Review of the World Heritage Network:
Biogeography, Habitats and Biodiversity

FINAL DRAFT

A Contribution to the Global Strategy for World Heritage Natural Sites

IUCN

The World Conservation Unton

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Review of the World Heritage Network:
Biogeography, Habitats and Biodiversity

Chris Magin and Stuart Chape

UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre
IUCN — The World Conservation Union
2004

The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, UNEP-WCMC, IUCN and the UNESCO World
Heritage Centre concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or
concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

UNEP-WCMC or its collaborators have obtained base data from documented sources believed to be reliable
and made all reasonable efforts to ensure the accuracy of the data. UNEP-WCMC does not warrant the
accuracy or reliability of the base data and excludes all conditions, warranties, undertakings and terms
express or implied whether by statute, common law, trade usage, course of dealings or otherwise (including
the fitness of the data for its intended use) to the fullest extent permitted by law.

The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of UNEP, UNEP-WCMC, IUCN and
UNESCO World Heritage Centre.

Acknowledgements

The authors express their sincere appreciation to the following people for their valuable input to this
project:

UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre

John Ady for extracting data from 172 World Heritage Site Sheets; Dr Igor Lysenko and Simon
Blyth for undertaking the GIS analysis; Dr Mark Spalding for reviewing the data; Matt Doughty,
Lucy Fish, Melanie Mason and Corinna Ravilious for preparing the numerous maps.

IUCN — The World Conservation Union and Members of the IUCN World Heritage Panel
David Sheppard, Pedro Rosabal, Adrian Phillips, Dr Jim Thorsell and Georgina Peard for their
advice and guidance.

UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Dr Ishwaran Natarajan and Marc Patry for advice and for supporting the project through provision
of a grant to undertake the work.

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from
UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge

http://www.archive.org/details/reviewofworldher04magi

Foreword

The aim of the World Heritage Convention is to ensure the protection for all time of the world’s
natural and cultural heritage of Outstanding Universal Value. In 1994, to assist in meeting this aim,
the World Heritage Committee adopted a Global Strategy for achieving a balanced, representative
and credible World Heritage List that reflects the world’s diverse heritage. Over the past 10 years a
number of studies and consultations have been carried out to develop and refine the Global
Strategy. This review is an important addition to that process, focusing on the inter-related elements
of biogeography, habitats and biological diversity that underpin much of what we consider ‘natural
heritage’.

Two of the four criteria by which Natural World Heritage Sites can be nominated relate respectively
to ecological and biological processes, and to the in-situ conservation of biological diversity.
Understanding the relative values and importance of global biomes, habitats and biological diversity
is therefore extremely important in ensuring that new nominations are evaluated on a scientifically
sound basis. The availability and application of such knowledge is important in the first place to
States Parties as they consider what properties to place on their national Tentative Lists of potential
World Heritage nominations and in making the case for inscription in their nominations. It is
essential information also for IUCN, as the Advisory Body to the Convention on Natural World
Heritage in its evaluation of nominations.

There have been previous reviews of the status of the World Heritage network on the basis of
natural values and systems, principally in relation to the use of the Udvardy biogeographic
classification system that has been used to map and evaluate sites for a number of years. However,
the UNESCO World Heritage Centre and IUCN agreed in 2003 that all parties would benefit from
an updated, wider review of Natural World Heritage values using other methods of global
biogeographic classification, habitat mapping and approaches to prioritising global conservation
values. The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, which for many years has provided
technical support to IUCN and UNESCO on World Heritage matters, was requested to co-operate
with IUCN in undertaking the review. The result provides a comprehensive overview of the World
Heritage network and a basis for moving forward with finalisation of the Global Strategy as far as
natural heritage is concerned.

The Convention has already achieved a great deal since it came into force in 1975. There are
currently (2004) 149 Natural and 23 Mixed Sites inscribed on the World Heritage List and they
encompass many of the most important landscapes, ecosystems and habitats on the planet (a
proportion of these are inscribed for their geological and other earth science values). Although the
number of World Heritage Sites is a minute proportion of the total global number of protected
areas, they cover almost two million square kilometres - equivalent to more than nine per cent of the
total area protected. This large area is dominated by a few very large sites, but it nevertheless
highlights the strategic values and significance of the World Heritage Convention at the global
scale. Natural World Heritage Sites cover far larger areas, though there are nearly four times as
many cultural properties as natural ones. This is because different parameters of scale tend to apply
to natural and cultural sites. However, there is now a growing convergence between natural and
cultural values, expressed through the increasing number of mixed inscriptions and the use of the
Cultural Landscape category of cultural sites — in which IUCN often has a considerable interest.

In an ideal world, the World Heritage List would comprise outstanding examples of all biomes,
ecoregions, habitats and high priority conservation areas. This review indicates that we have made

iil

good progress in this regard. However, the World Heritage List can only encompass a small fraction
of the most important areas of global natural heritage, since not all areas have sites that can meet the
key determinants of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) and site integrity. Nevertheless, as this
report shows, a number of globally important landscapes and habitats are currently not present on
the List. The Convention cannot achieve its full potential until all such areas have been thoroughly
assessed on the basis of OUV and, where appropriate, inscribed. The recommendations of this
review will provide guidance for States Parties and the Advisory Body on the identification of these
areas, and thereby help the World Heritage Committee to complete the World Heritage List as far
as natural properties are concerned

Adrian Phillips
IUCN Senior Advisor - World Heritage

Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SS visescccsccsnesescoscsesssssosesssscssesosesesocssererocorecsessosocosnscnonssessesesssesessosevesescsesnsnsesassessasecasucsesseserores i
HORE WORD eee eee tnte nase tater cnrcecierccucteesceaseaaeascatuccessnssaseccvatuasctesteseesectassasserensnesnastsnasass’s iii
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 1........cscssccessssssssssccsccsscssecscsscssssescssessscssnscesscesesensceesasenscenssesesssnscsancssneseoes Viii
LINGER © DUG ON eee es eresenpesarattuncosuccsusaresesnseseavasesssasteusssaescacsretesssetsasasssecesesasase 1

1.1 THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION ....cescssssssssescsssssscsscnscssssccsesrcacsssencescnssassnseacanseesessescsscsessscesesesacsevase 1
1.2 NATURAL WORLD HERITAGE .wesssscssssssssccssssscssesssccssencescsnesssasssssscnnscesssscessssessssssssarsssasssssccnssassssassnsenensearense 1
1.3 CRITERIA FOR LISTING OF NATURAL WORLD HERITAGE SITES .
1.4 THE GLOBAL STRATEGY ...c.ccccceccccccsssssccccccssssccsssscccsssersssccccccssesecccccasscssccenacssssssscascsssesscasscscseccscsccessssccccsacascesses
1.5 PURPOSE, SCOPE AND APPROACH OF THE CURRENT REVIEW. .....cccsssssocccccccssssccssccesscsscsssscssenscsecccssceecs
1.6 GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT WORLD HERITAGE NETWORK ....ccccsssessecessscssscessscsnssnsessoesees 5
2. BIOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSES .......cccsssscsssssesessssessssscssssssessssnscssescseaecsssesssseassscsenccsasessscecesscasnensessescscararses 7
2.1 UDVARDY BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCES .....ssssscccsescssscscsesssssnssccseccceseccccceecessnssesecescssnanosaossssscssscscssesssscasnonses 7
Ben WWE GLOBAL 200 ECOREGIONS.......csccccccsccsssssssccccsccccsscsscsssccscessccsscccsessanssnsscssananssssssansssssssssasssssesasanssaseress 27
3. GLOBAL HABITAT ANALYSES ....... cc ccssssssssssssssssssesecsecsssssscsensssssecseenenenesseneneeeeees ocean 4)
3.1 ACCURACY OF THE ANALYSES ....csccssssssesecssssccesscscnsnsccceceecssncceccceesesssacanscesssssssncesesescensnces 2 45
3.2 WORLD HERITAGE SITE SHEETS ANALYSIS.. ee 5
3.2.1 IUCN/SSC First-level Habitat Types..............scsssscssessssssssssssecseseseseeseeeecseeeeeeaeees ... 46
3.2.2 IUCN/SSC Second-level Habitat Types ..........c:cesscssesessesseseesssceseseseeseceseaeereaees 48
3.2.3 Dominant Habitats ......0....:.csccseeeeeeeees Pe
3.3 GIS ANALYSIS..<......s0cssccsccsscccssssscccccscssscsccccsccsscsscssessencossssssseses 58
3.3.1 Distribution of World Heritage Sites ............teeeeseeeeeeseseeeee tees ... 58
3.3.2 Size of Site and Number of Habitats...... 59
3.3.3 IUCN/SSC First-level Habitat Types..............:sccceeees oe)
3.3.4 IUCN/SSC Second-level Habitat Types .............:c:ce ..62
3.3.5 ID Yoyo HIELO LETS crocccecacnastacononocobcochocetroseeqnesscrcocecoococes iencoécdcasoassaceseo-osideetnbaconcocaadeosa¢cocbacoocoanecusaccnacneicedoace 62
4. BIODIVERSITY ANALYSES ..0........ccsescscssscsssessssseesecsssssssssesssscscsssssesssesescscsncscssescnsssesenesasssesecessesacecsensensness 71
4.1 BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS.......cccccceceecccecsccsecccccsssssecesssscscscccscsesecceccssecccessccecccccensasacassccsauacssssssscauanssssssansscsesesees
4.2 ENDEMIC BIRD AREAG.........ccccssssssssccscsssssccsccccssessscccscsscnsnsccccsccensnccosscesees
4.3 CENTRES OF PLANT DIVERSITY
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........cccssssssssssssssssssssesssescecsesesssssesessceseasssseosessccseenenesenens 111
5.1 CONCLUSION ......ccccccssssscccccccnssssscccsccsnscscscscsscncceusesseccnccecseeeceussssssescnsasnssssecauanssssssssanscesssscessssssssccccusesecsensseaenes 111
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS....cccssssssecessssssscescscccsssssscccccscsssscecccccccsscssscscnnanssssscsansccsssccssanssesssccsescesesccccaascssscconassssesees 112
6. REFERENCES. ...........cccscssssssssssssscssscsosssssssceceesesesssnsessessssasssesssssseceacsscsenensscesescacaccnsasensccnscssacasecnsesnssssssasssorsees 121
FT VAUNINIBY NURI S Postacassactecntentenssaerancarscersettteerenincnsntenntcnacsscerectcsesassesscecssuscstarsescseesscesescesexasucasancndeesassascsursatervavarsesssotercers 123
ANNEX 1: NATURAL WORLD HERITAGE SITES.......sssssssccecsesscscsecssscsscsecceccennnccccecceessncenesscsssensnsncsecssccssnscssescssssencees 125
ANNEX 2: MIXED WORLD HERITAGE SITES
ANNEX 3: BACKGROUND TO GLOBAL LAND COVER CHARACTERIZATION DATABASE .....scsssssssssesssessscseesenseneees

Table A3.1: GLCC Habitat Descriptions with equivalents in the UNEP-WCMC..

vavel IUKCIN] SSVI PEIN crocecocenoccnascoe: ceeceucnavace ca cEr Hoc edoosonosacor ar pdodocooeacateaccds aon cogs bococootecer cher aboepacemecoaCocNeTAcScooc

Table A3.2: Area of Olson/GLCC Habitat Types in World Heritage Sites ...........cccscsssscssecsseseseseeteceeeees
ANNEX 4: BACKGROUND TO IUCN/SSC HABITAT CLASSIFICATION ...cccssssessssssssssssssesssceessceessssesecsccessssssessssansees

Table A4.1: Sizes, Dominant IUCN/SSC Habitats and Areas of Largest GLCC Habitats in World

JRISTTREAE S12 cenccencceneseceoutecoce socodeckoccacacaneec ec cEaC CeCe euaOcLOn TED SCS cor acoSHESoNSacecccDESOaRo coco oSCoroNcgaTECoNCoOTaTaReE
Table A4.2: Second-Level IUCN/SSC Habitat Types present in.
World Heritage Sites

Tables

Table 1: World Heritage Site Occurrence by Continent/Region .........ccccccccscsecseseeesesteseesesceeeseenenceeenesteneaeeneanenees 5
Table 2: World Heritage Sites and Udvardy Realms.................cscscssscsscsssssscscssescsceeseseseneserescestcnstcnscasserereaescnenenene® Ul
Table 3: World Heritage Sites and Udvardy Biomes ...........:cccscccsssssescseseseseeesesenenesenenenenetenseneneeeees 8
Table 4: World Heritage Site Occurrence in Udvardy Biogeographical Realms and Provinces................++. 9
Table 5: Udvardy Biogeographical Provinces without World Heritage Sites... oo 18)
Table 6: World Heritage Sites in Terrestrial Global 200 Ecoregions .........c.cscccssseessceeteseeteceeteseseestenereneeneens 28
Table7: Terrestrial Global 200 Ecoregions not occurring in World Heritage Sites... cece 33
Table 8: | World Heritage Sites in Freshwater Global 200 Ecoregions eck
Table9: | Freshwater Global 200 Ecoregions not occurring in World Heritage Sites ...........ccceeseseeeees 36
Table 10: World Heritage Sites in Global 200 Marine ECoregions .........ccscsccccssssssessseeseseeeseseenesesesescseenecenensecens 37
Table 11: Marine Global 200 Ecoregions not occurring in World Heritage Sites .... 38
Table 12: First-Level IUCN/SSC Habitat Types present in World Heritage Sites .............c.ccessesseseseeeseereseees 47
Table 13: Count of Second-Level IUCN/SSC Habitat Types present in World Heritage Sites, grouped by
First-Level Habitat Type and Continent/Region ..........ccccccccscscsesesescseseseseseseneneneneeescececseseenenenenenenens 50
Table 14: Dominant First-Level IUCN/SSC Habitat Types in World Heritage Sites... eeseseeees 52
Table 15: Dominant Second-Level IUCN/SSC Habitat Types in World Heritage Sites... cece 55
Table 16: Area (km) of each IUCN/SSC First-Level Habitat Type in World Heritage Sites, grouped by
CLOSET AVE NIH) RREFEH IO) Nocceccecacbe cetet occa oconceecacace ec SceoeaCEE ore ace co epee 55-0500 35000. Dovon dor Ciooceo-ogoceceedeosecocboLodsodacer-daccc030 60
Table 17: Relative Coverage of Terrestrial Habitats by World Heritage Sites... 61
Table 18: Forest Coverage within World Heritage Sites (em 2) ees 702
Table 19: Dominant Habitats (calculated by area) in World Heritage Sites 0.0... cccccsesseeseees 63
Table 20: World Heritage Sites occurring in Conservation International Biodiversity Hotspots................. 72
Table 21: Overall Coverage of CI Hotspots in World Heritage Sites .........ccscscssessseseseseseeseeeee cecseeeeeseaeeeteenes 74
Table 22: Occurrence of EBAs in World Heritage Sites =
Table 23: Critical EBAs without World Heritage Sites 0... cceeeccccssesescssessscesesesessessssecessccscseseecseeeescseseeacaes
Table 24: World Heritage Sites in Centres of Plant Diversity ...........ccccccsssssssssssessesesesescecsenesceneceeeeeeenersenenenes 97
Table 25: Centres of Plant Diversity not occurring in World Heritage Sites ...........ccccseeseseseseseeeenenes 100
Figures
Figure 1: Continental/Regional Distribution of Natural and Mixed Properties on the World Heritage List 6
Figure 2: Effect of World Heritage Site Area on number of First-Level ........c.ccccccccseseeseetereceeseetereseereneeneeenneees 46
Figure 3: First-Level IUCN/SSC Habitat Types present in World Heritage Sites «0.0.0.0... 48
Figure 4: Effect of World Heritage Site Area on number of Second-Level ...........c:ecscseeseseeeeteseeresesteneeteteeeees 49
Figure 5: Occurrence of IUCN/SSC Second-Level Habitat Types in World Heritage Sites, grouped by
Binstelevelbila batatwliy)p chee tersterece sre tec cecearcece sen tec cane sacs tocanace ihccessnc ences casa eter iene recnce cc ereeeea an aeaee nee 50
Figure 6: Relative Frequency (%) of IUCN/SSC Second-Level Habitat Types in World Heritage Sites,
grouped: by Pirst-Wevell Habitat Wy petesecccscccerestessesesesesciorscs-sersccsosescuvsssarscsesevecesesesneesvearseeesaranesestsueretn 51
Figure 7: The 20 most commonly occurring Second-Level IUCN/SSC Habitat Types in World Heritage
Site Seve ccs sates ee ee erent net nad Aol Urns Doe cy ts a eee nr ts 53
Figure 8: Dominant IUCN/SSC First-Level Habitat Types in World Heritage Sites... 54
Figure 9: | The 20 most common Dominant IUCN/SSC Second-Level Habitat Types ize
Figure 10: Relationship between World Heritage Site Area and Number of GLCC Habitat Types............... 59
Figure 11: Global Coverage of First-Level IUCN/SSC Habitat Types by World Heritage Sites............ccceseeeseeeeees 61
Figure 12: The Relationship of World Heritage Sites to other Types of Protected Areas .........c.ccsscssssessseeseeeeseeeetesees 112
Maps
Map 1: WHI Sites/and!Wdvardy BiomessineA sales ease caesarean sssasccntacsessietrneseessneancesesacesecsceonencarerecrerenantene 21
Map 2: WHI Sitesjand| WdvardyiBiomeswnpAtirical meester etertesecteceectererss eset casrasurcstscsehcsscsseccrssseesssesesssescosnstsssnseas D2
Map 3: WH Sites and Udvardy Biomes in North America............cccccsccscsesesesssesescecesseseseseseecseseseseseseeseeeseeseceseeeees 23
Map 4: WH Sites and Udvardy Biomes in South America..........cccccccecsesesesescseseseseessesescsesesesesesesesesseseeseseecesenesaes 24
Map 5: WH Sites and Udvardy Biomes in Europe...............::+ 225
Map 6: WH Sites and Udvardy Biomes in Oceania/Australasia ...........c.:cccsesesesccsesesesesssesereeenesscsescseseessesensaeaeaes 26

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Map 31:
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Map 36:

Map 37:
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Map 39:
Map 40:
Map 41:
Map 42:

WH Sites and WWF Global 200 Ecoregions in Asia....
WH Sites and WWE Global 200 Ecoregions in Affica........cccseseseeeecteesesseseeeeresseeeceeseseensnecseneecneecatars
WH Sites and WWF Global 200 Ecoregions in North America ..........-s:secscsesessecesssesseeseeeeceneneenennetenennes 41
WH Sites and WWF Global 200 Ecoregions in South America ..........csecsesecseseseeseesesseseseeseeeeeseeneeeneneenes 42
WH Sites and WWE Global 200 Ecoregions in Europe..........:scecsesesessesesesesesesssesseeseseseeeseneseneeenenenetenenes
WH Sites and WWF Global 200 Ecoregions in Oceania/Australasia

World Heritage Sites and Major Habitat Types in Asia
WH Sites and Major Habitat Types in Africa ............see
WH Sites and Major Habitat Types in North America
WH Sites and Major Habitat Types in South America
WH Sites and Major Habitat Types in Europe........ccseeeseessesesessessesseseessensenceseenseneenecnsenceasancntcascesssseseesess

WH Sites and Major Habitat Types in Oceania/Australasia ..............-ssscsesseesseesseeseeneenneeneenteeneenecencaseenecens 69
WH Sites and Conservation International Biodiversity Hotspots im ASia.........c.cssccsesececceeteteeeeeeeseenseees 75
WH Sites and Conservation International Biodiversity Hotspots in Affica ..........:ccecseseeeeeeree esters eereneeees 76
WH Sites and Conservation International Biodiversity Hotspots in North America ........-.::seeesereeee TH
WH Sites and Conservation International Biodiversity Hotspots in South America ........-..::seeeseeee 78
WH Sites and Conservation International Biodiversity Hotspots in Europe..............--++ ecoll)
WH Sites and Conservation International Biodiversity Hotspots in Oceania/Australasia ........-...+1..-- 80

WH Sites and BirdLIfe International EBAS in ASIa............:ceesceescessecesseeseeceeeceseceeneeteceseecneecsescsseenesensesense
WH Sites and BirdLIfe International EBAs in Africa
WH Sites and BirdLIfe International EBAs in North America
WH Sites and BirdLIfe International EBAs in South America
WH Sites and BirdLIfe International EBAsS in Europe ............:ccsecessesseccssesceeeeecseeseeseecsssaseessesssnaseneecnesaes

WH Sites and BirdLI fe International EBAs in Oceania/Australasia.............:c:cscescsesceseeeceeeeeereeeceeeeeeeeeees 95

World Heritage Sites and Centres of Plant Diversity in Asia
WH Sites and Centres of Plant Diversity im AfTica ...........ccccccscescseeseeceeeeeeeeeeteesesessserasseneesenececseneneneenees
WH Sites and Centres of Plant Diversity in North America .............cscssscseseseecsetereserecseseeeseseseseneececeeeenes
WH Sites and Centres of Plant Diversity in South America ..............:ssececseeceseseseeesceeeeseseseneneneseneneceenes
WH Sites and Centres of Plant Diversity in Europe..............cccscsesceseececeseseeceseecsetseeceeessesnenecneneeeeeneneneees
WH Sites and Centres of Plant Diversity in Oceania/Australasia

WH Sites, Biomes, Ecoregions, Major Habitats and Global Conservation Priorities in Asia.............-.. 115
WH Sites, Biomes, Ecoregions, Major Habitats and Global Conservation Priorities in Africa............. 116
WH Sites, Biomes, Ecoregions, Major Habitats and Global Conservation Priorities in North America 117
WH Sites, Biomes, Ecoregions, Major Habitats and Global Conservation Priorities in South America 118

WH Sites, Biomes, Ecoregions, Major Habitats and Global Conservation Priorities in Europe............ 119
WH Sites, Biomes, Ecoregions, Major Habitats and Global Conservation Priorities in Oceania/
INTROS Ene nocerocenceoceccenceecceerecanatcen coccpcresSe/-LasoveSno OEE ca coca bao Te cE OAS HOD ReneS CORSO CRS oSEod-C DORK ec cenTaceScROAROCOIEGOCC 120

vii

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ASEAN
Cl
CIFOR
CPD
EBA
G200
GIS
GLCC
ICCROM

ICOMOS
IUCN

SSC
SPOT
UNEP-WCMC

UNESCO
WDPA
WH
WHC
WHS
WWE

Association of South-East Asian Nations

Conservation International

Center for International Forestry Research

Centre of Plant Diversity

Endemic Bird Area

WWE Global 200 Ecoregions

Geographical Information System

Global Land Cover Characterization

International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of
Cultural Property

InternationalCouncil for Monuments and Sites

The World Conservation Union

square kilometres

metres

UNESCO Man and the Biosphere prgramme

Operational Guidelines of the WH Convention

Outstanding Universal Value

IUCN Species Survival Commission

Satellite Pour I'Observation de la Terre [Earth Observation Satellite]
United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring
Centre

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
World Database on Protected Areas

World Heritage

World Heritage Convention

World Heritage Site(s)

World-Wide Fund for Nature

Vill

1. Introduction

1.1 The World Heritage Convention

The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (the "World
Heritage Convention’) was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO in 1972 and entered
into force on 17 December 1975. By 28 November 2003, 177 States had signed the Convention,
making it one of the most globally adopted international instruments for protecting the world’s
cultural and natural heritage.

Three international bodies are named as advisory bodies in the Convention:
a for Natural World Heritage: IUCN - The World Conservation Union (IUCN);

a for cultural heritage: the InternationalCouncil for Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and the
International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property
(ICCROM) for Cultural World Heritage.

In addition, Operational Guidelines were prepared for the purpose of informing States Parties to the
Convention of the principles which guide the work of the Committee in establishing the World
Heritage List and the List of World Heritage in Danger and in granting international assistance
under the World Heritage Fund. The guidelines also provide details on monitoring and other issues,
mainly of a procedural nature, which relate to the implementation of the Convention. The
Operational Guidelines have recently undergone a review and revised guidelines will be adopted at
the 28" Session of the World Heritage (WH) Committee in 2004.

1.2 Natural World Heritage
Under the WH Convention, the following are considered as natural heritage:

Q natural features consisting of physical and biological formations or groups of such formations,
which are of outstanding universal value from the aesthetic or scientific point of view;

a geological and physiographical formations and precisely delineated areas which constitute the
habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of outstanding universal value from the
point of view of science or conservation;

Q natural sites or precisely delineated natural areas of outstanding universal value from the point
of view of science, conservation or natural beauty.

1.3 Criteria for Listing of Natural World Heritage Sites

For a site to be included on the World Heritage List, the World Heritage Committee must find that
it has ‘outstanding universal value’ (OUV). The draft revised Convention Operational Guidelines
define OUV as:

“cultural and/or natural significance which is so exceptional as to transcend national
boundaries and to be of common importance for present and future generations of all
humanity. As such, the permanent protection of this heritage is of the highest
importance to the international community as a whole.

At the time of inscription of a property on the World Heritage List, the Committee will agree
ona statement of outstanding universal value." (1.C.4)

It is on the basis of the over-riding principle of OUV that the Committee defines the criteria for
inclusion of properties on the WH List. Accordingly, the 2004 draft, revised Operational Guidelines
define the following criteria for sites nominated for natural values under section II.C.2:

(vii) contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and
aesthetic importance (Natural Heritage Criterion [iii] in previous OGs);

(viii) be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including the record
of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or
significant geomorphic or physiographic features (Natural Heritage Criterion [i] in
previous OGs);

(ix) be outstanding examples representing significant ongoing ecological and biological
processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine
ecosystems and communities of plants and animals (Natural Heritage Criterion [ii] in
previous OGs);

(x) contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of
biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of Outstanding
Universal Value from the point of view of science or conservation (Natural Heritage
Criterion [iv] in previous OGs).

In addition to fulfilling one or more of these criteria, the protection, management and integrity of a
site are also important considerations that are taken into account by the Committee. Mixed sites are
those that have both outstanding natural and cultural values. Since 1992, significant interactions
between people and the natural environment have also been recognised as cultural landscapes. In
January 2004, the World Heritage List consisted of a total of 754 properties in 125 States Parties.
Of these, 582 were inscribed as cultural properties, 149 as natural sites and 23 as mixed properties.
The increasing convergence between natural and cultural World Heritage values is reflected in the
merging of cultural and natural criteria into a single list ranging from Criteria (i) to (x).

1.4 The Global Strategy

In 1994 the WH Committee adopted a Global Strategy for achieving a balanced WH List, with the
aim of ensuring that the List reflected the world’s diverse cultural and natural heritage of
outstanding universal value. Various conferences and workshops to develop and refine the overall
strategy have since been held in Africa, the Pacific, the Middle East and Arabia, the Andes, the
Caribbean, Central Asia and Southeast Asia. In addition, since 1996 IUCN, in collaboration with
the UNESCO WH Centre, the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation
Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) and the Ramsar Secretariat, have produced a series of thematic
studies, providing overview assessments of major themes relating to natural sites. These have
included working papers on the Earth’s geological history (Wells 1996), wetland and marine areas
(Thorsell et al. 1997), biodiversity (Gillet et a/. 1998), tropical forests (CIFOR ef al. 1999), karst
sites in the Asia-Pacific (Wong et al. 2001) and tropical marine, coastal and small island
ecosystems (Green ef al. 2001). Further such studies are planned to ensure that all thematic and
specific geographic areas are reviewed. For example, a review of Natural World Heritage potential
in Central Asia will be completed in 2004.

i)

Thorsell (2002) conducted a preliminary review of coverage of the world’s major
ecosystems/habitats natural and mixed sites included in the WH List and Tentative Lists’. His
analysis utilised the Udvardy classification system of global biogeographical provinces (Udvardy
1975) which was prepared for UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme and published by
IUCN with an update in 1982. This hierarchical system divides the world’s terrestrial habitats into
eight approximately continent-sized biogeographic realms, subdivided into 193 biogeographic
provinces. Udvardy also used a system of 14 biomes (broad ecosystem types). Since their
development, Udvardy biomes and provinces have been used by UNEP-WCMC and IUCN for
preparing the World Heritage Site Sheets held at UNEP-WCMC. These are initially used as part of
the evaluation of nominated sites, and maintained subsequently for those sites that are inscribed on
the WH List. Thorsell’s analysis showed that biomes and biogeographic provinces in polar regions,
lake systems, tundra and boreal forest were not as prevalent on the WH List as humid, subtropical
and mixed mountain systems. His report also noted that the Udvardy system of realm and biome
classification had a number of limitations (for example, marine and coral reef sites are not fully
represented in this system) and did not adequately reflect the full range of habitats occurring in WH
sites. He concluded that other classification systems were needed to refine and complement the
Udvardy approach.

1.5 Purpose, Scope and Approach of the Current Review

In 2003, on the basis of the findings of the earlier review, the UNESCO WH Centre and IUCN
requested UNEP-WCMC to undertake a new review to provide a combined assessment of global
habitat, biogeographic systems and biodiversity values within the World Heritage network, and to
provide recommendations arising from the findings.

Using Geographic Information System (GIS) analyses and literature review, this study examines the
current List of Natural and Mixed WH Sites from the perspective of natural values related to
biogeography, habitats and biodiversity. The review addresses Criteria (ix) and (x) under the draft
revised OGs ([ii] and [iv] under the current OGs) - Criteria (vii) and (viii) are not addressed.
Specifically, the review objectives are to:

a provide a comprehensive assessment of the coverage of all the major global habitat types
within the World Heritage network through analyses of global habitat mapping and
biodiversity prioritisation schemes ;

a develop comprehensive maps combining World Heritage Sites with major habitats and other
natural features; and

a report on the findings, including the identification of significant gaps in the World Heritage
network where nominations can be encouraged provided that they are of OUV and meet
conditions of integrity.

There have been a small number of such studies in the past, but these have been constrained by lack
of accurate geospatial information on the distribution of ecosystems, and have tended to focus on
single habitats, or utilised summary information such as biodiversity hot-spots. This review
provides a comparative overview of the World Heritage network using the following prioritisation
and classification schemes :

' "The Global Strategy is supported by a continuous process of identification of the heritage by States Parties. The elements of that
heritage which States Parties consider to be of outstanding universal value and therefore suitable for nomination for inclusion in the
World Heritage List are identified in the Tentative List, an inventory of those properties which each State Party intends to consider
for nomination during the following years." (Draft 2004 Revised Operational Guidelines II.B.1)

Biogeography
Q Udvardy biogeographic system
Given its long period of use in relation to WH evaluations, and its continuing value despite
some limitations, it was considered important to include an up-to-date analysis using the
Udvardy system in this review for comparative purposes.

Q World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Global 200 Ecoregions
WWE's Global 200 ecoregions are subsets derived from outstanding examples of 14 defined
terrestrial, freshwater, and marine major habitat types and seven biogeographic realms. They
are also comprised of varying combinations of the 867 ecoregions identified overall by WWF.
In terms of World Heritage analysis the system offers a potential alternative or complementary
approach to the Udvardy system since it is not only biogeographically based but also
prioritised on the basis of conservation values.

Habitats
a IUCN/Species Survival Commission (SSC) Global Habitat Classification
This scheme is under development, mainly to provide a standard tool for characterising habitat
preferences and habitat occupancy of species on the IUCN Red List. There is a close inter-
linkage between this system and the Global Land Cover Characterization.

a Global Land Cover Characterization (GLCC)
This classification system was developed by Olson (1994a, 1994b) for the purpose of
formulating a global ecosystem framework, which uses 94 ecosystem classes.

Biodiversity
Q Conservation International (CI) Biodiversity Hotspots
Conservation International has identified 25 biodiversity hotspots around the world, based
principly on a combination of high plant endemism and significant human impact. In order to
qualify as a hotspot a region must contain 1,500 endemic plant species — 0.5% of the global
total. However, hotspots also hold an enormous number of the planet’s endemic fauna.

Q_ BirdLife International Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs)
BirdLife International has designated approximately 2% of the world’s land surface as
Endemic Bird Areas or EBAs. Globally 218 different EBAs have been identified, covering the
ranges of 93% of restricted range birds (2,451 species or roughly 25% of all known bird
species).

