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POEMS OF Liberty, progress and Labour, by John
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WHITTIEES POEMS, contains his autobiographical
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IRISH MELODIES, and other poemg. by the greatest of
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Reviews," Equitable Building, Melbourne.

December 1, 1906.

The Review of Reviews.

Rja n Walker. 2

Wnen This Reform Spelling is Adopted in the
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The Review of Reviews,

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(by rail). Fare.s — First class, lois. 6d. ; second class, 88s.

Through rail and coach tickets will also be issued from Melbourne, Geelong,
and Ballarat, to Timboon (by rail), fhence to Beech Forest, via Rivernook (by coach)
and Beech Forest to Melbourne, Geelong, and Ballarat respectiveJy (by rail), and
vice versa. For full particulars see posters at stations.

WEEK-END EXCURSION TICKETS,
AT HOLIDAY EXCURSION FARES, are issued throughout the year by the last
train on Friday, after 12 noon, and by all trains on Saturday, available for return
until the last train on the following Monday.

L. MCLELL.AND, Secretary.

December I, 190^.

The Review of Reviews.

Ryan Walker.']

The RulEES op EITBOPE; "That thing gets on our
nerves !"

The Kaiser haa sounded a warning against the Red
Terror as being more dangerous than any other menace
to Europe. — News Item.

44

BRUSH "

Electrical Installations.

ELECTRICAL SIPPLIES Of ALL KINDS.

PoAver Plants —

STEAM. OIL, PETROL. GAS.

The "Watt" GAS PRODLCERS.

GWYNNE'S Pumping Plants.

AVERY'S Weighbridges and Weighing
Machines.

WM. CHAS. ROWE,

32 MARKET ST., MELBOURNE.

THE NORMYL

DRINK & DRUG CURE

The Normyl Treatment Absolutely
Cures.

Write to or Contult FREE—
A. R. SIMS, Manager,

NORMYL TREATMENT
ASSOCIATION.

Head Office— 6a Pitt Street, Sydney.

Renewed
Happiness, or
Continued
Misery —
WHICH?

THE WORST
CASE NEED
NOT NOW
DESPAIR.

THE ENOIJIH MANAGEMENT

COMMITTEE contUi, amongst

others, of tha following : —

Arohblihop of Armagh, Arch-
bishop of Wsstminster, Bishop
of Soutbwark, Bishop of Chiches-
ter. Rev. Csnon Scott Holland.
Right Hon. Lord Armstrong,
Right Hon, Lord Harn^sworth,
Right Hon. Sir Allan Watson.
K.C.I.B., Major Knox (Governor
of Wandsworth Prisoa). and
many others.

LONDON SECRETARY ;

Rxv. HuoH B. Chapman,

Vicar of St. Luke s. Cambcrwell .

By Appointment to

H.M. The King
and

H.R.H. The
Prince of Wales

** SALT "

The INSTITUTE OF HYGIENE,
London, report as follows : —

"Cerebos Salt is compoied of refined
"table salt combined with phosphates
"which exist in most food products
"in the natural condition. Thephos-
" phates in wheat are iiuich diminished
" in the preparation of flour. Phos-
" phates in meat and vegetables 'ire
"to a large extent lost in cooking.
"The use of Cerebos Salt in place of
"ordinary salt RESTORES THESE
"NATURAL and VALUABLE
"PRODUCTS in the daily FOOD."

Ag^cnts — .^ft■ssrs. Petvrsort ^ Co., Mt-lbourtie.

For mutual advantage, when you write to an advertiser, pleast.- rueutiou llie Review of Reviews.

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 190>i.

HEARNE'S BRONCHITIS CURE

The famous remedy For

Has the Largest Sa)e of any Chest Aledicine in AuAtralla-

COUGHS, BRONCHITIS, ASTHMA AND CONSUMPTION.

Those who have taken this medicine arc amazed at its wonderful influence. Sufferers from any form of Bronchitis, Cough, Difficulty of
Breathing, Hoarseness, Pain '-r Soreness in the Chest, experience delightful and immediate relief ; and to those who are subject to Colds on the-
Chest it is invaluable, as it effects a Complete Cure It is most comforting in allaying irritation in the throat and giving strength to the voice,
and it neither allows a Cough or Asthma to become Chronic, nor Consumption to develop. Consumption has never been known to exist wher»
"Coughs" have been properly treated with this medicine. No house should be without it, as, taken at the beginning, a do*e is generally
■ufficient, and a Complete Cure is certain.

Remember that every diseaie has Its commencement, and Consumptl«>
U no exception to this rul«.

^° BEWARE OF COUGHS!

HSTHMn.

HAY ASTHMH.

A FIVE TEARS' CASE.

AT TIMES VERY BAD INDEED.

QUICKLY AND COMPLETELY CtTRED BY HEABNTIS
BRONCHITIS AND ASTHMA CUBE.

Mr Hearne. Dear Sir, — For five or six years I was
troubled with asthma, at times very bad indeed. I was
very ill juet after Christinas, eo sent to the local
chemist for a bottle of your Bronchitis and Asthma
Oure. I took the first dose on going to bed. and was not
troubled that night. I finished the medicine, and have
not had a touch of the asthma since. I tell everyone
about it. M. MURRAY,

Postmistress, Fampoolah, Manning Eiver, N.S.W.

BRONCHITIS AND ASTHMA.

k 8YDNT;Y RESIDENT SUFFERED FOE OVER SIXTY

80 BAD HE DARED NOT STIR.
YEARS.

RELIEVED IN A FEW MINUTES BY HEAENE'S
BRONCHITIS CURE.

WOULD GIVE £50 FOR THE SAME BENEFIT RATHER
THAN SUFFER.

Mr. W. G. Hearne.

Dear Friend.— Chronic Bronchitis I had from birth,
and I am now 66 years old. Some time back I con-
tracted Asthma, and for months I was so bad that any
remedy that had previously relieved smothering was of
no use to me. I was so bad that I dared not stir, and
spent the worst night I ever had. When in a conver-
sation, Mr. March. J. P., of Balmain. Sydney, kindly told
me that a friend of his was using your Bronchitis Cure,
and that it was good. So my sister bought me a bottle
of it. and in a- few minntes after taking the first dose
I could breathe a little. The nest day I was bett«r. and
kept getting better every day. To-day I am better
than I have been for the last seven years. I took the
medicine as directed, sis bottles, and it cost me less
than £1. I would give £50 for the same benefit rather
than suffer as I did. Please make what use of this
letter you think fit. if by so doing it would only
canse one to get rid of this fearful complaint— Yonrs
faithfully.

WILLIAM CANHAM.
108 Curtis Road, Balmain. Sydney.

Mr. Hearne, Chemist.

Sir. — I am thankful to say that the medicine you sent
for Asthma has had a wonderful effect. I have not
taken all the Bronchitis Cure, as I did not need it;
therefore I send you my hearty good wishes for your
fntnre success. I myself will, for the benefit of others,
make it known to all I know. I am 73 years of age-
Tours truly. JOHN BRAY.

Alliance-street, Clunes. Victoria

A SEVERE ATTACK RELIEVED IN TEN MINTJTE8 BY
HEARNE'S BRONCHITIS CUBE.
THE EFFECT WAS WONDERFUL.
Mr. W. G. Hearne. Dear Sir,- About three weeks ago.
while in the vicinity of musty chaff. I gradually felt a.
difficulty to breathe. My nose began to run, and to kll
appearances I wa« developing a severe attack of Bron-
chitis or Asthma. At last could stand it no lonser.
I then tried your Bronchitis Our©, and its effect wa»
wonderful In less than ten minutes I was all right
again. Such a result, and so Quick, astounded me. Thl»
is no exaggeration, I am pleased to say.— Yours truly,

8. H. MAYO,
Meredith, Victoria.

' I was a bronchial snbject for nearly 40 yean, but
have found Hearne's Bronchitis Cure a perfect rem«dy."
E. EDHOUSE, J.P.,

Stawell Brewery.

Stawell. Victoria.
" Your Bronchitis Cure is a splendid medicine. It
is the best medicine I have ever used for Coughs, Coldt-
on the Chest, and Sore Throat."

Mrs.) JOHN McKENZEE,

Werona, Victoria.

" I suffered very much from Asthma for four yaart.
and tried lots of so-called cures, without deriving any
benefit. I got a bottle of your Bronchitis Cure, No. la.
last Friday, and a bottle of your No. 2 Medicine, for
obstinate Asthma, on Saturday. Since the first doM of
your No. 2 Medicine, I have not had the wheeling at
all."

V. CAMERON.
" Leongatha," Biversdale Road,

Hawthorn, Melbourne.

" Your Bronchitis Cure really acts like magic."
(Mrs.) E. L. SYrSTES,
Narracoorle Hotel. Narracoort«,

South Australia.

" As my purchases show, your remedies are tucreaslDg
in sale. I'rom time to time I hear people speaking
about the good results obtained from them. 'Wlsklnr
you a very much enlarged sale and great prosperity."

JOHN KING.

Chemist, Ballarat.

" I have purchased a small bottle of your Bronchitis
Oure. and have only taken four doses, and am glad to
tell von that I am cured."

J. 'WRIGHT.

c/o Mr. D. McLean.

Oamperdown, Victoria.

" I was laid up for twelve months with Broncbin?.
during which I tried many remedies, without Bucceii.
I used two bottles of your Bronchitis Cure, and am now

completely cured."

J Aires WILLIAMS,
Huntly Street. Elsternwick, Melbourne.

HEARNE'S BRONCHITIS CURE-SMALL SIZE. 2'6 ; LARGE SIZE. 4m.
Sold bv Chemists and Medicine Vendors, and by the Proprietor,

W. G. HEARNE, CHEMIST, GEELONG, VICTORIA.

Forwarded by Post to any Address when not obtainable locally.

December 1, WW.

The Review of Reviews.

Ryan Walker.}

The Popular Game of Russia Just Now.

"TriE KALIZOIC,"

THE LEADiNC HOUSE

HOUSE FURNISHINGS-
CARPETS,

LINOLEUMS,
CURTAINS.
BEDSTEADS,
and BEDDING

FURNITURE

Of every Description.

Newest and most UP-TO-DATE Designs are now
arriving by Mail Steamers. Inspection of Oar
Showrooms Invited,

CHURCH BROS. PROPY. LTD.,

i43-'45 Elizabeth=st., Melbourne.

Warehouse and Factory — Fleming Place, Citt.

CONSUMPTION CAN BE CURED.

At last a Remedy bas been found that Cures Consumption.

Mairellous as It may seem after centuries of failure, a remedy has been discovered
that has cured the Deadly Consumption, even in the advanced stages of the disrate.
No one will longer doubt that consumption can be cured after reading the proof nt
hundreds of cases cured by this wonderful discovery^some atter change of climate and
all other remedies tried, had failed, and the cases had been pronounceii hopeless of
cure. This new remedy has also proved itself effective and speedy in curing Catarrh,
Bronchitis, Asthma, and many serious throat and lung troubles.

In order that all in need of this wonderful product of science may test its efficacy

for themselves, a company has been formed to give it to the world and a Free

Trial Treatment can be obtained by writing the Derk P. Yonkerman Co. Ltd.,

953 Oixson Buildings. Sydney. Send no money. Simply mention this paper and ask

for me Free Trial Treatment. It will be sent you by return of post, carriage paid,

ABSOLUTELY FREE.

Don't wait if you have any of the symptoms of consumption, if you have chronic
catarrh, bronchitis, asthma, pains in your chest, a cold on your lungs, or any throat or
lung trouble, write to-day for the free trial treatment and book of instructions, and
cure yourself before it is too late.

Dr. Derk P. YonkermaD,
Discoverer of the New
Core for Consumption.

Not only Infants, but Invalids and
persons with delicate or im
paired digestion, can enjoy

BENGER'S

FOOD
It is delicious,
highly
nutritive,
and most
easily digested

Infants
thrive on it,
and Delicate
or Aged
Persons
enjoy it.

The BRITISH .MEDICAL JOURNAL says:
" Bengers Food has by its excellence established
a reputation of its own."

From an EMINENT SURGEON :
"After a lengthened experience of foods both at home and
in India, I consider " Benger's Food '* incomparably superior
to any I have ever prescribed.'*

'bencer'S food is sold in tins by Chemists, etc., everywhere.

The Review of Reviews.

December I 1906.

ill

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Hi
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*
iti
lb
*
ill
ill
*
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EVERY HOUSEHOLD AND TRAVELLING TRINK OlIOHT TO CONTAIN A BOTTLE OP

ENO'S 'FRUIT SALT'

m

m
m
m
m

*
m
m
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INDIGESTION. BILIOUSNESS. SICH.NESS, &c.— "I have often thought of writing to tell you f

what 'FRUIT SALT' has done for me. I used to be a perfect martyr to Inditrestion and Biliousness. About six or seven i'l

years back my husband suggested I should try ' FRUIT SALT.' I did so, and the result has been marvellous. I never ^

have the terrible pains and sickness I used to have ; I can eat almost anything now. 1 always keep it in the house and ^

recommend it to my friends, as it is such an invaluable pick-me-up if you have a headache, or don't feel just right. ^

Yours truly 1 August 8, 1900)" ^

^

The effect of ENO'S ' FRUIT SALT' on a Disordered Sleepless and Feverish Condition is simply marvellous. ^

It is In fact, Nature's Own Renedy, and an Unsurpassed One. ^

^

V

A SIMPLE REMEDY FOR PREVENTING AND CURING
BY NATURAL MEANS

All Functional Derangements of the Liver, Temporary Con-
gestion arising from Alcoholic Beverages, Errors in Diet,
Biliousness, Sick Headache. Giddiness, Vomiting. Heartburn,

Sourness of the Stomach, Constipation, Thirst,

Stein Eruptions, Boils. Feverish Cold with High Temperature

and Quicl< Pulse. Influenza. Throat Affections and

Fevers of all kinds.

CAUTION.— See Capsule marked Eno's 'Fruit Salt.* ^\■it^out it you have a Wortiilbsb Imitatiok.
Prepared only by J. C. ENO, Ltd., at the 'FRUIT SALT' WORKS, LONDON, by J. C. ENO'S Patent.

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LION BRAND" CONFECTIONERY.

JAMES STEDMAN Ltd., Sydney.

Confectioners and Country Storekeepers, write us for our NEW who'esale) CATALOGUE. »-e can All
»11 your requirements Fresh Stocks of CO.STI VENT AL and AMKKICx.V .SOVELTIES by every mail.

For mutual advantage, when you write to an adverliier. please mention the Review of Revie

Decnnh.r 1, 1906.

The Review of Reviews.

Ryan Walker.]

Diagram sliowing how Mr. Citizen became interesteil
in all the esnosures, investigations and muck-raking
from month to month, and now, since everything has
been showji up, how hard it is to satisfy him with
ordinary news.

jaauaDuuLinna

■ Yot

Your Infant Will
Thrive on

Heaves
h Food i

nn nn

nn
nn

c

nn

□ c

nn
nn

□ □
nn
on
nn
nn
nn

"AN EXCELLENT FOOD.
admirably adapted to the
wants of Infants." —

Sir CHARLES A. CAMERON, C.B.,M.D..

Projesior «/ Chemistry. R.S.C.l.
Medical • fficer of Health for Dublin.
City and County Analyst.

Purveyors by Special Appointment to

H.I.M. THE

□n
nn
nn
on
nn
□ □
nn
nn
nn
nn
nn
nn

EMPRESS OF RUSSIA

nnnnnnnnnon
gnqnnDDnnnnnai

GHRISTMAS^BARGAINS

. In the Assigned Estate of the STAR NOVELTY COM-
|PANY. 229-231 Collins Street, Melbourne.

Wilson's Common-sense Ear Drums. "Sweet Home "
Musical Box. Kameys Medieator. Iiilialmeut. and Ointment,
Siren Whistle. The Climbing Monkey. Beaver Safety Razor.
Mnsic, The New Wizard Gy -rotary Top. Scarf Pin and Stud,
New American Stereoscopes and Photos, Views, Memorial
Cards, Aeol American Harji. Zither and Music, The " Kaiah
Gold" Brooches. "Rajah Gold" Name Brooches. Quaker
B.ath Cabinets Complete. Melba Accordions, Multiplex
Pencil Set. The Umpire Whistle. The "Pan" Two-Tone
Whistle. Harp-shaped Zither. Best Razor Guard. The
Lauffliing: Camera, Weather Houses. Rubber Type Printing
Office Outfits. The New No. -tD.D. Home Medical Apparatus,
The ' ■ Young Australia' ' Wsitch. Readiug Glasses, The Magic
Mirror, Gold-filled Scarf Pins. The Double Combination Pin-
cushion, Thimble and Reelholder, Zobo Brass Band Instru-
ments, and Zobo Vibrator Buttons. Rolled Gold Muff
Chains, Rolled Gold Brooches.

25% Discount Off the Catalogue Prices

of the Above Lines in the Assigned Estate of the

STAR NOVELTY COMPANY. MELBOURNE.

Shipments of All Kinds of Goods and Latest Novelties

AfiiNTUg by Every Mail.

Send for Quotations of Any Line you are in need of.

Just Opened a Shipment of Electroplated Ware.

All Communications. Orl.Ts .iiid Enciniries to he sent

E. RICHARDSON & CO.,

IMPORTERS.

312 FLINDERS ST., MELBOURNE.

j>]^.^.,e thu-. paper wtn;ii »riiin»,'.

The Review of Reviews.

December 1. 1996.

A. PEARSON.

Secretary for Mining Companies.

Flotation of Approved Properties Undertaken.

34 QUEEN-ST.. MELBOURNE.

LIVER PILLS.

CHAMPION'S

PERFECT

The Most Valnahle and Etf ectlvi Remedy for Liver Troobles, Giddlieis. WIM
In the Stomach, aid all Disorders arising from ion-asslmllatlon of food.

Belne mild In ttwtr action, they may be taken at any time without discomfort. aa<

«they are prepared from well-known and tried intfredientt, may t>e takes

with safety by both sexes. Price. U. Bottle : iBcTudlne pottage, li. 14.

JOHN CHAMPION, PHARMACIST,

100 BRIDGE ROAD, RICHMOND.

Tjhompson W/oore <5c Sons,

. . , 'fffininy Jiy»nis,

EauiTABLE BUILDING,

MELBOURNE.

D. J. LUXTON

STOCK AND SHARE BROKER,

Member of Stock Exchange, Melboiirne.
309 COLLINS STREET. OLD EXCHANGE.

First Floor. Telephone 2627.

ILicenseli Sutiitor,

31 QUEEN STREET.

MELBOURNE.

A. J. DAVIS.

3 Post Office Chambers, Pitt Street, Sydney.

SECRETARY OfliiNiNG COMPANIES.

Flotation of Approved Properties in New South
Wales Undertaken. Tel. 2157.

A NPW PICTURE.

"A TENDER HEART,"

By GEORGE E, HICKS, R A.

CALL AND SEE IT at

THE ART FRAMING DEPOT, ''l^.ZT:

J. L. AIKMAN, Proprietor. TELEPHONE 421.

J. EARLE HERMANN,

Secretary for Mining Companies.

Flotation of Approved Properties Undertaken either in
t'ominonwealth or London.

Vicitery's Chambers, 84b Pitt Street, Sydney

Cable* — ** Earlema n."

PROSPECTING, ASSAYING

G O LP, SILVER, COAL MININ G .

Imtructor : Member io»t. Mining Engr*.
Bnflind. Write for Free Proipectuf.

AMERICAN

SCHOOL cGORRESPONDENGE

10 PRINCES ST.. AUCKLAND N.Z

REGAL OIL ENGINES,

SIMPLE AND RELIABLE.

An Up-to-Date American 4.0yclc, Jump Spark Engine at about half

the price usually quoted. Marine Engines in one. two, or four

cylinders. Stationary for Irrigation Work, ftc, 2J and 5 h.p.

CHAS. IIOSMAIT, Sole A^ent,

REGAL OIL ENGINE CO., Mosman's Bay, SYDNEY.

You Have a Bad Cou^h

and a Good Shilling.

"HONEY BALSAM"

Will Relieve you of both. Posted to any part of the
Commonwealth, is. sd. GRAY, Chemist, Bondi, Sydney,

CLEMENT H. DAVIS,

Incorporated Accountant.

Licensed Auditor.

Sworn Valuator.

ROYAL BANK CHAMBERS, MELBOIIRNE.

Granular Lids.

CURED WITHOUT OPERATION.

Tp DpnrTT7P 0CUL.1ST
. t\, rriULillLn, optician,

476 Albert Street, MELBOURNE.

A SPLCIALIST IN ALL EYE COMPLAINTS

Ectropian.

T. R. PROCTER would remind his Patients

throughout Australia that, having once measured
their eyes, he can calculate with exactitude the
alteration produced by increasing age, and adjust
spectacles required during life without further
measurement.

PROCTER'S UNIVERSAL EYE OINTMENT as a family Salve has no equai: cures Blight, sore and inflamed Eyes.
Granular Eyelids. Ulceration of the Eyeball, and restores Eyelashes. P 6. post tree to any p.-irt of the States. No careful
housewife should be without PROCTER'S EYE LOTION, tnore especially in the country places, as Infiammation is gene-
rally the forerunner of all diseases of the H5"e. An early application would cure and orevent any further trouble with the Eye*.
Bottf««. 3,'- and 3 6, post free to anj part of the ooloniei. £y« Baths, 6d, Interstate Stamps add 10 per cent.

December 1, 1906.

The Review of Reviews.

TRIED ^ dt

SHOPPING BY POST?

If you have not, study our advertisements, and write to our adver-
tisers, and see whether they will not serve you as satisfactorily as if
you shopped in person.

Whether it be Machinery or Tea, Buggies or Hair Restorer, Gates or
Biscuits, Patent Medicines or Books, that you require, write our Adver-
tisers and test their goods.

It is our wish that the advertisements in this magazine be read by
its readers " The Review of Reviews " is a high-class production, the best
magazine of its class in Australasia, and we refuse to take advertisements
from all and sundry. We discriminate between firms to whom we apply
for advertisements. The appearance of an advertisement in -'The Review
of Reviews" is a proof that the firm advertising is a reputable one, and
that its representations are genuine. We want readers of "The Review,
of Reviews" to have confidence in its advertisers.

Write them, and try them !

BUY WELL-ADVERTISED GOODS,

In recent years methods of shopping and purchasing have changed.
Purchasers do not buy goods on chance, but they rely on the reputation
of well-known, well-advertised brands. In this extensive advertising cus-
tomers find security, for the merit of an ai'ticle is soon found out, and
the thing not up to description goes down Constant advertising of an
article is therefore an excellent guarantee of that article's worth.

Misrepresent a line of goods in advertising and it is as good as dead.
The public will not be imposed upon.

In a good-class magazine like "The Review of Reviews," advertisements
can be relied on. The management exercises great care that none but
reliable advertisements are accepted.

Don't take chances in buying,
our columns by our clients.

Buy well-known goods advertised in

"THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS FOR AUSTRALASIA.'

The Review of Reviews. December i. aon.

BOOKS FOR THE BAIRNS.

NOVELS.

All Strongly Bound In Cloth.
MOST SUITABLE FOR USE IN SCHOOLS.

BOOKS FOR THE BAIRNS.

Nursery Bhymes, and Nursery Tales 4d. The Christmas Stocking, and Hacs Andersen's Fairy

The Ugly Duckling, and Eyes and No Eyes 4d. Stories 4d.

The Adventures of Reynard the Fox, and the Adventures Gulliver's Travels— 1. Among the Little People of

of Old Brer Rabbit 4d. Lilliput. 2. Among the Giants 4d.

Cinderella, and Other Fairy Tales, and Grimm's Fairy „ ,. , j „. ^ , ., „ ..

Ta^Ieg 4(1 Baron Munchausen, and Sinbad the Sailor 4d.

The Story of the Bobins, and the Story of a Donkey 4d. ^sops Fables _ _ ._ ... „ , 2d.

NOVELS, 4d. Each.

Charles O'Malley, and Ooningsby. Ro„nd the World in" Eighty Days, and The True History of

Ben Hur, and The Scarlet Letter. Joshua Davidson.

Aldersyde, and Noemi the Brig-and's Daughter. '^"^ Fawkee. and The Tower of London.

Uncle Tom'.s Cabin, and The Fifth Form at St. Dominic's. Lay Down Tour Arms, and Five Weeks in a Balloon.

Frankenstein, and Stories of Sevastopol. The Conscript, and Tartarin of Tarascon.

POETS, 4d. EACH.

St. George and

The Pleasures of Hope, ajid The Poems ot John Keati

The Earthly Paradise, and The Poems of W. Cullen Bryant. St. George and the Dragon, and The Canterbury Tales.
Childe Harold's Pilgrimage iPt. II.), and Walt Whitman.

Whittier's Poems of Liberty, Progress and Labour, and

WhitUer's Poems. Irish Melodies, and Paradise Lest iPt. II.'.

Oowper's Poems and Legends and Ballads. Robert Browning.

ADD ONE SHILLING PER DOZEN FOR POSTAQE.

Send to the MANAGER

"The Review olf Reviews," Equitable Building, Melbourne.

\

December 1, tSSS.

The Review of Reviews.

A BEAUTIFUL PICTURE OFFERED FOR ONE SHILLING.

^Sf^^UR beautiful Collotype Pictures, when framed and
w-'i » liung, add to the charm and attractiveness of any
^ti^E home. Thev are supplied at the extremely low
^^^^'^'-•'^^ price of 2/6 each. Many experts have valued
them at io/6, so none can excuse themselves for having
bare, unsightly walls on the ground of expense.

We do not, however, want you to buy the pictures
without knowing more about them, so we are offering to
send Albert Moore's lovely picture " Blossoms," for the
nominal price of 1/-, post free. Do not trouble to buy a
postal note — enclose twelve penny stamps in your letter,
containing order coupon, and mail to-day.

I.

2.

3-

4-
5-

6.

7-

8.

LIST or COLLOTYPES.

2/€> eacH.

BLOSSOMS. By Albert iMoore, R.A. (Size, 6J x 22 in.) Mailed
lo anyone sending Coupon for i/-.

THE FIGHTINQ TEMERAIRE. By ]. W. Turner, R.A. (i8

JUNE IN THE AU.STRIAN TYROL. By J. C. McWhiiter,
K.A. (i8| \ I2j in )

A SUMMER SHOWER. By C. E. Perugini. (I2i .x 19 in.)

THE MONARCH OF THE GLEN. By Sir Edwin Landseer.

(Mi X 141 in, I

BEATA BEATRIX. By Dante Gabriel Kossetti. (14 x 18 in.)
THE CORNFIELD. By Constable. (14^ x )6iJ in.)
THE VALLEY FARM. By Constable. (,14! x 16J in.)
CUPID'S SPELL. By J. A. Wood, K.A. (iiJxiSiin.)
\ PROSERPINE. By D. G. Rossetti. (9 x 19 in )

(The sizes given are of the actual Pictures, and do not include
the white mounts.)

These famous pictures look best in a green or brown frame, with
gold edging. The Collotype prr|"ess excels all others. The Director
of the National Gallery, Melbourle, says they surpass photographs or
steel engravings.

COUPON.

Please send me " BLOSSOiVlS," for which
I enclose /;-

Name _

To "The Review of Reviews,"

Equitable Building, Melbourne,

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 190S.

[Copy of Poster issiieil by the Ballarut East Ton-n Coii>iiil.)

BALLARAT EAST TOWN COUNCIL

AND

BOARD OF HEALTH.

NOTICE TOTHE PUBLIC.

The Ballarat East Town Council & Board of Health

Desire most urgcnlly to call the attention of the Citizens to the following:—

The British Government, a .short time ag'o. aiii>ointe(l a Committee to con.^ider qiie.-itions con-
cerning tlie health and phy.sique of tlie people, and to indicate g'enerally the cause of such Physical
Deterioration a.s does exist in certain classes, and to point ovit the means hy which it can be most
effectively diminished.

The Report was completed in 1V1U4. and was presented to both Houses of Parliament by order
of His Majesty tlie King.

THE CO.VIMITTEE FOUND:

" That the abuse of Acoholic stimulants is a most potent and deadly agent in producing physical

deterioration.
Alcohol is not a source of muscular vigour or dexterity, but the reverse.
Alcohol may produce temporary exhilaration, but depression soon follows.
The abuse of alcohol impairs the productive powers of the skilled artisan.
The continued use of Alcohol, whether in the form of beer, wine, or spirits, even although not

to the extent of drunkenness, often leads to chronic poisoning
The abuse of Alcohol weakens the natural forces that resist disease.
The abuse of Alcohol paves the way to consumption.

The abuse of Alcohol increases the liability to disease, adds to its severity, and retards recovery-
The abuse of Alcohol perverts the moral nature, affects the judgment and impairs the memory.
The abuse of Alcohol is increasing the number of men and women who are being confined in.

lunatic asylums.
The abuse af Alcohol shortens life."

It was ascertained by Insurance Tables that "" Of 61.21.5 men between twenty-five and sixty-five.
1.000 died in one year, but of 61.21.5 publicans no less than 1642 <-He in one year, while of the
Eechabites (abstainers), only 560 die." Also. "Whereas out of H)0,000 persons aged 30, some
44.000 would, according to the average rate of mortality, survive to the age of 70 ; over 55.000
abstainers might be expected to reach that age, or 25 per cent more."

The Medical profession throughout the Country, to the number of 14,718, and headed by Sir 'William
liroadbent, lieing deeply impressed with the importance of the above Keport, recently presented a memorial
to the British Board of Education, askinj;- that Temjierance and Hygiene should be taught in all the
Elementary Day Schools as compulsory subjects, and with a view of checking the existing evil.

Sir Frederick Treves, the eminent physician to the King, publicly states that alcohol is "An insidious
poison, and should be subject to strict limitation, sucli as opium, morphia and strychnine, and that its
supjiosed stimulating etl'ects are delusive."

The Right Hon. John Burns, M.P., L.C.C., President to the Local Government Board, emphasises the
above by declaring that " The abuse of alcohoUc li<iuor is a danger to Labour, a menance to health, and
an enemy to the Commonwealth. "

The eflects of parental intemperance on children are deplorable. The children born of drunken parents
are often physically and mentally weak. The death-rate among the infants of drunken mothers is far in
excess of the ordinary infants' death-rate.

Attention to the foregoing is desiral)le that the puldic welfare may be conserved.

Signed on behalf of the Ballarat East Town Council and Board of Health,

.1. N. DliNX, .Mayor,
.J, GENT. Town Clerk.
2.5th September, Umo. ,1. M. (J ABDIXEK. Medica! Ollicer.

December 1. MOO.

The Review of Reviews.

THE OLD HOMESTEAD.

g- Q Q

Twenty-Mne Magnificent
COLOURED POST-CARDS

For 2s. Post Free.

These Post-Cards have been specially produced
for us by the New Colourtype Process.

They are reproductions of Original Oil and

Water Colour Paintings In all their

Natural Colours.

Now that the postal restriction, which prohibited
writing on the address side has been removed, Picture
Post-Cards will be much more used, especially as the
Post Office officials take great pains not to damage the
picture.

Q O Q

SERIES No. J.

(15 Cap-ds.l

The Harboar at Venice
Purity

The Sheoherd's Star
The Weddino Party
A Neighliourly Chat
Land of the IVIIdnloht Sun
Sunset on long Island
Berkshire Brook in Autumn
A Passing Storm
Landscape (Carol)
In a Bad Fix
Judgment of Paris
Autumn

Three Boatmen of Barce-
lona
Th< Fishermen's Return

SERIES No. 2.
(14 Cards.)

The Chess Players

Youth

A Summer Day In Holland

Waters
The Fortune Teller (Dc«")
Venice (Canal)
The Evening Meal
Highland Sheep
The Old Homestead
The Puritan Girl
Preparing the Fete
Sunset on Mount Hood
the Young Mother
Street Scene In Venice
An Old Salt

HIGHLAND SHEEP

^ O C

Pictvire Post-Cards are becoming
more and more |)opular, but the best should be
used ; that is why you should write fur our
series at once.

G O '5

It will be seen from the partioulars given tha-t the two
Beries embraces a variety of land and seascapes, heads,
domestic subjects, animal life, etc. They exceed in
beauty and finish, richness and variety of design, any-
thing on the market.

It is of these pictures, which are now for the first time
reproduced as Post-Cards, that Sir PHILIP BURNE
Jones writes ;— " I have the greatest pleasure in ex-
pressing my admiration for the high stand.ird of excel-
lence obtained in the coloured reproductions of paint-
ings, which I had the opportunity of seeing the other
day, and I wish them all the success they so undoubtedly
deserve."

^ The Two Series (29 Cards), 2s. post free.

^ Series No. I (15 Cards), Is. Id. post frRe.

I Series No. 2 (14 Cards), Is. post free.

I THE MANAGEIx>

I "THE REVIEW OE REVIEWS,"

I Equitable Building, Melbourne.

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December 1. 1906. y^p Revie» of Rsviews. *=•

THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS FOR AUSTRALASIA.

(Annual Subscription, 6/6.)

W. T. STEAD,

Editor English ' Review of Keviewe."

WILLIAM H. JUDKINS, OR. ALBERT SHAW,

Editor ' Review of Reviews " for Australasia. Editor American .Montlily " Review of Reviews."

CONTENTS FOR DECEMBER, 1906.

Page Pack

His Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury— Fiontis- Leading Articles in the Reviews (Continued)—
pit^ce

' ■ The Ducliess and tlie Cripples 574

Progress of the World ... 53J Amid Snow and Ice at the Equator 575

The New Individualism. By I'. R Meggy ... 547 i;;'"' A^'^^'-deens Canadian Ranche 675

^^■' The Apotheosis of British Sculpture 576

What th« Law Can Do. ]iy the Editor 551 Mark Twains Autobiography 576

Interviews on Topics of the Month— '^''^ Diversity of Messenger Duty 576

Ideals of the Lilieral-Protcctionist Party: The "V^''"" "'■'°"''' "'^ *''"*" 5"

Hon. Alfred Dealdn .5.5.i ^'"^ Papal Aggression in France 578

British Trade in Bolivia: Mr. Thos. H. Moore .55.5 -^'i African Pompeii 579

r- , ^„- The Lottery of Kacehor.se Buying 579

Correspondence 577 yrom the Occult Magazines 579

Character Sketch — -in Attack Upon English Law 580

General Trcpnff : By W. T. Stead .560 The Sultan, the Kaiser and Great Britain 581

Impressions of the Theatre: By W T. Stead^ P"° Islamism 582

A Messasfe from Mars " 570 ^^"'^ ''""^^ ^''f. ^'"■''^" ^L^^°^^ 583

The Spriiiif Chicken 572 <'erman Education Under Fire 584

Ballooning as a Pastime 685

Leading Articles in the Reviews— What Mr. Beifs Will Has Done 585

Tlie French Naval Manoeuvres 574 The Awakening of China 585

The Career of Bu Bekir in Morocco 574 The Premier of Russia 686

(Continued on next page.)

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CONTINENT, calling at Adelaide, Fremantle, SPECIAL TOURISTS' RETURN TICKETS are now

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Southampton (London), Antwerp and Bremen, Mell)ouine, £sS first class, £27 second cla.ss.

will be despatched as under:- To CHINA and JAPAN.

Steamer. Tons. Commander. Melbourne. Regular FoUI^-Weekly SefVicS, calling at

•Grosser ) „ t^ „ , r^ Brisbane, New Britain, New Guinea and

Kurfuerst J i3>i82 ... E. 1 rehn ...Dec. ii Manila, for Hong Kong, Kobe and Yoko-

•Barbarossa 10,915 ... H. Langreuter Jan. S hama, connecting at Hong Kong with the

•Scharnhorst...8i3i ... L. Maass Feb. 5 Fortnightly Express Mall Service of the

•Bremen 11,570 ... H. Prager ...Mar. 5 N.D.L. from Japan and China to Europe—

*Bul0W 8500 ... Mar.26 Steamer. Tons. Melbourne. Sydney.

*York S500 ...Apr. 23 Sandakan ... ••■ 1793 Nov. ^2

*Hohenlohe 8500 ... May2i Manila ... ...1790 Dec. 8 Dec. 20

•Twin Screw Steamers. 'Prlnz SIglsmund ... 3300. ..Jan. 5 |an. 17

Steamers leave Adelaide following Saturday. "Twin Screw"Steainer.

FARES TO LONDON : Fares from Sydney to Hong Kong.— I., ^33 ;

Single. Return TT J^22 ■ III Tic

First Saloon ^^65 to ^75 ... ;^ii2 n., £23^1., ^,15.

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Berth. 480 COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE.

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 1906.

CONTENTS — (Qjntinued from page xxi.)

LsadiDg Articles in the Reviews (Continued)-

How to Reform tlie House of Lords

A Britisli View of German Manoeuvres

How the Greek Clergy are Trained

President Roosevelt and Spelling Reform ..
Whr Women Write Good Detective Stories .,

Canine Intelligence

A New Kind ot Rubber

Chas. Jas. Fox Denounced

Against Teaching Children Christianity... .

Pope Pius X

The Athlete's Face During Contests

Dainty Dishes We Despise

Tlic Amir and Women's Dress

The Jockey's t'nhappy Lot

Can Plants Reason?

Pi.GE

... 586
... 587
587
... 588
... :'89

5S9

. 590

... 593

... 591

^.., 591

... 592

... 592

... 592

... 592

The Reviews Reviewed —

The North American Review

The Cornhill Magazine

The Independent Review

The Nineteenth Century and After

593
595
593
594

Pagb
The Reviews Reviewed (Continued) —

The Worlds Work and Play 694

The Contemporary Review 595

The Pall Mall Magazine 595

Tile Bevue de Paris ... 596

Putnam's Monthly 596

The Italian Reviews 596

The Strand Magazine . 597

The Atlantic Monthly 597

The Dutch Reviews 597

The Revue des deux Mondes 598

La Revue 598

The Fortnightly Review 599

Publications Received 599

Current Histor'jr in Caricature ... .« 605

The Book of the Month —

A Plea for the Revival of R«a.Ung : W.T. Stead Gil

Leading Books of the Month 6J6

"In the Days of the Comet "—By H. G. Wells ... 617
Insurance Notes 628

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Phutographed at Aberdeen University for "The Review of Review.."

Vol. XXIX.. No. 6.

DECEMBER i, 1906.

The Rev

EVIEWS

HQVITABLE BVJKI>IT<G, MELBOUHKB.

THE HISTORY OF THE MONTH,

Vote!

Melbourne, November loth.

The Federal elections are upon us.

Those who have neglected their
opporturtities to get on the roll are

hopelessly out of it for the coming
election. But it is not everyone who is on the roll
who takes the trouble to vote. At the last Federal
elections the percentage of those who took the
trouble to take an interest in the Government of the
country was very, very low. It is sincerely to be
hoptd that this year that reproach will be removed
from us. Australian electors ought to take the
trouble to go to the polls. We are regarded as the
most democratic country in the world, and it is a
standing disgrace to us that we do not make better
use of our privileges. Vote, no matter what side you
are on, but vote.

The Federal campaign for the

jhe coming elections on December 12th

Elections. is in full swing. Rarely has there

been introduced into an election
such an amoimt of bitterness. The leaders of both
sides have dug up the old bone of contention which
caused so much bitterness when Mr. Reid went out
of office. People would have been glad to have for-
gotten it, and one questions whether the columns of
letterpress in the daily papers which are being de-
voted to this old source of trouble are read. It is
looked upon more in the light of a personal dis-
pute, and the public becomes very sick of public
matters into which matters of private quarrel enter.
The interests of neither party are going to be fur-
thered by it. ■ It is another illustration of the way in
which important political interests are pushed aside
in order to gratify personal feelings, and forms an-
other strong argument why we should do away with
partv government. But it evidently takes a lot of
nausejius medicine to make a national stomach turn.
It has sw^allowed all the unpalatableness of three
partv Governments without flinching, in spite of its
unp'.easantness, and the dose of unsatisfactory poli-
tics will have to be increased in size and bitterness
before the country demands the abolition of party
Government. Both Mr. Deakin and Mr. Reid are

Melbourne Punch.2 The Dirty Kick-Out.
The MrLE : " of course I love you, Alf ., but really y.iu w^re
in my way."
(The Mule is br.tnded ■■ Labour Party.";

urging electors (and no one can blame them) to sub-
scribe to their programmes. But the third party
has arisen, and is a force to be reckoned with, and
no power on eart'h can prevent the triangular posi-
tion in Parliament. An elective Ministry is the
solution of the trouble, as w-ell as being the only
thing that will put out of politics the personal bitter-
ness which Government bv party engenders.

The elections are bringing some sur-
Labour prises, not the least of which is the

Independence, fact that the Labour Party is oppos-
ing Mr. Deakin. Indeed, the La-
bour Party seems as anxious to put the Deakin Part)'
out as it is to keep the Reid Party out. This is
quite contrary to the expectations of a good many,
who imagined that as relations had been somewhat
harmonious between the Government and the
Labour Party, the latter would decline to put candi-
dates in the field against any of decidedly liberal
views. But it is evidently a war, and a war to the
death, the Labour Partv refusing to accept an\ thing
in the nature of the smallest compromise, and the
result will be watched with the keenest interest.
How the elections will eventuate no one can dare to

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 1906.

Bttrliiti^lon']

Mr Justice Higgins.

I Pholo.

Sic'iss S/iii/ti

Mr Justice Isaacs

THE NEWLY-APPOINTED HIGH COURT JUDGES.

prognosticate. The conditions are so mixed, and
political parties so many and distinct that no one
can say what the outcome will be. One very amus-
ing feature of the elections is the pain which is in-
duced when Laboiu- Leagues refuse to give con-
tinued support to old represent.itives. Poor Mr.
Ronald, for instance, who represented a Labour
constituencv during the last Parliament, signed
its contract, and obeved its commands, has
this year been rejected by the Political Coun-
cil. Of course he complains, and cites faith-
ful and unswerving obedience to unalterable laws
during his term ; but Mr. Ronald cannot com-
plain of rejection at the hands of a body by whose
decision he decides to abide. One of the first neces-
sities in a budding Labour candidate is that he shall
obey the decision of the party and stand down if
desired, and Mr. Ronald has been through all that.
It was all right when he was accepted three years
ago, but all wrong now. The party cannot be
blamed, it is fair fighting, and open to any party, but
the remedy is not to whine, but to refuse to sub-
scribe to its tenets, not to sign its contracts, and not
to be bound by its behests. Mr. Ronald is onlv
going thr.iugh the experience that everyone must at
some time go through who binds himself bodv and
soul to anv piilirirn] partv. and surrenders his politi-

cal conscience to the keeping of another. Senator
Dawson, rejected by the Council of Queensland,
possibly because of his Melbourne experience this
year, is also railing bitterly against the Caucus, and
IS running on his own.

The
nigh Court
Promotions.

The elevation of Mr. Higgins and
Mr. Isaacs to the High Court Bench
has provoked no adverse comment.
It is recognised that each of the
gentlemen w ill bring to his new duties a skill and
acumen that will do the position credit. Both art
exceedinglv well qualified, but it will be rather a
change for both to rise from the hurly-burly of poli-
tics, especiallv on the eve of a very mixed general
election, into the serene atmosphere that surrounds
a High Court bench. Neither can be said to have
accepted the position from ulterior motives, for both
enjoyed lucrative practices, and will probably sur-
render some financial benefit. Of course there is
some question as to the necessity for the appoint-
ments. The statement is made that the work could
not be overtaken bv the three judges, and if that be
so, the appointments were necessary. It might be
well worth considering where the necessitv for ap-
peals to the Privy Council comes in, with all the
provision that has been made in the Full Court for
the satisfvins of the demands of the law.

Revieic of Reviews. 1/12/06.

History of the Month.

533

The retirement of Mr. Isaacs neces-
The sitated a re-arrangement of port-

New Minister, folios, and Mr. Groom becomes

Attornev-General, Mr. Ewing Minis-
ter for Home Affairs, wliile Mr. Keating becomes
Vice-President of the Executive Council. .Mr. S.
Mauger, one of the strongest supporters of the
Deakin Government, becomes Honorary Minister, a
position which is due to him. Indeed, he could not
have been passed over, for his allegiance to his
party has been unquestioned, and its leading tenets
have no more strenuous advocate. It is, however,
to be hoped that the way soon opens for him to as-
sume the position of the Head of a Department.
Mr. Mauger stands in the foremost rank of the com-
paratively small knot of men in the Commonwealth
who lead in the cause of Social Reform, and prob-
ably is better known for his advocacv of such mat-
ters than even purely political ones. He has for
many years been the most relentless foe that the
sweater has known. He has nursed and tended the
Anti-Sweating League with fatherly care. Indeed, it
is of his own making (although he gives the credit of
its inspiration to Mr. W. T. Stead, having adopted
as the motto of the league Mr. Stead's aphorism.
'■ The union of all who love in the cause of all who
suffer "), and it is a credit to him. He has associ-
ated with him a number of leading men and women,
but the great success of the Anti-Sweating League is
due to Samuel Mauger. Thousands of workers in
Melbourne have need to bless his name for better
wages and improved conditions of living. It is there-
fore with unfeigned feelings of pleasure that we
heartily congratulate him upon his elevation to
Cabinet rank. In the hajids of men of his calibre
and character the interests of the countr\' are safe.

The South Australian elections, held
The South f|-, demonstrate the feelings of the
people with regard to the attitude
taken up by the Price Government
over the refusal of the Legislative Council to loosen
the bonds of electors over Council elections, have
resulted in a victorv for the Government. The Go-
vernment has gained an extra seat in the city, and
the whok- of the twelve city seats are now held by
the Labour Party. This party has also won two or
thr-.c- seats from the Opposition, so that, including
the Premier, the partv will have a solid vote of 19 in
a House of 40 members, and this, with others who
support the Government in their action, will give it
such substantial support that it ought to be able to
carry through its intentions. A curious sidelight
came in at the elections. Mr. Vardon retired from
the Council in order that he might =*Tnd for the
Senate, and a Labour man contested the seat. He
won it, but the significance of his success lies in the
fact that he won it upon a franchise which was held
to be so restricted that the Government went to the
country on a proposal to reduce it. Taken in con-

Australiaa
Fight.

The Meaning

of the

Election.

credit that is

ilclba ] iPlioto

The Hon. S. Mauger, M H.R ,

Newly Appointed Federal Minister (without portfolio).

junction with the Lower House elections, it seems to
point to the fact that the present Upper House
electors consider there is need for refonn, although
the other side affirm that it proves that the franchise
is now low enough to return Radicals, and the wis-
dom of leaving it where it is.

This fight must not be looked upon
as a great victory for Labour, al-
though we would be the last in the
world to depri\-e a victor of all the
due to him. But even their best
friends, I am sure, will not insist that it was a fight
for the partv as such ; it was a fight for a principle,
not purelv a Labour one. It was a fight between
the Houses. The Government had taken a very
serious step, and the people have emphatically sup-
ported them, and the result would probably have
been the same, no maiter what the general predilec-
tions of the Government might have been. The
Government that tackled the problem would have
been returned. But in considering the general ques-
tion of the advance or retreat of the question of So-
cialism, this election ought not to enter. The Go-
vernment probablv got thousands of reform votes
that othenvise might not have gone to them. The

534

The Review of Reviews.

Decemttr 1, 1906.

Review of Re'vieia, l/lifiS.

History of the Month.

535

The Bulletin.) Secash.

In Westralia some persons of no accouut are running what
they call a secession movement.

COMMONWEALTH; "What's the trouble?"

N.S.W, CAKEUTHERS : " I'm howlin' Ijecause he's howlin'.
He ain't got no right to howl. This is my howl. He's been
an' tooli my grievance. Boo-hoo!"

real progri^ss of Labour or Anti-Labour, Socialism
or Anti-Socialism, cannot be determined till the
Federal elections.

The secession suggestion (it is
Shall There be hardly a movement) in West Aus-
Secession. tralia seems to be lizzling out. The
Westerners have, without doubt,
some reason for being nettled, and bo one will
grudge them in the sUghtest degree the volcanic out-
burst which has relieved their feelings. It is infinitely
better to blow off anv superfluous steam while the
pressure is low than to wait until endurance is past,
and the explosion is so big that it scatters evervthing
to pieces in a general wreckage. Now that the vent
is ojien there is security, and West Australia will not
attempt to secede. The railwav will come in due
course, and the West will feel less isolated. The
spectacle of Sir John Forrest, on his return to his
home at the close of the session, displaying unex-
pected volcanic fury, created almost as much stir as
if an actual outburst had taken place in the Golden
West. He has been so quiet and lamb-like during
this session. But his return home wakened him up,

and he began wielding the cudgels on his old friend,
Sir Frederick Holder, and using him as a scapegoat
to bear the sins of all and sundry who were respon-
sible for the non-survey of the railway line. He
charged Sir Frederick with not havmg kept his
word in pledging himself to do all he could to get
that surv'ev made. But talk about the hopeless and
(Juixotean task of tilting at windmills, or of trying to
smudge the sun ! People smiled, for no man in Aus-
tralia is more loved and revered for his personal and
political integrity than Sir Frederick, and no one
could entertain the thought for a moment that he
had been false to any pledges. Indeed, the worthy
Speaker of the House of Representatives need not
have penned a line to protect himself. His splendid
record was armour ample enough to guard him
against any attack. But Sir John's fit of the blues
has passed. He already feels better, and Sir
Frederick is not harmed.

Some of Sir John's Western friends
State Needs. j^^pg (1^^^ j^g ^^iji ^e defeated at the

Importance. F^^^eral election, so that he will be
driven to take up State pontics. He
ruled the West so long, so strongly, yet withal
so kindly, that it is no wonder he is regarded as the
strong nian of the West. But Sir John is not likely
to be defeated, and, moreover, he would not take
kindly to State politics after having bad a taste of
work' in a larger field. He has outgrown local
politics. Nevertheless, the desire on the part of the
West to regain Sir John in their State Parliament is
a very natural one, and it voices a feeling that is
growing in other States with regard to some of the
best men who are overlooking State needs as though
thev were trivial. In Victoria there are several
grievous examples of this. Men of splendid reputa-
tion, who could win State seats without any difficulty
.ire seeking "bubble reputations in the cannon's
mouth " in Federal politics. A difficulty that the
States will have to face is the getting of men of the
highest character, and the best class seem to look
askance at the State Legislature as being rather in-
significant. This is a wrong attitude. Some of the
best reform work is to be done in the State Parlia-
ments.

The New Zealand Government came
in for a good deal of cricitism, both
humorous and caustic, over its
shelving of the Land Bill for this
session. There is no doubt whatever but that the
Bill would have gone through both Houses, and land
reformers outside New Zealand would have hailed
its passage with delight, not so much for what it
might have done for that colony as for the object-
lesson it would have been to sorne of the more con-
servative States of Australia which are holding on to
obsolete land laws with the tenacity of an octopus.
If New Zealand had pas.sed that Land Bill, for in-
stance, she would have been so far ahead of Tas-

The N.Z.
land Bill.

DJ^

the Heview of Reviews.

December 1, 190(i.

Sj^-i.

<„ '".^''^

-V.Z, Free Lance.']

The Land Bill — Rather Thin Ice.

JOE: " Xot just yet. Bob. It is setting nicely, but wants
a little more time to make it quite firm and safe. In the
meantime let's have some fun at the Exhibition."

mania as to bt? almost out of sight in tlie path of
land reform, and nothing helps a countrv which is
lagging behind to do its duty than for .4ome other
country to whirl away ahead.' It is a good thing it
is so. It helps to cement the bond of brotherhood
throughout the world, and shows how- dependent one
country really is upon another. There is no doubt
whatever that the passage of the Bill through the
New- Zealand Houses would have created a tremen-
dous sensation, and it is a question as to whether
the Government's position w-ill be any stronger next
year than it is to-day. One thing is to be said
against some of the pleas that were made bv Go-
vernment supporters for holding the Bill over, and
that is that the voice of the people w-ill be no more
manlfe.st then than now, since the same Parliament
w-ill deal wdth it. There is no general electiop be-
tween now- and the next session. The Go<-ernment,
therefore, can hardly be credited with funk or fear,
as it promises that it w-ill be the first measure sub-
mitted for consideration as soon as the next session
opens. Australian as well as New Zealand reformers
are ver\' anxious that the Bill should not be dropped,
and it is to be hoped that the Government will stick
to its guns so as to assist in solving the problem of
getting land for the landless.

' God help Tasmania when Tatter-
ProWdeTe'and ^^" ?^'^' ^o the Premier of Tas-
Tattersall's. mania is reported to have said
while in Victoria, attending the
Premiers' Conference. It is evident from this and
other remarks that Mr. Evans realises that very soon
Tattersall s w-ill have to go. Heaven grant it may I
There is a kind of suggestion that while Tas-
mania reaps the _;^6o,ooo reward for keeping
the biggest gambling concern of Australia within
her borders. Providence does not help her, and
possibly there may be more in it than dull mortals
imagine. Some folks think that this anodyne has a
stupefying effect upon the sensibilitie-s of Tasmanian
politicians, and that if she threw off its influence

i;

feS'i^^

y.Z. Free Lance."}

The Last of the Reciprocity Tariff.
ChoKUS: ■Poor little beggar. He was too sickly to live."

she Mould re\-ive in a score of ways that would bring
national prosperity. It is, from one point of view"
almost impossible tc expect a Parliament that con-
tentedly draws ;^6o,ooo yearly from an e\'il source
to be progressive with regard' to other matters. A
sleeping draught of this kind would paralvse the
vigour of even progressive New- Zealand. Tasmania
win be wise if she returns to power men who are un-
mistakably progressive, and w-ho place clean morals,
including the expulsion of Tattersall's, right in the
forefront of their programme. Most of her politi-
cians look on this ill-gotten gain as so absolutelv
necessary to Tasmania's salvation, that no progress
can be made in other ways till it is removed from
their line of vision.

It is hardly possible, mavbe, to ex-
Tourist" l"''^''*^ '" ■'^to'ic'-looking figures the
Department. value of such magnificent assets as
New Zealand possesses in the shape
of natural w-onders. Still less is it possible to calcu-
late the enjoyment, the interest, the enthusiasm of
sight-seers as they have gazed in astonishment at the
wonders of the thermal region, or spellbound on the
sublime snow-coveired heights of the Alps. Nor can
one calculate the increased health and added zest
that is given to the lives of the sight-seers who from
all parts of the globe crowd into the islands that the
Maoris picturesquely call "The long w-hite cloud."
In 1903-4 the visitors numbered 5233 ; in 1904-5,
5992 ; and in 1905-6, 7142. Estimating each visi-
tor's expenditure at ^50, the value of the traffic ti>
the country generally is calculated at over ;£3oo,ooo.
The department actually received ^15,820. The
amount spent in advertising in .Australia was ;£788.
and the expenditure in the country of Australian
tourists was estimated at _;£2 8,500.

The great Christchurch Exhibition

The was opened w-ith due ceremony dur-

Exhibltion. ing the month. It is to be hoped

that Australian visitors will take

e-,ery advantage of the opportunities that will be

afforded to visit New Zealand during the progress of

Reriew of Rei-ieus. 1:13:06.

History of the Month.

537

Mil'jinti /!>' /'(nii.'lt.j Desoerate Remedies

(The officials of the V.R.C. are satisfied that Mr. Bent's
<iaml)liiig Suppression Bill as it stands will kill horse-
racing.)

The V.R.C. : " Bless you. Sir. those blemishes can easily
be removed. Cure him if you like, but we can't afford to
kill him. you know."

the Exhibition. The effort is well worth the patron-
age of evervbody who can afford the time and
monev to pay a visit to Christchurch. I would re-
mind readers again that they can get whatever infor-
mation they want either from the New Zealand
Tourist Offices in Melbourne and Sydney, or direct
from the Tourist Department, Wellington.

Victoria is muddling along with her
Victoria's Gambling Bill, manifesting only the
Gaining Bill, dcl)ating poiwer of a tenth-rate de-
bating society. Endless amendments
have been introduced for the purpose of over-
weighting the Bill, and in this respect some of the
worst offenders have been some members of the
Labour Party. Some only, for others of them have
given a splendid support to the Bill ; but those re-
ferred to have by every device thev could conceive,
done their best to block the path of reform. It
was hoped that the Bill would be through before the
Cup, but this hope was disappointed. Now^, Labour
members ought not to oppose social reform. Rank
Conservatives may, without any surrender of prin-
ciple. They are not expected to vote for refomi,
but Labour men, w'ho are supposed to stand for the
general good, should surely be in favour of killing
the things that do more harm to the labouring
classes than an\ thing else, and help to keep them
down — i.e., drink anfl gambling — or be false to their
pretensions. It is grievous to note that in New
South Wales some of the worst opponents of the
Gambling Bill were members of the party, and ttie
same thing is happening in Victoria. Verb. sap. A
politician who changes his coat is more to be feared
than a straight-out opponent. The parties in the
two States named should follow in the steps of the
South Australian party, which stands solirllv for re-
form wifh regard to these evils.

Melhoitrne Punch.^

(The streets of Melbourne are said to he infested with
spielers and confidence men from all the States, seeking a
Cup harvest.)

Local SPrELER Ito the lyaw) : "Here, I say, this isn't fair
dinkum. W'hy don't you shift these bloomin' interlopers
'n give the local ' guns ' a chance to ' earn a honest
living '?"

The

Gambling

Mania,

The Melbourne Cup has come and
gone, leaving the same bad taste in
the mouth of thousands that dissi-
pation always leaves. Of course
there was display galore, but the point that has to be
remembered is that the Cup is not primarily for the
mere pleasure-seeker, but primarily and essentially
for the gambler. It is he who keeps the thing
going. It forms a holiday for the lady of fashion
and the gentleman of business, but the face of the
gambler shows beneath it all. Our opposition is not
to horse-racing or to pleasure, but to the gambling,
for it is producing a race of men in these States that
is a menace to society. It is to men of this charac-
ter, and the conditions that produce theni, to \Vhich
we are averse. Sooner or later, it is to be hoped
when not too late, this young country will see that
the army of spielers, bookies, fleecers that gambling
raises, constitutes an under-world that will work
hopeless ruin to it.

Victt^ria has one of the worst laws
in the world relating to vagrants.
N'o one can be arrested without a
warrant. In other States they can
be taken up on suspicion. The result of the Vic-
torian law^ is that at Cup time the scum of the States
pours into Melbourne, but although the most notori-
ous criminals, thieves and vagabonds may be in the
city, the police are powerless. Melbourne had an

An

Dnaccountakle

Complaint.

538

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 1906.

extra supply this year, for the New South Wales
Gambling Act left many of them without means of
subsistence. Mr. Bent was going to put through a
Bill all in a hurry, but something happened to it, and
it is not through yet. What that something is no-
body knows. It is probably the same thing which
has attacked the Gambling and the Licensing Bills,
but it is a pretty serious disease, and ought to be
diagnosed and dealt with.

During the month a conference of
Meeting of the State Premiers and leaders of
Premiers. Opposition in the State Parlia-
ments was held in Melbourne,
chiefly to deal with the question of the financial re-
lations of the States of the Commorrvvealth. A point
which will need settlement in the very early future
is that of the proportion of money to be returned
to the States for Customs duties, and another one of
almost equal importance is the question of taking
over of State debts by the Commonwealth. The lat-
ter is almost inevitable in a little while, and the
sooner it is done the better it will be for all parties
concerned. The proceedings were held in private,
and only the decisions made known to the press,
which probablv had the effect of preventing a lot of
useless talk to the gallery. With regard to the pro-
vision requiring that three-fourths of the Customs
and Excise revenue shall be returned to the States,
a proposal was accepted by the State representa-
tives, and which the Commonwealth will be asked
to subscribe to, to the effect that if a fixed sum is
to be paid instead, it shall be equivalent to the aver-
age for the first lo years of the amount returned to
each State, and if there should still after that re-
main a surplus of Customs and Excise revenue, that
it should be distributed on a proportionate capital
basis. A still further very important proposal was
that which proposed that if the arrangement was
approved of it should be incorporated in the Con-
stitution, so that it should not be alterable at the
whim of anv particular party. It is just as well that
it should be done. It is far too important a mat-
ter to be lightly overturned, and is so important as
to warrant putting into motion the heavv and com-
plicated machinery necessarv to procure an altera-
tion of the Constitution. West Australia is not sat-
isfied w-ith the agreement, and it is curious to note
how such a thing as the gambling evil of Tatter-
sail's should have found a place in Inter- State dis-
cussion upon financial matters. But it did when
Mr. Evans, the Premier of Tasmania, pleaded with
the other Premiers that in reform legislation for the
good of the community thev should not go so far as
to cripple the interests of the great gambling con-
cern which brings so much gain to the Government
of Tasmania. What a commentary- this ! It is
hardly to be wondered at that the other States
regard the action of their " little sister " with a
great amount of grief for selling her birthright for a
mess of pottage.

It is very regrettable that Mr.
Tlie New Churchill should have thrown an

Hebrides. unwarranted insinuation at the
Federal Go\emment with regard to
the Anglo-French arrangements for the New Hebri-
des. Mr. Deakin contends that he has never been
consulted about the arrangements, and that pre-
vious recommendations ha\^ seemed to be igiwred.
Right through the whole of the arrangement there
has, from that side at any rate, seemed to be a de-
termination to settle the question without any re-
ference whatever to Australia. It is very' stronglv
telt here that a little more tactfulness is necessarv
on Mr. Churchill's part, where interests on this side
of the world are concerned. It is extremely disap-
pointing to those of us who are anxious that an
amicable settlement should be come to regarding
New Hebrides matters to know that some of the
most important recommendations, i.e., important
from the point of view of thos-c on the spot, have
seemed to be consistentlv ignored, although the
right thing with regard to a joint control has, with-
out doubt, been done.

