V75 i64 ^ ^^^ J — i-n a Ln _D a WHOI II ^ a MBI o m D CD A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE Cymbium aethiopicum aethiopicum L. as held by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, on grounds of Beal-Maltbie Shell Museum, February. 1942. ^/6 4- 1.5-^ rm i^i- A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE Synonymy, nomenclature, range and illustrations By MAXWELL SMITH Published by authority of the Beal-Maltbie Shell Museum of Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida TROPICAL PHOTOGRAPHIC LABORATORY LANTANA, FLORIDA 1942 5b^ Copyright i 942 Beal-Maltbie Shell Museum winter park, florida Printed in u.s.a. Lithoprinted by Edwards Brothers, Inc., Lithoprintere Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1942 TO MY FRIEND JAMES HARTLEY BEAL WHO HAS PROVIDED THE INSPIRATION AND ENCOURAGEMENT BEHIND THIS BOOK FOREWORD Sixty years have passed without a comprehensive re- vision and monograph of this Important and Interesting family. The writer has been, for a number of years, engaged In collect- ing and consolidating data In connection with the group and has also had access to and acquired long series of the few common species and a considerable number of the rarities. The present work is based largely upon this material, although in many cases it has been necessary to draw solely upon original descriptions of the respective authors, and also reproduce certain of their none too satisfactory illustrations. A further study of the soft parts will, no doubt, result in changes in the position of certain genera. The author wishes to acknowledge his gratitude to Dr. James Hartley Beal, Dr. Henry A. Pllsbry, Dr. Edward M. Davis, Dr. Paul Bartsch, Dr. Harold Rehder, Mrs. Jeanne Schwengel, Dick Albany, and others, for their kindness and many favors in connection with this work. TABLE OP CONTENTS SUBFAMILIES Volutlnae 1 Halilnae 67 Aurinllnae 55 Volutomitrinae 68 GENERA AND SECTIONS (Synonyms not included) Adelomelon 55 Alclthoe 24 Amorla 50 Aullca 34 Aurinla 65 Bathyaurinla 67 Boreomelon 59 Calliotectum 16 Calllpara kk Cottonla 33 Cymba 47 Cymbium 45 Enaeta 12 Erlcusa (Section) 31 Pulgorarla 20 Pusivoluta 16 Gulvlllea 19 Halla 67 Harpovoluta 19 Harpullna 23 Iredallna 18 Lyria 9 Mamlllana 49 Mlcrovoluta 69 Mlomelon 60 Neptxinlopals l4 Pacliymelon 33 Phenacoptygma I8 Provocator 62 Ternlvoluta (Section) ... 15 Tractollra 61 Voluta 6 Voluticorbl3 15 Volutoconua 44 Volutilithes 17 Volutomitra 68 Volutospira 17 Zldona 6I NOMENCLATURE In the year 1758 Carl von Linneu^ described and figured In his Systema Nat- urae, editions 10, 12, two species of Voluta, namely muslca and ebraea, Lamarck, during 1799, In the Pro- drome announced a number of Volutes some of which are now recognized as subspecies of musica . It was not until the first quarter of the following century that any consider- able progress was made in adding to the number of species in the family. Lamarck became quite active and prolific. He sup- plied a number of additions to the growing number of recognized species. The peak of his career was attained in 1844 when. In the Anlmaux sans Vertebres he described what Is now known as Amorla undulata. Leach in l8l4 described the well- known and distinctive shell which now bears the name of Amorla zebra zebra and also its subspecies Amorla zebra llneata. Thomas Martyn began, in about 1780, the production of his Universal Concholo- gist which was destined to become one of the most beautiful and elaborate works upon shells ever undertaken In any country. He secured the services of as many as nine young boys who were trained to execute the coloring of the plates which had previously been etched upon copper. The specimens il- lustrated were obtained largely by men un- der the command of Captains Byron, Wallace, Cook, and others, upon their various voy- ages in the South Seas. It appears that Martyn concluded his work in 1792, there being in all 160 separate plates, although it is evident that many of the later plates prepared were completed prior to the date last mentioned. The French text of Martyn 's Intro- duction and preface, together with many of the plates, was reprinted in black and white by Chenu in 1845. This work contains many misprints most of which, however are obvious. In Martyn 's work, following Tro- chus, Voluta contains only species of Conus and one coniform Voluta in the Linnean sense. Several typical Linnean Volutes are placed under Bucclnum by Martyn. Number 82 of Chenu' s entries was apparently Intended to be Bucclnum vexlllum now known as Uarpu- llna arausaica Solander. The Portland Catalogue, printed in London in April 1786, Included a number of Volutes. A sales catalog embraced material to be sold for the account of Margaret Cavendish, Dowager Duchess of Portland, and is attributed to an anonymous compiler. Dall (Nautilus, 'vol. J>k , pages 97, 104, 1920) in his summary of the Portland Cata- logue did not refer to the description of aullca, probably due to the fact that it was not figured there. It was entered in the Catalogue as No. 4021 "A very fine spec- imen of Voluta aullca S. (Solander), a beau- tiful red clouded species of the wild music kind, its country unknown, unique." G. B. Sowerby, in the year 1825, prepared a catalogue of the shells contained in the collection of the Earl of Tankervllle which at that time was offered for sale at auction. In the Tankervllle Catalogue may be found several species of Voluta beauti- fully illustrated in hand colored plates. Here are four Scapha including the first figure of the present Aultca pulchra pulchra which lives on the Great Barrier Reef of Australia, also the first authentic figure of the present Aullca aullca. The latter was attributed to Solander by Sowerby who printed Solander 's manuscript description In the Tankervllle Catalogue. The manu- script was supplied by Broderip and orig- inated in the Sir Joseph Bank's library. G. B. Sowerby, Jr., monographed the family In the Thesaurus Conchyllorum under date of 1847. His descriptions, which were printed in both Latin and English, were somewhat longer than those of Reeve. Sower- by 's figures, although considerably reduced in size, are useful today, but unfortunately he failed to indicate dimensions in connec- tion with the illustrations. This fact somewhat lessens the value of his work. Lovell Reeve in the year 1849 pub- lished his monograph of the Voluttdae in the Conchologla Iconica. With the excep- tion of certain small species his illustra- tions are faithful portrayals of the vari- ous species. Reeve usually figured excep- tionally fine examples which are somewhat A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE misleading when compared with the average run of specimens. The publication of his monograph no doubt greatly stimulated In- terest In an already popular group. Many of the names he used then, Including maiel- lanica, ancllla, and pact f tea , have been shifted about or Included in the synonomy of the present day. The Adams Brothers, Henry and Ar- thur, In the Genera of Recent Mollusca, which appeared In London during I858, pro- posed four valuable genera or subgenera for the Voluttdae most of which are considered valid today. These are: Ztdona (which Is represented by the sole species and geno- type V. aniulata Solander), Alctthoe (since raised from subgenerlc to generic rank), Enaeta (since raised from subgenerlc to generic rank) . The Messers Adams also pro- posed the subgenus Ausoba as a repository for the present Aultca cymhtola, and the subfamily Zidoninae to contain the above- mentioned genus Ztdona, It appears best to ignore this latter subfamily designation until the soft parts of Z . ant ul at a are better known. Under the genus Valuta the Adams brothers list two well-known species, ehraea (spelled hebraea by them) and mustca. They also add a third, mustcalis Mart,, which incidentally is a fossil species oc- curring in the European Eocene. George W. Tryon, Jr., in I882 mono- graphed the Voluttdae in the Manual of Con- chology, published by the Academy of Natu- ral Sciences in Philadelphia. Like some of the early volumes in this series the shells figured are recognizable but the coloring often mi'sleadlng and crude. The descriptions also were too brief in many cases. Furthermore there is an indiscrimi- nate lumping of species and subspecies a policy hardly warranted with the meager ma- terial at hand for study. In 1890 there appeared, under the auspices of the Wagner Free Institute of Philadelphia, and In their transactions, William H. Dall's monumental work The Ter- tiary of Florida. Here the author gives a lengthy and extremely valuable account of the Voluttdae , its origin and facts con- cerning the formation of the shell. Dall offers a number of explanations covering certain details long neglected by earlier writers. One of the most interesting sub- jects discussed is that of the columella plaits and their use to the organism. The adductor muscle is in Voluta rather small at best. The plaits give an extension of the surface, and consequently a larger area of attachment for the muscle. This in turn is beneficial to the animal whose safety depends upon rapidly withdrawing within the shell upon the approach of danger. Deep- seated plications In other gastropod shells indicate a deeper seated adductor muscle. The origin of these characters might easily lead the student into paths of Investiga- tion which have hardly been touched. Any- one who has cleaned shells with strong plaits, particularly internal ones, knows how difficult it is to remove the soft parts entirely. This is due to the firm attach- ment of the muscle. The "best-known type" which Swain- son figured for his Scaphella was Voluta undulata . In I89O Dall accepted the common usage of Scaphella with Voluta junonia Hwass as the type. As a further considera- tion of Swainson's introduction of Scaphel- la and Cynbtola, Dall later (I907) objected to their being based on Voluta Junonta . His reasons were, while V. junonia was in- cluded among Swainson's species of Scaphel- la it is obvious to the careful student that it cannot be regarded as congeneric with the forms like V. undulata , which was the type of Scaphella and which was later named i4Moria by Gray; nor with the Cymblola group founded on V , vesperttl to , which in turn is the Scapha of Gray and Aultca of Adams and Crosse. Both of these groups have shelly protoconch of the subfamily Volutinae Crosse. Dall therefore consid- ered new generic, names necessary and 'pro- posed Maculopeplum (type V. junonia) to re- place the general use of Scaphella and Adelomelon (type V, ancilla) to replace that of Cymblola . Von Ihring did not accept these changes, because he did not have the necessary literature to verify them. Neither did they -appeal to Cossraann (I909, p. 205 et, seq.) who severely criticized Dall's action. Cossmann gave a revised summary of the family. He refused to recog- nize ^acuZopepZum , to replace the general use of Scaphella , on the grounds that Her- mannsen had "clearly designated V. junonia as type of Scaphella in 1845" and Adelomelon "because it remains to be explained to what genotype the name Cymbtola ought to be ap- plied, Hedley (I9l4) also Investigated the position of these genera, his conclusions being similar to Dall's except that he A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE gave V. maculata as the type of Scaphel la. According to Iredale Scaphella was proposed first by Swainson in the Zoolog- ical Illustrations (ser, 2, vol. 2, pt, 19, pi. 87, 1832), and Scaphella maculata was figured. Swainson however stated "Typical species Scaphella undulata, junonla, macu- lata, zebra. Aberant species Scaphella papillaris, elonCata"^" Hermannsen was within his rights in selecting (index Gen- erum Malacog. vol. 2, p. 423, 1848) as type V. Junonia Chemnitz especially as he gave the introduction of the genus above. Hed- ley was therefore incorrect in naming Scaphella maculata, now Amoria caroli Ire- dale, even though it were the figured spe- cies. Cymbiola was Introduced at the same time and place, the shell figured was named vespertilio. Swainson then wrote "The sec- ond or subtypical genus of the Volutes ap- pears to be represented by this common though elegant species, adding 'as we have deemed It as a generic appelatlon for the whole group we trust that those who may adopt our views will hereafter distinguish the V. cymbiola of Sowerby, now in the cab- inet of Mr. Broderip, by the name of Cym- biola brodertpia. ' " On the whole the adoption of Gray's genus Amoria, with the genotype of undulata, seems advisable on account of the confusion relative to Scaphella and the removal of certain species now grouped under Aurinia. Furthermore Adelomelon is now used to contain the new-world species formerly placed under Cymbiola. SUBFAMILIES Cossmann (1899) proposed six sub- families, Voluttnae, Homocoplocinae, Cym- binae, Zidonlnae , Volutobulbinae , and Loxo- plocinae, based on the shell characters alone. These proposals were not followed by Dall in his Revision of the American Volutidae (1907) where he used the subfam- ily divisions Volutinae and Caricellinae. In 1924 Dall gave reasons for discounting the Importance which he and other writers had attached previously to the protoconch as a means of classification. IMPORTANT CHARACTERS The shape of the nucleus is a val- uable guide in grouping related shells. Allowance must be made, however, for excep- tionally early or late calcification. When- ever a long series of individuals Is exam- ined adherence to a general form is apparent. The number of columellar plaits is variable but there are always fairly strict limits. Out of a dozen Alclthoe iracilis studied only one had other than four plaits. The anterior notch has considerable systematic value. A shallow notch Is a primitive character and deepening marks in- dicate evolutionary progress. The primitive sculpture of most of the New Zealand Volutes consist of strong, smooth, sharp axial ribs. Remains of an early spiral ornamentation are occasionally seen, but do not assume any Importance. Evolution from simple axial ornamentation may follow two paths; a. The costae may become angled and then tubercular. b. The costae may become obsolete and the shell have a smooth surface. Often a tendency is manifested to revert to axial costae or tubercles after a smooth stage has been reached. This is shown in the large examples of Alclthoe suiainsonl where the penultimate whorl is smooth but the body whorl shows a return to tubercles. Amoria vespertilio is fre- quently represented in warm seas of the Pa- cific by colonies of comparatively smooth shells. Occasional individuals possess shells with feeble tubercular processes. Under characters of the nucleus Dall states that in the very ancient Meso- zoic transition forms the larval covering was shelly and minute in size, like that of certain small land shells living today. In Mesozoic times reproduction depended upon a large number of small shell bearing larvae, rather than a small number of large ones. Dall calls attention to the term "papillose" apex which strictly speaking should be applied to the type of nucleus found in the genus Tudicla . Deshayes largely Ignored the nu- clear characters as exhibited by the Parisian Eocene Volutes and which possess peculiar and remarkable protoconchs. He illustrated these characters well but failed to attach any significance to their presence. Of the shelly nucleus there are several forms. The most common type Dall called the trochlform nucleus. It appears A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE conical or trochoid, polished, unaculptured and consisting of few whorls. Prom the trochoid evolved the puplform and the bulb- ous nucleus, the latter a variation of the trochlform In the planorbold coll. The enormous Cyiblum nucleus Is of trochoid type but greatly exaggerated and dome-like, being as large as the end of a pigeon egg. This Is characteristic of the genus Cymbium as contrasted with Cymba. A type of nucleus which begins with a horny protoconch is described by Dall from material obtained on a voyage of the Albatross while off Patagonia. The materi- al which formed the basis of this study consisted of ovlcapsules of Adelomelon maiellanlca. These were circular, about an Inch In diameter, with a flat base at- tached to a valve of Pec ten. The upper part of each capsule consisted of a rounded dome, exactly like the ovlcapsule of Volu- topsis from Alaska, and like that contain- ing two to four surviving larval shells. The apical point was found to be acutely conical, slightly twisted, and in the youngest specimen still retained some shreds of the extremely fragile membranous protoconch adhering to the first whorl. A deplorable fact is the habit of dealers who grind and polish every Volute they can put their hands on, with the re- sult that it is impossible to tell with ac- curacy what sort of nucleus the recent Volutes possess. Fossil shells are often much more satisfactory for purposes of study as no one considers that they are worth polishing, and therefore are left in the natural state. Many of the specimens in museums, even the National Collection, have been partially ruined, and students are warned when examining specimens to make due allowance for this damage. Otherwise conclusions drawn may be at variance with the truth. There is a great extension of the mantle in certain groups of the Volutidae. Thus there is deposited in some cases a coat of enamel over the entire shell as in Cypraea. A good example of this disposi- tion of enamel is Zidona aniulata. DISTRIBUTION In common with other abyssal mol- luscs the deep-water Volutes are already known to be rather widely dispersed. Among the deep sea forms are many isolated types which have been shifted about from one fam- ily to another. Those now retained in the Volutidae are generally known to be genuine members of this family, due to extensive anatomic studies of the soft parts. This applies to the genera Xeptuntopsis and Voluticorbts which so far have only been taken living off the Cape of Good Hope in moderate depths. The genus Volutomltra of Gray includes a small compact group, the two species being confined to Boreal Se^-S, one in the North Atlantic adjacent to Green- land and Iceland, the other species in or near Bering Sea in an average depth of 75 fathoms and extending southward in the Pa- cific to a point off San Diego, California, ' where it occurs at a depth of 822 fathoms. The range of the genus Valuta s.s. requires further study. In a general way the group is known to extend from the north coast of South America through the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, Valuta musica has been reported from th3 east coast of Florida but the specimen may be adventitious, and fur- ther records are required before it may safely be included In the fauna of that state. Valuta musica has, together with its various subspecies, been reported from the West coast of Africa as well as the Antilles. Valuta utrescens has been col- lected upon the shores of Texas while the large slender form of this species appears to be confined to the west coast of Africa. V. virescens varies greatly in size and this no doubt is largely due to peculiar environmental conditions rather than lati- tude. Shells of the musica type are said to be inhabitants of shallow water and may be sought for after dark among rocks e-x- posed at extreme low tide. Essentially an Atlantic genus Aurinia appears to be confined to American waters, chiefly in the region of the Carib- bean, The species occur at moderate depths and Include the well-known y4ur in ia junonia • Allied to this group is the genus Bathy - aurinia established by Clench and Aguayo in 1940 to include the species torrei and piratica. Bathyaurlnia has been obtained off Cuba in from 10 to around 265 fathoms. The genus, so far, has not been reported elsewhere but it is likely to occur gen- erally in Antillean waters. In the Cape Horn region and southern A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE shores of South America there occurs the genus Adelonelon a group of large and dis- tinctive shells. While certain species un- doubtedly extend upon the west coast of South America In Chile, the metropolis ap- pears to be that region bounded by the Straits of Magellan on the south and ex- tending northward to the mouth of the La Plata river and Brazil. The region of the Rio Negro mouth In Patagonia and Maldonado Bay In Uruguay have been cited as specific localities. Most of the speci- mens of Adelomelon in museum collections aj?e beach rolled shells. These were prob- ably casually collected by those who have gone ashore from ships for very brief peri- ods. This is true of many specimens con- tained in the National Collection. Mtomelon Is an Isolated genus liv- ing off the coast of Chile and was taken by the steamer Albatross in 677 fathoms. Only one example of the single living species has been obtained so far, although one or more fossil species exist. Boreomelon, a genus of cold water shells, occurs in deep water off Panama in the Pacific, also in Bering Sea and off Alaska, The genus Zidona living from Pata- gonia northward to Brazil is outstanding on account of the astonishing development of the mantle with resultant deposit of enamel upon the entire surface of "the shell. Another feature is the development of an apical spur which may extend more than an inch from the apex. The genera Tractollra and Enaeta are indigenous to Central and South Ameri- can waters, the former on the Pacific side, the latter on both the Pacific and Atlantic shores, also extending Into the Caribbean and possibly the Gulf of Mexico. The genus Lyria is perhaps more widely distributed than any other genus in the family. It lives in the Antilles, Japanese seas, Australasia, Indian Ocean, east coast of Africa, and elsewhere. The shells are mostly of small size and largely inhabit- ants of shallow water. Aullca, a genus containing shells with a large protoconch, is well represent- ed in Polynesia. The shells, furthermore, are large, colorful and often ornamented with numerous spines. The seas of Australasia are most prolific in providing the greatest assem- blage of Volutes. There the genus Amor I a is most characteristic, its representatives however not being confined to these seas but extending to New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia and into the Indian Ocean. Cottonia and Mamil lana (the latter living in the Bass Straits and elsewhere) together with Iredallna and Pachymelon (off New Zealand) are genera peculiar to these seas. Volutoconus appears to be confined to the waters of northwest Australia. In Australia, Polynesia and the Indian Ocean region the genus Cyitbium pro- vides the largest number of Individuals as representing the family. Some of these at- tain mammoth size being placed among the world's largest gastropods. The fauna of New Zealand, and adja- cent waters, constitutes a region generally considered a portion of Australasia. The genus Alclthoe which is here dominant reaches its greatest development in number of species and individual numerical superi- ority. It is significant that such an out- standing type should center in waters which are distinctly temperate. A parallel, the genus Adelomelon , is also most abundant in the cooler waters off the east coast of South America. Alclthoe belongs to the sub- family Volutinae and occurs also In Austra- lia, New Caledonia, and off South Africa. The genus Fnlioraria seems to favor Japanese seas as a center of distribution, while Earpul ina prefers the Indian Ocean. Off Kerguelen Island in I50 fathoms, more or less, lives the astonishing genus Provocator . Between Marlon Islands and the Crozets in I6OO fathoms the Challenger Ex- pedition also secured Guivillia during the year I88I and named later by Watson in his report. European seas and adjacent coasts of Africa provide the habitat of the genus Cymba which Is entirely peculiar to this region. The shells of this group are pro- vided with an enormous secondary nucleus. Cymba occurs In the Canaries and probably also lives off adjacent island groups. Halta is a highly specialized and interesting genus which occurs only in the Atlantic off the southern coast of Europe. It has been shifted from one family to an- other in the past but the evidence indi- cates It to belong in the present family. A REVIEW OJ" THE VOLUTIDAE FAMILY VOLUTIDAE Subfamily VOLUTINAE Genus VOLUTA (Llnn^) Lamarck 1799 valuta Lamarck, 1799, Prodrome, p. 70; sole ex. V . musica. Valuta (sp,) Llnn^: Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 729, 1758; ed. 12, p. 1186, 1766. Musica anonymous, Mus. Calonnianum, p. 18, 1797. Plejana Roedlng, Mus. Boltenlanum, p. 59, 1798. Volutarius Prorlep's, Trans, of Dumerll, Zool. Anal., p. 167, 1806. Barpula Swainson, Zool. Illust., p. 77> 1832, type V. ebraea. Hustca MSrch: Cat. Yoldl, p. 124, I852. Chlarosina Gray, In Adam's Genera Rec. Moll., 2, p. 617, 1858; sole ex. V. poliizonalls Lamarck, now V. virescens Solander. Volutolyria Crosse, J. de C, 25, p. 99, 1877. Fischer, Man. de C, p. 6IO, l88it. Genotype: Valuta musica L,lnn6. Range : Tropical and subtropical shores of the Atlantic, the Caribbean Seas and Gulf of Mexico, living; fossil, from the Eocene upward in the Tertiaries of Europe and Antillean region. Dall considered the Antillean re- gion to be the center of dispersion for this group. In Valuta musica and Valuta virescens, the nucleus is small, shelly, planorbold and smooth, while in Valuta ebraea is of the large bulbous type. Oper- culum present, horny. The early species of this group, which occur in the Eocene, resemble more closely the recent Lyria than the fully evolved Valuta. Voluta musica musica Linfie 1758 (Plate 1, Figure J>) Voluta musica Linne, Syst, Nat. ed. 10, p. 133, number 570, 1758. Lamarck: Prodr. Nouv. Class. Coq., p. 70, 1799. Reeve: Conch. Icon, plate 8, figs. l8a- l8d; plate 9, fig. l8e, 1849. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 85, plate 24, 1882. Wood:- Index Test., p. 107, spe- cies 147, plate 21, fig. l47, 1856. Chenu: Man. de Conch., p. I90, fig. 972, 1859. Alt. 50-92 mm, Eab. Antilles and adjacent waters. The range of V . musica musica and its various subspecies is known only in general way. Specific and accurate locality records, both in the Caribbean and upon African shores are desired. Krebs reported that the largest known specimens were taken on Margarita Island off the coast of Venezuela. Shell, buff or yellowish white under the usual brownish pattern, six or seven sub-spinose stout ribs at shoulder of whorl; nucleus dark brown; Interior of aper- ture usually white. This species, the music shell of early writers, was first given a binomial name by Linne. His references to figures include both the subspecies afterwards named by Lamarck carnealata and that which is re- garded as the typical. Voluta musica carneolata Lamarck I8II (Plate 1, Figure l) Voluta carneolata Lamarck. Ann. du Mus., 17, p. 67, 1811 ; Encycl. Meth., plate 379, fig. 4, 1780. Klener: species plate 29, fig. 2. Voluta musica var . corneal ata. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 219, plate 49, fig. 37, 1847. Valuta ruiifera Lamarck, (considered by Dall as pathological). Alt. (Sufficient material unavailable to determine average size.) Hab. Barbados (Rawson); Liberia (Osborne); A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE Porto Rico (Gundlach). Shell characterized by the pale, flesh-colored ground. Interspersed with markings of rose-orange and nucleus of con- trasting light amber color; narrower than V, muslca musica, usually smaller than V. musica thiarella. There are eight to eleven low ribs. Voluta musica damula Dall 1907 (unf Igured) Valuta musica namnla Dall, Smith. Misc. Coll., vol. 48, part 3, number I663, p. 347, 1907. Valuta musica, Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, pi. 49, fig. 42, 1847. Alt. 42 mm. (exclusive of nucleus). Hab. Curacao (Rawson). Shell small; eight or nine low ribs, slightly nodulous at the shoulder; nucleus, pale brown; ground color whitish with usual tracery; aperture livid pink or sometimes violaceous, with brown spots on outer lip and nine or ten plaits on the columella. This Is easily distinguished by Its pale coloration and small size. Voluta musica gulneensls Chemnitz 1795 (Plate 1, Figure 6) Voluta musica iuineensis Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., 11, plate 178, figs. 1717-18, 1795. Voluta iuinaica Lamarck, An. s Vert., ed. Deshayes, vol. 10, p. 395, 1844. Klener: species p. 26, plate 29, fig. 1. Voluta musica var. {valuta iuinaica Lamarck) Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, plate 49, fig. 38. Alt. (sufficient material unavailable to determine average size). Hab. Guinea, West Africa. The revolving color-lines are large- ly broken by Irregular blotches of dark chestnut-brown. Voluta musica laevigata Lamarck I8II (Plate 1, Figure 7) Voluta laevigata Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., 17, p. 67, I8II; Encycl. Meth., plate 379, fig. 2a-b, 1780. Voluta musica var. laevliata. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 219, plate 49, fig. 36, 1847. Alt. (sufficient material unavailable to determine average size). Hab. La Guayra, Venezuela, common (Bartle- man); "West Indies" (b. H. Wright). Shell oval with seven to nine low, hardly nodulous ribs; nucleus brown; sur- face yellowish color, with crowded dark zig-zag blotches, the parallel brown lines tending to become obsolete; spiral sculp- ture faint or absent In front of the suture and normal near canal; aperture yellowish pink; outer lip with brown spots, which sometimes project as nodules; columella with eight to thirteen plaits. Voluta musica pllcata Dlllwyn I817 (unfl-gured) Voluta plicata Dlllwyn, Desc. Cat. Rec. Shells, 1, p. 563, nimber 152, I817. Voluta sulcata Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., 17, p. 68, 1811. Chemnitz: Conch. Cab., 10, p. 151, plate 149, figs. l403-4, 1788. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 212, plate 53, fig. 87, 1847; not V. sulcata Gmelln, 1792 and probably not V. sulcata Lamarck, I788. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 84, plate 24, fig. 33, 1882. Alt. (sufficient material unavailable to determine average size). Hab. "West Indies" (Chamberlain). Hucleus pale in color; surface white, with fawn colored blotches; oval in shape, of much the same form as V. musica carneolata , ribs not nodulous at the suture, characterized by transverse grooves, from end of the last volution to the other. A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE Voluta muslca polypleura Crosse I876 (Plate 1, Figure 5) Voluta muslca var. polypleura Crosse, J. de C, 24, p. 163, plate 5, fig. 6, I876. Voluta polypleura. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 84, plate 24, fig. 34, I882. Voluta chlorosina Lamarck, may be refer- able to this subspecies. See Ann. Mus . Hist, Nat. (Paris) Vol. 17, p. 66, I8II. Alt. (sufficient material unavailable to determine average size). Hab. Antilles? Nucleus horn color; eleven plaits on the columella, of which three are feeble; aperture whitish. This subspecies differs from the others in the total absence of the brown lines which mimic a musical manu- script. Voluta muslca thlarella Lamarck (Plate 1, Figure 9) 1844 Voluta thiarel la Lamarck, An. s. Vert., ed. Deshayes, vol. 10, p. 592, 1844. Klener: species, p. 28, plate 28, fig. 1, I839. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 84, plate 24, fig. 5I, 1882. Voluta eloniata Chemnitz, has the spire ab- normally produced. Voluta nebulosa Lamarck, merely a color variety of this subspecies. Alt. (sufficient material unavailable to determine average size). Hab. West Africa. In V. muslca thlarella the spire is well produced. Examination of a long series of individuals will determine the advisability of retaining this name as a valid subspecies. Voluta muslca typica Lamarck I8II (unf igured) Valuta typica Lamarck, A. du M., 17, p. 66, I8II; Encycl. Meth., plate 38O, fig. 1, 1780. Bonnani, Recreatlo Ment , et Ocul., 2, p. 155, fig. 297, 1684 (cited by Linne). Sowerby: Thes, Conch., p. 211, plate 49, fig. 40, 1847. Alt. (sufficient material unavailable to determine average size). Hab. Tobago, West Indies (Rawson). Shell short, wide, buff or yellow- ish white under the usual brownish tracery, with six or seven subspinose stout ribs at the shoulder of the whorl; nucleus dark brown; sparse spiral sculpture near the canal only; Interior of the aperture usual- ly white; outer lip with black spots, pil- lar lip with nine to eleven plaits. (Dall) Voluta ebraea Linne 1758 (Plate 1, Figure 8; Plate 2, Figures 11, I5) Voluta ebraea Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 733, number 372, 1758; ed. 12, p. 1194. Hanley, Conch. Linn., p. 233. Reeve: Conch. Icon., plate 9, figs. 20a, 20b, 1849. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 84, plate 24, fig. 37, 1882. Voluta hehraea Gmelln, Syst. Nat., 6, p. 3461, 1792. Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., 17, p. 65, number 20, I8II. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 211, number 43, plate 54, figs. 95, 96, 1847. Buccinum coronatum Martyn, Univ. Conch., 2, plate 83, 1786. Voluta turbinata Klener: Icon., Voluta, p. 19, plate 26, fig. 2, I839. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 84, plate 24, fig. 40, 1882 (considered by Tryon to be a subspecies). Alt. 90-150 mm. Hab. Jamaica (Martini); Pernambuco et Maceio, Brazil, common (Greeley); West Africa (Carpentler, Rich, McGuire, Stearns); Madagascar (Humphrey). Nucleus (see Plate 26, Figure I8I) consisting of three whorls; more or less double-shouldered; suture impressed, slightly crenulated; post-nuclear whorls about foiir; growth lines irregular, but occasionally well defined; five, very con- spicuous, oblique, anterior plaits and about six feeble posterior plaits upon the A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE columella; aperture more capacious than In K. mus tea musica - Voluta vlrescens Solander, I786 (Plate 1, Figures 2, k; Plate 2, Figure 12) Vol'ita virp.scens Solander, Port. Cat., p. 26, number 6IO; p. I36, number 320; p. 174, number 3751, I786. Martini: Conch. Cab., 3, p, 243, plate 97, figs. 932-3, 1777. Ball: Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 18, p. 146, 1899. Reeve: Conch. Icon., pi. 9, fig. 19,* 1849. Tryon: Man. Conch, vol. 4, p. 84, pi. 24, figs. 35. Smith: East Coast Marine Shells, . p. 127, plate 51, fig. 10. Valuta polyzonalis Lamarck: Ann. du Mus., 17, p. 68, no. 27, 1811; Encycl. Meth., 11, P- 379, figs. la-b. Sowerby: Thes. Conch, vol. 1, p. 212, pi. 52, figs. 77, 78. Huric I formes cant ine los'is Meuschen: Mus. Severs., p. 326, I787. Voluta f'liva Lamarck: Ann. du Mus., I7, p. 68, no. 28, 1811; Encycl. Meth., ii, pi. 382, figs. 3a-b (bleached specimen). Voluta pnsio Swainson, Zool. Illust., vol. 2, plate 181, 1831. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 213, plate 55, fig. 119- Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 84, plate 24, fig. 36, 1882. Alt. up to 62 mm. Hab. Mesquital, Texas, south to Nicaragua (Fluck), to Sabanilla and Carthagena, United States of Columbia (Schoot); West Africa (Ward), Guinea coast, etc. Nucleus whitish; about twelve, mod- erately strong plaits upon the columella, some of which are ill-defined, particular- ly the posterior four, which are slightly oblique. The young shell Is strongly spirally sulcata, a character gradually lost. An example in the collection of the author is buff colored, spotted with choc- olate-brown. Genus LYRIA Gray 1847 Lvria Gray, 1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. l4l : type V. n-iclp'is Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., 17, p. 73, I8II; not Liria Gray, Phil. Mag. and Journ., 1824. Otochpll'is Conrad: Amer. Journ. Conch., 1, p. 24, 1865, figd. species Pul ^oraria mississippiensis Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2nd series, 1, p. 119, plate 13, fig. 1, 1848. Harpella Gray; in Adam's Genera Rec. Moll., vol. 2, p. 618, 1858; V. coptata Swain- son, not Solander, equal V. anna Lesson; not Harpella Schrank, 1802, Lepidoptera. Genotype: V. nucleus Lamarck. Range: Widely distributed in tropical seas, including the Antilles, Australa- sia and the Indian Ocean. The group is of ancient origin, being represented by related forms in the upper cretaceous of India and the earliest Eocene of America. Like Voluta s.s., the animal possesses an operculum. From Voluta, the radula teeth are distinguished by the presence of few cusps. The out- standing shell character is the shelly nu- cleus, which is small and usually simple. Certain species including the Miocene Lyrla zebra Heilprln and others from the Eocene, possess the bulbous type nucleus. Lyria beauii Fischer and Bernardi I857 Plate 2, Figure 16) oluta beauii Fischer and Bernardi, Jour, de Conchyllologie, vol. 5, p. 296, pi. 9, figs. 1, 2 (not pi. 10 as cited in vol. 8, p. 108 d.f. Tryon: Man. Conch., , 31, fig. 137, 1882. text). Jour. Mai. Lyria beaui F. and B. vol. 4, p. 102, pi Alt. 70, dlam. 30 mm. (holotype). Hab. Islet of Marle-Galante, near Guada- loup. West Indies (Beau). T)all, In his papers, omitted reference to Reeve's figure of this species In the Conchologla loonlca possibly because he suspected that the shell Illustrated represents a different race or species from virescens . An anatomic study of both Antlllean and African examples will eventually determine any ex- isting differences. It may be found advisable to retain the name pusto as a subspecies. It was Indi- cated as a wider and shorter form than typical viresce.ns . Swainson type of pusio was apr^arently a worn specimen. 10 A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE Coquille allongee, fuslforrae, brlllante, sollde, pourvue de cotes longgl- tudinales assez peu marquees; d'un jaune rose, ornee de llgnes transversales brunes, Interrompues et rapproachees; soramet petit, obtu3, blanc; suture lin^alre; 8-9 tours de spire, subanguleux en arriere; dernier tour plus grand que le rests de la spire, renfle vers le centre, att^nue en avant; columelle un peu concave, charges de plls, dont 3 princlpaux en avant; peristome arque, l^gerement r6flechi en dehors, epaissi en dedans, blanchatre et marqu^ de taches brunes a son bord llbre; ouverturs allonges, lanceol^s; canal assez court. Lyrla cassldula (Reeve) 1849 (Plats 2, Figurs 13) Vol'ita cas'^ Irin 1 a Reeve, Conch. Icon., plate 22, figs. 60a-b, 1849. Sowerby: Thes, Conch., vol. 3, 1st suppl., p. 270, plate 11, (Thes. plate 260), fig. 130, 1864, Hlrase: A Collection of Jap. Shells., plats 112, fig. 4, 1936. Lpf-ia cassii^'ila . Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 103, plats 31, fig. 138, 1882. Alt. 25 to 57 mm. Hab. Japan. The sculpture is more delicate than in L. nucleus, while the longitudinal ribs terminate at the suture in such a manner as to give a crpwned appearance to the spire. Lyria delsssertiana (Petit) 1842 (Plate 2, Figure 10) Voluta fip.lepsertiana Petit, Mag. de Zool., plate 57, 1842. Reeve: Conch. -Icon. , plate 3, figs. 5a-b, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 2l6, plate 52, figs. 73, 74. Lyria 'ip 1 essp.rt iana . Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 103, plate 3I, fig- l40, 1882. Maxwell Smith: World-Wide Sea Shells, p. 67, fig. 895, 1840. Lyria ripjessprtii Petit.: Chenu, Man. de Conch, p. 190, fig. 979, 1859. Alt. 50-56 mm. Hab. Tiger Bay and Nosse-Be, north coast of Madagascar. Five post-nuclear whorls; ground color creamy white suffused with salmon- pink; surface covered with regularly placed, rounded, longitudinal ribs, the interspaces of equal size, filled with parallel inter- rupted incised lines; about twenty-one ribs upon body whorl; sixteen plaits of varying size upon the columella, the anterior being the strongest, small granular processes ad- jacent to the terminations of the plaits; fairly prominent posterior canal; shell broadly extended beyond outer lip. Lyria dellclosa (Montrouzier ) 1859 (Plate 2, Figure 18) Voluta dplicio^a Montrouzier, J. de C, 2nd ssriss, 375, I859. Sowsrby: Thes. Conch., vol. 3, 1st. suppl., p. 270, plate 11, (Thes. plate 260), fig. I3I. Lyria del iciosa . Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 102, plate 3I, figs. I33-I35, 1882. Alt. 25-30 mm. Hab. New Caledonia, Ground color yellowish white, with numerous incised spiral linss, more or less interrupted and most prominent anteriorly; suture puckered; spirs with many longitudi- nal ribs, which tend to flatten out upon the body whorl; nucleus livid flesh color; 3 columellar plaits which are strongsst within, vsry faint plaits upon posterior two- thirds. Lyria lyraeformls (Broderip) (Plate 2, Figure 20) Vol'ita lyrae formis Broderip, Zool. Journ., vol. 3, p. 83, plate 3, fig. 3- Reeve; Conch, Icon., plate 20, fig. 48, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. plate 49, figs. Conch., p. 190, Hi t ra lyrae formis . T. 54. Lyria lyrae forni s . Conch., vol. 1, 45, 46. Chenu, fig. 978, 1859. Swainson, Zool, p. 217, Man . de must.. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 103, plate 3I, fig. l4l, 1882, Maxwell Smith, World-Wide Sea Shells, p. 67, fig. 897, 1940. A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 11 Alt. 93 mm. Hab. East coast of Africa, Spire much produced; five and one- half whorls; columella possessing many folds which extend more or less over the ribs or plaits, of which the anterior are the largest. Lyria multicostata (Broderip) 1827 (Plate 2, Figure 1?) Vol'ita multicostata Broderip, Zool, Journ,, vol, 3, plate 3, fig, 2, p. 82, 182?. Volvta mlt raeformis Lamarck, An. s. Vert,, ed, Deshayes, vol. 10, p, 404, 1844, Reeve: Conch, Icon., plate 3> figs. 7a-b, 1849. Tryon: Man. Conch,, vol, 4, p, 103, plate 31, fig. l43, 1882. Voluta mitriformis Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 216, plate 52, figs, 8l, 82; plate 55, fig. 109. Alt, 50-60, dlam, 26-30 mm. Hab, Australian and Javan Seas; common in South Australia, alive on sandbars near low tide at Outer Harbor, Longitudinal ribs less numerous than in L. dp} pssertiana , ribs crossed with spiral bands of chestnut-brown color, to- gether with blotches of the same color; five whorls, excluding the nucleus; suture deep, undulated, somewhat crowned by rib terminations; three major, anterior plaits upon columella and numerous lesser posteri- or ones. Surface generally flesh color with squarish patches. Lyria nucleus (Lamarck) 1844 (Plate 3, Figure 32) Voluta nucleus Lamarck, An. s. Vert., ed. Deshayes, vol. 10, p, 405, 1844, Sower- by: Thes, Conch,, vol, 1, p, 2l8, plate 55, fig. 116, Reeve-: Conch, Icon,, plate 18, figs. 4la-b, 1849. Lyria n'/clpus. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol.4, p, 105, plate 31, fig- 136, 1882, Voluta per^iicina Schubert and Wagner. Alt, 25 to 30 mm, Hab, North Australia, Nucleus usually very deep flesh color; six post-nuclear whorls; longitudi- nal ribs most prominent upon the spire, well rounded, the Interspaces narrower and often filled with several parallel lines. upon the body whorl; two primary and one secondary anterior plaits upon columella and numerous weak plaits upon the posterior two-thirds; shell pinched anteriorly and forming a keeled shoulder outside the an- terior canal. Lyria queketti Edgar A. (Unfigured) Smith 1901 Voluta (Lyria) qup.ketti E. Mai, Soc. London, vol. 1901, Alt. 37, dlam. 17 mm. A. Smith, Proc, 4, p, 234, May, Hab, Taken from the stomach of a fish caught in 40 fathoms about 10 miles from Durban, Natal (Quekett). Shell ovate- fusiform, solid, pale flesh color, spotted with red; low longi- tudinal ribs and transverse striae upon whorls, suture deep, the last whorl provid- ed with eleven or twelve longitudinal ribs; aperture elongate, interior light rose color, labrum thickened internally and ex- ternally, margin acute; columella with five plaits. This species is allied to l. deles- sertiana but is smaller, having one whorl less and stouter and fewer costae, which becomes obsolete anteriorly. The charac- teristic transverse red lines of i, deles- sertiana are entirely wanting in the pres- ent species, while the columellap plaits are only five in number, instead of fif- teen or more. Faint traces of two addi- tional folds are just observable when the shell is closely examined. Section HARPEOLA Dall I907 Harpeola Dall, Smith. Misc. Coll. vol. 48, p. 350, 1907. Type: "voluta" anna Lesson. Shell like Lyria s.s. but with a channeled suture and' shallow posterior sul- cus. 12 A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE Lyria anna (Lesson) I832 (Plate 2, Figure l4) Vol'ita anna Lesson, Illustrations de Zoo- logie, May, I832. yol'tta costata Swalnson (not Solander) Journ., vol. 17, p. 53 • Reeve: Conch. Icon. pi. 21, fig. 51, 1849. harpy J a harpa Swalnson: Exotic Conch. Vol'ita harpa Deshayes (not of Barnes). Vol'ita lyratc. Sowerby. Alt. 54 mm. Hab. Moluccas and adjacent seas. Shell oblong-ovate, spire rather short, turrlted, somewhat sharp at apex; whorls smooth or very minutely decussately striated, grooved at base, depressly flat- tened at suture, then longitudinally ribbed, ribs regular, rounded, pointed at the up- per extremity; columella many plaited, the three anterior distinct, the remainder small, almost obsolete; surface white, pro miscuously sparingly spotted and lineated with light saffron red color. Genus ENAETA H. and A. Adams l853 Enaeta H. and A. Adams, Genera of Rec. Moll., II, p. 167, 1853; first species Vol'ita cnm'ifi Broderip: Gray, Guide Moll. B. M., p. 34, 1857; sole ex. cited Liria harpa Barnes, equal Vol'ita harpa Barnes non Lamarck, equal Vol'ita harnpsi I Gray. Genotype: Enaeta barnesil Gray Hab. American waters, both Atlantic and Pacific shores. Shell of small size, heavy, with an operculum similar to Lyria. From the latter genus, the species differ by the denticulation of the outer lip inside the aperture. When adult there is often one dominant denticle near the center of the lip. Enaeta archerl (Angas) I865 (Plate 3, figs. 21, 27) Vol'ita archpri Angas, P. Z. S. London, 1865, p. 55, pl. 11, figs. 4, 5. Lyria archerl. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol.4, p. 104, pl. 31, fig. 144, 1882. Alt. 32 mm. Hab. Antilles at Montserrat (archer) and Martinique. Shell ovate, solid, somewhat re- curved at base, • longitudinally strongly lirate-costate, the ribs obtuse, slightly sinuous, at the margin small, gradually vanishing, the interstices smooth; pale corneous-brown, the Interstices brown, the ribs ornamented with a thin chestnut line; spire somewhat acuminate; whorls six, a little convex, above maculate Irregularly with brown; aperture oblong, rather narrow, scarcely two-thirds the length of the shell, pale fleshy within; lip thickened, strongly varicose, toothed within, the margin rather thin, ornamented with black dots; columella three- folded at base, and sculptured above with numerous folds. Enaeta barnesil (Gray) I825 (Plate 2, Figure 19 ) Valuta barnesil Gray, Zool. Jour. 1, p. 511, note in errata, I825. Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advanc. Scl. for I863, p. 554. Vol'ita harpa Barnes, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 1, p. 139, pl. 9, fig. 4, 1823: not V. harpa Lamarck, Ann. du Mus . , 7, p. 74, I8II; nor of Mawe, Linn. Syst. of Conch., frontplece, fig. 2, I823, Chenu, Man. de Conch, p. 19O, fig. 977, 1859. Lyria harpa Barnes, Maxwell Smith: World- Wide Sea Shells, p. 67, fig. 896, 1940. Alt. 35 mm. Hab. Peruvian coast, northward to Cape St. Lucas, Lower California. The acute spire, when in fine con- dition, is the most important character of this species; the ribs are smooth and ar- cuate in contrast to the tubercular sculp- ture off. c'lnin^i. These two species bear similar color patterns. A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE 15 Enaeta cnmlngi (Broderlp) I852 (Plate 3, Figure 2k) Vol'ita C'imingi Broderlp, P.Z.S, London, 1832, p. 33. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., 1, p. 213, pi. 55, figs. 105-107, 184?. Tryon: Man. Conch, vol. 4, p. 104, pi. 31, fig. 146; Am. Jour. Sci., 49, p. 22? Lyria (Enaeta) cvmin^l H. and A. Adams, Gen, Rec. Moll., 1, p. 167, 1853. Gray: P.Z.S. London, 1855, p. 62. Alt. 25-37 mm. Hab. Magdalena Bay, Lower California, southward to Peru. Type locality: Gulf of Ponseca in 9 fathoms. There are two rows of blunt yet prominent nodules upon the body whorl and one row Immediately above the suture. The latter is lightly impressed; outer lip well expanded and thickened posteriorly. Enaeta cyllenif ormis (Sowerby) (Plate 3, Figure 22) Valuta cijll unlf ormis Sowerby, Thes. Conch, p. 214, pi. 55, figs. 112-113. Conch., vol. 4, p. 104, 147. ci'l leni formis , H, and A. Rec. Moll. p. 167, 1853. ,S. London, 1855, p. 6I. Tryon: Man. pi. 31, fig. Ll/.ria (Enaeta) Adams : Gen . Gray : P . Z . Alt. 18 mm. Hab. Florida Straits near Bahama Banks. Shell small, thick, rather smooth, whitish, sprinkled with small yellowish specks; 6 whorls which are contracted pos- teriorly, granose at the sutures, longi- tudinally ribbed anteriorly; last whorl large and emteriorly transversely striated; canal reflected; outer lip externally thickened, its internal edge furnished with a small tooth, columella anteriorly fur- nished with three small teeth. Enaeta gulldlngil (Sowerby) 1844 (Plate 3, Figure 23) Vol'ita C'lildin^ii Sowerby, Proc. Z.S. Lon- don, 1844, p. I5I; Thes. Conch., 1, p. 214, pi. 55, figs. 110, 111, 1847. Lyria (Enaeta) ^'lildineii. H. and A. Adams: Gen. Rec. Moll. 1, p. 167, 1853. Crosse: J. de C. l4, p. II5, 1866. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 105, pi. 31, fig. 148. Alt. 12.5 mm. Hab. St. Vincent, B.W.I. (Guildlng) In this species there are six plaits upon the columella, the three ante- rior ones distinct. The surface is dark purple-brown in color, promiscuously paint- ed with a few red spots. Enaeta tulldin^ii and E . reeve i are the smallest of the group. Enaeta pedersenii Verrill I87O (Unfigured) Enaeta pedersenii Verrill, Amer. Jour, n. sp., 49, p. 226, 1870. Tryon: Conch., vol. 4, p. 104. Alt. 25 mm. Sci., Man. Hab. La Paz, west Mexico. This species is said to differ from f . cmin^i by having fine longitudinal stri- ation over the whole surface and also trans- verse sculpture upon the upper whorls. It Is also a more slender shell. Enaeta reevel Dall I907 (Plate 2, Figure 18A) Valuta i'tttata Reeve, Conch. Icon. pi. 22, fig. 56, December 1849; not of Dlllwyn. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 3, p. 27O, pi. 11 (Thes. pi. 260) fig. 122. Lvrla guttata Crosse, J. de C, 14, p. Il4, 1866. Enaeta reevei Dall, Rev. Amer. Volutldae, p. 353, 1807. Alt. 18 Hab. Honduras (Dyson). Shell pyramidally oblong, thick, a little recurved at base, spire acuminated, rather sharp at apex; whorls pllcately ribbed, ribs gradually fading away; 1^ A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE columella with numerous plaits, two or three anterior most distinct. Genus NEPTUUIOPSIS Sowerby I898 Septuniopsis Sowerby, I898, Marine Invest. South Africa, no. 5> ?• 5- Genotype: Xeptuniopsis iilchrtst i Sowerby. Range: Off Cape of Good Hope. Shell elongated posteriorly, with ovate body- whorl J nucleus large, bulblform; aperture rather large, lip slightly re- flexed; columella simple, without plaits; operculum much smaller than the aperture, oblong, horny, with the nucleus at the an- terior extremity. Head with large conical tentacles, widely diverging, bearing the eyes on an expansion of their postero external margin; snout rather long, apparently not Introvert- Ible. Between the muscular foot and the snout a soft prominence Is present probably marking the opening of a pedal gland. Foot large, oblong, double edged In front. An- terior siphon well developed. In the char- acter of the gill, the osphradlum, and mu- cous gland, as well as In the position of the anal, genital and renal orifices, this form Is Indistinguishable from Valuta. The oesophagus, stomach and Intes- tine form a simple U-shaped bend, and re- semble those of Valuta and other proso- branchs. An enormous appendix to the oesophagus entirely fills up the anterior body cavity. No peculiarities are present- ed by the heart or genital organs. The nervous system at first sight seems to resemble that of Valuta and Can- cellarla , the sub-lntestlnal ganglia curv- ing round under the oesophagus, and con- necting the left with the right pleural. It however differs from these two genera In the relation of the supra- intestinal ganglia, and in this respect more nearly approaches the Buccinidae . Operculum oblong, horny, dark brown with nucleus at the extremity; exterior marked with faint concentric laminae; and with a longitudinal depression In the middle; in- terior roughly corrugated, with a shining cartilaginous border. Radula: A single series of tricuspid teeth, no laterals. The external characters of the soft parts are not at all suggestive of the Volutidae } for example, the presence of a large, functional operculum, an uncommon feature In this family, being present only in the genus Lyria and closely related genera. The nervous system closely paral- lels the Volutoid type; the intestinal* ganglion indicates a position somewhat in- termediate hetveen Ad e lame I on ancilla and Cymba pepa . Neptunlopsls gilchrlsti Sowerby I898 (Plate 3, Figures 29, 50, 31) fleptuniopsis illchristi Sowerby, Marine Invest, in South Africa, number 5, pp. 5- 7, plate, fig. a- shell; be- operculum; d- radula, I898. M. P. Woodward, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 4, p. 120, plate 10, figs. 2, 5, 11, 13, 14 (anatomy). Pace, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 5, p. 25, (anatomy and radula). Alt. 165, dlam. 57 mm. Hab. Off Cape of Good Hope in 53 fathoms. Shell elongately ovate, of light substance, rather thin, semi-transparent; of a light pinkish buff-color throughout, covered with a very thin, fine texture olive-brown epidermis; spire rather long, nucleus large, rounded at the base and ris- ing to a blunt point at the summit, slight- ly tortuous, having much the form of a tulip-bulb; whorls (exclusive of the nu- cleus) 6, moderately and regularly convex, smooth, longitudinally very finely stri- ated, the striae being rendered somewhat by coarser growth lines; spirally very finely wrinkle-striated; suture Impressed; last whorl ovate, about equal in length to the spire, attenuated and slightly produced at the base, but not rostrate; aperture slight- ly expanded, columella rather straight, without folds or plaits, columella, covered with a thin effused enamel of the same color as the rest of the shell; outer lips slight- ly reflexed at the margin. Operculum oblong, horny, dark brown with nucleus at the extremity; exterior marked with faint concentric laminae; and with a longitudinal depression in the mid- dle; Interior roughly corrugated, with a shining cartilaginous border. Radula very A REVIEW OP TBE VOLUTIDAE small, with a single series of oblong, lat- erally arcuate teeth, with three propor- tionally large sharply angular cusps, which are nearly equal; no side teeth. Except for the bulb-like protoconch the shell might easily be taken for a spe- cies of Heptunea (Roeding). The operculum is similar to Fuslnus except that it is smaller than the aperture. The description of the soft parts here given was prepared by Martin F. Woodward, then secretary of the Malacological Society of London. Genus VOLUTICORBIS Dall I89O Voluticorbis Dall, Trans. Wag. Free Inst. Phila. vol. 3, p. 75, I89O. Volutil ithes, Swalnson: (part) Malac. Treatise, p. 318, 1840. Zool. Illust. 1831, series 2, vol. 2, pi. 53, fig. 2. Eopsephaea, Fischer: Man. de Conch., p. 607, 1883. Genotype: Valuta li mops is Conrad (Eocene). Range: Off Cape of Good Hope. Voluticorbis abysslcola (Adams and Reeve) (Plate 3, Figure 25) Valuta abyssicola Adams and Reeve, Zool. "Samarang" Moll., p. 25, plate 7, fig. 6 (young). Reeve: Conch. Icon., vol. 6, plate 22, figs. 58a-b (young) 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 3, 1st. suppl. p. 270, plate 11 (Thes. plate 260), fig. 124 (young). Chenu: Man. de Conch., p. 190, fig, 98O, 1859, (young), von Martens: Sudafrik Moll., Jahrb., deutsch, malak, Gesellsch, 1874, p. 140. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 100, plate 29, fig. 120 (young) 1882, Volutilithes abi/ssicola Adams, Genera Rec. Moll., vol. 1, p. 167; vol. 2, p. 618; vol. 3, plate 17, fig. 8. Kobelt : Cat. Valuta, Jahrb., deutsch malak, Gesellsch, 1877, p, 312, Watson: Prelim, Rep., part 12, Journ. Linn. Soc. London., vol. 16, p. 327. Voyage H.M.S. Challenger, part Gastropoda, p. 258, plate 15, flg.l (adult). Kobelt: Illust. Conchylien- buch, plate 22, fig. 8 (young). M. P. Woodward: Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 4, p. 121, plate 10, figs. 4-8, 10, 12 15 (anatomy), S, Pace: Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 5, p. 28 (external charac- ters of animal). Maxwell Smith: World- Wide Sea Shells, p, 65, fig. 871, 1940. Alt. 37-90 mm, Hab. Off Cape of Good Hope in 9O-I32 fathoms , Apex small, eroded; eight whorls, flatly convexed, very slightly shouldered below the suture; suture very oblique and strongly marked; about seventy longitudi- nal riblets or flatly rounded threads fol- lowing the lines of growth, which last score the whole surface, thirty to forty rather high and broader spiral threads cov- ering the whole surface, entire surface fretted with fine, microscopic scratches; aperture small for the genus, long and nar- row, with small, open anterior canal; out- er lip with many close set, equal, short, narrow teeth; inner lip spread in a broad thin glaze across the body, slightly oblique, with (about the middle) eight to ten larger or smaller teeth somewhat ir- regularly distributed. Section TERNIVOLUTA E. von Martens- 1897 Ternlvoluta Martens, Archiv. fur Naturge- schichte, 63rd year, vol. 1, p. I77, 1897. Type: Valuta (Ternivaluta) studeri von Martens. Range: East Australia. Shell smooth, glossy, with a blunt shoulder angle and moderately projecting spire, and smooth, globular and not very large apex; four rather strong, very oblique columellar folds. Three developed tooth-plates in each row of the radula. Volutocorbis studeri E. von Martens 1897 (Unfigured) Valuta {Ternlvoluta) studeri E. von Mar- tens, Archiv. fur Naturgeschichte, 63rd year, vol. 1, p. 177, pl. 17, fig. 2, 1897. 16 A REVIEW OF VOLUTIDAE Alt. 50, dlam. 22 mm, Hab. East Australia at a depth of 36 fathoms, expedition of the Gazelle, Shell fusiform-oblong, subrostrate- tapering below, rather thin, sculptured with a series of shoulder nodules and very fine spiral striae, stronger at the base; glossy; pale flesh colored marked with nar- row, vertical, somewhat flexuous lines. Spire rather produced, coronate-contabulate; the apex globose, smooth, obliquely coiled, small. Vfhorls six, slightly concave below the suture. Aperture narrow, the out^r margin thickened, white, columellar margin having four large and three smaller some- what alternating very oblique folds. Throat yellowish. Translated from German. Genus CALLIOTECTUM Dall I889 Calliotectum , Dall, Proc. U.S, Nat, Mus. vol. xii, p. 304, 1889. Genotype: calliotectum vernlcosum Dall. Range: Abyssal, off Ecuador and Galapagos. Shell with vernicose epidermis, short, undifferentiated canal and no anal notch or fasciole; operculum with apical nucleus, increasing like that of Fnsinus , but curved Instead of straight, though not coiled; animal blind, with a short sac-like proboscis, with no teeth or poison gland. Calliotectum vernicosum Dall I889 (Plate 25, Figure 172) Calliotectum vernlcosum Dall, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., vol. xii, p. 304, pi. 5, fig- 8, 1889. Alt. 48, diam. 19 mm. Hab. Station 2T93, Albatross Exp., off coast of Ecuador, in 74l fathoms, mud, and Station 2807, near the Galapagos Islands, In 812 fathoms, coral mud; tem- peratures in both cases 38.4°F. Shell slender, fusiform, covered with a brilliant chestnut-brown closely adherent epidermis; whorls seven, without the nucleus, the tip more or less eroded in all the specimens, though living when taken; whorls slightly rounded, not inflat- ed; sculpture chiefly of fine, subequal, flattened, narrow, slightly flexuous trans- verse plaits, which on the earlier whorls reach forward to the suture, but on the later ones become obsolete near the periph- ery, and tend to disappear altogether near the aperture on the last whorl of the adult shell; these plaits are separated by nar- rower rather deep grooves, and end at the suture behind rather bluntly, though they can hardly be said to coronate it; there are thirty- five or forty of the plaits on the penultimate whorl; suture very distinct, slightly channeled, but not deep; there is no anal fasciole; the aperture is shaped like a melon-seed, the outer lip evenly arched, projecting somewhat in front of the periphery, not thickened or reflected, and with no constriction for a canal; body and pillar without callus; the columella straight, very slender, not recurved; si- phonal notch extremely shallow, hardly dif- ferentiated from the aperture; interior of the aperture polished, smooth, dark brown, the pillar livid white or flesh color; siphonal fasciole, none; lines of growth not prominent, the surface showing obscure faint spiral striae or scratches, but no spiral sculpture. The soft parts are mostly yellow- ish white. The foot is wide, rounded-acute behind, double-edged and slightly aurlcu- late in front. The proboscis is small and short. The animal appears to be edentulous. The figure, though accurate as far as the form is concerned, gives very little idea of the beauty of the brilliant brown epidermis and sharply incised sculpture. Dall placed this genus under the Pleurotomidae (now known as Turririae) but Thiele removed it to the present family, placing it near Iredalina another genus in which the shells lack columellar plaits. The above description is taken from Dall's paper. Genus FUSIVOLUTA von Martens 1902 Pusiuoluta E, von Martens, Sitzungs beichte der Gesellschaft Natur Preunde zu Ber- lin, p, 237, 1902. A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE .17 Genotype: Valuta (fusivoluta) anomala von Martens. Range: Off Somallland, East Africa. Fusivoluta anomala von Martens (Dnfigured) 1902 Valuta (Fusivoluta) anomala von Martens, Sltzungs belche der Gesellschaft Natur Prexinde zu Berlin, p. 257, 1902, Thiele: Handbuch der System, Weichtier- kunde (figure included). Alt. 70, diam. 20 mm. Hab. "Ost-Afrika, an der Somalikuste, in 463 m Tiefe'.' The orignal description is as fol- lows: Testa fuaiformi-turrita, gracilis, imperforata, plicis verticalibis suturam superiorum non attlngentlbus, superne sub- nodiformlbus, in anfr. ultimo prope aper- turum evanescentibus, et libris spiralibus confertis, in anfr. penultimo circa 17 con- spicuis, nonnullis duplicatis sculpta, rufescentigrisea, unicolor; apex obliquus, papillaeformis; anfractus 7, primus laevis, globosus, sat magnus, sequentes duo sub- aequales, plicis abbreviatis exiguis sculp- ti, ceteri regulariter crescentes, ultimus basi sensim attenuatus. Apertura lanceo- lata, sat angusta, margine externo recto, integro, parlete aperturali et margine columellari laevibus, non plicatus, rufes centibus, canali breviusculo. Late aperto, retrorsiim paulum ascendente, fauce pone marginem externum aurantio-limbata. Genus VOLUTILITHES Swalnson I85I Volutillthes Swainson, "Zoological Illus- trations" 1851, ser. 11, vol. 11, no. 12; also A Treatise on Malacology, 1840. Sopsephaea Paul Fischer: Manuel Conchyllo- logle, 1883, p. 607. Genotype: Valuta murtcina Lamarck (Eocene, common to the Anglo- Paris Ian basin). Distribution In time: Cretaceous (Turon- lan) to Tertiary (Eocene). Volutillthes muricina Lamarck I83I (Plate 25, Figure 177) Voluta muricina Lamarck, Zoological Illus- trations, 1831, ser. 2, vol. 11, no. 12, pi. 53, fig. 1. Volutillthes muricina Lamarck. R. Bullen Newton: Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol, 7, p. 100, April, 1906 (figured pi, 12, figs, 1 and l). Alt, 65 mm, Hab. Apparently from Grignon, Eocene of France . "Shell nearly fusiform, the base narrow and smooth; the upper part with lon- gitudinal, subcostated, spinous plaits; inner lip thickened, the last plait on the pillar very thick, and separated from the others, which are slender and nearly obso- lete, by a deep groove." R. Bullen Newton states that the other species of this genus are very numer- ous both In the London Clay and in the Calcaire irossler of Grignon. He also fig- ures in his paper another species Voluti- lithes pertnsa Swalnson (both copies of Swainson 's figures), which in turn is iden- tical v±th Voluta costata Sowerby (see "Min- eral Conchology" 1821, vol. Ill, pi. ccxc, figs, 2, 4). Genus VOLUTOSPINA R. Bullen Newton I906 Volutospina , R. Bullen Newton, P.M.S. Lon- don, vol. 7, p. 103, 1806, Plejona , Bolten (Roeding) : pars : Museum Boltenlanum 1798, p, 59. Volutilithes , Swalnson: A Treatise on Malacology, 1840, p, 318, non Swainson 1831, M. Cossmann: Essais de Pal^o- conchologis Compar^e, 1899, 3rd livrai- son, pp. 109, 110 (many species in Coss- mann' s work). Genotype: "conus spinosus" Llnne. Distribution in time: Cretaceous (Turonian) to Tertiary (Eocene). 