ius " ive: Sal-t.5-Gie-olon anol aeninee Ai eral We we seat 4 pic tomtinll utd heceo raided eay~ficeadelhe hein ie et Seal ni An a akc c eth meh De I Pha tn a: Pa MR Ddr hed e / ~Et » te Red eee > dp ey a fyetn Hi ime ak ee ham : I : a 1" | if a : 4 a ‘ 5 { oS }e5 ieee 5 \- j pe ed is } + ” ; . : ~ = 3 - — Ne é i d : Pe oid . : < : . 2 y AMS f : (fee | / = | pa A ; is | ; | ee Ps —_ a 5 4 [From the JourRNAL oF THE Bompay Naturat Hist. Soc., August 1, 4927-] REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY BY tse E. BLATTER, S.J., Ph.D., F.L.S. Part III (Continued from page 917 of Vol. axxt) GRAMINEZ: (Cke. ii, 907) BY E. BLATTER AND C. McCann We have decided to take up the Graminee for several reasons. Since Cooke’s publication of this family several new species have been described and McCann has added over 50 species which are new to the Presidency. More important than the numerical additions are the changes made during the last fifteen years with regard tothe general arrangement of the grasses and the definition of certain genera. A great amount of work has been done in Europe as well as in America. In Europe it was chiefly O. Stapf who, with his vast experience of the grass-flora of many countries and the rich material of the Kew Herbarium at his disposal, has advanced our knowledge of the grasses and their systematic co-ordination more than anybody else. A comparison of his monograph of the grasses in the Flora of Tropical Africa which is still in progress with that of the Flora Capensis shows at once in which direction and to what extent progress has been made.. As regards the second sub- family Pooidee the two works reveal only minor changes; but considerable changes were found necessary in the first subfamily Panicoidee. Here again it is chiefly the genera Andropogon and Panicum and their allies which have been aftected. In this respect, especially where the tribe of Panteez is concerned, we owe a good deal to American botanists. It was chiefly the fact that there were no definite dividing lines for the genera of Andpro- gonee and Panicee, that induced Stapf rot ‘to unite the groups wherever intermediate links can be detected,’ which would bring about endless confusion, but ‘ to be satisfied with approximately definable groups, which can on the whole be easily grasped and remembered.’ In other words, it is preferable from a practical point of view to adopt smaller genera than unmanageable large genera for merely theoretical reasons. As the Kew Herbarium, as far as the grasses are concerned, owes its systematie arrange- ment entirely to Stapf, and as colonial workers will always appeal to Kew in their difficulties, we thought it advisable to follow Stapf in the definition and sequence of the tribes as laid down in the Flora of Tropical Africa. As of late the grass-problems have received renewed attention by the Agricultural Departments in India, we do not consider it superfluous to bring the systematic account of the grasses of Bombay up-to-date. An asterisk in front of a name ineans that the particular genus cr species has been introduced. Two compiete keys, one natural and one artificial will be given at the end. SUBFAMILY I. PANICOIDE.AL The mature spikelets fall entire from their pedicels or with them, all are alike or differ in sex and structure. Perfect spikelets with 2 heteromorphous florets, the upper hermaphrodite, the lower male or barren. Rhachilla not continued beyond the upper floret. TRIBE I. Mayidee.—Sexes borne on different inflorescences on the same plant or the female spikelets at the base of the inflorescence, andthe male above them. ‘lhe male spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicelled, or both pedicelled, in spike-like solitary or panicled racemes, 2-flowered. Glumes [1] 15 Jour., Bom. Nat Hist. Soc., Vol. XXXII, No. J. | Avg. 1, i827.. membranous or chartaceous, enclosing the florets. Valves more or less hyaline, awnless. ‘The female spikelets solitary with or without a rudimentary pedicelled companion, 1-flowered. Glumes firm, at least the lower which ultimately often becomes bony, or both thin and more or less hyaline. Valves hyaline awnless. 1. Male and female spikelets in separate inflorescences. Male spikelets in a large terminal panicle. ‘The female spikelets in the axils of the leaves (a) Female spikes distinct, articulated ... oe "ls chi (6) Female. spikes grown together into a spongy more or less cylindrical body 453 wad, wee eee 2 Male and female spikelets in separate portions o the same spike, the female below. (a) Grain enclosed in the usually globose or ovoid ivory-like capsuliform supporting sheath ... 3. Cozix. (6) Grain enclosed in the hardened outer glumes ... 4. Folytoca. *1, EUCHLANA, Schrad. Stout and tall annuals with leaves very broadly linear or oblong. Male spikelets Z-nate (sessile and pedicellate) on the spiciform fascicled branches of a terminal panicle, 2-flowered with coriaceous glumes. Female spikelets in 2-ranked spikes which are clustered in the leaf-axils, not fused as in the Maize joints rhomboidal, oblique, articulate, excavate, with the margins of the excavation embracing the cartilaginous outer glume and with it forming a smooth pseudocarp. *1. Euchlena mexicana, Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Gétting. (1832), var luxurtans ; H.H. Mann in Bull. 77, Dept. of Agric., Bombay.—Aeana luxu- vians, Dur. in Bull. Soc. Acclim. Sér. II, LX (1872), 581. Vern. name: Teosinte. Descripiton: A large, very succulent, strong growing, annual grass, 30 cm.- 3m. high. Leaves long, 5-7°5 cm. broad. Male spikelets 8-9 mm. long, crowded in long spikes in a corymb 15-25 cm. long, Female spikes 1n the leaf-axils. Styles very long, protruding from the top of the enclosing leaf- sheath. The spike of the female spikelets breaking up at maturity into rhomboidal seed-like joints. Nearly allied to Maize and resembling it in its tassel of male flowers and broad leaves. A single plant often sends up 100 stems. Locality; Cultivated in the Ganeshkhind Botanic Garden. Distribution: A native of Guatemala. Uses: Cultivated for green fodder, but it does not stand drought well. Horses are fond of it. *2Z. “EA, Linn. (Cke. ii, 1051, Stapf. Fl. Trop.) Atrix e236) Tall, stout, annual grasses with large leaves, the axils of the lower bearing the female inflorescences (cobs}, tightly enveloped by large membranous bracts. Sexes in different inflorescences on the same plant. Male inflorescence terminal, of panicled spike-like racemes with 2-nate spikelets shortly unequally pedicelled or one sessile on the inarticulate rhachis, both similar, 2-flowered, awnless. Glumes subequal, membranous, convex, obscurely 2-keeled, 9-10- nerved. Valves more or less hyaline, 3-5-nerved ; valvules similar, 2-nerved, obscurely keeled ; lodicules 2, fleshy. Stamens 3; anthers linear. Female spikelets 2-nate in 4-11 longitudinal rows, slightly immersed in the spongy axis of the cob, with a lower barren and an upper fertile floret, awnless. Glumes similar, very broad, fleshy below, hyaline above, nerveless, ciliate. Lower valve resembling the glumes, but shorter and ciliate, with or without a similar but smaller valvule ; upper valve similar to the lower with a valvule about as long as the ovary. Ledicules 0. Ovary obliquely ovoid. Style very long, 2-fid at the tip, papillose upwards, exserted in long silky tassels from the sheathing bracts. Grain large, subglobose or dorsally more or less flattened, surrounded by the dried up glumes, valves and valvules; scutellum large, equalling or exceeding 2 of the grain. Species 1.—A native of America. * 1. Zea mays, Linn. Sp. pl. ed. I, 971; Beauv. Agrost. 136, t. 24, fig. 3; Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum.I, 9; Bentl. and Trim. Med. Pl. t. 296 ; Duthie, Field and [2] Ang. 1, 1927.] Revision of the Flora ot the Boinbay Presidency 16 Gard. Crops 25, t. 5; Keern. and Wern. Handb. d. Getreidebaues {, 33)-378, Il, 772-870 ; Harshberger, Maize, in Contrib. Lab. Univ. Pensylv. I (1893), 75-202; Nicholls, Text-book Trop. Agr. (1892), 260-265 ; Montgomery, Corn Crops (1913), 1-275 ; Davy, Maize (1914) ; Stapf. in Fl. Trop. Afr. IX, 26. Vern. Names = Maize, Buta, Maka. Description: Culms up to 3m. high, sometimes more. Leaf-sheaths terete, more or less hairy upwards along the margin; ligule short, truncate, thinly membraneus, mere er less pubescent; blades linear-ianceolate, up to over ‘90 cm. long and 10 cm. wide, glabrous or almost so, tips often drooping. Male panicle up to over 20 cm. long; rhachis pubescent; spikelets up to 12mm. long; anthers 6mm.long Female spike (cob) and grains varying much in size and shape, the grains also in colour. Lotality ; Cultivated widely in the Presidency as a forage for cattle and asa vegetable and for flour. Origin. The origin of Maize is a much discussed question. Some are of opinion that it has been developed from Teosinte (Huchi@na), others that the original wild ferm has become extinct. A more acceptable opinion is that it is a hybrid between Teosinte and an unknown or extinct species resembling pod- corn, a variety of Zea mays in which each kernel is enveloped in the elongated floral bracts.* Kuwada* who studied the number of chromosomes in Maize came to the conclusion that Za mays was originally derived from the hybridization between fuchlena and some unknown species of the tribe Amdropogonee, long chromosemes belonging to the former and short ones to the latter, and that the nuclei of its various individuals possess both kinds ef chromosomes in various combinations according to the law of chance. To explain the structure ef the ear of Maize, Collins published evidence which indicated that the ear may have developed through the twisting of yoked pairs of spikelets. Weatherwax®* tries to refute this opinion. He contends that dropping of rows of seeds is due to the discontinuance of a row of paired spikelets and not to the loss of the pedicelled spikelets from yoked pairs, and that there is no indication that short rows represent long rows partially aborted, but that the abortion of spikelets or of rows in the ear seems to be much more constant as a characteristic of theories than of real ears. Genetics of Maize: ‘Those interested in Maize from a genetic point of view are referred to the more recent publications mentioned in the foot-note.* * Collins. The origin of maize. Journal Wash. Acad. Sci. 2 (1912), 520. * Kuwada, Y. Die Chromosomenzahl von Zea mays L. Ein Beitrag zur Hypothese der Individualitét der Chromosomen und zur Frage tiber die Herkanft von Zee mays lu. Jour. Coll. Sci. Imperial Univ, Tokyo, 39 (1919), 1-148. ° Weatherwax, P. A misconception as to the structure of the ear of maize. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 47 (1920), 359-362. * Blaringhem, l..—Production par traumatism d’une forme nouvelle de Mais a caryopses multiples, Ze Mays var. Polysperma. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 170, (1920) , 677-679. Collins, G. N.—Structure of the maize ear as indicated in Zea-Luchlena hybrids. Jour. Agr. Res., 17 (1919), 127-135. Collins, G. N.—Dominance and the vigor of first generation hybrids. Amer. Nat , 35 (1921), 116-133, Collins, J. L.--Chimeras in corn hybrids. Jour. Heredity, 10 (1919), 2-10. Hmerson, R. A.—The nature of bud variations as indicated by their mode of inheritance, Amer. Nat., 56 (1922), 64~79. Hume, A. N.—A system for breeding corn or gregarious animals. Jour. Feredity, 11 (1920), 191-192. Jones, D. F.—-Segregation of susceptibility of parasitism in maize. Amer, — Jour. Bot.. 5 (1918), 295-300. Jones, D. F.—The effect of inbreeding and crossbreeding upon development. Proc. Nation. Acad. Sc., 4 (1918), 246-250. ae D. F.—Heritable characters of maize. Jour. Heredity, 11 (1920), Jones. D. F.—Selection in self-fertilized lines as the basis for corn improve- ment. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 12 (1920), 77-100. i ee J. H.—Heritable characters of maize. Jour. Heredity, 11 (1920), 3 [3] 17 Jour., Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XXXII, No. 1. [dae ie sg27- 3. Corx, Linn. (Cke. ii, 997). Species 5 or 6.—Hot countries of the Old World. Coix Lacryma-Jobi, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i, 972; Cke. ii, 997 ; Stapt in Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 27.—Cotx Lacryma, Lion. Syst. ed. x, 1261; Duthie, Grasses of N. W. India, LM; and Fodder Grass, N. Ind. 18. Locality: Sind: Umarkot, sandy plains (Sabnis B717!) ; Chuar Chemali, Indus River (Blatter and McCann D680!) ; Mirpur Sakro (Blatter and MeCann D681! D683!) ; Gharo (Blatter and MeCann D682 !).—Gufarat - (Graham).— Khandesh (McCann !) —Konkan : Gokhiwara, Bassein (Ryan 25!); Matheran (Paranjpe!) ; Dohe Forests (Ryan 713!) ; Junga Hill. Thana (Paranipe Bri Alibag, rice fields (Ezekiel !); Kenery Caves, foot (McCann 9876!) ; Sion (McCann 8453!) ; Bhandup, near tank (McCann 5098!) ; Horse-shoe Valley, Ghatkoper (McCann 9877!) : Common along line from Kalyan to Kasara in streams (MeCann!).—Deccan: Lonavla (Garade! McCann! Woodrow) ; Khandala, common ali over (McCann 9405!); Purandhar (McCann 5005!) ;. Igatpuri (McCann 4346!) ; Panchgani Ghat (Cooke) ; Panchgani (Blatter !).— S. M. Country: Devaryi (Sedgwiek and Bell 4426!); Dharwar (Sedgwick 1856 !).—Kanara : (McCann!) ; Common all through the Konkan and Deccan during the rains, filling up the banks of streams and fields. Distribution : TVropical Asia, cultivated in Africa and America. Uses : Used as fodder for cattle. Duthie says that they fatten on it. Haines calls ita poor fodder for cattle. Of the false fruits there are several varieties differing much in size, shape and colour, and used for decorative purposes in the place of beads. According to Stapf one variety with thin shells is an important cereal in Burma and inthe Farther East. Waxy endosperm, first found in maize from China, Burma and the Phillippines, has been found now in Coiz Lacryma-Jobi from the same region.? 2 ei Porwrocas, Br. .((Cke. 2, 998) I. Polytoca Cookii, Stapf in Hook. Ic. Pl. 24 (1895) t. 2333 ; Cke. ii, 998. Locality : Kathiawar : Junagad (Blatter). — Konkan ; Tungar forest, Bassein (Bhide) ; Bombay (Dalzell) ; Salsette (Jacquemont 706). Deccan - Khandala (McCann 9881!) ; Igatpuri (McCann 9880!) ; near Mahableshwar (Woodrow’) ; Mahableshwar (Woodrow, Cooke). Kanara: (Lisboa). Distribution ; Apparently endemic in the Bombay Presidency. 2. Polytoca barbata, Stapf in Hook. f. F. B. I. vii (1896), 102 ; Cke. ii, 59S. Coix barbata, Roxb. FI. Ind. iii, 569; Dalz. and Gibs. Bombay Fl. 289. Coix gigantea, Herb. Russ. ex Wall Cat. No. 8626.—Chionachne barbata, Br. in Benn. Pl. Rar. Jav. 18; Aitchis, Cat. Panj. Pl. 1578) Duthie Grasses Ind. 11, and Fodd. Grass. N. India, 19. Locality ; Gujarat : Chharodi farm (Gammie 16536!) ; Nadiad farm (Herb. Econ, Bot. Poona!) ; Surat (Sedgewick !) ; Junagad, Kathiawar (Blatter 3784 !):. Khandesh ; 'Toranmal (McCann 9883 !) ; Taloda (Golne!). Konkan ; Between Worli Fort and Hornby-Villard Road on bank, Bombay (Sabnis 9884!) ; Thana (McCann!). Deccan: High hills round Junnar, Poona District (Dalzell and Gibson) ; Poona (Woodrow); College of Science, Poona (Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona !); Ganeshkhind Bot. Gard. (Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona !) ; Haveli (Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona!) ; near Sholapur (Woodrow!). S$. M/ Country « S. W. of Dharwar (Sedgwick and Bell 4433!) ; Kunemelihalli (Sedgwick 1947!) ; Tae (Woedrow!, Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona!}. Kanara: Gersoppa Falls ‘albot Distribution : India, dae Java. —— Kempton J. H.—Linkage between brachytic culms and pericarp and cob color in maize. Jour, Washington Ac. Sc. 11 (1920), 13-20. TRY ac J.H.—A brachytic variation in maize. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 925 (1921). Richey, F. D.—The inequality of reciprocal corn crosses. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron. 12 (1920), 186-196. Urbain, A.—Influence des matiéres de réserve de l’albumen de la graine sur led levelopment de l’embryon. Rév. Gén. Bot. 32 (1920), 125-139, 165-191. * Kempton, J. H. Waxy endosperm in Cozx and sorghum. Jour. Here- dity, 12 (1921), 396-400. [4] eine. 1, 1927.) Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency 18 TRIBE II. Andropogonee.—Spikelets usually in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicelled, very rarely both pedicelled, those of each pair usually alike as to sex (homogamous) or different (heterogamous) on the axes of variously arranged, often spike-like racemes. Glumes more or less rigid and firmer than the valves, and the lower always longer than the florets. Valves mem- brancus, often hyaline, that of the upper floret awned or reduced to an awn or muticous. The key to the genera of this tribe will be given below. Se DIMERTA, R. Br. Woodrowia diandra, Stapf. must be referred to this genus. The genus Woodrowtia, therefore, disappears from the Bombay Flora, I. Spikelets in 2-3-nate racemes. Annuals (a) Rhachis nearly straight. Awn long................ 1. D. orntthopoda. (6) Rhachis circinately curved. Awn short.......... 2. D. Woodrowzt. No spikelets. in many-uate racemes. Perennial........... 30 DS eraciis. ior Spikelets) im pumcles sm Anmial. a cece sscetecdoe ses. ue 4. D. diandra. The species of this genus ustially inhabit open, flat, dry, gravelly plains which are wel! drained during the monsoon, and several species may be found associated with each other in the same locality to the exclusion of every other plant. Where D. ornithopoda, gracilis and diandra grow together, the two former are more numerous. 1. Dimeria ornithopoda, Trin. Fund. Agrost. (1820), 167, t. 14; Hack. Monogr. Androp. 81; Hook. f. in F. B. I. vii, 104; Cke. ii, 945.—D. filzformis, Hochst. in Hohenack. Pl. Ind. Or. no. 231.—Audropogon filiformis, Roxb FI. Ind. i 255.—Andropogon Roxburghianus, Schult. Mant. iti, 451.—APszlostachys filiformis, Dalz. and Gibs. Bomb. FI. 305. Description - Cke. 1.c. Locality: Konkan: Kankeshwar Hills, Alibag (Bhide!); Marmagoa {Talbot!) ; Vetora (Sabnis 33715!).—Deccan: Makableshwar (Dalzell and Gibson, Lisboa) ; Lingmala to Mahableshwar, 4,000 ft., rain 200 inch. (Sedeg- wick and Bell 4653!); Lonavla (Bhide!, Lisboa) ; Khandala, ‘Tata’s Lake, very common (McCann A309!, 9885!, Woodrow); Sakhar-Pathar, Lonavla (Gammie 15948!): Panchgani (Blatter and Hallberg B1214!, B1219!, B1279!, B1289!, Woodrow) —S. 47. Country; Castle Rock (Bhide!), Londa (Woodrow !).—Kanara; Yellapore (Sedgwick 3124!); Birchy (Talbot 2251!) ; Karwar (Hallberg and McCann A307!) ; Siddhapur to Sirsi, open aS land (Hallberg and McCann A313!) ; Jagalbet, N. Kanara (Talbot 41565). Distribution : All over India, Malay Islands, Japan, Tropical Australia. 2. Dimeria Woodrowii, Stapf in Hook. Ic. Pl. 24 (1895), t. 2312; Hook. f. in Bele vii, 104 ;Cke: ii, 945: Ppescripiion = Cke. 1.c. Locality : Konkan ; Marmagoa (McCann !, Bhide!, Talbot 2557) ; Karanjee, Ratnagiri Dist. (Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona!) ; Ratnagiri (Herb. Dhura!, Woodrow).—Kanara.: Mirjan (Hallberg and McCann!); Honavar, open rocks (McCann!). Mstribution : W. Peninsula. 3. Dimeria gracilis, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 413; Hack. Monogr. Androp. 88; Hook. f. in F. B. I. vii, 105; Cke. ii, 946. Description»: Cke. 1.c. Locality : Konkan; Penn, hills (Bhide!) ; Vetora (Sabnis 3714 !).—Deccan : Lonavla (Bhide!, Woodrow); Khandala (McCann A318!); on the Ghats {Lisbea!).—S. 7. Country : Castle Rock (Bhide!); Anmod to Castle Rock (Sedgwick 3254!).—Kanara: Bell and Sedgwick 3165! ; Supa (Sedgwick and Bell 4880!) ; Arbail Ghat (Sedgwick and Bell 5018!) ; Sirsi (Gammie!) ; Kumwada (Talbot 2260!); Yellapore (Talbot 1527!); Kadra (Talbot!) ; Sumpkhund (Hallberg and McCann A308!) ; Sirsi to Siddhapur (Hallberg and McCann A311!) ; Devimani (Talbot !). Distribution : W. Peninsula, Ceylon. Where this species is growing together with other species of Dzmeria it can easily be recognized by its overtowering the others. [9] 19 Jour., Bom. Nat. Hist. Sot., Vol. XXXII, No. 1. [Agg. ¥, 1927. 4, Dimeria diandra, Stapf in Bhide, New and revised spec. of Gram. from Bombay Jour. and Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, new s. vil, (1911), 515.— Woedrowia diandra, Stapf in Hook. Ic. Ph. (1866), t. 2447; Hook. f. in F. B. I. vit, 241 ; ke. ii. 1012. Description : Cke. l.c. except for the number and description of the glumes, this part of the diagnosis must read like this: Glumes 4: Lower involucral glume more or less dorsally hairy, with ciliolate margins; upper involueral glume with a densely ciliate keel; lower floral glume obovate-oblong, hyaline, nerveless ; upper floral glume 2-lobed, with a geniculate awn about 12 mm. long from the sinus, column of awn 4 mmo. long. spirally ciliate, brown, the upper part of the awn yellow, longer than the column. Locality ; Konkan ; Vasco da Gama (Bhide!); Marmagoa (Talbot 2557 !)— Deccan : Khandala, open grass land (Saxton and Bhide!, MeCann A317 !)).— S. MM. Country - Castle Rock (Bhide!).—Kanara - Kumberwada (Talbot 2261!) ; Kadra (Talbot 2822!)); Devimani (Talbot 3547 !) ; Jog to Siddahapur, open grass iand, rocky soil (Hallberg and McCann A314!) ; Mirjan (Hallberg and McCann A315!). Distribution: W. Peninsula. 6. IscHamum, Linn. (Cke. ii, 957) Species about 50.—All belonging to the Old World, except 3 found in tropical America. Cooke, 1. c. describes 12 species. Of these /schemum angustifolium has to go under Pollinidium and Ilschemum laxum, sulcatum and spathiflorum under Schima. Instead 3species new to the Presidency will be added to the genus Lschemum, viz. I. impressum, Hack., 1. conjugatum, Roxb. and 1. timeorense, Kth. In /schemum the raceines are geminate or digitate. A. Margins of lower involucral glume of sessile spikelet inflexed or ineurved from base to apex. I. Leaves rounded at the base (slightly cordate in /. mzodle), sessile on the sheath. 1. Pedicel of upper spikelet less than 1/3 the length of the lower spikelet. (a) Lower involucral glume of sessile spike- lets. with nodulose margins 1. JF. aristatum. (6) Lower involucral glume of sessile spike- lets closely transversely ribbed ws |) (22 Te peugosias (¢) Lower involucral glume of sessile spike- lets. dorsally villous all over, not trans- versely ridged nor with nodulose margins 3. £. molle. 