A very livelv diversion was occa-
sioned at a meeting of the Haw-

local Politics
and Local

British Interests, tnom branch of the A.N.A. the
other day, when one of the mem-
bers proposed a resolution to the feffect that the
Australian Parliament should not interfere with
matters of purely local British concern, such as
Home Rule. The meeting resolved itself into a
very stormy one, one section of the audience at-
tempting to block the debate by appeals on points
of order, etc. The debate was eventuallv ad-
journed, and a livelv discussion is certain to be pro-
voked when the matter comes up again. But it
raises a question of very considerable importance,
to which we have before directed attention. It is
simply useless to attempt to properly discuss hert-
questions which pertain peculiarly to Home politics,
which, by reason of our great distance, we cannot
rightly judge the merits and- demerits of. More-
over, we have quite enough to do in looking after
our own affairs without discussing matters in the I
settlement of which our opinion one wav or thr
other is not likely to assist. Whichever wav Britaii^
elects to govern herself locally, Australasia is not
likely to be affected, and, moreover, it is not desir- '
able that she sho-jld be affected. Imagine the re-
mote possibility of a civil w^ar taking place in Bri-
tain, and Australians hastening to the other side of
the world to assist either one party or the other, or '
else deluging their own country w-ith blood over a
quarrel brought about by partisanship in a matter
concerning the government of another countrj-. We
are so completely home-ruled in Australasia, and
rightly so, that we can afford to allow Britons to
look after the ruling of their own home.

Rei'ietc of Reviewi, IjUIOS.

History of the Month.

539

LONDON, Oct., 1906.

According to Dr. Dillon, the well-

, *" . informed correspondent of the

' tfee'er Daily Telegraph at St Petersburg

there is at last every prospect or
the signature of the long-expected Anglo-Russian
Agreement. As I have laboured sedulously for this
en°d both in Russia and at home for the last thirty
years, no one rejoices more at this good news than
T. But I rejoice with trembling, and refrain from
hallooing before we are out of the wood. Accord-
ing to Dr. Dillon the arrangement is to be em-
bodied not in one, but in a series of agreements.
The first, relating to Thibet, is complete and ready
to be signed. It'is based upon the definite repudia-
tion of all the high-flying schemes of the Anglo-
Indian Jingoes which led to the late expedition to
Thibet. Henceforth neither Russia nor Britain is
to interfere in the land of the Grand Lama. Dr.
Dillon says that the Russians are satisfied that
" whatever the English were aiming at before, they
are perfectly straight at present." This confidence
will last as' long as Sir Edward Grey is Foreign
Minister and C.-B. at the head of the Government.
It is no small triumph for the Liberal Ministry to
have established sucli confidence in a Court which
has too often been the victim of the tricks and wiles
of their predecessors.

The Anglo-Russian agreement con-
The future ceming Persia was much more
Persia. d^'ficult to draw up. Persia can-

not be trea.-ed like Thibet. Poli-
cies of absolute non-intervention and of outright
partition are equally impossible. What can be done
and what is now being attempted is to delimit the
respective spheres of interest, if not of influence,
of Russi.i and Britain on the general princijile —
the north to Russia, the south to us. When the
next Persian loan is floated it is to be arranged for
jointly by the two Powers. This may easily drift
into an Anglo-Russian condominium over Persia
similar to the Anglo-French control over Egypt in
the later days of Ismail. Nothing is said by Dr.
Dillon as to the thorny question of railway con-
struction. As for a jiort on the Persian Gulf, that
will probably not be mooted — save by the enemies
of Russia. According to Dr. Dillon, an agreement
with Russia on the Far Eastern question is also
under discussion, and he hints that it will include
the opening of the Dardanelles to the Russian fleet.
That I take leave to doubt. Russia will never be
willing to purchase the freedom of the Dardanelles
at the only price at which it can be had — the free
admission of other fleets to the Black Sea. No
conceivable advantage arising from her ability to
send her Black Sea fleet into the Mediterranean
could compensate her for the loss of the arrange-
ment which practically guarantees the security of
her southern frontier.

While the Governments are thus
Another attempting to settle all outstanding

Anglo-Russian , ^ "^ ^ ,, • ^- u

Agreement. differences, their respective sub-
jects are hobnobbing on a scale
without precedent. Three hundred members of the
House of Commons and a host of British notables
have signed an address of sympathy to the members
of the late Duma, which the President and Secre-
tary of the Trades Union Congress, Mr. H. W.
Massingham, and others are this month to take to
St. Petersburg as a token of national sympathy
with Russia's first representative Assembly. Their
mission is naturally looked at somewhat askance by
the Russian Conservatives. Our own Tories would
hardly have been disposed to regard with sympathy
a deputation, say, from three hundred members of
the American Congress and other notable Ameri-
cans bringing an address of sympathy with the
Irish people just after Mr. Gladstone had sup-
pressed the Land League and sent Mr. Parnell to
Kilmainham. But there is no harm in the address
save for the danger that such demonstrations of
svmpathv by foreigners usually tell against those in
whose interest they are promoted. As, however, it
is understood the members of the late Duma are
willing to run this risk, the responsibility rests upon
them, not upon their English sympathisers. Pos-
sibly after a few more deputations of this kind our
Russian friends will not be so morbidly sensitive
about the kindliest English criticisms, which last
year thev almost resented as an insult.

Adequately to express the sympa
Why Not a thies of our people to the Russians,
Third? there ought to be yet another ad-

dress declaring the heartfelt sym-
p.athy and admiration with which all who know
anything of the real nature of the struggle going
on in Russia feel for those brave men who are
desperately endeavouring to keep the social sys-
tem from dissolution. From M. Stolypin to
the humblest policeman in the streets of War-
saw, there has been displayed in all ranks
a dogged bravery and a magnificent self-abne-
gation which cannot be ignored even by those
whose sympathies are entirely with their oppo-
nents. Whatever changes may be required in
Russia — and both the Tsar and M. Stolypin admit
the need for far vaster reforms than the most ad-
vanced Radical statesman has ever ventured to carry
out in Ireland — it is absolutelv necessary to pre-
vent the whole nation becoming a |)rey to mur-
derous anarchv operating bv arson and assass'na-
tion. Until the new Duma meets, M. Stohqiin and
his agents must see to it that the Government is car-
ried on, even although they may be murdered at
their posts. While our 300 members of Parliament
sympathise with the Liberals who have undisguised
relations with the Terrorists, there are others who
do not sign addresses who have not less sympathy

540

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 1906.

with M. Stolypin, despite his compromising
allies. There is something mean in refusing to re-
cognise bravery and self-devotion in those who do
not happen to be on our side in politics. When
General Trepoff, for instance, was alive, it was
regarded almost as treason to liberty to speak a
good word for him. No sooner does he die than
even his most Radical opponents sound his praises.
Whv wait till men are dead to recognise their vir-
tues ?

criticisms I have often had occasion to pass upon
him and his policies during his life. Indeed, ever
since he took the fatal plunge into Protection in
order to cover up the trail of the war, I have hardly
felt any other sentiment towards him save that of
profound pity. What an end was this to a career
which had begun so brightly, and which was fol-
lowed by so many with such high hopes ! His
physical dissolution — which I sincerely hope may be
far distant — can hardlv add to the melancholv re-

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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^'-j^M^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H^I^^Hiai^^BK^^^^^I ^^^^I^^^^^^^H^^^^^^^^B

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1

Pholo hi/l

Archbishop of Canterbary. Lord Stratbcona. Mr. Carnegie. Principal Marshall Lang

An Interesting Group at the Aberdeen Celebrations.

IE. E. mat.

I was startled the other day to re-
Mr. Chamberlain's ceive a laconic letter from the edi-
nealth. tor of a well-known daily paper

asking me for my " terms for an
article on Mr. Chamberlain as Empire-breaker, to
be published on his death." I had not realised how
imminent in popular opinion was the demise of the
member for Birmingham. But if "Mr. Chamberlain
were to die, I should be in no mood to repeat the

flections aroused by his political decease. Even the
most ran-orous political opponent must be touched
bv the picture presented to the world last month of
the lame old man, with half-crippled hand and
half-blinded eves, compelled to abandon all his
political engagements, and to dodge death by a
flight to sunnier climes at the moment when of al'
others he ought to have been in his place in the
House. For Mr. Chamberlain was a very human

Review of Reviews, l/ll/'ie.

History of the Month.

541

Photo, by] [E. B. mils.

Lord Strathcona.

(Ohancellor ot the University of Aberdeen.)

man, much honester than even his friends quite rea-
lised, and quite incapable by his impulsive personal
likes and dislikes of playing the part of dexterous
cold-blooded Macchiavelli so often attributed to
him by his foes. I sincerely trust that he may return
home free from the harassing disabilities of senile
decay, to lend the assistance it sorely needs to the
discredited and out-numbered remnant to which his
(lolicy has reduced the Unionist Party.

The The latest portrait of the Arch-

Reopening bishop of Canterbury, which forms
of the frontispiece this month, was

the fray. taken on his visit to Aberdeen when
the King opened the new University buildings. It
is good to have that firm set face before us, for it
is round him that the Education battle will rage in
the House <if Lords. He has alreadv sounded the
trumpet for the battle. His list of amendments to
the Education Bill, if carried, will as effectively
destroy that measure as would a resolution to go
into Committee this day six months. Since he
spoke on the second reading the decision of the
Court of Appeal in the West Riding case has
turned his flank. We w.iit with interest to see how
this astute and wary Scot will readjust his strategy
to meet the new conditions. The law of the land,
for framing which he, more than any man, was
responsible, is now declared practically to forbid
the payment of money from the rates for the teach-
ing of denominational religion. Cowper-Templeism,
therefore, by his Grace's own law has a monopoly
of rate ai(]. How will he face the new situation?
Fortunately we sh.ill not haw long to wait for an
answer.

Photo, b^] IK.H.Milh.

Mr. Andrew Cftrnegie at Aberdeen University.

This iiitere^tijiL' portiait of Mr. Carnegie was t.iken during the

Quatercenteiiary Celebrations last month.

The Opening of The great function of last month
the Aberdeen was the opening of the new Uni-
University varsity buildings at Aberdeen by
Buildings. the King. Four hundred years
ago the University was founded by a Papal Bull,
the Pope being moved thereto by a Scotch Bishop,
Elphinstone by name, who harrowed the soul of the
Pontiff by describing the educational needs of the
people of Aberdeen, " rude men, unlettered, and
almost savage." Since that day the descendants
of these " rude men " have become " orthodox, ortho-
dox, wha believe in John Knox," but the civilising
and mellowing influence of education allowed them
to invite a representative of the Pope to celebrate
the fourth centenary of the foundation of the Uni-
versity. The new buildings, which are very com-
modious and imposing, have been erected largely by
the munificence of Lord Strathcona, the Grand Old
Man of Canada, who is now Principal of the Uni-
versity which he entered as an undergraduate more
than half a century ago. Aberdeen has ever been
a poor man's University, but in learning and in re-
pute it holds its own with the best. At the com-
memoration last month all the most famous univer-
sities of the world were represented. .At the ban-
quet no fewer than 2000 guests sat down to dine in
a hall erected specially for their accommodation.

Mr. Haldane signalised his return

Mr. Haldane's from Germany by issuing a memo-

" Nation In Arms." randum explaining the principles

on which he has constituted a Gene-
ral Staff for the British Army. He then went down
to Newcastle and made a speech, in which he com-
bined an appeal to the democracies to initiate a

542

The Review of Reviews.

Vecember 1, 1906.

Photo

by'\ [£. H. Mills

Ppincioal J. Marshall L»ng.
(Vice-chancellor of Aberdeen Uni-rersitj-.)

Photo

Sip Fpederick Tpevep. BaPt.
(Rector of Aberdeen University.)

reduction of the crushing armaments of the world
with a declaration in favour of " a nation in arms "
in the shape of a volunteer force of 900.000 men.
The difficulty is that the more you appeal for volun-
teers the more you strengthen the alarmist senti-
ment upon which militarism thrives. If Mr. Hal-
dane would promise to cut down the cost of the
regular army by a million a year for every 100,000
volunteers passed as efficient something might be
done. But to keep up our regular army at its present
strength, and then to super-add at a continually
increasing cost nearly a million volunteers — that
does not seem exactly the wav in which to reduce
the crushing burdens of militarism. Mr. Haldane's
proposal to render the Militia liable for foreign ser-
vice should not be accepted until the right to ballot
for the Militia is abolished. Otherwise we may
have the principle of conscription enforced by some
successor of Mr. Haldane who would use the scheme
of the present War Minister to bridge over the
gulf between the voluntary svstem and that of com-
pulsory military service.

There is some danger lest the pub-
The Hague j;^, should forget the real aim and
1907" objects of the next Hague Con-

ference. Newspapers are discuss-
ing it as if it were summoned to discuss schemes of
disarmament. So far from this being the case, the
assent of Germany to the Conference was only ob-
tained after it was seen that there was no proposal
for disarmament on the programme. No doubt thf
British Government, actively supported bv Italy
and the United St;ites, will make an effort to secure
an international veto upon the devotion of any more

monev than is at present voted to the armies and
navies of the world; but that is an addition to the
original programme, of which it forms no integral
part. While it is well to propose anything and
everything that may afford an opportunity for pro-
test against the unceasing increase of military ex-
penditure, blessed are they who expect nothing, for
thev shall never be disappointed. The Peace Con-
gress, which met at Milan last month, has passed
resolutions in favour of the national federation of
all peace and arbitration societies, and the forma-
tion of all such national unions into one great in-
ternational federation. This was the idea that found
expression in the International Union which was
founded in iqoo at Paris, but the idea is still a
little too advanced to be capable of practical rea-
lisation. What is wanted is the concentration of
effort in the attainment of some simple practical
proposition such as that of the constitution of a peace
budget based upon decimal point one per cent, of
the war budget. If that project were put forward
at the Hague, backed by the example of a great
Power, it would probably be accepted in principle,
and the first serious effort to undermine the base of
militarism would have begun.

The most important event in

American American politics last month was

Oracchi. the nomination of Mr. W. R.

Hearst for the Go\ernorship of

New York hv the Democratic Caucus at Buffalo.

Mr. Hearst is the banner-bearer of what mav be

called Social Democracy in the United States. His

strength lies in his newspapers, which serve him

and his staff of preaching friars as pulpits, from

Reiieir of Rrvieits, IjlilOlj.

history of the Month.

whence he can fill the ears of millions with denun-
ciations of plutocratic tyranny, the infamy of trusts
and the corruption of legislatures. He is young,
wealthy, ambitious and able. He aspires to play
the part of the Gracchi in American Politics. He
and Mr. W. J. Bryan, whose manifesto in favour
of the nationalisation of railroads has rather cooled
off those of his supporters who were disposed to
hail him as a Conservative, may be compared to
Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, whose heroic agita-
tion and tragic death form so interesting a page in
the histoTN- of the Roman Republic. President
Roosevelt's chances of re-election are held to be im-
proving. He swore, it is true, that he would never
consent to be nominated as a candidate for a third
term of office. But already glib sophists are prov-
ing triumphantlv — with the aid of Macchiavelli —
that his pledge is no just and lawful impediment
which ought to hinder his adoption as the Republi-
can candidate. .Mr. Roosevelt made just the same
pledge about the Vice- Presidency. But political
pledges are as piecrust, made to be broken, and
Mr. Roosevelt will probably follow the example of
the lady who, swearing she would ne'er consent,
consented. [Mr. Hearst has been defeated in the
New York election. — Ed.]

It is generally believed that Minis-
ters contemplate devoting next ses-
sion to a frontal attack on Intem-
perance and a flank attack on the
Union. Of the details of either measure nothing
is as yet known. Whatever measure of piecemeal
Home Rule mav be brought forward will command
the support of' the Nationalists— for the Nation-
alists are politicians, and the Alliance men are the
reverse. Mr. John Redmond, who made almost the
only political sjieech of last month; at Grange, in
Limerick, on September 23rd. indicated with his
customary frankness and good sense the line which
his party will adopt when Mr. Bryce's Irish Re-
form Bill comes to be debated. Starting from, his
constantly-reiterated declaration that " no scheme
short of trusting the people fully can ever even-
tually succeed," he said that the touchstone he will
apply to the Government proposal is this: "Is it
a scheme which we can take for what it is worth
as an instalment without the danger of its breaking
up the National Party?" There is no reason to
fear that C.-B., with Mr. Bryce and Mr. Morley
at his back, could possibly submit any scheme to
Parliament which did not actually and avowedly
tend to pave the way to the complete realisation of
that Home Rule which they desire almost as pas-
sionately as Mr. Redmond himself. But it is to be
hoped that before their Bill is produced it will be
discussed in princijile and in detail with Mr. Red-
mond, without whose imprimalur it ought never to
see the light.

Honie Rule

by
Instalments.

Tribune.']
JOH.N BULL:

[London.

there's

Sir

Antony

MacDonnell.

stopping Places.
Hadn't we better stop here?"
JarveY REDMOND: " Arrah. no, yer honour;
much hette'r inn away beyant there."

[Speaking at Grange, co. Limerick. Mr. John Redmond said,
•• There was a ' Haltway Houfe.' . . . His advice would
be to reject it."]

A prodigious amount of pother has
been kept up all through the
month over the so-called MacDon-
nell letters. It is not quite clear
why Mr. Long should keep harping upon the neces-
sity for producing the letters which passed on the
appointment of Sir Antony MacDonnell to the
Under-Secretaryship of Ireland. What everybody
believes is that these letters will prove that the Go-
vernment as a whole was committed by Mr. Bal-
four, with the assent of Lord Lansdowne and :Mr.
Wvndham, to the adoption of a rational liberal
policy in Ireland, and that this policy was checked
by tlie revolt of the Orangemen and t^e Tory la\y-
\ers of Dublin, who had no wish to see their
chances of promotion diminished by the adoption
of a policy of retrenchment. For Liberals and
Home Rulers to insist upon the production of those
letters would be intelligible, but why Mr. Long and
the Unionists, who hate Home Rule, should clamour
for their production passes the wit of man to con-
ceive. Judging from the comments of certain Tory
papers, .some Unionists are ([uite prepared to head
a revolt" against Mr. Balfour if the letters convict
him of committing himself to a policy of devolution
and the Government of Ireland according to Irish
ideas. But one would have thought that the Union-
ist Party was weak enough already without submit-
ting it to the ordeal of another split.

A Bishop

in
Revolt.

hegm

again,

It is very extraordinary how com-
plete has been the lull in politics
during the last few months. On
October 23rd the hurly-burly will
but for the time being every one has

544

The Review or Reviews.

DfCfmber 1, 1906.

freslminst'T Gazette.']

The White <iheet Competition,

Mr. GIBSOX BOWLES: "Why didn't you enter, Mr, Bal-
four? You're just as well qualified as Waltei- Long and
WyndUam,"

[Mr, Giteon Bowles intervened in the Long-MacDonnell
controversy to point out that the real culprit is— Mr, Bal-
four.]

been too busv making holiday to find time either
to make speeches or to listen to them. Bishop Gore
has. however, taken occasion to express in a very
eni])hatic manner his determination to oppose any
attempt of Parliament to legislate on the recom-
mendations of the Royal Commission on the Roman-
ising of the .Church. He has, indeed, as a Bishop
spread his mantle over the clergy who are admit-
ted! \ breaking the law, probably relying on the fact
that the majoritv of Englishmen are much too
bi'sv about more important things to care a straw
what particular bib and tucker the grown-up chil-
dren who ha\e been ordained think it necessary to
wear in church. That is all very well for a time,
but that indifference may suddenly disappear and
our High Anglican friends will then be in for a bad
time.

Dr. Jameson called at our offices
South African last month, and I was very glad to
Affairs. find him looking so well and in such

good spirits. He has paid a flying
visit to England in connection with federation and
railway rates. He has yet another year of office
before him, if not two, unless something unforseen
should precipitate a General Election, in which case
the Doctor will probably secure the rest and holi-
day which he so much needs. Of the Transvaal
Constitution Dr. Jameson said it was as good as
could be hoped for. He would have preferred that
the establishment of responsible government should
lie postponed, but if it were granted it could hardlv
be done in a less obiectionable way. If the British
stood together they would have no difficultv in elect-
ing a British majoritv, but the chances of such co-
hesion on the part of the British, the Doctor ad-
mitted, were verv slight. All the news to hand from
the Transvaal last month pointed to the election
of a mixed majority of Boers and British, who are
in opiiosirion to the party of ascendencv represented

Tlie Pope

sni
the Republic.

by the Chamber of Mines. A most probable out-
come of the election, therefore, is a Solomon ad-
ministration, depending for its existence upon Boer
support.

There seems no prospect of any
arrangement between the Pope and
the French Republic. Pius X.
seems to be one of those saintly
good men who are raised up from time to time to
render impossible the working of the compromise bv
which the men of this world manage to avoid dead-
locks. He is the Vicar of Christ, and as such he is
to be obeyed. In practice this means that we have
to accept the ideas of a dear, good old Italian priest
as equivalent to the master thought of the Creator,
and all the affairs of this world have to be ruled
in accordance with the notions of a cloistered celi-
bate in the Vatican. The French Government and
the French people appear to be quite calm in the
]iresence of the approaching coUision between
Church and State, nor will thev even be provoked
by the somewhat intemperate language of Arch-
bishop Bourne, who. with very natural esprit de
corps, has rushed into the arena shouting war-cries
on behalf of his fellow-prelates, who, after a vain
attempt in favour of a more re,isonable settlement,
have fallen into line at a word of command from
the Pope. The notion expressed in some quarters
that the Archbishop's diatribe could affect the
entente cordiale between England and France is
all fudge. The men at the head of the French Re-
public are much too well informed as to the real
sympathy of the English people to be affected by
the discourse of the Archbishop.

The

White Savages

of

the South,

The news that the white savages of
.\tlanta, in Georgia, have broken
out in a murderous attack upon
their coloured fellow-citizens has
reminded us of one of the open sores of the world.
The usual allegation was made that some negroes
had outraged white women. This is on all -fours
with the storv alwavs spread bv Jew-baiters as to
the Jews having killed a Christian child to obtain
its blood for their religious rites. There are more
white women outraged in the Citv of Chicago every
year than in the whole State of Georgia, and for
one white woman who is defiled by a coloured man
there are io,ooo coloured women who are submitted
to this degradation by white men. To all civilised
men a woman is a woman bv virtue of her sex,
which is not affected by the colour of her skin, and
if we must lynch for such offences. I. as a white
man. would like to see the white brutes swing first.
But it seems that the real origin of the Atlanta
murders was nothing more or less than an attemnt
on the part of white labourers to kill out the com-
petition of the coloured men. Most of the white
savages who have discredited the name of American
were, it is said, not the real old Southerners — '

Reviea of Rei'iews, 1/11106.

History of the Month.

545

whether gentleman or mean \vhite — but were new
arrivals who came South seeking work, and finding
the negroes had the job, set to work to dri\-e them
awny by shot-guns and revolvers.

One Thing

that

Might be Done.

The Suffragettes, as it is the habit
to describe the active, energetic and
resolute band of women workers
who are in dead earnest about
securing the franchise, have been very busy last
month. They ha're undertaken with a will the duty
of enlightening
Mr. Asquith's
constituents a£
to the essential
justice of their
claim, and
wherever they
have appeared
they have nnt
with such earn-
est support that
we are not with-
out hope Mr.
Asquith himself
may come to
realise that the
question can no
longer be cush-
ioned, but must
be honestly de-
bated and de-
cided in the
House of Com-
mons. Parlia-
ment fails in its
first duty to the
nation when it
allovi's itself to
be jockeyed out
of all opportu-
nity to debate a
great moral and
political issue
like this of the
franchise. \'o
one asks Mr.
Asquith or any-
body else t o
vote for a mea-
sure which he honestly brlieves would be detrimental
to the best interest of the State. But we do expect
that they will be manly enough not to be afraid to
stand up in their place in Parliament and justify
the faith that is within tliem. The essential mean-
ness of the tactics 111' the Evanses and people of that
ilk naturally irritates women, hut, as a man, it
simply disgusts me and makes' one ashamed to re-
cognise that they belong to our chivalrous sex.
When the Plural Voting Bill goes into committee

Photo. ly'i One of tho Latest Portraits of General Booth. [.I--. H . Milh.

He i« tonring: England on a g-rc:it Campaign, ami is tliorouiihh- up to ilate \>y
pressing tln' motor-car into lii> service.

the claim of the women to vote ought to be fully
debated and decided by a division in the House.,
Vote against it if you must, but, in the name of
manliness and fair play, vote!

There seems to be a considerable

london probabilitv that the next election

County Council r ^u j i <^ ^ <- i

Elections. '°"' ^"^ London County Council

will be the chief electoral event of

next year. The Conservatives, who have in the

past disguised themselves as Moderates, are, it is

reported, about to try the virtues of another alias

and to appear
this time as
Municipal Re-
formers. The
ill-fate of the
Protection! s t s
who masquerad-
ed as Tariff Re-
formers might
have warn e d
the Moderates
that there are
limits to every-
thing, and that
those limits are
passed when
cannibals dub
themselves ve-
getarians, o r
when the most
stolid and reac-
tionary obstruc-
tives of all
municipal pro-
gress dub them-
selves Munici-
pal Reformers.
These eccentri-
cities of politi-
cal nomencla-
ture are unjim-
portant. What
is serious is that
there is a possi-
bility that the
Indepen dent
Laliour Party,
in the exuber-
anc e of its
youthful enthusiasm, may decide to select the
County Council Elections as a field-day for adver-
tising its own existence, and demonstrating its
strength — or weakness — without regard to the effect
which such action might have upon the Govern-
ment of London. It is difficult to believe that Mr.
Keir Hardie can contemplate such a course. The
London County Council has been the nursing mother
of Municipal Socialism. The success with which it
has administered the greatest city in the world on

546

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, liOi.

H

^^B^^^Hl

nmar^ - ." .

J"* I

The King and His Prime Minister.

This interesting picture sliowing the King talking to " C.-B."'
was taken at Marienbad recently.

advanced democratic lines has done more than any
other agency to make the programme of the Inde-
pendent Labour Party what the Americans would
call a thinkable proposition throughout the country.
To risk the undoing of the work of the last twenty
years by opening the door for the sworn enemies
of democratic progress would be a blunder in tac-
tics which the democracy of Britain would bitterly
resent. One does not easily forgive parricide.
[Cables state that the Municipal Elections just held
have gone in favour of the Moderates. This may
be prophetic with regard to the County Council
Elections.— Ed.]

There is no need to get into a flurry
The Danger ^f alarm over the possibility of de-
Reaction. ^^^'' t>ut it is just as well to recog-
nise one or two plain facts which
ought to give pause to those who may be meditat-
ing a policy of division. The first is that the pre-
sent a majority has been in power so long that, for
mere love of change, many will " give the other side
a turn.'' (2) Many of the best of the Progressive
majority have gone into Parliament, and Mr. Bums
has left Spring Gardens for the Local Government
Board. (3) The Education question has not
strengthened the majority either among Churchmen

Poplars PKjfZR L;ve — —
io-voavs 'k-uPiR ume •••••

COUHTH.'CS PAUPER LIN£.— '

t\j-r ',CrtW. /" 'S97 "^l-^ Crooirs mP

_/"'' 6 (,J. T/ten came Ue i<^\
fn^ictry. /axi/>fr/sTTi *ytflofl^n'>'
"ow(^St'fi(/fOi) stands

a^ -43 /Ur ^000, aJaU

p&^ fOOO

rr

This chart, reproduced by the courtesy of the " Local
Government Journal." shows the rise of pauperism in Pop-
lar from 32 per 1000 of the population in 1897 to 70 per 1000
in 1905. and the fall in figures since the inquiry was hesun
last January.

or dissenters. (4) The loss on the steamboats, al-
though a comparative bagatelle beside the advan-
tage of the L.C.C. ser\ice, will be used to discredit
the policy of municipal socialism. (5) And. what is
perhaps the most serious danger of all from the
point of view of the Independent Labour Party with
its Socialist programme, is the Poplar inquiry,
which in the public mind illustrates and empha-
sises the evils inseparable from the introduction of
I.L.P. principles into Local Administration. Of
course this ought not to tell against the L.C.C.
whose most conspicuous representative, Mr. Burns,
instituted the inquiry which exposed the Poplar
scandals. But we are not dealing with things as
they ought to be, but with things as they are, and
with such difficulties to overcome it is little short of
treason for any one who cares for progress and de-
mocracy to adopt any policy which might have the
result of placing the enemy in power.

Review of Reviews, 1/I1I06.

THE NEW INDIVIDUALISM,

A STUDY IN PRACTICAL POLITICS.

By Percy R. Meggy.

THE BATTLE OP ARMAGEDDON.

The long-expected battle of Armageddon has
commenced ; seers have foretold it, prophets have
predicted it, poets have described it; the booming
of its artillery is heard among the hills ; the smoke
from its guns is mingling with the clouds ; the war-
ring hosts are massing on the plains ; the muttering
of the combatants soars above the storm ; their vari-
coloured banners are tossing in the breeze ; privilege
and monopolv are inscribed on the one, equal op-
portunities for all on the other. Anarchists with in-
furiated looks carrying bombs, Socialists with hearts
inflamed aganst wealth. Communists with their heads
full of visionary schemes, Capitalists clinging desper-
ately to the present order of things. Individualists
seeking more or less vainly to educe harmony from
the surrounding chaos, and a host of other ists too
numerous to name, all form part of the disordered
throng which is enlisted, consciously or uncon-
sciously, in the great fight that is going on.

EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALL.

Most of the battles of which history tells have
been fought for objects which the bulk of the
people cared little about, and the issues involved
in which few people could ha\e defined at the time
or can even now define, but there is no mistaking
the object of the present war, for war it undoubt-
edly is, and it will never cease till its object has
been attained. And that object can be expressed
in the single word JUSTICE, and justice may be
defined as equal opportunities for all who are born
into the world. To each age is allotted its dis-
tinctive war. As has been more than once pointed
out but cannot be too often repeated, since it marks
the line of social development that is being traced,
religious equality was the watchword of the i8th
century, political equality of the 19th, and now
social equality is the watchword of the century
which has just commenced. The two former have
been achieved, or so nearly achieved that little more
remains than to gather up the fruits of the victories
that have been won, but the last and greatest of
all, to which the two former served but as pre-
liminaries, is by far the most important, as it will
prove by far the most difficult, of all the wars which
have ever been waged by the human race. But
there is no doubt as to the ultimate result, since
the cause for which we are fighting is the cause of
Justice and of Truth, those twin-born and mightiest
of the angels who have never been known to suffer
permanent defeat when tliey huxe once entered into

the strife. The Anarchist, the Socialist, and the
Communist have each a more or less definitely con-
ceived solution for the ills with which, society is
afiflicted. The old-style Individualist is the only
one who occupies about the same position which
he ever did, who still relies on his time-worn for-
mula of " Whatever is, is right," and who seems deter-
mined to defend the present state of society with
his latest breath. But times are changing fast, the
old order is everywhere giving place to new, and,
unless the Individualist is prepared to very con-
siderably enlarge his platform and modify his front,
he will go down in the coming struggle in the pre-
sence of forces some of which are of overwhelming
strength.

THE OLD INDIVIDUALISM.

The old school of Individualism has its most
striking representative in Mr. G. H. Reid, whose
latest programme of 20 clauses scarcely contains a
single plank that is calculated to win the sympathy
of such as are suffering from the present unjust
condition of society, and of such as would gladly,
nay, enthusiastically, support a party that would
ad\ocate a return to Justice and head a movement
based on sound economic lines for giving equal
opportunities to all. In view of the negative and
unsatisfactory character of the attempt made by
the anti-Socialists to wage war on behalf of the dis-
inherited and the oppressed, the great mass of the
people naturally look to those who belong to their
own ranks, who understand their needs, and who
have themselves felt the iron that is entering into
their soul, for some remedy that will lighten their
toil, and a willing ear is accordingly lent to the
schemes which the extremists propound for the cure
of society. It is true that in opposing Socialism
Mr. Reid is taking what I believe to be the right
course, that in advocating the repeal of the Union
label and of the preference to Unionists clause he
is acting in the real interests of the workers as a
whole, and that he deserves our warmest gratitude
for his timely denunciation of the sham preferential
proposals put forward by a Government which
would apparently father any principle, however un-
just, with the view of prolonging its moribund and
miserable life. All that is good so far as it goes,
but something far more radical is required if In-
dividualism is to retain its hold on the masses.

IN SBAKOH OP A GUIDE.

We have arrived at a stage in our history when
some guiding principle is absolutely necessary to

543

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 1906.

enable us to discriminate between the various ajitag-
onistic proposals for social reform. In the October
number of " The Review of Reviews, ' a New Zea-
lander only voices the feeling which is current on
every side when he asks for a " definition of right
or wrong principles in the question of private rights
or liberties as against State Socialism." At pre-
sent we are confronted by two e.xtreme parties, the
Individualists of the old school, who would do
everything without the State, and the Revolutionary
Socialists, who would do everything with it. In
between there is what is known as State Socialism,
which Bismarck supported, if he did not originate,
for the purpose of dishing the Social Democrats.
" Give the workingman the right to work as long
as he has health." he told the Reichstag in 1884,
" assure him care when he is sick and maintenance
when he is old, and the Social Democrats may sound
their bird-call in vain." But State Socialism has
de\ eloped in Germany — with its tinkering and arti-
ficial protective tariffs and consequent high price
of goods, conceived solely in the interests of the
landowners and manufacturers and at the people's
expense, with its military despotism, and its com-
pulsory legislation of all sorts from the cradle to
the grave — is but a sorry makeshift for those grand
principles of personal liberty and social equality
which should form the basis of everv true Society.
[t should be remembered, however, to the credit of
the State Socialists in Prussia that they have suc-
ceeded in obtaining for the municipalities throughout
the kingdom, what only one of the Australian States
has }et succeeded in completely obtaining, and that
is the right to levy rates on their only true source —
namely, land values apart from improvements. Is
there any definite guiding principle to lead us
through the perplexing labyrinth of the social pro-
blem? According to Adolph Wagner, the fore-
most scientific exponent of State Socialism in Ger-
many, "the jurisdiction of Government is a matter
not of principle but of expediency," and this view
probably represents that of the majority of people
te-day. Among others it is the opinion of the
leader of the Opposition in Tasmania, who called
a public meeting recently for the purpose, as he
informed his audience, of enabling him to clarify
his thoughts on the subject of Socialism, and the
conclusion he arrived at was that utility or expedi-
ency was our only guide, and that each separate
proposition must be dealt with by itself.

" THE VITAL QUESTION OF THE HOUR."

Over a quarter of a century ago John Stuart
Mill wrote his famous essay "On Liberty," which
was an enquiry into the nature and limits of the
power which could be legitimately e.xercised by
society over the individual, a question which he
e\en then recognised as likely soon to be " the vital
question of the hour," which it has undoubtedly
now become. He found in self-protection the prin-
ciple which should " govern absolutely the dealings

of societ) with the individual in the way of com-
pulsion and control." Since then we have gone far
along the road which he opened out, and tli?
general \erdict seems to he that there are certair.
• phases of the question with which Mill did not deai
and that the principle of self-protection, soui'
though it be so far as it goes, does not sufficiently
cover the ground. Individualists have widened
their views very considerably since Bentham's da\s,
and are now prepared to examine any suggestion
for the State regulation of the conditions and hoiir-r
of labour from the point of view of the well-beini;
of the greatest number, which was Bentham s
watchword in a much more limited sense than as
now applied. But, apart from proposals of this
character, each of which must necessarily be judgeil
on its merits, and the exact boundaries and limit.;
tions of which cannot be very rigidly defined, there
are the Socialistic schemes par excellence for the
carrying on of certain lines of business by the
State or the municipality instead of by private enter-
prise. Is there any definite, clear-cut principle
which would enable the wayfarer to distinguish Lt
tween the Socialism which he could support and th.i;
extreme form of it favoured bv the Labour Part;
which would abolish private enterprise altogether,
and which, of course, all Individualists oppose.
That there is a clear-cut dividing line between the
two is, I think, evident, and that dividing line is
traced by the presence of Monopoly. That certain
forms of Socialism are favoured by Individualists
is clear, since here in Australia, and in various
other parts of the Empire, we have socialised the
Post and Telegraph, the Railways and Tramw;i\s,
Public Education, and frequently the Water Works,
Electric Works, and Gas, and this has been done
with the concurrence as a rule, and in many cases
with the actual support, of the general body of In-
dividualists excepting perhaps such extremists
as Mr. Bruce Smith. Revolutionary Socialists are
fond of twitting Individualists with being Socialists
because they believe in the socialisation of indus-
tries in tiie cases noted above, as if a man who be-
lieved in the Government running a railway must
necessarily believe in the Government running a
shop. But the twitting comes from sheer ignor.iiice,
since the dividing line between the two forms of
Socialism is vital, and as a rule very easy to be
seen. It may be asked : How are we to detect
the presence of monopoly ? The presence of mono-
poly can be almost invariably detected by the ab-
sence of competition. Railways, tramways, the
post and telegraph, gas and water works, etc.,
where the business is necessarily conducted on
monopolistic lines, should be undertaken by the
State or by the municipality as the case may be.
Wherever the principle of competition is active, as
in all ordinary businesses, and as in the case of
transport by sea, the State has no right to inter-
fere with private enterprise, which may be trusted

Heview of Reviews, 1J12/06.

The New Individualism.

549

to do tile wiirk as a rule in the most efficient and
most econnniical \va\ .

THK BETE NOIRE OF SOCIALISM.
The great fault underhing all Socialistic theories
is the failure tu realise the beneficence of competition,
and has led to the most chaotic and terrible results.
Therefore, they say, it should be abolished, and not
only competition but liberty too, and an artificial
state introduced which would be even w'orse, if that
Ihne possible, than the existing regime. Even Benja-
imin Kidd. who probed the social problem in such
.a masterly wa\ , and whose conclusions are generally
sound, took what I conceive to be an entirely wrong
view of competition, which he regarded as antag-
-onistic to the wellbeing of the communitv, or at
any rate as sacrificing the happiness of the present
generation at the shrine of a progressive posterity,
.and, consequently, as requiring the support of some
ultra-rational sanction in the shape of religion to
induce society at large to tolerate its continued
'Existence. Nevertheless competition rightly under-
stood, instead of being the greatest enemy of
society, is its greatest friend. The position of those
who, seeing how men are forced by competition to
the extreme of wretchedness, jump to the conclusion
that competition should be abolished was aptly
•compared by Henry George to that of men who,
seeing a house burn down, would prohibit the use
of fire. What is wanted is a grain of imagination
like a mustard seed to enable us to realise how
beneficiently competition would work if it were re-
stored to its natural condition. So long as the pre-
sent system of land monopoly is allowed to prevail
competition must continue to do harm, and the
workers must continue to be ground down. The
■very first task of the New Individualist would be to
put his axe to the tree of land monopoly, not bv
means of a crudely-designed progressive tax, such
as that proposed by the Labour Party, which would
operate most unjustly against the large landowner
■while it would allow the small landowner to go scot
free, but by means of a tax on land values, apart
•from impro\-ements equally levied, falling on all
alike in proportion to the amount of value-bearing
land (for below a certain line land has no economic
value), which has been appropriated from the
general stock. This would be not only just to all
.parties, to the individual no less than to the com-
munity, but would have the most beneficent and far-
reaching effects, since it would force unused or only
partially-used land into the market, and would en-
able the would-be land-user to employ himself. If
'> -such a just and equable tax were imposed, the good
nffects of competition would soon begin to appear,
inr the uidening avenues of emplo\nient would
r.ii)idly absorl) all the available labour, and em-
])l()yers would be c(im|)eting against each other for
iMirkers instead of. as now, workers comjieting
iL;ainst each other for employers. Under the pre-
sent systeni. moreii\cr. uwing to the miserable in-

comes of the majority (if the ]ieople, on]}- the
meanest and cheapest goods ha\e anv chance of
being sold, and the strenuous competition among
manufacturers' producers and shojikeepers for the
patronage of the masses necessarily leads to the
production of the flimsiest and shoddiest of wari s.
But under the entirely new condition of society
which would be produced by the abolition of mono-
poly, and which people as a rule fail to realise
for want of the necessary grain of imagination, the
competition among the employers for workers would
raise wages to a far higher level than is possible
under the present regime, and the competition which
would then ensue for a higher class of goods would
totally rex'olutionise the present shoddv methods of
production.

OLD AGE PENSIONS.
In dealing with such questions as old age pen-
sions and compulsory insurance, the new Indivi-
dualist would be guided by a principle which can-
not fail. He knows that if the laws of wealth dis-
tribution were allowed to have fair play — if land
monopoly were rooted out, protective tariffs abolish-
ed, and preference to Unionists repealed — e\erv
able-bodied and intelligent human being would be
easily able to earn a living, cultivate his or her
higher powers, bring up a family in com-
fort, and provide for a rainv day. The
new Individualist, therefore, would concentrate
all his powers in the endeavour to obtain
those great reforms, the negation of which is at
the root of all the hunger and nakedness, all the
mi.sery and squalor, whicn are the dominant notes
of the existing regime. It is the paramount duty
of the State to see that every one of its able-bodied
citizens has an equal opportunity of earning his
living, which he would have if the existing uniust
laws were abolished, in which case the worker would
be easily able to insure his life against accident and
to provide for his old age. Let the State do its
duty in the one case, and there would be no need
for it to overstep its duty in the other. Old age
pensions are, of course, supported by very many
from a feeling of s\mpathy with the lot of the
workers, whom the present unjust distribution of
wealth has deprived of the share which they have
legitimately earned, and who have therefore been
unable to insure their lives and to provide for their
old age. Old age pensions also find their strongest
supporters among the landowners and capitalists,
who would divert attention from reforms that are
needed by throwing the workers a sop, \\l:ich the
Deakin-Lyne clique, at the instance of the land-
owners, are shrewd enough to make the workers
themseKes [)rovide by taxing their tea and kerosene.

TUB NEW INDIVIDUALIST.

The new Individualist would scnrn to ciutv
fa\'our with the masses by sujjporting principle's
\vhieli he beliexed to be unsound and contrary to

55°

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, IMi.

the real interests of the very people for whose
benefit they were supposed to be framed. But if
the principle of old age pensions were once adopted,
and it only remained to find the funds with which
to carry it' out, he would do his utmost to see that
the additional taxation required was not filched out
©f the scant earnings of Labour, as is done in Vic-
toria and New South Wales, or by the extra taxa-
tion of tea and kerosene, as is proposed by the
Federal Government, supported, I am sorry to see,
by so staunch a democrat as Mr. J. H. Carruthers,
the Premier of New South Wales, who in this
matter has fallen very far below his ideal. If old
age pensions are to be conceded there is only one
source whence the required revenue should be de-
rived, and that is from that great communal fund
of land values, which, having been directly created
solelv by the presence and needs of the community,
belongs by right to the community, and should be
appropriated and expended on its behalf ; no
graduated tax such as the Labour Party so un-
justly propose, but equably levied on all alike.
While admiring the lofty patriotism of the late Sir
Henry Parkes, who visioned a White Australia
through the spectacles of a seer, the new Individual-
ist would despise the narrow-minded action of the
Labour Party and others who have turned what was
a noble aspiration into a weapon of cruelty and
spite. While partly sympathising with the senti-
ment underlying preferential trade, the new Indi-
vidualist would recognise in the proposals of Messrs.

Deakin and Lyne an attempt to sneak in Protection jl
under the guise of a nobler aim. f

THE STANDAED OF DESIOCEACY.

In the great struggle between Socialism and In-
dividualism which is now being waged, the new In-
dividualist, however little he may sympathise with
the merely negative policy of the anti-Socialists, has
no option for the moment but to support Mr. Reid,
since, whatever may be his shortcomings, he is at
any rate by far the ablest advocate in Australia of
personal liberty and individual rights. The sweetest
and most precious thing that this round world holds
is the right of every man to do what he wills with
his life, and this paramount liberty, for which our
fathers for centuries past have fought and bled, is
offered up as a sacrifice by the so-called Labour
Party, and is in danger of being trampled in the
dust! De Tocqueville, who said a good many
sprightlv things, never said a truer one than when
he pointed out that Democracy and Socialism were
agreed as to the primary importance of one single
word, EQUALITY, but' that, while Democracy de-
sired equality in liberty, Socialism sought equality
in compulsion and servitude. The Labour Party
offer us the latter, which, I am convinced, the
great majority of the workers, so soon as they
realise what it means, will indignantly reject, and
■ that instead of the banner of Socialism, the stan-
dard of the new Individualism will be unfurled
wherever the principles of true democracy are rightly
understood.

I have been very pleased with the warm personal link which has been established «ith a
great many of our subscribers whom I know only by their writing to ask for information upon
different matters. I shall be glad if this acquaintanceship extends to others. I cannot guarantee to
be able to answer every enquiry upon social and political matters, or upon any others having re-
ference to different subjects, but I will do my best to get in communication with friends who are
authorities upon different subjects, in order to assist my correspondents. If, therefore, any subscriber
wishes for any information which he cannot get locally, I sihall be pleased to do what I can to help.
Address to W. H. Judkins, " Review of Reviews," Equitable Building, Melboum*.

Read Important Announcement on Page 634.

Review of Retiewa, l/lllOG.

WHAT THE LAW CAN DO.

" You cannot make men better by Pajrliament "
is the parrot cry which has been shouted into our
ears continuously during the last few months. It
is the stock phrase of those who are opposed to
social reform, and in the recent great battle it has
been practically the only argument, if argument it
could be called, that has been used by the other side.
The repetition of a cry like this would seem to in-
dicate an anxiety with regard to social reform, a
desire to make men better. It sounds like a protest
from men who are anxious to improve conditions,
but who believe that the passing of Acts of Parlia-
ment is more likely to retard than to hasten the
good result.

But the value of the cry is discounted from the
significant fact that the men who employ the term
are opponents of good, upholders of some of the
worst vices that characterise our country to-day. It
will therefore be evident that the cry is not a
genuine one, even if the statement were a perfectly
true one — you cannot make men better by Act of
Parliament.

It is as well in the beginning of a duel to have
the ground clear, so that each party gets a fair
chance. Likewise in this argument. So it must be
explained that the men who desire to keep other
men immoral (this term covers every kind of social
vice) are the men who express a doubt as to the
wisdom of using Acts cf Parliament to lift man-
kind on to a higher plane.

But the curious position about it all is that not
one of the reformers, to my knowledge at anv rate,
has laid down as an absolutely unexceptional rule
that Acts of Parliament in themselves are going to
make men moral. It has nowhere been stated that
Acts of Parliament are to be the only engine which
will work reform in the individual. But if there is
one thing more certain than another it is this, that
Acts of Parliament, by assisting to provide different
conditions of life, by repression, can help to make
men better. With just as much or as little sense as
they cry " You cannot make men better by Act of
Parliament." the same men might say, " You can't
make men live longer by Act of Parliament." But
an Act of Parliament may make a town healthy,
and add to the length of days of the inhabitants
bv providing that the city shall be kept clean and
free from disease-producing filth, and in precisely
the same way an Act of Parliament can prevent
gambling by making it illegal, keep people sober
by blotting out the liquor traffic, make people more
moral by curbing the social evil — in effect by simply
helping to bring about conditions which will tend
to the elevation of the community.

FOR INSTANCE.

Nearly every great city has its slum. Even the
larger of our own cities have them. Evil collects

in narrow streets and the worst houses, and forms
a breeding-ground for vice. A man would be pos-
sessed of hopeless bias if he argued that slumdom
is a good breeding-ground for virtue. Indeed, its
conditions necessarily breed vice. An Act of Par-
liament clearing away the slum and doing away
with the facilities of slum formation naturally
makes sweeter conditions, which will have the effect
of improving the breed of human beings bred there.
Thus does an Act of Parliament have widespread
moral results.

G.\MBLING MABE EASY.

As I write, betting facilities exist in Melbourne
to such an extent that anvbody and everybody can
gamble without any difficulty. Even the child, oi
the wayfaring man, though very much of a fool, is
not likely to miss the way. Bourke-street between
Swanston and Rus.sell streets, on the south side,
holds at certain hours of the day a swarm of
spielers, thieves and magsmen that are scummed
from all parts of the States. The Collingvvood
" Tote " and the city betting clubs are doing a busi-
ness which savours of the Inferno. Does anyone
mean to say that conditions like these are not likely
to affect the rising as well as the risen generation,
and that the removal of these parasites by the hand
of the law would not remove the facilities which
make wrong-doing easy ?

Men and women drink alcohol because in our
present economic conditions alcohol is provided for
them. The desire for alcohol is not a natural one.
If men grew up without the knowledge of it, there
would be no craving for it. The appetite is purelv
an induced one. Can anyone argue with success
that men would not be made better by the removal
of temptation and the prevention of the formation
of a perverted appetite, which removal could onlv
come about by the voice of the people through Act
of Parliament? After all said and done, an Act of
Parliament simply puts up a fence to keep people
off a field where they will work harm either to them-
selves or to other people. It is also simply an ex-
pression of the growing feeling of the community.

It may be a mightily poor expression, crudely
formed, badly put together, but nevertheless it in-
dicates the desire of the majority of the people (or
is supposed to do so, altliongh it often fails wi'h
us on account of minority rule).

THE AIMS OP LAW.

But laws should be framed not s'mnlv in ni.-k.'
people better. To say that an Act of Parliament
will not make people better is not to give a sufficient
reason whv the Act should not be framed. Law has
two applications or intentions. One is undoubtedly
to make the people better, the other is a simj^Ie
matter of protection. For instance, the law against
burglarv may remotelv have as one of its aims the

552

The Review of Reviews.

Dfcember I, I9j'.

iilea of m.iking the burglar cease to burgle, but the
dominant idea in the framing of the law against
burglary is the protection of the householder, and
in our great fight for social reform one of the aims
undoubtedly is to improve the condition of the
community, to make it easy for people to do right
and hard for them to do wrong; to prevent people
frorft becoming gamblers and drunkards, etc. In
this reform this ;ispect is a wide one.

But there is another aspect as well. Society has
got to be prott-cted against the depredations of the
gambler, the drunkard, and the immoral. As it is,
the community suffers morally, physically and
linajicially ; and more in this recent struggle than
at any other time the people have come to the un-
<lt=rstanding that it is a fight between the forces of
i,"od and the forces of evil in the community, a
struggle that will have to be continued until the
over-world conquers the under-world and completes
its work by making, through its regeneration, the
under-world to be no more. Society to-day is
clamouring for protection against a daily encroach-
ing foe. To-day liquor and gambling dominate our
jiolitics, rule our social life, corrupt some of our
politicians, endeavour to corrupt our police force
and sometimes succeed, while the decent part of the
community has either sat still indifferent, or else
wrung its hands in hopeless despair. Meanwhile
the under-world laughs merrily and goes on its wav
rejoicing.

XwT Acts of Parliament can make men better,
or help very largely thereto. They can be one of
the many determining factors in a man's elevation.
Acts of Parliament are simply the rules which the
State householder frames for its good, and it is as
ridiculous to say that they have no weight in moral
reformation as to say that the rules which a wel-
ordered household lays down have no efficacy in pro-
moting the welfare of its members. The household
with no laws is likely to go to the dogs ; one with
stringent guiding rules and prohibitions is likely to
develop magnificently. The rule of a well-ordered
household is a series of " thou shalts " and " thou
shalt nots," a code of laws, and the finer the scale
on which they are drawn and the better the ad-
ministration of them, the more likely are the sons
nd daughters to grow up into good citizens. So
with the State, which after all is but a household,
framing laws for its own protection and for the
development of its citizens. A countn,- without law
is likely to degenerate into the \vorst tvpe of a law-
less country, seeing that the golden ' day has not
yet come when every man will do to others what
he wants others to do to him. Every law, there-
fore, which curbs evil instincts, which' regards both
individual and community rights, which suppresses
\ice. which rewards virtue, which removes condi-
tioTis of wrong, which makes conditions for rearing
in virtue easy, is going to make men better.

It follows therefore that the present great cam-

paign in favour of social reform, if successful in
passing laws to suppress evil, is going to help to
make men better. The man who finds all his facili-
ties for wrong-doing cut off is far more likely to
develop into a better man than if facilities for
wrong-doing are multiplied. That is all we are ex-
pecting, that Acts of Parliament shall assist to re-
move objectionable conditions of society, to bring
in excellent ones, and to erect the safeguards which
are necessary for the protection of humanity.

Xo more striking illustrations of what Acts of
Parliament can do with regard to social and indi-
vidual regeneration can be found than in some of
the legislation passed in Australasia during the last
few years. In New Zealand, in 1894, electors first
voted under the Local Option Act on the question
as to whether the liquor traffic should remain or
not. In the twelve years which have elapsed since
that time, Xo-License has by three-fifths majorities
been won in six localities, with the result that some-
where about 70,000 people in Xew Zealand are
living under No-License. The result is so splendid
that every visitor to these districts is struck with the
different appearance of the street as compared with
the licensed areas, while the general tone of the in-
habitants is greatly raised and offences against the
general law are very much rarer. In Clutha, where
Xo-License has reigned for years, children are grow-
ing up without ever having seen a drunken man.
Children reared in such surroundings are not likeK
to develop the drink habit.

This is a capital illustr.iJon of the good that an
Act of Parliament can work. What has been done
in these cases is simply this : the Act of Parliament
is a channel through which the desires of the people
can flow. That it has helped to make conditions
finer and the people better is evident from the
number of men who now are sober who before were
not.

The man who insists that you can't make men
better by Act of Parliament savs that there are
more cases of sly grog-selling under Xo-License
than there were under License. That is quite pos-
sible, but it does not affect the principle which we
are establishing. Personally, however. I am not
prepared to grant that assumption. There could
liardlv be more sly grog-selling under any system
of Xo-License than there is under our present sys-
tem of License. Selling during prohibitive hours
is really sly grog-selling, and everybody knows how
generally that practice is carried on. Compared
with the magnitude of the offence under License,
sly-grog cases under X^o-License shrink away into
insignificance. But if there is sly grog-selling, it
merely indicates the lawless spirit of the traffic, de-
termined to flourish in spite of the law, and forms
an additional reason why it should be put down.

Or let us take an illustration that is nearer to
hand. Only a few weeks ago Xew .South Wales
passed a rigorous .Anti-Gambling Bill, which prac-

Review of Reviews, 1111/06.

What the Law Gan Do.

553

tically has the effect of limiting betting to race-
courses. Some of us would be glad if it went fur-
ther, but heartily welcome what has been done as
an instalment of reform. Before this Act was
brought in, there was in certain parts of Sydney a
perfect nest of bookmakers and others of the gamb-
ling fraternity. Facilities for gambling existed on
every hand. In one street in Sydney, while races
were going on, I have seen one part round the
bookmakers' shops so densely thronged that the
trams had even to stop. A more evil-looking, evil-
speaking and evil-smelling crowd it would be im-
possible to conceive of. The very riff-raff of the
city had gathered there. The same thing now would
be practically impossible. On the day that the Act
was passed, the bookmakers' shops closed up and
these gambling facilities ended. Here is the result
of it all as given by iNIr. C. G. Wade, the Attor-
ney-General of New- South Wales, who piloted the
Anti-Gambling Bill through the House, when he
spoke at a public meeting a short time ago. He
said: —

He believed the Government had only stnirk the blow in
t"me. In tlie lieart of Sydney there had been a perfect nest
of evil, whicli was bringing the boys and youths into enslav-
ing temptation, and keeping their minds in a perpetual state
of excitement. The first thought of many was centred on
the question, "What are the odds?" and the last was of
their employer's interests. There was fast developing a class
of younj? person with no desire to work or improve himself,
and his great wish was to become rich without working.
Whatever complaints were made against the .\ct, it could
be said that street-betting, which was an absolute curse three
weelia ago, had now ceased in Sydney. On one day three
weeks ago no less than 7C00 persons had been counted going
down Bank-lane, and they could have had only one purpose.
The thoroughfare was now absolutely empty, and that, too,
without any harsh efforts on the pait of the police. The
Chinese, who had thwarted the police for years, had packed

up their traps and gone to China. Victoria or New
Zealand. In one place, before the Act came into opera-
tion, the inmates had understood the preparation of
fortifications as well as the defenders of Port Arthur, and
barbed wire, iron bars, and barricades blocked the entry of
the police. When an entrance was gained, the inmates had
gone, and there was no evidence to show that gambling had
been carried on. During the last few weeks, however, there
had been on sale at the Haymarket odd assortments of
barbed wire, iron bare, and other material. The success of
the measure was proved by results, and without being too
drastic, it would fiee the State of street and shop betting.

Other States in the Commonwealth need drastic
legislation just as badly as Sydney, and it will be
well if the community recognises the enormous
power that it holds in its hands to assist in the
regeneration of society and the uplifting of the in-
dividual by wise legislation. No one pretends to say
that legislation is going to take the place of home
training and of mind and heart culture, but Acts
of Parliament are absolutely necessary in order to
safeguard the growing interests of the community
by repressing evil and allowing the freest and
fullest opportunity for the growth of good.

" Use moral suasion," say the opponents of re-
form, while at the same time they do everything
to prevent the efficiency of moral suasion. There
is no need for them to say " use moral suasion."
Those who cry for legislative assistance are the
verv people who do use moral suasion, and who
are' quietly educating the people with regard to
right living ; but they know how hopeless it is to use
moral suasion when the laws of the country give
everv facility to the wrong-doer; and when they
clamour for legislative reform they simply ask that
the country may have an opportunity for moral
suasion to have free course and to be glorified.

Next month ue shall publish a thrilling article, describing Mr. W. T. Stead's visit to a London
Music Hall and his impressions thereon.

More interest is being taken e\erv month in the ideals of "The Review of Reviews," and I am
grateful to the friends who have sent me the names of friends who they think will be interested in
them, and in a magazine of such literary worth as "The Review." If any reader has friends (and
who has not?) interested in social ideals,' will they please send their names, that we may send them a
sample copy.

ir >(iu are wishful to help in social reform, ask us also to send you a copy of "How to Help."

Will any of our readers who feel enthused enough after reading " The Book if the Month,"
to desire to help in the project that Mn Stead there sets out, please write to me.

I shall also be glad if any of our readers interested in any local effort made to promote social
reform, to educate and elevate the people, will write me a short account of it, that other folk in
other places may get inspiration and ideas. W. H. Judkins, " Review of Re\-iews," Equitable Building.

Eetieir of Reviewi, Z/li/OS,

INTERVIEWS ON TOPICS OF THE MONTH.

AUSTRALASIAN INTERVIEWS.

IDEALS OF THE LIBERAL-PROTECTIONIST PARTY

HON. ALFRED DEAKIN.

THE

[Mr. Reid and Mr. Watson were also written to for a statement of the ideals of their respective parties, but no reply
has been received from either. An article elsewhere on "The New Individualism," written by a supporter of Mr.
Reid, may be taken as expressing his views. — Ed.]

In reply to the question : " What are the ideals of
the Liberal-Protectionist Party?" the Prime Minister
(the Hon. Alfred Deakin, M.P.) made the following
interesting statement : —

" The Liberal-Protectionist ideal is to foster and
secure by all possible political means the moral and
material well-being of the people of Australia. To
this end the whole policy and principles of the party
are directed. We are Liberals because we trust the
people, and aim at their advancement as a
community, excluding none, and e.xpressly avoid-
ing every sectional bias. Averse to militarism
and to aggression, we are keenly alive to the neces-
sity of preparations both by land and sea for main-
taining our homes and heritage intact against all
alien invasions threatening our free institutions,
social equities, or family life. We are Protection-
ists belie\'ing that only this policy can promote
national life, and because the industrial and social
development of Australia as a whole depends large-
ly upon legislation of that character. While the
Commonwealth is liable to be reduced to the general
level of its lowest competitors abroad, and lies ex-
posed to invasion from other countries which jea-
lously safeguard their home interests, all efforts to
impro\e the conditions of life within our borders
must be futile. Precautions must be taken by the
Government akin to those which every wise house-
holder and prudent business man takes for the
benefit of his family. Such safeguards are indis-
pensable both in peace and in war tw promote that
self-dependence and preserve that power of expan-
sion which are essential if Australia is to become
a bulwark of the Empire in the Southern Seas.

Being Liberals we are not afraid to employ the
powers of Parliament for the public weal. On the
contrary, every movement that is really progressive
in character, making for national stability or poli-
tical advance, always finds a ready support at our
hands. It is this very readiness to march with the
tiines and provide new standards for new occasions
that has made our party continuously successful in
its Legislative work. Again for that very reason it
is exposed to the perpetual antagonism of the sel-
fish vested interests that seek to impede the free
growth of our energies and institutions. These in-

terests and their parasites, though impotent to re-
sist the forces of progress, contrive by one device
or another to cripple our measures, hamper their
administration, and misrepresent their fruits. Never-
theless with but a few trifling exceptions every Act
of the Commonwealth Parliament from its inception
up to date is due to the work of our party. Nor
could it very well be otherwise, since, neither bound
down by tradition nor by doctrinaire dogmas, we
have created, and are continuallv creating our own
"precedents ''' setting aside outworn shibboleths and
enlarging previous practice in accordance with ex-
perience, in pursuit of our ideals.

Revering the broad principles of Liberalism
which make for open-minded progress, we move on-
ward examining every legislative proposition on its
own merits. We trust to the good sense of the
community to promote "private enterprise" with-
out abandoning the use of judicious " State regula-
tion " where\-er unrestricted license appears to
threaten the liberty of the citizen or the healthy
condition of public affairs. We do not lack a pro-
per element of caution but it is the caution of the
suspended judgment and of a deliberate choice.
Our party, absolutely unfettered by class prejudice,
has for guide the law of evolution, and for goal the
public welfare.

Generally it may be said that we lean in all things
to the humanitaiian, to " humanism " and hope.
We are far from the Tory- mind which shudders in
a palsy of fear at every fresh proposal that de-
parts from use and wont, or disturbs its comfort,
begets enquiry or demands new thought. The party
stands equally aloof from the rash and self-confident
communistic theorists, who, ignoring all that man-
kind has gained in the past, are prepared to put in
peril all well-proved methods in order to apply
hasty and ill-considered doctrines, or to prescribe
crude experiments on the plea that any change must
be an advantage. We know that society is not to
be remodelled off-hand by Statute, nor its complex
mechanism tampered with by the inexperienced and
unpractical, possessing no adequate acquaintance
with the history of its manifold and gradual adjust-
ments to human needs.

