Ulhp i. 1. Mill iCtbrarg

North (Earoltna ^tatf Initipraita

1

1

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U48C69

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REVISION
North American UmbellifercC

JOHH M. Coulter and J. N. Rose.
Herbarium of Wabash College,

Crawfordsville, Ind.

REVISIOM

— OK —

North American Uml)ellifer3e.

The Order UiHbcUifcrt.c has always been considered a most
perplexing one, chiefly because tl.e characters ordinarilv used
among flowering plants are of no avail, and the attempt to use
them has led to confusion. The order must still be considered a
difficult one to the ordininy stut'.ent, inasmuch as it demands care-
ful sections of the fruit anil an examination of rather minute struct-
ures.

In our revision of the North American species we arc much
indebted to the hearty co-operation of botanists and desire to make
the following acknowledgements: To our lamented leader. Dr.
Asa Gray, the inception of tiie work was due, and his c<<nstant
encouragement at first made the final loss of it doublv felt. Dr.
Sereno Watson has given every assistance that his great knowl-
edge of the order could suggest, besides placing the rich collect-
ions of Harvard Univcrsitv at our disposal; and it is but justice to
say that the work would have been well nigh impossible hail it
not been for his masterly I^ibliographical Index. Dr. N. L. Brit-
ton has also enabled us to studv the valuable collections of Colum-
bia College, cspecialh' desirable on account of its Torrex collec-
tion. The Philadelphia Acadenn also generously submitted their
collection of Umbellifers to our inspection, a \ er\' importaiit aid
on account of the number of Xuttallian t\pes it contains. The
herbarium of the Agricultural Department was also placed at oui-

D. H. HILL LIBRARY 1^8819
North Carolina State College

disposal by Ur. Geo. \'asc\ ; while ihe collections of the California
Academy of Sciences, rich in Pacilic Coast forms, were sent to ns
by the curator, Miss Mary Curian. Mr. I, C. Martindale, whose
collection of Umbellifers is probably the completest to be found
among private collections, and Capt. John Donncll Smith and Ivlr.
William M. Canby, whose collections are especiall\- rich in the
more recently collected North American species, haye put their
entire collections in our hands. Prof. W. W. Bailey has sent us
the collections of Brow n L iiiyersity, among which the Olney and
Bennett collections are very valuable in the older types. Prof.
John Macoun has contributed the Canadian species, and his recent
explorations in Western British America have brought to light
much interesting material. The collections of S. B. Parish, L. F.
Henderson and Thomas Howell ha\ e also been of great service.
Mr. M. S. Bebb has furnished valuable material and notes in the
study of IJiaspitiin and EidopJins. Others who have kindly
furnished every assistance in their power are Prof. T. C. Porter,
Prof. William Trelease, Mr. Walter Deane, Prof. S. M. Tracy,
Prof. Chas. R. Barnes, Dr. ]. C. Arthur, Prof. Thomas McBride,
Rev. Thomas Morong, Dr. Lester V . Ward, Mr. Frank
T\veed\-, etc., etc. It would be impracticable to give an
account of all the material that has passed under our in-
spection during some four years of unremitting study, but no pains
have been spared in obtaining all the information to be had from
the heritaria of this country.

Historical sketch. The plants of this t)rder were first set
apart under the ordinal name Uiiibenifcri.c by A. L. de Jussieu in
his G'<v/<7-(i: //(////^/v/;;/, published in 17SU. The subsequent gen-
eral pi-esentations of the family that nia\- be mentioned are by G.

F. Hoffmann, (iciiera flantavKni l^nihcllifcrariini (Ed. 2. 1810);
A. P. de Candolle, J/r/;/, Fam. Omh. (1829), as well as in the
Prodronins ( 1880) ; S. L. Endlicher, Genera plantarum ( 1886-50) ;
J. Lindley, I'eg-ctah/c Ki//odoin {I'^MS^ under the WAme Apiace(e);

G. W. Bentham and J. D. Hooker, (rci/cra plantarum (1867).
Dr. Oscar Drude also lias this order in preparation for Engler and
Prantrs Die 7iatiirUchen Pflanzciijamilioi.

In reference to North American Umhellifcric, their last gen-
eral presentation was by Torrey and Gray, Flora Nortli Affierica,
Vol. I. ( 1888-40). Previous to that time the following works

may be niciitioncd as those containing our chief information:
The Species plantarum of Limucus (1758) of course forms the
ujroundwork; Walter, Plora Caroh'nia/ia (ITHJS); Michaux, Flora
Boreali-Ameriea7ia (1808); Pcisoon, Synopsis planturitDi ( ISO-"));
Pursh, Flora Septcntrionalis (KS14); Rafiiicsciuc, in various
scattered puhhcations (1815-40); Nuttall, Genera (1818), besides
much material published in Torrey and (Cray's Fl. X. Am.\
DeCandollc, /'/v;(/';vw/As-, \'()1. \\ (1S8()); Hooker [W.].), Flora
Borcali' America ]ia (I888-4( I).

The list of publications containing;- descriptions of new species
since Ton^ev and (irav's h''lora X. .\t)i. \'ol. I ( l.S8S-4()) is as
follows:

Hooker a,nd Arnott: ISotanv Boeotiey Voya^'e (Is41).

Hooker: London Joiir. Bot. vi. (1843).

Buckley; Am. Jour. Sei. I. xlv. (1S43); Proc. Philad. Acad, i ls(;i i.

Gray: PI. Fendlerian«> (1H48); PI. Wrightiana' (iK.'iO); PK Lindheimer-
ian«' (1850); Manual (185r)-(57); Proc. Amer. Acad, vi., vii. (18G8), viil.
(1870); Pacif. R. R. Rept. xli. (18(10); Ives' Report (I8(il); Am. Joui. Sci.
II. xxxiii. (18()2); Proc. Philad. Acad. (18(13).

Torrey and Gray: Pacif. R. R. Rept. 11. (18.-)4).

Torrey: Mex. Boundary Survey (1858).

Chapman: Manual Southern States (18(10).

Wood: Class-Book dscoi.

Watson: Bot. King's Exped. (ls71);Am Natuialist, vii. (I,s7:it: Botany
of California (1876 and 1880); Proc. Aaier. Acad. xi. (187(1), xii. (ls77i, xiv.
(1S79), xvii. (1882), xviii. (1883). xx. (1885), xxi. (188(1). :,:xii. {1S,S7).

Parry: American Naturalist, ix. (1875).

Kellogg: Proc. Calif. Acad. i. (187(1).

Curran: Bull. Calif. Acad. ill.

Coulter Jc Rose: Bot. Gazette, xii. ( lss7). xiii. (18SS).

Morong: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xiv. (lss7).

Geographical distribution. — The order c( nt:iins about 10(1
genera and 1800 species, niostly distributed throughout temperate
regions and extending into the tropics along mountain systems.
Its most abundant represent;ition is in northern ICuropc and Asia.
'I'he genera are usu;dl\ widel\- distiibuted, while mcjst of the
species are quite restricted. North America, north of Mexico,
contains 59 genera and 288 species; of these, 7 are introduced
genera, leaving us Wl native genera, only 2'J of which arc strictly
North American; while of our species 217 are indigenous, anil but
18 of these are found at all in other countries. Of our native

genera, six are restricted to North Ameiica and .Vsia, viz: Ccv/o-
'pleurum^ Coniosclhi/ini^ CrxptotiOiia^ ./)iscopleiira^ Osinorhiza^
and Phelloptcn(s\ no u;enus is restricted to Nortii America and
Europe; four genera are common to the whole northern hemi-
sphere, not extending southward, \iz: CJucropJiylhini^ Cicuta.,
Heraclf/im, and Lig-usticuin; tlirec genera extend only into Mexi-
co and South America, viz: Apiastrum^ Bowlcsia^ and Ve/cea;
sixteen genera are world-wide in their distribution, viz: Angelica^
Apium ^ Berula^ Bupleurum^ Caiii/ii, Caucalis, Crantzia^ Dati-
cus^ Eryngiu7n^ Hydi-ocotyle^ CEnanthe^ Peucedanutn^ Pimpinella^
Sajiicula^ Sel'mjim^ and Shnn\ our twenty-two strictly North
American genera are Alctes^ .{}?ii)iosc/ii/?/iii^ Coloptera^ Cyn/op-
tcrns, Cynosciadium^ Erigenia^ EtilopJuis^ Eurytcvnia^ Har-
bonria^ Lcptocaulis, Leptotcenia^ Museniopsis, Museniufn^ Oreoxis^
Orogenia^ Podistera, Polytcciiia^ P scndocy mopterus ^ yiiaspium^
Tiedemanina^ Trcpocarptis^ and Zizia. It will be seen that so far
as North American Umbellifene have received any impress froni
other continents the dominant influence has been Asiatic, at least
25 of the genera being common to that continent. In regard to
the 13 native species found also in other countries, 10 are found
in Asia, viz: PhcHopjicr/is littoral is (common to W. North Ameri-
ca and E. Asia), Osmorhizu loiigistylis and Cryptotcenia Canadensis
(common to E. North Air.crica and E. Asia), Siuin cicittivfoliiim and
Ccelopleiirum Gmelini (widely distributed throughout North Ameri-
ca and Asia), Ligiisticimi Scoticum ixnd Berula angustifolia (extend-
ing also into Europe), and Hydt'ocotylc Asiatica and H. verticillata
(extending trom Asia and the Polynesian Islands into Africa).
The three remaining species, viz: Apium Icptophyllum^ Crantzia
lifieata^ and Hydrocotylc Americana, are distributed throughout the
southern hemisphere, extending north only in North America.
This, of course, only represents the present view regarding species.
When those of different continents are more thoroughly compared,
doubtless manv more species will be merged.

Comparing the North American IJ mbcllifera^ with the
foreign representatives of the order, the North American cast is
furnished by such forms as the aliundant we; tern display of
acaulescent dr\- ground Peucedanums and tlieir allies, species of
Cymopterus and their allies, as well as the peculiar western
Saniculas.

Ill reference to the distribution of 'gencrii and species in North
America, the fact of tlicir uniform (Hstrihiition is brought out by
tne following data: in \. K. United Stales (the- range covered liy
Gray's Manual^ ) there are 'jT Ljenera ai.d 14 sjoecies; in vS. E.
United States (range of Chapmairs Manual) there are 27 genera
and 41> species; in tlic RocUv Mountain region witiiin the United
States (range of Coulter's Manual) there aie 21 genera and 4;}
species; in California (Botan\- of California) there are 2f) genera,
()5 species; in British North America (Macoun's Catalogue) there
are 28 genera and 7)7) species: in the (iieat Basin (Watson in Bot,
King's Report) there are 17 genera and 88 species.

Contrasting the Umbellifera' of eastern and western North
America, the latter not only gives the greater disj^lay, but also
presents the characteristic forms of the continent, differing far
more from the Umbellifera' of e\erv other continent than do those
of E. North America. T\vent3'-one genera and about 150 species arc
restricted to W. North America; while but 7 genera and about 40
species are restricted to E. North America; which shows 28 gen-
era and about 20 species distributed both east and west.

Only {) sjoecies can be considered really alpine, viz: ]''cuced-
ani/m Sandbergii^ P. Oreganutn^ /'. Ciisickii, Cymopterus nivalis^
C. ternatus^ C. chietarius^ Oreoxis Inimilis^ Podistcra Nevadensis^
and Yelcva Hoivel(ii\ although many sjjecies extend well up the
mountain sides.

The largest genus is Pcuccdaintiii^ with 48 species, being
more than one-fifth of our Umbellifeis. The next genus in point
of numbers is Eryfig'nna with 29 species; then Angciica with 10
species; Cymopterus v.ith 18 species; Saiiicula with 10 species; and
il/_i^7/.v/'/a/w with y species. It will be seen that these six genera
contain more than half of our nali\e species.

Our monotypic genera are ^\/ctcs, Cnvifzia^ Crvplohcuia^
Hrigcnia^ Hurytomia^ Harbouria^ Museniopsis^ Orcoxt's, Phcllop-
tcrus^ Podistcra^ Polyttviiia^ and 'J^rcpocarpus ; while the following
genera, in addition, are represented within our borders by but a
single native species, viz: Apiuin^ Bcnila^ lUfora^ J->o\vIesia^ Bu-
plcurum^ Caiicalis^ CJio'rophyUiim^ CoNioselii/uiii^ J)iiiicus^ Ile-

1 In usinj; tlie nuiiitiers obl;iincci from the various inanunU anil catalog-ues it must l>c
rcnieniliercd that no account is made of the sliijht chaiuri-s whit h ha\c been ni-ccssarv, but
whicli do not aflfit the jjcni-ral conclusion.

raclcuin, and CEnanfhc. It will be seen that nearly half of ou r
genera arc represented by single species.

The following tabic shows the general distribution of our
genera. The first column gives the whole number of species
found in North America north of Mexico; the second, the number
of introduced species; the third, those species that are strictly east-
ern, incliuling a single tier of states west of the Mississippi; the
fourth, those species that are western, that is, from the plains
westward; the fifth, those that are found both east and west, some
of which ma\ be of wide range, and others southwestern and so
overlapping the boundary between the two regions; the sixth,
the number of species accredited to each genus throughout the
world, as indicated by Bentham & Hooker, somewhat modified by
the more recent changes. The genera marked with an asterisk
(*) are endemic.

I.

n.

III.

IV.

V.

VI,

Whole no.'i„j^„,,^^ ,

Eastern

species.

Western
species.

Species
common to
E. and VV.

No. of
species in
the world.

1 ;: 1

/Kthusi

1

1

1

■ :::

1

♦Amm-iselinuii,
Aiiiji 111 I

2

16

4 ... .

12...

iO

1 ::::::"i;::::

10

Api;istruin

IZ.'X..... 3''".'.

1

1

1

2
12

KeruU

1 '

1

2

1 1

1

i

Howlesi I
F<unl«uruin

1

12

'> j 1

... 1

00

5 1

4

50

3 2

1

18

Ch:u.(>phvlluin

30

:i .. .

1

1

. . 1

1

3

Coclonlcuriiin

2

1

2

♦Colopter 1

:::::: 5:::::: ....;;;:::::;:::::

3

{

1

1

1 "

1

1
1

1 2

1 2

1

1

1

1

1

13

1 5

♦Cynosciidium

2

2 1

■t

jO

•pj. .

1

i

♦ r' " ''

1

1

i

00

. ... 10

1

9

4

3

150

-

1

1

p 1 il ,m

1

1

; 3

1

1

Herac leuiii

1

1

70

4

1

2

1

70

*I.eptoc lulls

2

1.

2

7... .

7

.)

20

1

1

1

♦Musenium

3

3

3

1

1

35

1

1

1

2

2

0

•>

4

6

T>- ct

1

i

10

. 43

100

1

1

1 1...

3

1

1

.. .. 1

1

65

*Podisten

1

1 . ...

1

•V.'.".'

i

1

*Pseudocvinopteru3

3

.. . 3

10

1

f )

1."}

30

Sium

.,

1

1 .

3

1

3

4

3

1

4

1

6

■^

*Zizia

... 2

2

Vegetatire Organs. — HooL The prevailing mnbellifer
root is the fleshy, parsnip-like tap-root. Many of the spring
bloomers come from deep-seated solitary tubers, as some species
of Peuceda)ium^ Er/f^cnia^ and Ofoo-r/iia. These tnbcrs are very

10

farinaceous and useful for food. In some cases the rootss are
fasciculate-tuberous, as in Ei/lophus^ Ticdemannia^ some species of
Caruin^ etc. Very few species are fibrous-rooted.

Stem. While some Kamschatkan species attain a gigantic
size, and certain S. African forms become shrubs and even small
trees, our North American species are at most but coarse herbs.
The stems are grooved, more or less swollen at the joints, pithy
or hollow, and so uniform in cliaracter that none of these features
are useful in classification.

Leaf. The leaves are alternate, with very characteristic
petioles, which are dilated (sometimes very much so) and more or
less sheathing at base. xA.s a rule, they arc compound, sometimes
simply lobed, very rarely entire.

Inflorescence. — The general plan of inflorescence is a regu-
larly compounded umbel, but in certain genera (as in Hydrocotyle)
the umbels are simple; while in others they are reduced to
heads (as in Eryngiuni). In some genera the umbels are very
irregularly compounded, so that it would be almost impossible to
draw any satisfactory line between forms with simple and those
with compound umbels, although this character has been rather
extensively used in generic grouping. Even when this indistinct
line has been drawn the genera are thrown into most unnatural
relationships. Proliferous umbels are not at all uncommon, and in
some forms (as in Hydrocotyle^ prolification is a constant charac-
ter. The involucre (composed of bracts) and the involucel (com-
posed of bract/ets) furnish very important characters in classifica-
tion. The bracts and bractlets may be wanting, or from minute
to very conspicuous, green or scarious, distinct or more or less
united.

The flower. — The small ejoigynous flowers, with five sepals
(often obsolete), petals and stamens, and bicarpellary pistil, are so
un-form in character that they cannot be considered of much value
in classification, unless we except such suboidinate characters as
the presence or absence of calyx-teeth, and the color of petals.

