. STALI, SMITH.

HON. ONKIl. SKVIER.

878

Ecvicir of Iievicui<, Ij lljlS,

ONE SUMMER AFTERNOON.

AUSTRALIAN ARTISTS.

Mr. Clewin Harcourt, who painted the
picture reproduced above, has just given
an exhibition of his work in Melbourne.
He purposes showing in Adelaide and
Sydney, possibly in Perth also. Al-
though a Victorian born, Mr. Harcourt
spent several years in West Australia,
where he was one of the founders of the
Society of Arts. It is twenty years since
he left his native town of Melbourne,
and during this long absence his work
has been almost forgotten by his fellow
townsmen. It is good that they have
had this opportunity of seein^ his paint-
ings, and of learning that this Austra-
lian artist has done so well at home. Mr.
Harcourt studied at the Melbourne
National Art School, where he won a
special prize for portraiture. At the
famous cloister school at Antwerp he
won the coveted annual painting medal.

Although this has been an annua! com-
petition for 300 years, it has never before
been won by an Australian. Back in
London again Mr. Harcourt devoted
himself to black and white work for the
press, but ere long the longing to paint
became too strong, and he went to Paris,
where he studied under Jean Paul Lau-
rens. Several of his pictures were hung
in the Salon. He was asked to join the
Society of Arts and Letters, the most
select in France. His best-known pic-
ture, " One Summer Afternoon," was ex-
hibited at the Royal Academy, and the
Salon, and leading galleries at home.
Mr. Harcourt specialised in portrait
painting, and confines himself largely to
women and children Mr Harcourt con-
siders that a Continental and English
training is absolutely essential, and
admits that an artist must go home to
get on.

l<eiiww of Revie'j:s, : 1 11/ 13

879

YUAN SHIH-KAI, MASTER OF CHINA;

By CARL CROW

Is Yuan Shih-kai, President of the Re-
public of China, a man who would be

king ?

In that brief query is summed up the
question which is sending the armies of
the South of China against the armies
of the North, threatening to wreck the
Flowery Republic, so recently estab-
lished as a result of the most remarkable
revolution the world has ever known.
Rumours of a possible civil war have
been current in China ever since the
establishment of the Republic, and the
basis for all of them is the fear of Yuan
Shih-kai — the fear that he will make his
present dictatorship permanent, and will
found a new dynasty stronger than the
old. Almost all who know the man,
Chinese and foreigners alike, believe that
he who has so easily gained the mastery
of a country which has known so many
dynasties could with almost equal ease
destroy the republican government of
which he is head, put on the old mon-
archial trappings of the Manchus, and
make himself the first of a new dynasty
of Chinese emperors.

"He is the Napoleon of China!" cry
the Chinese republicans of the South,
amazed that under a republican form of
government one man is able to secure
and hold such a large measure of power.

" Why should I want to be a Napo-
leon when I might become another
Washington?" replies Yuan.

Is he a Napoleon or a Washington ?
No one knows, and on the answer to the
question depends much of China's future
history.

Yuan Shih-kai is now 55. though he
does not look so old. He is a short,
heavy man, active, but inclined to be
corpulent, like most old Chinese. His
eyes are small and keen, and, with ad-
vancing age, bulge from the head in a
way that would be ludicrous in a man of
less dignity. His complexion was once

*This article was -written for the American
Review of Reviews before tlie southern out-
break had been crushed by Yuan, and before
his formal election as first President of
C'hina.

clear and swarthy, but is now somewhat
sallow and discoloured. His enemies
say this is because of his dissolute life
His moustache, once black, is now grey
and straggling, and droops over his firm
mouth in the approved Chinese fashion
Since he has cut his queue and adopted
foreign clothing it is noticeable that he
always stands with his feet wide apart,
like the horseman he is, or like Napoleon
In a room full of Chinese, Yuan would
not attract attention. He has not the
commanding stature which gave promi-
nence to his old patron, Li Hung-chang
He has not the peculiar facial formation
with breadth of cheek which character-
ises Sun Yat Sen, nor the strong jaw and
military bearing of Li Yuan-hung.

If he lacks in distinguished physical'
appearance. Yuan makes up for it by the
pomp with which he surrounds himself
For many years, when he occupied offi-
cial position under the Manchus, he
never went abroad without the company
of four guards of unusual height, who
were dressed in gorgeous costume. His
chair-bearers were always men of strik-
ing appearance, and there was nothing
in the catalogue of Chinese livery which
was overlooked to add distinction to his
coming and going. As his rank in-
creased he increased the eclat with which
he surrounded himself. Now, as the
President of the Flowery Republic,
streets are cleared before he ventures out,
and he goes accompanied by man\-
galloping horsemen,

WITHOUT A CLASSICAL EDUCATION.

A Chinese critic, who once denounced
Yuan Shih-kai, said, " In his youth his
favourite pastimes were horse-riding and
fencing, and he was not a man of educa-
tion." That is a serious charge in China,
for Yuan Shih-kai has violated the pre-
cedents and ideals of centuries by climb-
ing the rungs of official promotion with-
out the knowledge of Chinese classics
with which every Chinese official is sup-
posed to be equipi.)ed. He cares little
for books.

When, at the age of thirty, he was
serving his country as " Resident " at the

88o

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

November 1, 1913.

court of Seoul, an American diplomat
described him as being "just a brutal,
sensual, rollicking Chinaman." The
diplomat added : " Nobody understands
the meaning of the word arrogance who
didn't know Yuan in those years. He
was arrogance personified. Having vast
powers, he frequently cut off tne heads
of Chinese gamblers and others, and I
was an unwilling witness of some of
these street-side pastimes of his. He
would not let a physician save the life
of one of his soldiers by amputating his
arm, saying, ' of what good would a one-
armed soldier be?' Yet he kept as a
pensioner another soldier whose life was
saved, but who was useless as a trooper.
He was altogether unscrupulous, but ab-
solutely faithful and devoted to his pat-
ron, and largely to his friends. He
would sacrifice an enemy or one who
stood in his way, but at the same time
sacrifice himself readily for his patron."

MEETING THE BOXERS WITH CONVINCING
.ARGUMENTS.

Yuan has always been a man of action.
While he was acting as Governor of
Shantung province there came to him a
delegation representing the organisation
later known as the Boxers. They ex-
plained their ambitious plans to drive
all foreigners out of China, and the
virtues of the charms they wore, which
would make them invulnerable to bullets.
Governor Yuan expressed great interest
in their plans, and especially in the effi-
cacy of the charms. He was so curious
about these that he asked them to dinner
for a further discussion. At the conclu-
sion of this meal Governor Yuan led his
well-fed guests into an adjoining court-
yard, where a squad of his soldiers was
stationed. The Boxers with the magic
charms were lined up on one side of the
courtyard — the soldiers fired a volley,
and all the Boxers fell dead. That was
Yuan Shih-kai's answer to their silly
claims.

AS ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMER.

It was while Yuan was Governor of
Shantung, and later as Viceroy of
Chihli, that he began to attract the at-
tention of foreigners by his practical
reform measures. He has never been out
of China, except for his ten-year stay at
the retrograde court of Korea, and he

knows no foreign language. Yet in the
administration of the Vice-royalty of
Chihli he beat the foreign-trained re-
formers at their own game, instituting
reforms which still serve as a model to
China. He gave Tientsin a good muni-
cipal government, and employed an
American to develop an excellent school
system. More than that, in the eyes of
his Manchu lords, he reformed the army,
saw that the men were drilled by
foreigners, were regularly paid and well
fed. Later, when he was called to
Peking to serve on a government board,
his activities knew no departmental
bounds, for he dominated everything
with which he came in contact. He dic-
tated the foreign policy, and ruled every-
thing with a high hand. Foreign friends
of China were not alarmed at this, for
after the death of Li Hung-chang, Yuan
was the only man around the decaying
Manchu court who deserved to be called
a statesman.

CHARGES OF ABSOLUTISM.

But many Chinese scented danger in
his rapid rise to power, and formal
charges were brought against him that
he had " usurped all governmental
power, and was ruling like an absolute
despot against whom nobody could
achieve his purpose" About the time
these charges were brought Yuan cele-
brated his birthday, and officials high
and low crowded to his villa to offer him
congratulations and gifts. When the
guests assembled they were surprised
to see among the gifts a pair of scrolls
with the inscription : " May the Em-
peror live ten thousand years! May
Your Excellency live ten thousand
\'ears!" The Chinese character which
means " ten thousand years " could, by
inviolate custom, be used only for the
Emperor of China, and its use as a
means of birthday greetings to Yuan
was merely a sarcastic hint that he had
helped the Empress Dowager, in 1898, to
depose the Emperor because of ambi-
tions to succeed him.

YUAN'S RHEUMATIC LEG.

Not long after this the Empress

Dowager and the Emperor died, and

the rule of China passed into hands less

friendly to Yuan Shih-kai. The new

Beiieir of UTtews, 1/11/lS.

YUAN SHIH-KAI.

88i

rulers both feared and hated him, and
lost no time m ^ettin^' rid of him as a
government official. He was a man of
too much prominence in China and
abroad to be summarily dismissed, and
a typical Chinese subterfuge was
adopted. An Imperial Edict recounted
the high offices Yuan had filled, but re-
gretfully stated that as he had de-
veloped rheumatism in the leg he would
be compelled to vacate all the official
]iosts he then occupied, and retire to
]3rivate life. The fact that he was suf-
fering from rheumatism was as much of
a surprise to Yuan as to his friends.
There is little doubt but that he would
have been executed at this time but for
the effect the Manchus feared such an
act would have on China's foreign rela-
tions.

PREJiIIER AT PEKING.
In disgrace. Yuan retired to his Ilon.in
farm and spent his time fishing and
looking after the treatment of an in-
valid brother. It was not until three
years later that the Manchu clan,
menaced by the rapid si;)read of the Re-
publican revolt, called on the one strong
mail of China for help. While the Re-
publican troops were gathering in force
at Wuchang, an Imperial Edict ordered
Yuan to take up the duties of Viceroy
at that place, recently vacated b)' Jui
Cheng, who had fled to the safe quarters
of the Shanghai foreign settlement
Three years of Ashing had not dulled
the edge of Yuan's wit, for he replied
that he would be glad to do what he
could, but the rheumatism in his leg was
still troubling him. The Manchus, who
had created this imaginary disease,
thought a little more power might cure
it, and successive edicts increased the
power offered him, until in a short time
he was able to come to Peking as Pre-
mier, surrounded by his own picked
troops, apparelled and accoutred like
an Eastern Sultan.

HIS DEALINGS WITH THE MAN'HrS.

He had come to Peking to save tlic
totterine Manchu throne, and from the
day he arrived he was master of the cit>-.
But he soon saw that he was engaged in
a hopeless task. The Manchus had no
money, and the foreign bankers refused
to loan them any. The Republicans

were gaining victories everywhere, and
the Republican spirit was spreading to
the remotest corners of the vast empire.
Even Peking was threatened, and
machine guns guarded the approaches
to the Imperial Palace. Obviously Yuan
had allied himself with the losing side,
and a less capable man would have gone
down in the crash which was inevitable.
This was the kind of a situation which
called forth Yuan's best efforts.

According to popular belief, very soon
after his arrival in Peking he turned his
attention to getting rid of the Manchus,
while openly professing his endeavours
to save the throne for them. Little by
little he induced the Manchus to turn
over their power to him, until soon he
was not even pretending to act through
the little Emperor, but issued orders in
his own name. He sent his most trusted
friend and adviser. Tang Shao-yi, to
Shanghai to confer with the Republi-
cans, and Tang, strangely enough, be-
came converted to Republicanism as
soon as he had met the Republican peace
commissioner, Dr. Wu Ting-fang. Yuan
openly denounced Tang for this change
of faith, but loaded him with honours
as soon as the Manchus had abdicated.
Yuan's old generals, who would have
followed him anywhere, made peevish
acmands on the Throne for money.
Many credit Yuan with inspiring these
demands. When the ^:^onarcliial troops
could easilv have taken W'uchang from
the Reyjublicans, Yuan grew suddenly
peaceful, and agreed to an armistice.

Everything in China, apparently,
turned Republican, but the Manchus,
shut up behind the pink walls of the
Forbidden City, and knowing little of
what was going on outside, declined to
give up the power they had so long en-
joyed. With many of their powerful
friends deserting them, they decided to
make secure the services of Yuan by
offering him the greatest honour the rul-
ing clan could bestow on a Chinese, the
title of Marquis. According to the
sound reasoning of the Manchus, the ac-
ceptance of this title of nobility would
make it impossible for Yuan Shih-kai to
desert them for the Republican cause.

It was a critical situation for Yuan,
but he grasped it, and turned it to his

882

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Novemhei 1, 1913.

own advantage with remarkable skill.
Ke did not accept the title and thereby
commit himself irrevocably to the mon-
archy. Instead, he used this as an op-
portunity to clinch all the arguments
which had hitherto been suggested for
the abdication of the throne. On the
•day following the receipt of the man-
-date his reply was published in the offi-
vcial Peking Gazette.

" As I knelt to receive your mandate,"
ran the courteous memorial, " I was
sorely afraid. I recall that I have re-
ceived hereditary favour from the
Throne, and have been repeatedly ac-
corded marks of its signal approbation."
Then he goes on to recount the various
offices he has filled during the revolu-
tionary period, and says : " Grieving at
my failure to redeem the situation, I have
been unable to accomplish the smallest
result after the lapse of months. The
dynasty is crumbling into dust, and the
people's love is in fragments like a pots-
herd. The body politic is smitten with
a murrain, and no cure for its distemper
can be found. Like Shih-Ko-fa, the last
Mmg Commander-in-Chief, I am desti-
tute of a fraction of recorded merit, and
my guilt knows no desert save death.
I beg to recount to your Majesty the per-
plexities under which I have laboured
since taking office."

Then followed a most heart-rending
-account of his failure to accomplish
anything.

In replying to the mandate. Yuan was
careful to observe all the little niceties
of Chinese court etiquette and take on
himself all the blame for failure to stop
the rapid spread of Republicanism, urg-
ing this as a reason why he could not
accept the title of nobility. It was as
fine a piece of Chinese humour as his
reply that he could not take up the post
of Viceroy at Wuchang because of the
rheumatism in his leg.

HEAD OF THE PROVISIONAL GOVERN-
MENT.

The memorial drew no conclusions,
but the one conclusion was very appa-
rent, that all hope of saving the dynasty
was gone. Immediately following this
the Throne received a memorial signed
by all but two of the Imperial generals.

demanding that the Throne abdicate in
favour of a Republic. This memorial
was so similar to that written by Yuan
as to lead to the conclusion that both
were written by the same hand. In a
few days Yuan attended a conference at
the Palace, and when he left he had in
his possession the famous edict of abdi-
cation which gave him full powers to
organise a provisional Republican gov-
ernment. With that edict in his pocket
he was the Government.

At this time the Republican troops
were massed in force along the Yangtsze
river, ready to begin a march on Peking.
At Nanking was a well-established Re-
publican government, with Dr. Sun Yat-
sen as President, and a provisional As-
sembly in which sat representatives of
most of the Southern provinces. Yuan
kept the pocket of his coat well buttoned
over the abdication edict while he nego-
tiated with the Nanking Republicans
Dr. Sun agreed to resign, and the Nan-
king Assembly agreed to elect Yuan
President, but they insisted on one con-
dition, that Yuan show his friendly spirit
and his acceptance of the Republican
principles of the South by coming to
Nanking to be inaugurated. To this he
finally agreed, though with reluctance,
for he knew that Nanking was filled
with Cantonese, who were waiting for an
opportunity to kill him. Only a few
weeks before he had narrowly escaped
from a bomb which killed one of his
guards and a carriage horse.

But he began ostentatiously to prepare
for his trip, and the Nanking Republi-
cans appointed a distinguished com-
mittee to go to Peking and escort him
south. \\4ien the committee reached
Peking it was loaded with honours. But
on the night following its arrival a riot
broke out among Yuan's favourite
troops. There was a good deal of loot-
ing and firing of shops, and a lot of
shooting in the air, without any very
serious results. The rioters paid particu-
lar attention to the quarters occupied by
the Nanking delegates, and the latter
climbed over the rear wall of their com-
pound, and sought refuge in the
Y.M.C.A. The next day everything was
comparatively quiet. Yuan professed
great regret at what had happened, and

Rei itiu of R2V7CWS, i/iiUS.

YUAN SHIIl-KAl .

883

said he would take particular pains to
see that it didn't happen again. The
Nanking delegates agreed with him that,
in view^ of the riot, it was necessary for
him to remain in Peking and look after
affairs there, so the trip to Nanking was
abandoned. Surrounded bv his own
troops, Yuan was inaugurated in Pekmg,
and the Nanking delegates returned
south a chagrined and disappointed
band. Needless to say, there have been
no more riots in Peking, for, according
to popular belief, the one riot was espe-
cially staged by Yuan.

THE DI.AZ OF CHINA.

Since the abdication of the Manchus,
more than a year ago, Yuan has been the
Government of China. He has talked a
great deal about Republican principles,
but he has ruled with a power as abso-
lute as that exercised by the dethroned
Manchus. No other ruler is more care-
fully guarded ; no other ruler, either
monarchial or republican, is surrounded
with more of the pomp and circumstance
of power than Yuan Shih-kai, the master
of China.

A few months ago an American news-
paper man. in an interview with him,
said : " Some persons say you wish to be-
come another Napoleon."

Yuan laughed and replied: "Yes, 1
know they say that, but they are wrong.
1 have taken \\'ashington, not Napoleon,
as my model. Who is the most ad-
mired figure in history? Is it Napoleon
or any King or Emperor ? No. It is
Washington. What did Napoleon
leave ? A torn and exhausted country.
What did Washington create? A great
and free nation.'

In spite of this, the Southern provinces
believe Yuan is following the example
of Napoleon, and hence they began civil
war against him. There is, in the fight
between the South and the North of
China, a striking similarity to the great
war between the States which was wag-
ing in America fifty years ago. The
Southern provinces hold that they have

inalienable rights of their own, which
are threatened by the domination of
Yuan Shih-kai. These rights, they
claim, include the right to secede from
the union of provinces which make up
the Republic of China. Their statesmen,
their politicians, their logicians, and
their sophists argue that it was the seces-
sion of the Southern provinces from the
Monarchy of China which made the
establishment of the Republic possible ;
hence, if the Southern provinces are not
satisfied with the republic which Yuan
Shih-kai has dominated, there is no rea-
son w^hy they should not again secede
and set up a republic of their own.
Against this argument the North (that
is, Yuan Shih-kai) is arguing as the
North argued in America more than fifty
years ago. And, as in that time, it ap-
pears that school-book theories will
again fail to settle the question, which
can only be determined by the results of
the battlefield.

And if Yuan Shih-kai, equipped with
the money recently loaned by foreign
bankers, should win — what then ?
Nearly all the leaders who took part in
the Republican revolution are arrayed
against him, just as they were when he
was supporting the Monarchy. His suc-
cess in the present contest would elimi-
nate them from the affairs of China, and
he would be in a position even stronger
than that he now occupies.

Yuan recently said, in explaining his
Republican convictions : " Now that the
people have decided upon a Republic
we should give it a fair trial. It would
be foolish to think of reverting to an-
other form of government before doing
our utmost to make the Republic a suc-
cess."

He may decide that the present
Southern rebellion is proof that a Re-
publican form of government is not a
success for China. In that event there
will be little to prevent him from estab-
lishing himself as the head of a new
dynasty.

884

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Novemher 1. 1013,

Jan. 18. — Find
Amundsen's rec-
ords. Scott leaves
records.

Jan. 17. — G9th camp,
at the Pole— dead
reckoning. 3%
miles from the
Pole — observa-
tions.

Jan. 16.— Find Am-
undsen's camp.
"Terrible disai>
pointment."

Jan.15.— Last depot
establi shed —
"four days' food
and 27 miles from
the Pole."

Jan. 4. — Last sup-
porting party
turns back.

Jan. 1, 1912.-170
miles to go.

Dec. 31. — "Three
Degree" depot es-
tablished.

Christmas Day. —
Dangerous falls
and rescues in
crevasse. Special
four-course din-
ner.

Dec. 22.— First sup-
porting party
turnsback with all
surviving dogs.
Beginning of
Summit journey.*

Dec. 21.— Glacier
surmounted.

Dec. 10. — Journey
over Harrier com-
pleted—424 miles.
At foot of Beard-
more Glacier.

Dec. 9.— "Slaughter
Camp." Last of
ponies shot.

Dec. 1. — Weakest
ponies killed.

Nov. I.''). — Reach
One Ton Camp.

Nov. 0. — M o t o r -
sledges finally
abandoned. First
blizzard.

Nov. 1, 1911.— Cape
Evans'. Start
from winter
quarters.

" 1846 Miles Total Journey

PICTURE MAP OF CAPTAIN SCOTT'S POLAK TRIP.

Read upward on the left for the outward jour-
ney, and downward on the right for the return

Courtesy of " Ei-rrijhochj's Mafiazinc."1

GOING

oec.t4-fr.'9"

SCOTT AT POLS

.'SOUTH POLF

King
Haakon/ vii

.PLATEAU

+ f:*fiTM£ST iOWTH

K|1N& EDWARD VI)
PLATEAO

ALEXANDRA J

H

V

c

T
O

'9'"- -^5^..^ A

A

".fJLtf

^J^^L

SuRFACEr Of^

li<%CRicr< ICE

0^. S:^^*

B^*^"!

30c »ilLtS E*iT

RETURNING

Jan. 1:), l'.>rj.—
Journey north be-
gins.

Jan. 21-2.-.. — B.-id
weather. First in-
dications of les-
sening vitality.

Feb. 4. — Scott and
Evans liave bad
fall in crevasse.
Evans injured.

Feb. 1 7. — E V a n s
dies.

Feb. IS.— In"SIianr
bles Camp."

Feb. 19-2.-,. — Suffer
great hardships.
Finally reach
next depot.

Mar. 5.— Two "pony
marches" and
four miles to go.
Fuel dreadfully
low. Oates very
lame.

Mar. 9.— Make de-
pot after four
days' hard pull-
ing. F i n d o i 1
shortage.

Mar. 11. — Encour-
agement over
making 7 miles.

Mar. 13. — 4;}'^. All
exhausted and
deadly cold.

Mar. 15. — Oates
proposes being
left behind. Is
persuaded to
make afternoon's
march. Worse
at night.

Mar. 10. — Oates
goes out into the
blizzard and does
not return.

Mar.18. — Wind cuts
marcliing short —
.Scott's foot badly
frozen.

Mar. 19. — r.ast
camping ground,
11 miles from One
Ton Camp. Tw(v
days' provisions,
one day's fuel.

Mar. 20.— Unprece-
dented blizzard
holds til em in
camp.

Mar. 29.— Blizzard
continues to rage
— travel impossi-
ble. Last entry in
diary. Cross (-f->
indicates last
camp.

Nov."i2, 1912.— Res-
cue party arrives
— eigh t months
too late.

Rfivicir of R'Jviews, 1/11/13.

88:

CAPTAIN SCOTT'S STORY.

ACHIEVEMENT, STRUGGLE AND DEATH.

The final story of Captain Scott's
tragic journey is told from his diary
in Everybody s Magazine. On January
loth Scott wrote: " Only 85 miles from
the Pole, but it is going to be a stiff pull
both wa\-s." The sledge " rasps and
creaks," and they progress at fearful
cost to themselves. " None of us ever
had such hard work before." The skis
were abandoned once, but as the surface
improved they went back and recovered
them. " Little Bowers is wonderful ; in
spite of my protest, he ivoidd take sights
after we had camped to-night after
marching in the soft snow all day, where
we have been comparatively restful on
ski."

THE FIRST SIGN OF AMUNDSEN.