The Liberal-Protectionists are at least as high in

Review of Reviews, 1/11/06.

Topics of the Month.

555

their aims and as bold in their aspirations as the
most sanguine, but they seek, by the saving grace
of commonsense, to be businesslike in their pro-
posals, marching from experience to experience ac-
cording to the sober judgment of the electors whom
they represent.

tor the gigantic powers and unscrujnilous
methods of Trusts and Combines as for the throng
<jf those who live upon the work of others with-
out making any real contributions of their own to
the common weal, they have no respect.

The Act for the Preservation of Australian In-
dustries, popularly known as the Anti-Trust Bill,
antl the Acts which, while encouraging local manu-
factures, safeguard both the workmen engaged upon
them and the public who purchase their goods,

afford an apt illustration of our industrial objects
and equitable methods. They also supply a key to
the ideal of our party ; an ideal which, while pur-
suing social justice, shelters no wrong, however
hoary, and permits no bars to progress to remain,
capable of being removed by wise legislation and
sane administration.

The L.iberal-Protectionist Party seeks to amelior-
ate the conditions, multiply the opportunities, and
enhance the uses of the splendid natural inheritances
which the Australian people enjoy to-day under the
protection of the British flag, building up a great
and free community adequate in numbers, in equip-
ment, and in capacity to the rich continent now so
lightly held by us, which we have yet to cultivate
and make truly our own by a manly policy of cour-
ageous effort and undaunted self-development.

ENGLISH INTERVIEWS.

BRITISH TRADE IN BOLIVIA: MR. THOMAS H. MOORE.

South America is for the British public so much
of a sealed book that I was \ery glad to welcome
to Mowbray House an old subscriber who has
spent nearly half a century in that little-known con-
tinent. Mr. Moore, Inspector-General of the
National Bank of Bolivia, called upon me last
month, and kindly consented to be interviewed for
the benefit of his fellow-subscribejrs. He has spent
years of his life in Mexico, in Chili, in the Argen-
tine, and he is at present in London on furlough
from the responsible post which he occupies in
Bolivia.

" Tell me about Bolivia," I said.

"Bolivia," said Mr. Moore, "is the Arcadia of
South America. It is a State w-hich is almost cut
off from the outer world. Its people live secluded,
and they have the qualities and the faults of
the qualities of the ancient Arcadians, who, if
Greek literature be any guide, were very much like
the modern Bolivians."

" Let us have their virtues first."

" The pre-eminent \ irtue of the Bolivians is their
.honesty in great things. Bolivia is the only country
in the world in which bankers can put ^^5000 in
specie on a mule, and send it without an escort
through a scantily-peopled w-ilderness without the
least fear that anyone will steal the money. If by
any almost inconceivable chance the money was
stolen, the Indians would never rest till they tracked
down the thieves and delivered them up to justice."

" Are thev as honest in everything as thev are in
this?"

"Alas! no. In small things, like their predeces-
sors in Greece, they are pilferers. And in the ser-
vice of the State there is much corruption. It has

been bitterly said that in Bolivia all the intelligent
men are thieves and all the honest men fools."

"What about the resources of the country?"

" They are enormous. Bolivia is simply gorged
with minerals. Her tin mines run deepest in the
world. A Bolivian recently sold one-half of one of
his tin mines for _;^3so,ooo. Her silver mines are
also fabulously rich, but most of them have been
ruined by bad management. The country has
hardly been tapped. Imagine a vast region of
700,000 square miles served by only one railway
700 miles long I"

" Why, the German Empire only covers 208,000
snuare miles. So Bolivia is more than thrice the
size of Germany, and has only 700 miles of rail-
way?"

■' That is the fact, and only 1430 miles of
cart road. Communications are chieflv carried on
by means of pack mules. What is almost worse
than having only one railway is that Bolivia has no
seaport. Her natural outlet to the ocean was taken
from her by Chili at the end of the w^ar, and to-day
she is shut up and shut off from the world."

" How fares it with British trade in this Ameri-
can Arcadia?"

" When first I went to Bolivia thirty years ago
British goods had corrimand of the market. To-
day Bolivia takes ^^30 of German goods for every
;£2-] she imports from Britain and ^10 from the
United States."

"Why have we lost our premier position?"

" Partly for our virtues, partly for our faults. I
have known one British business in Bolivia ruined
after another simply and solely because of the ignor-
ance, incompetence, and lack of energy on the part
of the British guinea pigs who ruled the board of

^=;6

The Review of Reviews.

December J, l$Ot,

directors in this City of London. Out yonder we
have lost business chiefly because we were too
hi:'nest to bribe the Custom officials. Our competi-
tors shrug their shoulders and say. as it is the cus-
tom of the countrx', they need not be too squeamish.
So we get left."

" Are there any signs that John Bull is waking
up in Bolivia ?"

"Alas' no; and the result is he will be hustled
out of the country before he has time to open his
eyes. Take this illustration. The only railroad in
Bolivia is an English line. It has a monopoly — has
had it for years. It has earned a dividend of from
ID to 12 per cent., and therewith was content.
Owing to its monopoly it dominated Bolivia. It
had only to keep pace with the times, to meet the
growing needs of the country, to have retained its
position. But the British Board did not see why
they should not let well alone — lo per cent, was
good enough for them. They did not wish to sink
more capital in branch lines that might not pav lo
per cent. And so it has come to pass that their
monopoly is breaking down. The Chilian Govern-
ment has guaranteed ^2,000,000 for making a new
railway to the coast. New railways are being built
from Peru and the Argentine. So our British line,
like British traders, will get left, and more enter-
prising competitors will forge ahead."
"How are the finances of the country?"
" You almost need a microscope to see them.
Imagine a country three times the size of Germany,
with a total national debt (internal and external) of
less than a million sterling, and an annual revenue
of about half a million. The whole population of
the countrv is under 2,000,000, of whom the
Indians number nearly one half."

'■ The Indians — are they increasing?"
" No ; they are drinking themselves to death in
cheap alcohol imported and retailed by the Gov-

ernment, which has a monopoly of the supply of
intoxicants. Next to nothing has been done for
them, and they are in a worse state than they were
when the Spaniards landed. They cultivate the
land with wooden ploughs, and are steadily denud-
ing the hills of their forests in order to make pas-
ture land for their goats. They are mist-rably
poor.

" What about the general morality of the Ar-
cadians?"

" Owing to the high marriage fees charged by
the priests, 75 per cent, of the children are ille-
gitimate. The Church hitherto has prevented civil
marriage. Bolivia this year, I hope, will obtain re-
lease from the absolute monopoly hitherto exer-
cised by the Catholic Church."

"Is there any hope of an improvement?"

" From the Church, none. Many of the priests
are drunkards. Nearly every priest has his con-
cubine, and some more than one. Little or nothing
has been done for education. Fortunately, the
Liberals, who are now in power, are anti-clerical,
and they may follow President Diaz's example in
founding a progressive State upon an anti-clerical
platform."

"You have been in Mexico?"

" Yes, I know it well, and esteem Diaz to be one
of the greatest rulers of the New World. No priest
is allowed to appear in canonicals in the public
streets. All the monasteries are suppressed.
Church and State are separated. But there is a
school in every village of one hundred houses, and
all the children are taught English and Spanish.
Mexico is destined to be to Spain what the fnited
States is to Great Britain. And if the South Ameri-
can States have to prosper, like Mexico, they must
follow the example of Diaz in dealing with the
Roman Church."

■ - o(?\je/G)c

'(b/^'^^G)'

Eeview of Reriewl, l/l$/Oe.

CORRESPONDENCE.

ROMAXCE AND RELIGION IN THE SOUTH
PACIFIC.

Ber. il. Madclern writes; — Tlie vt'iy reinoteiioss of
the South Sea Islands from the throbbing centres of
life in Australasia and New Zealand is responsible
for current misconceptions concerning them and their
people. The near view, in this case, ensures a truer
perspective of the picture. The local setting of things
can only be understood on the spot. One must live
among people to know them and understand their
ways. South Sea bubbles glitter and enchant when
blown from a distance ; but no sane rogue would care
to risk the experiment and the safety of his head on
the spot. This is understandable enough on the old
biblical principle. " In vain is the snare spread in the
sight of any bird.''

THE IMPERIAL INSTINCT.

The uppermost thought in the mind of a visitor to
tliese enchanted islands is the need of imperialistic
control. Some of these islands are annexed by Eng-
land. Germany and France, and Tonga is "a self-
governing kingdom enjoying, from a Tongan stand-
point, the questionable advantage of a British Plo-
tectorat-e. This mixed governmental game is not the
more excellent way. and is the outcome of a grab-as-
you-please policy on the part of the great Powers, and
the inaction or want of promptitude in Downing-
street to claim this necklace of islands when the chance
offered. Tliere is no use crying over spilt milk, and
now that things are as they are, the best alternative
is for England to buy out the interests of the othei-

Powers in these islands, or to exchange for them
teriitory ekewhere. Now that Richard Seddon is
gone, \\hose initiative in the direction indicated pro-
claimed him a statesman of the imperialistic order,
there has been a set-back to the movement which was
quietly getting under way.

The nearness of Australia and New Zealand to these
isla}ids luiturally makes for the creation of a zone
of British interests in these places. Political, commer-
cial and religious considerations make desirable the
supremacy of one controlling nationality in the South
and South-West Pacific. One looks round in vain just
now for the statesman with the passion and grip of
imperialism to lead this movement on to victory.
Empiie-making demands prescience and breadth of
statesmanship, and while insular prejudices and low
political ideals obtain, as they are likely to do, until
patriotic passion triumphs, and the most capable men
place then- .services at the disposal of the public for
the public good. British material interests will suffer
irretrievable loss. India without Clive. South Africa
witliout Cecil Rhodes. Au.stralia without Wentworth,
and New Zealand without Richard Seddon. exactlv
represents the situation in the South Pacific, without
the man of the hour to give solidarity to British in-
terests, to its beautiful and lavishly fruitful islands.

THE PAEADE OF AUTHOEITY.

The High Commissioner's control of these islands is
no doubt a wise arrangement, and necessajily. per-
haps, his functions carry with them a measure of arbi-
trary power from which there is no redi-ess or appeal.

Nukualofa. Tonga

558

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 1906.

All provisional gorernment is open to the same ob-
jection, and presumably must be tolerated until the
way has been prepared for a more settled order of
things. It is a common matter of complaint that the
high-handed and arbitrary exercise of power inherent
in the conception of a Higli Commissionership involves
an outrage of British ideas of justice. There is such
a large margin of personal liberty allowed to the occu-
pant of the po,sition as should only be sanctioned
under exceptional conditions, and dispensed with at
the earliest convenient opportunity. It is easy enough
to justify deportation under the plea of dreadful
necessity, and there are occasions when offendei's
against the good order of the community should be
dealt with promptly and summarily: but such extreme
measures do not lend themselves to the admiration
of those who love fair play. Mr. Shirley W. Bakers
deportation was pretty generally approved by the
public conscience, because his continued presence was
a menace to the peace of the community, and the
only way to prevent reprisals was to remove him
summarily. Other interferences with personal liberty
whicli have taken place since have created a sense of
insecurity and a fear not altogether unfounded
amongst English-speaking subjects in the islands, that
the majesty of the law would have been better up-
held by the breach than the observance of a judicial
warship regime.

Tonga, though an independent and self-governing
kingdom, with all the forms of responsible govern-
ment, and judicial procedure, is in the unenviable
pocsition of being the chosen exploiting ground of war-
ship interference. Indeed, it is coming now to be
asked whether the establishment of a British Protec-
torate in Tonga is not a covert pretence for annexa-
tion (Vhen the fitting time and excuse comes, for the
officers of H.M. warship to land and run up the British
flag. Some countenance, certainly, has been given to
this surmise by the recent deputation of the Premier
and Trea^uer of the Tongan Cabinet, and the ap-
pointment by the High Commissioner of his nominees
to the vacant pcrtfolios. All this sort of thing, it may
bii presumed, is admissible on diplomatic grounds,
where the stronger power extends its paternal tutelage
to the weaker one.

All the same, King George Lubon naturally wants
to know what his kingly authority counts for. or on
what security of tenure his kingdom stands if the
High Commissioner can reconstruct his Cabinet over
his head, and treat him as a mere figurehead of
royalty. The king's visit to Auckland shortly after this
coup d'ltat took place, presumably to ascertain his
legal standing as a monarch, sufficiently indicates his
mixed feelings of astonishment and alarm in being
over-ridden in his own kingdcn.

The Tongans have been rigntly called the Anglo-
Saxons of the South Pacific. Where a people so in-
telligent and so open to assimilate modern ideas at-
tempt to govern themselves according to recognised
constitutional methods, they should be allowed to
pursue their own way, and profit by their own mis-
takes without undue outside interference. Tonga
presents to the world the astounding spectacle of a
people who, within the last eighty years, have em-
erged from heathenism and savagery, and with the
new Christian ideals taught them by the mission-
aries, are now seeking to govern themselves in a self-
respecting way. How much they have accomplished
in the ascent to their ideals is praiseworthy beyond
any modern precedent of a people similarly sit-uated
in the adverse conditions of their past life, which had
to be ovex'come. The " Laws of Tonga,'' embodied in
a book bearing that name, and comprising about one
hundred pages, and turned out by the CJovernment
Printer in Nukualofa, is a most succinct compendium

of what an enlightened legislation has already been
able to accomplish. Drafted with a supreme regard
for clearness and intelligibility, a man of ordinary
mental grip could, without much trouble, or the need
of expensive legal help, understand the law and con-
duct his own case in. court. Indeed, so wholesome is
the dread of lawyers in Tonga that they are not al-
lowed to practice in the courts, and though in evi-
dence they are content to give their advice to liti-
gants outside, and to charge them fees in the usual
way.

In a British Island Confederation, the annexation of
Tonga as a preliminary step need not ensue, but its
autoQoniy could be easil.v recognised, and an honour-
able understanding arrived at to obviate any conflict
of interests. The people are well aware how much
they owe to the Christian and civilising influences
which followed the Englishman's advent among them,
and they could well be trusted to take their place in
the coming confederation.

PREFERENTIAL VOTING.
William Nayler l,Tic.) writes: — This is a subject
that, for years, has been discussed both by speakers
and writers, and especially by faddists, who fancy
that theirs is the perfect system to cure all the faults
and weaknesses in the present system of voting, and.
like them. I suppose that I must plead a little guilty to
being of that cult. I start on the hypothesis that in
the election of members of Parliament every elector
.should have the same power to choose or reject every
candidate. Under the present system, if one party
has one candidate and the opposite party two or more,
it is patent to the simplest understanding that the
latter is severely handicapped — and I purpose en-
deavouring to devise a system whereby each party
shall be enabled to use the same amoTUit of influence
in electing or rejecting each candidate. One would
naturally have thought that in a country with seven
Parliaments perfection would have been attained long
since in the election of members: but the legislatui-e
has just refused to pa.ss the nearest plan to perfec-
tion that has ever been put forward. The present
system is crude in conception, and appears to have
been constructed in an adumbrant manner, the framers
having no conception of the enormous responsibility
attached to the subject, and is the outcome of the
patronage system in politics where men without
ability get pitchforked into positions which they are
unsuited to fill, as many have no administrative
ability. For fifty years we" have had in Victoria. Par-
liaments elected in an unfair way — it is unfair because
it gives the party with one candidate two chances to
one against the party who have two would-be mem-
bers standing for election. The present, at first sight,
appears to be a fair and honourable plan, but results
prove that it is so uncertain that it is not what is
renuired. We have a large uneducated class as
voters, and as the legislature has endowed them with
the right to vote, we require a plan that will enable
them to record their vote in a simple way. and it
must be completed in one act. Where only two can-
didates stand for a single electorate, the present plan
is all that is required : but when three or more per-
sons stand for election, it shows at once its weakness,
and. indeed, appears to assist in a species of fraud,
as if any one section of electors, being nunierically
strong, chose to combine and only have one candidate,
they can easily outvote another section who are
troubled with a plurality of representatives seeking
for honour on the same ticket, and the plan I am
about to propose gives each voter equal power in the
election — in fact, he cannot use equal power if he is
unable to concentrate his vote on each of the candi-

Rerietc of Rtvieus, IJll/oe.

eorrespondence.

559

660

500
390

dates as if they were all but one person. Here is an
imaginary case to show my proposition: —

Smith, Freetrader 500 Protectionist

Brown, Protectionist ... 400

Jones, Labour 390 Freetrader...

Robinson, Protectionist ... 260 Labour

This election shows that the Protectionists polled
660 rotes, and that IVIi'. Brown is the man the elec-
tors, by a majority, have chosen. Thus every voter has
shown power to the same degree, and the party in
the majority win the election, and the most popular
candidate is also returned. In such a case the Pro-
tectionists would merely cross out the names of Smith
and Jones, leaving the names of the two candi-
dates being of the same political opinions, and the
most popular man would be sure to come out on top.
All the electors would not use their privilege, as per-
sonal prejudice is often rampant at such times ; but
the public would in nearly all cases choose the most
popular candidate. For the want of such a system at
the last Federal election several good men lost their
election. It appears paradoxical that to • elect one
member an elector should leave two or more names on
his paper, but he is entitled to vote for those who
uphold his principles as well as the man who is fortu-
nate enough to have but one candidate to support,
and it is perfectly fair to each party to vote their
fidl strength for the cause they espouse. If, as is
the ca.se as before, only one-half the voters had polled
for both Protectionist candidates. Brown would have
to his credit 790 votes. This plan is perfectly equit-
able, and can be worked in so simple a way that there
would be few mistakes made, as all a voter would
have to do would be to cross out those names that he
considered were opposed to his principles, and leave
those of his friends.

VEGETARIANISM.

Mr. Percy R. Meggy writes: —

I wish to thank you for allowing " Vegetarian ''
to bring forward in your widely-circulated magazine
one of the greatest questions of the day, into the
advocacy of which I would gladly throw myself heart
and soul, if there were not another question more
important even than that. In a couple of pages
your correspondent has brought together some most
valuable evidence from leading scientists, showing
that man is not naturally a meat eater, but a vege-
tarian, as is abundantly proved by his close physical
similarity with the ape, and that a vegetarian diet,
by which I mean substitution of pidse foods for meat,
is far more nutritious and beneficial in every way
than meat. He has also shown wliat I can corro-
borate from my own experience, that a man can do
far more mental and even physical work on a pulse
and fruit diet than he possibly could on a meat one,
and he might have added what is equally important,
that in nine cases out of ten a vegetarian would be
easily able to resist the temptation to smoke or
drink. Knowing these facts as many of us do, what
is the plain duty of the man who has a conscience,
and tries to obey the promptings of his higher .self!'

Is it not to do all he can, first by example, and
then by precept, to spread this knowledge among:
others, and to inculcate the great doctrine of mercy
to the helpless dumb creatures whose pitiful appeal
for protection we answer with a knife and nameless
cruelties in the train and ship? For my own part, I
would scorn to gratify my palate by the death agonies
of a living creature, so long as I could satisfy my
hunger on the far more nutritious products of the
vegetable world.

AVe have been so accustomed to hear animals
spoken of with contempt, as if man only had a
soul, and the other members of creation had none,
that most of us believe it ; but it is the narrowest of
church-taught doctrines, and utterly contemptible
beside the grand conception so familiar in the East
that all life — whether of flesh, fish, or fowl — comes
from the Supreme, and is journeying on through
countless lives, gathering a rich harvest of experi-
ence on its way -back to its source, and the shorter
our sojourn in this present place the longer will be
our path towards our destined goal. For these
reasons I should rejoice to hear of the extension of
the great vegetarian movement in Australia, where
a marked increase in sympathy for the inferior races
is very much requiied.

LAND MONOPOLY AND THE SINGLE TAX.

yiv. Percy R. Meggy writes to say that he has
been prevented by pressure of work from answering
the attack made by Mr. J. Miles Verrall. N.Z.. in
tlie October number of the " Review of Reviews " on
the Single Tax principles advocated by Mr. Meggy
in his article on " Land Monopoly in Tasmania,"
published in the June numlier. but he will do so in
a future issue.

A subscriber asks us to publish Ernest Crosby's in
spiring lines on "Life and Death."

LIFE AND DEATH.

So he died for his faith. That is fine —

More than most of us do.
But, say, can you add to that line

That he lived for it, too."
In his death he bore witness at last

As a martyr to truth.
Did his life do the same in the past

From the days of his youth?
It is easy to die! Men have died

For a wish or a whim —
I'roni bravado, or passion, or pride,

AVas it harder for him !•"
But to live — every day to live out

.\11 the truth that he dreamt,
Wliile his friends met his conduct with doubt,

.\nd the world with contempt.
Was it thus that he plodded ahead,

Never turning aside?
Then we'll talk of the life that he lived,

Never mind how he died.

Review of Reviewg, lJ2$/dS.

Character Sketch.

GENERAL TREPOFF.
AN UNPUBLISHED CHAPTER IN RECENT HISTORY.

So General Tiepoff has gone! The one strong,
capable man in all Russia ! I sincerely deplore his
loss. I am one of the few Englishmen who had the
pleasure of the personal acquaintance of the deceased
General. I always spoke of the man as I found him,
and have been freely denounced in consequence by
sympathisers with the Russian Revolution. Now
that he is dead, the Radical papers, which de-
jioiinced me as his tool and ^'neni provocateur, are
■compelled to pay tributes to L honesty, his liberal-
ism. I venture to hope that some at least of my
nialigners may remember with shame the abuse thev ■
heaped upon me for speaking up for a man to whose
true character 1 testified when to speak a good word
for General Trepoff brought down upon you the
major excommunication of the Liberals of Russia.

I.— INTRODUCTION.

I met General Trepoff twice, and wrote to him
many times. 1 ne\er published any report of my
interviews with him, although I naturally was com-
pelled to refer to the substance of his communica-
tions. 1 \oluntarilv assured him that I would not
publish (lur con\ersation until he had revised my
notes, as it seemed to me the importance of the sub-
ject justified mv taking every precaution against any
misapprehension or misunderstanding as to the views
which he expressed on that occasion. Only the
week before his death 1 was discussing with Pro-
fessor Milyukoff the best way of securing the revision
of my MSS. by General Trepoff. His death renders
this impossible.

In justice to his memory I deem it not only justifi-'
able, but necessary, to put on record the notes of a
conversation which at one time promised to bear
good fruits in the shape of a pacified and liberated
Russia. Although my notes are unrevised, the whole
of the conversation was burnt so deeply into my
memory I have no doubt as to their accuracy. Nor
will General Trepoflf's friends — and he had many
friends — resent the publication of notes of a conver-
sation which, I venture to think, reveal more clearly
than anything yet printed the man as he was.

TEEPOPF'S ORIGIX.

Before jjrinting this record of our interview, it may
be well briefly to sketch the career of the man who,
more than any other, was regarded bv friend and foe
as the incarnation of Power. General Trepoff was
the remarkable son of a remarkable father. Eighty
years i\<i • a new-born babv was found on the door-

step of a respectable family in St. Petersburg. The
practice of leaving unwanted children about the
streets is more common in Russia than in other coun-
tries, and in no other country is such lavish provision
made for the upbringing of these foundlings. In the
great State foundling hospitals the infant mortality
is atrocious. Trepoff pcrc's chance of survival was
greatly improved that he fell into the hands of a
Russian householder, who educated him and started
iiim in the world so successfully that before he died
his unknown foundling had become Prefect of St.
Petersburg, and one of the most powerful men in the
Empire. He became notorious throughout Europe
from the attempt made to assassinate him by Vera
Sassonlitch, who was triumphantly acquitted bv a
jury who would probably have been much more en-
thusiastic if she had been successful.

HIS CABEER.

Dmitri Feodoritch Trepoff, the youngest son of
Vera's target, was bom in 1855. He was there-
fore but fifty-one when he died. He went
into the Arniy, and was regarded as a fairly
average stupid subaltern, who read no books,
and enjoyed life as Russian officers do. When
he was twenty-two he went with his regi-
ment to the Balkans. He fought with characteristic
courage, was wounded, and went back to the camp
trom the hospital. When peace was made he came
hack to Russia, and bv degrees rose to a colonelcv
in the Horse Guards. He remained with his regi-
ment until rSpd, w^hen he was made Police Master
of Moscow. There he remained till the outbreak of
war with Jajian, w^hen he was gazetted to the com-
mand of a brigade in Manchuria. The outbreak of
revolutionary violence in .St. Petersburg deprived
him of any chance of distinguishing himself in the
Far East. He was appointed Governor-General of
St. Petersburg, with fu!l control of the police of the
Empire. When I reached the Russian capital at
the end of August, 1905. I found General Trepoff
the man on horseback. St. Petersburg was as quiet
as London. Even the disgust excited bv the signa-
ture of peace was not allowed to cause a ripple of
discontent upon the sullen and stagnant pool of St.
Petersburg opinion.

HIS POSITIOX IN ST. PETEESBCEG.

At the Court and at the Embassies everyone swore
b\ General Trepoff ; and although in the workshops,
in the newspaper offires, and in the lower revolu-

Review of Reviews, I/lJ/oa.

Character Sketch.

561

tionary strata, everybody swore at him, they swore
under their breath. A distinguished foreign resident
in St. Petersburg whom I consulted as to the chances
of a revolutionary outbreak, repUed : " So long as
Trepoff is in command I am not uneasy. On the
da\ he dies, or is killed, I shall send my wife hoine."
It was Trepoff, an ambassador told me, and Trepoff
alone, who kept the flag flying in St. Petersburg.
From the Liberals I heard all manner of stories con-
cerning this jack-booted tyrant, who trampled ruth-
lesslv upon all human rights and liberties. Trepoff
was the man of the iron hand and the stony heart.
Trepoff was the coarse, vulgar, illiterate boor, the

WHT I WENT TO SEE HIM.

The Tsar had given me permission to address
Conferences on the Duma from the English point of
view. But I was assured on all hands that the Tsar's
permission was worth but little if it were not counter-
signed by his omnipotent Master of Police. At that
time Russian Liberals generally, and Russian Social
Revolutionaries without any exception, were utterlv
sceptical about the value of the Duma. I was
satisfied by my conversation with the Emperor that
he really and truly meant business ; that, in his
Majesty's opinion, the Duma was only the first step,
and if it succeeded he was quite prepared to go fur-

General Trepoff.
Died September 15th.

General Oedulin.
General Trepoff's successor.

only instrument at once brutal enough and strong
enough to serve the turn of an autocrat in despair.
Whether they blessed him or they banned him, Tre-
poff was the man of the situation — the vice Tsar, the
Dictator de facto of the Empire. Those who belit-
tled him and bemoaned that so mean a man should
be e.xaltcd to such high office, admitted that how-
ever petty might be the man himself, the post which
he occupied made him the most important human
personality in all Russia — bar none.

ther. Further, I had received the most positive
assurances that laws conceding the four fundamental
liberties of Association, Public Meeting, Free Press,
and Personal Liberty were in preparation and would
shortly be published. It seemed to me, therefore,
that I could not possibly render greater .service to
the cause of Russia and of humanity than by urging
the Ru.ssian Liberals to accept the Duma as a first
step, and by loyally co-operating with the Emperor
to render possible the peaceful e\olution of Russian

^62

The Review of Reviews.

Deeemher 1, 1906.

liberty. But when I quoted the Tsar's words, my
Russian friends shrugged their shoulders and said':
'• Trepoff !" and when 1 urged that after all Nicholas
II. was Tsar, and not General Trepoff, they said :
"What about Milyukoff?' To which I answered:
■' I shall see General Trepoff, and I agree to accept
the fate of Professor Milyukoff as the touchstone of
the sincerity of the Russian Government." Under
those circumstances it can easily be imagined with
what anxiety I made my way to interview the dread-
ed Mayor of the Palace.

MT PROGEAIQIE.

As is my wont before proceeding to interview anv-
one upon whose decision the fate of nations may

How General Trepoff Restores Order.

depend, I jotted down roughly on half a sheet of
notepaper the general line along which I wished the
conversation to go. These rough notes I reproduce
as a memento of one of the most interesting inter-
views of my life : —

Interview with Tre-poff,

First object to put myself en rapport in friendly aympa^
thetic relations; recall Grcesser also, ancestral genins.
General opinion he is pillar of situation.

Emperor wished me to see him, first about my own pro-
paganda.—Suspicion.— Meeting to set forth English point of
view. (1) Government sincere; (2) Duma entails— submit-

ted to Emperor. Will submit it to him as soon as in Rus-
sian.

Milyukoff— Cannot write or say one word until Milyukoff
is out. and his friends or tried— Whole thing hung up.

Situation seems to me very daneerous. Baku general.
You stand between order and authority. Bat law. No law
in Russia — but Trepoff's will.

THE INTEEPSETEE.

I was \ery fortunate in my interpreter. My old
friend, Dr. Duncan, a Russian of Scotch descent,
who for many years had been the chief sanitary offi-
cer of St. Petersburg, consented to accompany. Dr.
Duncan was not only an ex-official who spoke Rus-
sian and English with equal facility; he was an
old personal friend of the Trepoff family. Nearly
torty years ago, when Dmitri Feodoritch was but a
boy in his teens, Dr. Duncan had been entrusted bv
his father. General Trepoff, with the duty of accom-
panying his son to London. It was also very well
known to General Trepoff that I had been received
at Peterhof, and that I sought the interview at the
express wish of the Tsar. He also knew that a dav
or two before my visit I had a long interview with
Professor Milyukoff", by sisecial order of General
Dedulin, who had the Professor brought from prison
to a police station in order that I might inter\-iew
him. The circumstances, therefore, were propitious.
But I had heard so much about the ignorance and
brutality of this jack-booted Dictator that I was not
a little uneasy as to how the interview would go.

ON THE LID OF THE VOLCAXO.

We were received at the headquarters of the Gov-
ernor-General, and after a short delay were ushered
into his presence. At that time General Trepoff had
been several times doomed to death by the Revo-
lutionary Tribunal — if so imposing a name may be
given to the secret juntos of desperate men and
women who arrogate to themselves the power of life
and death. Some six or seven attempts had been
made to assassinate him ; but he seemed to bear a
charmed life. People still remembered his contemp-
tuous remark when he believed he was on the eve of
leaving Moscow for Manchuria : " I prefer to face
the bullets of the regular soldiers of Japan than to be
shot at by the bungling amateurs of the revolution."

As we took our seats and accepted his cigarettes
in his spacious reception room, it was difficult to
realise that this tall, handsome soldier was the storm-
centre of the brooding revolution. Conspirators
with dagger, poison, revolver, and bomb were wait-
ing and dreaming of the moment when they might
gratify their longing for vengeance. The concen-
trated hate of a million men and women beat about
this sanctum of autocratic power. And there we sat
and gossiped pleasantly, as if there were no earth-
quake trembling beneath our feet. Yet we were in
the very crater of the revolutionary volcano, sitting
on the lid with which armed force was struggling
to shut down the hell fire that raged below.

Revietc of Reviews, 1J12/lG.

Character Sketch.

562

HOW THE INTERVIEW BEGAN.

I began by some complimentary remarks upon the
tranquillity of St. Petersburg, and repeated some of
the observations I had heard in diplomatic circles
concerning his ministrations. General Trepoff, who
was courtesy itself, chatted awhile with Dr. Duncan
about old times. We laughed about the Trepoff
dynasty, and asked him if he had a son to take his
place. No, he had only daughters, but there were
other Trepoffs. Then, suddenly brushing aside the
conventional small talk, the General said : " Perhaps
Mr. Stead would like to hear my political ideas." I
confess I was somewhat startled. " Why, of course,"
I said to Dr. Duncan, in English, " I never heard
before that he had any political ideas. Nothing
would please me more than to hear his views." On
the latter part of this being translated, General Tre-
poff began : —

II.— GENERAL TREPOFF'S PROGRAMME.

" I wish to realise that what I have to say relates
only to Russia. With the Ausland, the Caucasus,
Poland, Finland, and the Baltic provinces I have
nothing to do. They lie outside my jurisdiction, and
many things have happened there which might have
been prevented if I had been able to deal with them.

HIS DIAGNOSIS OF THE CRISIS.

" The state of Russia is very serious. It is a
complex situation, due to many causes, the product
of long years, during which many things have been
mismanaged and more have been neglected. We are
to-day reaping the harvest of the faults of previous
generations. We need not discuss where the respon-
sibility lies. It is sufficient for us to admit that, as
the net result of antecedent causes, Russia is at
present in the midst of a very grave crisis, so grave
a crisis that it is idle to think that it can be coped
with by mere repression or by any single measure of
reform. The evil, which is of long standing, is verv
deep-rooted, and must be approached on all sides.
Nothing will do anv good which does not recognise
the complexity of the problem, and which does not
seek to deal with all the phases of the malady from
which we are suffering."

When this was duly translated to me by my Rus-
so-Scotch phonograph I was amazed. Here at least,
from the lips of the Tyrant of the Iron Hand, I was
hearing the shibboleth of Liberal statesmanship. Mv
preconceived prejudices against the ignorant Police
Master, who read nothing, and had not a political
idea in his head, received a rude blow.

(1) THE LAND.

General Trepoff went on : " I will divide the
subject into four parts. The tirst is the agrarian
question, the second the industrial problem, the third
education, and the fourth the Duma. I will deal
W4th each in turn.

■■ Of all the troubles which confront us by far the
most important is that of the land. No settlement
which does not settle the land question will settle
anything. An influential Commission is at present
engaged in investigating this subject with a view to
immediate action."

" Where is that Commission ?'' I asked, " and who
are the Commissioners whom I ought to see?"

" The Commission is away down near Saratoff,"
he replied. " But you do not need to trouble your-
self to seek after Commissioners. I can telL you
everything you want to know. The agrarian ques-
tion is one to which I have given special attention.
I know it down to the ground. The agrarian ques-
tion, briefly stated, is that the peasants have not got
enough land to live on, and they are suffering in
some districts very great hardship. This occasions

Ganaral Trepoff Crowns Himself Tsar.

discontent, and to remo\"e the discontent is impos-
sible unless wt- remove its cau.ses."

HIS AGRARIAN PROPOSALS.

vou a land nationaliser ?" I asked,

like

■ An-
( lount Tolstoy ?"

'' No," he said, " T am not ; at least, I regard land
nationalisation as impracticable at present. I would,
however, move in that direction slowly. I know
Count Tolstoy's ideas very well. I have been in
correspondence with him. He is a Henry Georgeite.
But I will proceed with my programme. I would
grapple with the agrarian question on four different

5^4

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 1906.

lines, all aiming directly at the improvement of the
peasants' economic position. First of all I would,
\vhere\er practical, increase the peasants' holding.
This could be done without confiscation and without
any revolutionary measures. There are in Russia
immense areas which are derelict. The owners have
become bankrupt or have no longer the means to
cultivate them. I would, as a beginning, tate over
all land not in cultivation from these causes and
divide it up among the peasants in need of land.
There are also other estates which are at the dis-
posal of the Government. In this way I would par-
tially satisfy the hunger of the peasants for the land.
But that is only one of my proposals. My second
plan is to facilitate to the uttermost the redistribu-
tion of the population. There are districts where
the population is congested — ^too many men on each
square mile. There are other districts which suffer
from precisely the opposite malady — too many
squar,- miles to the man. At present there are all
kinds of difficulties in the way of redressing these
inequalities by a process of exchange. I would fa-
cilitate them by removing all legal obstacles, and by
giving free transport from the congested areas to the
sparsely inhabited districts. In the third place, I
would use the Land Bank — ^which in Russia, you
know, is a political rather than an economic institu-
tion— as an agencv for making advances to the pea-
sants to furnish them with the appliances, mechani-
cal and animal, which they need if they are to cul-
tivate the soil to any good purpose. By these three
measures I feel assured that it would be possible to
remove so much of the discontent among the pea-
sants that the agrarian question would be reduced to
manageable proportions."

It is worth recalling the fact that this conversation
took place twelve months ago, when Russia was ap-
parently quite tranquil, before the railway strike.

" So much for the agrarian problem. Until that
is settled there can be no real solution of the
crisis. Legislation on the lines I have laid down
is being elaborated, and when once the peasant is
satisfied the revolutionarv crisis ceases to be mena-
cing."

(2) THE IXDrSTEIAL CEISIS.

" Now,'' said I, " after the peasants the workmen.
What of them?''

" In the first place, remember," said General Tre-
poff, '■ that the workman does not cease to be a pea-
sant because he comes to the town to seek employ-
ment. But it is true that the economic position of
the artisan in the great centres of industry leaves
much to be desired. He is too much at the mercy
of his employers, who are arbitrary, both in fixing
the conditions of employment and still more in the
exercise of the right of dismissal. It is the duty
of the Government to protect the workman against
the tyranny and injustice of the capitalist. That
was the object which I kept constantly before me

when I was at the head of the police of Moscow.
You have heard the name of Zubaloff?"

I admitted that I had heard it. although I did not
add that I had usually heard it coupled with fierce
denunciations of himself.

■ The system carried out by Zubaloff, in conjunc-
tion, and indeed at the suggestion of myself, was
an attempt to raise the working classes of Moscow
in the social scale. We sought our end in three
w^ays. First, we encouraged the workmen to form
trades unions for self-protection and for the promo-
tion of their own economic interests ; secondly, we
organised a system of lectures on economic subjects
by competent speakers ; and thirdly, we set on foot
a wide distribution of cheap and wholesome literature.
We sought to encourage self-reliance, to develop in-
telligence, and to promote thrift."

•■ With what result ?" I asked, wishing to hear from
the General's own lips what was the official estimate
of the counter-revolutionary propaganda set on foot
under police patronage in the old Russian capital.

'■ With the verv best results," he replied. '" Before
I set on foot the Zubaloff system Moscow was seeth-
ing with discontent. Under my regime the work-
man realised that he commanded the sympathies of
the Government, and that he could depend upon us
to defend him from the oppression of his employer.
As a result, Moscow became tranquil. Once a hot-
bed of discontent, it is now peaceful, ptosperous and
contented."

I confess that this was a little too much for me.
I had not then visited Moscow, but I had heard
quite enough to convince me that the General's op-
timistic report was so far from the truth of things
that I had to ask myself whether it was possible he
could believe the assurances he showered upon me
with so lavish a hand. A week later when I visited
Moscow I found the city seething with revolutionary-
discontent. The bakers were on strike; there had
been open collisions between the troops and the
strikers. The compositors were on the eve of strik-
ing, and in another month the great railway strike
broke out, with Moscow as its storm-centre. But I
had come to listen to General Trepoff, not to argue
with him ; so I asked whether he proposed to extend
the Zubaloff sy.stem to St. Petersburg.

•• Xo,'' said he, " not yet. The excitement occa-
sioned by the disturbance of January has not yet
subsided, and until it is over these ameliorative mea-
sures must remain in abeyance so far as St. Peters-
burg is concerned. But the principle is right, and
its application is merely a matter of time and of
opportunit\".

(3) EDUCATION.

•• We now come," said General Trepoff, " to the
educational problem. This may be divided into three
sections — elementary, secondary, and University edu-
cation. There is no doubt that in the matter of
elementarv education Russia has lagged far behind.

RmvUvi of Reviews, l/lHIOe.

Character Sketch,

56s

It is necessary that some vigorous action should be
taken, and taken at once. I regard the establish-
ment of universal compulsory free elementary edu-
cation as one of the first duties that must be under-
taken by the Government. Every child born in
Russia ought to be secured a right to a free elemen-
tary education.'

" Splendid !" I exclaimed. " But where is the
money to come from ? Think of the millions that
will be wanted to build schools all over the Empire !
May I make a suggestion ? Why not suspend the
building of a new fleet for ten years, and devote the
whole sum at present spent on the Navy to the
building of new schools throughout Russia?"

General Trepoff listened as this was being trans-
lated to him, and then replied curtly : '■ Russia is
rich enough to rebuild her navy and build all the
schools she requires."

" I am glad to hear it, " I replied : " but I think,
however rich Russia mav be, it will be difficult to do
both."

" With regard to secondary education,'' said Gene-
ral Trepoff, ■■ I regard that as a matter with which
the Government need not concern itself. Those who
wish for it are rich enough to pay for it. As they
pay for it they may fairly be allowed to arrange it
according to their own ideas. We cannot, unfortu-
nately, take a similar course with regard to the Uni-
versities. They are for the most part State institu-
tions, and the State must control what the State
supports. There is, however, one change which I
think might be made with advantage. At present
every candidate for the service of the State must
have a diploma showing that he has graduated in
one of our Universities. I would abolish that. I
would throw the public career open to all capable
persons, no matter where they were educated. The
State, of course, would fix its own tests of capacity,
which every candidate must pass. But it need onlv
concern itself with results. It has no need to pre-
scribe the methods necessary to secure these results.
If a candidate passed his examination I would not
ask where he studied. He might have taught him-
self, have had a private tutor, or have taken his
courses at a foreign University. What we want is
all the talents we can command. I am against the
present monopoly. I would encourage free trade in
brains."

WHAT ABOfT MILYUKOFF?

By this time, what with the time required for
translation back and forth, and with extraneous di-
gressions, an hour had nearly passed. I ventured to
ask about Professor Milyukoff, about whom I had
made urgent representations in other quarters. Gene-
ral Trepoff said that he had a-sked for a report as
to how the preliminary inquiries had proceeded, and
whether or not it was possible to deal with the case
at once. He hoped to have the report to-morrow.

" We have not yet touched upon the political side
of the crisis, which is of very great importance. If
I have not wearied you, perhaps you could come to-
morrow, when I will give you my views on that side
of the question also."

Of course I was only too delighted to have an-
other interview, and we parted. Next day we were
back again punctual to time, and General Trepoff
resumed his discourse as to the remedies required
for the body politic.

'■ Pray assure General Trepoff," I said to my inter-
preter, " with what delight and surprise I heard what
he had to say yesterday. I had been told that I
would (find a mere police master, and, lo ! I came
upon a broad-minded statesman."

General Trepoff bowed, and we at once plunged
into the political question by a question as to whe-
ther he had decided to permit or to prohibit the ap-
proaching Congress of the Zemstvoists which was
to meet at Moscow the following Monday. It will
appear almost incredible to those who do not know
the happy-go-lucky methods of Russian administra-
tion that General Trepoff said he had not made up
his mind on the subject. He was waiting for a re-
port from Moscow. Yet at that time delegates were
already starting for the Congress.

(4) THE DUMA AND THE AUTOOEACT.

I asked him his opinion about the Duma. " I am
in favour of the Duma," he replied.

•• Mav I ask," I said, " whether it is true tliat when
the subject was being discussed before the Emperor
in the Council of the Empire, you said that the
Duma would undoubtedly limit the autocracy of the
Tsar, but that it was .necessary to do it?"

'■ That is not exactly how it occurred," he replied.
" The Emperor, who presided over the sittings of
the Council of the Empire, asked each of us in turn,
' Will the establishment of the Duma limit my
autocratic power ?' It was a searching question, and
many of the Councillors evaded it more or less
adroitlv or absented themselves. I am a plain,
blunt man, who speaks what he thinks. So, when
I was asked, I replied : ' It seems to me indisputable
that the institution of the Duma will, to a certain
extent, curtail the autocratic power of your Majesty,
but I think it will be easier to govern Russia if that
is done.' "

We then discussed the famous four legs upon
which the Duma was to stand: — (i) Liberty of As-
sociation, (2) Liberty of Meeting, {■^) Liberty of
the Press, and (4) Habeas Corpus. General Tre-
poff expressed himself in favour of the first three
legs, but he boggled over the fourth.

" During the electoral period," he said, " the lar-
gest possible liberty will be allowed for association
and public meetings. The law guaranteeing the
libertv of the Press has been prepared, and will short-
ly be issued."

566

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 1906.

ARBITRARY ARREST.

" So far, so good," I said ; " but what about per-
sonal liberty? Is Russia to have a Habeas Corpus
Act ?"

General Trepoff replied : '' A Habeas Corpus Act
is admirable for England, and for similar coun-
tries : but in Russia it would be premature. Our
political life is not sufficiently developed. We have
vast arrears, centuries of development to overtake.
Institutions that suit more advanced nations would
not work well with the Russian people."

" But," I objected, " what is the use of conceding
all the other liberties of association, free speech and
free press, if you retain the power of arbitrary ar-
rest? Who will dare to speak freely under a law
which permits him liberty of speech, but leaves him
equally free to be clapped under lock and kev by
any policeman who dislikes what he said ?"

'■ Oh," said General Trepoff, '• during the electoral
period there will be as little arbitrary arrests as
possible. Even now I am restraining myself with
the utmost efforts from locking up manv mauvals
sujets because I hear they are going to stand for the
Duma.

" You must understand,'' General Trepoff went on,
" that there is a great defect in the Russian law.
All our laws only pre.scribe punishment for the man
who commits a crime after the crime has been com-
mitted. What we ought to have is a law that would
prevent the crime being committed."

" Which means in practice that you would give
every policeman right to lock up on suspicion every
man whom he chose to imagine might at some future
time commit a crime. In other words, you make
the police the sole law, and the length of the police-
man's foot the only standard."

" You are mistaken," said General Trepoff, " in
thinking that any man can be locked up bv any
policeman. If any policeman suspects anv man of
an intention to break the law he makes a report on
the subject to his .superior officer, who is then bound
to make independent inquiries. His report then
comes before me, and it rests with me to say whe-
ther or not the man shall be arrested. After his ar-
rest his case is examined into privately, and if he
is found to be innocent he is dismissed."

HOW ABOUT inLYt'KOFF?

" Well," said I. " what about Professor Milvu-
koff?"

" I have not yet got the report I have ordered.
But that also followed the ordinary course."

" Can you tell me," I asked, " what crime Milyukoff
has committed ? '

" No," said the General, " it is so serious that I
cannot even tell it to you."

" Well," I said, " you have not even told it to
Milyukoff himself, and the gendarme- told me that
they were keeping him in prison until thev had

discovered what crime it was he was intending to
commit."

'• Professor Milyukoff," he replied, " knows very
well on what charge he is arrested. If the report
is favourable I hope I may be able to release him
on bail in two or three days. But mind, he will
have to be tried."

" Of course," I replied. " Try him, and if he is
found guiltv punish him — hang him if you will. No-
body will object to a judicial sentence passed after
fair trial in open court. But what plays the devil
with everything is the arrest and imprisonment with-
out trial — especially when, as in this case, the man
is so well known throughout the world."

" I know Professor Milyukoff's books," said Gene-
ral Trepoff. ■■ He is a clever man, but he must obey
the law."

" Well," said I, " you say you cannot tell me what
contemplated crime it was that justified you in lock-
ing up Professor Milyukoff. But I will tell you that
even if he had perpetrated the worst crime of which
vou can accuse him, he would have done less harm
to Russia and to the Tsar than you. General Tre-
poff, have done by locking him up untried."

" How do you make that out ?" said the General.

" The Tsar," I said, " had painted a beautiful pic-
ture and hung it up for the admiration of the
whole world. He called it ' The Duma.' We were
all admiring it as symbolising the dawn of !ibert\-
in Russia, when up comes General Trepoff with a
blacking-brush called arbitrary- arrest, and smudges
out the whole beautiful picture which the Tsar had
painted. Now in England and America people no
longer see the Duma anv more ; they only see the
arrest of Professor Milyukoff."

Trepoff laughed. " I could let Milyukoff out at
once — that rests with me."

TREPOFF DICTATOR.

" General Trepoff," I replied, " I have learned
some things since I came into this room. I now see
that in Russia there is no law-, there is no judge,
there is no Tsar ; there is only General Trepoff."

I think he took this rather as a compliment. I
told him of the proposal that I should hold confer-
ences on the Duma from the English point of view.

He replied : " I regard it as a great kindness that
you should hold such conferences. I will give the
authorities directions to aflford you full facilities to
hold your conferences wherever you please."

" The Emperor," I said, " thought that in view of
the excited state of public feeling, it would be bet-
ter if I held only private conferences."

" Oh," said General Trepoff, " that belongs to my
department! You may hold as many public confer-
ences as you please. I wiU see that the authorities
afford vou everi,- protection. When do \ou propose
to begin ?"

" Answer me another question," I replied. " When
do you propose to release Professor Milyukoff? Be-

Review of Reriews, lJl3fC6.

Character Sketch.

567

cause it will be idle to argue to a Russiau audience
that the Duma is other than a farce so long as you
keep Milyukoff in prison."

" Well," he said, '' I told you I would have the
report in two or three days."

I replied, " To-day is Wednesday. Thursday is
one day, Friday is two days, Saturday is three days.
I will wait till Saturday, and if Milyukoflf is liberated
then I will begin."

PERSONAL IMPRESSIONS.

I took my leave, and I never saw him again. He
left upon me the impression of a tall, powerful man,
simple and unpresuming, who had fully realised the
fact that force was no remedy, and was doggedly
holding together the fabric of society until the new-
structure was ready. He was a W. E. Forster kind
of a man crossed with Sir Charles Warren. I was
surprised at the frankness with which he admitted
the faults of the existing system and the width of
his programme of reform. He may have been pos-
ing. But, on the other hand, his subsequent career
justifies the belief that he was honestly expressing
his inmost thought. In the very last recorded inter-
view published since his death. General Trepoff is
reported to have refused to introduce a reactionary
journalist, M. Sherapoff, to the Tsar, on the ground
that his Majesty was determined to introduce a con-
stitutional form of government into Russia, a reso-
lution in which he— General Trepoff — entirely con-
curred.

When I reported the result of mv interview with
General Trepoff to my Russian Liberal friends in
St. Petersburg they shrugged their shoulders. They
did not disguise their conviction that the General
was fooling me. '• Maybe," I replied. " The release
of Milvukoff will be the touchstone of his sincerity.
If he lets the Professor go free, then I think I shall
be justified in going ahead."

'■ Yes." they said, " if "

I had sufficient faith to make all preparations for
going ahead. I invited a company of Russian, Eng-
lish and .\merican friends to a conference at the
Hotel d'Europe on Sunday afternoon to discuss
the Duma, and I also invited Professor MilyukofT to
meet them.

I admit that my faith was somewhat tried. Thurs-
<lav passed with no sign. On Friday there was a
false report that Milyukoflf was released, but he still
lay behind prison bars. Saturday came, and still
there was no news of his release.

JflLTUKOFF'S EELE.\SE.

I was sitting in my room in the hotel at six o'clock
on Saturday evening, when a military officer in full
uniform and decorations was ushered into the room.
He bow-ed, and then said in French : " His Excel-
lency the Governor-General of St. Petersburg, Gene-
ral Trepoff, has commanded me to present his com-

pliments to Mr. Stead, and to inform him that Pro-
fessor Milyukoff is free."

My readers can imagine how I rejoiced over this
confirmation at the eleventh hour of my confidence
in the determination of the Tsar and his Mayor of
the Palace to make the Duma a success. The truth
of the news of the release of the Professor was gene-
rally discredited. On Sunday afternoon my guests
arrived, but the Professor was absent. We got well
nigh through lunch, and were discussing the advice
given bv an ex-boss of Tammany in New York as to
The conduct of an electoral campaign for the Duma.
Said the newspaper man across the table to another :
" Stead thinks Milyukoff has been freed. Nothing
of the kind. Thev are fooling him."

Just at that moment my friend, Mr. Keay, heanng
a noise at the door, went to see who was outside.
Another moment and he returned, his face aglow.
'■■ Professor Milyukoff," he exclaimed, and we all rose
in honour of our distinguished guest.

ITS SIGNIFICANCE.

I had to leave before the rest of my guests to keep
an appointment at the Anitchkoff Palace, and I did
not see Professor Milyukoff again till we met at
Moscow a few days later. Then he kindly read my
paper to the Conference at Prince Dolgorouki's
palace, and acted as my interpreter in the debate
that followed. As might be imagined, his services
to me w-ere misrepresented. Suspicious Liberals ac-
cused him of aiding and abetting my propaganda
for the Duma as a guid pro quo for his release. To
remove the stigma he wrote a letter in which he
protested that he would rather remain in gaol to
the end of his natural life than owe his release
to one who had undertaken the thankless role of
parJcamcniairc for the Tsar. General Trepoff was
equally indignant at the suggestion — a post hoc prop-
ter hoc suggestion — that my conversation with him
had anything whatever to do with Professor Milyu-
koflf's release. Be that as it may, the whole story
is now on record, and the world can form its own
judgment. I never claimed to have secured M.
}sIilvukoff's release. I onlv pointed to that release
as the first-fruits of the policy which both the Em-
peror and General Trepoff declared it was their firm
intention to carry out. But the belief w^as general
in St. Petersburg that the release resulted from my
representation, and General Trepoflf was more se-
verelv baited in the Liberal papers for releasing
Milvukoff on a foreigner's appeal than he had ever
been abused for locking him up.

There is little more to add to this history. But I
mav quote one or two communications that passed
between General Trepoff and myself as the sequel of
this visit.

TAKING TREPOFF AT HIS ■WORD.

T had taken General Trepoff at his word, and I
had the release of Milvukoff as an outward and

S68

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 1$06.

visible sign that the new regime was about to be in-
augurated. When I got to Moscow I found to my
disgust that the Moscow newspapers were not al-
lowed by the local censors to publish full reports of
the Zemstvo Congress. At the suggestion of Mr.
Wilton, the Times correspondent at St. Petersburg,
I de.^patched the following telegram to General Tre-
poff: —

Hm Excelleucij General Trepoff, St. Petershunj.

Sept. 13. 1905.
I am amazed and distressed to discover this mornine that
the Mosco%v papers were forbidden to uiiblish full reports
of ZemstTO Consress proceedinss. This censorship is so ab-
solutely contrary to spirit of assurances received from your
Excellency, I feel, confident some over-zealous underline, ig-
norant of your broad-minded policy, is actine: in eqtial
defiance of your wishes and of plain common sense. I feel

General TrepofF Decorating House Port«rE (Dvorniks) who had
Displayed the Required Brutality to the Revolutionists.

aure you will be alad to he informed of this unfortunate
mistake, which so cruelly misrepresents the liberal pro-
fession I was so glad to receive from your lips.— STEAD,
Stavansky Bazar.

I received no reply, but on the next day the news-
papers were allowed to publish full reports of the
Zemstvo Congress.

HAD SAUL BEC'0.\rB PAUL?

After the Congress closed I held my conference on
" The Duma from an English Point of View.'" Be-
fore the [laper was read I had been interviewed by
the Riisske ]'icdemosti on the reasons whv I believed
the Duma would inaugurate a new- era in Russia, and
in the course of the interview I natura'.lv referred to
my talk uith Trepoff. and declared that although

he might have been a Saul of Tarsus, I would prefei
to regard him now as a St. Paul after his journey
to Damascus. This irritated General Trepoff, who
Sent me a letter in which he complained that I had
published a report of our conversation without first
submitting the MSS. to him. I replied that I had
not pubashed any report of our interview, the his-
toric importance of which I esteemed far too highly
to lose the chance of submitting it to his revision.
As for the reports of newspapers which had inter-
viewed me, I disclaimed responsibility. What I
had said I had. spoken so'.elv with a view of remov-
ing misapprehensions widely prevalent as to his
policy.

For a few days it seemed as if General Trepoff
intended to carry out his promises. I was allowed to
hold my meeting at Saratoff without any interference.
.\ St. Petersburg newspaper was actually forbidden
by the local censor to publish an article criticising
me because it did not contain the necessary com-
pliments. But it was, alas ! soon evident that al-
though Milyukoff had been released, there was no
realisation of the necessity for immediately releasing
the other victims of administrative arrest. It seemed,
indeed, that, as the editor of the Rtissky Viedemosti
observed. Saul of Tarsus had been most imperfectly
baptised.

A FAITHFUL REPORT.

My own estimate of the situation on the eve
of the great railway strike will best be under-
stood by a perusal of the following letter which I
sent to General TrepofF on leaving Moscow : —

To Hi-t Ed-ceUencif General Trepoff,

ON THE VOLGA. Sept. 18, 1905.
I have to report to your Excellency briefly two or three
matters of importance.

1. Notwithstajiding your positive assurances given to me
at St. Petersbure that vou would personally order the
local authorities to give me facilities for holding meetings,
public or private, the local police tried to interfere with
my first meeting in Prince Dolgorouki's house, and it was
only on positive assurances that I had your permission
they desisted from troubling. May I beg of yoti to give
instructions to the local authorities at Saratofl, Moscow,
.-ind Orel that your orders are to lie obeyed, and that every
facility must be given for my meetings ''

2. The meeting in Moscow on Thursday was most in-
teresting and instructive. The speeches made after mv
address had been read proved that the good effect of the
Duma, had been suoiled by the continuance of the arbi-
trar.r proceedings still carried on by your police all over
the country, I represented the Dum.i, as an offer of peace
They replied : " Why then does General Trepoff still make
war upon us? He has released Milyukoff, When he has
released the thousands of other prisoners of war now iu
his prisons we will begin to believe that the Duma means
Peace."

3. M. Grinmuth of the Moscow Gazette, and Mr. Seriakoff
of his staff, who are organising a Conservative orthodox
autocratic propaganda, will arrange for me another meet-
ing iu Moscow. Tliey assure me that while they are work-
ing hard in support of the Autocracy and the Church
their t.a3k is very difficult, and they are both convinced
that the arbitrary powers of arrest wielded hy the police
must be abolished. They are both for Habeas Corpus.
This is most significant and hopeful.

Review of Eeiiewa, I/12/0S.

Character Sketch.

569

4. It is absolutely necessary, if the elections for the
Duma are to be carried out intellicently. for you to give
IMMEDIATE orders to forbid all interference with the
organisation of electoral committees, and the holding of
meetings at which the more intelligent can address the
peasants and explain the duties of an elector. At present.
as Mr. Grinmuth eoniiilaiiis, the orders which forbid
meetings are only obeyed by the friends of the Government.
The revolutionary iiropagandists hold secret meetings, and
there are no means of counteracting them.

5. It seems, therefore, to an English observer familiar
with the holding of elections that nothing is more
urgently needed than an immediate abolition of all orders
or ordinances preventing the free intercourse for electoral
purposes of all classes of the community. If the educated,
law-abiding landowner is not allowed to address the
peasants freely to explain the law and interest them in
the elections, the field will be left open only to the law-
breakers, who will secretly do you all the harm they can.
As you cannot catch the wolves, please take the muzzles
off the sheep dogs. Unfortunately, your police at present
often treat all sheep dogs which do not we.ar the official
coll.ar as if they were worse than the wolves themselves.
Believe me you will need the help of all the good does you
find.

To this letter I had no reply.

The rest o£ the story is soon told. When the
strike broke out it was decided to forbid the Revo-
lutionary gatherings in the universities. General
Trepoff issued his famous order to the troops not
to spare cartridges. I left St. Petersburg that night.
The next day, at Helsingfors, the most eircumstan-
tial stories were circulated to the effect that the
General had been assassinated by a man who, in
discharging his fifth .shot, cried : " I also have not

spared cartridges." It was all a lie ; but for a day
or two it produced a great effect in Helsingfors,
then simmering on the eve of revolution.

TBEPOFFS END.

When Witte accepted office he endeavoured to
keep Trepoff in his old post. The prejudice against
the masterful Mayor of the Palace was too strong.
He resigned, and from that time devoted himself
to protecting the person of the Tsar at Peterhof.
His influence was great : and Witte's friends openly
accused him of organising pogroms in order to em-
barrass the Ministry. Be that as it may. General
Trepoff at last definitely declared himself in favour
of Constitutional Government. When it was evident
that the Tsar must choose between the dissolution
of the Duma or the appointment of a IMinistry pos-
sessing the confidence of the majority of that body,
he unhesitatinglv gave his voice in favour of the
latter course. When challenged for a reason why he
proposed placing in office the Cadets, with ISIilyukoff
at their head, he replied that he thought the alterna-
tive, the dissolution of the Duma, would render it
almost impossible for him to answer for the safety
of the Tsar. His advice was rejected. The Duma
was dissolved. The Con.stitutionalists were driven
into the arms of the Terrorists. But although General
Trepoff died of a broken heart, his dread as to the
possible effect of this policy on the safety of the
Tsar has not been realised.

W. T. Stead.

INDEX TO VOLUME XXIX.

{Continued frotii fa-^e 655.)

DECEMBER ISSUE—

Progress of the World, :>:i\.
The New Individualism, 547.
What the Law Can Do, r..")!.
Interviews on Topics of the Month, "i-'^.
Correspondence, X',.
Character Sltetch —

General Trepoff. 563.
Impressions of the Theatre, -'iTo.

Leading Articles in the Reviews —

The French Naval Manrpuvres, 574.
The Career of Bu Bekir in Morocco,

574.
The Duchess and the Cripples. 574.
Amid Snow and Ice at the Equator.

575.
Ix)rd Aberdeen's Canadian Eancb, 57.5.

The Apotheosis of British Sculpture.
576.

Mark Twain's Autobiography, 576.

The Diversity of Messenger Duty, 576.

Abdul Hamid, the Sultan, 577.

The Pap.1l Aggression in France, 578.

An African Pompeii, 579.

Tlie Lottery ot Racehorse Buying, 579.

From the Occult Magazines, 579.

An Attack Upon English Law, 580.

Tlie Sultan, the Kaiser and Great Bri-
tain. 531.

Pan Islamism, 582.

More About the German Diabolus, 583.

German Education Under Fire, 584.

Ballooning as a Pastime. 585.

What Mr. Beit's Will Has Done, 585.

Tlie ■\wakcning of China, 535.

Tile Premier of Russia, 586.

How to Reform the House of Lords, 58 J.

A British View of German Manoeu-
vres. 537.

How the Greek Clergy are Trained,
587.

President Roosevelt and Spelling
Reform, 588.

Why Women Write Good Detective
Stories. 589.

C.'uiine Intelligence. 589.

A New Kind ot Rubber, 589.

Reviews Reviewed, .")93.
Esperanto, <'iiiii.