Sepals. The calyx is blended with the inferior ovary and

2 We use "roots" liere in the ordinary systematic way. Morpholo{jic;illy these "tuberous
roots" are mostly subterranean stems.

11

niicy not extend l)e\oiul its smnmil in an\- form, in whicli case it is
said to be obsolete^ or it may appear at the top of the ovary as five
persistent teeth or lobes, minute or somewhat conspicuous. The
picsiMicc or absence of these *'caly x-lectli"' fuinishes a character
used in <^cneric descriptions.

Petals. The d-jciduous petals are inserted at tiie edj^e of an
epigvnous disk, aiul are usually white or yellow, althou<;h in some
species they are blue, or even piid<ish to dark purple. L'sually
they are concave, with an intlexed ti[) or acumination; and some-
times at the flexure tb.e acumination liecomes so impressed as to
j^ive an emarginate or 2-lobed appearance. Much use has been
made of these characters in generic descriptions, but among our
North American forms we have found such uniformity that char-
acters drawn from the petals are of no value, witii the single ex-
ception of the genus Hcraclcitiii.

Stamois. From the 5 alternate distinct introrse stamens no
characters are to lie drawn. In general, (7//ibc//ifci\c seem to be
protandrous, though protgyny has been obsi-rved in a few genera,
such as 'riiaspiitni^ Saiiicida and Hrigcii'ia.

Pistil. A description of the bicarpellary pistil, surmounted
bv the disk from which arise two distinct styles eitb.er directly or
with an intervening. v/i7^/'f'<//V^w, which is either depressed or more
or less conical, is better includeil under the discussion of the very
important fruit structures.

Fruit. — In no family of plants does the fruit furnish more
certain diagnostic characters than in the Umbellifene. So definite
are they that the fruit alone can be made to determine the genus,
and in most cases the species, while in every case it is an essential
part of the description. This indicates at once an unusual amount
of differentiation ir. the fruit structures, and great diversity in their
display.

The two carpels face each otiicr, antl are in contact at fii'st by
their commissural or \entral faces, but eventually separate. The
fruit is compressed lateral Iv (at right angles to the plane of the
commissural faces), or dorsally (parallel with the commissural
plane), or not at all. As the two carpels are but repetitions of
each other, a description of structure may be confined to a single
one. The surface of the carpel is usually marked bv five ribs or

12

wings longituclin;.lIy placed. The two nearest the commissure
are the laterals^ a single dorsal one occurs on the back of the
carpel, while the pair between the dorsal and the laterals are the
intermediates. In addition to these five primary ribs or wings
secondary ones may appear (as in Hydrocotyle Asiatica)^ and even
become more prominent than the primary ones (as in Daucus and
Trepocarpus); or occasionally even all external indications of ribs
may be lacking (as in Sa?iiciila). The presence of these ribs or
wings, their varying size and structure, furnish good diagnostic
characters.

The general structure of the pericarp wall well represents the
typical leaf structure, with under and upper (that is, outer and
inner) epidermal layers bounding a more or less developed
mesophyll. It is in the mesophyll region that the characteristic
fruit structures are developed. The constant occurrence in the
outer epidermal region of the two distinct layers of epidermal
cells suggests that the outer layer represents the connate calyx,
while the inner is the true epidermis of the pericarp. The
mesophyll region of the pericarp is naturally separated into three
structures: (1) oil-ducts, (2) strengthening cells, and (3) undiffer-
entiated parenchyma.

Oil-tubes. These occur in varying number, size and position
in the different genera, and are of such constancy as to furnish
most valuable characters. By far the most common position for
oil-tubes is in the intervals between the ribs, where they occur
singly or in groups. In this position they may occur close against
the inner epidermal layer, or centrally in the pericarp section,
while in Cryptotcenia and ErigQnia they seem to be developed
in the inner epidermal layer itself. In ^"^tJuisa., Ccelopleiirum
and Cryptotcenia oil-tubes occur both in the intervals and beneath
the ribs. In some cases, as in Polyt(Enia^ there are two sets of
oil-tubes, one forming an almost continuous layer about the seed-
cavity, the other composed of smaller t'jbes, and scattered through
the very thick pericarp. In Zizia and Aletes there are also
smaller accessory tubes in the ribs. In Coniiim there is no de-
velopment of oil-tubes, but the whole inner epidermal layer of the
pericarp becomes a secreting layer. In Hydrocotyle., on the other
hand, in the absence of oil-tubes, groujDS of secreting cells occur
just beneatii the outer epidermis of the pericarp, and in some

species cvcntui'.llv "hreak tlH()Ui;li it, foiiu'mi; Mipcrticial oil vesicles,.
Anthrisciis and some B/ip/c/tr/n/is have neither oil-tiil>es nor
secreting cells. In Osniorhiza the matnre tVnit usually gives no
tiace of oil-tubes, while the iniinature fruit may show groups of
4 to () oil-tuhes in the intervals, and 1 to ){ in the ribs themselves.
Tile obliteiation of oil-tulies o)i approach to maturity may
account for the discrepancy of opinion concerning the oil-tubes of
certain genera. It is an interesting fact that this suppression of
oil-tubes seems to involve the formation of an oily layer. In
Osmorhiza the mature fruit has an oily layer about the seed, a
region occupied in the immature fruit by a distinct line of oil-tubes.
In IIydrocotyh\ however, the isolated groups of secreting cells
are such as always precede the formation of oil-tubes. In Hydro-
ro()'/6', therefore, the oil-tubes could be called rudimentary; in most
U/n be // if cnv they are oil-tubes proper; in Conium a secreting layer
has been developed ; while the development of the Osmor/iiza fruit
gives us distinctly all three phases. Hence, to summarize: (1)
most genera have distinctly developed oil-tubes, varioush placed;
(2) a few have a layer of secreting cells; (3) some have groups of
secreting cells; and (4) others have neither oil-tubes nor secreting
cells, in fact, without any representation of this one of the three
structures of the mesophyll.

Strengthening ceils. Under this name we would define cer-
tain groups of cells which are imlike enough in structure, but
seem to serve the common purpose of strengthening the pericarp
wall or its ribs. They usually occur beneath each rib, and arc
normally developed about the simple fibro-vascular elements of the
pericarp wall. These fibro-vascular elements may eventually be-
come obliterated. The group of strengthening cells may consist
of fibrous tissue, sclerenchyma, sclerenchymatous parenchyma, or
small-celled parenchyma. It may be well marked off from the
surrounding tissues, as in the distinct thick-walled groups of
Osmorhiza., Cryptotivnia., Conium and C hcerophr /in w; or it may
gradually merge into the surrounding tissue, as in Ange/iccr.,
Wiaspinm^ etc. In Hydrocotyic., Bowiesia^ Pastinaca., and
Heraclenni., the strengthening cells are developed in a broad con-
tinuous band about the seed-cavity, and so completely make up
the pericarp wall in Bifora and Coriandrnm as to make it crus-
taceous; while in Sanirnia^ Coniose/i/i/ini., and ^Kthnsa thev seem

u

to be entirely wanting. In the hist named genus thev may be
found ni the very tips of the prominent ribs, the position usually
held by strengthening cells being occupied by large and loose
parenchyma, the other structures remaining normal. Stiengthen-
ing cells are thus unlike in elements and position, are in groups of
varying size and distinctness, or in bands, or may be wanting en-
tirely. From these facts important characters arc obtained for
generic grouping.

Undifferoitiatcd farciicliv))ia . This has merely the negative
character of not being transformed into either strengthening or
secreting cells. Its abundance is dependent upon the development
of the strengthening cells. It will be seen, however, that
although it furnishes no diagnostic characters, it is probablv most
concerned in the growth of the pericarp.

Each carpel primaril\- contains two ovules, one of which soon
becomes aborted, although it is developed sufficiently to display
its nucellub and integuments, as well as its anatropous character.
The other ovule eventually occupies the whole space of the
ovarian cavity.

The fibro-vascular connection of the ovules with the plant
axis is as follows: A fibro-vascuiar bundle enters each carpel at
its base, thus making it a lateral out-growtli from the axis, while
the axis itself continues its growth in the carpophore. The car-
pellary bundle almost at once subdivides into five branches, and
these branches ascend the carpellary wall beneath the five primary
ribs.

The two lateral bundles (that is, those beneath the lateral
ribs) are the largest, as they contain the fibro-vascular elements
to be distributed to th.e ovules. These lateral bundles pass in the
carpellary wall to the very summit of the carpel, and then send a
brancj inwards and downwards into the funiculus of the anatro-
pous ovule. The remaining elements of the fibro-vascular bundle
pass on to the floral organs and stylopodium. It will be seen that
in this case, as in Compositcc^ the ovules arc lateral outgrowths.
A point or two in the development of the ovule may be mentioned
in this connection. At first both ovules lie in the summit of the
ovarian cavity, but soon, by the development of the funiculus, one
is thrust toward the bottom, with the micropyle near the center of
the cavity. It is in this position that the pollen tubes are seen to

15

cuter the inicr()p\k', and siil)sc(iiiciitl)- the ovule Jevclopes so as to
fill the ovarian cavitv. The aborted ()\ule is retained at the smn-
mit of the ca\it\-, its fuiiieulus iie\er dexelopini,', and its niicropyle
out of" reaeh of the pollcn-tuhes, even if its nucellar structures
were developed to iecei\e tiiem.

To i-eeur now to the niatuie seed, it will he found to consist
niaiidy of a much developed embryo-sac, filled with endosperm
and a small embryo. The embryo-sac never entirely replaces the
nucellus, more or less of the nucellar tissues being found on the
commissural side, either pressed a<2^ainst the flat or concave face of
the embryo-sac or cir.liraced in its infolding-. I mportant charac-
ters have been obtained frt)ni the comniissuial face of the seed,
based upon the fact that !t may be convex, plane, concave, or more
or less involute. Great care should be exercised, however, to
obtain seed of perfect maturity, or a compaiison f)n this basis will
amount to nothins:. All seeds at i^rst ha\e a convex or plane fiice,
and the amount of concavity or infolding will depend upon the de-
velopment of the embryo-sac. In some coses the embryo-sac, in-
stead of devf^loping uniformly, developes strongly towards the
commissure on the two sides, resulting in a concave or involute
seed-face. This variation may occur in the mature fruits of a single
spet:ies (as in Euhp/ins), so that there may be found plane or con-
cave sccd-faccs in one and the same plant.

Characters used in classification. — By far the most im-
portant characters are obtained tVom the fruit. The three scries of
Bentham and Hooker, based upon simple anil compound umbels
and oil-tubes, we ha\e not found tenaV>le. I'he compounding of
umbels is too irregular in some genera to determine their proper
position, and in the first series, with "tvVAr ad valleculas o," San-
iciila and Eryngium both have oil-tubes. We have therefore
divided our UmbcllifcriC into two series, based upon the develop-
meiit of secondary ribs or not, which giouj)ing practically merges
Bentham and Hooker's first and second series. Our second series,
which is by far the larger, v.e iiave broken into groups based upon
the flattening of the fruit, which seems to be a \ ery reliable char-
acter, and one which best groups together related genera. Char-
acters which arc used in further subdivisions, enumerated in the
Older of their general importance, are as follows: flattening of the

carpel, nature of the stylopotlium, winging of tiie fruit, character
of the seed-face, number of oil-tubes, and general habit.
Thus genera are reached, and in a way that seems to express re-
lationship as well as can be done in any lineal arrangement. Oc-
casionally genera will be found grouped together which seem
farther apart than is consistent with other groupings. This fol-
lows from the fact that \rc are only dealing with Nortli American
plants, and the intermediate forms not lacing represented in our
flora, it hardly seems necessary to multiply subdivisions. It will
further be noted that the presentation of genera differs but little
from that of Bentham & Hooker, the only radical change being in
associating Hydrocotyh- (Tribe I) with Erigoiia (Tribe V),
which we have done because of the remarkable lateral flattening
of the fruit.

Directions for collection and study.— It is very evident
that no Umbellifer is fit for determination unless it has mature
fruit. That this cannot be too strongly insisted upon is shown by
the immense amount of immature and hence well-nigh useless
material that encumbers our herbaria. The great confusion in
which the order has fallen has in no small degree arisen from the
attempt to determine the relationships of these immature specimens.
No such attempt should be made, for it v;ill be mere guess-work
at the best. When mature fruit has been obtained, it is not safe to
depend upon surface inspection. This is deceptive even in the
matter of oil-tubes, and has led to confusion, and of course does
not reach the inner structures which are fully as important. Nor
can a section of the dried fruit be depended upon, for the import-
ant characters drawn from the seed-face j.re more or less disguised
by the drying. The only sure method is as follows: Soften and
soak the fruit until it has regained its original plumpness^ and then
make a series of thin cross-sections in the middle region of the
fruit. Submitting such sections to an inch objective the required
characters will be easilv and clearlv seen.

3 This may be done in a moment or two in boiling water, but it is far better to soak the
fruit slowly in cold soft water, with a little potash if it is particularly hard, and in a day or
two it will rejjain all its original phunpncss gradually, without any of the violent action
that is apt to come from boiling.

17
SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

A. Fruit zcit/i scro//d(7rv r/l>s the most promiiiciit or t/ic
only (Dies: oil -tubes solitary bouatli the sicoinlary ribs or xc-ant-
i/'o.' sty lopodi lint coiiical [except in /hi/te/ts).

I. FniiL with bristly prickles, winged secondary rilis, (ilii'orrii pri-
mary ribs, and shhiH groups of strengthening cells.

1. DauCUS. C:il\-tectll obsolete. I'^niil olihuit^, llaltciicd
elorsully. Carpel witii 5 slciitler l)ristl\ jMimai\ rihs, and \
winged .sccoiular\ ones each bearing a single row of prominent
barbed prickles. St\ lopcjdiinn depressed or wanting. Oil-tubes
solitary in the intervals (that is, under the secondary ribs),2on the
commissural side. Seed flattened dorsali\ ; the face somewhat
concase oi" almost plane.

2. Caucalis. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate or ob-
long, flattened laterally. Carpel with i) filiform bristly primary
ribs (each with a prominent group of strengthening cells), and 4
prominent winged secondary ones (without strengthening cells)
with barbed or hooked prickles. Stylopodium thick- conical. Oil-
tubes solitar)- in tlie intervals (that is, under the secondary ribs),
2 on the commissural side. Seed-face deepl\- sulcate.

II. Fruit smooth, with tiliform secondary ribs, no primary ribs, and
a broad conspicuous band of strengthening cells about the seed-cavity
(making a crustaceous p^ricaip).

3. Trepocarpus. Calyx-teeth j:)romincnt, unequal. Fruit
linear-oblong, flattened laterally. Carpel somewhat dorsally flat-
tened, with the 4 corky secondary ribs prominent and thick peri-
carp. Stylopodium conical, with very short style. Oil-tubes soli-
tary beneath the secondary ribs, more or less imbedded in the seed
and adhering to it, 2 on the commissural side. Seed-face plane or
somewhat concave.

4. Bifora. Cal}x-teeth evident. l-'rnit broader than long,
flattened laterally, the globose carpels in contact only by a narrow
commissuie. Carpel with 4 filiform secondary ribs and thin very
hard pericarp. Stylopodium conical, with styles recurved over
the carpels. Oil-tubes none. vSeed-face deeply concave.

y. Coriandrum. Calyx-teeth [jrominenl. Fruit globose,
with broad commissure. Carpel with inconspicuous secondary

18

ribs. Stylopodium conical. Oil-tubes beneath the secondary ribs
and obscure, the commissural pair lar_<fer. vSced dorsally flattened,
with face somewhat concave.

B. Fruit with friiuary ribs only.

I. Fruit strongly fiattenccl dorsally, with lateral ribs pioniiuently
winged.

* Caulescent branching plants, with solitary oil-tubes (except some
species of Angelica), depressed stylopodium, filitorm to winged dorsal and
intermediate ribs, and white Howors

(3. Eurytaenia. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate, <i^la-
brous. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs approximate and
filiform (rarely Slightly winji^ed); laterals very prominent, thick-
winged (prominently r.erved on the commissural side) but with
thin margins contiguous with those of the other carpel; all (espec-
ially the la*-erals) with prominent groups of strengthening cells.
Oil-tubes very broad, filling the intervals, 2 on the commissural
side. wSeed-face plane.

7. Angelica. Cal\x-teeth mostlv obsolete. Fruit ovate or
oblong, glabrous or pubescent, with prominent cienulate disk.
Carpel with strong ribs, each with a group of strengthening cells;
laterals broadly v/inged, distinct from those of the other carpel,
forming a double-winged margin to the fruit. Stylopodium some-
times slightly conical. Oil-tubes one to several in the intervals or
indefinite, 2 to 10 on the commissural side. Seed-face plane or
somewhat conca\e.