2. Pedicel of upper spikelet 1/3 the length of the lower spikelet or more. (¢) Upper involucral glume of sessile spike- lets 2-fid, 3-nerved .- 4. I. diplopogon. (6) Upper involucral glume of sessile spike- lets acuminate, 5-nerved ... 5. F. pilosum, II. Leaves hastate or cordate at the base, often petioled. I, Pedicel of upper spikelet not 1/3 of the lower spikelet. (a) Leaves 7°5—13 cm. long on ew. 6. SF. seméisagitiatum. (6) Leaves 25—35cm. long 7. 7. L. conjugatunt. 2. Pedice) of upper spikelets as long as the lower spikelet, or longer... 8. JL. impressum. B. Margins of lower involucral glume of sessile spikelets broadly incurved below the middle. I. Keel of upper involucral glume winged above the middle. 1. Sessile spikelets 3 mm. long ;. callus large, glabrous ; awn 4 mm. long... 9 fs. Lisboe. 2. Sessile spi ikelets 5mm, long ; callus short, bearded ; awn 12 mm. long 5 10... LZ, cttzare: Il. Keel of upper involucral glume not winged. ll. Jl. tzmorens.. [5] Aug. 1, 1927.] Revision of the Flore of the Bombay Presidency 20 1. {schemum aristatum, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 1049; Cke. ii, 958; Ranag Achariyar, South Ind. Grass. (1921), 151. Deseription : Cke. 1. c. This grass is a very variable one, so variable, indeed, that it is almost impossible to distinguish good varieties, in spite of Hackel’s and Hook. f.’s efforts. Locality: Khandesh: W. Khandesh (Blatter!).—Konkan; Bassein (McCann 4474!) ; Sion Boinbay (McCann 5233!) ; Bhandup (McCann £899 !) ; Parsik, railway line (McCann 9991!) ; Matunga near Bombay (Woodrow 4). Deccan - Khandala, on rocks (McCann 9908!}: Lohagad, half way up (McCann 9996!) ; Deolali (Blatter and Hallberg 4554!) ; Igatputi (Blatter and Hallberg 5169!) ; Mahableshwar (Talbot 4534!); Lonavla. (Garade!) ; Panchgani (B.atter and Hallberg B1216!) ; Pasarni Ghat (Blatter and Hall- berg B1307 !).—.S. 17. Country : Devarayi (Sedgwick and Bell 4456!) ; Castle Rock (Bhide !) ; Belgaum (Ritchie 812/2). Distribution : India (also on higher hills), Ceylon, China, Malaya. 2. Ischemum rugosum, Salish. Ic. Stirp. Rar. (1791), 1, t.1; Roxb. FI. Ind. I, 320; Hack. Monogr. Androp. 206 ; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 18, and Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 31; F. B. I. VI, 127; Cke. ii, 959; Ranga Achariyar, Seuth Ind. Grass. (1921), 153 ; Haines Bot. Bihar and Orissa pt. V (1925), 1021. Locality ; Konkan: Bombay Island (Blatter!) ; Kankeshwar Hills, Alibag (Bhide!); Bassein (McCann 4479!).—Deccan: Khandala, common, Echo- Point in a dry pool (McCann 9903!) ; Igatpuri, common (MeCann 4348 !) ! Poona (Woodrow).—Aanara - Halyal (Talbot 2140 !). Distribution : India, Ceyion, China, Malaya. 3. ischemum molle, Hook. f. in F.B.I. vii (1896), 128; Cke. ii, 959. Locality : Konkan ; Sion creek (Sabnis 9900 !).—Deccan : Lonavla (Bhide ! Woodrow), lgatpuri (McCann 9543 !); Khandala, railway line (MeCann 9944!) . Distribution : W. Peninsula, Central Provinces. 4. Ischemum diplopegon, Hook. f. in F.B.1. vii (1896), 129; Cke. ii, 960. Locality : Konkan - Matheran (Woodrow) .— Deccan : Mahableshwar (Wood- row 4): Mahableshwar, wet rocks in a stream (Sedgwick and Bell 4595 !] ; Amberwadi, Nasik District (Patwardhan !) ; Sakar Pathar, Lonavla (Gammie 15963 !) ; Khandala (McCann !) ; Bhorkas near Poona (Woodrow 3!). Distribution : W. Peninsula. 5. Ischemum pitosum, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 240; Duthie Fodd. Grass Neoindia 3); Ckie..it, O61. Vern. Names: Khavo (Broach), Kunda (Poona), Nuth, Kanigyanhullu (Bijapur). Locality : Gujarat: Surat, roadside (Sedgwick !).—Khandesh : (Lisboa) ; Amalner (Blatter and Haliberg 4397 !).—Deccan.: Ganeshkhind Bot. Gard- Kirkee (Gammie!); Mangri, 8 miles E. of Poona (Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona !); Yerowda (Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona!) ; Chattarshinji Hill, Poona (Ezekiel!) ; Kirkee (Talbot !); Poona (Bhide!) ; Sholapur (Lisboa); Satara (Lisboa).—S. 4. Country: Kunemelihalli (Sedgwick 2138!)}; Dharwar (Sedgwick and Bell 5341!) ; black soil field, Haveri (Talbot 2185!) ; Gadag (Talbot 2185!) ; black soi) field, 7 miles S. of Hubli (Sedgwick 5341 !). Distribution : W. Peninsula, Central Provinees, Rajputana. 6. Ischemum semisagittatum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814), 8; Hack. Monogr. Androp. 208 ; Cke. ii. 961. 2 Locality. Khandesh: W. Khandesh (McCann !).—Konkau : Kenery Caves (McCann 9,914!) ; Sion, Bombay (McCann 5,251!}; Bassein (McCann 4482 !) ; Sewri, Bombay (MeCann 3586 !; ; Marmagoa (Talbot 2560 !) ; Parel, Bombay (Woodrow) ; Thana (Lisboa}.—Deecan : Mahableshwar, in forests (Sedgwick and Bell 4802!); Lonavia (Bhide! Woodrow); Khandala, very common (McCann 9613 !} ; Igatpuri, very common (McCann 4319!) ; Satara (Lisboa) .— S. MM. Country : Castle Rock (Bhide !); Dudsagar Falls (McCann !).—Kanara: Anmod (Sedgwick 3273!) ; Supa (Talbot 2092!) ; Jugglepet (Talbot 2089!) ; Yellapur (Talbot, 738). A very common grass growing usually in the shade of trees. It is common throughout the S. part of the Presidency. [7] 21 Jour., Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XXXII, No.1, [Aug. 1, 1927. Distribution > Bengal, W. Peninsula, Ceylon. Var. dasyantha, Hack. Monogr. Androp. (1889). 209; Cke. ii, 962 Locality ; Konkan (Stocks ex. Cke.).—Kanara (Woodrow !) 7. Ischemum conjugatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 321 (not of Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1894), 8); Hack. Monogr. Androp. 205; F.B.I. vii, 131. Spodiopogon conjugatus, Voigt. Hort. Suburb. Cale. 706 —Andropogon cordatifolius, Steud. Syn. Gram. 375. Description: An annual. Stem spreading from the root and creeping, then geniculately ascending, 30-35 cm. high, slender, stiff, purplish, repeatedly branching upwards. Leaves short, 25-35 mm. long, base hastate or broadly, deeply cordate, acuminate, broadest at the base, rather rigid, striate, lower petioled ; sheath of the upper ventricose and often open ; liguie short, glabrous. Spikes 2, short, 25-35 mm. long, sessile, villous ; joints very short, quadrately clavate, plano-convex, ciliate. Sessile spikelets 3 mm. long, pale. Glumes 4. Lower invoiucral glume oblong, obtuse, flat, 2-toothed, villous from below or above the middle to nearly the top, margins narrowly inflexed, not winged, upper half often greener, even or lower margins obscurely nodose. Upper involucral glume lanceolate, acuminate, strongly keeled, puberulous. Lower floral glume paleate. Upper floral glume cleft to about the micdle, awn ders- ally inserted at or below the cleft, slender, about twice as long as the spikelet. Pedicelled spikelets subsessile, almost awnless. Lower involucral glume as in the sessile. Locality : Konkan ; Okda Forest (Ryan, 712!). Deccan : Mahableshwar to Pratabgad (Bhide!) ; Khandala (Garade !) ; College Farm, Poona (Pawar !).— Kanara: Gersoppa Falls (Chibber !). Distribution : Bengal, W. Peninsula, naturalized in Ceylon. 8. Ischemum impressum, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 210; F.B.I. vii, 132. Stem 10-20 cm. high, slender, prostrate below, branching upwards, quite glabrous. Leaves 5-8 cm. long, upper 18mm. broad, ovate.or oblong-lanceo- late, cordate, lower narrower, petioled, sparsely hairy beneath, margin thickened, scaberulous, sometimes crenulate ; sheath compressed, glabrous ; ligule oblong. Spikes 2, yellow ; joints and pedicels stout, clavate, ciliate with rigid hairs, forked at the top. Sessile spikelets 6-8 mm. long, shining; callus short, broad, bearded. Lower involucral glume Jinear-oblong, flat, dorsally broadly irregularly depressed with shallow subsemilunar pits in the lower 2/3, above it winged and 2-cuspidate, narrowed and margins subnodulose at the base, wings erose. Upper involucral glume obtuse, chartaceous, ciliate, dorsally rounded with a median gibbosity and an auricle-like wing above it. Lower floral glume oblong-lanceolate, hyaline, 3-nerved, ciliate. Upper floral glume much shorter, glabrous, cleft to above the middle, awn short, genicu- lately inserted at the cleft. Pedicelled spikelets smaller than the sessile. Tower involucral glume obtuse, glabrous, many-nerved, winged on one margin. Upper involucral glume 7-nerved. Upper floral glume mucronate. Locality : Deccan: Mahableshwar (Sedgwick and Bell, 4514!); Panchgani, Tableland (Blatter, 5083!. B122i!, B1285!) ; Igatpuri (Blatter!) ; Khandala, Echo-Point (McCann 9943 !) ; Lonavla (Bhide!). Distribution : We have found this species only in the W. Ghats. Hooker f. mentions the Konkan, but with a sign of interrogation. As we have never met it in the Konkan, it is not likely to occur in that region. Where Huegel’s specimen comes from we cannot say, and will in all probability never be known. We think it is quite safe tosay that /. z#2pressum is endemic in the W. Ghats of the Bombay Presidency. 9. Ischemum Lisboe, Hook. f. in F.B.I. vii, (1896), 133; Cke. ii, 962. Locality : Kanara: N. Kanara (Lisboa) ; Karwar (Talbot 2209!, McCann!), A rare grass, apparently endemic in N. Kanara. 10. Ischemum ciliare, Retz. Obs. 6 (1791), 36; Hack. Monogr. Androp. 225 ; Duthie Fodd. Grass. N. India. 30; Cke. ii, 962. JZ. genitculatwm, Roxb. FI. Ind. I, 322. S. obliguivalvis, Neesin Nov. Act. Cur. XIX, Suppl. I (1843), 185; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. 16. Locality: Konkan: Bassein (Ryan 445!); St. Xavier’s College Comp., Bombay (McCann 4594!) ; Parel, Bombay (Woodrow) ; Compoli (McCann [3] mis. 1, 1947.) Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency 2a 9415!) ; Alibae, sandy shore (Ezekiel!); Uran (McCann 5126!) ; Salsette (Jacquemont 710).—Deccan: Khandala, very common (McCann 9612 !); Ganesh- khind Bot. Gard. (Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona!) ; Igatpuri (Biatter and Hall. 3927A!).—S. M. Country: Mugad, hill-side (Sedgwick 1823!) ; Castle Rock (Bhide!).—N. Kanura-: Yellapore (Talbot 1526!) ; Halyal, borders of rice fields (Talbot 2141!)! Ankola ;{Mamlatdar of Ankola!) ; Karwar, sea coast, sandy soil near Gaol (Talbot 2821!); Gersoppa Falls (McCann!) ; Common throughout Kanara (McCann!) ; Kakti (Woodrow). Distvibution : India, Ceylon, Cnina, Malaya, Australia. 11. Ischemum timorense, Kunth Revis. Gram. i, 369, t. 98; Hack. Monogr. Androp. 229; F. B. I. vii, 136:—7. dfenellum, Roxb. Fl. Ind.‘i, 323. Stem 15-45 cm. high, slender, branched, straggling, nodes glabrous, or sparingly bearded. Leaves 2'5-10 cm. long, sessile and petioled, linear- lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or sparsely hairy, base of upper rounded, of lower rounded; sheath lax, mouth hairy; ligule obscure. Spikes 2-3, 25-50 mm. long, rather slender, sparingly villous; joints and pedicels about half as long as the spikelets, nearly equal, shortly ciliate. Sessile spike- lets 2-5-3 mm. long, greenish or with green nerves; callus narrow, long- bearded. Lower involucral glume ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, bicuspidate, 5-9-nerved, base ventricose, margins broadly involute below, subauricled, dorsally convex, polished, nerves strong. Upper involucral bracts longer, acuminate or aristulate, dorsally rounded, recurved, 3-5-nerved, tip 2-toothed, dorsally usually ciliate. Lower floral glume lanceolate, falcate, palea linear-oblong. Upper floral glume short, 2-lobed, glabrous, awn in the cleft very slender, shortly exserted. Pedicelled spikelets like the sessile awned. Locality: Sind: Sukkur (Mamlatdar of Sukkur!).—Deccan: Mahableshwar, common (Sedewick and Bell 4503!) ; Lonavla (Bhide!) ; Khandala, behind | the Saddle (McCann 9915!).—S. MW. Country: Deciduous forests W. of Dharwar (Sedgwick and Bell 4500!) ; Devikop (Sedgwick 2170!); S. W. of Dharwar (Sedgwick and Bell 4429!); Londa (Bnide!).—Kanara: Suppa (Talbot 2101!) ; Yellapore (Talbot 2327!) ; Dandeli (‘Talbot 2494 !). Distribution : Burma, Chittagong, Benga!, Central Provinces, Sind, W. Peninsula, Ceylon, Malaya, Pacific Islands. 7. THELEEPOCON, Roth. (Cke. ii, 971). Species 1.—India and tropica: Africa. 1. Thelepogon elegans, Roth. ex Roem. and Schult. Syst. ii, 788; Nov. Ep. 62; Hack. Monogr, Androp. 267: F. B. I. vii, 148; Cke: ii, 671.— Andropogon princeps, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii, 470, ¢. 102 —RAiniachne princeps, Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. i, 360.—Jardinea abyssinica, Steud. l.c.—Ahytachne princeps, Durand and Schinz. Consp. Fl. Afr. v, 700. Vern. Names: Podga (Kaira), Bhatad (Thana), Bangadi (Poona), Pharoda (Ahmednagar). Description : Cke. 1.e. Locality : Gujarat : Ahmedabad (Sedgwick !) ; Kaira (ex Burns).— Konkan: Matheran (D’Almeida A257 !); Thana (ex Burns).—Deccan ; Najar to Pasur Rd. (Paranjpe!); Lina Hill, Nasik District (Blatter and Hallberg A79!, 4544!) ; Katraj Ghat (Gammie!); Bairawadi, Purandhar (McCann 5053!) ; Panchgani (Blatter and Hall. B1267!) ; Poona (Woodrow) ; Hewra (Dalzell) ; near Nasik (Edgeworth) ; Ahmednagar (ex Burns).—S. 47. Country : Dharwar (Sedgwick 1824!) ; Alnawar (Talbot 2303!) ; Beleaum (Ritchie 812).—Kanara : Halyal (Talbot 2094 !, 2142 !). Distribution : Central India, W. Peninsula, Tropical Africa. Uses : Eaten by horses, although very bitter (Dalzell). 8. SEHIMA, Forsk. Fl. Aegypt. mrp. 1785) Stapt. in’ Fl. Trop. Ate. ix, 35. Annual or perennial grasses. Blades convolute when young, at leneth flat, narrow; ligules a line of stiff hairs. Racemes usually gently curved, dorsiventrally and laterally compressed, with the pedicelled spikelets converg- ing over the convex side, joints and pedicels sublinear and parallel. Sessile and pedicelled spikelets heteromorphous, Spikelets 2-nate, those of each pair [9] 23 Jour., Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XXXII, No. 1. [Aug. 1, 1927. differing in sex, one sessile, the other pedicelled on the articulate fragile rhachis of solitary spike-like racemes, the pedicelled tardily separating from their pedicels, the sessile deciduous together with the adjacent joint of the rhachis and the pedicel. Fiorets 2; lower male, upper bisexual in tne sessile, male or neuter in the pedicelled spikelets. Sessile spikelets: glumes equal or subequal; lower grooved, rarely flat, 2-dentate or 2-mucronate, more or less chartaceous, upwards acutely 2-keeled with inflexed margins, keels winged ; upper glume boat-shaped, keeled upwards with a bristle-like awn. Valves hyaline, of lower floret entire, muticous, of upper 2-fid and awned from the sinus. Valvules more or less equallimge their valves, hyaline. Lodicules 2, cuneate. Stamens 3. Stigmas linear-oblong, laterally exserted. Grain oblong, obtusely trigonous ; embryo reaching te the middle of the grain. Pedicelled spikelets flat, with 2 florets resembling the lower floret of the sessile spikelets, the lower or both more er less reduced and barren. Species about 5.—India, Tropical Africa, N. America. A. Racemes enclosed in long narrow spathes ww» iL. S. spathiflorum. IB. Racemes not enclosed in spathes— I. Sessile spikelets 6-7 mm. long. Lower in- volucral glume of sessile spikelet 6-nerved ... 2. .S. mervosim. II. Sessile spikelets 7-11 mm long. Lower in- volucral glume of sessile spikelet 3-5-nerved... 3. S. 2chemoides. IlI. Sessile spikelet 9mm.long. Lower involucral glume of sessile spikelet 2-nerved ... w. 4 S. suleatum. 1. Sehima spathiflorum, nov. comb. Blatter and McCann.—J/schemum spathi- florum, Hook. f. in F. B. I., vii (1896), 138; Cke. ii, 963. estription > Cke. 1. ¢. Locality : Khandesh: Toranmal (McCann 9922 !).—-Konwkan > Penn (Bhide !) ; Matheran (Paranjpe!) ; Bassein (Ryan 2300!) ; Kenery Caves (McCann 9920!) ; {sland of Salsette in hilly stony places (Jacquemont 797).—Deccan: Lonavla ({Bhide!) ; Khandala (Woodrow); Khandala, in watercourses, very common (McCann 9928!) ; Palasdari on the Bhor Ghat, G. I. P. Railway (Woodrow) ; Lohagad, plain (McCann 9919!) ; Bairawadi, Purandhar (McCann 5054!) ; Ygatpuri (Blatter and Hallberg 3836 !, McCann !). Distribuiion: Endemic. 2. Sehima nervosum, Stapf. in Fl. Trop. Afr. IX, 36; Haires pt. v, 1023.— S. macrostachyum, Hochst. in Schimp. Pl. Abyss. n. 1705.—Andropogon mervosus, Rottl. apud Willd in Verh. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, iv (1803), 218.— Andropogon striatus, Klein apud Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. (1805), 903 ; R. Br. Prodr. 201.—A. tacazensis, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. i, 369.—A. macrostachys, Anders. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aeth. 306 (per ervorem 310).—Ischemum laxum, R. Br. Prodr. 205; Hook. f. in F. B. I. vii, 136, partim ; Cke. ii, 964, pardim— Ischemum laxum var. genuinum, Hack. in Monogr. Androp. 245.—Ischemum nervosum, Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 305.—/schemum macrostachyum, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii, 472.—Pollinia striata, Spreng. Pug. ii, 12.—Holegamium wervosum, Nees in Wdinb. N. Phil. Journ. xviii, 185, Description - A perennial, deasely tufted grass. Stems erect, 60cm. to 1m. high, on ashort rootstock, simple or nearly so, slender, terete, about 4-noded, middle and upper internodes exserted, smooth or slightly rough below the inflorescence, glabrous. Leaves 15-30 cm. and longer, 2-4 mm. bread, erect, iinear, narrowed into long capillary tips, flat, smooth, striate, glaucous, more or less scabrid, lateral nerves about 3 on each side. like the midrib whitish and prominent on both sides; sheaths shorter than the internodes, tight, terete, striate, smooth or nearly so, glabrous or sparingly hirsute from tubercle-based hairs ; ligule a line of short stiff hairs. Racemes solitary, 5-10 cm. long, erect, slightly curved, pale, fragile ; joints and pedicels parallel, sublinear, slightly compressed, 3-4-5 mm. long, densely ciliate with white hairs along the angles, otherwise glabrous, tips more or less oblique. Sessile spikelets lanceolate-linear to linear, acuminate, 625-7 mm. long, pale green, with a shortly bearded callus. Glumes subequal: lower subchartaceous to chartaceous, with an unequally 2-toothed, flat and membranous beak, the teeth of which sometimes run out into ciliate mucros, deeply grooved, especially below the middle, acutely 2-keeled, outer keel generally winged upwards, intracarinal nerves 4, with transverse veins in the upper part, like these green and raised on a white [10] Aug. 1, 1927.] Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency 24 ground ; upper glume subchartaceous, slightly shorter, boat-shaped, sublinear in profile, keeled above, with the keel widened at the apex and passiag intoa fine bristle 1]--12°5 mm. long. 5-nerved with fine transverse veins, ciliate. Lower floret: valve faintly 2-nerved, hyaline, ciliate, 4.5 mm. long, with a narrow, linear valvule cf about equallength and amale flower. Upper floret bisexual: valve oblong-lanceolate, 4 mm. long, 2-fid, with narrow lobes, hyaline, 3-nerved, ciliate; awn up to 43 mm. long slJender, column spirally twisted, bronze colour, very minutely ciliate along the spiral, bristle whitish, as long as the column or slightly longer ; valvule as long as the valve, itnear, subacute, 2-nerved, ciliate. Anthers 3 mm. long. Styles and stigmas pale, 2mm. long. Pedicelled spikelet lanceolate, acuminate, green or tinged with purple, 7-8°5 mm. long, glabrous ; lower glume slightly 2-toothed, long-ciliate from the hairs of the tightly inflexed margin, keels very narrowly or obscurely winged, wing rigidly ciliate, intracarinal nerves 5, the inner 3 very prominent and rough ; upper glume lanceolate, long and fineiy acuminate, hyaline, ciliate, 3-nerved ; lower floret as in the sessile spikelet ; upper floret very much like the lower. Stamens smaller in the lower floret or both florets reduced and empty. Locality: Gujarat: Porbandar (Bhide!); Junagad, Kathiawar (Blatter 3799!) ; Surat, city wails (Herb. St. X. C. 9498!) ; Ahmedabad (Sedgwick !).— Khandesh: (lisboa) ; Umalla village, on Tapti river (Blatter and Hallberg 5160!); Toranmal, common on the slopes (McCann 9916!).—Deccan : Purandhar Fort (Bhide!, McCann 5106!) ; Khandala, St. X. Villa compound (McCann 9419!) ; Deolali (Blatter and Hallberg 4548!) ; Lonavla (Bhide !) ; Panchgani (Blatter and Hallberg B1269!) ; Poona (Woodrow); Poona to Karli (Jacquemont 530).—.S. 7. Country : Dharwar (Bhide!) ; Haveri (Talbot 2186 !). ; Distribution : Bengal, Behar, Central Provinces, Rajputana, W. Peninsula, Ceylon, Tropical Australia,Somaliland, Abyssinia, Eritrea. Cape de Verd Islands. Uses - Used for thatching in Khandesh (Lisboa). Considered to be one of the best fodder grasses andis eaten by cattle even after the fall of the spikes( Haines). 3. Sehima ischemeides, Forsk. Fl]. Aegypt.—Arab. 178; Stapfin Fl. Trop. Afr. IX, 37.—Sehima Kotschyi, Hochst. in Flora (1844), 247.—Ischemum Sehima, R. Br. Prodr. I, 204.—Jschemum inscalptum, Hochst.in Schimp. Pl. Abyss. n. 739 and Flora (1844), 247; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. IT, 472.— Andropogon Sehima, Steud. Syn Pl. Glum. 1, 369.—Axndropogon lineatus, Steud. l.c.— Andropogon schangulensts, Rupr. ex. Steud. 1.c.—Andropogon inscalptus, Anders. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aeth. 306 (per errorem 310).— scram taxum, KR. Bre Prodr. (810), 205; Hook.f: in F.B-.F., VIL, 136, partim.—Ischemum laxum var. tnscalptum, Hack. in Monogr. Androp. 245.— Andropogon rhynchophorus, Stapf in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. LV (1908) Mem. VIII. wi) Ua Anannwualherb. Stems usually in small fascicles, rarely over 45 cm. high, slender, terete, simple, 2- or 3-noded, middle and upper internodes slightly exserted, smooth, glabrous. Leaves glaucous, linear, tapering to a long fine point, vp to 13 cm. long, 1°5-3°1 mm. broad, more or less scabrid, midrib fine like the 1 or 2 primary lateral nerves. Racemes solitary, or sometimes an additional 1 or 2 from the upper nodes, 2’5-7'5 cm. long, erect, or slightly rodding ; joints and pedicels parallel, sublinear, slightly compressed, 3-1 mm. long, very densely ciliate from white hairs along the angles, otherwise glabrous, tips more or less oblique. Sessile spikelets linear 7-11 mm. long, pale green, with a shortly bearded callus; lower glume subchartaceous to chartaceous, with an unequaily 2 toothed flat and membranous long beak, the teeth of which run out into mucros, deeply grooved, especially below the middle, acutely 2-keeled, the outer keel generally winged upwards, intracarinal nerves 3-5, raised, rough, only distinct just above the groove ; upper glume and florets as in Sehima nervosum, excepting the bristle of the glume which is over 15°5 mm. long and the awn, the column of which is generally more brown than bronze in colour and has much longer cilia along the spirals. Pedicelled spikelets narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate, pale green, up to 12°5 mm. long, glabrous; lower glume with two long setaceous teeth, sparingly hairy on the back, otherwise the spikelet asin Schima nervosum. Locality : Deccan (Woodrow 147, Law, ex. Stapf.) Distribution - ‘Tropical Arabia, Yemen, Abyssinia, Sudan, Kordofan, Nubia, Cameroons, Cape de Verd Islands. 