Current History in Caricature, 605.
Book of the .Month, (ill.
Leading Books of the Month, (ilti.
"In the Days of the Comet," 017.
Insurance Notes, (!:.'!•.

Review of Revietos, lfl2/06.

IMPRESSIONS OF THE THEATRE.

"A MESSAGE FROM MARS." GOMORRAH AT THE GAIETY-

"THE SPRING CHICKEN."

Following is Air. Stead's criticism of "The Sp
being performetl in Australia. There have been so
criticism, so I print it in full. — Editor.

The illogic of confounding, under the generic
term Theatre, all representations given on the stage
was brought very- forcibly home to me last month,
when I witnessed on one and the same day " A
Message from Mars " at the Avenue, and " The
Spring Chicken " at the Gaiety. It is difficult to
conceive two pieces better calculated to bring into
the clearest possible relief the difference tliere is
between plays. " A Message from Mars '' is even-
thing that " The Spring Chicken " is not. Mrs.
Grundy, in her most exalted state of prudishness,
could not find a word, a look, or an act to which to
take exception in the performance at the Avenue.
At the Gaiety the master of the ceremonies at the
Floralia of ancient Rome might find cause to blush.
To confound them both under the same anathema
is to repeat the blunders of the Fathers of the
Church, who, in their wrath against licentiousness,
launched their invectives indiscriminately against
the whole female sex. Woman is a generic term
that covers both Jeanne d'Arc and Nana, and on
the stage there are plays which are representative of
both.

" A MESSAGE FROM MARS ' AT THE
AVENUE.

" A Message from Mars " is a compound of a
fairy stor\' and a morality play. It is a dramatic
sermon in three acts, with the simplest of motives,
and the most obvious of morals. It is a clever satire
levelled against the egregious selfishness of the
pampered pharisaic male, to whom his women-folks
are but humble ancillaries existing for the purpose
of ministering to his comfort. Three hundred years
ago the wealthy, smug, complacent, middle-aged
bachelor, who is admirably represented by Mr.
Charles Hawtrey, would have been labelled Self-
indulgence in a morality play, but that would be too
obvious for our tastes. So he is Mr. Somebody or
other — I forget the label — but he is Mr. Selfish all
the time — a smug, complacent, self-deceived, self-
centred man, who is so supremely concentrated
upon his own selfish gratification that he has never
realised that he is selfish. He is not a bad man in
the ordinary sense of the word. He is a capital

ring Chicken," as he saw it in London. It is now
me criticisms in the newspapei-s upon Mr. Stead's

type of the man who does well to himself, who
thinks well of himself, who is not a bad-hearted sort
of a fellow, who is well-to-do, respectable, well fur-
nished with all the maxims which afford a semi-
virtuous mask to self-indulgence. He is embodied
comfort. It sj>eaks in every feature, in his fur-
lined coat, his luxurious easy-chair before the blaz-
ing fire, his whisky and soda, his cigars, and above
all in his calm acceptance, as a matter of self-evident
right, of the petting and eager homage of the girl
he is going to marry. When he fusses about his
little comforts, he is not unkind ; he accepts them
as a matter of course. He is sure that the girl is
in for a very good thing in marrying him, and it is
but natural she should wait upon him hand and
foot. He cannot lav his hand upon his cigar case.
His fiancee rushes hither and thither, upstairs and
downstairs, hunting everywhere for the missing ar-
ticle. While she has been so engaged he puts his
hand in his pocket and pulls out the cigar case.
'■ What a pity !' he exclaims ; and when everyone
else is thinking of the trouble he has given his lady-
love, he adds, ■' I might have been smoking all this
time." That is the kind of man he is. A man who
has a thousand prototypes everywhere, being the
natural products of an age where, the marriage mar-
ket being overstocked with women, the man gives
himself airs. But it has been so in every age.
Poverty always fawns on wealth, weakness on
strength, and the lord of creation has ever been apt
to regard the homage paid to his power and his
riches as a legitimate tribute to his own pre-eminent
intrinsic worth. And he becomes so completely
spoiled that it never even occurs to his smug, self-
complacent mind that he is a ver\ selfish fellow.

At the Avenue this selfishness displays itself in
mere trifles, in the refusal to pay the tithe of mint,
anise and cumin which man owes to society. The
man coming in out of the cold of a winter's dav.
which strikes through even the thick folds of his
fur-lined overcoat, curls himself up before his study
fire and amuses himself with reading a paper dis-
cussing life in Mars. He has promised to take his
fiancee and her aunt out to a dance. He flatly re-
fuses to go. He refuses even to take the trouble
to call them a cab, and when the difficulty is solved
by the coming of a rival who takes the ladies off in

Review, of Revieira, l/li/OO.

Impressions of the Theatre.

571

his carriage, he is incHned to forbid the girl to go.
Go she does, however, and he curls himself up once
more to enjoy the warmth of the fire and its accom-
paniments. An engineer, once a great inventor, now
a broken-down tramp, forces himself into his pre-
sence and implores his assistance. The man is pen-
niless and in rags. His wife is dead, his only
daughter has disappeared. A partner swindled him
Lit of the protit of one of 'his inventions, and he
_ juld not patent the others for lack of capital. Mr.
Self refuses to help him to anything but whisky and
biscuits, and the tramp departs.

Then Mr. Self falls asleep in his arm-chair over
his treatise on the Canals of Mars, and as he sleeps
he dreams, and until the end of the second act we
see his dream as if it were a reality. Amid the
heralding crash of thunder the stage darkens, and
then from the far distance can be seen speeding to-
wards us a visitant from beyond the limits of this
earth. Nearer, nearer he comes, until at last he
stands revealed in the library of Mr. Self, a graceful
figure of a man, a cross between Apollo and Thor,
a messenger from Mars. Mr. Self, not a little star-
tled at this strange and unsummoned apparition, is
informed that his visitant has been exiled from Mars
for a fault against Otherdom — he had claimed for
himself the exclusive credit of composing a chant in
which he had enjoyed the collaboration of a friend
since dead — and he was forbidden to return until
visiting the planet whose name in Mars is never
mentioned in polite society, but which begins with
H, he had effected the redemption of the most sel-
fish of all living beings. Therefore, he had made
his way to England in the first place, and as in all
England there was no more selfish being than Mr.
Self, he had arrived to undertake the heavy, almost
impossible task of redeeming the over-fed, self-com-
placent man by converting him to altruism. Of
course Mr. Self does not see it, and won't believe it.
■■ I'm all right," he says : " you can go back to Mars
at once." As his visitant refuses to budge, he
threatens to turn him out, whereupon the stranger
stretches out his hand; he carries no magic wand,
Ijut instantly all the furniture reels and staggers to
and fro, and Mr. Self is doubled up as by a galvanic
shock. A repetition of this dynamic treatment by
the Martian reduces Mr. Self to abject submission,
and he prepares humbly to meet his imperious visi-
tor in the snow outside the house, where his women
folk are enjoying their dance. There we find him in
the bitter cold at the opening of the next act. After
stamping to and fro for a time in the snow he de-
cides to go away, and tips a policeman to find him
a hansom cab. The Martian reappears, and bv his
magic power reduces him to obedience. A shiver-
ing beggar-girl implores his charity. He roughly
refuses, and tells her to go home. " Give to her,"
says the Martian. " But I have no silver!'' " Give
her gold." Remonstrance being useless, he gives
her a sovereign, and she departs blessing him.

"Don't thank me," sa\s Mr. Self, '"thank him."
Then down the street there is a sudden outcry. A
poor man has been run over by a motor-car. Mr.
Self refuses to go to his assistance. " That's for the
police to do. Let them take him to a hospital.'"
The injured man, surrounded by a group of lament-
ing friends and relatives, is brought forward to the
centre of the stage, where the sorrowing wife does
her best to attend to her husband. " Give to her, '
says the inexorable Martian. " But I have nothing
left but notes." " Give to her ; give to her all."
Mr. Self, cowed into submission, hands over reluc-
tantly notes to the value of ;£8o, and the sufferer
is borne off, while the doctor and others shower
benedictions upon Mr. Self for his marvellous gene-
rosity. There is the rush and clatter of a fire en-
gine. " What's that ?" said the Martian. ■' Oh, a
fire somewhere,'' says Mr. Self indifferently. " 'Won't
you go and help ?'' " No," he replies airily, " the
fire brigade will look after that." The Martian
then warns him fhat as he is incorrigible he must
himself endure the miseries with which he had re-
fused to sympathise. A newsboy brings a paper
which announces the failure of a bank, whidh en-
tailed the loss of every penny he had in the world.
A servant rushes up to tell him that it is his house
that is burning, from garret to basement. Through
the window of the ball-room he sees his rival pro-
posing to his fiancee, and hears her accept his offer.
He hears everyone condemn his selfishness and his
worthlessness. They chuckle over the news of his
disaster ; they even deride his claim to be a man of
science. Heavier and heavier fall the blows of
misfortune, but stUl he is obdurate. Then the Mar-
tian makes a pass. The fur coat, the evening dress
disappear, and Mr. Self stands a shivering, hungry,
ragged tramp upon the kerbstone. As he is won-
dering Where he can get something to eat, the old
tramp of yesterday comes along. He is rejoicing in
the fall of snow which means to him employment in
clearing it away. Finding another tramp hungrier
than himself, he gives Mr. Self the last of the bis-
cuits he had received in the library, and he suggests
to him the possibility of earning sixpence by clear-
ing away the snow from the ball-room door. They
agree to go partners in equal shares and set to work.
But, alas ! their hopes are disappointed. None of
the guests will give them a coin. The old tramp,
disappointed and wretclied, falls fainting in the
street. Mr. Self rushes to his assistance, and does
all that he can to restore him to life and hope.
" Put your hand in your pocket," says the Martian.
He does so, and discovers a sovereign. " Partner,"
he cries with glee, '' here's a sovereign. Shares,
partner, shares." And his regenerative work com-
plete, the messenger returns tn Mars as mysteriously
as he came.

In the third act we se<.> Mr. Self regenerated. He
wakes from his dream, finds his money in his pocket,
gold, silver and notes. The evening newspaper tells

572

The Review of Reviews.

Dectmber 1, 1906.

him there is no truth in the failure of the bank, and
he sees that his house is not ablaze. Again the rush
of the fire engines is heard. The servant tells him
that a large tenement house is on fire. He orders
her to prepare soup for the refugees, and departs
to gather them in. Then his women folks come in
with their escort, who proposes and is promptly
rejected, as he deserves, for he is only another
Mr. Self fashioned on other lines, and still unre-
generate. He departs, and then Mr. Self returns,
followed by a miscellaneous assortment of tatterde-
malions. He is carrying a child who has fallen
from a window, and with him is the old tramp. He
orders them supper, refuses to allow the crippled
child to be sent to a hospital ; she is to be nursed
in his own house. The old tramp discovers his long-
lost daughter, and Mr. Self, now transfigured into
Mr. Unselfishness, is rewarded by the adoring love
of the girl whom he is to wed.

It is a very simple but very pretty play, which
holds the mirror up to selfish man and makes
him see the thing he is, in order that he might
become the thing he ought to be.

GOMORRAH AT THE GAIETY.

It was not until the evening of the day on which
I saw " The Message from Mars " that I ventured to
visit the Gaiet)- Theatre. As I did not want to
be prejudiced against the stage by seeing it at its
worst from an ethical point of view, I had hitherto
given the Gaiet},- a wide berth. It was, however,
obvious that if I had to form anything approach-
ing to an accurate impression of the modern theatre,
I rtiust visit the typical strojighold of the musical
comedy. So I went to the Gaiety Theatre last
month. The Gaiety Theatre ! As I came out I
could not help recalling the ghastly jest of Mr.
Vimch, who represented one poor, wretched, draggle-
tailed street walker accosting another as forlorn
with the question, " How long have you been gay ?"
For the gaiety of the Gaiety Theatre is as the gay-
ness of the gay women on the streets, as hollow and
as base.

It is a disagreeable thing to have to describe in
plain English for the ordinary- reader the kind of
thing that I saw at the Gaiety. The place was full
of well-dressed men and women. The jeune fdle
was there in force, and her young man. The scenery
on the stage was very pretty, the dresses were very
bright, and there was absolutely nothing to be ob-
jected to in so far as the costumes went. The
music was a pleasant enough jingle. The grouping
of the dancers and their dresses made a kaleidos-
cope of the stage. There was plenty of bustle and
melody and laughter. All this may be fully and
frankly admitted. But as for the piece itself f

I said somewhat strong things about Mr. Pinero's
" Wife Without a Smile." But the whole of " The
Spring Chicken " was little better than a magnified.

glorified dancing doll. When I left the theatre 1
was appalled to think that such a performance can
be applauded nightly by thousands of well-dressed
English people without a word of protest from the
press. But the fact stares one in the face. The
play is no doubt an adaptation from the French,
but not even the lax and indifferent society of Paris
would allow such a play to be performed before a
theatre half full of young girls. The jeuiic file in
Paris does not haunt the Palais Royal. Her English
sister has the free run of the Gaiety. And this in
plain Saxon is what they see.

In spring, sings the poet, a young mans fancy
lightly turns to thoughts of love. At the Gaiety for
■' love read " lust." In spring, runs the Gaiet\
variant, the lust of man becomes so ungovernable
that the husband becomes adulterous. It is almost
a profanation of adultery to apply such a term to
the promiscuous animalism which reigns supreme on
the stage of the Gaiety. Adulterv may be, and
often is, idealised by love. Of love in " The Spring
Chicken ' there is rK>t even the remotest glimmer.
The w'hole musical comedy is one long presentation
of lust, unredeemed by a single spark of sentiment.
The whole thing is reduced to the level of the
monkeys at the Zoo. It begins with the suggestion
of a mother-in-law to her daughter that the only
way in which it is possible to keep your husband
from committing adultery^ in spring time is to mix
a sleeping powder with his soup. It ends with the
mother-in-law drinking by mistake an aphrodisiac
mixed by her husband, who intended to drink it to
stimulate his passions. It takes immediate effect,
and the woman rushes about the stage seeking to
embrace her husband, who, dreading the conse-
quences of his own potion, flees from her passionate
pursuit.

The first act is laid in a lawyer's office, much
frequented by applicants for divorce. The head of
the establishment is the younger husband, whose
passions are roused by the arrival of spring. He
locks himself into his office with frail clients, and
accompanies them to restaurants of ill-fame. The
first verse of the opening chorus defines with blunt
p.irticularity the ethics of the Divorce Court: —

I( we live in the land we love

We must love in the land we live.

Wl:ere our joy is the thirst

That we satisfy fiist—
Au excess we've all learned to forgive.
But when Nemesis waits on us,
.\ud we realise all too late

That the fountain is dry.

Then it's hither we hie
To consult an able advocate.

The obligation to break the Seventh Commandment
could hardly be more cynically set forth.

We have heard a good deal of the comic drama-
tists of the Restoration. But I doubt whether
Wycherley or Congreve ever compressed into any

Reiif-w of Reviews, 1/11/06.

Impressions of the Theatre.

573

of their comedies a more compact mass of dirty
allusions and adulterous suggestions than those
which prettv young girls make on the Gaiety stage
for the edification of the British public. A wife,
for instance, sings how her husband, after a visit to
Paris alone on Sunday, mumiurs in his sleep " Mar-
guerite,'' and " Oh, my little Marie." She finds in
his pocket a bill for a hat, '" And what do you think
is the meaning of that?" And the answer is in the
r.-frain repeated exultingly by the chorus and wel-
•i.imed with laug'nter by the audience, " Of course,
I don't know, but I guess.'' And so it goes on.
There are four more verses, the audience laughing
and applauding as it '' guesses " at the adulteries
which seem to a Gaietv audience so exquisitely
funnv.

I suppose I am old-fashioned, but I am certainly
not squeamish, and I have frequently brought down
upon my head the denunciations of the conven-
tional, respectable prudes of both sexes because I
have ventured to discuss seriously problems of sex
and to describe evils which it seemed to me the
duty of law and society to suppress. But how comes
it that this prudish, proper, virtuous English society
has not a word to sav in condemnation not of a
play of illicit love — for there is nctt a scintilla of
love to irradiate the putrid filth— but of the glorifi-
cation of libidinousness. The hero of this pestilent
and pestiferous farrago of filth frankly avows that
his adulteries in spring time are in no way prompted
by anv affection or romantic attraction to any one
woman : —

I'm fond of any blonde
If any blonde be fond of me:
I U let a sweet brunette
Come walking in my company.

Ill smile a little wliile
At any shade of maid you bring;

I'll kiss that one or this,
I'm not capricious in the spring.

Now, do not let anyone suggest that this is
nothing more than the innocent dalliance of a young
man and a maid in the pleasant time of May. A
play w'liich opens in the office of a divorce couif
lawver and closes in a house of assignation, whili
the middle scenes are devoted to the making o
appointments to be kept in cabinets pariiculiers, ha-
no place for innocent affection. It is ac
cepted as the normal thing that wives shoula
betray their husbands, that husbands should be false
to their wives. The restaurant, '' The Crimson But-
terfly," with its head waiter who sees wonders
through the keyholes of " private and particular
apartments," is not exactly the kind of institution
to which one would desire to introduce our boys
and girls. The whole thing is evil to the last degree.
Everyone is pawing' with vice, hinting at it, grinning
at it, indulging in it. The whole duty of man in
spring time is to be false to his wife with the first
woman whom he can induce to accompany him to
the nearest cabinet pariiculier.

It is the morals of the Cities of the Plain served
itp in the Strand for the delectation of the most
moral, the most virtuous community in the world.
If all plays were like '' The Spring Chicken " the
Puritans were right in shutting up the theatre. And
I begin to understand the old bitter jest about the
early Christian who died in the theatre and went
to hell. When Peter complained t'he Devil had no
right to a Christian, the plea was barred by the
Fiend's rejoinder, " I found him on my premises
and I took him."

Will every reader help us to double our circulation by recom-
mending "THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS" to their intimate friendsP
We wish to make it during 1907 a greater power in education and
social reform than ever. Will you help us ?

Revieii of Reviews. l/ll/OS.

Leading Articles in the Reviews.

THE FRENCH NAVAL MANffiUVRES.

'1 he most noteworthy article in the Correspondant
of September loth is an unsigned study of the
French Naval Manoeuvres, which took place from
July 3rd to August 4th, between Toulon and Merz-
el-Kebir.

The significance of these manoeuvres, says the
writer, wiL easilv be recognised when it is under-
stood that they brought into action, under one com-
mander, Vice-Admiral Fournier, all the fighting ships
of the first line in the French Navy. To these were
added — first, the most important section of the re-
serves, and next, the five torpedo flotillas and the two
flotillas of submarine boats stationed in the Mediter-
ranean. In the manoeuvres there was no serious
question of strategy or of tactics in the ordinary
sense. It was simplv an experiment conducted by
Vice-Admiral Fournier in " triangular tactics."

The writer says the lesson of the manoeuvres is
that the ships, notwithstanding the most praise-
worthy efforts, were unequal to their task. In future
ironclads of the highest tonnage should be adopted.
There should be fewer and larger units. It would
be much easier for an admiral to manoeuvre eighteen
ships of 12,000 tons than twelve ships of 18,000
tons, and these twelve larger ships would cost less
and carry more guns than the eighteen small ones.
The writer also recommends that the field of action
be changed. Cherbourg and Brest will play a more
important part in war than any Mediterranean port,
and he would like to see the manoeuvres of 1907
transferred to the Atlantic and the English Channel.

THE CAREER OF BU BEKIR IN MOROCCO.

A Reproach to England.

In '■ Pastels from Morocco," which L. J. B. con-
tributes to the October number of Conilull, we are
given some particulars of the career of the tyrant
Bu Bekir as political agent of England in Morocco.
All who are interested in Morocco know something
of his misdeeds, but few probably had any idea of
the disgrace his life has been to England.

Here are one or two instances: —

Sitting, as for years it was his custom to sit, at tiie
door of liis " futidak." loolsins out on the traffic that passed,
he was shunned and feared by every passer-by who pos-
sessed anything that Bu Bekir might covet. Nothine was
too small, notliing too big for his greed. I*;obody was so
insignificant that his all-embracing tyranny would over-
look him, or so nowerful that he would hesitate to attack
him.

A donkey loaded with beans passed the fundak; Bu Bekir
told his men to take It. The donkey, at European insist-
ence, was given up a few days later, hut its load had dis-

appeared. A man passed with the day's tolls from one of
the city gates ; he was pulled into the house, and the money
taken from him. A slave girl, walking up the street, took
Bu Bekir's fancy; she was seized by his men, and was
still in his house at the time of his death.

He imprisoned in his own house, and he used the Govern-
ment prisons as his own. " Bu Bekir wishes him to be
put in prison." was a sufficient order to the Governor of
the city; and " Tou are Bu Bekir's iirisoner; you must
settle with him," was the answer to anyone who was bold
enough to remonstrate or ask for a trial.

Thus the protection of England in this case seems
to have been worse than the injustice of Moroccan
government.

THE DUCHESS AND THE CRIPPLES.

Social Sii-vitc for .September contains a sketch of
the Duchess of Sutherland as " Social Servant.'
Her developrnent of the industry of hand-made fab-
rics in the Highlands has advanced to such a point
that no fewer than 11,000 crofters look to the
Duchess for the sale of their cloth. How a day's
hospitalitv at Trentham Hall led to her formation
of the Potteries Cripples' Guild is thus described : —

In March, 1900, the Duchess of Sutherland was invited
to entertain at Trentham Hall some 300 crippled children
from the vicinity of her Staffordshire residence. It was
characteristic of her not only to accede cheerfully to the
request, but also to suggest that some more systematic
assistance should be eiven to these unfortunate children
than was then afforded. As an outcome of this suggestion
the Potteries Cripples' Guild of Handicraft was formed,
with her Grace as President. The Guild had for its ob-
ject the succouring and teaching of crippled children re-
siding in the five towns known as the Potteries. A start
was made with evening classes, and such light handicrafts
were taught as these children were able to learn. They
made such progress in twelve months that the Duchess
was encouraged to open a small workshop for the manufac-
ture of artificial flowers for millinery purposes. The ex-
periment proved so successful that ia.rger premises were
secured, and the industries of repoug^e copper work and
high-class printing were added. X French fieuri^te was
brought from Paris in order that the girls should learn
their craft under the best possible conditions. The ser-
vices of a lad.v artist were obtained to teach the lads to
draw and create objects of beauty from a piece of copper.
Every effort was made to encourage the pupils to exercise
their owu individuality. Gradually — very gradually — the
spirit born of the slums was lost, and in its place there
awoke a desire to overcome the obstacle of deformity V)y
the development of brain and the acouiremeut of skill.
It was arduous work, but the Duchess had a profound
belief in the divine power of art and the possibilities lying
dormant in these cripples. Ultimately this belief was more
than justified. This policy has resulted in the Duchess of
Sutherland's Guild of Handicraft enjoying a uniQue repu- i
tation for excellent craftsmansliin. It seems that the very
infirmities uuder which the workers labour have given a
greater imiietus to the finer Qualities of the brain. So from
the spirit of mendicity to the s.nirit of craftsmanship has
the crippled child of the Potteries evolved.

R«view of Rfvietc^, 1/12J0S.

Leading Articles.

575

AMID SNOW AND ICE AT THE EQUATOR.

Sir Harr\ Juhiiston contributes to the Pa'I Mall
Magaziih- an interesting sketch of the mountains of
the moon. The ascent of Ruwenzori, in Central
Africa, by the Duke of the Abruzzi, leads Sir Harry
to tell what he has known of this mountain. He
believes that it is the principal source of the old-
world legends of the mountains of the moon, its
.snowy peaks seen above the clouds from the torrid
plains below seeming something quite preternatural.
The legends of the mountain attained their greatest
consistency in the first century after Christ, but were
revived when Arab travellers in the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries reported the existence of these
snow peaks of Equatorial Africa. Then learned men
\ disproved their existence.

■• THE MONARCH OF AFRICAN MOUNTAINS."

But at the same time, two missionaries of the
Flnglish C.M.S., Krapf and Rebmann, discovered
Kilimanjaro and Kenia. The former was hailed by
the .American poet Bayard Taylor as the monarch
of African mountains. Baker's " Blue Mountains "
were but the lower parts of Ruwenzori. Stairs and
Stanley guessed the snow range would reach about
17,500 feet. Then came Sir Harry Johnston. The
last altitude he and his party were able to take \dth
precision on the verge of the snowfields was 14,023
feet. He calculated Ruwenzori was about 20,000
feet, and so superior to Kilimanjaro, which has since
been fixed at more than 19,700 feet: —

In any case it Is remarkable that such a considerable
amount of snow and ice should exist actually under the
Equator at relatively low altitudes- Evanescent snow may
be seen on Ruwenzori at 12.000 feet, while the present
writer has walked amongst blocks of half-frozen snow at
just over 13,000 feet.

Ruwenzori itself is rather, he thinks, due not to
volcanic action so much as to a wrinkle in the
earth's surface : —

It is one of the rainiest regions of the world: the upper
elopes must have a rainfall of nearly two hundred inches
per annum. Many of the foot-hills round the base are
partially denuded of forest, as the result of long-continued
agricultural operations. Above 6000 feet the permanently
inhabited zone almost comes to an end. and one enters a
magnificent tropical forest.

GORGEOUS COLOURING.

Sir Harry describes the wonderful flora of the
slopes of this mysterious mountain, and then savs : —

Though the colour of the Alpine zone from 9500 to 13.0U0
feet is in general of a somewhat sombre cliaracter, with a
tendency to grey-green, yellow-grey and deep brown, there
is a certain gorgeous richness in some of its aspects when
examined at close quarters. For inst,ance, the trunks of
many dead trees are covered with enormous mantles of
moss, mantles that may be two feet in thickness. These
mosses range in tint from yellow-green to red-jjurple, being
often chestnut-brown, orange and crimson. Ihe short turfy
grass in places is bright emerald-green, and is dotted with
" lady's smocks," with maiive orchids, large daisies, yellow
buttercups, blue forget-me-nots, and other flowers of more
<ir lees English aspect.

LORD ABERDEEN'S CANADIAN RANCHE.

The Pall 'Mall ]\lagazinc contains an account by
Mr. Olston Black of Lord Aberdeen's ranche in
Okanagan Valley, in the Canadian Far West, Like
other Canadian Viceroys, Lord -Aberdeen has formed
a permanent affection for this great Colony,

A DRY VALLEY TRANSFORMED.

.\ branch line from the Canadian Pacific Railwav,
in the heart of the Rockie.s, leads to the Coldstream
ranche. The place is thus described: —

The ranche occupies the greater part of a valley which,
before cultivation began, was a dry and barren place, the
hillsides thinly clad with the scanty trees of a droughty
land, while almost the only trees were crowded down in
the bottom beside the little stream. To a large extent this
description still holds good- Of the whole 13.197 acres
forming the estate, 8200 acres form the " range," where
nothing grows or is expected to grow, except the sparse
natural herbage, green for a short time in the early sum-
mer, but brown and dry for the rest of the year. Browu
and dry, but nourishing all the same. Over this hillside
range the cattle roajn — a little herd of nine hundred head —
and thrive and breed. The yearling steers are picked out
annually, and taken over the mountains to fatten on the
Albertan prairie till they are ready for transformation
into beef. Some 1220 acres are under timber- This leaves
about 3770 acres available for cultivation — ,t, (Quantity which
might be increased by clearing the strip of forest from
the bottom of the valley. As a matter of fact, only about
1700 acres are actually under cultivation. Last year 250
acres consisted of orchards.

PROLIFIC ORCHARDS.

In planting the orchards the ground around the
trees is kept clear of other growths. First one hun-
dred and sixty-nine apple trees are planted to the
acre. After five years the number is reduced by
half, and after another five years by yet another
half. The crop from the Cold.stream orchards in
1904 amounted to nearly one million pounds in
weight. Three-quarters consisted of apples, second
came plums and prunes ; cherries completed the
total. There is also a hop-garden of one hundred
and twenty acres, a farm proper of seven hundred
acres, mostly under wheat, barlev, oats and potatoes,
with another five hundred acres of artificial hay.
The population is made up from many nations and
Continents. The staff of experts consists mostly of
.Scotsmen and Canadians. The labour bill amounts
to jCfiioo a year. The uncertaintv of the rainfall
has made irrigation a necessity:- —

By an extensive scheme of irrigation flumes and ditches,
bringing water from mountain tarns eight miles away,
large and regular production has been made practically
certain. No pumping is neede<i ; there is plenty of water,
and all that it needs is direction into proper channels.
Gravitation does the rest.

Lord Aberdeen is laying out a number of twenty-
acre and forty-acre plots for settlers wishing to grow
fruit, at a price, under irrigation, of about £,}fi an
acre. The new landow-ners are mostly men of good
social .standing from the mother country.

576

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 19^6.

"THE APOTHEOSIS OF BRITISH SCULPTURE."

The iK-vv Victoria and Albert Museum at South
Kensington is described in the Pal/ Mall Magazine,
bv Mr. Edgcumbe Staler, as a Valhalla for London.
The genial chief of the modelling school, Professor
Lanteri, is said to have created a new period in
British art: —

The influence of Professor l.anteri UDon British sculpture
has l,.een. .ind is. immense. Coming over to England from
Prance during the disastrous war of 1870-71. he. together
with Dalou. Gerome. l.e Gros, and other artists, found a
heart?- welcome and ready assistance at the hands of Leigu-
ton and other British confrPre*. Dalou became Master of
Modelling at South Kensington, and when he returned to
France in 1874, Lanteri was appointed his successor. Con-
sequently, for ,1 generation and more the latter has been
moulding not only British clays, but British sculptors.

When Lanteri's great stone figure of Fame crowns
the new national Palace of Art, it should, the writer
says, be hailed as the apotheosis of nineteenth cen-
turv sculpture in Britain. A curious story is told
of the selection of sculptors for some of the work : —

The allocation of four subjects to present students of
the Royal College was due directly to the hearty patronage
<if Sir Aston Webb. Their assignment was managed quite
after the method .idopted in old Florence — the names of

Constable," " Leighton." " Millais." and " Watts " were
written ttpon slips of paper, one of which was drawn by
oach student from a hat.

MARK TWAIN'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY.

The First Instalment.

The editor of the North AnKrican Review begins
with the publication of Mark Twain's autobiography
in the number for September 7th, the first of the
fortnightly series. He says that he has read a
quarttr-million of words of the autobiography which
Mark Twain has already WTitten, and he declares
that he is convinced that a life story of such sur-
passing interest was never told before.

Mark Twain himself speaks in even more glowing
terms of his autobiography. He begins in the fol-
lowing characteristic fashion : —

I intend that this autobiography shall become a model
for all future biographies when it is published, after my
death, and I also intend that it shall be read and admired
a good many centuries because of its form and method-
It is based on a. system which is a complete and purposed
jumble. The book is never to end until I die. If I could
talk to a stenogr.apher two hours a day for a hundred
years, I would still never be able to put down a teuth
part of the things which have interested me in my life-
time.

I told Howells that this autobiography of mine would
live a couple of thousand years, without any effort, and
would then take a fresh start and live the rest of the
time.

He said he believed it would, and asked me if I meant
to make a library of it.

I said that that was my design; but that, if I should
live long enough, the set of volumes could not be contained
merely in a city; it would recuire a State: and that there
would not be any multi-billionaire alive, perhaps, at any
time during its existence who would be able to buy a full
set, except on the instalment plan.

Howells applauded, and was full of praises and endorse-
ment, which was wise in him and judicious. If he had
manifested a different spirit, I would have thrown him
out of the window. I like criticism, but it must be my
way.

With this amusing introduction Mark Twain pro-
ceeds to begin at the beginning by recording the
fact that the Clemenses of Virginia were pirates and
slavers in the time of Queen Elizabeth. He says
that ■' this was no discredit to them, as it was a re-
spectable trade then and monarchs were partners
in it. In my time I have had desires to be a pirate
mvse'.f. " In the following reign one of his ancestors
was British Ambassador, and married there and sent
down a strain of Spanish blood to warm them up.
This man, or another Geoffrev Clement, helped to
sentence Charles I, to death. Upon this claim Mark
Twain says : —

I have always been obliged to believe that Geoffrey Cle-
ment, the martyr-maker, was an ancestor of mine, and to
regard him with favour, and, in fact, pride. This has not
had a good effect upon me, for it has made me vain, and
that is a fault. It has made me set myself above people
who were less fortunate in their ancestry than I, and has
moved me to take them down a peg, upon occasion, and
say things to them which hurt them before company.

After passing through a more or less distinguished
series of Clemenses, Mark Twain tells how his
mother was a Lambton, a native of Kentucky, who
married his father in r823. They removed to James-
town, in Tennessee : —

There their first crop of children were born, but as I
was of a later vintage I do not remember anything about
it. I was postponed — postponed to ilissouri. Missouri was
an unknown new State, and needed attractions.

He wrote about Jamestown in the " Gilded Age,"
and Mark Twain tells us that Colonel SeLers, the
delightful enthusiast of that story, was in real life
his mothers favourite cousin, James Lampton.
James Lampton floated all his days in a tinted mist
of magnificent dreams, and died at last without
seeing one of them realised.

The Diversity of Messenger Duty.

In the October number of the Roxal Magazine
Mr. VV. B. Northrop wTites on the strange duties
which a London District Messenger Boy may be
asked to undertake. Not long ago a messenger was
sent for to perform the duty of changing poultices
for a cantankerous gentleman. But baby-minding
seems one of the most important occupations, and
another is leading the blind.

Here is a table showing the employments in which
they are most Frequently engaged: —

Baby-minders and nursemaids. Attendants for new M.P.'s,
Government couriers. Messengers to Royalty, Trained
nurses, Globe-trotters on one-minutes notice, .ittendanta
for T.aluable pets. Reminders for' the absent-minded. At-
tendants on the blind. Guards for the dead. Public car-
riers. Bootblacks, Shopping commissioners. Burglar catch-
ers, Caddies for golfers. Cricket and Tennis attendants.
Models for artists. Theatre attendants. Guides of all kinds.
Secret service work. Lunatic minders. Lift operators. Rapid
travellers. Special clerks. Waiters, Grooms, Actors.

Review of Reviewi, IjHI S.

Leading Articles.

577

ABDUL HAMID, THE SULTAN.

A Character Sketch by M. Mijatovitch.

The Fortnightly Review opens with a bright, but
all too brief, character sketch of the present Sultan
by M. Mijatovitch, " formerly Servian Minister to
his Imperial Majesty the Sultan,'' but much better
known in London as the most distinguished diplo-
matist who has ever represented Servia at the Court
of St. James's. M. Mijatovitch was one of the most
u,seful members of the Hague Conference in 1899,
and it will be an international misfortune if, because
of the change of dynasty, Servia shou'd not again
enjov the advantage of securing the services of the
doyen of her Diplomatic Corps as her plenipoten-
tiary at next year's Conference. Meantime, being
relieved from the responsibilities of office, M. Mijato-
vitch is contributing to the Press of Europe and
America some specimens of the vast store of his-
torical treasure that he has accumulated in his long
and distinguished diplomatic career.

His sketch of Abdul the Damned and Abdul the
Assassin in the current number of the Fortmghily
Rcvinv is a pleasant and delightful surprise. The
Master of the Massacres may be a very fiend in
Armenia, but in his private life M. Mijatovitch
found him a very charming and even a sentimental
gentleman, towards whom the heart goes out with
sympathy, even although it is severely limited to his
domestic virtues.

THE SULTAN ON THE POWER OF LOVE.

How. for instance, can anyone wonder that the
Sultan made captive the chivalrous heart of the
Servian Minister when we read this idyllic disquisi-
tion upon the nature of true love from the lips of
the Ciimmander of the Faithful: —

When the telegrams announced the formal engagement of
King .\lexander of Servia with Madame Draga Maahin, the
Sultan sent for me. aakine me at the same time to bring,
if I could, a photograph of the King'a fiancee. I did so.
The Sultan looked at the photograph for aome time, ob-
aerved that Mme. Draga was evidently a handaome woman.
and that ahe had beautiful eyea.

" Yet." he said, in hia nuiet. earueat manner, " I cannot
aufficiently wonder that King Alexander, who aeemed to me
a very shrewd young man. should commit such folly! No
doul)t the day will arrive when he will see clearly himself
what a folly he has t;omniitted."*
And then, after a prolonged silence, he continued: —
"But, after all. what right have we to complain? W'hat
right have we even to criticise? Can a man escape his
destiny? And ia it fair to forget what an irresistible power
love has? Where is the strong man who is not weak when
he tinfla himself alone with a. woman with whom he ia in
lo\e? And are we not all liable sometimes to commit fol-
lies? Does love ever ask what rank and your dignity?
Does love ever ask what your father and mother will say
to that? Does it ever listen to reason? I, verily, do not
think we have a riiiht to laugh at the folly of this young
man. Poor Alexander ia evidently deeply in love with
Draga. All we can do is to wish for him that his love
bo crowned by true and lasting happiness. I will wire him
my best wishes, but you must also let him know that I
shall always rejoice to hear of his happiness-"

I waa so charmed, and really deeply impressed by thia
philosophical discourse of Sultan Abdul-Hamid on the
power of love, that on my return to the Ijegati<.)n I wrote
it down immediately. He never seemed to me to stand in a
better light than on that occasion. He evidently knew what
love wa,s. iuid he seems to have reduced his own experiences
to philosophical principles, which led him to be fair and
charitable to others.

THE SULTAN AT THE OPERA.
Another storv of a more risque character illus-
trates Abdul Hamid less of a philosopher and more
as the Lord of the Seraglio: —

On one occaaion, in the empty Court Theatre in the Mer-
rassim Kiosk, an Italian company waa playing the opera
" Robert le Diable." The Sultan took the Ruaaian Am-
bass.ador Zinovyeff, the Persian Ambassador and myself in
hia box. In the adjoining box were a few enuerriea of the
Sultan. Thoae two boxea contained all the spectators on
that occasion. Abdul-Hamid, as a true lover of music, lis-
tened attentively to the singing of the artists on the stage,
and during their singing never spoke a word with ua.
But when Pepita, after her beautiful prayer to the Madon-
na, began to undreaa herself, prior to going to bed, and
took off her first dreaa, theii her bodice, then her top petti-
coat, the Sultan turned, alarmed, to Zinovyeff.

" No doubt." he said. " your Excellency knowa the habits
of the European young women- Do you think thia young
actreaa ia going to undress herself altogether in our pre-
sence?"

"I hope not!" answered Zinovyeff- "But I do not know;
the actora, and more esneciall.v the actreaaea, like to hu-
mour the deaires of their patrons."

The Sultan immediately ca-ught the meaning of the Rua-
aian Ambassador, and laughed heartily.

M. Mijatovitch, who tells us that v^'ith his invisible
psychological kodak he made inaudible snaps when-
ever in any of his interviews a flash of mind re-
vealed Abdul Hamid's soul, declares that he was
never able to detect in the Sultan even a shadow
of cruelty. Humph ! But why not ? No one can
detect shadow^s in the sun. Neither is the shadow
of cruelty to be found at its source.

A VERY HUMAN MAN—

M. Mijatovitch maintains that Abdul Hamid is a
good Turk, an able man, one of the best and ablest
of Sultans, a man of great initiative and unusual
energy. He is also a man full of quiet humour,
sensitive as to his personal dignity, a man fond of
pictures and devoted to music and the theatre: —

He is distinctly a man of aesthetic taste. He ia fond of
flowers, of beautiful women, of line horses, of lovely views
of aea and land, of everything that ia beautiful- He is an
affectionate father. He takea care that the ladiea of
his harem shall enjoy higher pleasures, and provides for
them concerts and theatricals. He can be. and is. a de-
voted friend to his friends. He is able to contract deep
and faithful friendship. ■»»

So much does he crave for friendship that he even
in\ited King Milan to Constantinople to live with
him as his loving friend. He told M. Mijatovitch to
tell King Milan : —

1 often feel (luite lonely, and that I am longing with all
my heart and soul to have near me a man to whom, as to a
faithful and sincere friend. I could confide what I have in
my heart, with whom I could freely exchange thoughts
and take counsel, and with whom I could share joy and

578

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, ISK.

sorrow. I feel deeply that in Milan, I should finil such a
friend. Write to him to come, that we as friends may help
each other to bear bravely the load of our destinies.

What a spectacle I Abdul Hamid and Milan of
Servia as the David and Jonathan of a scoiBng
world, whose verdict would have been " Arcades
amhfl"

—AND " A GOOD EUROPEAN. •

M. Mijatovitch thinks the Sultan is a good
European : —

If Europe understood rishtly the true situation, ft would
request Abdul-Hamid to put himself at the head of the
Pan-Islamic movement, and by his own statesmanlike aViili-
ties, and his conciliatory character, try to make it a force
not necessaril.v hostile to Christian interests. Abdul-Hamid
is more capable than any other living Mohammedan to
understand that, after all, the best Pan-Islamic policy
would be to cultivate the best possible and truly friendly
relations with the Christian nations.

Hum !

THE PAPAL AGGRESSION IN FRANCE.

In the Fortnightly Review Mr. Robert Dell, writing
on this subject, puts very clearly the present acute
religious crisis in France, but, I gather, takes a
pessimistic view of its being hopefully solved. The
inference many will draw from his article is that
either the Pope is purblind to many modern ten-
ijencies, or he is being extraordinarily badly advised.
In the French Ultramontane press of late it is con-
stantly asserted by bishops that the will of the Pope
is the will of God " absolutely and with no restric-
tion." Authorised organs even declare that the Pope
has a divine and immutable right to ratify or refuse
to ratify civil legislation — "the Deposing Power"
that is, applied to modern conditions, and even such
men as M. Brunetiere and the Viscount de Vogiie
apparently accept these principles.

As for the demonstration of English Catholics to
be held, it is stated, shortly in London to bring
about an entente cordialc between them and the
French Clericals, Mr. Dell says nothing could better
show that both parties stand aloof from the general
life of their respective nations. The Clericals have
been the consistent enemies of England, and have
done all in their power to prevent the present good
understanding between her and France. If any-
one's interests are served, it will be those of the
German Emperor. Every Government, and ours as
well as the rest, must take into account the fact
that —

for the nresent Pope, the claim to the Deposing Power is
no mere shadowy theory, and the supremacy of the Church
over the State is an inviolable principle to be enforced at
all costs, .\lready the Pope is attempting to enforce that
principle in Spain, and is involved in a dispute with the
Spanish Government merely because the latter has taken
one more step in the direction of complete religious tolera-
tion which, in Spain as in all countries where the official
Church retains any real power, is still far from beini:
realised.

The present policy of the Vatican — that it is
better to lose everv country to the faith than to

abate one jot or tittle of the claims- of Rome — is
an old policy, and that which has lost it the East,
England, Germany, and now France.

THE ASSOCIATIONS CULTTJELLES.
C)f the assocatwns ailiuclles so much is likely soon
to be heard, that I quote Mr. Dehs clear statement
exactly defining what they are: —

The fi'isociation cuituelle is merely an association decUtree
under the Law of July 1st, 1901, which has tor its sole
object the practice of a religion (Veiercice d'un culte); its
area is that of the old ecclesiastical district, and it can
be formed by any seven, fifteen, or twenty-five persons, ac-
cording to the population of the commune; it must draw
up a balance-sheet and inventory of its properly annually,
and present its accounts to a general meeting of members
at least once a year. Outside these provisions, the n^^octa-
tiotis cultifdles are left perfectly free to impose what condi-
tions of membership they please, and to make their own
constitutions and rules.

The Pope's recent refusal of the request of nearly
two-thirds of the French bishops to be allowed to
form such associations on the model of the Arch-
bishop of Besancon was due to his obstinate notions
of rigid absolutism and was virtually an attack on
the autonomy of the French state.

A PUPPET IN THE HANDS OF THE GERMAN

EMPEROR.

The Pope, without knowing it, is a puppet in the hands

of the German Emperor, and the wires of the Vatican are

pulled by much more astute hands than those of Cardinal

Vives y Tuto and Cardinal Merry del Val.

There is a close understanding betyveen the Vati-
can and Berlin, highly desirable for the latter, con-
sidering that the Centre Party holds the balance of
power in the Reichstag, and that the designs on
Austria and the Netherlands, with which the writer
credits the Kaiser, make him still more dependent
on Ultramontane support.

THE DARK FUTURE.

The law of France must be enforced, and the
writer hopes that catastrophe may be averted. In
any case, the responsibility rests on Pius X. and his
advisers, " who have incited him to do a greater
injury to the French Church than its worst enemies
crruld have hoped for in their most optimistic
moments.'' Mr. Dell, I notice, considers " ap-
palling " the extent to ^vhich the Church has lost its
hold on the French people.

I wish (he says) I could believe th.at any considerable
body of French Catholics were prepared to save the re-
ligion of France even without the consent of the Pope, but
i cannot be so optimistic. It is most improbable that as-
sociations of Catholics will he formed in more than a very
few pla-ces unless the Pope relents.

The Pope, in fact, has ordered the Bishops ; .•
" organise religious worship," and forbidden them
all means of doing so.

Writing: in CnsseWs 'ilaqiizUte for September on
Women Humorists, Mr. J. Cuming Walters takes for
his subjects the writings of George Eliot. Miss Con-
stance Naden, Miss Ellen Thornevcroft Fowler, and
others.

Review of Reviews, 1/11106.

Leading Articles.

579

AN AFRICAN POMPEII.

Under this title Miss Ellt-n Maples describes in
the PaH Mall Magasnic the ruins of Timgtid, in
French Algeria. This is the story in brief: —

It is not every day that we light upon a city 200U years
old. It is easier for a town to disappear, like San Fran-
■cisco, than to re-emerge from ashes like Pompeii and Her-
culauenm. But when, some years ago, certain French dis-
■coverers lit ux)on the Roman city in the Algerian hinter-
laiul, it was hailed as an almost miraculous resurrection.
It turned out that this was the original Tliamagudas, huilt
^y the Romans as a station for their Thirtieth Legion, and
used hy them to bar the advance of the nomad tribes from
the desert and the interior, who used this way to Rome.
After 900 years, however, the city was sacked and destroy-
■ed by the Arabs. So it remained for centuries, until the
place was inspected and excavated, twenty years ago, and
came into the light again as a new and wonderful link
betw^een the old civilisation and the new.

Landing at Philipville, the traveller takes the rail-
way across the Atlas Mountains and the desert to
the terminus at Biskra, where the Sahara really
begins. Twenty odd miles eastward lies the re-
discovered city, about a hundred miles or so inland
from the Mediterranean. The city was built in
loo A.D. Burnt by the Berbers, it was rebuilt in
535 by the lieutenant of Belisarius. In the seven-
teenth century it was again destroyed. In 1880 the
work of excavation seriously began. Previously the
Arch of Trajan alone stood high above the buried
cit)'. The Forum " is of great extent, and includes
rows of shops, the temple of Victory, the Tribune
for speeches, the Curia, and of course the Basilica,
which at Timgad is peculiar in having no aisles."
One inscription engraved on the pavement of the
Forum may be quoted. It is as follows : " To hunt,
to bathe, and to laugh — this it is to live'": —

This theatre is larger than the one at Pomiieii, but
smaller than those of S.yracuse and Taormina. Two col-
umns of the Capitol, which had been overthrown by an
earthciuake, have been recently re-erected, and form, next
to the .\rch of Trajan, the most imposing feature of the
city. There remain also large baths, one of which includes
three larse halls and annexes, whilst various chambers —
tepidarium, frigidarium, and so on — are in wonderfuUv good
preservation.

The sketch is made more interesting by the ad-
mirable photographs accompanying it.

THE LOTTERY OF RACEHORSE BUYING.

'■ Spearmint in Private Life '' is the subject of a
sketch in the Fall Mall Magazine by Edward Moor-
house. In 1904 Spearmint was knocked down for
300 guineas to Major Eustace Loder. It has since
w on the Derby and the Grand Prix de Paris. " The
two races were worth ;^i6,ooo." The writer goes
on to show that the purchase of racehorses is, to say
the least, a very speculative proceeding. As a foil
to Spearmint's 300 guineas, he says: —

In 1895 there were twenty-two fashionably-bred yearlings
sold for £48,510. During their active careers on the Turf
they won stakes of the total value of £2799, leaving a de-
ficiency of £45.711.

There are othci cases in which very high prices
have been more than justified : —

Cases like that of Sceptre, who. bought as a yearling
for the unprecedented sura of 10,000 guineas, won all the
classic races except the Derby, and was sold as a four-year-
old to her present owner, Mr. William Bass, for the net
sum of £25,000. The value of the stakes slie won amounted
to more than £38,000. When M. Edmond Blanc gave 37,500
guineas for Flj'ing Fox {who had then finished his racing
career), cautious people stood aghast. But it has since
proved one of the very greatest bargains ever made. This
ixorse's progeny have won stakes to the value of over
£110,000, and four of his sons have been sold for sums
amounting to £94,000.

It is stated incidentally that " a classic race " is
the Two or One Thousand Guineas, the Derby, the
Oaks or the St. Leger ; and a classic horse is one
who has won a classic race. The writer adds: —

This r.aoe of equine aristocrats, of which we have just
reason to be proud, and which is the envy of all other
nations who love the horse, has been built up by a careful
process of selection extending back to the time of the
Charleses.

When as long a period has been taken in de-
liberate improvement of the breed of men, one won-
ders what will be the result.

FROM THE OCCULT MAGAZINES.

The Hindu Spiritual Magazine for August con-
tinues to keep up the high standard which its
editor has set before' him from the first. In the
August number we have, in an article entitled " The
Mahatmas are not Fictions," an astounding narra-
tive of the achievements of one Haridas, a Yogee
at the Court of Ranjit Sing, who proved before
many English officers and many thousands of natives
that he possessed the faculty of dying at will and re-
turning to his body when he pleased. It took thirt)'
years to acquire this power fully. He allowed him-
self to be buried alive dozens of times and kept there
for months. During the time that he was in his
coffin he declared that he was enjoying an ecstasy
which he would not exchange for the Kingdom of
Heaven. The writer gives curious information as
to the way in which this adept would empty his
stomach of all matter. It took him eight days'
preparation before he died. The cell or grave in
which he was buried was stopped up, and his body
remained absolutely dead for weeks or months until
he was dug up at the appointed time and his soul
returned to its abandoned tenement. In a paper
entitled " Yoga " particulars are given of the various
posture in which men practise voga.

The Occult Review for October contains a very
weighty article, by Edward Carpenter, entitled '■' The
' .\ ' behind Phenomena." His conclusion is that
phenomena are ideas conveyed to our minds by a
self or selves outside of us. A Californian tells the
story of how Leland Stanford Junior University was
founded. It is the one free educational institution
of its kind in the world. It has an endowment of
nearly seven millions sterling, is open to all boys

58o

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 1906.

and girls, men and women alike, and was founded
entirely on the strength of a message from the dead,
transferred to the sorrowing parents bv a spiritualist
medium. Senator Leland Stanford had only one son.
He was immensely wealthy, and he centred all his
hopes upon his boy, but suddenly the boy took
Roman fever and died. The Senator and his wife
were so stunned by the blow that thev first refused
to allow the body to be buried, and reason itself
appeared about to give way. At last a medium
succeeded in getting into communication with them,
and gave them a message purporting to come from
the dead boy. On the strength of that they went
to a seance : —

They received a. " communication " to the effect that there
was no cause for grief, that the deatii had been, on the
contrary, nrovidential ; that thereby the boy's earth-life
mission would be best fulfilled, and that the vast fortune
which would have been his, was to be used by his father
to found a great Califoruian seat of learning, which was
destined to become a mighty centre of light and under-
standing.

The Senator and his wife were fulh satisfied as
to the authenticity of the message, and that thev
were in very truth communicating with the spirit of
their dead son. Their grief calmed, and they de-
voted themselves to carrying out the will of their
boy by founding the university and endowdng it with
all their n-ealth. What is more remarkable i^ that
neither the Senator nor his w'ife had before their
son's death any dealings with spiritualists. The
motto of the University is '• Use your own judgment,"
and in the organisation the development of character
and of independence of judgment are placed be-
yond everything.

Mr. Reginald B. Span contributes " More Glimpses
of the Unseen," which are decidedly uncanny. 'V^^lat
with spectral dogs with staring eyes, and monstrous
ajje-like ghosts with human faces and of revolting
hideousness and weird, blood-curdling laughs, we
feel that when we have finished Mr. Span's paper we
have indeed supped full of horrors.

Miss Goodrich-Freer, now Mrs. Spoer, continues
the extracts from her note-book, and the same writer
sends a letter in which she describes the persistence
of evil smells hundreds of years after those who
have caused them have passed away. The smell of
stables and tobacco on a spot where Queen Elizabeth
hunted over three hundred years ago is still there.
.■\re there, therefore, she asks, ghosts of odours >
Judging from her paper one would think that such
things actually existed.

AN ATTACK UPON ENGLISH LAW.

" I always call a spade a spade," said a man bv
way of apology for his foul language. "Indeed!"
said his neighbour. " I should have thought vou
called it a bloody shovel '." Dr. T. Miller Magiiire
is a controversialist of the Bloody Shovel method
of argument. In Broad Vieivs for October he pub-

lishes an article entitled " English Law a Con-
temptible Anachronism," which for vigour of expres-
sion can hardly be excelled. Dr. Maguire tells us
how he made the acquaintance of a fair and lovable
creature, a veritable Child of Heaven, who was also
a daughter of shame, \vho was being torn to death
by the fell machinery of the fiendish law : —

As I spoke to her, I saw that she was labouring under
some strons emotion. Fain would I have soothed that
Child of Heaven, and tenant of the slum. But she showed
me a subpfrna which she had received to be a witness. She
then spat upon it and defiled it, and in a perfect storm of
tears and passion, as fierce as it was entirely ju.stifiable,
gave vent to terrible imprecations aeainst the whole of
that hateful legal system, which, w-hen I was her age, I
was taught to venerate as the Majesty of English law.

In his article in Broad Viavs Dr. .Maguire does
his best to emulate the methods of that Child of
Heaven. He ransacks his copious vocabulary for
words of execration and contempt: —

Verily the Enfriish Themis, albeit arrayed in tawdry and
costly robes, is an ill-conditioned and ill-bred visen and
courtesan — it is time she were nublicly stripjied and her
fulsome features discovered plain in the sight of all me:i.
Then our people would shrink from her in horror and
disgust.

I tried to iirove lately that the Courts of Jusiice were
even worse dens of inintxiiy, waste, folly and dismay than
the War Office, the Home Office, Somerset House, and all
the other ruinous institutions called Government Depart-
ments. Clergymen, soldiers, authors, teachers, working-men
and ordinary folk in restaurants have since declared to
me that I was absolutely true and ri^-ht, and that no wise
man would touch law with a tongs.

In order to be ouite certain that I was not exaggerating,
I went out several times in the course of writing this ar-
ticle and asked certain neighbours, as L met them casual-
ly, ' What do you think of English Law?" Shopkeepers,
agents, caterers, clerks, bankers, men who had been jurors,
and women of every class replied that they utterly abhor-
red the whole "system — judges, law, and lawyers. Not one
person, not even persons whose relatives were lawyers, had
one good word for this supreme fatuity.

It is only moderation to sav that everything which solici-
tors and lawyers touch thev injure or degrade. I have
been obliged to hearken to them again and again, and on
only one occasion was their advice worth one penny to
either myself, my opponents, ajid my clients.

Our jurisprudence is a blighting moral plague centre in
our State. I do not exaggerate when I say that there is
not one man except a paid official of my rank within a
mile of m.v house who does not curse our law when its
name is mentioned. Ever.v lawyer when pressed admits its
folly, cost, and disastrous iuBuence on our social condition-
In this article we have only a foretaste of what is
to come : —

There is nothing which Law. like the Army Council,
touches that it does not degrade. I intend to return at
some future period to discussing the divorce Court, that
whirlpool of domestic hore and family honour; that very
focus of degradation: that breeding-ground of worse than
malarial abomination. I iiropose also to discuss our Police
System and Criminal Law, as I have observed both for a
quarter of a century.

The Younri Man for Sept-ember is very topical, in-
asmuch as it coiit-aiiiK a character sketch of Mr.
Augustine Birrell and a long illustrated article on
Rembrandt, whose tercenteuar.v was celebrated on
August loth last.

Review of Reiiews, 1/11106.

Leading Articles.

581

THE SULTAN, THE KAISER AND
GREAT BRITAIN.

How TO Put Salt on the Tail of Pan-Islamism.
The oiif outstiinding fact in recent diplomatic his-
tory is that when the British Government was con-
fronted with the extremely unpleasant prospect of
having to make war on the Sultan to induce him to
keep his hands off Egypt, the German Government
.rendered us every service in its power at Constanti-
noi)le. The Tabah incident might have had a very
different ending but for the loyal and steady support
which the I-vaiser gave to the representations which
we made to the Sultan. This being the case, I
must confess that I read with some concern and sur-
prise the cle\er but mischievous article on " Pan-
Islamisni : Some Dangers and a Remedy," which my
son. Mr. Alfred Stead, has contributed to the current
number of the Fortnightly Review. The article
might have been more accurately entitled " Pan-
Islamism : How to Increase its Dangers Beyond all
Remedy." Absolutely ignoring the loyal aid and
support which we received from Germany in coping
with the Pan-Islamic agitation at Tabah, he actually
takes that incident as an illustration of w'hat he re-
gards as the pernicious influence of Germany upon
the security of the Empire and the peace of the
world. If the Kaiser had done his uttermost to
thwart our diplomacy at Constantinople instead of
doing his uttermost to support it. the article in the
Fortiiiglitl} would still have been injudicious. A..S
the facts are. it is difficult to find a word to ex-
press its extreme lack of political common sense.

-According to this writer, we have to face the
" practical certainty of a bloody war in the spring
of 1907 " unless'we adopt the "eventful and pro-
mising line of policy ''' which he recommends. What
is that policy? It starts from a recognition that the.
Pan-Islamite movement is " an active reality, ap-
palling in its [iromise of causing far-reaching disin-
tegration and danger." Danger to France; danger
to all the world, but especially danger to us. In
Egypt, in the Soudan, in .Afghanistan, and in
.•\rabia, it is a peril to the British Empire. " It is
a grave question what would happen there were the
Sultan to preach a holy war against England," which
"at present " suffers from the fact that she is not
an cunphibious Power, and therefore cannot land an
armv in the Balkans. We are, he tells us, still fur-
ther aggravating this jieril by the foolish wa\ in
which we are treading on one of the tenderest corns
of the Mohammedan world in our treatment of the
Sultan of Zanzibar. Islamism, in short, is an
i-normous force in the midst of an Imperial struc
tare. Ill wliicli iht' controlling wires lie f)utside and
in dthtrs' hands.

We are. of course, verv familiar with these
alarms. Thev have been the familiar stock-in-trade
of the Russophfibist for a hundred vears. But that
mischievous alarmist used them for the j)urpose of

committing us to an alliance with the Sultan. Mr.
Alfred Stead recognises equally with them the
potential mischief-making capacity of the Sultan,
but uses it as a plea for a policy of direct and un-
compromising hostility to that potentate and his
friend and ally the Kaiser. This, surely, is the
\ery delirium of political heroics. The Sultan is
powerful — oh ! so powerful — we dare hardly go to
sleep at nights for fear he controls and wires and
shatters with his Pan-Islamite explosive our Imperial
structure. Therefore let us make war upon him.
partition the remains of his European Empire, and
control Constantinople. But behind the Sultan
stands the embattled might of the German Empir.-
— a fact which might give some persons, as it did
Lord Roseberv in 1895, reason to pause. Not so
with this impatient advocate for a spirited foreign
policy. Obsessed, apparently, by the success witli
which the Japanese alliance precipitated war witii
Russia, he advocates the creation of another allianc--
in the Near East for the purpose of clipping th_'
claws and thw'arting the ambitions of the Sulta:i
and the Kaiser. There are three small States in th-
Balkan peninsula which have in recent years been
occasionally at w"ar and chronically at variance witli
each other. One of them is ruled by a Germa 1
prince. A second is under the thumb of Austria.
But out of these unpromising materials — Roumania.
Servia and Bulgaria — Mr. Alfred Stead dreams that
he can manufacture a firm fighting alliance fcr
Great Britain, with whose aid we can partition
Turkev. defeat Germany, and control Constantinop' ■
— Russia, apparentlv, being an assenting partv to
this pretty little programme.

.Surel)' this is the mere midsummer madness of
politics.

Mr. .Alfred Stead declares that there must be a
very "decided change of heart in Berlin." Th -
change of heart seems to be much more needed
nearer home, where it is possible to read such sen-
tences as these in the Fortnightly Reviav : —

It is. of course, unfortunate that it is still so possible fc r
misf^iiided enthusiasts or well-meaning: but impolitic Mini>-
ter.g of ^Yar to lead the Britisii i)ublic into forgetting ti.e
fundamentall.v inimical policy of Germany in individual
.\nfflo-German triendships.

Choose, and choose wisely and quickly, must be the motto
for Great Britain, with tl:e G«rman profession of faitli rinz-
ing in her ears: "There is no God but Allah. Mahomet is
his prophet, and the German Emperor is the Friend of all
the followers of Mahomet."

Yet the last official utterance of Sir Edward Gre\
was an expression of his gratitude to the Germans
for having stood our friend, and not the Sultan's. .■■
the critical moment of our first collision with the
new Pan-Islamism.

A>s for ■' the one certain and easy method " of
checking Germany and controlling the Sultan, it is
an affair of piecrust and gingerbread. We are to
ha\-e licit a fighting alli.ince, but an entente, with
Roumani.i, .Servia and Bulgari.i, which, however, is

582

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 1905.

evidently meant to ripen into a fighting alliance, for
we are told that an entente with such a group of
Powers would give us a European army of formid-
able dimensions. With this army of 750.000 trained
soldiers, " Germany's misfortune is our oppor-
tunity '' : —

Pan-Islamism would be effectually cbecked. aud our posi-
tion in Constantinople rendered more satisfactory; Ger-
many would be rendered harmless, and could build ber Asia
Minor railways without let or hindrance; three States would
be enabled to develop peacefully and normally; Europe would
be rid of an unsolved problem, and an international situa-
tion would be steadied by the appearance of a British-
Balkan entente.