8. Selinum. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong to obovate,
less flattened than in the last, glabrous or pubescent, with more or
less prominent disk. Carpel with prominent winged ribs; laterals
usually broadest. Oil-tubes conspicuous, 2 to -Ion the commissural
side. Seed sulcate beneath the oil-tubes, with plane face.

* * Caulescent branching plants, with solitary oil-tubes (except in
Conioselinum), conical stylopodium, filiform ,or stronger dorsal and inter-
mediate ribs, and white flowers.

9. Conioselinum. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong,
glabrous. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs prominent
(but not winged); laterals broadly winged and thickish. Stylopo-
dium slightly conical. Oil-tubes small, 2 or H in the intervals

(rarely 1 in a dorsal interval or 4 in a lateral), 4 to 8 on the com-
missural side. Seed with bacU almost lonnd and slij^htlv concave
face.

10. Tiedemannia. Caly\-teclh e\i(lent. i-^uit ovate to
ohovate, fi^labroiis. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs
Hliform; lateial wings closelv contiguous to those of the other
carpel and nerved dorsally at the inner margin (giving ti.e ap-
pearance of 5 filiform rihs on the hack of each carpel); strengthen-
ing cells beneath the dorsal ribs and nerves of the lateral wings.
Stylopodium thick short conical. Oil-tubes 2 to iS on the com-
missural side. Seed-face plane.

11. Heracleum. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Fruit
broadlv ohovate, very much flattened, somewhat pidiescent. Car-
l^el with dorsal and intermediate rii)s jlliform; the broad lateral
wings contiguous to those of the other carpel, strongly nerved to-
wards the outer margin; strengthening cells continuous about seed-
cavity, and under the nerves. Stylopodium thick conical. Oil-
tubes about half as long as the carpel, 2 to 4 on the commissural
side. Seed verv much flattened dorsally.

* * * Caulescent branching plants, with solitary or numerous* oil-
tubes, depressed stylopodium (or none), filiform dorsal and intermediate
ribs, and yellow flowers.

12. Pastinaca. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, very
much flattened, glabrous. Carpel with broad lateral wings con-
tiguous to those of the other carpel, and strongly nerved towards
the outer margin; strengthening cells continuous about the seed-
cavity and under the nerves. Stylopodium depressed lout promi-
nent. Oil-tubes small, solitary in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the com-
missural side. Seed \erv much flattened dorsallv.

13. Polytaenia. Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fiuit ohovate
to oval, much flattened, glabrous. Carpel with dorsal and inter-
mediate ribs small or oliscure in the depressed often corky bajk ;
laterals forming broad thick c()rk\- wings closely contiguous to
those of the other c; rpcl ar.d forming the thick margin of the
fruit. Stylopodium wanting. Oil-tubes 12 to 18 about the seed
(4 to 6 on the commissural side) and many scattered through the

'10

thick corky pericarp, which also contains 5 small bundles of
strengthening cells. Seed-section oval or much flattened.

* * * * Acauleiicent or nearly so, with soliiary or numerous oil-tubes,
no stylopodium, filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs (prominent or even
siigiitly winged in some species of Cnlnpfera and in PMeudocymopfenao
and variously colored flowers.

14. Coloptera. Calyx-teeth obsolete or exident. Fruit
ovate, glabrous. Carpel with dorsal and intei-mediate ribs filiform
or winged and approximate; lateral wings broad, very thick and
corky, with neither nerves nor strengthening cells, coherent till
maturity with those of the other cai-pel, forrning a broad corky
margin to the fruit usually thicker than the fi'uit proper, and in
cross-section showing a neck-like connection. Oil-tubes very
small, 4 to 8 in the intervals, 8 to 14 on the commitjsural side.
Seed very flat, with plane or slightly concave face. Dwarf plants,
with small simply pinnate (bipinnate in one sjDccies) or lobed leaves.

15. Leptotaenia. Calyx-teeth obsolete or evident. Fruit
oblong-elliptical, glabrous. Carpel as in Coloptera^ except that
the thick corky lateral wings have large groups of thick-walled
strengthening cells, and the dorsal and intermediates are always
filiform or obscure; conimissural face with a prominent central
longitudinal ridge left after separation from the carpophore. Oil-
tubes 8 to 6 in the intervals, 4 to 6 on the commissural side,
mostly small, sometimes obsolete. Seed very flat, with plane or
slightly concave face. Tall and stout, with large pinnately de-
compound leaves.

1(5. Peucedanum. Calyx-teeth obsolete or evident (rarely
much enlarged). Fruit oblong to suborbicular, glabrous to tomen-
tose. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform and ap-
proximate; lateral wings broad and thin, coherent till maturity
with those of the other carpel, forming a broad membranous wing
to the fruit ; commissural face without a prominent longitudinal
ridge after separation from the carpophore; a group of strengthen-
ing cells beneath each rib. Oil-tubes 1 to 8 in the intervals, 2 to
10 on the commissural side. Seed flat, with plane or slightly con-
cave face.

17. PseudocymopteruS. Calyx-teeth evident. Fruit ovate
or oblong. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs very promi-

21

nciit ;iiul :iculc ( soincl iiius sli^^htls wiii^^Ltl) ; l;il(.-i;il wiiit^s ratlit-r
broad and thickisli, distiutl fiDiii those of tlic other carpel; a f^roup
of strengtheniiiu: cells heiieath each ril). Oil-tubes 1 to 4 in the
intervals, 2 to () on t!ie coiiiniissural side. Seed face plane or
slightly concave.

II. Fruit not (lattcned eithei way, or \mi sliKl'tly.

* Fruit with all the ribs conspicuously wingod, styiopodiura dopress-
<h1 or wanting, and oil-tubes ininierous (except in TlmHjtium and some
species of Cj/mnptmiK).

18. Cymopterus. Calyx-teeth more O" less prominent.
Fruit usually globose, somewhat llattcned laterally if at all. Car-
pel somewhat flattened dorsall}, with mostly 5 broad thin equal
vvings^(dorsal or intermediate wings sometimes wanting); lateral
wings distinct from those of the other carpel ; pericarp with no
strengthening ce^Us (indistinctly deyeloped in one species). Stylo-
podium depressed. Oil-tubes one to several in the intervals, 2 to 8
on the commissural side. .Seed-face from slightl\- concave to
deeply sulcate.

1*.). PhellopteruS. Calyx-teeth small. I-'ruit globose, gla-
brous. Carpel somewhat flattened dorsally, with T) equal broad
and corky-thickened wings; lateral wings distinct from those of
the other carpel; pericarp with no strengtliening cells. Stylopo-
dium depressed. Oil-tubes 2 to li in the intervals (but appearing
evenly distributed owing to the narrowness of the intervals), 4 to
() on the commissural side. Seed-face slighly concave. A low
tojnentose-villous sea-shore herb.

20. Thaspium. Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit ovoid to
oblong, slightly flattened dorsally if at all, mostly glabrous. C;ir-
pel with 8 or 4 or all the ribs strongly winged. Stylopodium
wanting; styles long. Oil-lubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the
commissural side. Seed sulcate beneath the oil-tubes, almost terete
or somewhat dorsally flattened, with plane face.

* * Fruit with all the ribs prominent and eciual (intervals broad), acute
or sometimes slightly winged, conical stylopodium, and numerous oil-
tubes.

21. LigUSticum. Calyx- teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong or
ovate, flattened laterally if at all, glabrous. Carpel with group of
strengthening cells beneath each rib. Oil-tubes 2 to 15 ( mostly

22

3 to 5) in the intervals, 6 to 10 on the commissural side. Seed
with round or angled back, face from plane to deeply concave,
with or without a central longitudinal ridge.

* * * Fruit with broad and equal corky ribs (intervals very narrow),
depressed stylopodiuni. and solitary oil-tubes.

22. Oreoxis. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit globose,
slightly flattened laterally if at all, glabrous. Carpel with very
thick and prominent corky ribs, each with a large group of
strengthening cells. Oil-tubes 2 on the commissural side, and a
small one in each dorsal rib. Seed sulcate beneath the oil-tubes,
with somewhat concave face.

23. iEthusa. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fiuit ovoid-globose,
slightly flattened dorsallv, glabrous. Carpel witli thick s>.arp ribs,
and no strengthening cells except in their very tips. Oil-tubes 2
on the commissural side. Seed-face plane.

24. Coelopleurum. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose to
oblong, slightly flattened laterally if at all, glabrous. Carpel with
very thick and prominent corky ribs (none of them winged), each
with a large group of strengthening cells. Oil-tubes small, 2 to 4
on the commissural side, and 1 or 2 under each rib (in addition to
the one in the interval), all adhering to the seed, which is loose in
the pericarp, and with jolane or somewhat concave face.

* * * * Fruit with very thick and corky lateral ribs, filiform (or some-
what prominent) dorsal and intermediates, depressed stylopodium (except
in CunosciudiHtii), and solitary oil-tubes (except in Orogenia).

25. Orogenia. Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit oblong, very
slightly flattened laterally, glabrous. Carpel much flattened
dorsally, with filiform tlorsal and intennediate ribs; laterals exces-
sively corky thickened, involute (that is, extended towards the
other carpel, leaving between the commissural faces a cavity,
which is divided longitudinally by a thick coi ky projection from
the middle of each face); all with distinct groups of strengthening-
cells. Oil-tubes very small, 3 in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the com-
missural side. Seed-face slightly concave.

26. Crantzia. Calyx-teeth small. Fruit globose, slightly
flattened laterall}', glabrous. Carpel with filiform dorsal and in-
termediate ribs; laterals verv thick and cork\- next the commissure;

23

each with a small fjioup of stren<^lhciii!ig cclK. (Jil-tiil)cs "2 on
the commissural siiL*. Seed terete.

27. CEnanthe. Calyx-teeth lath.er prominent. Fruit glo-
bose, slightly flattened laterall}- if at all, glahrous. Carpel (section
about semi-terete ) with bioad obtuse corky ribs; laterals the larg-
est: a ban I of strengtheniiiLC cells iinesting seed and oil-tubes.
Stylopodium very short-conical, with elongated stxles. Oil-tubes
2 on the commissural side. Seed sulcate beneath each oil-tube
(commissural as well as dorsal).

28. CynOSCiadium. Calyx-teeth persistent. Fruit ovoid,
glal)rous. Carpel with prominent libs; laterals nuich the largest,
forming a broad cork\- margin; a large group of strengthening
cells in each rib. Stxlopodium conical. Oil-tubes 2 on the com-
missural side. Seed somewhat flattened dorsalh, with plane face.

III. Fruit Hattonod laterally.

* Fruit prickly or with tuberculate scales.

29. Eryngium. Calyx-lobes very prominent, rigid and
persistent. Fruit ovoid, covered with hyaline scales or tubercles.
Carpel with ribs obsolete. Stylopodium wanting; styles short or
long, often rigid. Oil-tubes mostly 5 (8 dorsal and 2 commissural).
Seed-face j^lane.

•50. Sanicula. Calyx-teeth somewhat foliaceous, persistent.
Fruit sub.-gloliose, denseU' covered v/ith hooked prickles, or tuber-
culate. Carpel with neither ribs ;ior strengthening cells. Stylo-
podium depressed. Oil-tubes mostly large, 5 (3 dorsal and 2 com-
missural ), or 8 to ly irregu'arlv distributed. Seed-face from plane
to deeply concave or sulcate.

r)8. LeptOCaulis niay be looked ft)r here,

* * Fruit noitlier prickly nor s(!aly.

t Carpels flattened dorsally.

(1) Fruit with plane secd-fa.v. solitary oil-tubes, conical stylopodium,
prominent ribs, and stiengthening cells continuous about the seed-cavity
(excepting the introduced Faniiculum).

81. AmmOSelinum. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate.
Carpel with prominent equal more or less scabrous ribs; laterals
closeh- contiguous to those of the otlier carpel, forming appai'ently

24

a single broad rib; pericaip exc^eeilingly bard, composed ahnost
entirely of strengthening cells. Styles ^•erv short. Oil-tubes 2
on the commissural side; all rather small and not close to seed-
cavity. Seed dorsallv flattened.

82. Foeniculum. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, gla-
brous. Carpel with prominent ribs, each with a group of strength-
ening cells. Oil-tubes 2 on the commissural side. Seed some-
what dorsally flattened.

(2). Fruit with plane seed-face, numerous oil-tubes, depressed or
cushion-like stylopodiura, and filiform ribs.

38. Podistera. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit elliptic-
ovate, glabrous. Carpel oblor.g-pentagonal in cross-section, the
ribs slender and distinct. Stylopodium depressed. Oil-tubes 2
or 8 in the intervals, 6 on the commissural side.

84. Pimpinella. Calvx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong to
ovate, glabrous. Carpel with equal slender ribs (sometimes almost
obsolete). Stylopodium depressed or cushion-like. Oil-tubes 2 to
() in the intervals, 4 to 8 on the commissural side. Seed somewhat
dorsally flattened, with plane or slightly convex face.

(3). Fruit with concave seed-face, oil-tubes solitary in the intervals
and beneath the ribs, depressed stylopodium, and obscure or obsolete ribs.

85. Apiastrum. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate or
cordate, more or less tuberculate. Carpel with thin pericarp and
no strengthening cells. Stylopodium minute, with short style.
Oil-tubes 2 on the commissural side. vSeed-face narrowly con-
cave or sulcate.

(4). Fruit with concave seed-face, iiumerou.5 oil-tubes, conical or de-
pressed stylopodium, and filiform ribs.

8(5. Musenium. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate or
ovate-oblong. Carpel with equal filiform ribs, and thin pericarp
with no distinct strengthening cells. Stylopodium depressed.
Oil-tubes usually 8 in the intervals, very unequal in size (middle
one largest), 2 to 4 on the commissural side. vSeed-face broadly
concave.

87. Eulophus. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate to
linear-oblong, glabrous. Carpel with equal filiform ribs, and thin
pericarp with a very small group of strengthening cells beneath

each rib. .Styli-podium Loiiical, with loii;^ ;in(l rcciii\c"! st\ k-><.
Oil-tubes ] to ") in tiic inlciv als, 4 t<« !S on the cointiiissiiial side,
and a small t^Moiip in the {jarciuhyma of the eoniniissnral sulcus.
Seed-face broadK coiicaxe, with a central lont^it iidinal rid<^e.

(.')i. Fruit with concave secd-fiuc. no oil tiilios. coiijciil or lU-prcsfcit'il
styiopodiuin, and obsoU'te or filiform rilis.

•{8. AnthriscuS. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear,
notched at base, loni;-bcaked (in ours), j^jlabrous. Carpel uithont
ribs, lint beak ribbed; pericarp thin, w-tli neither stienn;lheninL;-
cells noi- oil-lube^. St\ lopodinui conical. Seed-face sulcalc.

8i). Bupleurum. Cal\N-teeth obsolete. I'rnit oblonj^, with
rather broad commissure. Carpel w ilh e(pial \eiy slender oi-
]>romiiieiit ribs, each, w ith a very small j^roup of strcnLithenin;^
cells. Stylopodium piomincnt and Hat. Oil-tubes wantyig or
continuous about seed-ca\ it\ . Seed-face plane or somewhat con-
cave.

t t Ciupels terete oi slightly liiilteiie<i laterally.

(1). Fruit linear- oblong, with coupuve seed-face, conical styktpodiutu,
and prominent strengthening cidls.

4(1. Chaerophyllum. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit nar-
rowly oblonj;- to linear, notched at base, with short beak or none.
Carpel with equal ribs, each with a lar_ue <4rou[) of strengthening
cells usually occupying the whole thickness of the thick pericarp.
Styles short. Oil-tubes small, mostlv solitary in tJie intervals, 2 on
the commissural side. .Seed-face more or less decpK' sulcate.

41. Osmorhiza. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear to
linear-oblong, more or less attenuate at base, acute abo\ e, glabrous
or bristly on the ribs. Carpel slightly Hattened dorsally or not at
all, nearly pentagonal in section, with etjual ribs, thin pericarp,
and a well defined group of strengthening cells beneath each ril).
Stylopodium sometimes depressed; styles long or short. Oil-tubes
obsolete in mature fruit (often numerous in young fruit ). Seed-
face from slightly concave to deeply snlcate.

i2i. Fruit with concave seed-face and deprt>ssed stylopodium.
(a .1 ()il-tult«s luunerous.

42. Velaea. Calyx-teeth obsolete or prominent. Fruit
oblong to orbicular, glabrous or pubescent. Carpel somewhat

26

flattened laterally, with prominent equal filiform ribs (the inter-
mediates somewhat distant from the laterals), and a thin pericarp
with a verv small ill-defined group of strengthening cells beneath
each rib. Oil-tubes conspicuous, 8 to 6 in the intervals, 4 to 10 on
the commissural side (sometimes almost continuous). Seed terete;
the face strongly involute, enclosing a central cavity.

48. Museniopsis. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong,
glabrous. Carpel somewhat fiattened laterally, with equal filiform
ribs (the intermediates somewhat distant froin the laterals), and a
thin pericarp with ill-defined stiengthening cells beneath the ribs.
Oil-tubes 3 to 4 in the intervals, 4 on the commissuial side. Seed
terete; the face with a deep and narrow sulcu;;.