On January i6th, in the afternoon,
" About the second hour of the march.
Bowers' sharp eyes detected what he
thought was a cairn. He was uneasy
about it, but argued it must be a wind-
drift. Half an hour later he made out
a black speck ahead, no natural snow-
feature. Before long, we came up to
a black flag tied to a sledge-bearer, near
by the remains of a camp, with sledge-
rarks and ski-racks going and coming,
and the ciear trace of dogs' j^aws -many
dogs. This told the whole story : the
Norwegians had arrived first.

" It is a terrible disappointment, and
T am very sorr)- for ni)- loval com-
panions."

AT THE POLE.

They resolved, however, to carry out
their plans to continue the march to the
Pole, and then hasten home as rapidly
as possible. They followed the tracks
of the Norwegians' sledge until it went
too far to the left. They found the tent
left by Amundsen about a mile and a-
half from the Pole, with the names of the
five who had been there on December
i6th, 1911. In the tent they found
various mits and other warm things as if
the weather had been warmer than anti-
cipated. Then they made their own re-
cord : —

We built a caini at the Pole Camp, put
up the Union Jack, and photographed our-
selve.s — mighty cold work all of it. Less than
half a mile south we saw an old under-runner
of a sledge stuck up in the snow, and com-
mandeered it as a yard for our sail. A note
attached talked of the tent as being two
miles from the Pole.

" There is no doubt," wrote Scott,
" that our predecessors have made thor-
oughly sure of their mark, and fully
carried out their programme."

THE HOMEWARD MARCH.

The homeward march started on Jan-
uary 19th. " It was heavy dragging in
spite of the light load and a full sail."
The sledge went at a great rate with a
following wind, but the snow clung to
the ski, ' 'which could only be pushed
forward with an effort, and the pulling
was really awful." Wild weather was
encountered, everything lessened speed,
and every delay cut down the margin of
safety allowed for between depots. The
tracks were repeatedly lost. Had it not
been for Bowers' sharp eyes the party
would surely have gone astray. Wilson
had a torturing bout of snowblindness,
Evans' hands were bad, and Scott him-
self came an awful "purler" on his
shoulder. On February Evans fell and
struck his head. This dulled his alert-
ness, and his splendid usefulness abated.
February nth was "the worst day we
have had during the trip." But still
more awful soon followed.

THE DEATH OF EVANS.

Evans could give little help, and in-
\oluntarily delayed the march. On his
last day, February 17th,

I'^vaiis .seamed che(>rful, but twice dropped
out of the pulling team, having worked his
ski-.shoos adrift, to adju.st them; then lagged
l)eliind : so that the rest, after a hard pull,
• seeing him a h)ng way asti^rn, camped for
lunch," and w.iited for him. But '' after
iuiicli, Evan.s still not api)earing. we looked
out. to sec him still afar off.'' All four Jiur-
rie(lly skied back to him; " he showed every
.sign of collapse; and slowly said he thought
li^ must have fainted. By the time the
sledge was fetched he was unconscious, and
he died in the tent soon after midnight."

886

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Xorembcr 1, 1915.

It was a swift ending for a gallant
sailor. A chapter of accidents had con-
verted the strongest man and the handi-
est artificer into a drag upon the party
he had done so much to help.

" Shambles Camp " was reached next
day, with its plentiful store of horse
meat. The surface became worse, the
wind veered to the north. Day after
day the record of courage against odds
continues with a growing consciousness
of their slender chances.

GATES GOES OUT INTO THE NIGHT.

On February 25th the Southern Bar-
rier depot was reached ; on March ist
they arrived at the next, despite " very
heavy dragging." Oates was nearly
done, his feet in a wretched condition,
and he very lame. After eight days
more of slow, dogged pulling, another
longed-for depot was reached. Alas !
the fierce cold had injured the stoppers,
and much of the oil had vanished. This
was a grievous blow. On March loth
Scott wrote, " We have seven days' food,
and should be about fifty-five miles
from One Ton Camp to-night, leaving
us thirteen miles short of our distance ;
even if things get no worse. ... I
doubt if we can possibly do it."

At midday on the 15th Oates said he
could not go on, and proposed that he
be left in his sleeping bag. He was in-
duced to struggle on, and " we made a
few miles." At night he was worse, and
we knew the end had come.

" March 17. — He was a brave soul. This
was the end. He slept through the night —
yesterday— hoping not to wake, but he woke
in the morning. It was blowing a blizzard.
He said, ' I am just going outside, and may
be some time.' He went out into the bliz-
zard, and we have not seen him since."

And here the Journal places it formally
on I'ecord that they " stuck to their sick
companions to the last. In the case of Edgar
Evans, when we were absolutely out of food
and he lay insensible, the safety of the re-
mainder seemed to demand his abandonment,
but he died a natural death — we did not
leave him till two hours after his death."

And on March 16, "We knew that poor
Oates was walking to his death, but though
we tried to dissuade him we knew it was
the act of a brave man and an English
gentleman. We all hope to meet the end
witli a similar spirit."

THE DEATH-DEALING BLIZZARD.
On March i8th Scott's foot was so
bad that he wrote " amputation is the

least I can hope for now. The weather
doesn't give us a chance." On the 19th
they struggled to their last camping-
ground " with two days' food, but barely
one allowance of fuel," a mere eleven
miles from plenty at One Ton Camp.
There Cherry-Gerrard and Demetri had
been waiting from March 4th to March
loth with the dog-teams. They had an
awful journey back through storm and
cold to Hut Point.

Even in their extremity Scott and his
two companions would have marched the
eleven miles, but a fearful blizzard,
which lasted nine days, descended on
them. To go out in a blizzard is to be
instantly robbed of breath, to be half
stupefied by the battery of hurricane
wind and whirling snow-particles, to
wander hopelessly from tracks and
direction.

FOODLESS FOR TEN DAYS.

Expecting the storm to lull after the
usual interval, a " forlorn hope " was
resolved upon after a couple of days :
Bowers and Wilson were to push on for
supplies and fuel. But day after day
the blizzard held them prisoners.

The final resolve was to start, if a
start could be made, " and die in their
tracks." But to stir out was impossible.

For ten days they lived in the tent
without food or fire, whilst the blizzard
howled their death-knell in shrieking
blasts. On the 29th Scott wrote :
" Every day we have been ready to
start for our depot eleven miles away,
but outside the door of the tent it re-
mains a scene of whirling drift. I do
not think we can hope for any better
thing now."

Then in the frail shelter the gallant
leader wrote firmly, clearly, without
faltering or erasure, that message to the
public which has thrilled the world.
Two days before the end Atkinson
sledged to Corner Camp in a last hope
of helping the Southern party. He
could get no further, and returned to the
base camp on April ist.

THE END.

When the winter was over two search

parties set out on October 30th, prepared

to go six hundred miles to the head of

Beardmore Glacier. On November 1 2th

licview of Reviews, i /ii/n

LEADING ARTICLES.

887

they saw the tent standing on the lonely
plain. One of the relief party thus de-
scribes what they found : — ■

Lieutenant Wriglit, of Toronto, a Cana-
dian, commanding our little party ap-
proached the tent first and lifted the' flap.
Captain Scott lay on his hack as if asleep,
but outside of his sleeping-ba^. Doctor"
Wilson and Lieutenant Bowers were in their
sleeping-bags, and it was apparent that thev
had been carefully wrapped up by Captain
Scott, who evidently was the last to die.

Lieutenant Bowers lay on his side exactly
as if he were asleep. Doctor Wilson was sit-

ting in a half-reclining position, his back
against the side of the tent, facing us as we
entered. On his features were the traces
of a faint smile.

When we had secured all the equipment
and the records of Captain Scott, we laid the
bodies side by side and said a burial ser-
vice for them. Then wo removed the poles
from tlie tent and covered the liodies over
with the canvas. On top of this we built a
cairn of snow and ice, fifteeji feet high. We
took two skis, bound them together in the
form of a cross, erected it at the top of
the cairn, .n ];ist memori.il to the dead, and
left them where they fell.

IMPERIAL MATTERS.

THE WELDING OF THE EMPIRE.
In the Fortnightly Review Sir Gilbert
Parker discusses, under the above title,
the various aspects of the Xaval prob-
lem as it affects the Dominions — more
particularly Canada. Sir Gilbert fore-
shadows the establishment of a real
Imperial Parliament in which the vital
interests of the Empire may be ade-
quately respected. He says :

Immense progress has been made in the
last twelve years, and in the most natural
way — by a process of evolution. Canada has
been a unit of government since 1867. Aus-
tralia became a unit in 1901, and South
Africa became united in 1909 — Rhodesia ex-
cepted That, has simplified the Imperial
problem enormously. Now the British
Grovernment, through the Colonial Office, has
to deal with only three Governments, instead
of seventeen ; and in relation to all foreign
interests of trade and maritime questions,
and all others of importance, the whole pro-
cess of ooTsultation, arrangement, and agree-
ment is simplifietl. and each Dominion .speaks
as one people. The advantage of tiiis is
immeasurable.

AN ENGLISH SPEAKERS' UNION.

Tho first administrative federation or co-
operation will certainly take place in the
field of defence, and — of a consequence —
foreign affairs, and from it will be evolved
ways and means to machinery for a larger
exe<?utive co-operation. That accomplished,
and the British Empire rendered a fact and
not merely a name, by an elastic, loosely-
jointed, reciprocating union, with the prin-
ciple of trade preference in operation every-
where, that other larger union Avill be in
sight — and I think I may live to see it —
the co-operative alliance of the British Em-
pire and tho United States, together with
all English-speaking peoples. It is a dream,
but dreams come true, as the history of
the Britisli Empire has shown, as the history
of the United States has shown since the day
when tliere were three nations with three
Grovernnients operating in the territory now
c-ontrolh'd from Washington, to which was
opposed an Imperial policy tliat at lengtii
successfully excluded Spain and France from

the territory now represented by the forty-
nine States, and the problem of half a conti-
nent was solved.

The welding of the British Empire will
lead to the welding together of all British-
speaking peoples: and that will be a good
day for civilisation and for the world's peace.

ANGLO-AMERICAN REUNION.

Mr. Ellis Barker's article in the 'Nine-
teenth Century is a measured contribu-
tion to the amenities of the two nations
of Britain and America which can no
longer be said to be two severed halves
of one nation, but notwithstanding have
been drawn more closely together.

The v/riter devotes considerable space
to the origins of the Monroe Doctrine,
and suggests that the United States
have been content for the most part
to leave the defence of the doctrine to
Great Britain, which will make hard
reading for the fire-eaters. Mr. Barker
sums up his views with admirable pre-
cision : —

The race instinct is strong on both sides
of the Atlantic. In Great Britain and the
United States it is instinctively felt that one
nation depends for its security largely upon
the other, and that neither nation can allow
the other to go down. The Unit^Kl States siid
Great Britain are in the same boat. Great
liritain realises that it would be a calamity
to see the Unite<l .States dcfeatefl by a great
military nation, which would probably settle
on the American Continent and militarise it,
and the United States recognise that they
would become tho immediate neighbours of
the military Great Powers of Europe if the
Briti.sh fleet should be destroyed.

Tlie greiitest interest of the ovor-crowde<l
military nations of Europe and Asia is ex-
pansion. Tho greatest interest of the Anglo- %
Saxon nations is peace, security, and the
restriction of armaments. Th(>'se bie.<sings
cannot be obtained by the federatioii of the
world, dreamt of by "the late ^Ir. Ste;id, or
by the federation of Europe, proposed by
S r Max Wa.'chter, but only by the federation
of tho Anglo-Saxon nations. Experience

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REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Novemher 1, 191S.

shows that the world can be at peace only
if it is controlled by one nation. It Avill be
at peace only when the ^jaa; Homann has been
replaced by the pax Brifannica, by the peace
of the Anglo-Saxons, when the military
Gre, t Powers have, owing to the growth of
the Anglo-Saxon nations, become military
small Powers. The world must either becom>'
Anglo-iSaxon or fall a prey to militarism.

Readers of The Review of Reviews
have been familiar with this excellent
doctrine for over twenty years, and we
welcome even the tardiest conversion.
Mr. Barker recog"nises that militarism is
not likely to exact its full toll : —

Great possessions are to their ownea's a
responsibility and a danger unless they are
adequately guarded. Neither the United
States nor Great Britain po.ssesses an army
that can be pitted against the vast military
hosts of the Continental Great Powers and
of Japan, and they will probably never possess
such an army, because the spirit of the
people is impatient of compulsion, restraint,
and discipline, even if it be for national
defence. They must therefore put their trust
in their fleets.

MAY THE KING BE A PARTISAN?

" Auditor Tantum " discusses " The
Veto of the Crown " in the Fortnightly
Review, and we endorse every word of
his warning to those purbli.^d politi-
cians who imagine that any good pur-
pose can be served by the exercise of a
privilege which is dead, if not beyond
recall, assuredly not to be ventured on by
any monarch who respects constitutional
government. The granting of Home
Rule to Ireland may be an exi3eriment,
but it is at least a legitimate experiment
in administration, and hardly calls for
the heroics of Sir Edward Carson or
other self-appointed champions of an
autocratic minority, and to call in aid
an extinct veto to suppress Home Rule
is to add one more to the list of insults
to poor Ireland.

The writer states the simple fact when
he avers that the loyalty of Radicals
and Socialists is " strictly conditional on

the scrupulous observance by the Crown
of its constitutional position " ; and, ad-
dressing the advocates of this impos-
sible remedy, he says : —

But there is another and even more com-
pelling reason why no Unionist in any c:r-
cumstances whatever should tolerate the sug-
gestion of using the Veto of the Crown in
the Home Rule controversy. Let thovse who
are tempted to coquet with it consider how
disastrous to the British Empire would be a
furious agitation at home against tlic
Monarchy. It is the Crown which holds the
British Empire together. The Crown is tlie
one symbol of union ; the Sovereign is the
one focus of loyalty. Tlie Empire has watched
the downfall of the House of Lrords without
an audible, and, we suspect, without an in-
ward pang. Ife regards the House of Com-
mons with different and more kindly eyes,
for that assembly is the Mother of all the
Free Parliaments overseas. But there is no
idea on the part of the Dominions of yield-
ing loyal obedience to what Disraeli called
in " Coningsby " a "sovereign of Downiug-
street," and still less does any such senti-
ment exist in India. Tlie House of Commons
could be no successor to or substitute for
the Ornvn. Jt -is the Crown alone whicli
is idealised in the imagination of the Em-
pire, which stands forth as something augu.st
and unifying, permanent and xuichangeable,
austerely aloof from the clash of party battle
and yet humanly sympathetic with erery
noble aspiration which sways the peoples.
It would be a violent shock to the Empire
if the Crown were dragged into party con-
troversy, and he is no true Imperialist who,
whatever the provocation, allows himself to
be drawn into advocating or supporting a
course which must lead straight to that wot>-
ful result.

Those who mean to fight Home Rule to the
death may justify to themselves — and pcrhajis
to posterity — their use of almost every
weapon in their power. But there is one
weapon which to use were a crime. That is
the Veto of the Crown

The editor of The National Review
is quite convinced that the King should
not be " the marionette of the Molly
Maguires." In their extremity the " last
ditchers " are ap]3arently prepared to
sacrifice all the traditions of constitu-
tional government, but we are not yet all
Anarchists.

IN THE FAR EAST.

WH.'\T' japan THINKS.

In the Japan Magazine the Editor
writes on the concord between East and
West, and the sentiments expressed re-
buke the apparent divorce between the
practice and alleged principles of the
" superior " races : —

The progress of recent years, as well as the
remarkable growth of commerce and the
world-wide spread of Christian missions, hare
all combined to break down ancient barriers
of race and nationality, and to transform the
whole world into one great family, moved by
mutual purpose and character. The head
ha,s changed faster than the heart, how-
ever; and the intellectual and moral forces
of East and West are now bent upon com-

Ri view of Reviews, t/ll/lS.

LEADING ARTICLES.

889

paring notes, ti-ying to ascertain tlie prin-
ciples tliat shall guide international inter-
0011 rso, while on all sides the material forces
force ahead, for the most part selfish and
morally captainless. Frictions arising out
of comnuM-cial and industrial rivalries, as
well as from problems of immigration and
colonisation, call pathetically for just and
peaceable solution, but the nations have not
jet made up their mindis what moral course
to pursue, and menacing armaments threaten
a resort to primitivf^ methods of redress by
means of tooth and fhuv. If nations, iii
making treaties, could but include agree-
ments as to what are the fundamental prin-
ciples of justice and morality, as well as
technical exactitudes in reference to material
interests, what hope the world would liave
of a more peaceful and noble future!

So long as the habit of permitting one
kind of morality for one people and
another for another is continued, there
will be trouble, even unto consequences
most serious. This is the secret of all
important international problems to-
day.

Until nations agree upon the fuadamentaLs
of moralitij and justice, there can be no
permanently harmonious intercorrse betwe; n
tliem. When the witnesses are called, the
questions asked always bear on these tw(^
essentials, " How did they treat you when
they had you at their merc.v?" ■" Did the.v
treat you morally and justly y" if the
answer is " i/es," then there is welcome to
such a people. If the answer be " no," then
there is one more argument in favour ot
race-prejudice and fear. Once establish he-
tween nations a common idea} of iiiorulitfi
and justice, and enforce it upon each rising
generation, and the mistrust that makes
international harnrony impossible will disaj)-
pear.

j.APANESE FOR BIUZIL.

Count Okuma writes in the Jtipiiiicsr
Magazine on the ve.xecl question of im-
migration. Dealnig with the " )-el low-
peril boge}'," he says : —

All we can say is that we are a peaceful
pe(jple, desiring to offend none, and that the
one thing we detest motst is race-prejudice.
.Japan holds only the most honourable ideals,
and her main purpose is to live and act
Avorth.v of them. AVe would have all nations
belieA-e this of us, and are ready to have
it iiointed on.t when we fail. Japan is earn-
estlj' desirous that her immigrants shall be a
benefit to the eountr.v receivin.g them. I
think it cannot be denied that the Japanese
have done much for the countries wlierc' they
have gone. No one who has visited Califor-
nia and seen what the Japanese have done
for the agricultural development of that
State but will be ready to admit the gr«'at
benefit thev have been there. But if, afti r

inviting us and receiving the benefit of our
labour, the people of the Pacific coast now
want to get rid of us, there is nothing to be
done but to find new friends elsewhere.
Happily in South America there is not that
spirit of race-prejudice that now unfortun-
atel.v disturbs the people of the Pacific coast
of North America, and con.sequently it is
but wise for Japan to turn her face toward
the Srouth. There the land is spacious,
sparsely settled, and there is plenty of room
for an industrious people like the Japanese.
In Brazil alone we have a greater field than
any country of Europe except Russia, and
almost as large as the United States.

Brazil is actually 244,000 square miles
larger than Australia, is well watered,
has immense forests and mineral de-
l>osits. Count Okuma goes on to say :

Ali'<'ady our inunigration companies in
Japan are making preparations for sending
large contingenta into Brazil, and we are
a.s.sured that in that oountxy our people will
find an) pie opportunity to make themselves
useful and to earn a comfortable competence.
The Government of Brazil has shown Japan
every respect, and provided every facility
for giving our immigrants a chance to see
what they can do. Large districts of land
have been lea.sed to us for colonisation in one
of the most fertile regions of the country ;
and our people can .settle and make homes
without fear of molestation.

.ABOLISHING THE DRAGON IN CHINA.

In the open Court there is an article
on the Dragon of China, in which the
writer, Mr. Churchill Ripley, says that
nothing could be more indicative of the
genuine intention of the revolutionists in
China to bring about new conditions
than the fact that they have abolished
the dragon from their flag. The dragon
has adorned the standards and banners
of the Chinese from the earliest times.
It represents not only the present
dynasty, but the throne of China, and
that from the most remote period. Now
the revolutionists are evidently deter-
mined to create a new China by subdu-
ing the "dragon force," or imperialism
itself. How significant has been the
dragon as an emblem is easily realised
by anyone acquainted with the arts of
China. But the dragons that adorn art
objects differ. .Scune have three claws,
some four, and others five on each of
their fore feet. The dragon wnth five
claws is used only for the Emperor and
those to wjiom he gives the right to use
it.

890

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Novemher 1, 1913.

AFTER THE WAR.

BULGARIA'S DEBACLE.
The ] oiirnal of the Royal United Ser-
vice Institution devotes careful con-
sideration to the later aspects of the
Balkan campaign, and prints the fol-
lowing analysis of the position of the
contending forces early in July, after
the Bulgarian repulse: —

The causes of the Bulgarian reverses are
not yf't definitely known, but they appear
in part due to under-estimating the fighting
efficiency of their opponents. A writer in
the (Austrian) Vedette of July 12th points
out that the Servians had the advantages :
(a) of thorough acquaintance with the grouad
in the Ishtip — Bregalnitza region, over which
they had fought last autumn; (6) of the
possession of bases on the railway at Uskub
and Nish close in rear of their front; and
of four good roads leading from the railway
towards their front; and (c) in the fact that
the country adjoining the Uskub- — Kumanova
— Egri Palanka road possesses numerous
transport vehicles and teams of oxen. These
circumstances greatly facilitated the prob-
lems of reinforcement and supply for the
Servian troops. On the other hand, the
region in which the Bulgarian main army
was concentrated was deficient in resources
and badly supplied with roads. The only
good roatl, Kiistendil — Devo Bair, was not
available for the Bulgarians beyond the latter
point, a.s it was then commanded from the
Servian artillery positiouK. The Bulgarian
.supply service hatf, therefore, to be carried
out by pack transport over bridal paths.

Francis McCullagh, in the British

Review, is nothing if not downright,

Diir Tfahre 3acoh.'\ [Stuttgart.

Ferdinand has gone ou playing his foolish pranks

till he has been caught in his own noose.

and, writing of " The Decline and Fall
of the Bulgars," he says : " There has
never in modern times been a conflict in
which the world was treated to more
lies, dishonesty, breaking of promises.
hypocrisy, tearing up of treaties, and
blasphemous appeals to God."

COUNSEL OF PERFECTION.
The Contemporary has several
articles upon the Balkan question. In
" The Land of the Eagle," Mr. Nevin-
son gives some idea of the qualities re-
quired by Albanians in their new Prince,
who should be: — ■

A magical creature, beautiful, charming,
wise, intellectual, .just, merciful temperate,
courageous, lighter-footed than the fox, and
rich beyond the dreams of fairyland. Well,
the Powers have promised them a real Prince
at the end of the next five months, and one
can only hope he will be something like
that.

R. W. Seton-Watson, in dealing with
" New Phases of the Balkan Question,"
expresses his belief that Roumania is
entitled to the leadership of the Balkan
States.

WHAT TURKEY MUST DO.
M. Rene Pinon writes in the Revue
des Deux Mondes on the reorganisa-
tion of Turkey in Asia. lie says the
only means of salvation for Turkey lies
in a policy of reforms and decentralisa-
tion ; but this will not suffice unless the
Turks first help themselves and accept
the advice of their friends in Europe.
There must be reforms for all the pro-
vinces, but these must be adapted to the
needs of the different nationalities.
Guarantees must also be given to the
people by European diplomacy, and
for a time foreign advisers must super-
intend the application of the reforms.

THE DISEASE OF PEACE.
Harold Steinhart indulges in some
straight hitting in his short paper, " The
Balkan Question after the Storm," in
the Fortnightly, and concludes with the
mordant saying : —

British Liberalism lias failed to appre-
ciate the march of events, because its foreign
policy has lacked both in aim and courage ;"it
has accentuated one of the historic Euro-
pean antagonisms, and has intensified the
evil symptoms of the general disease whioli
goes by the name of European peace.

Review of Reviews, 1/11/ is.

LEADING ARTICLES.

891

DICKENS' CHARACTERS.