4 (12) 25 Jour., Bom. Nat, Hist. Soe., Vol. XXXII, Ne. J, [dag d a927- 4. Sehima sulcatum, comb. nov. Blatter and McCann.—Jschemum sulcatum, Hack. in Monogr. Androp. 248; Hook. f. in F.B.1., vii, 137 ; Cke. ii, 964. Description : See Cke. l.c. Locality : Deccan : Satara (Lisboa) ; Malsiras, Sholapur Taluka (Lisboa).— S. M. Country: Black soil banks 35 miles S. of Dharwar (Sedgwick 3745!) ; banks of black soil fields 7 miles S. of Hubli (Sedgwick and Bell 5342!) ; Dharwar. common (Sedgwick 1819!, MeCann!). Distr sbulion - Central Provinces, W. Peninsula. 9. PoLLinipium, Stapf. As far as we can make out the diagnosis of this genus was published for the first time in Haines’ Botany of Bihar and Orissa, pt. 5 (1924), 1020. Densely tufted, perennial herbs with woolly rootstock and basal sheaths. Leaves convoiute when old, wiry, mouth of sheaths ciliate. Spikes digitate or fascicled, fascicles with filiform peduncles on a more or less branched panicle. Spikelets 2-nate, sessile and pedicelled, similar, on the articulate, fragile, compressed, not stout rhachis. Callus densely clothed with long brown hairs. Glumes 4: Lower involucral glume flattened, 2?-3-dentate, dorsally hairy at base, 5-7-nerved, margins inflexed; upper involucral gluine cymbiform, minutely cuspidate, 3-5-nerved, with a slender awn. Lower floral glume hyaline, sparsely ciliate, elliptic, palea finely ciliate ; upper floral glume narrow, conduplicate, entire or 2-toothed shortly awned from the tip or minute sinus, palea broad and nearly as long as the glume, densely ciliate on the top. 1. Pollinidium angustifolium, Haines Bot. Bihar and Orissa, pt. 5 (1924), 1020.— Ischemum angustifolium, Hack in Monogr. Androp. 241; Hook. f.in F.B.I. vii, 129; Cke. ii, 960.—SAodiopogon angustifolius, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb., ser. VI, ii (1833), 300; Spec. Gram. Ic. t. 336.—Pollinia eriopoda, Hance in Journ. Bot. iv (1866), 173.— Andropogon binatus, Retz. Obs, vi, 21. Description » Cke. }.e. Loéality : Gujarat : Rajkot (Woodrow) .—Koxzan ; Victoria Gardens, Bombay (McCann 4302!).—Dececan - College Garden, Poona (Grade!) ; cultivated at Poona (Woodrow). Distribution ; Afghanistan, India, China, Philippines. Uses : In Bihar and Orissa the Sabai grass is used for strings, ropes and mats (the Baib matting of Caleutta) and is very largely employed for paper- making. Fires iinprove the crop by removing shade. It is easily grown by division of the rootstock or fron: seed. From seed it yields a crop in about three years. Cattle do not eat it (Haines). For Bombay see Cke. l.c. 10. Apocopis, Nees. (Cke. ii, 967): 1. Apocopis vaginatus, Hack. in Oestr. Bot. Zeitschr. 41 (1891), 8; Cke. ii, 967.—A. Wightiz, Nees, var. vaginata, Hook. f. in F.B.I., wii, 143. Description ; Cke 1.c. Locality: Gujarat: Ahmedabad, field (Sedgwick !).—Konkan: Kalyan (Wecedrow).—S. M7. Country : Forests W. of Dharwar (Sedgwick !)— Kanara : Haiyal (Talbot 2379!) ; N. Kanara (Woodrow). Distribution . Bihar, Central India, Deccan and W. Peninsula, Burma, Ceylon, Il. LorpnHorocon, Hack. 1. Lephopogon tridentatus, Hack. in Eng}. and Prantl. Nat. Pflanzenf. ii, pt. ll (1887), 22,56, Monogr. Androp. 254, t. i..f. 14; ok. f.in PB vi eo Cke. ii, 966.—Andropogon tridentatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 257.—Saccharum tridentatum, Spreng. Syst. i, 283. Description: Cke.1.c. Locality: Khandesh: Tapti, Bhusawal (Blatter and Hallberg 5457 !). --Deccan ; Agricultural College compound, Kirkee (Bhide!): Bapodi near Poona (Gammie 15335!); Bowadhar near Poona (Garade!); Rahuri (Nana A80!); Igatpuri (McCann 4572!) ; Chattarshinji Hill, Poona (Ezekiel!) ; Deolali (Blatter 9620!, 9610!); Jeur, Sholapur Dist. (Woodrow !).—.S. 7. Country: Dharwar, on dry gravelly uplands 2,400 ft., rain 34 inches (Sedgwick 3010!). Distribution + Central Provinces, W. Peninsula. [12] Alp. 1, 1927.] Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidenty 26 12. ApiLuDA, Linn. (Cke. ii, 956) 1. Aplada varia, Hack. in Monogr. Androp. 196, var. aristata, Hack. 1. c. 199 : Hook. f. in F.B.I., vii, 150; Cke. ii, 956, comprekendens etiam alias varteiates ; Stapf. in Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 40; Haines pt. v, 1057.—Apluda arts- éata, Linn. Cent. ii, 71; Schreber Beschr. d. Gr. 93, t. 42 ; Beauv. Agrost 133 ; Duthie Fodd. Grass. of N. Ind. 44, t. 29.—Apluda Grylius, Beauv. Agrost. Explic. planches, 15, t. 25, fig. 5 (6 Ber errorem). As our Bombay specimens must be referred to the var. arzstata and as Ceoke’s description comprises also other varieties we give in the following Stapf’s diagnosis of the variety arzsfafa. This must not prevent botanists from paying attention to the possible occurrence of other varieties in the Presidency. Destrifiion > Mostly annual, branched from tne base. Stems densely tufted, erect. 30-180 cm. high, or geniculately ascending and often rooting from the nodes, many~noded, terete, smooth and polished. Leaves 10-45 cm. by 4-15 mm., linear-lanceolate, long-attenuated towards the base, almost petioled, tapering wpwards toa fine setaceous point, convolute in bud, then flat, somewhat rigid or flaccid, glaucous below, glabrous or very rarely sparingly hairy, slightly rough above, scabrid aleng the margins, midrib white above, stouter tewards the base, primary lateral nerves, 5-8 on each side, fine ; sheaths terete, tight and glabrous or very rarely sparingly hairy, those sup- porting the fiowering branches wider and shorter with reduced blades ; ligules short, reunded off, glabrous or ciliate. Panicle upto 60 cm. long, much compotnd, primary branches long, those ef the foliowing erders gradually shorter, bearing clusters of trios of spikelets; spathe at the base of the trios ovate to ovate-oblong, mucronate or bearire rudimentary blades, glabrous, green or tinged with purple, 4-4-5 mm. long ; bulbous basal joint up to 1-5 mm, long, whitish. Sessile spikelets lanceolate-oblong, acute, up to 4°5 mm. long. Lower involucral glume chartaceous, firmer below, many-nerved ; upper involucral glume somewhat gibbous on the back, scaberulous on the keel. Lower floret: Valve cbiong-lanceolate, acute, slightly shorter than the glumes, 3-nerved, glabrous; valvule linear-lanceolate, almost as long as the valve, 2-nerved. Upper floret : valve 3°1 mm. long, 2-fid to beyond the middle, awn up to9°3 mm. long, very fine, with or without a distinct twisted column ; valvule generaily much shorter, oblong or broad-ovate, nerveless. Anthers 2°3-3°1 mm. long. Stigmas purple, upto4°5mm. long. Grain about 1 mm. long, Pedicels 2°3-3'1 mm. long, sparingly ciliate. Lateral pedicelled spike- let 4-5 mm. Jong. Glumes similar, subherbaceous, lanceolate, acute, many- nerved ; lower glume rather flat en the back, upper not or obscurely keeled and not gibbous. Florets asin the sessile spikelet but the upper not awned, both are male more or less reduced. Terminal spikelet reduced toa short striate glume, continuing the pedicel. Locality : Gujarat: Breach (Chibber !) ; Nadiad Farm (Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona!) ; Surat (Gammie 16467!, Cooke) ; Karu Roa, Cutch (Blatter 3776 !) ; Kala Pacham Island (Blatter 3735!) ; Garvi Dangs (Sedgwick !) ; Ahmedabad (Cooke) .—Khandesh » Muravat, Tapti bank (Blatter and Hallberg 4434!) ; N. slepe of Chanseli Hill (McCann A83!); Toranmal (McCann A84!) ; Munmad, Ankai Hill (Blatter Al46!).—Koxkanx : Dhapli forest (Roan!); extremely common threughout the islands of Bombay and Salsette (McCann!) ; Bassein (McCann 4480!'); Alibag, margin of water-works (Ezekiel !).—Deocan - Purandhar (McCann 5008 !, Bhide!); Khandala, very common (McCann 5294 !) ; Diva Ghat (McCann Dharwar (Sedgwick and Bell 4489, 2400 ft., rain 34 inches ; Londa (Gammie 158511); Belgaum (Ritchie 824).— Kanara: Halyal (Talbot 2495!); Juggleput (Talbot !); Kawarwad {Talbot 2246 !). Distribution ; Socotra, India, Ceylon, ©. Tropical Asia, Malaya, Australia, Pacific Islands. Uses: A fairly good fodder grass, and readily eaten by cattle when young { Duthie}. 13. HEMARTHRIA. R. Br. (Stapfin Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 54) Decumbent or ascending perennial grasses with branched, many-noded stems. Leaves linear, conduplicate in bud, then flat. Ligules very short, membranous. [13] 27 Jour., Bom: Nat, flist, Soc, Val, xX AXII,. Na. Te [§ 4uo. 1, 192F. Racemes compressed, often curved, tips-more o1: ess subulate from the s'ender terminal spikelet ; rhachis not or tardily breaking up. Spikelets pseudo-opposite owing to the fusion of joints and pedicels, each pair made up of a sessile (secondary) spikelet and the pedicelled companion of the sessile spikelet of tLe next lower node. Spikelets two-nate on the tough or tardily disarticulating rhachis of spike-like, spathe-supported racemes which terminate the culms and their often fascicled branches, alike in sex and shape, or at least similar ; joints and pedicels fused into roughly semicylindrie internodes, hollowed out on the inner face for the reception of the sessile spikelet ; disarticulation at a right angle to the rhachis or slightly oblique, t'ps of joints truncate, not hollowed out or appendaged. Sessile spikelet: Florets 2, lower reduced to a barren valve, upper bisexual, awnless. Glumes equal or subequal, lower flat on the back, 2-keeled, very narrowly inflexed along the margias, coriaceous or subcoriaceous, closing up the cavity formed by the adjacent joint and pedicel, upper membranous, adhering to the inner face of the cavity. Valves hyaline,. of lower floret 2-nerved, of upper usually nerveless. Valvule of upper floret hyaline, small, nerveless. Lodicules 2, cuneate. Stamens 3. Stigmas laterally exserted. Grain oblong, dorsally slightly compressed ; embryo about 3 the length of the grain : hilum conspicuous, punctiform, subbasal. Pedicelled spikelet with more elongated acuminate glumes, especially the terminal, the upper glume mucronate or aristate. Species about 8. Throughout the warm countries of the Old World, 1 also in America, but probably introduced. 1. Hemarthria glabra, comb. nov. Blatter and MeCann. ARottbellia glabra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey i, 353. Hemarthria coromandelina, Steud. Syn. i, 358. ottbelia compressa, Linn. f. Suppl. 114, var. genwina, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 286; Hook. f. in F. B.1. vii, 153. ott6ellza compressa, Linn. f. Suppl. 114, partim; Cke. ii, 952, partim. Hemarthria compressa, Kunth Enum. i, 465, parézm. A word of explanation is required regarding the new name. Haines in his Botany of Bihar and Orissa, pt. VI (1924), 1061, mentions a species under the name of Hlemarthria compressa, R. Br. and gives as synonym fottbellia com- pressa, Linn. f. which, in our opinion, is not correct. Hemarthria compressa, R. Br. Prodr. Floree Nove Hollandiz et insulee Van Diemen, p. 207. represents only partly Aotbellia compressa, Linn. f. Besides, Stapf in. Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 55 has separated Rottbellia compressa, Linn. f. var. fasciculata from the type and described it under the specific name Hlemarthria fasciculata, Kunth Rev. Gram. i, 153. He was allowed to use this old name, because Hemarthria fasciculata is the same plant as Hackel’s var. fasciculata (Monogr. Andrup. 287.) As to the species under consideration, it coincides with Hackel’s Rottballia compressa Linn. var. genuina. With this Hemarthria compressa, Kunth Enum. i, 465 agrees only partly and this name cannot, therefore, be adopted. There are only two names left which can be considered: Afottbellia glabra and Hlemarthria coromandelina. Of these the former is the older and should, there- fore, be retained, but as the species is being transferred to the genus Hemarthria, the plant has to be called Hemarthria glabra, nob. Description : A perennial grass. Stems creeping below, then erect, scandent, 15 to 6 m. long (Roxb.). Blade of leaf short, slowly getting narrower upwards, but at the apex slightly obtuse; sheath at the nodes glabrous. Racemes slender, compressed, 6-10 cm. long, solitary or the upper ones often fascicled. Spikelets 2-nate, 4-45 mm. long; callus 1 mm. long, obconical, obtuse, glabrous. Sessile spikelets: Lower involuecral glume broad, ovate lanceolate, obtuse, at the apex emarginate or obtusely bidentate, not in the least acuminate, scarcely constricted below the apex. Pedicelled spikelets: Pedicel adnate. Gluines acute or subacuminate. Locality: Sind: Bughar, Indus River (Blatter and McCann D661!\; Mirpur Sakro (Blatter and McCann D662!). Gujarat: Kankaria Tank, Ahmedabad (Sedgwick !).—Khandesh : Tapti, Bhusawal N. E. (Blatter and Hallberg 5495 !).—Kanara : Sirsi to Siddhapur (Hallberg and McCann A78!). We have not included the localities mentioned by Cke. ii, 952 as some of his specimens might belong to another species. Distribution : Wedonet know of any definite record as to the distribution of this species. Hooker f. calls it common in India. Hackel gives Bengal, Sarampur, Punjab, Nepal, Ceylon, China. Duthie says it occurs in moist [14] Aug. 1, 1927 | Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency 28 places in the plains, and at Jow elevations on the hills of N. India, and extends to Australia. It would apparently be correct to say.that this plant is found all over India and Ceylon. We are not so sure about Australia. The question now arises whether Hlemarthria fasciculata, Kunth occurs in the Presidency. Wight, Roxburgh, Hook. f. and Duthie mention it for other parts of India and Duthie found it in the same localities where he gathered the previous species, but we have no reliable information at hand to say that it has been fouxzd in the Bombay Presidency. In all probability it does occur in our patts. In order to help botanists to clear up this point we add Stapf’s descrip- tion and synonymy of A. fasciculata, Kunth. At the same timeit will be good to remember what Hackel says under Rottballia compressa, Linn. f.: ‘ Species valde polymorpha , varietates sequentes in speciminibus typicis satis distincte, ed et ipse ita variabiles, ut nullus earum characterum constans, formcaeque intermedie trequeiites.’ Hemarthria fasciculata. Kunth Rev. Gram. i, 153, and Enum. i, 465; Hack. eMart ol, Brass te my 14, t. 72, fic. 2:.—77. capensis, ‘Irin, Androp. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. 6 me sér. ii, 248.—ARolloellia compressa, Linn. f. var. fasciculata. Hack. Monog. Androp. 286; Hook. f.in F.B.1. vii, 155 ; Rotloellia compressa, Linn. f.; Cke. ti, 952, partim.—Rottbellia fasciculata, Lam. Illustr. i, 204.—Lodicularia fasciculata, Link. Hort. Berol.i, 6.—~—Lodicularia capensis, Nees Fl. Afr. Austr. 128.—Lepfturus fasciculata, Trin. Fund. Agrost. 123. Description: A perennial grass. Stems erect or more often ascending, sometimes from a long decumbent rooting base, usually branched, 30cm. to 15m. high, many-noded, compressed, glabrous. Leaves linear, gradually tapering, acute, very variable in length and widtn, upto 23cm. by 4 mm; sheaths shorter or the lower longerthan the internodes, compressed, keeled, often ciliate towards the mouth, otherwise glabrous or almost so; ligules membranous, very short, ciliate. RKacemes usually fascicled, straight of curved. tapering to a slender point formed by the terminal spikelet, ultimately more or less fragile. Sessile spikelet liaear-.blone to oblong, from a short obtriangular more or less conspicuous glabrous callus, 4-5'5 mm. long, glabrous. Lower glume coriaceous, opaque, usually more or less constricted below the obtuse entire or emarginate. 2-keeled and very narrcwly wiaged tips, smooth, intracarinal nerves about 7; upper broadly oblong-lanceolate, acute, mem- branous except at the hardened tip, 3-nerved. Lower floret: Valve oblcng, subobtuse, distinctly shorter than the glumes, 2-nerved. Upper floret: Valve slightly shorter, ovate-oblong, obtuse, nerveless. Anthers 1:5-2°3 mm. long. Stigmas about 1.5mm. long, laterally exserted. Grain oblong, dorsally com- pressed, about 1°5 mm. long, reddish; scutellum exceeding half the length of the grain ; hilum punctiform, subhasal. Pediceiled spikelet similar in sex and shape to the sessile, but slightly longer, with the lower glume more acuminate and acute, and the upper sharply mucronate, the mucro somewhat exceeding the lower glume. Distribution: British E. Africa, Mozambique District, throughout Africa in the Mediterranean region (Stapf), India, America, probably introduced. 14. Mawnrsuris, Linn. f. Species 1.— Throughout the tropics. 1. Manisuris granularis, Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. (1788), 25; Beauv. Agrost. feet, Pio. 10); Roxb, Pl. Corommiiy i ft 118. Mart. and Hichl. Rh) Brass it, 2, t.46; Hack. Monogr. Androp. 314; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. 18, Fodd. Giese, WN. India, 29) t. 46; Hooke f°H. BE. vii; 159: Cke: 11, 9555. Stapt Ff. Trop. Afr. ix, 57.— 7. polystachya, Beauv. Fl. Owar. et. Ben. t. 14.—Cenchrus granularis Linn. Mant. ii, App. 575.—Hackelochlo. granularis, O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pl. ti, 776.—ARytilix granularis, Skeels in U.S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Industr. Bull. 2&2 (1913), 20. Locality: Gujarat: Charodi (Gammie 16534!).—Konkan : Wada Taluka (Ryan 660 !) ; Mulgaum in Salsette, open grass land (McCann 3642 !).— Deccan : Poona (Wocdrow! Cooke) ; Deolali (Blatter and Hallberg 4552!) ; Igatpuri cMcCann 4573!}; Railway line, Kirkee to Poona (Garade 8231!) ; Chattar- (hinji Hill, Poopa (Ezekiel!) ; Khandala (Woodrow), behind Hotel [15] 29 Jour., Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XXXII No. 1. | Aap. 1, 827 (McCann 9410 !), behind Duxe’s Nose (McCann 9393 !).— S. W/. Country : Dhar- war (Sedgwick and Bell 4146!, Woodrow), 2,400 ft., rain 34 in.; Kuput Hilj, Dharwar District (Talbot 2323!).—Kanara: Halyal (Talbot 1733!, 2385 !). 15. PELTOPHORUS, Desv. (Stapf Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 59) Annual or perennial short grasses with slender, much-branched, rarely simple stems. Leaves linear, narrow, conduplicate in bud, then fat; ligules short, membranous. Racemes much compressed, rather slender, straight or curved, very conspicuously dorsiventral. Spikelets pseuco-opposite owing to the fusion of joints and pedicels, each pair made up of a sessile (secondary) spikelet and the pedicelled companion of the sessile spikelet of the next lower node. Spikelets 2-nate on the rhachis of spike-like, spathe-supported racemes which terminate the stems and their branches, different in sex and shape. Joints and pedicels fused into somewhat stout internodes, convex on the back, hollowed out on the inner face for the reception of the sessile spikelet ; disarti- culation ata right angle to the rhachis, tips of internodes truncate with two concavities corresponding to the next upper sessile and the adjacent pedicelled spikelet. Sessile spikelet dorsally much compressed. Florets 2, lower male or neuter and then with or without a valvule, upper bisexual, awnless. Glumes equal or the upper shorter; lower coriaceous, transversely rugose or muricate, conspicuously winged from the keels, upper membranous, immersed in the cavity formed by the joint and pedicel, usually 3-nerved, keeled, often in- distincly. Valves hyaline, nerveless or 2-3-nerved. Valvule, if present, hyaline, nerveless or 2-nerved. Lodicules 2, cuneate. Stamens 3. Stigmas linear, laterally exserted low down. Grain oblong; embryo equalling the grain. Pedicelled spik:let male or neuter. Lower glume coriaceous, smooth, asymmetrically or unilaterally winged, upper variously winged from the keel. Florets as in the sessile spikelet but male or barren. Species 5.—India (4) and Tropical Africa (1). I. Lower involucral glume 2—-aristate we, de ££. dey feRs II. Lower involucral glume with a simple awn or acuminate. 1. Lower involucral glume broadly ovate, acuminate (not awned) abe ond 2. Lower invelucral glume lanceolate with a slender scabrid awn a3 woe Op | Geen enone 2. P. atuminatus. jl. Peltophorus divergens, comb. nov. Blatter and McCann. Rottbellia divergens, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 293 ; Lisboa in Jour. Bom. Wat. Hist: Soc., vi (1891), 195; look. f. in FB.) dso 3/Cke- 1gaee Description > Cke. 1. c. Localuy : Konkan; Trombay (McCann A71!).—Deccan.: Mahableshwar, 4,500 ft., rain 270 inches (Sedgwick ind Bell 4560!, Lisboa); Panchgani {Blatter and Hallberg B1252!, B1259!, B12€3 !, B1286!), behind the Tableland on rocks (Blatter 3805!) ; Satara (Lisboa); Lonavla (Bhide !) ; Khandala (Woodrow), Saddle, very common all over (McCann $616 !).—S. WZ. Country : Amboli Ghat (Ta!bot 4305!) ; Belgaum (Ritchie 808, 827).—Kanura: Castle Rock, 1,800 ft., rain 300 inches (Sedgwick and Hell 4295!), Karwar (Talbot 3171!).—Usually growing on rocks in tufts. Note. The spikes are very brittle when dry and always fall off. Distribution : W. Peninsula. 2. Peltophorus acuminatus, comb. nov. Blatter and McCann. Rottbellia acuminata, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 291; Hook. f. F. B. I. vii, 155 + Che. 11) 983: escription : Cke. 1, c.—We have examined Talbot’s specimen No. 1291 and found that the lower involucral glume is much longer than 8 mm. (1/3 in.) going up to 10 and 12 mm. Locality ; Konkan » Marmagoa (Talbot 2572!, 1291) ; Vasco da Gama (Herb. St. X. C. 9483!) ; Malwan (Woodrow).