(b). Oil-tubes none.

44! Conium. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, glabrous.
Carpel with prominent wavy ribs, each with a large bundle of
strengthening cells. Oil-tubes none, but a layer of secreting cells
next the seed. Seed face deeply and narrowly concave.

(3). Fruit with plane seed-face, depressed stylopodium, and numei-
ous oil-tubes.

89. Bupleurum may be looked for here.

45. Sium. Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit .o\ate to oblong,
glabrous. Carpel with prominent corky nearly equal ribs, each
with a promineat group of strengthening cells at tip. Styles
short. Oil-tubes 1 to 8 in the intervals (never solitary in all the
intervals), 2 to 6 on the commissural side. Seed sub-angular.

(4). Fruit witti plane seed-face, depressed stylopodium (or none), ^nd
solitary oil-tubes in all the intervals.

(a). Kibs broad and corky, without strengthening cells oi nearly so.

46. Apium. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate or broader
than long, glabrous. Carpel with prominent obtuse nearly equal
ribs, and no strengthening cells. Stylopodium wanting or de-
pressed. Oil-tubes 2 on the coinmissural side. Seed section
round.

47. Harbouria. Calyx-teeth evident. Fruit ovate, with
narrow commissure (carpels appearing nearly distinct), tubercu-
late-roughened. Carpel (round in section) with ccjual broad

27

olitusc \ci\ proiuiiicnl ril)s, a Muall <;H'ii|) of sticn{^lliciiiii<^ cclU
in each; the narrow commissme pioniint-ntly corky-thickcuccl,
partly ilivided l)y a i^roove. Stylopocliinu depressed or wantinj^.
Oil-tubes large, 2 on the eonmiissural side. Sced-seetion nearlv
round.

ibi. Ivilis liliforiii, witli iiiDiiiiiicnl strongtlieiiiiig ccIIh.

48. Aletes. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ohlonjr, gla-
brous. Carpel with ecjual and prominent libs. Stylo])odium de-
pressed. Oil-tubes large and solitary in the broad intervals, 2 on
the commissural side, and a small one in each ril). Seed sulcate
beneath the oil-tubes, with face plane or slightly concave. Acau-
lescent mountain plants.

4i). Zizia. C:.lyx-teeth prominent. Fruit o\ate to oblong,
glabrous. Stylopodium wanting; styles long. Oil-tubes large
and solitary in the broad inteivals, 2 on the commissural side, and
a small one in each rib. Seed terete, sulcate beneath the oil-tubes.
Caulescent prairie and meadow plants.

(■)). Fruit with piano sood-face, conical stylopodium, and solitarv oil-
tubes.

50. Carum. Cal\ \-leeth small. Fruit ovate or ol>long,
glabrous. Carpel with filiform or inconspicuous ribs, without
strengthening cells. Oil-ducts 2 to () on the commissural side.
Seed dorsally fl.^ttened, more or less sulcate beneath the oil-tubes;
the face plane or slightly concave.

51. Cicuta. Calyx-teeth rather prominent. Fruit oblong
to nearly orbicular, glabrous. Carpel with strong flattish corky
ribs, the laterals largest, without strengthening cells. Oil-tubes 2
on the commissural side. Seed nearly terete or somewhat
dorsally flattened.

52. Cryptotaenia. Calyx-teeth obsolete. I' mil linear-
oblong, glabrous. Carpel with obtuse equal ribs, each subtended
l)y a very broad group of strengthening cells (2 groups also on the
commissural side ). Stylopodium slender C()nic;d. ( )il-tubes soli-
tary beneath each rib (as well as in the inter\als), 2 to 4 on the
commissural side. Seed somewhat sulcate beneath the oil-tubes.

58. LeptOCaulis. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate,

28

bristly or liil)LTciil;itc. Carjjcl witli sonicwliat pioininent or obso-
lete ribs, thickijh pericarp, and prominent groups of strengthening
cells. St\lopoclinm somewhat piominent. Oil-tubes 2 on the
conimissiii-al side.

")4. Discopleura. Calyx-teeth siUcdl or ol-isolete. Fruit
o\ate, glabrous. Carpel with tlorsal and intermediate ribs filiform
to l)road and obtuse; the laterals very thick and cork), closely con-
tigiions to those of the other carpel, forming a dilated obtuse oi'
acute corky band ; all subtended by strengthening cells. Oil-tubes
2 on the commissuial side. Seed iiearlv terete (somewhat sulcate
beneath the oil-tubes) or with a Hattish face.

((ii. t'luit with piano sfed-faoe. conical stvlopodiuni. and nuniorous
oil-tubes.

55. Berula. Calvx-teeth. minute. Fruit nearly round,
emarginate at base, glal^rous. Carpel nearly globose, with ver)-
slender inconspicuous ribs, thick corky pericarp, and no strengthen-
ing cells. Oil-tubes numerous and contiguous, closely surround-
ing the seed cavity. Seed terete.

5(i. ^gopodium. Calvx-teeth obsolete. Fiuit o\ate, gla-
brous. Carpel with equal filiform ribs (with broad and equal in-
tervals), each containing strong groups of strengthening cells; peri-
carp with no oil-tubes, but with a layer of large parenchyma cells
surrounding th.e seed-cavity (as in Ciyptotctnia). .St\lopodium
prominent. Carpel and seed-section nearly round.

(7). Fruit with piano seed-face, depressed styiopodium, no oil-tubes,
and continuous band of stiengthonuig colls about the seed-cavity.

57. Bowlesia. Cahx-teeth rather prominent. Fruit broadly
ovate, with narrow c(Mnn-.issure (carpels appearing nearly dis-
tinct), and stellate pubescence. Carpel turgid, becoming depressed
on the back, with neither rii)s nor oil-tubes; the wdiole dorsal
region inflated, the s(>ed-ca\ity being on the cominissural side of
the carpel-section. Seed flattened dorsallv; the face and back
plane or con\e:^.

t + + Carpels las well as fruit) strongly ilattenod laterally: styiopo-
dium depressed.

58. HydroCOtyle. Calyx-teeth minute or obsolete. Fruit
moie oi- less orbicular. Carpel with 5 primai}- ribs (additional

29

sccoiuhiiy ones with reticiilatiuiis in oik- species); tlie dorsal mar-
_<rinal, broad or liliform; ititcrnu-diates lilifonn (i;iicl\- obsolete),
iisuaih' curved; laterals filiform oi^ hioad, distinct from those of
the other carpel or conHiient; a proiViiiieiil oilhearin;^ la}er be-
neath the epidermis, occasionally containiiij^- sn^all oil-tubes,
usualh' a thick la\er of streii_<flheninn^ cells surroundiuij the seed-
cavity.

"»'.'. Erigenia. C'al\\-leeth obsolete. I'ruil nearly orbicu-
lar, iiotchetl at base and ape;-;, ^;labrous, thin between the incurved
carpels. Carpel \".ith eipial liiiform libs, \ery thin pericai'p, and
streiifjthenino- eells beneath the ribs. Oil-tubes 1 to :5 in the in-
tervals, y to 11 on the commissural side (from which extends a
prominent corky necK-like projection, mcetin<( its fellow from the
other carpel and formin<;^ the thin ;.rea between the cur\ ed car-
pels). Seed-face narrov/ly and deeply sulcate.

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO GENERA.

I. Fruit prickly or scaly.

* Fruit prickly along' the ril>s : umbels cotnpoutid : leaves
pi una t civ decani pound.

Stylopodium depif-ssed or wantiiifj Dauci-s, 1

Stylopodiura conleal C'aicalis, 2

* * Fruit zvitkout ribs^ prickly or scaly all over.

Flowers in a globose or oblong head: fiuit with tubenu-

late scales: leaves mostly coriaceous and pri^-kly EnvNciif^i. 21)

JMowers in irregularly compounded umbels: fruit covered
with hooked piickles: leaves mostly palmate, with
toothed or incised lobes SamcitjA, .'!(»

Fruit covered with liooked prickles: h\iv(>s finely dissect-
ed Lrptocailis. ."):!

II. Fruit not prickly nor scaly.

* Fruit strouoly jlattened dorsally., xcit/i lateral ribs promi-
nently winged.

Oil-tubes solitary in the inleivals.
Stylopodium conical.

30

Slender and glabroub: loaves simply pinnate or re-
duced to petioles Tiedemannia, 10

Stout and pubescent: leaves large andternately com-
pound Heracleitm, 1 1

Stylopodiura depressed.
Caulescent and branching.
Flowers white.

Slender: leaves pinnately dissected: dorsal ribs

fdiform: Texan Et-kyt.jenia, (I

Stout: leaves ternately or pinnately compound:

dorsal ribs prominent .\n-geli('a, 7

Stout: leaves pinnately decompound: dorsal ribs

winged Selinxjm, S

Flowers yellow Pastinaca, U

Acaulescent or nearly so Pextcedanum, l(i

Oil-tubes more than one in the intei'vals.
Caulescent and branching.
Dorsal ribs obsolete; laterals corky thickenecj: flow-
ers yellow POLYT.^^NIA, U

Dorsal ribs prominent; laterals not corky thickened:
flowers white.

Leaves ternately or pinnately compound Angelica, 7

Leaves much more compounded Conioselinttm, i)

Acaulescent or nearly so.
Lateral wings corky-thickened: dorsal ribs filiform.

Dwarf, with small pinnate or lobed leaves Coi-optera, 14

Tall and stout, with large pinnately decompound

leaves Leptot.:Enia, 1."^

Lateral wings membranous: dorsal ribs filiform Pet'ceuanxim, Ki

Lateral wings thickened; dorsal ribs very prominent

or sUghtlv winged Pseudocymoptekus, 17

* * Priiit lut strong-Iy Jiattcned dorsally [iisically some-
what laterally fattened).

Oil-tubes none.
Seed-face concave.
Stylopodium conical.

Fruit linear-oblong, glabrous Anthrischs, 38

Fruit linear-oblong, bristly Osmokhiza, 41

Fruit of nearly distinct globose carpels Bifoka, 4

Stylopodium depressed.

Leaves simple and perfoliate Bt'pIiEttrum, 39

Leaves large and decompound Conium, 44

Seed-face plane.

Leaves simple and lobed: southwestern BowiiEsiA, 57

Loaves biternate: Introduced at the east .Sgopodium, .'iti

31

Oil-tubes solitary iii tlio intervals.
Stylopodiuin conical.

Leaflets (at least the upper) linear t(< lilifomi.
Involucre wanting: introduced.

Flowers white Cokiandkitm, .i

Flowers yellow FoiniccIjUM, 32

Involucre present: (lowers white (e.\cei)ting Aninio-
Me'inuin).
Low and difl'use, with ternatcly divided leaves. . .\MMOsEiiiNiM, :il
Leaves finely nissected.
Fruit linear-oblong: invohicral bracis few and

linear TREPOcAKPrs, 3

Fruit ovate: involucre foliaeeous DiscopLErRA, 54

Fruit ovate, tuberculate Leptoc.vulis. 53

Leaves with few leallets.

Lateral ribs thick and corky: southern Cyxohciadium, 2S

Hibs all fUiform: western Carum, 50

Leallets broader.

Seed-face concavt; Ch.*:kophyllim, 40

Seed face plane.

Fruit oblong to orbicular Ck'UTA, 51

Fruit linoar-oblong Oryptot^nia, 52

Stylopodiuni depressed.
Flowers white.

Fruit with all the ribs conspicuously winged Cymopterus, 1»;

Fruit with ecjual, broad and corky ribs, and no
strengthening cells.
Fruit small ( not ovej- a line loiigi. flattened later-
ally Apxim, 4(i

Fruit larger, ovoid-globose -Ethusa, 2:5

Fruit with thick corky lateral libsand filiforni dor-
sals, all with strengthening cellb: aquatic

Leaves reduced to hollow jointed petioles Crantzia, 2(5

Leaves pinnate or decompound: western CEnanthe, 27

Fruit with obscure or obsolete ribs Api.\strum, 35

Flowers yellow.

Fruit with ribs conspicuously winged.

Low and often cespitoso. with finely divided

leaves: western Cymoi-teris. 1^

Tall and branching, with largei-. more coarsely

divided leaves Thaspum, 20

Fruit with eijual, broad and ct)rky ribs: Rocky Mts.

Low, eespitose: high alpine Oreoxis, 22

Foot or more high: in the foot-hills •. .Harbouria. 47

Fruit with filiform tibs.
Tall and branching, with broad leallets: mostly

f astern Zizia. 4!)

32

Acaulescenl and oespitose: Eooky MLs Aletes, 48

Oil-tubes more than one in the intervals.
Stylopodium conical.
Fruit oblong or ovale, with prominent e(iuul ribs. . . .Luuisticum. 21
Fruit ovate to linear-oblong, with equal filiform ribs. . . .Eulophus, 37
Fruit round, with globose car[)els, and very slender

inconspicuous ribs Bekula, a5

Stylopodium depressed.

Seed-face decido<lly concavcr fiuit with all the ribe
filiform.

Carpels flattened dorsally Musenium, 'Mi

Carpels terete.

Seed-face in\ oiute, enclosing central cavity VEii.^^A, 42

Seed-face with a deep and narrow sulcus Museniopsis, 43

Seed-face plane oi- but slightly concave.

Fruit with all the ribs conspicuously winged PHEiiiiOPTEKUS, lit

Fruit with prominent ecjual corky ribs.

Fruit not llaltened either v,'ay CcEijOpiiErKUM, 24

Fruit flattened laterally Siitm. 45

Fruit with thick corky lateral ribs and filiform

dorsals and intermediates Orogenia, 25

FrvJt with all the ribs filiform.

Very small, acaulescent, high alpine plant Podisteka, 3.S

Caulescent, low ground plants PiMPiNELiiA, 34

* * * Fruit strongly flattened laterally.

Marsh or acjuatic plants, with simple leaves Hyi>KO(()T\i,K, .")S

Eich ground vernal plants, with temately compound

leaveb Eiuhenia, .">!}

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

1. DAUCUS Linn. Gen. n. 888.— Bristly annuals or bien-
nials, witii pinnately dccon';ponnd leaves, foliaceous and cleft in-
volucral bi-acts, involuccls of entire or toothed bractlets, and white
flowers in coiica\ e umlels (connivent in fruit).

1. D. pusillus Michx. Fl. i. 1(U. Stems retrorsely papillate-
hispid, from an inch to two feet high: leaves finely dissected into
narrowly linear segments: umbels unequally few to many-rayed;
rays J^ to li4 inches long; pedicels very unequal, from 8 lines
long to almost wanting: fruit li^ to 2i^ lines long. (Fig. 1.)

33

Itiiuging across the continent lioni the S. Atlantic stutcH to S. C'nli-
toniia, ni.d along tho Pacillc coast to Vancouver Island iMftroinij and
N'ootka Sound (Sroultr).

Tho varieties microphyUiiH and Hciihcr depend entirely upon the vary-
ing character of the hairs, a character not to be relied upon This species
is evidently the Aiufricai) lepresenlativf of tin- widely distributed
D. Cin-old L.

D. CAKor.v L., the Lulti\ atcd canot, has l)cc<)mc c\lciisi\cl\-
naluraUzccl. The stems arc biistly, leaves more coarsely rliviilecl
(the ultimate segments lanceolate and cuspidate), umbels with
more numerous and elongated rays and more prominent in-
volucies, and frull L;enerall\' laii^er.

2. CAUCALIS Linn. (Jen. n. 381. -Mostly hispid annuals,
(ours) with pinnately dissected leaves (with very small segments),
and white flowers. The primary lateral ribs are pushed around
upon the commissural face, making a very narrow commissure,
while the adjoining secondary ribs become marginal. Closely
resembles Dauciis.

1. C. microcarpa lIooU. iV Am. Bot. Beechey, 348. Erect,
slender, 3 to 15 inches high, nearly glabrous: leaves much dis-
sected, slightly hiopid : umbels at the ends of stem and branches,
very unecjually 3 to ()-raved, with iuNolucre of toliaceous tlivided
bracts, and involucels of entire or somewhat divided bractlets; rays
slender, 3 inches or less long; pedicels very unecjual: fruit oblong,
2 to 3 lines long, arned with rows of hooked prickles; the primary
lateral ribs near the margin of commissural face. (Fig. ~.)

Washington Teiritory (Sukmlorf), Oregon [Ht'iidersoii). California,
and Arizona (Palmer, Pringlc). Fl. April and May.

C. NODOSA Hudson. Decumbent, branching (jnly at base,
stems 1 or 2 feet long, retrorsely hispid: umbels naked, opjX)site
the leaves and nearly sessile, of 2 or 3 very short rays: fruit ovate-
oblong, a line long, entirely covered with rough tubercles or
usually with stout barbed or hooked prickles; the priniarv lateral
ribs near the very narrow commissure. (Fig. 3.)