Qa IUCN/WWE Centres of Plant Diversity
This scheme identifies 250 major sites of botanical diversity around the globe. The principle
criteria are high species diversity or large numbers of endemic species, or both. Other factors
related to CPDs include: importance as gene pools for plants with value to humans; sites with
a diverse range of habitat types; and (similar to CI hotspots) those that are threatened or under
imminent threat.

Except for the Udvardy and the GLCC systems all of these priority identification and classification
systems have in common an origin or focus on high conservation values and threats. Together they
provide a biogeographic mapping framework based on ‘first principles’ (Udvardy) as well as high
conservation value (WWF Global 200 Ecoregions), habitat mapping at different resolutions of the
‘real world’ based on remote sensing analysis, and thematically derived priority conservation
systems (hotspots, EBAs and CPDs). Theoretically, all of these approaches provide both an
evaluation framework and prioritisation for the existing WH network and potential additions to that
network. It is anticipated that the review analyses and findings will further strengthen the role of the

Convention as a key instrument in the process of conserving the world’s biodiversity. The findings
of the review will also provide support to States Parties to the World Heritage Convention in
prioritising areas for designation on their Tentative Lists.

1.6 Global Overview of the Current World Heritage Network

Brief summary descriptions of the 149 current Natural and Mixed World Heritage Sites are
provided in Annex | and 2 respectively. The breakdown of natural and mixed properties by
continent or region is shown in Table | and Figure 1. For the purposes of this review, Europe was
defined as limited in the east by the Bosphorus/Dardanelles, Caucasus and the Urals. Thus the two
WH Sites in Turkey were considered to be in Asia, and the Virgin Komi Forests and Western
Caucasus in the Russian Federation were classed as European sites. North America was taken to
include only the countries of Canada, the USA (including Hawaii) and Mexico, while Central
America and the Caribbean were included in South America. Australia, New Zealand and the
Pacific Islands were collectively grouped as Oceania/Australasia. There are no WH Sites in
Antarctica, as it is excluded from the Convention.

As might be expected, the general trend is that the larger the continent the more WH sites it
possesses, but North America is the exception to this rule. North America also has no Mixed WH
Sites. Oceania/Australasia has the highest density of WH sites (approximately 1 WH Site per
440,000 km? of continental area), but this figure is biased by the large area of sites in Australia.
North America has the lowest density of sites (1 per 1,235,000 km’).

Table 1: World Heritage Site Occurrence by Continent/Region
No. of WH Sites

Continent/Region

North America
South America
Europe
Oceania/Australasia

Figure 1: Continental/Regional Distribution of Natural and Mixed Properties on
the World Heritage List

B® Natural Sites
B Mixed Sites

No. WH Sites

ey e

Continents/Regions

2. BIOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSES

2.1 Udvardy Biogeographical Provinces

Udvardy (1975) introduced a unifying system of biogeographic delimitations that has been widely
used by biologists for almost 30 years. His scheme divides the world into eight large
Biogeographical Realms, which are continent or sub-continent sized areas with unifying features of
geography and fauna/flora/vegetation. These are subdivided into 14 biomes and 193
Biogeographical Provinces, which approximately correspond to floristic regions of botanists and the
faunal provinces of zoologists.

The numbers and areas of Natural and Mixed WH Sites in each Biogeographical Realm are shown
in Table 2. The Palearctic Realm has the most WH sites (53) and the largest area in WH sites but a
relatively low percentage area coverage (0.72%) since it is by far the largest realm. The Neotropical
realm has almost double the number of WH Sites (32) as the Nearctic (18) but percentage coverage
is only one third greater (1.28% versus 0.92%). The Indomalayan realm is the most poorly covered.
Its 15 WH sites only cover approximately 0.16% of the realm.

Table 2: World Heritage Sites and Udvardy Realms

No. of WH Total area in WH
Sites Sites
Africotropical 22,156,119.20 285,293.86
285,355.56 24,635.04
7,704,908.69 69,786.06
Indomalayan 7,533,957 .86 12,049.90
Nearctic 22,895,770.40 210,068.41
Neotropical 18,975,799.20 243,291.11
Oceanian 1,035,287.16 16,934.21
Palaearctic 54,136,995.76 387,510.17
Total 172 134,724,193.83 1,249,568.77 0.93

Area of Realm % Realm in WH Sites

Udvardy Realm

Note: There are 463,549.57 km? of WH Sites that are marine and coastal and have no assigned Udvardy realm. These
include 338,661 km2 of sea in the Great Barrier Reef and 49,595 km? of sea in the Galapagos Islands. Two of the four
biogeographic provinces in the Antarctic Realm, namely Maudlandia and Marielandia, are missing from the GIS
dataset, while two, Neozealandia and Insulantarctica, are present. Hence the percentage coverage of the Antarctic
Realm is unrealistically high. Several smaller islands e.g. Aldabra, Cocos Island also have no assigned Udvardy
Province code.

All of Udvardy’s Biomes contain WH Sites (Table 3 and Maps 1-6), except Cold Winter Deserts.
Mountain systems (32), tropical humid (26), and tropical dry forests (25) are the three most
common biome classifications found in existing WH sites. Tundra and polar systems (4) and
temperate grasslands (4) are the least common biome classifications occurring in existing Natural
and Mixed WH Sites.

Table 3: World Heritage Sites and Udvardy Biomes

Biome No. of WH Sites

Mixed Mt. Systems 32
Humid Tropical Forests 26

Tropical Dry/Deciduous Forests. eeeeseseses—‘—sS 25 7 '
Mixed Island Systems 22
Subtropical/temperate Rainforest 14

Warm Desert/semi-deserts 13
Temperate Broad-leaf Forests ae eRe > 12
Temperate Needle-leaf Forests 10
Evergreen sclerophyll Forest/Scrub 9
Tropical Grassland/Savannas 8
Lake systems 5
Tundra/polar desert 4

4

0)

Temperate Grasslands
Cold Winter Deserts

Note: Some sites incorporate more than one biome, so the total number of sites is inflated.

Just over half (108 or 56%) of the 193 Udvardy Biogeographical Provinces are represented in WH
Sites (Table 4). The geographical extent of representation ranges from 107,939 km? in the case of
the Saharan Province, to 0.19 km? in the case of the Seychelles and Amirantes Islands Province.
The percentage extent of representation ranges from 100% (Lake Baikal) to as little as 0.000021%
in the case of the Vallée de Mai. A further three Provinces have more than 10% of their area in WH
Sites: South Trinidade Island (WH Site Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Atol
das Rocas Reserves); Tasmanian (Tasmanian Wilderness WH Site) and Campos Limpos (Canaima
National Park WH Site). Certain island Provinces in which WH Sites occur were not defined in the
Udvardy GIS data set used, for example Cocos Island, Fernando de Noronja and the Comores
Islands and Aldabra Provinces. Therefore no percentage representation could be calculated. The 85
Provinces without WH Sites are listed in Table 5.

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Table 5: Udvardy Biogeographical Provinces without World Heritage Sites

Biogeographical Realm

Biogeographical Province Province Area (kmz2

Ascension and St Helena Islands 186.96
Cape Sclerophyll 129,680.54
Congo Woodland/Savanna 1,356,712.80
Eastern Sahel 1,169,668.01
Guinean Highlands 80,027.59
Kalahari 504,858.41
Afri ical Karroo 377,724.97
ricotropica Lake Tanganyika 32,751.86
Lake Ukerewe (Victoria) 69,495.81
Malagasy Rain Forest 200,567.83
Malagasy Thorn Forest 70,679.42
Mascarene Islands 4,493.37
Namib 364,591.91
South African Highlands 198,958.55
: Maudlandia Q
Aaa Brigalow
ustronan

Indomalayan

Nearctic

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Burman Rainforest
Ceylonese Monsoon Forest
Cocos-Keeling and Christmas
Islands

Coromandel

Deccan Thorn Forest
Laccadives Islands
Mahanadian

Malabar Rainforest

Malayan Rainforest

Maldives and Chagos Islands
Sulawesi (Celebes)

Sumatra

Taiwan

Thailandian Monsoon Forest
Thar Desert

Alaskan Tundra
Aleutian Islands

Arctic Archipelago
Arctic Desert and Icecap
Canadian Tundra

Great Basin

Great Lakes

Greenland Tundra
Madrean-Cordilleran
Tamaulipan

Neotropical

Argentinian Pampas
Babacu
Bahamas-Bermudean

19

6,224.77
257,568.75
34,911.01

?

88,397.98
338,402.53
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219,425.10
223,545.95
179,162.04
36.24
196,481.45
465,601.75
36,559.49
959,704.25
711,804.94

863,686.81
124,428.48
690,056.42
2,120,304.54
1,733,301.17
660,344.88
254,492.46
498,650.91
763,227.25
210,372.56

512,140.22
293,019.12
12,822.07

Caatinga

Chilean Araucaria Forest
Chilean Sclerophyll
Colombian Montane
Equadorian Dry Forest
Gran Chaco

Greater Antillean
Guerreran

Lake Titicaca

Llanos

Madeiran

Patagonian

Revilla Gigedo Island
Sinaloan

Uruguayan Pampas
Valdivian Forest
Venezuelan Deciduous Forest
Venezuelan Dry Forest

Oceanian

Central Polynesian
East Melanesian

899,710.69
32,866.62
57,329.43
154,770.94
50,341.25
988,487.38
95,747.28
158,431.28
7,244.38
437,974.94
1,671,747.48
413,105.83
196.16
192,115.01
522,186.88
111,929.87
58,926.31
270,310.96

4,170.78
29,666.03

Micronesian

Palaearctic

Aral Sea
Arctic Desert

Atlas Steppe
Higharctic Tundra

Hindu Kush Highlands
Icelandian

Iranian Desert

Lake Ladoga

Lowarctic Tundra
Mongolian-Manchurian Steppe
Pamir-Tian-Shan Highlands
Pannonian

Ryukyu Islands
Takla-Makan-Gobi Desert
Tibetan
Turanian

West Anatolian

2,169.66

67,545.96
195,923.07
421,530.84
952,904.05
217,099.78
101,590.86
403,516.28

17,605.47

2,158,170.76
2,605,044.00
643,192.62
102,527.63
2,478.63
2,184,505.00
1,268,088.80
2,116,777.00
37,608.71

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Legend
Udvardy Biome Name

ME Evergreen Sclerophylious forests

Lake systems
aa Mixed mountain systems
Res Temperate grasslands

(9) Tropical dry forests / Woodlands

Tropical humid forests
renee Warm deserts / semi-deserts

World Heritage Site - Natural/Mixed

World Heritage Sites

. Arand T@n@@Natural Reserves

. Aldabra Atoll

. Banc d'Arguin National Park

. Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

. Como@National Park

. Dja Faunal Reserve

. Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary

. Garamba National Park

10. Gough Island Wildlife Reserve

11. Greater St Lucia Wetland Park

12. Ichkeul National Park

13. Kahuzi - Biega National Park

14. Kilimanjaro National Park

15. Lake Malawi National Park

16. Lake Turkana National Parks

17. Mana Pools National Park, Sapi and
Chewore Safari Areas

18. Mount Kenya National Park/Forest

OMNODNFWN—

. Cliffs of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons)

. Mount Nimba Reserves

. Ngorongoro Conservation Area

. Niokolo - Koba National Park

. Okapi Faunal Reserve

. Okhahlamba - Drakensberg Park
. Parc National de Manovo

- Gounda - St Floris

. Rwenzori Mountians National Park
. Salonga National Park

. Selous Game Reserve

. Serengeti National Park

. Simen National Park

. Ta National Park

. Tassili N'Ajjer

. Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict

Nature Reserve

. Vall@e de Mai Nature Reserve
. Victoria Falls/Mosi-oa-Tunya
. Virunga National Park

. 'W' National Park

Geographic Projection

Compiled by: M. Mason
Date printed: May 2004

Source; Udvardy, M.D.F. 1975 A Classification of the

Biogeographical Provinces of the World. IUCN, Morges,
Switzerland & UNEP-WCMC WDPA V6.1 Dataset

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Legend

Udvardy Biome Name
GEE Cold-winter deserts
MG Evergreen Sclerophyllous forests
(09955 Lake systems
(9) Mixed island systems
GE Mixed mountain systems
QE Sub-tropical / Temperate rain forests / Woodlands
Temperate broad-leaf forests
GEE Temperate grasslands
>) Temperate needle-leaf forests / Woodlands
: ) Tropical dry forests / Woodlands
GEE Tropical grasslands / Savannas
Tropical humid forests
ME Warm deserts / semi-deserts

World Heritage Site - Natural/Mixed
500 1,000

3,000
g Kilometers

Worlditieritage Sites 156. Huascaran National Park

142. Alejandro de Humboldt National Park 157. Igua u National Park
143. Area de Conservacion Guanacaste 158. IguazceNational Park
144. Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System 159. Ischigualasto - Talampaya Natural Parks
145. Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de 160. Los Glaciares
Noronha and Atoll das Rocas Reserves 161. Los Katios National Park

146. Canaima National Park 162. Manu National Park

147. Central Amazon Conservation Complex 163. Morne Trois Pitons National Park

148. Central Suriname Nature Reserve 164. Noel Kempff Mercado National Park

149. Cerrado Protected Areas: Chapadados 165. Pantanal Conservation Complex
Veadeiros and Emas National Parks 166. Pen nsula Vald@s

150. Cocos Island National Park 167. Rio Abiseo National Park

151. Darien National Park 168. Ro Platano Biosphere Reserve

152. Desembarco del Granma National Park 169. Sangay National Park

153. Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves 170. Southeast Atlantic Forest Reserves

154. Galapagos Islands 171. Talamanca Range - La Amistad Reserves

155. Historic Sanctuary of Macchu Picchu 172. Tikal National Park

Geographic Projection

Compiled by: M. Mason
Date printed: May 2004

Source: Udvardy, M.D.F. 1975 A Classification of the

Biogeographical Provinces of the World. IUCN, Morges,
Switzerland & UNEP-WCMC WDPA V 6.1 dataset.

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24

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2.2 WWE Global 200 Ecoregions

The WWF Global Ecoregions scheme, based on a combination of biogeographical realms, and
floristic and zoogeographic provinces, divides the world’s habitats into 867 different “ecoregions”.
Each is given a name and an alphanumeric code, which starts with the two letters designating the
biogeographic realm to which the ecoregion belongs. The ecoregions are generally large and span a
variety of habitats.

The most biologically outstanding of the 867 ecoregions that deserve the most urgent conservation
attention, and are therefore considered priorities for conservation action, are referred to as the
“Global 200” (G200). There are actually 238 G200 Ecoregions, of which 195 are terrestrial
(including 53 freshwater) and 43 marine (see Maps 7-12). Each G200 Ecoregion can consist of
several of the 867 ecoregions grouped together, and is also given a different name (often consisting
of a hyphenated but shortened version of its constituent parts) and numbering system by WWE. For
example the Caucasus-Anatolian-Hyrcanian temperate forests (G200 Ecoregion 78) is composed of
six ecoregions: Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests (Ecoregion PA 0407); Caucasus mixed forests
(PA 0408); Elburz Range forest steppe (PA 0507); Euxine-Colchic broadleaf forests (PA 0422);
Kopet Dag woodlands and forest steppe (PA 1008) and Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous
forests (PA 0515).

Forty-nine WH sites (39.8%) do not coincide with any terrestrial G200 Ecoregion. The 123 (60.2%)
WH Sites that do, coincide with 92 (64.8%) of the 142 terrestrial G200 Ecoregions (Table 6).
Approximately 650,000 km? of the total area of WH Sites overlap with terrestrial G200 Ecoregions.
Terrestrial G200 Ecoregions are usually much larger (approximately 390,000 km? on average) than
WH sites (which are roughly 10,000 km? on average), so most (95) of these 123 WH Sites occur in
only one ecoregion However, some sites include parts of more than one terrestrial ecoregion: 21
WH Sites straddle two G200 Ecoregions, five encompass three G200 Ecoregions, and two sites,
Lorentz National Park and the Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas include parts of
four.

The 50 terrestrial G200 Ecoregions that are not in WH Sites are shown in Table 7.

The 53 freshwater G200 Ecoregions are generally even larger than the strictly terrestrial ecoregions,
covering on average some 606,000 km?. Analysis is complicated by the fact that the freshwater
ecoregions are superimposed on the terrestrial ecoregions, and are meant to cover all the freshwater
habitats within the underlying G200 Ecoregions. An area-based calculation therefore offers no
advantage over a simple presence-absence tabulation. A total of 69 WH Sites (40.1%) occur in 30
(56.6%) of the 53 freshwater G200 Ecoregions (Table 8). Sixty-three of these WH Sites (91.3%)
only occur in one freshwater G200 Ecoregion, but four WH Sites include parts of two freshwater
G200 Ecoregions, and two (Canaima National Park in Venezuela and the Three Parallel Rivers of
Yunnan Protected Areas in China) include parts of three. The 23 freshwater G200 Ecoregions with
no WH Sites are shown in Table 9.

A total of 25 out of 43 (58.1%) marine G200 Ecoregions occur in 39 (22.7%) WH Sites (Table 10).
Because marine G200 Ecoregions are huge, almost all (38 out of 39) WH Sites only encompass one
marine ecoregion. However, one site, the Volcanoes of Kamchatka, has a coastline which includes
parts of two marine ecoregions: 204 Okhotsk Sea and 197 Bering Sea. The 18 marine G200
Ecoregions not occurring in WH Sites are shown in Table 11.

27

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G200 Region Name
Congolian Coastal Forests

Table 7: Terrestrial Global 200 Ecoregions not occurring in World Heritage Sites
Total Area of G200 (km2)

242,780.32

Cameroon Highlands Forests

39,191.71

Eastern Arc Montane Forests

23,658.87

Madagascar Forests and Shrublands

312,961.30

Sulawesi Moist Forests

192,146.08

Moluccas Moist Forests

46,226.93

New Caledonia Moist Forests

14,562.17

Southwestern Ghats Moist Forests

46,408.92

Taiwan Montane Forests

35,979.37

Philippines Moist Forests

279,015.85

Peninsular Malaysia Lowland and Montane Forests

142,681.27

Eastern Deccan Plateau Moist Forests

341,134.44

Cardamom Mountains Moist Forests

44,248.33

Western Java Montane Forests

26,284.78

Coastal Venezuela Montane Forests

14,340.59

New Caledonia Dry Forests

4,420.24

Indochina Dry Forests

444,336.46

Chhota-Nagpur Dry Forests

122,437.49

Southern Mexican Dry Forests

315,015.01

Tumbesian-Andean Valleys Dry Forests

103,189.10

Atlantic Dry Forests

115,107.67

Sierra Madre Oriental and Occidental Pine-Oak Forests

289,437.30

Western Himalayan Temperate Forests

95,537.24

Klamath-Siskiyou Coniferous Forests

50,298.06

Southeastern Coniferous and Broadleaf Forests

584,409.78

Valdivian Temperate Rain Forests / Juan Fernandez
Islands

248,235.36

Horn of Africa Acacia Savannas

1,053,887.71

Daurian/Mongolian Steppe

1,096,199.91

Sudd-Sahelian Flooded Grasslands and Savannas

244,586.88

Rann of Kutch Flooded Grasslands

27,910.49

Southern Rift Montane Woodlands

33,497.78

Central Andean Dry Puna

Middle Asian Montane Woodlands and Steppe

255,634.84

881,003.79

Alaskan North Slope Coastal Tundra

227,241.63

Canadian Low Arctic Tundra

796,523.46

Taimyr and Russian Coastal Tundra

1,177,260.51

Chukhote Coastal Tundra

301,671.83

Fynbos

California Chaparral and Woodlands

78,557.40
121,262.95

Chilean Matorral

148,509.26

Namib-Karoo-Kaokoveld Deserts and Shrublands

805,930.10

Madagascar Spiny Thicket

123,097.33

Socotra Island Desert

3,818.16

Central Asian Deserts

1,317,708.36

Gulf of Guinea Mangroves

30,928.62

East African Mangroves

16,072.34

Madagascar Mangroves

5,205.38

Greater Sundas Mangroves

37,446.97

Guianan-Amazon Mangroves

33

?

142 Panama Bight Mangroves 2,370.98

Note: There are no area polygons for G200 Ecoregion 141, the Guianan-Amazon Mangroves, in the
WWF-provided GIS dataset.

Table 8: World Heritage Sites in Freshwater Global 200 Ecoregions

World Heritage Site Name | Country

144 Mekong River Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas China
145 Colorado River Grand Canyon National Park USA
147 ELEN As Blooded Central Amazon Conservation Complex Brazil
148 Ohiieca Riven Gleoded Canaima National Park Venezuela
Forests
Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area
Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest
Area
: Mount Emei Scenic Area, incl. Leshan Giant ;
149 Yangtze River & Lakes Buddnalsccniairea China
Mount Huangshan
Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas
Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area
Dja Faunal Reserve Cameroon
Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park Central African Rep.
Congo Basin Piedmont Celie! National Pets
150 Riverondistoans Kahuzi-Biega National Park
Okapi Wildlife Reserve DR of the Congo
Salonga National Park
Virunga National Park
154 Mississippi Piedmont |Great Smoky Mountains National Park USA
Rivers and Streams Mammoth Cave National Park
Canaima National Park Venezuela
Central Amazon Conservation Complex Brazil
WepenAninzon Rivers and Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu
152 PP Sronne Huascaran National Park Pp
Manu National Park si
Rio Abiseo National Park
Sangay National Park Ecuador
Cerrado Protected Areas: Chapada dos
153 Upper Parana Rivers and |Veadeiros and Emas National Parks Brazil
Streams Iguagu National Park
Iguazu National Park Argentina
Brazilian Shield Cerrado Protected Areas: Chapada dos Brazil
154 Amazonian Rivers and _ |Veadeiros and Emas National Parks
Streams Noel Kempff Mercado National Park Bolivia
; Danube Delta Romania
{2 Danube River Delta Srebarna Nature Reserve Bulgaria
161 Upper Guinea Rivers and |Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve Céte d'Ivoire + Guinea
Streams Tai National Park Céte d'lvoire
165 NEM Une NEGHS ele Lorentz National Park Indonesia
Streams
167 Kimberley Riversiand Purnululu National Park Australia
Streams
169 Eastern Australia Rivers |Australian Fossil Mammal Sites - Naracoorte Australia

and Streams

Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves (Australia)
Fraser Island
Great Barrier Reef

34

Tasmanian Wilderness

The Greater Blue Mountains Area
Wet Tropics of Queensland
Willandra Lakes Region

Southwestern Sri Lanka

172 Rivers Sinharaja Forest Reserve Sri Lanka
173 Salween River Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas China
Sundaland Rivers and |Kinabalu Park 5
WG Swamps Gunung Mulu National Park Malaysia
175 Southeastern Rivers and Everglades National Park USA
Streams =
176 Pacific Coastal Rivers and |Redwood National Park USA
Streams Yosemite National Park
Kluane/Wrangell-St Elias/Glacier
477 Gulf of Alaska Coastal” |gay/Tatshenshini-Alsek Caneel
Olympic National Park USA
: Canaima National Park Venezuela
Wwe SUT FSI! Central Suriname Nature Reserve Suriname
479 Greater Antillean Alejandro de Humboldt National Park Gilba
Freshwater Desembarco del Granma National Park
Durmitor National Park Serbia & Montenegro
Meteora Giecce
180 Balkan Rivers and Streams Mount Athos a ——-
Ohrid Region with its Cultural and Historical FYR Macedonia
Aspect and its Natural Environment
Pirin National Park Bulgaria
Russian Far East Rivers |Central Sikhote-Alin A ;
Wel and Wetlands Volcanoes of Kamchatka NUESEEN FeelSeWeln
Bwindi Impenetrable National Park Wanda
Rwenzori Mountians National Park g
Lake Malawi National Park Malawi
182 Rift Valley Lakes Ngorongoro Conservation Area UReioneonia
Serengeti National Park
Virunga National Park
Kahuzi-Biega National Park BING Cali
183 High Andean Lakes _|Ischigualasto-Talampaya Natural Parks Argentina
184 Lake Baikal Lake Baikal Russian Federation
194 Chihuahuan Freshwater |Carlsbad Caverns National Park USA
Goreme National Park and the Rock Sites of
195 Anatolian Freshwater |Cappodocia Turkey

Hierapolis-Pamukkale

35

Table 9: Freshwater Global 200 Ecoregions not occurring in World Heritage Sites

Area of G200 -
G200 Freshwater Region Region (km?

Congo River and Flooded Forests 515,365.75
__Lower Mississippi River ae 244,584.50
Niger River Delta 52,776.13
Indus River Delta 40,518.40
Volga River Delta 86,185.75
Mesopotamian Delta and Marshes 101,430.42
Lena River Delta 30,690.85
Madagascar Freshwater 160,951.42
Gulf of Guinea Rivers and Streams 521,159.17
Cape Rivers and Streams 130,965.78
New Caledonia Rivers and Streams 15,329.23
Southwest Australia Rivers and Streams 326,893.91
Xi Jiang Rivers and Streams 406,443.19
Western Ghats Rivers and Streams 158,089.22
Lake Biwa 7,082.64
Cameroonian Crater Lakes 11,216.12
Lakes Kutubu & Sentani 12,249.01
Central Sulawesi Lakes 127,327.80
Philippines Freshwater 88,368.89
Lake Inle 2,641.91
Yunnan Lakes and Streams 72,434.98
Mexican Highland Lakes 379,050.31
Central Australian Freshwater 1,338,250.90

36

197

Table 10: World Heritage Sites in Global 200 Marine Ecoregions

Bering Sea

World Heritage Site

Volcanoes of Kamchatka

Russian Federation

Mediterranean Sea

Corsica

Cape Girolata, Cape Porto, Scandola
Nature Reserve and the Piana Calanches in

France

Durmitor National Park

Serbia & Montenegro

Dofiana National Park

Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture

Spain

Isole Eolie (Aeolian Islands)

Italy

Marine

Northeast Atlantic Shelf

St. Kilda

Dorset and East Devon Coast
Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast

UK

The High Coast

Sweden

Grand Banks

Miguasha Park

Gros Morne National Park

Canada

Okhotsk Sea

Volcanoes of Kamchatka

Russian Federation

Atlantic

Patagonian Southwest

Peninsula Valdés

Argentina

Southern Australian Marine

Tasmanian Wilderness

Australia

New Zealand Marine

Zealand

New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands
eee - South West New

New Zealand

California Current

Redwood National Park

USA

Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino Mexico
Agulhas Current Greater St Lucia Wetland Park South Africa
Western Australia Marine _|Shark Bay, Western Australia Australia
Panama Bight Darién National Park Panama
Galapagos Marine Galapagos Islands Ecuador
Canary Current Banc d'Arguin National Park Mauritania
Nansei Shoto Yakushima Japan
Sulu-Sulawesi Seas Tubbataha Reef Marine Park Philippines
Bismarck-Solomon Seas _|East Rennell Solomon Islands
Banda-Flores Sea Komodo National Park Indonesia

Great Barrier Reef

Great Barrier Reef

Wet Tropics of Queensland

Australia

Marine

Lord Howe-Norfolk Islands

Lord Howe Island Group

Australia

Hawaiian Marine

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

USA

West Madagascar Marine _|Aldabra Atoll Seychelles
NecdaniaricaniReet Belize Barrier-Reef Reserve system Belize
Sian Ka‘an Mexico

Greater Antillean Marine

Alejandro de Humboldt National Park
Desembarco del Granma National Park

Cuba

Everglades National Park

USA

Marine

Northeast Brazil Shelf

Brazilian Atlantic Islands

Brazil

Note: These include WH Sites with marine components and coastline in the G200 Marine

Ecoregions.

37

Table 11: Marine Global 200 Ecoregions not occurring in World Heritage Sites

G200 Code G200 Marine Ecoregion Name

196 Antarctic Peninsula and Weddell Sea
198 Barents-Kara Seas
pt 2020 Chesapeake Bay .
203 Yellow Sea
209 Benguela Current
210 Humboldt Current
214 Gulf of California
221 New Caledonia Barrier Reef
224 Palau Marine
225 Andaman Sea
226 Tahitian Marine
228 Rapa Nui
229 Fiji Barrier Reef
230 Maldives, Chagos, Lakshadweep Atolls
231 Red Sea
231 Arabian Sea
233 East African Marine

Southern Caribbean Sea

38

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Legend

Distribution of World Heritage Sites &
WWE Global 200 Ecoregio

[| WWF Global 200 Ecoregions
World Heritage Site - Natural/Mixed

50

1,000

ns in Africa

2,000

| WWF Global 200 Ecoregions
1. Agulhas Current
2. Albertine Rift Montane Forests
Arabian Highlands woodlands and
shrublands
Arabian Sea
Benguela Current
Cameroon Highlands forests
. Cameroonian Creater Lake
Canary Current
|. Cape Rivers & Streams
Central Congo Basin moist forests
Central and Eastern Miombo woodlands
Congo Basin Piedmont Rivers & Streams
Congo River and Flooded forests
Congolian Coastal Forests
Drakensberg Montane Woodlands and
Grasslands
East African Acacia Savannas
East African Mangroves
. East African Marine
East African Moorlands
East African coastal forests
Eastern Arc Montane Forests
Ethiopian Highlands
Fynbos
. Guinean Moist Forests
Guinean-Congolian Coast Mangroves

37
38
39,
40.

41.
42.
43.

44
45.

46

47.

48

Gulf of Guinea Mangroves

Gulf of Guinea Rivers & Crate

Hom of Africa Acacia Savannas
Madagascar Dry Forests
Madagascar Forests and Shrublands
Madagascar Freshwater Ecosyst

- Madagascar Mangroves
. Madagascar Spiny Thicket

Mediterranean Sea
Namib-Karoo-Kaokoveld Deserts and
Shrubiands

. Niger River Delta

Northeastern Congo Basin moist forests
Red Sea

Rift Valley Lakes

Senegal & Gambia River Mangroves &
Wetlands

Seychelles and Mascarenes Moist Forests
Socotra Island Desert

Southern Rift Montane Woodlands
Sudanian savannas

Sudd-Sahelian flooded grasslands and
savannas

Upper Guinea Rivers & Streams

West Madagascar Marine

Western Congo Basin moist forests
Zambezian Flooded Savannas

World Heritage Sites
. Ar and T&h@@Natural Reserves
. Aldabra Atoll
. Banc d'Arguin National Park
. Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
. Cliffs of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons)
. Como@National Park
Dja Faunal Reserve
. Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary
] Garamba National Park
10. Gough Island Wildlife Reserve
19. Mount Nimba Reserves
20. Ngorongoro Conservation Area
21. Niokolo - Koba National Park
22. Okapi Faunal Reserve
|| 23. Okhahlamba - Drakensberg Park
11, Greater St Lucia Wetland Park
|| 12, Ichkeul National Park
13. Kahuzi - Biega National Park
|| 14. Kilimanjaro National Park
| 15. Lake Malawi National Park
|| 16. Lake Turkana National Parks
17. Mana Pools National Park, Sapi and
| Chewore Safari Areas
18. Mount Kenya National Park/Forest
| 24. Parc National de Manovo
|| __ - Gounda - St Floris
{| 25. Rwenzori Mountians National Park

26. Salonga National Park

27. Selous Game Reserve

28. Serengeti National Park

29. Simen National Park

30. Ta National Park

31. Tassili N'Ajjer

32. Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict
Nature Reserve

33. Vall@ de Mai Nature Reserve

34. Victoria Falls/Mosi-oa-Tunya

35, Virunga National Park

36. 'W' National Park

| Geographic Projection

| Compiled by: M, Mason
| Revised by: L. Fish
Date printed: May 2004

| Source: Conservation International (2001).
| Biodiversity Hotspots. Conservation Intemational:
| Washington, DC

& UNEP-WCMC WDPA V.6.1 Dataset

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World Heritage Sites & WWE Global 200 Ecoregions in South America

Legend

WWF Global 200 Ecoregions

World Heritage Site - Natural/Mixed

500 1,000

Ss!