Under
Dickens,"
Windso r,
1 a wvers w
to the col
vas. The
artist, as
show : —

the title " The Lawyers of
W. Waiter Crotch gives, in the
a series of pen pictures of the
hose peculiarities add so much
our of Dickens' extensive can-
great novelist was more than
the writer takes pains to

The creator of Jarndyce v. Jarndyce was

the greatest legal refoniier in our history,
his satires made the judges wince, and stirred
even, the dry bones of Parliament itself.
And yet, de.spite his vivid pictures of the
law's delays, his merciless caricatures of its
innumerable baffling absurdities, Dickens still
loved the law. Placed as a boy first with
Mr. Molloy, solicitor, of New Square, Lin-
col.'.'s Inn, and subsequently with Me.ssrs.
Ellis and Blackmore. solicitors, of G-ray's
Inn — whose partner, Mr. Ellis, by the way,
was said to be the original of Mr. Perker —
his youthful fancies used to hover about the
Georgian .squares and the trim gardens of the
Temple, with its sombre, quaint, old-
fashioned chambers, with their winding
staircases and deep, mysterious recesses.

All these scenes and haunts of lawland,
familiar enough to its practitioners, Dickens
came, as a boy, so to know and love that he
was able later to verbally photograph them
for thousands upon thousands of people, scat-
tered over the globe, until in fancy they,
too, could hear the rooks cawing in Gray's
Inn. and could watch the Thames glisten
beyond the cool green lawns of Paper Build-
ings.

The paper is freely illustrated by the
pictures which have added not a little
to the impression Dickens sought to
convey.

Mr. Crotch gives the novelist's con-
ception of the function of the lawyer : —

Dickens declared that the one great prin-
ciple of the English law is to make business

for itself. There is no other principle, he
says, distinctly, certainly, and consistently
maintained throughout all its narrow turn-
ings. Viewed by this light, it becomes a
coherent scheme, and not the monstrous maze
the laity are apt to think it. Ijct them but
once clearly perceive that its grand prin-
ciple is to make business for itself at their'
expense, and, ho adds, surely they w-ill cease-
to grumble. Not seeing it quite plainly, or
only by halves and confusedly, the laity
sometimes suffer in peace and pocket with
a bad grace, and do grumble very much.

There is plenty of room for another
Dickens to-day to satirise the benevolent
efforts of our leading barristers to en-
able even the poorest litigant to get
justice at the cost of a few paltry thou-
sands !

THE BOYS OF DICKENS.

Rowland Grey, in the Fortnightly,
tells of the juvenile characters of the
great novelist. The writer says: —

It is not too much to assert that if only
the boys could be left to his hundreds of
characters Dickens would still be Dickens.
Every inch of his experience goes to their
creation, for his pla.stic brain retained every
impression of his early years until the psycho-
logical jnoment came for its use. He saw
everything; he forgot nothing. The curious
notebook he left behind him significantly gave
a list of " names for boys." . . .

How much duller the world would be with-
out these countless boys of Dickens. Jolly,
impossible little Master Harry Walmers, of
the fairy elopement, might alone have made
a reputation for a meaner man. They are
of all sorts and conditions, yet we could not
spare one of them.

Among his boys Dickens stands smiling
and impregnable. Well may we echo the
words of that unknown Irish lady, who met
him in the street with the petition, " Let me
touch the hand which has peopled my house
with friends."

THE DIVINE WEED.

Charles Singer, writing in the Quar-
terly Review on " The Early History of
Tobacco," gives some interesting details
as to its first introduction into Europe.
Columbus met it directly he arrived in
the West Indies, as he mentions it as
being amongst the presents that the In-
dian chiefs gave to him. The name
" tobacco " at first did not denote the
herb itself, but the article prepared for
smoking, either for use as cigars or for
use in pipes.

Originally tobacco was supposed to
have great medicinal powers, and was
long used only as a drug. In the earli-
est account it is represented as being
capable of depriving the user of con-
sciousness after two or three inhalations.

The first man to bring it to Europe
was the French writer, Andre Thevet,
whose works Mr. Singer considers never
to have received proper appreciation.
Returning from Brazil in 1556 he
brought with him the tobacco plant,

892

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Soccmhvr 1, 1013.

which, he said, the natives called
" Petur," and named it " herb of An-
gouleme," after his birthplace.

In an English translation of his
work, " Singulariter de la France Ant-
arctique," is the following descrip-
tion : —

They gather this herbe very charely (Fr.
soinqeusement) and dry it in the shade
within their little cabanes or houses. Their
maner to use it, is this, they Avrappe a quan-
titie of thLs herbe being dry in a leafe of
a palme tree which is very greate, and so
they make roUes of the length of a candle,
and then the fire the one end, and receive
the smoke thereof by the nose and by their
niouthe.

In a later work he is very sceptical as
to the medicinal properties attributed to
it.

It was not till 1 5(S6 that the first
tobacco was brought to England by
Drake. Attempts were made to suppress
the practice of smoking : " But the cus-
tom continued to spread, despite penal-
ties, abuses, penal enactments, capital
punishment, and, on one occasion at

least, the ingenious sentence of being
eaten alive."

From Europe the habit has spread all
over the world, and is " the unique in-
stance in modern times of the world-
wide adoption of a custom that origi-
nates with a barbarous race."

The Bulletin of the Imperial Institute
contains some interesting notes on the
cultivation and preparation of Turkish
tobacco. Since 1900 experiments have
been carried out m Ireland, under the
auspices of the Irish Board of Agri-
culture, in order to cultivate Turkish
tobacco there ; but hitherto the cost of
production has been too great to encour-
age farmers to take it up on a large
scale The experiments are being con-
tinued, however, in the hope that
farmers, with their increasing know-
ledge of the requirements of the crop,
will in time be able to lower the cost of
production, and raise the quality
of tobacco sufficiently to leave a fair
margin of profit.

THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT IN GERMANY.

Women's rights in Germany, says J.
F. Mills in the E7tglishwoma7t, are al-
most a minus quantity.

Throughout the greater part of the
Fatherland women are still excluded
from the sphere of citizenship. Yet here
and there women have certain incipient
rights. In Prussia, for instance, land-
owning women have a vote in the com-
munal elections, but it may only be
exercised through male representatives.
Only in Hanover are landowning women
permitted to vote in person. One of the
obstacles to women obtaining the muni-
cipal franchise is that town councillors
have the power to jerr}mander the fran-
chise at will. But there are far greater
obstacles than this to impede the ad-
vance of women. In a land like Prussia,
where the ruling passions of the govern-
ing class are the lust of power and the
exercise of brute force, how can there
be any political vista for women? All
the same, there are signs of approaching
change even in reactionary Prussia. Dis-
cussing the attitude of the political
parties towards women's enfranchise-
ment, the writer shows that the Conser-

vative Party, which reoresents the land-
owning interest, is the most deadly
enemy the women's movement has to
encounter. Nor is the National Liberal
Party — which represents the policy of
the industrial capitalists — a friend of
women's suffrage. It accepts women's
work, but refuses to countenance the idea
of women's equality. W^omen also
render generous support to the Progres-
sive People's Party, but there is a section
of this party which cannot be relied on
for thorough-going support for votes
for women. So far, the Social Demo-
cratic Party is the only party which can
be depended on to fi-ght for the equal
rights of women in every sphere.

In conclusion, the writer says the
guarantee of the ultimate success of the
German women's movement is to be
found in the fact that it is a vital move-
ment, most vital of all as the advance
guard, on the higher road to citizenship,
of the mighty host of German women
and maidens who go out into the world
to earn their living — and to one-third of
all the human beings in Germany whose
work lies within the economic sphere.

Heview of Beviews, l/il/is.

LEADING ARTICLES.

893

PARAGRAPHS ABOUT PEOPLE.

BARONESS ORCZY.
The chief article in the Bookman is
that, by Mr. Arthur Rutland, on
Baroness Orczy. Ten years ago the
Baroness's name, we are told, was un-
known in the libraries, but in thj years
that have passed since her first book was
published she has achieved rapid and
signal success as a writer both of novels
and plays. Baroness Orczy was born
in Hungary, and came to England when
she was fifteen. Her father being a dis-
tinguished musician, she passed her early
years in an atmosphere of music, but
having herself no special talent for
music, she studied art with considerable
success. With reference to " The Scarlet
Pimpernel," it is interesting to learn that
the play was written before the novel,
and that the novel was refused by a
dozen publishers. When the novel was
finally published it was received with a
chorus of acclaim both by critics and
the public, whereas the play was decried
by the critics, and hailed with enthu-
siasm by the public.

BALFOUR AS POLITICIAN.
T. P. O'Connor contributes a sympa-
thetic sketch of the Right Hon. Arthur
J. Balfour to the Pall Mall Magasinc.
The writer outlines the ex-leader's first
appearance m the House of Commons,
and notes the apparent detachment of
the then member for the borough of
Hertford, and recounts his progress: — -

I remember well the surprise when, not
long after his party came into power, the
papers announced in a line or two the
momentous fact that he had taken his pl.ice.
for the first time in a Cabinet Council, and
ranked among the rulers of the nation. Bni
he still remained an effaced figure. He
seemed to stroll into the House of CommonK
as one who was in it and yet not of it; and
in the stiff fights for ascendancy which men
have to win. in the struggle for supremacy
in the tiger-pit of the House of Common.s
he was a negligible quantity. _ And all the
time he was looking on scrutinisingly ; and the
languor was half a pose, but certainly al.so
half a reality. For Mr. Balfour has nontv
of the eager "and voracious ambition of tli'>
essential man of action; the distinction and
the mistery he lias gained have corne to hini,
they have never been sought by him. They
are' the slow reward of supreme intelligenf(>,
not of a pushful temperament. Anybody vv1k>
does not realise this docs not r<'alise eitht'ir
the man or his career.

REMINISCENCES OF THE EMPRESS
FREDERICK.
To La Revue Catherine Kolb, who
knew her since 1873, has contributed a
most sympathetic article on the Em-
press Frederick. The writer describes
an incident which occurred at the time
when the aged Emperor William was
wounded by Nobiling. At first the con-
sequences were thought most grave, and
a moment when the Emperor had re-
covered consciousness was seized to get
him to sign a decree conferring, during
his illness, the Regency on the Crown
Prince. The Prince was in England,
and it was a day or two before he could
reach Berlin. On their arrival at the
station an enormous crowd pressed for-
ward to salute the Prince and the Prin-
cess. One lady precipitated herself to-
wards the Princess and kissed her hand,
and addressed her as " Majesty " ! At
once the Princess changed her gracious
manner, and, withdrawing her hand, she
exclaimed : " I am not the Empress,
madame." As soon as the Emperor re-
covered he resumed the reins of power,
and the Crown Prince retired into ob-
scurity. The Princess was much dis-
tressed, for she had hoped the Crown
Prince would now be able to carry out
some of his humanitarian ideas. From
this time disappointments and discour-
acrements of all sorts seemed to mar the
life of the Prince and Princess. After
the celebration of their silver wedding
there seemed to be little joy left in the
life of the Princess. It was at this time
that the misunderstandings between her
son, the present Kaiser, and herself
began, and the latent antipathy between
the Princess and Bismarck developed
into a violent hatred. The great crime of
the Chancellor was that he fomented the
disaffection of the young Prince from
his parents b\- trying to ])ersuade the
Emperor William that his grandson
alone was fit to be his successor.

After having hoped so much from the
noble ideas of her husband, the Princess,
when she became Empress, must have
been filled with despair at the cruel irony
of fate when she found herself face to
face with the inexorable reality which

894

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

November 1. 1913.

took away with one hand what it gave
with the other. Nevertheless, she con-
cealed her anguish, and performed her
duties as sovereign in the noblest and
most touching manner.

HEINE ON MUSIC.

Heine, it is well known, had little
understanding or true appreciation of
music, but that did not prevent him from
making frequent reference to it in his
essays and feii'illetons. To the Fort-
nightly Review Mr. Franklin Peterson
has contributed an interesting article on
this subject, giving many quotations on
music and musicians from Heine's writ-
ings.

Chopin, it seems, is the only musician
about whom Heine has not written an
unkind word. Heine called him a genius
in the truest sense of the word, not only
a virtuoso, but a poet. When Heine
talks of music and musicians, large al-
lowances must be made, explains Mr.
Peterson. For instance, he professed the
highest admiration for Rossini's works,
and classed this composer with Beeth-
oven and Mozaxt. When he refers to
Meyerbeer allowance must be made for
personal feeling, which underwent con-
siderable change between 1840 and
1843. He thinks Beethoven carried his
spiritual art too far into the material,
realising for us even physical agony in
tones. The most appreciative passages
of Heine relate to Rossini, Donizetti,
Bellini, andPaganini, and his description
of a Paganini concert, it is stated, gives
us one of the best portraits we have of
that great executive artist.

IVAN THE TERRIBLE.
De Tijdspiegel has an article on that
period of Russian history which fol-
lowed the death of Ivan the Terrible.
Concerning this tyrant, we are told that,
one winter evening in 1584, he stepped
forth from the Kremlin and saw a comet
with a tail like a cruci&x ; after gazing
at it for a long time, he crossed himself
three times, and averred that it be-
tokened his death. He died a few weeks
later, and was succeeded bv his son Feo-
dor, a weak ruler ; Feodor was the third
son, but there was a fourth, who was not
recognised because he was the offspring
of Ivan's seventh marriage, ancl the

Greek Church permitted only four ven-
tures of that nature. Then follows a
full account of the intrigues of Boris,
Feodor's brother-in-law (who afterwards
became Tsar) ; the murder of Demetrius,
the fourth son ; the apjDearance of a so-
called Demetrius in after years, and
the attempts in modern times to ascer-
tain whether that Demetrius was an im-
poster or not.

A PANEGYRIC POET.

E. S. Roscoe, in the Edinburgh Re-
view, deals with Matthew Prior as Dip-
lomatist and Poet. He suggests that
" good natured Mat. Prior " would have
been amused at the regard paid to his
verse, for his primary object in life was
to become a successful and well-naid
official — or, as Prior himself expressed
it, " I had rather be thought a good Eng-
lishman than the best poet or greatest
scholar that ever wrote." His poverty
compelled him to write, and accord-
ingly—

Prior's muse was always at his service,
whether to please monarchs or to conciliate
noblemen. During the anxious years whicli
he passed at the Hague, uncertain of his
future, as hardly pressed for cash as the
Treasury at home, constantly urging his
oflBcial friends at Whitehall to see that his
"bills of ext-raordinaries " received atten-
tion, he wrote — in 1695 — both the Long Ode
on Queen Mary's Death, and the Ballad on
the Taking of Xamur. The times had ceased
to be suitable for such compositions. Prior
w-as consequently the last of the panegyric
poets of whom Cartwright was the inovst
proline. William III. was too much a man
to care for a Carmen Seculare, and Queen
Anne was too stupid to appreciate even ful-
some compliments in a neatly turned ode.
No writer in his senses would have addressed
a stanza to any one of the Georges.

DANIEL DE FOE.

In the North American Review Edith
Wyatt writes on " The Author of
Robinson Crusoe." De Foe's life is, if
possible, more absorbing than that of
his hero, whose adventures were penned
by the author at the age of sixty, after
passing through more escapades than
ever befel the immortal Crusoe. De
Foe can claim to be our earliest jour-
nalist, as well as the first English novel-
ist. His political pamphlet. " The
Shortest Way with the Dissenters,"
brought him to the pillory, and thence

Review of Eevieus, 1/ ii/i3

LEADING ARTICLES.

895

to prison ; but, as in Bunyan's case,
goal set him free to think: —

De Foe remained in Newgate for two
years. In tliis space of time, on account
of his absence from his tile-factory, he became
a ruined man. His family fell into poverty.
He occupied his liours in prison by an un-
lucrative but absorbing undertaking. From
the walls of Newgate he sent out, by his
devoted printer, at first once a week,' and
then three times a week, a periodical called
The Up view. This sheet presented at regu-
lar intervals, for the first time in the prTnt
of our language, public and domestic topics
of general interest. It is impossible to say
whether one feels more glory or more shame
for journalism in the fact that our first news-
paper was written and edited by a man
imprisoned in the interest of a just testimony
of the truth.

A FRIEND OF POETS.

All admirers of Heinrirh Heine will
reau with interest the account of Ca-
mille Selden, by M. J. Loussert, in the
Grande Revue. Very little is known of
the early life of the German lady who
will always be remembered as a tnend
of Heine. After having been a friend
of the poet Alfred Meissner, Camille
.Selden made the acquaintance of Heine,
and for about two years before his death
was his friend and consoler in his ter-
rible sufferings. Heine called her "La
Mouche," and addressed poems to her,
and La Mouche, on her part, wrote his
letters, corrected his manuscripts, and
read German to him. Later, Camille
Selden became the friend of Taine.
This was the longest and most serious
of her friendships, yet it had a sudden
ending. Taine abandoning the lady to
marry the daughter of an architect.
The name of Camille Selden will be
known to fame as the author of " The
Last Days of Heinrich Heine," but
under the same pseudonym she wrote a
-novel, "Daniel Valdy : the Story of a
Musician," and several other books. She
died in 1896 at Rouen, where she had
been teacher of German in a girls'
school.

A POET OF THE MODERN.

Horace B. Samuel contributes an ap-
preciation of the Belgian pnet, Emile
Verhaeren, to the For/nic^htiy Kevieiv,
which is characterised by live phrasing
and disrernment of particular iperit.
Mr Samuel's introduction is rhalleng

ing in its superlative praise, for he
claims that Verhaeren is: —

A man who, botli in thought and in tech-
nique, is indisputably the most modern and
the most massive force in the whole con-
temporary European poetry. For Verhaeren
is no narrow specialist with an outlook
limited to some particular sphere. He is the
singer of the whole fulness of modern Euro-
pean life as a whole, with its clashes, its
complexities, its agonies, and its tensions, its
deserted countrysides, and its pullulating met-
ropoles, its armaments and its Armageddons,
its brothels, cathedrals, laboratories, and
Stock Exchanges, its sciences, it^.sen.sualities,
its arts, philosophies and aspirations. His
muse is no serene nymph piping delicately
on some Parnassian slope, but an extremely
tumultuous Amazon, at once primeval and
ultra-modern, chanting the pjean of battle,
steeped in the wine of victory, and suckling
the supermen of the future on her universal
breasts. No muse in the whole of literature
is more highly charged with vitality, and
no reader is qualified to enjoy her unless
he, too, is charged to the ma"^ximum with
" the red tonic liquor of a harsh and formid-
ablo reality."

The poet is nearly sixty years of age.
and his work, some of it written in Lon-
don, touches every phase of modern ex-
istence. Intended for the Church.
Literature and Socialism claimed him.

MAORI LEGENDS IN MUSIC.

A correspondent writing ni the Mitsi-
cal Times draws attention to the com-
positions of Mr. Alfred Hill, a New
Zealand musician whose Maori Sym-
phony has already been performed at
the Crystal Palace in London. Mr. Hill
has written two string quartettes de-
scriptive of Maori legends. Two scenes
for bass voice, string quartettes and
pianoforte describe a hot, languorous
day in New Zealand, and the coming
of the cool south wind. We quote the
words of the latter : —

Did you feel it? Was it fancy? List again!

Tho air is stirring; see the leaves a-rustle,

Hlown by the faint breeze,

"Tis the south wind —

God! how sweet, how fresh, how cool,

'Tis very life, 'tis life, 'tis life.

The music of this work is stated to be
full of colour. Mr. Hill found that by
labelling his themes he got more mean-
ing into his music from the players, and
a hint to the public set their imagina-
tion at work, and roused more interest
than when there was no ke\' to the prob-
lem.

896

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Sovcmhcr 1. if>l3.

THE FOREIGN REVIEWS.

GERMANY'S POSITION.
An unsigned article on the position of
Germany in Europe appears ni the
Deutsche Revue. The writer says that
in discussing the Foreign Policy of Ger-
many we must take into account posi-
tive factors and negative factors — posi-
tive because they serve an active policy
and negative because they serve a defen-
sive policy. The negative factor of
German polic)- is the Triple Alliance.
As to the positive factors, they are
chiefly those which concern Germany's
future relations with the \\ estern Powers.
It is characteristic what bad calcula-
tors and politicians Germany has, that
just those people who again and again
ask the Government for a more active
policy, always bring into their calcula-
tions the negative factor and agitate
against the Western Powers. The posi-
tion of Germany, however, is not so bad
as some people make out. No power
desires a war with Germany.

IN CASE OF WAR.

M. A. de Tarle, in the Correspondant,
writes on the food supply of Germany
in case of war. While France in case
of need might be able to supply herself
with food, it is a very different matter
with Germany, who imports a large part
of the necessary articles of food. Quite
a number of German publications have
discussed the problem, and the writer in
the Correspondant explains the various
proposals to prevent famine. Some
suggest granaries to store corn, the con-
struction of silos, etc. ; others desire to
create a movement for the development
of the natural wealth of the country in
such a way as to equalise more the indus-
trial and the agricultural output

TAXATION IN FRANCE AND GERMANY.

Writing in the Grande Revue on the
Budgets of France and Germany, M.
Rene Lauret institutes some interesting
comparisons between the national ex-
penditures of the two countries. Many
attempts have been made to ascertain
the exact average amount in taxation
per head of the population paid in each
country, but the results are too contra-

dictory to make it possible to accept
them without reserve. M. Y. M. Goblet
puts it at 165 francs in Germany, and
142 francs in France. M. Jules Roche,
again, estimates that the Prussian pays
59 francs against 98 francs in France.
The Bulletin de Statistique et de Legis-
lation Comparee makes the amount paid
by each person in Germany 51 francs,
and the writer thinks the last two esti-
mates nearer the truth than that of M.
Goblet. Much depends on the way in
which the amount is reckoned, the items
included, and the different articles taxed
in each country. Railways in Germany,
for instance, form almost a State mono-
poly ; in France tobacco is a mono-
poly. Military expenditure in Germany
is higher than in France, but, comnared
with the population, it is less. Germany
spends more than France on foreign af-
fairs, but less on colonies. Public
powers and administration, justice, etc.,
cost more in Germany, or, at any rate, in
Prussia, than in France. The expendi-
ture on education seerbs pretty equal in
both countries. France sacrifices more
on behalf of commerce and public
works, and Prussia more for agriculture.

THE EUROPEAN SITUATION.

In Nord und Slid Helmut Hiitter
writes on the National Balance of Power
on the Adriatic. In future the Adriatic
is to be enclosed chiefly by three coun-
tries— ■Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Al-
Iiania. By a neutral Albania under the
protection of the two Great Powers, the
latter will be enabled to preserve their
routes into the interior of the Balkan
States. Apart from the hostile attitude
of the Czech Radicals, and especially
that of the Southern .Slavs, in regard to
the German Empire, the writer draws
attention to the danger which may result
from the Drang of the southern Slavs
towards the sea, which in recent times
seriously threatened the Italians in
Trieste, Istria, and Dalmatia. Dr. B.
Ischchanian's article in the same review
on the Armenian population in Turkey
is an interesting contribution to the dis-
cussion on the Reform Question in Asia
Minor.

Ifei-H'ir of lieiricirs, 1 1 11 fi 1.

LEADING ARTICLES.

%:

WHAi SWITZERLAND HAS DONE.

One of the articles in the special
Swiss number of Nord mid Slid gives
an account of the International Bureaux
at Berne.

Dr. Emil Frey, the writer, explains
that there are four international bureaux
which have their seats in the federal
capital of Switzerland at the jjresent
time. The oldest, the Telegraphic
Union, dates from 1865. It was
founded by twenty States at Paris, and
to-day forty-nine States belong to it,
practically all the States of the civilised
-world, except the United States, Canada,
Mexico, China, and some of the repub-
lics of Central and South America.

The next, perhaps the most important
and certainly the most ])opular, is th°
Postal Union, founded in 1S74, while
the Bureau at Berne was o])ened on Sep-
tember 15th, 1875. The chief jiromoter
of the Postal Union was the German
Postmaster-Cieneral von Stephan. I'o
this Union belong all the countries of
the civilised world except Abyssinia,
Afghanistan, China, and Morocco.
Congresses have been held at Lisl)on
A'^ienna, Washington, and Rome, and
man\' reforms ha\e l^een carried out.

Director Ruffy is of opinion that the day
is not far distant when the penny post
will be universal throughout the world.