Native of Europe and N. Africa, introduced into Chili and Peru, and
thence into California; Texas [Hull); ballast ground, Port Eads, Louisiana
^Langloin); near Baltimore (Foreman); ballast ground near Philadelphia
^^farli)uhlle)■, near Ames, Iowa (Burgess).

C. AxTiiKiscri^ Hudson, with 1 ;j-pinnale leaves and broad

34

leaflets, and more regularly compounded umbels, seems to be
naturalized near Buffalo, X. Y. (G. W. C/into?i), Cincinnati, Ohio
(C. G.Lloyd, Bot. Gazette, iv. 148), and Painesville, Ohio ( W.
C. Werner).

C. I.ATIFOI.IA L., with pinnate leaves having few subpinnatifid
leaflets, and large spiny fruit, has been found on ballast ground
near Philadelphia ( /. C. Mart'indale).

8. TREPOCARPUS Nutt. inDC. Mem. Umbel. 56.—
Glabrous annuals, with thin pinnately decompound leaves and
linear segments, lateral few-rayed umbels opposite the leaves, in-
volucre and involucels of few linear entire or divided bracts, and
white flowers.

1. T. iEthusae Nutt. 1. c. From a few inches to 3 feet
high: umbels 2 to 5-rayed; umbellets few-flowered, with very
short pedicels: fruit 4 or 5 lines long. (Fig. 4.)

Prairies, from Arkansas to Louisiana, Texas, and Indian Territory.
FI. June and July.

4. BIFORA Hoffm. Umb. Gen. 191.— Slender smooth an-
nals, with leaves pinnately dissected into filiform segments, in-
volucre and involucels of few small bracts, and white flowers in
few-rayed umbels.

1. B. Americana Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL i. 920. A foot
or more high, branching above, rays and angles of stems (espec-
ially summit of internodes) roughened with minute callous points:
umbels 5 to 8-rayed; rays 6 to 9 lines long; pedicels about a line
long: fruit li^ lines long, 2i/< lines broad. (Fig. 5.) — Atrciua
Americana DC.

Dry ground, mostly in Texas, and extending into Arkansas. Tlie
reference of this species to Missouri (Trari/), in Bot. Gazette, xii. 295, was
a mistake.

B. RADIANS Bieb, from the Mediterranean region, has been
collected on ballast near Philadelphia, Penn. {Martindale) and
Providence, R. I, (^Bennett)

5. CORIANDRUM Linn. Gen. n. 356.— Annual slender
branching glabrous herbs, with pinnately compound leaves, no

involucre, iiuolucfls of ^ie\c•l•;ll sin;ill ikhtdw luactlcts, aiid white
Howers.

C. SAT1\'UM L., the common coriander, native of the E.
Mediterranean region, and extensively culti\ atcvl. Lowest leaves
with broadlv ovate or cuncate deeply cut segments.

Said to be "naturalized*" around Santa Fe, New Mexico (rr'ra//, Plant.
Fendl. ")7,) and "introducexl" in Unionville YaiUiy, Nevada (ira/xo/i, Bot.
King's Exped. JIU). Also eollecled in lootiiilis of Kocky MtH, in Colorado
{Parri/), and in San Diego county, California (Liion). Coninioidy
escaped from cultivation. Also collected on ballast near Piiiladelphia
Penn. {MartindaU-), and Portland, Oregon (HeiitlrrMon).

G. EURYT.ENIA Torr. A: Gray, Fl. i. (>:«.- (ilabrous
branching herbs, with pinnately dissected leaves, involucre anil in-
volucels of cleft bracts, and white flowers.

This genus closely resembles DiHcopIeuru, but seems liulTiciently dis-
tinct in its more tiattened carpels, thick winged lateral libs, depressed
stylopodium, and remarkably broad oil-tubes, which on the commissural
face are not /i(?<p« at all, but broad reservoirs. The fruit characters also
resemble those of PeHcefZf(H»«(, but the thick lateral wings easily distin-
guish it, while the general habit is very different from that of our Ameiican
species of Peucedaniim. In the thick hiteral wings it approaches Lepto-
tcniia, but the prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs, as well as the broad
and solitary oil-tubes, separate it from that genus.

1. E. Texana Torr. & Gray, I. c. From J to 'ly. feet
high: leaflets long, narrowly linear to oblong, serrate or toothed:
umbels 8 to 15-rayed; rays 1 or 2 inches long; pedicels very short:
fruit two lines long. (Fig. ().) — E. macrophylla Buckl. Proc.
Acad.Philad. 1801,45-").

Texas {Dnimmond, Hall 2.")(i, Reven-lton in2!l). Fl. June.

7. ANGELICA Linn. Gen. n. 847.— Stout perennials, with
ternately or pinnately compound leaves, scanty involucre or none,
involucels of small brr.ctlcts or none, and large terminal umbels of
white (greeenish-yellow in yl. pifinata') flowers. — Incl. Arc/tan-
oclica Hoffm., excl. A. GnicHni DC

ArchangeUea is referred to this genus by Maximowicz, IJull. Acad.
Petersb. xix. 273. The characters used to separate Angelicu from
A/T/in/((/«'/jca are its solitary oil-tubes and adherence of the seed to the
pericarp, and these are found to be unieliable (for details as to eastern
species see Botanical Gazette, xli. 60), especially among western spo.'ies,
nearly half of which have two oil-tubes in the Intervals.

86

* Oi/-f/(bcs soliiarv in all tJic intervals : \ccstcrii species.

1. A. pinnata Watson, King's Rep. v. J'2(). Glabrous:
stem 2 to 3 feet iiigh: leaves simply pinnate, with 2 to 4 pairs of
ovate to narrowly lanceolate sharply serrate to entire leaflets (low-
est pair sometimes pinnate): umbels 10 to 20-raved, with neither
involucre r.or involucels; rays 2 to 4 inches long; pedicels 2 lines
long; flowers greenish-yellow or dull purple: stylopodium slightly
conical: fruit oblong, glabrous (at maturity), 2 to 3 lines long;
dorsal and intermediate ribs thick and prominent; laterals with
wings hardly as broad as body : oil-tubes 4 on the commissural side:
seed-face somewhat concave. (Fig. 7.)

In the Wahsatch and Uinta Mountains, 7-10,000 feet altitude, and Yel-
low stone Park (Tweedy 3). Fl. July and August.

A doubtful ylnfifeZjcft, its pinnate leaves, thick dorsal ribs, and greenish-
yellow or dull-purple floweis, ail contradicting the usual characters of
the genus.

2. A. genuflexa Nutt. Torr & Gray, Fl. i. (320. Glabrous,
except the more or less rough pubescent inflorescence, 2 to 4 feet
high: leaves once to tv/ice ternate, the divisions often deflexed;
leaflets ovate to lanceolate, more or less acuminate, irregularly and
sharply serrate: umbel equally many-rayed, with no involucre, and
involucels of numerous linear bractlets; rays an inch or more long;
fruiting pedicels 4 to 6 lines long: fruit nearly round, emarginate
at base and apex, glabrous; lateral wings broader than body: oil-
tubes 2 on the commissural side: seed-face plane (Fig. 8.) —
Archangelica pcregri)ia Nutt.

In wet places, Oregon, Washington Territoiy, and Vancouver Island
(Macotin). Fl. July and August.

Upon consulting Nuttall's type specimens of. this species, and of his
Archangeliru perer/nna, the latter being in especially good condition in
the Torrey Herbarium, it becomes very evident thatt hey are the same and
that A. peref/rina is not a synonym of Cfrlopleuriun Cmelini, as has been
supposed. They are both from his "Wappatoo Island" station. This is
also Tweedij 280 from the Cascade Mts., Wash. Terr., distributed as a prob-
able form of A. toinentosa, and mixed with fruit of A. (ir(nit((-

8. A. Lyallii Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 874. Gla-
brous throughout, stout, 4 or 5 feet high: leaves once or twice
ternate then quinate, the uppermost reduced to large inflated
petioles; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, acute or acutish, unequally
dentate: umbel (sometimes pubcrulent) unequally many-rayed,

87

with ncillicr imoliKTc- nor iiu oIikcIs; i;iys i_. to 4 imlK's lon<i^;
fniitiiijif pedicels thick, a line or less long (rarely 2 or 8 lines): fruit
ohlong to oliovate, glabrous, 2 to H lines long; dorsal and inter-
niediate ribs as in the last, but e\en less prominent ; lateral wings
as broad as boilv or broader: oil-lube^ 'i on the comn'.issural side
(distant): seed-face broadly eoi;cave. (I'^ig. '.>• )

In the niouulaiiis iieur the Briti.sli bouiuiaiy, Wubiuiigtui: Territory
{Ljiall, SuksdorfHil, HvntJerHon :<8:5. Brnndvgec 7!)(ii, Idaho ( Ltihtru).
ami Montana ( l^((^s((H l.')7, f'aiilni HO, Scribner <i'>); also sunnnit of K.
Kootenai Pass, 15. C. ( l)inr.-<,nn, and Oregon (Xrrins)

4. A. tomentOSa Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 111. Stout,
hoary-tomcntose throughout with rather line tomentum, oi' the
stem glabrous: leaves cpiinate then once or twice pinnate; leaflets
thickish, ovate, acute, oblique at base, 2 to 4 inches long, unequally
and sharply serrate or tot)t!ie(l: umbel somewhat equally many-
rayed, with neither involucre nor in\ olucels: rays 1 to 4 inches long ;
pedicels 4 to (> lines long: fruit oblong-elliptical, glabrous or
nearly so, H to 4 lines long, 2 to 2^4 lines broad; dorsal and inter-
mediate ribs small and acutish ; lateral wings thin, about as broatl
as body: oil-tubes 2 on the commissural side: seed somewhat sili-
cate beneath the oil-tubes, with plane face.

In the Coast Kanges. from Mendocino county, CaliforniiJ, to thf San
Bfinaniino Mts. ( I'orish !ISS). Fi. Angnst.

T). A. arguta Xutt. Torr cS: (Jray, Fl. i. ()2(). Glabrous,
except tiie sometimes minulelv {niberulent intlore^^cence, stout, 2 to
4 feet high: leaves tern.atc then pinnate or bipinnate; leaflets mostly
small, ovate to lanceolate, rather acute, serrate: umbel rather
cquallv manv-raved, with neither iuNolucre nor involucels; ravs
1 to 8 inches long; pedicels 8 to -") lines long: fruit oblong-
elliptical, glabrous, 8 to 4 lines long; dorsal and intermed-
iate ribs thick and slightly elevated; lateral wings verycoi'ky,
thick, and r>s broad as the much flattened body or broader: oil-
tubes 2 on the commissural side (distant, or sometimes 4 in 2 dis-
tant pairs): seed sulcate bi.-nealb the oil-tubes, wilii plane face.
(Fig. 10.)

Oregon and Washington Teriitory.

This plant was reported by Nuttaii from "Fort Vancouver, Oregon,"
and then lost siglil of, being confused with A. (/entiflrxa. An examination
of tiie type tin good fruit in the Torrey Herl ariuni) abundantly condnns

38

our conclusions given in Botanical Gazette, xiii. S(i, and we fin:l the plant
to have been discovered by Hoircll in 1882 and Suksdorf in 18h;{ at the
base of Mt. Adams, Washington Territory; also by Henderfion (382) in 1884
along Hood River, Oregon, where it was also collected by Hoivell in 188G.
In all these collections the plant was distributed as A. genuflexa. A fruit-
ing head of this species, collected by Twecdij in the Cascade Mts., Wash.
Torr,, is mixed with the distribution of his A. qennfit.vd, 280.

(3. A. Hendersoni C. & R. Bot. Gazette, xiii. 80. Very
stout, densely tomeutose throughout, especially the inflorescence
and whitened lower surfaces of the leaves: leaves quinate then
pinnate; leaflets thick, broadly ovate, 3 to 4 inches long, 2 to 8
inches broad, obtuse, serrate: umbel equally many-rayed, with no
involucre, and involucels of numerous linear-acuminate bractlets;
rays 1 to 2 inches long; pedicels a line or less long: fruit oblong,
more or less pubescent, 8 lines long; dorsal and intermediate ribs
prominent; lateral wings thick and corky, as broad as body: oil-
tubes 2 on the commissural side: seed deeply sulcate beneath the
oil tubes, with plane face.

Bluffs moistened by sea spray, Ilwaco (Long Beach), Washington Ter-
ritory, August "i, 1885 (Henderson 2158). Probably near San Francisco
(Kellogg in 186(5), but only in flower.

7, A. Dawsoni Watson, Proc, Am. Acad. xx. 809. Gla-
brous or nearly so, rather slender, 1 to 8 feet high, with simple
stem: radical leaves biternate; leaflets lanceolate, 1 to 2 inches
long, sharply and finely serrate, acute or acuminate, terminal one
sometimes deeply 8-cleft; cauline leaves (1 or 2 or none) similar:
umbel solitary, conspicuously involucrate with numerous foli-
aceous lacerately toothed bracts nearly equalling the rays, invo-
lucels similar; rays about an inch long or less: fruit glabrous, 2^
lines long.

In the Rocky Mts. near the British boundary, at 0,500 feet altitude
(Lyall, in 18()1); and on the slopes of N. Kootenai Pass {Dawson 2155, in
1883). Fl. July.

This species has not been collected with mature fruit, but in the t/pe
specimens the immature fruit indicates that the dorsal, and intermediate
ribs may become more or less winged. In this case, the species, with dor-
sal wings and large involucels, is more like Selinum than Angelica, in
which genus the discovery of mature fruit may place it.

* * Oil-tubes in pairs in so/nc of the intervals: zvestern
species (excepting A. Ctirtisii),

89

8. A. Breweri Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 3-1:8. Glabrous or
somewhat puberulent (especially in the inflorescence), 3 to 4 feet
high: leaves ternate or quinate then pinnate; leaflets lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 5 inches long, sharply serrate
with cuspidate teeth; the lower sometimes lobed at base: peduncles
often with dilated bracts: umbel many-ra}cd, with neither invo-
lucre nor involucels (or with a few deciduous bractlets); rays 2
to 3 inches long; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long: stylopodiuin conical,
with long style: fruit oblong, pubescent or becoming glabrous,
4 to 0 lines long, and 2 to 3 lines broad; dorsal and intermediate
ribs more or less prominent; lateral wings narrow and as thick as
the flattened body: oil-tubes 1 or 2 in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the
commissural side: seed deeply sulcatc bcicath the oil-tubes; the
face more or less concave, with sometimes a central longitudinal
ridge. (Fig. 11.)

California, in the Sierra Nevada, from Plumas county (J/r«. R. M. Auh-
lin), and Nevada county (Jone-n 2r)84), to the Upper Stanislaus {Hooker A-
C?m!/, in 1877), and Ebbetfs Pass and the Big Tree road (i?o/«;i(/e»-. Tor-
rey, Brewer); also N. W. Nevada ( ir«/.so;n.

It. A. leporina Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 2r)2. Tall
and stout, glabrous: leaves bipinnatc; leaflets linear-lanceolate to
lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely toothed to entire, 1 to 3 inches
long: umbel very unequally 10 to 25-rayed, with neither invo-
lucre nor involucels (or w'ith a few deciduous bractlets); rays some-
what scabrous, i^ to 3 inches long; pedicels thick, 2 to 3 lines long:
fruit glabrous, about li/^ lines long; dorsal and intermediate ribs
prominent; lateral wings narrower than body: oil-tubes solitary in
the intervals, or the lateral in pairs, 2 or 4 on the commissural
side: seed-face plane. (Pig- 12.)
S. Utah (Ward, Palmer is:',).

10. A. lineariloba Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 347. Stout,
glabrous, 2 to 3 feet high: leaves twice or thrice quinate; leaflets
linear, 1 to 2 inches long, cusnidately acuminate, entire or the
lower ones 3-parted with thedecurrent somestimes coarsely toothed
lobes divaricate: umbels with neither involucre noi- involucels;
rays 1 to 2 inches long: fruit oval-oblong, glabrous, 4 lines long,
2 lines broad; dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform; lateral wings
thickish, a little narrower than the body: oil-tubes solitary in the

40

dorsal intervals, in pairs in the laterals: seed sulcate beneath the
oil-tubes, face nearly plane.

California, Mono Pass (Bolander}, and in tlie S. Sierra Nevada (Rotli-

COC/iM.

11. A. Wheeled Watson, Am. Naturalist, vii. 801. Tall
and stout, rou^-lily pubt.-scent: leaves biternate; leaHets ovate-
oblong, 2 to 8 inches long, acute, incisely serrate, the teeth broad
and mucronulate, mitldle leaflet petiolulate: umbel unecjually many-
rayed, with neither involucre nor involucels; ra3's becoming- 2 to
5 inches long; pedicels hispid: fruit broad-ellipitical, 8 lines long,
somewhat pubescent; the dorsal and intermediate ribs thick, nar-
rower than the lateral ones: oil-tubes solitary in dorsal intervals,
in pairs ir. the laterals, 4 on the commissural side: seed-face
deeply conca\e (more so than usual in Angelica). (Fig. 13.)

Utah ( ^Yheel('r).