This is all very pitiful ! When the sky falls we
shall catch many larks. I sincerely hope no one will
imagine from the name of the writer that he in any
wav expresses mv sentiments or those of anv English
statesman.

PAN-ISLAMISM.

Bv Profe.ssor Vambery.
There is not a more fer\ent friend of Islam in all
Christendom th.an my friend Professor Arminius
Vambery of Buda Pesth. But his righteous soul is
ablaze with indignation at the recent developments
of what is called Pan-Islamism. He does not be-
lieve that anv real Pan-Islamist movement is pos-
sible. Writing in the Nineteenth Century, he says : —

Pan-Islamism— viz., a united action of all Mohammedans in
the world— is under the present circumstances impossible,
but a local outburst of political efforts, under the disguise of
religious fanaticism, deserves the much more our full atten-
tion.

It is because I am a well-wisher of the Mohammedans and
anxiously desirous to see their lot ameliorated that I must
declare myself against all adventurous and ill-devised plans
of forcible revolution, such as the confidence in Pan-Islam-
ism, which must long remain an empty vision, and. by rous-
ing the suspicion of the mighty European Powers, will cur-
tail the liberties the Moslems enjoy at present and will
uselessly retard the work of their progress.

He is distressed by the follv of certain hare-
brained German writers who imagine that the Kaiser
can use Islam as dvnamite to blow up English and
French interests in Africa and .-Vsia. He savs : —

If German politicians imagine that by constantly petting
the absolutist and ruinous rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid, and
by striving to represent the Emperor William the Second
as the protector of Islam, they will attain their end, they
are sadly mistaken. It is a great pity that the German Em-
peror is not duly informed of the disaffection and hatred
he has created amongst the enlightened Turks by the sup-
port he gives to Sultan Abdul Hamid. for the general
opinion prevails in Turkey that it is the Kaiser who insti-
gates the Sultan to continue his absolutist rule, and who
dissuades him from according liberties to his people.

Professor Vambery is niuch exercised in his mind
concerning the licence of the papers in Egypt and
elsewhere in attacking England. He says : —

Any open attack directed against England, or any fiery
appeal in the interest of unity and encouragement to shake
off the hated yoke of the Christian conqueror is quoted and
carefully translated in the newspapers of the different
countries.

Therefore, he concludes : —

Exceptional measures are not only permitted— nay, they
have become an imperious necessity, and temporar.v restric-
tion of the Press, for example, is certainly less injurious to
the welfare of England and Egypt than the political hallu-
cinations of a certain class of journalists, who, by envenom-
ing public opinion, do great harm to the moral and material
interests of their country.

Mr, Harold Spender's Version.
Mr. Harold Spender in the Contemporary Review
writes on England, Egypt and Turkey. He explains
the action of Turkey in Egypt thus : " She looked
across the Mediterranean and saw it shining be-
neath the sun, a glittering prize, grown in twenty
years from a rubbish-heap to a gold mine. Without
any warning she stretched out an ugly claw and
scrabbled at the tempting treasure," Great Britain
suddenly discovered that she could not relv on the
loyalty and gratitude of the verv people she had en-
riched. Mr. Spender bears witness : —

Whether ordered by the Sultan or the result of an instinc-
tive religious wave, a new and definite crusade began to af-
fect Egypt in the summer of 1905. Preachers appeared mys-
teriovisly in Cairo and sprea* rapidly through the country,
giving a new and stricter interpretation to texts from the
Koran, and preaching in strong terms the wickedness of
obeying the iniidel.

The disaffection so fanned burst into a flame at
the Tabah incident, Mr, Spender gives interesting
quotations from the Egyptian Press showing how the
anti-British spirit was propagated. Mr. Spender
goes on : —

The great point is to realise that a great and formidable
movement like Pan-Islamism has its roots far too deep down
in the human heart and mind to be extirpated by a display
of what is commonly known as " strong measures."

The remedies suggested by the writer are bars to
hinder Mouktar Pasha using his position as a
Turkish resident in Cairo as he has done. Press
censorship is abhorrent to the English spirit. But —
if it could be proved that Turkish agitators or Turkish-paid
Egyptians are attacking England through a free Egyptian
Press, theu the limit of tolerance would be reached. Even in
England the Press cannot be used for the sowing of treason.
Better a few deported Turks than a sprinkling of European
massacres and more gallows-crops of executed Fellaheen.

But for the final thwarting of Turkey, Mr. Spen-
der suggests the opening up of public ser\ice to the
cultured and intelligent Egyptian :■ —

There is in Egypt now a large class of wealthy youths who
look for worthy employment in their own country. The pro-
blem of the future is to win these meu to our side by pro-
viding them with the two things they desire— better educa-
tion and greater responsibility. It is reall.v another form of
the wider problem — to extend the bounds of self-government
and to fulfil our mission by training Eg.vpt to rule itself.

The Suinhnj Strciiil. besides giving; u sketch of not-
nble open-air services, of famous hymns and their
authors, treats its readers to an account of municipal
development in Battersea, under the title of "Cloud-
Lifting in South Ix)ndon." There i,= nl.<o a little
science supplied in a sketch by J. J. W ard of the
jelly-fish.

Review of Reviews, 111-3/06.

Leading Articles.

583

MORE ABOUT THE GERMAN DIABOLUS

And his " Potsdam Party " in London.
" There is no Devil but Germany, and Mr. Hal-
dane is the prophet of Germany "; in that sentence
we have the condensed essence of the first twenty
pages of the new number of the National Review.
It is impossiiiie not to admire, ahnost to love,
Colone. Maxse for the splendid pertinacity with
which he fights a losing cause, despite our conviction
of the mischievous madness of the principles to
which he is devoted. The heart always warms to a
man who lights hard, hits straight from the shoulder,
calls a spade a spade, and says what he thinks, even
when we know he is fighting on the wrong side, and

IVafirc 'Ja<:ch]

[Stuttgart.

Well, to bo Sura! The Colonial Gentlemen have been busy

here. too.

[Some membeis of the German House of Representatives have

been touring in the Colonies to study them.]

that his victory would entail untold misery upon
mankind. We feel, in short, for Colonel Maxse
something of the sentiment which is inspiretl in
readers of " Paradise Lost " towards Satan.

THE KAISEB WITH TWO POPES IN HIS POCKET.
Colonel Maxse is obsessed by an evil spirit which
leads him to see the hand of Germany in everything
that goes wrong all over the world. Here is an in
stance. After deploring the conflict between tin'
Church and the Repulilic in France. Colonel Maxse
says : —

Pius X. owes liis election to the Austrian veto upon Car-
dinal BampoUa. the Fiencli candidate, which is believed by
Frenchmen, rightly or wrongly, to have been prompted by a
hint from Rerltn. Be this as it /nay. the German Kmperor
has struck up almost as intimate an alliance with the pre-
.sent Pope as witli tl:e Sultan of Turke.w and it is scarcely
surprising" tliat Frenchmen sliould detect the Imperial hand
in the disastrous decision of the Vatican forbidding tlie
Catholic Church in Fiance from cominjr to terms with the
Republic. Sucli a policy promotes chaos if it does not actu-
all.\' provoke civil war, and must still further weaken France
in the ■:idvantat:e of her German enemy. The international
aspect of the Church crisis was subsequently accentuated by
tile election of a German. Father Wernz. as General of tlie
Jesuits, commonly (railed tlie Black Pope. With two Popes iu

his pocket Kajser Wilhelm is a happy man, and is manifest-
ing his joy by showering " Black Eagles " on ecclesiastical
dignitaries.

• THE GRANB INTEENATIONAL AGENT PROVOCATEUK."

Colonel Maxse appears to have taken Cicero's
orations against Catiline as the model for his invec-
tive against Germany and its Kaiser : —

We have not the space to recapitulate the various occa-
sions, nor is it necessary to do so, as they are matters of
common knowledge, when Russia and Great Britain, Great
Britain and France, or France and Italy, found themselves
on the verge of war since 1870: but in every single instance
there is reason to suspect Germany of having played the
grand international agent provocateur. That Wilhelm II. is a
willing and not an inapt pupil of the Iron Chancellor as a
war maker is shown by his success in promoting the Spanish-
American War, the South African War. and the Far Eastern
W'ar, as also by his sinister efforts during the Siam. Fashoda
and Port Arthur incidents. Let us never forget, for we have
it on the authority of no less a person than Count Bulow,
that the German Government followed up the Kriiger tele-
gram in 1896 by endeavouring to organise a coalition against
Great Britain, and certainly no stone was left unturned
during the South African War to enlarge the area of hostili-
ties. Russian diplomatists could tell a tell on this score
should their lips ever become unsealed. Wilhelm II. *s latest
achievement as marplot was his frantic effort to prevent a
peaceful settlement of the North Sea outrage in October,
1904. Happily his influence over Nicholas II. bears no pro-
portion to his activity.

"OUR DEADLIEST ENEMY."

The South African war, during which the Kaiser
twice received the thanks of Queen Victoria for
having averted international intervention on behalf
of the Boers, was, according to Colonel Maxse,

The crisis which taught us that Germany was our deadliest
enemy, wdio was only restrained by a sense of her own naval
impotence from compassing our destruction. If England
can only be inveigled into any kind of " understanding "
with Germany, however intrinsically worthless, the Wil-
helmstrasse would acquire a powerful lever for undermining
our entente with France, as the French would very naturally
feel that we could never he counted upon in preserving the
balance of Furopean Power upon which the future of France
depends, and which has been dangerously dislocated by the
effacement of Eussia. In that case we should inevitably see
the evolution of that great anti-British coalition under Ger-
man leadership, which has for many years been the sleeping
and waking thought of WiUie'.m IT. Such an obvious denoue-
ment must be obvious to every British statesman whose head
has not been turned by Imperial flattery. Gernuiny onli/ seeks
inir friendship in order to detach France from us.

"THE POTSDAM PARTY" IN THE CABINET.

The worst of it is that this Beelzebub of nations
has his allies in the British Cabinet. Colonel Maxse
says : —

The Potsdam Party in the Cabinet is understood to consist
of .Mr. Haldane, Lord Loreburn, and Mr. Bryce. Our War
Minister is believed to be animated by his innate love of Goi-
many, tlie Lord Chancellor and the Irish Secretary by to
irresistible attraction which any enemy of their own country
exercises over a certain tvpe of British Radical.

Of these, Mr. Haldane is the worst, although in
Mr. Winston Churchill he has an understudy: —

There are renewed rumours in Germany of yet another
fresh naval programme, which we have reason to believe the
Kaiser is bent on laying before the Reichstag. This is the
result of our dropping " Dreadnoughts."

It is verv magnificent all this, hut, oh, how mad !

584

The Review of Reviews.

De(.*mler 1, 1906.

GERMAN EDUCATION UNDLR FIRE.

Mr. J. Ellis Barker writes in the Contemporary
.Review on education and mis-education in Germany.
He points out that in Germany, and especially in

Pasquino .']

The German Trinity.

[Turin.

Prussia, education was from the first used by the
Government for the purpose of keeping the people
in a state of subjection and of mental servitude.

THE PEOPLES SCHOOLS TWICE A FAILUEE.

The German elementary schools, which contain
some nine million children, were intended, accord-
ing to Dr. Falk — (1) to promote patriotism; (2) to
foster religion and morality; (3) to fit the young
for practical life. The failure of the first is seen in
the three million votes cast by the Social Deriio-
crats in 1903, whom the Kaiser described as "fel-
lows without a Fatherland, enemies of their nation.'
The second aim is said to be also unattained, for
the Protestants of Germany, who form two-thirds of
the nation, are " not at all religious." Church-going
is not a social obligation. The yearly average of
illegitimate births in Germany is 180,000, against
50,000 in Great Britain. There are 12,000 suicides
in Germany, as against 3000 in Great Britain.
Toleration is in Germany conspicuous by its ab-
sence. The third aim is better served. " The Ger-
man child learns a few necessary things fairly
well. The English child learns many things ill, of
which most are unnecessary." The German child
learns in the elementary schools perhaps too
slavishlv to obey. The English Board School edu-

cation errs perhaps in the opposite direction. The
English Board School encourages the child to
become a pauper by giving everything for nothing.
The German parents, who have to pay, value more
what they get. All classes join in the German
school. The English Board School is still ;!ie
charity school of the poor.

SECONDABT SCHOOLS-CEAMMING SHOPS.

After these concessions to the public elementary
schools of Germany, the writer proceeds to attack
the secondarv schools. He savs that they are in the
main cramming establishments of the worst type,
treated by parents and children as a great but in-
inevitable evil. Even the Kaiser denounces the
miseducation given therein, saving: "We ought to
educate voung Germans, sons of the nation, not
voung Greeks and Romans. We ought to desert the
programme receixed from the ancient monasteries.
Bodilv exercise in schools has been until very re-
centlv disparaged. " Germany is by nature a game-
less countrv." "As regards physical education,' the
German schools are worthless. "

r>-T:V'ERSlTIES— FACTOEIES OR MEDIOCRITIES.
Of the twenty-two German Uni\ersities, with 3000
professors and lecturers and 40.000 students, the
writer has little good to say. He admits the nimiber
of students is increasing by leaps and bounds, but
he says. " It may be doubted whether it is a matter
for congratulation that the German universities are
turning out an army of unemployed lawyers, doc-
tors, theologians and teachers." to form "a huge
learned, and therefore the more dangerous, prole-
tariat." The writer ventures to affirm that "the
average British doctor, lawyer, schoolmaster, or
clergvman is distinctlv superior to his German col-
league." "The output of books, mostly worth-
less, has enormouslv increased in Germany."

TECHNICAL SCHOOLS— TOO THEORETIC.

Though Germany is held to be no longer the
model to Great Britain in elementary, intermediate
and practical education, the writer admits she is far
ahead of this country in technical education. Yet
'" German technical education is more extensive than
intensive, more showv than practical and thorough.
He quotes Felisch, who wrote. " we pay for our
greater theoretical knowledge with diminished
practical abilitv." The writer emphatically refuses
to attribute the industrial success of Germany tn
the general education of its workers. Belgium in-
dustries, he savs, are comparatively more flourishing
than those of Germany, yet in Belgium 128 of every
thousand recruits are unable to write.

THE PRESS MUCH BELOW OURS.
The chief practical value of the German schools
consists, he maintains, not in the knowledge dis-
seminated, but in. the discipline instilled. German}
has learned the lesson of national co-operation, co-
ordination of all the national forces, and has de-

Revieic of Heviews, l/li/06.

Leading Artlclea.

58s

velopt'd it to a higher fxtent than any other country.
Our efku'.ition encourages laziness and individual-
ism. Mr. Barker, who, as has been shown, is not
lacking in courage, dares to say : —

I venture empbaticaUy to affirm that Germany, with all
her schooLs and universities, anfi with her army of 300,000
teachers, is a far less intellig:ent and far less cultured nation
than is the British nation. The general intelligence and cul-
ture of a nation may be measured by the Press, which ap-
peals to all. and which reflects the national mind as in a
mirror; and I think that no educate! German will contra-
dict me it I state that the whole Press of Germany— dailies,
weeklies, monthlies— is not only vastly inferior to the Bri-
tish Press, but it is quite unworthy of the intelligence of a
cultured nation. The German newspapers and periodicals,
generally speaking, are filled not with facts but with trash.
The German Press is a century behind the English Press, and
the low standard of the whole German Pre.ss shows that the
German nation is not a nation of thinkers. On the contrary.

These trenchant criticisms are adxanced as a
warning against modelling British education on the
more unsatisfactory part of German education — the
instruction without the discipHne.

BALLOONING AS A PASTIME.

Ballooning, says the Lady's Reulm for Septem-
ber, is Society's novel method of recuperation, and
the writer of the article tells of the exploits of vari-
ous lady balloonists of the Aero Club. The aver-
age cost of an ascent is stated to be about jQ^ per
head.

The story of the First Balloon Ascent, by Mr. P. H.
Oakley Williams, opens the September issue of Pall
Mall Magasinc, the occasion being the public debut
of the Citv of London.

This new balloon is described as the biggest in
the British Isles, its capacity being 77,000 cubic
feet. Built and designed by Mr. Percival Spencer
for Mr. Frank Butler, it has been entered as one of
the three representatives to champion this country
in the Gordon-Bennett race on September 30th
against France, Germany, Spain, Belgium, Italy,
and the United States. Seven persons, including
the writer, went up in this first ascent, and the cost
of the expedition was about ;£i6. The writer, a
neophyte, thinks that a balloon trip gives more en-
jovment for less money than most other hobbies
now in fashion.

There is all the difference, explains Mr. Oakley
Williams, between a ''soft" and a "hard" descent.
A balloon coming down with a bump on hard
ground is apt to rebound several times, and it may
bounce over hedges into difficult ground, not to
speak of the Jar to the occupants.

Trailing is called the prime sport of ballooning,
coming as near to the joys of flying as may be pos-
sible : — •

It means that a rope 250 feet long^ is let down and
allowed to trail over the face of the country. If it dim-
l inishes the pace, it eives one an idea of the rate one is
} travelling, and a senee of motion absent under other con-
ditions. For example, rou mav be travelling at the rarte
of thirty or forty miles an 'hoar, hut becan.se you arc
travelling at ithe same velocity a« the wind, you eeem
drifting absolutely becalmed.

WHAT MR. BEIT'S WILL HAS DONE.

In the Empire Reviav Mr. Hubert Reade makes
many suggestions for the University of Johannes-
burg which is to be founded by Mr. Beit's bequest.
He hopes that it may be the centre of a new
national cohesion in South Africa. He hopes that
it may give the best practical, as well as the best
theoretical, teaching in agriculture, horticulture and
viticulture, and so bring in the Dutch farmers ; and
induce the Dutch churches, too, to let their stu-
dents study in the Faculty of Theology in the new
University. In conclusion Mr. Reade says : —

Mr. Beit's will has, in reality, made British Africa one.
By his bequest to the Cape-Cairo Railway he has (save for
the " Wasp's Waist ") linked together Capetown and Alex-
andria, and those best acquainted with Uganda, with British
East Africa and with the Soudan, think it by no means im-
possible that men trained at Prankenwald might do admir-
able work both as administrators and as agricultural
pioneers in those vast regions. In a word, Mr. Beit has called
into existence the " Far North " to satisfy the land hunger
of the Boer, and has given us the means to make the Boer
feel himself the citizen of no mean Empire. The Dutch
colonists in the Hinterland of Mossamedes found their chief
obstacles in the Portuguese Admiuistration and in the ab-
sence of markets for their produce. These obstacles will not
exist in Northern Rhodesia, and if the Afrikanders can be
trained in practical agriculture and ranching under tropical
and subtropical conditions, there seems no reason why they
should not find homes as planters along the Cape to Cairo
Railway. If part of the Education Fund provided by Mr.
Beit's will for Rhodesia is .appliel to found experimental
farms and agricultural schools on the lines of the smaller of
those in Western Australia, and of those managed by the
Boards of Agriculture in the United States and Canada, it
would appear easy for men. who had received their theo-
retical education at Frankenwald or in England, to acquire
such a practical training as would enable them to act as
directors of plantations throughout tropical Africa. Thus
new prospects would be opened up for the Boer farmers, and
the area at their disposal for settlement widely extended.

The Awakening of China.

Mr. Lionel Giles in the Nineteenth Century pub-
lishes a translation of a very remarkable pamphlet
widely circulated in the province of Hunan in China,
which makes a strong appeal to the Chinese to
rouse themselves to action for the defence of their
nationality and Empire. He says. Let these

methods be adopted, and when put into pactice they will
prove efficacious. The area of Japan is not greater than that
of the single province of Ssu-ch'uan, its population is not
more numerous than that of the single province of Hunan.
Twenty years ago. as compared with China. Japan was very
poor and weak; but now. having been stirred into activity,
it has grown to be a rich .^.nd powerful State. India, both in
size and population, is not so very far behind China; but
because as a nation she was incapable of making an effort,
she has fallen under the dominion of England. In the light
of these facts it behoves you, sirs, to be neither down-hearted
nor yet too light-hearted. What yon must do is immediately
to begin girding yourselves for action. If you can manage
to do this, though your country were as small as Japan, yon
can still become rich and powerful. But if you are unequal
to the effort, then, although your country is as great as
India, you mast inevitably succumb.

586

The Review of Reviews,

Uecember 1. 1906.

THE PREiVlIER OF RUSSIA

M. Stolypin and his Prospects.
The Special Commissioner of the National Re-
vircc in the October numljer, writing on '" Russia
from Within,'' devotes most of his article to a dis-
cussion of the person and the policy of the present
Prime Minister, M. Stolypin.

STOLYPIN THE MAN.
M. Stolypin enjoys a personal reputation of wbich any
public man in Eussia might well be proud. With him word
and thought are known to stand in a certain fixed relation
to each other, both emanating from motives which are re-
garded by his friends and acquaintances as above suspicion.
He is a sincere lover of fair play, eschews base actions, and
is withal tolerant enough to take men as he finds them, and
to make tlie best of very bad bargains. In a word, he be-
longs to the highest type of gentleman produced by Russian
civilisation. The son of a chivalrous general and of a clever
lady, Stolypin was brought up in the traditions of the old
school of the Eussian nobility. His mother was a Gorcha-
koff, whose widespread reputation for esprit was by no means
usurped. A princess not only in the social but also in the
intellectual sphere, her double title unhappily died with
herself. If intellect were hereditary and will-power were
identical with honesty, the present Premier would indeed be
the man to lead his people to the promised land. But in-
scrutable Nature endowed him with other estimable gifts.
At school he was distinguished by modesty and application
among his fellows, of whom many were clever and most lazy.
Mediocre gifts, good conduct in its bureaucratic sense, and a
happy, easy-going disposition were calculated to attract the
benevolent attention of his superiors, and P. A. Stolypin has
uniformly enjoyed the friendship and protection of the most
Conservative administrators of the old regime. Thus it was
by appointment, not by election, that he became Marshal of
the Nobility in Kovno, and, later. Governor of the Province
of Grodno.

To tlie Premier's personal friends it appears a good omen
tliat he invariably stood well with the champions of auto-
cracy. He was a favourite even of the most reactionary
among them all. They promoted him over the heads of his
seniors, suspended traditions and usages in his behalf, and,
so to say. pitchforked him into high places. For example,
when the Province of Saratoff was greatly disturbed, dis-
orders were of daily occurrence, and the redoubtable Plehve
cast around him for an energetic man to administer it; his
choice fell lipon M. Stolypin, who, though lacking the bureau-
cratic qualifications for the post, was none the less appointed.
THE PREMIEB AND HIS POLICY.
But precisely because of his admirable personal qualities,
his influence upon the Ciown and the nation appears to un-
biassed Eussians to be fraught with disaster to both. To the
Crown, because he may all the more easily persuade the
monarch to fritter away in petty palliatives the precious
respite bestowed by fate, which might well be used to recon-
cile people and sovereign and bring together a practical
Duma. And on the nation his political influence appears not
less baleful, because with all his sterling qualities M. Stoly-
pin is sadly deficient in the stern moral fibre which distin-
sruishes a genuine people's patriot from an easy-going cour-
tier who sees everything, including his own amiable weak-
ness, through the roseate medium of optimism.

His adjoint, M. Kryshanoffsky, recently laid before M.
.Stolypin a plan for the revival of the Tsar's popularity by
means of a great money sacrifice to be made by the Imperial
family. The peasants, he said, want land, and we want the
peasants' confidence and co-operation. Let the Tsar distri-
bute, to those peasants who really need more land, cer-tain
portions of the appanages whence the Imperial family draws
the funds requisite tor the support of its members. These
appanages bring in two millions a year.

M. Stolypin adopted the proposal as his own.
The Tsar rejected it, but M. Stolypin did not re-
sign. The scheme was a mad one: —

It would have put the Imperial house in the power of the
coming Duma and aroused the passions of the peasantry
against the landowners. It was just the final touch which
would have sufficed to send the revolutionary scale down-
wards and to break the monarchy.

Vet, says this "Special Commissioner,''

the Russian Premier, who has done his best under most tr.v-
iug conditions, deserves the hearty support of all the patri-
otic elements in the country. For the cause he represents is
that of order, of law. of humanity. He is an honest admin-
istrator in a trothless environment; he is politically little
in a movement of elemental magnitude, a straw in the eddies
of a seething maelstrom. Truly he is well worthy of genuine
sympathy.

ME. GOLDWIN SMITH'S 'VTEW.
Mr. Goldwin Smith has some sensible remarks in
the Positivist Review for October on the Russian
Revolution. He says : —

The way in which we have regarded this revolution has
hardly been philosophic. The Tsardom is the offspring, not
of Satan, but of the necessities of a primitive era, though it
is now out of date, and calls for the exercise of the high
wisdom which can make the past glide smoothly into the
future. For all those peasant millions it still forms the only
bond of allegiance to the State. In the French Revolution,
the monarchy, instead of being constitutionally limited, was
prematurely destroyed. The bond of allegiance was broken,
and tliere followed civil war.

In the same Review Mr. .Suinnev jjoints out the
differences between the preseiit movement in Russia
and the Revolution in France.

How to Reform the House of Lords.

Mr. Fretleric Harrison returns to his thesis as
to the right way to mend the House of Lords in the
October Positivist Rcviac. He says : —

All that is wanted for the moment is to turn into an
understood political system the example tentatively set by the
Prime Minister in selecting childless men and bachelors for
all new peerages. If a hundred or a hundred and fifty cap-
able men could be drawn from the House of Commons (pre-
sent or past), from the diplomatic, colonial, civil, and mili-
tary services; from County Councils, public institutions, co-
operative and trade societies; from the ranks of Privy Coun-
cillors, Judges, King's Counsel, Eoyal societies, and great
companies, publicists, professors, and learned societies — and
without the paraphernalia of heralds, or the endowment of
families, such men could be infused into the existing House
without any legislation or bitter contest— tire nucleus of a
true Senate would be there. The thirty or forty debating
Peers would he glad to receive fresh blood. The five hun-
dred silent and absent Peers would remain silent, abserrt.
and harmless.

This scheme is not put forward in any party sense. Both
parties ought to be represented. But, in view of the enor-
mous disproportion of Peers at present, new creations should
be in inverse ratio to the actual balance of parties. The cre-
ation of hereditary Peers might still be retained as at pre-
sent for those who court rank and honour without power.
An ancient mjnarchy naturally involves a gradation of rank
and royal favours. Only this — newly-created Peers uith here-
ditary titles should have no right to sit in a Eeformed Upper
Cliamber — either for themselves or tlieir descendants.

Eeciev? of Remi'ws, 1/12/01.

Leading Articles.

S&7

A BRITISH VIEW OF GERMAN
MANffiUVRES.

Mr. Howari! HeiisniiUi, in the United Scrvnc
Magazine, gi\es some impressions of the German
nianoeuN'res. Thev were -this year directed to the
■defence ot Silesia. The Kaiser's belief that in-
vasion threatens only from the West seems to ha\e
been overridden by the newlv-appointed head of the
General Staff. General Von Moltke. The same in-
fluence is seen hv the writer in the abandonment of
' those sweeping charges of cavalry brigades and
dix'isions that are so dear to the heart of the Kaiser,
but which are now regarded as almost impossible in
modern warfare.

OBSOLETE METHODS.
But in other respects German methods are still
•conservative. For example, the writer savs ; —

Such lessons as foreign obse vers learnt from the armies in
tlie field were largely of a negative character. The lessons
taught both by tiie Boer war and the Russo-Japanese strug-
gle have apparently been ignored by those responsible for
the training of the German infantry. The old dense forma-
tion is still adhered to, and many of the assaults on the
trenches during tlie second day's ope'-ations were conducted
almost shoulder to shoulder. Tiie art of taking cover, too,
was almost entirely neglected, anrl the regimental officers
were great sinners in this respect. Even when under an
overwhelming artillery fire they kept their men lianging
about in the open, often huddled together in dense masses,
without making the slightest effort to entrench themselves,
or to take advantage of the natural cover that offered itself.
Tiie attack forniati-jns were open to exactly the same charge.

In crossing the country the troops seemed to
a\oid cover, and only in very few cases to revert to
hasty shelter trenches. The writer goes on: —

It seems clear that, so far as the German army is con-
cerned, the old theory of attack by a quick burst of a huge
body, and then, firing line and supports all jumbled hope-
lessly together, a blind faith in dead weight and entliusiasm,
still obtain a considerable amount of favour. It is to be
feared that the awakening will be a rude one.

OBEDIENCE WITHOUT INITIATIVE.

The German armv has not vet learned the lesson
(if invisibility. Their grevish-black uniforms are
conspicuous a mile away, and are extremely hot and
uncomfortable. The spade work in trench forma-
tion was well done, but the German militarv passion
for straight lines and geometrical exactness exposes
the trenches to deadly enfilading. Of the German
infantr) the writer speaks in the highest terms.
Their endurance and feats of marching could be
1 quailed by very few of the European armies. But,
says Mr. Hensman : —

For the rest the German infantryman is still the non-dis-
ciplined, wooden, unthinking fighting automaton that he has
always been. Intelligence am mg tlie rank and file is a tiling
that is apparently unthouglit of in Germany, even if it be
not actually discouraged. For blind obedience to orders and
unflinching courage, the German soldier is impossible to
surpass. But tliink for himself he cannot. He obeys a com-
mand mechanically, but he could not vary it an inch though
lli-i life depenfled upon it.

A MACHINE OF AN ARMY.

The same lack of initiative is found in the regi-
mental officers. Enthusiastic, keen and intelligent
they were, but —

Act upon their own initiative, however, tliey would not,
and when confronted with a crisis or a situation not pro-
vided for in tlie enormously long and detailed orders issued
by the staft'. they were as helpless as a rudderless ship. In-
deed, it is scarcely an e.'jaggeration to say that in the Ger-
man army to-day the staff does the thinking and the rest of
the army converts the thoughts into actions, macliine-like,
and without any independent consideration.

The whole of the mancEU\res were carried out
strictly on text-book lines. " The cavalry was some-
thing of a failure." Its recklessnesss would mean
enormous loss in time of war, and the horsemanship
is greatly inferior to that of our own cavalry. The
honours of the campaign would go to the artillery,
which was uniformly good. " At picking up range
the Germans are unsurpassed," The engineers, by
means of telegraphs and telephones, kept the rival
commanders in touch with every part of their forces.
They showed, too, great ability to repair motor-
cars. The organisation of supply and transport was
admirable. " The Germans have brought the science
of feeding an army in the field to a pitch of per-
fection that is almost beyond credit," The writer
ccincludes : —

To sum up, it may be said that the German manoeuvres of
1906 have shown that as a mechanical fighting force the
Kaiser's army retains its deservedly high position, but that
it still lacks that flexibility of action and that power and
initiative that should pervade all ranks, and without which
no army can be said to be perfect.

HOW THE GREEK CLERGY ARE TRAINED.

AIan\ \Vesterns who are accustomed tu think of
the Greek clergy as ill-educated and ignorant will
be surprised on reading Rev. Islay F. Burns' de-
scription in the Sunday at Home of Halki, "A Col-
lege of the Greek Church." The college is situated
in one of the lovely group of islands in the Sea of
Maiftora. The college was founded in 1844, to
provide "a titting education of our sacred clergy in
science, religion and morals." The full curriculum
extends over seven years : —

The studies of the first four years are devoted to the
humanities, and comprise language, natural science, and
pliilosophy. with a wide variety of subjects under each
head. Thus the languages studied, and that by all. are an-
cient Greek. Latin. Turkish, Russian and Slavonian, and
French. In the study of tlie ancient languages philology has
a special place. The fourth year is a partial exception to
the above scheme, as certain of its subjects form a transition
to theolog.v. In the last three years the student is occupied
partly by some aspects of law, but mainly by theology.

The student, who must on entry be not less than
seventeen and not more than nineteen years of age,
is tested right through his course. The education is
given free. The number in residence varies from
seventy to eighty. There are no athletics, and
though fasts are prescribed the students are well
i:ared for in the matter of food.

;88

The Review ot Reviews.

December 1, ISO:.

PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT AND SPELLING
REFORM.

In the Fortnightly Rcvicu.', writing on " The
President's English." Mr. William Archer avows
himself an advocate of spelling reform, though rathei
than spell " fonetikaly " he would "at once go ovei
to the stagnationists " and write "programme " and
" prologue ■' to his dying day. " We have made our
cheap jokes at the President's expense,'' savs Mr.
Archer ; " now it is time to be serious " : —

I believe the matter to be a momentous one— more sd.
perhaps, than the President himself fully realises. I believe
that the future of the English language hangs in the bal-
ance, and that there lies before us, during the next few
.vears. a decision ot world-historic import.

The .Simplified Spelling Board have been too
timid in their recommendations, and Mr. Archer
does not belie\e that reform will make anv real
headway until their present proposals have been
enormously extended and amended. English opjjosi-
tion to them, so far from preventing their adoption,
will much more probably hasten it.

THE STOCK ARGUMENT.
The ■' stock argument " against spelling reform is.
of course, the '' etymological " argument. This
" has long been abandonee^ by all who have given
any real thought to the subject " : —

It is disowned by the very people who, were there anything
in it. would be the first to insist upon it— namely, the phil-
ologists ant! language-historians. The history ot the lan-
guage is written in a thousand volumes, and can never be
really lost or obscured: and the iiea that our current spell-
ing; is. in any effective sense, a course of instruction in
etymology, is patently false.

Even supposing that current spelling were a \erv
ready key to etymology, it is a monstrous pretension
that a hundred million people who have no use
for this key ought to be encumbered with it through-
out life, merely for the sake of the few thousands,
at most, who have some use for it.

THE PRESENT PROPOS.AXS CRITICISED.

-Admitting the desirability of spelling reform, Mr.
-Archer thinks the value of the President's proposals
more than doubtful. He especially remarks that
nothing is done to remove that perennial rock of
offence to shaky spellers — the large group of words
ending in "ieve." "eive," "eave," and "eeve."
It the Spelling Board's recommendations are adopt-
ed and put in practice, we shall have a long period
of constantl\ changing language, and, consequentlv,
of constantly changing dictionaries. Moreo\er,
when the Simplified Spetling Board is at length satis
fied. it does not follow that the rest of the English-
speaking world will be satisfied. Chaos alone is
likely to result.

A STAND OP SPELLING REFORM.

Mr. Archer insists on

the advisability, nay. the necessity, of a definite pronounce-
ment on spelling reform by a special body, so constituted as

to command the respect of the whole English-speaking world.
The question should be referred to an InternationaJ Confer-
ence, Congress, or Commission, which, fairly reiiresenting
all the communities and all the interests concerned, should
speak with as near an approach to authority as is possible
or desirable in our democratic world.

This Conference President Roosevelt might invite
to meet at Washington, and delegates from the
British Islands, the British Colonies, and the United
States should attend it. to the number of thirtv to
forty-five in all.

Phonetic spelling is obviously impossible, for the
reason that what Aberdeen considers phonetic Lon-
don does not, and (sad to say), Australia might now
hardly do so either. Perhaps, however, in the
course of levelling centuries, phonetic training and
travel " may beget a composite international pro-
nunciation which will dominate the whole English-
speaking world."

MR. FREDERIC HARRISON'S ^^EW.

Mr. Frederic Harrison, writing in the Positivist
Review, says : —

There is, of course, much in English spelling which is vexa-
tious and absurd. Many useful changes are being gradually
introduced, and mAn.v American innovations are quite right,
an I are being slowly adopted here. Bit to introduce by a
sudden public order an entire new dictionary would be, even
it successful, a cause of endless confusion and division
amongst the reading world. The elder generation would
never consent to learn a new language, nor would they ever
read a new book spelt in a way as troublesome to them as
" Chaucer " or " Piers Plowman " now are to the average
youth. A young generation which had been brought up on
fnnetik literature would not read our existing books. Many
millions ot books would become was:e paper. Sj far from
the Ruzfelt-Karneggii Nu Slil bringing together our two na-
tions, it would rudely set them by the ears The laughter
which the President's order caused would become an angry
growl, if we thought it serious, here. We may learn many
things from America, but their literature is the last thing
we should take as a model.

ENGLISH-'SPEAKING REUNION- JINGOISM I
This, from Mr. Harrison's point of view, ought
surely to be regarded as a point in favour of Presi-
dent Roose\elt, for he goes on to say : —

A far deeper question remains. This dream ot weldiug
into one the whole English-speaking people is a dangerous
and retrograde Utopia, full of mischief and false pride of
race. It is a subtler and more sinister form of Jingoism.
We all need to have our national faults and weaknesses cor-
rected by friendship with those of different ideals and with-
out our special temptations. The English race is already
too domineering, ambitious, and self-centre'. Combination
with America would stimulate our vices, our difficulties—
and our rivals. But this is too big a topic to treat in a
paragraph.

Surely this is to go off on a false track I To op-
pose the reunion of the English-speaking race is
hardly the line which we ought to expect from thosf
who believe in the unity of mankind. What is more
natural than that those who seek the larger unity
should wish to secure as a stepping-stone thither the
union of all those who speak the same language,
read the same literature, and are on the same plane
of civilisation ?

Krriea of Review, 1/liiOS.

Leading Articles*

589

WHY WOMEN WRITE GOOD DETECTIVE
STORIES.

Writing on Art and tiie Detective in the October
Temple Bar. Mr. Cecil Chesterton says that if we
want to find the best contemporarv mystery stories
we shall not go to "Sherlock Holmes," or to Mr.
Arthur Morrison, or to Mr. Fergus Hume. We
shall rather turn to the work of two women, Mrs.
A. K. Green and Mrs. Florence Warden.

\V'h\ wcmii-n should succeed in this branch of
fiction is explained by Mrs. Green herself. Mr.
Chesterton writes : —

In one of ber best stories. " Tbat .\ffair ?Jext Door." Mrs.
Green introduces us to a very commonplace old maid, like
most old maids, curious, secretive, keenly observant of her
neighbours' affairs, and fond of speculating about other
people's business. Circumstances throw ber into the very
centre of a mysterious crime, and suddenly reveal in ber
all the qualities of a great detective. All the characteristics
which make her a nuisance to ber neighbours make her an
invaluable ally to the police. The conception is a daring,
and, I think, a true one.

I fancy that the two faculties which the great Sherlock
declared to be the prime necessities of a detective, observa-
tion and dedut tion, are feminine rather than masculine facul-
ties. It will hardly be di.=puted that it is so in regard to the
former: while, as to the latter, what man ever discovered
as much about the inhabitants of the house opposite as any
woman will deduce from the shape of their window blinds?

Mr, Chesterton considers Miss Florence Warden
even more worthy of note, but her merits are not
duly acknowledged because criticism does not do
justice to the mystery ston*. You may have romance
without incident, or vou may have incident without
romance. But unlike E Xisbet or Mr. Stanley
Wevman. Miss Warden has got the real thing: —

The first chapter of "The Mystery of Dudley Home," the
first two or three chapters of " No. 5 The Square " strike the
note that gives the thrill. They are genuinely romantic.

CANINE INTELLIGENCE.

Dogs a.s Policemen.

Mr. William G. FitzGerald. writing in the
October Century, is enthusiastic as to the value of
dogs in the police service.

He says a policeman on night dut\ . in a great
city, if accompanied by a povv.-rful and sagacious
dog, is more likely tn be respected by criminals than
the policeman who goes out alone, and he is sur-
prised that it should have been left to so small a
State as Belgium to make the initial experiment at
Ghent and elsewhere in iSgg. In course of time
the number of dogs was increased, and it soon be-
came ap]3arent that night crimes almost disappeared,
\ cunning ruffian might outwit a policeman, but a
big tr.iined dog rarely failed to inspire terror in the
most desperate evil-doer.

In Ghent the night service is nuw maile b\ sonu-
120 guards and 50 or 60 trained dogs. M. E. van
Weseniael was the first to suggest dogs as auxi!iar\
\ police. The big Belgian sheep-dogs are considered
the most suitable, and thev undergo a careful traininc;

Listing from three to six months. When coaching
the dogs, the brigadiereontrolciir, in civil dress,
often simulates the appearance of a suspicious
character, assaulting the night-guards, slouching
along with suspicious bundles, or scaling high walls,
and the dogs are taught to obey the commands of
the police and to attack such persons.

M. van Wesemael is proud of the achievements of
his dogs, especially one named Beer. Mr. Fitz-
Gerald writes : —

One night Beer came upon five drunken fellows wrecking a
saloon on the outskirts of the city. The men were making a
great uproar, and a resolute resistance to the law was
feared. Beer's muzzle was removed, and the fine animal
sprang forward without a sound. 'W^hen the patrol reached
the spot, four of the men had fled, and Beer was clutching
the fifth by the leg.

The moment the officer appeared. Beer gave up his pri-
soner, and was off like the wind on the trail of the fugitives.
Tho patrol followed with bis prisone", guided by a series of
short, sharp barks. Presently he came upon the ether four,
who had turned at bay and were trying to keep the daunt-
less Beer from tearing them to pieces. Thoroughly fright-
ened—sobered even — the men offered to give themselves up
ii' Beer were controlled and muzzled. This was promptly
done, though not without a little protest from Beer himself,
and the procession started for the central police bureau,
with the victorious Beer, now at liberty to give vent to his
joy, barking nnd lacing round his prisoners, exactly as if
tliey had been a flock of sheep.

A New Kind of Rubber.

In the H'orld's Work and L'lav Mr. B. Wyand
describes the iww cereal rubber invented by Mr.
William Threlfal! Carr. Like other boys, when
wandering through the cornfields, he plucked ears
of corn and chewed them. Chewed wheat becomes,
in the process of chewing, a glutinous substance
having a decided resemblance to rubber. This ele-
mentary fact he has adapted to the revolutionising
of a huge industry, masticating the wheat bv ma-
chinerv . and using saliva in the form of ptvalin. In
solution ptvalin acts as a ferment, and changes the
starchy matter in the corn to dextrose : —

So far, six grades of the rubher have been manufactured.
No. 1 in the form of a thin solution for waterproofing. No.
2 in thicker solution for tubing and other fiexible materials.
No. 3 for tyres. No. 4 as a loaded substitute for linoleum.
No. 5 still fuitl.er loaded and hardened for paving purposes,
and No. 6 again still further harc!ened f c r golf balls. Other
grades will, of cour.^e, be introduced as required, but here
one has a wide range, from th.e waterproofing solution to a
golf-ball materia!, the latter combining "the lightness of
cork with the toughness of chilled steel."

This rubber will vulcanise. It can be produci-d
at a cost considerablv less than ordinary rubber. A
small syndicate has already been formed to develop
the uses of this cereal rubber, and two Continental
Governments have made offers for the patent.

In the S<'ptora)xT issiio of (^iisxrlt's Matia-'nie Mr.
W. ,\. Soniorsot Shmii t<'Ils the story of tho wrock of
the Aii^ffiilid and how it provod a gold niiiio. The
Hon. .J. G. Aikman piirchaisod thp wrecked ship for
L290 ;ind cleared many tlioiisand.s out of the profit.s
of hi.s bargain.

59°

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 1909.

CHARLES JAMES FOX DENOUNCED.

[n ''Musings Without Method" Blacku'ood in-
veighs against the current glorification of Fox. The
writer says : —

Concerning no politician has so much cant been spoken
and written as concerning Charles James Fox. His name has
heen whispered with a reverential awe by thousands who
would have shrunk hack in horror had they recognised the
truth of his career. To him posterity has allowed a latitude
which it withholds from all others known to history. The
highly sensitive conscience which found Parnell's disgrace a
patent necessity does not shrink from the indiscretions of
Fox. Sir George Trevelyan celebrates in euthusia-stic terms
" the grateful veneration with which the whole body of his
Xonconformist fellow-citizens adored him living, and mourn-
ed him dead." Indeed, there is an element of the grotesque
in the passionate lespect in which the party of Dr. Clifford
holds this genial gamester, who loved women and the bottle
as deeply as he loved the dice-box. For his extravagances
they have an ever-ready excuse. With the bluff' exclamation
that " boys will be boys." Cliey sun themselves in the light
of his dissipations. They take a smiling pleasure in his
vices, and describe as generosity in him what in another
they would denounce for blackguardism.

As a man of pleasure he was supereminent. In an age of
hard drinking and reckless gambling. Charles Fox had no
equal.

His father took care that, when fourteen years of
age. he left France a finished rake. After a career
of fearful extravagance at the gaming-tables, Fox
set up a bank at Brooks', with Hare and Fitz-
Patrick as partners. Charles Fox, says the ^yriter,
went into politics without principles, and without
principles he remained till the end. He was a
partisan, and not a patriot. " Wherever there was
a foe to England, there was a friend of Fox."
" Throughout the war with Xapoleon, Fox did his
best to aid the enemy and thwart his own country-
men.' The writer concludes with the exclamation :
" How unfortunate is the party of Dr. Clifford,
which, in spite of its active conscience and high pro-
fessions, can find no better saints to reverence than
John Wilkes and Charles James Fox!"

AGAINST TEACHING CHILDREN CHRISTIANITY.

Miss T-'lorence Hayllar writes in the Independent
Rei'iac on Christianity and the Child. She raises
the great question, " How far is a child capable of
assimilating religious instruction?" The child, the
writer argues, repeats the history of the race.
Childhood in the individual corresponds to the
primitive savage and barbarian stages of develop-
ment in the race : and it was not to the primitive or
savage or barbarian man that Christianity was
given.

THE MESSAGE OF CHKIST FOE THE MATUEE.
The message of Christ belongs to maturity, not
to childhood. The writer considers the teaching of
Tesus in the Gospels. Simple in appearance, it
involves for the most part an experience which a
child has not attained. The contrast between the
commands of Christ and the conduct of Christians
is apt to confuse the young mind. So much, she

says, of Christ's teaching as is directly contrary to
the common conduct of ordinarv reputable persons
should not be brought to the notice of young
I'hildren. So with the history of the life of Christ.
The story of the Birth at Bethlehem, of the child-
hood, and of the three years' ministry may well
find a place in the child's mind, but she draws the
line at the Crucifixion. . The historical books of the
Bible are again \ery perplexing, because of the un-
christian conduct of many of the Jewish heroes.
The Acts of the .Apostles she considers to be the
book which lends itself most easily to a straight-
forward treatment. Passages from the poetry, phil-
osophy, and doctrine of the Bible might be com-
mitted to memory.

.A.fter this preamble it is somewhat surprising to
find the writer insisting that Christian children
should be taught by heart the -Apostles' Creed, or
some similar form. In addition, children should be
told, in favourable moments, as much as they can
understand about Jesus Christ. His life and His
teaching.
CHILDHOOD ONLY A PEEPAEATIOX FOE CHEISTIANITY.

But the object of the elementarv schools should
be, she insists, " to furnish the children with a pre-
paration for higher teaching analogous to that pre-
paration of the world before Christ came." Justice
and courage and self-mastery, which are pre-
supposed and not taught by Cfiristianity, should be
learnt first, otherwise forgiveness and love are
dangerous, humility and self-denial become mere
weakness. The time for distinctively religious teach-
ing, and for beginning the study of the Gospels and
the Bible is, the writer maintains, generallv ado-
lescence, extending from the thirteenth or four-
teenth to the eighteenth or nineteenth vear. Prepa-
ration for confirmation should then be taken
seriously. Then the high and solemn story of the
Crucifixion should be told for the first time. This
plan of religious education, she maintains, is the
natural one : —

If any plan like this comes to be carried out. a much
greater importance than is now the case will be attached to
confirmation and the antecedent teaching. This would fall
for the most part beyond the period of elementary school
life, and would in all probability be undertaken, as it now
generally is. by the clergy; and of all the work in their
hands would be the most critical and far-reaching.

This is certainly another way out of the religious
difficulty. Here is one. evidently a devout believer
herself, arguing that in the interests of religious edu-
cation children should be taught the plain funda-
mental virtues until they have left the public ele-
mentary school, leaving the clergy to complete the
religious in.struction by proper training for confirma-
tion. The writer makes a very valuable suggestion
with more humility than perhaps is quite necessary,
that among the studies compulsory before ordina-
tion, at least an outline of child-study, with the
necessary psychology and phvsiology pertaining to
it. should find a place.

I

Revieu: of Revifwt, IjlllOO.

Leading Articles.

591

POPE PIUS X.

His Crusade against Intellect and Civilisation.
The National Rcviciv devotes considerable space
in " The Episodes of the Month " to an account of
what it describes as the Pope's crusade against
thought. It declares that nothing can be more false
than the —

legend lepresentingr Pius X. " as a liberal and enlightened
Pontiff of progressive views." Cardinal Sarto's early life in
an Italian seminarj-. where he was immured until he re-
ceived priest's orders at the age of twenty-four, has made it
almost impossible for the Pope to be other than he is. His
Encyclical of Februarj- 2nd, 1904. " in which he states quite
simply and literally that the Hebrew patriaichs were ac-
quainted with tlie doctrine of the Immaculate Conception,
and found consolation in the thought of Mary at various
crises in their lives," BhowB its author to be unable to under-
stand contemporary religious problems, however pure his
motives and lofty his character. Indeed, his whole-souled
piety and transparent sincerity add to the hopelessness of
the situation. Pius X. is bound by his principles " on purely
theological, and not on merely worldly grounds, to aim at
sucli a domination over the civil power as was aimed at. and
in part achieved, bv Gregory VII., Innocent m.. or Boniface
VIII."

This revival of medieval pretensions has gradually brought
Rome into acute conflict with intellectual Catliolicism in
France and Italy, and threatens to exasperate the faithful in
Spain, while it must ultimately complicate the position of
British Catholics. There have already been several ominous
manifestations of what is nothing less than a crusade
against thought during the present Papacy.

The attitude of Pius X. towards Biblical questions is,- need-
less to say. obscurantist. The Biblical Commission appoint-
ed by Leo XIII. has been completely diverted from its ori-
ginal purpose, and its expert members have been swamped by
bigots, whose sole qualification is their hostility to all criti-
cism. This Biblical Commission has recently decided that
Moses was the author of the Pentateuch. It is apparently
still open to Catholics " to believe that he may have dictated
parts of it to secretaries, and that additions may have been
made to it in later times: but the composite authorship, now
accepted by all Biblical critics without exception, was utterly
repudiated." We are told that this amazing decree, worthy
to rank witli the condemnation of Galileo, has alienated
even the most moderate critical scholars, some of whom
'■ were perfectly willing that M. Loisy should be condemned,
but are less pleased at a decree which involves themselves,
and implicitly condemns such works as those of Pere Lag-
range. O.P.. and the little book on 'The Tradition of Scrip-
ture.' by Dr. William Barry, which has recently been pub-
lislied with the imprimntur of the Archbishop of AVestrain-
ster."

Worse still remains behind. A new Syllabus is
said to be in preparation, whose

" object is to purge the Church of the ' intellectuals.' It
seems likely to be successful." The publication of the Syl-
labus is expected to be accompanied by the condemnation of
several Catholic periodicals, and possibly by a decree of the
Index or the Holy Office condemning certain Catholic writers,
including some of the beat known English Catholic laymen.

Mr. HnroM .1. Slipustoiu- lin.s an iiitorcsting iirticle
in tlio liiiiiii^ of SeptonilxT oil th<^ Desort'.s Natural
Wat<.r Supply. [11 it ln' doscrilios various cactus
plantes now Krcnvii in tlu' l<'ai' West <if Aniorica. Mr
Lntlicr Hurhiuk has <'Hininat<>tl tlic tlionit.; and im-
pr(iv(xl tho fruit of tli<j prickly poar aft*^ ton yeai's
of patient iiulu.strv, and two profcK.snr.s of modicine
arc at work tostiiis; tlic medicinal value of tlio cactus
in a special lahoratory.

THE ATHLETES FACE DURING CONTESTS.

In Fi-v's Magazine, Mr. C. B. Fry contributes a
verv original paper on " Facial Expression and
Physical Effort." It is illustrated by a great num-
ber of instantaneous photographs, showing the faces-
of four eminent batsmen, three well-known fielders,
four lawn tennis champions, three golfers and three
footballers in their moment of most intense effort.
In all cases the facial expression is a distortion sug-
gestive rather of pain than delight, in the case of
winners as well as in the case of losers. Facial ex-
pression is " nothing more than sympathy between
the facial muscles and the muscular tension in other
parts of the body incidental to concentrated effort."

MENTAL CONCENTKATION.

A valuable addition to the psychology of sport is
afforded by Mr. Fry when he speaks of the con-
centration of will and attention of mind required in.
athletic feats : —

From personal experience I can affirm that if a long jum-
per, either during his run-up or at tlie moment of taking
off, lets his mind wander ever so slightly from concentra-
tion on the effort, he knocks from two feet to a yard off his-
jump—he does 20 feet or 21 feet instead of the 23 feet of
which he is capable. I go so far as to say that the great
ditliculty of long and high jumping is to concentrate the
will. Much the same holds good of sprinting. A runner only
realises the full speed of which he is capable by an intense,
concentrated, and sustained effort of will. If during the
race he allows his mind to wander a hair'.s-breadth off the
single idea of reaching the tape, his speed falls off.

Mr. Fry gives a signal example of this truth. At
one of the inter- 'Varsity sports he says : —

G. L. Jordan and I were the Oxford representatives. He
was about a yard the faster over the distance with an equal
start. I had a bruised heel, and we expected to win with
Jordan or not at all— in tact, I was only an " off chance."
In the race, as luck had it, the other three got very bad
starts and I a very good one. and in consequence I received
as a gift such a lead that, going unexpectedly sound, I could
not have been caught. About thirty yards from home I sud-
denly took my mind off the effort of speed, and wondered
where Jordan was, and with tlie momentary relaxation of
mind my speed tell off and the others came up and passed
me in a flash. Jordan won. so it was all right. But my
lapse of attention cost me a two yards' lead and another
yard to the bad. This proves how rigid and concentrated
is, or should be. the mental attention in sprinting, and I
am quite sure that the tension of the muscles of the face is
partly expressive of this mental tension.

However distorted the face of the winner, Mr.
Frv says there is absolutely no mistake about the
pleasure. He thinks that the facial distortion of the
athlete proves how extraordinarily difficult it is to
oljtain the ideal balance of muscle which consists of
contracting only those muscles which, separateh tir
in combination, are really needed for effectne
action at the moment. It is necessary to remember
that the contracted and therefore rigid muscle which
is doing no work is so much against the desired

-tion, and is also absorbing energy. "We ought

aci

-it to make faces.

592

The Review ot Reviews.

December I. 1906.

DAINTY DISHES WE DESPISE.

Mr. Percy Collins in the World's Work and Play
describes a variety of " dainty dishes ignored by
Englishmen." Snails stand first in his main. Paris
uses 200 million snails, weighing about ten tons,
every year. In most other European countries
also the edible snail is counted a luxury, and snail
eating has extended even to the United States.
Snails used to be a favourite dish in London res-
taurants during the eighteenth century. In France
snails are reared with as much care and forethought
as a farmer bestows on his cattle.

Frogs' legs are regarded as a delicacy in nearly
all the countries of Europe and America. Canada
for a long time now has been exporting frogs into
the United States for table purposes. The hind-
quarters of the frog alone are eaten. " The flesh is
very ivhite and tender, nutritious and delicately
fla\"aured. and when nicely cooked is one of fhe
most dainty dishes that the epicure could desire,
surpassing in flavour all kinds of fish, flesh, or
fowl. •

Hedgehogs are still eaten by gvpsies and certain
Continental rustics. But : —

The ancient Greeks recognised tbe flesh of tlie hedgehog as
a delicacy, while the same dish not infrequently made its
appearance upon the tables of English farmers a century or
so ago. In fact, there are records which show that at this
time hedgehogs were actually bred and fattened for eating.
When in good condition the flesh is said to be sweet and
well-flavoured, with a reminiscence of quail.

The grub of the May bug or cockchafer forms a
nutritious and palatable repast. Locusts have been
regarded as luxuries from the earliest times. Lo-
cust-eating tribes invariably grow fat. Trepang, or
sea -cucumbers, are very popular in China. The
edible birds' nests, which fetch as much as r5s. a
pound, carefully prepared and boiled down form a
practically tasteless jelly, but with sugar and lemon,
Juice become perfectly palatable. The chrysalids
of silkworms are regarded as a luxury by the poorer
Chinese, who also value the larva; of bluebottle
flies, which thev speciallv rear in heaps of putrid
fish.

this law was threatened with a fine of fifty rupees, while its
requirements had to be fulfilled within fourteen days. Un-
happily, by this change an attractive feature in tbe life of
the city has disappeared, the lamentable hues enforced upon
the poor ladies by the .\mir'3 edict emphasising the dirt and
discomfort of the Kabul streets.

The Amir and Women's Dress.

Mr. Angus Hamilton, who has a short article in
the Lady's Realm for October on Life at the Amir s
Court, tells how the present Amir put a stop to
the picturesque dress of the Afghan women.

Proud ot their prepossessing qualities, the women of Af-
ghanistan have exploited their charms so much that it was
left to Ilabib TJUah to impose a check upon the increasing
attractiveness of the street costume of the feminine portion
of his subjects. One day, in the spring of 1903. to the un-
speakable dismay of many pretty women and of all young
girls, he issued orders, changing the white burka, which, al-
though covering the head and figure, and leaving a latticed
ir.sertion before the face, was in a measure attractive. There-
after these white street robes were to be dyed kharki for
Jfahommedan women, red or mustard-yellow for Bindu
women, and slate-colour for other women. Disobedience cf

The Jockey's Unhappy Lot.

In Fry's Magazine Mr. Bernard Parsons describes
his day with Mr. Dillon, the jockey who rode Spear-
mint when he won the Grand Prix. Mr. Dillon pro-
tested against the idea held by most people about
the happenings of the jockey's profession. He is
reported as saying : —

They ignore the many hardships tliat he is forced to pirt
up with, and seem to forget entirely that his whole life
must be moi*e or less one of the greatest self-denial: for it
isn't pleasant — especially when one has an appetite like a
hunter— to see other people feeding on the fat of the land,
while one has to breakfast off a couple of pieces of dry toast
and a cup of coffee, and Lunch otf half a dozen grapes or a
wineglassful of soda-water, to say nothing of spending a
morning sweltering in a Turkish bath to get weight otf, or
else tramping a good ten miles on a irot summer day in thick
sweaters.

Certainly the obligation of having to sweat one-
self down to a stipulated weight is apt to create a
feeling of disgust. The jockey told of one case in
which he had to live in a Turkish bath for almost
a whole day. He had to ride a horse at Yarmouth
at yst. 4lbs., and as he weighed 7st. lolbs. he had
to melt off the 61bs. above what was required. This
perpetually starving or wasting oneself to a pre-
scribed weight seems scarcelv human.

Can Plants Reason ?

The possibility of an intelligence in the plant is
the subject of a study by S. Leonard Bastin in the
Monthly Review. He says it is now an established
fact that plants can feel. Do they not also posse.'-s
a discerning power? Manv verv interesting e\i-
dences of discrimination in plants are adduced. One
may be quoted : —

The following instance of a Central American Acacia i-
quite romantic in its way. but it is vouched for by good
autliorities. This tree (A. gpherocephala) grows in districts
where leaf-cutter ants abound, and where the ravages of
these insects are so dreadful that whole areas of country
are at times denuded of foliage in a few hours. The Acacia
has, however, hit upon a unique way of protecting itself
against the assaults of these enemies. At the end of some
of its leaves it produces " small yellowish sausage-shaped
masses, known as ' food-bodies.' " Now these seem to be
prepared especially for the benefit of certain black ants,
wiiich eat the material greedily, and on this account it is
no matter for surprise tliat these insects 1 which are very
warlike in habit) should make their homes in the Acacia,
boring out holes in the thorns of the tree to live in. It is
not very difficult to see how this arrangement works out.
At the approach of an army of leaf-eating ants, the hordes
of black ants emerge, fired with the enthusiasm which the
defence of a home is bound to inspire, with the result that
the attacking enemy is repulsed, and the tree escapes un-
scathed.

Revieir of R'Vieirs, lllijOe.

THE REVIEWS REVIEWED

THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW.

This admirable Review is now published on the 7t.h
and 21st of each month. Tlie English-speaking woild,
therefore, can now boast a fortnightly review in fact
as well as in name. It will be very intere.sting to
note how the experiment succeeds.

GOLDWTN SMITH ON BRITISH INDIA.
Mr. Goldwin Smith writes a well-balanced article
on British Empire in England: —

British Empire in India is in no danger of being brouglit
to an end by a Russian invasion. It does not seem to be
in mucli danger of being brougiit to an end by internal
rebellion. Yet it must end. Such is the decree of nature.
In that climate British children cannot be reared. No race
can forever liold and rule a land in which it cannot rear
it< children. In what form the end would come it has
hitherto been impossible to divine. " B.v accident " was the
only reply which one who had held high office in India
cotild make to such a question on that subject. Since this
reawakening of the East, a more definite source of possible
disturbance may be said to loom. In eucoui-aging Japan to
go to war. Lord Lansdowne may have done sometiiing which
was far from his intention, and of which he did not dream.
He may have inadvertently pressed the button of fate.

GEORGE MACDONALD.

Louise Collier Willcox pays a high tribute to G.
Macdonald, whom she styles "■ A Neglected Novel-
ist '': —

The rare beauty of Macdonald's novels is their gift of
wide horizon and repose. From the clever, mannered, ner-
vous, swiftly moving stories of our own day. to turn back to
his work is like coming out of the heated glare of the theatre
into the blessed sunlight and the open meadows. In the
attitude towards tlie visible world we find Macdonald's was
the mystic's consciousness — the great love of space, the sense
of spirit in the winds and storms, the love of trees and
flowers, shade and sunshine, stars, waves, even the black
interstellar spaces as the habitation of spirit, the visible gar-
ment of the Creator.

MR. ROOSEVELT'S PLEDGE.