The Patents and Trade Marks Union
was founded in Paris in 1883 by twenty-
two States. In 1886, Cop\'rights, or the
protection of " Intellectual Property,"
was included.

The youngest of the L'nions is the
Union of International Railways, its
birthplace being in Switzerland. After
several conferences at Berne an agree-
ment was arrived at which came into
force in 1893. .Sixteen States are said
to belong to it.

In the same review Dr. Albert Gobat,
discussing some of the efforts which
have been made to bring about inter-
national peace, says the idea of univer-
sal peace had its beginnings in .Switzer-
land. In 1830 the first Peace Society
was founded by Count de Sellon at
Geneva, with the view of carrying on a
(ampaign m the cause of peace. A
Peace Congress was held in London in
1843, and since then there have been
many congresses, while the number of
oeace societies has become so large that
it would be almost impossible to enu-
merate them.

THE OPENING OF THE PALACE OF PEACE AT THE HAGUE.
Qneen Wilhelmina, the Prince Consort, and the Queen Mother are seated in the Centre.

[I'hoto. hy Van Ditinar, liottcrdam.

898

REVIEW Of REVIEWS.

Sovertiher 1, 19Ji.

THE ROMANCE OF THE TARTAR WYCLIF.

An astonishing story of what one
man did on the steppes of Siberia, of
the stupendous religious labours of a
Russian missionary, is told vividly by a
Russian writer, Alexei Yakovlev, in The
East and the W est.

According to this writer, Nicolai
Ivanovitch Ilminsky (1822-1891) was
one of the most remarkable sons of
Russia in the nineteenth century.

The son of a priest, he was born in Penza,
and educated in the ecclesiastical academy
of Kazan; he studied Tartar, Arabic, and
other Eastern l.mguages, and travelled for
about twenty-two years in Arabia, Asia
Minor, and Egypt. He was Professor of
Eastern Languages at the Kazan Ecclesiasti-
cal Academy and at Kazan University. As
early as 1847 he started his life-work, the
Christian mission among the different tribes
who inhabit the east of European Russia
and Siberia ; this work, begun on the most
modest scale, proves to be from year to year
one of the most creative and inspiring
achievements of Russian life.

The Russian Church was at that time
(1865) becoming alarmed at the proselyt-
ing inroads of the Mohammedans
among the peasants of East Russia.
Ilminsky's talents and devotion were
very welcome. Says Mr. Yakovlev: —

Nicolai Ivanovitch was a rare specimen of
the human race. Gifted with wonderful
philological capacities, which allowed him
with amazing quickness and facility to mas-
ter foreign languages, he was a very fine
scholar, standing on the very pinnacle of the
European philological science. The Arabs
in Arabia, where he lived in a tent and led
with them a nomadic life, could not discern
from his elocution and his management of
the Arabian that he was a foreigner. The
Tartars of Kazan would not believe be was a
Russian, and not a born Tartar who had re-
nounced his origin.

Ilminsky, however, was more than
learned. He was mild, affable, truly
good, untiring in his missionary zeal.
Moreover, he had exceptionally good
health and a cheerful disposition.
With the help of a native Tartar, a bap-
tised water-carrier named Vassili Timo-
fee, Ilminsky proceeded to translate the
Scriptures into the Tartar tongue.

Iti 1863 he began the literary propaganda
of his new ideas in Russian ecclesiastical
reviews. The point was hit. Since this
year, now just half a century ago, the cause
started by Ilminsky was a victorious tri-
umph of human mind over the enormous dif-
ficulties of this delicate affair, in itself ren-
dered still more delicate by tlie conditions of

Russian life. Guarded, protected, and led
bv Ilminsky till his death (December
2"7th, 1891), supported by scores, hun-
dreds, thousands, and now scores of thou-
sands, of his followers, his cause is growing
and spreading out with an untiring success
in conquering for Christendom and Russian
culture millions of men and women of dif-
ferent tribes, and in amalgamating them
with the Russian people.

When the work was completed, in the
summer of 1864, Timofee went to the
villages of the baptised Tartars.

He preached to them the Gospel and read
to them the newly-prepared translations of
the Old Testament, and behold ! people who
ten years before avoided all religious conver-
sations with the utmost distrust at every at-
tempt to approach them, now gathered in
crowds to listen to the reading in their ver-
nacular language, and were movcxl and went
while listening to and nnd<Mstanding the
sublime truths of Christian lore.

Timofee banded them in choirs to
sing Christian hymns, and this impro-
vised singing made a wonderful impres-
sion on them. The movement took on
like fire in drought.

"It is wonderful to observe these chil-
dren," says one of the observers of the
school, " fathered from different lonely and
remote villages, dressed like beggars, with
poor overcoats with holes in them and miser-
able shoes of soaked last : how they praise
the majesty of God in their dialect. In the
village, some boy pupil of the school is sit-
ting upon a log and reading to the crowd the
Holy Scripture. The dancing ceases, the
singers become silent — all are still. The slow
reading goes on. Pressing themselves to-
gether, afraid to lose one word, with tears
in their e.ves and heaving breasts, the Tartars
listen to the Word of God in their own lan-
guage.

" The women do not wish to go home,
though torn away by their little children.
The reading or narration continues for two.
or even three, liours. After it is finished
the deep silence is broken. Observations -are
heard : ' How wonderful, how charming it is
to listen to one's own language : and in the
church we understand nothing.' ' How thank-
ful we are that you have it written for us
in our own dialect. . . .' ' These boys
will know everything concerning the faith :
through them it will be known to others, be-
cause they read and speak our own dialect.
Such learning is good.' "

The most difficult of all victories was
his — the victory over the human heart
and mind. The method was established
theoretically and practically ; it proved
to be fully sufficient. The Kazan School
for the baptised Tartars served as a
laboratory of the ideas and ]")roceedings,

Review of Revieu-s, 1/11/ 13.

LEADING ARTICLES.

899

as an experiment and a successful en-
couragement. The method spread far
and wide. The Kazan Seminary for the
preparation of schoolmasters for all the
tribes of the east of Russia was estab-
lished according to the same principles.
Its first director till his death was Tlmin-
sky.

The movoment spread out from Kazan
along the Volga, passed the I'ral, and found
followers all over Siberia. It would l)e diffi-
cult in this sketch to enumerate tlie services
rendered, the battles won, the thousands of
schools established, and thousands of books
edited in the languages of different tribes up
to now. During the life of Ilminsky it was
his loving and devoted hand which ruled the
whole affair : it was he who served as a con-
necting link between workers of different
blood, social and geographical position. In-
visible threads were drawn from the re-
motest village to his working-room : he up-
held incessant correspondence with thousands

of his direct i)upils and of his pupils' pupils
with an untiring zeal and utmost delicacy.

Through the modest office of Ilminsky
passed thousands of visitors from the
remotest corners of Cheremiss and Chu-
cash Woods ; of the Kirghise and Bash-
kir Steppes ; from Altai ; and the Trans-
baikalian ; simple men, too, in sheepskin
and shoes of soaked last, who were drawn
to the mild old man in their search for
light and instruction. It often happened
that they spent whole nights sleeping on
the floor of his cabinet, having no other
accommodation than the room of their
worshipped apostle.

And in many a humble priest's or school-
master's house one may find a lithograph re-
presenting the beautiful features of the
grand old man, an emblem of his soul and
name, being a bond between millions of
his followers, as his heart and mind were a
connecting link of the cause during his life.

WHERE DO THE INDIANS COME FROM?

The results of a great deal of histori-
cal investigation, as well as some more
or less unfounded speculation, have ap-
peared in print recently regarding the
presumed Old World origin of the
American Indian. The Red Man of the
American continents has been forcibly
related to the Welsh, the Egyptians, the
Phoenicians and the lost ten tribes of
Israel. A writer in the monthly maga-
zine, Red Man, " printed by the Indians
of manv tribes," at the United States
Indian School at Carlisle, Pa., has col-
lected all the historical data on the sub-
ject and given it in an article in a recent
number of the American Review of Re-
views.

A scientific study of the Indian sug-
gests, says this writer (Franz Boaz), that
tlie American race " must have been sepa-
rated from the rest of the Old World
for a very long period, and that then-
civilisation has grown up in the Western
hemisphere." There is no evidence as
to the geological time in which this sepa-
ration occurred, although "it seems
fairly certain that the American race is
closely related to the races of North-
eastern Asia, and that it must have lived
in Asia for a very long time." It seems
quite certain that the American Indian
"reached America at least at the lime

when, after the retreat of the glaciers
connection with Asia was first re-estab-
lished. This must have been many thou-
sand years ago."

" It is not necessary to assume," con-
tinues this writer, " that all Americans
arrived on the continent at the same
time.

In all probability there was a slow filtering
through of people from the west ; that is to
say, from Asia, ea.stward. It seems also very
plausible that the movements of people were
not in one direction onl.v, but that a re-
peopling of Siberia by American tribes oc-
curred in the course of these events.

Tiie people who came to our shores were
in all i)i'obabilit.v hunters and fishermen, who
had the art of using fire, and who may have
been accompanied l)y the domesticated dog.
The art of domesticating other animals and
the cultivation of i)lants, as well as the ust^
of potter.v, were, in all probability, un-
known.

As to the belief that the arts of the
.\merican Indian are related to those of
the Old World, a belief based largely
on the supposed similarity between Old
World arts and those the Spaniards
found in Mexico, Central America, and
Peru, Mr. Boaz says : —

It is ea.sy to show that the similarities
were simplv those similarities which are com-
mon to all forms of social life that develop
in more densely inhabited areas, while the
differences between the two arc fundamental.

«oo

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Xovenibvr 1, 1013.

If the Central Americans had learned
their arts from the Egyptians or other
Mediterranean people, as has often been
claimed, we should suppose that the es-
sential basis of their life would also
show a certain relationship. As a mat-
ter of fact, we find that the plants on
Avhich they lived and the industries
which they had developed seem quite
independent in the Eastern and Western
hemispheres. The excavations made in
many parts of Europe show that the
agriculture of Europe developed at a
very early time, before the use of metals
was known, and that wheat and barley
were the two grains on which man sub-
sisted. At a very early time cattle were
domesticated. One feature, particularly,
differentiates the development of Euro-
pean and Mediterranean agriculture
from that of the rest of the world. In
-many regions man had learned to culti-
■vate plants, but the cultivation was al-
ways carried on by means of his hands.
The seeds were placed in holes made
-with a digging stick, and the ground
was prepared either with a digging-stick
alone or sometimes with the help of a
simple hoe made of stone, bone, or
wood. Nowhere, however, had man
learned to employ the services of ani-
mals to further extend his agriculture.
Only in Europe did the employment of
animals and the use of the plough, which
was worked with the helo of animals,
lead to the culture of fields in our sense
of the term. In all other narts of the
world agriculture remained similar to
our cultivation of the garden. This de-
velopment in Europe was still further
helped by the use of the wheel, the in-
vention of which goes back into early
antiquity, and which led to the inven-
tion of the cart for purposes of trans-
portation.

It is remarkable that none of thcw inven-
tions were shared in hy the Indians of even
the most civilised tribes of Anieriea. The
plant^s cultivated by them differed from the
plants cultivated by the people of the Old
World. Neither wheat and barley nor the
later plants, such as millet, lentils and peas,
were found here; but, instead of that, the
.agricultuie of the Indian centres around the

use of Indian corn, or maize, beans; and
squashes. Indian corn is a descendant of the
wild grass growing in the mountains of
Central America and Mexico, and therefore
must have been first cultivated in that
area. The domestication of animals, their
use for agricultural purposes, and the in-
vention of the wheel were not found in
America, and set off Indian agriculture
sharply from that of the Old AVorld.

If nothing else were known, that
would be enough to show clearly that
there cannot be any early relationship
between American civilisation and Old
World civilisation ; but other points can
be brought forward which will corrobo-
rate our conclusion. The Indians did
know the use of precious metals, and
the invention of bronze had been made
in Central America and among the most
advanced people of South America ; but
the uses to which the metal was put were
very limited, and there is nothing that
connects the types of bronze implements
found in America with the bronze im-
plements of any period of the Old
W'orld. So far as the actual utensils are
concerned, bronze has always been quite
insignificant in America, while for a
long time a great variety of utensils were
made of bronze in Europe, northern
Africa, and Asia.

It has also been claimod that there is a
certain similarity in architecture, attention
Iiaving been called partictilarly to the pyra-
mids of Central America and those of
Egypt. These, however, are (juite different
ia character. The American pyramid is, on
the whole, a substructure for a building,
generally a t^nnple, while the Egyptian
pyramid is a tomb, quite distinct in plan and
construction.

It is perhaps one of the most remarkable
facts that while in Europe stone architecture
did not develop anj-where until after metals
had been in full use, while it may even be
said that in western and northern Europe
.stone architecture did not develop until
•ifter it had been taught to the people of
Europe by the Romans, the Indians de-
veloped a high architectural art before any
nietal tools were used by them.

" We must conclude," says this writer,
that " in its origin and growth, American
culture has been essentially indigenous
and practically uninfluenced by the ad-
vances made in the Old World."

Rcvicic of BiU^ifirs, l/lllis.

LEADING ARTICLES.

901

MISSIONING IN ALASKA.

Writing recently, m the si>ecial
" Alaska Number "of the Spint of Mis-
sions (New York), Archdeacon Stuck,
of the Diocese of Alaska, who, by the
way, recently achieved international
fame by his ascent of Mt. McKinley,
said :

Whenever a man talks about Alaska he
means h'lH Alaska, and that is one of the
reasons why so many contradictory and
wholly irreconcilable things are said' about
Alaska. When a Nome man talks about
Alaska he means Prince AVilliam Sound and
tiie Cook Inlet country. When a Juneau
man talks about Alaska he means the soutli-
eastern coast. So when I talk about Alaska
] mean the interior, which is the lion's share,
though the other Alaskas would each make
a great state.

Perhaps a more definite idea of the
vastness of this " Great Country," as the
Indians call Alaska, may be realised b)'
placing Ketchikan (the most south-
easterly mission of the Diocese of
Alaska) upon the city of Sydney. Then
Point Hope, the most north-westerly mis-
sion, would fall in the Gulf of Carpen-
taria, while the westerniriost of the Aleu-
tian Islands A\ould reach beyond the
coast at Perth.

Just across the border, on the Cana-
dian side, IS another vast missionarx^
field, known as the Diocese of the
Yukon. These two dioceses, American
and Anglican, are the largest in the
world, and, in many respects, unique.

As illustrating this, we find two men,
bishops of the Church, the one an
American, the Right Reverend Peter
Trimble Rowe, and the other an Angli-
can, the Right Reverend Isaac O.
Stringer, their fields of work separated
onl}' by the international boundary line
between the United States and the
British territories, living and working in
loneliness and hardship.

Some idea of the vastness of Bishop
Stringer's diocese may be gained from
the fact that somewhat over a )'ear ago
the Bisho]) started from Dawson, the
seat of the Episcopal residence, on a
trip to Fort McPherson, some 300 miles
to the north. To get there it was neces-
sary to travel 5000 miles by wa_\' of
steamer, rail, stage and canoe.

The long distances, lack of means of
transportation and communication, and

the severe climate of this vast Arctic
region make great demands upon physi-
cal courage and endurance. Every-
where, to quote an extract from Bishop
Rovve's diary :

only the great white desolation, silent, awful,
broken by the wail of wolves or the cracking
of ice, as thougli strange spirits were all
about you. The days were .strange as the
nights. Close Ijy the river crept the spruce,
and through this there trotted, dog-like,
l)acks of wolves, invisible but none the less
real, a.s their bowlings indicated.

It requires, too, executive and adminis-
trative ability of the highest order on
the part of these overseers, since by rea-
son of the long distances and uncertain
periods of communication each year,
work must be planned months, and even
years, in advance.

Sitka is the see city of the Alaska
diocese, and from here Bishop Rowe
makes his trips into the interior and the
north, travelling nearly eleven months
in every year, covering more than 20,000
miles, and holding an average of one
hundred services.

Two qualities are essential for travel-
ling in this great countr)-, grit and an
instinct to find one's way, and both these
Bishop Stringer and Bishop Rowe
possess in a remarkable degree. Blind-
ing storms and blizzards, bitter cold (the
thermometer sometimes registering 65
degrees below zero), frozen fingers and
feet, bad ice and open water, short
rations (on one occasion neither Bishop
Rowe nor his dogs had any food for
three days ; while Bishoji Stringer sub-
sisted for the same length of time only
on his own footgear), physical injury,
lost trail, howling wolves, treacherous
natives — ^all these perils and difficulties
must be encountered and overcome }'ear
after year.

Both of these valiant soldiers of the
Cross are discharging their dut\-, no{
alone to the Church, but, through the
Church, to their respective countries as
well, for the Church occupies an enviable
position in the moral and spiritual de-
\cloi)mcnt of this north-west countr\-. It
nnnislers alike to bodv, mind and soul
of the Eskimo, the Indian, and the white
man. Medicallv, industrially, intellec-

go2

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

yovemher 1, 191S.

tually, socially and religiously they are
being- helped and uplifted.

The Eskimos are somewhat slow to
deal with, but once they are persuaded,
they are steadfast. Before Bishop
Stringer's consecration, he laboured as
priest among the Eskimos at Kitli-
gagzooit, near the mouth of the Mac-
kenzie River, and on Herschel Island,
the northernmost inhabited point of the
British dominions — a bleak, desolate,
treeless island, ice-bound for nine
months of the year. Traders in heathen
countries are not', as a rule, enthusiastic
in their praise of converts to Christi-
anity, yet a Hudson Bay trader, refer-
ring to these people, writes : —

Before they were Christians they would,
one and all, steal everything they could l.iy
their hands on, yet liow I can" absolutely
trust the tribe of Eskimos converted to
Christianity by Bishop Stringer, of the
Yukon.

A missionary who has resided on Her-
schel Island continuously for the past
five years furnishes the following notes
of the customs of the people : —

The customs of the Eskimos have under-
gone a change. For example, the temporary
loan or exchange of wives, which was once
common, has ceased. Infanticide, also once
common among all the tribes, is no longer
practised. Care of old people is much
greater than in former times. Until lately,
when a man died, all his personal property
was buried with him, as no one wanted a
dead man's goods. This fear hap passed, and
the g<X)ds go to the heirs. Tattooing and
cutting the lips are being abandoned. Mur-
ders and thefts are much rarer than for-
merly.

It will be remembered that nearly two
years ago the discover v was re]>orted, by
the leaders of an Anglo-American expe-
dition to the Arctic seas, of a large num-
ber of Eskimos in the Coppermine
region, from 700 to looo miles east of
the Mackenzie River, who had never
seen the face of a white man. In July,
191 2, under the direction of Bishop
.Stringer, a missionary, with twelve
Christian Eskimos, chosen from two
hundred volunteers, set out in a sailboat
for a two-year trip, to try to reach and
evangelise these people.

Referring to the Peel Indians, Bishop
Stringer, in one of his addresses to the
Synod of his diocese, said :

The Indians were anxious and ready to
learn, and not only accept-ed Christianity,

but lived on the principles and precepts of
Christ. It is a strange commentary on our
Christian civilisation to say that the weaker
nation, under the influence of the stronger,
has sometimes degenerated on the advent of
the \vhite men in large numbers. When the
evil influence of the white man has not to
any extent been felt, as for instance among
the Peel River Indians, we find a people
living at least as consistent a Christian life
as is generally seen in an ordinary white
community.

Seventy-five per cent, of this tribe can
read, and several of their number have
taken orders in the Church of England.
This would seem to give the lie to the
oft-repeated assertion that " the only
good Indian is a dead one."

Concerning the results of the quarter
century's work in the Yukon \'alley. a
veteran missionary, the Reverend John
W. Chapman, writing in the same issue
of the Spirit of Missions, declares : —

In some ways intercourse with the whites
has done our people good. They are better
labourers, understand better the 'character of
a contract, are cleaner and less superstitious
— especially the younger generation — and are
enabled to live in far greater comfoft than
forinerly. Hut when so much is said, it re-
mains true that the native .standard of
morals is a low one. and that in the native
sv.st 111 of religion there was nothing which
held out the slightest. hope that it would ever
|x>come any better than it was. Every gain
in this respect is due to the influerice of
Christianity, and the gains are not a few.

But it is for the native's welfare that
the Bishop is especially concerned. For
the Indians exclusively two hospitals
have been established, two industrial and
eight day schools are maintained, and
two sawmills are operated. The Bishop
favours a reservation system, his aim
being to have the principles of sanitation
taught, thereby permanently improving
the sanitary conditions, in order to check
the mortality among the natives from
tuberculosis, which has become a scourge
among them. In their efforts to live
more like the white man, the Indians are
losing much of their own proper racial
heritage, to their great detriment Out
of 400 Indians at Sitka 40 died last year
of tuberculosis, and at another station
50 per cent, of the people had died dur-
ing the preceding year of the same
dread disease.

Last year Bishon Rowe went to Wash-
ington and placed before Congress the

lieciew of Beciews, 1111/13.

LEADING ARTICLES.

903

serious condition of the people and the
need of remedial laws. As a result of
his pleadings, an act of " Home Rule "
for Alaska was passed, and an appro-
priation was asked for to meet the needs
of the situation.

Speaking in the House of Representa-
tives upon the bill to provide for a
legislative assembly for the Territory of
.Alaska, the Hon William W. Wede

meyer, Member of Congress from

Michigan, said: —

No man understands Alaska and its prob-
lems better than Bishop Rowe^ who for six-
teen years or more has ministered to the
people of that remote territory. There i.s
not time here to speak of his good work.
It is only the truth to say, however,
that the progress that has been made in
Alaska would have been utterly impossible
without the unselfish efiForts of missionaries,
who have toiled unremittingly and
under tlie hardest possible eonditions.

HAY FEVER A FORM OF ANAPHYLAXIA.

The distressing symptoms of inflam-
mation and redness of the nose, attended
by an annoying discharge, and often
accompanied by inflammation of the
conjunctiva, and even by fever and diffi-
culty in breathing, which attack many
persons in summer or early fall, and
which are borne more or less resignedl)'
as an attack of " hay fever," really in-
dicate a serious susceptibility to a speci-
fic poison. This poison is contained in
the grains of pollen from the various
members of the grass family.

Such pollen-particles are borne far
and wide on the breeze during the blos-
soming season, and light upon the moist
mucous membrane of eyes and nose.
The violent irritation which they cause
here is due to their content of minute
quantities of an albuminous substance
which acts as a poison to some indivi-
duals, though most persons readily re-
sist it.

This special susceptibility to certain
albumens has recently been recognised
as a very serious matter, and scientists
have given it a distinctive title — anaphy-
laxia. It is because of this idiosyncrasy
that some pei'sons are poisoned by cer-
tain foods, such as strawberries, rasp-
berries, currants, pineapples, or by
oysters, crabs, Limburger cheese, etc.

Such cases, wdth special reference to
hay fever, are discussed by Dr. L. Rein-
hardt in Kosnios (Stuttgart).

The very best remedy for avoidance
of hay fever, as many sufferers recog-
nise, is to fly before the grasses begin to
bloom to some spot where such blossoni-
ing is unknown or scarce, such as I^eli
goland, the Upper Engadine, or local
ities in the United States which our
readers will recall to mind.

Such desertion of homes, families, and
business, however, is generally imprac-
ticable. Yet it is of grave importance
to avoid an attack, not merely because
of the attendant suffering and incon-
venience, but because these poisons have
ihe singular property of causing attacks
which constantly increase in violence,
instead of tending gradually to create
a state of immunity, as is done by those
of a different type.

Dr. Reinhardt consequently advises a
medical immunisation before the flower-
ing time of the grasses commences.

He writes :

At present this is best secured by spraying
with the solution of timothy-grass iPhleiim
])ratensc), first prepared by the two English
physicians Noon and Freeman. A much
simpler method, however, is merely to inhale
qiuminol or some similar polyvalent hay
fever " drv serum." This method is not so
certain as the former, hut has the advantage
that it can be applied without a i)hysician's
aid.