12. A. Canbyi. Glabrous throughout except the puberu-
lent inflorescence, 2 to 8 feet high: leaves bipinnate; leaflets lan-
ceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 1 to 2 inches long, acute or acuminate,
laciniately toothed: u:'nbel rather equally 10 to 20-rayed, with
neither involucre nor involucels; ravs 1 to 2 inches long; pedicels
slender, 8 to 4 lines long; flowers pinkis'i: stylopodium conical:
fruit oblong, glabrous at maturity (pubescent when young), 2^^
lines long; dorsal and intermediate ribs thin and very prominent,
somewhat winged; lateral v/ings rather thin, half as broad as body:
oil-tubes solitary in dorsal intervals, in pairs in the laterals, 4 on
the commissursal side: seed-face plane. (Fig. 14.)

Washington Territorj', August, 188::5 {Brandcgee TiHii in Canby's N.
Transcontinental Survey,), low grassy grounds along streams, Klickitat
Elver, near Mt. Adams, Juno 2(J, 1885, in flower, August in fruit iSukHclorf
G38 and 763); Oregon, Waldo (Howell 70(1).

Mr. Suksdorf writes that this species is a much earlier bloomer than
A. [lenuflexa or A Li/nUii.

13. A. Curtisii Buckley, Am, jour. Sci. I. \\v. 178. Gla-
brous, 2 to 8 feet high: leaves twice ternate or the divisions pin-
nate, the uppermost mo.-tly reduced to large inflated petioles;
leaflets thin, ovate-lanceolate ( 1 to 8 inches broad), sharply and
irregularly toothed : umbel (somewhat pubescent) equall}' 15 to
25-rayed, with no involucre, and involucels of subulate bractlets;
rays 2 to 8 inches long; pedicels 4 to 0 lines long: fruit broadly

41

ohloiijiC, "i^labrous, 2 to 4 \\nc<- Ioiil;". cniaiLjiiiatf at liasc; dor-
sal ar.d iiUcnncdiatc ribs acute and ])roiuii-.eiit, often sonicwdiat
winged ; lateral wiiij^s thin, broader than body: oil-tnbes mostly
solitary in the intervals (sometimes :i or ;^ ), 'i to (j on the commis-
sural side: seed-face plane. ( I'^ij^. l-"). )

Along tlio Alloglmiiit's, I'l-oni I'eiMisylvaniii to Nortli Ciiroliiia. Fl Au-

gUHt.

* * * Otl-t/ihcs tJircc to many in tlic Intervals: eastern
species.

14. A. hirsuta Muhl. Cat. 'I ed. :}(l. Tomentose above, 2
to f") feet high: leaves twice or thrice pinnately or ternately ilividetl
(the uppermost mostly reduced to large inflated petioles); leaflets
thickish, lanceolate to oblong ( half to about an inch broad), ser-
rate: umbel equally m; iiy-rayed, with nt) involucre, and involucels
of linear l)ractlets; rays 1 to 2 inches long; pedicels 2 lines long:
fruit nearly round, pubescent, 2 lines in diameter; dorsal and intei-
mediate ribs prominent; lateral wings thin, as broad as body: oil-
tubes 8 to 0 in the intervals (sometimes 1 or 2), 0 to 10 on the
commissural side: seed-face plane. (Fig, l(j. ) Are/ianoeUca
Jiirsuta Torr. & Gray, i. <)22.

Dry giound, Canada to Florida, and westward to Miinu'sota and 'l\n-
uossee.

IT). A. dentata C. A: K. Hut. (Ja/ette, \ii. »*)]. Slender,
glabrous, 1 to 8 feet high: leaves tei'iiate, \vith long slender petioles
and few leaflets, which are small ( i_; to 1 inch long), lanceolate,
coarsely toothed or lobed: umbel (slightly pubescent ) ecjually 5
to 10-rayed, with no inxolucie, ;nid involucels of subulate bractlets;
rays about an inch long; ix'dicels :{ lu 4 lines long: fiiiil broadly
oblong, glabrous or pubescent, lij to 2'j lines long; dorsal and
intermediate ribs more or less prominent; lateral wings thin, as
broad as body: oil-tubes about 20 and continuous, S of them on
the commissural side: seed-face plane, (Fig. 17.)- Archangelica
dentata Chapman, Torr. A: (irav, Fl. i. ()22.

Diy pine barrens, Florida. Fl. July to Xovfinltt-r.

1»). A. atropurpurea L. Spec. 251. \ery s'.out, smooth,
with dark purple stem, 4 to ♦> feet high: leaves ternate then pin-
nate; leaflets ovate to lanceolate (1 to :' illche^ long), sharply cut
mucronatc-serrate: umbel (glabrous) etjually 1 o to 2o-ra\ed, with

42

no imolucre, and involuccls of few short subulate bractlets; rays 1
to 8 inches long; pedicels 5 to 8 lines long: fruit oblong, glabrous,
8 lines long; dorsal and intermediate ribs very prominent, lateral
wings thin, about half as broad as body: oil-tubes 25 to 30 and
continuous, 8 to 10 of them on the commissural side: seed-face
plane. (Fig- l^'^-) — ArchaugcUca atropurfnrca Hoffm. Um-
bel. IBl.

Low river banks, from Labrador to Dolawaro, and westward to Illinois
and Minnesota. Fl. June.

A. LirciDA L. is referred to Canada by Cornuti, upon whose
authority alone it stands as a North American species. It has long
been cultivated in Europe, but its existence as a member of our
flora is so very improbable that we do not include it. See Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 621.

A. VERTiciLLATA Hook. is a Very uncertain species, and
judging from the description given (which is the only information
accessible) Mr, Watson thinks it probably belongs to some other
genus. See Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 374.

8. SELINUM Linn. Gen. n. 337. — Tall stout branching per-
ennials, with pinnately decompound leaves, few-leaved involucre,
involucels of numerous narrow or broad bractlets, and white
flowers.

This genus is considered liard to distinguish from Ligusticuin, ^^^
with our own species there is no such trouble. LiV/»s'<"cmwi is character-
ized by its fruit having equal ribs, numerous small oil-tubes, and prominent
conical stylopodium, as well as by its leaves being always ternate in their
primary divisions. Seliniim, on the other hand, has fruit more winged, the
lateral wings being the broadest, prominent solitary oil-tubes, usually de-
pressed stylopodium. and mostly pinnately compound leaves. The genus
seems more nearly allied to Angelica, through';such a species as SeUnuin
Hookeri. The important distinctions are that the dorsal and lateral
ribs of Selitmm are decidedly and equally winged, sometimes nearly as
much so as the laterals; while the dorsal ribs of Angelica are not at all
winged, except such irregular winging as occurs in A- Curtisii- The
leaves of Selinum are, as a rule, pinnate; while those of Angelica (with the
single exception of A- pinnata, which can hardly be considered a typical
Angelica) are ternate, at least in their primary divisions. In Angelica the
bractlets, if any, are small and very narrow; while in Selinum they are
frequently prominent and sometimes broad. Selimim usually has, also, a
less flattened carpel, and always strictly solitary oil- tubes.

43

1. S. capitellatum Hcnili. c*^ lloi.k. (icn. Plant, i. ui:..

Very stout, 1 to 5 feet Iiigli, siiKjoth except the toniciitose in-
florescence: leaves larg^c, with much dilated petioles, hipiunatc, the
few leaflets oblony; to linear-lanceolate, an inch oi' two loner,
coarsely laciniately toothed or lobed: umbel equally (') to lo-rayed,
with globose umbellets of sessile pubescent flowers having invol-
ucels of a few deciduous bractlcts; rays 1 or 2 inches long: fruit
sessile on a dilated receptacle, hirsute, cuneate-obovate, 3 lines
long; lateral wings broader than dorsal and intern"'ediatcs. (Fig.
19.) — Sph(vnosciadiuni capitcllatinii (iray, Proc. Am. Acad,
vi. r)3().

Along stream banks in the Siorra Nevada ot California, Nevada, and
S.E.Oregon. California (r/e>«»io?i), St. Jacinto Mts. (P«»-('.**/( flSfJi, Yose-
mite (C. S. Sargmf), Ebbett'sPass {Brewer), Upper Carson Valley {Hooker
tO Groi/), Butte county {Mn^. Bi(Ucel'), Donner Pass (Torrey), Donner
Lake (Sonne 122), Nevada county {Jones 25S2), Plumas county (.V/-.s.
AuHtin, Mrs. Ames, Clerelaml); Nevada, near Caison City {Dr. Anderson);
E- Oregon {Henderson). Eagle Mts. {Cusick 1.3!l2).

2. S. Kingii Watson, King's Rep. v. 12(). Smooth (except
the slightly pubescent inflorescence), 1 to 2 feet high: lower leaves
bipinnate, the upper nearly simply pinnate, with dilated petioles;
leaflets ovate or linear-lanceolate, 1 to 8 inches long, coarsely and
imequally serrate; umbel 5 to 10-rayed, with no involucels; pedi-
cels 2 to 8 lines long: fruit broadly ovate, hispid, 2 to 8 lines long;
lateral wings broader than the narrow dorsal and intermediate
ones.

An aquatic, first collected in the mountains of N. Nevada, G,00() feet

altitude {W<itson 4')6); since collected in S- Utah or N. Arizona (Palmer is:5):

California, Saw Mill Canon, Monitor Eange, O.ono feet altitude (Philh'ps cf-

Sargent, in 187)^); Washington Territory, Mt. Adams (Henderson, in ISS.S).

The species simulates Angelica Brewer i in general appearance.

8. S. Pacificum VV^atson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. J 40. Leaves
ternate then pinnate; the ovate acutish segments an inch long,
laciniately toothed and lobed: umbel (on stout peduncle) about 15-
rayed, with a conspicuous involucre of 2 or 8 lobed and toothed
leaflets an inch long and equalling the rays, and involucels ot
several narrowly linear entire or 3-toothed bractlets equalling the
flowers; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long: fruit oblong, smooth, 3 or 4
lines long, \% lines broad, with rather narrow thin wings: rarely
an additional small oil-tube in a lateral interval.

44

Tlu> only repoiltHl btation is Saucelito Hills, lu-ar San Francit.co, Cali-
fornia ^l\p1lof/fi ((• HiirfonI).

4. S. Dawsoni C. <S: R. 15i)t. Gazette, xiii. 144. A foot or
so high, ghibrous: leaves teniate then pinnate, the small ( ^ to i^
inch long) ovate acute segnients laciniatelv toothed to entire: um-
bel with involucels of linear-ohlong scarious bractlets longer than
the pedicels and abruptU' ending in a long attenuation; pedicels 1
to 2 lines long: fruit oblong, smooth, about 2 lines long, with
prominent wings, the lateral ones but little broader; rarely an ad-
ditional small oil-tube in a lateral interval: seed hardly at all dor-
sally sulcate. (Fig. 20.)

Pelly Eiver. at Pelly Banks, Yukon, Jat. (ilo, August H, Lssy [l)a,r.
son 23).

This interesting species is ()uite distinct from all other species of
.SV?m?<7H in its leaf and involueel cluu-actere. as well aG in the prominent
thin wings of the fruit.

'■). S. Grayi C. & R. Bot. Gazette, xiii. 144. Stout, some-
times very much so, 1 or 2 feet high, glabrous except the more or
less scabrous inflorescence, leaf-margins and veinlets (beneath):
leaves once or twice pinnate, with much dilated petioles; leaflets
oblong to ovate, about an inch long, acute, toothed (sometimes
laciniately toothed or lobed) : umbel with involucels of conspicu-
ous lanceolate-ovate long-acuminate bractlets; rays 1 to 2 inches
long; pedicels I to 2 lines long: fruit oblong, smooth, 2 to 2^4 lines
long, with prominent thin wings; the laterals decidedly broadest:
seed-face dorsally sulcate. (Fig. 21.) — Arc/ia?ige/ica Gfficlini oi
Fl. Colorado and Coulter's Rocky Mt. Manual.

High mountains of Colorado iParr>i 1,')4. Vaaen in 18()S, Canbn in 1871.
('otiltfr, W(>11\{- Rothnicl; in ]s7:i. J.rllmiuiii in 1.^84, Treleasr in 188(1,
etc.)

This plant has always been distributed as ArchongeUru (rmelini, hav-
ing been wrongly referred to that species. So far as we have seen, most of
the Archangclicd GmeJini reported from Colorado is this species. Its
general habit resembles that of an Angelica somewhat, but its fruit char-
acters are very different and are entirely those of Sfli}nnii.

H. S. Benthami Watson, Bibl. Index Polypet. 432. Gla-
brous throughout: leaves ternate then pinnate, the oblong to linear-
oblong acute segments 14 to 34^ inch long, laciniately toothed or
lobed to entire: umbels on stout peduncles, 10 to ir)-raycd, with an
involucre of a few linear setaceous bracts, and imolucels of sevei-al

45

cloii_i;atc(l liiK;ii" (.'ntirc l)r;ictk-ls c(Hialliii<4' the lloweis or 1()ii<^ct;
rays about one inch long; pedicels "i to :{ lines loni;-: fruit Dvatc,
2 lines long, often with a single proniineul cal\ \-tooth : oil-tubes
(in immature fruit) obscure: seed apparently !iot dorsalK sulcate.

— Conloscliiiiini F'isc/icri oi authors, in part.

Alaska loarly explorers, Hollirork); Unalaska and Shuiuagis {Hurriim-
/(>»i in 1S71-72); Behrins Islands {Sh'Jneacr in ias2); Queen Charlotte's
Islands, B. C , July 15, 1K78 iJhiWHon); also "Arctic shores and mountain
slopes, wet borders of .streams, Mitchell Creek, foot-hills of the Rocky
Mts.," July 11, 1H8S {Dait'snii): said to have been collected in Labrador by
^f<)n■islln (Macouu's cataloguto.

7. S. Hookeri Watson in herb. Stout, 2 to 8 feet high,
glabrous except the somewhat puberulent inflorescence: leaves
large, with much dilated petioles, bipinnatidd, the narrowly ovate
to linear-oblong acute segments an inch or less long, laciniatcly
toothed or lobed to entire: um])el 10 to 25-rayed, with involucre
of few deciduous linear-setaceous bracts, and involucels of nar-
rowly linear niorc or less elongated bractlets; rays about an inch
long; pedicels 2 to 8 lines long: fruit oblong, glabrous, 2 to 2^4
lines long, w itli prominent but scaiceK- winged dorsal and inter-
mediate ribs, and rather broadly winged thickish lateral ribs; no
strengthening ceils: seed but slightly dorsally sulcate. (Fig. 22.)

— Conioselinum FiscJicri of authors, in part.

Alaska {KeUogg in ISfJT); Puget Sound [Burhleij): Ocean Bluffs, Long
Beach, Ilwaco, Washington Territory. July and August, 1SS5 and 188(i
i Hendcrfion 2\VA))\ (>i-egon (P. V. LeRoy's distribution ' as ConioHclitium
/•"ixchpri).

Probably this is the form commonly distributed as Coniofoliinim
Fixchfrt. It bears a striking resemblance to ('. Cdiuulenxt .

S). COMOSELIXUM Fisch. in Iloffm. Umbel. 185.— Tall
glabrous perennial, with pinnately decompound leaves, few-leaved
involucre or none, involucels of elongated linear-setaceous bractlets,
and white flowers.

The foreign species of ('oiiidsrliiniin have been merged with Liuiiftticiiin
and our own species put into Scliiiiiin by Bentham it Hooker. Their
decision in referen(.o to our species was based upon immature fruit, while
study of a (|uantity of fine fruiting material has led us to restore it to generic
rank. 5 It differs so decidedly from our definition of LignHiirum that it
is only necessary to call attention to the characters which separate it tiom

46

Seliiiiiiii. with whicli gcmis it in verv (.-losoly allied. The chief differences
are the more decidedly dorsally flattened fruit, lets prominent (not winged)
dorsal and intermediate i-ibs, laterals broadly winged, and thick conical
stylopodium, numerous small oil tubes, and concave seed-face of Coniose-
lintim. Our species is related to Scliuidti through S. Hookrri, which
it vei-y closely resembles.

1. C. Canadense Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. Oil). One to five
feet high, ghxhrous except the somewhat puberulent inflorescence:
leaves often very large, with inflated petioles, 2 to 8-pinnate (or
the primar}' divisions apparently tevnate in the larger leaves), the
ovate acute segments an inch or more long, laciniatel}' lobed : um-
bel 10 to 20-rayed; rays about an inch long; pedicels 3 to 4 lines
long: fruit 2 to 2^4 lines long, (Fig. 23.) — Selinum Canadense
Michx. Fl. i. 1()5.