18 A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE Volutosplna aplnosus (Llnne) 1758 (Plate 14, Figure 106) Conus spinosus Llnneus, Systema Naturae, 10th Ed., p. 715, 1758. Volutosplna spinosus, R. B. Newton, P.M.S.L., vol. 7, p. 105, 1906. Alt. 40 mm. Distribution in time: Cretaceous (Turonian)? Genus IREDALINA Plnlay I926 Iredalina, Finlay, I926, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 17, P> 59. Genotype: iredaltna mirabil is Finlay. Range: Off New Zealand. Prior to the discovery of the genus Bathyaurlnia Clench and Aguayo, this ap- peared to be the first Volute known with- out even rudimentary vestiges of pillar plaits. Like Tractolira sparta Dall, it is a degenerate, abyssal form. Aside from the American forms, which show little real re- lationship, the likeliest allies are the two isolated genera, Provocator, (which is now by some authors considered Pachymelon) and Gulvlllea, both of Watson. The nucleus of Iredaltna is too worn to be defined with certainty. Iredalina mirabilis Finlay I926 (Plate 15, Figure 92) Iredalina mirabtlts Finlay: Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 17, p. 59, figs, on p. 60, 1926. Alt. 140, diam. 48 mm. Hab. Off Otago Heads, South Island of New Zealand. Single example in 40 fms. Holotype in the Finlay collection. Surface of shell smooth and pol- ished, light; nucleus consisting of three whorls; no sculpture apparent anywhere; shell coated with a thin glossy callus, extending over the whole spire; post- nuclear whorls six, slightly convex; col- umella long and straight, slightly oblique. Genus PHENACOPTYGMA Dall I918 Phenacoptytma Dall: Proc. Bio. Soc. Wash- ington, vol. 51, p. 138 (Nov. 29, 1918) (no description). Oldroyd: Marine Shells of the West Coast of North Ameri- ca, Stan. Univ. Publ., Geo. Sci., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 168. Genotype: Phenacoptyima cortezi Dall, Range: Off California in deep water south- ward to Gulf of Panama. Shell fusiform, with transverse and axial sculpture, elongated canal and apparently simple pillar; the axis in the upper whorls with two well-marked plica- tions. This shell has the appearance of a Turrld, with the whorls constricted and appressed near the suture and a feeble in- curvation of the margin of the lip at the constriction. By grinding away a portion of the apical whorls it was revealed that the axis is furnished with plications which extend to the beginning of the penultimate whorl (Dall). Thiele apparently was the first writer to associate this with the plait- lacking genera of the Volutidae, which evi- dently is the correct position. Phenacoptygma cortezi (Dall) 1908 (Plate 25, Figure 174) Daphnella { Surculina) cortezi Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College, vol. 43, no. 6, p. 292, 1908. Alt. 39-43 mm. (decollate four and one- half whorled); diam. about l4 mm. Hab. D.S.S. "Albatross," station 2919, off Cortez Bank, in 984 fathoms, mud, bottom temperature 38°F. U.S.N.M. 110, 613. Also off San Diego, California at station 4353, in 639 fathoms, mud, bot- tom temperature 39°. Shell slender, chestnut brown fad- ing to white or yellowish, fusiform, the spire shorter than the aperture, with more than five whorls; nucleus defective; some- what constricted over the anal fasciole with an appressed suture, periphery A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE moderately rounded, axial sculpture at the suture of small, little-raised folds, with wider interspaces, not surpassing the width of the fascicle; on the earlier whorls are small, feeble, narrow axial riblets extend- ing to the suture (on the antepenultimate whorl fourteen), with wider Interspaces somewhat unequal in width and covering the whole shell; the entire surface is also sculptured with a multitude of fine spiral striae; outer lip thin, hardly arcuate; inner lip smooth, the surface erased; pil- lar anteriorly rapidly attenuated; anal sulcus shallow and inconspicuous; canal long and wide. Genus GUIVILLEA Watson I88I Gutvtllea, Watson, Voyage of H.M.S. Chal- lenger, part Gastropoda, p. 26l, I88I. Vyvillea Watson: Prel. Kept., part 2, Journ. Linn., Soc. London, vol. I6, p. 532. Pseudoeymblum Cossman: in Essias de Pal. Comp., vol. 3, p. 108, 1899. Genotype: Guivlllea alabastrina Watson. Range : Between Marion Island and the Crozets. The texture of the shell is ex- tremely delicate, but on the surface rough. Straight columella which is without true teeth, but has an abrupt break on the edge. Suture channeled. Watson originally named this genus Vyvillea Inhonor of his friend. Sir C. Wy- ville Thomson. This name, however, proved to have been preoccupied in I88O by Haswell for a genus of Amphipodous Crustaceans, published in the Proceedings of the Linjiean Society of New South Wales, vol. 4, p. 336. Due to this circumstance, he made the least possible change by adopting the older form of his friend's name. Guivlllea alabastrina Watson (Plate 20, Figure I38) 1881 Hyvlllea alabastrina Watson: Prel. Rept., part 12, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 16, p. 332, 1881. Guivlllea alabastrina Watson, Voyage of J^ his Majesty's Ship, Challenger, part Gastropoda, p. 262, plate 15, fig. 2. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 5, 2nd suppl., p. 304, plate I8, (Thes, plate 517) fig. 169. Alt, 162, dlam. 77 mm. Hab. Between Marion Island and the Crozets in 1600 fms. Dredged December 30, 1873 . Animal with enormous bifid foot; in-operculate; shell large, thin, white, alabaster-like in texture; nucleus blxmt, twisted; surface minutely granulated, with the appearance of having been dipped in sandy white-wash, and then roughly wiped; whorls five and one-quarter; suture very oblique, deeply impressed and a little canaliculate. Genus HARPOVOLUTA Thiele 1912 Harpovoluta , Thiele, Deutsche Sudpolar- Expedition, xiii, p. 215, 1912. Genotype: Harpovoluta vanhb'ffeni Thiele, Range: Apparently abyssal, "Gaussberg." Harpovoluta vanhoffeni vanhoffenl Thiele 1912 (Unfigured) Harpovoluta vanhoffeni Thiele, Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition, xiii, p. 215, Tafel 14, fig. 1, 1912. Thiele: Handbuch der System, Weichtlerkunde (figured). Alt. 45, diam. 26 mm. Hab, "Gaussberg," A partial translation from Thiele 's description is as follows: The species is first of all charac- terized by its dentition, in that the radula is formed exactly as in Voluta (s.s.?) the central teeth projecting consid- erably above the other two. The foot is without an operculxim, so large that it can hardly be completely drawn back into the shell. According to van Hoffen the animal secretes a purple fluid. 20 A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE The shell Is white, smooth, thin, covered with a weak enamel, the spire point ed, whorls rapidly Increasing In size to- ward the last, aperture large. The columel- la with a slightly projecting somewhat curved edge, without cross folds. The ab- sence of these folds Is characteristic of Barpovoluta just as Guivillea of Watson dif- fers in the form of the shell. The specimen taken at the "Gauss- berg" was in great part covered by "Aktiniaj through the removal of which, and the fur- ther preparation of the soft parts, the very fragile edge of the aperture was in- jured and possibly the illustration does not accurately portray Its correct shape. The nucleus of the shell is not preserved and therefore the correct number of whorls cannot be determined. Upon the spire, be- neath the enamel, a reading glass brings out the fine spiral striae, body whorl without the striae. Harpovoluta vahhoffeni striatula Thiele 1912 (Unfigured) Harpovoluta vanhoffenl var . striatula Thiele, Deutsche Sudpolar Expedition, xili, p, 215, Tafel 14, fig. 2, I912, Alt, 25, diam. l4,5 mm. Hab. "Gaussberg," Thiele seemed in doubt concerning this form, jle stated that the edge of the aperture is hardly thickened but fairly strong, which may indicate that the shell is fully developed. Then the typical spire seems to be more pointed and compara- tively higher. The edge of the columella is more strongly twisted and more separated. The edge of the aperture below is less bent. The striae consists of numerous thread-like lines which are especially clear upon the anterior portion of the body whorl. Genus FULGORARIA Schumacher I817 Pulioraria Schumacher: l8l7> Essai. Syst . , p. 2i^2, 1817- Genotype: F. fulminata fulminata Sowerby. Range: China and Japan. The distinguishing characters of this genus are the swollen, bead-like nu- clei; the initial whorls being lateral as in Mamillana . The shells are somewhat elongated and swollen in the center. Col- umella plaits varying from one to seven, moderately oblique. Pulgoraria concinna (Broderlp) I836 (Plate 10, Figure 75) Valuta concinna Broderlp: Proc. Zool. Soc. London., vol. 4, p. 43, I836. Reeve: Conch. Icon., Mono. Voluta, plate 21, fig. 53, 1849. Crosse: J. de C, vol. 19, p. 302, plate 12, fig. 7, 1871. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 217, plate 51, fig. 66, Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 99, plate 29, fig. Il4. Alt. 100-125 mm. Hab . Japan . Nucleus consisting of two whorls, shining, malleated; apex, lateral; post- nuclear whorls four and one-half; suture somewhat puckered; sculpture consisting of light spiral striae, most pronounced near the suture; rounded longitudinal ribs most prominent at the periphery; columella with four weak plaits; ground, yellowish- flesh color, overlaid with a pattern of longitu- dinal tan streaks, which, where omitted, form faint lighter- colored spiral bands; interior slightly lighter. Easily recognized by its narrow axial stripes. Fulgorarla dellcata (H, C, Pulton) 1940 (Plate 23, Figure 157) Voluta deltcata London, vol. 1940. Pulton: Proc. Mai. Soc. 24, p, 31, plate 2, fig. 2, Alt. of Holotype, 46, diam. 18 mm. Hab. Tosa, Japan. Nucleus smooth, consisting of two and one-half whorls; post-nuclear whorls, four; sculpture consisting of prominent. A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 21 narrow axial ribs, fifteen to sixteen on last whorl, but extending only about half Its length; columella, outwardly recurved, with a single spiral plait. Pulgoraria fulmlnata fulminata (Sowerby) (Plate 10, Figure 76) Valuta rupestris Gmelln, Syst. Nat., p. 3464, 1788. Reeve: Conch. Icon,, plate 6, fig, 14, 1849. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 85, plate 24, fig, 42, Valuta fulminata Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 209, plate 50, figs. 51-53. Alt. 85 mm. Hab. China; Japan. Nucleus bulbous, consisting of one ^nd one-half whorls; post-nuclear whorls, three; suture undulating; sculpture consist- ing of numerous, incised, broken, spiral lines upon early whorl and spire, more wide- ly separated anteriorly upon body-whorl, their terminations forming crenulated mar- gin upon thickened labrum; longitudinal ribs extending from suture to suture upon spire and at periphery upon first two-thirds of body-whorl; columella with seven plaits, stronger anteriorly; Ground, flesh color, overlaid with a pattern of irregular light chocolate colored streaks; interior light flesh color. Gmelin's work not now being recog- nized the less familiar name fulminata will have to be used instead. Pulgoraria fulminata hamillel (Crosse) I869 (Plate 10, Figure 80) Valuta hamillei Crosse: J. de C, vol. 17, p. 278, 1869; also vol. 18, p. 97, plate 1, fig. 5 and plate 2, fig. 1, I869. Tryoni Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 85, plate 24, fig. 4l. Alt. 150 mm. Hab. Japan. Shell, almost smooth, has more prom- inent zig-zag stripes and lacks the promi- nent spiral striae of V. fulminata fulminata. Lischke in his work on the Japanese Mollusca considered this to be a large, yet immature specimen of V. fulminata fulminata. Pulgoraria hirasei (Sowerby) 1912 (Plate 10, Figure 78) Valuta hirasei Sowerby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist,, (8) vol. 9, p. 471, fig. 1, 1912. Alt. 82 mm. Hab. Japan. Nucleus consisting of one and one- half, possibly two whorls; post-nuclear whorls four; suture, well impressed; sculp- ture consisting of a net-work of longitudi- nal and spiral raised lines, with, in addi- tion, numerous, low, narrow longitudinal ribs, fading out anteriorly upon body-whorl; about sixteen ribs upon penultimate whorl; outer lip thin, minutely crenulated; col- umella with two or three very feeble plaits; exterior surface dull, flesh color, ribs slightly lighter; interior dark flesh color. This is probably the most beautiful species in the genus. It is easily dis- tinguished by the uniform light reddish- brown color and prominent spiral strla- tions. Pulgoraria megaspira megaspira (Sowerby) 1844 (Plate 10, Figure 79) Valuta meiasplra Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. London., vol, 12, p. I50, 1844; Thes, Conch,, vol, 1, p, 208, plate 48, figs, 31, 32, 1845, Tryon: Man, Conch., vol. 4, p. 95, plate 28, fig. 102. Alt. 150 to 175 mm. Hab . Japan . Nucleus consisting of two whorls; post-nuclear whorls four; suture impressed and bordered posteriorly by a paler rib- less zone, which in turn bears oblique growth sculpture; sculpture consisting of spiral striae which extends over the spire and upon body-whorl, mostly posteriorly; longitudinal ribs well rounded, about 22 A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE twenty-five upon last revolution; columella with four to five weak plaits, the extreme anterior plait being the strongest; ground, flesh color, overlaid with a pattern of zig- zag brown streaks; Interior, pale flesh col- or. Fulgorarla megasplra davlesl (H. C. Pulton) 1958 (Unflgured) Valuta daviesi Pulton, Proc. Mai. Soc. Lon- don, vol. 23, p. 56, plate 3, .figs. 4, 4A, 1958. Alt. 90, dlam. 35 mm. Hab. Kll, Japan. V. davtesi was figured by Y. Hlrase In his Concholoiical Maiazine , vol. 2, plate 31, fig. 124, 1908, as V. meiaspira. The present subspecies spiral sculpture separates It sharply from V. meiaspira meiaspira . Fulgorarla megasplra mentlens H. C. Fulton 1940 (Plate 10, Figure 77) Valuta (Puliararia) mentiens lAilton, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 24, p. 31 > plate 2, fig. 1, 1940. Alt. 116, dlam. (of type) 38 ram. Hab. Tosa, Japan. Nucleus consisting of two and one- half whorls; post-nuclear whorls five; su- ture similar to V. meiaspira meiaspira; sculpture consisting of narrow axial costae upon the lower whorls, about nineteen or twenty upon the punultlmate whorl; columel- la with four plaits; aperture more than half the length of the shell; last whorl with three more or less Interrupted bands. According to Fulton mentiens Is broader than meiaspira. Its whorls Increase less rapidly, and the axial folds are stronger and more numerous. Fulgorarla prevostlana prevostlana (Crosse) 1878 (Plate 23, Figure 159) Valuta prevostlana Crosse, J. de C, vol. 24, p. 165, 1878; also J. de C, 27, p. 41, plate 1, fig. 1, and plate 2, fig, 3, 1879. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 95, plate 30, fig. 132, In part only. Psephaea prevostlana (Crosse). Grant and Gale: Pllo.* and Plelst. Moll, of Calif, vol. 1, p. 633, pl. 27, fig. 9, 1931. Valuta meiaspira var. Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 5, 2nd. suppl. pl. l4, (Thes. pl. 513) fig, 144; no description, 1887. Alt. 140 mm. Hab. Japan. A rather thin, high spired, shell with a large body-whorl and obsolete spiral striae on Its middle whorls. Fulgorarla prevostlana clara ( Sowerby) 19l4 (Unflgured) Valuta prevostlana clara Sowerby. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) vol. l4, p. 481, plate 19, fig. 12, 1914. Alt. Hab . Japan . Shell of a delicate cream color throughout the exterior, entirely desti- tute of color markings; aperture of a smooth pale fawn color; columella with only one oblique fold, above which upon very close examination the faintest possi- ble Indication of a projection may be per- ceived. H. C. Pulton thinks this may prove to be a distinct species. Fulgorarla smlthl (Sowerby) I9OI (Unflgured) Valuta smlthl Sowerby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 161, 1901. Valuta unlpl Icata Sowerby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1900, (7) vol. 5, p. 439, fig. 1, non J. de C, Sowerby and Dickson, I85O. A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE 23 Alt. Hab . Japan . Chiefly characterized by Its single columellar plait and thin substance. The writer has not seen this species. Genus HARPULINA Ball I906 Barpulina Ball, I9O6, Nautilus, vol. 19, p. 143. Barpula Swalnson: Malacol. Treatise, 317, 1840. Genotype: Valuta arausatca Solander. Range: Indian Ocean. Shell oval-conic; nucleus papllll- form, middle whorl of nucleus largest, more convex; columella with niomerous plaits which become largest anteriorly; outer lip thickened within, sharp without. Harpulina interpuncta Interpuncta (Martyn) I78I (Plate 7, Figure 61) Valuta interpuncta Martyn, Univ. Conch., col. 4, plate 127, 1787. Reeve: Conch. Icon., pi. 6, fig, 12, 1849. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 84, pi. 24, fig. 39. Valuta indica, Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 210, pi. 51, figs. 68-70. Valuta lappanlca, Linn^, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 1195. Valuta lappantca, under Reeve: Conch. Icon, species 12. Alt. 62-85 mm. Hab. Indian Ocean. Nucleus consisting of two and one- half to three whorls, shining, slightly tilted; post-nuclear whorls five, suture irregular, puckered; sculpture consisting of numerous, closely-spaced, longitudinal ribs upon the spire, gradually diminishing in size and hardly discernible upon the penultimate whorl; ribs extending from su- ture to suture upon the early whorls; spi- ral striae fine, most apparent anteriorly upon the body whorl and adjacent to the suture; columella with seven plaits; ground color old ivory, overlaid with numerous, spiral, chestnut-colored, linear spots, to- gether with larger blotches of pale brown color, often longitudinal. In mature speci- mens, the outer lip extends considerably upon the spire. Harpulina interpuncta undata (Martyn) 1792 (Plate 7, Figure 60) Valuta undata Martyn, Univ. Conch., vol. 4, table 3, plate 127, 1792. Valuta interpuncta Martyn, Reeve: Conch, Incon., plate 4, fig. 12, 1849. Alt. 75. mm. Hab. Indian Ocean. Differs from interpuncta inter- puncta in that the color pattern consists of fewer chestnut linear markings together with conspicuous, broader zig-zag streaks which extend prominently upon the spire. Harpulina arausaica (Solander) I786 (Plate 8, Figure 62) Valuta arausaica Solander, Port. Cat., p. 26, number 6II, p. I86, number 3965, 1786, Fischer, J. de C, p. 274, I87I. Valuta vexlllum Chemnitz: Conch. Cab., vol. 10, p. 152, vignette 20, figs, a, b, plate 13, fig. 52, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 210, plate 50, figs. 54-56. Valuta Hex f Hum. Lamarck: An. 3. Vert., ed. Deshayes, vol. 10, p. 402, Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 85, plate 31, fig. 153, 1882. Vexlllum broci'?) Martyn: Univ. Conch. PI, 82, 1792, Alt. 75-100 ram. Hab. Indian Ocean: Amboyna. Shell ovate, subfuslform, thick, smooth, shining, whitish, with more or less numerous orange-red narrow bands; spire conical, with small pointed apex; the last four whorls crowned with rather remote and 2k A REVIEW OF VOLUTIDAE compressed tubercles; columella with from six to eight plaits, the three posterior very small, the two or three anterior gen- erally thickened. This shell is commonly called the Flag Volute. Harpulina loroisi (Valenciennes) I863 (Plate 8, Figure 6ii) Valuta loroisi Valenciennes, J. de C, vol. 2, p. 72, 1863. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 5, 2nd. suppl., p. 276, plate 12 (Thes. plate 261), fig. I38. Crosse: J. de C, vol. 19, p. 292, 1871. R. Winkworth: Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 22, p. 19, fig'd on same page, 1956. Alt. 79, lat. ^0 mm. (Holotype); alt. 76, lat. 55 mm. (Winkworth specimen). Hab. Seas between India and Ceylon; dredged in 20 fathoms, fine sand, south of Manapad. The small apex, longitudinally ribbed young whorls and slight sculpture of the body whorl, agree well with H. inter- puncta Interpuncta. It has, however, none of the typical markings of the latter spe- cies, but dark brown, longitudinal stripes on dark orange ground; it is also more elongated. ( Sowerby 's figure is misleading as to proportions). The columellar folds are slight and six in number. Genus ALCITHOE E. and A. Adams I858 Alcithoe H. and A. Adams, I858, Genera Rec. Moll., vol. 1, p. 164. Genotype: "Buccinum arabicum" Martyn, now Alcithoe arabica (Martyn). Range: Australasia; South Africa; East Africa; Japan. Shell ovately fusiform; spire pro- duced; apex papillary; aperture ovate, wide; inner lip with a spreading callus, outer lip dilated, subreflexed; columella usually with four, more rarely five to seven, oblique plaits. Important features include the secondary scaphelloid nucleus, the deep and broad an- terior notch of the aperture, the dilated aperture and in the genotype the re flexed aperture . Alcithoe africana africana (Reeve) I856 (Plate 8, Figure 65) Valuta africana Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, I856, p. 2, plate 55, figs. 5, k. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 95, plate 50, fig. 127, 1882. (Copy of Reeve) Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 5, 2nd suppl., p. 505, plate 17, figs. I65, 166 (original). E. A. Smith, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 4, p. 255, 1901. Alt. 50-65 mm. Hab. Southeast to South Africa. Apex obtuse; spire moderately ele- vated; suture impressed; whorls angulated, the angle tuberculated; shell contracted anteriorly; three plaits on columella; dark colored spiral interrupted bands continued over labrum and visible inside the lip. A distinguishing character is the dark, choco- late-brown posterior blotch upon the inner wall of the aperture. Alcithoe africana rietensis (Turton) 1955 (Dnflgured) Valuta africana rietensis Turton, J. C, vol. 19, p. 570, 1955. Valuta africana panderosa Turton, Marine Shells Port Alfred, south Africa, nvim- ber 529, p. hk, 1952. non V. panderosa Solander, Cat. Port. Mus., 25 and I89, 1786. Alt. 62.5 mm. Hab. Off Port Alfred, and Durban {kO fathoms). South Africa. "This is of a different shape from the others, the whorls being strongly shouldered, and wider at the periphery, with fewer and larger tubercles, about eight on the last whorl. The size is 66 x k2 mm., including tubercles, but I have seen larg- er rubbed specimens; some fine spiral lines are just visible." Turton further states that this may eventually prove to be a distinct spe- cies. A REVIEW OP VOLUTIDAE 3^ Alcithoe afrlcana beckeri (Turton) 1932 (Unfigured) Valuta afrlcana beckeri Turton, Marine Shells of Port Alfred, p. 44, 1952. Alt. 60, dlam. JO mm. Hab. South Africa. This Is a narrow variety with a much sharper spire. Rare. Alcithoe arablca (Martyn) 1784 (Plate 8, Figure 65) Buccinum arabicum Martyn, Un. Con. 11, fig. 52. Fuliuraria arabica. Suter: Man. N. Zeal. Moll. p. 445, plate 48, figure 5, 1915. Alcithoe arabica. Powell: Shellfish of N. Zeal. -D. 81. Plate 1, figure 7, 1937. Valuta paciflca Solander, Port. Cat., p. 190, number 4039. Reeve: Conch. Icon., plate 17, fig. 38b (not 38a), 1849. Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 205, fig. 25. Tryon: Man. Conch., 94, plate 28, figs. 97, 98, Sowerby : plate 48, vol. 4, p, 1882. Alt. 82-112 mm. Hab. Auckland and North Island, New Zea- land. Nucleus consisting of two and one- half whorls, apex pointed; post-nuclear whorls four to four and one-half; suture distinct; nine strong nodules on the body whorl, on the penultimate whorl, less dis- tinct, replaced on earlier whorls by rib- lets, which extend from suture to suture; four to five plaits on the columella; outer lip sometimes extended to correspond with the adjacent tubercle. Alcithoe calva 1 Powell I928 (Unfigured) Alcithoe calva Powell, Trans. New Zealand Inst,, vol. 59, p. 362, 1928. Shell Pish New Zealand, p. 81, species IO86, 1937. Alt. 173, dlam. 64 mm. (holotype). Alt. 177, dlam, 64 mm. (paratype). Hab. Off Cape Campbell, Marlborough In 40-50 fathoms (H. Hamilton, I925), Castlecllff, Wanganul (Upper Pliocene) one example (A.W.P.B. I927). All New Zealand . Shell very large, narrow and elon- gated. Whorls eight and one-half. Proto- conch scaphelloid, moderately large, two and one-half smooth whorls. Post-nuclear whorls smooth, devoid of sculpture except in rare Instances where spire-whorls are faintly shouldered, showing traces of axial costae. Spire tall, half the height of aperture, whorls slightly convex. Body- whorl elongate, sub- cylindrical, gradually contracted below to rounded fascicle, not marked off by usual ridge. Aperture long, rather narrow with shallow notch below. Outer lip thickened, reflexed above, as- cendihg about one-third height of penulti- mate whorl. No projecting callus-plate on coliimella which is straight, tapering to a sharp point below, with six comparatively weak, very oblique plications; upper one more or less rudimentary. Inner lip spread as a thin glaze broadly every body-whorl. Color pale buff, ornamented with indistinct irregular light brown zig-zag lines. Interior of aperture pinkish- fawn. Most specimens have the outer sur- face badly eroded. Holotype and 21 paratypes in Domin- ion Museum, Wellington, New Zealand. Powell states that this species dif- fers from suainsonl in the elongated shape, weak columella plications, shallow anterior siphonal notch, and absence of projecting columellar callus-plate. Another related species, larochei Marwick, is distinguished by its broadly- fusiform shape and fewer and stronger columellar plications. Both larochei and calua occur com- monly at Cape Campbell but do not seem to intergrade . Alcithoe depressa (Suter) 1908 (Plate 8, Figure 67) Fuliuraria depressa Suter, P.M.S.L,, vol.8. p. 182, pi, 7, f. 11, I9O8. Suter: Man. of N. Zeal. Moll., p. 447, pl. 48, fig. 7, 1913. Alcithoe depressa Powell: Shellfish of N. Zeal. p. 81, species 1082, pl. 12, fig. 1, 1937. 26 A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE Alt. 80, diam. kl mm. Angle of spire 50°. Hab. Spirits Bay, North Island (C. Cooper, Captain Bollons), New Zealand. Shell moderately large, ovate, solid, with a short spire and a large aper- ture, the last two or three whorls with nodules on the angle of the shoulder, with a few brown zig-zag lines. Sculpture: The penultimate whorl with a row of distant roundish nodules above the suture, the body-whorl with a row of elongated promi- nent nodules on the angle of the shoulder, their number being about 8 or 10. Color yellowish-white, with a few longitudinal fulvous zig-zag bands, indistinctly ar- ranged in 3 spiral bands on the body-whorl and a fourth above the fasclole, outer lip with a few brown spots. Spire low, conoid- al, its height about one-third of the aper- ture. Protoconch much worn and the nu- cleus lost in examples available. Whorls about 7} the last very large, the upper whorls slightly convex, the last two broad- ly shouldered, the slope, flattish, body- whorl flatly convex at the periphery and somewhat contracted below; the fascicle broad, hardly raised, flattish. Suture distinct but not deep. Aperture high, tri- angular, narrow above, widened below, with a narrow upper channel, very broadly truncated and rather deeply notched at the base. Outer lip oblique, its upper part nearly straight, the lower moderately curved, much thickened, rounded, smooth, but not reflected, retrocurrent toward the suture. Coliunella subvertical, straight, with 5 or G somewhat inequidistant subequal strong and flat plaits, sometimes with an additional small plait above; the columel- la slightly twisted below and produced into a narrowly rounded beak, extending beyond the Inferior end of the outer lip. Inner lip thin, spreading broadly over the body and the lightly convex wall, with a rounded raised outer edge below. Alcithoe f estiva (Lamarck^ (Plate 9, Figure 69) 1822 Valuta f estiva Lamarck, An. s. Vert., vol. 7, p. 347, 1822; 2nd ed., vol. 10, p. 404, 1844. Kiener: Icon. Coq Viv., p. 31, plate 22, fig, 2 (type, half- grown), 1839. Kuster, Conch. Cab,, 2nd ed.. Vol. 5, Pt. 2, p. 184, plate 38, fig. 4 (copy of Kiener), l84l. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p, 218, plate 52, figs. 79, 80, (original from Lamarck's type). Reeve: Conch. Icon., vol. 6, plate 12, figs. 28a-c (28a, adult, b and c young), 1849. Chenu: Man, de Conch., p. 188, fig, 960 (after Reeve), 1859. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 95, plate 30, fig, 125 (after Reeve), 1882, Alt. 100-125 mm. Hab. Southeast Africa, Natal coast (Sower- by). Nucleus consisting of one and one- half whorls; post-nuclear whorls, four to five, with obtuse, longitudinal ribs, which are nearly obsolete at the suture; last whorl, transversely striated; columella with three oblique, anterior plaits. Said to be one of the rarest Volutes. Alcithoe gracilis (Swalnson) 1821 (Plate 9, Figure 74) Valuta iracills Swalnson, Journ. Sci., vol. 17, p. 32, 1821. Reeve: Conch. Icon., plate 17, fig. 40, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 206, plate 55, figs. 177, 188. Suter: Man, New Zealand Moll,, p. 448, plate 48, fig. 8, 1913- 15. Powell: Shell Pish New Zealand, p. 81, species 1088, plate 12, fig. 4, 1937. Valuta paclfica iracilis Swalnson, Tryon: Man, Conch,, vol. 4, p. 94, plate 28, fig. 99, 1882, Alt. 55, diam, 23 mm. Hab. New Zealand; also occurs in the ■Castlecliff fossil beds. Nucleus consisting of two whorls; post-nuclear whorls, four; suture, moder- ately Impressed; nodules upon periphery comparatively Indistinct, about twelve upon body whorl; surface with occasional, part- ly oblique broken, Incised lines, which are most apparent upon the spire and upon i A REVIEW OF THE VOLDTIDAE 27 the last whorl adjacent to the suture; ground color, ivory, overlaid with a pat- tern of zig-zag, chestnut brown lines, forming three darker zones on the body whorl; four primary, anterior plaits, and one secondary posterior plait, base of the columella oblique; furrows upon the parietal wall, covered with callus, and running parallel with the axis; outer lip thickened and extended. The line of descent of h. iracills has for long been separated from that of A. arabica, and probably came through A. finlayi of Awamoan age. The height of the spire varies from less than half to about two-thirds that of the aperture. Sometimes the shoulder nod- ules are present on the body whorl, but often they are quite obsolete. Alcithoe hedleyl Murdock and Suter I9O6 (Plate 23, Figure I58) Fuli'iraria {Alcithoe) Hedleyl Murdoch and Suter, Trans, N. Zeal. Inst. vol. 38, 1905 (1906), 288, pi. 23, figs. 20, 21. Put iuraria Hedleyi. Suter: Man. N. Zeal. Moll. p. 448, pi. 20, fig, 7, 1913. Alcithoe hedleyi (M.and S.). Powell: Shellfish of N. Zeal. p. 81, species 1089. Alt. 61, diam. I8 mm. (Holotype). Hab. Off Great Barrier Island, in 110 fathoms (type locality); four miles west of Guvier Island, in 44 fathoms (Cap- tain Bollons). Holotype in the Domin- ion Museum, Wellington. The original description is as follows : Shell elongato-fusiform, spire rather long, acuminate, costate; body-whorl smooth, with fine longitudinal zig-zag markings; columella with 4 plaits. Sculp- ture: The protoconch has 1 or 2 spiral threads; the following whorls of the spire are distantly axlally costate, the costae extending over the lower two-thirds of each whorl, 10 on a volution; a few costae are situated on the body whorl above the aper- ture, but the remainder is smooth; growth- lines are visible on all the whorls, more distinct and close together on the last whorl; with a lens a number of spiral lines may be distinguished below the shoulder of the whorls. Golor: No live specimens hav- ing been obtained, it is impossible to guess the color of the shell, which is most likely light fulvous; fine longitudinal brown zig-zag lines ornament all the whorls, except the protoconch. The spire is much shorter than the aperture, conical, acumi- nate but obtuse. Protoconch consists of 2 slightly bulbous whorls; the nucleus is slightly lateral, smooth; the second whorl has one or two spiral threads. Whorls 7, shouldered, first slowly then rapidly in- creasing in height. Suture distinct, but not Impressed, retrocurrent on reaching the aperture. Aperture high and narrow, slight- ly canaliculated at the upper angle, very little narrowed at the base, where it is broadly truncated and slnuated. Outer lip forming a very light curve, nearly straight, thickened and rounded above, thinner near the base, smooth, not expanded. • Golumella very slightly excavated near the middle, with 4 almost equidistant and very oblique strong plaits, all of nearly equal size, narrowed below into a sharply rounded beak, which extends beyond the basal margin of the outer lip. Inner lip thin, shining, broad- ly expanded on the body whorl, and with a few longitudinal striae, narrower upon the pillar. Soft parts unknown. Alcithoe jaculoldes Powell 1924 (Plate 8, Figure 66) Alcithoe arabica, subspecies jaculoldes Powell, Proc. Mai. Soc, London, vol. 16, p. 108, figs. 1-3, 1924, Alcithoe jaculoldes . Powell: Shell Fish New Zealand, p. 8I, species IO8I, plate 12, fig. 5, 1957. Alt. 109, diam. 4l mm. Hab. Off Whakatane, Bay of Plenty, in 40-50 fathoms, and Guvier Island in 40 fathoms. New Zealand. Shell large, solid, fusiform. Whorls seven and one-half. Protoconch mod- erately large, of two and one-half smooth bulbous whorls; the following three whorls showing faint to moderately strong axial costae, and the remaining two, prominently shouldered with a row of strong, laterally 28 A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE compressed nodules on the keel of the shoulder, which is slightly concave. Last whorl with about eight nodules. Body whorl Inflated at the middle, but much contracted below. Fascicle flattened. Inconspicuous, very slightly curved, and but little raised. Suture not deep. Aperture high, much nar- rower than in A. arabica. Outer lip thick- ened, rounded, and outwardly reflexed, es- pecially above the shoulder where it joins the body whorl. Color, yellowish-white,- ornamented with chestnut colored, zig-zag lines, becoming heavier at regular inter- vals, forming five bands on the body whorl; one just above the shoulder and four equal- ly disposed below. Some specimens are en- tirely covered and others partially with a dark, reddish-brown coating. Spire high, conic, its height equal to about half the height of the aperture; columella vertical; produced to a sharp point below; with five strong and nearly equidistant plaits. Total absence of any expansion of the cal- lus on the columella, which in A. arabica forms an extended, flattened plait with a clean, free edge. In the case of juvenile A. arabica, this plait is not always well developed, but in all the specimens exam- ined of A. Jaculoldes the plait is wanting. The inner lip spreads as a thin glaze broadly over the body whorl, right to the base of the columella, and finishes about the center of the faclole, but not abrupt- ly, and without leaving any defined ridge. Alcithoe johnstoni Powell 1928 (Unflgured) Alcithoe johnstoni Powell, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 59, P- 363, 1928. Powell: Shell Fish New Zealand, p. 81, species 1083, 1937. Alt. 169, diam, 65 mm. Hab. Off Cuvier Island, New Zealand, in kk fathoms. Shell very large, elongate, inflat- ed below. Whorls eight and one-half. Pro- toconch scaphelloid, moderately large, of two and one-half smooth whorls. Post- nuclear spire-whorls angled at center and prominently nodulous. Penultimate whorl with eleven strong laterally compressed nodules. Shoulder sloping slightly con- cave. Body-whorl large, inflated, smooth and devoid of nodules, merged into fagciole without any defining ridge. Spire rather short, less than half height of aperture. Aperture long, expanded at center, contract- ed above and below. Anterior siphonal notch shallow. Outer lip thickened and re- flexed, uniformly broadly arched, ascend- ing over half height of penultimate whorl. No projecting callus plate on columella, which is straight,, tapering to a sharp point below, with five strong, oblique, plications. Inner lip spread as a thin glaze broadly over body- whorl. Color pale pinkish-buff, covered with a network of reddish-brown zig-zag lines, becoming heav- ier and blotched at regular intervals, forming definite spiral bands, two on spire whorls, four on body-whorl. Parietal cal- lus and interior of aperture uniform pink- ish-buff. Holotype in Powell collection and two specimens in the collection of Dr. E. N. Drier, Auckland, This species is named In honor of Captain Fred Johnston of S. S, "Thomas Currell" who obtained the specimens. It resembles _/acuZo ides in form of spire and columella but differs in the smooth in- flated body-whorl and broadly arched outer lip. Alcithoe kreuslerae Angas I865 (Plate 9, Figure 73) Alcithoe kreuslerae Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, I865, p. 55, plate 2, fig. 5 (or 5?). Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 5, 2nd suppl., p, 299, p:^ate 16 (Thes. plate 515), fig. 150. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol, 4, p. 94, plate 30, fig. 124, 1882, Alt. 90, diam. 40 mmi or less. Hab. Gleneld, near Adelaide, South Aus- tralia; Lobster pots at Encounter Bay. Shell of medium size; pale reddish- yellow, with three bands of orange-brown maculations; pllcately nodulous on angula- tions; spire turreted, one-third length of shell; whorls smooth, angulated in the mid- dle, outer lip simple; columella scarcely straight, four folds. A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 29 Alcithoe larochel Marwlck I926 (Unflgured) Alcithoe larochei Marwlck: Trans, New Zea- land Inst., vol. 56, p. 294, pi. 63, fig. 6, 1926. Powell: Shell Fish New Zealand, p. 8I, species IO87, 1937. Alt. 98, diam, 46 mm. Hab. Off Opotlkl, New Zealand, 30 fathoms. Shell large and strong, broadly fusiform. Spire conic, one-third length of aperture. Nucleus scaphelloid, of about two and one-half rather worn whorls, apex flattened, last turn with indications of blunt axials and fine spirals. Postembry- onlc whorls five, convex on spire with flat- tened steep shoulder; body Inflated, con- tracting fairly quickly to large well- defined fasclole bounded by ridge. Sculp- ture: first three whorls with about eight- een rather low curved axial ribs, later ones slightly angled, last two whorls smooth except for strong growth-lines. Aperture large, dilated, deeply notched below. Outer lip lightly convex, thickened, reflexed, ascending high on penultimate whorl. Columella with four strong folds. Inner lip thin, spread well out from aper- ture, not raised in fasciolar region. According to Marwlck the holotype (later deposited in the Auckland Museum) was forwarded to him by W. La Roche of Auck- land. It resembles Pachymelon lutea Watson at first sight, but is easily distinguished by the deep anterior notch and the differ- ent outline of the spire. The species is closely related to Alcithoe sualnsoni but is more squat. A specimen from Castle- cliff in the Geological Survey of New Zea- land collection is fairly close to A. larochei , but is less inflated and has a small pad on the fasclole. Alcithoe perplicata (Hedley) 1902 (Plate 9, Figure 68) Voluta perplicata Hedley, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. k, number 7, p. 309, fig. 23, 1902. Alt. 75, diam. 32 mm. Hab. Either near the Great Barrier Reef or on one of the Atolls of the Coral Sea. Shell broadly fusiform, concave be- neath the suture, angled at the shoulder, tapering to the base, solid, glossy; ground color white, with numerous, distant, waved, narrow longitudinal orange lines; about nine longitudinal ribs, terminating suddenly in blunt tubercles on the shoulder, these tubercles continued on the upper whorls; whorls six, of which three consti- tute the nucleus, the latter oblique to the axis of the remainder and causing the first adult whorl to be more immersed at one side; aperture narrow, columella with six plaits, becoming smaller posteriorly. Related to A . thatcheri McCoy. It resembles that species in the remarkable multiplication of the columellar plaits and in general size, shape and color-pattern with narrow, flexuous stripes. Alcithoe ponsonbyi (Edgar A. Smith) I9OI (Plate 9, Figure 71) Voluta ponsonbyi Edgar A. Smith, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 4, p. 23I, figured same page, I9OI. Alt. 57, diam. 29 mm, Hab. Ten miles off Durban, Natal, in hO fathoms , Nucleus consisting of two, convex whorls, hardly distinguishable in color from the remainder of the shell; post- nuclear whorls three, strongly shouldered, forming twelve short nodules upon the body whorl and spire, the interspaces rounded, spire turrited; spiral striae most ap- parent between the shoulder and suture; three indistinct anterior plaits and a few feeble posterior ones; ground color cream, overlaid upon the spire with almost uni- form yellowish-rose color; below the per- iphery upon the body whorl, six bands of the same yellowish-rose color, with touches of orange upon them, the interspaces cov- ered with an irregular pattern of yellow and brown; extremities of nodules touched with dark brown; canal very short, inner lip touched with color inside the termina- tions of the bands. Holotype in the British Museum; present description and figure taken from 30 A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE a specimen in the collection of the author. Alclthoe swalnsonl swalnsonl Marwlck (Plate 9, Figure 72, nuclei Plate 24, Fig. l6l) 1926 Valuta eloniata Swalnson, Exot. Conch., 1821, pi, 20, 21. Scaphella eloniata Swalnson, Exot. Conch., ed. Hanley, 2^, pi. 20, 21. Valuta paclfica var. eloniata Swalnson, M.N.Z.M., 62; T.N. Z.I, l6, 225. Scaphella pad flea var. eloniata Swalnson, Index 74. Alclthoe swainsoni Marwlck, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., vol. 56, p. 294, 1926. Powell: Shell Fish New Zealand, p. 8I, species 1084, pi. 12, fig. 3, 1957. Alt. 170, diam. 60 mm. Hab. New Zealand, especially In the south, sandy beaches; holotype from Bay of Islands; Kermadec Islands. Fossil in the Pliocene, Miocene, and Oligocene of New Zealand. Distinguished from arabica by its more elongate form, the convex, not shoul- dered whorls, and the almost total absence of nodules. Sculpture consisting of broad- ly rounded and low axial costae on the three whorls below the protoconch, some- times obsolete; the lower whorls are irreg- ularly axially plaited, the plaits some- times prominent and flatly convex, the whole shell ornamented with fine growth- lines. Color the same as in arabica. Spire usually somewhat higher than half the height of the aperture. Whorls moderately convex, the body-whorl but moderately ven- tricose. Suture compressed and wrinkled. Outer lip as in arabica. Columella with four to six plaits, five being the usual number. Alclthoe swalnsonl motutaraensis Powell 1928 (Unf igured) Alclthoe shiainsoni motutaraensis Powell, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 59, p. 361, 1928. Powell: Shell Fish New Zea- land, p. 81, species IO85, 1937. Alt. 93.5, diam. 42.5mm. (holotype). Alt. 74, diam. 33 mm. (paratype). Hab. Motutara and Muriwai Beach, west Coast, Auckland, New Zealand. Type lo- cality Auckland, New Zealand. Shell solid, moderately large. Whorls five, exclusive of damaged proto- conch. Spire low, conic, less than one- third height of aperture. Post-nuclear spire-whorls faintly nodulous, angled below towards lower suture, body whorl devoid of nodules. Suture almost on a line with shoulder tubercles, which are rather small, regularly spaced, and laterally compressed. Shoulder steep, almost straight. Body- whorl large, inflated. Fasciole prominent, marked off by defined ridge. Aperture large, open, deeply notched below, sub- angled above towards posterior notch. Out- er lip thickened and reflexed, ascending less than one-third height of penultimate whorl. Columella vertical with large pro- jecting callus-plate and six plications, upper two weak, lower four very strong. Inner lip spread as a thin glaze broadly over body-whorl, with prominent callosity towards posterior notch. Color uniform pinkish-buff, with a very obscure pattern in the form of zig-zag lines of darker buff, entirely absent towards outer lip. The paratypes show no traces of color pattern. Alclthoe thatcheri (McCoy) 1 (Plate 9, Figure 70) Volnta thatcheri McCoy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1868, p. 54, pi. 11, fig. 1. Sowerby: Thes. Conch, vol. 5, 2nd suppl., p. 299, pi. 15, (Thes. pi. 514) fig. l47; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, I869, p. 56l; J. de C 1873, p. 38. Tryon: Man. Conch,, vol. 4, p, 96, pi. 30, fig. 126. Alt. 100-125 mm. Hab. Bampton Reef, N.W. New Caledonia. Shell elongated; nucleus of five whorls; followed by three post-nuclear whorls, the last bluntly angulated and tu- berculate at the periphery; the surface irregularly marked with indistinct bands and spots; columella with eight plaits; A REVIEW OF VOLDTIDAE 31 Interior and base of columella tinged with pink. Section ERICUSA Adams Alclthoe fulgetrum fulgetrum (Broderlp) I825 (Plate 16, Figure IO8) Valuta fulietrum Broderlp, Zool. Journ., vol. 2, p. 35, April, I825. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 207, plate 48, figs. 33, 3^^. Tankervllle Cat., app., p. 28, plates 4, 5, I825. Reeve: Conch. Icon., plate 6, fig. I3, 1849. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 96, plate 28, figs. 104, 105, 1882. Chenu: Man. de Conch., p. 188, fig. 973, 1859 (slight- ly immature). Maxwell Smith: World- Wide Sea Shells, p. 66, fig. 882, 1940 ( slightly immature ) . Scapha fulietrum. Verco: Combing the South- ern Seas, p. 16, plate 1, fig. 4, 1935- Alt. 100-140 mm. very variable in size, mature shell may only measure 75 x 37 mm. Hab. South Australia. Lacepede Bay to Gulf St. Vincent and Spencer Gulf. Alive on sandbars which are covered by about 18 inches of water at low spring tide. Taken alive from lobster pots. Nucleus (see Plate 26, Figure I85) of two and one-half whorls, large, white, shining, slightly malleated; post-nuclear whorls, four; suture strongly Impressed; first two and one-half whorls with fine spiral striae, together with growth lines, forming slight reticulation; growth lines dominant upon body whorl; ground color, yellowish flesh, with very angular, flame- like, chestnut streaks; columella with three moderate plaits. In 1912 Verco described a pure white form which he called uar. alba. Alclthoe fulgetrum connectens ( Verco) I912 (Unfigured) Scaphella ful ietrum connectens Verco, Trans, Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 36, p. 224, pi. 11, fig. 3. ^rlcusa fulietrum connectens Verco: Comb- ing the Southern Seas, p. 16, pi. 1, fig. 6, 1935. Alt. Hab. South Australia, same localities as typical. Shell with two broad purple-brown bands, and one narrow sutural band upon body whorl; the three bands connected by narrow. Irregularly shaped streaks of the same color. Alclthoe fulgetrum lunlsllgata (Verco) 1912 (Unfigured) Scaphella fulietrum lunisl iiata Verco, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 36, p. 224, pi. 11, fig, 1912. Ericusa fulietrum lunisliiata Verco: Comb- ing the Southern Seas, pi. 1, fig. 5, p. 16, 1935. Alt. 136 ram. Hab. Great Australian Bight (Verco). Alclthoe fulgetrum punctosllgata (Verco) 1912 (Unfigured) Scaphella fulietrum punctosl iiata Verco, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 36, p. 224, pi. 11, fig., 1912. Verco: Combing the Southern Seas, p. I6, pi. 1, fig. 9, 1935. Alt. Hab. Great Australian Bight (Verco). Shell small, color pattern consist- ing of small, widely separated, dark round spots, upon two spiral bands. Alclthoe fulgetrum triclncta (Verco) I912 (Unfigured) Scaphella fulietrum triclncta Verco, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 36, p. 224, pi. 11, fig., 1912. 32 A REVIEW OF VOLUTIDAE ericusa fulietrum tricincta Verco: Comb- ing the Southern Seas, p. 16, pi. 1, fig. 7, 1935. Alt. Hab. Great Australian Bight ( Verco). Easily separated by the comparative- ly uniform ground color, together with three broad bands of chocolate brown upon the body whorl and one band upon the whorls of the spire. On the first post-nuclear whorl the band Is replaced with spots. The subsutural flames may unite to form a third spiral band. Alclthoe fulgetrum unlclncta (Verco) 1912 (Unflgured) Scaphella fulgetrum unicincta Verco, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 36, p. 22h, pi. 11, fig., 1912. Ericusa fill ietrum unicincta Verco: Comb- ing the Southern Seas, p. 16, pi. 1, fig. 8, 1935. Alt. Hab. Great Australian Bight (Verco). Verco 's figure of this subspecies Illustrates a greenish shell with one an- terior dark band upon the body whorl but In some specimens there Is an additional band upon thQ spire. Alclthoe fuslformls (Swalnson) (Plate 20, Figure 137) Valuta fusi formls Swalnson, append, to Bllgh Cat., (teste of Reeve) not of Klener. Reeve: Conch. Icon., pi. 3, fig. 6, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 208, pi. 54, fig. 100. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 95, pi. 38, fig. 103 Valuta souerbyi (Pars) Klener. Alt. 150-175 mm. Hab. Australia and' Tasmania. Nucleus comparatively small, one and one-half whorls, apex tilted, major whorl dome-shaped; post-nuclear whorls five; suture moderately Impressed; sculpture consisting of fine spiral striae and Irreg- ular longitudinal growth lines; ground • color dark cream, frequently overlaid with Iron stains; ornamented with brown zig-zag lines; outer lip thickened and extended posteriorly upon spire; color pattern ex- tending more or less upon parietal wall but covered with callus; three primary an- terior plaits and one secondary posterior plait on columella. Alclthoe papulosa papulosa (Swalnson) (Plate 16, Figure 109-110) Valuta papi I losa Swalnson, app. to Bllgh Cat. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 207, plate 48, fig. 30. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 96, plate 28, fig. 106, 1882. Valuta papillaris Reeve, Conch. Icon., plate 4, fig. 10, 1849. Alt. 100-125 rm. Hab. Encounter Bay, and Kangaroo Island, Australia (100 fathoms); 25 miles off coast of New South Wales In I9OO fms. (Brazier); off north coast of Tasmania (Cox); Fiji Islands (Sowerby). Nucleus of two whorls; post-nuclear whorls, three, the last large and oval; surface smooth, reticulated with very fine, fulvous lines, and with interrupted, trans- verse chestnut-yellow bands; spire short; outer lip with margin thickened; inner lip thick, spread; columella with three to five plaits. Alclthoe papulosa kenyonlana (Brazier) I907 (Unflgured) Valuta papi I losa kenyaniana Brazier, Proc. Malac. Soc, London, vol. 7, p. 6, I907. Verco, Combing the Southern Seas, p. I6, pi. 1, figs. 14-17, 1935. Alt. Hab. Great Australian Bight (Verco), This subspecies is solid, ponderous. A REVIEW OP VOLUTIDAE Jl and differs from the type In being longi- tudinally coatate, excepting on the last half of the body-whorl. Ribs numerous on the upper whorls. The columella Is swollen In the middle, with three strong plaits and a fourth obscure one below, as In papulosa papl I losa. Genus PACHYMELON Flnlay I926 Pachymelon Marwlck, Trans. N Zeal. Inst, vol. 56, p. 266, 281, 1926. Genotype: " Cymbiola" lutea Watson. Range: Waters off New Zealand, A highly specialized genus, the shells provided with a shallow sinus. Pachymelon lutea Watson 1882 (Plate 13, Figure 91) Cymblola lutea Watson, Voyage H.M.S. Chal- lenger, part Gastropoda, p. 255, plate 15, fig. 3, 1882: Jour. Linn. Soc. London, vol. I6, p. 331, part 12. Pachymelon lutea Vatson. Powell: Shell Pish of New Zealand, p. 8I, species IO87, 1937. Suter: Man. New Zealand Moll., p. kh9. valuta Zufea Watson. Sowerby: Thes. Conch, suppl. pi, 18 (PI. 517) fig. 172. Alt, 68 Hab. Cookian faunal province (Powell); 200 miles west of Cape Farewell, New Zealand, 275 fms. (Challenger Expd. ) Shell fusiform, strong, pale buff, with a high blunt spire, large aperture, , slightly reverted outer lip, and four teeth on the pillar. Sculpture: Longitudinals, on the upper whorls there are a few slight narrow ribs which are almost obsolete on the later whorls; the lines of growth are many and hair-like. Spiral, quite obsolete The columellar swelling in front is very small and slight. Color ashy white over pale buff, entirely without gloss, the outer lip and the body-glaze are rich buff, paler inwards. Spire high, a little irregularly bent, subscalar. Apex blunt, mamillary, impressed. Whorls six and three-quarters; they are convex above, contracted into the suture, perpendicular below; after the first three they increase rapidly; the last is slightly ventricose, long, attenuated in front. Suture oblique, slightly impressed. Irregular. Aperture long, but not wide, oblique, with its two sides nearly parallel, bluntly pointed above, ending below in a broad, shallow, slightly emarginated, mi- nutely bordered canal. Outer lip patulous, thin, but expanded and rounded on the edge; it rises on the penultimate whorl at its junction, and is here drawn back into a slight sinus with a very reverted edge. Inner lip spreads widely as a thin glaze on the body; above it is scarcely convex, hardly concave in the middle, perpendicular below, where are four not strong, equal, concealed pale-colored, very oblique teeth (Watson) . Pachymelon wilsonae Powell 1933 (Plate 23, Figure I60) Pachymelon uilsonae Powell, Recs. Austral- ian Mus., vol. 1, p. 204, 1933. Shell Fish New Zealand, p. 8I, 1079, 1937, plate 12, fig. 6. Alt. 112, diam. 47 mm. Hab. Chatham Islands, New Zealand "very rare" (Powell). GENUS COTTONIA Iredale 1934 Cottonta Iredale, South Australian Natural- ist, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 57, March, 1934. Genotype: Scaphella dannevtii Verco now Cottonta nodiplicata Cox. Range: Western Australia; Great Australian Bight . Iredale '3 description is as follows: A genus of the Volntldae ( sensu latisslmo) large, thin, elongate oval, large apex, deciduous at an early stage, two or three whorls remaining, outer lip thin, fragile, columella with three long plaits. When Verco described this very fine shell he overlooked Voluta nodiplicata Cox from Rootnest Island, West Australia, and these two have since been regarded as 34 A REVIEW OF VOLUTIDAE conspeclflc. Cotton and Godfrey used Cox's name and placed the species under Alcithoe , but the typical species of that genus Is smaller, the shell more solid, the outer lip strong, and has a very small, persist- ent apex, a character of great importance. Compared with the Rottnest shell, the pres- ent species is comparatively narrower, the nodules stronger, and it should be kept separate until more Western shells are available. These may be related to such fossils as Valuta ai ticostata Tate and V. heptaional is Tate. Cottonia nodiplicata (Cox) I9IO (Plate 20, Figure I35) Valuta nodiplicata Cox, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 9, p. 146, fig. on p. ikj , 1911 (paper read in I9IO). Scaphella danneviH Verco: Trans. Roy. Soc. Sou. Aust, vol. 36, 1912, p. 225, pi. 13, figs. 1, 2 (in color). Cottania danneviH Verco: Combing the Southern Seas, p. 16, pi. 1, figs. 12, 13, 1935. Alt. 125-163 mm., holotype 125 x 80 mm. Hab. Cox's type locality: Rottnest Island, Western Australia, dead shell from an excavation; Verco's locality: 77-105 fathoms 90 miles West of the meridian of Eucla, Great Australian Bight; New- land Head, rare. Shell rather large, fusiformly ovate, rather thin, of a uniformly yellow cream color, without any trace of color markings; whorls? (spire broken); body- whorl ovate, rather inflated, exhibiting at the upper part eleven moderately prominent rounded plicae, which are nodose about half an inch from the suture, and gradually be- come obsolete about the middle of the whorl; above the tubercles, which are dark colored, the whorl is slightly concave, so that a rounded angulation is formed by the tuber- cular prominences; the surface exhibits fine lines of growth, which are most dis- tinct near the suture and between the pli- cae; columellar folds three in number, well defined, but not conspicuously prominent, the anterior forming the lower columellar margin; outer lip not thickened (immature) showing only a broad shallow anterior notch or sinus. Length (of last two whorls) I25, diam. 80 mm. The holotype, long a unique speci- men, was procured from excavations raised during the construction of a pier on Rott- nest Island, twelve miles northwest of Fremantle. Sir Verco's figure shows a specimen which also lacks the nucleus and has an equally thin lip, the color being apparently iron-rust brown. Genus AULICA Gray 1847 Aulica Gray 1847, Zool, Proc. H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, vol. 1, p. I60, 1858. Cymbiola Swainson, Zool. Illust. Ser. 2, vol. 2, pt. 19, pi. 87, 1832. Scapha Gray, 1847 (partim., not Klein or Humph.) Zool. Proc, p. 131. Vespertilio Klein, Ostra. 76, I753 (non binomial ) . Genotype: Aulica aulica Solander. Range: Pacific Seas, especially Polynesia. Nucleus very large, of Cymbium (Helo) type; shell usually large, often glossy, more or less spineus, ponderous, broad and strongly shouldered; patterned. Aulica aulica (Solander) I825 (Plate 13, Figures 94, 97) Valuta aulica Solander, in Mss., Sowerby: Tankerville Cat., app. p. 19, plate 3, 1825, Reeve: Conch. Icon., plate 2, figs. 4a-d, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 198, pi. 46, figs. 9-12. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 87, pi. 26, figs. 61, 62, 1882, Alt. up to 130 mm. Hab. Sooloo Archipelago. Nucleus consisting of three and one-half whorls, slightly granose; post- nuclear whorls, two and one-half, polished, of one color; suture moderately impressed; sculpture consisting of fine spiral stria- tions; whorls most frequently slightly A REVIEW OP VOLUTIDAE 35. shouldered, tuberculated at the angle, tu- bercles compressed, a little descending; columella strongly four-plaited; ground pale yellow or flesh color, variously painted with scarlet red blotches and fine longitudinal lines. Solander's manuscript description is as follows : Splra apice mammlllarl aulica. Voluta emarginata, oblonga, inermls, albo luteoque nebulosa, spira conica; anfractlbus oblique planis; mamllla laevl; columella quadruplicata. Aulica bednalli (Brazier) 1879 (Plate 14, Figure 98) Voluta bednalli Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc, New South Wales, vol. 3, p. 8l, 1879- Pace: Proc. Zool. Soc. London l880, p. hid, PI. 40, fig. 1. Sowerby: Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 1, p. 49, 1895 (note and colored illustration); Thes. Conch., vol. 5, 2nd suppl., p. 504, pi. 18, (Thes. pi. 517), fig. 171. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 89, pi. 26, fig. 66, 1882. Alt. 80 mm. Hab. Port Darwin, Torres Straits, North Australia (Bednall). Shell narrowly elongately ovate, solid, white, with four narrow transverse red or bright orange bands on the last whorl, the upper band close next the suture, the other three at equal distances down the whorl, which are crossed by about twelve similar, narrow, longitudinal, zig-zag bands of the same color, showing a tendency to spread into irregular spots between the second and third transverse bands; whorls six, flatly convex, marked with fine lon- gitudinal striae or lines of growth, which are more prominent on the upper whorls; the last whorl more than two-thirds the length of the shell; spire elevated, apex papillary and obtuse; aperture somewhat narrow, white within, columella nearly straight, furnished with four plaits, the two upper ones the largest and least oblique, the two lower ones very oblique; outer lip simple (Angas). Aulica cathcartlae (Reeve) I856 (Plate 24, Figure I67) Voluta cathcartlae Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, I856, pi, 55, figs. 5, 6. Sowerby: Thes, Conch., vol. 5, 2nd suppl., p. 501, pi. 16 (Thes. pi. 515), fig. 158. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 88, pi. 27, fig. 79, 1882. Alt. 82 mm. Hab. Apex obtuse; spire short; shell orange-yellow, overlaid with three, inter- rupted bands of purplish black spots; sur- face of body whorl covered with longitudi- nal undulating reddish-brown lines; col- umella with four plaits. The unique type of this handsome species is now in the collection of the Natural His- tory Museum at Dijong (Sowerby). Aulica cymbiola (Chemnitz) I788 (Plate 17, Figure II5) Voluta cymbiola Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vol. 10, p. I4l, plate 118, figs. 1585, 1586, 1788. Reeve: Conch. Icon., plate 19, fig. 46, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 192, plate 51, figs, Tankerville Cat,, plate 5, fig, Tryon: Man, Conch,, vol, 4, p. plate 29, figs. 118, 119, 1882. Voluta corona Chemnitz: Conch. Cab., 10, p. 142, plate l48, figs. 1587, 1788. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. p. 195, plate 55, figs. 120, 121, Man. de Conch., p. I87, fig. 947, 1859. (This may eventually prove to be a valid species. The lack of sufficient mate- rial prevents this question from being decided at the present time.) Voluta coronata Kiener: 1859, Monog. T. 4l, fig. 1. Chenu: Man. de Conch., p. 186, fig. 948, 1859. 75, 76; 1. 99, vol. 1588, 1, Chenu : Alt, 60 Hab. Moluccas ( Spice Islands). Nucleus consisting of two and one- half whorls, apex low, very obtuse; post- nuclear whorls, two or three; suture more 56 A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE or leas channeled and unevenly covered by curved, spiny processes, which are exten- sions of growth; sculpture consisting of fine growth lines, which become coarsest between the periphery and suture of the body whorl; rather long, sharp, hollow spines at the periphery, seven upon body whorl; spiral striae fine; columella with four primary plaits, often two, secondary. Indistinct plaits; ground color and interi- or, yellowish-white, overlaid with pale buff and dark chestnut, longitudinal linea- tions, which are closely spaced below the suture; outer lip thin. Aulica deshayesl (Reeve) l85'^ (Plate 17, Figures 115-116) ioluta i^esha'jesi Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 185^, p. 73, Moll., plate 26, Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 88, plate 26, fig. 63, 1882. Alt. 75-100 mm. Hab. North coast of New Caledonia; north- east Australia; Cllpperton Island, Gala- pagos (Miss Cooke). Nucleus consisting of three and one-half whorls, slightly granose; post- nuclear whorls, two and one-quarter; suture irregular in that it follows from nodule to nodule, particularly adjacent to the body whorl, slightly channeled; eight spiny nod- ules upon body whorl; light Interrupted spiral striae and rather fine longitudinal growth lines; ground color light ivory, overlaid with uneven zones of orange-brown; columella with four plaits. An abnormal example, In the collec- tion of the author, is illustrated on plate 17, fig. 116. Aulica exoptanda (Sowerby) 18^9 (Plate Ik, Figure 100) Valuta exoptanda Sowerby, ms. in Reeve, Conch. Icon., plate 10, fig. 22, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. J>, 1st suppl., p. 271, plate 12, (Thes. plate 261) fig. 136. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 91, plate 26, fig. 72, 1882. Alt. 105, diam. 48 ram. Hab. Port Elliot and Port Lincoln, south Australia, frequently inhabited by her- mit crabs. Shell, cyllndrically oblong, some- what olive shaped, spire short, conical, obtusely papillary at the apex, whorls smooth, slanting round the upper part then rather swollen, and gradually attenuated; columella strongly four-plaited; aperture rather narrow and of a rich orange color, lip but little thickened; surface pale rose- orange, faintly two-banded, densely, pro- miscuously painted throughout with sharply waved, fine chestnut-red lines; columella richly colored like the interior. Aulica guntheri guntheri (E. A. Smith) I886 (Plate 14, Figure 104) Valuta iuntheri Smith, J. C, I886, vol. 5, p. 62. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 5, 2nd suppl., p. 302, plate 17 (Thes. plate 516), figs. 162, 163. Alt. 43, diam. 22 ram, Hab. West Australia. Shell small, solid, white, whorls, six; ornamented with numerous. Irregular, dark-yellow longitudinal color-lines; per- iphery angulated and ornamented with a series of sharp tubercles; spire short; columella white, with four plaits; interior of labrum, white. Aulica guntheri adcocki (Tate) 1888 (Unfigured) Valuta guntheri var . adcocki Tate, I888. Alt. 53, diam. 25 mm. Hab, Middleton to St. Francis Island, Australia, not common. Shell small, yellowish-white, with wavy, narrow, chestnut, spiral lines; two chestnut spiral bands on body whorl; a spiral row of elongate tubercles on periph- ery; mouth oval-elongate; outer lip thick- ened Internally bevelled off to a fine edge; columella with four folds, oblique. A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE Jl Increasing from below upwards. Aullca Imperlalls (Lamarck) 1844 (Plate 15, Figure 107) Valuta imperial is Lamarck, An, s. Vert,, ed. Deshayes, vol, 10, p. 385, 1844. Reeve: Conch. Icon,, plate 16, fig, 56, 1849. Sowerby: Thes, Conch., vol. 1, p. 194, plate 54, fig, 102, Tryon: Man. Conch,, vol. 4, p, 88, plate 26, fig. 65, 1882. Valuta imperlalis Solander: Port. Cat,, p. 183, number 3913, 1786, Alt, 125-200 mm, Hab, Philippines. Nucleus consisting of four whorls, shining, smooth, suture lightly Impressed, flesh or orange color; post nuclear whorls, two and one-half, provided at the periphery with prominent, incurved hollow spines, eleven upon body whorl; last whorl very large, slightly reflected anteriorly; suture provided with secondary, indistinct tubercles the latter much closer together than the spines upon periphery; sculpture consisting of rather prominent growth lines, forming irregularly shaped, longitudinal ridges; ground light flesh color, overlaid with chestnut-brown blotches and fine zig- zag lines, forming usually two wide, ill- defined bands below the periphery on the body whorl; interior and columella area orange-yellow color; columella with four plaits of which the anterior is almost ver- tical; anterior canal short. Aulica innexa (Reeve) 1849 (Plate 17, Figure 119) Valuta innexa Reeve, Conch. Icon., plate 4, figs, 9a-b, 1849. Sowerby: Thes, Conch- vol. 3, Ist suppl., p. 271, plate 12, (Thes. plate 261), fig, 137- Valuta rutilla var. innexa Reeve, Tryon: Man. Conch,, vol, 4, p. 87, plate 25, fig. 54, 1882, Alt. 100 mm. Hab, Loulsiade, near New Guinea, Shell oblong-ovate, spire rather short; whorls smooth, slanting round the upper part and slightly angled, nodulously tubercled at the angle; columella strongly four-plaited; flesh white, longitudinally very finely knitted throughout with fine scarlet-brown lines; three narrow darker bands of color (Reeve). Aullca luteostoraa ( Chemnitz ( 1795 (Plate 14, Figure 99) Valuta luteastama Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vol. 11, plate 177, figs. 1707, 1708. Reeve: Conch. Icon., plate 20, fig. 47, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 93, plate 51, fig. 59. Valuta luteastama Deshayes in Lamarck, An. s. Vert,, ed. Deshayes, 10, 409, Tryon: Man, Conch., vol. 4, p. 88, plate 25, fig. 58, 1882. Valuta chrysastama Swalnson, Exotic Conch., T. 45. Alt. 62 mm. Hab. East Indian Seas. Nucleus consisting of three, smooth, pale colored whorls; post-nuclear whorls, three, subangular, crowned with short, acute vaulted spines, last whorl very large; shell turbinated, thick, smooth, whitish with angularly, flexuous, dark chestnut lines and continuous angular spots; spire ■short; aperture elongated, broader anteri- orly, golden yellow within; outer lip, rounded, somewhat thickened; columella with four distinct plaits. Aulica magnlfica (Chemnitz) 1795 (Plate 14, Figure 101 ) Valuta mainlfica Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vol. 11, p. 1693, 1694. plate 1, fij Conch., vol. 103. Valuta mainifica Lamarck, An. s. Vert., ed. Deshayes, 10, p. 397, Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 89, plate 26, fig. 70, 1882. 3, platesl74, 175, figs. Reeve: Conch. Icon., . 2, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. 1, p. 200, plate 54, fig. 38 A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE Alt. 150-300 mm. Hab. Australia. Nucleus consisting of three whorls, very obsoletely granulosa; post-nuclear whorls, three, ventrlcose, the last being extraordinarily large; shell rather thin, pale fulvous color, with three broad, orange -chestnut bands, marked with white and fuscus spots; aperture oblong, very large, posteriorly acuminated, wider in the middle; columlella with four, distinct, orange-colored plaits, A beautiful species, one of the largest of the genus. Peculiar to the coast of Australia, south to the Tropic of Capricorn. It is found in some Australian estuaries according to Sowerby. Aulica maria-erama (Gray) 1859 (Plate 14, Figure 103) Valuta maria-emma Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, p. 23O, T. 48. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 3, Ist suppl., p. 27I, plate 12, (Thes. plate 26l) fig. 133. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 91, plate 26, fig. -jh, 1882. Valuta irayae Crosse, J. de C, 19, 287, 1871. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol, 4, p. 91, 1882. Alt, 140 Hab. Northwest Coast of Australia (Cox). The' original description is as fol- lows: Shell ovate, fusiform, pale brown, with narrow, deeply-waved, longitudinal, dark-brown lines, forming four more or less distinct. Interrupted, spiral bands, con- sisting of the broader and straighter por- tions of the longitudinal lines; nucleus large, subcylindrical, with a regular spiral, smooth and rounded apex, without any crenulation near the suture; spire con- ical; whorls rather ventricose; outer lip rather arched. It combines the characters of sev- eral species. It has the large, regular, smooth-whorled, spired nucleus, of S. aulica, S. deshayesl I, ■ S- luteostoma, etc., the fusiform shape of S. rut i la, and espe- cially of the smooth variety of S. aulica but it is entirely differently colored from both of them and all the large species of the genus, the coloring resembling that of A . undulata . Indeed some conchologists, to whom I have shown the specimen, have re- garded it as a very large specimen of the latter species, which has lost its external polished coat, and with a larger nucleus than usual . A careful examination of the shell at once shows the fallacy of such an idea. The form and structure of the nucleus are entirely unlike that of the genus Amoria . The shell Is entirely destitute of any polished coat, which is the character of that genus, as is proved by the examination of the body whorl near the inner lip; for, though the very thin inner lip is almost entirely destroyed, yet the groove which indicates its extent is well marked by a rather broad impressed line, defining its limits and showing that it was not even extended over the lower part of the body whorl of the shell, much less over the ex- treme surface of it. Gray named this species after his wife, Maria-Emma Gray, who was the author of "Figures of Molluscous Animals for the use of Students" and also an industrious collector of shells. Aulica nlvosa (Lamarck) 1844 (Plate 17, Figure 121) Valuta nivosa Lamarck, An. s. Vert., edit. Deshayes, vol. 10, p. 389, 1844. Reeve: Conch. Icon., Plate 7, fig. I7, 1849. Tryon: Man. Conch,, vol. 4, p. 86, plate 25, fig. 53, 1882, Valuta nivosa Broderip in Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol, 1, p. 200, plate 51, figs. 63, 64. Alt. 62-88 mm. Hab. Garden Island, Australia, Nucleus consisting of three whorls, the latter two provided with low, nodulous processes upon the summit, often whitish in contrast to the dark surface; post- nuclear whorls, three, slightly carinated; suture, regular, descending anteriorly ad- jacent to body whorl; sculpture of fine growth lines, together with feeble, spiral striae; columella with four plaits, the A REVIEW OF VOLUTIDAE 39 anterior plait descending, the three poste- rior oblique; ground color, dirty white; showing through cafe-aulait color as white flecks; two indistinct darker bands below the periphery and longitudinal streaks of brown above and extending upon the spire. Aulica nobilis nobllls (Solander) I786 (Plate 16, Figures 111-112 ) Valuta scapha Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 3^+68, 1788. Reeve: Conch. Icon., pi. I6, fig. 37, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 194, pl. 46, flgs.l, 2; pi. 48, fig. 35. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 89, pl. 26, fig. 68, 1882, Chenu: Man. de Conch., p. I86, fig. 953, 1859. Maxwell Smith: World-Wide Sea Shells, p. 66, fig. 887, 1940. Valuta nabilis Solander, Port. Cat., p. 6, number 89; p. 172, number 3711; p. I83, number 3926, I786. Martini: Conch. Cab., 5, figs. 774-6. Alt. 85-125 mm. Hab. Polynesia; Singapore, on the reefs (H. Cuming); China. Nucleus consisting of four whorls; suture lightly impressed, apex obtuse; post-nuclear whorls, two; suture, rather deep, slightly channeled; sculptrue con- sisting of fine growth-lines, which become raised and rib-like at the suture, where they are curved and occasionally form blunt low nodules; ground, dark flesh color, overlaid with a pattern of zig-zag lines and blotches of chestnut brown; nucleus often darker brown; brown spots often pres- ent upon labrum and upon posterior "wing"; columella with four plaits, the anterior plait extending to the recurved anterior end; parietal wall generously overlaid with white callus; interior, very pale flesh color. Aulica nobilis fasciata (Schubert and Wagner) I829 (Unfigured) Valuta fasciata Schubert and Wagner, Conch. Cab., T. 216, figs. 3029, 303O, I829. Alt. 85-125 mm. Hab. Same as preceding. The banded form. Aulica norrisi (Gray) I838 (Plate 17, Figure 117 ) Valuta norrisi Gray, Jardine ' s Annals, 1, p. 4l4, 1638. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 86, plate 25, fig. 55, 1882. Valuta norrisi . Sowerby: Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. I50, 1844; Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 201, plate 51, fig. 65. Reeve: Conch. Icon., plate J, fig. 15, 1849. Alt. 62-75 mm. Hab. Dupuch's Island, Australia. Nucleus consisting of three whorls, the latter two sculptured with low nodules, placed midway between the sutures; post- nuclear whorls two and one-half; suture un- dulating; whorls strongly shouldered, form- ing eleven, low, spiny, processes, similar projections upon penultimate whorl; sculp- ture consisting of growth lines, emphasized by brownish lines which are most prominent above the periphery; columella with four plaits; parietal wall keeled anteriorly; ground color buff, overlaid with grayish- brown blotches, forming indistinct bands; interior shading from a dark-brown labrum to pale grayish-brown; columella tinted with peach color. Aulica piperata (Sowerby) 1844 (Plate 18, Figure 122) Valuta piperata Sowerby; Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1844, p. I50. Reeve: Conch. Icon., plate J, figs. l6a-b, 1849, Chenu: Man. de Conch., p. I86, fig. 954, 1859. Valuta piperita Sowerby, Thes, Conch., vol. 1, p. 199, plate 51, fig. 62. Tryon: Man. Conch.,- vol. 4, p. 87, plate 26, fig. 60, 1882. Valuta maciillivrayi Cox, Zool. Proc, T. 47, fig. 9, 1873. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 87, plate 27, fig. 76, 1882, 40 A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE de C, 5rd aer- 1, 1880. Try on: 87, plate 27, Valuta ceraunla Crosse, J. les, 20, 148, T. 4, fig Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. fig. 78, 1882, Alt. 62-75 mm. Hab. Woodlock Island; New Georgia, Solomon Islands (Brazier). Nucleus consisting of three and one- half whorls; the latter one and one-half whorls faintly nodulous; post-nuclear whorls two and three-quarters; suture very lightly Impressed; sculpture consisting of fine growth lines; columella with four plaits, the anterior descending, the three posterior oblique; ground color, cream, patterned with rather widely spaced, brown- ish blotches, forming upon the body whorl three or more poorly defined bands; aper- ture large; columella and aperture brilliant pink- orange. Aulica punctata (Swainson) 1822 (Plate 18, Figure 128) Valuta punctata Swainson, Zool. Illust., series 1, plate l6l, 1822. Cox, in J. de C, vol. 19, p. 77, plate 5, fig. 2, 1871. Reeve: Conch. Icon., plate 21, species 52, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 198, plate 53, figs. 89, 9O; vol. 5, 2nd suppl., plate 15 (Thes. plate 5l4 ) fig. l49. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 89, plate 27, fig. 80, -1882. Alt. 75 mm. Hab. East Australia; Bellinger River and Port Jackson, Australia; southern coast of New Caledonia. Shell nearly oval, thlcklsh, smooth, pale fulvous with darker, squarish spots disposed in rows, and sprinkled over with dots of the same color; spire rather short, conical, with an obtuse apex, whorls, few, the last with small tubercles posteriorly; columella with four distinct white folds. Aulica pulchra pulchra (Sowerby) I825 (Plate 18, Figure 124) Valuta pulchra Sowerby, Tankerville Cat., app. p. 28, plate 4, fig. 2, 1825. Reeve: Conch. Icon, plate 21, fig. 54, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch, vol.1, p. 199, plate 51, fig. 61. Chenu: Man. de Conch., p. 190, fig. 969. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 86, plate 25, fig. . J 50, 1882. Maxwell Smith: World-Wide Sea Shells, p. 65, fig. 875, 1940. Alt. 68 mm. Hab. Great Barrier Reef, Australia; Heron Island, Australia (MacGlllvary) . Nucleus consisting of three and one-half whorls, covered with fine spiral striae and longitudinal riblets; ground color and riblets whitish, the remainder pale corn-yellow; post-nuclear whorls three; suture moderately impressed; body whorl with nine, regularly placed, slight re- curved nodules at the periphery; similar nodules upon the spire; spiral sculpture consisting of fine striae; ground color china white with a violet cast, overlaid with a violet-rose and pale orange pattern, leaving pyramidal spaces of the ground color showing through, these in turn, ' reg- ularly accented by the presence of dark, longitudinal, chocolate colored dots and streaks. Aulica pulchra wlsemani (Brazier) I87I (Unflgured) Valuta wlsemani Brazier, J. de C, vol. 19, p. 78, plate 5, fig. 1, I871. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 5, 2nd suppl., p. 297, plate 14 (Thes. plate 513) fig. 139- Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 86, plate 25, fig. 51, 1882. Alt. 73 mm. Hab. Northeast Australia. Aulica rutila rutila (Broderlp) I825 (Plate 18, Figure 125 ) Valuta rutila Broderlp, Zool. Journ., vol. 2, p. 30, T. 3, 1825, Reeve: Conch. Icon., plate 4, fig. 8, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 200, plate 46, figs. 5, 6. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol.4. A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 41 p, 87, plate 25, fig, 56, 1882. Chenu: Man. de Conch., p. 186, fig. 952, 1859. Maxwell Smith: World-Wide Sea Shells, p. 66, fig. 886, 1940. Alt. 75-88 mm. Hab. Northeast Australia; New Guinea (Brazier) . Nucleus consisting of three whorls, slightly nodulous at periphery; suture rapidly descending adjacent to final whorl, whitish, shining; post nuclear whorls two and one-half, undulating, slightly chan- neled; spire short, whorls concave between slightly keeled periphery and suture; body whorl bluntly keeled at periphery and show- ing indistinct nodules; ground color light ivory, overlaid with streaks of yellowish brown, and forming several, irregular, rusty-red bands; sculpture consisting of indistinct spiral striae and fine longitu- dinal growth lines; columella with four plaits; interior flesh color, color pattern extending inside the parietal wall posteri- orly. Aulica rutila ruckeri (Crosse) I867 (Plate 18, Figure 129) Valuta ruckeri Crosse, J. de C, vol. 15> p. 144, 1867, and vol. I6, p. 97, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1868. Sowerby: Thes, Conch., vol. 5, 2nd suppl., p. 299, pl • 15 (Thes. pl. 514), fig. l48. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 87, pl. 27, fig. 75, 1882. Alt. 65 mm. Hab. New Georgia, Solomon Islands (type locality) . Distinguished from rutila rutila by the shorter spire, smaller nucleus and presence of constricted labrum. Interme- diate examples indicate the inadvisabillty of considering this a valid species. Aulica rosslniana (Bernardi) 1859 (Plate 14, Figure 102) Valuta rassiniana Bernard!, J. de C, vol. 7, p. 377, 1859; also vol. 8, p. 127, pl. 1, fig. 1, i860. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 88, pl. 26, fig. 64, 1882. Alt. 175 ram. Hab. Isle of Pines, New Caledonia. Nucleus consisting of four whorls; apex low; post-nuclear whorls three; su- ture undulating, particularly upon body- whorl; sculpture consisting of rather fine growth-lines and indistinct broken spiral and oblique striae, together with a few broken Incised lines, widely spaced; ground color and interior ivory, overlaid with a yellowish brown pattern, forming irregularly shaped triangular tent-like markings of ivory; aperture broad; columel- la with five, sharp, rather elevated plaits, the anterior plait descending vertically in a long sweep to the anterior termina- tion; peripheral spines comparatively short, partially hollow, rather sharp, each one extended anteriorly upon the body whorl to form a longitudinal rounded rib, the latter extending only half way to the anterior end. Aulica scafa (Solander) I786 (Plate 17, Figures 118-120) Valuta scafa Solander, Portland Cat., I786, no. 969a, p. 136. Valuta uolva Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Ed. I3, p. 3457, 1791. Valuta punctata Kiener (not Swainson). Valuta flavicans Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3464, 1788. Reeve pl. 19, fig. 45, 1849 Conch, vol. 4, p. 91, 1882. Valuta valuacea Lamarck, Ann. Mus . Hist Nat. (Paris) vol. 17, I8II. Sowerby Thes. Conch, vol. 1, p. 195, figs. 3-4; also pl. 51, fig. 3, Ist suppl. p. 269. Valuta siinifer Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1847, p. 232. Tryon: Man. Conch, vol. 4, p. 91, (according to Tryon V. slinl fer ±3 an elongated flav- icans with a lip not quite mature). Alt. 65-80 mm. Hab. Tasmania; Straits of Magellan? : Conch. Icon., Tryon : Man . . pl. 26, fig. 71, pl. 46, 61?; vol. 42 A REVIEW OP VOLUTIDAE Nucleus consisting of three whorls, the first sculptured with rounded nodules, tilted; post-nuclear whorls three, the last very large and posteriorly obtusely subang- ular; provided with about six, rather sharp, partially open or closed spiny processes; shell smooth, surface sllk-llke, ground col- or Including nucleus Ivory, overlaid with dull brown, widely spaced blotches; suture adjacent to body whorl Irregularly crossed by raised and curved extensions of growth lines, the terminations of the latter forming a wavy, incised line upon the pun- ultimate whorl, adjacent to the aforemen- tioned suture; aperture large, broad; col- umella with four strong plaits. Aulica Sophia (Gray) 1846 (Plate 17, Figure ll4 ) Valuta sophia Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., series 1, 1846, vol. 18, p. 4^1. Reeve: Conch. Icon., pi. 10, fig. 21, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 3> Ist suppl., p. 270, pi. 12 (Thes. pi. 26l) fig. 132. Cox: Dlst. Australian Volutes, p. 17. Crosse, J. de C, I871,. vol. 19, p. 279, species I3. Valuta (Scapha) sophia Gray, Angas : Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, p. 52, spe- cies 13. Valuta {vesper til to ) sophia. Kobelt : Jahrb., deutsch. Malak. Gesellsch., 1877, p. 304, species 12. Aulica sophia. Brazier: (Chevert Expd. Shells) Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 1, p. 205, number 23. Voluta (vesper tillo ) sophiae . Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 87, pl. 25, fig. 57, 1882. Alt. 62 mm. Hab. Port Esslngton, North Australia; Torres Strait, from low water to 30 fathoms (Brazier). Nucleus large, tilted, consisting of about three whorls, nodules at periphery bead-like, about sixteen upon the final whorl; suture well impressed; post -nuclear whorls about three; eight nodules to the whorl; suture interrupted; sculpture con- sisting of fine spiral striae and closely spaced growth-lines; columella with four primary plaits and one or two plalt-llke processes extending anteriorly, but some- what oblique, upon the wall. The presence of four rows of distant chestnut-red spots constitute the chief dif- ference between this species and V , nor - risl . Aulica translucida (Verco) I896 (Unfigured) Voluta translucida Verco, Trans. Royal Soc. South Australia, vol. 20, p. 217, pl. 6, figs. 4, 4a, 1896. Alt. 40, dlam. I6 mm. Hab. Backstairs Passage, Newland Head; Yatala Shoal, 6-22 fathoms, rare. Shell very thin, translucent, smooth, glistening; a narrow spiral reddish- ' brown line close beneath the suture; axial, narrow, curved reddish-brown lines, about I sixteen in body whorl, composed of minute j zig-zags or of small spirally elongated \ spots; two indefinite spiral color bands encircle the whorl; four post-nuclear whorl^ slightly convex; aperture narrowed above by the fold of the outer lip, dilated below, basal notch wide, shallow; outer lip thin, convex; columella with four folds. Aulica tissotiana (Crosse) I867 (Plate 18, Figure I23) Valuta tissotiana Crosse, J. de C, vol. 15, p. 195, pl. 6, fig. 6, 1867. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol, 5, 2nd suppl., p. 3OI, pl. 16 (Thes. pl. 515), fig. 157. Alt. 92, diam. 49 mm. Hab. North Australia (Fischer), dubious. Shell elongate ovate, thick, shin- ing; irregularly painted with zones of brown spots; spire moderately elevated; nucleus blunt; suture impressed; aperture moderately wide; interior yellowish; col- umella with four plaits. Allied to C. sea fa of which it is possibly a subspecies. A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 45 Aullca vespertllio vespertillo (Lirm^) (Plate 19, Figures 131-152; Plate 18, Figure 126) Valuta vespertllio Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1194, number 428. Reeve: Conch. Icon., pi. 5, fig- 11a, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, pi. 47, figs. 15, 21, 22. Wood: Index Test., p. 107, pi. 21, fig. 151, 1856. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 86, pi. 25, fig. 45, 1882. Alt. 75-120 nun. Hab. Indian Ocean; Moluccas; Papua, Madras, India (Melvill and Standen). Nucleus (see PI. 26, Fig. I85) con- sisting of three and one-half whorls, broad- ly shouldered; nodules rounded, blunt, prom- inent; about nine to the last whorl; sculp- tured with spiral striae; apex low; post- nuclear whorls two and one-half; suture un- dulating; growth lines prominent; seven conspicuous recurved spines upon body whorl, spines short but sharp upon spire; columel- la with four plaits; outer lip thickened, usually darker inside; aperture whitish; ground color variable, usually ornamented with an irregular, zig-zag pattern and a tendency toward indistinct bands. This shell commonly known as the Bat Volute was thought to have been named thus by Llnneus on account of its resem- blance to the hooked claws on a bat's wing. Aullca vespertllio mitis (Lamarck) 1844 (Plate 19, Figure 150) Valuta mitis Lamarck, An. s. Vert., ed. Deshayes, vol. 10, p. 588, 1844. Reeve; Conch. Icon., pi. 5, fig- He, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, pi. 47, figs. 18, 25? Tryon: Man. Conch., vol, 4, p. 86, pi. 25, fig. 49, 1882. Alt. (of specimen figured by Reeve) 102 mm. Hab. Eastern Seas. This subspecies attains an oblong cylindrical form, with tubercles par- tially obsolete. Aulica vespertllio pellis-serpentls (Lamarck) 1844 (Plate 25, Figure 175) Valuta pellls-serpentis Lamarck, An. s. Vert., ed. Deshayes, vol. 10, p. 586, 1844. Reeve: Conch. Icon., pi. 5, fig- lid, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, pi. 47, fig. 16. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 86, pi. 25, fig. 46, 1882. Watson: Challenger Rept., part Gastro- poda, p. 254, 1885. Alt. (of specimen figured by Reeve) 115 mm. Hab. Eastern Seas. In this form the color is more elaborately reticulated, and has little In- dication of the triangular and tortuous lines which distinguish the other subspe- cies. Aulica vespertllio lineolata (Kuster) l84l (Plate 25, Figure 175) Valuta lineolata Kuster, Conch. Cab., (ed. Kuster), p. 190, T. 56, fig. 6, l84l. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 86, pi. 25, fig. 52, 1882. Alt. 75-120 ram. Hab. Eastern Seas. Aulica vespertllio serpentina (Lamarck) 1844 (Plate 18, Figure 127) Valuta serpentina Lamarck, An. s. Vert., ed. Deshayes, vol. 10, p. 590, 1844. Reeve: Conch. Icon., pi. 5, fig- Ht, 1849. Sowerby: Thes, Conch., vol. 1, pi. 47, figs. 17, 19, 20, 25. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 86, pi. 25, fig. 47, 1882. Kuster: Conch. Cab., (ed. Kuster), p. 190, species 44. Valuta vespertllio Linne, Chenu: Man. de de Conch., p. I86, fig. 950, 1859- Maxwell Smith: World-Wide Sea Shells, p. 66, species 88O, 1940. Alt. (of specimen figured by Reeve) 111 mm. hh A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE Hab. Eastern Seas. Of more oblong growth, less strong- ly tubercled than the other subspecies. It is marked with thin tortuous lines of paint- ing, varying from dark olive-brown to bright face. The last character, which it has in scarlet or orange, Aulica verconis (Tate) I892 (Plate 24, Figure I66) Valuta Verconis Tate, Trans, Proc. and Re- port of Royal Society of South Australia, 15, p. 125, 1892. Alt. 25.5-34 mm. Hab. 13 fathoms in Yankalilla Bay, St. Vincent Gulf; 30 fathoms off Corney Point, Spencer Gulf (both by Verco); Investigator's Straits, dead shells (Zietz, in S, Aust , Museum), also in 22 fathoms (Verco). Elongate fusiform, spire turrlted, short; aperture about two-thirds the total length. Nucleus of two and one-half smooth whorls; spire whorls three and one-half, the anterior ones angulated antemedially and nodosely-plicate on the angulation, ex- tending to the anterior suture, but evanes- cent towards the posterior suture. Body- whorl with ten nodosities on the periphery, abruptly terminating plications, which oc- cupy the median area; at about the anterior fourth the suture commences to ascend on the penultimate whorl, finally attaining to the angulation; outer lip incrassated, but bevelled off Inside to a thin simple edge; columella with four plications. The sculpture consists of axial linear grooves, hardly visible by the un- aided eye, and transverse wavy-striae; the latter occur on the spire-whorls and the shoulder of the body-whorl, and are visible only by the aid of a lens. The color is whitish, with intri- cate linear fulvous markings; chestnut spotted around the posterior suture, and on the body-whorl, also about midway be- tween the angulation and the front. In its general characters this spe- cies resembles a dwarf V, kreuslerae Ang&s, being about one-third of its size; from which it differs by its proportionately shorter spire (the ratio of the total length to that of aperture in V . kreuslerae is 100 to 52), more angulated whorls, by the ascen- sion of the anterior part of the body-whorl on the spire, and by its wavy- striated sur- common with Volutoconus coni formls Cox, is very exceptional in the genus. Genus VOLUTOCONUS Crosse I87I Volutoconus Crosse, I87I, J. de C, vol. 19, p. 306. Genotype: Voluta conl formls Cox. Range: Australia. Shell oblong, subcylindrical, lon- gitudinally and transversely striate; spire short and obtuse; columella plaits consist- ing of four slightly developed teeth. Volutoconus coniformls (Cox) I871 (Plate 20, Figure I39) Voluta coniformis Cox, J. de C, vol. I9, p. 74, pi. 4, fig. 1, 1871. Sowerby: Thes, Conch., vol. 5, 2nd suppl., p. 298, pi, 15 (Thes, pi, 514) fig. l45. Tryon: Man, Conch., vol, 4, p, 100, pi, 30, fig. 129, Alt, 70 mm, Hab. Nichol Bay, northwest Australia. Shell solid, yellowish brown, with three faint broad chestnut bands together with irregular or triangular large and small spots and blotches; spire low; six convex whorls; four plaits on columella. Genus CALLIPARA Gray I855 Calltpara Gray, I855, Zool, Proc, p. 62. Genotype: Cal I ipara bullata Swalnson. Range: South Africa. Shell oblong, subcylindrical; spire short; nucleus small; columella with three plaits. A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 45 Callipara bullata (Swalnson) 1829 (Plate 20, Figure I56) Valuta bullata Swalnson, Zool. Illust., series 2, vol. 1, pi. 15, I829. Reeve: Conch. Icon., pi, 21, fig. 55, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 206, pi. 55, fig- 88. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 100, pi. 29, fig. 116, 1882 (copy of Sowerby). Chenu: Man. de Conch., p. 188, fig, 956, 1859. Maxwell Smith: World-Wide Sea Shells, p. 66, fig. 892, 1940. Alt. 60 nnn. Hab. Port Elizabeth (Sowerby), Algoa Bay (Reeve), South Africa. Shell smooth, rather thin; pat- terned with chestnut spots and angular and undulated lines; spire short, obtuse; whorls four and one-half, the last very large . This species externally resembles Conus bullatus Linn6. Genus CYMBIUM (Bolten) Roeding 1798 Cymbium Bolten (Roeding), Catalog 1798. Melo Humphrey: Mus. Calonn., 1797. Sower- by: Genera of Shells, I827, also other authors . Genotype: Melo diadema Lamarck, now CV"- blum ctthara cithara (Sol.) Lajnarck. Range: Indian Ocean, Polynesia and adja- cent seas. Shell large, ventricose, thin; spire short; nucleus very large, obtuse, shining (Dall designates the Melo -type nu- cleus to include all species of Melo and Voluta scapha, V. mainifica and V. imperi- al is); aperture wide, outer lip simple, acute; axis almost or quite pervious and instead of a central, solid pillar provid- ed with a thickened process corresponding to a very slender and twisted columella; plaits very oblique; shell obliquely trun- cated anteriorly. Cymbium aethlopicS."'aethlopica*'(Linnd) I766 (Plate 22, Figure I5O; also frontpiece) Voluta aethioptca Linn6: Syst . Nat., 1195, 1766. Melo aet hlopicus. Sovevhj: Thes. Conch., vol. 5, 1st suppl., p. 272, pi. 4 (Thes. pi. 262) fig. 33; vol. 1, pi. 81, fig.' 9; pi. 82, fig. 13, 14, 19. Reeve: Conch. Icon. Alt. 150-300, diam. IOO-I5O mm. Hab. Indian Ocean, Philippines, Japan. Shell sub-ovate, ventricose, of yellowish-cinnamon color; spines short, frequent, suberect; coliimella with from three to four plaits; epidermis thin, of a greenish-brown color. Cymbium aethiopica'^roderipii (Gray) 1834 (Plate 22, Figure l47) Voluta broderipii Gray. Griffith's Anlm. King., vol. 12, T. 26, 1834. Melo broderipii Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 415, pi. 83, figs. 26, 27. Melo aethiopica var , broderipii Tryon: Man. Conch., vol, 4, p. 81, pi. 23, figs. 20, 21, 1882. Melo re a us Broderip (non Schubert and Wag- ner) . Alt. 200 to 350 mm, Hab, Manila Bay, Philippines. Shell very ventricose, tumid, whitish, and Inscribed with stripes and spots of a reddish-chestnut color; spines short, open and thickly set; columella with four plaits; epidermis brownish, thin. This supspecies varies much in size and color, but the spire is usually well pro- duced. When very old, individuals seem to lose the power of secreting spines. Cymbium aethiopica nautlca (Lamarck) 1844 (Plate 22, Figure I5I ) Voluta nautlca Lamarck, An. s. Vert. Deshayes, 10, p. 374, 1844. ed. 46 A RKVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE vol Melo nautlcus. Sowerby: Thes. Conch 1, p, 4l4, pi. 52, figs, 10-12, Melo aethioplca uar . nautlca Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 81, pi. 23, fig. 19, 1882. Alt. 150-200 mm. Hab. Polynesia? Spines close set, converging toward the apex. Cymblum aethloplca*'regla (Schubert and Wagner) 1829 (Plate 22, Figure 153) Melo reila Schubert and Wagner, Conch. Cab., 12, 15, T. 218, fig. 5038, 3059, 1829. Melo reiius. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 3, 1st suppl., p. 275, pi. 4, (Thes. pi. 262), fig. 31. Melo aethioplca var. reiia. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 8I, pi. 23, fig. 18, 1882. Alt. 150-300 mm, Hab. Polynesia. Shell yellowish-brown with zones of white blotches (Tryon) . Cymblum clthara clthara (Solander) I786 (Plate 22, Figure l46) Voluta clthara Solander, Portland Catalogue, p. 96, 190, year 1786. Voluta dtadema Lamarck, An. s. Vert., 5 edit. Deshayes, 375, year 1844. Melo dladema. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 81, pi. 23, figs. 22, 23, 1882. voluta amphora Solander, Port. Cat., p. 30, number 708; p. I9I, number 3874, 1786. Martini: Conch. Cab., 3, 78O. Alt. 150-325 mm. Hab. Indian Ocean; Australia. Nucleus consisting of three and one- half whorls, apex, elevated; whorla orna- mented with low, closely placed axial rib- lets; two post-nuclear whorls; suture chan- neled, surface sloping downward from periph- ery to suture; sculpture consisting of fine, oblique broken, spiral striae and fine ir- regular growth-lines; eight or more hollow- pointed spines upon periphery of last whorl, additional spines upon penultimate whorl; columella with three plaits; ground color ivory, marked with chestnut, often forming interrupted zones, connected by zig-zag markings . Cymblum clthara armata (Lajnarck) 1844 (Plate 21, Figure l40) Voluta armata Lamarck, An. s. Vert., ed. Deshayes, 376, vol. 5, 1844, Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 81, pi. 23, figs. 24, 25, 1882, Melo armatus. Sowerby: Thes, Conch., vol. 1, p. 4l4, pi, 82, fig. 15, pi. 83, figs. 21, 22. Voluta clthara Solander, Port. Cat., pgs, 96, 190, 1786, Alt. 175 mm. Hab. Eastern Seas. Spines longer, less distant and more numerous than in clthara cithara, also continued to the edge of the last whorls. Cymblxim cithara umbillcatus (Broderlp) (Plate 22, Figure l48) Melo umbllicatus Broderlp in Sowerby, Thes, Conch,, vol. 3* Ist suppl., p. 273, pi. 4 (Thes. pi. 262), fig. 32, vol, 1, pi. 82, fig. 18; pi, 83, figs, 29, 30, Voluta ducalls Lamarck, An, s. Vert,, ed. Deshayes, 10, 377, Melo dtadema var. ducalls. Tryon: Man. Conch,, vol. 4, p. 81, pi. 23, fig. 26, 1882. Melo mucronatus Brod.-Sowb.. I855. Alt. Hab, Australia. In this subspecies the spines are, except in the young state, long, and the shoulder on which they rest high above the apex, leaving it in a hole or umbilicus. A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE 47 Cymbium melo (Solander) I786 (Plate 21, Figure IkJ,; Plate 26, Figure l84) Valuta Indlca Gmelln, (non Sowerby), Syst. Nat., 3467. Chenu: Man. de Conch., p. 186, fig. 946, 1859. Helo indtcus. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 413, plate 81, figs, 1-5. Valuta melo Solander, Port. Cat., p. 4l, number 969, I786. Martini, Conch. Cab., 3, figs. 772, 773. Mela tndica. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 80, pi. 23, fig. 14, 1882. Alt. 150-275, diam. 82-200 mm. Hab. Indian Ocean. Shell very ventricose, ovate, globose, yellow, yellowish-red or ruddy- orange, tessellated with chestnut spots or stripes, disposed for the most part in transverse lines which gird the body whorl; spire entirely covered in full-grown shells, in old individuals, also the apex; in young shells, the latter always bare and promi- nent . A juvenile shell is shown in figure 143, the nucleus not yet immersed by the spire. Cymbium miltonis (Gray) 1834 (Plate 22, Figure 154) Valuta miltonis Gray, in Griffith's Anim. King., vol. 12, T. 29, 1834. Mela miltonis . Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 415, pi. 83, figs. 24, 25. Melo diadema miltonis. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 82, pi. 23, fig. 28, 1882. Melo cylindratus Broderlp 1855- Alt. Hab. Swan River, Australia. Shell subcylindrlcal, thin, whitish or pinkish, boldly painted with angulated stripes and spots, which have sometimes a flamy or lightning-like character in their shape. The spire, somewhat produced, is adorned with shortish, sharp spines, broad at their bases and incurved towards the apex at their points. Pillar is three- plaited, though there is sometimes a trace of a fourth plait, as is the case in many species. The junction of the upper ex- tremity of the outer lip, with the body of the shell, is at a lower point than any of the preceding species, and hence we find the spire more produced (Broderlp). Cymbium tessellata (Lamarck) 1844 (Plate 22, Figure 152) Valuta tessellata Lamarck, An. s. Vert., ed. Deshayes, 10, 377, vol. 5, 1844. Mela tessellatus . SoWerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 413, pl. 71, figs. 6-8. Valuta hnustrum Solsmder, Port. Cat., p. 137, number 3054, I786. Martini, Conch. Cab., 3, 781. Mela tessellata . Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 80, pl. 23, fig. 15, 16, 1882. Alt. 150, diam. 100 ram. Hab. Indian Ocean. China. Shell ventricose, of a straw or sulphurous color, banded with three and sometimes two zones of tessellated spots. The spines which are broad at the base and decumbent, converge towards the apex, the tip only of, which, in fine specimens, rises above them. Epidermis greenish brown and thin. . Genus CYMBA Broderlp 1826 Cymha Broderlp, 1826, in Sowerby 's Genera of Shells. Cymbium Klein: 1753 (non-binomial). Yetus Adanson, 1757 (non-binomial). Genotype: Cymba probascldalis Brod. Range: West Africa to southern Spanish shores of the Mediterranean; Portugal, Canaries. Shell oval-oblong, ventricose, thin; suture or adjacent whorl usually channeled or turrited; nearly Involute; nucleus large, globular, forming an obtuse papillary apex; whorls few, forming a flat edge around the nucleus; aperture oblong, wide; columella twisted, with several oblique plaits; outer 48 A REVIEW OP THE VOLDTIDAE lip thin, simple. The group Is viviparous and the soft parts too large to entirely enter the shell. Cymba clslum clslum (Lamarck) 1844 (Plate 21, Figure l4l) Valuta clsium Lamarck, An. s. Vert., ed. Deshayes, 10, 58O, 1844, Cymblum clsium. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 79, pl. 22, fig. 7, 1882. cymba cymbium Llnn^ et Auct, Sowerby: Thes Conch., vol. 1, p. 4lO, pl. 79, figs. 6, 10; pl. 80, figs. 21, 26. Cymbium cymblum. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 79, (designations dubious). Chenu; Man. de Conch., p. I86, fig. 94l, 1859- Alt. 75-125 inm. Hab. West Africa. Shell Irregularly ovate, marbled with white and brownish red, covered with a thin brown epidermis, which Is coated for about one-third of the shell, with the enamel-like glaze, which takes Its commence- ment near the pillar. The spire Is deeply channeled and carlnated, exposing the sub- glandiform apex, and forming with the sub- reflected, sharp upper border of the body whorl, a wide, spiral excavation. The up- per edge of the outer lip recedes from the spire. The pillar, which Is very much curved, has three plaits, and Is bordered on the basal half, with a rich chestnut longitudinal band (Broderlp). Cymba clslum gracilis Broderlp 1847 (Plate 22, Figure l49) Cymba iracllls Broderlp In Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 410, pl. 79, fig. 15; pl. 80, fig. 24, 1847. Cymblum iracile, Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 79, pl. 22, fig. 5, 8, 1882. Alt. 75-125 mm, Hab. West Africa. Shell, subcylindrical, clouded with white and reddish. The spire somewhat ex- cavated, and the subglandlform apex con- spicuous. The area much less, and the channeling much shallower than in C. cyn- blum{C. clsium clslum); the pillar, which has four plaits, much stralghter, the aper- ture narrower, and the whole shell more slender and symmetrical. The sharp upper border of the lip is very much Inflected towards the spire, and the shell Is covered with a thin, brown epidermis, which is covered with the enamel-like glaze for about one-third of the shell, beginning near the pillar (Broderlp). Cymba pepo pepo (Solander) I786 (Plate 21, Figure l44) Valuta pepo Solander, Port. Cat., p. 87, . number 1940; p, 100, number 2204, I786. Martini, Conch. Cab., 5, figs. 768-770. Valuta neptunt Gmelln, Syst. Nat., ex parte, fide Pfelffer 3467, 1791-92. Valuta navlcula Gmelln, Syst. Nat., ^467, 1791-92. Cymba neptunl Broderlp in Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 407, pl. 79, figs. 14, 17; pl. 80, fig. 23. cymbium neptunl. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 80, pl. 22, figs. 9-12; pl. 1, fig. 3, 1882. cymba patula Broderlp in Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 408, pl. 79, fig- 7. Cymba trltonls Broderlp in Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 408, pl. 80, fig. 25. Cymblum patulum . Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 80, pl. 22, fig. 11, 1882. Cymbium navlcula Gmelln. Tryon: Man- Conch., vol. 4, p. 80, 1882. Alt. 150-250 mm. Hab. West Africa. Shell ovate, tumid, ventricose, of a browhish-red, covered with a strong brown epidermis, over which an enamel-like glaze is extended from the pillar over about a fourth part of the shell, leaving the epi- dermis of the back uncoated. In full grown specimens, the spire and apex are entirely concealed, and the upper border of the body whorl, which is carlnated and somewhat re- flexed, overhangs both, so as to form an open, somewhat round concavity. The pil- lar is four plaited (Broderlp). A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE 49 Cymba olla (Llnne) 1766 (Plate 21, Figure 1^5) roluta olla Llnn^, Syst , Nat., 1196, I766. Cymba olla Llnnd. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 410, pl. 79, figs. 5, 4, 11. Cymbium olla Llnne. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. k, p. 80, pl. 22, fig. 13, 1882. Reeve: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5rcl series, 7, p. 275. Alt. 8O-I25 mm. Hah. Spanish shores of the Mediterranean; Portugal; Canaries; northwest Africa. Shell ovate, ventricose, pale ful- vous, covered with a thin pale-hrown epi- dermis, which is covered with an enamel- like glze from near the pillar to about two-thirds of the shell. The sub-conical apex is exposed as well as the spire, which last, together with the upper part of the body whorl is rounded and deeply channeled. Pillar with two plaits (Broderip). Cymba proboscldalis Broderip (Plate 21, Figure l42) cymba proboscldoUs Broderip in Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 409, pl- 79, fig. 2; pl. 80, figs. 22, 27. Chenu: Man. de Conch., p. I86, fig. 9^3, 1859. Valuta proboscidale, Lamarck, An. s. Vert., ed. Deshayes, 10, p. 382. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. k, p. 79, pl- 22, figs. 1- 4, 1882. cymba pore 1 no Lamarck, An. s. Vert., ed. Deshayes, 10, p. 385, I8II. Broderip in Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 409, pl. 79, figs. 1, 5, 9, I6, I8; pl. 80, fig. 20. Chenu: Man. de Conch., p. 186, fig. 940, 1859. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 79, pl. 22, figs. 3, 4, 1882. cymba rubiglnoso Swainson, Exotic Conch., T. 28, Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. p. 409, pl. 79, figs. 12, 13; pl. 80, fig. 19. Cymbtum rubiiinosum Swainson. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 79, pL 22, fig. 6, 1882. Alt. 25-300 mm. Hab. West coast of Africa. Shell elongated, somewhat cylin- drical but ventricose towards the middle, reddish yellow, which becomes paler in full- grown specimens, covered with a dark brown epidermis which is entirely coated in adults with the enamel-like glaze. The spire and apex are almost entirely obliter- ated in full-grown individuals, and the reflected upper border of the body whorl exposes a wide, somewhat excavated, snout- like area, from which the species obtains its name. The pillar has four plaits, the last being comparatively small (Broderlip). Genus MAMILLANA Crosse I87I Mamtllana Crosse, I871, J. de C, vol. XI, 3rd series, p. 308. Genotype: "Voluta" mamilla Gray. Range: Australasia. The distinguishing feature is the remarkable development of the nucleus. The shells are large in size; the columella with few oblique plaits. Mamillana mamilla (Gray) (Plate 19, Figure 133; Plate 24, Figure I63) Valuta mamilla Gray, in Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. I, p. 207, pl. 1, figs. 57, 58 (juvenile) Gray: Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pl. 45, 1859. Reeve: Conch., Icon., pl. 19, fig. 44, 1849. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 101, pl. 29, fig. 122. J. C, vol. 13, p. 278, note upon dead shells obtained from the lob- ster pots and inhabited by a large hermit-crab. J. de C, vol. 49, p. 10, 1901. Includes a fine engraving of an adult specimen from the collection of C. E. Beddome. Alt. I5O-2OO mm. Hab. Kangaroo Island, Australia; Tasmania (Angas). Bass Straits, North Australia; Western Port, Victoria. Nucleus (see pl. 26, fig. I83) con- sisting of one gigantic mamilliform whorl, with apex on one side; surface wrinkled; 50 A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE po3t-nuclear whorls, two and one-half; su- ture distinct; surface covered with strong, longitudinal growth lines; outer lip thin, china-like, extending upon the penultimate whorl almost to suture; columella oblique, with three, feeble plaits; heavy posterior wall callus; ground color brownish gray, overlaid with a sparse pattern of tan, form- ing designs resembling pyramids and arrows; nucleus, colored a dirty yellow; the aper- ture, whitish yellow; a broad zone of this color extends upon surface of body whorl; columella milky orange. The nucleus of this shell was re- ported thus by Reeve in his Conchologia Iconica: "This shell is in a very immature state, and there can be little doubt of the swollen apex being a malformation. " Mamillana roadnightae (McCoy) I88I (Plate 19, Figure lj,h) Valuta roadnightae McCoy, Ann. du Mus., 5, series 8, 89, T. 7, figs. 1, 2, 188I. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. k, p. 96, pi. 30, fig. 128. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 5, 2nd suppl., p. 298, pi. Ik (Thes pi. 513) fig. 143. Mrs. Agnes Kenyon: Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 3, p. 267; vol. 5, p. 10. (note on type specimen), W. T. Blanford: Proc. Mai. Soc, London, vol, 4, p. 184 (fate of type speci- men) . Alt. IOO-I50 mm. Eab. Red Bluff on the Ninety-Mile beach, Gippsland, south coast of Victoria, Australia (type locality). Nucleus mammilliform, consisting of one and one-half swollen whorls, wrinkled; post-nuclear whorls, three and one-half, spire and first quarter of body whorl orna- mented with numerous longitudinal ribs, which, upon the spire, are most prominent between the periphery and anterior suture, the ribs crossed by undulating spiral ridges which are most conspicuous between periphery and suture and anteriorly upon body whorl; surface with a silk-like lustre, ground color ivory white, columella area stained with peach color; two oblique pos- terior plaits and one anterior projection which extends posteriorly and outwardly to form the short canal; labrum whitish. thickened, reflexed. Genus AMORIA ' Gray I855 Amoria Gray, Zool, Proc. 1855, p. 64. Scaphella Swainson, Zool. 111. Series 2, vol. 2, pt. 19, pi, 87, 1832. Genotype: "voluta" undulata Lamarck. Range: Seas of Australia, Larval shell membranous, with a pointed styliferous nucleus; surface of adults usually smooth; suture usually rath- er indistinct. Amoria canal Iculata (McCoy) I869 (Plate 4, Figure 38) Voluta canaliculata McCoy, J. C, vol, 8, p. 202, 1869. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. ^, p. 93, pl. 28, fig. 95, 1882. Voluta harfordl Cox, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don, 1869, p. 358, pl. 26, figs. 2, 2b. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 5, 2nd suppl., p. 303, pl. 18 (Thes. pl. 517), fig. 170. Alt. 42 mm. Hab, Port Denlson, Queensland; East Aus- tralia. Apex obtuse; spire short; shell solid, polished, white, spotted with four pale spiral bands and longitudinal color- lines; suture deep, the edge channeled; whorls convex, the last angulated; aperture, elongated; columella with four conspicuous plaits. Amoria caroli (iredale) 1924 (Plate 4, Figure 36, 40) Voluta caroli Iredale, P, L. Soc. N.S.W., XLIX, pt. 3, p. 258, 1926. Voluta maculata Swainson, Appendix to Bllgh Cat. Shells, p. 11, 1822; Exotic Conch, p, 23, pl. 38, pt, 5, Jan. 12, 1835. Reeve: Conch. Icon., vol. 1, p. 196, pl. 53, figs. 85, 86. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol, 4, p, 93, pl. 25, fig. 59, 1882. Sowerby: Thes. Conch, vol. 1, A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE 51 p. 196, pi. 53, figs. 85, 86. Alt. 55 nm. Hab. Queensland, Australia. Shell oblong, thickish, smooth, shining, fulvous, with several transverse bands formed of squarish chestnut spots; spire short, obtuse, with a large papillary nucleus of three and one-half to four volu- tions, the two remaining volutions only having the spots, and the last being pos- teriorly somewhat ventricose; aperture straight, lengthened, rather broad, fulvous within; columella with four distinct white folds (Sowerby). Amoria ellioti (Sowerby) 1864 (Plate 4, Figure 39) Valuta elliott Sowerby, Court Journal, Aug- ust 27, 1864 (adv. includes name, fig- ures 1, 2, 3, description and distribu- tion); J. de C. vol. 12, p. 338, 1864, also vol. 13, p. 25, pi. 3, fig. 19, 1865; Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. l4, p. 263, 1864; Thes. Conch, vol. 2, 1st suppl., p. 272, pi. 11, figs. 126, 127, 1864. Tryon: Man. Conch, vol. 4, p. 92, pi. 30, fig. 123, 1882. Tomlin: Proc. Malac, Soc. London, vol. 24, p. l45, 1941. Alt. 100 mm. Hab. Australia. Nucleus of three and one-half whorls, often two shades of flesh color; smooth, shining; suture moderately im- pressed; first post-nuclear whorl rapidly descending at suture; shell fusiform in shape, solid; outer lip thin; interior fawn color with a broad white zone adjacent to the outer lip; columella with four oblique plaits. Amoria jamrachi Gray 1864 (Plate 24, Figure l64) Amoria Turneri Jamracht Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Sept. 1st, 1864. Valuta jamrachi Gray, Sowerby: Thes. Conch vol. 5, 2nd suppl., p. 298, pi. l4 (Thes. pi. 513), fig. 142. Alt. 55, Lat. 24 mm. Hab. West Australia. According to Sowerby, this is an easily recognized species, and not to be confounded with turner t oTelltoti. It appears to be characterized by the compara- tively short spire. Sowerby 's figure in- dicates a posterior projection upon the outer lip. In the same figure, the four columellar plaits are ill-defined. Amoria gatliffi (Sowerby) 19IO (Plate 5, Figure 4l) Valuta iatliffi Sowerby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 6, p. 6II, fig. 1910. Alt. 95, diam. 35 mm. Hab. Port Keats, Northern Territory, Aus- tralia. The original description is as fol- lows: Shell oblong, smooth, with only faint longitudinal striae or growth-lines; pale flesh or cream color, conspicuously marked with reddish-brown irregularly waved longitudinal streaks, which partly coalesce, forming two broken chain-like transverse bands, with strong mostly angular markings and here and there diamond- shaped spaces. Spire acuminated, rather sharp at the apex, then slightly convex; whorls smooth, very slightly convex; suture distinct, filled with a thin enamel, forming a light orange band. Body whorl long, rather cylindrical in form, tapering slightly at each end. Columella furnished with four very oblique plaits, ajid a prominent ridge crossing obliquely from the base of the shell sind entering the aperture above the plaits givea the appearance of a fifth. Interior of the aperture smooth, shining, stained with orange -brown. Possibly a subspecies of pallida. Certainly close to pallida damani. 52 A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE Amorla klngl (Cox) I87I (Plate h, Figure 37) Valuta klnil Cox, J. de C, vol. 19, p. 76, pi. h, fig. 2, 1871. Tryon: Man, Conch, vol. 4, p. 92, pi. 27, fig. 86, 1882. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 5, 2nd suppl., p. 299, pi. 15 (Thes. pi, 514) fig. 146. Alt. 75 mm. Hah. King's Island, Bass Straits.. Austral- ia (Cox). Post -nuclear whorls four; suture impressed; spire short; whorls convex, body whorl swollen, constricted anteriorly; aper- ture narrow; columella with four plaits; ground color yellowish, aperture orange; outer lip thickened. Amoria macandrewl (Sowerby) (Plate 5, Figure 45) Valuta macandrewl Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol, 5, 2nd suppl., p. 297, pi. 14 (Thes. pi, 513), figs. l40, l4l. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 179, pl • 53, , fig. 536, 1882. Alt, 55,Dlam. 24 mm. Hab, West Australia. Shell sub cylindrical, white, paint- ed longitudinally with undulating brownish- yellow lines; spire conic, short, apex acute; whorls six, the three nuclear whorls convex, somewhat pellucid; columella with four plaits. Amoria marmorata (Swainson) 1821 (Plate 5, Figure 46) Valuta marmorata Swainson, Exotic Conch., 1st ed., part 1, August, 1821. Reeve: Conch. Icon., pl. 13, figs. 31a-b, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 192, pl. 46, fig. 8. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 92, pl. 28, fig. 89, 1882. Alt. 100-165 mm. Hab. East coast of Australia. Nucleus of three whorls, apex mod- erately obtuse, suture slightly impressed, surface shining; post-nuclear whorls three and one-half; suture slightly channeled; sculpture consisting of fine, wrinkle -like surface of silky texture, with numerous, closely spaced, irregularly sized longitu- dinal growth lines, which become slightly nodulous and curved at the suture, forming low, occasionally sharp, nodulous spines at the periphery; the spines usually most prominent upon the spire and first quarter of the body-whorl; ground color ivory, overlaid with light chestnut -brown and bluish-gray blotches, forming several fair- ly distinct bands upon the body whorl; aperture five-sixths the length of the shell, yellowish inside; columella with four plaits, the anterior descending; shell slightly reflected anteriorly. Amoria pallida pallida (Gray) 1834 (Plate 4, Figure 33; Plate 5, Figure 43) Valuta pallida Gray, Griffith's Animal King- dom, Moll., T. 30, fig. 4, 1834. Max- well Smith, World-Wide Sea Shells, sp. 875, p. 65, 1940. Valuta volva Chemnitz, Conch, Cab, vol, 10, p. 143, pl, 148, figs. 1389-90. Reeve: Conch, Icon. sp. 24, pl. 11, fig. 24, Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, pl, 53, fig. 91. Tryon: Man. Conch, vol. 4, p. 93, pl. 28, fig, 90, 1882. Alt. 75 mm. Hab. West Australia (abundant). Shell whitish, often bandless, when present the yellow bands very indistinct together with a few longitudinal pale orange striations; interior yellowish brown or coffee-colored. Amoria pallida damonii 'Gray; 1864 (Plate 5, Figure 44) Amaria turneri damanti J. E, Gray, Annals and Magazine of Nat, Hist. 3rd series, XVI, p. 238, Sept. 1864. Amaria damonii Gray, Hedley: Proc, Roy, Geogr. Soc. Australasia, S. Aust. branch, 1916-18. A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE J2. Alt . 65 nnn. Hab. Australia. Shell with close angular intersect- ing lines, forming crowded triangular spots on the surface; the sutural callosity very dark. The holotype was sent to the Brit- ish Museum by Damon and was said to be marked much like Oliva texturata. Gray considered damontt near reticulata, differ- ing chiefly in being more ventricose. Hed- ley apparently considered it a valid spe- cies. Not having access to the latter reference the author considers it best to assign damonil to a subspecific position pending further investigation. Amorla pallida reticulata (Reeve) 18^3 (Plate 5, Figure 42; Plate 7, Figure 59) Voluta reticulata Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1843, p. Ikk. Conch. Icon. pi. 11, figs. 25a-b, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, pi. 53, fig. 94; also vol. 1, p. 197. Tryon: Man. Conch. vol. 4, p. 94, pi. 28, fig. 93, 1882. Chenu: Man. de Conch., p. I88, fig. 966, 1859. Maxwell Smith: World-Wide Sea Shells, p. 65, figs. 876, 1940. Voluta reevei Sowerby, Thes. Conch, vol. 3, 1st suppl., p. 269, pi. 49, figs. 47, 48 (apparently merely a broader form). Alt. 75-110 mm. Hab. West Australia. Shell rather thin, pale ivory colorj overlaid with three chestnut zones, form- ing tent -like patterns on the ground, in- terspaces also indistinctly patterned in the same manner; closely spaced, longitu- dinal dark streaks in front of the suture; spire short; aperture rather wide; colxomel- la with four plaits. Amoria pallida tumeri (Gray) 1834 (Plate 14, Figure IO5A) Voluta tumeri Graij, in Griffith's Animal Kingdom, Moll., pi. 40, fig. 1, 1834. Reeve: Conch. Icon., pi. 12, figs. 27a- b, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 3, 1st suppl., p. 271, pi. 11 (Thes. pi, 260), fig. 129. Tryon: Man. Conch,, vol. 4, p. 92, pi. 27, fig. 85, 1882. Chenu: Man. de Conch., p. I88, fig. 954, 1859. Maxwell Smith: World-Wide Sea Shells, p. 65, fig. 878, 1940. Alt. 65 mm. Hab. Australia. Nucleus of about three whorls, large; suture lightly impressed; suture of remaining whorls somewhat undulating, crossed by terminations of the longitudinal color lines, which turn back and form V- shaped ornamentations; interior shading to dark orange-brown well inside; columella with four rather fine plaits. Further examination, particularly of the soft parts, may prove this to be a valid species, as indicated by various authors. The peculiar color-pattern, togeth- er with the fine coliamellar plaits are the chief distinguishing characters of the shell. Amoria praetexta (Reeve) 1849 (Plate 6, Figure 47) Voluta praetexta Reeve, Conch. Icon., pi. 12, figs, 29a-b, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 3, Ist suppl., p. 271, pi. 11, (Thes. pi, 260) fig, 125, Tryon: Man, Conch., vol, 4, p. 94, pi, 28, figs. 94, 96, 1882. Amoria tumeri cuminiii Gray, Ann. Nag. Nat. Hist,, Sept, 1864. Tomlin, P.M,S,L,, vol. 24, p. 145, 1941. Alt, 37-50 mm. Hab. North Australia. Nucleus of three and one-half whorls, smooth, shining, suture very light- ly impressed; post -nuclear whorls two and one-half, the first rapidly descending; ground color milky white, overlaid with golden-brown tracings, forming series of small tent-like markings of varying size; columella with three plaits. 54 A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE Amorla spenceriana Gatllff 1908 (Plate 25, Figure I76) Valuta {Amorla) spenceriana J. H. Gatllff, Victorian Naturalist, vol. 25, no. 5, September 10, 1908 (figured on pi. k) . Alt. 55> dlam. 21 mm. Hab. North Queensland (j. F, Bailey). Shell white, fusiform, smooth, pol- ished, apex blunt, spire short, whorls six and one-half. Including the nucleus; suture well defined on the later whorls, and be- coming strongly channeled at the aperture; outer lip anteriorly expanded, edge acute, body whorl somewhat inflated at the upper portion; columella with three ascending plaits. Marked sparsely with light yellow- ish-brown, a few irregular lineal markings running down from the suture, and two ser- ies of broad equidistant bands of distant zig-zag lines on the body whorl; spotted below the suture, spots ceasing on the pen- ultimate whorl, the remaining spiral whorls being without markings; salmon tinted in the interior. According to Gatllff this species may readily be distinguished from its con- geners by its expanded lip, only having three plaits, its short spire, also the outline and marking. Its nearest ally appears to be Amorla canaliculata McKoy but E. A. Smith of the British Museum, who examined spen- ceriana considered it to be a valid species. It was named in honor of Professop W. Bald- win Spencer, one time president of the Field Naturalist's Club of Victoria. Holo- type in the Gatllff collection. In the Australian National Museum there are two examples, without definite locality, which were purchased from Thatcher in the year 1880. They are larger and more solid than the holotype. Amorla undulata undulata (Lamarck) 1844 (Plate 6, Figure 52} Voluta undulata Lamarck, An. s. Vert., ed. Deshayes, vol. 10, p. 401, 1844. Reeve: Conch, Icon., pi. 11, fig. 26, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p; 196, pi. 48, figs. 28, 29. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 92, pl. 28, fig. 88, 1882. Chenu: Man. de Conch., p. I88, fig. 965, 1859. Maxwell Smith: World- Wide Sea Shells, p. 65, figs. 879 a-b, 1940. Watson: Voyage H.M.S. Challenger, part Gastropoda, p. 257, 1885. Alt. 75-85 mm. Hab, South Australia; Tasmania. Nucleus small, planorboid, smooth, channeled, pale color; beginning of the first post-nuclear whorl indefinite; suture lightly impressed; exterior surface ordina- rily cream white, but often subject to iron- colored stains, surface covered with a pat- tern of separated, undulating, chestnut - brown lines, which extend upon the spire to the nucleus; columella with four strong, well-rounded, primary plaits, the anterior slightly descending, occasionally with one or two additional secondary plaits, always between the three, posterior, primary plaits; labrum, well-thickened and exter- nally forming several, longitudinal growth- layers, the external pattern hardly extend- ing over this area, also sometimes showing an independent pattern; Interior of the shell, cantaloupe orange color. Amorla undulata angasil (Sowerby) (Plate 6, Figure 48) Voluta aniasit Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, 1st suppl., p. 271, fig'd. vol. 1, pl. 48, fig. 29. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 92, pl. 28, fig. 87, 1882. Voluta (Amorla) aniasl Angas : Port Jackson Moll., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, I867, p. 193, number 43. Alt. 75 mm. Hab. Australia, the metropolis being Port Lincoln. A more compact and angulate shell than S. undulata undulata . Sowerby's fig- ure shows three distinct, overlaid, revolv- ing zones of darker color. Amorla undulata sclateri (Cox) I869 (Unflgured) Voluta sclateri Cox, Proc. Zool. Soc. London A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 55 1869, p. 358, pi. 26, fig. 3. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 5, 2nd suppl., p. 30^ pi. 17 (Thes, pi. 516), fig. 164. Try- on: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 92, pi, 27, fig. 83, 1882, Alt. 75 mm. Hab. Tasmania, Shell pure white, without markings. This may be merely an albinistic form but It appears advisable to retain the neime pending further investigation. Amoria zebra zebra (Leach) l8l4 (Plate 6, Figure 55) Valuta zebra Leach, Zool, Misc., vol. 1, pi. 12, fig. 1, I8l4. Swainson: Zool. 111. Ser. 2, vol. 2, pt, 19, pl. 87, 1832. Try on: Man, Conch., vol, 4, p. 93, pl. 28, fig. 91, 1882, Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 195, pl. 53, figs. 83, 84, Kariinella radlata Lamarck: An». s. Vert., ed. Deshayes, 10, p. 436. Valuta straiulata Schubert and Wagner, suppl. Conch. Cab, of Martini and Chem- nitz, 1829, Alt, 37-40 mm, Hab, East Coast of Australia. Nucleus of the bulbous type, whorls three, the last greatly developed upon one side, shining; post-nuclear whorls, two and three-quarters; suture Irregular, more or less lightly channeled; ground color ivory, overlaid with longitudinal closely spaced, parallel, dark reddish-brown lines, which occasionally meet; four, primary an- terior plaits on columella, secondary pos- terior plait present. Amoria zebra lineata (Leach) I8l4 (Plate 6, Figure 50) Valuta lineata Leach, Zool, Misc, vol, 1, T. 12, fig. 2, I8l4. Reeve: Conch. Icon,, pl, 18, figs. 43a-b, 1849. Chenu; Man.de Conch., p. I88, figs, 96I, 963, 1859. Maxwell Smith: World-Wide Sea Shells, p. 66, fig. 88I, 1940. Alt, 35-40 mm, Hab, Australia, Differs f rom s . zebra zebra in the possession of fewer and more separated longitudinal lines, which do not usually meet. Individuals of this subspecies are often broader and more compact than the typical shell. Subfamily AURINIINAE* Genus ADELOMELON Ball I906 Adelomelon Ball, I9O6, Nautilus, vol. 19, number 12, p. l43. Scaphella, cynbiala, etc., of authors, not of Swainson, I832. Genotype: "valuta" ancilla Solander. Range: The Americas, principally South America, Adelomelon ancilla (Solander) I786 (Plate 25, Figure I7I) Valuta ancilla Solander, in Port, Cat., p. 137^ number 306I, I786. Pounded on D'Avila's "grand Buccin Magellanlque) vol. 1, pl. 8, fig, s, number I8I, p, l40, 1767; cf. also Biderot, Encycl, Recueil des Planches, 6, pl, 67, fig. 9, 1768. Favanne: Conchyl E, 1780. Karamerer: Cat pl. 7, fig. 1, 1786. Valuta matellanlca Chemnitz 10, pp, 138-39, 1788, ex parte, figs excl. Valuta spectabilis Gmelln: p. 3468, number l42, I792. Valuta one t Ha, Lamarck: Ann. du Mus., 17, p. 69, 1811, Beshayes: Encyl, Meth, pl, 385, fig. 3, 1816, An, s. Vert,, 7, p, 343, 1822. Gould: Exped, Shells, Wilkes Exped., pl,' 20, fig, 258, 1852, Valuta naiellanica. Lahllle: Rev. Mus, de la Plata, 6, p. 315, ex parte (? plate 7, figs. 149, 154, pl. 8, fig. 175), 1895. Valuta {cynbiala) ancilla. Chenu: Man. Conchyl,, 1, p. 189, fig. 958, 1859- Adelomelan ancilla. Ball: Nautilus, vol, 19, number 12, p, l43, April, I906. Valuta (cymblala) ancilla. Kobelt : Cat. pl. 28, fig, Rudolstadt, Conch, Cab, Syst, Nat., 6, *Scaphella having been discarded It Is necessary to select a new subfamily name as a receptacle for cert- tain genera. The Adams Brothers genus Aurinia provides the foundation for the name Aurinilnae . 56 A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE Volnta , Jahrb. deutsch. malak. Gessell- sch., p. 310, species 6I, 1877- Adelomelon ancilla Solander, Ball: "A Re- view of the American Volutldae," p. 555> 1907. Cymbtola ancilla Solander, Pace: Proc. Mai, Soc. London, vol. 5, P. 28, 1902 (An- atomy and radula). Alt. (See Chemnitz's figures). Hah. Straits of Magellan. It may be that the veritable ancilla does not extend to the upper Argentine coast. The speci- mens in the U.S. National Museum agree exactly with the figures of D'Avila and Lamarck, and come from the Straits of Magellan, Shell lighter in weight, broader, spire shorter, body-whorl longer than maiel lanica . VThile ancilla is an old spe- cies adequate material for study is at pres- ent unavailable. An examination of a long series of specimens may reveal that maiel - lanica is merely a subspecies of ancilla. Adelomelon beckii (Broderip) 1855 (Plate 23, Figure I56) Valuta fusiformls Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., Valuta, p. 41, pi. kg, 1859; not of Defrance, I829, or Brocchi, l8l4, nor of Swainson, 1822. Valuta festiva d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Mer,, 5, p. 42,6, 1841; not of Lamarck, 1822. Valuta beckii Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, I856, p. 4?; ibid., 1855, p. 58, Sowerby: Thes. Conch,, number 50, p. 205, pl. 54, fig. 104, 1847. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 97, pl. 29, fig. 109, 1882. Valuta fusifarmis. Lahille: Rev. Mus. de la Plata, 6, p. 298 (extras p. 8), pl. 1, figs. 14, 15j pl. 5, figs. 16-25; not pl. 4, 1885; also var. cannexa, p. 500, pl. 3, figs. 19, 20 (var. ornata excl. ) . Valuta ( vymblala) becki. Strebel: Zool. Jahrb., 24, heft 2, p. 97, pl. 8, fig. 53, pl. 10, fig. 55, 1906. Adelomelan beckii. Ball: "A Review of the American Volutidae," p.