Besides this active immunization, it is ad-
visable for the patient to spend as much of
his time as possible during the pollen-bear-
ing season within a closed room.

For those whose business forces them
to go abroad, however, he recommends
the use of a nasal filter of cotton bat-
ting to arrest the pollen grains, or the
"reasing of the nostrils with some anti-
septic salve, as one containing boric acid
(Bormelin). The eyes can be protected
b)' close-fitting automobile goggles.

if ill .spite of these precautions the nasal
mucous membrane shows irritation, it is
better to c-mploy, instead of '' hornirlin," a
borio salve containing adrenalin and co- ^
caine, for which use, however, a physician's
prescription is necessary.

Mr. Otto Scliultz, of Hanover, the
|jresident of the tieligoland Hay Fever

904

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Xovcmhcr 1. i'ilS.

League, has recently invented a special
respirator consisting of a silver-gilt
frame to be placed in the nostrils and
holding a thin layer of cotton wadding
saturated with menthol or some similar
medicament. However, the mere inser-
tion of loose wadding in the nostrils
forms a very effective filter. Such a
filter is also recommended for the simi-
lar ailments known as " horse-colds "
and " railroad asthma," which are occa-
sioned by minute particles of the
horses' skin or of human skin. Tin)'
as these are, they are sufficient to allow
an alien albumen to penetrate the
mucous membrane, and thus carry its
potent poison into the circulation of the
blood. Such " colds " are attended by
fever and headache, and, as in hay fever,
the repetition of the attacks tends to
increase susceptibility instead of to im-
munity.

This super-sensibility to foreign albumens,
or annphylaxia, is a very serious and, in-
deed, dangerous trait, wliieh may have very
grave or even fatal consequences for its vic-

tims in some circumstances. Thus tlicrc may
be an anaphylaxia towards cow's milk, which
may produce the most serious symptoms of
poisoning in infants to whom it is given.
If the attempt is repeated after some time,
these symptoms become increasingly more
acute, until death may follow the third or
fourth attempt to force the food on the
child.

Even so, there is an anaphylaxia towards
egg-albumen, which most persons find quite
unobjectionable. If the merest trace of white
of egg be put on the tongue of such a
person, the tongue reddens and swells; even
the throat may become inflamed, and there
may be diflficulty of swallowing and vomit-
ing.

In this connection the author cites an
instructive case at law. A Munich firm
placed a substance called Piero on the
market, advertising it as a meat-albu-
men. Later they found it convenient to
supplement their product by egg-albu-
men. Some of this was used by a fier-
son anaphylactic towards egg-alDumen.
This led to an investigation and a suit
for damages against the firm for food
adulteration, the outcome of which was
an award of heavy damages.

HUMAN HEALTH.

Science Progress contains a very
hopeful article, by Bernard Houghton,
on " The Outlook for Human Health,"
and opens encouragingly when he
writes : " Mankind, or at least the edu-
cated portion thereof, have within the
past half -century entered into a new
and very beautiful world." If medical
knowledge can dispel " the cloud of
ignorance " from men's minds then the
writer sees all things going well for the
body politic as well as for the indivi-
dual. His conclusion will please the
Eugenist : —

In this hygienic Utopia the sufferer from
chronic ill-health will incur much the same
opprobrium as for instance the "open and
notorious loose livers" of our forefathers;
whilst to be compelled to undergo — save for
an accident — a surgical operation, that will
rank as a criminal offence, stamping the
patient with all the stigma of a convicted
felon. And since the mind reacts in an
amazingly close degree to the health or sick-
ness of the body, we may justly look forward
in this Utopia — if, indeed, such a one be
possible — to a nigher and brighter .spirit in
civilised man, with less selfishness and cruelty
and a largely increased measure of altruism,
public spirit, and all that makes for a healthy
and prosperous community.

News of the World.1

MAGIC OP SCIENCE.

A poor fisherman realised a. terrible genie from
a jar which he had found. As a reward, the evil
penie threatened to slay the fisherman. But th«
latter artfully induced the genie to go back int«
tho j.ar, when he at once replaced the lid, and e«
saved himself from destruction.

From 1871 to 1880 the average annual deaths in
England and Wales from all forms of tubercu-
losis numbered about 70,000. In 1911 they had
fallen to 53,000. Allowing for the increase in
population, the number of deaths in 1911 would,
had the death-rate of 1871 to 1880 continued, have
been about 103,000; 50,000 livea, therefore, wer«
saved in the course of one year.— .Vr. Asquith at
tho Conference of the National Association for
Prevention of Consumption.

liei ifir of Meriews, 1/11/ ic.

905

HISTORY OF THE MONTH IN

CARICATURE.

Oh, wad some Power the giftie gie us
To see oursels as ithers see us. — Burns.

The Balkan trouble still affords much
for the sarcastic comment of the car-
toonist. Much fun has been made of
the Roumanian army, which won great
victories without the loss of a man. The
awakening- of Turkey, although strictly
in accordance with historical precedent,
came as a great surprise to the Powers,
who order the corpse back again into the
coffin. Turkey has been congratulated
by France — who has secured concessions
in Asia Minor — and Kladdcradatsch
shows her ally, Russia, much annoyed
that the little French dog no longer

•fe— ^

HimpUcissimus.] [Munich.

THE BRAVE ROUMANIANS.
"Can you see any enemy about?"
" No, your Highness."
" Then the Battle can begin."

comes to heel. War, it is true, is for the
moment ended by the treaty of Bucha-
rest. Whether the little policeman caa
control the ruffian is certainl)' dorbtful.
Su!ipliciss!ii:iis waxes merry at the ex-
pense of the Hague Palace of Peace.
An article describing this popular
German paper, in the Kasscgna Contem-
foranca, says that it reserves its most
biting sarcasms for manifestations of
Prussian militarism, and exercises a real
influence on German life both by the
brilliance of its wit and the independence
of its attitude. No one feels safe from
is gibes, and, if it has a wide circulation^
it also has relentless enemies.

j\s\r\s\j\r^^.A

Siinplici.f.'^im us.] i^ Alunicli.

THE AWAKENINC; OF THE CORPSE.

The Poweks : "Get back into your cofliii. and
bo quick about it. We have already divided your
estate."

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

November 1, 1913.

Daily Netcs and Leader.']

THE QUESTION.
" lu Custody — hilt rail they keep him?"

The writer might have added that
its sale is prohibited on bookstalls, and
in the streets, and yet it manages to
penetrate everywhere. Its editor has
been gaoled for /ese inajesie, but the
paper goes on rejoicing.

The Mexican situation has called
forth some clever cartoons. Mr. Wal-
lace Coop is apt in his " Pot and Kettle "
in the Liverpool Courier. He has al-
ready achieved quite a reputation in

Kladderadatsch.'] [Berlin.

INFIDELITY.

Russia: "What does this mean? Till now you
have always been a faithful little dog."

(ine French Consul congratulated the Turkish
Heir Apparent on the re-occupation of Adrian-
ople.)

.'iimplici.^simns.] [Munich.

AT THE OPENING OF THE HAGUE INTER-
NATIONAL PEACE CONGRESS.

" Will you be good enough at least to put your
clothes in order before you enter?"

political caricature. A caricaturist, like
a poet, is born, not made, and Mr. Coop
will be a valuable asset to the Unionist
cause, which sadly needs men of talent
to fight its battles. His sketches are in-
spired with that touch which distils
honey rather than venom. His Asquiths

-^7«^•

S# r?^

SimpJiciasimus.} [Munich.

PEACE IN THE BALKANS.
■ And I am supposed to make all this good."

Sovember 1, 1913.

REVIEW OE REVIEWS.

907

i i:i

ft

^».

' -(J

^M

'^ ft,

.■s

^:.

CZk.]

POOR MICHPJl

[Berl'ii.

The Military Archant.el : "Stop, you can't look
in. It is reserved for the Prussian Military Coun-
cil."

Liverpool Courier.]

POT AND KETTLK.

P.C. Wilson: " What are you doing in that uni-
form, Huerta? Y<ni're no constable- only the
worst rowdy in the crowd."

■ P.C." Huekta: "Well at any rate. Ini not off
ray own beat."

President Wilson found himself in a dilenuna.
On the one hand he had to protect United States
life and property in Mexico; on the other, he was
committed to a policy of non-interference.

Ucrord Herald.] [Cliicago.

UNCLE SAM MAY DO SOME FANCY SEWING.

Minnccnwli-? Journal.]
AKK THERE ANY OLIVE BRANCHES FOR THIS
DOVE?

.1/ / n v CO i)oli.< .} o u r na L]

■APPROACH HIM FROM THE RlGHl' END,
UNCLE!"

9o8

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Novemler 1. 1913.

London Opinion.^

•■ GKK-WHIZ!"

are gettinj^' wonderfulh' like the okl
caricatures of Gladstone ; in fact, the
similarity in feature between Britain's
present Prime Minister and the G.O.M.
becomes more marked every year.

The dove sent out by President Wil-
son is meant to be Mr. Lind, personal

Lioerpool Courier.]

RUNNING OUT.

Mr. Auateri Chamberlain recently said, with re-
ference to the GoNernnient. tliat the sands were
running out.

envoy extraordinar)- to General Iluerta.
He does not appear to have returned
with an)' olive branch, like the raven,
he has tarried by the way.

Liverpool Courier.]

THE LEANING- TOWER.

Redmond to Macdonald: "We mustn't let it col-
lapse, Ramsay, or we shall have a shock."
(The Tower of Pisa is leaning more than ever, and
fears exist that it may soon collapse.)

Liverpool Courier.}

MUTUAL SUPPORT.

Macdonald and Asqi ith (together) : " I'm glad
you're there."

" Wish Kenyon all luck in his fine fight for tho
wise policy of making Liberalism and Labour
stand together, and not apart.''— Ejcfrpt from
Mr. Lloyd George's message to ^fr. Kenyan at
Chesterfield.

AoL'emb.ir 1, 191S-

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

909

Lirerpool Courier.]

"ASK A POLICEMAN.'-

Great Britain's refusal to participate
m the Panama Exhibition has much up-
set Uncle Sam, according to London
Opinion. It is a curious fact though

Liverpool Courier.]

ONK WAY.

There are said to lie more vva.vH than one cif
killing a pie:. An efrec,ti\e way of deflatins; th(^
recent ahiiormal prices on hacon has proved to
be that of reducing tlic pressure on jiorcine food.

Daily Citizen.']

THE OIJ> MAN OP THE CAPITAL C.

SiNBAD THE WORKER: "Of what use are your nos-
trums to me?"

that Great Britain is almost always the
last nation to complete arangements to
exhibit at any of the greatest of recent
world's fairs, whether in America or on
the Continent.

rilL C'lIlNESE ASK TO UK DELIVERED PKOM
THE OPIUM 'TOADER.

9IO

REV/E\V OF REVIEWS.

Soccmber 1, 191S.

livvicv- of Reciciis, ];ii;j?.

91

NOTABLE ANNIVERSARIES OF THE

MONTH. .

The most noteworthy happening of
November was the birth of Alartni
Luther (Nov. loth, 1483). The great
Protestant reformer was born at Eisle-
ben, in Germany. He revolutioni.sed
the religious thought of the world.
Curiously enough it was 310 years later,
November 1st, 1793, that Lord George
Gordon died. He was the leader in the
last demonstration against the Roman
Catholics, the No Popery riots of 1780.
The cause of the riots was the Bill for
the relief of Catholics, which passed
Parliament in 1778. For five days the
streets of London were in the hands of
the mob, much Catholic property was
destroyed, and many lives were lost ere
the rioters were dispersed. Lord George
died in Newgate gaol of fever.

Marie Antoinette was born November
2nd, 1755. She was probably the most
beautiful Queen who ever sat on the
throne of France, and certainly the most
unfortunate. She married Louis XVI.
when fifteen, and was guillotined on
1 6th October, 1793, during the height of
the Terror, when Robespierre and Dan-
ton were deluging Paris with blood.

William Cullen Bryant, the Words-
worth of America, was born in Massa-
chusetts, November 3rd, 1794.

One of the most romantic careers ter-
minated when Admiral Benbow was
killed on November 4th, 1702. Origin-
ally captain of a merchantman, his
bravery in defeating a far superior force
of Moor pirates, which had attacked his
vessel, won him notice, and he was given
a ship m the navy. As Rear-y\dmiral
he was in many sanguinary fights in the
reign of William III., and lost this life
in a desperate action against the French
in the West Indies.

The 5th of November is always re-
membered for the famous Gunpowder
Plot (1604), by which Catcsby and his
fellow-conspirators hoped to destroy
King James I. and Parliament at one
blow. Captain Guy F\iwkes w^as the
man chosen for the task. The plot was

given away by one of the conspirators,
and Fawkes was found with the powder
barrels in the vaults below the Flouse.
He refused, under torture, to give away
his fellow-conspirators, and was exe-
cuted on Tower Hill. Whenever a new
session of Parliament begins the vaults
are still solemnly searched for lurking-
assassins! On the same day, in 1854.
the Battle of Inkerman was fought, the
Russians, under cover of a fog, making
a great sortie from Sebastopol, which,
but for the timely arrival of the French,
would have resulted in the defeat of the
English forces.

William Pitt, the great Earl of Chat-
ham, was born on November 15th, 1708.
He was seized with illness in the House
of Lords — in the debate on the War with
the American colonies — and died in
1778. John Bright, the greatest orator
of the Victorian era, was born Novem-
ber 1 6th, 181 1.

On November 17th, 1869, the Suez
Canal was opened. It shortened the
passage from London to Bombay by 24
days. It was the work of the French
engineer, M. de Lesseps, who later
attempted unsuccessfully to cut through
the Isthmus of Panama. It took
ten and a-half years to build, and cost
;^ 1 6,000,000. The Panama Canal has
taken the Americans about the same
time to finish, and has cost i,Too,ooo,OfK).
The engineering difficulties the}- had
to overcome were immense, inlinitcl}'
greater than those the French met witli
at Suez. England had strongly opposed
the idea of connecting the Mediterranean
and the Red Sea, even going so far as
to get experts to assert that the water
level in the one was considerable higher
than in the other, thus making a sea le\ el
canal an imi^ossibilit)-. :\fter the work
had been done Disraeli's astuteness in
purchasing the Khedive's shares (for
;^4,ooo,ooo') enabled England to secure
control of it.

Sir William S. Gilbert was born No-
vember 1 8th, 1836. As author of the

912

REVIEW Ol REVIEWS.

Soverrler I, 1913.

Savoy comic operas he added more
largely than any man of his day to the
gaiety of nations.

President Garfield, born November
19th, 1 83 1, was the second President of
the United States to die by the hand of
an assassin. He is a conspicuous ex-
ample of sheer ability, overcoming all
obstacles. Left fatherless and practi-
cally penniless when a child, he worked
his way up to the highest post in the gift
of the nation.

Lord Hawke smashed the French fleet
off Quiberon Bay on November 20th,
1759. The battle was fought during
a terrible storm. Plawke was a tactician
of the first rank ; Rodney and Hume
were his pupils, and Nelson himself
learned in his school. WhilsL Hawke
was crushing the fleet which threatened
England, in the storm and wrack off
Quiberon, a London mob was burning

him in efiigy for permitting the French
ships to break his blockade !

Marion Evans (George Eliot) was
born in Warwickshire November 22nd,
1819. "Adam Bede " and "The Mill
on the Floss " gave her undying fame.
John Bunyan, the author of " Pilgrim's
Progress," was born near Bedford on
November 29th, 1628. He fought in the
Civil War, and after it was over became
a local preacher. He was arrested in
1660 for breaking the law which op-
pressed dissenters, and was imprisoned
for twelve years. He wrote much dur-
ing his confinement, but it was later,
when he was re-arrested after three years'
liberty, that he wrote the famous " Pro-
gress," mostly in gaol.

Dean Swift, the eccentric genius who
wrote " Gulliver's Travels," was born on
November 30th, 1667.

Death of Sir Henry Havelock, November 24, 1857.

Havelock had seen some forty-two
years' service before the grand oppor-
tunity of his life came. Born in Castle
Wearmouth, in Durham, in 1795, Plave-
lock entered the army in 181 5. He saw
much fighting in India and Afghani-
stan, but was only a lieutenant after
twenty-three years' service. In 1856 he
was in command of a division in Persia.
In 1857, at the outbreak of the Mutiny,
Havelock was sent to India, and began
to organise the column for the Relief of
Lucknow. This, after innumerable diffi-
culties, he accomplished in September,
1857. The efforts he had undertaken were
too much for him, and he died at Luck-
now, and was buried in the Alun.bagh.
Forbes thus describes the burial of the
great soldier : —

Next morning they buried him in the
Alumbagh Enclosure, under the mango
tree, which still spreads its branches over
his tomb. There stood around the grave
Colin Campbell, and the chivalrous Out-
ram, the staunch old Walter Hamilton,
and the every-ready Tytler ; and the
" boy Harry," to whom the campaign
had brought repute for reckless daring.

and the loss of a father ; and the de
voted Hargood, his " heart in the coffin
there with Caesar " ; and the heroic Wil-
liam Peel ; and that " colossal red Celt,"
the valiant, ill-fated Adrian Hope ; and
honest Dick Pearson, the dead General's
bugler, weeping for the loss of the best
friend the Ross-shire lad had ever
known. Behind stood in a wide circle
the soldiers of the Ross-shire Buffs, and
of the Madras Fusiliers, who had done
the dead chief's bidding in many a hard
fight, and in whose war-worn hearts, as
they looked down on the last of their
old commander, was stirring many a
memory of his ready praise of valour,
and of his ceaseless regard for the wel-
fare of his soldiers. The volleys of the
firing party were the good soldier's
fittest requiem ; and so Henry Havelock
was buried.

Guarded to a soldier's grave.

By tho bravest of the brave.

FTo liath gained a nobler tomb

Than an old cathetlral qrloom.

Nobler mourners paid the rite

Thau the crown that craves a sight.

England's banner o'er him waved.

Dead, he keeps the realm he saved.

Reviev: o] lieoiewa, lliijis.

913

EDUCATIONAL

PROCURESS.

The representative committee which
has been enquiring into the future needs
of the University of Melbourne has now
presented its report. The mimediate
cause of its bemg appointed was that
m June of next year the financial provi-
sions arranged by the State come to an
end. The committee was to consider the
future constitution and relations of the
University, and to prepare a scheme to
be submitted to the council as to the best
methods of dealing with (i) the consti-
tution and government of the Univer-
sity ; (2) finance ; (3) buildings, equip-
ment, and maintenance ; (4) the problem
of free university education ; (5) Univer-
sity staff ; (6) affiliation of other Vic-
torian teachmg bodies with the Univer-
sity ; (7) University extension work ; (8)
any other University problems.

The committee considers that the time
has arrived for extensive reform in the
administration and government of the
University. Its main recommendations
are : — •

That all graduates of the University,
whether male or female, should be mem
bers of the Senate, which body, it recom-
mends, should 1)6 named the " (^onx'oca-
tion.

That the number of members of the
Council should be increased to 34. (In-
cluding four M.P's., four represen-
tatives of external int-erests, and one
graduate representative of the under-
graduates)

That the annual .State endowment
should be increased first to i,47,50t), and
ultimately to ^^50,000.

That i,"6o,ooo be granted by the State
for immediate building requirements.

That a permanent president be ap-
[)ointed.

That the teaching staff be largely in-
creased.

That University fees should not be
abolished.

That financial provision be made for
the establishment of adult tutorial
classes.

THE STATE GRANT.

Pointing out that the main cause of
the ra[)id expan.sion of the University
is due to the increased endowment
granted under the Act of 1904 by the
State, the committee urges the para-
mount importance of continuing the sys-
tem of financial assistance by the State.
Not only does it urge the continuance
of the grant, it y^roposes its increase
up to ^^50,000. The suggested expen-
diture is as follows:— Ultimate

„ , , Cost.

Scliool of economios. iiKlu(lin«i; salaries
of professor and a.ssistant profes-

^, , ,s«r •• ,£:l,iOO

.School of education, including salary of

professor h^q

Increase in staff and salaries of exist-
in, tj; arts department -)150

l?icrea.se of stafi' and salaries in otlier

departments 9480

Increased grant for libraries 750

Increased grant for apparatus TfiO

Increased grant for general niainten-

,, ance 400

drant tor maint^'uance of farm 500

.\ppointment of i)rrsicletit 1500

Tutorial c]ass(>s for adult workers and

other extension work LHKX)

Eidargeinent of course in architecture

and appointment of profiv'^.'sor I()00

i 23. 180
The al>oV(^-siiggi»st<'d grants, together with
the amounts voted to tiie veterinary dei)art-
ment, C12(X); research .wliolarsliiiis, €1(100-
agriculture, £UKK): and .'veniiio- ltcture.si
.flOOO, would practically make, with the pre-
sent grant, a total first cost of .£.15.mH) and
an ultimate total <'ost of .C50,0O0.

914

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

y'ovcinhvr I, 1913.

In addition a large sum — ii^ 128,000 —
is required for building purposes. Un-
less these indicated by the committee
as the minimum are erected, the Univer-
sity, instead of advancing during the
next decade, will remain stationary, if
indeed it does not lose ground. The
chief requirements are-: — -
Library enlargement. Admini-
stration Offices i^6o,ooo

Natural Philosophy labora-
tories, building for Botany
and Agriculture, outlay on
Agricultural Farm, and on
the Geological Department ... ^^^39,000
E-rilargement of the Medical

School iJ^20,ooo

Conservatorium of Music, out-
lay on Metallurgy and

Che'mistry i, 9,000

The above sums are to be spent dur-
ing the next ten years. The committee
])oints out that its demands are mode-
rate when compared with what has been
spent at Sydney, and in Scotland: —
Proposed capital expenditure
' on Melbourne University

during next decade iJ'128,000

Capital expenditure on Syd-
ney Universit}- during last

decade ... ... /;^200,ooo

Four Scotch Universities dur-
ing the last five years, from
the Carnegie grant alone ... i^200,ooo

AGAINST A FREE UNIVERSITY.

The committee cotild not apj^rove of

a " free Universit)-," if that means the

opening of its portals to all comers

without an\- payment of fee, because —

(a) Such an experiment would involve
too heavy a drain ujion the finances of
the State.

(b) The inevitable tendenc\- of such a
system would be to swell the numbers
of those who are temjjted to tr}- their
fortunes in professions for which they
have no aptitude, with the result of dis-
appointment, and often disaster to them-
selves, while the State would suffer from

lion of this character by his donation of
two million pounds to the four Scotch
Universities. His idea was that the fees
of every student, provided he applied
■for the exemption, should be ])aid for
him. In actual practice, the experiment
was not so successful as anticipated.

For these and other reasons the com-
mittee does not see its wa)- to advise
such an experiment in \'^ictoria.

The committee, realising that the pre-
sent methods of government are both
unsuitable and inadequate, devotes con-
siderable space in its report to the ques-
tion of administration. It advises that
the government of the University shall
be vested in a council of 34, composed
as follows : —

President of the University (ex
officio), one ; Director of Education (ex
officio), one ; heads of affiliated colleges
(ex officio), three (to be increased to four
if the proposed Roman Catholic college
be established) ; co-opted members,
four ; members appointed by the fol-
lowing : -- Legislative Council two,
Legislative Assembl}' two, Governor in
Council three, professorial board ii\e,
graduates of the L^niversity 12, under-
graduates one.

A PERMANENT HEAD REQUIRED.
The committee is of opinion that the
rapid growth of the Universit)- and the
continuous increase in its opportunities
of educational service call for the ap-
]")ointment, as soon as possible, of a chief
governing officer, corresponding in func-
tions w ith the president of an American
LIniversity or the principal of a Scottish '
University. It would be the duty of
such an officer to keep himself ac-
quainted with the proceedings of all the
departments of the L'niversity, and to
be a connecting link between them, pro-
moting their harmonious operation, anfl
securing the co-ordination of their work.