Swamps and cold cliffs, from the mouth of the St. Lawrence (Michuux)
to Vermont and Minnesota, and extending southward into Illinois, Indiana,
and Missouri; also along the highest mountains as far south as North
Carolina. FL August to October. The stations reported from the United
States are as follows: Y eimont (Tnlly. Pringle), Massachusetts (0«A-e.s),
New York (KneAskern, Hoysradt, Dudley), Pennsylvania (Porter), North
Carolina {Gray d- Carey), Indiana (Rose), Illinois (Vasey), Missouri
(Tracy, Broadhead), Iowa (Arthttr), Minnesota (Garrison), Wisconsin
(Lap ham), and Michigan (Wheeler d- Smith); also in the mountains of
Colorado, where it is confused with Ligusticum ncopvlorum. Apium
bipinp.atum Walter has also been very doubtfully referred to this species,
but Walter's plant is altogether uncertain, and his locality is a presumptive
evidence against such reference.

10. TIEDEMANNIA DC. Mem. Umbel 51.— Smooth
erect swamp herbs, with 'fascicled tubers, leaves simply pinnate or
ternate or reduced to petioles, involucre of few bracts or none, in-
volucels of numerous small bractlets or none, and white flowers.
— Incl. Archcmora DC.

Bentham »t Hooker have included both Tiedemannia ar\(S. Archemora
under Peueedonum. Their habit and habitat are totally different from our
species of Pencedannm, which are low dry ground western forms, with
much dissected leaves, and roots never fasciculate-tuberous. The fruit
characters are no less distirtguishable, that of T iedemanri ia heingles^
flattened than in Peucedanum, with a thick conical stylopodium, and
alwaj's appearing to have 5 filiform dorsal ribs (owing to the prominent
inner marginal nerves of the lateral wings). In Peucedanum when the
lateral wings are nerved it is always on the commissural sido as in Lepio-
tcenia. These characters, which servo so well to separate Tiedemuunia

47

and Archemora Irom T'riirrdiuunn, iilbo serve to mMigo these two genera
into one well-deflntHl genus.^

1. T. teretifolia DC. I.e. Stem :t to (') feci high, iistuhms:
leaves re(hicecl to cylindrical hollow pointed petioles (jointed by
transverse partitions): umbel () to 12-rayed, with involucre and in-
volucels of few or many subulate bracts: rays J^ to Ij^ inches long;
pedicels '3 to 8 lines long: fruit somewhat oliovate, 'i to 2]/^ lines
long: oil-tubes large, filling the inler\als, )l to \ on the commis-
sural side. (Fig. 24.) — Pcuccdaimni tcrctijoli/au IJenth. & Hook.

Ponds and swamps, from Delaware (Vunh}i, ('oiitiin)iiH) to Florida, and
westward to Louisiana. FI August and September.

2. T. ternata C & R. Bot. Gazette, xii. 74. Stem slender,
2 to 8 feet high : leaves few, with very long petioles, ternately
divided into more or less elongated linear or filiform segments, or
sometimes reduced to a fiat-tippetl j:)etiolc: mnlicl (> to D-rayed,
wit:"! involucre of tew small bracts, and in\olucels of several
setaceous bractlets; rays ] to ] '., inches long: pedicels H to ~) lines
long: fruit ovate to obovate, 2 lines long: oil-tubes smaller, 4 on
the commissural side. (Fig- 25.) — Arclicniora ternata Xutt.,
Nettrophylhim loiigifoUitin Torr. & Gra}-.

Pine barren swamps. North Carolina to Florida. Fl. November.
8. T. rigida C. & K. I.e. Stem 2 to 5 feet high: leaves
pinnate, 3 to U-ibliolate; leaflets from ovate or lanceolate-oblong to
linear-lanceolate, entire or remotel\- toothed: uml)el 15 to 25-
rayed, with involucre of few small bracts, and involucels of severr.l
setaceous bractlets; rays 1 14 to 4 inches long; pedicels 8 to ',) lines
long: fruit oblong, 2 1^ to 8i^ lines long: oil-tubes 4 to (*> on the
commissural side. (Fig. 2(5.) — ArclicDiora rigida DC

Swamps, New York to Minnesota, and south to the Gulf.

Very variable in foliage and size of fruit, so mueh so that DeCaiidoUe
made four species of it. An extreme form is

N'ar. ambigua, with elongated linear entile leaves, fewer
rays, and fruit but 2 lines long. —^4rr-//<7y^>/-(C riiiida^ var. anibii^iia
Torr. & Gray.

Apparently more restricted than the type. New Jeisey (Uray. Cunby,
Mariindale), South Carolina {Ravenel). Tennessee (Gattinger).

A good deal of material labeled as this variety really belongs to the

6 Hotaniciil G.nzetU-, xii. 7.i.

48

type. Intermediate forms are numerous, as for instance certain Delaware
forms, sent by Mr. Cauby, with leaves of the type (the narrow forms i
and the small fruit of the variety.

i. T. Fendleri. Stem slender, simple, 1 to 2 feet high,
from ;i large fascicle of tuliers (an inch long): leaves pinnate, 5 to
U-foliolate; leaflets ovate or oblong (or lanceolate in upper leaves),
obtuse,] to 2 inches long, incisely serrate: umbel unequally 5 to
12-rayecl, with neither involucre nor involucels; rays y^ to 1 J^
inches long; pedicels 2 to 8 lines long: fruit ovate, scarcely 2 lines
long, with rather more j-jromincnt dorsal and intermediate ribs,
and narrower lateral wings, than in the other species: oil-tubes 2
to 4 on the commissural side. (Fig. 27.) — Archemora Fciidlcri
Gray, PI. Fendl. o6.

Subalpine swamps and stream banks. Colorado {Hall d- Harbour 220.
Parry 15.'), Vasey 228, Canby, Brandegec, Coulter, Jones 38(), Frcncli,
Trelease, etc.) and New Mexico (Fendler 272). Fl. July.

11. IIERACLEUM Linn. Gen. n. 845.— Tall stout peren-
nials, with large terr.ately compound leaves, deciduous involucres,
involucels of numerous bractlets, large man\-rayed umbel of white
flowers, and obcordate petals (the outer ones often dilated and
2-cleft).

The fjenus is very ch)sely allied to Fd.stinacd, differing chielly in the
remarkable petals and thick conical stylopodium.

I. H. lanatum Miclix. Fl. i. 16(). A^ery stout, 4 to 8 feet
high, pubescent or woolly above: petioles much dilated; leaflets
petiolulate, round-cordate, 4 to 10 inches broad, irregularly cut-
toothed: rays 2 to 6 inches long: fruit 4 to () lines long, somewhat
pubescent. (Fig. 28.)

Wet ground, throughout Canada and as far south as North Carolina and
Kentucky, extending westward to New Mexico and the Pacific coast.
Fl. June.

The var. re»niinit Torr A Gray, Fl. i. ()32, is untenable. If it deserved
varietal rank it would have to be made the type, as it was the woolly form
that was described by Michaux as H. hnialinn.

II. Sl'().^•^^•I.l^.^I L. bus been found on ballast near N. \ .
City by Mr. Addison Hrown.

12. PASTINACA Linn. Gen. n. 862.— Tall stout biennial,
with pinnntely compound leaves, mostly no involucre, and yellow
flowers.

40

Bciitlmni .1- ll<).)l<(<r iii(lu<l<' fiiMlinnm iin.lrr I'rnrrihnnin, iiltliougli (l,o
I'liiit cluimctcrs are fiuiLo distinct and almost identical witli tliohso of //rr-
(iclritin. In comparison with I'cncitliinitin, the fruit of I'uHtiniivn is miicli
more dorsaily flattened, the lateral wings are nerved towards the outer
margin, and a remarkable lay(!r ol strengthening cells invests the seed-
cavity (instead of occurring in small isolated groups beneath eacli rib); all
of which characters it shares with Hmu-leum. The length of the oil-
tubes, a character stimetimes used, is (juite variable. \\\ I'linliiiucit Yh'iw^
sometimes as long as the fruil and sometimes shorter.

P. SA ii\ A L., the common piiisnip, is iiiliochiccil almcjst
cvciAwiicre. The leallcts arc ()\ ate to ohloiii;-, and ciit-toolhcd.
(Fig. 21).) Fl. July to September.

1:5. POLYT.FMA DC. Mem. Uml)cl. :^^. -Feremiial
mostly i^lalirous herbs, with twice pinnate lca\es, no iinohicre, in-
vohiccls of narrow bractlcts, and brii^lit vellow Howcrs.

1. P. Nuttallii DC. I.e. Two to tliree feet hi-h, mostly
glabrous except the pubescent peilicels anil in\'olucels: leaf-seg-
ments cuneate and incised; upper leaves opposite and 8-cleft:
umbel 6 to 12-rayed; rays about an inch long; pedicels 1 or 2 lines
long: fruit 8 to 5 lines long, (Fig, 80.)

Barrens, Wisconsin (Lapliam), S. Michigan i Wrinlil, Crdi/), and Indi-
ana (C/rt7)y»), to Kentucky (Short), Tennessee (O'ltltinncr), N.Alabama
yBticklei)), and Louisiana, westward to the Rocky Mountains.

U. COLOPTFRA.— Dwarf sandy ground plants, with
small leaves (lobed, simply pinnate, or bipinnate), no involucre,
involucels of foliaceous more or less unite<l bractlets, and mostly
yellow flowers.

The whole habit of this geiuis is very peculiar. The thick corky laLeiai
wings of the fruit arc those of Leptolivniu, while the freciuent winging of
dorsal and intermediate ribs approaches ('umoplerux. It seems therefore
somewhat to combine the characters of these two genera in its fruit, while
in habit it more nearly approaches some species of ('nuKiplerus. Such
combination of characters is to be found in no genus, and therefore we pro-
j)Ose a new genus to contain the three tollowiug species:

1. C. Newberryi. Acaulescent, 2 to 0 inches high: leaves
ovate l(» oblong in outline, 1 to 2 inches long, shorter than the
petioles, pinnately 8 to 5-foliolatc or simjjly lobed; terminal leaflet
8-lobcd, the lower mostly 2-lobed, all the lobes sparingly incised :
umbel une(|ually i to 10-ra\ed, with conspicuous involucels of \ei\-

50

unequal oblong foliaceous bractlets: fruit sessile or nearly so, 3
lines long, with very thick lateral wings and filiform dorsal and
intermediate ribs: oil-tubes very small, 4 to 8 in the intervals, 8 to
10 on the commissural side: seed-face somewhat concave. (Fig.
;n.) — Pcuccdani(m Newbcrryi Watson, Am. Naturalist, vii. 801.
Ferula Acwberryi Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 145.
S- Utah (Parry), N. Arizona, and New Mexico. Fl. April.

2. C. Jonesii. Closely resembling the preceding in habit
and foliage: involucels of short equal ovate bractlets more or less
united into a cup: fruit with corky and undulate dorsal and inter-
mediate wings (usually a dorsal wing on one carpel and two inter-
mediate wings on the other). (Fig. 82.)

Milford, Utah, June 18, 1880, ai 5,000 feet altitude (Jones 17!i2). Distri-
buted as Leptota'nia (Peucedanum) Newberrt/i-

The dorsal and intermediate fruit wings of this species are very
peculiar, but it simulates C- Xeivberrni so completely in other regards that
there can be no question of relationship.

8. C. Parryi. Resembling the two other species in habit :
leaves small, ovate in outline, bipinr.ate, v/ith very small oblong
segments: involucels of more or less united bractlets : fruit Vvith
wings as in the last, but the dorsal and intermediates much more
prominent, giving the fruit a Crwo//e/v/.s-like appearance: oil-tubes
very small, 5 to 8 in the inter\als, 10 to 14 on the commissural
side. ( Fig. 33.)

Little Sandy, N. W. Wyoming (Pdrrij in 187:!), collected in Capt. Jones'
Wyoming expedition.

This species resembles Ciimopterus Fendleri somewhat, but the char-
acter of its wings and its habit place it with the two species above. It is
the species of Colopfeyra which looks most towards Cymopteruti; while the
same may be said of C Newherryi in relation to LeptotcEnia- C. Jonesii
occupies a strictly intermediate position between the other two species.

15. LEPTOT.ENIA Nutt. Torr. k Gray, Fl. i. (529. Tall
and stout (except in the anomalous A. a)ioniala) glabrous nearly
acaulescent perennials, with thick often very large fusiform roots,
usually large (except in L. anomala) pinnately decompound
leaves, involucre of few bracts or none, involucels of numerous
small bractlets, and yellow or purple flowers.

This genus was referred to Ferula by Gray, Pioc. Am. Acad. vii. 348,
but kept distinct by Bentham & Hooker, Gen. Plant, i. 922. Ferula, Peu-
cedanum, PuHlinaca, Tiedemannia, Archetnora, Polyiatnia, and Lepto-

51

/fi'/i('« I'onii <|uik' H cuiil'iising grouj) in wliich to diaw eonsiisLciit giMU!ri<?
lines, and as a conseciucncu have been varioiiHly Ueatotl. In our rentoia-
tion of Leplolaniia It is only necessary to point out the characters
which separate it from Feruln, to which it has been rcferretl, and from
PrucnhiiiiDii and I'oli/tniiid, with which it is most likely to l»e coii-
tounded^by American students, h'lrulfi lias mostly a membranous-winged
fiuit, no ridge on the commissural face, and a very prominent disk, all of
which characters, as well as its general habit, are strikingly contradicted
bv Lt'plot(r)iia. The thick corky wings of this latter genus and their con-
nection with the thln-walled pericarp (still more striking in oross-sectiom
serve to separate it well from any allied genus t'xcept C'olopferti. Peii-
crdaiivm also differs in its membranous lateral wings, which are strongly
jierved on the ventral face at the inner margin, in the absence of a longi-
tudinal ridge on the lomraissural face, and in the often solitary oil-tubes.
In the case of those species of P run- dun inn which have more than one oil-
duct in the intervals, the decidedly membranous wings are in sharp con-
trast with those of Leplolnnia, and simply indi<-ate species of Pcurethuunn
looking towards Ferula. In fact, we have failel to discover any good
reason why Ferula should not be incorporated with Peuredanum. In Poly-
l<rnia the corky lateral wings are found, but the same corky thickening is
continued over the whole back of the carpel, through which small oil-tubes
are scattered, in addition to the almost continuous row about th«' seed-
(•avity.

* Oil-tiibes obsolete or very obscure ( hut often scattered
vesicles simulating oil-tubes),

1. L. dissecta Xutt. Ton. A: Gray, Fl. i. ()8(). One to
tlirec feet iiigh, leafy at base: leaves liroad, a foot or so long-, tern-
ate and thrice pinnate; segments ovate or oblong, y^ to 1 inch long,
pinnatifidly laciniate-lobcd and toothed, puberulent on the veins
(beneath) and margins: umbel S to 20-raycd, with an involucre of
few linear bracts, and involucels of several linear bractlets; rays 2
to 5 inches long: flowers yellow or purplish: fruit sessile (but
sterile flowers pedicelled ) or nearlv so, 5 to 9 lines long, about 8
lines broad: strengthening cells in the distinct filiform dorsal and
intermediate ribs, as well as in the laterals: seed-face plane.

'(Fig. 'M.)— Ferula dissecta (nay. Pn.c. Am. Acad. vii. 848.
F. dissoluta Watson, Hot. Calif, i. TA.

From S. California to British Columbia yManmn). Fl. .\pril t<> .Tuly.

2. L. multifida Xutt. I.e. Like the precciling, but with
more finely divided leaves, innbels mostly without involucre,
pedicels of the fruit 3 to 12 lines long, fruit 4 to ti lines long, no
strengtheniii'' cells in the almost obsolete dorsal and intermediate

52

ribs, and sccil-facc concave (the carpel section being crescentic).
(Fig. 8-"),) — Ferula luuUifda Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 848.

From S. California to British Columbia. {Mucotin, Z)««vso;(,i, eastward to
Utah, Wyoming (FonrooiJ), Idaho and W. Montana. Fl. May and June.

* * hritit wit/i oil-tiibcs and pedicels {j.to 12 /ii/cs /o?/o).

8. L. Eatoni. Like tl.e last, but with less dissected leaves,
few-rayetl umbels, pedicels of fruit -4 to (5 lines long, fruit 8 or 9
lines long, 4 or 5 lines broad, flatter and thinner than in any other
species, oil-tubes 4 to (> in the intervals, 4 on the commissural side,
a prominent corky nerve on the commissural face of the lateral
wing near the inner margin, and seeil-face plane. (Fig. 86.)

Utah (D. (J. Euion U7, in 1SG9). Fl. June.

This species was collected and distributed as L- midtifuln, but the
decidedly different fruit charaeterii seem to justify its separation.

4. L. WatSOni. Foot high or less, rather stout, somewhat
branching: leaves few and small, at or near the base, ternatc-pin-
nately decompound, the ultimate segments very small, ovate and
cuspidate: umbel with 5 to 10 variously elongated divaricate rays,
no involucre, and involucels of few setaceous bractlets; rays 2 to
4 inches long; fruiting pedicels (2 to 8 or 10 in number) about
half inch long and divaricate: fruit (immature) 6 lines long: oil-
tubes 8 in the intervals: seed-face concave.

Collected in Canbys X. Transcontinental Survey, in the Wenatchle
region, Washington Territory, altitude 4,000 feet, July, l<ss:{ (Brandegep
SOI, TvPi'thi 84S).