2,000 3

Pe eg TE Kilometers

WWF Global 200 Ecoregions

Amazon River and Flooded Forests
Atacama-Sechura Deserts
Atlantic Dry Forests
Atlantic Forests
Brazilian Shield Amazonian Ri
Central American Mangroves
Central Andean Dry Puna
Central Andean Yungas
Cerrado Woodlands and Savannas
Chilean Matorral
Chiquitano Dry Forests
Choc -Dari@h Moist Forests
Coastal Venezuela Montane Forests
G200 mangroves
GalApagos Islands Scrub
GalApagos Marine
Greater Antillean Freshwater
Greater Antillean Marine
Greater Antillean Moist Forests 47
Greater Antillean Pine Forests 48.
Guayanan Highlands Moist Forests 49.
Guianan Freshwater
Guianan Moist Forests
High Andean Lakes
Humboldt Current
Llanos Savannas
Mesoamerican Pine-Oak Forests
Mesoamerican Reef

Napo Moist Forests

Northeast Brazil Shelf Marine

Northem Andean Montane Forests
Northem Andean PAzamo

Orinoco River & Flooded Fores
Orinoco-Amazon Mangroves & Coastal Swamps
Panama Bight

Panama Bight Mangroves

Pantanal Flooded Savannas
Patagonian Southwest Atlantic
Patagonian Steppe

Rapa Nui

Rio Negro-JuruAMoist Forests
Southern Caribbean Sea

Southern Mexican Dry Forests
Southwestern Amazonian Moist Forests
Talamancan-|sthmian Pacific Forests
Tumbesian-Andean Valleys Dry Forests
Upper Amazon Rivers & Streams
Upper Paran

Valdivian Temperate Rain Forests /
Juan FernAadez Islands

World Heritage Sites

Alejandro de Humboldt National Park
Area de Conservacion Guanacaste
Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System
Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de
Noronha and Atoll das Rocas Reserves
Canaima National Park
Central Amazon Conservation Complex
. Central Suriname Nature Reserve
. Cerrado Protected Areas: Chapada dos
Veadeiros and Emas National Parks
Cocos Island National Park
. Darien National Park
Desembarco del Granma National Park
. Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves
- Galapagos Islands
. Historic Sanctuary of Macchu Picchu
|. Huascaran National Park
Igua_u National Park
IguazoeNational Park
Ischigualasto - Talampaya Natural Parks
Los Glaciares
Los Katios National Park
Manu National Park
Morne Trois Pitons National Park
Noel Kempff Mercado National Park
Pantanal Conservation Complex
Pen nsula Vald@s

Rio Abiseo National Park

R 0 Platano Biosphere Reserve

Sangay National Park

Southeast Atlantic Forest Reserves
Talamanca Range - La Amistad Reserves
Tikal National Park

Geographic Projection

Compiled by: M. Mason
Date printed: May 2004

Source: Olson, D. M. and E. Dinerstein. The
Global 200: Priority ecoregions for global
conservation, (PDF file) Annals of the
Missouri Botanical Garden 89:125-126 &
UNEP-WCMC WDPA V.6.1 Dataset.

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3. Global Habitat Analyses

3.1 Accuracy of the Analyses

It should be noted that due to issues of scale and resolution of the IUCN/SSC and GLCC systems
that became apparent during the review and are explained below, some of the derived conclusions
do not accurately reflect the known habitat status of some existing WH Sites. For example, the
TUCN/SSC habitats analysis indicated that there were no kelp or macroalgae beds in any WH Site,
whereas this is not the case. Wherever possible such conclusions derived from the analyses are
qualified in the discussion. The GLCC system also contains substantial errors, such as indicating the
presence of mangroves in the Rwenzori National Park in Uganda. This has resulted in limiting the
application of the habitat analyses down to the site scale in most cases. However, overall, the upper
levels of both analytical systems provide a good basis for understanding the relationship of global
habitat patterns and the WH network.

3.2 World Heritage Site Sheets Analysis

This analysis used the most recent revision (version 2.1) of the IUCN/Species Survival Commission
(SSC) habitat classification scheme, which is under development primarily as a standard tool for
characterising habitat preferences and habitat occupancy of species on the IUCN Red List. This is a
three-level hierarchical scheme. The first level consists of 15 broad habitat categories, such as
Forest and Wetland (inland). Four of these habitats (Rocky Areas, Introduced Vegetation, Other and
Unknown) have no subdivisions, but the other eleven are subdivided into 78 second-level habitat
types. These are further subdivided into 154 third-level categories. For example the first-level
Habitat Type 2 Savannah consists of two subtypes: 2.1 Dry and 2.2 Moist. Habitat. Type 2.1 Dry is
further subdivided into 2.1.1 Savannah (Woods) and 2.1.2 Woody Savannah. The third-level habitat
types are based on the Global Ecosystem Framework developed by Olson for the Global Land
Cover Characterization (GLCC) data set in 1994. The main modification to the system is the
inclusion of additional aquatic habitats (marine, inland and artificial) based on the wetland
classification system used by the Ramsar Convention. The full IUCN/SSC habitat classification
scheme is outlined in Annex 4.

The IUCN/SSC habitat scheme was used in combination with the World Heritage Site Sheets held
on the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) at UNEP-WCMC. These data sheets consist of
written descriptions of WH properties presented in a standard format. Sections cover:

site name

IUCN management category
biogeographical province
geographical location

date and history of establishment
area and land tenure

altitude and physical features
climate

vegetation

fauna

cultural heritage

local human population
visitors and visitor facilities

ooooooooooaodoanodano

45

scientific research and facilities
conservation value
conservation management
management constraints

staff and budget

local addresses and references.

Oooooo

Each site description was reviewed and the first two levels of IUCN/SSC habitat classes present in
each World Heritage Site were determined. It was decided that the level of detail in the vegetation
sections of the Site Sheets was insufficient to permit classification to the third level of the
IUCN/SSC scheme. Each habitat present was then assigned one of four qualitative abundance
categories. In descending order these were D for dominant, I for important, P for present and M for
minor. This was of necessity a subjective judgement, and therefore no quantitative parameters were
set for each category. The main emphasis in the assignment of categories was on the unique nature
of the site for which it was primarily included on the World Heritage list. This took precedence over
area.

3.2.1 IUCN/SSC First-level Habitat Types

All of the 172 Natural and Mixed WH sites encompassed more than one IUCN/SSC first-level
habitat type (range 2-10; average 5.62 per site). The number of different habitats was weakly
correlated with the size of the WH Site, i.e. larger sites possessed a greater diversity of first-level
habitat types (Figure 2). The only noticeable regional variation was that Oceanian/Australasian sites
seemed to cover a greater diversity of habitat types than those in other continents, averaging 6.7
first-level habitats per site. This might merely reflect a greater level of information available for this
region, which is dominated by the large number of sites in Australia and New Zealand, or the fact
that they are of larger area on average (see Table 12).

Figure 2: Effect of World Heritage Site Area on number of First-Level
IUCN/SSC Habitat Types

400,000

350,000 + +
300,000

250,000

200,000

Area (km?)

150,000

100,000

50,000

0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

No. of IUCN/SSC Level 1 Habitat Types

Note: Outlying point is Great Barrier Reef WH Site, 345,400 km?

46

Table 12: First-Level IUCN/SSC Habitat Types present in World Heritage Sites

: ; F Oceania/ North South
First-level IUCN/SSC Habitat Africa Asia Aintralasa Europe Armerica: Amiens

Type (36 sites) (37 sites) z (28 sites)

Forest
Savannah
Shrubland
Grassland
Wetlands (inland)
Rocky barren areas
Caves & Subterranean
Desert
Sea

. Coastline/Intertidal

. Artificial—Terrestrial

. Artificial-Aquatic

. Introduced Vegetation

Average size of WH site (km?) 11,110 6,743 23,874 2,324 11,107 9,644 9,960

Globally, the most commonly represented first level habitat type is forest, present in 160 out of 172
WH Sites (93%), whilst the two least commonly represented habitats are artificial aquatic habitats
and introduced vegetation (present in 4% and 12% of sites respectively, see Figure 3). Sea and
coastline/intertidal habitats are not well represented in this analysis, occurring in only 40 (23%) and
55 (32%) WH sites respectively.

The key points from Table 12 are:

a Forests commonly occur in WH sites on all continents.

a Within Africa, coastal and maritime/caves and subterranean habitats are uncommon. One out
of 36 African WH sites (3%) includes subterranean habitats - possibly because ancient
crystalline rocks cover so much of Africa - while four (11%) include coastal and marine
habitats.

a Three out of 20 sites in Oceania/Australasia (15%) include savannah.

a No European site includes savannah habitat. Although not prevalent, there are some savannah
areas, such as the wooded savannahs of the montado sylvo-agricultural system of holm and
cork oak production in Portugal and Spain, that are important reservoirs of European
biodiversity.

a In North America savannah habitats are uncommon, occurring in only one out of 20 WH sites
(5%).

Q Only three out of 31 South American WH sites (10%) include desert.

47

No. of Sites

Figure 3: First-Level IUCN/SSC Habitat Types present in World Heritage Sites

160
144
111
x o tod oy
o o ss ae s
aN a Sa oe se & ca ” sar pa ca Lo ae
— GY © ef Na : So € ro al
» & NS Cc «@ » ® LP ae »’
Ss Re) . 2 ee Vv RY > J &
BAe a) OS Fe rh es
a? Og & & ton xs
> e e e somes NS
o \ oO" A & xv
ALIS

IUCN/SSC Habitat Type

3.2.2 IUCN/SSC Second-level Habitat Ty pes

The presence of second-level IUCN/SSC habitat types was also examined. All WH Sites
encompassed more than one second-level IUCN/SSC habitat type. Over the 172 WH Sites, a total
of 1,720 habitats were categorized, an average of 10 second-level habitat types per site (range 1—
26). There was a weak correlation between size and number of habitat types. In general larger sites

possessed a greater diversity of habitat types (Figure 4).

Preliminary examination of the data also suggested that sites in the tropics and those with a greater
altitudinal range possessed a greater diversity of habitat types. These effects of area, latitude and
altitude on diversity of habitat types were, however, often confounded by two independent

variables:

1. The level of detail of the habitat/vegetation information available for the site, which varied
from sparse (e.g. Phong Nha—Ke Bang National Park in Vietnam) to comprehensive (e.g.

Waterton Glacier International Peace Park);

2. The presence of wetlands and human modified aquatic habitats. The [UCN/SSC second-level
habitat categories use the Ramsar wetland categories, which are highly subdivided. Thus there
are twice as many categorizations for inland wetlands (18) as forest (9), and as many artificial

aquatic habitat categories (10) as savannah (2) and shrubland (8) combined.

48

Figure 4: Effect of World Heritage Site Area on number of Second-Level

IUCN/SSC Habitat Types
Note: Outlying point is Great Barrier Reef WH Site, 345,400 km?

400,000
350,000 - ¢
300,000 -
250,000 -
200,000 -
150,000 +
100,000 - ‘

oe
50,000 - aa@ 2

e 4?
0 _pocedseetestestistese =,
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
No. of Second-Level IUCN/SSC Habitat Types

Area (km?)

y = 1071.9x - 1342

The frequency of occurrence of second-level IUCN/SSC habitat types in World Heritage Sites is
shown in Table 13 and Figure 5, grouped by first level habitat type. Figure 6 shows the relative
frequency of occurrence expressed as a percentage. It should be noted that any scoring of a second-
level habitat category automatically indicates that the site includes the corresponding first-level
habitat; and also that sites can include more than one second-level habitat category for each first-
level habitat. Thus a site such as Lorentz National Park in Indonesia ranging from sea-level to
alpine regions in the tropics encompasses five second-level forest types, varying from
Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove to Temperate Forest.

Globally, the most common second-level habitat type present in World Heritage Sites is inland
wetlands (463 habitats), followed by forest (315) and artificial-terrestrial habitats (165). The
predominance of wetland habitats is perhaps not surprising given the ubiquity of freshwater on the
planet, but is also probably in part due to the large number of second-level wetland categories (18)
because of the adoption of the detailed Ramsar wetland classification system. Under this system
even desert ecosystems have wetlands in the form of temporary watercourses and oases. Savannah
has a surprisingly low occurrence (43), being present even less frequently than desert (53) and sea
(80) habitats.

On a continental basis, the main points from Table 13 are:

a Asia, Africa and South America have almost twice the coverage of forest habitats as Europe,
North America and Oceania.

a Savannah habitats are absent or almost absent from four of the six continents, but are frequent
in Africa and South America.

a Caves and subterranean habitats occur less frequently in Africa, North America and South
America compared with Asia, Oceania/Australasia and Europe.

a African WH Sites have very few coastline/intertidal habitats compared to the other continents.

These findings reinforce the analysis based on first-level habitats.

49

Table 13: Count of Second-Level IUCN/SSC Habitat Types present in World
Heritage Sites, grouped by First-Level Habitat Type and Continent/Region

Oceania/ Europe North South

IUCN/SSC First-Level : =
Habitat Type ous ue Australasia

Forest

Savannah

Shrubland

Grassland

Wetlands ( inland)

Rocky barren areas

Caves and subterranean

Desert

9. Sea

10. Coastline/intertidal

11. Artificialterrestrial

12. Artificial-aquatic

13. Introduced vegetation

America America Total

CO) NO) or) A) oly) =

359

Figure 5: Occurrence of IUCN/SSC Second-Level Habitat Types in World Heritage
Sites, grouped by First-Level Habitat Type

463
315
7)
®
=
”
re) 165
& 152 148 13
2
r a
= Hm =.
5) + > © > © Ce & 2O
se Se 2 we cS Po 6 ow s Se & xe ~
Re i atte ASD) ROME COMO eS
eS ROSS Nee eee AORN
RS . & bh % we ye > ° eo
w RS eo s < se SX
6 ye co e ©
nN ) © (ea ow
A INS

IUCN/SSC Habitat Type

50

Figure 6: Relative Frequency (%) of IUCN/SSC Second-Level Habitat Types in
World Heritage Sites, grouped by First-Level Habitat Type

13
Introduced
re ‘E eee Forest 2
rtificial - aquatic 1% 17% Savanna

111% 3%

Artificial -
terrestrial 3
9% Shrubland
10 9%
Coastline/
intertidal 4
8% Grassland
Sea ; y A a 9%
5% yi ¢
8
Desert
72 5
Gauctand 6 Wetlands (inland)
subterranean Rocky barren Zor
2% areas

7%

The full breakdown of second-level habitat types present in WH Sites is given in Table A4-2,
grouped by continent, and the 20 most commonly occurring second-level habitat types are shown in
Figure 7.

Key points:

a Although 76 WH sites (44%) include subtropical/tropical moist forest, the analysis indicates
that only one site (PN Los Glaciares) contains Sub-Antarctic forest. However, site information
held by UNEP-WCMC indicates that the New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands WH Site
includes forest habitat.

a Seven sites contain Sub-Arctic forest.

Q Of the 148 sites containing shrubland, one site (New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands) includes
Sub-Antarctic shrubland, whereas five sites possess subarctic shrubland.

Q Subpolar grasslands are uncommon (only 6 sites include subarctic grassland and only 3
subantarctic).

Q There are relatively few (a total of 14) permanent or seasonal/intermittent saline, brackish or
alkaline wetland habitats.

Q Rocky barren areas are common: 113 sites (66%) include this habitat.

Q There are 27 cave and subterranean habitats.

51

a More sites include cold desert (e.g. high plateaux and ice) than hot and temperate desert
combined: 28 versus 25 sites.

a The analysis indicates that there are no kelp or macroalgae beds currently in WH Sites.
However, this habitat does occur in at least two sites: Australia’s Heard and MacDonald
Islands WH Site, and Macquarie Island WH Site.

a Three sites include coastal freshwater lagoons, compared to 17 that include coastal
brackish/saline lagoons.

Q Many sites include substantial areas of human-modified habitats: 35 sites (20%) include arable
land and 46 (27%) include pasture land.

a Introduced vegetation figures in 21 (12%) sites.

Q 'Other' and 'Unknown' habitat types were not categorized in this analysis.

3.2.3 Dominant Habitats

Thus far, the analysis has looked at all habitats present in each World Heritage site, giving equal
weight to each. For example, a single oasis in a large desert site has equal importance as the
predominant hot desert that comprises the vast majority of the site. This masks the true picture of
habitat coverage, as many habitats in each site will only be present in small quantities. Many sites
have been nominated for a certain set of attributes: for example a particular landscape or ecosystem
that dominates the site. A greater understanding of the global coverage of habitat by WH Sites can
therefore be gathered from restricting the analysis to those habitats that were categorised as
dominant within each site (see Table A4-1). Of the 1,720 second-level habitats categorized in
World Heritage Sites, 211 were scored as dominant, 118 as important, 1,247 as present and 144 as
minor (see Table 14).

Table 14: Dominant First-Level IUCN/SSC Habitat Types in World Heritage Sites

Oceania/ North South
Australasia Soe America America Total
Forest
Savannah
Shrubland
Grassland
Wetlands ( inland)
Rocky barren areas
Caves and subterranean
Desert
. Sea
10. Coastline/intertidal
11. Artificial — terrestrial

le
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Ie
8.
AS)

= -NWN OD NM
Nw - —~ WON

Total 45

(2)
i)

Note: Some sites (e.g. Waterton Glacier International Peace Park) were considered to have two or more dominant
habitat types, so total number of sites appears inflated from 172 to 211).

Figure 8 shows the overall global percentages of dominant first-level IUCN/SSC habitats in WH
Sites.

Artificial aquatic habitats and introduced vegetation were not the dominant habitats in any WH
Sites. However, there were three sites in which artificial terrestrial habitats were considered
dominant, namely: Mount Athos in Greece, the Aeolian Islands in Italy and Goreme National Park
and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia in Turkey. Main points to note are:

a Two habitat types, forest and rocky barren areas, account for 54% of the dominant habitats in

WH Sites.
Q Shrubland is dominant in only a single site: Rwenzori National Park in Uganda, in which

tropical high altitude shrubland and cold desert were co-dominant habitats.
Q Grassland (3%), coastline/intertidal (6%), savannah (5%), desert (6%) and sea (6%) are all
uncommon.

The analysis of dominant habitat types is extended to the second-level of IUCN/SSC habitat types
below (Table 15 and Figure 9).

Figure 7: The 20 most commonly occurring Second-Level IUCN/SSC Habitat
Types in World Heritage Sites

140

Frequency

6 Rocky Barren Area

1.4 Temperate Forest

4.4 Temperate Grassland
11.4 Rural Gardens

11.2 Pastureland

10.1 Rocky Shores

3.4 Temperate Shrubland
11.1 Arable Land

5.1 Permanent Rivers / Streams/Creeks|

1.6 Subtropical/Tropical Moist Fores!

5.4 Bog, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands
5.7 Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools
1.5 Subtropical/Tropical Dry Forest

5.5 Permanent Freshwater Lakes

5.9 Freshwater Springs and Oases

3.5 Subtropical/Tropical Dry Shrubland

10.2 Sand, Shingle or Pebble Shores

1.8 Subtropical/Tropical Swamp Forest
1.9 Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest
4.5 Subtropical/Tropical Dry Forest

IUCN/SSC Second-level Habitat Type

53

Figure 8: Dominant IUCN/SSC First-Level Habitat Types in World Heritage Sites

Forest
36%

Artificial-Terrestrial
1%

ie

Savannah
5%

Coastline/Intertidal

9,
oe Shrubland
0.47%
Sea
6%
Grassland
3%
Desert
6%
Wetlands (inland)
15%
Rocky barren areas
fo}
Caves and tae
subterranean
4%

54

Table 15: Dominant Second-Level IUCN/SSC Habitat Types in World Heritage Sites
Oceania/ North South

Second-Level IUCN/SSC Habitat Type Africa Asia ‘Australasia Europe AmoticasAmettca Total
1.1 Boreal Forest 1 2 4
1.2 Subarctic Forest 1 1
1.3 Subantarctic Forest
1.4 Temperate Forest 9 4 5 4
1.5 Subtropical/Tropical Dry Forest 3 1
1.6 Subtropical/Tropical Moist Forest 9 6 4
1.7 Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Forest 3
1.8 Subtropical/Tropical Swamp Forest 1 2
1.9 Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest 1
Forest Subtotal 14 21 9 7 6

2.1 Dry Savannah

2.2 Moist Savannah

3.7 Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude Shrubland
hrubland Subtotal

4.4 Temperate Grassland

4.6 Subtropical/Tropical Seasonally Wet/Flooded

Grassland

4.7 Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude Grassland

Grassland Subtotal

5.1 Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks

5.4 Bog, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands

5.5 Permanent Freshwater Lakes

5.6 Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Lakes

5.7 Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools

5.12 Geothermal Wetlands

5.14 Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline

Lakes

5.18 Karst & Other Subterranean Hydrological

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oy

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alo

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(=)
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7.2 Subterranean Habitats
Caves and Subterranean Subtotal 0
2

9.3 Seagrass Beds
9.4 Coral Reefs
Sea Subtotal
10.1 Rocky Shores
10.4 Intertidal Mud, Sand or Salt Flats
10.6 Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons
Coastline/Intertidal Subtotal
11.5 Urban Areas
Artificial—Terrestrial Subtotal 0 1 0 2 0 0 3

Total 45 48 23 32 26 37 211

55

Note: Some sites (e.g. Waterton Glacier International Peace Park) were considered to have two or more dominant
habitats, so total number of sites appears inflated from 172 to 211. Shaded cells indicate that habitat type does not occur
on that continent.

The main points to note from Table 15 and Figure 9 on a global scale are:

Q

Overall, the most common dominant second-level habitat type in WH Sites is rocky barren
areas (38 sites), reflecting the fact that many sites include mountainous regions — and that the
first-level habitat type has no sub-categories.

Forest habitat types are common. Eight out of nine second-level forest habitat types are
dominant in at least one WH Site, the exception being Sub-Antarctic forest which is not
dominant in any site.

In contrast, shrubland is very poorly represented. Subtropical/tropical high altitude shrubland
is a dominant habitat in one site, but the remaining seven shrubland types are not dominant in
any site.

Over half (four out of seven) of all grassland types are not dominant in any site: tundra
grassland, Sub-Arctic and Sub-Antarctic grassland and subtropical/tropical dry grassland.
Eight out of 18 wetland habitats dominate in at least one site. The habitats that are not
dominant in any WH site include seasonal watercourses and wetlands and smaller pools and
oases. This is not surprising given that by their very description they are small in size and the
fact that most WH Sites are large, on average covering 9,960 km”.

More than three times as many WH Sites have cold desert as the dominant habitat (10 sites) as
hot deserts (three sites), and temperate desert is not dominant in any site.

Among sea habitats, kelp/macroalgae is not a dominant habitat, and coral reefs are the
dominant habitat in only six sites.

Five out of eight coastal/intertidal habitats are not dominant at any site, namely: sand, shingle
or pebble shores, estuarine waters, intertidal marshes, coastal freshwater lagoons and karst and
other subterranean hydrological systems.

Further examining the trends by continent:

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Sub-Arctic forest is dominant in one European WH Site, but not in any North American or
Asian sites.

Temperate forest is dominant in 22 sites in Asia, Oceania/Australasia, Europe and North
America, but is not dominant in any WH sites in Africa or South America.

Subtropical/tropical dry forest is not dominant in any sites in Asia.

Sub-tropical/tropical moist forest is not dominant in any sites in North America

Although mangroves are dominant in three Asian sites, they are not dominant at any sites in
South America, Oceania/Australasia or Africa.

Subtropical/tropical swamp forest is not dominant in any sites in Australasia and North
America.

Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest is not dominant in any sites in Asia,
Oceania/Australasia or North America.

Half the continents/regions (Oceania/Australasia, Europe and North America) have no sites
with grassland as the dominant habitat.

Caves and subterranean systems are not dominant in any sites in Africa and South America.
All continents except Asia have no sites in which permanent saline, brackish or alkaline lakes
are the dominant habitat.

Oceania/Australasia, North and South America have no sites dominated by hot desert.

On the basis of this analysis, marine and coastal habitats have a low occurrence in all
continents / regions. However, this is contradicted in Oceania/Australasia where 11 of the 20
WH Sites (including Hendersen Island, UK) have major coastal and/or marine components.

56

For example, Australia alone has seven sites - most notable being the Great Barrier Reef

Marine Park. North America has no sites in which coral reefs are dominant, whilst Asia, North
and South America have no sites in which seagrass beds are the dominant habitat type.

The 20 most common Dominant IUCN/SSC Second-Level Habitat Types

Figure 9

World Heritage Sites

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57

3.3 GIS Analysis

The most reliable data set available for the GIS analysis of habitat cover was that provided by
Version 2.0 of the GLCC freeware global habitat classification. This is a series of global land cover
classification datasets, based primarily on the unsupervised classification of 1-km AVHRR
(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) 10-day NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation
Index) composites. The source imagery is unfortunately approximately 10 years old, and there have
also been some problems with the classification - for example some small islands are missing from
the data set.

A more recent product was considered for use in this study, the outputs from the Global Land Cover
2000 Project, which gives similar resolution coverage taken from SPOT imagery, but based on
images from the year 2000. Although these data were available there were a number of problems.
Firstly there are spatial gaps (notably in Siberia and the Pacific islands). Secondly it was very
difficult to convert the GLC non-forest classes into classes that fitted with more commonly
understood habitats (grasslands, savannah, desert etc). It would have been both time-consuming and
costly to resolve these problems and therefore it was not possible to address them in this study.

The available polygon data (delimited geographical boundaries) for all 172 Natural and Mixed
World Heritage Sites were obtained from the World Database on Protected Areas maintained by
UNEP-WCMC and entered into a GIS layer. The GLCC data were entered as a separate layer. This
classification, developed by Olson (1994a, 1994b), uses 94 ecosystem classes , and operates at a
fairly coarse resolution of 1 km?. The ecosystem classes are based on their land cover mosaic,
floristic properties, climate, and physiognomy. The objective of the resulting Global Ecosystem
framework is to provide a mechanism for tailoring data to the unique landscape conditions of each
continent, while still providing a means for summarising the data at the global level’.

Many of these habitat classes were excluded from this analysis because they simply were not
present in the GIS dataset used. Examples of habitats excluded are 49 Volcanic Rock and 88
Bamboo. Out of the 74 habitat types in the GIS coverage used, 72 were present in the WH Sites.
Those habitats that were missing from WH Sites but present in the global coverage were 7 Tall
Grasses and Shrubs and 76 Crop and Water Mixtures. A complete description of these habitat types
and further background information on GLCC are given in Annex 3 and Table A3. Only 74 of these
habitat types were present in the GIS dataset used in this analysis, and only 72 occurred in WH
Sites. The Olson-GLCC habitat descriptions were converted to the nearest equivalent in the
IUCN/SSC system using the scheme described in Annex 3.

The two GIS layers were then overlaid in an ARCINFO GIS system and areas of habitat in each
WHS were calculated. A comparison was then conducted with the total global area of each type of
habitat, to determine the extent of habitat occurrence in WH Sites.

3.3.1 Distribution of World Heritage Sites

The distribution of the 172 Natural and Mixed World Heritage Sites in relation to first-level
IUCN/SSC habitat types is shown on a continental basis on Maps 7-12xx. The only habitat that
could be further subdivided using the GLCC dataset was Forest. For this analysis this first-level
habitat type was broken down into four sub-categories by UNEP-WCMC: Temperate and Boreal
Needleaf; Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed; Tropical Moist and Tropical Dry.

* Source: Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center: http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/glec/globdoc|_2.asp

58

3.3.2 Size of Site and Number of Habitats

The total area of Natural and Mixed World Heritage Sites is 1,713,188.34 km? according to the
polygon data stored on the UNEP-WCMC GIS database. The GLCC coverage calculated 1,823
habitat areas for the 172 sites, giving an average of 10.6 habitat types per WH Site (range 1, for
example Messel Pit Fossil Site, to 39 in the Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas). Once
again, there was a weak correlation between site size and number of habitat types. In general larger
sites possessed a greater diversity of habitat types (Figure 10).

Figure 10: Relationship between World Heritage Site Area and Number of GLCC
Habitat Types

400,000
350,000
300,000

« 250,000

= 200,000

£ 150,000
100,000

50,000 a % = 1069.9x - 1310.6

0

No. of GLCC Habitat Types

3.3.3 IUCN/SSC First-level Habitat Types

All the GLCC habitat types used in this analysis could be allocated to [UCN/SSC first level habitat
categories. A full breakdown of the habitats covered by World Heritage sites in each continent is
given in Table 16. In the GLCC dataset, land cover data are missing for the many small island
systems. Eleven of these are WH Sites: Henderson Island, Heard and McDonald Islands, Macquarie
Island, Cocos Island National Park, New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands, Hawaii Volcanoes
National Park, Galapagos Islands, Aldabra Atoll, Brazilian Atlantic Islands, Gough Island and
Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve (in the Seychelles). The land area of these sites totals 10,273 km’,
equivalent to 12.83% of the missing data in the GLCC dataset (Table 16 and Figure 11). The sites
are still included in the analysis because all except the Vallée de Mai have a marine component, and
the total sea area of these 10 sites, at 76,560 km’, forms a substantial proportion (16.44%) of all the
sea in WH Sites.

There are clearly some major shortcomings in the GLCC/Olson dataset. As an example, the GLCC
indicates that only 122,745 km? of the world is categorized as Sand Desert while 16,210,069 km? is
classed as Bare Desert. However, the true total of sand desert is in the order of millions of square
kilometres. In fact, only 106 km* of Africa is classed as sand desert — the GLCC system is
indicating that there is no sand in the Sahara! Other examples of discrepancies include most of the
Korean Peninsula, Hokkaido and the forest in the Primor’e region of Russia being classed as
savannah, and Antarctica supposedly containing 45 km? of wooded wet swamps. For this reason it
was decided to limit the GIS analysis to a broad-brush approach, as it was not within the remit of

59

this study to fully investigate the limitations of the GLCC dataset. However, despite the
shortcomings, it is considered that on a continental basis discrepancies will not be too large.

Table 16: Area (km7) of each IUCN/SSC First-Level Habitat Type in World
Heritage Sites, grouped by Continent/Region

IUCN/SSC First-level Attica | Asia. | Oceania/ jeurope| ,Nomh | South | Total
Habitat Type* Australasia America | America
2g iGavannah "1 58| 75,040") 9/5651 || 32, 551m | 249 NOG hen ead etal et so2 7m
3. Shrubland | 2,343 | 4,045 | 2,576 | 2,230 | 4,348 | 11,114 | 26,654 |
4. Grassland ——s|_ 7,349 | 39,968 | 14,370 | 5,663 | 40,802 | 12,192 | 120,345 |
8. Desert —s————S—sé*| 185,614] 41,845 | 6,057 | 4,680 | 65,702 | 6,514 | 310,413 |
z 12. Artificial-Aquatic | FAquatic 2 Artificial-Aquatic | | 4677 |7 | 14 | 201 | 43 | 4841 |
98
399,971

13. Missing data 1,315 716 8,145 10, ERceMr
Total 249,483 477,483 65,090 | 222,138 | 298,952 | 1,713,118 |

*Some IUCN first-level habitat classes do not exist under GLCC, namely: 6. Rocky Barren Areas [e.g., inland cliffs and
mountain peaks]; 7. Caves and Subterranean (because they are underground and GLCC deals only with the surface of
the globe); 10. Coastline/Intertidal (since all these habitats are included by GLCC as Sea); 13. Introduced Vegetation;
and 14. Other.

On a global scale, the most common first- level GLCC habitat type in terms of area is forest
(474,236 km? ), followed by sea (465,669 km? ) and then desert (310,413 km? ). However, both sea
and desert coverage are heavily skewed by a few large sites. The Great Barrier Reef with 339,223
km? of sea and the Galapagos with 49,097 km? together contain 83.39% of all the sea in WH sites.
Two African desert sites, the Air and Ténéré National Nature Reserve with 71,373 km? of bare
desert and the Tassili N’Ajjer with 96,570 km? of bare desert contain 54.10% of all desert (hot,
temperate and cold) contained in WH Sites.