Another recommendation of the Com-
mittee is that the Senate shall in future
be called the Convocation, and that all

diverting into uni)rofitable channels the graduates, irrespective of sex, who are 21

)-ears of age and over, should be mem-
bers thereof. Notwithstanding this en-
largement of the body the Convocation

energies of students who might have
found useful and productive careers in
other occupations ; and

(c) Mr. Andrew Carnegie made an at-
tempt to institute free l^niversity educa-

is to enjoy all the present power of the
Senate.

Ui'iinr uf 7^•^ /'■'/•.-•, I /It/ 1.'!.

ti'5

NOTABLE BOOKS OF THE MONTH.

THE MYTHS OF MEXICO AND PERU.

The Myths nf Mrxin, ami I'nii. JJv
I^MVis Sponc<". Ilhistiat<>cl. (Hairap, 7.s (id'
not.)

It is probable that we read less about
Mexico and Peru nowadays than our
fathers did. Students of art and civiH-
sation, perhaps, read more, but the aver-
age seeker after entertainment in books
reads less. Prescott is no longer bril-
liant with novelty, and it is only the most
brilliant novelty that can startle us out
of our settled ignorance in matters of
history. Especially difficult is it for the
])lain reader to bring himself to be in-
terested in the ways of peoples among
whom names like Chalchihuitlicue,
Ixtlilxochitl, Xquiq, and Vupanqui Pac-
hacutic are popular.

Still, even for the ordinary reader, it is
well worth ;i little trouble to study the
mysteries of those fascinating civilisa-
tions which arose untouched by foreign
influences in North, Central and South
America. On the question of the origin
of the earlv American races, of course,
there is infinite dispute. Mr. Lewis
Spence, in the j^resent interesting volume,
lells us that

ail Asiatic o-i^in is, oi coui-se, aclniitt('<l
tor the altofisz; iu\s of Ariu'rica, hut it is iin-
(hnihtedly streichod hack into that dim Ter-
tiary Era \vh<'n man was little more than
heast, and language as yet was not. or at
the best was only half formed.

That man came to America from Asia
does not then necessarily mean that civi-
lisation also came to America from Asia.
This, Mr. Spence insists, is of " purely
native origin." Not only is there the
imique character of American art as evi-
dence of this, but — •

American language, arithmetic, and
methods of time-reckoning, too, hear no re-
semblance to other systems, European or
Asiatic.

Besides this, there are various other facts
which go to show that the Americ.ms
who built up the Mexican, Mayan, and
Peruvian civilisations lived in complete
isolation from other advanced peoples.
Their cultivated plants -maize, cocoa,
tobacco, and the [potato -were unknown

in the Old World, and, still more re-
markable, they seem to have known no-
thing of many of the chief domesticated
animals of the Old World, such as the
horse, the cow, and the sheep.

DYING GODS.

Mr. .Spence, in the i)resent book, has
devoted himself much more to the civili-
sations than to the myths of America.
His book IS badly named. But this —
apart from the fact that it is rather in-
appropriately illustrated — is the only
fault we are inclined to find with it. It
contains, among other things, a most
interesting summary of the religious
beliefs and practices of the various
peoples. We are told, for instance, how
the Nahua believed that " the constant
production of food and rain induced a
condition of senility in those deities
whose duty it was to provide them," and
how the)- tried to arrest this divine senile
decay.

This they attempted to stave off, fearing
that if they faik^d in so doing the gods
would perish. They afforded them. accor<i-
ingly, a period of rest and recu])eration. and
once in eight years a festival caHed the
Atamalqualiztli (Fast of Porridge-balls and
Water) was held, during which every one of
the Nahua community returned for the
time being to the conditions of savage life.
T)ress<"d in costumes representing all forms
of animal and })ird life, and mimicking the
sounds made by tlie various creatures they
typifii'd, th(^ jx-opie danced round the teii-
calli of Tlaloc for tlie purjiose of diverting
and ent<'i-taitiing liim aft<'r iii.s labours in pi-o-
ducing the fertilising rains of the past ei,ght
veais. A lake was filh'd with wat-er-snakes and
frogs, and into this the people plunged, catcji.
ing tli<> reptiles in their mouths and devour-
ing them alive. The only graiii f<K)d whii'b
might l)e j)artakeii . , . wa.s thin wat<'i-
poriidge of maiz(\

The sun, of course, was the chief deit\-
of all, and he, too, had to be preserved
from senility :

The Mexicans . . . believed that the
luminary they knew liad h(-en pre<'ed<'d by
otluMS, each of wliich had been quencheii
by some awful cataclysm of nature. Eter-
nity had, in fact, be<Mi l)roken up into
epocle<, marked by thi> destruction of suc-
cossiv(> suns. in tlu- jieriod preceding that
in which the.y ]iv<'d, a mighty dehige had

9i6

REVIEW OE REVIEWS.

-Vorember i, /,<//'!.

deprived the sun of life, and some such
catastrophe was apprehended at the end of
every "sheaf" of fifty-two years. The old
suns were dead, and the current sun was no
more immortal than they. At the end of
one of the " slieaves " he. too. would suc-
cumb.

Hence the sun must be fed and strengtli-
ened with human blood.

HUMAN SACRIFICES.

How the warriors of Mexico and Tlas-
cala used to obtain the necessary victim.'^
for their sacrifices to the gods is related
by Mr. Spence in an interesting para
graph :

Once a year they met on a pre-arranged
battle-ground and engaged in combat, not
with the intention of killing one another,
but with the object of takinr; prisoners for
sacrifice on the altars of their respective
war-gods. The warrior seized liis opponent
and attempte<l to bear him off, the various
groups pulling and tugging desperately at
each other. . . Onc<. securea. the Tlas-

caltec warrior was brought to Mexico in a
cage, and first pliced upon a stone slab. t<i
which one of his feet was secured bv a
chain or thong. He was then given light
weapons, more like jjlaythings than war-
riors' gear, and confronted by one of the
most celebrated Mexican warriors. Should
he succeed in defeating six of these for-
midable antagonists, he was set free. Rut
no sooner was he woundtnl than ho was
hurrietl to the altar of sacrifice.

So far we have confined ourselves to
the Mexican chapters of the book. It

should be remembered, however, that the
Maya of Yucatan, who are the subject
of two later chapters, were the most
highly civilised of all the native races of
America, while, perhaps, the most fas-
cinating feature of American civilisa-
tion was the so-called " State Socialism "
of Peru. Mr. Spence justly points out
that the bureaucracy of the Incas was
absolutely unlike anything that modern
men understand b\- Socialism :

Every man, woman, and child was num-
bered, branded and under surveillance as
much as were the llamas in the royal herds.
Individual effort or enterprise was unheard
of. Some writers have stated that a system
of State socialism obtained in Peru. If so.
then State surveillance in Central Russia
might also be branded as socialism. A
man's life was plannc^l for him by the
authorities from the age of five years, and
even the woman whom he was to marry was
selectetl for him by the Government officials.
Coloured ribbons worn round the
head indic.ited the i)l)ce of a person's birth
or the province to which he belonged.

Though " Myths of Mexico and Peru "
is chiefly a book about civilisation, it is
by no means neglectful of the myths
of which its title boasts. Four of the
seven chapters of the volume, indeed,
are directly concerned with mythology.
The book, as a whole, is both instructive
and interesting, and is the work of one
who is an acknowledged master of his
subject.

WAR AGAINST WAR.

Essays Toiranls I'rac. With an In-
troduction l)v Hvpatia Hradlaugh Bonner.
(Watts, 9d. iiet.)'

Here are grouped together under the
auspices of the Rationalist Peace Societ)-
four essays by writers of proved autho-
rity. Mrs. Bradlaugh Bonner, in her
Introduction, points out that Chris
tianity, in spite of its creed of
peace and goodwill, cart hardly claim
to have stood strongly in the past
for pacific policy, a statement which
is supported by Professor Wester-
marck's essay, abridged from his work
on "The Origin and Developrhent of
Moral Ideas." Professor Westermarck
shows that Christianity gave up its atti-
tude of disapproval of war as soon as it
became a State religion, instead of a
heretical sect, and that the later associa-
tion between Chivalry and Religion gave
a kind of divine sanction to warfare.

Mr. Norman Angell writes of "War as
the Failure of Reason," and argues ably
that the process that shall free us from
the burden of militarism must be intel-
lectual, not emotional, and that clearer
thinking is the first duty. Mr. J. M.
Robertson declares that " scientifically
speaking it would be as justifiable to say
that there will always be cannibalism as
to say there will always be war," and tears
to pieces the assertion of the militarist
that war improves a nation's quality.
Mr. S. H. Swinny's essay on " Rational-
ism and International Righteousness"
rounds off the argument for a better
understanding between nations. All
four essays are models of conciseness
and clearness, and they present the in-
dictment of militarism with an unemo-
tional reasonableness which drives the
point deep.

November 1, 191S.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

9W

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91 8

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NOTABLE BOOKS.

9tg

THE HUMAN SLAUGHTER HOUSE.

The Human Slau(jhter House. By Wilhelm
Lamszus, Translaterl by Oakley Williams

(Stokes).

An extraordinary book is Wilhelni
Lamszus' " The Human Slaughter
House." This is the story of a German
civilian who, at the call to mobilisation,
leaves his desk, his wife, and his chil-
dren, and marches out to war. With
keen, merciless strokes the author strips
all the deceptive glamour from war. He
points out how mechanical invention
has changed the " held of nonour " into
" the human slaughter house." There is
no longer " the brave setting of flashing
eyes and glittering steel, and the stirring
clash of men at arms," but only " long-
drawn-out fronts of flesh and blood op-
posed to automatic machinery and the
triumphs of the mechanical laboratory."
Dynamite drojDped from aeroplanes fly-
ing by night, regiments wiped out by the
pushing of an electric button — these are
some of the triumphs of what Lamszus
describes as " the war that is sure to
come." The book has made a vivid im-
pression on the mind of leaders in Ger-
many, and elsewhere on the Continent.
Within a few days of its publication, the
author awoke to find himself famous, or
infamous, according to the point of view,
m his own country, and celebrated
abroad. No less than eighteen Euro-
pean languages have conveyed the sen-
timents of his book to millions of
readers. Lamszus was master in one of

the great public schools. When his book
appeared he was at once " relieved " of
his duties. The primar)' duty of the
schoolmaster in Germany, who is a State
ofiicial, being to educate not only citi-
zens, but future conscripts, it is, of
course, nigh unto high treason for such
a schoolmaster to write a book with a
tendency " to strip the jiomp and cir-
cumstance of war of its traditional
glamour — war which is an integral fac-
tor in the German educational system."
The sale of the book was prohibited in
the town of its publication, the free city
of Hamburg, a proceeding which had
the effect of stimulating its sale else-
where. Over 100,000 copies of the book
were sold in Germany within a few
months of its appearance. Lamszus is
a |)atriot ; he is a robust character, a
trained g)'mnast, a member of the medi-
cal profession, and the author of a book
on the revolt of the Netherlands against
Spain, in which he glorifies war — for its
real human national end. The English
translation has been made by Oakley
Williams, and there is an introduction by
Alfred Noyes. In the " front matter,"
also, there is given a translation of a
letter from Dr. A. Westphal, secretary of
the " Commission for Education and In-
struction "of the LIniversal Peace Con-
gress, held at Geneva last }-ear, thank-
ing Ilerr Lamszus for having furnished
the cause of universal peace with a
weapon of considerable importance.

IN THE CENTRAL CITY SWARM.

Eicihtcn Years in the Central City Suyrrni.
The Story of the Robert Browning Settle-
ment, lS<r)-l!n'2. (Hammond, Is.)

This is the story of a grain of mus-
tard-seed, and of its quite unlooked-for
ramifications It tells how, eighteen
\-ears ago, a small group of men and
women, under a strange sense of man-
date, went down to live in a dej^ressed
district of London, with the aim of prac-
tising the rudiments of Christian neigh-
bourliness. Centring their work m the
liuilding where drowning was baptised,
they toc?k the name of the Robert Brown

inu' Settlement. Thev began in a small
way, with men's meetings, women's
meetings, clubs for men and bo}s, ]-)oor
m.in's law)crs, medical , mission, and
oilier fauiiliar forms of benevolent en-
terprise. Thev learned to their surprise
that Walworth, the district in which the}'
\\( irked, had the distinction of contain-
ing the geographical centre of the
County of London, and might, therefore,
claim to be the heart of the Heart of
Eiiii)ire. From the small germ so cen-
trally [planted unexj^ecled shoots began
to a|ipear. The grave\-ard at the back

q2o

REV JEW OF REVIEWS.

iVorember 1 lOi.'!.

of Browning Hall was laid out as a
garden ; an aged knife-grinder followed
suit by making his back yard into a
garden, and in a few years arose a gar-
dening movement and an annual flower
show, at which as many as 250 gardens
have been offered for inspection ; and
the example set has been followed in
New York and other towns. The suffer-
ings of the aged poor — most numerous
in Southwark of all Poor Law Unions
— made the Settlement keen to hear of
the first Old Age Pensions Act passed
in the British Emnire ; and what was
told of the New Zealand measure in
Browning Hall led to a series of confer-
ences on the subject between Mr. Charles
Booth and the pick of British labour in
the chief industrial centres of Great
Britain, with the result that Browning
Hall became the headquarters of the
Old Age Pensions movement, and, as
such, was largely responsible for the
enactment of pensions now received by
a million aged, the Settlement receiving
the thanks of the Government, as well
as of Unionist and Labour leaders, for
its share in this great work. A postal -
order for 20s. sent to the Settlement, to
enable two boys to get each a fort-
night's holiday in the country, led in the
most unexpected way to the gift of a
home of rest for the aged of Walworth,
which, in turn, has expanded into a beau-
tiful village for 130 aged, called the
Browning Bethany Homes, at Whyte-
leafe, Surre\', now valued at more tnan
^10,000. These homes, again, offer an
object-lesson to the nation how to pro-
vide for the aged and make them happy
at a cost of 8s. id. per head per week,
as against 13s. 2|d. in London work-
houses. Walworth was found to be the
most densel)' peopled division in Lon-
don, and, to suggest measures of relief,
the Browning Hall Conferences on
Housing and Locomotion were held,
under the presidency of Mr. Charles
Booth, with the Royal Commission on
London Traffic, and the London Traffic
Branch of the Board of Trade, as the
first fruits, and the demand, repeatedly
endorsed by the metropolitan electors,
for a London Traffic Board as a ripe

result. To help the unemployed, always
numerous in Walworth, the Settlement
began by setting them to work on paint-
ing its premises, and, after years of in-
creasing agitation, went on to make the
appeal to Queen Alexandra, which led
to Her Majesty graciously initiating the
Queen's Fund for the Unemployed, the
first provision, on a national scale, of
work for the workless. The endeavour
to get its neighbours out for a week into
fresh scenes and fairer surroundings
gave birth to the Travel Club, which not
merely took Walworth workers at the
lowest possible prices to France, Bel-
gium, Holland and Germany, but also
grew to be a social link of goodwill be-
tween the workers at home and abroad.
This, acrain, led to the Settlement organ-
ising the peace pilgrimages of the
Labour members to Germany in 1909
and 191 2, which, at moments of acute
tension in the mutual relations of the
two peoples, exerted a most welcome in-
fluence for friendship.

In the narrative before us all these
things are held to be but steps leading
up to what is taken to be the chief work
of the Settlement ; the furtherance of
the Labour movement in religion. The
Settlement began by trying to evange-
lise the workers of Walworth, an effort
which in the last years has developed
into the Labour W^eek, a series of ap-
peals for personal religion by the lead-
ing members of the British Labour
Party to the workers of the world. For
the published reports of these Labour
Weeks have gone round the civilised
world, and have been translated into
other languages.

Throughout these pages we see the
Christian religion everywhere at work,
like salt and leaven, in every variety of
public and private life. The narrative
is filled with undisguised wonder at the
far-reaching and totally unexpected
developments which sprang from so
humble a beginning. In these things
it sees confirmation, bordering on the
miraculous, o-f the Mandate which
created it and of the Guidance which
directed it.

November 1, I9t3. REVIEW OF REVIEWS. Q2.

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Th.iiik you for mentioning tlie Review of Flevipws wlien writing to advertisers.

922

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Novcvibcr 1, i'il3.

ANTHONY HORDERNS'

For Value in SOORS

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BOOKS IN BRIEF.

The Flirt. By liooth Tarkiii^toii. (Hod-
der and Stovioliton, 3s. (kl.)

The autlior of " ^Monsieur Hcaiicaii-e "
tj;ives us a not iiimsual American mixture,
the crookedness and virtue of love ancl
finance. The hook opens admirably, and
we anticipate gay and exclusively " frivol-
ous hours, hut after a chapter or "two .11 1-.
Tarkin^^ton condemns us to more weari-
some excitements. The younu man with
the nice name (^Mr. Valentine Corliss) and
the lovely white clothes turns out to he
an uncomi)romisin<^ villain hent on com-
pany promotin^^ with good men's names
and money. Cora Madison, with the
si)arkling eye and perfect figure, becomes
a harsli and violent little minx. To please
Corliss, with whom she is for the moment
in love, she persuades her father and the
admittedly <lull good man to whom she is
"half engaged," to support a bogus oil-
field in Italy, and when she sees what a
ruin she has wrought she makes a run-
away match with the dullest (and richest)
young man of all those who ader(> her.
The story is livened by an odious little
boy who rejoices in plaguing his sisters,
and Mr. Tarkington introduces an unex-
pected element of dare-devilry in tlie per-
son of a rejected lover who has taken to
drink. The villain is shot dead, and the
rejected lover commits suicide, in brief
but thrilling paragraphs.

Ml/ Linly's Gaitei . ]5y Jaques Kutrelle,
(H odder, 3s. Gd.l

Another, and unhajipily the last, contri-
bution to tile world's amuseiiient by the
author of " The Thinking Machine." who
was one of tbo.se who went down witli the
"Titanic." In this l>ook , his detectives
ai'e in search of the Countess of Salis-
.. bury's garter, which had been .stolen from
.. the Biitish Museum. It being sui)i)osed,
and rightly, that an American million-
aire was the culprit, the British (Joverit-
ment sent over one of the most famous
men from Scotland Yard. The hero of
, the story is in the Kussian Imperial .ser-
vice, and he and the villain are the centre
of innumerable f.ilse clues, which keep, the
reader on the thrill of (expectation
throughout.

(/of/'.s Chiy. By Alicr and Claud .\skew.
(Unwin. 3s. (id.)

An engrossing story, in which two women
are pi<'tur<'d- the one Ang(>la Clitt'ord. is
neither a ''witch nor a saint, but just
a woman who takes a certain amount of
inter(>st in her tel!ow-l)eings " and shous
that interest by promoting social ciuhs,
erii>ples' homes, etc. ; the other is de-
scribed as a " shoppy "—a very derogative
• nickname for a West End mannequin,
Her beauty is statue.S(|Ue, but .she her.self
is vulgar " and ])assionale, though witli
much good feeling at the bottom, .\ngela,
with utter forget fulness of danger, fre-
quently goes for a sort of rest-cure to a
iittle cottage at -.the bottom of u d,li>

gerous clift in Cornwall. "Here she liyes
alone, an old woman coming in to tul.v
up the house for her. Botli Angela ami
tlie maniu'fiuin an- victinii-secl in <liff<'r-
(uit fashion l)y a handsome man, a))par-
eiitly without any good points. His death
is the olimaS of a tensely diainatic scenes,
after which one of the wronged wortien
shows by self-saci'ifice that sli<\ too, is
made of •' God's Clay. ' Whether she
could havo saved her friend l)y any other
method than the one she chose is a ques-
tion for the mol'alist, l)ut not for . the
novelist. •'"'' ' ' . •

W'di in .s'/)((<,v'. By liouis Gastine. (Scott
Publishing Co., 3s (id.)

This lomance of aircraft and a consequent
war between Franc<> and Germany has
been translated by Mr. Marchet. In it
the Prussian Chancellor, concluding that
war was inevitable, considered that in
Germin;<r's interest . it ' should take pliice
quickly, and i)lanned that a French avia-
tor shouhl l)e induced to fly to IJerlin un-
annmmctHl and display tlie French flag
over the German ca])ital. A woman was
found who, on accoitnt of •'' ftuni<>r crime,
could be terrorised and t'ompelled to be-
come the Chancelloi-'.s tool. A brilliant
young Frenchman is led by her to suj)-
pose that the Kaiser w'ould gladly wel-
come a Fi-ench airman. Travelling by
' night, he hovers over Berlin and descends
when day comes supposing that he is
expected and will be well received. In-
stead, tlie Chancellor has prejiared a gun-
fire reception : a 'riot is engineered, the
French Ambassador ;ind his wife mal-
treated, the Emiiassy attacked, and so on.
The Kaiser is overcome with anger and
sorrow, for, in concert with a noble
Frenchman, he has been ])!anning to main-
tain peace. Meanwhile, the Chancellor
has lieen at work in I'aris also. Crowds
att.i.ck the (iernian {'".mbassy and indivi-
dual German iiot.ii)ilities. War is the re-
sult, and it ext<'nds even to the Came-
roons and the Soudan. The romance con-
cludes with a pi-omise of felicity for tiie
aviator, wliilst the lady is lefi in" company
with a tilackniailei-. -

The Sjinic KixjiH. By Mrs. ixomilly FihI-
den. (Duckwoith. ."<s. (id.)

Mrs. Homilly I'edden has a very light
touch — more so than one would have sus-
[x'cted from " The Sigii "" and a genuine
sense of fun. A honeymoon couple, re-
joicing in their villa at Capri, tling broad-
cast to friends as far di.^tant as the
Uuifi'd States the fact that they have a
spare room, .and when all the fiiends are
injudicious enough to accept the hint,
complications bi>gin. The hosts have to
take to the roof, which the bride's youth-
ful .\merican mother and her Hu.ssian ad-
mirer also s-ele<'t for a moonlight promen-
ade, including a declaration, 'rhen there
are alaiius ami excuisions, and 'Mrs. Fed-
, den igets i)lent.v of amusement out of the
gfCiiial ass.irtment^ of caricatures she has

924

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

yovemher i, lOiS

courageously gathered togetlier. This
kind of thing requires to he very deli-
cately handled, or it is apt to be uncom-
monly depressing. Here tnere are no mis-
takes, and we are pleasantly tickled into
just the right kind of laughter on every
page. Perhaps it is a little l>old to issue
this pleasant but not very significant
trifle as a full-blown novel. But it is ex-
cellent holiday reading; and will make a
very jolly reprint.

Hv George Edgar. (Mills
3s.' 6d.)

Thp Med Colonel
and Boon,

Mr. Edgar's new novel, by a piece of pro-
phetic providence, fell open in the hands
■of the reviewer at the following passage :
" Waring was trying to reconcile the
four-fingered left liand of the Red Colonel
\»ith the print of the murderer's hand
upon the bloodstained banknote, and its
missing little finger." That occurs on
I)a(p;n 103. It is a generous promise of
wh it is to oome. It is also a very proper
situation to have reached after 102 des-
perately exciting pages. There are some
familiar characters in the story, in a way
the respectable man with a secret in
his past, the doctor in love with the step-
daughter of the respectable man, tne
great organisation of criminals, the jour-
nalist, and a few others. But they are
all trained by Mr. l<klgar in the way they
should go — the way of crime and detection
and breathlessness. He is full of sur-
[trises, too; we have not met a better
and more unusual sensational scene than
that in which the young doctor meets the
Red Colonel for the first time. Mr. Edgar
has written two excellent costume
romances, and shown himself an exi)ert

a novelist of imagination.

to beat the chroniclers of

own ground. He does it.

second of dullness in
One detail may be

is the fortunate village in
thirteenth

craftsman and
Now he is out
crime on their
There is not a
lietl Colonel."
tioned : where

Huckiiighamshire in which
century cottages linger"?

"The
men-

The Lure of the TAftlc Drum. By Madge
Peterson. (Melrose, 3s. 6d.)