—Kanavra: Karwar (Talbot 3171!, 2539, Hallberg and McCann A75!, Lisboa); Katgal (Hallberg and McCann 9934 !) ; Castle Rock (Bhide !). Distribution : W. Peninsula. Hooker f., but not Cooke, mentions also the Deccan Peninsula collected in by G. Thomson, [16] Aug. 1, 1927.] Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency 30) 3. Peltophorus Talboti, comb. nov. Blatter and McCann.— Rottbellia Talboiz, Hook. f. in F. B. I. vii, 155; Cke. ii, 954. Description ; Cke. 1. c. Locality : Konkaa : Vasco da Gama (Bhide !} ; aie (Talbot 2572 !). Distribution : So far only been found in Goa. 16. Lasrurus, Boiss. (Stapf in Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 60) Perennial, more or less branched and woody below ; branches often in dense fascicles, intravaginal. Leaves linear, convolute or flat, hard; ligule a fringe of hairs. Racemes silky-villous. Spikelets usually 3-nate, rarely 2-nate, on the more or less fragile rhachis of villous spike-like racemes which end the stems and branches (if any) and are supported by or exserted from often spathaceous sheaths, if 3-nate 2 sessile, the sessile different in sex from, but similar in shape to, the pedicelled ; rhachis nodes bearded all round ; joints and pedicels linear, the latter more slender and shorter, opposite the joints if 2 sessile spikelets be present, otherwise approximate, but not contiguous and parallel to one of the sides of the joint ; disarticulation at a right angle to the rhachis, sear at the tips of the joints suborbicular, smooth, often ciliate. Sessile spikelets, if 2, one on each side of the pedicel with a narrow ring-shaped callus. Florets 2, lower male, upper bisexual, awnless. Glumes unequal; lower longer, subcoriaceous, flat on the back, acuminate, 2-keeled upwards and 2-dentate, densely ciliate, upper boat-shaped, membranous, keeled. Valves hyaline, 3-nerved. Valvules hyaline, 2-nerved. Lodicules 2, cuneate. Stamens 3. Stigxas linear, laterally exserted. Grain oblong, slightly dorsally com- pressed, embryo half its length. Pedicelled spikelet similar to the sessile, but with an indistinet glabrous callus and with both florets male or more or less reduced. 1. Lasioras hirsutus, Boiss. Diagn. ser. IJ, iv, 146; Stapf Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 60.—Saccharum hirsutum, Forsk. F\. Aegypt.—Arab. 16.—fRottbellia hirsuta, Vahl Symb. i, 11; Hack. Monogr. Androp. 311.—/schemum mastrucutum, Trin. in Mém. Acad. Petersb. 6me. sér. ii, 298.-——/schemum hirsutum, Nees in Schimp. Pl. Arab. Fel. No. 791.—Ce@lorrhachis hirsuta, Brongn. apud Dene. in Ann. Sei. Nat. ser. 2, ii, 13.—Hlionurus hirsutus, Munro apuwd Benth. in Journ, bin. Soc xixy,08 ;> Boiss, Pl. Ori, 466; Hook. f.in FJB-l. vil, 162; Cher it,.. 973. Wescripiion < Cke. |.c. Locality: Sind: Karachi (Bhide!); Sehwan to Laki, foot of hills (Sabnis B613!) ; Umarkot, sandy plains (Sabnis B940!). Mstribution;: Nubia, Egypt, Brit. Somaliland, Arabia, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Punjab, Sind, Rajputana. 17. ELYyonurus, Humb. and Bonpl. (Stapf in Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 62) Usually perennial, ceespitose, aromatic grasses. Blades of leaves flat or folded ; ligules very short, membranous. Racemes erect, joints strongly compressed, usually villous, tipsoblique, not appendaged. Spikelets similar, usually awnless, differing in sex, 2-nate, one sessile, the other pedicelled, on the articulate fragile rhachis of solitary spike-like racemes, the sessile deciduous with the adjacent joint of the rhachis and the pedicel. Florets 2: Lower reduced to an empty valve, upper bisexual in thesessile male, rarely barren, in the pedicelled spikelet. Glumes equal: Lower subcoriaceous to herbaceous, often 9-toothed or 2-fid, rarely awned, dorsally flattened, 2-keeled, usually with fine filiformed transparent balsam ducts close to the ciliate or penicillate keels ; upper menibranous, lanceolate, acute, rarely awned. Valves hyaline, awnless. Valvule obsolete or absent. Lodicules 2, cuneate. Stamens 3. Stigmas laterally exserted. Grain oblong, dorsally compressed ; embryo about half the length of the grain. Species about 15.—Tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. 1. Elyonurus Royleanus, Nees ex. A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii, 471; Hack Monogr. Androp. 343; Hook. f. in F.B.1. vii, 161; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 17, and Fodd. Grass. N. India 28, t. 54; Cke. if, 972; Stapf in FL Trop. Afr. ix, 65.—£. Griesebachit, Schmidt, Beitr. z. Fl. Capverd 154.—Ratze- burgia Schimperi, Steud. Nomencl. ed. ii, 439.—Aottbellia elegantissima, [17] a Jour., Bont. Nat Gitst S00. V Ol XXXL, NO FT. [ Age AG eee Hochst. ex. Steud. Svn. Pl. Glum.i, 365.—Andropogon elegantissimus, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. i, 365—Andropogon Griesebachii, Stead. Syn. Pl. Glum., i, 365. Description : Cke. Vc. Locality : Sind: (Woodrow).—Gujarat: Bhodir Maka, Cutch (Blatter 3747!) ; Bnuj, Cutch (Blatter 3795!) ; Rajkot, Kathiawar (Woodrow). Distribution: Upper Gangetic Plain, Rajputana, W. Peninsula, Arabia, Somaliland, Eritrea, Abyssinia, Sudan, Nubia, Cape de Verd Islands. 18. ROTTBOELEIA, Linn. f. (Stapf. in Fl. Drop. Afr. 1,172) Annual. usually coarse grasses, often with stilt-roots from the lowest nodes, more or less branched, particularly upwards. Leaves large, linear-lanceolate, rather wide; ligule membranous, short. Racemes dorsiventral, with the spike- lets placed anticously and laterally. Spikelets 2-nate on the nodes of the very fragile rhachis of stout cylindric perfectly glabrous spike-like racemes which end the stems and their branches, in the latter case spathe-supported, different in sex and usually in size, colour and nervation except those of the uppermost pairs which are barren, homomorphous and upwards increasingly reduced forming a tail-like appendage to the raceme. Joints dorsally flattened below, widely cup-shaped and hollow-d out upwards, more or Jess completely fused with the pedicels along their posticuous angles. Sessile spikelets pale, triangular in transverse section ; the narrow callus fused with the bases of the adjacent joint and pedicel into a glabrous ring from the centre of which protrudes a knob fitting into the cup-shaped hollow of the next lower joint, the whole plexus falling together. Florets 2, lower male, upper bisexual, awnless. Glumes equal: Lower coriaceous, flat on the back, with very narrow inflexed margins, 2-keeled upwards; upper boat-shaped, keeled upwards, acute. Valves hyaline, 3-nerved. Valvules as long or almost as long as the valves, hyaline, 2-nerved. Lodicules, 2, cuneate. Stamens 3. Stigmas suberect or shortly laterally exserted above the middle of the spikelet. Grain broad-oblong or ellipsoid, dorsally compressed ; hilum large, suprabasal; embryo almost as long asthe graia. Pedicelied spikelet similar to the sessile, but more compressed, green, Striate, with two male florets, or smaller and more or less reduced. Species 2 or 3.—Tropics of the Old World. i. Rottboellia exaltata, Linn. f. Suppl. 114; Roxb. Pl. Corom. t. 157; Fl. Ind. i, 354; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 17; Hack. Monogr. Androp. 293; Hook. f. in F.B I. vii, 156; Cke. ii, 955.— 2. exaltata, var. genuina, Schweinf. in Héhnel Dise. Lakes Rudolf and Stefanie, ii, App. 352.—R. evraltata, £. arundinacea, Hack. in Bot. Soc. Brot. v, 215.—R. arundinacea, Hochst. ex A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii, 444.--Stegosta cochinchinensis, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 51.—Stegosia exaltata, Nash in Amer. FI. xvii, i, 84. Description : Cke. l.c. Locality: Konkan: Dohe forest, Thana Dist. (Ryan 711 !).—JDeccan - Agricultural College Farm (Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona!) ; Poona (Bhide!, Cooke, Woodrow 2!) ; Purandhar 4,000 ft. (McCann 5591 !).—.S. .W. Country : Dharwar, in field (Sedgwick 5469!) —Aanarva, Hattikeri, near Karwar (Hallberg and McCann A74!). Distribution : India, Andamans, Ceylon, China, Malaya, Australia, Africa. var. robusta, Hook. f. in F.B.I vii, 156. Description ; Leaf-base more cordately confluent with the sheath. Spikes stouter below, slender above the mildle. Spikelets in upper half distichously imbricate, longer than the joints, fertile nearly to the tip. Pales of upper florai glume auricled at the base. Locality » Poona {Woodrow).—We have not seen this plant, Distribution : Malabar, Palamcoita. 19. Opniurus, Geertn. partin ; R. Br. (Stapf Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 74) Annual (?) or perennial, sometimes very coarse grasses, usually much branch- ed upwards. Leaves linear to lanceolate, short to very long, conduplicate or con- volute in bud, then flat ; ligules very short, membranous. Racemes dorsiventral. Spikelets solitary on the nodes of the fragile rhachis of slender cylindric spikes which end the stems and their usually fascicled spathe-supported branches, their pedicelled companions suppressed or rudimentary and very minute and the pedicels completely fused with the joints, both forming together a deeply [18] erie. ¥,- 1927 .] Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency 32 hollowed-out cylindric receptacle ; disarticulation of the internodes at a right angle or slightly oblique to the rnachis, their tips hollowed out. Sessile spike- let with a very narrow callus which is fused with the base of the internode into a rim from the centre of which protrudes a small knob fitting into the hollow of the next lower internode, the whole plexus falling together. Florets 2, lower male or neuter, upper bisexual, awnless. Glumes equal: Lower coria- ceous, flat or subconvex on the back with very narrow inflexed margins, faintly nerved with a transverse groove at the base, upper boat-shaped, hyaline, obtuse. Valves hyaline, 2-nerved or nerveless. Valvules similar to the valves. Lodicules 2, cuneate. Stamens 3, Stigmas short, laterally exserted. Grain oblong, dorsally slightly compressed ; embryo 1/4 the length of the grain. Species about 4.—From the Sudan through tropical Asia to Australia. Stapf has described the species Ophiurus megaphylius which forms part of O. corymbosus, Hook. f. in F.B.I. vii, 160 (not of Gertn. f. and not of Rottbellia corymbosa, Linn. f.). What is Jeft over of Hook. f’s O. corymbosa after the separation of O. megaphyllus has to go under O. corymbosa, Geertn. I. Leaves ensiform, very hairy. Robust, 15-l1'8m. 1. O. megaphyllus. II. Leaves linear, glabrous. Slender, 0°6-1'2m. ... 2. O. corymbosus. 1. O. megaphyilus, Stapf in Haines Bot. Bihar and Orissa pt. V (1924), 1058.— Ophiurus corymbosus, Hook. f.in F.B.I. vii, 160, partim (non Geertn. f.); Cke. ii, 951, artim ; Hack. Monogr. Androp. 317 (purtim). Description: A large stout grass, 1°5-1'8m. high, very leafy to the top. Leaves narrowly ensiform, tapering from base to apex, upper 10-18 mm. wide, lower much wider, flat, very hairy as are the sheaths, but more or less glabres- cent with age, hairs with small tubercle bases, margins of sheath hirsute. Spikelets 2-4 mm., slightly shorter or longer than the joints, in very numercus peduncled spikes 7°5-10 cm. long, from the leaf-axils. Peduncles 7°5-12'5cm., sheathed at the base, finally far exserted, each solitary on a branch with a vill- ous node, often geniculate at the node. Sessile spikelets: Glumes 4: Lower involucral glume oblong, glabrous, with rounded tip, smooth or with few lines of small pits, not becoming recurved sometimes bearing a small appendage. Upper involucral glume white, becoming inclined forward, quite free from the rhachis when the spikelet opens. Pedicelled spikelets: the lowest are some- times free at the top and bear a small brown free appendage. Locality : We have not been able to examine all the specimens which were formerly put under O. corymbosus, Hook.f. and we are, therefore, not in a position, to assign any specimen to O. megaphyllus, Stapf. Distribution : To makea definite statement all the herbarium material of O. corymbosa, Hook. f. would have to be examined. 2. O.corymbosus, Gertn. f. Fruct. iii, 4, t.181 f. 3 a (Ophturos) ; Haines Fl. Bihar and Orissa, pt. V (1924), 1058; Aottbellia corymbosa, Linn. f. Suppl. 114.—O. corymbosa, Hook. f in. F. B. I. vii, 160, partim,; Cke. ii, 951, parti. Description: Perennial. Stems very numerous, glabrous, erect, slender, 06-12 m. high, bulbous at the base, the bulbous bases connected into a horizontal rhizome. Leaves linear, glabrous, up to 5 mm. broad, margins ninutely tubercled at base, the tubercles bearing cilia when young. Spikes very slender, 5-12°5 cm. long, sometimes ending in a small tail like that of a rattle-snake (Haines), spikelets 2.5 mm. long, equalling the joint. Lower involucral glume of sessile spikelet glabrous, with many longitudinal lines of smali pits, narrowly oblong, tip rounded, finally recurved. Locality > Deccan: Deolali (Blatter and Hallberg 4564!) ; Nasik Road (Blatter 9624!) ; Talegaum (McCann !). 20. C@LORRHACHIS, Brown. (Stapf in Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 78) Mostly tall, coarse, perennial grasses, much-branched upwards. Racemes with the sessile spikelets which are often imbricate, placed anticously and pedicelled faterally. Spikelets 2-nate on the nodes of the fragile rhachis of slender, more or less compressed conspicuously dorsiventral spike-like racemes which end the stems and their usually fascicled, spathe-supported branches, different or very rarely alike in sex, similar in shape or the pedicelled more or less or very much reduced ; joints and pedicels similar or the latter more slender, [19] 33 Jour., Bom. Nat: Hist. Soc., Vol. XXXII; No. 1. [ Aug. 1,-1927. linear to cuneate or subclavate, dorsally compressed, glabrous, contiguous or nearly so; disarticulation of the joints at a right angle to the rhachis, their tips more or less hollowed out, with or without. an ear-shaped appendage. Sessile spikelet dorsally compressed, the narrow transverse callus fused with the base of the adjacent joint and pedicel into an obscure rim from the ceutre of which protrudes a knob fitting into the hollow of the next lower joint, the whole plexus falling together. Florets 2, the lower usually reduced to the valve with a small valvrle, always neuter upper bisexual, awnless. Glumes subequal; lower flat or slightly convex on the back, smooth: or variously sculptured, with narrow insflexed margins, 2-keeled upwards and. more or less winged from the keels, obtuse or emarginate, very faintly nerved ; upper chartaceous, keeled, acute, 1-3 nerved. Valves hyaline, of lower floret 2-nerved or nerveless, of upper 3-1-nerved or nerveless. Valvule hyaline, similar to the valve, 2-nerved or nerveless. Lodicules 2. cuneate. Stamens 3. Stigmas . shortly laterally exserted. Grain oblong, dorsally compressed ; embryo about half the length of the grain. Pedicelled spikelet very varied, similar to the sessile or more or less reduced or rudimentary, male or neuter, very rarely bisexual. . Species about 12. ‘Tropics cf both hemispheres. 1. Celorrhachis Clarkei comb. nov. Blatter and McCann... Roftbellia Clarke1, Hack. in Oestr.. Bot. Zeitschr. 41 (1891), 8; Che. ii, 954. . Auttbellia gibbosa, Hack. ex Lisboa ia Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vi. (1891), 195. Locality :. Kanara: Birchy ,Taibot 2820!, 2072) ; Jugglepet (Talbot 1566 !) Distribution » Chota Naxpar, W. Peninsula. ( Zo be conlinued) [20] [From the JourNAL oF THE BomBay Naturat Hist. Soc., October 20, 1927.] REVISION OF Toh pLeORA Of tH bf BOMBAY PRESIDENCY BY Be Sie een Sides iD), F.L.Ss PART IV GRAMINE 4 BY E. BLATTER and C. McCann (Continued from page 33 of this volume) 21, IMPERATA, Cyr. Species 5 or 6, nearly allied. In the warm regions of both hemispheres. Imperata cylindriaca, Beauv. Agrost. 165, t. v, fig. 1, Explan. planch. 5; Cyr. Pl. Rar. Neap. Fasc. ii, 26, t. ii; Hack. Monogr. Androp. 92; Boiss. Fl. Or. vy, 452; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. 14 ; Indig. Fodd. Grass t. 15; Fodd Grass. W. Ind. 22; BP. B. I. vit, 106; Cke. 11, 946; Haines Bot. Bihar and Orissa, pt. v, 1015; Stapf in Fl. Trop. Afr., ix, 87.--/. Koenigii, Beauv. Agrost. 165.-- Saccharum cylindricwm, \.am. Encycl. i, 594; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 234; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 239; Griff. Notul. iii, 80.—S. ewropaeum et S.indum, Pers. Syn. i, 103.—-S. Aavenne, Lieb. Fl Taur. Cauc. iii, 51. Some authors distinguish varieties and subvarieties which scarcely seem to be justified. Stapf who mentions two varieties (var. Thunbergiz, Durand & Schinz, andi war, Kocnte, Durandeé& Schinz) says in’ a note (1. c. 89): ‘The varieties and the type, although on the whole pretty distinct within their areas, often pass into each other, chiefly along the confines of their areas, or they possibly lose their distinctive characters under particular local conditions, when the separation becomes almost impossible.’ ‘This does not speak in favour or good varieties. Hackel (1. c. 93-95) has 3 varieties and several subvarieties, and Anderson (in Oefvers. K. Vet. Akad. Forh. Stockh. 1885, p. 157) is still more liberal with his subvarieties. Hook, f. makes one variety éatifolia (F. B.I. l.c.) and remarks about one of Hackel’s varieties: ‘Hackel distinguishes the Indian form as var. AKoenigit having villous nodes and broader, less rigid leaves, but some of the Indian specimens appear to me quite like the Western Hackel’s division depends chiefly on such characters as hairiness of the leaf- insertions, width of the leaves and height of the ligule. The height and shape of the ligule, however, seems, according to Hole’s investigations, more or less correlated with the width of the lamina, while the other characters appear to vary with the locality and do not define forms of any constancy. MHole’s treatment of /izperata urundinacea (On Some Indian For. Grasses and their Oecology, 1911, p. 95) appeals to us much more. Amongst the material observed at Dehra Dun he distinguishes 3 fornis which are more or less clearly ‘defined :-—— (a) The depauperate form common on lawns or areas where the grass is continually cut or grazed, with minute, almost filiform, culms and small leaves. Leaf-insertions usually long-bearded. GlumeIV and pale usually glabrous. (6) The ordinary savannah form which usually attains a height of about 90 cin. with leaves up tol17 mm. wide. Leaf-insertions bearded or glabrous. Pale and glume IV ciliate. (c) A robust form found inswamps or marshy soil where there is an abun- dance of available moisture more or less throughout the year. This plant attains a height of 2°8 m. and probably more. Leaves up to 26 mm. wide, leaf- insertions glabrous. Pale and glume IV ciliate. This is identical with var. latifolza, Hook. f. F orms of this kind could be multiplied according to various localities. As we are not going to distinguish any varieties we give a description of the species including all the variations that so far have been observed. [1] 282 Jour., Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XXXII, No. 2. [Oct. 20, 1927. Description :—Culms erect, simple, slender, from 12 em. in height and almost filiform to 2°8 m. high and 8 mm. diam., 3-4-noded, glabrous, solid, slightly fistular at base: leaf-insertions tumid, glabrous or densely bearded with erect white hairs. Leaf-sheaths rather loose, glabrous or glabrescent, ciliate or glabrous along the margin towards apex, the lowest at length usually breaking up into fibres, usually longer than proper internode; ligules membranous, rounded, truncate or 2-lobed, ciliate, dorsally silky, attaining a height of 3 mm. Blade of uppermost leaf of flowering culm from mucroniform and 1:25 mm. long to 15 cm. long and 6 mm. wide with greatest width in middle, of lower leaves erect or arcuate and attaining a length of 1‘2m. and width of 27 mm., greatest width about the middle, dark green, midrib white, apex acuminate, narrowed towards the base where the midrib occupies almost the entire width of the leaf, smooth, but scabrid on margin and on one or more sub-marginal nerves above, especially towards the apex, white villous above on margins. towards the base and behind the ligule. Paniclespike-like, 3-50 cm. long, not exceeding 25 mm.in width, cylindric, very dense; branches and branchlets very numerous, crowded, appressed ; pedicels fine with clavate tips, glabrous,. scaberulous or pubescent, withlong fine hairs below. Flcwering panicle purple with the exserted stigmas, the callus-hairs being closely appressed to the axis, fruiting panicle silvery white with the wide-spreading callus-hairs. Spikelets. not awned. lanceolate,3 mm long, both spikelets of each pair similar, each 1-flowered and hermaphrodite, and at length falling from the pedicel ; callus-hairs soft, white, 2-3 times as long as thespikelets. Lower involucral glume lanceolate, membranous, slightly thickened towards the base, apex hyaline, 3-9-nerved,. none of the nerves extending to apex of glume, margins incurved ciliate above, dorsally villous with soft white hairs overtopping the glume by 13 to3 times the length of the glume. Upper involucral glume similar and subequal to the lower, but sometimes sub-keeled with mid-nerve extending almost to apex. Lower floral glume oblong, hyaline, nerveless, apex acute or subtruncate and laciniate or denticuiate, ciliate, 2 to of the upper involucral glume. Upper floral glume subequal to the lower one, ovate-lanceolate, hyaline, nerveless, apex acuminate, acute or obtuse and laciniate or denticulate, minutely ciliate or glabrous. Pale quadrate, rectangular or subpentagonal hyaline, merveless, apex denticulate or unequally laciniate, glabrous or ciliate, 3 the size of the upper florak glume or subequal to it. Lodicules none or very minute. Anthers 2, 2°5-3 mm. long, orange, filaments sometimes connate below. Stigmas 2, 3-4 mm. long, purple. Locality : Sind : (Stocks).—Gujarat ; (Graham).—Konkan ; Tardeo, Bombay (Hallberg 5398!) ; Alibag, sandy shore (Ezekiel!) ; near Thana (McCann !); Banks along railway track between Ghatkoper and Thana, Salsette (McCann !).— S. M. Country : Shiggaon (Sedgwick 2353!); Dwararji (Sedgwick and Bell !); Castle Rock (Bhide!) ; Londa, common (McCann !).