■■ Q ■' writes on Mr. Roosevelt's right to accept a
nomination, despite the fact that he voluntarily gave
the following pledge: —

" On the 4th of March nest I shall have served three and
one-half ye.a-s, and this three and one-half years constitutes
my first term. Tlie wise custom wliich limits the President
to two terms regards the substance and not the form. Under
no circumstances will I he a candidate for or accept an-
other nomination."

While Governor of the State of New York and harassed by
■ the unremitting etTo:ts of politicians to suhmerKe him in
the Vice-Presidential office, he declared with all the emplia-
sis at his command: "Under no circumstances could I o-
would I accept the nomination for the Vice-Presidency. "
Later, he added, " My position in regard to the Vice-Presi-
dency is absolutely unalterable."

Yet he became Vice-President, and in all proba-
bility, his pledge notwithstanding, be will be forced
to accept a thiid term of office for the Presidency,

THE LATEST VISION OF THE HEBREW.
The Rev. H. P, Mendes, in an article entitled
'Palestine and the Hague Conference," says: —

Let the approaching Hague Conference open the question
of the reconstitution of the Hebrew nation by the great
Powers of to-day, even as Belgium and other nations have
been reborn with independence.

Then he thinks if the Hague Permanent High Court
be transplanted " to Zion, dear and hallowed in the
eyes of all the Catholic, Protestant, Greek-Church,
Mohammedan and Jewish worlds, the religious or sen-
timental environment will not be without force," For
" out of Zion will go forth law, and the word of the
Lord from Jerusalem."

THE CORNHILL MAGAZINE.

The October number of the dtriiliiU Maijazine has
for frontispiece a reproduction of a newly-discovered
portrait of Charlotte Bronte. It is a water-colour
drawing from life made in 1850 by Charlotte Bronte's
friend, Paul Heger of Brussels. Recently it ^yas ac-
quired by the trustees of the National Portrait Gal-
lery.

Mr. Arthur C. Benson has an article on the Ethics
of Reviewing. As a writer of books and a publisher
of more than one of them anonymously, he maj- be
said to have some experience of critics. He thinks
we have a good many reviewers at work, but review-
ing is a trade rather than an art. M'hat we have
not got (he says) is a race of wise and artistic critics,
alive to originality, delicacy, and quality. If we had
a development of artistic literature there might be
a development of artistic criticism. When Mr. Ben-
son was a reviewer himself once, he read everything
he reviewed. His difficulty lay, not with books ot
merit and character, but with the vague, unequal
amateur books that needed to be read more than
once in the hope of finding a salient feature or tan-
gible point.

In an article on the Tides, Mr. Frank T. Bullen
endeavours to make clear the distinction between
the oceanic currents and the regular ehli and flow of
the tide.

THE INDEPENDENT REVIEW.

Tlii' October number supplies Liberals with reading
much to their mind. Perhaps the most notable paper
is that, noticed elsewhere, by Miss F. Hayllar, who
applies the science of child study to the elimination of
the religious difficulty. Of higli importance is W, S.
Blunt's account of the new Egyptian nationalism.

LIBERALISM AND SOCIALISM.
Mr. Chiozza Mone.y, M.P., discusses the relations
of Liberalism and Socialism in the light of the Master
of Elibank's cry of warning. Mr. Money maintains
that, wherever two or three men are gathered to-
getln'r for mutual help. Socialism is in the midst of
them. He recalls that Professor Dicey recognised the
perifxi of 186,5-1900 as the perio<l of Collectivism.
This Mr. Money would describe as the period of Vu-
conscious Socialism. " The twentieth century begins
i>, periotl of Conscious Socialism.'' To renounce its
Socialism would be to destroy the Liberal party. He
says, if the Liberals imagine that they can exist
merely by flourishing the Free Trade flag, they are
mistaken. Liberalism can only be a power by leading
the nation along the path of sane Collectivism,

594

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 1906.

A LIBERAL • BLOC " IX EUEOPE.
ill'. Brailsford considers Sir Edward Grey's foreign
policy in relation to the Congo and Pau-Islamic move-
ment. He says that "the old combinations sought
peace as an interest, or if not peace, then victory,
for their members. The new combination seeks peace
as a principle," and has for the first item on its
European programme the reduction of armaments.
As •■ a struggle to do justice to one persecuted Jew
was the means of constituting a great Republican bloc
in France," so, argues the writer, a concerted effort
to liberate Macedonia and the Congo might help to
form, with a full consciousness of high ends, a Liberal
bloc in Europe. He fears that Sir Edward Grey's
trust in the gradual enlightenment of Belgium for a
solution of the Congo problem is not likely to be vin-
dicated by events. He advocates reform of Turkey as
a whole on the death of Abdul Hamid by means of a
working agreement with Germany, who should be
squared by our support of the Bagdad Railway.

WHAT IS \\TlONG -mTH OXFORD.
Mr. A. E. Zimmern. a junior member of the clas-
sical staff, discusses the difficulties of Oxford in the
new century. He believes that Oxford is marked out
to be the intellectual capital of England, to be the
home of ideas in every department of spiritual ac-
tivity. To carry out this destiny only those .should
be admitted who have capacitj' to absorb ideas. But.
alas! "Oxford notoriously contains hundreds of men
wlio are, and will remain, totally devoid of ideas."
They are only there because they can afford to come.
The expense of living at Oxford is the crux of the
whole problem. If it were lowered from a minimum
of £90 to £60, most of the present difficulties would
disappear. The other difficulties are the competition
of the younger Universities, the widening breach be-
tween Oxford and the professions, the deadness of
classical study, and the pressure of examinations. Of
the latter he says : —

The system was not devised, and is not maintained for
genuine students at all. It is maintained for the sake of
forcing unwilling idlers to work. It is a gigantic engine of
compulsion to drive the free Barbarians of England to the
waters of knowledge. There is only one way of killing the
present examination system. Fill Oxford with real students,
and it will automatically disappear.

THE MOTOR TYRANNY.
Under this heading Mr. G. Lowes Dickinson de-
clares : —

Tiie motorists are the chartered tyrants of the road, and
they use, or abuse, their privileged position with an incon-
siderate insolence which illustrates forcibly the extent to
which the wealth of England, during the past half-century,
has passed away from the hands of gentlemen.

By way of remedy he advocates considerable increase
in the tax on motors, a minimum fine of £.50 for
breach of the law, the reduction of the speed limit to
ten miles an hour, antl the i^rohibition of the emis-
sion of vapour and smoke. Motor omnibuses and
motor vehicles used for trade should not be allowed
to ply the streets, as they are not yet perfect enough
to appear in public.

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND AFTER.

The contents for October are somewhat below the
average. Excepting Professor Yamberys paper on
Pan-Islamism, there is nothing that calls for separate
mention,

NEW WORK FOR OUR AGEXTS-GENERAL.

Mr. R. E, Macnaughten, formerly of Harrow, laments
the defective teaching of geography in our pubUc
schools. He suggests that it should be made an essen-
tial part of the curriculum, and taught by aid of the
magic lantern. For lecturers on this subject he says,
"It so happens that in the Agents-General for the
respective colonies there already exists a body of men
who by the very nature of their training and in virtue
of their office are ideally qualified for such a task."
If they could be persuaded to deliver lectures on their
respective colonies at our leading public schools, per-
sons better fitted for the task could not be found. He
also advocates co-operation between, say, six public
schools, whereby an interchange of lecturers could be
arranged.

THE CHILDREN OF FLORENCE.

A charming paper by Miss Rose Bradley says that
through the children one gains a glimpse into the
heart of Florence: —

The type appears to have altered little since the days when
those great masters, strolling through the streets of their be-
loved city, caught and immortalised the childish forms and
faces, on canvas, in stone and in marble, wherewith to adorn
her loveliness. It is rare to meet an absolutely plain child
in Florence, but it is not only the dark, eloquent eyes, the
clear-cut features, the clean line of throat and chin, the
graceful proportions of the small limbs to the body, but it is
also a certain air of distinction and aloofness in their bear-
ing which makes it a pure pleasure to watch these children
at tliefr play. I have heard it said that the real living child
is almost as important a note in Florentine architecture as
those cliarming putti which smile down upon us from all
sorts of unexpected places, in churches, and over windows
and archways in the street.

The August number of the New York Critic con-
tains an article on the well-known critic, Georg
Brandes. Paul Harboe, the writer, t.ells us that
though Georg Brandes is the most famous personage in
Denmark, he is also the loneliest and the least ap-
preciated. In 1805 his "William Shakespeare" was
published in Denmark, and his name became known
in the -4nglo-Saxon world. Now four-fifths of his en-
tire production exists in Eliglish.

THE WORLD'S WORK AND PLAY.

The World's Work and Play for October fairly
bristles with interesting papers.

WHAT " THE JTTNGLE " HAS DONTB.
Mr. Isaac Marcosson describes the beginning of re-
form at Packingtown. He was in Chicago in Feb-
ruary, and found in the great packing-houses '• a riot
of dirt and disorder, and everywhere an indescribable
stench," He adds: —

I went to Chicago in August, six months later. A hot sun
beat fiercely down on the yards. Smoke still hung over tlie
pens, and the smell of slaughter and of cattle was still in
the air. But in the packing-houses glistened newly cleaned
windows; trucks table, sand floors showed signs of recent
scrubbing; the inside walls were freshly painted or white-
washed; concrete was replacing wood. New and detached
toilet-rooms had been put in. The women wore blue uni-
forms and many men were in white duck. On all sides, in
English and foreign languages, blazed the words "Be
Clean." Order was succeeding disorder, for the cleansing of
Packingtown had begun.

AN ENGLISH MECHANIC IN AMERICA.

Under this title Mr. James Blount describes his
experience in English and American workshops.
American methods and atmosphere impress him as
greatly superior. Yet he believes that the British
workman as a mechanic is undoubtedly a .superior all-
round man to his American cousin. He recognises

Reriew of Reviews, l/lS/06.

The Revleivs Reviewed,

595

tlie c>ducatioiial advantages of America over all other
nations. Ho notes that '"the American looks ahead
all the time — the Euglisliman is perfectly content and
satistied with present levrl." He laments tlie intem-
perance and love of gamhling prevalent in England,
more so than in America. In America, too, every
man. whether son of a railway director or son of a
labourer, beg.ins at the bottom and works upward.
He sums up by saying that, so long as the present
social condition^; in England make it impossible for
the woiking man to r.iise liiniself to a higher level
socially, so long will England be hand capped in com-
petition with America.

OTHER ARTICLES.
There are vivid descriptions of indu.stries as, varied
as the o.strieh farm in Africa, scent-making as a
hobby, minting money in London, and cigar-making
in Holland. The importance of floating docks and
their superiority to the ordinary dry dock ashore is
enforced by F. A. Talbot. A floating dock to lift the
new Cunarders of 45,000 tons could be built for
£170,000. Mr. F. T. Jane describes our newest battle-
ships, comparing them with the " Dreadnought." As
;^ background to all these varied developments of
human energy may be put the paper by Mr. F. A.
Ogg, on the vast undeveloped regions awaiting the
multitudinous presence of man. Canada can, he says,
provide with the greatest ease for 100 millions more
people. Argentina can accommodate as large an in-
crement of liuman life. Western Australia eoukl find
room for an agricultural population of 10 millions. He
concludes that there is room enough for industry and
prosperity for thousands of generations.

THE CONTEMt'ORARY REVIEW.

The October number is characteristically Cunfein-
pnianj. Four articles have claimed separate mention
elsewhere.

■' ACCESS TO THE LAND."
Erik Givskov, in a second paper on " Home Indus-
try in Belgium,'' brings to light the striking fact that
wherever there are extensive communal possessions
the wages aio higher than elsewhere in Belgium, even
though this public land is mostly found in the less
fertile dLstricts. The well-being of tlie common people
is superior on poorer land to which they have access,
than on richer land to which they have not. On these
facts is based the following plea and prophecy: —

Tax land values and the land will be available for all who
desire land, not as an investment, bnt as a means to produce
for themselves and their fellow men all the commodities of
life whioli their e.\clU3ion from the land has made artifici-
all.v scarce. Then co-operation will be an ideal form of pro-
duction, for the peasant will be permitted to retain all its
beneflts. no longer being robbed of them by increasing land
values, Throusli co-operation and electric motive power the
well-to-do peasants will have at their cnnnnand all the ad-
vantages which till now have been the monopoly of the great
manufacturer and of the great fa'mer. Tlien the large towns
will disappear, and the whole country become one great (war-
den City. There will be no slums, but a healtliy life for all.

"ItiNORIXG THE COLOUR LINE.'

•'Long Views and Sliort on White and Black" is
the title under which Mr. Sydney Olivier discusses the
colour problem. He contrasts the West Indies and
its policy of eciual rights, with the Southern States
and ils policy of race distinction. For their results
he qiiotes Professor Roycc of Harvard, who points to
Jamaica, where he says ''the negro race question
seems to be substantially solved." Mr. Olivier says
of the West Indies; —

The signiticant fact, then, is that owing to whatever favour-
ing circumstances the long view has been taken in tliese
communities, the attitude of ignoring the colour-line; and
it has produced a situation in which, at any rate, the night-
mare of racial antagonism does not oppress the small min-
oiity of white who, in virtue of their capacity, lead and con-
trol them. The long view— the religious as contrasted with
the secular— the view of the idealist as contrasted with that
of the practical man. has justified itself here in practice.

THE LOGIC OP MUNICIPAL TRADING.

Mr. H. Morgan-Browne supplies an effective re-
.ioinder to Mr. Schooling's indictment of local finance.
He adds ; — ■

On what logical grounds objection can be taken to this
particular form of human activity it is difficult to see. Pub-
lic bodies can borrow at 3 per cent.; in other words, they
can command cheap capital. Private companies, as a rule,
cannot. What, tlien. can be more resonahle than that self-
contained communities, such as towns, should avail them-
selves of the cheap capital which their corporate t^espor.si-
I)ility enables them to obtain, in order to carr.v on for the
good of their members certain services of general utilit.v.
for which otherwise they would have to pay at a higher rate
or for a smaller return to a private compan.v.

OTHER ARTICLES.
Ml-. Edward Farrer writes somewhat discursively on
Canada and the L^nited States. He says that the
triumph of Free Trade at the polls in the United
Kingdom does not mean that Canadians will throw
themselves into the arms of the Americans. The
tendency is the other way. He ui-ges that the Govern-
ment should give Canadians a larger voice in the
settlement of disputes with Americans. Mr. G. G.
('iniltoii is roused by the ideal pictures of religious
education before the- Reformation to produce evidence
of the shocking illiteracy of the priests and monks, to
say nothing of the common people. Mr. W. S.
Palmer gives a subtle version of the resurrection of
tho body. He emphatically denies that the corpse
after death is still the man's body. The organic unity
of life which is the man will, he says, carry on from
the molecules it built up into a body all the meaning
they have ever had. Dr. Dillon yiehls to the tempta-
tion of anti-Germanism. He recalls the times when
Germany was only held back from aggressive war on
France b.v other Powers, and states that Wihen Great
Britain was fighting the Boers, Germany made an
offer to the Tsar which involved an expedition against
British possessions in the East. He insists tliat Ger-
man policy, which is constant, necessitates the mutual
antagonism of Prance and England.

THE PAU MALL MAGAZINE.

Tlie October number is an adniiralilc iiirnliination
nl interesting articles dealing with the most varied
topics. A bi'antifully-illust rated sketch of Crewe House
is given by Mix-; Emmie Avery Keddcll. Conunander
Currcy. R.N., adds to the description of the " Dread-
nought " a vivid portraiture of this new monster of the
deep. As he remarks, it is scarcely credible that the
f(n'emost seamen on the active list of the Royal Navy
at the present day. like Admiral Sir .Tuhn l'"isher and
Vice-.\dmiral Ijoril Chark's Heresford, were actually
brought up in three-<lecked wooden line-of-battle-
ships, with smooth-bore guns, A picturesque Nature
study is contributed by F. U, Kirkman, of Walney
Island, Morecambe Hay, one of the great breeding
grounds of the blacklieiided gull, whence it migrates,
ainiuig other jilaces, to the London bridges, to be fed
by the admiring Cockney. The hunting story is told
by G, Denholine .\rnionr of " .\ Duffer's First .Stag."

596

The Revlewr of Reviews.

December 1, 1906.

THE REVUE DE PARIS. given to American themes and writers, hut the list
In the first September numher of the Bmip de Paris "^ contributors shows a number of British and Euro-
Victor Berard, the editor, refers to the recent meet- P^^^ *»» well as American names,
ing of the King and the Kaiser.

FRANCE AND ENGLAND.
France, he writes, need not he disquieted by the
reconcilation of the King and the Kaiser. Edward
VII. has always been loyal in his desire for a closer
friendship between England and France. At the
present moment immediate interest is centred in
Morocco. Both by written engagements and vital
interests England is connected with the French-
Moroccan affair. If any enirnif is possible between
London and Berlin we may be sure that Edward
VII. will not do anything without France. Morocco,
Tripoli. Egypt, and Mesopotamia are four spheres of
influence where the pacific and civilising activity of
Europe is fettered only by the rivalry of European
Powers; an equitable arrangement might assign to
each its responsibility and its part in the work.

GERMANY AND TURKEY.
In the same number the editor concludes his
article on Arabia. The liberation of Egypt, he writes,
.seems to be one of the aims of Turkish policy. The
Sultan has never been reconciled to the English oc-
cupation, and though he has maintained territorial
limits and political conditions, he is in the humour
for wishing to change these conditions. If the Kaiser
and the .Sultan do not want war, the Akabah railway
might, in the hands of the English, become the in-
strument of a more mischievous policy than Ottoman
power. The Sultan under German protection, and
the Ottoman peoples under the influence — that is the
result of the Turkish Empire after fifteen years of
Abdul Hamid's rqiime-

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY.

Alfred Droz. writing in the second September num-
ber, discourses on Intellectual Property. He says
people cannot fail to be struck by the increase in
value of certain masterpieces, and they ask whether
the artist or his heirs should not participate in the
benefits accruing from such rise in value. Millet, for
instance, sold his " Angelus " for a small sum, and
yet extraordinary prices have been paid for this pic-
ture. A\'ould it not be fair to give some of it to the
artist or his living representatives? It has been sug-
gested that a syndicate be formed of artists who
would engage to sell all their works, and it would
be stipulated by each artist that whenever a work
of his changed hands the syndicate must intervene
and see that some portion of the profit paid by a
new purchaser be retained for the artist's heirs.

PUTNAM'S MONTHLY.

In October Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons will begin
the re-issue of Pi.fnaiii's ilonfhhi. a magazine started
by the late Mr. George P. Putnam in 18o3. AVith
the new rutnain's Mitnflihi will be incorporated the
New York Critic, which was founded in 1881 and
pulilished by Messrs. Putnam since 1898. In the first
issue of this publication all the contributions were
printed anonymously. Among the writers were in-
cluded George William Curtis with his " Potipliar
Papers " and " Prue and I." James Russell Lowell
with his •' Fireside Travels," and " Moosehead Jour-
nal," Thoreau with his "'Cape Cod," etc., besides
contributions in verse by Longfellow, Stoddard,
Lowell. Stedman. and others. In 18o7 the magazine
suspended publication owing to the commercial panic
of that year. In the new issue precedence will be

THE ITALIAN REVIEWS.

The Xunva Antntnijia has undertaken to introduce
George Meredith to the Italian public through a
translation — with some slight cutting down — of
" Diana of the Crossways.'' Hitherto, it appears. Mere-
dith has been ignored by Italian literarj- critics, and the
only one of his novels translated has been " Sandra
Belloni, " which once appeared as a feuillftun. In the
same number E. Cecchi writes with much enthusiasm
and no little discrimination of the author's life and
work, describing him as a writer " of pure fantasy,
improbable, legendary, mythological," and his mar-
vellous art as '"a triumph of invention" and "a
splendid reflection of the drama of Shakespeare.^^
The critic selects " The Ordeal of Richard Feverel "
for detailed description as being the most charac-
teristic of the novelist's works. The anonymous
writer " XXX " displays some anxiety lest with the
intrnfr coidialr between England and France and the
renewed friendly relations lietween England and Ger-
many, Italy should be left out in the cold. He ex-
presses the hope that the appointment of so dis-
tinguished an ambassador to the English Court as
the Marquis di San Giuliano will inaugurate a new
period of full sympathy and international under-
standing. The >."ditor, Maggiorino Ferraris, discusses
the familiar problem: what to do with our boys.
After condemning both the kind of education given
to the middle classes in Italy, and the lack of educa-
tion provided for the poorer classes, he suggests that
young Italians should be encouraged to complete their
education abroad, for preference in England, Ger-
many, or the United States. Of life in England he
gives many details, all of a flattering nature, and
recommends a sojourn among us, both for the de-
velopment of character and the acquisition of indus-
trial and commei'cial knowledge.

That the movement for the emancipation of women
in Italy is growing in a remarkable degree may be
judged from an ably-written and sympathetic article
in the Birista il' Italia (August). The author, A.
Marghieri, who incidentally displays an intimate
knowledge of the agitation in England, declares him-
self opposed to the sudden wholesale enfranchisement
of the sex by means of universal suffrage, as has been
proposed in the Italian Chamber, but pronouncing
himself in favour of a scheme by which women over
twenty-five might be eligible for the franchise either
on a property or on an educational qualification.

The Cii-ilfii Catfulica publishes some melancholy
figures concerning suicides, intended to show- at once
the growth in the practice of suicide throughout the
nineteenth century and its comparative rarity in
Catholic countries. Thus Spain and Ireland are both
at the bottom of a list in which Saxony, Denmark,
and Prussia all take a deplorably high place. The
increase of suicide in both France and Italy during
the last thirtj- years has, however, been very marked.
In the whole of Europe for the years 1870-1900 the
suicides have been calculated at over 1.000,000. Ger-
many alone being responsible for 300.000. It ha^
never been so frequent save in the decadent ages ot
the later Roman Empire.

A sketch of the life and work of Giuseppe Giacosa.
the well-known dramatist, appears in the JJo.s.frg/m
Xa-ionalc. Those who are able to appreciate Italian
poetry will find in the same number a very instruc-
tive study by G. Lesca of Arturo ^raf, the most
melancholy and forceful poet of contemporary Italy.

Review of Revieicfi. IIHJ-G.

The Reviews Reviewed.

597

THE STRAND MAGAZINE.

In tlie Stiaml Magazine the interview seems to have
given place ti> the symposium. In the October num-
ber tlie opinions of eminent business men have been
asked in reply to the question. Is a Tuiversity Train-
ing of Use in Business I-*

Lord Burton does not consider a residence at Ox-
ford or CambridRe a good preliminary for a com-
mercial career. Mr. Beit agreed with Mr. Rhodes,
and wrote that if a young man intended to follow
a commercial career and lacked character, the Uni-
versity would help him ; whereas if he had naturally
a strong character, the University woidd not take
any of it away. Character and manners, he addled,
succeed far more in business than people think.
Most of the other business men whose opinions are
quoted are agreed that a University training is a
help rather than the reverse.

In another symposium a number of Duti'h artists
state which of their pictures they consider the best.
William Maris selects " A Dutch Jleadow " ; W. B.
Tholen, a coming man in Dutch art, names " The
Harbour of Harderwyk " ; Louis Apol, a famous
|iainter of snow and ice, chooses " Winter in Hol-
land " ; W. C. Nakken, who seeks his siibjects in
foreign countries, prefers " The Wood-Carriers," a
Xormandy subject ; and Isaac Israels, the son of Josef
Israels, selects '' The Workroom." painted at
Paquin's dressmaking establishment in Paris. Seve-
ral others are not less interesting, and, it may be
added, all the pictures are reproduced.

There is also an article on the PioiWi-Makors of
To-Day, which is illustrated by drawings of each
other of the nuMubers of the Fundi Hound Table.
Mr. Linley Sambourne is depicted by Mr. Bernard
Partridge. Mr. Bernard Partridge and Mr. H. AV.
Lucy bv Mr. Linlev Sambourne, and so on.

THE ATLANTIC MONTHLY.

Mr. Jonathan Thayer Lincoln opens the September
AthitiUc Moiitlihj with the Manufacturer's Point of
View of the Labour (Question.

The cause of most of the difficulties between em-
ployer and employed arises, he writes, from the fact
that each forgets that the other is a human being.
He recogjiises a great power in the spirit of loyalty
to the dignity of labour which underlies the trade
unions, whether this loyalty be realised or not. He
mentions the case of a strike which was .settled ad-
vantageously by the plan of making the wages vary
with the fluctuations of the market, so that em-
ployer and employed shared alike in the advance or
depression of market conditions.

There is an essay on Brag by Mr. Wilbur Larre-
more. Brag is defined as egotism spoken or acted to
impress others, and its viciousness consists in being
bnmd out. That does not imply that all egotism
should be suppressed. Outside of utilitarian ends,
self-optimism is much to be desired. The day-dreams
ot a child fancying himself the central figure in
heroic deeds of impossible achievement are healthy,
and a similar faculty, in a solxM-ed form, is an im-
portant factor in mature intellectual life.

In an article on the Power of Bible Poetry Mr. J.
H. fJardiner notes the persisten<'e of the jjower of
njipeal ot the Old Testament, and especially the
l)oetical books. There is in addition to the strong
balance and rhythm of the Hebrew poetry the fact
that it throbs with the earnestness of the men wlio
in the stress of the Reformation wrought their trans-
lations. We must also remember that the sufferings,
the joy, and the faith aie all uttered as the experi-
ences of real men.

THE DUTCH REVIEWS.

l'iu(j n (lis Tijils claims attention this month by
reason of an article by Dr. Fokker on Esperanto.
The writer deplores the fact that Dutclimen do not
appear to be so much alive as other people to the
advantages of an international language. The English
and the FT-ench, wliase languages are spoken all over
the world, have taken up the idea, but the Dutch,
who could ucit make themselves understood except in
South Africa and a few colonies, are showing no
especial interest. Dr. Fokker attributes the slow
progress of Esperanto in the past to the check given
to the international language idea by the failure of
Volapiik. He might have added that "when Esi)eranto
made its appearance Volapiik was having a boom.
Esperanto, he say.N, is easier than Volapiik; the latter
bail the disadvantage of containing sounds, like the
'' ii " and the "6,'' which the English, Italian,
Spanish, and Greeks found hard to learn. He then
gives an outline of the language, concluding with a
cniicisra of the Dutch instruction books.

In the same review there is an article on the
Population question. It is full of references to
wiiters in various languages, and is a tlioughtful
contribution to the subject.

Elsevier contains, among others, two contributions
of special interest, both well illustrated. The first
deals with weaving of kofo fabrics by the natives
of Sangir, in the East Indies. Kofo is obtained from
the trunk of a tree similar to the banana, and was
known as long ago as 1095; it is dried and otherwise
treated in a primitive manner, then woven or plaited
into garments and ornaments. The second article is
about deep breathing and physical development. Pic-
tures are given to show the physical condition of
schoolboys and others before trying to find a part of
the iu)urishment of the body in the inhalation of
fresh air. and other pictures show results obtained
or obtainable liy this j)ractice. In the case of girls,
this plentifid iidialation of fresh air is most necessary
for the proper development of the body, in view of
the fact that they are to be the mothers of a future
generation.

In On~.(' Eeiiw the most interesting contribution i.s
that which concerns the State as an employer in
connection with railways. The State, he contends, is
not an exemplary master, and the writer gives in-
stances of the hours of work and the pay.

In Dp Qids we have several entertaining contribu-
tions. " Kratulos ; or, the Origin of Speech," a dia-
logue with a note of reference to the experience of
Plato, is good. The essay on the establishment of a
Naval Council, or Admiralty Board, shows that the
oiganisation of naval affairs in Holland leaves some-
tliing to be desired. One Minister of Marine will
do things in this way and his successor does them in
.some other manner; each Minister linds himself sad-
dled with the responsibilities of his predecessor and
wants to make a change. There is no real continuity,
and the nation loses the advantage of the experi-
ence of men who have no party ends to serve. The
issue is an excellent number.

The September Badiiiiiifun is a very holiday num-
ber indeed, it,s articles dealing with " The Hunting
Outlook," with snort in the Donegal Highlands, witli
the W<\^toi'n Highlands in early summer, and similar
subj^'ctN. Probably many r<'a<lers will be more par-
ticularly interest<Ml in Loril Hamilton of Daliw^ll's
paper on " Tlu> Financial Aspect of Racing," the gist
of which Ik that it cofitfi racehorse owners, as a body,
nearly £5 in expenses to win a sovereign. Ho makes
various sugge^itions as to how this anomalous and un-
busines<slike state of things could be remedied.

i

598

The Review of Reviews.

Upcember I, ^S06,

THE REVUE DES DEUX MONDES.

Jacques Siegfried oontriliutes to the first Septem-
ber number ot the Birite ilrs Dcti.r Mundif an article
on "Commercial Echication in France and the
Leading Countries of the World."

THE FOREIGN TRADE OF FRANCE.
An accomplished man in the industrial and com-
mercial world worthy ot the name, says the writer, is
one who on reading his newspaper in the morning
recognises instantly the influence which any item of
news telegraphed from any quarter of the globe
might exercise on affairs in general and his own in
particular. Commercial schools have superseded the
old apprenticeship system, and international con-
gresses have facilitated the exchange ot ideas. The
writer gives an outline of what has-been done in
other countries, and then deals with France and the
proposed new Technical Education Act, from which
he predicts excellent results. He says well-trained
men will never be wanting; the difficulty concerns
the field of action. Between 1890 and 190-5 French
trade has increased, but not at the same rate as the
trade of other countries. In the same period the ex-
ports of the United States have been doubled, those
of England have increased 26 per cent., those of
Italy 90 per cent,, those of Belgium 52 per cent,, and
those of Germany 71 per cent., whereas the exports
of France have increased only 27 per rent. The
writer suggests that the P'rench Government might
busy itself more with the development of the home
industries.

THE EASTERN QUESTION IN EUROPE.
In the second September number Rene Pinon has
an article on the Near East, from the time of the
Berlin Congress (187.5-190e). The sick Turk, assisted
by the German doctor, he says, is disquieting to Eng-
land, England's rijle in 1878 has passed to Germany,
The policy of integrity, the policy of Pan-Tslamism.
has been taken up by (iermany, and it is her in-
fluence in the Balkans and in Asia which to-day
alarms the Power which has need of the routes to
India, Neither at Vienna nor at St. Petersburg is
umbrage taken at the progress of German influence
at Constantinople. Germany hopes to profit by this
influence to safeguard and to favour the interests of
Russia and Austria and to renew the Alliance of the
Three Emperors. Thus it is round Constantinople
and Salonica that all the combinations of European
policy gravitate to-day.

THE MYSTICS IDEA OF I.OVE.
Georges Dumas, who writes on the Love of the
Christian Mystics, says that medical men, even in the
second half of the last century, considered mysticism
mostly as a manifestation of hysteria, and he en-
deavours to show that this is far from being the case.
The mind of the niystic is characterised by religious
feeling, the anguish of doubt, and the "desire for
holiness, but the mystics differ in the means, conscious
or unconscious, by which they seek to appease their
anguish and realise their desire. Mysticism is de-
fined as the exclusive love of God, All instincts and
desires not having God for their object are regarded
as enemies of the soxil. and hence the physical and
moral discipline.

OTHER ARTICLES
The English Labour Party forms the subject of an
interesting study, by Jacques Bardoux, Also in the
same number Henri Bonnet has an article on the
Poor of Paris. He deals with the twenty arrondisse-
ments in turn, and shows what are the occupations
of the people and the general characteristics in
each.

LA REVUE.

In the first September number of La Revue Dr.
Lotal has an article entitled " France. Russia and
Switzerland, " It has reference to France's trade
with the two latter countries,

FRANCE AND FOREIGN MARKETS,

Switzerland, he says, takes the fifth place as a
market for French goods, coming after England,
Belgium, Germany and the United States, whereas
Russia takes the fifteenth place, coming after Tur-
kev. Switzerland sells much less to France than she
buys, with Russia it is the other way round. But
protection, the writer continues, has wrought great
mischief, especially in the matter of French exports,
and in France protection reigns supreme. The pro-
tectionists in the Government and in the Parlia-
ment will, he sa.vs, ruin French commerce and in-
dustry; they institute tariffs, make and unmake
treaties of commerce, and destroy the spirit of
initiative,

COUNT TOLSTOY ON PASCAL.

Count Tolstoy's views of Pascal and Pierre Khelt-
chitzky aijpear in another article in the same num-
ber. Love of glory, he says, grows with years, and
usually it is found united with the desire to be use-
ful to men, A great moral force will enable men to
attain glory rapidly, but this same force also shows
them the vanity of it. Such a man was Pascal. Like
Gogol, he achieved early in life the passion he de-sired
so ardently, but it was no sooner attained than the
vanity of what seemed to them the greatest and most
precious thing in the world was realised, and both
recoiled with horror from the seduction which held
them in its power. Both then, with all their might,
set about showing to men the awfniness of their
error by teaching that there is only one thing which
really matters — namely, religion. Nothing else can
give a man a true sense of life or of death.

IBSEN'S ■• HILDA."

In the second September number Martine Remusat.
who writes on some Letters from Ibsen to a Young
Girl which have recently been published, thinks that
Hilda in " The ifaster-Builder " was no obscure
symbol. She is, in reality, a girl of eighteen named
Emilie Bardach, whom Ibsen met in the Tyrol in the
summer of 1889, The twelve letters which Ibsen
wrote to her afterwards show how Ibsen, with all his
severity, knew bow to flatter feminine vanit.v. Some-
times the tone is paternal, often he is effusive in
thanking her for her letters which he reads again
and again. He cannot chase away the memories of
that summer, but constantly lives them over again
and again. He dreams of the enigma which Emilie
appeared to him. 'Whether Ibsen was already think-
ing of " The Master-Builder " when he enjoyed the
companionship of Emilie may remain a niyster.v, but
if Hilda cEmilie Bardach) is a mystery, a less de-
cipherable puzzle is Solness (Henrik Ibsen).

PAULINE VIARDOT.

Paid '\"iardot, in the same number, begins some
Reminiscences. He 4s the son of Pauline Viardot,
the eminent singer and friend of Turgenieff, and
consequently tells of the triumphs of his mother on
the operatic stage, especiall.v as Orfeo. She composed
a number of operettas for her pupils at Baden. Tur-
geniefl^ supplying the texts. During the Franco-
German War she lived in London, her house in
Devonshire Place being a centre for the refugees as
well for musicians and singers.

£ievieir of Reviews, 1/12} 6.

The Reviews Reviewed.

599

THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW.

Several of the chief articles in the F(iihii(ihtlii Hrrirw
have been noticed separately; it is a good number on
the wliole. Mr. T. A. Cook has something to say m
reply to Mr. Dell's criticism of Mr. Bodley's recent
book on contemporaiy France, and, rather tardily,
Burne-Jones's Life by his wife is reviewed. Rather
tardily, al.so, appears the first part of an article on
Lafcadio Hearn, but it is none the less a very in-
teresting article. The writer. Dr. George Gould.
says Hearn's father was Irish and his mother a Greek,
and Lafcadio was named after the island on which he
was born. He cannot have known much of hs mother,
for the marriawe proved unsatisfactory, and his father
•divorced his mother when Lafcadio was very young.
French writers seemed to have had most influence on
Hearn, especially Flaubert, who was his literary
deity. There is" another literary article, light and
very brightly written, on the Italian poet Carducci,
IS THE PARTY SYSTEM HONEST?

Mr, Ian Malcolm comes decidedly to the conclusion
that it is not. The point of his article is that in
England we have already the group system in prac-
tice, at all events to a certain extent, and that it
would be much better for us to adopt it honestly alto-
gether. We have now eight or nine groups in Par-
liament differing from one another fundamentally on
some important questions, yet keeping up the farce of
-■ party discipline." The admitted genius of the Bri-
tish people for parliamentary government will, the
•writer thinks, prevent British groups intriguing for
mean, unpatriotic ends. The two-party system is too
limited to admit of real honesty of opinion, and the
jjroup system would enormously facilitate the work of
committees and economise the time of the House.
PRESENT-DAY POLAND.

Mr. B. C. Ba.skerville's view of the present state of
Poland is that it is parlous. He insists once more on
the limitations of that typically brilliant person the
Pole. Except in occasional cases of artistic or musical
oeniiises, it seems as if of him it bad been decreed
That, unstable as water, he could not excel. The
present Polish revolution is not Pole revolting against
Russian, but caste revolting against caste, the pro-
letariats against the " privileged classes," To the
latter belong the Civil servants, who are the product
of German method graftc<l on to the Slavonic nature,
which generally means stringent laws loosely ad-
ministered. There are from twenty to twenty-five
political parties, but only five have any real import-
ance, and of these the Realists seem the most mode-
rate and practical. But their very moderation, their
desire to bring about desired reforms by evolution
rather than by revolution, makes them unpopular;
and it is -the noisier and hastier patriots and Socialists
who have the upper hand. The Polish question to-day.
therefore, is virtually a struggle between the local
Russian Government, the patriot, and the Socialists,
v\-ho believe in terrorism, and are well organised and
tenacious. The writer sees no hopeful solution, es-
pecially as the geographical position of Poland is so
unfavourable.

OTHER ARTICLES.

In tbo paper on ■' .\r(hieology and Infallibility " Pro-
testant readers will find a clear statement of what
Catholics mean by the doctrine of infallibility, and how
they regard belief in miracles. Infallib lity deals with
divine faith alone, not with human facts, such as
miracles or alleged miracles. These the Catholic is
apparently left free to believe or not, as his reason
can or cannot be convinced. If the Church allows
what seem superstitions to continue, it is because she

considers tihe.y do no harm, and that by rooting them
up too suddenly she might weaken the faith of her
unlearned adherents, who cannot distinguish between
essential matters of faith and matters of mere tradi-
tion.

Writing on "Women and War." Gertrude Silver
suggests that all mothers should help to make the
nation effic'ent by asking the headmasters of their
bovs' schools to let their sons join at once the school
callet corps. She insists that training in pride of
country — by which she evidently means a very rational
kind of patriotism — should begin at home in earliest
Ife.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Everybody who saw them will remember with de-
light Miss 'Ida Rentoul's booklets, filled with fairies
and queer little brownies sufficient to delight the
heart of the hardest to please child. In conjunc-
tion with Iier sister, who supplies the letterpress,
she has iust issued another book entitled '■ Mollie's
Staircase"" This will he a perfect delight to children.
The drawing is of the finest, and one can scarcely
credit that Miss Rentoul is still a very young lady,
for the drawings have all the finish of an artist of
many years. The printing is excellently done, and
is a credit to the printers. It is published by M. L.
Hutchinson. The poetry, which is supplied liy Miss
A. 1. Rentoul, is of quite a high order in this par-
ticular line, and will appeal immensely to youngsters.

St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Dunedin, lately
found it necessary to build a third Sunday-school.
The committee in charge of ways and means con-
ceived the idea of soliciting from leading people in
the colonies of Australia their favourite quotation.
Tlie idea was put into execution, and a booklet was
the result, a booklet which is quite a .unique con-
tribution to colonial literature. It gives a con-
spectus, in brief and pleasant form, of the great
thouglits that have most impressed themselves on
men and women of light and leading in Australasia,
including some of the Governors, Premiers, .Judges,
Kditors, and leaders of thought. The booklet is got
up in very pleasant form, and it is most interesting
as giving a glimpse of the motives and ideals \fli)ch
inspire those who direct the thought of the lands
under the Southern Cross. It is one of the cheapest
shilling's worth (1/1 posted) that we have seen, and
may be obtained by sending to C. R. Smith, Alli-
ance Assurance Company. Dunedin.

Tlic Hnrhinger of LUjht for November contains a
■-ketch of Mr, W. T. Stead, and a very friendly criti-
(i'-m of George Taylor, the Australian arti.st; an
article on "Dreams — Their Origin and Significance,"
ancl a large quantity of other interesting matter.

The Young Man's Magazine (N.Z.) for October
contains interesting articles on '" Impressions of
.Japan," Dr. ^X'addell concludes his intoresting
treatment of "Christ and Modern Fiction," "A
Roa<ler " discourses on " Patriotism," and there is a
very beautiful appreciation of Mark Ruth<'rford by
Rev. H, Kelly, M..\.. of Melbourne. 'I'he number is
an exceedingly inter<'.sting one. An important an-
nouncoment is made to the effect that it has been
found necessary t() increase the price of the magazine
from 2;G to 3/6.

We have received a book of Poems from Mr. P.
Stewart, of Melbourno, The booklet covers ""2 pages,
an<l right through is of n lofty tone. Mr, Stewart
has evidently set before him a high ideal, and he has
attained it.

Review of Reviews, l/li/06.

THE GREAT ESPERANTO CONGRESS.

The Growing Evidences of the Importance of the Language.

The second Congress of Esperanto is now a thing
of the past, and, looking quietly l?ack, the distinc-
tive feature of the Gene\a Congress would appear
to be the amount of steady work done by the \ari-
ous special committees. Officially, there were only
the general meetings for all Esperantists; the meet-
ings of the Language Committee, the members of
which were elected last \ ear at Boulogne ; and th.
.Special Congress Committee elected on the opening
dav ; but these official meetings were supplemented
bv unofficial ones in such number that a detailed
account of them is impossible. The business of
tlie Esperanto Congress concerned Esperanto as a
language onh ; but when one remembers that its
members were amongst the foremost intellectuals
iiom all quarters of the globe, and that these men
and women are in the van of the progressi\e army,
oiie can easily realise that advantage would be taken
of such a gathering to help forward those special
organisations in the furtherance of which a lan-
guage such as Esperanto is so useful. Amongst us
were Pacifists. Good Templars, Christian Endea-
vourers, Freemasons, Socialists, musicians, mathe-
maticians, members of the Red Cross Society, etc.,
etc., all of .whom had their own special gatherings.
It was not possible for everything to be done in
one building, so the Aula of the University was the
scene of the general meetings ; the Exhibition was
in the Beaux Arts building ; the general work, secre-
tarial and otherwise, and most of the unofficial
gatherings took place at the Ecole de Commerce ;
whilst for social gatherings and entertainments the
Salle des Amis d Instruction, the theatre and the
Victoria Hall were used. All the buildings were
nearlv in the same locality ; but it was just here
that those of us who had been at Boulogne felt some
lack. We were more widelv separated, so the charm
of a dav's work together and an evenings amuse-
ment, where all were in touch, was not so sensibly
felt ; also at Boulogne it seemed as if everyone
knew Esperanto, whilst at Geneva itself the number
of Esperantists was very few.

For those who were not present I give here a
leaf or two from an Esperantist s diary.

Gene\a, Monday, Angus/ 2jth. — What a blessing
it will be when everyone is bi-lingual. Arriving in
this foreign station with my luggage despatched in
advance, how in the world should I have found it if
I had not known French ? Although we had had
plentv of fun on the journey, it would ha\e been
extremely uncomfortable if we had not been pre-
pared to take things as they came, for though the
railway authorities had put two saloon carriages at
our disposal, yet with our large numbers we wanted

A Snapshot at the Chalet of M Rene de Saussare.

Dr. Zamenbof (with folded bandsi and other notable
Esperantists are included.

three, and on a stiffing hot dav, with one extra
on every seat, and the corridor filled to o\erf]ow-
ing, no wonder we were tired (after ten hours of
it), so that to have to search for luggage through
room after room piled with boxes and packages of
every description was not a delightful task.

Tuesday. — \o time to unpack; obliged to go off
at once to find where our meeting place is, register
name and address and secure the green ticket.
Found the Ecole de Commerce without anv diffi-
cultv, and there on the first floor was our beloved
Doctor. Again I am struck with astonishment at
this wonderful man, who. although he has seen so
many people since the last time we met, at once
addressed me by name, and reminded me that at
Boulogne I had given him the first English hand-
sh.ike. The rooms were pretty full, and, with re-
cognition after recognition from Russian, Swede,
French, German, and so on, the time flew
so rapidly that I had to be reminded that
it was necessary to get a meal before the
first session. Here came one of the slight
disadvantages of our stay in Geneva. We had at
different times rooms in six different buildings, and
for strangers in the town this was a little bewilder-
ing. Here, too. we recognised the advantage of a
small town over a large one for our gathering. At

lievieiv or' Reviews, I/lS/Oe.

The Great Esperanto Gon^ress.

6oi

Boulogne everyone was on the look-
out for Esperantists, and^ anyone
could direct you. But in Geneva,
as often happens in so large a
to"\vn, even the inhabitants did not
know the names of all the streets,
so could not direct us; and we only
found the Salle des Amis d'lnstruc-
tion just in time for the opening
ceremony. As the meeting was ex-
clusively for Esperantists who had
a right to vote, only green tickets
were admitted, but the hall was
tilled, galleries and all. The first
ceremony was the resignation of the
Committee of Organisation, and
the appointment of a new Congress
Committee, in which, as in every
future Congress, the president and
vice-president must be natives of
the country in which the Congress
is held.

Then the declaration of the es-
sence of Esperanto and its neu-
trality as declared at Boulogne was
formally confirmed. Dr. Zamenhof
having first declared the Congress
officially open, he receiving, as al-
ways, a wildly enthusiastic recep-
tion.

Went in the evening to the Vic-
toria Hall for the public meeting.
Mr. Moschelles was of course on
the platform with the numerous
other committeemen, and had ex-
pected his wife to join him ; but
we were turned back as not being
on the acting committee, so con-
cluded we would be cheeky enough
to seat ourselves in one of the re-
served boxes. Here, while I was
engaged in making notes of the
proceedings, Mrs. Moschelles made
some delightful sketches of the in-
tellectual faces just opposite us on
the platform. It would be difficult
for those who have never been pre-
sent at such a Congress to realise
the attraction of the sight of those
forty or fifty idealists from eigh-
teen to twenty nations, and par-
tiailarlv when one remembered
that the.se same counted amongst
their numbers officers from the Ger-
man, French, Swedish, and other
armies, Catholics and Protestants
of the most determined and oppo
site views. Socialists and Free-
thinkers with opinions of the
strongest, yet Es])eranto had drawn

6o2

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, lOvS.

The Theatre in Geneve,
In which a plaj- was performed in Esperanto.

them together as if they were brothers.

Wednesday Moniiiig. — Blazingly hot e\"en at 9.30
yet the Aula of the University was full. Long and
earnest discussions upon the various reports of the
language and acting committees took place. ■ We
were due at midda\ at the Bastions for the great
dejeihicr. at which some eight hundred guests sat
down, but on way stopped for a photo, to be taken.
The group on the Uni\-ersity steps was a notable
sight. A pretty young lady in a white blouse had
posed just behind a gentleman whose beautiful white
hair is always noticeable, so she had to change
places with a black-coated man amid much laugh-
ter. It is these happy little family occurrences which
make our Esperanto gatherings as joyful as the
Christmas gatherings of the olden times.

After the midday meal, with its speeches, tele-
grams, jokes and music (we all practised the Es-
peranto call, to the amazement of some reporters
who were present), the time was whollv occupied
with special unofficial committees,
and, alas ! I badly wanted to be
present at two which took place at
the same hour — the Red Cross and
Teachers' Committees — yet missed
both, for one was away up in the
University, the other at the School
of Commerce. No placard having
been posted, I failed to find either.

Musicians, mathematicians, So-
cialists, Catholics, etc., etc., all
met in special rooms, and the Bri-
tish section seized the one unoccu-
pied half-hour, 6 to 6.30, to dis-
cuss two important points — the B.
E. A. registration and the place of
the next Congress. One enthusiast
cried out that Esperanto must be
used, but the "noes " were decided.
Imagine eighty people with a
tongue of their own trying to get
in a discussion on two such sub-
jects in half an hour in what is,
after all, a foreign language.

It was settled tha't we must be courageous and
invite the Congress to England next year, and then
we hurried off to prepare for the e\"ening at the
theatre, where a charming little comedy — " A Letter
of Recommendation '' — was played by a Russian,
a Frenchman, and a Portuguese, followed by a
tragedy of " Edmond de Amicis,'' translated by
Mnie. Junck — and in which she was the chief ' per-
former.

Friday. — No time to write yesterday, for we had
to be at the quay at 8.30 in order to go to
Ve\ey, Did ever a ship before contain so cosmo-
politan a crowd?

" Where will Esperanto be if our ship goes
down?" was said by one Esperantist. "Ah!'' was
the reply, " our cause is secure. If we are all drown-
ed our friends everywhere will only work the harder
and keep more closely to the rules we have laid
down."

"It is the day of my life. " I heard someone
sa\ . " what with the beauty of the scenery, the vivid
colouring, the delightful little circles for talk of all
kinds, which formed and broke up, and then formed
portions of other such little groups." "Have you
seen M. Deshays? — Do point him out — I must ask
about his song." "Who knows Dr. Mybs? — I have
corresponded with him, but I don't know him by
sight," and so on, .and so on; and, after all, some
of us missed just the person we badly wanted to
meet. A touching incident was the boarding of the
boat at Ouchv by two blind girls, who had come a
long distance to meet Dr. Zamenhof. They spoke
Esperanto charmingly, and the younger one said
to the Doctor: "May I not kiss you, dear master?
Xe\er can I exprt?ss what you have done for me,"

To-dav at the second general meeting the British

On the Saisson Glacier.
Tlie Picnic side of the Congress.

Review of Review, Ijlil'it).

The Great Esperanto Gon^ress.

603

imitation was aiinouiiCfd and receivt-d with en-
tliusiasm. I asked one gentleman what we should
do. tor we could not give our friends the light wines
they were acrustomed to? ''Do!" he said, "why,
we will all drink tea."

At this inorning's session an official letter from
the Pope was read saying that he would receive the
" Espero Katolika." The announcement was en-
thusiastically applauded.

This evening, alas ! we could not again have the
theatre, and the rooms in which we met were far
too small, whether for the concert first or the ball
I. iter. Then; too, for many of us the day was sad-
Kned by the sad news of Dr. Lloyd's disappear-
mce.

Saturday. August isi. — Early to the Aula for the
language discussion. It was definitelv decided that
the principle cif the language should remain as had
been fixed by Dr. Zamenhof in the " Fundemento
<fe Esperanto.'' For technical vocabularies they
must at present -be left to private initiative, and be
submitted later to the Language Committee. M.
Boriac, concluding his report, replaced the power
of the provisional committee in the hands of Dr.
Zamenhof. who thereupon declared " that in the
interests of E.speranto he entreated the Language
Committee to continue its labours as a permanencv. "
This declaration was recei\ed with the heartiest ap-
plause and entirely approved of. For several years
the Central Office will remain in Paris as hereto-
fore, and this is made possible by a magnificent gift
of jQ;!,ooo (towards the rent of the building and the
salaries of secretaries) by two French Esperantists
who desire to remain anonymous. A Swiss blind
man rose to thank the Congress in the name of the
blind Esperantists to whom new joy had come
through the medium of Esperanto. Amongst other
things it was .settled that as soon as possible the
different n.itionalities should undertake text books
of the grammar of their own nations in the Es-
peranto language; thus a .Spanish Esperantist desir-
ing to learn P'.nglish could learn it by means of
Esperanto, or if he desired to learn French or Ger-
man the same means would be available for him.
Esperantists desire earne.stly to cultivate the mother-
tongues, and never has there fieen an intention to
make Esperanto universal, only international. At
the close of the session the Marquis de Beaufront

described a visit he had just paid to the veteran
Professor Xaville, who desired again to express his
profound svmpathv with the Esperanto movement,
and, unable himself to take an active part in life's
duties, he desired M. de Beaufront to give from
him the kiss of friendship to Dr. Zamenhof, and
amidst enthusiastic cries of "Viva Zamenhof!" the
official session was declared to be closed ; Messrs.
Micheaux, Mudie, Mybs, Hanauer, General Sebert,
Colonel Pollen, and Pastor Schmeberger being ap-
pointed the organising committee for the next Con-
gress.

This evening the Victoria Hall was the scene of
the public closing, when reports were read, tele-
grams received, and two Swiss girls in their national
costumes presented a bouquet to Dr. Zamenhof.
At a quarter to ten a splendid description of the
Congo was given by Commander Lemaire, illus-
trated by limelight views. The lecture, if printed,
would prove a valuable contribution to Esperanto
literature.

Sunday Morning. — Just back from the Esperanto
service at L'Auditoire, the old chapel in which John
I\nox preached when at Geneva. Pastor Schme-
berger took the service, the reading being the de-
scription of the Tower of Babel. The Rev. G.
I<.ust, of Cambridge, preached a sermon from the
text, " The earth is the Lord's and the fulness
thereof." The hvmns were -beautiful, and the
nnisic for the Doxology was composed by Mr. Rowe
(N'ottingham). There was also at the same hour a
service for Catholics, and the Socialists had a meet-
ing ; but the solemn and beautiful time in the
Auditoire left an impression no one of us present
will forget. The congregation filled the chapel, and
were of course from many nations. To-morrow a
large portion of the Esperantists are going for a
three days' trip in Switzerland.

The Congress is over, and now we must use all
our efforts that the next one may be as successful.
We must study to speak fluently, and not be con-
tented with slip-shod indefiniteness. Singing, de-
clamation, and. above all. courtesy must be prac-
tised ; also stenographers will be needed for jiress
work. Whether the gathering be at Cambridge or
elsewhere, in Great Britain it will certainly be. Ger-
many claims to have the next, then Swedi'u ; Bel-
gium and Bohemia will follow probably.

.\XS\VI';ii,S TO CORRESPONDENTS.

F. (;.(!. (NpIsou. N.Z.) — It is ahvays difficult to

represent pronunciation ti.v any written metliod when

exact so\ni(l.s are to he defined, luit hv considering

various explanations, all more or less appropriate.

we may net iieai- the truth. The ideal pronunciation

of Esperanto is one in which every letter has only

and always one and th<' same sound, hut this is very

unusual in any national language. In the case in

point, if wc Kay "j" i.s equal to the Euglisli "y"

nhicli is approximately true, we are met liy the difli-

,culty that "y " in "hoy'' has not exactly the same

rsound as "y" in "yoke." This does not matter

much at the end and heginning of words, but in
tlie middle of words sucii as "voio" there is a dis-
tinct difference lietween " vo-io " (the last syllable
like "yo" in yoke), and " voj-o " (the first syllable
like " oy " in " hoy ").

The ideal pronunciation of " j " in Esi)eranto is
such that there would he no difference between
" vo-jo " and "voj-o," where the "j' would be near
to the sounds of '"y" in "boy" and in "young,"
but not exnctly either of them.

" O, as in storm," i.s douhtles.s given to avoid
suggesting anything of a diphthongal nature, which
is sometimes apt to arise in connection with the Eng-

6o4

I tie Keview of Heviews,

December I, 1906.

lisli long open " o." But it seems to us rather an
unfirtuuate example, as the consonant " r "' lilends
ivith Towels almost as another vowel would, and it
is difficult to analyse exactly what part of the sound
is ! ally due to the "o" and what to the "r" fol-
lowing.

"Along'' is well rendered by " laiilonge."
N )te re the accented letters. — AVe have nut up to
t'-e present been able to obtain a supply of type to

enalile us to correctly print these '' sursignitoj." At
the same time we are conscious of a strong and
growing dislike among Esperantistg to the ugly repre-
sentation of the accent by a following " h. ' We
shall, therefore, in fut\ire simply omit the sign over
the letters, leaving it to the context to decide as to
whether " ci '' or " chi." etc.. is intended, except
in cases of real anibignity, when an '■ h " will be
inserted.

An international language is now so generally ecognised as a necessity that it is vei-y rarely needful
to defend the idea itself ; but English-speaking people so frequently declare that all the world realises that
Ensjlish must be the needed medium, that it has occured to me "that our readers would like to see m
juxtaposition the ideas of French and English on this point. The argument for English is taken from
3[unsey's Magazine, and is by Brander Matthews, he well-known American Vitterafeur ; that for French
from Concordia^ written by M. de la Grasserie, not presumably as his own conviction, but as the
opinion he is accustomed to hear expressed. Oddlv enough, both writers consider it as an established
fact that this world-tongue must replace the mother-tongues of the various peojjles and be universal; m
this coinciding with some of the objectors to Esperanto, who consider that it is so easy to acquire that
people will prefer it to their own language: surely an absurd idea, for while the world remains, from a
geographical point of view, as it is at present constituted, the people of differing nations will remain
different and retain their own tongue, for a language is a part of and characteristic of a nationality.

Mr. Matthews, after telling of the need of a lan-
guage familiar to all men, and expressing his opinion
that " nothing can be more certain than that the
majority of mankind can never be made to learn an
artificial language," continues:

" French held the foremost place until the sunset
of Waterloo : and then its chance of establishing it-
self finally as a world-language departed for ever. . .
History shows us that it is not by reason of its own
excellence that a language spreads abroad and is
spoken by increasing millions ... it must be
the native speech of a masterful race, reaching out to
the corners of the earth. ... If there is to be
a world-language in the future, it will be English.
That much is certain. ... If not English, then
there will not be a world-language. ... If our
own speech is to become the world-language of the
future, this will not be due to its own merits, but to
the vitality and to the energy of the peoples that
speak it. Yet as a matter of fact. English is, on the
whole, better fitted for this honour tlian any of tlie
rivil tongues. It is a language of surpassing rich-
ness, it has a marvellous power of absorbing needed
words from every other language, dead or alive. It
has the gift of refreshing itself, of keeping itself
ever fit for all the varied uses of a race at once in-
tensely practical and fundamentally imaginative.
Above all. it is the more advanced language in its
structure, is far nearer the goal of simplicity than
any of its rivals, and thrrefnre is faxy to Imrn by
lar. hy u'nrd of mouth. On the Continent of Europe
English seems to be slowly taking the place of French
as that second language without which a man can-
not consider himself educated. It is our spelling
which is the chief obstacle to the adoption of
English."

Here are two opposite opinions, to which may be added the fact that the most cultivated French
people say that the spcUing of English is its good quality, because it is international, but the pronuncia-
li III must be radically reformed. One must also rememtjer that EsperautisKs claim every good quality
of both languages, including style, simplicity, and power of absorbing all needed new words, whilst its
use would not hurt the nrmour-proprc of any country whatsoever.

I have vainly sought for any German expression of opinion that their language will become the
world-tongue. Tliey were disappointed over Volapuk, and think, apparently, that a common inter-
national tongue is "impracticable because of that disappointment, and because to a German. English or
French as a world-tongue is unthinkable. Meanwhile new groups are being rapidly added to the Ger-
man Esperanto Association, and Frankfort petitions that the Congress of 1007 may be held there.

M. de la Grasserie thinks that an artificial lan-
guage must be perfect and entirely logical, the faith-
ful mirror of thought and things, but as thought and
things change it would have to be modified, would
soon lose its perfection, and, besides, it would not be
human ; the language must be national. Xot English,
for though a sublime jargon, with a simple grammar,
its pronunciation and extraordinary irregularities in
the position of its accents make it the despair of
straiiqcrs because it exacts sucli long practicr before it
can be nequired. French is, on account of its litera-
ture, the queen of the world — it has its faults — but
its liiilliant qualities compensate, qualitv of language,
quality of expression, and style. Article: subject:
complements direct, indirect, and circumstantial : in
an order always the same, fixed and of astonishing
clearness. It is analytic to excess, and thus in the
full line of progress its qualities suffice to assure to
French the first place. Its title to this besides is his-
torical : in England for centuries French was the sole
language of the governing classes. Everywhere the
language of Courts, it has always been understood
as and will long remain the language of diplomacy.
French, therefore, may well become the language not
only international . . . but universal, that is to
say. substituting all others. This is not an Utopia,
though the idea may be premature. But there re-
mains a grave objection ; national pride. Will a
German ever resign himself to abandon his own
tongue, and in future speak French only? Would it
not seem to him to be abandoning his nationality it-
self? . . . Perhaps the future will answer. We
believe French will imjiose itself, when the choice
comes to be made.

Text books for tills g eat but easy language can be obta ined at our office. Equitable Buildiiig-. Melbourne. See
uilvertlsement on page 2.)

Rerieic of Rei'ieics. I/Ujoe.

Current History in Caricature.

"O wad some power the giftie gie us,
To see ourselves as ithers see us." — BURNS.

We'ifTtuu^ter r/d^f/fe.]

The Word-Eater

'Die \v<inl-e;iter (Logofhaiiits Rooseveltiij feeds on the leaves African World.^

of the Dictionary tree.

Germaay and Her Coloni«s.

EXCELLENZ DERNBtTEO: " Doniierwetter ! This is worse
banking! ^\^lat a lot of cleaning up I shall have
before I can get to work properly!"

than
to do

Jugetid-I

A Friendly Tip.

President F.vllieres: "Nicholas, you should get yourself

a silk hilt like mine; metal attracts the lightning."

IfebeUpalter.'i [Znrtoh.

The Latest " Wingei Words."

\^'ILHRI,^^; "I'll have no pessimists in uiy country."

6o6

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, :90S.

ilelhourne Punch.}

A Masked Monstrosity.
{The Federal Labour Party's latest, manifesto puts its
policy in the mildest and kindliest light, concealing the
real. Socialistic objective of the Party.)
Elector : "He looUa pleasant and aflable, you know."
Ma. REID : "Yes — at present. When you give him full
power, he will throw oH the angelic mask, and you will
kuow what Socialism really is."

UU-.I [Berlin.

In the Paris Actors' Home.
COQUELIN : " Don't you think there should be a Home for
Aged Actresses.^''
BERNHARDT: "Aged Actresses! There are none!"

y.Z. Free Lanee.2

John Bull in Line ■with John Chinaman.

Instructions have been given that in future no assisted
immigrant was to be allowed to leave Home without
showing that he was possessed of a certain sum of money.

Assisted IMMIGEANT: Hullo! What's this I've struck?
Thought this was a free country.

Lu^tige Blatter.}

[Berlin.

The Inseparables.

Review of Reviews, 1J12J0G.

Current History in Caricature.

607

C'«-.]

iBei-liD.

Hi'i/c;; PuiicTi.] [Bombay.

The Bengal Fire.