There is no doubt about one feature in
tlie novel, judged to be the best in Messrs.
Melrose's recent prize competition. It is
a book no one can help reading. Every-
thing in it is interesting. The situations
nre interesting; a girl of unfortunate
origin and unstable character marries a
nice Englishman in India as a possible
escape from yielding to a bad Indian
Prince. She goes to the Prince none the
less, and he treat-s her horribly, and she
dies (but even the death is original in
plan and execution). The psychology is
interesting: everyone is different and
alive, and there are no flasliing heroes and
heroin(\s of melodrama, such as so strong
a plot might produce. The style is good ;
the details are natural. The only loose
«Mid we have di.scovered is the " drum " of
the title. Miss Peterson seemed to be
gping to use the native drum both actually
and symbolically, but after introducing it
as a wedding present she does no more

with it. That is her only forced effect.
The great and outstanding merit of a re-
markable book is the absence of force ;
it has no false shadows or heightened high
lights. Miss Peterson ought to go very
far ; here is an unqualified success.

The Secret Citadel. By Isabel C. Clarke.
(Hutchinson, 3s. 6d.)

There are in this well-told story several
elements which, more adequately treated,
would have made it a really notable
novel instead of what it is, a very read-
able and interesting piece of fiction. It
is tlie account of a mixed marriage, be-
tween an at first very devoted agnostic
and a Roman Catholic girl of old family
and traditional faith. It would hardly
have been difficult for so skilful a writer
as Miss Clarke to show us something of
the husband's exasperation at the l)lank
wall of a Catholicism with which he had
no sympathy; the Roman faith, for non-
Romans, does unmistakably raise such
walls in everyday life. But Miss Clarke
merely makes the man yield to an intem-
perate French atheist ; his desi)erate love
for his wife fails before the meanest and
most paltry of .secularist attacks. But in
one element Miss Clarke triumphs; she
makes the reader feel and understand,
and not hate, the inevitable binding force
of Catholicism on its adherents. The plot,
as has been suLrg<>sted, is not too convinc-
ing. The husband is too nasty, and his
conversion at the conclusion is much more
necessary to a hapi)y ending than to any-
thing else in the book.

Cnptnin Corbp<m\s Adxienfure. By Mrs.
Hugh Eraser and Hugh Eraser.
(Hutchinson, 2s. net.)

Captain Corbeau's adventure must have
been exciting enough to himself (for it
was not one but manv adventures); and
it would I;e reasona^)ly exciting to a
reader who had never met with either
Dumas or Mr. Weyman, to name no other
novelist of the Cardinal school of romance.
To more critical persons the book must
seem decidedly thin. Corbeau. a sort of
pinckbeck D'Artagnan, married an un-
known lady by proxy (a union very casu-
ally dispo.sed of in the last few pages).
and then went to the country and fell
into several rather pointless scrapes. The
actual plot is so far-fet-ched that it ren-
ders the otherwi.se thrilling incidental
episodes unreal. There are some good
ideas in the book, but it is altogether too
cursorily put together and carelessly
finished.

The Adxientnres of Mortimtr Dixon. By
Alicia Ramsey. (Paul, 3s. (kl.)

Miss Ramsey's story is crammed with
thrilling adventures. Her hero is a young
journalist who is an ardent admirer of
his great Chief, who is suspiciously like
a notable Elect Street newspaper owner,
seen through idealistic spectacles. Morti-
mer Dixon is .sent out to discover the
whereabouts of a girl who had been ab-
ducted and whom the jjolice have failed
to find. Dixon rivals his Chief in men-

.\ oceinber !, 1913.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

9^5

Wate^m:an's

(Id^l]
FouiSaSrlPen

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end Jewellers everywhere L &C HARDTMUTH
Ltd . JCoh-inoor House. Kinsrsway. London.
(AustraJia 3S0 George Si Sydney )

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HOW TO SHEAK

I Gm Make You a Convincing Speaker

says this mail. GRENVILLE KLEISER. WiU you give him
the opportunity?

People alvkrays listen to a man who has something to
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Haven't there been occasions when YOU have noted the
tremendous advantage possessed by the man who can clearly
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If you are lacking in this essential qualification, why not
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(LONDON AND NEW YORK),

112 I Lichfield Street, Christchurch,

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N.<^

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Thank you for meationing the Review of Reviews when wri;iiiK lo advertisers.

926

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Novcml er 1. J9ir>.

BLACKS

BOOKS OF REFERENCE.

Who's Who, 1913

An Annual Biographical Dictionary.

Larffe post 8vo, cloth. Price net (by post), 18/-

Or bound in full red leather, with rounded corners and g-ilt edg^es.

Price net (by post), 24/-
This year's issue contains about 25,000 biographies.

Who's Who Year-Book, 1912-13

Containing: Tables complementary to the information gfiven in Who's
Who. Price net (by post),

Englishwoman's Year-Book
and Directory, 1913

The Writers and Artists'
Year-Book, 1913

A Directory for Writers, Artists, and Photog-raphers.

Giving: in compact form addresses to which ^IS.S. may be sent, and the

kind of "copy" preferred.
Crown Svo, cloth. Price net (by post).

The Social Guide for 1913

A Guide to every Social Function of Note, more especially in the

United Kinjirdom.
Crown Svo, cloth. Price net (bv post)

Also bound in full leather, with rounded corners. Price net (by post)

Black's Medical Dictionary

This book is of novel scope, and aims at g:iving- a general view of
medical science and treatment to the averag:e reader.

Fourth Edition, completing: 21,000 copies. With four illustrations in
colour, as well as over 380 black and white illustrations in the
text. Crown Svo, cloth. Price net (by post)

Books That Count

A Dictionary of Standard Books.
Crown Svo. cloth.

13

Crown Svo, cloth. Price net (by post), 3/-

A handbook, kept regularly up to date, to which women can turn for
information regarding the progress of the various branches of
work, politics, amusement, philanthropy or what not.

13

3/-
4/6

Price net (by post) 5 6

<J1' nil Haoksellc^r^^ in A.tist ritlnsin.

Published by ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK,

-4, 5, &t 6 SoHo Sqviare, London, ^W.

I'haiik you for mentioiuiig the Review of Reviews when writniff to ad\erU8er8.

Eevieu of Revieus, IJll/lS.

BOOKS /X BRIEF.

927

tality, and being absolutely sure, after a
slight investigation, that he is on the
heels of a great political discovery — for
the girl has apparently be<?n taken away
by a Chinaman — he convinces his Chief
also, and is allowed a fr-^e hand and given
an 0]ien cheque. Then come four or five
fast and furious days, wlien li<' is almost
lost sight of even "by the " plump little
party" who is his sweetheart. Needless
. to say, the hero behaves with great cour-
. age. and is irresistibly attractable to the
people who help hini. He is protected
by an extraordinary laundress, is himself
abducted and carriixl away to the Chinese
Legation (presumably) by means of an
underground ]iassage, but comes up smil-
ing at last, having solved the political
])roblem and returned the abducted girl
to her mother, to be reunited, only
sliglitly damaged, to the tender " little
party '' who has behaved like a brick all
through. The l)ook closes with the sound
of marriage bells, for the Chief presents
liim with £1(KH), with which the two
forthwith buy furniture.

Die, Man in the Car. By Alan Raleigh.
(Long, 3s. 6d.)
A clever detective story opening with a
motor car accident, which takes place in
the proper romantic fashion within a few
minutes of the spot where a clever doc-
tor and an amateur detective, who is a
lawyer, are .standing. A man has been
killed — a well-known financier — and the
necessary mysterious circumstance is that
his death was due to a blow on the temple,
though when thrown from the car he fell
on the back of his head. A very charm-
ing love story is woven into the tale.

Vnu'lope's, Door.H. By Sophie Cole. (Mills
and Boon.)
One of those tender romances which bear
reading again. Penelope is forty-two.
and on a .small income has brought up
three nieces, when suddenly her invest-
ments go wrong. But I'enelope believes
that whenever a misfortune has hap-
pened or a door being shut, another has
•ilwavs opened: and this tale of her
••doors" gives us de.scnptions of some
ori'-inal and lovable pe<-iple and an m-
M.dit into the mind of a modern girl
whose love of adventure and brightness
makes her an easy prey to a man who
•'loathes ties" and does not look beyond
the present lif«'. ''"he little actor who saves
tier deserves to g<>t TcMielope's love.

Weird WrdJork. Hy H. .^^urray Gilchrist.
(Long, 3s. (id.)
\ series of exciting adventures nnder-
■ rone by a prettv voung actress. In mira-
culous " fashion she is discovered, m the
nick of time, by her fathers cousin, for
she is wanted to p<'rsonate another girl
who is being liypnotised by a bad hus-

• band Pret^>nding to be wife to a man
must be rather awkward at times, and
the offender cannot always expect to
♦-scape without material damage, as Miii-
rav Gilchrist's heroine happily does.

tions, finances and banking, travel and
transportation are well de.scrib<"d and

Colombia. By Bhanor James Eder. (Un-
win, 10s. (id. net.)
A valuable and interesting account of tho
countrv which lies at the very gates of
the Panama Canal. Its diplomatic rela

banking,

well de.'
finely' illustrated. Ai)])en(lix 1. contains
the "amendment to the Constitution of
Colombia which was adopted by Legisla-
tive act in 1910. Appendix II. deals with
the language ; a bibliography is also
added. The author, in his preface, telk
us that the main hindrance to progress
in the country is lack of monev, and the
great problem, how to obtain it without
subjecting the country to the risk of
foreign domination, seeing that it is
almost impossible to levy new forms of
taxes to which the i)(M)ple are not accus-
tomed. Oddly enough, the writer sup-
poses that the Panama Canal has been lost
to Cohmibia owing to her own short-
sightedness, when in reality such a coun-
try as Colombia, however foiesighted,
could in no wise have financed such a
tremendous undertaking.

Brazil in 1912. By J. C. Oakenfull. (Robert
Atkinson, 5s.)

.\ handy encyclopaedia of the country and
everything connected with it, well illus-
trated and containing appendices dealing
witli finance, commerce, and bibliograi)hy.

The Farr. and Hnv to Bead It. By Annie
T. Oppenheim. (The De La More
Press, 2s. (5d.)
Miss Oppenheim, quoting from Charles

Dickens, observes: • \Ye are all natural
l)hysiognomists : our fault lies in not
heeding our instincts or first impressions
suflficientlv, by allowing people to come
too near "us, and by their false actions ex-
plaining away their real characters." The
writer contends that if we have a scien-
tific knowledge of physiognomy we shall
be able to detect the real character of the
persons with whom we come in contact
through our reasoning capacity. She
gives descrii)tions, illustrated by outlines,
of the nio.st <-haracteristic parts of the
face, furnishes an alphabetic index of
those characU-ristics. and illustrates her
thenx^ by jiictures of many celebrated
])eoi)le, "accompanying them with com-
nuMits. There is one omission; there is
no representation of a person with
markedly bad qualities.

lifflc Wars. Bv H. G. Wells. (Frank

Palmer, 2s. (id. net.>

Here the well-known author of '" several
minor and inferior works" shows that
folk whose ages vary from twelv(> to a
hundred and fifty can i)lay together if
only the game be such a Kriegsjjiel as is
liere set forth. Concealed und<>r his
masque of fun, H. G. Wells is in as deadly
earnest as heretofore. The materials to
be u.sed in the game — blocks, tin soldiers,
etc. — and the rules are clearly ex])liined
and the illustrations are bountiful. The
idea originated one day when W<'lls was
lunching with a friend in a room littered
witii children's toys.

928

Review of R 6view8, II 11/ is

FINANCIAL AND BUSINESS QUARTER.

CONDUCTED BY ALEX. JOBSON. A.I.A,

THE COLONIAL BANK OF AUSTRALASIA LTD.

There are several features of special
interest in this bank's report for the
September, 191 3, half-year. The one
which will most strongly appeal to the
shareholders is that the net profits of
;!{J'29,iio are the largest yet admitted.
Not that the excess over the past few
periods is a large one, the net earnings
being only i^io8 better than those of
March last, and ^178 greater than those
of September, 191 2. But the point is
that they are larger. Moreover, being
larger, they indicate that the jump of
over £^3000 shown by the earnings in
March, 191 2, was not a passing ohase,
but the beginning of a more profitable

period.

• • *

The improvement was not, of course,
such as to warrant any change in the
appropriations of the profits. These are
the same as usual. The preference and
the ordinary shareholders each receive
7 per cent, per annum for the half-year,
absorbing £iS>37S> ^^^ reserve fund is
increased by i 10,000 to ^^'210,000, and
;^iooo is given to the Officers' Provident
Fund, This distribution leaves ^^27 35
to be added to the profit and loss ac-
count, making it ^^6630.

Another interesting feature is that the
proportion of liquid assets to liabilities,
which stood at 33.8 per cent, in Septem-
ber, 191 2, is now over 35 per cent. This
ratio, it is true, is not as large as that of
46 per cent, current in March, but then
the bank usually holds more in liquid
assets in March than it does in Sep-
tember. The two periods are not com-
parable, chiefly because of the incidence
of business. But taking the full year
there has been a growth of over ^^3000
in the liquid assets of nearly ;^i,425,900.
Not a great deal certainly, but still an
upward movement ; moreover, supported
by a reduction of over ;^i 42,000 in the
liabilities to under ^^4,063,000.

This decrease in the liabilities was
mostly m the Government deposits,
chiefly due to the withdrawal of the
Federal account. The effect of the
drain on this account, over /^ 102,000, re-
ducing the Government deposits below
^^405,000, was made heavier by a shrink-
age of ;£^5 1,000 in the bills in circulation
to ;^302,ooo, and a decrease of ;£"33,ooo
to ^^629 in the balances due to other
banks Some of it, however, was neu-
tralised by a growth of nearly ;^47,ooo
in the public deposits to over ;^3,334,ooo.
This last feature is rather more impor-
tant than either of the others, indicat-
ing as it does a growth in the bank's
business. The necessity of finding the
funds to meet the above outgo presum-
ably caused the directors to restrict their
advances somewhat. This asset accord-
ingly decreased by ;iC^i 20,000 to
;^3. 106.000. Com])ared with March last
there was no decrease at all, but an
increase of over ;^255,ooo. That, how-
ever, is not of much importance for the

two periods are not comparable.

* ■« #

A further gratifying feature in the re-
port is that the security offered to the
public has been increased. A year ago
there were ^115 2s. of assets per i^ioo
of liabilities, whereas the decrease in
obligations to the public, combined with
the increase of over ^20,000 in the re-
serves, has increased this proportion to
almost £1 16 3s., which affords quite a

satisfactory margin.

* * «

The preference shares of this Bank,
of which there are 31.184 paid to £g
15s., are selling at £]i los., cum divi-
dend, yielding 6 per cent, on the cur-
rent rate of dividend 7 per cent. |3er
annum. The price of the ordinary shares
(77,278 paid to £1 15s., with an uncalled
liability of £2 los.) is at the time of
writing 36s 6d.. also cum. dividend of
7 i^er cent, per annum for the half-year.
The return in this case is not quite 7.
per cent

November 1, 191S.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS. 929

The Coionial Bank of Australasia Limited.

Extract from the Forty-Firjt Report of the Directors of the Colonial Bank of Anstralasia Limited.

After providing for Expenses of Management, Interest Accrued on Deposits. Rebate on Bills
uurrent, lax on Note Circulation, and making provision for Bad and Doubtful Debts, the net
proht amounted to £29 110 3 6

Brought forward from 3lBt March, 1913 '.'. '.'. '.'. ['. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. . ' 3',894 6 8

Which the Directors propose to apportion as follows, viz. : —

Dividend at the rate of 7 per cent, per annum on Preference Shares

Dividend at the rate of 7 per cent, per annum on Ordinary Shares

To Reserve Fund (making it £210,000)

To Officers' Provident Fund

Balance carried forward ' .[ . . . . . . ....

£33,004 10
£10,641 10

4,733 5
10,000 0

1,000 0

6,629 13 11

£33.004 10 2
During the half-year the Honourable Agar Wynne resigned his position as a Director of the
Bank upon taking Office as a Member of the Commonwealth Government. The Directors have to
express their great appreciation of the valuable services rendered to the Bank by Mr. Wypne during
the time he acted as a member of the Board. Under the powers contained is the Articles of
Association, the Directors have appointed Mr. Alexander Dyce Murphv to fill up the vacancy.

The Dividend will ba payable at the Head Office on and after the 29th October, and at the
branches on receipt of advice.

Melbourne, 14th October, 1913. SELBY PAXTON. General Manager.

BALANCE SHEET of THE COLONIAL
For the Half- Year Ending 30th September, 1913
Dr.

z.

To Capital, paid up
31,184 Preference
Shares paid in
cash to £3 ISs.
per share . . .
77,278 Ordinary
Shares paid in
cash to £1 15s.
per share . . .

Reserve Fund
Profit and Loss

£304,044 0 0

135,236 10 0

£439,280 10
210,000 0
23,004 10

Notes in Circulation
Bills in Circulation
Balances due to other
Government Deposits—
Not bearing in-
terest, £33,459
5s. lid.; bear-
ing interest,
£371,094 38. 8d.
Other Deposits,
Rebate and
Intorest ac-
crued -- Not
bearing in-
t e r '^ s t,
£1,411,981 168.
8d., bearing
interest,
£1,922,504 98.

banks

404.553 9 7

£672.285 0 2

20,891 0 0

302,026 16 10

629 10 11

£696,428 9 11

3,334,487 4 8

3,739.040 14 3

BXSK OF AUSTRALASIA LIMITED.
(Including London Office to 30th August, 1913).

Or.

By Coin. Bullion.
A u 8 1 1 a lian
Notes and

Cash at Bank-
ers, £681.428
98. lis; Money
at Call in
li o n d o n,
£15,000 .. ..

British Consols,
£70.668 15s.
2d.. at £74
per cent.;

£52,294 178. 7d.
Victoria Gov-
ernment Stock
and Deben-
tures, Metro-
politan Board
of Works and
Municipal De-
bentures,
£55,928 Od. 4d.

Bills and remit-
tances in tran-
situ and in
London

Notes and Bills
o f other

Banks

Bahnicea due
from other
Banks . . .

Stamps

108,222 17 11

603,123 17 4

1,067 0 0

15,377
1,470

£4,734,873 2 2

Real Estate, consisting of

Bank Premises

Other Real Estate

Bills. Discounted and Other Ad-
vances, exclusive of provision
for Bad or Doubtful Debta . .

£1,425,689 18 2

194,037 12
8,769 13

Contingent L i a-
bilities, as per
contra £194.480 10 6

Liabilities of Cus-
tomer's and
others in re-
spect of Con-
tingent Lia-
bilities, as per
contra

3.106.375 18 10
£4,734.873 2 2

£194.480 10 6

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT.

To

Current Frxpenses (including
Salaries. Rents, Repairs. Sta-
tionery. Note Tax. etc.) . . . .

Transfer to Reserve Fund ....

Balance

£39.223 5
10.000 0
23.004 10

£72.227 15 10

B.v R:ilance forward

Gross Profits for the Half- Year,
after .nllowing for Interest
Accrued on Deposits. Rebate
on Bills Current, and mak-
ing provision for Bad and
Doubtful Debts

£3.894 6 8

68.333 9 2
£72.227 15 10

RESERVE FUND ACCOUNl'.

To Balance £210.000 0 0 By Balance brought forward £200.000

Transfer from Profit and Loss 10.000

£210.000 0 0

NOTK.— The customary Auditors' Report and the Directors'
Comprtnies Act, appear on the official report.

Statement.

£21 0 .000_0 0

to comply with the

^)^o

REVIEW OE re:vie\vs.

yovonher 1, 1913

FARM MORTGAGES

Yielding 6° o per annum, net.

A FARM MORTGAGE ^11:^:^1

^^ The security cannot be destroyed, and is not
affected by panics, strikes, or depressions. There is
no conservative investment so safe, and at the same
time returning so high an interest yield as a well
selected farm mortgage.

The first mortgages we sell represent loans made
by us with our own funds to farmers on improved farms
in the most prosperous agricultural sections of the
States of Oregon and Washington. Every farm
securing one of our mortgages has a cash value of

securing one oi our morigages naa a dsu vaiuc ui
at least two and one half times the amount loaned.
This insures absolute safety to our customers.

The investor in one of our mortgages has ix)s-
session of all the papers comprising the loan,
including the actual mortgage itself, together with
the notes and abstract of title. We guarantee all
titles, and will collect and remit the interest in
London Exchange without charge.

We invite correspwndence, and will be pleased
to submit lists of mortgages and pamphlet e.xplaining
in detail our services to investors.

Bank references upon request.

The Devereaux Mortgage Company

1002 Spalding Building
PORTLAND OREGON. U.S.A.

THE

COLONIAL MUTUAL
FIRE

INSURANCE COAIPANY LIMITED.

Directors :
V. J. Saddler (Chairman), W. M. Hyndman,

Hon. Agar Wynne, Jas. H. Riley.

INSURANCE

riRE ....
ACCIDENT

EMPLOYER'S LIABILIfY
fIDELITY GUARANTEE
PLATE GLASS BREAKAGE
MARINE
BURGLARY
LIVE STOCK
CUSTOMS BONDS

Principal Office: 60 Market Street, Melbourne.

Branches in all the States.

W. TUCKER,

General Manager.

New Zealand Insurance Coy. Ltd.

CAPITAL

£1,500,000.

All Classes of Insurance (except Life)

Unaertaken.

The Oldest and Wealthiest Colonial Coy.

Roricir of 7fcr/(Mr.<, IJU/lS.

FINANCE AND BUSINESS.

93'

THE TRUSTEES, EXECUTORS & AGENCY CO. LTD.

The net earnings of this company —
i, 5484 — for the June half-year, though
less by about ;^900 than those of the
December period, are yet good. Just
why the earnings should have decreased
by this amount is not explained, any
more than was the exceptional increase
of the previous half-year, when the
profits reached ^^6366 — which result
was only exceeded on one previous occa-
sion. Desi^ite this drop, however, the
past half-year's result is better by ^6469
than for the corresponding period of
last year, and is above the average of
£5352 obtained for the past ten half-
years. The du-ectors therefore ar<=> quite
justified in stating in their report that
" the busmess for the half-year has been
well maintained."

The cause of this decline in the net
earnings was attributable to a falling off
of £14/0 in the revenue from commis-
sion, rents, etc., £12,641 for the interest
on mortgages, stock, etc., £1581, was
£130 greater. Moreover, there was not a
corresponding decrease in the expenses.
These, on the contrar)-, rose by about
£300 to £8740, but as the company in
FJecember last gave the staff a bonus of
£764, the actual expenses were lower
by aboi t £460. This decline not being,
however, adequate, the net profits fell
away by about £^900.

mortgages shown at face value, £14,444.
are £300 greater, while the reserve fund
investments have risen by £^2500 to
£47,500, which funds were obtained
from the use of about £"2500 of the cash
at bankers, thereby reduced to £6720.
The general investments of £14,800 have
not moved, neither have the land and
furniture accounts of £60,000 and £500
respectively been altered.

* * *

The company is in the excellent posi-
tion of having no liabilities, and the
whole of the assets therefore are .the
property of the shareholders. Such in-
terest amounts to £"145,542, securing the
joaid-up capital £^90,000 (60,000 £2 los.
shares paid to £1 los.), and reserves
£"55,542, which works out at just over
£2 8s. per share. The last sale of the
shares at the time of writing was made
at 43s. 6d., which is a discount of 4s.
6d. per share on the assets value. Buyers
are doubtless not offering more because
I hey deem the return of just over 5 per
cent, for the year as little as they care to
take. Moreover, they ]irobably do not
forget the uncalled liability of £i per
share, though present appearances do
not point to any necessity for calling
11]) this capital arising for some years to
come. A further point which influences
them, too, is a' reser\e liability of £2
I OS. per share in addition.