Overall, the 172 WH Sites cover 0.34% of the Earth’s surface. On a percentage basis, individual
habitat occurrence in WH Sites varies from 0.13% (sea) to 1.72% (inland wetlands) — see Figure 11
and Table 17. Note that this analysis is skewed by the planet’s large area of marine habitat. If only
terrestrial habitats are considered, the picture changes. The average global coverage of terrestrial
habitats in WH Sites is 0.84% (Table 17 and Maps 13-18).

60

Table 17: Relative Coverage of Terrestrial Habitats by World Heritage Sites

5 % of Global
Total in WH Sites |Global Total peer
i at
IUCN/SSC First Level Habitat Type (km?) (km?) Sau a WH

1. Forest 474,236 34,763,808 1.36%
2. Savannah 139,127 15,371,900 0.91%
3. Shrubland 26,654 5,617,011 0.47%
14,301,308 0.84%
5. Wetlands (inland) 60,465 3,508,569 1.72%
8. Desert 310,413 47,181,833 0.66%
11. Artificial-Terrestrial 101,096 24,443,180 0.41%
12. Artificial-Aquatic 4,841 3,173,032 0.15%
13. Missing data 10,273

Figure 11: Global Coverage of First-Level IUCN/SSC Habitat Types by World
Heritage Sites

500,000 14.00%
12.83%
450,000
12.00%
400,000
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2
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IUCN/SSC First-Level Habitat Type

61

3.3.4 IUCN/SSC Second-level Habitat Types

It was not possible to distinguish second-level IUCN/SSC habitat types from the GLCC GIS data
because there was not a one-to-one correspondence between the two habitat classification systems
at the finest level. However, four broad types of forest could be distinguished:

» 1.1 Forest (Temperate and Boreal Needleleaf);
» 1.2 Forest (Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed);
» 1.3 Forest (Tropical Moist); and

» 1.4 Forest (Tropical Dry).

This was achieved by splitting GLCC habitat types along the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of
Capricorn. For example, Deciduous Broadleaf Forest was split into tropical and non-tropical
components as Deciduous Broadleaf Forest (tropics) and Deciduous Broadleaf Forest. A similar
division was made for Evergreen Broadleaf Forest; Conifer Forest; and Moist Eucalyptus. Results
are shown in Table 18.

Table 18: Forest Coverage within World Heritage Sites (km/7)

Second-level Forest
Habitat Type

1.1 Temperate & 7
boreal needleleaf

Temperate and boreal needleleaf forest is the least common forest type (0.99% of global habitat
protected in WH Sites). In Africa only 7 km? of temperate and needleleaf forest are protected in
WH sites, although the continent has many juniper forests (e.g. in the Atlas Mountains); and in
South America only 18 km’. Tropical dry forest is the most common forest habitat type (1.94%) in
the World Heritage network.

3.3.5 Dominant Habitats

The dominant habitats in terms of actual area within each WH Site were calculated using the GLCC
and GIS data (see Table 19). However, these data did appear to have doubtful reliability. For
example, the dominant habitat in the Serengeti National Park was recorded by GLCC as Crops and
Town, comprising 3,828 km? or 28.8% of its area. This might be explained by distortion of datasets
when converting from different geographical projections causing displacement of boundaries, as the
Serengeti is actually bordered on the western side by fairly dense “‘shamba” cultivation and villages.
However, the mountainous Rwenzori National Park in Uganda supposedly contains 49 km~ of
mangroves! A large number of sites (27) also had “Sea” as the dominant habitat, probably because
they featured a littoral component, far more than one would expect from an intuitive examination of
the WH sites dataset.

Table 19: Dominant Habitats (calculated by area) in World Heritage Sites
grouped by Continent/Region

No. of WH Sites
Habitat Type North

1.1. Forest (Temperate and boreal
needlelea
eats]
and mixed)
1.3 Forest (Tropical moist)
1.4 Forest (Tropical dry)
2. Savanna
3. Shrubland
. Grassland
. Wetlands (inland)
. Desert

1. Artificial-Terrestrial
2.Artificial-Aquatic
3.Missing data

=[=]=Jolofays
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Total

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World Heritage Sites & IUCN/SSC First-level Habitat Types in Africa

Legend

Major Habitat Type

IUCNI/SSC First-level Habitats

ia 4.1. Forest (Temperate and boreal needleleaf)
Ea 1.2. Forest (Temperate broadleaf and mixed)
HEB 1.3. Forest (Tropical moist)

GE 14. Forest (Tropical dry)

a 2. Savanna
G3. Shnbland

E 4. Grassland
G5. Wetlands (inland)
(fa 8. Desert

=] 9. Sea

(11. Artificial - Terrestrial
HE 12. Attificial - Aquatic
[J 13. Missing data

World Heritage Site -Natural/Mixed

ie a

3,000 Kilometers

World Heritage Sites . Mount Nimba Reserves

. Arand T@h@@ Natural Reserves . Ngorongoro Conservation Area

. Aldabra Atoll . Niokolo - Koba National Park

. Banc d’Arguin National Park . Okapi Faunal Reserve

. Bwindi Impenetrable National Park . Okhahlamba - Drakensberg Park

. Cliffs of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons) . Parc National de Manovo

. Como National Park - Gounda - St Floris

. Dja Faunal Reserve | . Rwenzori Mountians National Park

. Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary | | . Salonga National Park

. Garamba National Park | . Selous Game Reserve

10. Gough Island Wildlife Reserve . Serengeti National Park

11. Greater St Lucia Wetland Park . Simen National Park

12. Ichkeul National Park . Ta National Park

13. Kahuzi - Biega National Park . Tassili N'Ajjer

14. Kilimanjaro National Park . Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict

15. Lake Malawi National Park Nature Reserve

16. Lake Turkana National Parks . Vall@e de Mai Nature Reserve

17. Mana Pools National Park, Sapi and . Victoria Falls/Mosi-oa-Tunya
Chewore Safari Areas | . Virunga National Park

18. Mount Kenya National Park/Forest | . 'W' National Park

OMNONFWN=

Habitat Types Not Displayed:
6.0 Rocky Barren Areas

7.0 Subterranean

10.0 Coastline/Intertidal

Forest (Habitat 1.0) was broken
down into 4 non-IUCN subtypes

Geographic Projection

Compiled by: M. Mason, L. Fish
Date printed: May 2004

Source: USGS GLCC Dataset &
UNEP-WCMC WDPA V 6.1 Dataset

Map 14

65

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World Heritage Sites & IUCN/SSC First-level Habitat Types in South America

Legend

Major Habitat Type
IUCN/SSC First-level Habitats

1.1. Forest (Temperate and boreal needleleaf)
@® 1.2. Forest (Temperate broadleaf and mixed)

.3. Forest (Tropical moist)
.4. Forest (Tropical dry)

. Savanna

. Shrubland

. Grassland

. Wetlands (inland)

. Desert

. Sea

. Artificial - Terrestrial
12. Artificial - Aquatic
13. Missing data

ClWorld Heritage Site -Natural/Mixed

TES

3,000
Kilometers

World Heritage Sites

. Alejandro de Humboldt National Park

. Area de Conservacion Guanacaste

. Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System

. Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de
Noronha and Atoll das Rocas Reserves

. Canaima National Park

. Central Amazon Conservation Complex

. Central Suriname Nature Reserve

. Cerrado Protected Areas: Chapada dos
Veadeiros and Emas National Parks

. Cocos Island National Park

. Darien National Park

. Desembarco del Granma National Park

. Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves

. Galapagos Islands
. Historic Sanctuary of Macchu Picchu

156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.

Huascaran National Park

Igua u National Park
IguazoeNational Park

Ischigualasto - Talampaya Natural Parks
Los Glaciares

Los Katios National Park

Manu National Park

Morne Trois Pitons National Park
Noel Kempff Mercado National Park
Pantanal Conservation Complex
Pen nsula Vald@s

Rio Abiseo National Park

R o Platano Biosphere Reserve
Sangay National Park

Southeast Atlantic Forest Reserves

Talamanca Range - La Amistad Reserves

Tikal National Park

Geographic Projection

Compiled by: M. Doughty
Date printed: February 2004

Source: UNEP-WCMC WOPA V.6 Dataset
WWF G200 Ecoregions

Map 16

67

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4. Biodiversity Analyses

——— re

4.1 Biodiversity Hotspots

The distribution of biodiversity around the globe is uneven, with some areas having far greater
diversity of living organisms than others. In the late 1980s British ecologist Norman Myers first
formulated and popularised the idea that areas rich in species, which he described as “hotspots”,
should be the focus for conservation efforts on the basis that more species could be conserved for a
given investment (Myers 1988). The identification of such biodiversity hotspots has become a
widely accepted method of prioritising and targeting conservation activities and investments to have
the greatest impact.

Conservation International (CI) has created the most well known system of biodiversity hotspots,
using two factors for designation’: regions that harbor a great diversity of endemic species and, at
the same time, have been significantly impacted and altered by human activities. Plant diversity is
used as the biological basis for hotspot designation. To qualify as a hotspot, a region must support
1,500 endemic plant species or 0.5 percent of the global total. Existing primary vegetation is also
the basis for assessing human impact in a region - to qualify a region must have lost more than 70
percent of its original habitat. CI uses plants as qualifiers because they are the basis for diversity in
other taxonomic groups. However, the diversity of endemic vertebrates in hotspot regions is also
extraordinarily high. Twenty-five priority hotspots, representing a variety of global ecosystems,
have been identified. They cover less than 2% of global terrestrial ecosystems, yet account for 44%
of all vascular plant species and 38% of birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibian vertebrate groups.

A total of 56 (32.6%) WH Sites are situated in 21 (84%) of Cl's 25 hotspots (Table 20 and Maps 19-
24). These 56 WH sites cover 188,929 km? of hotspot or 1.19% of the total global hotspot area of
15,824,302 km2. Because hotspots are generally very large (average size approximately 633,000
km?) in comparison to WH Sites (average size 9,960 km?) no WH Site occupies more than one
hotspot. According to GIS data 29 WH Sites lie entirely within hotspots, as do more than 90% of a
further eight sites.

Coverage of hotspots in WH Sites ranges from zero to 12.47% in the Eastern Arc Mountains and
Coastal Forests of Kenya and UR Tanzania (Table 21). The four hotspots currently without any WH
Site coverage are the South Africa Cape Floristic Region; Africa’s Western Cape/Succulent Karoo;
Central Chile and New Caledonia. However, South Africa has nominated the Cape Floristic Region
and it will be assessed by the World Heritage Committee at its June 2004 meeting.

3 Source: Conservation International at www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/hotspotsScience/

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Table 21: Overall Coverage of Cl Hotspots in World Heritage Sites

% of hotspot
contained in
WH Sites

Areain WH Total hotspot
Sites (kmz2) area (kmz2)

Africa's Western Cape/Succulent Karoo 0 104,467
Atlantic Forest 35,820 1,482,983
Brazilian Cerrado 5,743 1,831,454
California Floristic Province 3,447 352,065
Caribbean 4,561 259,634
Caucasus 3,595 556,184
Central Chile 0 292,225
Choco-Darién-Western Ecuador 6,122 226,575
Eastern Arc Mountains & Coastal 24,044 192,805
Forests
Guinean Forests of West Africa 4,533 881,111
Indo-Burma 8,836 2,287,772
Madagascar & Indian Ocean Islands 1,607 602,141
Mediterranean Basin 264 529,815
Mesoamerica 19,386 1,154,778
Mountains of S. Central China 21,505 557,495
New Caledonia 0 19,166
New Zealand 24,138 267,116
Philippines 50 295,855
Polynesia & Micronesia 726 48,106
South Africa Cape Floristic Region 75,000
Southwest Australia 308,623
Sundaland 1,497,444
Tropical Andes 1,405,808
Wallacea 339,089
Western Ghats & Sri Lanka 256,594
TOTAL 188,929 15,824,302

Biodiversity Hotspot

Note: Shaded rows indicate hotspots with <1.0% inclusion in a WH Site

74

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4) World Heritage Site -Natural/Mixed

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9. Garamba National Park

10. Gough Island Wildlife Reserve

11. Greater St Lucia Wetland Park

12. Ichkeul National Park

13. Kahuzi - Biega National Park

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15. Lake Malawi National Park

16. Lake Turkana National Parks

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Chewore Safari Areas

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. Okapi Faunal Reserve

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. Serengeti National Park

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. Ta National Park

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Nature Reserve

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. Virunga National Park

. 'W' National Park

76

Geographic Projection

Compiled by: M. Mason
Revised by: L. Fish
Date printed: May 2004

Source: Conservation Intemational (2001).

Biodiversity Hotspots. Conservation International:
Washington, OC & UNEP-WCMC WDPA V.6.1 Dataset

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| World Heritage Sites Geographic Projection
142. Alejandro de Humboldt National Park ee Huseceran National Park Compiled by: M. Mason
| 143. Area de Conservacion Guanacaste SEMI MELLEL! Revised by: L Fish
144. Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System 158. IguazceNational Park Dotepiined: May 2004
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Biodiversity Hotspots. Conservation Intemational:
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i 169. Sangay National Park
153. Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves gay §
154 Galaparhes laiahids 170. Southeast Atlantic Forest Reserves

155. Historic Sanctuary of Macchu Picchu 171. Talamanca Range - La Amistad Reserves
| 172. Tikal National Park

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4.2 Endemic Bird Areas

In a major conservation priority setting exercise, BirdLife International has designated
approximately 2% of the world’s land surface as Endemic Bird Areas or EBAs (Stattersfield et al.
1998). These are defined as areas that encompass the breeding ranges of two or more birds whose
total breeding ranges are restricted to 50,000 km? or less. Globally 218 different EBAs were
identified, covering the ranges of 93% of restricted range birds (2,451 species or roughly 25% of all
known bird species). These restricted range species included 816 species classed as internationally
threatened by IUCN, that is 74% of all threatened bird species (1998 data). The effective
conservation of these EBAs is critical for the maintenance of global avian diversity.

All EBAs are given a conservation priority rating of Critical, Urgent or High, depending on their
biological value and severity of current threats to the area. The biological importance of an EBA is
measured by the number of restricted-range species occurring in it, and whether they are shared
with other EBAs. An additional factor is the size of the EBA. The current threat level was assessed
using the percentage of the restricted-range species in each EBA that are internationally threatened
and the threat categories of these species. The combination of these criteria resulted in an overall
conservation priority rating.

Most EBAs support 2-10 restricted range bird species and are under 30,000 km? in size. The
majority (77%) are in the tropics, with very few at temperate latitudes. There are almost equal
numbers of continental EBAs (113) and island EBAs (105). Of the island EBAs, 70% are on
oceanic islands and 30% are on continental islands.

The total area of all EBAs is 14,236,180 km?, while the total area of WH Sites according to GIS
data held at UNEP-WCMC is 1,713,370 km?, of which 256,955 km? (15%) are classed as EBAs.
WH Sites thus cover 1.8% of the global EBA network. Seventy-four EBAs (34%) occur in 83 WH
Sites (Table 22 and Maps 25-30). Extent of EBAs in WH Sites varies from 100% to less than one
percent. Four EBAs (all islands or island groups) are completely included in WH Sites. These are
the Galapagos Islands EBA harbouring 22 restricted range bird species; the Cocos Island EBA
harbouring three restricted range species, the Auckland Islands (New Zealand Sub-Antarctic
Islands) harbouring two restricted range species and Henderson Island harbouring four restricted
range species. Most WH Sites (64) only overlap one EBA, but some cover more. Seventeen WH
sites cover two EBAs, for example Lorentz National Park in Indonesia includes 3.7% of EBA 178,
the Central Papuan Mountains and 5.49% of EBA 179, the South Papuan Lowlands. Huascaran
National Park in Peru covers parts of three EBAs and Sangay National Park in Ecuador covers parts
of four EBAs.

There are 144 EBAs (66% of the total number) that currently do not occur in WH Sites). In
addition, four EBAs only have small fractions (0.01%) of their area in WH Sites: the South Central
American Pacific slope with 15 restricted range species; the Tumbesian region with 55 restricted
range species; the Cameroon and Gabon lowlands with six restricted range species; only small
percentages (2.01 — 0.02%) of the three EBAs of the Himalayas; and the Central Ethiopian
Highlands with five restricted range species. Given the large number of island EBAs, many do not
occur in WH Sites. Fifty-one of the EBAs not occuriring in WH sites are prioritized as Critical
(Table 23).

Major differences in the correlation between the coverage of EBAs and WH Sites include the
following:

81

North, Central and South America, and the Caribbean

» 17EBAs in southern USA, Mexico and the Pacific coast of Central America;

« many of the island EBAs in the Caribbean (e.g. Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Jamaica);
s the EBAs of northern Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador;

» Andean ridge-top forests and the Maranon valley of Ecuador and Peru; and

» yungas of Argentina, Bolivia and Peru, southern Chile, and Atlantic Brazil.

Africa

» EBAs of many of the Atlantic and Indian Ocean islands e.g. Sao Tomé and
Principe/Mauritius/Socotra;

» Cameroon Highlands;

s Western Angola;

» Cape Fynbos and South African forests;

= many of the Madagascan EBAs; and

» the arid bush and mountainous EBAs of the Horn of Africa.

Middle East
» Neither of the two Middle Eastern EBAs occur in WH Sites.

Asia

= Western Ghats;

=» EBAs in southern Vietnam;

= many of the high altitude EBAs such as Eastern Tibet and the Qinghai Plateau;

» many island EBAs (e.g. the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Hainan, Taiwan, most of the
Philippines and Indonesian island EBAs such as Mindanao and the Eastern Visayas and
Sulawesi) do not occur in WH Sites.

Australia/Oceania

» Australia has the best coverage of EBAs in WH Sites of any continent. Six of the seven
continental EBAs occur in WH Sites, the only exception being Southwest Australia. Many
Pacific Island EBAs are not covered though, the most notable being the Solomon Islands EBA
with 61 endemic and 17 other restricted-range species.

82

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EBA Code

Table 23: Critical EBAs without World Heritage Sites

EBA Name
Guadalupe Island

Mexico

Socorro Island

Mexico

Sierra Madre Occidental and trans-Mexican
range

Mexico

Sierra Madre del Sur

Mexico

Southern Sierra Madre Oriental

Mexico

Los Tuxtlas and Uxpanapa

Mexico

Jamaica

Jamaica

Caripe-Paria region

Venezuela

Nechi lowlands

Colombia

Columbian East Andes

Colombia/Venezuela

Colombian inter-Andean slopes

Colombia

Northern Central Andes

Colombia/Ecuador

Juan Fernandez Islands

Chile

North-east Brazilian caatinga

Brazil

Atlantic slope of Alagoas and Pernambuco

Brazil

Deciduous forests of Minas Gerais and Goias

Brazil

Argentine Mesopotamian Grasslands

Argentina/Brazil/Uruguay

Sao Tomé

Sao Tomé Principe

Cameroon mountains

Cameroon/Equatorial
Guinea/Nigeria

Western Angola

Angola/Namibia

East Malagasy wet forests

Madagascar

East Malagasy wetlands

Madagascar

West Malagasy wetlands

Madagascar

Comoro Islands

France

Mauritius

Mauritius

Rodrigues

Mauritius

Central Somali coast

Somalia

Jubba and Shabeelle valleys

Ethiopia/Kenya/Somalia

South Ethiopian highlands

Ethiopia

North Somali mountains

Somalia

Hainan

China

South Vietnamese lowlands

Viet Nam

Ogasawara Islands

Japan

Mindoro

Philippines

Luzon

Philippines

Negros and Panay

Philippines

Cebu

Philippines

Mindanao and the Eastern Visayas

Philippines

Sulu archipelago

Philippines

Java and Bali forests

Indonesia

Sangihe and Talaud

Indonesia

South-west Australia

Australia

East Caroline Islands

Micronesia

Solomon group

Papua New Guinea

Norfolk Island

Australia

Chatham Islands

New Zealand

Rimatara

88

France

Marquesas Islands France

Tuamotu archipelago France

_Laysan Island USA

Central Hawaiian Islands USA

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orld Heritage Sites & BirdLife International

Legend
WZZ BirdLife Endemic Bird Areas

World Heritage Site - Natural/Mixed

Ul

_ World Heritage Sites

. Arand T@&@@ONatural Reserves

. Aldabra Atoll

. Banc d'Arguin National Park

. Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

. Cliffs of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons)

. Como@National Park

. Dja Faunal Reserve

. Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary

. Garamba National Park

10. Gough Island Wildlife Reserve

11. Greater St Lucia Wetland Park

12. Ichkeul National Park

13. Kahuzi - Biega National Park

14. Kilimanjaro National Park

15. Lake Malawi National Park

16. Lake Turkana National Parks

17. Mana Pools National Park, Sapi and
Chewore Safar Areas

18. Mount Kenya National Park/Forest

OBNANSWNH=

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|

. Mount Nimba Reserves

. Ngorongoro Conservation Area

. Niokolo - Koba National Park

. Okapi Faunal Reserve

. Okhahlamba - Drakensberg Park
. Parc National de Manovo

- Gounda - St Floris

. Rwenzori Mountians National Park
. Salonga National Park

. Selous Game Reserve

. Serengeti National Park

. Simen National Park

. Ta National Park

- Tassili N’Ajer

. Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict

Nature Reserve

. Vall@e de Mai Nature Reserve
. Victoria Falls/Mosi-oa-Tunya
. Virunga National Park

. 'W' National Park

91

Ww Endemic Bird Areas in Africa

radeon

Geographic Projection

Compiled by: M. Mason
Date printed: May 2004

Source: BirdLife International (2004) originally published in
Stattersfield, A, , M. J., Long, AJ. and Wege, D.C.
(1998) Endemic bird areas of the world: priorities

for bird conservation, Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International
(BirdLife Conservation Series 7) & UNEP-WCMC WDPA V.6.1

Map 26

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147.

. Central Suriname Nature Reserve
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Noronha and Atoll das Rocas Reserves
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. Rio Abiseo National Park

. Ro Platano Biosphere Reserve

. Sangay National Park

. Southeast Atlantic Forest Reserves

. Talamanca Range - La Amistad Reserves
. Tikal National Park

Geographic Projection
Compiled by: M. Mason
Date printed: May 2004

Source: BirdLife International (2004) orginally published in
Stattersfield, A., Crosby, M. J., Long, AJ. and Wege, D.C.
(1998) Endemic bird areas of the world: priorities

for bird conservation. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International
(BirdLife Conservation Series 7) & UNEP-WCMC WDPA V.6.1

Map 28

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4.3 Centres of Plant Diversity

In the 1990s, concern about the rapid loss and degeneration of natural ecosystems and the urgent
need to highlight those areas of prime botanical importance - botanical hotspots - was the impetus
for an IUCN/WWE initiative to identify Centres of Plant Diversity (CPD). The outcome of this
collaboration was the identification of almost 250 priority sites for the global conservation of higher
plants, recorded in Centres of Plant Diversity: A Guide and Strategy for their Conservation (WWF
and IUCN, 1994-1995).

CPDs are concerned with first order sites that are of global botanical importance. Such areas must
either have high species diversity, even if the number of species is not accurately known, or contain
a large number of endemic species, or both. CPDs are also likely to be:

» important genepools of plants of known value to humans or that are potentially useful;

« sites with a diverse range of habitat types;

» sites with a significant proportion of species adapted to special edaphic conditions; and/or
« threatened or under imminent threat of large-scale devastation.

Some of the 250 sites are subdivided into 14 or more geographically separate constituent parts, for
example, the Montane Flora of Peninsular Malaysia. Information provided includes patterns of plant
distributions, threats and conservation efforts. These sites were identified using factors such as
floristic statistics, with inputs from experts familiar with particular geographical areas.

According to the CPD GIS datasets, 74 WH Sites (43%) overlap with 57 Centres of Plant Diversity
(Table 24 and Maps 31-36)). The most comprehensive CPD, in tems of World Heritage, is Af81 -
Afroalpine Region (East and North-east Africa) which has five WH Sites within it: Kilimanjaro, Mt
Kenya, Rwenzori, Simien and Virunga. There are a total of 249 named CPDs with polygon areas
and 33 CPD points without areas in the GIS dataset, giving a total of 282 CPDs. Thus overall,
20.2% of CPDs for which GIS data are available occur in WH Sites while 79.8% do not. CPDs
without WH Sites are listed in Table 25.

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Table 25: Centres of Plant Diversity not occurring in World Heritage Sites

CPD Code

Centre of Plant Diversity

Area of CPD (kmz2)

Af12

Korup National Park

535.55

Af13

Mount Cameroon

415.26

Af16

Mayombe

2,865.66

Af18

Cristal Mountains

10,380.33

Af24

Oban Hills and Cross River National Park —

692.05

Af29

Maiko National Park

10,358.09

Af33

Mahle-Karobwa Hills

1,039.34

Af35

Kundelungu

2,771.56

Af37

Upemba National Park

11,741.13

Af39

Zambezi source area

1,973.88

Af42

Cal Madow

15,164.77

Af44

Hobyo/Obbia area

9,084.50

Af50

The Kaokoveld

200,653.82

Af51

Western Cape Domain (Succulent Karoo)

141,905.40

Af53

Cape Floristic Region

85,618.78

Af57

Rondo Plateau

1,104.04

Af64

Mount Mulanje

595.27

Af7

Sapo National Park

435.63

Af71

East Usambaras Mountains

1,685.71

Af84

High Atlas

15,608.57

Au1

Australian Alps

49,504.52

Au14

Northland

18,412.29

Au15

North-west Nelson

8,637.23

Au16

Chatham Islands

806.23

Au6

North Kimberley Region

108,203.37

CA3

Mountains of Middle Asia

654,256.88

CA4

Chukotskiy Peninsula

435,412.41

EA1

Changbai Mountain region

45,276.10

EA13

Nanling Mountain Range

72,894.86

EA27

Tropical forests of Hainan

15,880.32

EA29

Xishuangbanna region

20,534.49

EA31

Limestone region, south-west Zhuang Autonomous Reg

8,527.50

EA41

Kenting National Park

303.81

EA44

Mount Halla

274.90

EA49

Mount Hakusan

1,282.24

EA53

Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary

809.57

EA55

Doi Suthep-pui National Park

194.28

EA57

Khao Yai National Park

808.27

EA6

Taibai Mountain region

5,956.84

EA62

Bach Ma-Hai Van National Park

639.13

EA63

Cat Tien Biosphere Reserve

900.23

EA64

Cuc Phuong National Park

648.85

EA65

Langbian-Dalat Highland

809.39

EA66

Yok Don Nature Reserve

1,335.16

Eu16

Mountains of Southern and Central Greece

61,546.47

Eu17

Crete

38,844.11

Eu18

Troodos Mountains

2,598.02

Eu21

South Crimean Mountains and Novorossia

100

6,600.15

Eu4 Baetic and Sub-Baetic Mountains 55,859.70
Eu6 Sierra de Gredos and Sierra de Guadarrama 23,039.85
Eu7 Mountains of Aragon 9,278.75
1S1 Bago Yoma 37,730.01
1S10 Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve 11,493.61
1S11 Knuckles 248.85
1S12 Peak Wilderness and Horton Plains 380.18
IS3 Rongklang Range 22,258.65
IS5 Agastyamalai Hills 2,277.16
IS6 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 7,510.66
1S7 Nallamalais 14,756.90
IS8 Namdapha National Park 11,352.91
MA1 Braulio Carrillo-La Selva Region 672.11
MA10 Cuatro Cienagas Region 416.75
MA11 Apachian-Madrean Region 88,812.16
MA12 Lacandon Rain Forest/Montes Azules Biosphere Reser 2,987.66
MA13 Pacific Lowlands/Jalisco/Chamela Biol Stn/Cumbres 151.53
MA14 Sierra de Juarez, Oaxaca 2,510.65
MA15 Sierra de Mantantlan Biosphere Reserve 1,186.39
MA16 Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Region 7,888.43
MA17 Upper Mezquital River Region, Sierra Madre Occiden 8,031.72
MA18 Uxpanapa-Chimalapa Region 7,159.29
MA19 Cerro Azul-Cerro Jefe (in Chagres National Park) 1,924.24
MA2 Osa Peninsula and Corcovado National Park 478.35
MA5 Sierra de las Minas Region and Biosphere Reserve 228.47
MA8 Canyon of the Zopilote Region 6,711.82
NA29 Central Highlands, Florida 42,769.77
NA32 Edwards Plateau 135,314.72
SA1 Saul Region 1,149.56
SA10 Gran Sumaco and Upper Napo Region 5,539.30
SA11 Yasuni National Park and Waorani Ethnic Reserve 8,636.49
SA13 Chiribiquete-Araracuara-Cahuinari Region 69,813.50
SA16 Iquitos Region 105,092.42
SA17 Cerros de Amotape National Park 843.44
SA18 Huancabamba Region 32,739.60
SA20 Peruvian Desert: Lomas Formation 83,723.90
SA23 Tambopata Region 15,703.79
SA24 Apolo-Madidi Region 21,142.15
SA25 Llanos de Mojos 302,884.75
SA26 Atacama Desert 84,085.32
SA27 Mediterranean Region 104,244.45
SA28 Temperate Rain Forest 99,024.38
SA29 Patagonia 467,943.36
SA3 Coastal Cordillera 9,920.16
SA30 Anconquija Region 16,787.07
SA32 South-eastern Santa Cruz 124,685.99
SA33 Mbaracayu Region 1,143.76
SA34 Distrito Federal 9,160.26
SA37 Cabo Frio Region 3,002.24
SA38 Mountain Ridges of Rio de Janeiro 9,208.26
SA39 Semi-deciduous Forests of Southern Brazil 723.25

101

SA4 Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta 6,201.93
SA5 Choco Region 87,129.40
SA6 Los Nevados National Park 1,818.28
SA7 Central Colombian Massif 3,416.49
SA8 Volcanoes of the Narinense Plateau 1,627.97
SAQ Moist to Pluvial Forests of Western Ecuador 6,904.33
SEA1 Dindings, Segari Melintang and Larut Hills 267.40
SEA10 Trengganu Hills 423.38
SEA100 Owen Stanley Mountains 12,034.62
SEA101 Varirata and Astrolabe Ranges 1,904.21
SEA102 Safia Savanna 1,677.14
SEA103 Topographers Range 1,494.58
SEA104 Lake Wanum-Red Hill Swamp-Oomsis Ridge 168.55
SEA105 Porgera Peaks 712.32
SEA106 Gogol-Sogeron Headwaters 1,584.22
SEA107 Lower Watut 656.24
SEA109 Willaumez Peninsula-Lake Dakataua 390.95
SEA11 Ulu Belem 265.06
SEA110 Whiteman Range to southern coast of New Britain 9,774.48
SEA111 Nakanai Mountains 5,879.28
SEA112 Mounts Sinewit and Burringa 1,814.42
SEA113 Hans Meyer Range 2,991.42
SEA114 Southern Namatanai 287.69
SEA115 Schleinitz Range-Lelet Plateau 1,134.90
SEA116 Central Manus-Mount Dremsel 557.20
SEA117 Mount Balbi to southern coast 1,535.24
SEA118 Mount Takuan-Tonolei Harbour 1,714.15
SEA119 D'Entrecasteaux Islands 3,017.30
SEA120 Louisiade Archipelago 98,899.66
SEA13 Batu Apoi Forest Reserve, Ulu Temburong 369.99
SEA15 Bukit Raya, Bukit Baka 1,315.28
SEA16 Gunung Bentuang dan Karimun/Lanjak Entimau/Batang 6,154.81
SEA17 Gunung Palung 393.71
SEA18 (a, k,m) Limestone flora of Borneo 9,683.57
SEA19 Sungai Kayan-Sungai Mentarang 23,299.76
SEA2 Endau-Rompin State Parks (proposed) 571.54
SEA20 Ulu Sembakung 2,043.91
SEA21 Crocker Range / Mount Trus Madi 4,341.97

SEA22 (a-n) | East Sabah Lowland and Hill Dipterocarp Forest 7,394.88
SEA26 Ulu Long Pasia 372.39
SEA28 Bako 2,643.03
SEA29 Batu Laga, Linau Balui Plateau 785.37
SEA30 Bukit Mersing, Anap, Tatau region 228.54
SEA31 Gunung Gading National Park 83.99