—Kazara ; Halyal (Talbot 1896 !). Distribution ; The hotter parts of India, ascending in the Himalayas to at least 6,500 feet, Mediterranean region ,Africa, Java, Japan, China, Australia. Biology and Ecology: See Hole, 1. c. 96. Uses: Duthie says of this grass that ‘ cattle relishit’. ‘In Australia,’ he says, ‘itis called blady grass and the young succulent foliage which springs up after the occurrence of a fire is much relished by stock. I have observed the same effect resulting from periodical fires on certain parts of the Himalaya where this grassis plentiful.’ (Duthie, Fodd. Grass. of N. Ind. 23). ‘In Indiay® according to Hole (1. c. 101) ‘ the succulent white stolons are eaten by pigs and areas which have been well-worked by pigs in their search for the stolons are not infrequently seen in the forest. It is possible that in some cases the eradi- cation of the species might be cheaply accomplished by the aid of pigs.’ This grass is also known as a paper-makinge material: ‘The ultimate fibre obtained from this grass is very similar in most respects to Esparto; the yield of bleached fibre being about thesame. This isa favourable indication inasmuch as Esparto is one of the best known and most useful sources of supply to the trade. The results obtained from the chemical analysis show that the grass is capable of yielding a good quality of cellulose, suitable in every way for the manufacture of paper.’? The leaves are largely used for thatching (Hole). * Agric. Bull, of the Straits and F. M. States, vii (1908), 586. [2] Oct. 20, 1927.] Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency 283 22. SaccHarRum, Linn., Stapf Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 94 The genus as understood by the latest agrostologists comprises also the species which were formerly described under the genus Arzanthus, Michx. As already remarked by Haines in his Flora of Chota Nagpur the awned upper floral glume of some Saccharum breaks down the only distinction between Saccharum and firtanthus. ; Cooke (ii, 948) mentions 3 species of Saccharum: T. spontanewm, Linn., S. arundinaceum, Retz. and S. officiuarum, Linn, To these weadd S. Munja, Roxb ana S. Griffitht, Munro. The two species of Erianthus, observed in the Presidency, viz. H. Ravenne, Beauv. and &. fastigiatus, Nees, will be trans- ferred to Saccharum. General characters of Saccharum: Perennial tall herbs. Leaves various. Panicle large, often silvery-silky and showy, spikelets usually surrounded by long silky hairs from the base, all alike, binate, one sessile, the other pedicelled on the articulate fragile rhachis of panicled racemes, the pedicelled falling from their pedicels, the sessile deciduous together with the contiguous joint of the rhachis and pedicel. Florets 2, the lower reduced to an empty valve, the upper hermaphrodite. Invoiucral glumes equal, often chartaceous to subcoriaceous towards the base, membranous to subhyaline upwards; the lower glume with _inflexed marginsand in the sessile spikelet usually with an even number of nerves ; upper glume l1-, 3-, or 5-nerved. Floral glumes hyaline ; upper with a terminal dristle-like usvally straight awn, or mucronate, or muticous, or 0. Lodicules 2, cuneate. Stamens 3. Stigmas laterally exserted. Grain oblong to subglobose ; embryo short to half the length of the grain or more ; hilum basal. Key to the species, mainly atler Haines. A. Awn of upper floral glume not or scarcely exserted from spikelets or 0. I. Hairs on callus of sessile spikelet much exceeding the spikelets 1. Culms not leafy above, under 17mm. diam. Leaves under 20 mm, broad. SLower In- volucral glumes ciliate a = 2. Culms densely leafy above, over 25 min. diam. Leaves over 25mm. broad. Lower Involucral glumes glabrous w. 2. 9. officinarum. iJ. Hairs on callus of sessile spikelet shorter or not much longer than spikelet 1. Upper involucral glume of sessile spikelet not villous dorsally (a) Foliage not glaucous. Culms densely leafy above. Sessile spikelet shorter than internodes of rhachis ... ae .» 3. S. avundinaceum. (6) Foliage glaucous. Culms not leafy above Sessile spikelet longer than internodes of rhachis ... a “3 ach 2. Upper involucral glume of sessile spikelet villous dorsally ie aan nee B, Awn of upper floral glume distinctly exserted from the spikelet I. Panicles thyrsiform. Spikelets 3-4 mm. long. l. S. spontaneum. 4. S. munqa. 5. S. Griffithis. Awn 2'5to almost 6 mm.long ... Ao OS. AAUEUUE. II. Panicles not thyrsiform. Spikelets4 to almost are 5mm. long. AwnS mm. long .. 7% SS. fastigiatin. In the following treatment of the various species we shall draw largely on R. S. Hole, On some Indian Forest Grasses and their Oecology, in /udian Forest. Memoirs, vol. i, pt. 1 (1911), 50-91. 1. Saccharum spontaneum, Linn. Mant. (1771), 183; Roxb. FI. Ind. i (1832), 235; Griff. Ic. Pl. As. t. 139, f. 63; Dalz. and Gibs. 304; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. 15, Indig. Fodd. Grass. 57, Fodd. Grass. N. India, 25; Hack. Monogr. Androp. 113; Hook. f. F. B. I. vii, 119 ; Cke. ii, 948; Hole in Ind. For. Mem. i, pt. 1, (1911), 50; Haines Bot. Bihar and Orissa (1924), 1011.—.S. sesmidecum- bens, Roxb. 1. c. 236.—S. canaliculatum, Roxb. 1. c. 246.—.S. chinense, Nees in Hook. et Arn. Beechy’s Voy. 241.—S. wgyptiacum var. simense, Anders. in Oefvers. K. Vet. Akad. Férhand. Stockh. (1855), 157 (om S. sinense, Roxb.). —S. spontaneum, Linn. subsp. egyptiacum var. nepalense, Hackel, 1. c. 116.— Rheede Hort. Malab. xii, t. 46 (probably). [3] 284 Jour., Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XXXII, No. 2. [ Océ. 20, 1927. We have not included the synonyms which Stapf FI. Trop. Afr. ix, 95, has given under S. spontaneum var. egyptiacum, Hack: as we are not ia a position to judge whether it is a good variety or not. According to Hole the African forms placed under var. @gypliacum differ from the Indian plants chiefly by their slightly larger spikelets. But he finds that this difference is very slight and that it fails in the case of some African specimens. ‘ Considering the great variabili- ty of the species in India it seems possibte that a more complete knowledge of the African plant will prove egyptiacum to be merely one of the several ocecological forms which are defined by inconstant characters and which are connected by numerous intermediates.’ _ Description :—Stem erect or decumbent at the base, reaching up to6 m. in height and 15 mm. in diam., solid above, fistular below, terete, indistinctly striate, usually pruinose when young, polished when old, silky below the pani- cle and minutely silky telow the upper leaf-insertions, glabrous or minutely pubescent below the lower leaf-insertions. Leaf-sheath longer than proper internode, often with reddish or purplish blotches, villous at mouth, often minutely pubescent at base, otherwise glabrous or with scattered appressed hairs, sulcate. Blade erect, of uppermost leaf of flowering culm usually long, varying from 5cm. to 90 cm. in length, of Jower leaves up to 12m. and even 2m., usually very narrow, often not exceeding 1:5 mm. in width and then consisting of a very narrowly margined cancavo-convex midrib, but also attaining a width of 16 mm. glaucous, midrib white, margin scabrid, often villous above at base immediately behind the ligule. Ligule ovate or deltoid, base often sub-auricled, membranous, subacute or subtruncate, often fimbriate when old, up to 6 mm. high, minutely silky dorsally and ciliate. Flowering panicle 15-60 cm. lony, conical or lanceolate to oblong branches horizontally spreading or slightly ascending, usually reddish or purplish, with the callus hairs closely appressed to the branches of the panicle ; primary rhachis sulcate, silky with long white hairs ; primary branches subverticillate, simple or compound. Spikelets in pairs, one pedicelled and one sessile on the capillary jointed branches and branchlets,awnless, lanceolate, 2-5 mm. long, sessile and pedicelled similar, each one-flowered and hermaphrodite, pedicelled fruiting spikelet falling from the pedicel, the sessile spikelet falling later with the attached pedicel and joint of axis; joint of axis longer or shorter than sessile spikelet, villous on margins, or on margins and dorsally ; pedicel 4-14 the Ileneth of the sessile spikelet, but usually shorter than spikelet, glabrous or ciliate, shorterthan proper joint ; callus-hairs white, from 13-7 times as long as sessile spikelet. Lower involucral glume lanceolate, the basal third thickened, becoming hard and polished in fruit and more or less brown in colour, the upper two-thirds membranous hyaline, with 2 lateral nerves from which the margin is inflexed ; apex entire or minutely bidentate ; margin ciliate ; dorsally with the upper two-thirds minutely appressed-pubescent. Upper involucral glume broad-lanceolate, similar to the lower, but subkeeled with one central nerve; apex sometimes mucronate; margin inflexed and long—ciliate. Lower floral glume hyaline, nerveless, shorter than upper involucral glume, ovate- lanceolate, long—ciliate, minutely pubescent above dorsally. Upper floral glume minute, linear, ciliate, hyaline, sometimes 0. Pale minute, ovate, ciliate, often shorter than the lodicules. Lodicules 2, cuneate, glabrous or ciliate at apex. Anthers 3, yellow, turning brown. Stigmas 2, purple. ‘The horizontally spreading callus-hairs of the fruiting spikelet form an efficient parachute which aids its distribution by wind. The hairs of neighbouring spikeiets becoming entangled together, characteristic flocculent masses of several spikelets are often seen being carried by the wind or hanging on the adjacent vegetation.’ (Hole). As good field characters we may mention the narrow leaves and slender culms, the long callus-hairs and the brown coriaceous base of the involucral glumes. This is a very variable species, and Hole does not think that we are justified in making different sub-species or varieties. He distinguishes 3 ecological forms : (a) The dry sandy soil-form, a xerophilous type. The culms are slender, erect and tufted, usually less than 5mm. diam. The leaves exceedingly narrow, sometimes only a little more than 1mm. wide. The callus-hairs not less than 33 times the length of the spikelet. (6) The swamp form, a hygrophilous type, found in marshes and swamps with an abundance of available moisture more or less throughout the year. Theculins are stout, 5-15 mm, diam., usually decumbent at base and not tufted. Leaves broad, reaching a width of 17 uum. [4] Oct. 20, 1927.] Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency 285 The callus-hairs 13-33 times as long as the spikelets. The fruiting £ panicle elongate- elliptic to oblong with its branches usually more persistent than in other forms. (c) The loam-form, intermediate between (a) and (6). The culms are more or less decumbent at the base and not tufted, but less robust and with longer callus-hairs than in (6). Locality: Sind: Shikarpur (Woodrow) ; Mirpur Sakro (Blatter and McCann D697 !).— Gujarat : Baroda (Cooke) ; Domas near Surat (Dalzell and Gibson), —Khandesh : Dadgaum (McCann 9892!) ; Northern slope ot Chanseli (McCann 9893 !); Bor, Bori River (Blatter and Hallberg 4492!);—Konkan: Kamana, Mahim (Ryan 2205 !); Sakwar, river side (Ryan ? 2089!); Bassein (Ryan 4!); Karjat (Woodrow), on river bank (McCann !); Vihar Lake (McCann 9,894 !); Alibag, sandy shore (Ezekiel !).—Deccan : Igatpuri, on banks of bund (McCann 4334!); Poona, river bank (Woodrow).--S. MW. Country: Banks of streams, common in the S. Dharwar District (Sedgwick and Bell 3693 !); Haveri (Talbot 2236 !); Castle Rock (Gammie 15743 !, McCann !); Belgaum (Ritchie).-_Kanara : Suppa, bed of Kala Nuddi (Talbot 2196 !) ; Hullikal (Talbot 1348!). Distribution of the species, irrespective of the varieties: Africa (Upper Guinea, Nile Land, Mozambique District), Lower Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Afghanistan, India, Ceylon, Burma, China, Java, Philippines, New Guinea, Australia. Uses: A favourite fodder of buffaloes. The leaves are used for thatching and brooms. Valuable as a fixing agent for shifting sand and unstable soil. For S. spontaneum as a potential source of paper plup see W. H. Brown and A. F. Fischer. Philippine forest products as sources of paper pulp, in Forest. Bur. Philipp. Islds. Bull. 16 (1918). * 2. Saccharum officinsarum, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed 1, 54; Roxb. FI. Ind., i, 237; Beauv. Agrost. Explan. planch. 5, t. iv, fig. 10; Hack. Monogr. Androp. 111; Brook. f. in F. B. Lf: vii, 118; Cke. ii, 948: Haines Bot. Bihar and Orissa 1012 ; Stapf! Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 96. Description: Stemsupto 6 m. high, many-noded, glabrous or pubscent below the panicle, more or less coated with wax below the nodes. Leaf-sheaths tight, terete, smooth, glabrous except when young; ligules very short, mem- branous, ciliate ; blades linear-lanceolate, up to 1:5 m. long and over5cm. broad green above, glaucous below, more or less scabrid along the margins, midrib very stout, rounded on the back, more or Jess flatabove. Panicles pyramidal, up to 1 m. long, dense, silvery ; primary rhachis glabrous except on the pubescent nodes, or more or less silky ; primary branches verticillate or semiverticillate, very slender, glabrous or hairy. Racemes up to 10 cm. long, very fragile ; joints and pedicels filiform, more or less ciliate or glabrous, the joints variable in length, the pedicels much shorter. Spikelets lanceolate, up to 4°2 mm. long, surrounded from the callus by a tuft of long silky hairs up to 9mm. long. In- volucral glumes subequal, lanceolate, firm towards the base, otherwise subhyaline the lower acute, 2-nerved to sub- 4-nerved, glabrous, the upper very similar 1-3-nerved, glabrous or ciliolate Lower floral glume oblong, acute or subacute, hyaline, nerveless, ciliate, about 3:3 mm. long, upper floral glume subacute, ciliate, as long as the lower or 0. Pale, if present, very minute, obovate, ciliate. Lodicules broad, cuneate, sparingly ciliolate from the top. Stigmas purplish. 2:;1mm. long. Grain oblong, attenuated upwards, subterete, flesh-coloured ; embryo ¢ the length of the grain. Locality : Grown throughout the Presidency. Origin :—There are many indications that S. Asia is the original home of the sugarcane. *3. Saccharum arundinaceum, Retz. Obs. bot. fasc. LV (1786), 14; Hackel Monogr. Androp. 117, excl. syn. S. exaltatum ; Hook. f. in F. B.1., vii. 119 excl. syn. SS. ciliave, Anders., S. exaltatum, Roxb., S. munja, Roxb., S. Sara Roxb.; Cke ii, 948, excl. syn. S. exaltatum, Roxb.; Haines Bot. Bihar and Orissa, 1012. S. dengalense, Retz. 1.c. v., 16. S. procerum, Roxb. F1. Ind., i, 243. Description: A gigantictufted grass. Culms biennial (? or triennial), somewhat with the habit of the sugarcane, branched, often 5 m. high, the flowering culms sometimes nearly 9 m. high and over 18 mm. diam., solid. Stem glabrous, smooth, or slightly rough with very long internodes. Blade reaching 1:°8 m. in length and 5 cm. in breadth, with rib stout and as broad as the blade at base, keeled below, villous with long silky hairs above, margins [5] 286 Jour., Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XXXII, No. 2. [ Oct. 20, 1927. cutting. (According to Hole the midrib in basa] leaves occupies at base 1 orlessof the width of the blade). Upper cauline leaves becoming folded and filiform. Leaf-sheaths glabrous. Ligule truncate with a ring or tuft of long silky hairs 6-25 mm. distance from its base. Panicle 60 cm. to 1:2 m. long, pink, white or silvery, diffuse while flowering, with smooth glabrous axis, main branches tufted on the axis, tufts alternate cr subverticillate. Spikelets 2'5-3°7 mm. long, much shorter than the internodes of the spike. Pedicel + to equal the length of the sessile spikelet. Joint usually longer than sessile spikelet ; majority of pedicels shorter than proper joint. Callus-hairs pale, not dense, as long as spikelet (according to Hole shorter than or subequal to spikelet). Hairs of joint overtop the joint by less than to 13 times the length of the joint. Sessile spikelet : Lower involucral glume chartaceous, dorsally sparsely villous, villi overtopping the glume by about 1% the length of the giume. Upper involucral glume chartaceous, not villous dorsally. Lower floral glume not villous dorsally. Mucro of upper floral glume not exserted beyond apex cf spikelet. Pale ciliate. Pedicelled spikelet: |Involucral glumes dorsally villous, villi overtopping spikelet by 1-13 times the length of the spikelet. Spikelet sometimes 2-3-flowered with 1-2 additional paleate glumes inside the floral glumes. Locality : Cultivated in gardens. Distribution : Bengal, Assam, Burma, extending into China. It is a native of the evergreen zone of India characterized by a rainfall exceeding 70 in., but is frequently cultivated in gardens throughout India. (Hole). 4. Saccharum munia, Roxb FI. Ind. i (1832), 246 ; Hole in Ind. For. Memoirs, I (1911), 62 ; Haines Bot. Bihar and Orissa 1013.—S. Savuz, Roxb. 1. e. 244/— S. ciliave, Anders. in Oefvers. K. Vet. Akad. Férhand. Stockh. (1855), 155; Hackel Monogr. Androp. 118, excl. vars. Griffithit et Botsstert.—S arundinaceum, Hook. f.in F. B.I1., vii, 119 (Jartim).—S. avundinaceum, var. ciliave, Haines in Fl. Chota Nagpur. For explanation of above synonymy see Hole, 1. c. 65-67. Description: Anerect grass, attaining a height of 5°5 m. and 12 mm. diam., pale straw-coloured, smooth, striate, solid. Leaf-sheath shortly silky at extreme base, otherwise auite smooth, striate, pale straw-coloured, villous on margins at apex with long white hairs usually much longer than proper internode, uppermost slieath sometimes extending beyond the base of the panicle. Upper leaf of flowering culm 22-70 cm. long, flat, tapering from the base, long-acuminate, 5-10 mm. broad. Lower leaves up to2 and 2°4 m. hy 25 mm., but usually only 18 mm. broad. In basal leaves the concave midrib occtpies 4 or more of width of blade. Colour glaucous, midrib white. Margin scabrid as are one or more intramarginal nerves below, otherwise smooth, but densely white villous at base behind the ligule. Ligule truncate, usually a narrow membranous rim, of upper leaves longer, attaining 3 mm., minutely silky dorsally and ciliate. Flowering panicle 30-90 cm. Jong, usually lanceo- late, pale cream-coloured to dark reddish-purple, branches spreading, Fruit- ing panicle oblong, branches appressed to the axis, white to greyish-white, Primary rhachis glabrous, sulcate, more or less scabrid on the ridges, Primary branches subverticillate, compound. Ultimate branchlets triquetrous, more or less villous with long white hairs on angles and on two faces, Spikelets in pairs, one pedicelled and one sessile on the capillary jointed branches and branchlets of a terminal panicle, awnless, lanceolate, up to 5 mm. long ; sessile and pedicelled similar, each one-flowered and hermaphrodite. Pedicelled fruiting spikelet falling from the pedicel, the sessile spikelet falling later with the attached pedicel and joint of axis. Joint of axis triquetrous, $ to subequal the sessile spikelet, but usually shorter than the spikelet, vilious on two faces and on margins, the villi overtopping the joint by onceto twice the length of the joint. Pedicels triquetrous, 3-$ the length of the sessile spikelet, villous with long white hairs on two faces and on the angles. Most pedicels shorter than proper joint, rarely subequal to the proper joint. . Sessile spikelets : Lower involucral glume lanceolate, chartec2ous, with twostrong lateral nerves and usually 1-4 more or less distinct additional nerves, dorsally long villous on basal half or two-thirds, the hairs overtopping the glume by about the length of the glume, scabrid dorsally on keels, margin inflexed, sparsely ciliate above, apex minutely bidentate to entire. Upper involucral glume subequal to the lower, lanceolate, chartaceous, keeled, with one strong central [9] Oct. 20, 1927.] Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency 287 nerve and usually 2-4 more or less distinct additional nerves, glabrous dorsally or minutely pubescent towards apex, scabrid dorsally on keel, margins incurved, ciliate above, apex usually shortly mucronate. Lower floral glume oblong- lanceolate, hyaline-membranous or little shorter than the upper involucral glume, 1-3-nerved, margins incurved, ciliate, apex acute or short mucronate. Upper floral glume broad-lanceolate to elliptic, shorter than or subequal to the upper involucral glume, hyaline, 1-3-nerved, mucronate, ciliate, mucro short to 1:25 mm. long, but not exserted beyond the apex of the spikelet. Pale ovate, hyaline, ciliate, from 3-% the length of the upper floral glume. Pedicelled spikelets similar, but both the involucral glumes are dorsally long villous and usually with 3-5 strong nerves and occasionally 2 additional fainter ones. Lodicules 2, cuneate, glabrous, 0°5 mm. long. Anthers 3, pale yellow to purple, 2-2°5 mm. long. Stigmas yellow, often tinted with purple, 1-1°5 mm. long. To distinguish this species from Saccharum Ravenne Hole gives the follow- ing field-characters: Glaucous narrow leaves, awnless spikelets, smooth leaf-sheaths. Locality : Sind (Stocks in herb. Boiss. ex Hackel).— Gujarat :— (Sedgwick and Sexton). Distribution : Northern India in the Punjab and Upper Gangetic Plain. Uses ; The fibre of the upper leaf-sheaths is used for mats, ropes, ete. It has also been favourably reported on as a paper material (Haines). 5. Saccharum Griffithii, Munro ex Aitchis. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xix (1822), 191 ; Hole in Ind. For. Memoirs i (1911), 68-70.—S. Sara, Aitchis, 1. ec. 191; Boiss. Fl. Or. v, 453.—? S.Griffithiz, Boiss 1.c. 453,—S. ciliare var. Griffithit Hackel Monogr. Androp. 119.—Hyrizanthus Griffithiz Hook.f. in F. B. I. vii, 122 (partin.). Description: A cespitose grass, Culms 2 m. high or slightly higher, solid. Blade glaucous, narrow, about 8mm. wide; midrib at base usually occupies $ or more of width of blade ; sheath not hirsute, nodes not bearded. Rhachis of racemes fragile. Spikelets 2 at each node of the rhachis, one sessile and finally decidous with the accumbent joint, the other pedicelled finally separating from the pedicel, both 1-flowered, hermaphrodite. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long, muticous ; pedicel 3-3 the length of the sessile spikelet ; joint 4-3 the length of the sessile spikelet. Most pedicels subequal to longer than proper joint ; callus-hairs yellow, shorter than to subequal to the spikelet ; hairs of joint overtopping joint by once to twice the length of joint. Sessile spikelet : Lower involucral glume chartaceous, dorsally densely viilousin basal %, villi not overtopping the glume, or overtopping by less than zthe length of the glume. Upper involucral glume chartaceous, dorsally villous in basal z or %, villi not overtopping or overtopping by less than 4 the length of the glume. Lower floral glume sometimes sparsely villous dorsally. Upper floral glume with a very short mucro, 1°5 mm. long, not exserted beyond apex of spikelet. Pale ciliate. Pedicelled spikelet : Involucral glumes dorsally villous in basal 3-3, villi not overtopping or overtopping by less than 3 the length of the spikelet ; no additional glumes inside the floral ylumes. Locality > Sind :—Near Hyderabad (Blatter and McCann D698 !); W. of Tatta (Blatter and McCann D699 !); near Karachi (ex Hackel l.c.}. Distribution: Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Punjab, Sind. 6. Saccharum Ravenne, Linn. Syst. ed. xiii, 88; Sibth. & Sm. Fl. Greca, tao2; Reichb. Jc. Hl. Germ., fig. 1505; Stapf Fi. Trop. Afr. ix, 97;. Haines Bot. Bihar and Orissa 1014.—Zvianthus Ravenne, Beauv. Agrost 162 ; Roem. and Sehult, “Syst. 11, 323-5" Hack, Monogr. Androp, 139; Hook. f. F. B. 1. vii, 121 ; Stapfin Kew Bull. (1907), 208; Nees Gen. Fl. Germ. t. 90; Boiss. Fl. Or. vi, 455 ; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. 15, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 26; Cke. ii, 949 ; Hole in Ind. For. Memoirs, i (1911), 87.—Andropogon Ravenne, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. ii, 1481 ; Host. Gram. Austr., iii, 1, t, 1.—Azpidium Ravenne, Trin. Fund. 169. Description; Culms erect, up to6m. high and 17 mm. thick, solid, often slightly fistular just below the panicle, smooth and polished, striate, shortly and finely bearded at the leaf insertions. Leaf-sheath hirsute with bulbous-based hairs, the latter varying in colour from white to yellow or brown, the hairs being more or less deciduous and old sheaths are often rough with the persistent bul- bous bases ; upper sheaths glabrescent, always longer than the proper internode, long ciliate on margins towards the apex. Blade of uppermost leaf of flowering [7] 288 Jour., Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XXXII, No. 2. | Oct: 2071927. culm from 20 cm, long and 6 mm. wide, linear and tapering from base, to 75 cm. long and 16 mm. wide with greatest width about the middle ; lower leaves usually 1:2-1'5 m. long and 25 mm. wide, but also attaining a length of 1°8 m. and width of 38 mm., broadest about the middle, sometimes in upper third, dark green, midrib white, apex acuminate, narrowed towards the base, in basal leaves the concave midrib occupies 3 or more of width of lamina at base, often the entire width of the leaf, densely villous above towards the base with bulbous- based hairs, more or less scaberulous along nerves, margins scabrid. Ligule a narrow membranous rim not longer than 1:75 mm., entire, rounded or deeply 2-lobed. patently hairy dorsall,; with stiff white hairs, ciliate. Panicle 30-90 cm. long, lanceolate, dense or somewhat lax and lobed, silvery silky, with a tinge of grey and purple, or quite white ; primary rhachis sulcate, glabrous, smooth below, scabrid on the ridges ; branches slender, solitary from the distant nodes, divided from the base, up to 20 cm. long, branchlets unequal, divided again, glabrous except at the nodes. Racemes sessile or the lower more or less peduncled, narrow to oblong ; joints and pedicels filiform, long ciliate, with thickened tips, the latter shorter than the joints. Callus-hairs shorter than to subequal to length of spikelet, purplish or brownish. Sessile spikelet : Lower involucral glume lanceolate with 2 lateral keels, dorsally flat or depressed between the keels, apex 2-mucronulate, one or both margins incurved, dorsally scabrid on keels, otherwise glabrous, or more or less villous dorsally, villi not overtopping the glume, or overtopping by less than 3 the length of the glume, 2-nerved, some- times with 1-2 additional faint nerves between the keels. Upper involucral glume subequal to the lower, with a central keel, mucronate, margin incurved, ciliate, dorsally scabrid on keel, otherwise glabrous or more or less villous dorsally, villi not overtopping the glume, or overtopping by less than; the length of the glume, l-nerved and sometimes 1 or 2 partial lateral nerves. Lower floral glume slightly shorter than upper involucral glume, oblong-lanceo- late, hyaline, apex mucronate or acute, dorsally glabrous., margin incurved, ciliate above, 1-3-nerved. Upper floral glume usually ~ the length of the lower, ovate-lanceolate, hyaline, margin incurved, ciliate, long-awned, awn 2°5-6 mm. long, 3-nerved. Pale about ~ the length of the upper floral glume, ovate- lanceolate, hyaline, glabrous, nerveless. Lodicules 2, cuneate, glabrous. Anthers 3, yellow streaked with purple. Stigmas yellow. Pedicelled spikelet like the sessile, but involucral glumes often strongly 3-nerved and hairy. Can easily be distinguished from Saccharum munja by its distinctly awned spikelets, the broader dark green leaves and hairy leaf-sheaths. (Hole). Locality : Sind—Laki (Bhide!); Khairpur Mirs, sandy plain (Sabnis B226 !) ; Sehwan (Sabnis B36!, B664!}; Larkana (Sabnis B444!, Cooke) ; Pad-Idan (Sabnis B498!, B509 !) ; Sukkar (Sabnis B552!) ; Nasarpur, sandy plains (Sabnis B1049 !) ; Umarkot, sandy plains (Sabnis B1211!); Sanghar (Sabnis B900 !) ; Jamesabad (Sabnis B968 !) ; Phuleli Canal, on banks (Sabnis B195 !) ; Mirva Canal, sandy banks (Sabnis B258 !) ; Khairpur forests (Sabnis B329 !) ; Sita Road (Sabnis B367 !) ; Sehwan to Laki, foot of hills (Sabnis B60! , Bll1!) ; Mirpur Sakro (Blatter and McCann D694!) ; Chuar Chemali (Blatter and McCann D6¥5!) ; Indus Delta (Blatter and McCann D696!) ; Karachi (Cooke, Woodrow).—Deccan : College Garden, Poona (Garade !). Distribution : Western Himalaya, Punjab, Upper Gangetic Plain, Sind, extending westwards to the Mediterranean. Uses ; The culms are used for making screens, etc. The leaves quickly decay and are therefore useless for thatching. 7. Saccharum fastigiatum, Steud. Syn. Gram. (1855), 409; Haines Bot. Bihar and Orissa, 1014. Hrianthus fastigsatus, Nees ex Steud.l.c. ; Hack. Monogr Androp. 150 5) Hook, f..in F. B.1., vii, 125; Chkes aga. Description: Cke.1.c. Locality: S.M. Country :—Belgaum (Ritchie 792). Distribution: Sikkim, Khasia, Assam, Bengal, Chota Nagpur, Orissa, W. Peninsula. 23. SPODIOPOGON, Trin., Cke. ii, 947. Spodiopogen albidus, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soe. 19 (1881), 66; Hackel Monogr. Androp, 185 ; F. B. I. vii, 108 ; Cke. ii, 947—Andropogon rhizophorus Steud. Syn. Gram. 381 ; Duthie Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 26.—Andropogan petiolatus, Dalz. Bomb. Fl. (1861), 3Q3. Description: Cke ii, 947. [8] Ozi. 20, 1927.] Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency 289 Locality: Khandesh: Toranmal (McCann 9886!, 9888) ;—Koukans W. Ghats (Weodrow 137) ; Warsai, near Penn (Bhide !) ; Penn (McCann 5374A !) 5 Below Palli Hill, Bandra (Ryan !) ; Tungar, Bassein (Bhide!) ; Salsette (Jac- quemont 708) ; Matheran (Cooke) ; Matheran, Harrison’s Springs {D’Almeida A242 !).—Deccan : Lonavla (Bhide!, McCann !, Wocdrow) ; Khandala, very common (McCann, 9401!) ; Khandala to Karjat (Blatter and Hallberg 5325 !); Ganeshkhind Bot. Gardens, Kirkee (Gammie!) ; Sinhagad Forest, Poona District (Bhide !); Lohagad, upper half (McCann 9437!) ; Purandhar Fort (McCann 3004 !); Izatpuri, common (McCann 4327); Mahableshwar (Cooke); Mahableshwar to Pratapgad (Bhide 1182 !).—S. MW. Country : Derikop, forest (Sedgwick 1862 !).—Kanara: (McCann!) ; Arbail Ghat (Sedgwick and Bell 3168 !} ; Suppa (Talbot, 279 !). Distribution ; Central Provinces, Rajputana, W. Peninsula. 24. POGONATHERUM, Beauv., Cke. ii, 965. 1. Hairs of callus longer than the spikelet...l. P. crinituim. 2. Hairs of callus shorter than the spikelet...2. P. saccharoideum. 1. Pogenatkerum crinitum, Kunth Enum. Pi. 1 (1833), 478 ; Hook. f. in F. B. I. vii, 141 ; Cke. ii, 955.—P. saccharoideum var. monandrum, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 193.—P. polystachyum, Kunth Revis. Gram. 493.—P. refractum, Nees in Hook. et Arn. Bezechy’s Voy. 239.—Pollinia monandra, Spreng. Syst. i, 288.—Pogonopsis genera, Presl. Rel. Heenk. i, 133, t. 46.-/schemum crinitum, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. ser. vi, ii (1833), 298.— Andropogon crinitus, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 40, t. 7.— Al. monandrus Roxb. Fl. ind. i, 260.— Pogonatherum, Gritt. Notul. ii. 81, Ic. Pl. As. t. 145, fig. 2. Description : Cke. ii, 965. Locality: Kanara: Sirsi(Gammie!); Sumpkund, in a cutting (McCann 9947 !, Woodrow !); Nilkhund Ghat on steep bank along roadside (Taibot 781!) ; Gersoppa Falls (Talbot 2671!, McCann, 9939 !). Distribution : More or less all over India, Afghanistan, China, Malaya, New Hebrides. *2. Pogonatheram saccharoideum, Beauv. Agrost. 56, t. 11, fig. 11 ; Duthie Grass. N. W. ind. 16, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 27; F. B. I. vii, 141; Cke. ii, 966 ; Haines Bot. Bihar and Orissa, 1017.—FP. sacctharotdeum var. genuinum, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 193.—P. polystachyum, Roem. and Sch. Syst. ii, 497.—Follinta polys- dachys, Spreng. Syst. i, 288; Kunth Rev. Gram. 493, t. 162.—Saccharum paniceum, Lamk. Encycl. i, 595, illust. t. 40. fig. 31.—The Bamboo Grass. Description : A much tufted, branched and very leafy elegant grass, 30-60 cm. high ; stem firm or almost woody, slender, polished, from a perennial woodstock ; nodes on stem glabrous or bearded. Leaves 2°5-6'5 cm. long up to 2°5 mm. broad, linear, acuminate, bearded at the base and margins of sheaths. Spikes 1/ mim. to5cm. long, terminating all the branches ; rhachis compressed and pedicel bearded ; each spikelet with 2 long fine scaberulous awns 15-25 mm. jong. Sessile spikelet : Lower involucral glume narrow-oblong, broadest above, faintly 2-4-nerved, tip bearded. Upper involucral glume the largest, conduplicate, 2°5 mm. long, 1-nerved, keel produced into along awn, tip densely ciliate. Lower floral glume sometimes absent. Pale of upper floral glume broadly ovate-oblong, much exceeding the minute ovary. Pedicelled spikelet about 3-2 the length of the sessile. Locality : Grown in gardens. Distribution : Hilly parts of India from the Punjab to Bhutan, Burma and China, southwards to Central India and Ceylon, Malaya. 25. EULALIA, Kunth ; Stapf Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 97. {Formerly under Pollizia, Trin.—Cke. ii, 950). Perennial. Culms simple, erect or ascending. Leaf-blades convolute when young, then flat, usually narrow, gradually passing into the sheath. Racemes often coloured, brown or purplish. Spikelets all alike or nearly so, one sessile, the other pedicelled on the articulate fragile rhachis of 2-nate, digitate or fascicled spike-like racemes, the pedicelled falling from their pedicels, the sessile deciduors together with the contiguous joint of the rhachis and the pedicel. Involucral glumes equal or somewhat unequal, rigidly membranous to ceriaceous, the lower dcrsally flattened or shailowly concave (never grooved), [9] 290 Jour., Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XXXII, No. 2. (Oct. 20, 1927. more or less 2-keeled with inflexed margins, the upper 1-3-nerved, keeled. Lower floral glume empty, sometimes much reduced, muticous, hyaline ; upper floral glume very short, 2-lobed, awned, pale small or 0. Lodicules small, euneate. Stamens 3. Stigmas linear, laterally exserted. Grain oblong ; embryo almost half the length of the grain or longer ; hilum basal, punctiform. _ Species about.25, in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. BL. Ra 2emieS MARY POs... sde cede sabosmaananiiee othe + anceavaanase 1. #. argentea. # . Racemes £6Wa 2-Fiak is cekestets te cocaadsehe cadens + te sscusdautarencws 2. &. fimbriata. 1. Eulalia argentea, Brogn. Voy. Cog. Bot. 92; Haines Bot. Bihar and Orissa, 1018.—Follinia argentea, Trin. in Bull. Sc. Acad. Petersb. i (1836), 71; Hackel Monogr. Androp. 162; Hook. f. in F. B.I. vii, 111; Cke. ii, 950. — P. tristachya, Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 368 (artim) ; Duthie Fodd. Grass. N.W. Ind. 26, t. 53.—H#rianthus hexastachyus, Hochst. in Hohen. Pl. Ind. Or. no. 279. —F. Roxburghit, F. Muell. Fragm. Phyt. viii, 117.—Andropogon tristachyus, Roxb. FI. Ind.1,:256: Description: Cke. ii, 950. Locality: Khandesh : Tapti Valley, railway line (Bhide!).—Konkan : Ratna- giri (Woodrow) ; Near Ratnagiri (Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona!) ; St. Xavier’s College compound, Bombay (McCann 4510!) ; Parsik Hill (McCann 9715!) ; above Kenery Caves (McCann 9723!) ; Ghatkoper, Horse-shoe Valley (McCann 9891!) ; Marine Lines, Bombay (Hallberg 9889!) ; Bassein (McCann 9475!) ; Vetora (Sabnis 33507!).—Deccan: WLonavla (Bhide!, McCann!, Woodrow, Lisboa) ; Khandala, very common (McCann 9716!) ; Lohagad, way up (MsCanr 9718!; Panchgani (Blatter 5388 !, Blatter and Haliberg B.1213!, McCann !}) ; Mawal (Woodrow)-—S. WM. Country: Dharwar District (Sedgwick 2112!) ; Dastikop (Sedgwick 2088!) ; Castle Rock (Bhide!, McCann A. 304 !).— Kanara: Suppa Taluka(Talbot 2257!); Jugglepet(T'albot 1569!); Yellapore (‘Talbot 1525!) ; Halyal (Talbot 2224!); Kumberwada (Talbot 2257!) ; Dandeli (Talbot 2267 !). Distribution : Vhroughout India, Ceylon, Malaya, Australia. 2. Eulalia fimbriata. Blatter and McCann, comb. nova.—Follinia fimbriata, Hackel Monogr. Androp. 164; Hook. f. in F. B. I. vii, 112 ; Cke. ii, 950. Description : Cke. 1. c. Locality: Konkan: Mahe Forest (Ryan 708!)'; Uran (McCann, 5123!) ; Trombay (McCann 305!) ; Matheran, Monkey Point (D’Aimeida A. 254!, A. 255 !).—Deccan - Lonavia (Chibber 11!, Woodrow 173) ; Khandala, common (McCann 5300 !). : Distribution. W. Himalaya, W. Peninsula, Pegu. 26. SORGHUM, Pers. Syn. i, 101; Stapf Fl. Trop. Afr., ix, 104. Annual or perennial, often robust, grasses. Leaf-blades convolute in bud, usually flat, herbaceous, often large. Panicles erect or nodding with verticillate or scattered branches, often large, in the spontaneous species mostly loose, in the cultivated forms frequently variously contracted to compact. Spikelets. 2-nate, those of each pair differing in shape and sex, one sessile, the other pedicelled or represented by a pedicel only, on the articulate fragile or (in cultivated forms) tough rhachis of panicled few-(sometimes-1 or, the other extreme, 6-8-) jointed racemes, the sessile spikelet falling with the contiguous joint and the accompanying pedicelled spikelet or at least its pedicel. Florets 2, lower reduced to an empty valve, upper hermaphrodite in the sessile, male or neuter in the pedicelled spikelets, if present at all. Sessile spikelet: In- volucral glumes equal, coriaceous, at least when mature, rarely permanently chartaceous, muticous. Lower with a broad flattened or convex back with the margins narrowly inflexed near the tips and elsewhere involute. Upper cymbiform with narrow hyaline, usually upwards ciliate margins. Lower floral glume empty, hyaline, ciliate, 2-nervedor nerveless. Upper oblong to ovate, ]-3-nerved, 2-lobed or dentate, with the lobes free or more or less adnate to a perfect or variously reduced awn or a mucro rising from the sinus, rarely entire and mucronate or muticous, Pale hyaline, often minute or 0. Lodi- cules 2, ciliate or glabrous. Stamens 3. Stigmas laterally exserted; styles terminal or subterminal. Grain in the wild species mostly obovoid, dorsally compressed, in cultivated forms frequently enlarged, globose or subglobose; embryo as long or slightly longer than half the grain. Pedicelled spikelets, if present, much narrower than the sessile, lanceolate to subulate, male or neuter [10] Oct. 20, 1927.] Revision ot the Flora of the Bombay Presidency 291 sometimes reduced to the glumes or one glume only or quite suppressed. In- volucral glumes permanently herbaceous, awnless like the hyaline 2-l-nerved ciliate floral glumes. According to Stapf (Fl. Trop. Afr., ix, 105) there areabout 35 wild species in the tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres, very few extending into the temperate zones. One group of forms is widely cultivated in the tropics, particularly in Africa. The classification of the material belonging to the section Hzw-sorghum forms a difficult problem, which we are not prepared to tackle at present. The difficulties are well explained by Stapf (1l.c.), and we cannot refrain from quoting the passage, though somewhat lengthy, because it may be a help to workers on this genus and induce them, at the same time, to subject the vast material available in the Presidency to a more scientific examination and exact taxonomic treatment, by which Botany as well as Agriculture wil! profit. Those species, says Stapf, ‘which come under consideration in this work (Flora of Tropical Africa) have with two exceptions (S. purpureo-sericeum and S. versicolor) been placed by Hackel in one vast species, Andropogon Sorghum, the leading idea being that they were all derived from one wild an- eestor, the old Holcus halepensis, Linn. Piper, however, has recently advan- ced good reasons why this is extremely improbable. He has pointed out that the Linnean Holcus halepensis ( Andropogon Sorghum, subsp. halepenszis, vat. genuinus, Hack.) is a perennial type almost confined to the Mediterranean region (semsu lato) and absent from tropical Africa whichis the home of most of the spontaneous annual forms and probably also the cradle of most of the cultivated races known collectively as Guinea corn (Anzdrcepogon Sorghum, subsp. sativus, Hack.). ‘To thesespontaneous annuals and the cultivated forms he confines the name Azdropogon Sorghum, and dealing in particular with the former he groups them under 1] subspecies, whilst he abstains from attempting to classify the latter. Most of Piper’s subspecies are here recognized as definite units, but with the status of species, a procedure which seems to have the advan- tage uf simplicity and directness, whilst it leaves the door open to any theoreti- cal grouping which may inthe future be desirable. The same reasoning has been applied to the cultivated forms. Hence the breaking up of Hackel’s Andropogon Sorghum, vat. sativus. Koernicke, who made the first com- prehensive attempt to classify them, relied for that purpose exclusively on characters exhibited by mature infructescences, especially their degree of looseness or contraction and the colours of the ripe glumes and grains; but Hackel in his monograph introduced characters taken from the shape of the spikelets. The grain being in most cases the thing aimed at in the evolution of these very numerous races, it is clear that artificially introduced modifications must from the beginning have tended in the grain-state to obscure or repress the phytogenetically importantfeatures in so far as they were economically indifferent or undesirable. Itseemed therefore, more promising to base the primary grouping on the comparison of the flowering stages, which might be expected to be more or less outside the influence of the artificially moulding forces of man. Within these primary groups, which are treated here as species, nothing more than a purely artificial arrangement can for the present be attempted. Anexhaustive treatment of the hundreds of races which have been given distinctive popular names would, even if it were possible, be beyond the scope of a colonial flora.’ lf Stapf, with all the facilities of Kew and the British Museum and other European herbaria at his disposal, complains about ‘ the very rudimentary state of our knowledge and of cur collections ’ nobody can reasonably expect that we should bring order into the chaotic state of the Sorghum question in India. Years of intensive study of Indian and African forms are required to bring the intricate problem nearer its solution. For the present we follow Haines in retaining the old species of S. halepense and S. vulgare. Of species not known from the Presidency before we add S. subglabrescens, Schweinf. & Aschers. and S. mitidum, Pers. This, we admit, is not quite satisfactory, but it is all we can offer at the present state of our knowledge and with the material at our disposal in India. In order to enable Indian botanists to utilize Stapf’s and Piper’s investiga- tions in the further study of the genus Sorghum we shall add, in the way of an appendix, the descriptions of those species which Stapf has described from tropical Africa and which have also been observed in India, whether in the [11] 293 Jour., Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XXXII, No. 2. [Oct, 20, 1927. Presidency or outside it. It is only in this way that we shall be able to co-ordi- nate the knowledge obtained on so widely spread a genus like Sorghum and it would not help botanical science to start the investigations ef Indian Sorghums on independent lines without constant reference to the work done in other fields. It might be easier and perhaps also more convenient for certaim practical purposes, but on the whole certainly less scientific and in the long rum more confusing. A. Wild species I. Racemes up to 4-noded 1. Primary branches of panicle divided (a) Stems upto 4°5m. high wwe 2: SS. A@lepensas (6) Stem about 75cm. high w. 2 S. Subglabreseens. 2. Primary branches of panicle simple .- 3. S. purpureo-seri- ceune. II. Racemes 2-8-noded a -. 4. S.mitidum. B. Cultivated species He ons Oe Se SON I. Sorghum halepense, Pers. Syn. i (1805), 101.—Andropogon halepensis, Brot. Fl. Lusit. i £1804),. 89; Hook. f£. in F.B.1. vii, 182; Cke: s129983'; Haines Bot. Bihar and Orissa 1033. Vern. Names : Boru, baru; called Johnson Grass in America. Description : Cke. I. c. Locality : Gujarat: Ahmedabad (Gammie 16389!); Perim Isl., Gulf of Cambay (Blatter 3813 !).—Khandesh : Toranmal (McCann 9643 !); Khadgaum (McCann 9642 !.)..—Konkan « Bassein Fort (Chibber 138!) ; Kase forest, Dhannm Range (Ryan 1919!):; Vetora (Sabnis 33072!); Trombay (McCann A. 263!) ; Byculla (McCann 9655 !).