^ 56O, I907. Alt. 350 to 575 mm. Hab. Argentine coast, especially toward the north; Falkland Islands. Nucleus small; spire sub-acute, shell rather thin for its size; similar to A. ancilla; plaits behind edge of columel- la ill-defined, with central portion more excavated than in A. ornata. Adelomelon brasiliana (Solander) 1786 (Plate 11, Figure 84) Valuta brasiliana Solander. Port, Cat,, p. 186, number 5958, 1786. Valuta colacynthls Brasiliana Salandrl Chemnitz: Conch. Cab., 11, p. 10, pl. 176, figs. 1695, 1696; 1795. Valuta colacynthls Dillwyn: Cat. Rec. Shells, 1, p. 574, 1817. Lahille: Rev. Mus. de la Plata, 6, p. 307 (extras p. 10, 1895; with varieties: lactea; in- termedia; ilabosa (not V. ilobasa Dill- wyn, Cat, Rec. Shells, p. 569, I817); depressa (not V. depressa Lamarck, Ann. du. Mus., Paris 1, p. 479, l802); pseu- domaiellanica ; carinata (not V. carinata Zekeli, 1852); subcarlnata ; alternata and spirabil is . V. brasiliana d'Orbigny: Voy. Amer. Mer., 5, p. 424, pl. 60, figs. 4-6, 1841. Kiener: Icon. Rec. Shells, valuta, p. 31, pl. 30, 1859, Sowerby: Thes. Conch., p. 204, number 28, pl . 54, fig. 98, 1847.,, Reeve-: Conch. Icon., pl. 15, fig. 3^, 1849. Tryon: Man, Conch., vol. 4, p. 98, pl. 29, figs. 115, 115 (only), 1882. Valuta {Cymblola ) brasiliana Crosse: J. de C, 19, p. 500, 1871. Strebel, Zool. Jahrb., 24, heft 2, p. 92, 1906. Adelomelon brasiliana Dall : "A Review of the American Volutidae," p. 36I, I907. Alt. Up to 200 mm. Hab, Shores of eastern South America from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, to the mouth of the La Plata and south to the Rio Negro in Patagonia; Maldonado Bay, Uru- guay, young in 10 fathoms sand (Dall). Shell globosly ovate, spire very shor't, whorls rudely marked with lines of growth; columella two-plaited; aperture wide, open; color light yellow; aperture milky orange. A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE .51 According to M. d'Orbiguy the Nldl- mental capsules of this species are three inches In length. Adelomelon ferussacil (Donovan) 182^1 (Plate 12, Figures 87-88) Valuta ferussacil Donovan, Nat. Repos., 2, pi. 67, 1824. Reeve: Conch. Icon,, pi. 10, fig. 25, 1849. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 203, pi. 46, fig. 7, 1847. Voluta rudts Gray, in Griffith's Cuvier, 15, pi. 50, fig, 1, 1854. Voluta braslltana (pars). Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 98, pi. 30, fig. 131 iferussacti) and pi. 29, fig. 3 (rudis), 1882. Voluta {Aulica) ferussacil Crosse: J. de c, 19, p. 286, 1871. Voluta ovlformls Lahille : Rev. Mus. de la Plata, 6, p. 313 (extras, p. 20), pi. 2, figs. 53-56; pi. 7, figs. I2I-I3IJ pi. 10, figs. 4-9, 1895; with varieties loniiuscula and fratprcula Lahille. Voluta {cymhlola) ferussacl Strebel: Zool. Jahrb., 24, p. 100, pi. 9, figs. 46, 46a, 48, 49, 1906, Adelomelon ferussacil Dall : "A Review of the American Volutidae, " p. 362, 1907. Alt. up to 125, diam. 87 mm. Hab. Coast of Patagonia (ihering and La- hille); Puerto Gallegos (Strebel); east- ern part of Magellan Straits (Cunning- ham); Punta Arenas (Mulach). Donovan's original type is de- scribed as having only two plaits. This specimen apparently had been "over-cleaned" with acid. Possibly the secondary plaits were obliterated. Its nearest ally is A, brasl I iana . Adelomelon magellanica (Lamarck) I8II (Plate 11, Figure 83; Nepionic shell Plate 25, Figure I70) Voluta maiellantca Chemnitz: Conch. Cab., 10, pp. 138-39, 1788, ex parte, pi. l48, figs. 1383, 1384, Gmelin: Syst. Nat., 6, p. 3465, number 110, ex parte, 1792. Voluta maiellanica Lamarck, Ann. du. Mus., 17, p. 69, 1811. Encycl. Meth., pi. 385, figs, la, lb, 1816. An. s. Vert., 7, p. 344, 1822. Wood, Ind. Test., ed. 1, p. 101, pi. 21, fig. 168, 1825 (after Chemnitz and Lamarck). Voluta gracilis Wood^ Ind. Test., Suppl., pi. 3, voluta, fig. 2, 1828; ed. Hanley, p. 209, pi. 3, fig. 2, 1856; (not Voluta iracllis Swainson, Journ. Sci., 17, p. 32, Exotic Conch., pi, 43, 1821; nor of Gray, in Griffith's Cuvier, p. 6OI, pi. 40, fig. 4, 1834). Voluta ancilla. Kiener, Icon. Coq. Vlv., Voluta, p. 39 (plate 52 by error, really plate 51), 1839; not V. ancilla Lamarck. Voluta maiellanlca. Gould: Exped. Shells, Wilkes Exped., p. 278, pi. 20, fig. 357, 1852 (animal fig'd). Voluta bracata Rochebrune and Mabille, Miss. Cap Horn, p. 48, number 72, I889. Iden- tical with the preceding. Voluta ancilla. Reeve: Conch. Icon., mono. voluta, pi. 17, fig. 39, 1849. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 97, pl. 29, fig. 110, 1882; not of Gould, I852. Scaphella (voluta) arnhelmi Rivers, Proc. Cal, Acad, Aci,, 2nd series, 3, July l4, 1891. Voluta ancilla. Lahille: Rev, Mus. de la Plata, 6, p. 311 (21 of extras), ex parte, pl. 1, figs. 9, 10; pl. 2, figs, 63, 64; pl. 8, figs. 159, 173-183, 184- 192, 1895; also var. typlca Lahille, p. 312, pl. 11, fig. 5; vars. ponderosa, eloniata (pl. 11, fig. 2), Inflata and (?) expansa Lahille, p. 313; and var. (?) abbrevtata Lahille, p. 314, 1895; Strebel, Zool. Jahrb., 24, number 2, p. 92, I906. Voluta bracteata "Rochebrune" Strebel, I. c. = V. bracata Rachebrune and Mabille. Alt. 125-165 mm. Hab, Uruguay and from about south latitude 43° on the Argentine coast, south to the Straits of Magellan, from low water mark to 77 fms,, usually on sandy bottom in which the animals burrow. Falkland Islands, Lively Island, York Bay and Port William, Burnt Island, Orange Har- bor on sandy bottom (Dall). This is a variable shell, but heavier, on the whole, more slender, with a longer spire and shorter body-whorl than A • and I la . 58 A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE Dall Indicated the confused state of the synonomy and thought It might be best to discard the name maiellantca. In this case, Rochebrune's name of bracata is probably the earliest which could be used for the species. The ovicapsule with the nepionic shell has been figured by Dall in the Proc. of the United States National Museum, pi, 9, figs. 5, 6, 1889. Adelomelon martensi (Strebel] (Unflgured) 1906 Voluta martensi Strebel, Zool. Jahrb., 24, number 2, p. 124, pi. 9, figs. 54, 35, 42-44; pi. 10, figs. 56, 56a, I9O6. Adelomelon martensi. Dall: "A Review of. the American Volutidae," p. 557, 1907- Alt, Hab, "Peru" Coll. Godeffroy, in Hamburg Museum; Huelmo, Chile, near, Puerto Montt, about south latitude 40°, near extreme low water. Coll. Dunker; Argen- tina, somewhat south of the estuary of Rio La Plata, l84 miles southeast of Cape Corrientes in 100 fathoms, Strebel; east -northeast of Cape Delgado (south latitude about 45), Argentina In 48 fathoms, sand; U.S.S. Albatross (young shells) . Dall stated that he had not seen the above species in the adult state, which, by Strebel 's rather rude figures, would seem to be very similar to a well preserved, somewhat thin and inflated form of A . maiellantca . The young specimens which agree with Strebel 's figure, bear the num- ber 96,177 in the U.S. Natural Museum. Adelomelon ornata (Lahille) I895 (Unflgured) Voluta fusiformis ornata Lahille, Rev. Mus, de la Plata, 6, p. 299, (extras p,'9), pi, 4, figs, 24-26, 1895; not pi, 5, figs. 16, 17. Adelomelon ornata Lahille: Dall, "A Re- view of the American Volutidae) p. 559, 1907. Alt. 105 mm. Hab. Coast of Argentina, near the La Plata Estuary. Aside from the zig-zag vertical streaks of brownish coloration, this spe- cies has little in common with A. beckil. Nucleus large, blunt, irregularly coiled; shell sblld, with strong spiral sculpture; columella with two distinct plaits behind the one which forms the edge of the columella. Adelomelon paradoxa (Lahille] (Unflgured) 1895 Voluta paradoxa Lahille, Rev. Mus. de la Plata, 6, p. 29, pi. 2, fig. 68; pi. 5, fig, 41; pi. 7, figs. 159, 147; pl. 12, figs, 17-21, 1895. Adelomelon paradoxa . Dall: "A Review of the American Volutidae," p. 562, I907. Alt. up to and over 175, diam. 88 mm. Hab, Coast of del Sur, Argentina. Last whorl with variegated zig-zag brown markings. According to Lahille, the young shell is different from any of the other species, that it cannot be properly united with any other. The young shell at- tains a length of 55 umi, and a diameter of 40 mm. It has three plaits, the two poste- rior most prominent. The weight is slight- ly more than one-half than that of A . anc 1 1 la . Adelomelon subnodosa (Leach) I8l4 (Plate 12, Figure 86) Voluta subnodosa Leach, Zool. Misc., 1, pl, 8, l8l4, Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p, 205, pl. 47, fig. 24, 1847. Valuta ancilla. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 205, pl. 54, fig, 101, 1847; (not V. ancilla Solander or Lamarck), Hanley's Wood's Ind. Test, Suppl,, p, 209, pl. 5, Voluta, fig. 1, 1856. Klener: Icon. Coq. Vlv,, Voluta, p, 59, pl, 52, 1859. Voluta maiellantca . Klener: loc . cit ., p. 40, according to the description. Voluta maiellantca . Reeve: Conch, Icon., pl. 14, figs. 55a, 55h, 1849, not of Lamarck, A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE 59 Valuta maiellanica. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol, 4, p. 97, Pl. 29, figs, 107, 108 (copied from Sowerby's figs. 101 and 24) 1882. Voluta amhtiua. Lahille: Rev. Mus. de la Plata, 6, p. 317 (27 of extras) pl. 8, figs. 163-6, pl. 11, figs. 6, 9, 11; pl. 11, figs. 11-15, 1895, not V. ambiiua (Solander) Sowerby: Mln. Conch., 4, p. 135,- pl. 399, fig. 1, I823, or of Maton, Lin. Trans., I8O7, or Lamarck: Ann. du. Mus., 17, p. 77, I8II. Voluta ambiiua vars , constricta, pseudo- tuberculata, subnodosa and typlca, La- hille, 1. clt., pp. 27-29. Voluta maiellanlca. Strebel : Zool. Jahrb., 24, number 2, p. 127, pl, 8, figs. 17- 24, 26-32; pl. 9, figs. 36, 4l; pl. 10, figs. 53, 54, 59, 1906. Alt. 140 mm. Hab. Argentine coast, near the mouth of the Rio La Plata, from low water to ten fathoms, burrowing in sandy bottom; south to Magellan Straits (Punta Arenas, etc.), and Woodcock Island, Tlerra del Puego; Falkland Islands at Port Stanley. Adelomelon tuberculata (Swalnson) 1821 (Plate 11, Figure 85) Voluta tuberculata Swalnson, Exotic Conch., p. 19, pl. 29, 1821, Wood: Ind. Test. Suppl., Voluta, number 22, 1828. Kiener: Icon. Voluta, p. 63, pl. 31, 1839- Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 204, pl. 1, figs. 49, 50, 1847. Voluta [cymblola) tuberculata Swainson: Exotic Conch., ed. 2, p, 19, pl. 29, l84l, Catlow: Conch. Nomen., p. 306, number 56, 1845. Strebel: Zool. Jahrb., 24, heft 2, p. 102, pl. 9, figs. 38, 39, 47, 1906. Voluta americana Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 2, pl. 33, figs. 1, 2, I856. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 94, pl. 28, figs. 100, 101, 1882 (nepionic shell). voluta cle'ryana Petit: J. de C, 5, P- l82, pl. 6, figs. 3, 4, 1856; Crosse, ibid., 19, p. 294, 1871 (young undeveloped specimen) . Voluta tuberculata Lahille, as of Wood, with varieties ferruiinea, deciplens, fuliurea and pseudofusl formis. Rev. Mus. de la Plata, 6, pp. 340-42 (extras. pp. 30-32) pl. 1, figs, 12, 13; pl, 7, figs. 140-146; pl. 12, figs. 3-6, 1895. Adelomelon tuberculata. Dall : "A Review of the American Volutidae," p. 36O, I907. Alt. up to 150, diam. 100 mm. Hab. Southern Patagonia and northward on the Argentine coast, and, in deeper water, to Cape San Thome, Brazil, about south latitude 22°, According to Lahille, this species has from three to five plaits upon the col- umella. The species seems closely related to A . brasi I iana and A . becki i . Adelomelon mangeri (H, B. Preston) 1901 (Plate 12, Figure 89) Cymbiola manieri Preston, Proc. Mai, Soc, London, vol, 4, p. 237, 1901 (fig, shell, p. 237). Alt. 103, diam. 56 mm. Hab. Falkland Islands, Holotype in the British Museum. Shell irregularly fusiform; spire long and deformed; whorls about six, sharp- ly increasing, rounded, marked with very irregular growth-lines, but destitute of other sculpture; sutures very irregular; texture of the shell, rather horny, or cre- taceous, externally weathered, interior glazed; columella folds, three; callous, broadly expanded. The nearest allies of this form are and I la, maiellanica and brasi liana . It differs, however, from the two latter, by the length of its spire, and by the absence of nodulations. Moreover maiellanica has very distinct, though irregular, color mark- ings, while the present species is entirely destitute of painting, and presents a very worn, and weathered appearance, which seems to be quite normal, but is exceedingly characteristic. The form of manferi distin- guishes it readily from and I la. Genus BOREOMELON Dall I918 Boreomelon Dall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 60 A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE vol. 31, p. 157, 1918. Genotype: Scaphella stearnsil now Boreo- melon stearnsii Dall. Range: Bering Sea; Alaska; Gulf of Panama; mostly in deep water. Although Dall designated Boreomelon as a subgenus it is advisable to raise this to generic rank and also include "Adelomel - on" benthalis another cold water shell which lives off the west American coast In the Pacific. Boreomelon benthalis (Dall) 1895 (Plate 26, Figure 179) Scaphella benthalis Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 18, number 103^, p. 13, 1895- Adelomelon benthalis Dall: "A Review of the American Volutidae" p. 357, 1907- Alt. 125, lat. 60 mm. Hab. Gulf of Panama, at station 3360, in 1672 fathoms (3087 meters), sandy bot- tom; dredged by the U.S.S. Albatross (Dall). This species, not withstanding the type specimen is decorticated, seems suf- ficiently distinct In form to be separated specifically from the southern congeners. The whorls are rounder, more nearly tabu- late in front of the suture, and with a more rapidly tapering and acute spire (Dall). There are three indistinct plaits upon the columella, the middle one most per ceptible. Interior of the aperture pale flesh color; five whorls beside the nucle- us; no operculum. Boreomelon stearnsii (Dall) I872 (Plate 12, Figure 90) Scaphella stearnsi i Dall, Proc. Cal. Acad. Scl., h, October, I872, p. 270, pi, 1, fig. 1. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 24, num- ber 1264, p. 517, pl. 35, fig- ^, March, 1902. Valuta stearnsii. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol- 4, p. 97, pl. 30, fig. 130. Adelomelon stearnsii Dall: "A Review of the American Volutidae," p. 363, 1907- Boreomelon stearnsii Dall: Bulletin 112, U.S. Nat. Mus. p. 86, 1921. Keep-Bally: West Coast Shells, p, 220, 1935. Alt. 112-150 mm. Hab. Shumagin Islands, Alaska, and west- ward to Captain's Bay, Unalaska, in 40 to 100 fathoms, rocky and muddy bottom; temperature of bottom water 37° to 4l° Fahr. Also in Bering Sea, northward to the line of floating ice in winter, on sandy and muddy bottoms, in 6I to 350 fathoms; U.S. steamer Albatross . While the shell characters of this species are distinctly dissimilar from the South American species, the gross anatomy and dentition do not differ from A. maiel- lanica except in small details, a- ben- thalis Dall, its nearest relative, lives In the Gulf of Panama, more than 5000 sea- miles distant. Genus MIOMELON Dall I907 Hiomelon Dall, "A Review of the American Volutidae," p. 365, 1907. Genotype: Volutillthes phillppiana Dall, nov M tome Ion phillppiana Dall. Shell with rather elevated spire, somewhat excavated in front of the suture, with more or less obvious axial ribbing and spiral strlation; a delicate perlostracum, the canal rather straight; the pillar with few rather slender plaits, the anterior larger; the animal has no operculum, the verge Is situated just behind the right tentacle, small, clavate, with a smaller conical distal appendix; the radula has a single series of teeth, each with three sub- equal tusk-like cusps (Dall). Miomelon phillppiana Dall I889 (Plate 25, Figure I69) Volutillthes phillppiana Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 313, pl. 9, fig- ^, 1889- Adelonelon { Miomelon) phillppiana Dall: "A Review of the American Volutidae," p. 365, 1907- A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 61 Alt. 36.5 nm. Hab. Dredged by the U.S. Pish Commission steamer Albatross off the southwest coast of Chile, at station 2791, south latitude 58° 08' and west longitude 75° 53', in 677 fathoms, mud, bottom tempera- ture 57.9° Pahr. (Dall). Holotype in the United States National Mu- seum, number 97>128. Shell (not fully adult) small, elongated, fusiform; color dark with pale band in front of suture; nucleus small; whorls six, probably more when adult; sculp- ture of rounded grooves; interspaces flat- tened, narrow but wider than grooves; lines of growth fine and regular; pillar thin, sharp and nearly straight; canal wide; sin- gle prominent, fine sharp plait just behind edge of pillar, also two smaller subequal plaits. For more detailed description ref- erence should be made to Ball's paper. But a single specimen was obtained. The nucleus was eroded so that its exact character remains in doubt. This unique shell belongs to a group of which the other species appear to be extinct: A. triplicata Sowerby, A. domeykoana Phllippi and A. iracilior Iher- Ing (new name for Valuta iracllts Phllippi, 1887, not of Lea, 1833); and perhaps also valuta D'Orblinyana Phllippi. It is dis- tinctly a localized group proper to the south coast of South America, both recent and fossil. Dall stated that the name iracllts being several times preoccupied, the pres- ent name philippiana may possibly also be applied to the tertiary fossil (iracilis) , if and when that species is proved to be Identical with the present species. Genus TRACTOLIRA Dall 1895 Tractolira Dall, 1895, Proc. U.S.N.M. 18, number 1034, p. 12. Genotype: Tractolira sparta Dall. Range: Gulf of Panama, northward to Acapulco, Mexico. .Another degnerate, abyssal genus. The radula is marked by the same tusk-like cusps, which occur In the section Mlomelon. Dall considered Valuta alta Sower- by, a species in the Chilean tertlarles as a normal relative. Tractolira sparta Dall 1895 (Plate 26, Figure I78) Tractolira sparta Dall, Proc. U.S.N.M., I8, number 1034, p. 13, 1895- Smith, Misc. Coll., vol. 48, part 3, p. 366, I907. Mt. 60; of last whorl 43; of aperture, 28; diam. I9 ram. Hab. Gulf of Panama to latitude of Acapul- co, Mexico, 1672-2232 fathoms. Shell elongate, slender, with a greenish or ashy adherent epidermis (more or less eroded near the apex in all the specimens); about six whorls; nucleus ap- parently as in Scaphella {Amoria), large, with an apical spur; whorls drawn out, rounded, with a distinct suture, the upper whorls at first smooth, then with Irregular partly obsolete, transverse wrinkles, some of which cross the whorl, but which are too Irregular to call ribs; surface everywhere sculptured with numerous, even, fine, flattlsh spiral threads, with equal or slightly wide interspaces, and with well marked, but not regular lines of growth; aperture sub-ovate, rather wide In front, the outer lip simple and hardly thickened; the throat white, a thin wash of callus on the body, the pillar thin, pervious, short; the canal short and wide, with hardly any siphonal fasciole; operculum absent. Genus ZIDONA H. and A. Adams I853 Zidana H. and A. Adams, 1853, Genera of Rec. Moll., vol. 1, p. I6I; 2, p. 6I8, 1858. Fischer: Man. de Conch., p. 605, 1883. Cossman: Essais Pal. Comp., 3, p. 104, 1899. Volutella d'Orblgny: Voyage of the Ameri- can Mer, 422, l84l; V . aniulata Swain- son, sole ex., not Volutella Perry, I8II, nor Swainson I83O. Genotype: V. aniulata Swainson. 62 A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE Range: Southeast coast of South America. Separable on account of the exten- sion of the mantle and modification of the shell; nuclear portion of the shell similar to that of Adelomelon. d'Orbigny carefully figured the soft parts. Zidona angulata (Swainson) 1821 (Plate 13, Figures 93, 96) Vol'ita angulata Swainson, Exotic Conch., 1, pi 3. 5 and k. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 202, pi. 47, figs. 13, 1^1, 18^7. Reeve: Conch. Icon., pi. 15, fig. 35, 1849. Voluta nasslca Schubert and Wagner, Suppl. bd. Conch. Cab., 12, p. 10, pi. 217, figs. 3031, 3032, 1829. Volvta dufresnei Donovan, Nat. Repos., 2, pi. 61, 1823. VolutellJi aniulata d'Orbigny: Voyage Ameri- can, 5, p. 423, pi. 60, figs. 1-3, 1841. Gray: Guide Moll. British Mus. p. 35, 1857. Voluta aniulata. Wood: Index Test. Suppl., Voluta number 21, 1828. Kiener: Icon. Coq. Viv., Voluta, p. 65, pi. 38, 1839. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 98, pi. 29, figs. 112, 121, 1882. Lahille: Rev. Mus. de la Plata, 6, p. 305, (ex- tras, p. 15), pi. 1, figs. 5-8; pi. 2, figs. 69-78; pi. 6 and pi. 9, 1895. Voluta (volutella) aniulata. Crosse: J. de C, 19, p. 301, 1871 ; Tryon: Struct. Syst. Conch., 2, p. l64, I883. Zidona aniul-ata. H. and A. Adams: Genera Rec. Moll,, vol. 1, p. 161, 1853; 2, p. 618, 1858. Fischer: Man. Conchyl., p. 605, 1883. Alt. Sometimes exceeds I75 mm. in length. Diam. 125 mm. Hab. Southeast coast of South America; Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil, south to the Bay of San Bias, Patagonia, on sandy bottom in comparatively shallow water. Lahille described several varieties. Outstanding characters of the shell in- clude the wide disposition of the enamel upon the spire, the broad shoulder and the three, widely spaced, indistinct plaits upon the columella. In well-developed ex- amples there is often an apical spur of callus, which may reach a length of more than one inch beyond the apex, this however is often missing in damaged or juvenile specimens. Genus PROVOCATOR Watson I88I Provocator Prel. Rept., part 12, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 16, p. 329, I88I. Genotype: Provocator pulcker Watson. Range : Between Kerguelen and Heard Islands (Watson) . Provocator provocator (Sowerby) (Plate 13, Figure 95) Voluta provocator Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 5, 2nd suppl., p. 305, pi. 18 (Thes. pi. 517), fig. 173. Provocator pulcher Watson, Prel. Rept., part. Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. I6, p. 330, 1881. Voyage H.M.S. Challenger, part Gastropoda, p. 260, pi. I3, fig. 5, 1885. Alt. 87, Diam. 45 mm. Hab, Off Cumberland Bay, Kerguelen, in 105 fms.; also between Kerguelen and Heard Islands in I50 fms. Shell smooth, fusiform, rather thin, with a high, sharp, slightly enameled apex, a contracted and elongated base, a straight two-toothed pillar, a large mouth, a prom- inent angulated and patulous outer lip, and a strongly marked sinus at the enameled su- ture. Sculpture: Longitudinals, the smooth surface is scored with fine hair-like flex- uous lines of growth. Spirals, there are some lines in the substance of the shell which are best recognized without a lens, there are also some irregular white lines connected with some slight thickening of the glaze; below the scar of the sutural sinus is an obsolete angulation. Besides all this, the surface of the enamel of the shell is obsoletely tubercled obliquely. Color rich buff, thinly overlaid with a whitish glaze; this for some distance below the suture is covered with a dullish buff A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 63 enamel. Spire high, conical, subscalar. Apex small and sharp, helng originally mamlllated, but subsequently eroded and enamelled. Whorls seven to eight, at the top very slightly shouldered and angulated, then flatly convex. Suture oblique, com- pletely burled In a thick coat of glaze which fills the sutural angle and which em- braces the whole apex. Mouth large, pear- shaped, with a shallow, broad, obliquely truncated canal In front. Outer lip thin and rounded on the edge; It is cut off from the body by a strongly marked sinus, below which It advances prominently Into a rounded angle, retreating slightly, but steadily, from this point throughout Its whole course; It is straight and slightly contracted above, roundly angulated and patulous below the middle, straight and patulous and cut off backwards from this point to the edge of the canal. Inner lip scarcely convex above, little concave in the middle, direct with a very slight twist and no swelling below; near the edge are two narrow, slight, white, very oblique teeth, of which the upper is sometimes ab- sent: the narrow sharp lamina of the pil- lar-edge in front is the extreme point of the shell. This is an extremely peculiar form of great beauty. It is higher and narrower than the measurements would suggest, the outthrow of the outer lip being great, but of short continuance. It has a strong gen- eral resemblance to Eburna ^labrata Llnne, or Eburna vernedel Sowerby, or other small- er species of that form, of which it simu- lates the subperipheral band. In Valuta [Amoria) pallida Gray, some of the peculiar features of this species (such as the su- tural sinus, the enamelled spire, and the outthrow of the outer lip at its lower corner) are found, though in a much feebler form. The swelling on the pillar which is characteristic of the Volutes, and is real- ly the scar of the old columellar sinus, is in this species quite absent in front, but is just recognizable on 'the back of the shell in the flexure of the lines of growth (Watson) . Genus AURINIA H. and A. Adams 1853 Aurlnia H. and A. Adams, Genera Rec. Moll. 1, p. 166, 1853. Type A. (voluta) dubta Broderlp (Subgenus of Pulgorarla) : Gray in Adam's Gen. Rec. Moll., 11, p. 617, 1858, ex parte; Crosse; Jour, de Conchyl., 19, p. 307, I87I; Fischer; Man. de Conchyl., p. 6O8, Dec. 1883; ex parte; Dall: Trans. Wagn. Inst., Ill, p. 70, 1890. Maculopeplum Dall: Nautilus, vol. 19, no. 12, p. 143, April, I906. Scaphella (sp.) Swainson: Zool. Illust., 2nd series, 11, no. 19, I832. Caricella {sp.) Conrad: Jour. Acad. Nat. Scl. Phlla., 2nd series, 1, p. 120. Scaphella Dall: Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 8, p. 147, 1889; Trans, Wagner Inst. Ill, p. 79, 1890. Voluta (sp.) Broderlp: Zool. Joum., Ill, p. 81, January, I827. Fusus (sp.) Schubert and Wagner: Conch. Cab., 12, p. 24, 1829. Voluti fusus Conrad: Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Phlla,, 1862, p. 563, March, I863; sole ex, Fasciolarta mutabtlls Conrad: Jour. Acad. Nat. Scl., 7, p. 135 1834; Am. Journ. Conch., 11, p. 66, I866; V. typus Conrad, Miocene of North Carolina. Livonia Gray, ollm. H. and A. Adams: Gen. Rec, Moll., 11, p. 617, 1858; not Livona Gray, Guide Moll. B. M., p. I56,, 1842. Genotype: Aurlnia dohrnl dohrni (Sowerby). Range: Atlantic Ocean off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, southward to the Gulf of Mexico and including the Caribbean. This genus Is a degenerate descend- ant from the Eocene Caricella . The usually few, indistinct, plaits upon the colmnella, together with the thin shell and conspicu- ous Caricella-like nucleus are distinguish- ing features. Another significant detail is the very small size of the radula which has been observed in only one or two spe- cies. Aurlnia dohrnl dohrni (Sowerby) I9O3 (Plate 6, Figure 51) Voluta dubta Broderlp, Zool. Jour., Ill, p. 81, pi. Ill, fig. 1, 1828; Sowerby, Thes, Conch,, 1, pi. 55, fig. 115, 1847; Reeve, Conch. Icon., Voluta, pi. 22, fig. 59, 1849. *The Adams brothers designated Voluta dubla Broderlp as the genotype of their Aurinla. The validity of that species Is now very questlonahle and In view of this fact It appears desirable to designate a new genotype, the most logical choice being A- dohrni dohrni. 64 A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE Fusus tessellatus Schubert and Wagner, Suppl. Bd. Mart, u Chemn., Conch. Cab, (12), p. 24, pi. 219, figs. 5048, 5049, 1829; Klener, Icon. Coq. Vlv., 4, Fusus, p. 59, pi. 29, fig. 1; copied In Reeve, Conch. Icon., 4, pl. l4, fig. 55, 184?; not of Zekell and Plctet Poss. Gosaugeb, 1852. Valuta (Aurinia) dubia. H. and A. Adams: Gen. Rec, Moll., 1, p. I66, I855. Volnta { volutl fusus) dubia, H. and A. Adams: Gen. Rec. Moll., 1, p. I66, I855. Valuta { Volutl fusus) dubia. Conrad: Am. Jour. Conch., 11, p. 66, I866. Valuta mutabllis Tuomey and Holmes: Pleloc, fo3. S. Car., p. 128, pl. 27, figs. 5, 6, 1856; not of Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Scl., Phlla., 7, p. 155, 1858, and Am. Journ. Sci., 4l, p. 346, pl. 11, fig. 7, l84l, Miocene of Maryland. Valuta iAulica) dubia. Tryon: Man. 4, p. 90, pl. 27, figs. 77, 81, 1882. Aurinia dubia. Dall: Bull, Mus. Comp. Zool., 18, p. 151, 1889; Trans. Wagner Inst., Ill, p. 80, pl. 7, fig. 4, I89O; Bull, U.S. Nat. Mus. 24, no. 1264, p. 504, pl. 29, fig. 11, 1902. Aurinia dubia. Dall: . "A Review of the American Volutldae," vol. 48, part 3, p. 566, 1907. Alt. 72 mm. Hab. Florida Reefs, along the Straits of Florida (Pourtales) in Gulf Stream, off Key West in 5O-IO9 fathoms. Shell with about three and one-half post-nuclear whorls; suture slightly chan- neled; surface somewhat reticulated with a pattern of horizontal and vertical striae; low spiral ribs with slightly wider inter- spaces, most evident anteriorly; three plaits on the columella. Shell often in- habited by hermit crabs. Aurinia dohrnl bermudezi Clench and Aguayo 1940 (Plate 14, Figure I05) Aurlnta bermudezi Clench and Aguayo, Mem- orias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural, vol. 14, p. 90, pl . 16, fig. 5, 1940. Alt. 59.2, dlam. 20.4 mm. Hab. Bahia de Cochinos, Santa Clara, Cuba in 180 to 190 fathoms. Holotype in the Museum of Comparative Zo- ology, number 155245, Differs from Aurinia dohrni Sowerby by belnr somewhat narrower and possessing two, large, columella plicae. Aurinia dohrni florida Clench and Aguayo 1940 (Plate 6, Figure 49) Valuta dubia Dohrn, Jahrb. d. Malak, Ges., 6, pp. 150-156, pl. 4, figs, 1-5, 1879 non dubia Broderip 1828. Dohrn 's fig- ure was copied by Tryon in his Man. Conch., pl, 27, fig. 77, 1882. Valuta dubia. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 90, pl, 27, fig, 77, 1882, Aurinia dahrni florida Clench and Aguayo, Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de His- toria Natural, vol, l4, p_, 88, pl, 16, fig. 1; text fig, 1, 1940 ', Alt, 82 mm, Hab. Off Punta Alegre, Camaguey Prov., Cuba in 210 fathoms; Lower Florida Keys; off Palm Beach County in 65 to 80 fath- oms. The examples are Immature, but are undoubtedly this subspecies (Frank Ly- man) , The specimens figured by Dohrn are strongly nodulous and costate. This varie- ty is very slender; spire ornamented at the shouldered periphery with short longitudinal riblets; upon the body whorl, the shoulder minus the ribs, barely perceptible; ground color light peach, overlaid with rectangu- lar spots of tan. Aurinia gouldiana (Dall) I887 (Plate 25, Figure I55) Valuta gouldiana Dall, Conch. Exch., 2, p. 10, July, 1887; Bull. Mus. Comp, Zool., 18, p, 154, pl. 29, fig. 5, 1889; Trans. Wagner Inst., 5, p. 81, pl, 7, fig. 2, 1890, Alt, 69, diam, 25 mm. A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE 65 Hab. Prom Cape Fear, North Carolina, south and west to Key West, Florida, In 40 to 509 fathoms. A portion of Ball's description follows : Shell rather small, solid, slender, white, brownish plum color, or spirally- banded with whitish and claret color, rare- ly square-spotted in spiral series; whorls moderately full, five and one-half besides the nucleus; sculpture of fine close dis- tinct spiral threads covering the whole surface except the anterior part of the last whorl, where they gradually give way to much stronger and more distant threads, which in some specimens wind into the aper- ture, as if simulating small plaits; the nucleus is nearly flat, whitish, consisting of one whorl rising a little above the pos- terior edge of the first post-embryonic whorl, and having a central projecting in- itial point, but less prominent than in V. robusta. The suture Is appressed and in the early whorls a little marginated; the first whorl is only strongly spirally stri- ated and convexly rounded; the succeeding whorls have the periphery rippled by a suc- cession of (on the third whorl 22) small waves, with their anterior slope steeper than the other, and which, in some speci- mens, extend to the last third of the last whorl before becoming obsolete, though ceas- ing sooner in others; these waves are gen- erally confined to the periphery and vary in strength and number In different speci- mens, one specimen having only eighteen on the third whorl; the color varies from yel- lowish white to a ruddy brown with a sug- gestion of purple in it, which is usually stronger at the suture along the pillar and outer lip, and especially toward the end of the canal. The fresh specimens nearly all show a tendency to spiral banding; one beau- tiful but half-grown specimen has six nar- row pale bands, the second from the suture being on the periphery, with the much wider interspaces of a brownish claret color; this fades slightly, but the white ones do not seem faded. The outer lip is sharp with a dark margin, the throat whitish, the pillar callus yellowish- white; there are, in the very young, four plaits, of which the first and third, counting backward, are fainter than the other two; in adult shells rarely are more than two visible and those are quite faint; there is only a slight glaze on the body whorl; in the adults the nucleus and first whorl are generally so worn as to resemble one of the common round mammillate tips seen normally in many Volutes, This species is entirely without trace of an operculum, opercular gland, or pad. Aurlnla junonia (Hvass) 1795 (Plate 6, Figure 53) Valuta Junonia Hwass, in Chemnitz' Conch. Cab., 11, 1795, p. 16, pi. 177, figs. 1703, 1704. Lamarck: Ann. du Mus., 7, p. 70, 1811. Swainson: Exotic Conch., 2nd ed., p. 22, pi. 33, January, 1835. Sowerby: Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 197> pi. 49, fig. 44, 1847. Reeve: Conch. Icon., pi. 20, fig. 50, 1849. Valuta (Aulica) junonia Crosse: J. de C, 19, p. 285, 1871. Tryon: Man. Conch,, vol. 4, p. 90, pi. 26, fig. 67, 1882. Scaphella junonia Swainson: Malac, p. IO8, 1840. Ball, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., I8, p. 148, pi. 34, figs. 5, 5c, 5d, 5e, 1889; Trans. Wagner Inst. 3, p. 79, pl. 7, fig. 9, 1890. Maculopeplum junonia Ball, Nautilus, I9, number 12, p. l43, April, 1906; Smith. Misc. Coll., vol. 48, part 3, number I663, "A Review of the American Volutldae," p. 370, 1907. Perry: Marine Shells of S.W, Florida, p. 155, pl- 36, fig. 241, 1940. Smith, East Coast Marine Shells, p. 128, pl. 50, fig. 1; pl. 1, fig. 4, 1941. Alt. (average) 85 mm. Apparently, the largest specimen known is in the writer's collection, and measures l4l mm. in length. Hab. From off Cape Lookout, North Carolina in 22 fathoms, south to Cape Sable; Florida Keys, Sanlbel Island, north to off Tarpon Springs. This is the only species of the genus that lives in shal- low water, but not between tide marks. There are four post -nuclear whorls in this, the largest of recent Aurlnias . First whorl ornamented with riblets extend- ing from suture to suture, these surface^ slightly broken by spiral sculpture; the spiral sculpture upon subsequent whorls 66 A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE rather Ill-defined; nucleus few-whorled, shining, colored two shades of buff; ground color light ivory, overlaid with numerous chocolate-brown blotches; interior peach color, fading into a flesh-colored zone ad- jacent to the outer lip; columella with four plaits. Aurinia neptunia Clench and.Aguayo 19^+0 (Plate 6, Figure 54) Aurinia neptunia Clench and Aguayo, Mem- orias de la Sociedad Cubaina de Hiatoria Natural, vol. Ik, number 1, p. 90, pi. 16, fig. 5, 19^0. Alt. 50.5, diam. I8.I mm. Hab. Off Banner Reef, Pedro Bank, 70 miles south of Jamaica, I88O, in 322 fathoms. Holotype in the Museum of Comparative Zool- ogy, number II9025. The large nuclear whorls and broad spiral color-bands distinguish this form from other Aurinias . Ground color, yel- lowish straw to ivory, overlaid with broad, chocolate-brown bands. Aurinia robusta Dall I889 (Plate 25, Figure I68) Aurinia robusta Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 18, p. 153, pi. 35, fig. 2, 1889; Trans. Wagner Inst., 3, p. 8I, pi. 7, fig. 5, 1890. Alt. 119, of last whorl 100, diam. 52 mm. Hab. Straits of Florida, Gulf of Mexico, 119 to 200 fathoms. Also off Cozumel Island in 23I fathoms. Off Punta Al- legre, Caibarien, off San Taren Channel; off Saguala Grande, Cuba, 210 to 530 fathoms . This is a rather stout species with strong nodules on the periphery of the early whorls. Nucleus consisting of one and one-half concave whorls; shell distin- guished by its chalky outer layer under a pale epidermis which is eroded like a fresh- water shell; color pattern resembling A. junonia and young Conns florldariua , Aurinia schmltti Bartsch (Plate 7, Figure 58) 1931 Aurinia schmitti Bartsch, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 21, no. 21, p. 539, fig. 1, 1931. Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural, vol. Ik, no. 1, 1940. Alt. 115, diam. 35 mm. Hab-. South of Tortugas, Florida, in 80 fathoms (type locality). The original description is as follows : Shell large, spindle-shaped, exte- rior covered by an olivaceous periostracum which dehisced upon drying. When the peri- ostracum is removed the general color of the shell is pinkish chalky with the excep- tion of the nucleus, which is pale buff. There are also rows of chestnut -brown spots, which are arranged in spiral series. Two of these occur between the summit and the suture of the turns. The last whorl shows ■ five of these interrupted bands; the first much less developed than the rest, being at some little distance anterior to the summit of the whorl; the next and fifth band is of about the same width, while the third and fourth are fully twice as wide as the second and fifth. The base of the col- umella is also brown. The front of the shell from the inner columellar edge to the left side of the shell and the same area of the proceeding whorl, are covered with a soiled, smoky gray, somewhat nacreous cal- lus. Inside of outer lip salmon colored, showing the two heavy interrupted bands, and the rest by transmitted light. The nu- cleus consists of about one turn, which forms a smooth mamillated apex. Post- nuclear whorls appressed at the summit, marked by obsolete, rather broad, irregu- lar, axial ribs, which are absent on the first and last turns. They show best on the second and third. The entire post- nuclear part of the shell Is marked by rather strong incremental lines, particu- larly so behind the edge of the outer lip. The spiral sculpture consists of numerous fine raised threads, which are of almost A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE 67 equal strength and spacing on the early whorls, but become less so on the later whorls; on the last they are a little stronger on the basal half than on the pos- terior portion thereof. Aperture elongate- oval, strongly channeled anteriorly and feebly so at the posterior angle; outer lip thin at the edge, somewhat sigmoid, being protracted in the middle, columella with two strong oblique folds. Holotype (figured herewith) in U.S. National Museum, no. 382779, has five post- nuclear whorls. Genus BATHYAURINIA Clench and Aguayo 19^0 Bathyaurinia' Clench, and Aguayo, Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia nat- ural, vol. Ik, no. 1, p. 92. Genotype: Aurtnia torrei Ptlsbry. Range: Off Cuba. Shell elongate, shining, usually shovildered and with nodules or sub-costae whorls. No columellar folds or plaits; radula exceedingly small, (2mm.) consist- ing of a single row of Rachidian teeth. The mantle very probably envelopes the shell . Bathyaurinia torrei Pilsbry 1937 (Plate 7, Figure 56) Aurinta torrei Pilsbry. Naut., vol. 51, p. 37, Pl. 4, fig. 1, 1937. Bathyaurinia torrei Pilsbry. Mem. de la Soc. Cubana de Hist. Nat., vol. 14, no. 1, p. 92, 19^0. Alt. 113, diam. 28 mm. Hab. Off Cayo Frances, Caibarien, Cuba In 10 fms. Elsewhere off Cuba up to 265 fms, ? Shell fusiform, anterior canal long, glossy; color pale buff, darkening on anterior canal to light salmon; first two whorls white, ornamented with trape- zoidal spots of brown fading to rust color below the suture; nucleus consisting of a short projecting point; axial folds most prominent 'at the shoulder, about fifteen such folds on the penultimate whorl; aper- ture tinted like exterior. Bathyaurinia piratlca Clench and Aguayo 19^0 (Plate 7, Figure 57) Bathyaurinia piratlca Clench and Aguayo, Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de His- toria Natural, vol. l4, no. 1, p. 93, pl. 15, fig. 2, 1940. Alt. 93.5, dlara.4l.8mm. (Holotype). Hab. Off Punta Alegre, Camaguey, Cuba in 210 fathoms. Holotype in the Museum of Comparative Zool- ogy, no. 135235. This species appears to differ rather sharply from B. torrei by being much larger, possessing finer sculpture and having a broadly rounded and smooth whorl shoulder. The color is pinkish- yellow, much as in torrei , Subfamily HALIINAE Genus HALIA Risso 182 6 Ealia Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. merld. iv, 52, 1826. Prtamus Deshayes, I838, Lam. edit., ii, viii, 299, 1838. Hal la. Fischer: Monographic du genre Halia, Jour, de Conch; 2nd Ser. Ill, l4l. Genotype: Balla priamus Meuschen . Range: Atlantic Ocean off Spain, Portugal and probably northwest Africa. After discussing various patholog- ical and diseased Volutes, Dall suggested that the genus Balla may be the last term of degeneration, having lost all of the plaits in Its shell and holding much such a relation to Aurinla as does Gulvlllea of Watson, also a degenerate type. As in Barpa the posterior sinus Is not homologous with that of Turrls but merely permits the. passage of a fold in the mantle. 68 A REVIEV OF THE VOLUTIDAE Hermannsen, In 1846, first asso- ciated the recent species with the tertiary fossil long known to science as Bulla heli- coides. The single recent species was sup- posed by Meuschen to be a terrestrial mol- lusc and he accordingly placed It under Eeltx. After dissecting the soft parts of Halt a Fischer considered Its nearest ally to be the Inoperculated De franc I a section of the present Turridae. Further study may substantiate this claim but as there is still some doubt It has been Included In the present paper pending more detailed in- vestigation. Hal la prlamus Meuschen 1778 (Plate 24, Figure I65) Ealia prlamus Meuschen. Kobelt : Icon, Europ. Meeresconch 11, p. 6. Reeve: Monog, Halla sp. 1, I963. Pace: P.M. 3. London, vol. 5, P. 29, 1902 (Anatomy). Sykes: P.M.S. London, vol. 9. p. 353j 1911. Dall: Tert. Moll. Florida, vol. 5, p. 81. Smith, Maxwell: World-Wide Sea Shells, p. 81, sp. 1124, 1940. Helix prlamus Meuschen, Cat. Mus. Gron, no. 1355, 1778. Bucclnum flcus Martyn: Univ. Conchologist, vol. Ill, p. 81. Ampulla prlamus Roedlng, Bolten Catalog. Achat ina prlamus Lamarck. Bucclnum stercus-pullcum Chemnitz, Alt. 75 mm. , Hab. Off Spain and Portugal; Porcupine Exp, 1870, sta, 26, 30 (fragments), off Cape Sagres, 45-58 fathoms; off Cadiz; most abundant in bay lying between Cape St. Vincent and Trafalgar; fossil in the Italian Pliocene. The enamel -like surface of the rath- er fragile shell indicates an almost com- plete envelopment by the mantle; surface of shell fulvous-fawn color with below the periphery a series of bands consisting of small square separated chestnut -colored spots; aperture large, notched anteriorly and posteriorly, lip simple. Foot volumin- ous, proboscis long. Indicating an organism phytophagous in habit or if zoophagous liv- ing upon fragile organisms, or those part- ly decomposed. According to Pace the radula is similar to that of Amor la. The example figured is in the writ- er's collection. Subfamily VOLUTOMITRINAE Genus VOLUTOMITRA Gray 1855 Volutomltra, Gray, I855, in Adam's Genera of Rec. Moll., vol. 1, p. 172, pi. 19, fig. 2. Type Ultra irimlandlca Beck; 2, p. 619, 1858, Guide Moll. British Mus., p. 36, 1857. Dall: Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 28, p, 145, pi-. 34, figs. 6, 7, 1889. Afitra (Beck) Moller: Index Moll. Gronl., p. 15, 1842. Reeve: Conch. Icon., Mono. Mitra, pi. 15, fig. IO6, 1844. Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 124, 1882. Genotype: Ultra iriinlandlca Beck. Range: Boreal Seas. A small, compact group, distin- guished by the lack of operculum; shell, small, unlcolorous with a dark perlostracum and plaited columella; nucleus small. Volutomltra gr^nlandlca (Beck) 1842 (Plate 4, Figure 35) Ultra Ir^nZandlca Beck, in MSller Index Moll. Gronl., p. 15; 1842. Reeve: Conch. Icon., Mono. Mitra, pi. 15, fig. 106, 1844. Mitra ir^nlandlca Gray, Tryon: Man. Conch., vol. 4, p. 124, pi. 36, fig. 83, 1882. Mitra iraenlandlca Gray, Sowerby: Thes. Conch., Mono. Mitra, p. 25, species 34l, pi. 23 (Thes. pi. 374) fig. 519. Volutomltra ir^nlandlca . H. and A. Adams: Genera of Rec. Moll., 1, p. 172, pi. 19, fig, 2, 1853. Gray: Guide Moll. Brit- ish Mus., p. 36, 1857. Dall: Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 18, p. l45, pl. 34, figs, 6, 7, 1889. Sars: Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 244, pl. 23, fig. 12, 1878. Maxwell Smith: East Coast Marine Shells, p. 129, pl. 64, figs. 6, 7, 1937. A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE Alt. 25 mm. Hab. Greenland coast in 15-200 fms.; Well- ington Channel; Iceland; Spitzbergen; Plnmark, in 80-100 fms. (Sars); also in the Pleistocene of Britain. Surface of shell smooth, except for a few course spirals near the canal. Volutomltra alaskana Ball 1902 (Plate 26, Figure I80) Volutomltra alaskana Ball, Nautilus, vol. 15, p. 102, 1902. Alt. 44, diam. maj. 17-5 nun- Hab. In southern and eastern parts of Bering Sea and the Aleutians in 60 to 85 fms., muddy bottom and southward in constantly deeper water, following the temperature of 39 degrees Pahr. to a point off San Diego, California, in 822 fms. (Ball). Ball's description is as follows: Shell fusiform, with about six mod- erately convex whorls; suture distinct, surface minutely spirally striated, covered with an olivaceous periostracum over a white or yellowish shell; aperture longer than half the total length, with a rather wide canal, callous pillar and body, in the adult, and simple outer lip; the canal with a well-marked siphonal fasciole, and is slightly flexuous; plaits normally four, rarely three or five, strong and rather distant; nucleus almost always eroded. This species differs from V. irfSnlandlca in its much greater size, less rufous color, and pervasive fine spiral sculpture, but other- wise is very similar. It was first dredged by the writer (Ball) in the eastern Aleu- tians, and has since been obtained by the U.S. Pish Commission (Ball). Apparently heretofore unfigured. Genus MICROVOLUTA Angas 1877 Mtcrovoluta Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877> p. 34. Genotype: Mtcrovoluta australis Angas. _6a Range: Australia and New Zealand. Microvoluta australis Angas 1877 (Plate 3, Figure 26) Mtcrovoluta australis Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877, p. 35, T. 5, fig. 2, Powell, Shell Fish New Zeal., p. 81, 1937. Tryon: Man. Conch, vol. 4, p. 105, pi. 31, figs. 151-152, 1882. Valuta minima Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 5, 2nd suppl., p. 300, pi. 16 (Thes. pi. 515) figs. I52A and B. Alt. 9, diam. 3-75 mm. Hab. Port Jackson Head, Australia in 25 fathoms (type locality). Shell very small, fusiform, solid, shining white; spotted and flamed with double bands of chestnut color; spire ele- vated, apex obtuse; five and one-half con- vex whorls; columella with four plaits. Microvoluta biconica (Murdoch and Suter) I906 (Plate 3, Figure 28) Voluta biconica Murdoch and Suter. Suter: Man. N. Zeal. Moll. p. 363, pl- I8, fig. 4. Powell: Shell Pish of New Zeal., p. 81, sp. 1091, 1937. Finlay: Trans. New Zeal. Inst., vol.. 59, P- 242, pl. 43, figs. 13, 15, 1930, E. A. Smith: Brit- ish Antarctic "Terra Nova" Exp. 1910, vol. 2, no. 4, p. 85, 1915. Alt. 5, diam. 2.8 mm. Hab. Off Great Barrier Island, in 110 fathoms; off Cuyier Island, in 37 fath- oms; Snares, in 50 fathoms; near North Cape (Terra Nova Exp.); in the Castlecliff Upper Pliocene deposit; all records in the New Zealand area. Shell very small, white, often with broad zig-zag lines continued down from fulvous color on nodules of first half of body whorl; whorls five; nucleus of one and one -half whorls. 70 A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE Mlcrovoluta cuvierensls Plnlay (Unfigured) 1950 Mlcrovoluta cuvierensls Finlay, Trans. New Zeal. Inst., vol. 59, P- 242, I93O. Powell, Shellfish of New Zeal., p. 8I, sp. 1092, 1937. Alt. 6.5, dlam. 2.7 mm. Hab. New Zealand (Aupourian faunal prov- ince in deep water). Type locality 38 fathoms off Cuvler Island. Also taken In 10 fathoms off Snares Island and In the Castlecllff Upper Pliocene deposit of New Zealand. Shell differing at sight from bl~ contca in its smooth appearance. Axials and spirals are almost obsolete, but there is generally a well-marked peripheral groove on the body-whorl; the strong nod- ules and spirals of biconlca are absent. Shell more slender, with a leaner body whorl. Sutural band quite different, in biconlca there is a stout cord marginning suture with a wide concave shoulder below itj in cuvierensls there is a broad low band with merely a narrow groove below it. This is quite distinct from bicon- lca, one specimen of which was taken off Cuvier Island with the holotype. PLATES PLATE 1 1. Valuta musica carneolata Lamarck , p, 6 2. Valuta virescens Solander, p. 9 3. Valuta musica musica L., p. 6 4. Valuta virescens Solander, p. 6 5- Valuta musica polypleura Crosse , p. 8 6. Valuta musica iuineensis Chemnitz, p. 7 7. KoZuta musica laeviiata Lamarck , p. 7 8. valuta ebraea L., p. 8 9. FoZuta musica thlarella Lamarck , p, 8 Note: All figvires are natural size unless otherwise indlcated-- a vertical line (I) denotes the actual size, when figure is enlarged; a horizontal line (-) Indicates reduction in size from original; a plus sign (+) indicates an enlargement. PLATE 1 # PLATE 2 10. Lyrla delessertiana (Petit), p. 10 11. Valuta ebraea L. young shell, p. 8 12. Valuta vlrescens Solander. Caribbean form, p. 13. Lyrla cassldula (Reeve), p. 10 14. Lyrla anna (Lesson), p. 12 15. Valuta ebraea L., p. 8 16. Lyrla beaull Fischer and Bernardl , p. 9 17. Lyrla mul tlcostata (Broderlp), p. 11 18. Lyrla dellclosa (Montrouzier ) , p. 10 18a,. Enaeta reevei Dall, p. I3 19. Enaeta barnesl (Gray), p. 12 20. Lyrla lyraeformls (Broderlp), p. 10 PLATE 2 13 16 20 PLATE 3 21. Enaeta archerl (Angas), p. 12 22. Enaeta cylleniformls (Sowerby), p. 13 23. Enaeta iuildin^ii (Soverltj) , p. 13 24. Enaeta cuminii (Broderip), 13 25. Volutocorbls abyssicola (Ad. andRve.), p. 15 26. Hicrouoluta australis Angas, p. 69 27. Enaeta archeri (Angas), p. 12 28. Microvoluta btconica (Murdoch and Suter), p. 69 29. Septuniopsis iilchristi Sowb. dentition 30. Heptunlopsls iilchristi Sowb,, p. Ik 31a, b. Heptunlopsls itlchrlsti Sowb. operculiim 32. Lyrta nucleus (Lamarck), p. 11 re PLATE 3 #^ 24 jija 31 A 29 PLATE 4 33. Amorla pallida pallida (Gray), p. 52 J)k. Voluticorbis abyssicola (Adams and Rve.)> Challenger Expedition speclinen, p. 15 35. volutomitra irtjinlandlca (Beck), p. 68 36. Anorla caroli (iredale), p. 50 37. Amorla ktn^t (Cox), p. 52 38. Amorla canaliculata (McCoy), p. 50 39. Amoria elllotl (Sowerby), p. 51 40. Amorla caroli (iredale), p. 50 TS PLATE 4 33 36 »•' 38 ^ ^ T?:^ \ 34 35 37 W PLATE 5 41, Amor i a iatliffi (Sowerby), p, 51 42. Amorta pallida reticulata (Reeve), p. 53 kj>. Amorla pallida pallida (Gray), p, 52 kk. Amorla pallida damonl (Gray), p. 52 45. Amoria macandrewl (Sowerby), p. 52 46. Amoria marmorata (Swalnson), p. 52 80 PLATE 5 PLATE 6 47. Amorla praetexta (Reeve), p,, 53 48. Amoria undulata aniasl (Sowerby), p. 54 49. Aurinia dohrni florida Clench and Aguayo, p. 64 50. Amoria zebra lineata (Leach), p. 55 51. Aurinia dohrni dohrni (Sowerby), p. 63 52. Amoria undulata undulata (Lamarck), p. 54 55. Aurinia junonla (Hwass), p, 65 54. Aurinia neptunla Clench and Aguayo, p. 66 55- Amoria zebra zebra (Leach), p. 55 PLATE 6 52 PLATE 7 56. Bathyaurlnla torrei (Pllsbry), p, 67 57. Bathyaurlnla pi rat lea Clench and Aguayo, Imperfect, p. 67 58. Aurlnla schmlttl Bartsch, p. 66 59. Amorla pallida reticulata (Reeve), {reeve.l Sowerby), p. 53 60. Harpullna Interpuncta undata (Martyn), p, 23 61. Harpullna Interpuncta Interpuncta (Martyn.), p. 23 S4 PLATE 7 ^ 56 57 58 59 60 61 PLATE 8 62. Harpullna arausaica (Solander), p. 25 63. Alclthoe arabica (Martyn), p. 25 64. Harpul ina loroisi (Valenciennes), p. 24 65. Alclthoe afrlcana afflcana (Reeve), p. 24 66. Alclthoe Jaculoides Powell, p. 27 67. Alclthoe depressa (Suter), p. 25 86 PLATE 8 64 ^ PLATE 9 68. Alcithoe perplicata (Hedley), p. 29 69. Alcithoe festiva (Lamarck), p. 26 70. Alcithoe thatc he r i {yicGoY\ p. JO 71. Alcithoe ponsonbyi (E. A. Smith), p. 29 72. Alcithoe suainsoni swainsoni Marwlck, p. 30 73. Alcithoe kreuslerae Angas, p. 28 74. Alcithoe iracilis (Swalnson), p. 26 PLATE 9 PLATE 10 75. Fuliorarla concinna (Broderip), p. 20 76. Fulioraria fulminata fulminata (Sowerby), p. 21 77. Fulioraria meiasplra mentiens (H. 0. Fulton), p, 22 78. Fulioraria hirasei (Sowerby), p. 21 79. Fulioraria meiasplra meiasplra (Sowerby), p. 21 80. Fulioraria fulminata hamlllel (Crosse), Reduced in size, p. 21 90 PLATE 10 77 PLATE 11 81. Ful ioraria prevostlana (Crosse), p. 22 82. Adelomelon tuberculata (Swalnson), p. 59 83. Adelomelon maiellanica (Lamarck) after Reeve, reduced in size, p. 57 84. Adelomelon brastllana (Solander), p. 56 85. Adelomelon tuberculata (Swalnson), Specimen In National Museum, Washington, D.C., p. 59 PLATE 11 Bl U 85 PLATE 12 86. Adelomelon subnodosa (Leach), p. 58 87. Adelomelon ferussacli (Donovan), p. 57 88. Adelomelon ferussacli (Donovan). Specimen In U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C, p. 57 89. Adelomelon manieri (H. B. Preston), p. 59 90. boreomelon stearnsi (Dall). Small specimen collected by U.S. Fisheries steamer Albatross, now In the author's collection, p. 60 94 PLATE 12 PLATE 15 91, Pachymelon lutea Watson , p. 35 92, iredallna mlrabilis Flnlay, p. 18 95. Zldona aniulata (Swalnson), p. 62 94. Aulica aulica (Solander), p. ^h 95. provocator provocator (Sowerby), p. 62 96. Zidona aniulata (Swalnson), p. 62 97. Aulica aulica (Solander), p. 3^ 96 PLATE 13 PLATE Ih 98. Aulica bednalli (Brazier), p. 55 99, Aulica luteostoma (Chemnitz), p. 57 100. Aulica exoptanda (Sowerby), p. 36 101. Aulica mainlflca (Chemnitz), p. 57 102. Aulica rosstnlana (Bernardl), p. ^1 105. Aulica marla-emma (Gray), p. 38 104. Aulica iuntherl iuntheri (E. A. Smith), p. 36 105. Aurinia dohrni bermudezi Clench and Aguayo, p. 6h 105a. Amoria pallida turnerl (Gray), p. 53 106. Volutospina splnosus (Llnn^), Eocene, p. I8 PLATE 14 106 PLATE 15 107. Aullca imperious (Lamarck), p. 57 PLATE 15 PLATE 16 108. Alclthoe (Ericusa) fulietrum fulietrum (Broderlp), p. Jl 109. Alctthoe {grtcusa) papulosa papulosa (Swalnson) Lip Immature, p. J>2 110. Alclthoe (grlcusa) papulosa papulosa (Swalnson) Adult shell, reduced in size, p. 32 111. Aullca nobilts nobilis (Solander), reduced In size, p. 39 112. Aullca nobllls nobilis (Solander), reduced in size, p. 39 PLATE 16 108 PLATE 17 115. Aullca cymhiola (Chemnitz), p. 55 114. Aullca sophla (Gray), p. 42 115. Aullca deshayesl (Reeve), p. 36 116. Aullca deshayesl (Reeve), Abnormal specimen, p, 36 117. Aullca norrlsl (Gray), p. 39 118. Aullca scafa (Solander), p. 4l 119. Aullca Innexa (Reeve), p. 37 120. Aullca scafa (Solander), p. 4l 121. Aullca nlvosa (Lamarck), p. 38 PLATE 17 PLATE 18 122. Aulica plperata (Sowerby), p. 39 125. Aulica ttssotlana (Crosse), p. 42 124, Aulica pulchra pulchra (Sowerby), p. 40 125, Aulica rutila rutila (Broderlp), p. 40 126, Aulica vespertilio vespertillo (Llnn6), p. 4^ 127, Aulica vespertilio serpentina (Lamarck), p. 43 128, Aulica punctata (Swalnson), p. 40 129, Aulica rutila rucketi (Crosse), p. 41 PLATE 18 PLATE 19 130. Aultca vespertil io mills (Llnn^), p. 43 151. Aulica uespertillo vespertil io (Llnne), p. 45 132. Aulica vespertilio vespertilio (Lirm^), sinistral, p. 4? 133. Mamlllana mamllla (Gray), p. k9 134. Mnmillana roadntihtae (McCoy), p. 50 PLATE 19 130 I 132 PLATE 20 155. Cottonia nodlplicata (Cox), p. Jk 156. Calltpara bullata (Swalnson), p. k^ 137. Alcithoe (Erlcusa) fuslformls (Swalnson), re- duced In size, p. 52 138. Gutvil lea alabastrlna Watson , p, 19 159' Volutoconus coniformis (Cox), p. 44 PLATE 20 139 PLATE 21 140. Cymbtum ctthara armata (Lamarck). Reduced In size, p. 46 141. Cymba cisium (Lamarck), p. 48 142. Cymba proboscicialis Broderip. Reduced In size, p. 49 143. Cymbium melo{5olan.der) . Juvenile specimen, natural size, p. 47 144. Cymba pepo pepo (Solander). Reduced In size, p. 48 145. Cymba olla (Llnn^), p. 49 PLATE 21 144 143 PLATE 22 (All reduced in size) 146. Cymbium cithara cithara (Lamarck), p. 46 147. Cymbium aethlopica broderipii (Gray), p. 45 148. Cymbium cithara umbilicatus (Broderlp), p. 46 149. Cymba cislum iracilis (Broderlp), p. 48 150. Cymbium aethiopica aethiopica Linns', p. 45 151. Cymbium aethiopica nautica (Lamarck), p. 45 152. Cymbium tessellata (Lamarck), p. 47 155. Cymbium aethiopica reila (Schubert and Wagner), p. 46 154. Cymbium miltonis (Gray), p. 4? PLATE 22 154 PLATE 23 155. Aurinla iouldlana Dall, p. 64 156. Adelomelon becki (Broderlp), p. 56 157. Fulioraria delicata (H. C. Pulton); p. 20 158. Alcithoe hedleyi Murdoch and Suter , p. 27 159. Fulioraria prevostiana (Cros3e)j p. 22 160. Pachymelon ullsonae Powell, p. 33 PLATE 23 15S 157 158 199 10 PLATE 24 161. Alcithoe suainsoni swainsoni Marwick, Nuclei, p, JO 162. Aulica adcocki (Tate), p. 36 163. Mamillana mamtlla (Gray). Adult example. In the Beal- Maltble Shell Museum, Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida, p. kg 164. Amoria Jamrachi Gray. After Sowerby's figure, p. 51 165. Halia prlamus Meuschen , p. 68 166. Aulica verconis (Tate), p. 44 167. Aulica cathcartiae (Reeve). After Sowerby's figure, p. 35 118 PLATE 24 162 165 164 166 PLATE 25 168. Aurtnia robusta Dall . Tip enlarged, showing protoconch and calcarella, after Dall, p, 66 169. Mlomelon phllipplana (Dall), p. 60 170. Adelomelon maiellanica (Lamarck). Neplonlc shell, p. 57 171. Adelomelon ancilla (Solander). Reduced In size, after Chenu, p. 55 172. Calllotectum vernicosum Dall, p. I6 173. Aulicn vespertlio pellis-serpentts (Lamarck). After Reeve, p. 43 174. Phenacoptygma cortezi (Dall), p. I8 175. Aullna vesperttlio llneolata (Kuster), p. 43 176. Amoria spenceriana Gatllff, p. 54 177. Volutil ithes muricina Lamarck . Eocene, p. 17 PLATE 25 168 1 72 173 171 174 PLATE 26 178. Tractolira sparta Dall. Holotype, in the United States National Museum. Photograph through the courtesy of that Institution. Specimen taken In Gulf of Panama at I672 fathoms, p. 6I 179. Boreomelon benthalis Dall. Holotype, In the United States National Museum. Photograph through the courtesy of that Institution. Specimen taken in Gulf of Panama at 1072 fathoms, p. 60 180. Volutomltra alaskana Dall. Holotype, In the United States National Museum, Photograph through the courtesy of that Institution. Specimen taken In Bering Sea at 85 fathoms, p. 69 181. Valuta ebraea Llnn^. Nucleus, much enlarged. Drawing by Dick Albany, p. 8 182. Alclthoe fulietrum fulietrun^Brodevlp) . Nucleus much enlarged. Drawing by Dick Albany, p. 5I 185. Hamlllana mamtlla (Gray), Nucleus, enlarged. Draw- ing by Dick Albany, p. ^+9 184. Cymbium melo (Solander). Reduced In size, p. 47 185. Aulica vesper tl I to vespertil to (Llnn^). Nucleus, much enlarged. Drawing by Dick Albany, p. k3 PLATE 26 INBEX OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES (Names In Italics Indicate synonyms) abbrevlata Lahllle, 57 abyss Icola Ad. and Rve., 15 adcockl Tate, 36 aethloploa L., 'v5 afrlcana Rve., 2k alabastrlna Watson, 19 alaskana Dall, 69 alba Verco, 31 alta Sowb . , 61 altlcostata Tate, ^k alternata Lahllle, 56 ambiiua Sol., 59 americana Eve., 59 amphora Sol., k-6 and I la Authors, 55 ancilla Sol., 55 ancilla Sowb., 58 angasl Sowb., 5'*- angulata Sw., 62 anomala von Mart . , 17 anna Lesson, 12 arabica Martyn, 25 archerl Angas, 12 armata Sol . , h6 arnhetmi Rivers, 57 aullca Sol., Jik aia-ausalca Sol., 23 australls Angas, 69 bamesli Gray, 12 beaull F. and B., 9 backer! Turton, 25 beokll Brod., 56 bednalll Braz., 35 benthalls Dall, 60 bermudezl C. and A., 6k blconlca M. and S., 69 bracata R. and M., 57 bracteata Strebel, 57 braslliana Sol., 56 broderlpil Gray, k^ bullata Sw., k^ calva Powell, 25 canallculata McCoy, 50 cantinelosust Meusch, 9 carinata Lahllle, 56 carinata Zekell, 56 carneolata Lk., 6 caroll Iredale, 50 oasBldula Rve., 10 cathcartlae Rve., 35 ceraunia Cr., ko chloroptna Lk., 8 chrypostoma Sw., 37 clslum Lk., k3 olthara Lk., k6 Clara Sowb., 22 cleryopa Petit, 59 colocynthis Dlllw., 56 connectens Terco, 31 conclnna Brod., 20 conlformls Cox, kk constricta Lahllle, 59 corona Chem., 35 coronata Klen., 35 coronatum Mart., 8 cortezl Dall, I8 costata Sw., 12 cumlngl Brod . , 13 cumlnit Gray, 55 ouvlerensls Flnlay, 70 c^nndrof us Sowb., k'J cyllenlformls Sowb., 13 cymblola Chem., 35 cymbiun L., k9 damonl Gray, 52 damula Dall, 7 dannevlH Verco, 5I+ davlesl Fulton, 22 decipien? Lahllle, 59 delessertlana Pet., 10 delessertti Petit, 10 delloata Fulton, 20 dellclosa Montr., 10 depressa Lahllle, 56 depressa Suter, 25 deshayesl Rve., 36 diadema Lk., k6 dohrnl Sowb., 63 domeykeona Ph., 61 d'orblgnyana Ph., 65 ducal is Lk., k6 dubia Brod., dk dufresmi Don., 62 ebraea L . , 8 elllotl Sowb., 51 eloniata Chem., 8 eloniata Sw., 30 eloniata Lahllle, 57 exoptanda Sowb . , 36 fasclata S. and W., 37 ferruiinea Lahllle, 59 ferussacll Don., 57 festlva d'Orb., 56 f estiva Lk., 26 ficus Mart., 68 fZay leans. Mart., 1+1 f lor Ida C. and A., 61+ fratercula Lahllle, 57 f ulgetrum Brod . , 31 fuliurea Lahllle, 59 f ulmlnata Swob . , 21 fulva Lk., 9 fuslformls Klen., 56 fuslformls Sw,, 32 gatllffl Sowb., 51 gllchristl Sowb., II+ ilobosa Lahllle, 56 gouldlana Dall, 61+ gracilis Brod., I48 gracilis Ph., 61 gracilis Sw., 26 iracllis Wood, 57 graclllor Iherlng, 61 iraenlandica Gray, 73 irayae Cr., 38 gr^enlandlca Beck, 68 gulldlngl Sowb., 13 iuinaXca Lk., 7 gulneensls Gray, 7 guntherl Smith, 36 iuttata Cr., 13 hamlllel Cr., 21 harfordi Cox, 50 harpa Desh., 12 haustrum Sol., 1+7 hebraea Chu., 8 hedleyi M. and S., 27 heptagonalls Tate, '^k hirasei Sowb., 21 Imperlalls Lk., 37 Indian Sowb., 25 Indicus Gm., 1+7 125 126 A REVIEW OP THE VOLUTIDAE Inflata Lahllle, 57 Innexa Rve., 57 intermedia Lahllle, 56 Interpuncta Mart., 25 Jaculoldea Powell, 2? Jamrachl Gray, 51 Johnstonl Powell, 28 jTinonia Hwass . , 65 kenyonlana Braz . , 52 klngl Cox, 52 kreuslerae Angas, 28 lactea Lahllle, 56 laevigata Lk., 7 lapponlca L., 25 larochel Marwlck, 29 llmopsls Conrad, I5 llneata Leach, 55 llneolata Kuet., k2 loniiuscula Lahllle, 57 lorolsl Val., 2k lunlsllgata Verco, 51 lutea Watson, 55 luteoetoma Chem., 57 lyraeformls Brod., 10 lyrata Sowb., 12 macandrewl Sowb . , 52 macilllivrayi Coi, 39 maiellanlca Chem., 55 magellanlca Lk., 57 marla-ennna Gray, 58 maculata Sw., 50 magnlflca Chem., 57 mamllla Gray, k9 mangerl Preston,' 59 marmorata Sw . , 52 martens 11 Strehel, 58 megasplra Sowb . , 21 melo Sol., 14-7 f 7 mentlene Fult., 22 mlltonls Gray, 1+7 mlrabllls Flnlay, I8 mlsslsslpplensls Conr., 9 niitis Lk., 1+5 mitraeformls Lk., 11 motutaraenslB Powell, 50 mucronatus B. and S., 1*6 multlcostata Brod., 11 murlclna Lk., 17 muslca L., 6 mutabllis T. and H., 614- nasaica S. and W., 62 nautlca Lk., 1+5 navicula CSn., 1*8 nebulosa Lk., 8 neptuni Gm., 1+8 neptunla C. and A,, 66 nlvosa Lk., 58 nobllls Sol., 59 nodlpllcata Coi., 5^ norrlsl Gray, 59 nucleus Lk., 11 olla Lk., 1+9 omata Lahllle, 58 oviformis Lahllle, 57 pacifica Sol., 25 pallida Gray, 52 papillaris Rve., 52 papulosa Sw., 52 paradoxa Lahllle, 58 patula Brod., 1+8 pedersenll Ver., 15 pellis-serpentls Us.., 1+5 pepo Sol., 1+8 perdlclna S. and W., 10 perpllcata Hedley, 29 pertusa Sw., 18 phlllpplana Call, 60 plperata Sowb., 59 piperita Sowb., 59 plratlca C. and A., 67 pllcata Dllw., 7 polyp leura Cr., 8 polyzonal is Lk., 9 ponderosa Sol., 2l+ ponderosa Lahllle, 57 ponsonbyl Smith, 29 porcina Lk., 1+9 praetexta Rve . , 55 prevoBtlana Cr., 22 prlamus Meus . , 68 proboscldalls Brod., 1+9 provocator, Sowb., 62 puZc/ier Watson, 62 pulchra Sowb . , 1+0 punctata Klen., 1+1 punctata Sw., 1+0 punctosllgata Verco, 51 pusio Sw., 9 pseudomoiellnnica Lah., 56 pseudofuslformls Lah., 59 pseudotuberculatus Lah., 59 quekettl Smith, 11 radiata Lk., 55 reiius Brod., 1+6 regla S. and W., 1+6 reeve 1 Ball, 13 reeuei Sowb., 55 reticulata Rve., 55 rletensls Turton, 2l+ roadnlghtae McCoy, 50 robusta Ball, 66 rosslnlana Bern., 1+1 rubliinosa Sw., 1+9 ruckerl Cr., 1+1 rudis Gray, 57 rut if era Lk., 6 rupestrls Gm., 21 rutlla Brod., 1+0 scafa Sol., 1+1 scapha Gm., 59 schmlttl Bart., 66 sclaterl Cox, 5I+ serpentina Lk., 1+5 siinifer Brod., 1+1 smlthl Sowb., 22 sophla Gray, 42 sowerbyi Klen., 52 sparta Ball, 61 srectobUls Gm., 55 spencerlana Gatl., 5I+ splnosus L., 18 spirabilis Lahllle, 59 stearnsll Ball, 60 atuderl von Mart . , 15 stercus-pulicum Chem., 68 straiulata S. and W., 55 strlatula Thlele, 20 subcarinata Lahllle, 56 subnodosa Lahllle, 59 subnodosa Leach, 58 sulcata Lk., 7 swalnsonl Marwlck, 50 tesaellata Lk., 1+7 tessellatus S. and W., 61+ thatcherl McCoy, 50 thlarella, Lk., 8 tlsBotlana Cr., 1+2 torrel Pile., 67 trans luc Ida Verco, 1+2 trlclncta Verco, 31 trlpllcata Sowb., 61 trlpllcata Phil., 61 tritonis Brod., 1+8 tuberculata Sw., 59 tur'uinata Klen., 8 turnerl Gray, 55 typica Lahllle, 57, 59 INDEX 127 typlca Lie., 8 typuB Conrad, 65 .umbllicatuB Brod., h6 iindata Martyn, 23 undulata Lk . , 5'*- xinlclncta Verco, 32 uniplicata Sowb., 32 vanhoffenl Thlele, 19 veroonle Tate, k2 vernlcosum Ball, 16 vespertlllo L., h'} vex ilium Chem., 23 vlreecene Sol., 9 volva Chem., 52 volva Gm., 1*-1 volvacea Lk., hi wllsonae Powell, 33 wlsemanl Braz . , 1+0 zebra Leaoh, 55