Gunong Garahu, Gunong Apeng and Gunong Silantek,

, DEAS Sabal Foe Reserve erates : oe
SEA34 Lambir Hills 27.24
SEA35 Mixed dipterocarp forest on humult ultisols on coastal hills 162.47
SEA38 Pulong Tau, Gunung Murud 1,326.89
SEA3a Limestone flora of Peninsular Malaysia 458.26
SEA4 Montane flora of Peninsula Malaysia 10.82
SEA41 Gunung Leuser National Park (proposed) 6,685.21

SEA42

Kerinci-Seblat

4,127.89

103

SEA43 S.E. Milne Bay (Cloudy Mountains) 1,255.49
SEA45 Tigapuluh Mountains 2,374.86
SEA46 Dumoga-Bone National Park (proposed) 2,658.53
SEA47 Limestone flora of Sulawesi 9,127.95
SEA48 Ultramafic flora of Sulawesi: Morowali Nature Reserve 1,200.58
SEA4 (a-q) Montane flora of Peninsular Malaysia 803.78
SEA5 Pulau Tioman 113.13
SEA50 Pegunungan Latimojong 236.00
SEA51 Batanes 208.31
SEA52 Mount Apo 746.90
SEA57 Mt Pulog/Mt Tabayoc 455.63
SEA59 Palanan Wilderness Area 217.75
SEA6 Sedili Kecil Swamp Forest 141.45
SEA61 Sibuyan Island 464.17
SEA64 Gede-Pangrango National Park 77.79
SEA68 Arfak Mountains 633.84
SEA7 South-east Pahang Swamp Forests 563.86
SEA70 Mamberamo-Peg Jayawijaya 16,847.53
SEA71 Waigeo 14,850.89
SEA72 Salawati Utara 434.03
SEA73 Tamrau Utara 1,280.52
SEA74 Tamrau Selatan 1,121.09
SEA75 Peg Wandamen (Wondiwoi) 1,008.21
SEA76 Wagora Kote 116.83
SEA78 Peg Weyland 3,596.99
SEA79 Cyclops 214.34
SEA8 Taman Negara 4,241.51
SEA80 Supiori, Numfor North Biak Island 1,479.11
SEA81 Pulau Yapen 1,227.09
SEA82 Torricelli Mts-Bewani Mts-Prince Alexander Range 13,914.75
SEA83 Star Mts-Telefomin-Strickland Gorge 17,352.94
SEA84 Hunstein Range-Burgers Mts-Schatterburg 5,525.77
SEA85 Kiunga-Palmer River-Victor Emmanuel Range 7,214.97
SEA86 Mt Giluwe-Tari Fap-Doma Peaks 3,325.76
SEA87 Kubor Ranges 1,604.81
SEA88 Adelbert Ranges 2,270.64
SEA89 Bismarck Falls-Mt Wilhelm-Mt Otto-Schrader Range-M 9,704.69
SEA9 Tasek Berah Forest Reserve 1,158.91
SEA90 Finisterre Ranges 6,288.18
SEA91 Huon Penin-Mt Bangeta-Rawlinson Ranges; Cromwell R 3,387.67
SEA92 S Fly Ptf:L Daviumbu-Oriomo-Wassi Kussa-Tonda WMA 18,299.67
SEA94 Tower Limestone Region:Leonard Murray Mts-Darai Hi 5,103.20
SEA95 Gulf-Ihu 8,173.37
SEA96 Mount Michael-Okapa-Crater Mountain 2,605.25
SEA98 Menyamya-Aseki- Mt Amungwiwa-Bowutu Mts-Lasanga 6,694.84
SEA99 Milne Bay-Collinwood Bay to southern coast 5,132.50
SWA1 Dhofar Fog Oasis 16,210.95
SWA10 Touran Biosphere Reserve 31,523.54
SWA12 Anti-Taurus Mountains and Upper Euphrates it 113,552.54
SWA14 Mountains of SE Turkey, NW Iran and Northern Iraq 158,255.97

Isaurian, Lycaonian and Cilician Taurus 37,286.54
Levantine Uplands 64,836.21
Hyrcanian forests 48,209.45
Socotra 3,832.29

Highlands of South-western Arabia 94,883.54
Gomez Farias Region/El Cielo Biosphere Reserve 1,362.18
Norfolk Island 38.61

104

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| 4. Bwindi Impenetrable National Park | . Okhahlamba - Drakensberg Park
| 5. Cliffs of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons) . Parc National de Manovo
| 6. Como@National Park | - Gounda - St Floris
7. Dja Faunal Reserve | . Rwenzori Mountians National Park
8. Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary . Salonga National Park
9. Garamba National Park | - Selous Game Reserve
10. Gough Island Wildlife Reserve | . Serengeti National Park
11. Greater St Lucia Wetland Park . Simen National Park
12. Ichkeul National Park . Ta National Park
13. Kahuzi - Biega National Park . Tassili N'Ajjer
14. Kilimanjaro National Park | . Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict
15. Lake Malawi National Park | Nature Reserve
16. Lake Turkana National Parks | . Valle de Mai Nature Reserve
17. Mana Pools National Park, Sapi and | . Victoria Falls/Mosi-oa-Tunya
| Chewore Safari Areas | . Virunga National Park
18. Mount Kenya National Park/Forest . 'W' National Park

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144. Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System . Ischigualasto - Talampaya Natural Parks & IUCN CPD Datasets
145. Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de . Los Glaciares
Noronha and Atoll das Rocas Reserves Los Katios National Park
146. Canaima National Park . Manu National Park
147. Central Amazon Conservation Complex . Morne Trois Pitons National Park
148. Central Suriname Nature Reserve . Noel Kempff Mercado National Park
149. Cerrado Protected Areas: Chapada dos . Pantanal Conservation Complex
Veadeiros and Emas National Parks . Pen nsula Vald@s Map 34
150. Cocos Island National Park . Rio Abiseo National Park
151. Darien National Park . Ro Platano Biosphere Reserve
152. Desembarco del Granma National Park . Sangay National Park
153. Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves . Southeast Atlantic Forest Reserves
154. Galapagos Islands Talamanca Range - La Amistad Reserves
155. Historic Sanctuary of Macchu Picchu . Tikal National Park

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5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

The 2003 United List of Protected Areas (Chape et al. 2003) recorded over 100,000 designated
protected areas covering almost 19 million km? or 3.67% of the Earth’s estimated surface area’ of
511.16 million km. In terms of international status, the current 172 Natural and Mixed WH Sites
represent the ‘jewels in the crown’ of the global protected area estate. Their importance can be
illustrated by the fact that the 149 natural and 23 mixed sites comprise only approximately 0.17% of
the number of protected areas in the world, but together cover 1.71 million km? (GIS figures)
equivalent to 9.12% of the total area protected, or 0.34% of the total global surface area Even
though this high percentage is skewed by seven sites larger than 50,000 km’, it highlights the
strategic values and significance of World Heritage at a global scale.

As noted in the introduction to the review, the core principle of the World Heritage Convention is
that properties can only be inscribed on the WH List if they have outstanding universal natural or
cultural values (OUV), or both. This impinges on the notion of World Heritage being a tool that
ensures complete representation of all biomes and habitats, since not all biomes and habitats contain
areas of OUV - even they otherwise have high conservation values. Although the draft new
Operational Guidelines of the Convention call for a balanced, representative and credible World
Heritage List, it was never intended that the List should ensure complete 'representivity' of all the
Earth’s biomes, ecosystems and habitats. This is the role of the world's vast protected area network
at both national and international levels. For example, at the international level, representivity is an
explicit objective for the Global Biosphere Reserve Network. The difference in approach is
explained in a background document (WHC-02/CONF.201/6) submitted to the April 2002 World
Heritage Bureau meeting:

“One of the objectives of the MAB Programme is to create a representative list of sites
corresponding to the Biogeographic Provinces (BP) of the world but this is not the
objective of the WH Convention. The Convention deals with sites of outstanding
universal value and there are many BPs that do not contain sites of this calibre.
Therefore, in its analysis of the WH List and Tentative Lists IUCN will seek to identify
those geographical areas and ecosystems of the world containing sites of potential
outstanding universal value which are not represented on the WH List.”

Therefore, the fundamental difference between the designation of WH status and other types of
protected areas is the use of OUV as a determinant for inscription. This relationship is expressed
diagrammatically in Figure 12. The diagram shows the relationship of World Heritage Sites to other
types of national and international protected areas in terms of relative scale (global numbers) and
the application of OUV as the key determinant for moving protected areas 'across the OUV line’
onto the WH List. Below the OUV line, all protected areas are vital for ecosystem, landscape and
species conservation based on the principle of effective representivity. This is not to undermine the
important role that WH Sites also have in conserving, and promoting the conservation of,
landscapes and biodiversity.

* The GLCC dataset gives total global surface area as 511,155,619 km’, of which 362,714,903 km? (70.96%) is sea.

111

Figure 12: The Relationship of World Heritage Sites to other Types of Protected Areas

{

This study has provided a basis for taking the WH Global Strategy and Tentative List process to the
next stage: identifying sites with OUV and high integrity in those biogeographic regions, key
habitats and priority biological diverse areas that are currently not inscribed on the WH List. There
has already been significant progress in identifying and inscribing much of the world's outstanding
natural heritage and it is likely that in the not-too-distant future all possible remaining areas with
OUV will be Listed.

Outstanding > Universal Value

i ERBEBHEEE SB! Heritage BHEBHRERHEHREHRHEBEB!
Determinant: otter
cle Et ae International Emphasis:
Outstanding Universal Ces Representivity:
Value ‘ ; >

ecosystem, landscape,
habitat and species
conservation through
effective PA systems
& ecological networks

Sites nominated
individually or serially can
cross the threshold if they

meet one or more
WH criteria
and stringent 4

requirements of
integrity

<

5.2 Recommendations

All of the elements examined in this review can assist States Parties to the WH Convention in
assessing and revising their Tentative Lists and undertaking comparative analyses of nominations,
despite the limitations of the GLCC dataset and the Udvardy system. It is recommended that
countries use a combination of the various classification systems and priority conservation schemes
in their national level analyses. Hopefully, improved global GIS will soon be available to assist in
ongoing analyses.

The most useful classification and prioritisation schemes from the World Heritage perspective are
the: IUCN/SSC_ habitats analysis; Udvardy biogeographic system and WWF Global 200
Ecoregions; and the CI Biodiversity Hotspots. The Endemic Bird Areas and Centres of Plant
Diversity, due to their more specific focus, will add supplementary value to the other analyses. An
overlay of all schemes for all continents/regions is presented in Maps 37-42.

As a result of the analyses undertaken, this review recommends that the following priority regions,
habitats and hotspots be carefully assessed for sites that meet the determinants of Outstanding
Universal Value and conditions of integrity, and may therefore be suitable for World Heritage
inscription:

O Udvardy Biogeographic Realms, Biomes and Provinces

All of the Udvardy biomes contain WH Sites except Cold Winter Deserts, with Tundra and Polar
systems having the least common occurrence. In addition, 83 biogeographical provinces are

112

currently not found in WH Sites, excluding the two Antarctic provinces. Future compilations of
Tentative Lists by relevant countries, and subsequent evaluations of any nominations by the
Advisory Body and the WH Committee, could take these current omissions into account. Other
recommendations below also coincide with the occurrence Udvardy biomes with low numbers of
WH Sites and provinces without sites.

O WWE Global 200 Ecoregions

Most of the G200 Ecoregions contain WH Sites, with a slightly higher proportion in terrestrial
regions. Several terrestrial and marine ecoregions that do not currently have WH Sites and should
be assessed include:

» Andaman (sites within the marine ecoregion);

» Arctic tundra;

» Benguela Current (marine) ;

» Central Asian deserts;

=» Fiji (sites within the marine ecoregion);

» Gulf of California (marine);

= Karoo desert;

« Madagascar moist forests;

s Maldives/Chagos atolls (marine);

» New Caledonia dry and moist forests;

» Palau (sites within the marine ecoregion);

» Red Sea (sites within the marine ecoregion);

= Socotra desert;

» Sudd-Sahelian savanna and flooded grasslands;
» Tahiti (sites within the marine ecoregion);

» Volga and Lena River deltas; and

= Western Ghats and associated ecosystems (wetlands and forests).

O IUCN/SSC Global Habitat Analysis
Habitat types that emerge from this analysis which could be examined for potential WH nomination
include:

Africa

» Succulent Karoo* in South Africa and Namibia;

» _fynbos vegetation in the Cape Floristic Region*® in South Africa;

» flooded grasslands such as Okavango and the Sudd swamps;

» Eastern Arc Mountains* in Kenya and UR Tanzania;

=» temperate juniper and cedar forests and Mediterranean Basin* shrubland of the Atlas
mountains in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia;

» saline Rift Valley lakes in East Africa;

s Red Sea corals;

= tropical mangroves, such as along the coasts of Kenya, UR Tanzania and Mozambique;

» Namib and Kalahari deserts;

» savannah sites in the Somali-Maasai regional centre of endemism in Ethiopia, Kenya and
Somalia; and

« Madagascar Moist Forests*.

> Denotes CI Biodiversity Hotspot
° Subject to current nomination

113

Asia

« Dry Subtropical Forests in the Indian subcontinent such as the eastern slopes of the Western
Ghats*; and Cambodia*;

» Tropical Moist Montane Forest, for example, on the western slopes of the Western Ghats*
and higher elevations in the Philippines*, Sumatra* and Sulawesi*;

» temperate deserts in China/Mongolia and Central Asia;

» high latitude polar tundra regions in the Russian Federation; and

» Shrubland areas in the mountains on the Asian side of the Caucasus* (in Georgia,
Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey and Iran).

Oceania/Australiasia
» Mediterranean-type shrubland areas and savannahs in Southwest Australia*;
« Montane Rain Forest in New Caledonia*;
=» Montane Rain Forests and Savannahs in Polynesia* and Micronesia*; and
s Mangroves in Northern Australia/southern Papua New Guinea.

North America
» Mediterranean-type shrub areas in the California Floristic Province*; and
« desert sites in Central Mexico.

South America
« Sub-Antarctic habitats in southern Chile, southern Argentina and South Georgia.
» Mosquito Coast forest along the Nicaraguan Coast*;
» Temperate Forest and Shrubland areas in Central Chile* including temperate needleaf trees
such as the Monkey Puzzle Araucaria spp and Fitzroya cupressoides;
» Sub-Antarctic grassland in the Falkland Islands or Tierra del Fuego;
» Sub-Antarctic/Temperate Rain Forest in southern Chile;
» higher altitude puna grasslands and shrublands in the Tropical Andes*;
« hot desert/coastal areas of Chile and Peru; and
» Sub-Antarctic rock and ice, such as South Georgia.

Europe
» coastal saline wetlands;
» Mediterranean maquis;
» wooded savannah, for example of the montado sylvo-agricultural system of holm and cork
oak production in Portugal and Spain; and
» sub-polar tundra in Norway, Spitzbergen or Iceland.

© Conservation International Biodiversity Hotspots

WH Sites have been inscribed within 21 of the 25 hotspots and another (South A frica’s Cape Floral
Kingdom) is to be considered by the WH Committee in 2004. However, this does not necessarily
mean that the best sites or all potential WH Sites in these 22 hotspots have been listed. A number of
the hotspots coincide with the habitat priorities listed above. Excluding the Cape Floral Kingdom,
the remaining hotspots without WH Sites that should be reviewed are:

e New Caledonia;
e Central Chile; and

e The Succulent Karoo

Additionally, two other hotspots have only marginal WH coverage: Southwest Australia and the
California Floristic Province.

114

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[ | | Conservation International Biodiversity Hotspots

Note: The whole of the African Region
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Terrestrial Ecoregion.

3,

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. Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict

Nature Reserve

. Valle de Mai Nature Reserve
. Victoria Falls/Mosi-oa-Tunya

. Virunga National Park

. 'W' National Park

Geographic Projection

Compiled by: M. Mason
Date printed: May 2004

‘Source’

BirdLife Intemational (2004) onginally published in
Stattersfield, A., Crosby, M. J., Long, AJ. and Wege, D.C
(1998) Endemic bird areas of the world: priorities for bird
conservation, Cambridge, UK: BirdLife Intemational
(BirdLife Conservation Series 7). IUCN CPD dataset,
Udvardy, M.D.F. 1975 A Classification of the
Biogeographical Provinces of the World. |\UCN, Morges,
Switzerland., Conservation International (2001). Biodiversity
Hotspots. Conservation International; Washington, DC.

& UNEP-WCMC WDPA V 6.1 dataset.

Map 38

116

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Legend

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1) £ZZZ BirdLife International Endemic Bird Areas

[WWF Global 200 Ecoregions
Udvardy Biome Name

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EZZWorld Heritage Site - Natural/Mixed

Kilometers

147

146.

148.
149.

World Heritage Sites

142.
143.
144.
145.

Alejandro de Humboldt National Park
Area de Conservacion Guanacaste
Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System
Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de
Noronha and Atoll das Rocas Reserves
Canaima National Park

Central Amazon Conservation Complex
Central Suriname Nature Reserve
Cerrado Protected Areas: Chapada dos
Veadeiros and Emas National Parks

. Cocos Island National Park

. Darien National Park

. Desembarco del Granma National Park

. Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves
. Galapagos Islands

. Historic Sanctuary of Macchu Picchu

. Huascaran National Park

. Igua u National Park

. IguazoeNational Park

. Ischigualasto - Talampaya Natural Parks
. Los Glaciares

. Los Katios National Park

Manu National Park

. More Trois Pitons National Park

- Noel Kempff Mercado National Park

. Pantanal Conservation Complex

- Pen nsula Vald@s

. Rio Abiseo National Park

. Ro Platano Biosphere Reserve

. Sangay National Park

. Southeast Atlantic Forest Reserves

. Talamanca Range - La Amistad Reserves
. Tikal National Park

Geographic Projection

Compiled by: M. Mason
Date printed: May 2004

Source:

BirdLife International (2004) originally published in
Stattersfield, A., Crosby, M. J., Long, AJ. and Wege, D.C.
(1998) Endemic bird areas of the world: priorities for bird
conservation. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife Intemational
(BirdLife Conservation Series 7). IUCN CPD dataset,
Udvardy, M.D.F. 1975 A Classification of the
Biogeographical Provinces of the World. IUCN, Morges,
Switzerland., Conservation International (2001). Biodiversity
Hotspots. Conservation International: Washington, DC.

& UNEP-WCMC WDPA V6.1 dataset

Map 40

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6. References

Chape, S., S. Blyth, P. Fox and M. Spalding (compilers) (2003). 2003 United Nations List of
Protected Areas. UNEP-WCMC and WCPA. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

CIFOR, Gov. of Indonesia & UNESCO (1999). World Heritage Forests: the World Heritage
Convention as a Mechanism for Conserving Tropical Forest Biodiversity. Proceedings of Berastagi
meeting, 7-11 December 1998.

Gillet, H., R. Bishop, A. Smith and S. Blyth (1998). A Global Overview of Protected Area on the
World Heritage List of Particular Importance for Biodiversity. A contribution to the Global Theme
Study of World Heritage Natural Sites. WCMC, Cambridge, UK.

Green, E., Harrison, J., Baltran, J.. Conway, L., Martins, S. & Spalding, M. (2001). A Global
Overview of Tropical Marine, Coastal and Small Island Ecosystems and the World Heritage List.
Discussion Paper. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK.

Groombridge, B. and M. Jenkins (2000). Global Biodiversity: Earth’s Living Resources in the Die
Century. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK.

IUCN (1997). A Global Overview of Forest Protected Areas on the World Heritage List. Gland,
Switzerland.

Olson, J.S., 1994a, Global ecosystem framework-definitions: USGS EROS Data Center Internal
Report, Sioux Falls, SD.

Olson, J.S., 1994b, Global ecosystem framework-translation strategy: USGS EROS Data Center
Internal Report, Sioux Falls,SD.

Smith, G., J. Jakubowska and I. May (2000). A global overview of protected areas on the World
Heritage List of Particular Importance for Biodiversity. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge UK.

Stattersfield, A.J., M.J. Crosby, A.J. Long and D.L.Wege. 1998. Endemic Bird Areas of the World:
Priorities for their Conservation. BirdLife Conservation Series No. 7. BirdLife International,
Cambridge, UK.

Thorsell, J. (2002). Review of Natural Sites included in the World Heritage List and Tentative Lists:

Preliminary Results. Background Paper for IUCN World Heritage Panel Meeting, 2-6 December
2002. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Thorsell, J., R.F. Levy and T. Sigaty (1997). A Global Overview of Wetland and Marine Protected
Areas on the World Heritage List. A contribution to the Global Theme Study of World Heritage
Natural Sites. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Udvardy, M, (1975). A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World. Prepared as a
contribution to UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme Project No. 18. IUCN, Morges,
Switzerland.

Wells, R. (1996). Earth’s Geological History — A Contextual Framework for Assessments of World
Heritage Fossil Site Nominations. World Heritage Committee, Gland, Switzerland.

WH (2002). World Heritage 2002: Shared Legacy, Common Responsibility. Associated Workshops
Italy 11-12 November 2002. ‘Partnerships to Conserve Nature and Biodiversity’ Trieste.
Conclusions of the International Workshop.

Wong, T., E. Hamilton-Smith, S. Chape and H. Friederich (2001). Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific
Forum on Karst Ecosystems and World Heritage. Gunung Mulu National Park World Heritage

121

Area, Sarawak, Malaysia, 26-30 May 2001.

Environment Australia/Asia-Pacific Focal
Point/IUCN/UNESCO.

WWF and IUCN (1994-1995). Centres of Plant Diversity. A Guide and Strategy for their
Conservation. 3 volumes. IUCN Publications Unit, Cambridge, UK.

122

7. Annexes

eet es

Annex 1: Natural World Heritage Sites

All sites inscribed on the World Heritage List for their natural values at January 2004 are listed
below with brief descriptions’, in alphabetical order by country. Within countries sites are listed in
chronological order of inscription on the WH List. Note that criteria used are pre-2004 revised
Operational Guidelines.

Argentina

= Los Glaciares (N ii, iii: 1981)

The Los Glaciares National Park is an area of exceptional natural beauty, with rugged, towering
mountains and numerous glacial lakes, including Lake Argentino, which is 160 km long. At its
farthest end, three glaciers meet to dump their effluvia into the milky grey glacial water, launching
massive igloo icebergs into the lake.

= Iguazu National Park (N iii, iv: 1984)

The semicircular waterfall at the heart of this site is some 80 m high and 2,700 m in diameter and is
situated on a basaltic line spanning the border between Argentina and Brazil. Made up of many
cascades producing vast sprays of water, it is one of the most spectacular waterfalls in the world.
The surrounding subtropical rainforest has over 2,000 species of vascular plants and is home to the
typical wildlife of the region: tapirs, giant anteaters, howler monkeys, ocelots, jaguars and caymans.

= Peninsula Valdés (N iv: 1999)

Peninsula Valdés in Patagonia is a site of global significance for the conservation of marine
mammals. It is home to an important breeding population of the endangered southern right whale as
well as important breeding populations of southern elephant seals and southern sea lions. The orcas
in this area have developed a unique hunting strategy to adapt to local coastal conditions.

= Ischigualasto-Talampaya Natural Parks (N i: 2000)

These two contiguous parks, extending over 275,300 ha in the desert region on the western border
of the Sierra Pampeanas of central Argentina, contain the most complete continental fossil record
known from the Triassic Period (245-208 million years ago). Six geological formations in the parks
contain fossils of a wide range of ancestors of mammals, dinosaurs and plants revealing the
evolution of vertebrates and the nature of palaeo- environments in the Triassic Period.

Australia

= Great Barrier Reef (N i, ii, iii, iv: 1981)

The Great Barrier Reef is a site of remarkable variety and beauty on the northeast coast of Australia.
It contains the world's largest collection of coral reefs, with 400 types of coral and thousands of
species of marine fauna.

= Lord Howe Island Group (N iii, iv: 1982)
A remarkable example of isolated oceanic islands in the South Pacific Ocean, created by volcanic

activity more than 2,000 m under the sea, these islands boast a spectacular topography and are home
to numerous endemic species, especially birds.

’ Adapted from the UNESCO World Heritage Centre online: http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=3 1

125

s Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves (Australia) (N i, ii, iv: 1986, 1994)

This site, comprising several protected areas, is situated predominantly along the Great Escarpment
on Australia's east coast. The outstanding geological features displayed around shield volcanic
craters and the high number of rare and threatened rainforest species are of international
significance for science and conservation.

= Wet Tropics of Queensland (N i, ii, iii, iv: 1988)

This area, which stretches along the northeast coast of Australia for some 450 km, is made up
largely of tropical rainforests. The property contains extensive and varied array of plants, as well as
rare and endangered animals and plant species.

a Shark Bay, Western Australia (N i, ii, iii, iv: 1991)

At the most westerly point of the Australian continent, Shark Bay, with its islands and surrounding
land area, has three exceptional natural features: its vast sea-grass beds, which are the largest (4,800
sq. km) and richest in the world; its dugong (‘sea cow’) population; and its stromatolites (colonies of
algae which form hard, dome-shaped deposits and are among the oldest forms of life on Earth).
Shark Bay is also home to five species of endangered mammals.

ma Fraser Island (N ii, iii: 1992)

Fraser Island lies just off the east coast of Australia. At 122 km long, it is the largest sand island in
the world. Majestic remnants of tall rainforest growing on sand and half the world's perched
freshwater dune lakes are found inland from the beach. The combination of shifting sand-dunes,
tropical rainforests and lakes makes it an exceptional site.

= Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh/Naracoorte) (N i, ii: 1994)

Riversleigh and Naracoorte, situated in the north and south respectively of eastern Australia, are
among the world's 10 greatest fossil sites. They are a superb illustration of the key stages of
evolution of Australia's unique fauna.

= Heard and McDonald Islands (N i, ii: 1997)

Heard Island and McDonald Islands are located in the Southern Ocean, approximately 1,700 km
from the Antarctic continent. As the only volcanically active Sub-Antarctic islands they 'open a
window into the earth’, thus providing the opportunity to observe ongoing geomorphic processes
and glacial dynamics. The distinctive conservation value of Heard and McDonald - one of the
world's rare pristine island ecosystems - lies in the complete absence of alien plants and animals, as
well as human impact.

a Macquarie Island (N i, iii: 1997)

Macquarie Island (34 km long x 5 km wide) is an oceanic island in the Southern Ocean, lying 1,500
km southeast of Tasmania and approximately halfway between Australia and the Antarctic
continent. The island is the exposed crest of the undersea Macquarie Ridge, raised to its present
position where the Indo- Australian tectonic plate meets the Pacific plate. It is a site of major
geoconservation significance, being the only place on earth where rocks from the earth's mantle (6
km below the ocean floor) are being actively exposed above sea-level. These unique exposures
include excellent examples of pillow basalts and other extrusive rocks.

= Greater Blue Mountains Area (N ii, iv: 2000)

The Greater Blue Mountains Area consists of over 10,000 km? of sandstone plateaux, escarpments
and gorges dominated by temperate eucalypt forest. The site, comprised of eight protected areas, is
noted for its representation of the evolutionary adaptation and diversification of the eucalypts in
post-Gondwana isolation on the Australian continent. The site provides significant representation of

Australia's biodiversity with ten percent of the vascular flora as well as significant numbers of rare
or threatened species, including endemic and evolutionary relict species, such as the Wollemi pine,
which have persisted in highly-restricted microsites.

= Purnululu National Park (N i, iii: 2003)

The 2,397 km? Purnululu National Park is located in northwestern Western Australia. It contains the
deeply dissected Bungle Bungle Range composed of Devonian-age quartz sandstone eroded over a
period of 20 million years into a series of beehive-shaped towers or cones, whose steeply sloping
surfaces are distinctly marked by regular horizontal bands of dark-grey cyanobacterial crust (single-
celled photosynthetic organisms). These outstanding examples of cone karst owe their existence and
uniqueness to several interacting geological, biological, erosional and climatic phenomena.

Bangladesh

= The Sundarbans (N ii, iv: 1997)

The Sundarbans mangrove forest, one of the largest such forests in the world (1,400 km?), lies on
the delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers on the Bay of Bengal. It is adjacent to the
border of India's Sundarbans World Heritage Site inscribed in 1987. The site is intersected by a
complex network of tidal waterways, mudflats and small islands of salt-tolerant mangrove forests,
and presents an excellent example of ongoing ecological processes. The area is known for its wide
range of fauna, including 260 bird species, the Bengal tiger and other threatened species such as the
estuarine crocodile and the Indian python.

Belarus and Poland

= Belovezhskaya Pushcha/Bialowieza Forest (N iii: 1979, 1992)

Situated on the watershed of the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea, this immense forest range, consisting
of evergreens and broad-leaved trees, is home to remarkable wildlife, including rare mammals such
as the wolf, the lynx and the otter, as well as some 300 European Bison, a species which has been
reintroduced into the park.

Belize

= Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System (N ii, iii, iv: 1996)

The coastal area of Belize is an outstanding natural system consisting of the largest barrier reef in
the northern hemisphere, offshore atolls, several hundred sand cays, mangrove forests, coastal
lagoons and estuaries. The system's seven sites illustrate the evolutionary history of reef
development and are a significant habitat for threatened species, including marine turtles, manatees
and the American marine crocodile.

Bolivia

= Noel Kempff Mercado National Park (N ii, iv: 2000)

This national park is one of the largest (15,230 km?) and most intact parks in the Amazon Basin.
With an altitudinal range of 200 m to nearly 1,000 m, it is the site of a rich mosaic of habitat types
from Cerrado savannah and forest to upland evergreen Amazonian forests. The park has an
evolutionary history dating back over a billion years to the Precambrian period. An estimated 4,000
species of flora as well as over 600 bird species and viable populations of many globally
endangered or threatened vertebrate species live in the park.

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Brazil

ws Iguacu National Park (N iii, iv: 1986)

The park shares with Iguazi National Park in Argentina one of the world's largest and most
impressive waterfalls, extending over some 2,700 m. It is home to many rare and endangered
species of flora and fauna, among them the giant otter and the giant anteater.

= Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves (N ii, iv: 1999)

The Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves, in the states of Bahia and Espirito Santo, consist of
eight separate protected areas containing 1,120 km? of Atlantic forest and associated shrub
(restingas). The rainforests of Brazil's Atlantic coast are the world's richest in terms of biodiversity.
The site contains a distinct range of species with a high level of endemism and reveals a pattern of
evolution that is of great scientific interest and important for conservation.

a Atlantic Forest Southeast Reserves (N ii, iii, iv: 1999)

The Atlantic Forest Southeast Reserves, in the States of Parana and SAo Paulo, contain some of the
best and most extensive examples of Atlantic forest in Brazil. The 25 protected areas that make up
the site (some 4,700 km? in total) display the biological wealth and evolutionary history of the last
remaining Atlantic forests. From mountains covered by dense forests, down to wetlands, coastal
islands with isolated mountains and dunes, the area comprises a rich natural environment of great
scenic beauty.

= Pantanal Conservation Area (N ii, iii, iv: 2000)

The Pantanal Conservation Complex consists of a cluster of four protected areas with a total area of
1,878 km?. Located in western central Brazil at the southwest corner of the State of Mato Grosso,
the site represents 1.3% of Brazil's Pantanal region, one of the world's largest freshwater wetland
ecosystems. The headwaters of the region's two major river systems, the Cuiaba and the Paraguay
rivers, are located here, and the abundance and diversity of its vegetation and animal life are
spectacular.

= Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves (N ii, iii, iv:
2001)

Peaks of the Southern Atlantic submarine ridge form the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and
Rocas Atoll off the coast of Brazil. They represent a large proportion of the island surface of the
South Atlantic and their productive waters are extremely important breeding and feeding areas for
tuna, shark, turtle and marine mammals. The islands accommodate the largest concentration of
tropical seabirds in the Western Atlantic. Baia de Golfinhos has an exceptional population of
resident dolphin and at low tide the Rocas Atoll provides a spectacular seascape of lagoons and tidal
pools teeming with fish.