—Deccan : Ganeshkhind Botanie Gardens (Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona!) ; Purandhar (McCann 5001!).; Khandala, railway line near Rama’s Bed (McCann 9426!); Panchgani (Blatter and Hallberg B. 1302 !).— S. M7. Country: Kunnur, 2,000 ft., rainfall 35” (Sedgwiek and Bell 4984!) ; near Kilgerry (Talbot 2617 !).— Kanara: Halyal Fort (Talbot 2006!). Distribution : Most warm countries. Uses: A good fodder grass. The grain is eaten. See Vinalle,H.N.: A study of the literature coneerning poisoning of cattle by prussic acid in Sorghum, Sudan grass and Johnson grass, Journ. Amer. Soe. Agron. 13 (1921), 267-80. Gives remedies for hydroeyanie acid poisoning. 2. Sorghum subglabrescens, Schweinf. & Aschers. in Beitr. FI. Aethiop. 302, 306; Stapf in Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 137.—Andrupogon subglabreseens, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. i, 393.—A4. Sorghum, subsp. sativus, var. subglabrescens Hack. in Monogr. Androp. 519; Chiovenda in Ann. Istit. Bot. Roma vii, 25 Description: Annual. Culms (Stapf saw only a meagre specimen) slender almost simple, 75 cin. high, about 8-noded, internodes, except the uppermost shorter than the sheaths. Leaf-sheaths finely pubescent at the nodes; ligules. very short, shortly ciliate from the back ; blades linear from a broad (middle and upper leaves) or slightly narrowed (lower leaves} base, long-attenuated upwards, up to 20 by 1*7 cm., green, fiushed with red, quite glabrous. Panicle oblong, erect, 8°5 by almost 2°5.cm., contracted, moderately dense ; branches scattered, erect, the longest not much over 2‘5cm., long and undivided for about 12 min. from the base, almost simple, scabrous to spinulously ciliate, sparingly hairy at the base. Racemes tough, up to 4-noded and 8:5-10°6 mm. long, dense ; joints rather stout, up to 2 mm-Tong, shortly whitish-ciliate ; pedicels very similar, up tol mm. long. Sessile spikelet oblong, actue in flower, broad- ovoid or ellipsoid in fruit, 6-3 by 3°3 mm., at length variegated, awned ; callus- beard scanty, 1 mm. long. Involucral glumes equal, gaping when mature, more or less coriaceous and glossy in the lower third, spongy-subcoriaceous and constricted about the middle, then papery, more or less whitish strigillose, at length sometimes almost glabrous ; lower finely 13-nerved, nerves showing above the coriaceous base, keels rather sharp, scabrid, running into minute teeth, be- tween which the minute hyaline tip protrudes, the coriaceous part rich maroon to almost black, followed by a pale transverse zone, then violet or purple across the middle, the broad triangular somewhat depressed tip straw-colour or reddish upwards ; upper glume almost as broad as the lower, 9-nerved, slightly keeled, coloured like the lower. Floral glumes ciliate; lower broad-oblong, up to almost 5°3 mm. long ; upper ovate, subentire, 3°3 mm. long, awn up to 12°7 mm. long, sharply bent, column stout, twisted, equalling the bristle. Grain exposed [12] Oct. 20, 1927.] Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency 293 upwards between the gaping glumes, equalling or slightly exceeding them, obevoid, 4°2 mm. long, more or less orange; embryo-mark and nerves obscure. Pedicelled spikelet neuter, persistent, linear-lanceolate, acute, 5°3 mm. long and more, reddish, lower involucral glume up to 11-, upper 7-nerved. Locality : Manratta Country (Young, ex Stapf). Distribution : Abyssinia, tropical Arabia. Note - According to Stapf the specimen from India is a smaller variety of the type just described. 3. Sorghum purpureo-sericeum, Aschers. & Schweinf. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 302, 306 ; Stapf in Fl. Trop. Afr., ix, 140.—Andropogon purpureo- sericeus, Hochst. ex A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii (1851), 469; Hack. in Monogr. Androp. 524 ; Hook. f. in F. B. 1. vii, 185; Cke. ii, 984. Description: Cke. 1.c. Locality : Gujarat: GarviDangs, ina field (Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona!).— Khandesh (Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona!); Bhusawal (McCann 5224!).—Deccun : Poona, above the Ghats (teste W. Burns).—S. M7. Country: Kolhapur (Wood- row!) ; Belgaum (Ritchie 887).—Kanara: N. Kanara (Woodrow 40!). Distribution > Central Provinces, W. Peninsula, tropical Africa. 4. Sorghum nitidum, Pers. Synops. i, 101; Haines Bot. Bihar and Orissa 1034. —Andropogon nitidus, Kunth, Revis. Gram. i, 166.—A. serratus, Thunb. FI. Jap. 41; Hack. in Monogr. Androp. 520.—Anatherum nitidum, Spreng. Syst. i, 290.—Andropogon fuscus, J. S. Preslin C. B. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. i, 342.— A. consimilis, Steud. Syn. i, 394.--A. pedicellatus, Steud. 1. c. 394.—Holeus fulvus, R. Br. Prodr. 199.—Sorghum fulvum, Beauv. ap. Roem. ef. Schult. Syst. ii, 840.—Chrysopogon fuscus, Trin. in Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2, 360. Description: A tall tufted grass, 1-2°4 m. high, densely villous at the nodes. Leaves 10-75 cm. by 8-20 mm., setaceously acuminate, glabrous or sparsely hairy on both surfaces, hairs often tubercle-based, midrib broad, prominent, white ; sheaths terete below, keeled upward, more or less hairy ; mouth silky-villous ; ligule very short, truncate. Panicle 10-30cm. long, oblong, lax, subsimple, rhachis glabrous, branches capillary, about equalling the spikes, glabrous or scaberulous, whorls distant. Spikes &-37 mm. long, red-brown; joints and pedicels 4 to 3 the length of the sessile spikelets, margins shortly villous. Sessile spikelets broadly ellipsoid, callus rounded (Haines), or acute (Hook. f.). Lower involucral glume coriaceous, broadly oblong or elliptic acute or obtuse, dorsally flattened with incurved margins, brown-hairy and keels hispid, 7- nerved, or about 3-nerved between keels, sometimes nearly black, polished. Upper involucral glume broadly cymbiform with rounded back, lanceolate, acute, l-nerved, hairy upwards. Lower floral glume as long as or shorter than the upper involucral glume, hyaiine, margins inrolled, 2-keeled, ciliate ; upper floral glume linear-oblong, 2-lobed, awned or not. Pedicellate spikelet linear- oblong, pale or greenish with brown hairs. Lower involucral glunie oblong, rounded or sub-truncate, dorsally depressed and 2-nerved between the keels ; upper equal, rather narrower, obtuse margins much inflexed, 3-nerved between keels. Lower floral glume hyaline, linear. Locality : Kanara: Vinai (Talbot 2574!) ; Sambiani (Talbot 1337!) ; Sirsi to Sidderpur (Hallberg and McCann A 270!). Distribution : India, Ceylon, Nicobars, Asia, tropical Australia. 5. Sorghum vulgare, Pers. Syn.i, 101; Haines Bot. Bihar and Orissa 1033. — Andropogon Sorghum, Brot. Fl. Lus. i, 88. Description : Stout, usually tall annual grasses. Leaves broadly linear with a prominent white midrib. Panicle usually thyrsiform decompound with crowded whorls of erect branches and branchlets, rarely subeffuse. Rhachis of spike tenaceous, joints when forcibly separated leaving aragged sear at the tip. Pedicelled spikelets usually neuter, pedicels short. This is the Great Millet or Jowar, cultivated in most parts of the Presidency. (See H. H. Mann, Fodder Crops of W. India. Dept. Agr. Bombay, Bull. 77 of 1916, and G. L. Kottur, Classification and Description of the Jowars of the Bombay Karnatik, Dept. Agr. Bombay Bull. 92 and others.) After what we have said above we do not consider it advisable to enter into a description of the numerous varieties and torms. But we may mention in this place that a variety common in the Presidency, viz. S. vulgare var. Roxburghii, Hackel in Monogr. Androp. 510 has been described as a species by Stapf under [13] 294 Jour., Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XXXII, No. 2. [Océ. 20, 1927. the name of S. Roxburghi in Fl. Trop. Afr., ix, 126. The description will be given in the following appendix to the genus ‘Sorghum. Species of Sorghum described from Africa by Stapf which also occur in India, All the information is taken from Stapf, mostly almost verbatim. A. Mature sessile spikelets deciduous with the adjoining joint of the rhachis and its pedicelled companion: spontaneous grasses 1. SS. verticiliiflorum. B. Mature sessile spikelets persistent : cultivated grasses I. Mature glumes whollycoriaceousor the lower with a herbaceous triangular tip, its nerves not visible on the back except at the tip, particularly when this is herbaceous 1. Mature panicles more or less loose, usually with arched or drooping branches, never quite compact (a) Sessile spikelets ovate or elliptic to lanceolate-oblong *Mature spikelets pale straw-colour, permanently more or less hairy; the grain embraced below by the tightly appressed glumes 2. S. Roxburghit, var. semiclausum. ** Mature spikelets bright tawny early glabrescent ; the grain almost wholly 2. S. Roxburghit, var. exposed between the involute glumes... hians. (6) Sessile spikelets broadly obovate in outline 3. S. bicolor, var. obovatum. 2. Mature panicles very dense to compact, rarely more or less loosened owing to the reduction of the primary axis and the consequent subdigitate arrangement of the branches 4, S. Durra. Il. Mature glumes thinly crustaceous to papery, the tips brittle and breakng irregularly. Back of spikelets longitudinally striate. 1. Sessile spikelets 6°3-8°5 mm. long. Pedi- : celled spikelets 7°6-10 mm. long .. 5. S. papyrascens. 2. Sessile spikelets 5—6°3 mm. long. Pedicelled spikelets up to6°3 mm. long 6. S. cernuum. * 1. Sorghum verticilliflorum, Stapfin Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 116.—S. halepense, Nees Fl]. Afr. Austr. 88, zon Pers.—Andropogon verticillitlorus, Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. i, 393.—A. Sorghum, subsp. halepensis, var. effusus, Hack. in Monogr. Androp. 503 (partim).—A. Sorghum verticilliflorus, Piper in Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. XXViii, 37.—A. halepensis, var. effusus, Stapf in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii, 346 (artim). Description : An annual. Culms 1:2-2'4 m. high, sometimes slightly pruinose below the nodes. Leaf-sheaths delicately silky-pubescent at the nodes ; ligules up to over 2mm. long, scarious, hairy on the back; blades linear froma broad rounded and often clasping base, long attenuated upwards, up to 45 cm. long, rarely over 25 mm. wide, green, sometimes slightly glaucous or flushed with purple, hairy just behind the ligule, otherwise glabrous. Panicle oblong to ovoid-oblong, often rather contracted and more orless nodding at first, then spreading out and more erect, up to 37 cm. long and ultimately 15-22 cm. wide; branches slender, flexuous, whorled, longest up to 22cm. long and undivided to up to 5, rarely 75cm. fromthe base, distantly branched, slightly and shortly hairy to villous at the base, like the branchlets more or less rough, at least upwards. Racemes fragile, up to 5-, but mostly 2- or 3-noded, rarely over 18 mm. long; joints slender, 3°3-4'2 mm. long, shortly ciliate, cilia dirty white or pale fulvous, often with a tinge of purple; pedicels similar, slightly shorter, their tips subdiscoid. Sessile spikelet ovate to ovate-lanceolate, shortly acuminate to acute, 37-45 mm. by 1:5-2'2 mm., straw-coloured, greenish towards the tips (at least when young), sometimes tinged with purple, ultimately [14] Oct. 20, 1927.] Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency 295 often turning bright or blackish-red particularly below ; callus-beard less than 1 mm.long. Involucral glumes equal, coriaceous, slightly glossy below (more so When ripening), thinner upwards, lower usually slightly bulging below and somewhat depressed towards the tips, 11-13-nerved, with the nerves very obscure near the tips or more or less marked, sharply 2-keeled and scabrid to spinulously ciliolate in the upper half or third, more or less strigillose, often glabrescent, rarely almost glabrous, hairs pale whitish or fulvovs, loosely appressed, upper sharply keeled towards the tips with the keel rough, 7-nerved, more or less hairy. Floral glumes conspicuously ciliate, lower lanceolate, 5°3 mm. long, upper ovate, shortly 2-lobed, 2:2 mm. long ; awn fine, 1°3-1:7 cm. long. Anthers 3°3 mm. long. Grain obovate-oblong, 3°3 mm. by 0:2 mm., fuscous, paler below ; embryo-mark distinct, hardly exceeding the middle of the grain. Pedicelled spikelet male or neuter, early deciduous, subulate-lanceolate to linear, acutely acuminate, 63 mm. long, pale greenish, often tinged with red or purple; Jower involucral glume 9-, upper 5-nerved. Distribution: Nileland, Mozambique District, Natal, the Comoros, Seychelles, Madagascar, the Mascarenes, Introduced into India as Tabucki grass, also to Australia, Polynesia, and the West Indies. *2. Sorghum Roxburghii, Stapf in Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 126. Description: Annual. Culms stout, tall, often slightly waxy, pruinose below the nodes. Leaf-sheaths softly pubescent at the nodes; ligules very short, scarious, hairy from the back ; blades linear to linear-lanceolate from a broad clasping base, long-attenuated upwards, up to over 45 cm. long and up to 37 mm. wide, usually hairy to tomentose inside above the ligule and outside at the junction with the sheath, otherwise glabrous. Panicle oblong to ovoid-oblong, rarely subovate or elliptic in outline, erect, contracted and dense (rarely lax) in flower, somewhat to much loosened when mature ; branches slender, flexuous, whorled or semiverticillate, the longest undivided for up to 12-25mm. (rarely much more) from the base, more or less ciliate towards the base and often villous at the junction with the nodes, otherwise like their divisions glabrous or nearly so, finely scabrid upwards. Racemes tough, up to 4- (rarely 5-) noded, 8-12 mm. long; joints slender, 2-3°3 mm. long, distinctly and often densely ciliate, cilia white or purplish ; pedicels similar but more slender, of about the same length or more often shorter with very slightly thickened tips. Sessile spikelet ovate, acute, with a small fine point, sometimes flattened on the back when young but soon convex, about 5°3 mm. by 2°7-33 mm., permanently pale or dull straw-coloured to tawny, at length slightly glossy ; callus-beard, white. Involucral glumes equal, coriaceous, lower about 10-13-nerved, finely and often obscurely 2-keeled towards the tips with the keels slightly scabrid, transversely constricted at the base, more or less white-strigillose (to almost tomentose) when young, at length more or less glabrescent on the back, upper 7-9-nerved, finely keeled upwards, tip usvally straight. Floral glumes distinctly ciliate, cilia up tol mm. long. lower broad-oblong, as long as the glumes, upper broad-ovate, 3°3-4 mm. long, middle nerve much thickened from the middle upwards, running out into a short straight mucro, lobes adnate to it almost all along. Anthers 2;?7mm. long. Grains elliptic or ovate-elliptic in outline, 3:8-4°§ mm. by 2°7-3°3 mm.. dull white (in the African specimens). Pedicelled spikelet usually neuter, linear or linear-lanceolate, up to 4°2 mm. long, more often much reduced and quite small, persistent ; lower involucral glume, if well developed, up to 9-nerved, upper 5-nerved. Of this species Stapf describes two varieties which also occur in India. (a) Var. semiclausum, Stapf in Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 127.-Holcus Sorghum minus et Sisna, Wall. Cat. 8777 F. A.—Andropogon Sorghum, subsp. sativus, var. Roxburghii (2?) and fulvus, Hack. in Monogr. Androp. 510 and 512.—A. Sorghum, var. Usorum (?). Stapf in Dyer Fl. Cap. vii, 348,722 nota; Medley Wood, Natal Pl. it, t. 120, zon Koern. negue Hack. Description : Panicles fairly dense, also when mature. Involucral glumes less coriaceous towards the tips and more or less showing the nervesin that portion, permanently more or less strigillose, their margins clasping the grain so that only its top or upper half is exposed. Distribution: Nileland of tropical Africa, Mozambique District, Natal, Madagascar, India. (6) Var. hians, Stapf 1. c. 127.—Holcus Sorghum nitidum, Wall. Cat. 8777D.— Andropogon Sorghum, var. hians, Stapf in Hook. f. F.B.L, vii, 184.—A. Sorghum, [15] , 296 Jour., Bom: Nat. Hist.Soc., Vole XXXIIM Nowe. {Oct 200m97. var. Roxburghiz, K.Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost. Afr. B, 48; C. t. iv, F-H; Busse and Pilger in Engl. Jahrb. xxxii, 184, partim. Description : Panicles more or less loose with very flexuous and often drooping branches. Involucral glumes coriaceous to the tips with the nerves quite obscure, subglabrous and somewhat glossy on the back when mature, their margins involute, exposing the whole grain, which is often placed withits back and front parallel to the median line of the spikelet. Distribution : Mozambique District ; also in India. * 3. Sorghum bicolor, Moench Meth. 207, var. obovatum, Stapf in Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 127.—S. dicolor, Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1036.—S. wzgrum, Roem. & Schult. Syst. ii, 837.—.S. vulgare bicolor, Pers. Syn.i, 101.-—S. vulgare, var. obovatum, subvar. nigrum, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii, 151.—S. rudens, Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1036.—Holcus bicolor, Linn. Mant. Alt. 301.— Hi. Sorghum, Mieg. in Act. Helv. viii, 129, t.4.f.4.—A/Z. miger, Ard. in Sage. sc.e lett. acad. Padova, i, 134, t.5.—A. saccharatus—Gaertn. Fruct. ii, 3, t. 80. fig. 2 (?), non aliorum auctorum.—Andropogon niger, Kunth. Enum. i, 501.— A. rubens, Kunth 1. c. 502.—A. Sorghum, subsp. sativus, var. obovatus, Hack. in Monogr. Androp. 514.—A. Sorghum, var. bicolor, Koern.in Bull. Herb. Boiss. li, 226. Description : An annual. Culms stout, up to4m. high, many-noded. Leaf- sheaths mostly overlapping, finely pubescent at the nodes; ligtles short, ciliate from the back ;_ blades linear to lanceolate-linear from a broad and rounded or slightly narrowed base, up to50cm. long and 7:5 cm. broad, pubescent to tomentose inside above the ligules and less so or glabrous on the back at the junction with the sheath. Panicles erect, contracted and more or less dense, or loose and oblong or oblong-ellipsoid or obovate to oblanceolate in outline 7:5-30 em. by 5-9 cm.; branches erect or obliquely erect, rather rigid, finally sometimes slightly drooping, the longest often more than half the length of the panicle and undivided for 12 mm. to 75 cm. from the base, like the branchlets very rough, spinulously ciliolate or ciliate, particularly upwards, silghtly hairy, rarely villous at the base. Racemes tough, compact, frequently 3- or 4- (rarely 5-) noded ; joints somewnat stout, flattened, 16-2:7 mm. long, shortly whitish or fulvously ciliate ; pedicels similar, about 1 mm. long. Sessile spikelet more or less broadly obovate even in flower, with very short broad and depressed tips, 48-5°8 mm. by 3:3-42mm., straw-coloured to tawny, finally darker, often with red or brown or purple spots or blotches or turning altogether fuscous, chestnut-brown or quite black, closed when mature or only slightly gaping, usually awned; callus-beard scanty. Involucral glumes equal, firmly coriaceous except at the papery to membranous tips, unevenly strigillose particularly and mostly persistently on the tips or almost glabrous ; lower up to 16-nerved, nerves very faint, keels short, usually obscure, tips very short, broadly triangular with a hyaline point, depressed ; upper broad, 9-nerved, obscurely keeled close to the tip, otherwise broadly rounded on the back. Floral glumes ciliate, lower broad-elliptic, about 4°2 mm. long, upper broad-ovate, 33mm. long, 2-lobed, awn about 106 mm. long, sometimes much reduced. Anthers up to 4:2 mm. long. Grain tightly enclosed in the glumes or the top slightly exposed, obovate-oblong in outline, 33-38 mm. by 2-24 mm., brown; embryo- mark distinct; nerves obliterated. Pedicelled spikelet neuter, persistent, lanceolate to linear-obiong, acute, about 4°2 mm. long, reddish ; lower involucral glume 9-10-, upper about 7-nerved. Distribution : Lower Guinea. Occasionally cultivated in the Mediterranean region from Madeira to India, also introduced into Australia, the West Indies and Brazil. * 4, Sorghum Durra, Stapf in Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 129.—Holcus Durra, Forsk. FI. Aeg.-Arab. 174.—H7. Duna (sphalm.), Gmelin Syst. 173.—Andropogon Sorghum, var. aegyptiacus, Koern. in Aschers. & Schweinf. Ill. Fl. Egypte 164—A. Sorghum, subsp. sativus, var. Durra and aegypltiacus, Hack. in Monogr. Androp. 516. — A. Sorghum, subsp. sativus var. Durra, Chiov. in Ann. Istit. Bot. Roma, viii, 24.—A. Sorghum, var. niloticus and Schweinfurthianus, Koern. in Aschers. & Schweinf. l.c. 778, 779.-A. Sorghum, var. arabicus and rubrocernuus, Koern. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii, App. ii, 12 (prob.bzliter.) Description: An annual. Culms stout, up to 4m. high and even more, 20-40-noded. Leaf-sheaths finely pubescent at the nodes; ligules very short, shortly ciliate ; blades up to 40 cm. by 5cm., quite glabrous (? always). Panicle usually quite compact, ovoid or ellipsoid, erect or sometimes recurved, 10-15 cm. [16] Ozi. 20, 1927.) Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency 297 by 5-10 cm.; branches erect, more or less flexuous, rather slender, rough to Spinulously ciliate, particularly upwards, ciliate to subvillous at the base, the Jengest up to one half or one-third the length of the panicle, divided from very low down. Racemes compact, tough, about 8°5 mm. long (in flower), mostly 3-or 4-noded; joints somewhat stout, flattened, 1 to almost 2 mm. long, whitish- ciliate ; pedicels similar, but still shorter. Sessile spikelet rhombic-obovoid, subacute {in flower), greenish or straw-coloured with greenish tips, ultimately whitish ot variously brown, dark red or black, awned or awnless, callus-beard scanty. Involucral glumes equal, coriaceous up to beyond $ or 3, then papery, unevenly strigillose, particularly at the tips and sides; lower witha broad triaagular greenish strongly nerved tip, about 12-nerved with 3 or 4 finer merves interspersed, 2-keeled upwards (keels rough), more or less flattened out and very broad to rotundate when mature with the tips worn off and the back glossy ; upper broad, 9-nerved with some additional finer nerves, slightly keeled upwards. Floral glumes ciliate ; lower ovate-elliptic, over 4°2mm. long; upper broad-ovate, 2-tcothed,4°2 mm. long, awn up to 7:5 mm. long, mostly much shorter and then hardly twisted and differentiated into column and bristle or quite suppressed. Anthers over 2 mm. long. Grain subglobose, slightly compressed, with a broad rounded much exposed top, white, yellow or variously reddish, 53 by 33 mm., nerveless, embryo-mark faint. Pedicelled spikelet neuter { ? always), persistent; lanceolate to linear-oblong, subacute, up to 63 mm. jong, greenish or reddish, lower 11-, upper 7-nerved. Distribution : Nileland of ‘Tropical Africa, Arabia, Afghanistan, India. *5. Sorghum papyrascens, Stapf in Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 134. Qniy mature panicles were known to Stapf. Culms up to 12 mm. across at the base of the panicle. Panicle erect, oblong to oblanceolate in outline, contracted, dense, up to over 30 cm. by 10-13 cm.; branches more or less whorled, often many toa whorl, erect, the longer slightly arching, rather robust, like the foranchlets rough to spinulously ciliolate upwards and softly ciliate or pukescent in addition, villous at the base or 12 mm. above it, following (longest) up to 15 em. long and undivided for5-72 cm. from the base. Racemes tough, up to 4-noded and 18 mm. long, dense, much crowded ; joints moderately slender, up to over 3-3 mim. long, shortly white-ciliate ; pedicels similar, 1-2°7 mm. long. Sessile spikelet oblong (in flower), at length ovoid or oblong-ovoid, tight or somewhat inflated, closed, up to 9'5 mm. long, permanently pale straw-coloured or reddish ; callus-beard very short. Involucral glumes equal, papery and trans- parent throughout ; lower up to 16-nerved with numerous transverse veins, very obscurely keeled upwards or keelless, nerves raised from the base upwards, softly pubescent to almost villous, very imperfectly giabrescent or at length almost glabrous, hairs white; upper broad, about 13-nerved, very obscurely keeled upwards, much less hairy. Floral glumes conspicuously ciliate; lower broad-elliptic, 553 mm.long; upper broad-ovate, entire and awnless or shortly 2-lobed, witha mucro or an awnup to 63 (rarely 106) mm. long, usually slightly bent and hardly twisted. Lodicules densely ciliate. Grain completely enclosed by the glumes or partly exposed by their breaking up, obovate to orbicular-obovate in outline, compressed, biconvex, dull white or orange; ein bryo-mark faint, elliptic, slightly exceeding the middle of the grain. Pedicelled spikelet neuter, reduced to the invoiucral glumes, persistent, linear or linear- lanceolate, acute, pale straw-coloured or reddish, 6:3-8°5 mm. long, lower 11-13-, upper 9-nerved, shorter. Distribution: Nileland of tropical Africa. Also known from India. *6. Sorghum cernuum, Host. Gram. Austr. iv, t. 3; Reichb. Ic Fl. Germ. (1845.) t. 80, fig. 466; Stapfin Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 136.—AHfolcus Sorghum, Linn. Sp. Pl.ed.1, 1047 (partim); Mant. ii, 500—AH. Dora, Mieg- in Act. Helv. viii (1777), 125, t. 4, fig. 3—A. cernuus, Ard. in Saggi sc. e lett. Acad. Padova i, 128, t. iii, fig. 1 and 2.-—H. compactus, Lam. Encycl. iii, 140.—Andropogon compactus, Brot. Fl. Lus. i, 88.—A. cernuus, Roxb. FI. ind. i, 273.—A. Sorghum var. cermuus, Koern. in Koern. & Wern. Handb. Getreideb. i, 314.—A. Sorghum subsp. sativzs, var. cernuus, Hack. in Monogr. Androp. 515. Description : An annual. Culims stout. 3-4 _m. high and more, 20-30-noded. Leaf-sheaths minutely pubescent at the nodes; ligules very short, densely ciliate from the back; blades linear-lanceolate, over 30 cm. by 6cm., pale green, pubescent to tomentose inside above the ligule and outside at the junction with the sheath. Panicle erect or recurved, ovoid to oblong, very compact or (17) 298 Jour., Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XXXIf, Wo; 2: [ Oct. 20, 1927. somewhat loose, 10-25 cm. by 5-75 cm.; branches rather stout below, rigid, spinulously ciliolate, particularly upwards, softly ciliate to villous at the base, branches divided almost from the base, the longest 5-7'5cm. long. Racemes, compact : up to 3- or 4-noded, up to 106 (rarely 12°7) mm. long; joints stout, compressed, 1mm. long, more or less white-silky-villous ; pedicels very similar, of about the same length. Sessile spikelet ovate with rather broad tips, 5°3 mm. by 33-338 mm., pale straw-coloured with greenish tips, whitish when mature, awned. Involucral glumes equal, coriaceous aboutup to the middle or at the base only, otherwise papery and often partly spongy, white-silky-villous all over or glabrous on the coriaceous portion of the back; lower 12-nerved (with the nerves distinct upwards and sometimes with a few very delicate additional nerves interspersed), sharply 2-keeled upwards with the keels spinulously ciliolate and abruptly ending, forming minute teeth between which the hyaline end of the tip protrudes; upper very broad, about 12-nerved, slightly keeled upwards- Floral glumes very densely ciliate ; lower broad-ovate, 2-lobed, 4:2 mm. long ; upper broad elliptic-oblong, awn about 8°5 mm. long with the bristle half the length of the long-exserted column ormore or less reduced. Anthers 3-3 mm- long. Grain equalling the glumes or more or less exserted, orbicular or orbicular- obovate in outline, more or less compressed, 4°2-5:3 mm. by 4°2 mm., white, dull ; embryo-mark indistinct. Pedicelled spikelet neuter, linear-lanceolate, 4°2 mm- long, pubescent, lower involucral glume 11-, upper 10-nerved. Distribution : Upper Guinea, North Central Tropical Africa, N. Africa, the Orient to Turkestan and N. India as far as Manipur. (To be continued) [18] Ee [From the JourRNAL OF THE Bompay Naturat Hist. Soc., January 15, 1928. } REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY BY Me DbEATEER. S.J., Ph.D: &-L.S. PART V GRAMINEZ# BY E. BLATTER and C. McCann (Continued from page 298 of thts Volume.) 27. CLEISTACHNE, Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. xiv, 60, t. 1379; Stapf in FI. Trop. Afr. ix, 154. Tall, rather coarse grasses, annual according to Stapf, perennial according to Hook.f. Leaves long, narrow, flat, with stout midribs. Panicles narrow, more or less contracted, greyish or fulvously hairy. Spikelets solitary, all alike, hermaphrodite, pedicelled on the tough rhachis of racemosely arranged or panicled racemes, falling entire from the thickened tips of the pedicels. Florets 2, lower reduced to an empty glume, upper hermaphrodite. Involucral glumes equal, very similar, with involute margins, more or less coriaceous, delicately 7-9-nerved, muticous. Floral glumes hyaline, lower 2-nerved, upper 2-dentate or subentire, 3-nerved, with a twisted flexuous awn from the sinus or tip ; pale very minute, ciliate. Lodicules 2, broad-cuneate, sparingly ciliate. Stamens 3. Stigmas laterally exserted, plumose. Grain oblong to obovoid- oblong, very obtuse or truncate ; embryo half the length of the grain. Species 3, one in West India and 2 in tropical Africa. 1. Cleistachne Stocksii, Hook. f.in F. B. I. vii, 163. Description ; Stem tall, stout, simple. Leaves 3)-40 cm. by 12 mm., finely acuminate, softly hairy, midrib stout, margins slightly thickened, ciliolate, sheath terete, ligule oblong, coriaceous. Panicle 15-20 cm. long, long- peduncled, sub-erect ; rhachis and branches sparsely ciliate, pedicles of spike- lets strigose with bright yellow hairs. Spikelets5 mm. long, crowded, dark brown, callus short, bearded. Lower involucral glume dark brown, obscurely many-nerved, hirsute, shining, upper like lower, but narrower nearly glabrous. Lower floral glume 2-nerved, margins infolded, tip hispid, upper a twisted awn 16-25 mm. long, dilated at the base into a hyaline, entire, 3-nerved membrane, embracing the minute, ovate, obtuse pale. Locality: 'Tungar forest, Bassein (Bhide !). Distribution : Sofar only found in Malabar on the Bababoodan Hills. 28. VETIVERIA, Thouars ex Virey in Journ. de Pharm. 1. ser., xiii, 499 ; Stapf in Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 156. Coarse, perennial, glabrous grasses ; rhizomes stout ; culms stout, more or less compressed below. Leaf-biades firm to hard, conduplicate in bud, then flattening out, at least upwards, gradually passing into the sheath ; lower sheaths much compressed, flabellate-imbricate. Panicles erect, long, of many- rayed whorls of slender simple orrarely compound racemes, glabrous except for the frequently bearded calli. Spikelets 2-nate, of each pair subsimilar, differing in sex, one sessile, the other pedicelled, on the articulate fragile rhachis of copiously whorled (rarely panicled) peduncled 3-to many-jointed racemes, the sessile spikelets falling with the contiguous joint and the aceom- panying pedicelled spikelet or at least the accompanying pedicel; joints and pedicels slender, slightly and gradually thickened upwards. Florets 2, lower reduced to an empty glume, upper hermaphrodite in the sessile, male in the pedicelled spikelets. Sessile spikelet laterally slightly compressed, awned or [1] 409 Jour., Bom. Nagi. Svc Voli XX, Nor. [Jan. 15, 1928. awnless. Involucral glumes equal, lower more or less coriaceous or char- taceous with a broad rounded back and subinflexed margins, usually muti- cous, upper boat-shaped, keeled upwards, with bread hyaline ciliate margins, - muticous, mucronate or aristuiate. Floral glumes hyaline, of lower floret 2-nerved, of upper minutely 2-dentate, muticous cr mucronulate or with a per- fect or imperfect awn from the sinus. Pale minute, hyaline, nerveless. Lodi- cules 2 glabrous. Stamens 3. Stigmas laterally exserted ; styles subterminal. Grain oblong, slightly oblique at top. Pedicelled spikelet dorsally compressed ; involucral glumes much thinner than in the sessile, like the floral glumes usually awnless. Species about 7 in the trepics of the Old World. J]. Leaves 5-13 em. long. Panicle 15-16 cm. long ... 1. V. Lawsenz: 2. Leaves 30-90 cm. long, Panicle up to over 30 cm. long sae at . 2. VW. SEHOTIES. 1. Vetiveria Lawsoni, Blatter & McCann, zou. comb.—Andropogon Lawsoni, Hook. f. F-Biloyugls7- Description: Rootstock stout, horizontal. Stem erect, simple, slender, internodes very long. Leaves chiefly subradical, 5-13 cm. by 5mm., exactly linear, rigid, curved, acute or obtuse, tips serrulate, base not contracted, mar- gins ciliate, nerves 4-8, strong; sheaths compressed, of lower very short, of cauline very long, striate; ligule a ridge of hairs. Panicle 15-18cm. long, narrow, elongate, branches or peduncles of spikes opposite and fascicled, branchlets slender, puberulous with a white scurf. Spikes 6-12 mm. long, pale reddish, erect ; joints 6-8, very obliquely truncate, tips obscurely ciliate, pedi- cels nearly equalling the spikelet, slender, compressed. Sessile spikelets 4 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, callus bearded with silky hairs. Lower involucral glume linear, rigid, coriaceous, tip obtuse, bristly, keels muricate, scakerulous margins inflexed, upper involucral glume cymbiforin, tip 2-fid, awn longer than the gluine, base ciliate, keel pectinately ciliate above the. middle. Lower floral glume oblong, ciliate, nerveless, upper arched, linear, obtusely 2-dentate, awn very slender. Pale oblong, ciliate, nerveless. Anthers long. Pedicelled spikelets male, longer and narrower than the sessile, callus naked ; lower in- volucral glume 3-nerved, awned, keels pectinately ciliate, upper acuminate, awned. Floral glumes oblong, obtuse, ciliate. Lecality: S. 31. Country: Dharwar District, very common (Sedgwick 2170!) ; Dharwar (McCann A277 !). 2. Vetiveria zizanioides, Stapf in Kew Bull. (1906), 346-49, 362, in Fl. Trop. Afr. ix, 157.—-V. odorata, Virey in Journ. de Pharm. 1. ser. xiii, 499.—V. arunat- nacea et muricata, Griseb., Fl. Brit:, W. Ind. 559, 560.— Phalaris zizanioides, Lion. Mant. Alt., 183.—Andropogon muricatus, Retz., Obs. iii, 43; Roxb. FI. Ind si, 265", Grah.,Cat. .Bomba Pl.:238 ; Griff. Ic..Pl.. As. (So hiay sere f, 15;.Dalz. and Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 302 ;.Duthie Grass...N. Wagind.7 90; Poeda: Grass. N. Ind. 36, t. 24.—A. Festucoides, J. S. Pres] in C. B. Presl Reliq. Haenk. i, 340.—A. sguarrosus, Hack. (zon Linn. f.) var. genwinus, Hack. in Monogr. Androp. 542-44.—A. sqguarrosus, Hook. f. (mom Linn. f.) in F. B. I. vii, 186.—Hackel, Andropog. in DC. Monogr. Phaner. vi (1889), 542. *Linn. f. Suppl. (1781), 433. Ha. 15, 1928, | Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency 410 ‘‘ circa Zeylonam natans suprastagna profundiora,’’ and entirely distinct from Andropogon muricatus. ‘Tne specimen is still in Linrzeus’ herbarium and was correctly identified by R. Brown? with his Panicum abortivum, that is Chame vaphis spinescens, a characteristic floating grass of the [Indo-Malayan region. Retzius? himself s responsible for the erroneous reduction of Andropogon squarrosus to Andropogon muricatus, which recently has been revived, although Roxburgh? long ago drew attention to the confusion. ‘‘ Zizanioides’’ being the earliest specifie epithet, it will have to be adopted for the ‘‘ Khas Khas,’’ so that its name under Veliveria must be V. zizantiotdes.’ Vern. Names; Vala, Ushir, Valo, Bala, Khas Khas of the Anglo-Indians. Description: Adensely tufted perennial grass. Rootstcck branching with spongy aromatic roots. Culms stout, up to over 1°8 m. high, usually sheathed allalong. lLeaf-sheaths compressed, especially the lower which are sharply keeled and fan-like, imbricate, very smooth, firm ; ligules reduced to ascarious rim; blades narrowly linear, acute, 30-90 cm. long, 4°2-10°'6 mm. wide, erect, rigid, firm or somewhat spongy, usually glabrous, rarely more or less hairy downwards on the face, pale green, midrib slender, lateral nerves close, 6 or more on each side, rather stout, slightly prominent, margin spinously rough. Panicle oblong up to over 30 cm. long, usually contracted ; rhachis stout, smooth ; whorls 6-10 with up to 20 rays; branches oblique to suberect, naked for up to5cm., filiform, slightly rouzh. Racemes up to 5 (rarely 7'5) cm. long, very slender ; joints about as long as the sessile spikelets or sometimes distinctly exceeding them, smooth or more or less rovgh, minutely ard unequally ciliolate at the slightly oblique tips; pediccls similar, but shorter. Sessile spikelet linear-lanceolate to almost linear, acute or subacute, 4°2-4°8 mm _ long, yellow- ish, olive or violet-brown or purplish to almost black; callus obtuse, under 1mm. long, glabrous. Involucral glumes, acute, coriaceous, lower niuriculate all over the back, 5-nerved, lateral nerves close, very fine; upper spinulously muricate on the keel. Lower floral glume as long as the involucral glumes, acute, reversedly ciliolate, upper up to 3°3 mm. long, narrow, oblong-lanceolate, mucronulate, ciliate. Lodicules 2, quadrate and conspicuous, though sinall. Styles and stigmas short. Stigmas purvle. Anthers 2-3°3 mm. long. Pedi- celled spikelet sparingly actileolate or almost smooth ; upper floral glume entire, acute. Locality; Gujarat: Road to Lasandra (Chibber!); Daman (Bhide !) ; Ahmedabad, common in damp valleys (Sedgewick !).—Konkanx: Ghatkoper, Horse-shoe Valley (McCann 9957 !).—V. Kanara: Dandeli (Talbot 2209 !). Cke. l.c. classes this species amongst non-indigenous plants We are of opinion that it is indigenous in most parts of the Presidency. Distribution: Practically over the whole of India, and eastwards to Burma. Occasionally cultivated. Lower Guinea in Tropical Africa. Throughout the Malayan region only cultivated or as anescape. Introduced into the Mascare- nes, the West Indies and Brazil. Early history and economic uses: See Stapf in Kew Bull., l.c. 29. CHRyYSOPOGON, Trin. Fund. Agrost. 187; Stapf in Fl. Trop. Afr., ixs 159). Perennial (at least in the Old World). Leaf-blades narrow. Panicles usually lax, of whorls of simple or basally divided filiform branches, rarely the branches 2-nate or solitary. Spikelets in threes at the ends of the branchlets of terminal panicles, one sessile, the other 2 pedicelled, the three falling entire from the thickened, nearly always bearded, oblique tips of the peduncles ; exceptionally 2-nate in 2-jointed racemes, one sessile, the other pedicelied, each sessile spikelet falling with the contiguous joint and its pedicelled companion, pedicels and joints, if present linear-filiform, never longitudinally grooved or appendaged. Florets 2, lower reduced to an empty glume, upper hermaphrodite in the sessile, male or neuter in the pedicelled spikelet. Sessile spikelets usually laterally compressed, awned. Involucral glumes subequal ; lower coriaceous or chartaceous, involute with a rounded *R. Brown Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. (1810), 193. FRetZ., TexivaGi7s9y, 22 *Roxburgh FI. Ind. ed., Carey and Wall. I (1820), 270. (3 411 Jour., ‘Bom. Nut. Hist. Soc., Vol. XXXII, No. 3. “don. XS, 1928. back or complicate and more or less keeled upwards, upper boat-shaped, more or less keeled. Floral glumes hyaline, lower 2-nerved, upper linear, entire or 2-dentate with a usually perfect awn from the sinus. Pale 0 or small, hyaline, nerveless. Lodicules 2, small, glabrous. Stamens 3. Stigmas exserted laterally low down. Grain linear, laterally compressed ; embryo half the length of the grain ; scutellum linear-oblong. Pedicelled spikelet dorsally compressed, awnless or aristulate. Species about 18 in the hot parts of the Old World, only a few entering the temperate zone. One in Florida and Cuba. Cooke (ii, 934-986) describes 4 species of Axdrofogon belonging to the section Chrysopogon: A. aciculatus, Retz., A. lancearius, Hook. f., A. montt- cola, Schult., and A. Aucherz, Boiss. ‘To these we add 4 species not noted from the Presidency before : Chrysopogon Wightianus, Ness, Ch. asper, Heyne, Ch. polyphyllus, Blatter and McCann, and Ch. Gryllus, Trin. A. Pedicels of the upper spikelets half as long as the sessile spikelets or longer I. Pedicels of upper spikelets glabrous or nearly so 1. Stems erect. Leaves 15-45 cm. long . Ll. ‘CC. Gryllus. 2. Stems creeping below. Leaves 2-13 cm. long ... 2. C. aciculatus. II. Pedicels of upper spikelets villous with rusty rarely pale hairs 1. Lower involucral glume of pedicelled spikelets long-awned, upper not or very shortly awned (a) Callus long villous all round (6) Callus giabrous in front ... 2. Involucral glumes of pedicelled spikelets both awned e B. Pedicel of upper spikelets not half as long as tue sessile spikelets [. Lower sheaths compressed sas .. 6. C. montanus. If. Lower sheaths terete 1. Leaves, peduncle and branches of panicle C_asper. C. lancearius. ny 09 C. Wightianus. glabrous 7. C. polyphyllus. 2. Leaves, peduncle and branches of panicle not glabrous awe eu a. 8. "C. Agohert. 1. Chrysopsgon Grvilus, Trin. Fund. Agrost. 188 ; Nees Gen. Fl..Germ. Mono- cot. i, t. 93; Beath. Fl. Austral. vii, 537.—Andropogon Gryllus, Linn. Cent. P1. ii, 33; Hack. Monogr. Androp. 550; Host. Gram. Austr. ii, 1, t. 1; Sibth. Fl. Greece, 1. £..67 ; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. 22, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 40 ; Hook. f.in F. B. I. vii, 187; Collett Fl. Siml. 602, fig. 191.—A. echinulatus, glabra- tus et Royleanus, Steud, Syn. Gram. 395, 397. --Chrysopogon glabratus, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. ser. 6, ii (1833), 318. —Rhaphis Gryllus, Desv. Opusc. 69.—R. echinulata, Nees in Royle lll. Bot. Himal. 417.—FPollinia Gryllus, Spreng. Pugill. ii, 10; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 54.—-Apluda Gryllus, Presl. Cyp. & Gram. Sic. 55.—Holcus gryllus et pailidus, Br. Prodr. 199. Description: Stems simple, forming dense hard tufts, erect, 15cm. to 1°5 m. high; nodes smooth. Leaves 15-45 by 4-8 mm., linear, acute, glabrous or hirsute, margins serrulate; sheath keeled above, glabrous or pubescent. Panicle large, 12-20 cm., rhachis angular, scabrid, axils bearded. branches long, 5-10 cm., capillary, spreading, simple or branched, usually very many in a whorl and bearing 2-4 spikes, tips oblique!y truncate and densely bearded. Sessile See a2 5-8 mm., callus straight, acute. Lower involucral glume coriaceous, 2-toothed, dorsally rounded with 2 muricate or mamillate keels or channels, shining, smooth or scaberulous, margins broadly involute, upper chartaceous, hyaline, lanceolate, mucronate or aristulate, awn equalling the spikelet or shorter, keel and sides bristly above the middle. Lower flora] glume linear-obloag, obtuse, nerveless, upper linear, minutely 2-toothed, awn minute ~ or 12-35mm. long. Pale small, oblong, glabrous. Pedicelled spikelets rather longer than the sessile, terete, lanceolate, acuminate; pedicels glabrous or ciliolate. Lower involucral glume acuminate or aristulate, 5-9-nerved keels [4] wav. 15; 1928.] Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency 412 ciliate above, upper lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate. Floral glumes narrower, ciliate, awn of upper half the size of the glume. Locality: N. Kanara: Halyal (Talbot 2088 !). Distribution: Temperate Himalaya from Kashmir to Sikkim, 4,000-9,000 ft. Khasia Hills, 4,000-5,000 ft., westwards to N. Africa and S. Europe, Australia. 2. Chrysopogon aciculatus, Trin. Fund. Agrost. 188; Duthie Grass. N. W. Ind. 22 (acicularis), Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 39; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 424, Fl. Austral. vii, 538.—Andropogon aciculatus, Retz. Obs. v (1789), 22; Roxb. Fl. fad. 262 ; Grah. 238. Hack. Monogr. Androp./562 ; Hook. f. in F. Bel: vu, 188; Cke. ii, 984.—A. acicularis, Willd. Sp. pl. iv, 906.—Rhaphis acicularis, Desv. Opusc. 69.—R. trivalvis, Lour. F1. Cochinch. 553 ; Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 8, 9.-—Centrophorum chinense, Trin. Fund. Agrost. 106, t. 5.— Rheede Hort. Mal. xii, t. 43. Description: Cke.l.c. Locality : Konkan; Alibag, sandy shore (Ezekiel!).—W. Kanara : Karwar, sea-shore (Sedgwick and Bell 5070!) ; Jog, hills (Hallberg and McCann A272!). Distribution: More or less throughout India, Ceylon, Tropical Asia, Australia, Polynesia. Uses: According to Haines the leaves which lie close to the ground escape to a large extent the lips of cattle. The plantis a pest on account of the sharp callus and small awns sticking to the clothes. 3. Chrysopogon asper, Heyne ex Wall. Cat. n. 8784.—