SBIJAT PUNCHONATH ito Firemen Morley afld Minto) :
■Wake up, friends, wake ud! I'ou think there's nothing
more to be done, except allowing the flames to burn out !
And you go to sleep over it ! But — but — the flames do re-
quire to be put out I"
iThe agitation against the Partition Question still rages.)

At Marienbad.
EDWARD VII. t " I've shrunk already

/7,« BtiUelinj

An Attempt to Draw His Fire.

' No one except Mr. Deakin can tell what the Deakiu
policy is, and he tells a changing story every day. What
Is his policy with respect to the Socialism and its advo-
cates?"—.4r((u».
. Gr.4xn't : "■ Gam, leave im alone, and do .some fightin' I "

ALFEE5 THE AFFABLE: "But I am fighting."

GE.AN^T: "No. you ain't. I 'aven't seen you 'it this
once yet."

Kriu- GliihliMcr.-] [Vienna.

Fast Friends !
" But the best of friends sometimes fall out."

6o8

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 1906.

i^^^LlSM

ti^

y^MiS\^

The Red Paiot.

LaboTjB (to Mr. Keir Hardie) : " Steady on with that red

paint, mate: you're splashing it about too thick I"

Vtk:} [Berlin.

The Egyptian Question.

The Diplomat-^: "Let's go in and discuss the question of
who's to settle here "

/yy

':^^<^

iletbourne Punch.}

Ctoser Settlement.

Premier Bent (to the big holder) : " Come, come, get a
move on. old man. I'll pay you handsomely to shift.
Half-a-thousand of my little people could flourish on the
space you take up."

T\'estniiii.<ter Gazette.}

"Top-Side Galow."
CHINAMAX. ' Dliuk welly bad England side. Opium allee
same bad China side; Chinaman stoppec Opium ten yea' time
— tlien send Missionally man help stoppee dlink England
side."

•■ Top-side Galow " is Pigeon-English for " Excelsior. "

Review of Reviews, 111*100.

Current history In Caricature,

609

Westminster (<'<ni>ttc.]

Another Olfer.

The KaNGABOO: "Look here! if you'll strike up I'll
dance."

Mb. C. : "Oil. bother! it's too hot. aiifl I'm tired. ;iiul
nobody cares, and what's the use? "

'"'/'■/"

Weatmimter Gazette.']

An Empty Egg.
THE JOHN BTjLT; COCK: "Humph! empty, of course— just
what I expected!"
['»Tlie claim for the tliirty millious which, according to
Mr. Chamberlain's arrangemeut. were to be paid by the
Trausvaal towards the coat of the South African "War, has
been definitely abandoned." — Daily Paper.]

-1-0,

WeeUy Freeman.^ [Dublin.

Wanted, a Ne-w Muzzling Order.

Wynpham to UalpoUR ; " Quick! TJet tlie muz/.Ie on."
BALFOUR: "I am afraid of the owner. You know Orange
Billy has him now. '

te??s--'^'

-^^"^ ' -.6* -^"^^"^"^i- ■ > ^

Deakin's Dilemma.

Me. DEAKUf : "Bless me! I thought the brute was a
friend of mine and would give me his assistance, and now
he means to get away with my ' seat.' "

r-r^r

um!^

N.Z. Free Lance.']

Advances to Workers.
Town PEKSON: "Me, too, at last!"

I'ull Mall Magazine.']

At Cronberg.
" .Vlways busy, nephew! What are you nnikinff now?"
" I'm m:ikinK a bifrger boat than yours, uncle."
" An odd job for a s ildier, isn't it? Take an old salt's
advice, and drop it."

6io

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 19Q6.

i--.^

Vlk.l

Disgraceful Competition.

Er«siAN GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL: "Dear me! These beastly
revolutionaries again !"

W afire JaCQb.2

In the Colonial Swamp.
Prince BFLOW: "Angels and Ministers of Grace defend
us! That cart has never stuck fast in the mud before."

\

,%-""'S'

X

1^ ^**'"

La Silhouette.'} [Paris.

Great DimDnstration in Favour of Sunday Rest.

'No exceptions; one day of rest a week for everybody; the
standard of demand is raised!"

Melbourne Punch.2

Ttie Disturbing Element.
(Sectarianism promises to exert a very powerful influence
in the forthcoming elections.)
The Snake : "I'll sneak in between them, and see if I
can't make some trouble."

Review or Reviews, 1/12106.

THE BOOK OF THE MONTH,

A PLEA FOR THE REVIVAL OF READING, WITH PLAN OF CAMPAIGN.'

It may seem absurd to call this sixpenny pamphlet
the book of the month. But if it accomplishes its
purpose it will deserve the position of honour which
I have accorded it. It may not be the book of the
month for the outside world. But it is the book of
the month for the readers of " The Review of Re-
views." For it is their book. I have only edited it.
Its intrinsic importance lies in the fact that it em-
bodies the exjierience of some hundreds of readers
of " The Review," who contributed essays on the sub-
ject with which it deals, the result being, I do not
hesitate to say, some of the most interesting and
suggestive chapters ever published on the question
of books and their readers. Without more preface,
what is this "i)lea"? To whom is it addressed?
How is it sujiported, and what is the plan of cam-
paign which it foreshadows?

TO ALL WHO L0\T; BOOKS.

Let me answer these questions in their order.
This pam|ihlet is an appeal to all who love books.
It has a definite aim, and it propounds as definite a
scheme for attaining it.

T want your help to carry out my scheme, so as to
double the number of book-readers in this country.
It can be done, and therefore it ought to be done.
And it would be done if we could but rid ourselves
of the idea that the chief work to be done is to write
new books, whereas the most important and honour-
able task is to bring the books which already exist
into the homes and hearts of our people.

It is no doubt a humble function, that of the
publisher or distributer; but, humble though it be, it
may be more useful than that of the author.

If we could but get it into our minds that all that
has been most helpful and most inspiring and most
energising and most con.soling in our own lives prac-
tically dees not exist for the majority of our fellow-
men, 'we should begin to discern how vast a field
of honourable and useful labour lies open before us.
We have, as it were, to re-create Shakespeare, Mil-
ton, Scott. Ryron. Shelley, Spenser, Burns and
Wordsworth for our fellow-men; we have to bring
them into their world.

Within a certain range, narrower or wider as the
case may be, it depends upon us, and us alone,
whether the great authors of our race shall exist or
shall not exist in the minds of manv of our neigh-
bours. For them the Immortals slumber in the grave
of oblivion ; it is we alone, each for our own circle,
who can raise them from the tomb and set them forth
in all their original splendour before the eyes of our
fellows. The service is not oije which brings with it

• '' A Plea for tl;e Revival of Beading:, witli Plan of Cam-
paign." by W. T. Steail. I'rite sixpence. 39 Wliitefriars-
steet, London, E.G.

any fame commensurate with its usefulness. But
that is the kind of work that needs to be done.
Will you help me to help you to do it?

THE NEED FOE A REVIVAL OF READING.
It is a thing quite beyond the pale of dispute that
the habit of reading books is one of the most useful
acquired bv mankind. Yet it is largely falling into
desuetude.' The newspaper habit, the magazine
habit, the circulating library habits are hustling it
out of existence, to the no small detriment of the
moral and intellectual well-being of the coming race.
An illustration of this is the dying out of the habit
of family prayers, which prayers did at least
familiarise the whole of the members of the house-
hold, from the maid-of-all-the-work to the master,
with a noble and inspiring literature, elevated in
style, with a wide and noble vocabulary.

It is unnecessary here to discuss why this fount
of popular literary 'culture is drying up. The fact
remains. Family singing has largely gone the w-ay
of family Bible reading and family prayer, and we
are all the poorer for the change. In place of the
sublimest forms of literary expression we have the
telegram, the City article, the scarehead, and the
leading article. That -is what has replaced the
family rending of the Scriptures. It may palpitate
with actualitv. It can hardly be said to be lite-
rature. But the newspaper, both here and else-
where, constitutes the only literary pabulum of
the majority of men. In place of the daily reading,
with prayers and psalms, of sacred books we have
substituted the newspaper, the miscellany, and the
novel. But even the worst skimmer of newspapers
or bolter of novels is a man of letters comjiared wit'"
millions w'ho never look at a printed page from year's
end to year's end except to see the odds or to learn
the result of a horserace. There is ample need for a
vigorous effort to revive and extend the love of read-
ing good books amongst the mi 11 inns of the English-
speaking world.

HOW WE COME TO LOVE EKAUING.

The love for the reading of books is an acquired
taste. Naturally no human being loves to read
books, for no human being in a state of nature can
read at all. To acquire the art of reading print is
a long and difficult oi)eration, which the child, if
If ft to him.self, will never undertake.

For the great majority of the human race, even in
England, the taste for reading books has never been
acquired. The irksomeness of the reading-les.son
causes reading to be as distasteful as arithmetic.
Hence a terrible wastage of the results of our na-
tional education in the critical years that follow
school-time.

In order to show how best to inculcate this vast

6i:

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 1906.

maioritv that reads no books with the love of read-
ing,', the surest and simplest guide is to ask the
minority who do lo\e books how they acquired the
taste. About one hundred autobiographical papers
describing how their authors came to like reading lie
1 lefore me. They afford a very useful and absolutely
authentic record from real life as to the secret, the
open secret, of how men and women learn to love
books.

The first great lesson we learn from these papers
is that elocution, good reading aloud, is the surest,
simplest, and speediest way of awakening a love of
reading in the average human being.

The second lesson is that, after the spoken voice,
the pictured page is that which most effectively pro-
motes the habit of reading books. It sets up a
curiosity which reading alone can satisfy.

Elocution and illustrations, therefore, are the two
main instruments by w'hich the Reading Revival must
be promoted, and to these must be added a third,
which combines elocution and illustration with the
charm of dramatic representation.

THE COMMUNION OF READERS.

If anything is to be done on a»comprehensive and
practical scale to create a taste for reading among
the masses who at present do not read, the task can
only be accomplished by adopting the methods and
acting on the principles which the Church in all
ages has employed for the purposes of attaining its
own ends. Those who are readers amongst us, those
to whom books have come to he their most cherished
companions, and. as it were, the angel ministrants of
0 higher and better world, form what may be called
the Church of the Readers. As such, our first duty'
is to recognise what you may call the Communion,
not of Saints, but of Readers.

This Brotherhood of Readers, having recognised
its existence and its obligations to the non-reading
community, should set to work to fulfil the duty
which they owe to their brothers by arousing them to
a sense of the advantages they are losing by their
apathetic indifference and contented ignorance.

When the Church is very much in earnest about
making an attack upon the forces of the world, the
flesh and the devil, there is no method that has been
so proved and tested and followed with such success
as that of holding Combined Mission Services or
attempting to run a Revival.

, What I propose is the application of all that is
best in revivalism to the task of reviving interesting
books, of increasing the number of readers, and, in
short, of introducing the greatest number of our
fellow-countrymen who are now wandering in the
wilderness in ignorance of the promised land, into
the literary Canaan which is spread out before them,
but which they refuse to enter.

HOW TO WORK A READING REAHVAL.

How then should this reading Revival be worked?
The Plan of Campaign proposed for a Reading Re-
vival demands: —

(i) A living centre, whether of one person or of a
committee, to every district to undert.ike
the work.
(2) A combined effort on the part of all lovers and
readers of books to realise the following
ideal :
(a) A Public Library and Reading Room in

every district ;
(h) .\ Library in every School ;
{c) The Utilisation of the Drama;
(d) A Lads' and Lasses' Library ; and
((?) A Library in every Home.

Given this living centre or Committee of the Com-
munion of Readers in any town or district, the fol-
lowing suggestions are made for a Reading ^lission :

The committee would summon a conference to
which all the ministers of the town and all those
interested in reading would be invited. To the con-
ference thus summoned it would be proposed to
devote one week, say in the early autumn, for a
special mission week in connection with the revival
and extension of the taste for reading. On the
Sunday special sermons should be preached in all
places of worship, which would be reported in the
local papers next morning, calling attention to the
religious significance of the movement which uas
about to be made on purely secular grounds to
promote reading in the town. If the town were
compact and not scattered, all denominations, clubs,
literary scjcieties, etc., might unite in a series of, say,
four meetings, to be held Monday, Tuesday. Wed-
nesday and Thursday, for the special purpose of in-
creasing the number of readers in the community ;
or in cases where the town was scattered, and where
there were great difficulties in the way of the union
of the churches for any object, each church might
hold its own meetings with the express object of en-
listing readers, and the four meetings, whether held
separately or in a central hall, would be devoted,
first to a general lecture, illustrated by some fifty
or sixty appropriate lantern pictures, dealing gene-
rally with the benefits of reading and setting forth
the interesting things that were in books. On the
second night the meeting would be devoted to poetry,
pictures illustrating the more striking scenes in the
more popular poets would be shown, and a compe-
tent elocutionist would recite illustrative extracts or
set pieces from the poets ; and if besides this a
choir and an organ could be secured, it would lielp
to increase the success of the meeting. The third
nig'ht would be devoted to novels ; nor would there
be any difficulty in securing a very popular selection
of pictures to illustrate novels, all of which should
be on sale at the meeting.

The fourth night should be devoted to the chil-
dren, and here there should be no lack of pictures. -

The object of the lecturer should be to make every
parent in the town feel he was not doing his duty by
his children unless he provide them with the litera-
ture the lecturer recommended.

Review of Keiieici. Ijllloe.

The Book of the Month.

613

Then, after the Mission was held, the following
Monday night a meeting of all those whose interest
had been excited hv the series should be held for the
purpose of making a personal canvass at once
through the whole town in order to ascertain how far
the inhabitants could be induced to become pur-
chasers of the books in which their interest had been
excited bv the pictures. Such a canvass would not
be difficult if the town was of manageable dimen-
sions, and the number of persons interested was suf-
ficientlv large to take from twenty to thirty houses
each. Small printed circulars setting forth the ad-
vantages of reading, the cheapness with which books
could be procured, the range of choice, etc., could
be left at every door in the town.

Such a work would arouse the whole community.
In places where they had a Free Library it would
probably result in an increased attention being paid
to making it adequate to the needs of the town ; in
places where there was no Free Library the com-
m.ittee might naturally set on foot an agitation for
the adoption of the Free Libraries Act. If after a
canvass it was found that any particular district
could not be induced to buy books, the question
would come as to whether the principle of tract dis-
tribution might not be adopted with advantage.

After the house-to-house agitation for a Free Lib-
rary and the organisation of a Literary Tract Distri-
bution Societv, it would be natural for the com-
mittee to set before themselves the definite aim of
rousing every householder in the town to a sense of
the duty of providing a library for his own home.
HOW TO FORM SCHOOL LIBRARIES.

If there is to be any real, deep, wide, national
revival of the love of reading we must begin with the
children. In this matter we have a great deal to
learn from the Americans. The extent to which the
public authorities take thought for the children in
the United States would put most of our British
authorities to shame. Here and there in the United
Kingdom the Free Libraries Committee seem to
realise that everv public elementary school ought to
be regarded as a branch of the Central Library, and
treated accordingly. But these cases are exceptional.
What \ye have to do is to level up our practice both
in schools and in villages to the highest American
standard.

But it will not do to wait until the public authori-
ties wake up. The Reading Revivalists ought to be-
gin operations at once, each in his own district, ap-
pealing each to the teachers of the schools whom
they can reach. The ideal — a Library in every
Home— should have as its complement a Library
in every School.

A LADS' AND LASSES' LIBRARY.
.After reading over the essays of those who have
told how they fust came to love hooks, it almost
seems as if the author of the " Psychology of Con-
version " had some ground for his assertion that a
radical change .seldom takes places after adolescence.

If a \outh has not learned to love his books before
he is out of his teens — the age might be put much
lower — there is but the most meagre chance that he
will take to reading in after life. But to help lads
and la.sses to bridge over the critical age it ought
to be possible to provide something better than
" bloods."

If I propose to see if I can create a Lads' and
Lasses' Library for the readers of my Books for
the Bairns who are growing up, it is not because 1
am inclined to dwell with exaggerated horror upon
the defects of the reading matter which they con-
sume by the ton every week. The sentimental novel-
ette, the blood-and-thunder penny dreadful are bet-
ter than nothing. But there must be many thousands
of parents and teachers who deplore the practical
monopoly of the field of young people's literature by
the pirate, the brigand, and the burglar. A few
more or less fainthearted efforts have been made by
excellent societies to issue penny stories that would
not depend so much for their attractiveness upon
blood and murder. But the Lads' and Lasses'
Library has still to be created, and I confidently ap-
peal to the parents and to the teacher for their co-
operation and support in this new enterprise.

A LIBRARY IN EVERY HOME.

If bnok-reading is to be restored to its proper
place books must struggle for existence by the use
of the same weapons as those which have secured
the ascendency of the newspaper and the magazine.
We must have books issued with the same regular
periodicity, in the same manageable compass, at as
low prices, and with the necessary editorial selection
and compression.

If the watchword of the Reading Revival is to be
a Library in Every Home, it is in the first place
necessary to show that a Library can be supplied
on terms which will render it possible to place it in
every home.

I think it can be done. Nay. if I meet with
adequate support and encouragement from those who
are interested in the education of the people, I am
prepared to produce that Library, and produce it on
terms which will not only be within the means of
every working man and working woman in the land,
but which would create a fimd available for pur-
poses of education of at least ;^2o,ooo for every
100,000 sets of the Library subscribed for.

I think it ought to be done, and I appeal to you,
mv readers,. to help me do it.

The Library for the Million would contain 120
books, four of which would be issued monthly until
the bookshelf was filled.

The whole Library would cost thirty shillings
complete, each volume being sold separately at three-
pence.

These books for the million would consist of two
classes, which Ruskin described as Rooks of the
Day and Books of All Time; the Classics of the
World's Literature and the books of infcrmation

614

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 1906.

necessary for the intelligent understanding of the
news of the day.

Of the classics, those short enough to be published
in full would be so published ; but those which ex-
ceeded the compass of a hundred-page book would
be lucidly described, with such copious quotations as
would afford the reader a good general idea of the
contents of the book.

Books must be produced short enough for a busy
man to read one of them in a week, small enough to
go into his pocket, and cheap enough not to emptv
that pocket. They must be carefully selected so as
to contain all the best that has been written bv the
greatest intellects of the world, and to be rid of
everything that is neither necessary nor interesting.
The Library for the Million will have to be the
cheapest, handiest, most condensed collection of
books ever published since printing was invented.

The contents of the Library for the Million
would be carefully drawn up after consultation with
the most eminent authorities, in order to supply the
million with a brief, succinct, lucid and useful series
of hooks which would (i) introduce them to the best
literature of the world, and (2) supply them with
the authentic information necessary to enable them
to understand the contents of their daily newspapers.

In compiling the list of the 120 books the first
object which would be kept in view would be to
make the range of reading as attractive and interest-
ing as possible. The Library would not profess any
desire to turn out learned men. It would not aspire
to make .scholars. What it would aim at is to make
the world and the things that are therein more in-
teresting to the people who used the Library. Out
of the hundred thousand students who used the
Library, one thousand might apply themselves seri-
ously to some one studv and become therein expert
and learned. That will be all to the good. But
the main thing is that the remaining 99.000 will,
even if they never read another book than the 120 of
our college course, be much more intelligent men
and W'Omen and much better instructed citizens than
thev would otherwise have been.

To give people fresh interest in life, to deliver
them from boredom, to open up new and enchanting
vistas into the glories and miracles of existence,
surely that is work well worth doing, and one in
which it is good to be able to help.

A LIBEAEY AS POPULAR TJMVERSITT.

In founding this Library an attempt would be
made to give practical effect to Carlvle's saving that
the true University is a collection of books. ' The ob-
ject would be to establish such a University in every
home in the English-speaking world. Universities
have their tutors, professors, and classes ; these we
cannot provide in a library. But here there can be,
in the first place, selection of hooks ; and in the
second place, there can be a substitute for the lecture
in summaries with extracts and illustrations from
works too voluminous to be read in full.

The course of reading could be adjusted to the
leisure of the student. It might be assumed that in-
stead of having the whole of his time during three
years, the graduate of this latest born of universi-
ties could only spare half-an-hour a day for reading
books. The Library would supply him with a hun-
dred pages of reading matter every week, of which
he would only need to read fifteen per day in order
to keep up with this college course.

The sub.stitute for examinations would be the
sending in weekly of indices, analyses, or summaries,
as the case may be, limited to one thousand words
of the volume read. As an incentive a prize of five
pounds might be offered every week for the best
paper sent in.

This popular university curriculum would last for
two years and a-half ; 120 books would have been
read, of which about half would be of the nature of
Universitv Extension lectures on a series of volumes
which could not be otherwise included in the course
of study.

When the course was complete, scholarships of the
total value of ^£400 would be offered for examina-
tion— sav, in the books devoted to History, Poetry,
Fiction and Politics — tenable at any University by
those who succeed in the examination.

It is hoped that those who are interested in pro-
moting the revival of reading would endeavour to
form reading-classes in their own neighbourhood.

If there are only two or three who compare notes
at the newsagents' shops where they obtain the books,
it is a beginning. But it would be easy to form
classes in connection with Public Libraries,
Mechanics] Institutes. Churches. Young Men's Chris-
tian Associations, Pleasant Sunday Afternoon So-
cieties. Co-operative Associations, Mothers' Meet-
ings, and the like, at which the weekly volume could
be read and discussed, where the leader could lecture
on the book of the week, and the class could ask
questions or discuss its subjects. Local prizes could
be given for local examinations. In this way some-
thing of the help of comradeship might he supplied,
and some substitute provided for the stimulating in-
fluences of the common-room of the College.

For those who are alone there remains the resource
of correspondence, which could be arranged without
difficulty, as all the graduates would be in touch with
each other through the Library.

A PERSONAL REMINISCENCE.

If the co-operation of the public is secured. I can
offer them this Library on terms which will provide
an aggregate endowment of at least ^20.000 for the
local educational institutions and libraries of the
country. Before explaining how this apparent
miracle can be wrought I beg leave to indulge in a
brief autobiographical reminiscence.

:Mv father was the minister of a small Congrega-
tional church at Howdon-on-Tyne. The village was
squalid and dirtv. The church was very poor. But
it was in that unpromising location, in the grimy

Review of Revi tee, 1112 jOj.

The Book of the Month.

6iS

church and in the noisy Sunday-school I learned
most of the lessons which have stood me in good
stead in after life. Among other things I learned bv
practical experience how to develop a taste for read-
ing, and at the same time to make the process a
source of income to the church and school.

\\'hen I was a vouth of sixteen or seventeen, earn-
ing at that time, if I remember aright, the sum of
six shillings a week as a 'prentice lad in an office on
Newcastle Quav, it occurred to me that it would be
a good thing to try to extend the reading habit among
the members of the congregation. In a feeble, in-
effective sort of way the Sunday-school sold a few
denominational and children's magazines to those
who cared to have them. No systematic effort had
been made to promote the sale of periodicals. It
was decided to take the matter in hand, and I was
dei)uted to make a canvass of our people.

When the canvass was complete I booked the
iirder with a wholesale newsagent in Newcastle, w'ho
allowed us threepence in the shilling discount for
cash. The net result was th.it at the end of the year
we had a [irofit of from ^5 to ^7 to hand over
to the Sunday-school funds, while magazines of the
annual value of from ^£20 to ^^30 were added to the_
literary resources of this small artisan and tradesman
jiopulation.

I have never forgotten that experience. If there
is to be a revival of reading among our people,
especially among our people in the village, the task
must be taken in hand in this fashion. The Church,
Sunday-schfiol, day-school, or any other local organi-
sation should appoint its book and magazine secre-
tary, whose dutv it should be to make a personal
house-to-house canvass throughout the locality, to
liring before every individual the books and periodi-
cals whose sale it is desirable to promote. No work
can be more important. No work is so generally
neglected. It is, of course, unpaid \vork — unpaid
IS is Sunday-school teaching. The orders so ob-
tained can be booked with the trade on the usual
terms, or thev can be ordered direct on special terms.
Out of the discount so obtained, books and news-
papers can be purchased for the local reading-room,
or it can be spent in any other way better calculated
to promote the intellectual, moral, or social welfare
of the community.

Whv do I recall these reminiscences of the six-
ties? Because I am persuaded that the same method
which was found to be so useful in Tyneside forty
years ago will be found equally efficacious to-day
in hel|iing to realise a very simple but very impor-
tant ideal — the ideal, to wat, of having a library of
good books in every house in the land.

HOW TO MAKE MONEY OUT OF THE LIBRARY.

Any school, church, reading union, or other local
centre which obtains by canvass among its own
members twelve subscribers for the library, can pur-
chase them through the local newsagent at a discount
of threepence in the shilling, paying two and three-

pence for what they will sell to their members at
three shillings. When the library is complete they
will have the sum of ^£4 los. profit as an endowment
for their local library. If they obtain, as they might
do in any large church or adult school, 120 sub-
scribers, the net profit would be ^45.

The net profit thus accruing to the local distribut-
ing centres would be no less than ;£35,ooo on every
100,000 libraries sold.

This is assuming that the Library is issued weekly
through the trade in the ordinary way. But if. in-
stead of purchasing small numbers of the weekly
issue through the ordinary channels, large employers
of labour, co-operative societies, reading unions,
adult schools, or other associations were to co-
operate with me in the production and distribution
of these books among their members, the benefit
accruing to the distributer could be materially in-
creased.

Supposing, for instance, any firm, society, or as-
sociation were to order 100 or 1000 l,ibraries for its
members, and pay for the same m advance, I would
supply them at half the published price, plus car-
riage to the centre of distribution. That is to say,
I would edit the Library, pay contributors, buy
paper, set up the type, and bind the books for 15s.
per Library, leaving the other 15s., minus the cost
of carriage, to go to the distributer to be used for
educational or such other purposes as he m'ght think fit.

The society or reading circle which paid in ad-
vance would at the end of the two years and a-half
realise a profit equal to the entire cost of production
of the Library'. If 100,000 sets were disposed of in
this co-operative fashion they would be endowed with
a sum of ^75,000, less carriage.

This, then, is the secret, the open secret of the
way in \vhich the Library-University for the
Million can be established in every house in the
land, and a profit made at the same time which
would enable the local reading centres, Sunday
schools, literary societies, etc., to fill their treasuries,
besides conferring an inestimable benefit upon their
subscribers.

The proposition, I admit, seems to be almost too
good to be true. But it w'ill stand the severest ex-
amination.

That is the business basis upon which I am [ire-
pared to launch the Library-University for the
Million. It may seem a gigantic undertaking to
propose to sell twelve million 3d. books in the next
thirty months, and it seems, perhaps, even more
impossible to do so on terms which will have the
effect of endowing local literary and educational
institutions with a sum of ;£35,ooo, or ,^£75,000 if
paid in advance. But the thing can be done, and
done with ease if you will help. Will you help?
That is the question, and remember that in helping
you will not only help the million and help me, but
you will also help your school or society to share in
the profit, ' W, T. Stead.

LEADING BOOKS

RELIGION, PHILOSOPHY. EDUCATION, ETC.

The Origin and Permanent VaJue o! the Old Testament

Ti S,t T ■ (Hodder 6/0

The belMnterpretation of Jesus Christ. Rev. G S

Tu^^i^V:^^^'^ ,^- >, (Hodder) 5/0

The Maliiug of Simon Peter. A. J. Southouse

Wayside Talks. Charles Wagner '(Hodder) 3/6

Religion of a Plain Man. Father R. H. Benson
Ti, XT Tj 1 . .,„ . (Burns and Gates) net 2/6

The New Idolatry. Washington Gladden . (Pitman) 3/6
Churchmanship and Labour. Rev. W. H. Hunt icom-

I. r"' * V >T ., . „ (Skeffington) 5,0

l.eiigion of Nature and of Human Experience. W.

J. Jupp ■■ „ „ , (Green) net 2/0

George Herbert. A. G. Hyde (Methuen) net 10/6

^donis Attis Osiris. J. G. Frazer ., (Macmillan) net 10 6
Elements of Greek Worship. S. C. Kaines Smith
„,.„.„ „ (Griffiths) net 2/6

Thrice-Greatest Hermes. G. R. S. Mead

_ . . , , , (Tlieosophical Publishing Society) net 30/0

Principles and Methods of Teaching. James Welton

Notes on Education. Caroline Southwood Hill

(Seeley) net 1/6

HISTORY. POLITICS, TRAVEL, ETC.

Lectures on Modem History. Lord Acton

TK^ T • « It T, , „ (Macmillan) net 10,0

The Last of the Royal Stuarts. (Henry Stuart. Car-
dinal Duke of York). H. M. Vaughan

Court. Beauties of Old Whitehall. W.''R."'H'"Trow' '""

, T^P"!^^ ■ , , „ „ T (Unwin) net 15/0

iV-^ ?- "®'' 'V '-"U'^S-"- J^- ^- '^■"'^='8 ... (Methuen) 6/0
"ith Knapsack and Notebook. Rev. A. N. Cooper
T- , - ,, T.« (■^. Brown) net 3 '6

Links in My Life on Land and Sea. Cant J W

Gambier ... . . (Unwin) net 15/0

The Cathedrals of England and Wales Vol III T

F. Biimpus , (Laurie)' net 6/0

Surrey. Sutton Palmer and A. R. Hope Moncriefl

, «, , ,„., . (Black) net 20/U

Memories of Old Wiltshire. Alice Dryden (Editor)
,, . , . „, , „ (Bemrose) net 15/0

Memorials of Old Somerset. F. J Snell (Editor)

,,, ..„.,„ (Bemrose) net 15'0

Gloucester in National History. F. A. Hyett

(Paul)
North Devon. F. J. Snell . (Black) net 6'0

From Valmy to Waterloo. E. B. Douglas (Editor)

France in 1802. H. R. Torke (Heinenui'^^n) 6/0

Men and Women of the French Revolution. Philip

^ Gibbs (Paul) net 25/0

Count de Cartrie (Lane) net 16/0

Cyprus. B. Stewart (Skeffington) 6/0

The New Far East. T. F. Millard . , . . (Hodder) net 6/0
Dr. Griffith John in China. R. Wardlaw Thomnson

„^ . „ (E. T. S.) net 7/6

From Charing Cross to Delhi. S. Parnell Kerr

(TTnwin) 10 6
Simla, Village Tales. Alice E. Draycott (Murray) 6/0
The First Annexation of the Transvaal. W. J. Leyds
TT J.I-.,. . „ ^, , (Unwin) net 21/0

Uganda to Khartoum. A. B. Llovd Unwin) net 10'6

Carthage and Tunis. Douglas Sladen. 2 vols.

(Hutchinson) net 24'-

LITERARY BIOGRAPHY, F.«^SAY.<?.

European Literature in the First Half of the Seven-

teenth Century. H. J. C. Grierson (Blackwood) net 50
Books that are the Hearts of Men. A. T. Story
, , ^ , . (Fifield) net 2/6

Ledgers and Literature. G. KnoUys .. .. (Lane) net 3/6
Charles Dickens. G. K. Chesterton . . . (Methuen) net 7/6
American Literary Masters. L. H. Vincent
„. ^ , . . , (Constable) net 2 6

History of American Literature. H. A. Beers

TI- . , T . , T. (Unwin) net 3/6

History of Jewish Literature. I. .Abrahams

... J . ,. . „ (Unwin) net 2/6

Ideals and Applications. H. Vandyke (Hodder) net 3 6
Tke Book of Simple Delights. W. Raymond

o. T TT ,- „ , (Hodder) 6/0

Stray Leaves. Herbert Paul (Lane) net 5/0

Pribbles and Prabbles. Major-General P. Maxwell
.... ,. , _ (Skeffington) net in f-

Li-lters to a Daughter. Hubert Bland . . (Laurie) net 3/6

Retiew of Rerieits, l/ll/oe.

OF^THE MONTH.

^ POEMS, DRAMAS.
^'^ l^oTA. "^^^^ ^'^.rro..ghs^^'--> -' ^'^
Strange Houses of Sleep. (Poems.) A.' ^r'wa*i'4' °^' "'^
Charlotte Corday in Prison. (Poem.) G. K^R^EUZ] '^'°
King Arthur Pendragon. .Drama.) Arthu'r^DlTro;,' "^' ' '
Tristram and Iscult. (Drama.) J. Com'y'Jifcar?* "'' "^

Salome. (Drama.) Oscar Wilde '""'"TEanJ) Sit 10/6

Love: the .Wenger. (Drama.) R. Hartland-Mlhon '

(Sealey, Dublin) 2/6

ART.

The Education of an Artist. C. Lewis Hind

How to Judge Pictures. Margaret ThomaL^'^'^' "^^ "^

Sir Joshua and His Circle. Fitzgerald Mofloy^"'|'v?lB* "°

The MacWhirler Sketch-Book. E. Ba'le""''''"7cls?eiV ^f/fi
European Enamels. H. H. Cunynghame '^assell) 5/0

I Methuen) net 23 '0

MUSIC.

S'iL?n^"^u"sL^a°nWusicia/s; ^^^a" Str^^tl'e-Jd"^"' °" '"

(Methuen) net 7/6

NOVELS.

-\gnus. Orme. Minvale ,xi ji . , ...

t|,'p1S%1^^'-^hr^'-"->^'«^'™ - ^^etf^en '
.^ppieton, G. ft. The Ingenious Captain Cobbs

Bacheller. Irving Silas Strnn^ '^^^S) 6/0

Carey, Rosa N. No Friend Like a Sister ' ' ' '""^®"' ^'°
l&il^.V'^ PHsoners;. (BSSi:;:
Coke, Desmond. The Comedy of Life iLong) 6 0

g^?!' te-Tj^!vi^-ir^'""^--S ti

Drummond. Hamilton. The Cuckoo w^hf.fi ?{S

Dudeney Mrs. Henry. Gossips Gieen •• ' fcT.sPl! fin
Everett-Green. E. Guy Fulkes of the Towers ^'°

Farjeon, B. L. Mrs. Dimmock's Worries^""""'"'""' ^'°

Fincllater. Jane H. The Ladder to the Sta^s""''"""'"' ^'°

Pitchett W. H. Ithuriel's Spear '^"^KeTwl t'm

Eraser. Mrs. Hugh. In the Shadow of the Lord '^' '°

Freiinssen. Gustav. Holyland (Translated by Mlr^A ^'°

H^dvKh\^f^''%f',"'''''' 'Chapman'^anT 'i';.',V. U
Sa^lrirl; &eift'.1?o^i. In^S^lt. A Persian Rose'£l^^"' '"

&s^o^^"'^he can of the Bloo. '«^5»H ^
Hohbes, John Oliver. The Dream and the Business '

Hume. Fergus. The Black Patch .. . ''jEolg) 6/0

MSay"- A^ian"ThTVafi't";%f the Hooou,4^^"^"^'''

l%%\'''^ Pe^'-'The'^^V^- IT'''^ °"^'-"- '^'"Ch7t?«'; t'l
Kinge. U. Pett. The Wickhamses (Methuen) 6 0

NATURAL HISTORY, ETC.

From Fox's Earth to Mountain Tarn. J. H. Crawford
English Gardens. M. R. GIbad (Melhuen! nVllm

Rnieic of Hevi.-i.s. l/lflOJ.

617

IN THE DAYS OF THE COMET.

BY H. G. "WELLS.

BOOK THE FIRST— THE COMET.

CHAPTER THE FOUETH--WAE— <C(m(»nu«i).

Synopsis : Tlie uiurator. William Loadfortl, is telling of events in his youth before the Great Change. Througlj his
friend Pai'load he ha? heoonie a Socialist, and is also interested m a great comet whose path is approacliing the eartli's orbit.
Tliis fact is more important to him than the spread of socialism, for what viill happen if the comet strikes tlie earth ?
31eanwhile, times are bad in England, owing to strikes, lock-outs, overproduction, and the intrusion of American x^roducts in
tlie market. And. besides, war has just liroken out between England and Germanj-. Leadford has been engaged to marry
Nettie Stuart, but she lias broken u-ith him on accoimt of his beliefs. The young man still loves the gii'l and continues to
\n.<it her. On one of these visits he learns that she has eloped with Edward Verrall, the son of her father's employer.
Tlie couple have gone to a resort on the east coast. Obeying some vague impulse, Leadford has recently bought a
revolver. The idea of following his sweetheart now comes to his mind, but to do this he will have to pawn some of
his belongings.

III.

Alter our midilay dinner — it was a potato pie,
mostly potato with some scraps of cabbage and
bacon — I put on m\' o\-ercoat and got it out of the
house while mv nidther was in the scullery at the
back,

A scullerv in the old world was, in the case of
such houses as ours, a dani]), unsavoury, mainly
subterranean region behind tlic dark living-room
kitchen. It was rendered more than typically dirty
in our case liy the fact that into it the coal cellar,
.1 yawning pit of black undeanness, 0|iened. and
difiused small, crunchable particles about the un-
even brick floor. It was the region of "washing-
up." that greasy, damp function that followed every
meal. Its atmosphere had ever a cooling steami-
ness ; and the memory of boiled cabbage, and the
sooty, black stains where saucepan or kettle had
been put down for a minute, scraps of potato peel
caught by the strainer of an escape-pipe, and rags
of a quite indescribable horribleness of acquisition.

called ' di^hclouts," rise in my memory at the
riajne. The altar of this place was the " sink,'' a
tank of stone, revolting to a refined touch, grease
filmed and unpleasant to see. Above this w-as a tai)
for cold water, so arranged that when the water
descended it splashed and wetted whoever had
tu''ned it on. This tap was our water supply. And
in such a place you must fancy a little old woman,
rather incompetent and very gentle, a soul of un-
selfishness and sacrifice, in dirty clothes, all come
from their original colours to a common dusty dark
gray, in worn, ill-fitting boots, with hands distorted
by ill use, and untidy greying hair — my mother.
In the winter her hpnds would be "chapped," and
she would have a cough. And while she washes u|i
I go out, to sell my overcoat and watch in ordtr
that I may desert her.

I forget how much money I got. but I remember
that it was rather less than the sum I had made
out to be the single fare to Shaphambury.

I got back home about five minutes to three, re-

L

6i8

The Review of Reviews.

December I, 1906,

solved to Start by the five train for Birmingham in
any case, but still dissatisfied about my money. I
thought of pawning a book or something of that
sort, but I could think of nothing of obvious value
in the house. My mother's silver — two gravy-spoons
and a saltcellar — had been pawned for some weeks,
since, in fact, the June quarter-day. But my mind
was full of hypothetical opportunities.

As I came up the steps to our door, I remarked
that Mr. Gabbitas looked at me suddenly round his
dull red curtains with a sort of alarmed resolution
in his eye and vanished, and as I walked along the
passage, he opened his door upon me suddenly and
intercepted me.

He was in the clerical dress of that time, that
costume that seems almost the strangest of all our
old-world clothing, and he presented it in its cheap-
est form — black, of a poor texture, ill-fitting,
strangely cut. Its long skirts accentuated the tub-
biness of his body, the shortness of his legs. The
white tie below his all-round collar, beneath his
innocent, large-spectacled face, was a little grubby,
and between his not very clean teeth he held a briar
pipe. His complexion was whitish, and although
hewas only thirt)--three or four perhaps, his sandy
hair was already thinning from the top of his head.

To your eye, now. he would seem the strangest
figure, in the utter disregard of all physical beauty
of dignity about him. You would find him extraor-
dinarily odd, but, in the old days, he met not only
with acceptance but respect. He was alive until within
a year or sp ago, but his later appearance changed.
As I saw him that afternoon, he was a verv slovenly,
ungainly little human being. You had an instinc-
tive sense that so he had been from the beginning.
You felt that he was not only drifting through life
eating what came in his way, believing what came
m his way, doing without any vigour what came
in his way, but that rnio life he also had drifted.
You could not believe him the child of pride and
high resolve, or of any splendid passion of love.
He had just happened. But we all happened then.
Why am I taking this tone over this poor little
curate in particular?

" Hullo !" he said, with an assumption of friendly
ease. " Haven't seen you for weeks \ Come in and
have a gossip.'

\\\ invitation from the drawingroom lodger was
in the nature of a command. I would have liked
\ery_ greatly to have refused it. N'ever was an in-
vitation more inopportune. But I had not the wit
to think of an excuse. "All right," I said awk-
wardly, and he held the door open for me.

"I'd be very glad if you would," he amplified.
"One doesn't get much opportunitv of intelligent
talk in this parish."

^Vhat the devil was he up to. was mv secret pre-
orcupation. He fussed about me w^ith a nervous
hospitality, talking in jumpv fragments, rubbinc

his hands together, and taking peeps at me over and
round his glasses.

"They're going to give us trouble in the North
Sea, It seems," he remarked with a sort of innocent
zest. " I'm glad they naean fighting."

There was an air of culture about his room that
always cowed me, and that made me constrained
even on this occasion. The table under the window
was littered with photographic material and the
later albums of his Continental souvenirs. On the
American cloth-trimmed shelves that fiJled the re-
cesses on either side of the fireplace were what I
used to think in those davs a quite incredible num-
ber of books— perhaps eight hundred altogether, in-
cluding the reverend gentleman's photograph, al-
bums and college .ind school text-books. This sugc^es-
gestion of learning was enforced bv the little wooden
shield bearing a college coat-of-arms that hung over
the looking-glass, and by a photograph of Mr. Gab-
bitas in cap and gown in an Oxford frame that
adorned the opposite wall. And in the middle of
that wall stood his writing-desk, which I knew to
have pigeonholes when it was open, and which made
him seem not merely cultured, but literary. At
that, he ^ wrote sermons, composing them himself!

"Yes," he said, taking possession of the hearth
rug, " the war had to come sooner or later. If we
smash their fleet for them now. well, there's an end
to the matter !"

He stood on his toes and then bumped down on
his heels, and looked blandlv through his spectacles
at a water-colour by his sister— the subject was a
bunch of violets— above the sideboard which was
his pantry and tea chest and cellar. "Yes," he said
as he did so.

I coughed, and wondered how I might presentlv
get away.

He invited me to smoke^— that queer old prac-
tice !— and then when I declined, began talkino- in
a confidential tone of this "dreadful business" of
the strikes. " The war won't improve that outlook,"
he said, and was very gra\-e for a moment.

He spoke of the want of thought for their wives
and children shown by the colliers in striking mere-
ly for the sake of the union, and this stirred me to
controversy, and distracted me a little from mv re-
solution to escape.

" I don't quite agree with that," 1 said, clearing
my throat. " If the men didn't strike for the union
now, if the>' let that be broken up, where would
thev be when the pinch of reductions did come:>"

To which he replied that thev couldn't expect to
get top-price wages when the masters were selling
bottom-price coal. I replied : " That isn't it. The
masters don't treat them fairly. Thev have to pro-
tect themselves."

To which Mr. Gabbitas answered: "Well, I don't
know. I've been in the Four Towns some time, and
I must say I don't think the balance of injustice
falls on the masters' side."

Review of Reviews, 1/11/06.

In the Days of the Gomet.

619

"It falls on the men," I agreed, wilfully mis-
understanding him.

And so we worked our way toward an argument.
" Confound this argument !'' I thought .; but I had
no skill in self-extraction, and my irritation crept
into mv voice. Three little spots of colour came
into the cheeks and nose of Mr. Gabbitas, but his
voice showed nothing of his ruffled temper.

■' Vou see." I said. " I'm a Socialist. I don't think
this world was made for a small minority to dance
on the faces of everyone else."

" My dear fellow," said the Reverend Mr. Gabbi-
tas, " /'/« a Socialist too. Who isn't? But that
doesn't lead me to class hatred.''

" You haven't felt the heel of this confounded
s\stem. / have."

" Ah I' said he; and catching him on that note
came a rap at the front door, and, as he hung sus-
pended, the sound of my mother letting someone in
and a timid rap.

"Now," thought I, and stood up. resolutely, but
he would not let me. " No, no, no I" said he. " It's
onlv for the Dorcas money."

He put his hand against my chest with an effect
of physical com[)ulsion, and cried, "Come in!''

"Our talk's just getting interesting," he protest-
ed; and there entered Miss Ramell. an elderly little
lady who was mighty in church help in Clayton.

He greeted her — she took no notice of me — and
went to his bureau, and I remained standing by my
chair but unable to get out of the room. " I'm not
.interrupting?' asked Miss Ramell.

" Not in the least," he said, drawing out the car-
riers and Ojiening his desk. I could not help seeing
what he did.

I was so fretted bv my impotence to leave him,
that, at the moment, it did not connect at all with
the research of the morning that he was taking out
money. I listened sullenly to his talk with Miss
Ramell. and saw only, as they say in Wales, with
the front of my eves, the small fiat drawer that had,
it seemed, quite a number of sovereigns scattered
over its flo<ir. " They're so unreasonable," com-
plained Miss Rfimell. Who could be otherwise in
a social organisation that bordered on insanitv ?

I turned away from them, put my foot on the
fender, stuck my elbow on the plush-fringed man-
telboard. and studied the -photographs, pipes, and
ash trays that adorned it. What was it I had to
think out before I w^ent to the station?

Of ciiurse ! Mv mind made a queer, little, re-
luctant leap ; it felt like being forced to leap over
a bottomless chasm ; and alighted upon the sove-
reigns that were just disappearing again as Mr.
Gabbitas shut his drawer..

" I won't interrupt your talk further." said Miss
Ramell, receding doorward.

Mr. Gabbitas played round her politely, and
opened the door for her and conducted her into the
passage, and for a moment or so I had the fullest

sense of proximity to those — it seemed to me there
must be ten or twelve — sovereigns.

The front door closed and he returned. My
chance of escape had gone.
IV.

" I imtst be going," I said, with a curiously rein-
forced desire to get away out of that room.

" My dear chap !" he insisted, " I can't think of
it. Surely, there's nothing to call you away.'' Then
with an evident desire to shift the venue of our talk,
he asked, "You never told me what you thought of
Burble's little book?"

I was now, beneath my dull display of submis-
sion, furiously angry wdth him. It occurred to me
to ask myself why I should defer and qualify my
opinions to him. Why should I pretend a feeling
of intellectual and social inferiority toward him ?
He asked what I thought of Burble. I resolved to
tell him, if necessary, with arrogance. Then per-
haps he would release me. I did not sit down again,
but stood by the corner of the fireplace.

" That was the little book you lent me last sum-
mer ?" I said.

" He reasons, closely, eh ?" he said, and indi-
cated the armchair with a fiat hand, and beamed
persuasively.

I remained standing. " I didn't think much of his
reasoning powers," I said.

" He was one of the cleverest bishops London
ever had."

" That may be. But he was dodging about in a
jolly feeble case," said I.

" You mean ?"

" That he's wrong. I don't think he proves his
case. I don't think Christianity is true. He knows
himself for the pretender he is. His reasoning's —
rot."

Mr. Gabbitas went, T think, a shade paler than
his wont, and propitiation vanished from his man-
ner. His eyes and mouth were round, his face
seemed to get round, his eyebrows curved at mv re-
marks.

" I'm sorry you think that," he said at last, with
a catch in his breath.

He did not repeat his suggestion that I should sit.
He made a step or so toward the window and turn-
ed. " I suppose you will admit — — " he began, with
a faintly irritating note of intellectual condescen-
sion.

T will not tell you of his arguments or mine. You
will find, if you care to look for them, in out-of-the-
way corners of our book museums, the shrivelled
cheap pul)lications — the publications of the R.ition-
alist Press .Association, for example — on which my
arguments were based. Lying in that curious limbo
with them, mixed up with them and indistinguish-
able, are the endless "Replies " of orthodoxy, like
the mixed dead in some hard-fought trench. .\ll
those disputes of our fathers, and thev were some-
times furious disputes, have gone now beyond the

620

The Review of Reviews

December 1. 190G,

range of comprehension. You younger people, I
know, read them with impatient perplexity. Vou
cannot understand how sane creatures could imagine
they had joined issue at all in most of these contro-
versies. All the old methods of systematic think-
ing, the queer absurdities of the Aristotelian logic,
have followed magic numbers and mystical num-
bers, and the Rumpelstikchen magic of names, now
into the blackness of the unthinkable. You can no
more understand our theological passions than vou
can understand the fancies that made all ancient
peoples speak of their gods only by circumlocu-
tions, that made savages pine away and die because
they had been photographed, or an Elizabethan
farmer turn back from a day's expedition because
he had met three crows. Even I, who have been
through it all, recall our controversies now with
something near incredulity.

Faith we can understand to-day; all men live by
faith. But, in the old time, everyone confused quite
hopelessly faith and a forced, incredible belief in
certain pseudo-concrete statements. I am inclined
to sav that neither believers nor unbelie\ers had
faith as we understand it : they had insufficient in-
tellectual power. They could not trust unless they
had something to see and touch and say, like their
barbarous ancestors who could not make a bargain
without exchange of tokens. If they no longer wor-
shipped stocks and stones, or eked out their needs
with pilgrimages and images, they still held fiercely
to audible images, to printed words and formulse.

But why revive the echoes of the ancient logo-
njachies ?

Suffice it that we lost our tempers very readily in
pursuit of God and truth, and said exquisitely
foolish things on either side. And on the whole —
from the impartial perspective of my three and
seventv years — I adjudicate that if my dialectic was
bad, that of the Reverend Mr. Gabbitas was alto-
gether worse.

Little pink spots came into his cheeks, a squealing
note into his voice. We interrupted each other more
and more rudely. -We invented facts and appealed
to authorities whose names I mispronounced ; and,
finding Mr. Gabbitas shy of the higher criticism
and the Germans, I used the names of Karl Marx
and Engels as Bible exegetes with no little effect.
A silly wrangle ! a preposterous wrangle ! You
must imagine our talk becoming louder, with a de-
veloping quarrelsome note — my mother, no doubt,
hovering on the stircase and listening in alarm as
who should say : " My dear, don't offend it ! Oh.
don't offend it I Mr. Gabbitas enjoys its friendship.
Tr\- to think whatever Mr. Gabbitas says — " though
we still kept in touch with a pretence of mutual de-
ference. The ethical superiority of Christianity to
all other religions came to the fore — I know not
how. We dealt with the matter in bold, imagina-
tive generalisations, because of the insufficiencv of
our historical knowledge. I was moved to denounce

Christianitv as the ethics of slaves, and declare my-
self a disciple of a German writer of no little vogue
in those days, named Nietzsche.

For a disciple I must confess I was particularly
ill acquainted with the works of the master. Indeed,
all I knew of Tiim had come to me through a two-
cohmin article in T/ie Clarion for the previous week.
But the Reverend Gabbitas did not read Tlie
Clarion.

I am, I know, putting a strain upon your credulity
when I tell you that I now have little doubt that the
Reverend Mr. Gabbitas was absolutely ignorant even
of the name of Nietzsche, although that writer pre-
sented a separate and distinct attitude of attack upon
the faith that was in the reverend gentleman's keep-
ing.

" I'm a disciple of Nietzsche,'' said I. with an air
of extensive explanation.

He ,=ihied away so awkwardlv at the name that
I repeated it at once.

"But vou know what Nietzsche savs?' I press-
ed him viciously.

" He has certainly been adequately answered,"
said he, still trving to carry it off.

" Who by ?" I rapped out hotly. " Tell me that !"
and became mercilessly expectant.

V.

A happy accident relieved Mr. Gabbitas from
the embarrassment of that challenge, and carried
me another 'step along mv course of personal disas-
ter.

It came on the heels of my question in the form
of a clatter of horses without, and the gride and
cessation of wheels. I glimpsed a straw-hatted
coachman and a pair of greys. It seemed an in-
crediblv magnificent carriage for Clavton.

" Eh '" said the Reverend Mr. Gabbitas, going to
the window. "Why, it's old Mrs. Verrall ! Its
old Mrs. Verrall. Really ! What ca-n she want
with me ?"

He turned to me, and the flush of controversy
had passed and his face shone like the sun. It
was not every day, I perceived, that Mrs. Verrall
came to see him.

" I get so many interruptions," he said, almost
grinning. " You must excuse me a minute ! Then —
then I'll tell you about that fellow. But pray don't
go. I can assure you — most interesting."

He went out of the room waving vague, prohibi-
torv gestures.

" I must go." I cried after him.

" No, no, no '." in the passage. " I've got your
answer," I think it was he added, and " quite mis-
taken " ; and I saw him running down the steps
to talk to the old lady.

I swore. I made three steps to the window, and
this brought me within a yard of that accursed
drawer.

I glanced at it, and then at that old woman who

Review of Hei-iewn, Iil2j06.

In the Days of the Gomet.

621

was so absurdly powerful, and instantly her son
and Nettie's face were flaming in my braui. The
Stuarts had, no doubt, already accepted accom-
plished facts. And I too

What was I doing here?

What was I doing here while judgment escaped
me ?

I woke up. I was injected with energy. I took
one reassuring look at the curate's obsequious back,
at the old lady's projected nose and quivering hand,
and then with swift, clean movements I had the
little drawer open, four sovereigns in my pocket,
and the drawer shut again. Then again at the
window — ttiey were etill talking.

That was all right. He might not look in that
drawer for hours. I glanced at his clock. Twenty
minutes still before the Birmingham traiij. Time
to buy a pair of boots and get away. "But how
was I to get to the station ?

I went out boldly into the passage, and took my
hat and stick. Walk boldly past him?

Yes. That was all right ! He could not argue
with me while so important a person engaged him.
I came down the steps.

" I want a list made, Mr. Gabbitas, of all the
reallv deserving cases," old Mrs. Verrall was say-
ing.

It was curious, but it did not occur to me that
here was a mother whose son I was going to kill.
I did not see her in that aspect at all. Instead. I
was possessed by a realisation of the blazing im-
becility of a social system that gave this palsied old
woman the power to give, or withhold, the urgent
necessities of life from hundreds of her fellow-crea-
tures just according to her poor, foolish old fancies
of desert.

"We could make a provhioiiaJ list of that sort,"
he was saying, and glanced round with a preoccu-
pied expression at me.

" I miist go," I said at his flash of inquiry, and
added, " I'll be back in twenty minutes," and went
on mv way. He turned again to his patroness as
though he forgot me on the instant. Perhaps after
all he was not sorrv.

I felt extraordinarily cool and capable, exhila-
rated, if anything, by this prompt, effectual theft.
After all, my great determination would achieve
itself. I was no longer oppressed by a sense of ob-
stacles ; I felt I could grasp accidents and turn
them to my advantage. I would now go down
Hacker-street to the little shoemaker's — get a sound
good pair of boots — ten minutes — and then to the
railway station — five minutes more — and off. I
felt as efficient and non-moral as if I was Nietzsche's
superman already come. It did not occur to me
that the curate's clock might have a considerable
nvargin of error.

VT.

T missed the train.

Partlv, that was because the curate's clock was

slow, and partly, it was due to the commercial ob-
stinacy of the shoemaker, who would try on another
pair after I had declared my time was up. I
bought the final pair, however, gave him a wrong
address for the return of the old ones, and only
ceased to feel like the Nietzschean superman when
I saw the train running out of the station.

Even then I did not lose my head. It occurred to
me almost at once that, in the event of a prornpt
pursuit, there would be a great advantage in not
taking a train from Clayton; that, indeed, to have
done so would have been an error from which only
luck had saved me. As it was, I had already
been very indiscreet in my inquiries about Shapham-
bury; for, once on the scent, the clerk could not
fail to remember me. Now the chances were against
his coming into the case. I did not go into the
station, therefore, at all, I made no demonstration
of having missed the train, but walked quietlv past,
ilo^n the road, crossed the iron footbridge, "and
took the way back circuitously by White's brick
fields and the allotments to the way over Clayton
Crest to Two-Mile Stone, where I calculated I
should have an ample margin for the 6.13 train.

I was not very greatly excited or alarmed then.
Suppose, I reasoned, that by some accident the
curate goes to that drawer at once ; will he be cer-
tain to miss four out of ten or eleven sovereigns ?
If he does, will he at once think I have taken them?
If he does, will he act at once or wait for mv re-
turn? If he acts at once, will he talk to my mother
or call in the police ? Then there are a dozen roads
and even railways out of the Clayton region ; how is
he to know which I ha\^e taken ? Suppose he goes
straight at once to the right station, they will not
remember my departure for the simple reason that
T rlidn't depart. But they mav remember about
Shaphambury ? It was unlikely.

I resolved not to go directly to Shaphambury from
Birmingham, but to go thence to \Ionkshampton,
thence to Wyvern, and then come down on Shap-
hambury from the north. That might involve a
night at some intermediate stopping place, but it
would effectually conceal me from any but the most
persistent pursuit. And this was not a case of mur-
der yet, but only the theft of four so\ereigns.

I had argued away all anxiety before I reached
Clayton Crest.

At the Crest I looked back. 'Wliat a world it
was ! And suddenly it came to me that I was look-
ing at this world for the last time. If I overtook
the fugitives and succeeded I should die with them
— or hang. I stopped and looked back more atten-
tively at that wide, ugly valley.

It was my native valley, and I was going out
of it. I thought, never to return, and vet in that last
prospect, the group of towns that had borne me
and dwarfed and crippled and made me. seemed, in
some indefinable marmer, strange. T was, perhaps,
more used to seeing it from this comprehensive view-

622

The Review of Reviews:

Dece/nier 1, 1906.

point when it was veiled and softened by night;
now it came out in all its week-day reek, under
a clear afternoon sun. That may account a little for
its unfamiliarity. And perhaps, too, there was
something in the emotions through which I had been
passing for a week or more, to intensify my insight,
to enable me to pierce the usual, to question the ac-
cepted. But it came to me then, I am sure, for the
first time, how promiscuous, how higgledy-piggledy
was the whole of that jumble of mines and homes,
collieries and pot-banks, railway yards, canals,
schools, forges and blast furnaces, churches, chapels,
allotment hovels, a vast, irregular agglomeration
of uglv. smoking accidents in which men lived as
happv as frogs in a dust bin. Each thing jostled
and damaged the other things about it. Each thing
ignored the other things about it. The smoke
of the furnace defiled the pot -bank clay, the clatter
of the railway deafened the worshippers in church,
the public-house thrust corruption at the school
doors, the dismal homes squeezed miserably amidst
the monstrosities of industrialism, with an effect of
groping imbecilitv.

I did not think these things clearly that after-
noon. Much less did I ask how I, with my mur-
derous purpose, stood to them all. I write down
that realisation of disorder and suffocation here and
now, as though I had thought it, but, indeed,
then I onlv felt it, felt it transitorily as I looked
back, and "then stood with the thing escaping from
my mind.

I should never see that countryside again.

I came back to that. At any rate I wasn't sorry.
The chances were I should die in sweet air, under n
dean sky. Then, as I turned to go on, I thought
of mv mother.

It seemed an evil world in which to leave one's
mother. Mv thoughts focussed upon her very

vividly for a moment. Down there, under that
afterna:m light, she was going to and fro, unaware
as yet that she had lost me, bent and poking about
in the darkling underground kitchen, perhaps car-
rying a lamp into the scullery to trim, or sitting
patiently, staring into the fire, waiting tea for me.
A great pity for her, a great remorse at the blacker
troubles that lowered over her innocent head, came
to me. Why, after all, was I doing this thing?

Why ?

I stopped again dead, with the hill-crest rising
between me and home. I had more than half a
mind to return to her.

Then I thought of the curate's sovereigns. If he
had missed them already, what should I return
to? And, even if I returned, how could I put
them back ?

And what of the night after I renounced my re-
venge? What of the time w^hen young Verrall came
back? And Nettie?

No ! The thing had to be done.

But. at least, I might have kissed my mother
before I came away, left her some message, reas-
sured her, at least for a little while. All night she
would listen and wait for me.

Should I send her a telegram from Two-Mile
Stone ?

It was no good now ; too late, too late. To do
that would be to tell the course I had taken, to bring
pursuit upon me. swift and sure, if pursuit there was
to he. No. My mother must suffer.

T went on grimly tow^ard Two-Mile Stone, but
now as if some greater will than mine directed
my footsteps thither.

I reached Birmingham before darkness came, and
just caught the last train for Monkshampton. where
I had planned to pass the night.

CHAPTER THE FIFTH THE

I.

As the train carried me on from Birmingham to
Monkshampton, it carried me not only into a country
where I had never been before, but out of the com-
monplace daylight and the touch and quality of
ordinary things, into the strange, unprecedented
night that was ruled by the giant meteor of the last
days.

There was, at that time, a curious accentuation
of the common alternation of night and day. They
became separated with a widening difference of value
in regard to all mundane affairs. During the day,
the comet was an item in the newspapers ; it was
jostled bv a thousand more living interests ; it was
as nothing in the skirts of the war-storm that was
now upon us. It was an astronomical phenomenon,
awav over China, millions of miles awav in
the deeps. We forgot it. But directly the sun

PURSUIT OF THE TWO LOVERS.

sank, one turned ever and again toward the east,
and the meteor resumed its sway over us.

One waited for its rising, and yet each night it
came as a surprise Always, it rose brighter than
one had dared to think, always larger and with some
wonderful change in its outline, and now with a
strange, less luminous, greener di.sc upon it that
grew with its growth, the umbra of the earth. It
shone also with its own light, so that this shadow,
was not hard or black, hut it shone phosphorescently
and with a diminishing intensity where the stimulus
of the sun's rays was withdrawn. As it ascended to-
ward the zenith, as the last trailing davlight went
after the abdicating sun, its greenish-white illumi-
nation banished the realities of day and diffused a
bright ghostliness over all things. It changed the
starless sky about it to an extraordinary deep blue,
the profoundest colour in the w-orld, such as I have
never seen before or since. I remember, too, that

Review of Reviews, 1/11/06.

in the Days of the Gotnet.

023

as I peered from the train that was rattling me along
to Monkshampton, I perceived and was puzzled by
a coppery-red light that mingled with all the shadows
that were cast by it.