= Cerrado Protected Areas: Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks (N ii, iv:
2001)

The two sites included in the designation contain flora and fauna and key habitats that characterize

the Cerrado — one of the world's oldest and most diverse tropical ecosystems. For millennia, these

sites have acted as refuges for different species during periods of climate change and will be vital

for maintaining the biodiversity of the Cerrado region during future climate fluctuations.

= Central Amazon Conservation Complex (N ii, iv: 2003)

The 60,961 km? of the Central Amazon Conservation Complex, which includes the Jau National
Park that was inscribed on the List in 2000, make up the largest protected area in the Amazon Basin
and one of the planet's richest regions in terms of biodiversity. It also includes an important sample
of varzea ecosystems, igapo forests, lakes and channels that take the form of a constantly evolving
aquatic mosaic that is home to the largest array of electric fish in the world. The site protects key
threatened species, including giant arapaima fish, the Amazonian manatee, the black caiman, and
two species of river dolphin.

Bulgaria

= Srebarna Nature Reserve (N iv: 1983)

The reserve is a freshwater lake adjacent to the Danube and extending over 600 hectares. It is the
breeding ground of almost 100 species of birds, many of which are rare or endangered. Some 80
other bird species migrate and seek refuge there every winter. Among the most interesting bird
species are the Dalmatian pelican, great egret, night heron, purple heron, glossy ibis and white
spoonbill.

= Pirin National Park (N i, ii, iii: 1983)

Extending over an area of 274 km? at an altitude of 1,008-2,914 m in the Pirin mountains, in
southwest Bulgaria, Pirin National Park has a limestone Balkan landscape, with lakes, waterfalls,
caves and pine forests. The rugged mountains, with some 70 glacial lakes scattered throughout
them, are home to hundreds of endemic and rare species, many of which are representative of the
Balkan Pleistocene flora. The mountains also have diverse and unique landscapes of great aesthetic
value.

Cameroon

a Dja Faunal Reserve (N ii, iv: 1987)

This is one of the largest and best-protected rainforests in Africa, with 90% of its area undisturbed.
Almost completely surrounded by the Dja River, which forms a natural boundary, the reserve is
especially noted for its biodiversity and a wide variety of primates. It contains 107 mammal species,
five of which are threatened.

Canada

= Nahanni National Park (N ii, iii: 1978)

Located along the South Nahanni River, one of the most spectacular wild rivers in North America,
this park contains deep canyons and huge waterfalls, as well as a unique limestone cave system. The
park is also home to animals of the boreal forest, such as wolves, grizzly bears and caribou. Dall’s
sheep and mountain goats are found in the park's alpine environment.

= Dinosaur Provincial Park (N i, iii: 1979)

In addition to its particularly beautiful scenery this WH Site - located at the heart of the province of
Alberta's badlands - contains some of the most important fossil discoveries ever made from the 'Age
of Reptiles', in particular about 35 species of dinosaur, dating back some 75 million years.

= Wood Buffalo National Park (N ii, iii, iv: 1983)

Situated on the plains in the north-central region of Canada, the park (which covers 44,807 km?) is
home to North America's largest population of wild bison. It is also the natural nesting place of the

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whooping crane. Another of the park's attractions is the world's largest inland delta, located at the
mouth of the Peace and Athabasca rivers.

a Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks (N i, ii, iii: 1984, 1990)

The contiguous national parks of Banff, Jasper, Kootenay and Yoho, as well as the Mount Robson,
Mount Assiniboine and Hamber provincial parks, studded with mountain peaks, glaciers, lakes,
waterfalls, canyons and limestone caves, form a striking mountain landscape. The Burgess Shale
fossil site, well known for its fossil remains of soft-bodied marine animals, is also found there.

a Gros Morne National Park (N i, iii: 1987)

Situated on the west coast of Newfoundland, the park provides a rare example of the process of
continental drift, where deep ocean crust and the rocks of the Earth's mantle lie exposed. More
recent glacial action has resulted in some spectacular scenery, with coastal lowland, alpine plateau,
fjords, glacial valleys, sheer cliffs, waterfalls and many pristine lakes.

= Miguasha Park (N I: 1999)

The palaeontological site of Miguasha Park, in southeastern Quebec on the southern coast of the
Gaspé peninsula, is considered to be the world's most outstanding illustration of the Devonian
Period known as the 'Age of Fishes’. Dating from 370 million years ago, the Upper Devonian
Escuminac Formation represented here contains five of the six fossil fish groups associated with
this period. Its outstanding importance lies in it having the greatest number and best-preserved
fossil specimens of the lobe-finned fishes that gave rise to the first four-legged, air-breathing
terrestrial vertebrates - the tetrapods.

Canada and the United States of America

= Kluane/Wrangell-St Elias/Glacier Bay/Tatshenshini-Alsek (N ii, iii, iv: 1979, 1992, 1994)
These parks comprise an impressive complex of glaciers and high peaks on both sides of the border
between Canada (Yukon Territory and British Columbia) and the United States (Alaska). The
spectacular natural landscapes are home to many grizzly bears, caribou and Dall's sheep. The site
contains the largest non-polar icefield in the world.

a Waterton Glacier International Peace Park (N ii, iii: 1995)

In 1932 Waterton Lakes National Park (Alberta, Canada) was combined with the Glacier National
Park (Montana, United States) to form the world's first International Peace Park. Situated on the
border between the two countries and offering outstanding scenery, the park is exceptionally rich in
plant and mammal species as well as prairie, forest, and alpine and glacial features.

Central African Republic

= Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park (N ii, iv: 1988)

The importance of this park derives from its wealth of flora and fauna. Its vast savannahs are home
to a wide variety of species: black rhinoceros, elephant, cheetah, leopard, wild dog, red-fronted
gazelle and buffalo, while various types of waterfowl are to be found in the northern floodplains.

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China

= Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area (N iii: 1992)

Stretching over 720 km? in the northern part of Sichuan Province, the jagged Jiuzhaigou valley
reaches a height of more than 4,800 m, thus comprising a series of diverse forest ecosystems. Its
superb landscapes are particularly interesting for their series of narrow conic karst landforms and
spectacular waterfalls. Large numbers of bird species also inhabit the valley, as well as a number of
endangered plant and animal species, including the giant panda and the Sichuan takin.

= Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area (N iii: 1992)

Situated in the northwest of Sichuan Province, the Huanglong valley is comprised of snow-capped
peaks and the easternmost of all the Chinese glaciers. In addition to its mountain landscape, diverse
forest ecosystems can be found, as well as spectacular limestone formations, waterfalls and hot
springs. The area also has a population of endangered animals, including the giant panda and the
Sichuan golden snub-nosed monkey.

a Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area (N iii: 1992)

A spectacular area stretching over more than 260 km? in China's Hunan Province, the site is
dominated by more than 3,000 narrow sandstone pillars and peaks, many over 200 m high. Between
the peaks lie ravines and gorges with streams, pools and waterfalls, some 40 caves, and two large
natural bridges. In addition to the striking beauty of the landscape, the region is also noted for the
fact that it is home to a number of endangered plant and animal species.

a Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas (N i, ii, iii, iv: 2003)

Consisting of seven geographical clusters of protected areas within the boundaries of the Three
Parallel Rivers National Park, in the mountainous northwest of Yunnan province, the 17,000 km?
site features sections of the upper reaches of three of the great rivers of Asia: the Yangtze (Jinsha),
Mekong and Salween. They flow roughly parallel, north to south, through steep gorges which, in
places, are 3,000 m deep and are bordered by glaciated peaks more than 6,000 m high. The site is an
epicentre of Chinese biodiversity. It is also one of the richest temperate regions of the world, in
terms of biodiversity.

Colombia

= Los Katios National Park (N ii, iv: 1994)

Extending over 720 km? in northwestern Colombia, Los Katios National Park comprises low hills,
forests and humid plains. An exceptional biological diversity is found in the park, which is home to
many threatened animal species, as well as many endemic plants.

Costa Rica

= Cocos Island National Park (N ii, iv: 1997)

Cocos Island National Park, located 550 km off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, is the only island in
the tropical eastern Pacific with a tropical rainforest. Its position as the first point of contact with the
northern equatorial counter-current, and the myriad interactions between the island and the
surrounding marine ecosystem, make the area an ideal laboratory for the study of biological
processes. The underwater world of the national park has become famous due to the attraction it
holds for divers, who rate it as one of the best places in the world to view large pelagic species such
as sharks, rays, tuna and dolphins.

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= Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (N ii, iv: 1999)

This area contains important natural habitats for the conservation of biological diversity, including
the best dry forest habitats from Central America to northern Mexico and key habitats for
endangered or rare plant and animal species. The site demonstrates significant ecological processes
in both its terrestrial and marine-coastal environments.

Costa Rica and Panama

a Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves/ La Amistad National Park (N i, ii, iii, iv: 1983,
1990)

The location of this unique site in Central America, where Quaternary glaciers have left their mark,

has allowed the fauna and flora of North and South America to merge. Tropical rainforests cover

most of the area. Four different Indian tribes inhabit this property, which benefits from close co-

operation between Costa Rica and Panama.

Céte d’lvoire

= Tai National Park (N iii, iv: 1982)
This park is one of the last major remnants of the primary tropical forest of West Africa. Its rich
natural flora, and threatened mammal species such as the pygmy hippopotamus and 11 species of
monkeys, are of great scientific interest.

= Comoé National Park (N ii, iv: 1983)

One of the largest protected areas in West Africa, this park is characterized by its great plant
diversity. Due to the presence of the Comoé river, it contains plants which are normally only found
much farther south, such as shrub savannahs and patches of thick rainforest.

Croatia

= Plitvice Lakes National Park (N ii, iii: 1979, 2000)

Waters flowing over limestone and chalk have, over thousands of years, deposited travertine
barriers, creating natural dams which in turn have created a series of beautiful lakes, caves and
waterfalls. These geological processes continue today. The forests in the park are home to bears,
wolves and many rare bird species.

Cuba

= Desembarco del Granma National Park (N i, iii: 1999)

This park, with its uplifted marine terraces and associated ongoing development of karst topography
and features, represents a globally significant example of geomorphologic and physiographic
features and ongoing geological processes. The area, which is situated in and around Cabo Cruz in
southwest Cuba, includes spectacular terraces and cliffs, as well as some of the most impressive
coastal cliffs bordering the western Atlantic.

a Alejandro de Humboldt National Park (N ii, iv: 2001)

Complex geology and varied topography have led to a diversity of ecosystems and species
unmatched in the Caribbean and created one of the most biologically diverse tropical island sites on
earth. Many of the underlying rocks are toxic to plants so species have had to adapt to survive in

these hostile conditions. This unique process of evolution has resulted in the development of many
new species and the park is one of the most important sites in the Western Hemisphere for the
conservation of endemic flora. Endemism of vertebrates and invertebrates is also very high.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

= Virunga National Park (N ii, iii, iv: 1979)

The national park (covering an area of 7,900 km’) comprises an outstanding diversity of habitats,
ranging from swamps and steppes to the snowfields of Rwenzori at an altitude of over 5,000 m, and
from lava plains to the savannahs on the slopes of volcanoes. Mountain gorillas are found in the
park, some 20,000 hippopotamuses live in the rivers and birds from Siberia winter there.

= Garamba National Park (N iii, iv: 1980)

The park's immense savannahs, grasslands and woodlands, interspersed with gallery forests along
the river banks and the swampy depressions, are home to four large mammals: the elephant, giraffe,
hippopotamus and above all the white rhinoceros. Though much larger than the black rhino: only
about 30 individuals remain.

= Kahuzi-Biega National Park (N iv: 1980)

A vast area of primary tropical forest dominated by two spectacular extinct volcanoes, Kahuzi and
Biega, the park has a diverse and abundant fauna. One of the last groups of mountain gorillas
(consisting of only about 250 individuals) lives at between 2,100 and 2,400 m above sea level.

= Salonga National Park (N ii, iii: 1984)
This is Africa's largest tropical rainforest reserve. Situated at the heart of the central basin of the
Zaire River, the park is very isolated and accessible only by water. It is the habitat of many endemic
endangered species, such as the dwarf chimpanzee, the Zaire peacock, the forest elephant and the
African slender-snouted or 'false' crocodile.

a Okapi Wildlife Reserve (N iv: 1996)

The reserve occupies about one-fifth of the Ituri forest in northeast Zaire. The Zaire River basin, of
which the reserve and forest are a part, is one of the largest drainage systems in Africa. The reserve
contains threatened species of primates and birds and about 5,000 of the estimated 30,000 okapi
surviving in the wild. It also has dramatic scenery, including waterfalls on the Ituri and Epulu
rivers. The reserve is inhabited by traditional nomadic Mbuti and Efe pygmy hunters.

Dominica

Deen

= Morne Trois Pitons National Park (N i, iv: 1997)

Luxuriant natural tropical forest and scenic volcanic features of great scientific interest occur in this
national park centred on the 1,342-m high volcano known as Morne Trois Pitons. The site has
precipitous slopes and deeply incised valleys, fumaroles, hot springs, freshwater lakes, a ‘boiling
lake! and five volcanoes, together with the richest biodiversity in the Lesser Antilles.

Ecuador

De EEE

= Galapagos Islands (N i, ii, iii, iv: 1978, 2001)
Situated in the Pacific Ocean 1,000 km from the South American continent, these nineteen islands
and the surrounding marine reserve have been called a unique ‘living museum and showcase of

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evolution’. Ongoing seismic activity and volcanism reflect the processes that formed the islands.
Located at the confluence of three oceanic currents, the Galapagos is a 'melting pot' of marine
species. These processes, together with the extreme isolation of the islands, led to the development
of unusual animal life — such as the land iguana, the giant tortoise and the many types of finch — that
inspired Charles Darwin's theory of evolution following his visit in 1835.

ms Sangay National Park (N ii, iii, iv: 1983)

With its outstanding natural beauty and two active volcanoes, the park illustrates the entire
spectrum of ecosystems, ranging from tropical rainforests to glaciers, with striking contrasts
between the snowcapped peaks and the forests of the plains. Its isolation has encouraged the
survival of indigenous species such as the mountain tapir and the Andean condor.

Ethiopia

= Simien National Park (N iii, iv: 1978)

Massive erosion over the years on the Ethiopian plateau has created one of the most spectacular
landscapes in the world, with jagged mountain peaks, deep valleys and sharp precipices dropping
1,500 m. The park is home to extremely rare animals such as the Gelada baboon, the Simien fox
and the Walia ibex.

France

= Cape Girolata, Cape Porto, Scandola Nature Reserve, and the Piana Calanches in Corsica
(N ii, iii, iv: 1983)

The nature reserve, on the Scandola Peninsula - an impressive, porphyritic rock mass, is part of the

Regional Natural Park of Corsica,. The vegetation is an outstanding example of scrubland. Seagulls,

cormorants and sea eagles can be found there. The clear waters, with their islets and inaccessible

caves, host a rich marine life.

Germany

a Messel Pit Fossil Site (N I: 1995)

Messel Pit is the richest site in the world for understanding the living environment of the Eocene,
36-57 million years ago. In particular, it provides unique information about the early stages of the
evolution of mammals and includes exceptionally well preserved mammal fossils, ranging from
fully articulated skeletons to the contents of stomachs of animals of this period.

Guinea and Céte d'Ivoire

= Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (N ii, iv: 1981)
Located on the borders of Guinea, Liberia and Céte d'Ivoire, Mount Nimba rises above the
surrounding savannah. Its slopes are covered by dense forest at the foot of grassy mountain
pastures. They harbour an especially rich flora and fauna, with endemic species such as the
viviparous toad and chimpanzees that use stones as tools.

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Honduras

= Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve (N i, ii, iii, iv: 1982)

Located on the watershed of the Rio Platano, the reserve is one of the few remains of a tropical
rainforest in Central America and has an abundant and varied plant and wildlife. In its mountainous
landscape sloping down to the Caribbean coast, over 2,000 indigenous people have preserved their
traditional way of life.

Hungary and Slovakia

m Caves of the Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst (N I: 1995, 2000)

The variety of formations and the fact that they are concentrated in a restricted area means that the
712 caves currently identified make up a typical temperate-zone karstic system. Because they
display an extremely rare combination of tropical and glacial climatic effects, they make it possible
to study geological history over tens of millions of years.

India

= Kaziranga National Park (N ii, iv: 1985)

In the heart of Assam, this park is one of the last areas in eastern India undisturbed by a human
presence. It is inhabited by the world's largest population of one-horned rhinoceros, as well as many
mammals, including tigers, elephants, panthers and bears, and thousands of birds.

= Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (N ii, iii, iv: 1985)

In the foothills of the Himalayas, where wooded hills give way to alluvial grasslands and tropical
forests, the Manas sanctuary is home to a great variety of wildlife, including many endangered
species, such as the tiger, pygmy hog, Indian rhinoceros and Indian elephant.

= Keoladeo National Park (N iv: 1985)

This former duck-hunting reserve of the Maharajas is one of the major wintering areas for large
numbers of aquatic birds from Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, China and Siberia. Almost 400 species
of birds, including the rare Siberian crane, have been recorded in the park.

= Sundarbans National Park (N ii, iv: 1987)

The Sundarbans covers 10,000 km? of land and water (more than half of it in India, the rest in
Bangladesh) in the Ganges delta. It contains the world's largest area of mangrove forests. A number
of rare or endangered species live in the park, including tigers, aquatic mammals, birds and reptiles.
= Nanda Devi National Park (N iii, iv: 1988)

The Nanda Devi National Park is one of the most spectacular wilderness areas in the Himalayas. It
is dominated by the peak of Nanda Devi, which rises to over 7,800 m. No humans live in the park,
which has remained more or less intact because of its inaccessibility. It is the habitat of several
endangered mammals, especially the snow leopard, Himalayan musk deer and bharal.

Indonesia

= Ujung Kulon National Park (N iii, iv: 1991)
This national park, located in the extreme southwest tip of Java on the Sunda shelf, includes the
Ujung Kulon Peninsula and several offshore islands and encompasses the natural reserve of

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Krakatoa. In addition to its natural beauty and geological interest - particularly for the study of
inland volcanoes - it contains the largest remaining area of lowland rainforests on the Java plain.
Several species of endangered plants and animals can be found there, the Javan rhinoceros being the
most under threat.

= Komodo National Park (N iii, iv: 1991)

These volcanic islands are inhabited by a population of around 5,700 giant lizards, whose
appearance and aggressive behaviour have led to them being called 'Komodo dragons’. They exist
nowhere else in the world and are of great interest to scientists studying the theory of evolution. The
rugged hillsides of dry savannah and pockets of thorny green vegetation contrast starkly with the
brilliant white sandy beaches and surrounding marine environment.

= Lorentz National Park (N i, ii, iv: 1999)

Lorentz National Park (25,000 km?) is the largest protected area in Southeast Asia. It is the only
protected area in the world to incorporate a continuous, intact transect from snowcap to tropical
marine environment, including extensive lowland wetlands. Located at the meeting-point of two
colliding continental plates, the area has a complex geology with ongoing mountain formation as
well as major sculpting by glaciation. The area also contains fossil sites which provide evidence of
the evolution of life on New Guinea, a high level of endemism and the highest level of biodiversity
in the region.

Italy

a Isole Eolie (Aeolian Islands) (N i: 2000)

The Aeolian Islands provide an outstanding record of volcanic island building and destruction, and
ongoing volcanic phenomena. Studied since at least the 18th century, the islands have provided the
science of vulcanology with examples of two types of eruption (Vulcanian and Strombolian) and
thus have featured prominently in the education of geologists for more than 200 years. The site
continues to enrich the field of vulcanology.

Japan

a Yakushima (N ii, iii: 1993)

Located in the interior of Yaku Island, at the meeting-point of the palaearctic and oriental biotic
regions, Yakushima exhibits a rich flora, with some 1,900 species and subspecies, including ancient
specimens of the sugi (Japanese cedar). It also contains a remnant of a warm-temperate ancient
forest that is unique in this region.

a Shirakami-Sanchi (N ii: 1993)

Situated in the mountains of northern Honshu, this trackless site includes the last virgin remains of
the cool-temperate forest of Siebold's beech trees that once covered the hills and mountain slopes of
northern Japan. The black bear, the serow and 87 species of birds can be found in this forest.

Kenya

= Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest (N ii, ili: 1997)

At 5,199 m, Mount Kenya is the second highest peak in Africa. It is an ancient extinct volcano,
during whose period of activity (2.6-3.1 million years ago) it is thought to have risen to 6,500 m.
There are 12 remnant glaciers on the mountain, all receding rapidly, and four secondary peaks that

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sit at the head of the U-shaped glacial valleys. With its rugged glacier-clad summits and forested
middle slopes, Mount Kenya is one of the most impressive landscapes in East Africa. The evolution
and ecology of its afro-alpine flora also provide an outstanding example of ecological processes.

a Lake Turkana National Parks (N i, iv: 1997, 2001)

The most saline of Africa's large lakes, Turkana is an outstanding laboratory for the study of plant
and animal communities. The three National Parks are a stopover for migrant waterbirds and are
major breeding grounds for the Nile crocodile, hippopotamus and a variety of venomous snakes.
The Koobi Fora deposits, rich in mammalian, molluscan and other fossil remains, have contributed
more to understanding palaeo-environments than any other site on the continent.

Madagascar

a Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve (N iii, iv: 1990)
Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve comprises karst landscapes and limestone uplands cut
into impressive fsingy peaks and a 'forest' of limestone needles, the spectacular canyon of the
Manambolo River, rolling hills and high peaks. The undisturbed forests, lakes and mangrove
swamps are the habitat for rare and endangered lemurs and birds.

Malawi

= Lake Malawi National Park (N ii, iii, iv: 1984)

Located at the southern end of the great expanse of Lake Malawi, with its deep, clear waters and
mountain backdrop, the national park is home to many hundreds of fish species, nearly all endemic.
Its importance for the study of evolution is comparable to that of the finches of the Galapagos
Islands.

Malaysia

= Kinabalu Park (N ii, iv: 2000)

Kinabalu Park, in the State of Sabah on the northern end of the island of Borneo, is dominated by
Mount Kinabalu (4,095 m), the highest mountain between the Himalayas and New Guinea. It has a
very wide range of habitats, from rich tropical lowland and hill rainforest to tropical mountain
forest, sub-alpine forest and scrub on the higher elevations. It has been designated as a Centre of
Plant Diversity for Southeast Asia and is exceptionally rich in species with examples of flora from
the Himalayas, China, Australia, Malaysia, as well as pan-tropical flora.

= Gunung Mulu National Park (N i, ii, iii, iv: 2000)

Important both for its high biodiversity and for its karst features, Gunung Mulu National Park, in
the State of Sarawak on the island of Borneo, is the most studied tropical karst area in the world.
The 527 km? park contains 17 vegetation zones, exhibiting some 3,500 species of vascular plants.
Its palm species are exceptionally rich, with 109 species in 20 genera noted. The park is dominated
by Gunung Mulu, a 2,377 m high sandstone pinnacle. At least 295 km of explored caves provide a
spectacular sight and are home to millions of cave swiftlets and bats. The Sarawak Chamber, 600 m
by 415 m and 80 m high, is the largest known cave chamber in the world.

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Mauritania

= Banc d'Arguin National Park (N ii, iv: 1989)

Fringing the Atlantic coast, the park comprises sand dunes, coastal swamps, small islands and
shallow coastal waters. The contrast between the harsh desert environment and the biodiversity of
the marine zone has resulted in a land- and seascape of outstanding natural significance. A wide
variety of migrating birds spend the winter there. Several species of sea turtle and dolphin, used by
the fishermen to attract shoals of fish, are also found.

Mexico

= Sian Ka'an (N iii, iv: 1987)

Located on the east coast of the Yucatan peninsula, this Biosphere Reserve contains tropical forests,
mangroves and marshes, as well as a large marine area intersected by a barrier reef. It provides a
habitat for a remarkably rich flora and a fauna comprising more than 300 species of birds, as well as
a large number of the region's characteristic terrestrial vertebrates, which cohabit in the diverse
environment formed by its complex hydrological system.

m Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino (N iv: 1993)

Located in the central part of the peninsula of Baja California the coastal lagoons of Ojo de Liebre
and San Ignacio are important reproduction and wintering sites for the grey whale, harbour seal,
California sea lion, northern elephant-seal and blue whale. The lagoons are also home to four
species of the endangered marine turtle.

Mongolia/Russian Federation

= Uvs Nuur Basin (N ii, iv: 2003)

The Uvs Nuur Basin (10,689 km?) is the northern-most of the enclosed basins of Central Asia. It
takes its name from the Uvs Nuur Lake, a large, shallow and very saline lake, important for
migrating birds, waterfowl, and seabirds. The site is made up of 12 clusters representing the major
biomes of eastern Eurasia. The steppe ecosystem supports a rich diversity of birds and the desert is
home to a number of rare gerbil, jerboas and the marbled polecat. The mountains are important
refuges for the globally endangered snow leopard, mountain sheep (argali) and the Asiatic ibex.

Nepal

= Sagarmatha National Park (N iii: 1979)

Sagarmatha is an exceptional area with dramatic mountains, glaciers and deep valleys, dominated
by Mount Everest, the highest peak in the world (8,848 m). Several rare species, such as the snow
leopard and the lesser panda, are found in the park.

= Royal Chitwan National Park (N ii, iii, iv: 1984)

At the foot of the Himalayas, Chitwan is one of the few remaining undisturbed vestiges of the ferai
region, which formerly extended over the foothills of India and Nepal. It has a particularly rich flora
and fauna. One of the last populations of single-horned Asiatic rhinoceros lives in the park, which is
also one of the last refuges of the Bengal tiger.

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New Zealand

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= Te Wahipounamu-Southwest New Zealand (N i, ii, iii, iv: 1990)

The landscape in this park, situated in southwest New Zealand, has been shaped by successive
glaciations into fjords, rocky coasts, towering cliffs, lakes and waterfalls. Two-thirds of the park is
covered with southern beech and podocarps, some of which are over 800 years old. The kea, the
only alpine parrot in the world, lives in the park, as does the rare and endangered takahe, a large
flightless bird.

= New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands (N ii, iv: 1998)

The New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands consist of five island groups (the Snares, Bounty Islands,
Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands and Campbell Island) in the Southern Ocean southeast of New
Zealand. The islands, lying between the Antarctic and Subtropical Convergences, have a high level
of productivity, biodiversity, wildlife population densities and endemism among birds, plants and
invertebrates. They are particularly notable for the large number and diversity of pelagic seabirds
and penguins that nest there. There are 126 bird species in total, including 40 seabirds of which five
breed nowhere else in the world.

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a Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves (N ii, iii, iv: 1991)

This is the largest protected area in Africa, covering some 77,000 km?, though the area considered a
protected sanctuary constitutes only one-sixth of the total area. It includes the volcanic rock mass of
the Air, a small Sahelian pocket, isolated as regards its climate and flora and fauna, and situated in
the Saharan desert of Ténéré. The reserves have an outstanding variety of landscapes, plant species
and wild animals.

a W National Park of Niger (N ii, iv: 1996)

The part of 'W' National Park that lies in Niger is situated in a transition zone between savannah and
forest lands and represents important ecosystem characteristics of the West African
Woodlands/Savannah Biogeographical Province. The site reflects the interaction between natural
resources and humans since Neolithic times and illustrates the evolution of biodiversity in this zone.

Oman

a Arabian Oryx Sanctuary (N iv: 1994)

The Arabian Oryx Sanctuary is an area within the Central Desert and Coastal Hills biogeographical
regions of Oman. Seasonal fogs and dews support a unique desert ecosystem whose diverse flora
includes several endemic plants. Its rare fauna includes the first free-ranging herd of Arabian oryx
since the global extinction of the species in the wild in 1972 and its reintroduction here in 1982. The
only wild breeding sites in Arabia of the endangered houbara bustard, a species of wader, are also to
be found, as well as Nubian ibex, Arabian wolves, honey badgers, caracals and the largest wild
population of Arabian gazelle.

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Panama

s Darien National Park (N it, iii, iv: 1981)

Forming a bridge between the two continents of the New World, Darien National Park contains
an exceptional variety of habitats - sandy beaches, rocky coasts, mangroves, swamps, and
lowland and upland tropical forests containing remarkable wildlife.

Peru

= Huascaran National Park (N ii, iii: 1985)

Situated in the Cordillera Blanca, the world's highest tropical mountain range, Mount Huascaran
rises to 6,768 m above sea level. The deep ravines watered by numerous torrents, the glacial lakes
and the variety of the vegetation make it a site of spectacular beauty. Species include the spectacled
bear and the Andean condor.

= Manu National Park (N ii, iv: 1987)

This 15,000 km? park has successive tiers of vegetation rising from 150 to 4,200 m above sea level.
The tropical forest in the lower tiers is home to a great variety of animal and plant species. Some
850 species of birds have been identified and rare species such as the giant otter and the giant
armadillo also find refuge there. Jaguars are often sighted in the park.

Philippines

a Tubbataha Reef Marine Park (N ii, iii, iv: 1993)

The park covers 332 km?, including the North and South Reefs, and is a unique example of an atoll
reef with a very high density of marine species. The North Islet serves as a nesting site for birds and
marine turtles. The site is an excellent example of a coral reef with a spectacular 100 m
perpendicular wall, extensive lagoons and two coral islands.

a Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park (N iii, iv: 1999)

This park features a spectacular limestone karst landscape with an underground river. One of the
river's distinguishing features is that it emerges directly into the sea, and its lower portion is subject
to tidal influences. The area also represents a significant habitat for biodiversity conservation. The
site contains a full 'mountain-to-sea' ecosystem and has some of the most important forests in Asia.

Portugal

= Laurisilva of Madeira (N ii, iv: 1999)

The Laurisilva of Madeira is an outstanding relict of a previously widespread laurel forest type. It is
the largest surviving area of laurel forest and is believed to be 90% primary forest. It contains a
unique suite of plants and animals, including many endemic species such as the Madeiran long-toed
pigeon.

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Romania

= Danube Delta (N iii, iv: 1991)

The waters of the Danube, which flow into the Black Sea, form the largest and best preserved of
Europe's deltas. The Danube delta hosts over 300 species of birds as well as 45 freshwater fish
species in its numerous lakes and marshes.

Russian Federation

=» Virgin Komi Forests (N ii, iii: 1995)

The Virgin Komi Forests cover 32,800 km? of tundra and mountain tundra in the Urals, as well as
one of the most extensive areas of virgin boreal forest remaining in Europe. This vast area of
conifers, aspens, birches, peat bogs, rivers and natural lakes has been monitored and studied for
over 50 years. It provides valuable evidence of the natural processes affecting biodiversity in the
taiga.

= Volcanoes of Kamchatka (N i, ii, iii, iv: 1996, 2001)

This is one of the most outstanding volcanic regions in the world, with a high density of active
volcanoes, a variety of types, and a wide range of related volcanic features. The six sites included in
the serial designation group together the majority of volcanic features of the Kamchatka Peninsula.
The interplay of volcanism with active glaciers forms a dynamic landscape of great beauty. The
sites contain high species diversity, including the world's greatest known variety of salmonoid fish
and exceptional concentrations of sea otter, brown bear and Stellar's sea eagle.

a Lake Baikal (N i, ii, iii, iv: 1996)

Situated in southeast Siberia, the 31,500 km? Lake Baikal is the oldest (25 million years) and
deepest (1,700 m) lake in the world. It contains 20% of the world's total unfrozen freshwater
reserve. Known as the 'Galapagos of Russia’, its age and isolation have produced one of the world's
richest and most unusual freshwater faunas, which is of exceptional value to evolutionary science.

= Golden Mountains of Altai (N iv: 1998)

The Altai mountains in southern Siberia form the major mountain range in the western Siberia
biogeographic region and provide the source of its greatest rivers - the Ob and the Irtysh. Three
separate areas are inscribed: Altaisky Zapovednik and a buffer zone around Lake Teletskoye;
Katunsky Zapovednik and a buffer zone around Mount Belukha; and the Ukok Quiet Zone on the
Ukok plateau. The total area covers 16,115 km?. The region represents the most complete sequence
of altitudinal vegetation zones in central Siberia, from steppe, forest-steppe, mixed forest, subalpine
vegetation to alpine vegetation. The site is also an important habitat for endangered animal species
such as the snow leopard.