The net jjrofit for the jieriod, £5484,
combined with the amount brought for-
ward after ap]iropriations from the De-
cember half-year of £2558, left a sum
or £8042 lor a]3propriation. Of this
£3150 went in |)aying the dividend of
7 per cent, jier annum, £2500 being
transferred to reserve fund (making
the same £50,000) and the balance.
£2392, was (arried forward.

* -* *

The general position ol the comiiany
as regards its funds has been practically
unaltered during the half-year, for the
assets, now £145,542, did not rise by
more than £670. Their constitution has.
however, been changed somewhat. The

The price of the shares has, of course,
nothing to do with the company's abilit\-
to serve the public as a trustee. That
ability rests on the personnel of the
management and the staff, and is evid-
enced b\' the success which has attended
their efforts. Moreover, the confidence
of the public is sufficient proof of its
reputation. It now controls over
£10,100,000 of assets in its trust business,
and should, as time goes on, control still
more. That so large a sum of trust
money is given to the company to care
for is a healthy sign that the public are
being educated up to the importance of
having a competent trustee, and a sign,
too, that the clay of the private trustee is
Hearing an end.

932

Revitw of Bevifws, II III 18.

A VISIT TO SOME SOUTH AFRICAN

BATTLEFIELDS.

By WINIFRIDE WRENCH.

It was strange seeing " Ladycmith "
marked on our carriage at Durban, and
feeling that we were actually going to a
spot so full of conflicting memories to
us as an Empire.

We passed the night in the train, and
woke up at dawn next morning tc find
that we were entering a district of
familiar names — Hart's Hill, Frere, Co-
lenso, with the Tugela flow ing at our feet.

The sun rose in a dull flush, and then
poured down over the rolling yellow
velt, gemmed with the vivid green of
weeping willow and thorn, emeralds set
in gold.

And it was then that I caught sight
of my first soldiers' graves — one or two
solitary small white crosses, protected
by white railings, on the bare, brown
slopes ; they grew more numerous as we
advanced, and were thickly, cloistered
around Hart's Hill rfnd Colenso. One
marks the spot where Lord Roberts' son,
in dying, gained the Victoria Cross.

We crossed the bridge spanning the
Tugela — left by Duller for the Boers to
blow up — and about an hour afterwards
pulled up at the little station of Lady-
smith.

W'e drove down to the hotel, noticing
the shattered clock-tower of the Town
Hall, the work of " Long Tom," the
great gun that dominated the little town
13 years ago.

Outside the door of the hotel a shell
is let into the pavement, showing where
Dr. Stark was killed. Outside there are
gaps in the brick and mortar, where the
building was struck.

Half -forgotten memories are crowd-
ing into our minds ; names and incidents
are slowly coming back — recollections
of those dark dax's when Ladysmith v»as
being held at bay, and all men's thoughts
were concentrated on this far-away,
quiet village, for it is little more.

In the afternoon we went to look at
All Saints' Memorial Church, and were
there for evensong.

The walls of both transepts are lined
with white marble, inscribed with over
3000 names of those who fell in the
siege and in the relief e.xpedition, ar-
ranged according to regiments, but be-
ginning with the short naval list, includ-
ing Lieut. Egerton, who was killed in the
early days. " One leg and the other foot
were carried off, as he lay upon the sand-
bag parapet watching the effect of our
fire. ' There's an end of my cricket,'
said the gallant sportsman, and he was
carried to the rear with a cigar between
his clenched teeth."

The staff came next. General Wood-
gate, Lord Ava, Lieut. Roberts, and
others, and then the Hussars, the Rifles,
the Lancashires, the Devons, the Impe-
rial Light Horse, the Gordon High-
landers, and so the sad list goes on right
around the walls.

All the stained glass v\indows, the
pulpit, the altar, the vestments, have been
given in memory of the fallen, and
everything is cared for by reverent
hands.

Perhaps the most pathetic memorial
of all is the Litany desk-cover of scarlet
cloth, made from General Woodgate's
tunic by his sister, the epaulettes form-
ing a cross. He was killed on Spion
Kop.

Every year there is a holiday an
.Siege Memorial Day, when .ne women
of Ladysmith visit the cemeteries and
scattered graves, and lay flowers on the
mortal remains of Briton and Boer alike.

The following da\- we visited Spion
Kop, which lies some 18 miles to the
west of Ladysmith, and is the most in-
teresting battlefield to be seen in this
neighbourhood, if not in South Africa.

yovernber 1, 1913. REVIEW OF REVIEWS. 933

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934

Levieic of Rcvieus. 1/11/13.

THE OVER SEAS CLUB. -J

MOTTO.

" We sailed wherever ships could sail,
We founded many a mighty state,
Pray God our greatness may not fail,
Through craven fears of being great."

—Tennyson.

At the opening of all meetings of the Over Seas Club, the Club's motto —
as above — is sung to the tune of the Old Hundredth.

MEMBERS' CREED.

Believing the British Empire to stand for justice, freedom, order and good
government, we, as citizens of the greatest Empire in the world, pledge ourselves
to maintain the heritage handed down to us by our fathers.

OBJECTS.

1. To help one another.

2. To render individual service to our Empire, if need be to bear arms.

3. To insist on the vital necessity to the Empire of British supremacy on

the sea.

4. To draw together in the bond of comradeship the peoples now living

under the folds of the British flag.
The Over Seas Club is strictly non-party, non-sectarian, and recognises no
distinction of class. Its members reside in all parts of the world outside the
United Kingdom. Membership is open to any British subject. British-born or
naturalised.

information concerning the Over-Seas
Club can be obtained from the following: —

.\ustraVia : Xcic Soutli U'ldes. — S. Duncalfe,
321 George-street, Sydney.

Victorin.—Co\. J. P. Talbot. Club Rooms,
Empire Arcnde, Melbourne.

Queensland. — Sidney Austen (Hon. State
Secretary), Toowoomba.

South Australia. — A. E. Davey, Currie-
street, Adelaide.

Tasmania.— H. T. Gould, J. P., 94 Eliza-
beth-street. Hobart.

West Australia.— W. M. Peters, 2
Cathedral-avenue, Perth.

Xew Zealand. — J. K. Macfie (Hon. Dominion
Secretary), 79 Castle-street, Dune-
din.

Fiji. — A. J. Armstrong, Native OflBce, Sur-
Fiji.

Canada: Quebec Province. — E. B. Pritchard
Vn Box 2284. Montreal.

Ontario.— A. T. McFadane, Gl Mot-
calfe-street, Ottawa.

Manitoba. — C. .\ightin2;ale 15 Linda
Vista, Vaugliau-roaa, Winnipeg.

Saskatrlieiiini. — E. A. Matthews P 0
Box 1629. Saskatoon.

.Alherid.—T. A. K. Turner. Customs De-
partment, I'xJrnoiHow.

Bntish Cohiwbia. — \V. lUakemore, The

Week, Victoria.
Nova Srotia.—U. Howe. P.O. lJ.>x 370.

Halifax.

South .l/nca.- ynfnl. — T. \V. JacU.son. 18

Timber-street, PietermariizLurg.
Tj(('(S(u"7/.— IToi ace Kent. Henley-ou-

Ivhp.
O.F..S.— -Charles K Hoywmxl, Sprfngf.ui-

tein.
Capp I'mrinre.—G. .1. R. Howells. 130

Hatfield-stroet, Capetown.

United Kingdom. — The Organiser, Over-Seas
Club. C.Trmelite Honsp, London.
EC

Uecicu: of Uecicws, l/UHS.

SOUTH AFRICA.

935

We halted at Coventry's Farm, at the
foot of Spion Kop, and there had morn-
ing tea, before beginning the ascent.

It was hot, but the air was clear and
fresh, as we made our way slowly up
the steep incline of 2000 feet, over the
brown, slippery grass and the scattered
sandstone. Close to the bottom two
nameless graves are enclosed w^ithin
white railing. On the crosses these
words are painted in black : " Here rests
a brave burgher." Further on we saw
many more such graves, the word some-
times being altered to " Here rest brave
soldiers." These crosses have been
erected by the " Guild of Loyal
Women," dissolved since the union.

We climbed and climbed, stopping
now and then to pick up a bit of
shrapnel, or a piece of iron, or some
little veldt flower that had forced its way
through the hard-baked earth — yellow
everlastings, mauve verbena, yellow and
purple orchises, and many others.

" Spion Kop, so called !3ecause from
its summit the Boer Voortrekkers had
first, in 1835, gazed down upon the pro-
mised land of Natal," is a ridge of
broken hills, rising suddenly out of the
plain.

From the top one does indeed look
out over a promised land ; out over
miles of amber country, deepening into
every shade of bronze, rolling golden
pasture-lands and mealie patches ; out
over the clustering kraals and scattered
farms, to the far horizon bounded by
the everlasting hills.

To the west, the magnificent chain of
the Drackensberg rear their rugged crests
between Natal on one side and Basuto-
land and the Orange Free State <in the
other.

But beautiful as the view is, attract i\c
as are the stories of the natives, our real
purpose in coming to Spion Kop was to
see the scene of that tragic, extraor-
dinary, humiliating, yet inspiring, battle
during the war, which must ever send a
l)ang through our hearts.

You will recollect that under cover of
a dark January night we gained the
crest of the hill, strongly entrenched by
the ]3oers, commanded 1)\' General
Botha.

We had no big guns of any kind.
Ihe plateau was very much narrower
than we expected. We were crowded to-
gether so closel)' that " a shell could
hardly fail to do damage." We had no
cover nor shelter, and no room to extend.

" Shell, maxim and rifle fire swept
across the Kop in a continual driving
shower. . . . Hour after hour of the
unintermitting crash of the shells among
the rocks, and of the groans and screams
of men torn and burst by the most hor-
rible of all wounds, had shaken the
troops badly. . . . Men were wounded
and wounded, and wounded yet again,
and still went on fighting.

" Never since Inkerman had we had
so grim a soldier's battle. ' No retreat !
No retreat!' was yelled when some of
the front line was driven in. . . . The re-
inforcements only added their share to
the shambles on the top. . . .

" And now, under the shadow of the
night, . . . the much-tried Thorney-
croft had to make up his mind whether
he should hold out for another such da)-
as he had endured or whether now, in
the friendly darkness, he should remove
his shattered force. Could he have seen
the discouragement of the Boers, and
the preparations which they had made
for retirement, he would have held his
ground. But this was hidden from him,
while the horror of his own losses was
but too apparent. Thirteen hundred
dead and dying are a grim sight . . .
heaped upon a confined space."

Thorneycrofi did not. knozu! That
was part of the tragedy of that dis-
astrous clay.

We had gained the victor}', but did
not know it. The Boers were retiring.
When, to their utter amazement, the\-
found we had also retired, the\'
prom pi 1\- re-occupied their former posi-
tion.

Nor was this tragic mistake the only
one. We need never have stormed Spion
Kop at all, if we had only followed
Lord Dundonald's advice, who urged a
detour round the far end of Spion Kop, ♦
further from Ladysmith, it is true, but
infinitely easier tfi accomplish.

We thought of all these things as we
w;ilked o\er the hill, now so still and

936

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

Sovember 1. 191S

peaceful, having the positions pointed
out to us ; wondering as we looked at
the steep and stony flank of the Kop
up which our soldiers toiled ; reading
the inscriptions on the monuments, obe-
lisks in memory of different regiments,
or on the numerous pathetic little white
crosses that star the plateau.

The remains of both friend and foe
fill two ominously long Boer trenches.
The price we paid alone at the end of
that terrible day was 1300 dead.

We stood in silence. There was no
sound, no sign of life in all that world
of sun and glory, in all that vast blue
vault of heaven, save the hum of busy
insects, the song, faint, yet expectant, of
the wind among the dry grass, and the
flash of a mountain swift as he darted
up into the air.

It is well that at times we should
think on these things.

A little way outside Ladysmith tall
cypresses throw protecting shadows over
the white monuments of those who rest
from their labours — inhabitants of this
quiet little hamlet and those who fell
during the war.

A few miles away, on the other side
of the town, rises Wagon Hill, the scene
of a very critical engagement..

If we had been defeated, Ladysmith
would have fallen, and probabh- the
whole course of the war changed.

The regiments that lost most heavily
were the Devons and the Imperial Light
Horse. Half-way down the hill a
marble obelisk has been erected to the
latter, and under the list of names, he
who runs may read these simple, impres-
sive and pregnant words : —

" Tell England, ye who pass this monu-
ment.
We, who died serving her, rest here
content.

6 Jan., 1900."

We scrambled over the loose stones to
the very end of the hill, and saw where
the British had clambered up, where the
Boers had done the same, and where
they met in a hand-to-hand struggle on
the top, among the thorns and aloes ; saw
the very spot where Ian Hamilton shot
at de Villiers, and missed him, but de

Villiers was shot down the next instance
bv Albrecht, and so it went on the whole
day.

Messages were flashed by the helio-
graph to Buller, and on by him to the
rest of the world. One came with the
announcement of the attack. Then
" Everywhere repulsed, but fighting con-
tinues," and, later, " Attack renewed ;
very hard pressed," and there the mes-
sages ended for the day, leaving the
Empire black with apprehension.

Seeing these sights, and re-reading the
accounts of these battles, bring back
those agonising days when our hearts
stood still with fear and we, at home
and elsewhere throughout the Empire,
chafed and fretted, feeling our im-
potence and helplessness acutely. It is
only on seeing the scenes of such events
that one understands something of the
glory as well as the tragedy of war ; at
any rate, these men died bravely and
gladly ; had they lived it might have
been ignobly.

Thirteen years ago, and now the union
of the South African people is an ac-
complished fact. But those who live
here shake their heads ominously when
we say there will be no more war, for
behind the outward serenity and peace
there lurks the huge and hideous shadow
of a great conflict between the black man
and the white.

An Over Seas Club meeting was held
in the Town Hall the same evening, in
the very room that during the siege had
been a hospital Through the groups
of laughing men and women I saw the
rows of beds full of wounded, and
heard the crash of the shells as they rent
the walls.

Many of those present had been
through the siege. During the last days
they, lived on horse flesh and biscuits,
and though some were only able to
crawl about the streets, there was m talk
of surrender. They had food for
exactly nine more davs when the relief
came.

The outcome of our visit has been the
election of a committee, and we look for-
ward to having a strong branch of the
Club in Ladysmith in the near future.

Sooember 1, 191.1.

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

93:

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REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

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I'rcieiv of Reviews, Itll/lS.

939

THE OVER SEAS CLUB.

TRAFALGAR DAY CELEBRATIONS.

The Hon. Organiser, Mr. Evelyn Wren
i.s going £plt'n<iidly in .South Afrka. The
sented to be Patron. General Botlia ami
Hotli Mr. and Mr.s. Wrench write entlui.sia
in Natal and the Tran.svaal. A short acco
Natal battlefield.s will be found on i)age

October 21st. the anniversary of . Nelson's
glorious victory at Trafalgar, was celebrated
by the Over Seas all over the world. At the
time of going to press only two reports of
ruwtings held have reached us. The ilel-
bourne Club was fortunate in .securing Sir
George Reid a.s piincipal speaker the day
after his arrival.

His Excellency th<^ Governor-General, in
an excellent speech, told the great audienc(>
gathered in the Town Hall that an
event of the greatest significance to
tlie Empire had occurred that day. The
i{riti.sh Admiral had hauled down his flag,
aiul H.M.S. "Cambrian." the last flagship
to be appointed by the Britisli Admiralty for
service in Australian waters, had sailed for
England, thus severing a connection that had
lasted for over 125 years.

The Lord Mayor, who presided as. Presi-
dent of the Over Seas Club, struck the
(buninant not<» of the gathering when he said
tliey were met to celebrate one of the greatest
events in the history of the Empire, in no
jingoistic mood, but in a spirit of deep and
real patriotism. Mr. Cook and Mr. Fisher
Ixith enii)hasised the fact that the Australian
Meet unit was but part of the Imperial
Navy; it was for the whole Empire when
and where it might be required. It is good
to have this clearly before us from the start,
as there are not wanting those who consider
that x\ustrali; 's very own fleet should never
leave her shores.

ch, writes from Johannesburg that the club
Governor-General, Lord Gladstone, has oon-
many leading men have become members.
stically of the reception they have met with
unt bv Mi.^^.s Wrench of her visit to the
932.

Sir George Peid was in splendid form, and
convulsed his heai-ers with laughter again
and again. .\s usual lie got in some telling
points in a seemingly ca.sual way, as for in-
.stance when he stated how immense an ad-
vantage open ports had proved to Great
Britain. Dr. J. W. Barrett made a most
excellent speech, and .Senator Pearce and
Dr. Springthorpe also addres.S(>d the me<'t-
iug. A fine programme of patriotic music-
was given, Mr. Price, City Organist, presid-
ing at the organ. Altogether the great
gathering was a huge success, and much
credit should be given to Mr. Peters, Colonel
Talbot. Mr. Kyme Hob.son, and the commit-
tee, for the way in which everything wais
arranged and. went off.

On page 910 is a photograpli of the gather-
ing in the Town Hall. On the front of the
platform are Senator Pearce, Mr. Cook, tlie
Lord Mayor, His Excelleney the Governor-
General, Sir George Reid, Mr. Fisher, and
Dr. Springthorpe.

The Adelaide branch organised a naval
demonstration at the Exhibition Building.
Thi> Governor, Admiral Sir Day Bosanquet,
made a stirring speech. He pointed out that
it would Ix^ a difficult problem to reconcile
independent control and supervision by the
Commonwealth of the Australian division
of the fleet which it pays for and mans, witli
the necessity that tlu-re .should be only one
control in war. and that that should be
direct(Hl by tile British Admiralty.

Report of the Queensland Conference.

Copies of the report of the Brisbane Con-
ference are now available, and those who
contemplate the creation of State Councils
sliould certainly study it. It was decided to
bold a Conference once a year, and that e.acli
tiiiancial branch pos.s<'ssiiig .500 members or
more should .send tv\o cbdegates. and that
tlio.se with less than 500 members should .send
only one delegate. Tlie subscription to the
funds of the C/Ouncil was fixed at 3d. p(>r
financial memb(>r. witli a maximum of £4
I'lom any one i)ranch.

The functions of the Council were stated
to be as follows ;- To encourage formation
and recognition of branches. To review the
work of each branch for the past year, and
to consider and make suggestions for the
uork to be done during the ensuing year.
Such suggestions shall not be mandatory, or
in any way interfere with the full local
autonomy of each branch. It shall not l)e a
disciplinary body. It shall act as the rej)!*--
sentative to the (iJov(>rnm(>nt, and all other
bodies in Brisbane, of the several branches,

but only at the re(iuest of each jiarticular
branch.

The Council a])proved suggesting to the
central organisation in London that Britain's
supremacy ''in tlie air"' should be added to
the third ob.ject of the Over Seas Club, mak-
ing it read : " To insist on the vital necessity
to the Empire of British supr(>macy on the
sea and in tlie air." The suggestion that
every member of the Club should contribute
a .shilling for the purpose of presenting an
aeioplaiK' to the Commonwealth was coii-
sid^MiH.1 a little jirematurc' as yet. The cost,
b,%- the way, of an aer<)i)lane was stated to
be £<j0U. The present fully-equipped war
planes actually cost C*12(M).

.\ certain amount of ceremoni.il should,
the Council urged. I)t> ob.served at all meet-
ings of the Club. Members leaving for other
C(>iitri's should b(> provitled with a i)rop«'r
letter of iiit roiluction. signed by the Presi-
diiit and Si^crt'tary. to the officer^ of the
other branch.

9|0

REV/EW OF REVIEWS.

Soeemher 1, 1013.

BRANCH REPORTS.

Sydney. — Mr. Duncalfe reports that the
Sydney branch presented Admiral Patey
with an address of welcome, which we repro-
duce herewith. The membership steadily in-
cieasfS, and ere long club-rooms will be ar-
ranged for.

Tnoiroomha.. — Mr. Austen sends an account
of the first social function held by the Clul).
which was one of the most successful gather-
ings the town had witnessed for some time.
The Club has started a movement to get the
scholars in the schools to march past and
silute the Union Jack at least once a day.
This is already being done at the Hnrristown
School, Toowoomba. The Committee is ar-
ranging to have a notice thrown on the
scieen at the local picture theatre r( questing
the male portion (at least) of the audience to
stand still and uncovered during the playing
of the National Anthem at the close of the
performance. Prizes are being offered for
the bfst essays on Trafalgar Day to the
scholars of the local schools. The member-
ship of the branch is now over n70, an in-
crease of more than 600 during the year.

Aitcklaml. — At the annual general meeting
i.i September Mr. Farnell reports that the
question of erecting a welcome ball at the
.\uckland Exhibition was discu.^sed. The
matter was referre<l to the Dominion Coun-
cil. The chairman, Mr. Beekett, praised the
good work done by the Ladies' Committee in
helping Sir John Kirk's Hagged School Union
with gifts of clothing. It was proposed to
hold business luncheons on the occasion of
the arrival of any notable visitor in Auck-
land. After discussion the subscription fee
was raised from 2/6 to 5/-. The following

^l?

'm^^

f

We Sdiid w/jere veK, ships could sail. \ ^
We Founded many a miqhly stale ^
Way Cod our grealhess may nofTail
ThrouQli craven Fears or being grea"^^^^ \

,fl

I9I3

-^'is^Jiiii

iaWESTYS

l'rr.si<fv)f'

motions were sent to the Dominion Secretary
for the Executive's approval, in which case
they will be presented to Parliament : — (I)
'■ Understanding the islands of tile Pacific
Ocean are gradually being populated by the
overflow of alien peoples, the Auckland
branch of the Over Seas Club, through its
Dominion executive, urges the Government
to enter into negotiations with the Tonga n
Government with a view to annexing the
Friendly Islands to New Zealand, and thus
to preserve them from encroachment by some
forei2;n nation." (2) 'That the Government
of New Zealand be asked, through our
Dominion executive, to allow the patriotic
institutions of New Zealand, the Victoria
Leiigue, the . Navy Lt^ague, and the Over
Seas Club, to have a representative on the
New Zealand Defence Council."

Oamant. — At a social gathering held l)y
the branch, the Organiser, Mr. A. Smith,
and the Hon. Secretary, Mr. C. H. Swinartl.
were presented with Club badges set in gold
and suitably inscribed. The arrangements
for fittingly celebrating Trafalgar Day were
concluded.

Christchurch . — The branch entertained Sir
Joseph Walton, M.P.. one of the members
of the British I'arliamentary delegation, at
lunch. The Mayor of Christchurch, Mr.
Holland, presided as President of the branch,
and many representative and distinguished
men were present. Mme. Nordica sent a
characteristic letter of apology for not being
able to come. Sir Joseph was made an
honorary member of the Club, and gave a
splendid address on the Empire, and the
loyalty he liad found throughout Australasia.

Duncilin.- A large and most successful
.social gathering was held on October 10th, at
the Art Gallery Hall. Mr. Eraser, K.C..
pKsided. The Rev. D. Dutton gave a stir-
ring address upon patriotism, drawing on his
South African experiences to illustrate his
theme. He crystallised the spirit of the
Club in a sentence. " Members join," he
said, " to do and not to get." A euchre tour-
nament and a musical programme helped
to pass tlie evening.

Wagga Wagga. — Miss Purnell reports that
the members now number 75. At the monthly
meeting three interesting papers were rea<l
up'^^n what women have done and are doing
for the Empire. The subject of discussion
at the n^eyrt meeting is to be " Will the Brit-
ish Empire Decay as Past Empires have De-
cayed?"

JUuvnrra. — The Hon. Secretary. Miss Mar-
tell, writes that at the annual general meet-
ing Coloi\el P. Owen was elected Patron and
Mr. W. Robertson President. The member-
ship has increased by 116 during the year,
and the junior branch now numbers 40. An
Honour Board will be presented by the
branch to the military cadets, on whicTi the
names of the winners of the yearly competi-
tion will be inscribed. The branch is giving
also two trophes of one guinea each as prizes
for maikmanship amongst the cadets.

Socfttibcr t. 1913.

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542

REVIEW OF REVIEWS.

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