It turned our ugly English industrial towns to
phantom cities. Everywhere the local authorities dis-
continued street lighting — one could read small print
in the glare — and sti, at Monkshampton, 1 went
about through pale, white, unfamiliar streets, whose
electric globes had shadows on the path. Lit win-
dows here and there burnt ruddy orange, like holes
cut in some dream-curtain that hung before a fur-
nace. A policeman with noiseless feet showed me
an inn woven of moonshine, which a green-faced
man opened to us, and there 1 abode the night. And
the next morning, it opened with a mighty clatter,
and was a dirty little beerhouse that stank of beer,
and there was a fat and grimy landlord with red
spots upon his neck, and much noisy traffic going by

I came out, after I had paid my bill, into a street
that echoed to the bawlings of two news-vendors
and to the noisy yappings of a dog they had raised
to emulation. They were shouting: "Great British
disaster in the North Sea. A battleship lost with all
hands !"

T bought a paper, and w'ent on to the railway sta-
tion reading such details as \vere given of this tri-
umph of the old civilisation, of the blowing up of
this great iron ship, full of guns and explosives and
the most costly and beautiful machinery of which
that time was capable, together with nine hundred
able-bodied men, all of them qbove the average, by
a contact-mine towed by a German submarine. 1
read myself into a fever of warlike emotion, Not
only did I forget the meteor, but for a time I for-
got even the purpose that took me on to the railway
station. I boughnny ticket and was onward to .Shap-
hamburv.

So the hot day came to its own again, and people
forgot the niglit.

Each night, there shone upon us more and more
insistently, beauty, wonder, the promise of the deeps,
and we were hushed, and marvelled for a space.
And at the first gray sounds of dawn again, at the
shooting of bolts and noise of milk carts, we for-
got : and the dustv. habitual day came yawning and
stretching back again. The stains of coal smoke
crept across the heavens, and we rose to the soiled,
disorderly routine of life.

"Thus life has always been." we said; "thus it
will alwavs be."

The glory of those nights was almost uni\-ersallv
regarded as spectacular merely. It signified noth-
ing to us. So far as western Europe went, it was
onlv a small and ignorant section of the lower classes
who regarded the comet as a portent of the end of
the world. .Abroad, where there were peasantries, it
was different, but in England the peasantrv had al-
ready disappeared. Everyone read. The news-
paper, in the quiet davs before our swift quarrel

with Germany rushed to its climax, had absolutely
dispelled all possibilities of a panic in this matter.
The very tramps upon the highroads, the children
in the nursery, had learned, that at the utmost the
whole of that shining cloud could weigh but a few
score tons. This fact had been shown quite con-
clusively by the enormous deflections that had, at
last, swung it round squarely at our world. It had
passed near three of the smallest asteroids without
producing the minutest perceptible deflection in their
course; while, on its own part, it had described a
course through nearly three degrees. When it struck
our earth there was to be a magnificent spectacle, no
doubt, for those who w-ere on the right side of our
planet to see, but beyond that nothing. It was
doubtful whether we were on the right side. The
meteor would loom larger and larger in the sky, but
with the umbra of our earth eating its heart of
brightness out, and at last it would be the whole
sky, a sky of luminous, green clouds, with a white
brightness about the horizon, west and east. Then
a pause— a pause of not very exactly defined dura-
tion— and then, no doubt, a' great blaze of shoot-
ing stars. They might be of some unwonted colour,
because of the unknown element that line in the
green revealed. For a little while, the zenith would
spout shooting stars. Some, it was hoped, would
reach the earth and be available for analysis.

Tiiat, science said, would be all. The green
clouds would whirl and vanish, and there might
be thunderstorms. But, through the attenuated
wisps of comet-shine, the old skv, the old stars,
would reappear, and all would be as it had been
before. And since this wms to happen between one
and eleven in the morning of the approaching Tues-
day—I slept at JMonkshampton on Saturday night —
it would be only partially visible, if visible at all,
on our side of the earth. ' Perhaps, if it came late,
one would see no more than a shooting star low down
in the sky. All this we had with the utmost assur-
ances of science. Still, it did not prevent the last
rights being the most beautiful and memorable of
hcman experiences.

The nights had become very warm, and when,
next day, I had ranged Shaphambury in vain, I
was greatly tormented, as that unparalleled glorv
of the night returned, to think that under its splen-
did benediction young Verrall and Nettie made love
to each other.

T walked backward and forward, backward and
forward, along the sea front, peering into the faces
of the young couples who promenaded, with my
hand in niv pocket ready, and a curious ache in my
he.nrt that had no kindred with rage. Until at last
all tho pronienaders had gone home to bed, and I was
alone with the star.

My train from Wyvern to Shaphambury that
morning was a whole hour late ; they said it was on
account of the movement of troops to meet a possible
rairl from the Elbe.

624

The Review of Reviews.

Decemier 1. 1X6.

II.

Shaphambury seemed an odd place to me even
then. But something was quickenhig in me at that
time to feel the oddness of many accepted things.
Now in the retrospect, I see it as intensely queer.
The whole place was strange to my untravelled
eyes; the sea was strange. Only twice in my life
had I been at the seaside before, and then I had gone
by excursion to places on the Welsh coast whose
great cliffs of rock and mountain backgrounds made
the effect of the horizon very different from what
it is upon the East Anglian seaboard. Here, what
they called a cliff, was crumbling bank of whitey-
bro'wn earth not fifty feet high.

As soon as I arri^•ed I made a systematic explora-
tion of Shaphambury. To this day I retain the
clearest memories of the plan I shaped out then,
and how my inquiries were incommoded by the
overpowering desire of everyone to talk of the
chances of a German raid, before the Channel fleet
got round to us. I slept at a small public-house in
a .Shaphambury back street on Sunday night. I
did not get on to Shaphambury from Wyvern until
two in the afternoon, because of the infrequency of
Sunday trains, and I got no clue whatever until late
in the afternoon of Monday.

As the little local train bumped into sight of the
place round the curve of a swelling hill, one saw a
series of undulating grassy spaces, amidst which a
number of conspicuous notice boards appealed to
the eye and cut up the distant sea horizon. Most
of these referred to comestibles or to remedies to
follow the comestibles: and they were coloured
with a view to be memorable rather than beautiful,
to " stand out '' amidst the gentle, grayish tones of
the east coast scenery. The greater number, I may
remark, of the advertisements that were so con-
spicuous a factor in the life of those days, and
which rendered our vast tree-pulp newspapers pos-
sible, referred to foods, drinks, tobacco, and the
dnigs that promised a restoration of the equanimity
those other articles had destroyed.

But, in addition to such boards, there were also
the big black and white boards of various grandilo-
quentlv named " estates." "She individualistic en-
terprise of that time had led to the plotting out of
nearlv all the country round the seaside towns into
roads and building-plots. All but a small portion
of the south and east coast was in this condition ;
and. had the promises of those schemes been rea-
lised, the entire population of the island might
have been accommodated upon the sea frontiers.
Nothing of the sort happened, of course. The whole
of this uglification of the coast line was done to
stimulate a little foolish gambling in plots. One
saw everywhere agents' boards in e^ery state of
freshness and decay, ill-made exploitation roads
overgrown with grass, and here and there, at a cor-
ner, a label. "Trafalgar .Avenue, " or "Sea View

Road." Here and there, too, some small investor,
some shopman with " savings,'' had delivered his
soul to the local builders and built himself a house,
and there it stood, ill designed, mean-looking, iso-
lated, ill-placed on a cheaply fenced plot, athwart
which his domestic washing fluttered in the breeze ,
amidst a bleak desolation of enterprise. Then, pre- i
sentlv, oui railway crossed a high-road, and a row '
of niean vellow brick houses — workmen's cottages,
and the filthy, black sheds that made the " allot-
ments " of that time a universal eyesore — marked
our approach to the more central areas of — I quote
the local guide-book — " one of the most delightful
resorts in the East Anglian poppyland." Then more
mean houses; the gaunt ungainliness of the electric
power-station — it had a huge chimney, because no
one understood how to make the combustion of coal
complete — and then we were in the railway station,
and barelv three-quarters of a mile from the centre
of this haunt of health and pleasure.

I inspected the town thoroughly before I made
mv inquiries. The road began badly, with a row
of cheap, pretentious, insolvent-looking shops, a
public-house, and a cab stand, but, after an inter-
val of little red villas that were partly hidden amidst
shrubbv gardens, broke into a confusedly bright, but
not unpleasing. High-street, shuttered that after-
noon and sabbatically still. Somewhere in the back-
ground a church bell jangled, and children in bright,
new-lcoking clothes Avere going to Sunday school.
Thence, through a square of stuccoed lodging-houses
that seemed a finer and cleaner version of my native
s "juare. I came to a garden of asphalt and euonymus
— the sea front. I sat down on a cast-iron seat, and
surveved, first of all, the broad stretches of muddv.
sandy, beach, with its queer wheeled b.ithing-
machines, painted with the advertisements of some-
bodv's pills — and then at the house fronts that stared
out upon these visceral counsels. Boarding-houses,
private hotels, and lodging-houses in terraces clus-
tered rloselv right and left of me. and then r.inie
to an end. In one direction, scaffolding marked a
building enterprise in progress, in the other, after a
waste interval, rose a monstrous, bulging red shape,
a huge hotel, that dwarfed ail other things. North-
ward, were low, pale cliffs with white denticulations
of tents, where the local volunteers, all under arms,
lav encamped, and southward, a spreading waste
of sandv dunes, with occasional bushes and clumps
of stunted pine and an advertisement board or so.
A hard, blue skv hung over all this prospect, the
sunshine cast inkv shadows, and eastward was a
whitish sea. It was Sunday, and the midday meal
still held people indoors.

A queer world ! thought I even then — to you now
it must seem impossiblv queer — and after an inter-
val I forced mvself back to my own affair.
How was I to a.sk ? What was I to ask for?
My solution was fairly ingenious. T invented the
following storv : — I happened to be taking a holi-

Rei-iew of Revieics, 1/1)11)6.

In the Days of the Gomet.

625

diiy in Shaphambury, and I was making use of the
opportunity to seek the owner of a valuable feather
boa, which had been left behind in the hotel of my
uncle at \\'\\em by a young lady, travelling with a
young gentleman — no doubt a youthful married
coupie. They had reached Shaphambury sometime
on Thursday. I went over the story many times,
and gave my imaginary uncle and his hotel plausible
names. At any rate, this yarn would serve as a
complete justification for all the questions I miglit
wish to ask.

I settled that; but I still sat for a time, wanting
the energy to begin. Then I turned toward the big
hotel. Its gorgeous magnificence seemed to my in-
expert judgment to indicate the very place a rich
vr.ung man of good family would select.

Huge, draught-proof doors were swung round for
mi" by ,an ironically-polite under porter in a magni-
ficent green uniform, who looked at my clothes as
he listened to my question, and then, with a Ger-
man accent, referred me to a gorgeous head porter,
who directed me to a princely young man behind a
counter of brass and polish, like a bank — like several
banks. This young man, while he answered me,
kept his eye on my collar and tie, and I knew they
were abominable.

" [ want to find a lady and gentleman who came
to Shaphambury on Thursday," I said.

" Friends of yours ?" he asked, with a terrible
fineness of irony.

I made out at last that here, at any rate, the young
people had not been. They might have lunched
here, but they had had no room. But I went out —
door opened again for me obsequiously — in a state
of social discomfiture, and did not attack any other
establishment that afternoon.

My resolution had come to a sort of ebb. More
people were promenading, and their Sunday smart-
ness abashed me. I forgot my purpose in an acute
sense of myself. I felt that the bulge of my pocket
caused by the revolver was conspicuous, and I was
ashamed. T went along the sea front away from the
town, and presently lay down among the pebbles
and sea poppies. This mood of reaction prevailed
with me all tlint afternoon. In the evening, about
sundown. I went to the station and asked questions
of the outporters there. But outporters, I found,
were a class of men who remembered luggage rather
than people, and T had no sort of idea what luggage
voung Verrall and Nettie were likely to have with
them.

Then I fell into conversation with a salacious,
wooden-legged old man with a silver ring, who swept
the steps that went down to the beach from the
parade. He knew much about young couples, but
onlv in general terms, and nothing of the particular
voung couple T sought. He reminded me, in the
most disagreeable way, of the sensuous aspects of
life, and T was not sorrv when pre.sently a gunboat
appeared in the offing signalling the coast guard

and camp, and cut short his observations upon holi-
days, beaches, and morals.

I went, and now I was past my ebb, and sat in
a seat upon the parade, and watched the brighten-
ing of those rising clouds of chilly fire that made
the ruddy west seem tame. My midday lassitude
was going, my blood was running warmer again.
And as the twilight and that filmy brightness re-
placed the dusty sunlight and robbed this unfamiliar
place of all its matter-of-fact queerness, and its
sense of aimless materialism, romance returned to
me, and passion, and my thoughts of honour and
revenge. I remember that change of mood as oc-
curring very vividly on this occasion, but I fancy
that, less distinctly. I had felt this many 'times be-
fore. In the old times, night and the starlight had
an effect of intimate reality the daytime did not pos-
sess.

I had a queer illusion that night, that Nettie and
her lover were close at hand, that suddenly I should
come on them. I have already told how I went
through the dusk seeking them in every couple that
drew near. And I dropped asleep, at last, in an
unfamiliar bedroom hung with gaudily-decorated
texts, cursing myself for having wasted a day.

III.

I sought them in vain the next morning, but after
midday I came in quick succession on a perplexing
multitude of clues. After failing to find any young
couple that corresponded to yoimg Verrall and Net-
tie, I presently discovered an unsatisfactory quar-
tette of couples.

Any of these four couples might have been the
one I sought ; with regard to none of them was tliere
conviction. They had all arrived on either Wednes-
day or Thursday. Two couples were still in occu-
pation of their rooms, but neither of these were at
home. Late in the afternoon I reduced my list by
eliminating a young man in drab, with side-whiskers
and long cuffs, accompanied by a lady, of thirty or
more, of unconsciously ladylike type. I was dis-
gusted at the sight of them. The other two young
people had gone for a long walk, and, though I
watched their boarding-house until the fiery cloud
shone out above, sharing and mingling in an un-
usually splendid sunset, I missed them. Then I dis-
covered them dining at a separate table in the bow
window, with red-shaded candles between them,
peering out ever and again at this splendour that
was neither night nor day., The girl in iier pink
evening dress looked very light and pretty to me,
prettv enough to enrage me; she had well-shaped
arms and white, well-modelled shoulders, and the
turn of her cheek and the fair hair about her eai-s
were full of subtle delights. But she was not Net-
tie; and the happy man with her was that odd, de-
generate type our old aristocracy produced with such
odd frequencv — chinless, large, bony nose, small,
fair head, languid expression, and a neck that had

626

The Review of Reviews.

Decembtr I, 190S.

demanded and received a veritable sleeve of collar.
I stood outside in the meteor's livid light, hating
them and cursing them for having delayed me so
long.

That finished Shaphambury. The question I now-
had to debate was, which of the remaining couples
I had to pursue.

I walked back to the parade trying to reason my
next step out, and muttering to myself, because
there was something in that luminous wonderfulness
that touched one's brain, and made one feel a little
light-headed.

One couple had gone to London ; the other had
gone to the bungalow village at Bone Cliff. Where,
I wondered, w-as Bone Cliff?

I came upon my wooden-legged man at the top
of his steps.

" Hello :'■ said I.

He pointed seaward with his pipe ; his silver ring
shone in the skylight.
" Rum." he said.
" What is ?" I asked.

" Searchlights ! Smoke ! Ships going north ! If
it wasn't for this blasted Milky Way gone green
up tliere, we might see."

He was too intent to heed my questions for a
time. Then he vouchsafed over his shoulder :

" Know bungalow village ? — rather. Artis' and
such. Nice goings on ! Mixed bathing — something
scandalous. Yes."

"But where is it?" I said, suddenlv exasperated.
" There !" he said. " "WTiat's that flicker? A gun-
flash — or I'm a lost soul!"

"You'd hear," I said, "long before it was near
enough to see a flash."

He didn't answer. Only by making it clear I
would distract him until he told me what I wanted
to know, could I get him to turn from his absorbed
contemplation of that phantom dance between the
sea rim and the shine.

" Seven miles." he said. " along this road. And
now go to 'ell with yer !"

I answered with some foul insult by way of
thanks, and so we parted, and I set off toward the
buncralow village.

I found a policeman, standing sky-gazing, a little
wav bevond the end of the parade. He verified the
wooden-legged man's directions.

'■ It's a lonelv road, vou know,'' he called after
me.

I had an odd intuition that now. at last, I was
on the right track. I left the dark masses of Shap-
hambury behind me, and pushed out into the dim
pallor of that night.

The incidents of that long tramp I do not recall
in any orderly succession. The one progressive thing
is mv memory of a growing fatigue. The sea was,
for the most part, smooth and shining like a mirror,
a great expanse of reflecting silver, barred bv slow,
broad undulations; but, at one time, a little breeze

breathed like a faint sigh and ruffled their long
boijies into faint, scaly ripples that never completely
died out again. The way was sometimes sandy,
thick with silvery, colourless sand, and sometimes
chalky and lumpy, with lumps that had shining
facets ; a black scrub was scattered, sometimes in
thickets, sometimes in single bunches, among the
somnolent hummocks of sand. At one place, came
grass, and ghostly great sheep looming up among
the gray. After a time, black pine woods inter-
vened, and made sustained darknesses along the
road, woods that frayed out at the edges to weirdly
v.arped and stunted trees. Then, isolated pine
witches w'ould appear, and make their rigid gestures
at me as I passed. Grotesquely incongruous amidst
these forms, I presently came on estate boards, ap-
pealing, " Houses can be built to suit purchaser," to
the silence, to the shadows, and to the glare.

Once I remember the persistent barking of a dog
from somewhere inland of me, and several times
I took out and examined my revolver very carefully.
I must, of course, have been full of my intention
when I did that : I must have been thinking of Net-
tie and revenge, but I cannot now recall those emo-
tions at all. Only I see again, very distinctly, the
greenish gleams that ran over lock and barrel as I
turned the weapon in my hand.

Then there was the sky, the wonderful, luminous,
starless, moonless sky, and the empty, blue deeps
of the edge of it, between the meteor and the sea.
And once— strange phantoms I — I saw far out upon
the shine, and ven,' small and distant, three long,
black warships, without masts, or sails, or smoke,
or any lights, dark, deadly, furtive things, travel-
ling very swiftly and keeping an equal distance.
And when I looked again they were very small, and
then the shine had swallowed them up.

Then once, a flash, and what I thought was a gun,
until I looked up and sa\v a fading trail of greenish
light still hanging in the sky. .And after that, there
was a shiver and whispering in the air, a stronger
throbbing in one's arteries, a sense of refreshment,
a renewal of purpose.

Sornewhere upon my way the road forked, but I
do not remember whether that was near Shapham-
bury or near the end of my walk. The hesitation
between two rutted unmade roads alone remains clear
in mv mind.

At last I grew weary. I came to piled heaps of
decaying seaweed and cart tracks, running this wav
and that, and then I had missed the road, and' was
stumbling among sand hammocks quite close to the
sea. I came out on the edge of the dimly glittering
sandy beach, and something phosphorescent drew
me to the water's edge. I bent down and peered at
the little luminous specks that floated in the ripples.

Presentlv, with a sigh, I stood erect and con-
templated the lonelv peace of that last wonderful
night. The meteor had now- trailed its shining nets
across the whole space of the sky and was beginning

i.'.iicic of Kevieus, IJlijue.

In the Days of the Gomet.

627

to set; in the east, the blue was coming to its own
again ; the sea was an intense edge of blackness.

How beautiful it was ! how still and beautiful !
Peace ! peace ! — the peace that passeth understand-
ing, robed in light descending !

Mv heart swelled, and suddenly I was weeping.

I did not want to kill. 1 did not want to be the
servant of my passions any more. A great desire
had come to me to escape from life, from the day-
light which is heat and conflict and desire, into that
cool night of eternity — and rest. I had played ; I
had done.

I stood upon the edge of the great ocean, and I
was filled with an inarticulate spirit of prayer, and
I desired greatly — peace from myself.

And presently, there in the east, would come again
the red discolouring curtain over these mysteries, the
finite world again, the gray and growing harsh
certainties of dawn. My resolve, I knew, would take
me up again. This was a rest for me, an interlude,
but to-morrow I should be William Leadford once
more, ill nourished, ill dressed, ill equipped and
clumsy, a thief and shamed, a wound upon the face
of life, a source of "trouble and sorrow even to
the mother I loved ; no hope in life left for me now
but revenge before my death.

Why this paltry thing, revenge? It entered into
my thoughts that I might end the matter now and
let others go.

To wade out into the sea, into this warm lapping
that mingled the natures of water and light, to stand
there breast-high, to thrust my revolver barrel into
mv mouth ?

Why not?

I swung about with an effort,
up the beach thinking.

I turned and looked back at the sea
thintr within me said, " No !"

1 must think.

Tt was troublesome to go farther because the
hummocks and the tangled bushes began. I sat

(To be con

I walked slowly
No ! Some-

down amidst a black cluster of shrubs, a, id rested,
chin on hand. I drew my revolver from my pocket
and looked at it, and held it in my hand. Life ?
Or death ?

I seemed to be probing the very deeps of being,
but. indeed, imperceptibh 1 fell asleep, and sat
dreaming.

IV.

Two people were bathing in the sea.

I had awakened. It was still that white and won-
derful night, and the blue band of clear sky was no
wider than before. These people must have come
into sight as I fell asleep, and aw-akened me almost
at once. They waded breast-deep in the water,
emerging, coming shoreward, a woman, with her
hair coiled about her head, and in pursuit of her a
man, graceful figures of black and silver, with a
blight green surge flowing off from them, a pattern-
ing of flashing wavelets about them.

Each wore a tightly-fijtting bathing dress that
hid nothing of the shining, dripping beauty of their
youthful forms.

She glanced over her shoulder and found him
nearer than she thought, started, gesticulated, gave
a little cry that pierced me to the heart, and fled
up the beach obliquely toward me, running like the
wind, and passed me, vanished amidst the black,
distorted bushes, and was gone, she and her pur-
suer, in a moment, over the ridge of sand.

I heard him shout between exhaustion and laugh-
ter.

And suddenly I was a thing of bestial fury, stand-
ing with hands held up and clenched, rigid in a ges-
ture of impotent threatening, against the sky.

For this striving, swift thing of light and beauty
was Nettie, and this was the man for whom I had
been betrayed !

In another moment I w^as running and stumbling,
revolver in hand, in quiet, unsusjiected pursuit
of them, through the soft and noiseless sand.

tinued.)

Read Important Announcement on Page 634

628

The Review of Reviews.

December 1, 1906.

INSURANCE NOTES.

The balance-sheet of the Colonial Bank of Aus-
tralasia Ltd. for the half-year ended September 30th,
which appears in these columns, is well worthy of
perusal. The profits amounted to £19,578, and are
the largest on record. It is to be noted that the
September half-year is invariably a smaller one than
that ending in March, but the one just closed is an
exception. Out of the profits the sum of £10,000
has been added to the reserve fund, which now
amounts to £100,000. The dividend has been in-
creased from 5 to 6 per cent, per annum on both
ordinary and preference shares. A higher dividend
still could have been paid, but the directors have
shor, n a commendable prudence in making consider-
able additions to the reserves instead of largely in-
creasing dividends. The bank has made great pro-
gress during the last twelve months, the deposits
showing an increase of £413.659 for the year, and at
September 30th totalled £2,915,562. Discounts and
advances increased by £214,892, while the liquid assets
show an increase of £252,575, and now stand at
within a few hundred pounds of a million sterling,
which exceeds the amount due to the public on de-
mand. The directors and shareholders are to be con-
gratulated on the very satisfactory balance-sheet and
the strong position of the bank.

The Premier of New Zealand was recently asked if
there was any truth in the rumour that it was in-
tended to amalgamate the business of the Government
Life Insurance Department with that of other com-
panies. He replied that thei-e was no foundation
for the rumour.

.i disastrous fire broke out on the 22nd October
in Wellington, New Zealand, in a block of wooden
l)uildings in Lambton Quay. A strong wind was blow-
ing, and it was found that the water main had burst
five miles from the city a few minutes before the
alarm was given. The flames were therefore unable
to be checked, and spread with great rapidity through
two hotels and into the three-story warehouse of
AVhitcombe and Tombs, wholesale stationers and book-
sellers. This building was quickly demolished, and
the fire spread to the new brick banking premises of
the Bank of New South Wales, which were only com-
pleted twelvi months ago at a cost of £40,000. The
interior of tLe bank was entirely destroyed, but the
further progress of the ttames on that side of the
street was checked there. Meanwhile blazing frag-
ments were swept across the street into a wooden
block on the opposite side, which quickly took fire.
In this block were destroyed the L'nion Bank, the
Norddeutscher Lloyd's office, the Alliance Assurance
Company's office, the New Zealand Company's build-
ings, and the Wellington Trust and Loan buildings.
The total value of the property destroyed is valued at
£100,000, and the insurances amount to about
£80,000.

THE EQUITY TRUSTEES, EXECUTORS, AND
AGENCY COMPANY LIMITED.

RESERVE LIIBILITY, £100.000 ; GUARANTEE FUND, £10.000.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS-Edwarrt Fanning. Esq , Chairman ; W.
Campbell Guest, Esq.; H B, Higgins, Esq,. K C, M.P.; Donald
Mackinnon, Esq,. M,L.A.; R, O, M Cutcheon, Esq.. ML, A.
REGISTERED OFFICE, No, 85 QUEEN ST,. MELBOURNE.

This Company is empowered by special Act of Parliament to per-
form all classes of trustee business, JOEL FOX, Manager,

SAFES.

HOBBS, HART & CO,, LIMITED,

By Special Appointment from Her L*t« Majesty Quebn Victoria
By Warrant from His Majesty King Edward VII.

SAFEMAKERS TO THE BANK OF ENGLAND.

Strong Rooms, Doors and Locks, Etc.

F. J. LAWN & CO. ac\°ntV

51 YORK STREET, SYDNEY.

TEi.F.riiONE 1603.

GEO. E. DICKENSON,

Manager and Trustee.

British Capital to Invest on Mortgage, Large .Sums froir,
4 per cent.

PRELL'S BUILDINGS,
60 QUEEN STREET. IVIELBOURNE.

CLEM. A. HACK, a.s.a.s.m.,

Mem. Aust, Inst, Min. Engrs..

Patent and Trade Marks Attorney,

63 QUEEN STREET,
MELBOURNE.

TELEPHONI
4622.

ALEX. SINCLAIR,

Consulting Engineer,

31 QUEEN STREET, MELBOURNE.

DREDGING A SPECIALTY.

TEL 1169

One of the most famous Abbeys iu England — Selby
Abbey in Yorkshire — was ilestroyed by fire last month.
The fire started in the north transept, and the choir,
the roof and the internal fittings, together with the
belfry, were destroyed, the damage being estimated
at ,£00.000. ilen were engaged repairing the organ
of the church, and the fire is attrilnited to the care-
lessness of one of them. The abbey was one of the
most beautiful in England, and was founded in 106S
by William the Conqueror.

Mr. Douglas Owen, a well-known English authority
on insurance questions, has contributed an article t<i
the Lniidon Shippimi Gazette on the effect of the great
San Francisco conflagration in the safes and strong-

Semew of Reviews, l/lS/Oe.

Insurance Notes.

629

rooms, as seen by him in his recent trip to that city.
He states that safes were to be seen scattered in all
directions, most of them with their doors wide open
or missing altogether: some with their sides wrenched
open, and nearly all of them roasted outside and
scorched within, with the contents burnt to cinders.
The majority of the strong-rooms were in a like con-
dition, and about 7-5 per ceut. of the safes and strong-
rooms failed to preserve their contents from destruc-
tion. It must be remembered that the ruins stretched
some three miles across, and the fury and force of
such a furnace was beyond all imagination.

From the annual report of the Sydney Fire
Brigades Board it is seen that the total sum held at
risk by the insurance companies there at 31st Decem-
ber last was £75,147,807.

An important decision has been given by the
Superior Court of San Francisco on the question of
the liability of insurance companies for losses sus-
tained by the tires arising in that city consequent on
the great earthquake of April last. The Court held
that the companies were liable for the losses even if
evidence proved that the earthquake caused the out-
break.

The steamer " Haversham Grange,' while on her
voyage from New York to Australia via Capetown,
was totally destroyed by fire at sea last month. The
vessel was 800 miles from Capetown when the fire was
discovered, and all efforts to stay the Hames were un-
availing. The position for those on board became
exceedingly critical, until the steamer " !Mataafa '
was sighted. The latter came alongside, and took off
the passengers and crew in safety. The burning ves-
sel had to be abandoned to her fate, and the rescued
passengers and crew were lirought to Capetown. The
amount of the loss involved is estimated at £'3.5O,0OO.
A large quantity of the cargo for Melljourne and
Sydney consisted of resin and turpentine, as well as
general goods.

The balance-sheet of the Colonial Mutual Fire In-
surance Society for the twelve months ended Septem-
ber 30th shows that a very prosperous year has been
pa>sed through. The net premiums, after deducting
reinsurances and returns, amounted to the large total
of £148,010, as against £134.747 for the previous year,
whereas the losses were £.5"2.3<>7 against £00,031. The
premium income is therefore £13.:263 greater, and
the losses £S'2(i4 less than twelve months ago, show-
ing a total gain of £21, -527 or the year just closed.
A dividend of 8 per cent, is declared, and a bonus of
2s. lid. per share, equal to 12^ per cent. — in all 2O5
per cent. — absorl)ing i^iO.-jOO, in addition to which
£20.tl(K) is added to reserve fund, making that fund
£100,000. The directors refer to the valuable .services
rendered by the Hon. J. F. Levien, -M.L.A...who died
during the year, and who was a director of the com-
pany since its establishment, and was' its chairman
tiir the past ten years. The management is to be
cimgratulated on the exceedingly strong position of
the company, as shown by the balance-sheet. In-
cluded in its assets are fJovernnient and municipal
securities (at cost) £100.000: fixed deposits, £•")(!, (100 ;
and real estate, £43. -590: its liquid securities thus
anionntiug to nearly £200.001). The manager of the
company is .Mr. W.V.L. Jack.

THE UNITED

INSURANCE COMPANY.

ESTABLISHED i86j.

ADELAIDE ■
MELBOURNE
BRISBANE •
PERTH - • -
HOBART - -

T. C. Reynolds, Resdt. Seoretarj
T. Lockwood, Kesdt. Secretary
E. Wiokham, Resdt. Secretary
J. H. Prowse, Resdt. Secretary
W. A. Tregear, Resdt. Agent.

HEAD OFFICE

THOMAS M. TINLEY,
Manager,

SYDNEY.

B. HAIGH.

Secretary.

THE

CREDIT FONCIER

Lends to Farmers in Victoria

£,50 TO £,2000

At 4M per cent, for 30 Years, with right
to pay off any half-year.

Apply,

INSPECTOR-CENERAL OF SAVINGS BANKS,

MELBOURNE.

th:«

COLONIAL MUTUAL
, . FIRE . .

INSURANCB COMPANY UMITBD.

FIRE

ACCIDENT ■

EMPLOYER'S
LIABILITY

FIDELITY

GUARANTEE

PLATE-CLASS
BREAKAGE

MARINE

BURGLARY -

y Insurance.

OFFICES.

MELBOURNE -60 Market SUmI.

SYDNEY— 78 Pitt Street.

ADELAIDE— 71 King William Street.

BRISBANE— Creek Street.

PERTH— Barrack Street.

HOBART— Collins Street.

LONDON''- St. Michael's Alley, Cornhllt, B.C.

WM. L. JACK,

MAHA.OIK.

630

The Review of Reviews.

Deeembtr 1, 19')6.

THE COLONIAL BANK OF AUSTRALASIA LTD.

THE TWENTY. SEVENTH REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

Of
THE eOLONIHL BANK OF HUSTRnLHSIA LIMITED.

To be Presented to the Shareholders at the Twenty-seventh Ordinary General Meeting, to be held at the Bank, 126
Elizabeth-street, at noon on Tuesday, October 30th, 1906.

REPORT

The Directors bes to submit to the shareholders their twenty-seventh report, with a balance-sheet and statement
of profit and loss for the half-year ended September 30th. 1906. duly audited.

After providing for expenses of management, interest accrued on deposits, rebate on bills current,
tax on note circulation, and making provision for bad and doubtful debts, the net profit amounted to £19.578 16 7
Brought forward from March 31st, 1906 4,195 13 10

„.^. , , J. £23,774 10 5

Which the directors propose to apportion as follows, viz. : —

Dividend at the rate of 6 per cent, per annum on preference shares £9.121 6 5

Dividend at the rate of 6 per cent, per annum on ordinary shares ■ .. .. 4,057 1 11

To reserve fund 10,000 0 0

Balance carried forward 596 2 1

£23 774 10 5

In view of the increase in the reserve fund to £100,000, and the continued prosperity of the bank, the directors
have ple.isnre in recommending an increase in the dividend on both preference and ordinary shares from 5 per cent,
to 6 per cent, per annum.

During the half-year branches of the bank were opened at Goroke and Lindenow.

The dividend will be payable at the head office on and after the 31st inst., and at the branches on receipt of
advice.

The twenty-seventh ordinary general meeting of shareholders will be held at the head office of the Company. 126
Elizabeth-street, il el bourne, on Tuesday, the 30th day of October, 1906. at noon.

By order of the Board.

Melbourne. October 18th. 1906. SELBY P.\XTOX. GeQe^.^I Manager.

Dp.l

BALANCE-SHEET OF THE COLONIAL BANK OF AUSTRALASIA LIMITED
Fop the Half-Year Ending 30th September, 1906.

Cr.

To Capital paid-up, viz. ; —
31,184 Preference Shares, paid

in cash to £9 15s £304,044 0 0

77,278 Ordinary Shares paid

in cash to £1 15s 135,236 10

-£439,280 10

0

10
0
9

Reserve fund 100,000

Profit and loss 13.774

Notes in circulation 111,035

Bills in circulation 131,726

Government deposits —
Not bearing interest, £34,-
808 8s. 7d. ; bearing inte-
rest, £474,893 6s. 8d £509,701 15 3

Other deposits — Rebate and
interest accrued —
Not bearing interest, £968,-
895 48. 9d. ; bearing inte-
rest, £1,436,965 16s. 2d. ..£2.405,861 0 11

Contingent liabilities, as per contra

-2,915,562 16 2
257,081 18 10

£3,968.461

By coin, bullion and cash at

bankers £655.161 14 4

British Consols. £70.668 15s.
2d., at £85 per cent.,
£60,068 83. 9d.; Victoria
Government Stock and De-
bentures, Metropolitan
Board of Works, Municipal
and Savings Bank Deben-
tures, at valuation. £67.288
18s. 2d 127.357 6 11

Bills and Remittances in

transitu . , . .
Notes of other
Balances due

Banks

Stamps

Banks . . .
from other

174.125 15
2.175 1

39.269 16
1.088 11

-£999.178 5 6

Real Estate, consisting of —
Bank premises at cost to new bank . . 196,648 16 8
Other real estate at valuation 53,544 7 5

Bills discounted and other advances, ex-
clusive of provision for bad or doubtful
debts 2,461,736 19 7

Shares in other companies at valuation - . 270 16 8

Liabilities of customers and others in re-
spect of contingent liabilities, as per
contra 257,081 18 10

£3.968.461 4 8

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT.

To Current expenses (including salaries,

rents, repairs, stationery, etc.) £26,065 6 9

Bank note tax 1.120 18 0

Transfer to reserve fund 10.000 0 0

Balance 13.774 10 5

£50.960 15 2

By Balance brought forward £4,195 13 10

Gross profits tor the half-year, after allow-
ing for interest accrued on deposits, re-
bate on bills current, and making provi-
sion for bad and doubtful debts 46.765 1 4

£50.960 15 2

RESERVE

FUND ACCOUNT.

To Balance . . . .

£100 000 0

0 By Balance brought forward

I Transfer from profit and loss . . . .

.. .. £90.000
.. .. 10.000

0
0

n

0

£100.000 0

0

£100.000

_0_

_o

Note. — The customary Auditors' Report and the Directo rs' Statement, to comply with the
appear on the official report.

Companies Act 1896,

I

iteview of Keui'eiM, l/l^/Pe.

INDEX TO VOL. XXIX.

Of ^'The Review of Reviews for Australasia.

BOOKS OF THE MONTH—

Americ-an Socialism— Prof. Prim. 411.
Coniston— Winston Churchill, 407.
Ring in the New, 194.
The Disenchantment— Pierre Loti. 513.
The Guarded Flame— H. Maxwell. 509.
The Other Side o£ Death— Leadbeater,

96.
The Saint— Antonio Fogazzaro, 515.

BOOKS OF THE MONTH
(Leading), -JUT, 313, 517.

CARICATURES OF THE MONTH,

72, 163, 286, 365, 475.

CHARACTER SKETCHES-

Beit, Mr. Alfred— W. T. Stead, S.'jS,
British Labour Party, The, and the

Books that Helped to Make It— W.

T. Stead. 148.
Craigie, Mrs., 471.
Davitt. Michael— W. T. Stead, 254.
John Bull as International Host— W.

T. Stead, 45.
Kenney, Miss Annie, the Suffragette—

W. T. Stead, 159.
King Peter I. of Servia, 456.

CORRESPONDENCE, 343, 456.

ESPERANTO, 37, 147, 260, 351, 464.

HISTORY OF THE MONTH
(Australasian)—

Advertiaiug Australia, 428.

Ballaiat and Temi>erance Posters. 428.

Bent, Mr., and Sir Samuel GiUott. 320.

Bligh, Mr., and Medical Agencies, 219.

Boxing Contests, 323.

Canteens Bill, 218.

Chicago Meat Horrors, 12.

Child Mortality. 430.

Chilian Earthquake, 323.

China and Opium, 431.

Churchill, Mr., and the Colonies, 10.

Compulsory Voting, 113.

Crick, Mr., 219.

Crick and Willis. 109.

Education Conference, 116.

Effective Voting, 319.

Electoral Reform, 220.

Election Date (Alteration of Date), 220.

Empire Day, 14.

Federal High Commissioner, 114.

Federal Capital, 222.

Federal Labour Party Programme, 428.

Flemington Murder, 215.

Franchise Bill, South Australia, 426.

Gambling and Telephones. 426, 428.

Homes for Workers, N.Z., 10.

Japanese Squadron, 15.

Kanaka Deportation, 322.

Hislorv of tin- Month [ Australasian)— Conlimied.
Kindergartens, Free, 14.
Labour Movement and Religion, 15.
Licensing Bill (Vic), 219.
Local Option I'oUs. South Australia,

324.
Mail Contract. 116.
Medical Inspection of Children, 429.
Mentally Weak, The, 113.
Murray. Mr., Resignation of, 320.
National Annuities, 429.
New Hebrides, 9.
N.S.W. Colliery Strike, 431.
N.S.W. Drink Bill, 10.
N.S.W. Jubilee. 10.
N.S.W. Land Scheme, 13.
N.Z. Exhibition, 427.
N.Z. Land Policy, 427.
N.Z. Cabinet. 320.
N.Z. and Imported Criminals, 323.
N.Z. Old Age Annuities' Scheme, 12.
N.Z. Premiership. 109.
N.Z. Progress. 219.
Norton, Mr., Exit of, 218.
Old Age Pensions, 428.
Papuan Constitution, 319.
Penny Postage Bill, 425.
Preferential Trade, 319.
Preferential Voting. 114.

Price. Mr., Resignation ot, 426.

Reciprocal Trade with N.Z.. 9, 425.
Reform Matters, 322.

Secession in W.A., 425.

Seddon, Visit of Mr., 8.

Separate Representation, 113.

Social Reform, 113, 217, 427.

Small Holdings, 113.

Spain, King of, 15.

State Schools' Exhibition, 324.

Sweating, 218.

Tasmanian Constitution, 430.

Unemployed at Church. 12.

Unemployed, The, HI.

Victorian Women's Franchise, 322.

Victorian Railways, 111.

Wages' Boards, Victoria, 14.

Ward, Sir Josepli, 220.

West Australian Govoinment Policy,
14.

White Ocean. A. 430.

White Slave TrafHc, 114.

Worrall, Rev. Hy., at the Bar of the
House, 216.

HISTORY OF THE MONTH
(General) —

.\nglo-Rr,ssian Entente. 223.

Apotheosis of C.-B.. The, 328.

Asia and Parliamentary Government,

434.
Austria and Hungary. 123.
Bambaata, 23.
Brvan's Return, Mr., 435.

History of I he Month {aencral)-Conlinneil.

Budget ot Peace, 118.
Campljell-Bannerman. Death of Lady,

431.
Campbell-Bannerman. The .\potheosis

ot, 328.
Chamberlain. Mr.. His Birthday, 331.
Chinese Question in South Africa. 228.
Christendom, Reunion ot, 17.
City Beautiful. Tlie, 124.
Davitt, Michael, Death of, 124.
De Wet, Madame, 437.
■' Dreadnoughts," 328.
Duma, Dissolution of the, 328.
Education Bill, 17, 225.
Egypt. Visit ot Khedive to Constanti-
nople, 229.
Esperanto. 16.
Female Education, 229.
French General Election, 19, 120.
French Precepteurs in England, 223.
German Editors in England, 16, 117, 223.
Haakon, King, 225.
Haldane, Mr., at Berlin. 432.
House of Lords. 123.
Hungarian Position. 22.
International Brotherhood, 117.
Internationalism by Post. 120.
International Festival, 325.
Kaiser, The, 22.

King and Kaiser at Cronberg, 432.
King and Queen, Visit to America, 21.
Lawson, Death ot Sir Wilfrid. 229.
Militarism. Two Views of. 435.

" Montagu." The Loss of the. 436.
Moral Instruction in Schools. 120, 226.

Morley, Mr.. 18.

Newnham College, 229.

Old Age Pen.sions, 224.

Opium Traffic. 119.

Premiers and Their Wives. 431.

Reduction in Armaments, 119.

Reunion of Christendom, 17.

Revolution in Ru.ssia. 120, 223. 432.

Russian Duma Elections, 16.

Russia. Progress in, 22.

Rio Janeiro and The Hagi;e. 16.

Roosevelt. Presii'ent. 20.

Socialism in America, 20.

South Africa— Sir W. Butler. 329.

South Africa— Constitutional Problems,
329.

Spelling Reform. 434.

Transvaal Constitution, 330.

Triple Alliance. 224.

War Curse of Mankind, The, 225.

War Stores Commission's Report, 435.

Women and the Franchise. 226, 436.

ILLUSTRATIONS AND

PORTRAITS—

America's Fiios, 174.

Armstrong College. Newcastle. 44'"

632

Illustrations and Portraits— CoMttmtcii.
Asquith, Mrs.. 230.
Batman, Jno., 125.
Batman Memorial, 126.
Batman's Ascent of the Tarra. 127.
Beit. Mr. Alfred. 353.
Belt'ast City Hall. 449.
Bonython, Sir Langdon, 144.
British Steamships, 227.
BryaJi, Mr. TV. J. (and Others), 326.
Burt. Mr. Thomas. M.P.. 149.
Cambridge and Harvard Boat Crews.

436.
Chambei-lain. Mr.. 331.
Charles I.. King of Eoumania, 421.
Chilian Earthquake Record. 523.
Clouston. Et. Eev. T. E.. 429.
Clarke. Archbishop. 245.
CoUingwood Tote. 51.
CoUingwood Tote Pictures. 251.
Craigie. Mrs.. 472.
Crooks. Mr. Will, 152.
Cnrzon, Lad.v. 318.
Davitt. Michael. 124. 254.
Davitt, Michael— Funeral. 259.
Fairbairn. Mr. E.. 222.
First Government House. Sydney, 125.
Gale, Mr. Jno.. 348.
German Editors in England. 214. 230.
Gladstone. Mrs. Herbert, 230.
Grey. Earl. 251.
Gridiron Map (Socialism). 32.
Hardie. Mr. Keir, M.P., 150.
Harvest«r Pictures, 306.
Howitt. Dr A. W.. 112.
Hume. Mr. Hamilton, 129.
International Woman's Council in»

Paris. 228.
Ishikawa. Prof.. 39.
Japanese Visit to Melbourne. 11. 13.
Java Scenes. 139. 239.
Javanese Temple. 129.
Johnson. Mr. Jno.. M.P.. 154.
-Jones. Hon. Wm. Hall. 112.
Jowett, Mr. F. W.. M.P., 153.
Jndkins, Mr. 'W. H., 7.
Kaiser and Chancellor, 22.
Kaiser's Yacht " Meteor." 455.
Kara. George, of Servia. 468.
Kenny, Miss Annie. 159.
King and Kaiser. 424.
Knibbs. Mr. G. H.. F.E.A.S.. 15.
Langley, Bishop. 222.
Lava at Torre Annunzia-ta (Vesuvius^.

17.
Lawrence. Mrs. Pethwick. 161.
Lawson, Sir Wilfrid. 229.
Leslie, Mr. J. C. 350.
Liberty of the Press. Vic, 221.
Local Option in N.Z.. 341.
L.C.C. Education Policy. 6L
Lockyer. Mr. X. C, 113.
Maxwell. Mr. H.. 509.
M'Kay. Mr. B. V.. 306.
Meakin. Mr. H. W.. 114.
Melbonrne. 1839. 128.
Mllyukoff. Prof., 433.
' Montagu'' on the Eocks, 436.
Xatal Rebels, 350.
Xatal Eebels. Trial of. 23.
Xew Central Eailway Station. Sydney.

221.
New Zealand Cabinet, 321.
Xicholls. Mr. C. M.P.. 155.
Olympic Games at Athens. 95.

The Review of Reviews.

I Uitstrations and Portraits — Continual.
Palace of Peace at the Hague. 118.
Pankhurst. Mrs., 160.
Peter I. of Servia. 467.
Peter I. of Servia. Wife of, 468.
Pierce. Mr. Lyman L.. 116.
Queen in a Merry Mood. 351.
Roosevelt. President. 69.
Royal Gallery at Houses of Parlia-
ment, 527.
Russian Duma Members. 121, 459.
Russian Duma Polling, 21.
San Franciscan Earthquake. 18. 123.
Sanatorium. King Edward VII.. 272.
Seddon. Et. Hon. R. J.. 24. 154.
Seddon. Rt. Hon. E. J.— Floral Tri-
butes, 108.
Seager. P. S., 110.
Servian Eoyal Personages. 467.
Sewell. Miss Elizabeth. 457.
Shakespeare. Mr. T. M., 350.
Smeaton. Mr. T. H.. 357.
Snowden. Mr. Phillip. M.P.. 156.
Stead. Mr. W. T.. 2.

State Schools' Exhibition Pictures. 439.
Stolypin. M.. 529.
Strong. Dr. Josiah. of X.Y.. 55.
Suez Canal, Map. 119.
Sydney New Eailway Station. 221.
Tate. Mr. Frank. 324.
Teraperley. Mr. Thos., 549.
Tote Pictures. 251.
Tiondhjim Cathedral. 225.
Valparaiso. 438.
Vasilyev. Prof.. 40.
Ward. J., M.P.. 151.
Welwyn Church. 555.
Wells. Mr. H. G., 89.
West Australian Ministry. !15.
Whiteing. Mr. Eichard. 194.
Wilson. Mr. Jno., M.P., 157.
Winborne. Lady. 250.
Wolstenholme. Elmy. Mrs.. 162.
Worrall Affair, 216.
Wride, Geo., 349.

INSURANCE NOTES, lu."), 211. 314.
420, o-lG.

INTERVIEWS ON TOPICS OF
THE TIMES—

Anglo-German Entente — Dr. Hy. Lunn.

41.
House of Lords— End or Mend. 44.
Ishikawa. Prof., delegate from Tokio

University. 39.
Russian Parliament. 45.
Vasilyev, Prof.. Delegate from Dorpat

TTniversit.v. 40.
Woman's Rights. 42.

LEADING ARTICLES IN THE
REVIEWS—

Abdul Hamid and Pan-Islamism, 495.

Academic Co-operative Factory, 271.

Active Old Age, 175.

Afforestation, 275.

African, Friends of the. 54.

Aliens. Desirable. 62.

Aladyn. 376.

Algeciras. The End of. 490.

American Negroes, The Education of.

498.
Amusing Peeps at the Life of the Poor.

595.

December 1, 1906.

Leading Artichs— Continued,
Anarchist. How to Deal with the, 270.
An I.D.B. Story, 589.
Anglo-Saxon Friendship — Is it a Myth?

499.
Anti-Militarism in France. 176.
Basutos, Man iage Among the, 71.
Being Your Own Servant, 499.
Bengal National Revival. 57.
Bi-Location, 481.
Bosanqiiet on Bowling. 385.
British Character. 265.
British Climate, 266.
British Indian. 171.
British Painting. 65.
Bryan and Roosevelt Compared. 594.
Camping Out. 284.
Canadian Tariff. 55
Capitalism. 388.
Chamberlain Town. 264.
Charles I. of Koumania. 278.
Children. How to Save the, 174.
Child Labour and Race Suicide. 380.
Chinese Slavery in the Philippines, 170.
China Town. San Francisco. 174.
Chinese in California. 379.
Chinese Workmen. 384.
China Revolutionised. 494.
Christian Creed, A New. 570.
Christendom. Reunion of, 55.
Christ— Was He a Christian? 575.
Church Restoration, The Eomance of,

175. 591.
City Churches. 285.
Civilised Savagery. 274.
Corneille Centenary. 275.
Colombian Trade. 382.
Colonial Office and Crown Colonies. 330.
Congo Horrors. 270. 274.
Conscription. Tl-e Military Case

Against. 575.
Criminals in London Streets. 65.
Crime. Prevention of. 54.
Crisis in the French Church, 485.
Crown Lands, 491.
Cunard Liners. 63.
Demoniacal Possession, 497.
Desirable Aliens, 62.
Discipline or Disestablish, 378.
Domestic Servant Problem, 488.
Doubling, 481.

Diuna. The Russian, 60, 280.
Duma Denounced, 490.
Duma, The Dissolution of the. 371.
Dunmow Flitch. 392.
Drunkards, How a Judge Eefornis. 382.
Earthquakes in Jledireval Imagination,

175.
Eastern Question. 282.
Education Bill. 66, 276. 374.
Education and Extermination. 58.
Elberfeld System in England, 53.
Electrical Music Supply. 274.
Emancipation of Women in China. 170.
Famous Pictures. Cost of. 391.
Feeding School Children. 268.
Firearm. The Progress of the. 171.
Four Acies and Twelve Pigs. 264.
Friends of the African. 54.
French Revolution. The. 572.
Gambling. The Folly and Doom of. 59.
German Friendship in Eg.vpt, 595.
German School Doctors. 55.
Ghosts. The Use of. 266.
Glasgow, a Model Municipality, 271.

^

RFviea of Reiieics, l/lijOO.

/.I'liidiF? Arliclcs ' Conlniucil

Greek Building and the Roman Eoad.
65.

Grey's Elegy. 393.

Hakiane's Scheme. Mr., 377.

Hardy. Mr. Thomas, on Church Re-
storation, 391.

Hoppers and Hop-picking. 497.

House ot Lords. 281. 482.

How a Judge Eetorais Drunkards, 382.

How San Francisco was Destroyed, 372.

How to Dish tlie Radicals, 275.

Ihsen, Henrik. 279, 393.

Ice Age. 491.

Tnclcntui-cl Labour in Trinidad. 273.

India. Tlie Nationalists of. 63.

Inflammable Cities. 172.

Intellect and Indies. 171.

Irelaufl, New Route to, 387.

Irish,' The Origin of the. 389.

Irish University Education, 71.

.Tapan as the New Sinai, 375.

Japan Since the War, 484.

Japanese Women, 394.

Jews and Count Witte, 60.

Jingo. The Wail of the Worsted. 377.

John Bull Through Colonial Spectacles.
53.

Jungfrau Railway. 387.

Kaffir, The— Is He Lazy? 385.

Kaiser's New Triple Alliance. The, 375.

King Edward VII. Sanatorium, 272.

King and Kaiser at Friedrichshof, 486.

Liberal Government's First Session, 495.

Living Pictures on Livins' Plants, 4Q4..

London Trafttc, 159.

Luther— Did He Commit Suicide? 493.

Manitouism, 377.

Markets and Misery, 53.

Marriage Among the Basutos, 71.

Maximum Wealth. 252.

Meli'al Inspection of Schools, 381.

Men-of-War as Bum Bailiffs, 170.

Millions and Mosquitoes, 65.

Mill and Spencer Compared, 394.

Mind of a Dog, The, 266.

Moore, The Burial of Sir Jno., 394.

Moriey, Mr., and Indian Reform. 482.

Moral Instruction. 38a.

Mounting Big Animals. 392.

Muckraking as a Profession. 284.

Municipal Farming. 263.

Napoleon's Travelling Library. 385.

Natal Disturbances. 395.

Nationalists in India. 63.
N.ative Question in South Africa. 277.
Native Races. Imperial Control of. 175.
Negro. The Redemption of the. 59.
Negroes. How to Deal with the, 57.
Occultism. 265.

Occult Reviews. 285, 483.
Peace Movement. The. 374,
Peat Bog as a Fuel Mine. 393.
Pleasant Place. Laying Waste of. 257.

Index.

I.i-adhli: Articles— Coiltini:i-fl.

Plutocracy. The War on the, 573.
Polar Expeditions and Naval Training,

371.
Poster Designing, 63.
Preference, Not, but Work, 60.
Press, The, and Charitable Funds. 273.
Progress ot the Firearm, 171.
Psychic Locomotion, 265,
Psychology and Social Justice. 493.
Regimental Officers. 279.
•Religious Education in Public Schools,

283.
Religious Tests in U.S., 56.
Renan, Early Notes, 336.
Roman Art, 258.
Roman Road, The, 65.
Roosevelt, Mr., 69.
Roosevelt. Camping with, 173.
Roumania, King Charles I. ot, 278.
Russia and the Duma. 70.
Russia and England in Asia, 372.
Russian Revolution, 434.
San Francisco, 372.
Scandinavian in America, The. 499.
Scientilic Marvels ot Our Time, 66.
School Doctors in Germany, 55.
School Meals in Paris, 61.
Servile Problem, The, 159.
Shakespeare's Boys, 54.
Ships, The Biggest in the World, 53.
Single Rail Suspended Railway, 492.
Sneer, The Origin of the, 393.
Socialism, 53.

Social Effort by French Catholics, 38^.
Spelling Reform, 435.
Sciuandering a Surplus, 278.
Standardisation in Municipal Lite, 395.
State Insurance Monopoly, 487.
State Department for Children, 331.
Successful Lawyer, The, 277.
Sunday Schools— Are they Necessary?

172.
Sweating, 390.

Swedish System of Gymnastics, 258.
Technical Education, 257.
Telephone, The Growth of the, 495.
Temperature of Hats, 392.
Tolstoy ou Wontaii's Mission, 492.
Trade Union Bill, 54.
Transvaal Constitution, 383.
Trans'iminal. The. 485.
Tuberculosis, 390.
Unearned Increment. Ta.x on, 54.
Unemployed. 494.
Unionist Downfall. 70.
'Vegetarianism. 335.
Vocation and Culture. 56.
Wagnerian Drama, 267.
Wake Up. Uncle Sam, 489.
Was Christ a Christian? 373.
What Makes the Successful Lawyer?

277.
Witte, Count, and the Jews, 50.

Lending Arlicks—Coiiliinuil.
Woman, The Fall ot, 283.
Women— Dr. Emil Reich and Miss King-
ston, 263.
Woman's Real Rights, 269.
Work. Not Preference. 60.
Zoo. The Food Bill of the. 373.

REVIEWS REVIEWED, 78, Ifm,
291, :»(), .501J.

SPECIAL ARTICLES—

After Sixteen Years iW. T. Steadi. 3.

Anglo-American Friendship (Earl Greyl,
'251.

At the Parliament ot the Nations 'W.
T. Stead), 459.

Australians, Distinguished Early (Rev.
E. I. Watkin, D.D.), 125.

Collingwood Tote. 231.

Deadlock in South Australia, The T.
H. Smeaton), 337.

Dutch-Colonial Administration iHon.
Staniforth Smithl, 139.

Education and Democracy (Sir Lang-
don Bonython), 144.

Gambling, Aridibishop Clarke on, 245.

Gambling Deninn in Australia (W. H.
Judkins), 27.

Handicapping of Reform, 341.

How General Booth Makes Emigrants,
235.

Java (Hon. Staniforth Smith), 139.

Law and Order iW. H. Judkins), 130.

Non-Fle.sh Diet, The, 450.

Our Unwieldy States (G. S. Curtis). 452.

Political Power Plus Property v. Pub-
lic Interest (W. H. Judkinsi. 332.

Rise and Progress ot the Stripper-Har-
vester. 306.

Rise and Progress of N.S.W. Country
Press. 345.

Seddon. The Late Rt. Hon. R. J.. 24.

Seddon, Tlie Late Rt. Hon. E. J, (E. A.
Loufrlman). 131.

Socialism. Mr. J. C. Watson on. 244.

Socialism. Prominent Anti-Socialists
on. 32.

Socialism (Mr. G. H. Reid). 32.

Socialism (Mr. M'Lean). 32.

Socialism, Liberty and Progress, 32.

Social Service, 35, 145.

Steel and Iron Ore, Direct Process, 311.

Temple Ruins of Java (Hon. Stanitortli
Smith). 239.

To My Headers (W. H. Judkins). 5.

Totalisator. The. in New Zealand. 338.

Victorian Licensing Bill (Jno. Valel,
247.

Victorian State Schools' Exhibition and
the Education Movement. 439.

SERIAL STORY—

In the Days of the Comet, by H. G,
Wells, 88, 199, 298, 413, 518.

(Coiitinticd in parfc oHd..

634 The Review of Reviews. December i. ms.

In order to celebrate the Important step we are taking in
reducing the price of " The Review of Reviews " from 9d. to 6d., so
as to touch a still larger constituency, we have decided to offer

A PRIZE OF 14 GUINEAS

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The prize money will be divided. FOUR GUINEAS will be
paid for the best article the author of which is a pupil in
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THE EDITOR ' REVIEW OF REVIEWS," EQUITABLE BUILDING, MELBOURNE.

kerieii of Heriirirn. !<U/t6.

CURABLE DISORDERS.

There are some diseases which are incurable, but these are fortunately rare.
There are, on the other hand, two gfroups of disorders which afflict a large number
of people, many of whom seem to consider that there is no hope of release, for
they go on suffering year after year when their cases would readily yield to treat-
ment if the root of the disorder were attacked. The two groups referred to are
uric and biliary disorders, and they comprise the following common complaints : —

I 'Hie. Biliary.

Rheumatism Indigestion

Gout Biliousness

Neuralgia Jaundice

Lumbago Sick Headache

Sciatica Anaemia

Gravel and Stone General Debility

Bladder Troubles Blood Disorders

Now all these disorders originate from the same cause — namely, the inability
of the kidneys and liver to properly perform their function of eliminating from
the system the urinary and biliary poisons which produce the disease.

The Kidneys of the average person filter and extract from the blood about
three pints of urine every day. In this quantity of urine should be dissolved about
an ounce of urea, ten to twelve grains in weight of uric acid, and other animal
and mineral matter varying from a third of an ounce to nearly an ounce. If the
kidneys are working freely and healthily, all this solid matter leaves the body
•dissolved in the urine, but if, through weakness or disease, the kidneys are un-
able to do their duty properly, a quantity of these urinary substances remains in
the blood and flows through the veins, contaminating the whole system. Then we
suffer from s.imc form of uric poisoning such as Rheumatism, Gout, Lumbago,
Backache, Sciatica, Persistent Headache, Neuralgia, Gravel, Stone and Bladder
Troubles. A simple test to make as to whether the kidneys are healthy is to place
some urine, passed tiie first thing in the morning, in a covered glass, and let it
stand until next morning. If it is then cloudv, shows a sediment like brick-dust,
is of an unnatural colour, or has particles floating about in it, the kidneys are
weak or diseased, and steps must iramdiately be taken to restore their vigour,
or Bright's Disease, Diabetes, or some of the many manifestations of uric poison-
ing will result.

The Liver is an automatic chemical laboratory. In the liver \arious sub-
stances are actually made from the blood. Two or three pounds of bile are thus
made by the liver every day. The Hver takes sugar from the blood, converts it
into another form, and stores it up so as to be able to again supply it to the blood
as the latter may require enrichment. The liver changes uric acid, which is in-
soluble, into urea, which is completelv soluble, and the liver also deals with the
blood corpuscles which have lived their life and are useful no longer. When the
liver is inactive or diseased we suffer from some form of biliarv poisoning such
as Indigestion, Biliousness, Anaemia, Jaundice, Sick Headache, General Debility,
and Blood Disorders.

So intimate is the relation between the work done by the kidneys and that
done by the liver, that where there is any failure on the part of the kidneys, the
liver becomes affected in sympathy and vice versa. It was the realisation of the
importance of this close union of the labour of those vital organs which resulted in
the discovery of the medicine now known throughout the world as

Warner's Safe Cure.

Certain medical men, knowing what a boon it would be to humanity if some medi-
cine could be found which would act specifically on both the kidneys and liver,
devoted themselves to an exhaustive search for such a metlium, and their devo-
tion was eventually rewarded bv their success in compounding a medicine which
possesses the required quality in the fullest degree. Warner's Safe Cure exhibits
a marvellous healing action in all cases of functional or chronic disease of the
kidneys and liver, and restoring them, as it is able to do. to health and activity.
it, of necessity, cures all complaints due to the retention in the system of urinary
and biliary poisons. A vigorous action of the kidneys and liver naturally eliminates
the poisons, anfl froubles due to the presence of the poisons cease. Cures effected
by Warner's Safe Cure are permanent simply because they are natural.

fc-ul uiuwual MuvaulaKc whrn voii wrtlr

lo an lrl"»Tli«>T n'-... ......ilm.. 'W k».v..->» oI «rv.r>v«

Revifit of Rtvitat. tlltloS.

/

I

Miss Irene Dillon

FujlaJ by Suw^r: A- Co., Afe/i.

I'm the Robur Tea Girl !

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Robur tea

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