= Western Caucasus (N ii, iv: 1999)

The Western Caucasus, extending over 2,750 km? of the extreme western end of the Caucasus
mountains and located 50 km northeast of the Black Sea, is one of the few large mountain areas of
Europe that has not experienced significant human impact. Its subalpine and alpine pastures have
only been grazed by wild animals, and its extensive tracts of undisturbed mountain forests,
extending from the lowlands to the subalpine zone, are unique in Europe. The site has a great
diversity of ecosystems, with important endemic plants and wildlife, and is the place of origin and
reintroduction of the mountain subspecies of the European bison.

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= Central Sikhote-Alin (N iv: 2001)

The Sikhote-Alin mountain range contains one the richest and most unusual temperate forests of the
world. In this mixing zone between taiga and subtropics, southern species such as the tiger and
Himalayan bear cohabit with northern species such as the brown bear and lynx. The site runs from
the peaks of Sikhote-Alin to the Sea of Japan and is important for the survival of many endangered
species such as the Amur tiger.

Senegal

a Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary (N iii, iv: 1981)

Situated in the Senegal river delta, the Djoudj Sanctuary is a wetland of 160 km?, comprising a large
lake surrounded by streams, ponds and backwaters. It forms a living but fragile sanctuary for some
1.5 million birds, such as the white pelican, the purple heron, the African spoonbill, the great egret
and the cormorant.

= Niokolo-Koba National Park (N iv: 1981)

Located in a well-watered area along the banks of the Gambia river, the gallery forests and
savannahs of Niokolo-Koba National Park have a very rich fauna, among them Derby elands
(largest of the antelopes), chimpanzees, lions, leopards and a large population of elephants, as well
as many birds, reptiles and amphibians.

Serbia and Montenegro

s Durmitor National Park (N ii, iii, iv: 1980)

This national park was formed by glaciers and is traversed by rivers and underground streams.
Along the Tara River canyon, which has the deepest gorges in Europe, the dense pine forests are
interspersed with clear lakes and harbour a wide range of endemic flora.

Seychelles

= Aldabra Atoll (N ii, iii, iv: 1982)

The atoll is comprised of four large coral islands which enclose a shallow lagoon; the group of
islands is itself surrounded by a coral reef. Due to difficulties of access and the atoll's isolation,
Aldabra has been protected from human influence and thus retains around 150,000 giant tortoises,
the world's largest population of this reptile.

=a Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve (N i, ii, iii, iv: 1983)

In the heart of the small island of Praslin, the reserve has the vestiges of a natural palm forest
preserved in almost its original state. The famous coco-de-mer, from a palm once believed to grow
in the depths of the sea, is the largest seed in the plant kingdom.

Slovenia

a Skocjan Caves (N ii, iii: 1986)

This exceptional system of limestone caves comprises collapsed dolines, some six kilometres of
underground passages with a total depth of more than 200 m, many waterfalls and one of the largest
known underground chambers. The site, located in the Kras region (literally meaning Karst), is one
of the most famous in the world for the study of karstic (limestone) phenomena.

Solomon Islands

i

= East Rennell (N ii: 1998)

East Rennell makes up the southern third of Rennell Island, the southernmost island in the Solomon
Island group in the western Pacific. Rennell, 86 km long by 15 km wide, is the largest raised coral
atoll in the world. The site of approximately 370 km? includes a marine area extending three
nautical miles to sea. A major feature of the island is Lake Tegano, which was the former lagoon on
the atoll. The lake, the largest in the insular Pacific (155 km’), is brackish and contains many
rugged limestone islands and endemic species. Rennell is mostly covered with dense forest, with a
canopy averaging 20 m in height. Combined with the strong climatic effects of frequent cyclones,
the site is a true natural laboratory for scientific study. The site is under customary land ownership
and management.

South Africa

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= Greater St Lucia Wetland Park (N ii, iii, iv: 1999)

Located on South Africa’s east coast, the ongoing fluvial, marine and aeolian processes in the have
produced a variety of landforms, including coral reefs, long sandy beaches, coastal dunes, lake
systems, swamps, and extensive reed and papyrus wetlands. The interplay of the park's
environmental heterogeneity with major floods and coastal storms and a transitional geographic
location between subtropical and tropical Africa has resulted in exceptional species diversity and
ongoing speciation. The mosaic of landforms and habitat types creates superlative scenic vistas. The
site contains critical habitat for a range of species from Africa's marine, wetland and savannah
environments.

Spain

a Garajonay National Park (N i, iii: 1986)

Laurel forest covers about 70% of this park, situated in the middle of the island of La Gomera in the
Canary Islands archipelago. The presence of springs and numerous streams assures a lush
vegetation resembling that of the Tertiary, which, due to climatic changes, has largely disappeared
from southern Europe.

= Dojana National Park (N ii, iii, iv: 1994)

Dofiana National Park in Andalusia occupies the right bank of the Guadalquivir River at its estuary
on the Atlantic Ocean. It is notable for the great diversity of its biotopes, especially lagoons,
marshlands, fixed and mobile dunes, scrub woodland and maquis. It is home to five threatened bird
species. It is one of the largest heronries in the Mediterranean region and is the wintering site for
more than 500,000 water fowl each year.

Sri Lanka

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= Sinharaja Forest Reserve (N ii, iv: 1988)

Located in southwest Sri Lanka, Sinharaja is the country's last viable area of primary tropical
rainforest. More than 60% of the trees are endemic and many of them are considered rare. There is
much endemic wildlife, especially birds, but the reserve is also home to over 50% of Sri Lanka's
endemic species of mammals and butterflies, as well as many kinds of insects, reptiles and rare
amphibians.

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Suriname

= Central Suriname Nature Reserve (N ii, iv: 2000)

The Central Suriname Nature Reserve comprises 16,000 km? of primary tropical forest of west-
central Suriname. It protects the upper watershed of the Coppename River and the headwaters of the
Lucie, Oost, Zuid, Saramacez, and Gran Rio rivers and covers a range of topography and
ecosystems of notable conservation value due to its pristine state. Its montane and lowland forests
contain a high diversity of plant life with more than 5,000 vascular plant species collected to date.
The Reserve's animals are typical of the region and include the jaguar, giant armadillo, giant river
otter, tapir, sloths, eight species of primates and 400 bird species such as harpy eagle, Guiana cock-
of-the-rock, and scarlet macaw.

Sweden

a High Coast (N I: 2000)

The High Coast is located on the west shore of the Gulf of Bothnia, a northern extension of the
Baltic Sea. The area covers 1,425 km? including a marine component of 800 km2, which includes a
number of offshore islands. The irregular topography of the region, a series of lakes, inlets and flat
hills rising to 350 m, is largely shaped by the combined processes of glaciation, glacial retreat and
the emergence of new land from the sea. Since the final retreat of the ice from the High Coast 9,600
years ago, the uplift has been in the order of 285 m, which is the highest evident "rebound" known.
The High Coast is an outstanding site for the understanding of the important processes that have
formed the glaciated and land uplift areas of the Earth's surface.

Switzerland

a Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn (N i, ii, iii: 2001)

This is the most glaciated region of the Alps, containing Europe's largest glacier and a range of
classic glacial features such as U-shaped valleys, cirques, horn peaks and moraines. It provides an
outstanding geological record of the uplift and compression that formed the High Alps. The
diversity of wildlife is represented in a range of Alpine and sub-Alpine habitats and plant
colonization in the wake of retreating glaciers provides an outstanding example of plant succession.
The impressive vista of the North Wall of the High Alps, centred on the Eiger, Ménch and Jungfrau
peaks, has played an important role in European literature and art.

= Monte San Giorgio (N I: 2003)

A pyramid-shaped, wooded mountain (summit at 1,096 metres above sea level), Monte San Giorgio
lies to the south of Lake Lugano in Canton Ticino. It is regarded as the best fossil record of marine
life from the Mid-Triassic Period (245-230 million years ago). The current extent of discoveries
includes more than 10,000 fossil specimens representing many species. Notable among the
vertebrate material - which includes large, articulated skeletons up to 6 metres in length - is the
presence of ichthyosaurs, nothosaurs, placodonts, and the remarkable 'giraffe necked’ saurian,
Tanystropheus.

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Thailand

= Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries (N ii, iii, iv: 1991)

Covering more than 6,000 km? along the Thailand-Myanmar border, the sanctuaries contain
examples of almost all the forest types of continental Southeast Asia. They are home to a diverse
array of fauna, including 77% of the large mammals (especially elephants and tigers), 50% of the
large birds and 33% of the land vertebrates to be found in this region.

Tunisia

= Ichkeul National Park (N iv: 1980)

The Ichkeul lake and wetland are a major stopover point for hundreds of thousands of migrating
birds, such as ducks, geese, storks and pink flamingoes, who come to feed and nest. Ichkeul is the
last remaining lake in a chain that once extended across North Africa.

Uganda

= Rwenzori Mountains National Park (N iii, iv: 1994)

Covering nearly 1,000 km? in western Uganda, the park comprises the main part of the Rwenzori
mountain chain, which includes Africa's third highest peak (Mount Margherita: 5,109 m). The
region's glaciers, waterfalls and lakes make it one of Africa's most beautiful alpine areas. The park
has many natural habitats of endangered species and a rich and unusual flora comprising, among
other species, the giant heather.

= Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (N iii, iv: 1994)
Located in southwestern Uganda, at the junction of the plain and mountain forests, Bwindi Park
covers 320 km? and is known for its exceptional biodiversity, with more than 160 species of trees
and over 100 species of ferns. Many types of birds and butterflies can also be found there, as well as
many endangered species, including the mountain gorilla.

United Kingdom

= Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast (N i, iii: 1986)

The Giant's Causeway lies at the foot of the basalt cliffs along the coast on the edge of the Antrim
Plateau in Northern Ireland. It is comprised of about 40,000 massive black basalt columns emerging
from the sea. The dramatic sight has inspired legends of giants striding over the sea to Scotland.
Geological studies of these formations over the last 300 years have greatly contributed to the
development of earth sciences, and show that this striking landscape was caused by volcanic
activity during the Tertiary, 50-60 million years ago.

= St Kilda (N iii, iv: 1986)

This volcanic archipelago, with its spectacular landscapes, is situated off the coast of the Hebrides
and comprises the islands of Hirta, Dun, Soay and Boreray. It has some of the highest cliffs in
Europe, which have large colonies of endangered bird species, including puffins.

= Henderson Island (N iii, iv: 1988)

This island lies in the eastern South Pacific, one of the few atolls in the world whose ecology has
been practically untouched by a human presence. Its isolated location provides the ideal context for

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studying the dynamics of insular evolution and natural selection. It is particularly notable for the 10
plants and four land birds that are endemic to the island.

= Gough Island Wildlife Reserve (N iii, iv: 1995)

Gough Island, in the South Atlantic, is one of the least-disrupted island and marine ecosystems in
the cool temperate zone. The spectacular cliffs, towering above the ocean, are home to one of the
world's largest colonies of sea birds. The island is also home to two endemic species of land birds,
the gallinule and the Gough rowettie, as well as to 12 endemic species of plants.

= Dorset and East Devon Coast (N i: 2001)

The cliff exposures along the Dorset and East Devon coast provide an almost continuous sequence
of rock formations spanning the Mesozoic Era, or some 185 million years of the Earth's history. The
area's important fossil sites and classic coastal geomorphologic features have contributed to the
study of earth sciences for over 300 years.

United Republic of Tanzania

= Ngorongoro Conservation Area (N ii, iii, iv: 1979)

A large permanent concentration of wild animals can be found in the huge and perfect Ngorongoro
crater. Nearby, are the Empakaai crater, filled by a deep lake, and the active volcano of Oldonyo
Lenga. Excavations carried out in the Olduvai Gorge, not far from there, have resulted in the
discovery of one of our more distant ancestors, Homo habilis. Laitoli Site, which also lies within the
area, is one of the main localities of early hominid footprints, dating back 3.6 million years.

= Serengeti National Park (N iii, iv: 1981)

The vast plains of the Serengeti comprise 15000 km? of savannah. The annual migration to
permanent water holes of vast herds of herbivores (wildebeest, gazelles and zebras), followed by
their predators, is one of the most impressive natural events in the world.

= Selous Game Reserve (N ii, iv: 1982)

Large numbers of elephants, black rhinoceroses, cheetahs, giraffes, hippopotamuses and crocodiles
live in this immense sanctuary, which covers 50,000 km?. The park has a variety of vegetation
zones, ranging from dense thickets to open wooded grasslands.

a Kilimanjaro National Park (N iii: 1987)

At 5,963 m, Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest point in Africa. This volcanic massif stands in
splendid isolation above the surrounding plains, with its snowy peak looming over the savannah.
The mountain is encircled by mountain forest and numerous mammals, many of them endangered
species, live in the park.

United States of America

es Yellowstone (N i, ii, iii, iv: 1978)

The vast natural forest of Yellowstone National Park covers nearly 9,000 km?. Yellowstone
contains half of all the world's known geothermal features, with more than 10,000 examples. It also
has the world's largest concentration of geysers (more than 300). Established in 1872, Yellowstone
is equally known for its wildlife, such as grizzly bears, wolves, bison and wapitis.

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= Grand Canyon National Park (N i, ii, iii, iv: 1979)

Carved out by the Colorado River, the Grand Canyon (nearly 1,500 m deep) is the most spectacular
gorge in the world. Located in Arizona, it cuts across the Grand Canyon National Park. Its
horizontal strata retrace the geological history of the past 2 billion years. There are also prehistoric
traces of human adaptation to a particularly harsh environment.

= Everglades National Park (N i, ii, iv: 1979)

This site at the southern tip of Florida has been called 'a river of grass flowing imperceptibly from
the hinterland into the sea’. The exceptional variety of its water habitats has made it a sanctuary for
a large number of birds and reptiles, as well as for threatened species such as the manatee.

= Redwood National Park (N ii, iii: 1980)

Redwood National Park comprises a region of coastal mountains bordering the Pacific Ocean north
of San Francisco. It is covered with a magnificent forest of Sequoia redwood trees, the tallest and
most impressive trees in the world. Important fauna includes sea lions, the bald eagle and the
endangered California brown pelican.

= Mammoth Cave National Park (N i, iii, iv: 1981)

Mammoth Cave National Park, located in Kentucky, has the world's largest network of natural
caves and underground passageways, characteristic examples of limestone formations. The park and
its underground network of more than 560 km of surveyed passageways are home to a varied flora
and fauna, including a number of endangered species.

of its ecosystems. Glacier-clad peaks interspersed with extensive alpine meadows are surrounded by
an extensive old growth forest, among which is the best example of intact and protected temperate
rainforest in the Pacific Northwest. Eleven major river systems drain the Olympic Mountains,
offering some of the best habitat for anadromous fish species in the country. The park also includes
100 km of wilderness coastline, the longest undeveloped coast in the contiguous United States, and
is rich in native and endemic animal and plant species, including critical populations of the
endangered northern spotted owl, marbled murrelet and bull trout.

= Great Smoky Mountains National Park (N i, ii, iii, iv: 1983)

Covering more than 2,000 km?, this exceptionally beautiful park is home to more than 3,500 plant
species, including almost as many trees (130 natural species) as in all of Europe. Many endangered
animal species are also found there, including what is probably the greatest variety of salamanders
in the world. The park is indicative of temperate flora before the influence of humankind.

= Yosemite National Park (N i, ii, iii: 1984)

Yosemite National Park lies in the heart of California. With its 'hanging' valleys, many waterfalls,
cirque lakes, polished domes, moraines and U-shaped valleys, it provides an excellent overview of
all kinds of granite relief fashioned by glaciation. At 600-4,000 m, a great variety of flora and fauna
can also be found here.

= Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (N ii: 1987)

Two of the most active volcanoes in the world, Mauna Loa (4,170 m high) and Kilauea (1,250 m
high), tower over the Pacific Ocean at this site and volcanic eruptions have created a constantly
changing landscape. Rare birds and endemic species also occur, as well as forests of giant ferns.

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= Carlsbad Caverns National Park (N i, iii: 1995)

This karst landscape in New Mexico comprises over 80 recognized caves. They are outstanding not
only for their size but also for the profusion, diversity and beauty of their mineral formations.
Lechuguilla Cave stands out from the others, providing an underground laboratory for the study of
geological and biological processes.

Venezuela

a Canaima National Park (N i, ii, iii, iv: 1994)

Canaima National Park extends over 30,000 km? in southeastern Venezuela along the border with
Guyana and Brazil. Roughly 65% of the park is covered by table mountain (tepui) formations. The
tepuis constitute a unique biogeological entity and are of great geological interest. The sheer cliffs
and waterfalls, including the world's highest (1,000 m), form a spectacular landscape.

Viet Nam

= Ha Long Bay (N i, iii: 1994, 2000)

Ha Long Bay, in the Gulf of Tonkin, includes 1,600 islands and islets, forming a spectacular
seascape of limestone pillars. Because of their precipitous nature, most of the islands are
uninhabited. The site's outstanding scenic beauty is complemented by its great biological interest.

= Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (N i: 2003)

The vast area of dramatic, forested highland karst landscape extending to the border of the Lao
People's Democratic Republic is geologically very diverse and includes spectacular formations
including 65 kilometres of caves and underground rivers. The reserve is largely covered by tropical
forest, with a high level of biodiversity and numerous endemic species.

Zambia and Zimbabwe

a Mosi-oa-Tunya/Victoria Falls (N ii, iii: 1989)

These are among the most spectacular waterfalls in the world. The Zambezi River, which is more
than 2 km wide at this point, plunges down a series of basalt gorges and raises an iridescent mist
that can be seen more than 20 km away.

Zimbabwe

a Mana Pools National Park, Sapi and Chewore Safari Areas (N ii, iii, iv: 1984)

On the banks of the Zambezi, great cliffs overhang the river and the floodplains. The area is home
to a remarkable concentration of fauna species, including elephant, buffalo, leopard and cheetah. An
important concentration of Nile crocodiles is also be found in the area.

148

Annex 2: Mixed World Heritage Sites

All sites inscribed on the World Heritage List for their natural values at January 2004 are listed
below with brief descriptions’, in alphabetical order by country. Within countries sites are listed in
chronological order of inscription on the WH List. Note that criteria used are pre-2004 revised
Operational Guidelines.

Algeria

Located in a strange lunar landscape of great geological interest, this site has one of the most
important groupings of prehistoric cave art in the world. More than 15,000 drawings and engravings
record the climatic changes, the animal migrations and the evolution of human life on the edge of
the Sahara from 6000 BC to the first centuries of the present era. The geological formations are of
outstanding scenic interest, with eroded sandstones forming 'forests of rock’.

Australia

= Kakadu National Park (N ii, iii, iv; C i, vi: 1981, 1987, 1992)

This unique reserve located in the Northern Territory has been inhabited continuously for more than
40,000 years. The cave paintings, rock carvings and archaeological sites record the skills and way
of life of the region's inhabitants, from the hunter-gatherers of prehistoric times to the Aboriginal
people still living there. It is a unique example of a complex of ecosystems, including tidal flats,
floodplains, lowlands and plateaux, and provides a habitat for a wide range of rare or endemic
species of plants and animals.

a Willandra Lakes Region (N i; C iii: 1981)

The fossil remains of a series of lakes and sand formations that date from the Pleistocene can be
found in this region, together with archaeological evidence of human occupation dating from
45,000-60,000 years ago. It is a unique landmark in the study of human evolution on the Australian
continent. Several well-preserved fossils of giant marsupials have also been found here.

= Tasmanian Wilderness (N i, ii, iii, iv; C iii, iv, vi: 1982, 1989)

In a region that has been subjected to severe glaciation, the parks and reserves that comprise the
Wilderness, with their steep gorges, covering an area of over 10,000 km?, constitute one of the last
expanses of temperate rainforest in the world. Remains found in limestone caves attest to the human
occupation of the area for more than 20,000 years.

s Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park (N ii, iii; C v, vi: 1987, 1994)

This park, formerly called Uluru (Ayers Rock-Mount Olga) National Park, features spectacular
geological formations that dominate the vast red sandy plain of central Australia. Uluru, an
immense monolith, and Kata Tjuta, the rock domes located west of Uluru, form part of the
traditional belief system of one of the oldest human societies in the world. The traditional owners of
Uluru-Kata Tjuta are the Anangu Aboriginal people.

* Adapted from the UNESCO World Heritage Centre online: http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=3 1

149

China

= Mount Taishan (N iii; C i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi: 1987)
The sacred Mount Tai was the object of an imperial cult for nearly 2,000 years, and the artistic
masterpieces found there are in perfect harmony with the natural landscape. It has always been a

source of inspiration for Chinese artists and scholars and symbolizes ancient Chinese civilizations
and beliefs.

= Mount Huangshan (N iii, iv; C ii: 1990)

Huangshan, known as 'the loveliest mountain of China’, was acclaimed through art and literature
during a good part of Chinese. Today it holds the same fascination for visitors, poets, painters and
photographers who come on pilgrimage to the site, which is renowned for its magnificent scenery
made up of many granite peaks and rocks emerging out of a sea of clouds.

= Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area (N iv; C iv, vi:
1996)

The first Buddhist temple in China was built here in Sichuan Province in the Ist century A.D. atop
Mount Emei. The addition of other temples turned the site into one of Buddhism's main holy places.
Over the centuries, the cultural treasures grew in number. The most remarkable was the Giant
Buddha of Leshan, carved out of a hillside in the 8th century and looking down on the confluence
of three rivers. At 71 m high, it is the largest Buddha in the world. Mount Emei is also notable for
its very diverse vegetation, ranging from subtropical to subalpine pine forests. Some of the trees are
more than 1,000 years old.

= Mount Wuyi (N iii, iv; C iii, vi: 1999)

Mount Wuyi is the most outstanding area for biodiversity conservation in southeast China and a
refuge for a large number of ancient, relict species, many of them endemic to China. The serene
beauty of the dramatic gorges of the Nine Bend River, with its numerous temples and monasteries,
many now in ruins, provided the setting for the development and spread of neo-Confucianism,
which has been influential in the cultures of East Asia since the 11th century. In the Ist century
B.C. a large administrative capital was built at nearby Chengcun by the Han dynasty rulers. Its
massive walls enclose an archaeological site of great significance.

France and Spain

a Pyrénées-Mont Perdu (N i, iii; C iii, iv, v: 1997, 1999)

This outstanding mountain landscape, which spans the contemporary national borders of France and
Spain, is centred around the peak of Mount Perdu, a calcareous massif that rises to 3,352 m. The
site, with a total area of 306 km?, includes two of Europe's largest and deepest canyons on the
Spanish side and three major cirque walls on the more abrupt northern slopes with France, classic
presentations of these geological landforms. The site is also a pastoral landscape reflecting an
agricultural way of life that was once widespread in the upland regions of Europe but now survives
only in this part of the Pyrénées. It provides exceptional insights into past European society through
its landscape of villages, farms, fields, upland pastures and mountain roads.

Greece

= Mount Athos (N iii; C i, ii, iv, v, vi: 1988)
An Orthodox spiritual centre since 1054, Mount Athos has had an autonomous statute since
Byzantine times. The 'Holy Mountain’, which is forbidden to women and children, is also a

150

recognized artistic site. The layout of the monasteries (about 20 of which are presently inhabited by
some 1,400 monks) had an influence as far afield as Russia, and its school of painting influenced
the history of Orthodox art.

= Meteora (N iii; C i, ii, iv, v: 1988)

In a region of almost inaccessible sandstone peaks, monks settled on these 'columns of the sky' from
the 11th century onwards. Twenty-four of these monasteries were built at the time of the great
revival of the Eremetic ideal in the 15th century. Their 16" century frescoes mark a key stage in the
development of post-Byzantine painting.

Guatemala

s Tikal National Park (N ii, iv: C i, iii, iv: 1979)

Surrounded by lush vegetation, Tikal is one of the major sites of Mayan civilization, inhabited from
the 6th century B.C. to the 10th century A.D. The ceremonial centre contains superb temples and
palaces, and public squares accessed by means of ramps. Remains of dwellings are scattered
throughout the surrounding countryside.

Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of

= Ohrid Region with its Cultural and Historical Aspect and its Natural Environment (N ili;
C i, iii, iv: 1979, 1980)

Situated on the shores of Lake Ohrid, the town of Ohrid is one of the oldest human settlements in

Europe. Built mainly between the 7th and 19th centuries, it has the oldest Slav monastery (St

Pantelejmon) and more than 800 Byzantine-style icons dating from the 11th to the end of the 14th

century. After those of the Tretiakov Gallery in Moscow, this is considered to be the most important

collection of icons in the world.

Mali

a Cliff of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons) (N iii; C v: 1989)

The Bandiagara site is an outstanding landscape of cliffs and sandy plateaux with beautiful
architecture (houses, granaries, altars, sanctuaries and Togu Na, or communal meeting-places).
Several age-old social traditions live on in the region (masks, feasts, rituals, and ceremonies
involving ancestor worship). The geological, archaeological and ethnological interest, together with
the landscape, make the Bandiagara plateau one of West Africa's most impressive sites.

New Zealand

In 1993 Tongariro became the first property to be inscribed on the World Heritage List under the
revised criteria describing cultural landscapes. The volcanic mountains at the heart of the park have
cultural and religious significance for the Maori people and symbolize the spiritual links between
this community and its environment. The park has active and extinct volcanoes, a diverse range of
ecosystems and spectacular landscapes.

151

Peru

= Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu (N ii, iii; C i, iii: 1983)

Machu Picchu stands 2,430 m above sea level, in tropical mountain forest. It was an amazing urban
creation of the Inca Empire at its height. The natural setting, on the eastern slopes of the Andes,
encompasses the upper Amazon basin with its rich diversity of flora and fauna.

= Rio Abiseo National Park (N ii, iii, iv; C iii: 1990, 1992)

The park was created in 1983 to protect the fauna and flora of the rainforests that are characteristic
of this region of the Andes. There is a high level of endemism among the fauna and flora found in
the park. The yellow-tailed woolly monkey, previously thought extinct, is found only in this area.
Research undertaken since 1985 has already uncovered 36 previously unknown archaeological sites
at altitudes of between 2,500 and 4,000 m, which an understanding of pre-Inca society.

South Africa

= uKhahlamba/Drakensberg Park (N iii, iv; C i, iii: 2000)

The uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park has exceptional natural beauty in its basaltic buttresses, incisive
cutbacks, sandstone ramparts, high altitude grasslands, steep-sided river valleys and rocky gorges.
The site's diversity of habitats protects a high level of endemic and globally threatened species,
especially birds and plants. The site also contains many caves and rock-shelters, with the largest and
most concentrated group of paintings in Africa south of the Sahara, made by the San people over a
period of 4,000 years. The rock paintings are outstanding in quality and diversity of subject and in
their depiction of animals and human beings. They represent the spiritual life of the San people who
no longer live in this region.

Spain

= Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture (N ii, iv; C ii, iii, iv: 1999)

Ibiza provides an excellent example of the interaction between marine and coastal ecosystems.
Dense prairies of Posidonia seagrass, an important endemic species found only in the
Mediterranean basin, contain and support a diversity of marine life. Ibiza preserves considerable
evidence of its long history. The archaeological sites at Sa Caleta (settlement) and Puig des Molins
(necropolis) testify to the important role played by the island in the Mediterranean economy in
protohistory, particularly during the Phoenician-Carthaginian period. The fortified Upper Town
(Alta Vila) is an outstanding example of Renaissance military architecture; it had a profound
influence on the development of fortifications in the Spanish settlements of the New World.

Sweden

a

= Laponian Area (N i, ii, iii; C iii, v: 1996)

The Arctic Circle region of northern Sweden is the home of the Saami, or Lapp people. It is the
largest area in the world with an ancestral way of life based on the seasonal movement of livestock.
Every summer, the Saami lead their huge herds of reindeer towards the mountains through a natural
landscape, now threatened by the advent of motor vehicles. Historical and ongoing geological
processes can be seen in the glacial moraines and changing watercourses.

Turkey

= Goreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia (N iii; C i, ili, v: 1985)

In a spectacular landscape, entirely sculptured by erosion, the Goreme valley and its surroundings
contain rock-hewn sanctuaries that provide unique evidence of Byzantine art in the post-
Iconoclastic period. Dwellings, troglodyte villages and underground towns - the remains of a
traditional human habitat dating back to the 4th century - can also be seen there.

= Hierapolis-Pamukkale (N iii; C iii, iv: 1988)

Deriving from springs in a cliff almost 200 m high overlooking the plain, calcite-laden waters have
created at Pamukkale (Cotton Palace) a landscape comprised of mineral forests, petrified waterfalls
and a series of terraced basins. At the end of the 2nd century B.C. the dynasty of the Attalids, the
kings of Pergamon, established the thermal spa of Hierapolis. The ruins of the baths, temples and
other Greek monuments can be seen at the site.

153

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Annex 3: Background to Global Land Cover
Characterization Database

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL), and the European
Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) have generated a | km resolution Global Land Cover
Characteristics database for use in a wide range of environmental research and modeling
applications. The global land cover characteristics database was developed on a continent-by-
continent basis. All continental databases share the same map projections (Interrupted Goode
Homolosine and Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area), have 1 km nominal spatial resolution, and are
based on 1-km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data spanning April 1992
through March 1993. Each database contains unique elements based on the geographic aspects of
the specific continent. In order to provide flexibility for a variety of applications, a core set of
derived thematic maps produced through the aggregation of seasonal land cover regions are
included in each continental database. The continental databases are combined to make seven global
data sets, each representing a different landscape based on a particular classification legend. The
global data sets are also available in two map projections (Interrupted Goode Homolosine and
Geographic). There are now two versions of the Global Land Cover Chacteristics database
available. The first version (Version 1.2) of the Global Land Cover Characteristics database was
released to the public in November, 1997. Version 1.2 was produced as an International Geosphere
Biosphere Programme-Data and Information System (IGBP-DIS) initiative lead by the Land Cover
Working Group and has been subjected to a formal accuracy assessment (the IGBP DISCover
classification). Since this version was released, over 200 gigabytes of land cover data have been
distributed from the EROS Data Centre's anonymous ftp site. Many of the users of the land cover
data set have provided feedback (that is, suggestions for additions and improvements). A revised
version of the database (Version 2.0) is now available. A formal accuracy assessment has not been
conducted for the revised land cover data.

This effort is part of the National Aeronautic's and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Observing
System Pathfinder Program. Funding for the project was provided by the USGS, NASA, the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA), U.S. Forest Service (USFS), and the United Nations Environment Programme. The
database has been adopted by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme Data and
Information System office (IGBP-DIS) to fill its requirement for a global | km land cover data set.
All data used or generated during the course of the project (source, interpretations, attributes, and
derived data), unless protected by copyrights or trade secret agreements, are distributed through the
Earth Resources Observation System (EROS) Data Center (LP) Distributed Active Archive Center
(DAAC) for land processes data.

Source: GLCC Home Page http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/glcc/background.asp

155

Table A3.1: GLCC Habitat Descriptions with equivalents in the UNEP-WCMC

and IUCN Systems

GLCC A wae IUCN_WCMC
CODE OLSON_GLCC description OLSON_WCMC description nearest equivalent to IUCN/SSC system
1 |Urban Urban 11. Artificial - Terrestrial
2 |Low Sparse Grassland Low Sparse Grassland 4. Grassland
3. |Coniferous Forest Coniferous Forest 1.1. Forest (Temperate and boreal
needleleaf)
4 |Deciduous Conifer Forest Deciduous Conifer Forest 1.1. Forest (Temperate and boreal
needleleaf)
5 |Deciduous Broadleaf Forest |Deciduous Broadleaf Forest 1.2. Forest (Temperate broadleaf and
mixed)
5 |Deciduous Broadleaf Forest |Deciduous Broadleaf Forest (tropics) |1.4. Forest (Tropical dry)
6 |Evergreen Broadleaf Forests Evergreen Broadleaf Forests 1.2. Forest (Temperate broadleaf and
mixed)
6 |Evergreen Broadleaf Forests |Evergreen Broadleaf Forests (tropics) |1.3. Forest (Tropical moist)
7 |Tall Grasses and Shrubs Tall Grasses and Shrubs 4. Grassland
8 |Bare Desert Bare Desert 8. Desert
9 |Upland Tundra Upland Tundra 4. Grassland
10 {Irrigated Grassland Irrigated Grassland 4. Grassland
11 |Semi Desert Semi Desert 8. Desert
12 |Glacier Ice Glacier Ice 8. Desert
13 |Wooded Wet Swamp Wooded Wet Swamp (tropics) _ _ |1.3. Forest (Tropical moist) _
14 {Inland Water Inland Water 5. Wetlands (inland)
15 |Sea Water Sea Water 9. Sea
16 |Shrub Evergreen Shrub Evergreen 3. Shrubland
17 |Shrub Deciduous Shrub Deciduous 3. Shrubland
19 |Evergreen Forest and Fields |Evergreen Forest and Fields 11. Artificial - Terrestrial
20 {Cool Rain Forest Cool Rain Forest 1.1. Forest (Temperate and boreal
needleleaf)
21 |Conifer Boreal Forest Conifer Boreal Forest 1.1. Forest (Temperate and boreal
needleleaf)
22 |Cool Conifer Forest Cool Conifer Forest 1.1. Forest (Temperate and boreal
needleleaf)
23 |Cool Mixed Forest Cool Mixed Forest 1.2. Forest (Temperate broadleaf and
mixed)
24 |Mixed Forest Mixed Forest 1.2. Forest (Temperate broadleaf and
mixed)
~ 25 |Cool Broadleaf Forest Cool Broadleaf Forest ; 1.2. Forest (Temperate broadleaf and
mixed)
26 |Deciduous Broadleaf Forest |Deciduous Broadleaf Forest 1.2. Forest (Temperate broadleaf and
mixed)
27 = |Conifer Forest Conifer Forest 1.1. Forest (Temperate and boreal
needleleaf)
27 |Conifer Forest Conifer Forest (tropics) 1.4. Forest (Tropical dry)
28 |Montane Tropical Forests Montane Tropical Forests (tropics) 1.3. Forest (Tropical moist)
29 |Seasonal Tropical Forest Seasonal Tropical Forest (tropics) 1.4. Forest (Tropical dry)
30 |Cool Crops and Towns Cool Crops and Towns 11. Artificial - Terrestrial
31. |Crops and Town Crops and Town 11. Artificial - Terrestrial
32 |Dry Tropical Woods Dry Tropical Woods (tropics) 1.4. Forest (Tropical dry)
33. [Tropical Rainforest Tropical Rainforest (tropics) 1.3. Forest (Tropical moist)
34 |Tropical Degraded Forest Tropical Degraded Forest 11. Artificial - Terrestrial
35 |Corn and Beans Cropland Corn and Beans Cropland 11. Artificial - Terrestrial
36 |Rice Paddy and Field Rice Paddy and Field 12. Artificial - Aquatic i
37 _|Hot Irrigated Cropland Hot Irrigated Cropland _|12. Artificial - Aquatic z
38 [Cool Irrigated Cropland _—_—|Cool Irrigated Cropland 12. Artificial - Aquatic PL |

156

40 |Cool Grasses and Shrubs Cool Grasses and Shrubs 4. Grassland
41 |Hot and Mild Grasses and Hot and Mild Grasses and Shrubs 4. Grassland
Shrubs
42 |Cold Grassland Cold Grassland 4. Grassland
43 |Savanna (Woods) Savanna (Woods) 2. Savanna
44 |Mire, Bog, Fen Mire, Bog, Fen 5. Wetlands (inland)
45 |Marsh Wetland Marsh Wetland 5. Wetlands (inland)
46 |Mediterranean Scrub Mediterranean Scrub 3. Shrubland
47 |Dry Woody Scrub Dry Woody Scrub 3. Shrubland
50 |Sand Desert ’ Sand Desert r 8.Desert
51 |Semi Desert Shrubs Semi Desert Shrubs 8. Desert
52 |Semi Desert Sage Semi Desert Sage 8. Desert
53 |Barren Tundra Barren Tundra 8. Desert
54 |Cool Southern Hemisphere |Cool Southern Hemisphere Mixed 1.2. Forest (Temperate broadleaf and
Mixed Forests Forests mixed)
55 |Cool Fields and Woods Cool Fields and Woods 11. Artificial - Terrestrial
56 |Forest and Field Forest and Field 11. Artificial - Terrestrial
57 |Cool Forest and Field Cool Forest and Field 11. Artificial - Terrestrial
58 |Fields and Woody Savanna_ Fields and Woody Savanna 11. Artificial - Terrestrial
59 |Succulent and Thorn Scrub |Succulent and Thorn Scrub 3. Shrubland
60 |Small Leaf Mixed Woods Small Leaf Mixed Woods 1.2. Forest (Temperate broadleaf and
mixed
61 |Deciduous and Mixed Boreal |Deciduous and Mixed Boreal Forest |1.2. Sea (Temperate broadleaf and
Forest mixed)
Narrow Conifers Narrow Conifers 1.1. Forest (Temperate and boreal
needleleaf)
Wooded Tundra Wooded Tundra 1.1. Forest (Temperate and boreal
needleleaf)
Heath Scrub Heath Scrub 3. Shrubland
Polar and Alpine Desert Polar and Alpine Desert 8. Desert

Mangrove (tropics)

1.3. Forest (Tropical moist)

Crop and Water Mixtures

Crop and Water Mixtures

12. Artificial - Aquatic

Southern Hemisphere Mixed
Forest

Southern Hemisphere Mixed Forest

1.2. Forest (Temperate broadleaf and
mixed)

Wet Sclerophylic Forest

Wet Sclerophylic Forest

1.2. Forest (Temperate broadleaf and
mixed)

Wet Sclerophylic Forest

Wet Sclerophylic Forest (tropics)

1.4. Forest (Tropical dry)

Moist Eucalyptus

Moist Eucalyptus

1.2. Forest (Temperate broadleaf and
mixed)

Moist Eucalyptus

Moist Eucalyptus (tropics)

1.4. Forest (Tropical dry)

Rain Green Tropical Forest

Rain Green Tropical Forest (tropics)

1.3. Forest (Tropical moist)

Woody Savanna

Woody Savanna

2. Savanna

Broadleaf Crops

Broadleaf Crops

11. Artificial - Terrestrial

Grass Crops

Grass Crops

11. Artificial - Terrestrial

Crops, Grass, Shrubs

Crops, Grass, Shrubs

11. Artificial - Terrestrial

Evergreen Tree Crop

Evergreen Tree Crop

11. Artificial - Terrestrial

Deciduous Tree Crop

Deciduous Tree Crop

11. Artificial - Terrestrial

< no GLCC code >

Caspian Sea

9. Sea

Missing Data

Missing Data

157

13. Missing data

Table A3.2: Area of Olson/GLCC Habitat Types in World Heritage Sites

% of Global
Sea Water 362,340,284 _ 465,669 0.13%
Glacier Ice 16,654,389 51,382 0.31% =
z Bare Desert 16,210,069 212,123 1.31%
33.‘ | Tropical Rainforest 9,617,023 165,439 NH
51 —_|Semi Desert Shrubs 9,217,248 29,248 0.32%
91 _|Woody Savannah 7,760,308 83,268 1.07% ie
43 |Savannah (Woods) 7,611,592 55,859 ONL3 oN
31 Crops and Town 5,327,379 33,808 0.63%
93 |Grass Crops 4,298,362 8,015 0.19%
9 Upland Tundra 3,548,312 55,557 1.57%
2 Low Sparse Grassland 3,473,647 15,908 0.46%
58 _|Fields and Woody Savannah 3,459,820 20,752 0.60%
41 Hot and Mild Grasses and Shrubs 3,415,006 14,827 0.43%
94 |Crops, Grass, Shrubs 3,344,778 _ 6,579 0.20% —
63 |Wooded Tundra 2,840,339 26,078 0.92%
23 {Cool Mixed Forest 2,806,561 20,884 0.74%
21 —_|Conifer Boreal Forest 2,703,351 34,435 1.27%
14 {Inland Water 2,651,174 58,173 2.19%
47 |Dry Woody Scrub 2,569,060 6,931 0.27%
36 _|Rice Paddy and Field 2,415,622 3,873 0.16%
42 _|Cold Grassland 2,241,653 28,807 1.29% A
60 {Small Leaf Mixed Woods 2,217,372 51,896 2.34%
11. |Semi Desert 2,213,111 3,067 0.14% <a
53 |Barren Tundra 2,093,354 12,561 0.60%
4 Deciduous Conifer Forest 1,960,544 5,200 0.27%
62 _|Narrow Conifers 1,847,393 21,677 1.17%
61 {Deciduous and Mixed Boreal Forest| 1,457,888 12,288 0.84% _
40 _|Cool Grasses and Shrubs 1,401,978 5,154 0.37%
22 __|Cool Conifer Forest 1,395,030 23,387 1.68%
29 Seasonal Tropical Forest 1,385,165 25,791 1.86%
56 _|Forest and Field 1,376,380 3,723 0.27% Hy
17 _|Shrub Deciduous 1,364,457 9,647 0.71%
32 _|Dry Tropical Woods 1,245,057 20,616 1.66%
24 _|Mixed Forest 1,244,613 7,719 0.62%
30 {Cool Crops and Towns 1,186,607 136 0.01%
19 _|Evergreen Forest and Fields 1,139,218 13,778 1.21% }
57 _|Cool Forest and Field 1,068,032 2,033 0.19% z
55 {Cool Fields and Woods 1,025,172 1,317 0.13%
35 |Corn and Beans Cropland 964,866 1,825 0.19%
44 _|Mire, Bog, Fen a 795,366 2,262 0.28% |
25 _|Cool Broadleaf Forest 723,092 951 0.13%
59 = |Succulent and Thorn Scrub 706,571 3,091 0.44%
27 _|Conifer Forest 653,994 1,311 0207,
52 _|Semi Desert Sage 619,706 902 0.15%
34 _|Tropical Degraded Forest 555,916 7,721 1.39%
16 {Shrub Evergreen 503,295 6,405 1.27%
5 Deciduous Broadleaf Forest 471,221 2,535 0.54%
37 {Hot Irrigated Cropland 440,016 77 0.02% ii
26 _|Deciduous Broadleaf Forest 427,032 374 0.09%
90 __|Rain Green Tropical Forest 414,452 1,383 0.33%

158

99 Caspian Sea 374,619 0 0.00%

46 |Mediterranean Scrub 335,483 37 0.01%
92 |Broadleaf Crops 290,329 927 0.32%

1 Urban 261,514 150 0.06%
78 |Southern Hemisphere Mixed Forest 246,551 5,476 2.22%
38 = |Cool Irrigated Cropland 233,325 890 0.38%
6 Evergreen Broadleaf Forests 216,425 13,133 6.07%
28 [Montane Tropical Forests 207,050 S502 1.79%
89 |Moist Eucalyptus 193,335 8,608 4.45%
10 {Irrigated Grassland 182,890 91 0.05%
64 |Heath Scrub 138,145 544 0.39%

Cool Southern Hemisphere Mixed

1 ae P 128,790 986 0.77%
50 |Sand Desert 122,745 48 0.04%
79 ~—|Wet Sclerophylic Forest 107,002 13,863 12.96%
20 ~=|Cool Rain Forest 95,730 1,474 1.54%
13. |Wooded Wet Swamp 86,143 3,642 4.23%
76 ~|Crop and Water Mixtures 84,069 0 0.00%
100 {Missing Data 80,075 10,273 12.83%
95 |Evergreen Tree Crop 75,145 61 0.08%
96 |Deciduous Tree Crop 69,662 270 0.39%
45 |Marsh Wetland 62,029 30 0.05%
69 __—‘|Polar and Alpine Desert 51,211 1,082 2.11%
72 ~|Mangrove 48,894 1,387 2.84%
7 Tall Grasses and Shrubs 37,822 0 0.00%
3 Coniferous Forest 23,761 3 0.01%

Note: These data are presented for information purposes only, and because of the short-comings of the
GLCC dataset it is not considered that the data in this table merit further review.

159

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Annex 4: Background to IUCN/SSC Habitat Classification

This classification (now as Version 2.1) is based on the Global Land Cover Characterization
(GLCC) developed by the US Geological Survey's (USGS) Earth Resources Observation System
(EROS) Data Center, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) and the Joint Research Centre of
the European Commission (see http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/glec/glec.html). The GLCC is a database of
global land cover characteristics at a 1-km resolution, which can be used in a wide range of
environmental research and modelling applications. The SSC has adopted a modified version of the
GLCC as a standard means of recording global habitat types for taxa on the IUCN Red List and in
the Species Information Service (SIS). The main modification to the system is the inclusion of
additional aquatic habitats (marine, inland and artificial), based primarily on the classification
system of wetland types used by the Ramsar Convention (see _http://www.ramsar.org/
key_ris_types.htm). The habitat/land cover classification is embedded within a hierarchy derived
from Holdridge's Life Zones scheme, which uses more familiar and user-friendly biogeographic or
climatic terms. The categories are numbered to indicate their level in the hierarchy e.g., 1. Forest,
1.1 Boreal, 1.1.1. Coniferous Forest. The descriptors of the habitat types at level three, are based on
the Global Ecosystem Framework developed by Jerry Olson for the GLCC. Olson has defined 94
ecosystem classes that are based on their land cover mosaic, floristic properties, climate, and
physiognomy. The number in parenthesis after each descriptor is the GLCC classification number.

The habitats in which a taxon is found should be indicated by means of a simple scoring system:

1 Suitable (main or preferred habitat/s, habitat/s containing major subpopulations, habitat/s with
high population densities).

2 Moderately suitable (secondary habitat(s), habitat(s) containing minor subpopulations,
habitat(s) with low population densities.

3. Unsuitable (unsuitability expressly known or easily inferred from the ecology of the taxon).

9 Undefined (data deficient, possibly suitable or moderately suitable as inferred from the ecology
of the taxon)

It is important to note that ifa higher level in the hierarchy is scored, this automatically implies that
all the habitat types nested below that level are also scored (e.g. scoring Boreal, means that all the
Boreal forest types i.e. 1.1.1 to 1.1.17, are scored). This will not be the intention in most cases.
Users are therefore encouraged to select the appropriate habitat type from the lowest level in the
hierarchy wherever possible, using the higher level categories as a guide.

It is not mandatory, to score habitat preferences at the third level (i.e. the GLCC level) of the
hierarchy, especially if you do not have access to the GLCC maps to verify your selection spatially.
Users without access to the GLCC maps are strongly advised to limit their selections of habitats to
the first two levels of the hierarchy. (The GLCC maps can be downloaded from the USGS web site:
http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/glcec/glcc.html).

If 'Other' is selected, the habitat type must be specified. Multiple additions under 'Other' are

allowed, although extensive use of this is not encouraged. If the habitat is not known, please
indicate this using a score of 9 under category 15 Unknown.

161

Habitat Types

Numbers in brackets refer to equivalent habitats in Olson’s GLCC habitat scheme. It should be
noted that an Olson habitat can be categorised under more than one IUCN Level 3 habitat. For
example. IUCN habitats 1.1.16 Boreal Wooded Tundra and 1.2.8 Subarctic Wooded Tundra are
both equivalent to Olson Habitat 63 = Wooded Tundra.

1. Forest
1.1. Boreal
1.1.1. Coniferous Forest (3)
. Deciduous Coniferous Forest (4)
. Deciduous Broadleaf Wood (5)
. Evergreen Forest and Fields (19)
. Cool Rain Forest (20)
. Conifer Boreal Forest (21)
. Cool Conifer Forest (22)
. Cool Mixed Forest (23)
. Cool Broadleaf Forest (25)
. Cool Southern Hemisphere Mixed Forest (54)
.11. Forest and Field (56)
.12. Cool Forest and Field (57)
.13. Small Leaf Mixed Woods (60)
.14. Deciduous and Mixed Boreal Forest (61)
.15. Narrow Conifers (62)
.16. Wooded Tundra (63)
1.1.17. Southern Hemisphere Mixed Forest (78)
1.2. Subarctic
1.2.1. Coniferous Forest (3)
1.2.2. Deciduous Coniferous Forest (4)
1.2.3. Conifer Boreal Forest (21)
1.2.4. Cool Conifer Forest (22)
1.2.5. Small Leaf Mixed Woods (60)
1.2.6. Deciduous and Mixed Boreal Forest (61)
1.2.7. Narrow Conifers (62)
1.2.8. Wooded Tundra (63)
.3. Subantarctic
.4. Temperate
1.4.1. Coniferous Forest (3)
1.4.2. Deciduous Broadleaf Wood (5)
1.4.3. Evergreen Broadleaf Forest (6)
1.4.4. Evergreen Forest and Fields (19)
1.4.5. Cool Rain Forest (20)
1.4.6. Conifer Boreal Forest (21)
1.4.7. Cool Conifer Forest (22)
1.4.8. Cool Mixed Forest (23)
1.4.9. Mixed Forest (24)
1.4.10. Cool Broadleaf Forest (25)
1.4.11. Deciduous Broadleaf Forest (26)
1.4.12. Conifer Forest (27)
1.4.13. Montane Tropical Forest (28)
1.4.14. Cool Southern Hemisphere Mixed Forest (54)
1.4.15. Forest and Field (56)

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1.4.16. Cool Forest and Field (57)
1.4.17. Small Leaf Mixed Woods (60)
1.4.18. Deciduous and Mixed Boreal Forest (61)
1.4.19. Southern Hemisphere Mixed Forest (78)
1.4.20. Wet Sclerophylic Forest (79)
1.4.21. Moist Eucalyptus (89)
1.4.22. Rain Green Tropical Forest (90)
1.5. Subtropical/Tropical Dry
1.5.1. Evergreen Broadleaf Forest (6)
1.5.2. Wooded Wet Swamp (13)
1.5.3. Evergreen Forest and Fields (19)
1.5.4. Mixed Forest (24)
1.5.5. Conifer Forest (27)
1.5.6. Seasonal Tropical Forest (29)
1.5.7. Tropical Rainforest (33)
1.5.8. Tropical Degraded Forest (34)
1.5.9. Forest and Field (56)
1.5.10. Southern Hemisphere Mixed Forest (78)
1.5.11. Wet Sclerophylic Forest (79)
1.5.12. Moist Eucalyptus (89)
1.5.13. Rain Green Tropical Forest (90)
1.6. Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland
1.6.1. Evergreen Broadleaf Forest (6)
1.6.2. Evergreen Forest and Fields (19)
1.6.3. Mixed Forest (24)
1.6.4. Deciduous Broadleaf Forest (26)
1.6.5. Conifer Forest (27)
1.6.6. Montane Tropical Forest (28)
1.6.7. Seasonal Tropical Forest (29)
1.6.8. Dry Tropical Woods (32)
1.6.9. Tropical Rainforest (33)
1.6.10. Tropical Degraded Forest (34)
1.6.11. Forest and Field (56)
1.6.12. Southern Hemisphere Mixed Forest (78)
1.6.13. Wet Sclerophylic Forest (79)
1.6.14. Moist Eucalyptus (89)
1.6.15. Rain Green Tropical Forest (90)
1.7. Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove
1.7.1. Mangrove (72)
1.8. Subtropical/Tropical Swamp
1.8.1. Wooded Wet Swamp (13)
1.9. Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane

2. Savannah
2.1. Dry
2.1.1. Savannah (Woods) (43)
2.1.2. Woody Savannah (91)
2.2. Moist
2.2.1. Savannah (Woods) (43)
2.2.2. Woody Savannah (91)

163

3. Shrubland
3.1. Subarctic
3.1.1. Shrub Deciduous (17)
3.1.2. Heath Scrub (64)
3.2. Subantarctic
3.3. Boreal
3.3.1. Cool Grasses and Shrubs (40)
3.3.2. Heath Scrub (64)
3.4. Temperate
3.4.1. Tall Grasses and Shrubs (7)
3.4.2. Shrub Evergreen (16)
3.4.3. Shrub Deciduous (17)
3.4.4. Cool Grasses and Shrubs (40)
3.4.5. Hot and Mild Grasses and Shrubs (41)
3.4.6. Mediterranean Scrub (46)
3.4.7. Dry Woody Scrub (47)
3.5. Subtropical/Tropical Dry
3.5.1. Shrub Evergreen (16)
3.5.2. Cool Grasses and Shrubs (40)
3.5.3. Hot and Mild Grasses and Shrubs (41)
3.5.4. Mediterranean Scrub (46)
3.5.5. Dry Woody Scrub (47)
3.5.6. Succulent and Thorn Scrub (59)
3.6. Subtropical/Tropical Moist
3.6.1. Shrub Evergreen (16)
3.6.2. Succulent and Thorn Scrub (59)
3.7. Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude
3.8. Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation

4. Grassland
4.1. Tundra
4.1.1. Low Sparse Grassland (2)
4.1.2. Upland Tundra (9)
4.1.3. Cool Grasses and Shrubs (40)
4.2. Subarctic
4.2.1. Low Sparse Grassland (2)
4.2.2. Upland Tundra (9)
4.2.3. Cold Grassland (42)
4.3. Subantarctic
4.4. Temperate
4.4.1. Low Sparse Grassland (2)
4.4.2. Tall Grasses and Shrubs (7)
4.4.3. Cool Grasses and Shrubs (40)
4.4.4. Hot and Mild Grasses and Shrubs (41)
4.4.5. Cold Grassland (42)
4.5. Subtropical/Tropical Dry Lowland
4.5.1. Cool Grasses and Shrubs (40)
4.5.2. Hot and Mild Grasses and Shrubs (41)
4.6. Subtropical/Tropical Seasonally Wet/Flooded Lowland
4.6.1. Irrigated Grassland (10)
4.7. Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude

164

5. Wetlands (inland)
5.1. Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks [includes waterfalls]
5.2. Seasonal/Intermittent/Irregular Rivers/Streams/Creeks
5.3. Shrub Dominated Wetlands
5.4. Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands
5.4.1. Mire, Bog, Fen (44)
5.4.2. Marsh Wetland (45)
5.5. Permanent Freshwater Lakes [over 8 ha]
5.6. Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Lakes [over 8 ha]
5.7. Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools [under 8 ha]
5.8. Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Marshes/Pools [under 8 ha]
5.9. Freshwater Springs and Oases
5.10. Tundra Wetlands [includes pools and temporary waters from snowmelt]
5.11. Alpine Wetlands [includes temporary waters from snowmelt]
5.12. Geothermal Wetlands
5.13. Permanent Inland Deltas
5.14. Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Lakes
5.15. Seasonal/Intermittent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Lakes and Flats
5.16. Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Marshes/Pools
5.17. Seasonal/Intermittent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Marshes/Pools
5.18. Karst and Other Subterranean Hydrological Systems [inland]

6. Rocky Areas [e.g. inland cliffs, mountain peaks]

7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)
7.1. Caves
7.2. Other Subterranean Habitats

8. Desert
8.1. Hot
8.1.1. Bare Desert (8)
8.1.2. Semi Desert (11)
8.1.3. Sand Desert (50)
8.1.4. Semi Desert Shrubs (51)
8.2. Temperate
8.2.1. Bare Desert (8)
8.2.2. Semi Desert (11)
8.2.3. Sand Desert (50)
8.2.4. Semi Desert Shrubs (51)
8.2.5. Semi Desert Sage (52)
8.3. Cold
8.3.1. Bare Desert (8)
8.3.2. Semi Desert (11)
8.3.3. Glacier Ice (12)
8.3.4. Semi Desert Sage (52)
8.3.5. Barren Tundra (53)
8.3.6. Polar and Alpine Desert (69)
9. Sea
9.1. Open
9.2. Shallow [usually less than 6 m deep at low tide; includes sea bays and straits]

165

9.3. Subtidal Aquatic Beds [kelp beds, sea- grass beds and tropical marine meadows]
9.4. Coral Reefs

10. Coastline
10.1. Rocky Shores [includes rocky offshore islands and sea cliffs]
10.2. Sand, Shingle or Pebble Shores [includes sand bars, spits, sandy islets, dune systems]

10.3. Estuarine Waters

10.4. Intertidal Mud, Sand or Salt Flats

10.5. Intertidal Marshes [includes salt marshes]

10.6. Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons

10.7. Coastal Freshwater Lagoons

10.8. Karst and Other Subterranean Hydrological Systems [marine/coastal]

11. Artificial-Terrestrial
11.1. Arable Land
11.1.1. Hot Irrigated Cropland (37)
.2. Corn and Beans Cropland (35)
.3. Broadleaf Crops (92)
.4. Cool Irrigated Cropland (38)
.5. Cool Fields and Woods (55)
.6. Fields and Woody Savannah (58)
.7. Grass Crops (93)
11.1.8. Crops, Grass, Shrubs (94)
11.2. Pastureland
11.2.1. Cool Fields and Woods (55)
11.2.2. Fields and Woody Savannah (58)
11.2.3. Grass Crops (93)
11.2.4. Crops, Grass, Shrubs (94)
11.3. Plantations
11.3.1. Cool Fields and Woods (55)
11.3.2. Fields and Woody Savannah (58)
11.3.3. Evergreen Tree Crops (95)
11.3.4. Deciduous Tree Crops (96)
11.4. Rural Gardens
11.5. Urban Areas
11.5.1. Urban (1)
11.5.2. Cool Crops and Towns (30)
11.5.3. Crops and Town (31)
11.6. Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest

l
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12. Artificial-Aquatic

12.1. Water Storage Areas (over 8 ha)

12.2. Ponds (below 8 ha)

12.3. Aquaculture Ponds

12.4. Salt Exploitation Sites

12.5. Excavations (open)

12.6. Wastewater Treatment Areas

12.7. Irrigated Land [includes irrigation channels]
12.7.1. Hot Irrigated Cropland (37)
12.7.2. Cool Irrigated Cropland (38)

166

12.7.3. Rice Paddy and Field (36)
12.7.4. Crop and Water Mixtures (76)
12.8. Seasonally Flooded Agricultural Land
12.9. Canals and Drainage Channels, Ditches
12.10. Karst and Other Subterranean Hydrological Systems [human-made]
13. Introduced Vegetation
14. Other

15. Unknown

167

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Table A4.2: Second-Level IUCN/SSC Habitat Types present in
World Heritage Sites

ee | met [ome | Sm al
Level 1 Level 2 Australasia erica | America Tetel
1.1 Boreal Forest
1.2 Subarctic

1.3 Subantarctic 1 :
1.4 Temperate 5 ith 9 21 14 5 71
1.5 Subtropical / Tropical Dry 22 wu 9 1 4 9 52
1.6 Subtropical / Tropical Moist| 20 18 10 3 25 76
1.7 Subtropical / Tropical
Mangrove 3 6 3 10 27
1.8 Subtropical / Tropical
Swamp 10 8 4 2 8 32
1.9 Subtropical / Tropical Moist
Montane 9 8 2 1 10 30
Total] 69 71 39 29 39 68 315
2.1 Dry 12 1 2 5 20
2. Savanna 2.2 Moist 10 4 1 1 U 23
Total] 22 5 3 0 1 12 43
3.1 Subarctic 1 1 3 5
3.2 Subantarctic 1 1
3.3 Boreal 1 6 2 5 8 22
3.4 Temperate 5 8 6 11 4 2 36
3.5 Subtropical / Tropical Dry 17 4 6 Seiad) a Bs. 39
3. Shrubland [3.6 Subtropical / Tropical Moist] 6 2 5 1 9 23
3.7 Subtropical / Tropical High
Altitude : d é y ie
3.8 Mediterranean-type 2 1 1 1 5
Shrubby Vegetation
Total] 38 27 22 23 22 16 | 148
4.1 Tundra 1 6 6 3 16
4.2 Subarctic 2 2 2 6
4.3 Subantarctic 2 1 3
4.4 Temperate 6 13 6 15 10 3 53
4 Grassland i Subtropical TroPicat Dry 12 9 4 2 1 28
.6 Subtropical / Tropica
Seasonally Wet / Flooded 8 ns 2 e 4
4.7 Subtropical / Tropical High
Altitude g g i c 20
Total] 33 43 18 18 20 20 152
5. Wetlands [5.1 Permanent Rivers /
(inland) Streams / Creeks ay oY y te ie 26 120
5.2 Seasonal / Intermittent /
Irregular Rivers / Streams / 11 3 3 2 2 21
Creeks
5.3 Shrub Dominated
Wetlands ! ! : “ 1 ih
5.4 Bog, Marshes, Swamps,
Fens, Peatlands 2 2 Z : uo uy 69
5.5 Permanent Freshwater
lakes 7 12 6 10 8 9 52
5.6 Seasonal / Intermittent 1 2 2 9 7

Freshwater Lakes

176

5.7 Permanent Freshwater

Marshes / Pools ut iG 6 os 25
5.8 Seasonal / Intermittent 4 1 6
Freshwater Marshes / Pools
5.9 Freshwater Springs and
Oases 12 8 6 9 50
5.10 Tundra Wetlands 1 1 4
5.11 Alpine Wetlands 2 5 1 3 17
5.12 Geothermal Wetlands 1 8 1 2 15
5.13 Permanent Inland Deltas 1 4 : 8
5.14 Permanent Saline, 1 1 1 3
Brackish or Alkaline Lakes
5.15 Seasonal/Intermittent
Saline, Brackish or Alkaline 3 3
Lakes and Flats
5.16 Permanent Saline,
Brackish, or Alkaline 1 2
Marshes/Pools
5.17 Seasonal/Intermittent
Saline, Brackish or Alkaline 22 1 6
Marshes/Pools
5.18 Karst and Other
Subterranean Hydrological 2 4 3 18
Systems
Total] 107 105 39 74 463
eae cae Rocky Barren Areas 20 25 16 18 113
Barren Areas Total] 20 25 16 18 113
mNGave did 7.1 Caves 2 1 1 7
Bonerancan 7.2 Subterranean Habitats 1 7 3 1 20
Total 1 9 4 2 27
8.1 Hot Desert 5 2 4 15
8.2 Temperate Desert 2 3 1 10
BDesert 8.3 Cold Desert 4 9 3 2 28
Total 9 13 10 3 53
9.1 Open Sea 4 4 4 4 17
9.2 Shallow 3 4 2 4 18
9.3 Seagrass Beds 4 4 5 3 23
9.4 Coral Reefs 2 3 6 7 22
9.5 Kelp / Macroalgae 0
Total] 13 15 17 18 80
10.1 Rocky Shores 3 4 9 10 40
10.2 Sand, Shingle or Pebble 3 6 8 9 36
Shores
10.3 Estuarine Waters 1 4 1 5 17
10.4 Intertidal Mud, Sand or
Salt Flats ! S Z ! :
10. Coastline/ |10.5 Intertidal Marshes 2 1 2 7
Intertidal 10.6 Coastal Brackish / Saline 4 1 3 6 47
Lagoons
10.7 Coastal Freshwater 1 1 3
Lagoons
10.8 Karst & Subterranean Hydrological 2 2
Systems
Total) 12 19 25 34 131
11.1 Arable Land 6 14 1 9 35
Terrestrial {11.2 Pastureland 11 10 2 12 46

11.3 Plantations 2 4 5 1 2 14
11.4 Rural Gardens 10 8 5 8 4 12 _47
11.5 Urban Areas 2 5 1 6 4 3 21
11.6 Subtropical / Tropical Heavily 1 1 2
Degraded Former Forest
Total} 31 42 9 34 10 39 165
12.1 Water Storage Areas _ = - Om
12.2 Ponds 0
12.3 Aquaculture Ponds 1 - 1
12.4 Salt Exploitation Sites 1 1 2
12.5 Excavations =e el 7 SES
12.6 Wastewater Treatment 1 1
12. Artificial - Areas _
Aquatic 12.7 Irrigated Land )
12.8 Seasonally Flooded 1 1
Agricultural Land
12.9 Canals and Drainage 1 2 3
Channels, Ditches
12.10 Karst & Subterranean 0
Hydrological Systems
Total 1 3 1 4 0 0 9
13. 13 Introduced Vegetation 3 2 6 2 4 4 21
Introduced
Vegetation Tefal a
14.0ther | 14 Other )
Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16. unknown |"° Unknown ai ae ye oe
Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
359 | 379 209 246 | 219 | 308 | 1,720

178

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