">. L. purpurea. About a foot high: leaves completely
glabrous, \ cr)- much dissected, the ultimate segments linear or
filiform : umbel 8 to 20-rayed, with no involucre, and involucels of
several linear acuminate bractlets; rays 8 or 4 inches long; flowers
purple: fruit *.) to 12 lines long, as long as the pedicels, 5 to (3 lines
broad, witli a much more prominent corky margin and commis-
sural ridge than in any other species: oil-tubes prominent, 8 in the
intervals of the distinct dorsal and intermediate ribs, 4 on the com-
missural side. (Fig. 87.) — Ferula purpurea Watson, Proc. Am.
Acad. xxi. 458.

On rocky hillsidcb near the Columbia Eiver in Oregon and Washington
Territory.

53

<*). L. Californica Null. Ton-. cK: Cjiay, Fl. i. (W^o. About
2 feet high, with 1 or 2 stem leaves: leaves teniatc aiul pinnate or
twice ternate; leaflets cune;.te-ol)ovate, 1 to 'i inches loiiji^, usually
8-lobe(l, coarseh' toothed ahcne: umbel IT) to 2()-rayc(l, with in-
volucre of 1 or 2 p.arrow bracts or none, and no involucels; rays 2
to 4 inches lon<2^; pedicels 2 to 4 lines lon^^: fruit •"') to 7 lines long,
;} to 4 lines broad, with a thinner margin than in any other species;
dorsal ami intermediate rit)s indistinct: oil-tubes 8 or 4 in the in-
tervals, (') on the commissural side. (t^ig. 38.) — Ferula Cali-
fornica (jra\-, Proc. \\w. .Vcad. \ii. 84S.

From Kern county, California {Parish l!)-ll), tiu-ougli the state to
Oregon (Howell, Hendcmon). Fi. May.

7. L. anomala. .Vcaulescent, glabrous, with slender scape
((> to 12 inches high) bearing an unequally 8 to ()-rayed umbel :
leaves slender petioled, pinnate with few distant very narrowly
linear divisions: umbel with no involucre, and in.volucels of promi-
nent scarious-margined veiny bractlets more or less united ; rays
1 to 3 inches long; pedicels hardly a line long: fruit small, oblong,
in nearly sessile clusters of 2 to 8, 4 lines long, about 2 lines broad,
the lateral ribs considerably thicker than the body, the dorsal and
intermediates very slender filiform to obsolete, occasionally with
minute calvx-tecth: oil-tubes none: tiie commissural ridge small or
idmost w^anting. (Fig. 8*J.)

Carljondale, California, May, issii (J/. K. Citrnni).

This curious species is really anomalous, combining in a certain way
the ehaiaeters of several genera. Its fruit characters are prominently
those of Lpptolivniu, its whole general habit approaches certain species of
Pcuveihiiutin, and its oc. asional calyx-teeth look towards Poli/ldiiid.

K). PEUCEDAXL'M Linn. (ien. n. 889. Short caules-
cent or acaulesccnt dry ground perennials, with fusiform or tuber-
ous roots, ternate or pinnate to dissected leaves, no involucre, in-
volucels mostly present, and yellow (sometimes white) llowers.

Our largest and by far the most didiculL genus, with ill-defined boun-
daries in some directiouB. Our North American species, all western, form
a group different in some rcspeets from foreign representatives of the
genus, but not distinct enough to justify separation, without a critical
study of the immense display of foreign forms.

54

Artificial Key to Species.

I. Plants with n-/obosc tubers.

* Plorcos yelhzv : oil-tubes solitary.

Fruit puberulent Coun, ()

Fruit glabrous.

luvolucels wanting (titibif;uiim, 7

Involucels conspicuous cii-nniKJatum, S

* * Floxvers white.

Oil-tubes numerous.

Fruit rough-puberulent ^Votfionu .'5

Fruit glabrous f,n-in(n^H)ii, 5

Oil-tubes solitary.

Fruit wings as broad as body or broader t'linjearpum, 12

Fruit wings half as broad as body Canhiji, 2

Fruit wings narrower, thiokish and involute Ht'iuletnoni, 1

Root moniliform Geyeri, 4

II. Plants without globose tubers.

* Floxvers purplish AuNtimr, 2")

* * F-'loxvers -white.

Oil -tubes numerous.

Fruit tomentose tomi'tifoMttDi, II

Fruit with abundant close pubescence, and prominent

dorsal ribs MolniveiiNc, 1.")

Fruit sparsely pubescent, and with rather obscure dor-
sal ribs XcvadeiiKC, Ki

Fruit glabrous.

Plant glabrous C'iinirkii. :>2

Plant closely pubescent Pdi-ishii, IJl

Oil-tubes soUtary.

Fruit pubescent dusi/cfd-pHni, i:>

Fruit glabrous.
Fruit large (.) to 12 lines long): pubescent plants-
Fruit wings as broad as body oi broader eiirycarpum, 12

Fruit wings narrow iiKtcrorarpum, 1 1

Fruit small (2 to .') lines long).

Fruit ro'\nd: plant pubescent nvdicatite, 17

Fruit oblong: plant glabrous ('it»ickii, :>2

Oil-tubes obsolete hh-olor, 30

I^lo-wers yellow.

Oil-tubes obsolete hicolor, 30

Oil-tubes solitary.

55

Fiuil wings narrow (less tliun half as broad as body).
Plant puberulent: Isallets linear, elongated (2 to I

inches) Irilrnuihuii. :;i

riant glabrous: leaflets linear, short C, to !) lines) laviuutum, :}.')

riant glabrous: leaflets thickish, lanceolate to ovate hidcarpum, Wt

Fruit-wings from half to as broad as body.

Fruit small (2 to -1 lines): involucels much dilated utriruhitiim. 2S

Fruit larger (4 to 8 lines): involucels liiiear-subulato (,'r<n/i, 10

Fruit very large (9 to 14 lines) Siihsdorfii, lo

Fruit-wings much broader than body.

Leaves ternate, with linear or narrow leaflets simphw, 'M

Leaves with broad laciniatoly-toothed leaflets.

Leaflets broadly cordate, somewhat lobed Kiiri/iitiid, 41

Leaflets ovate, obtuse, with divaricate cuspidate

teeth ixirvifoliuin. llj

Leaves pinnately de( ompound.

Plant glabrous M(irlui<l<ihi. 2(1

Plant pubescent Vnnifii, 27

()il-tubes numeious.

Fruit eiuargiiiate, with wings broader than body HoinlUi, 42

Fruit-wings half as broad as body.
Plant villous to sparsely tomentose.

Fruit pubescent rillomiin, 20

Fruit glabrous firtiiriilKccum, It

Plant glabrous.

Involucels conspicuous citruifoiiHin, 2!)

Involucels of few setaceous bractlets.

Leaves ternate: pedicels a line long Bramlct/ei, ^^\i

Leaves pinnate: pedicels 3 or 4 lines long HnUii, 24

Fiuit- wings less than half as broad as body.
Plant puberulent or pubescent.

Fruit glabrous iiirjiocurpum, 2:j

Fruit puberulent.
Petioles dilated with conspicuous white scarious

margins SdiidUcryii. 22

Petioles not searious-margined.

Plant (I lo 8 inches high: fruit :',\ to \\ lines long I'arnji, l,s

High alpine, 1 to 2 inches higli: fruit 2 lines

long Ortudiniiii, l!i

Plant glabrous.

Leaflets elongated-linear Khii/ii, Mi

Leaflets ovate to orbicular Xiitttillii, :!8

Leaves pinnately decompound, with small bogments. . .DonntlUi, 21

56
Systematic Synopsis.

5; 1. Mostly low, from globose tubers (single or monililorni): leaves
small, more or less dissected, with short segments (unless in P. amhigaum):
fruit- wings narrow (not more than half as broad as body): oil-tubes mostly
solitary in the intervals or with accessory ones in some species.

* A/xcays acaiilcscott and ntostlv glabrous : /fo-ccrs white.

1. P. Hendersoni C. & R. ]>ot. Gazette, \iii. 210. From a
shallow constricted tuber 6 to VI lines in diameter: leaves tcrnate
then bipinnate, ultimate segments short and obtuse: umbel ec[ually
2 to r)-rayed, with involucels of linear acuminate scarious bractlets;
rays about half inch long; pedicels I14 to 2 lines long: fruit ovate,
glabrous, 2]4 liney long, 2 lines broad, with thickish narrow wings
(not half as broad as body) more or less involute, filiform or nearly
obsolete dorsal and intermediate ribs, and a rather prominent ridge
on the commissural face: oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the
commissural side: seed-face plane. (Fig. 40.)

On high hill-tops, Oregon. John Day Valley, May, 18S2 (Howell B in
part), and Lost Valley, Jinie, 1882 (HoiceU 410).

Dedicated to L. F. Henderson, one of our best Oregon collectors. The
fruit of this species, in its thickish involute wings and rather prominent
commissural ridge, very nearly approaches that ot Ororienia fu>ilf(>nni)i
Watson.

2. P. Canbyi C. & R. Bot. Gazette, xiii. 78. Three to
eight inches high, v.ith a short underground stem from a thick
more or less elongated rootstock which ends in a globose tuber ()
to 12 lines in diameter: leaves ternate-pinnatifid or bipinnate,
idtimate segments small, with 8 to 5 linear-oblong lobes: umbel
ec|ually 5 to 10-rayed, with involucels of narrowly linear scarious-
margined bractlets; rays 1 to 2 inches long; pedicels 4 to t) lines
long: fruit ovate-oblong, glabrous, 4 lines long, 2% lines broad,
with wings about half as broad as body, and filiform dorsal and
intermediate ribs: oil-tubes solitary in the intervals (lateral inter-
vals often with 1 or 2 accessory l>ut shorter ones), 2 or 4 on the
commissural side.

High ridges, E. Oregon {Huivell, April, 18S0. and May, 1882, no. (i7;
Ctinick 1010, in 1882 and 188-1) and Washington Territory, Klickitat county
{Howell), and Spokane River.

This species has been referred to P. Xevadense, but always with a
doubt. In Howeirs distribution it is labeled P. daHycarpum. It has been
collected too often in its early condition, before either fruit or leaves had
matured, and in this state has been very pu/.zling. Mature fruit of Cusick's

57

collec^ting, in Canby's hoihaiium, lia.s ciiablcd us to rliarjK tcri/.c it fi.-^ <juite
a dislinct species. This is •'Cluicklusa" of llie Spoi^aiK Indiaiis, noxt to
Camnss tlioir luo&t valuable food plant.

8. P. Watsoni C. .\: R. Uot. (iiizeltc, xiii. 20*.). Two or
three inches high, glabrous or pubcrulent, with a short subter-
ranean stem from a deep-seated globose or oblong tuber (with
clusters of rootlets over its surface) with or without a thick elon-
gated root below: leaves bipinnate, the ultimate segments short and
linear-oblong: umbel uncciually 1 to -"i-rayed, with involucels
of more or less united often tootheJ bractlcts; rays from almost
wanting to an inch long: fruit sessile or nearly so, ovate, rough-
puberulent, 3 lines long, 1^/^ lines broad, with very narrow wings,
and filiform or almost obsolete dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-
tubes (sometimes wanting) very obscure, 3 to iS in the intervals,
1 in each rib, and () on the commissural side: seed-face plane.
(Fig. 41.)

High hills and mountains ot Washington Territory, Cimcoe Mts.
{Howell, in ISSl), Klickitat county (Howell, 411, 412, 4i:i), Cascade Mts.
(Brandeoee, in 1882, no. 820 of Canby's N. Transcontinental survey), near
Columbus (SukH(lurf)\ Oregon, near the Dalles (Howell C. in 1882), and
Alkali (Howell 830, in 1882). Fl. May and June.

This species is readily recognized by its 1 to :! clusters of sessile ovate
pubei'ulent fruits, and Erigenia-like flowers.

4, P. Geyeri Watson, Proc. Am. Acad, xiv, 2^-5. Root
monilitbrm, with 2 or 8 small rounded tubers: leaves ternate-quin-
ate; leaflets linear, 4 to 9 lines long; umbel small, unequally rayed,
with involucels of several linear aciuninate bractlets: mature fruit
unknown.

Collet ted by (/(//re (4:)S); also on the Clear Water, Idaho (/^c. J/ c.
SiKtldhif/); and probably near Fort Colville. Washington Territory (/>//'(//.
in ISGI).

A good (leal of /'. foriiiosKin has been distributed as }'. (Uitiri.

"». P. farinosum Gcyer, Hook. Lond. JDUiii. Hot. \ i. 285.
Dwarf, from a deep-seated solitary rounded lui>er with freijuent
clusters of fine rootlets over its surface: leaves 2 to 8-ternate, with
segments more or less lobed, ultimate divisions all linear: umbel 1
to 8-rayed, with involucels of few small line:n- bractlets; lays 1 to 2
inches long: fruit almost sessile, oblong-elliptical, glabrous, 8 to 4
lines long, 2 lines broad, with wings haU" as broad asb()d\:oil-

58

tubes small, 2 to 4 in the intervals, 4 to 6 on the commissural siJe:
seed-face plane, (Fig. 42.)

From N. California to Washington Territory and Idaho. Fl. March and
April.

This species is very much confused in collections, for in the absence
of good fruit it is hard to separate P. (ieijeri and P. farinomim from Oro-
(jenia. All are low spring-bloomers, mostly from deep-seated round
tubers, white flowers, and a general Erigenia-like appearance. Collectors
should not attempt to distinguish them without mature fruit or their dis-
tributions will lead to great confusion. This is "Tuhuha" of the Spokane
Indians.

* * Caulescent or acaidescent : Jioivcrs yellow: oil-tubes
solitary.

6. P. COUS Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 458. Acaules-
cent, glabrous or slightly puberulent, with roughish scapes 2 to 6
inches high, from a nearly globose tuber (6 to 12 lines in diameter):
leaves pinnate; leaflets 8 to 7-parted or cleft or even entire; ulti-
m.'ite segments linear-oblong: umbels unequally 8 to 10-rayed,
with involucels of short oblong-ovate scariously margined bractlets;
rays from nearly wanting to 2 inches long; pedicels short: fruit
oblong, more or less puberulent, 2^^ to 4 lines long, Ij^ to 2 lines
broad, with wings about half as broad as body, and prominent
dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-lubes large, filling the intervals,
4 to 6 on the commissural side: seed-face with central longitudinal
ridge. (Fig. 48.)

Stony hillsides, E. Oregon, John Day's Valley, May 26, 1X80 {HoweU
270), and Antelope, in iS85 {Howell 418). Cn»ick 358, referred by Watson
to P. Couti, is P. circumdatuin.

This species is called "Cous" by the Indians, and the starchy tubers
are used by them for food.

7. P. ambiguum Nutt. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. iVl^. Glabrous,
from low acaulescent to a foot high and caulescent, w^th tuberous
usually moniliform roots: petioles much dilated at base; leaves 1
to 2-pinnate, with more or less elongated linear leaflets, the upper
often more dissected: umbel unec|ually 8 to 18-rayed, with mostly
no involucels; rays 1 \.o '6% inches long; pedicels 2 to 8 lines long:
fruit narrowly oblong, glabrous, 8 to 4 lines long, a line broad,
very narrowly winged: oil-tubes 2 (broad and thin) on the com-
missural side. (Fig. 44.)

From Oregon iCusiel; 1090, Henderfton .5.')), Washington Territory (Siikf<-

)i)

Jn/-/:!lii). l.lalio iWilro.,), V.'lh.w.stoiio Falls i /'<//•;// llDi. Hrid Muiitaiia
( Watiiou, Cnnbji l.M). northward into British Cohinibia. Fl. Muv to July.

This species is oxtreinely variable in foliage, and hence hard to define
clearly in this regard. (Collectors seem to have conlused it with /*. Infer-
nahim, but its tuberous roots and glabrous character, as well as its much
narrower fruit-wings, should serve as distinguishing characters.
P. UrrifiKliDit has also been mistaken for P. umliigti inn, but its broader
fruit-wings and. much reduced leaflets should easily separate tiiem.

Viw. leptocarpum. Fruit sessile or nearly so, making a
close somewhat divaricate cluster: rays few and \ery unequal.—
P. tritcrtiatitm^ var, leptocarpum Torr. & Gray, Fl. i, ()2f).

Oregon {Xiittull, (lei/er i>'u. Howell U', CuHick l^-'iH).

8. P. circumdatum Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 474.
Stems solitary from a deep-seated constricted tuber, glabrous or
puberulent, foot or less high: leaves ternate-quinate, the segments
once or twice pinnatisect, lobes linear, 1 to M or 4 lines long: umbel
unequally 6 to 12-rayed, with involucels of conspicuous broadly
oblanceolate (often united ) bracllets, becoming scarious; rays J^ to
8^ inches long; pedicels very short: fruit oblong-elliptical, gla-
brous, 3 or 4 lines long, 1 J^ lines broad, with narrow wings, and
very prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes 4 on the
commissural side: seed-face concave, with a prominent central
ridge. (Fig. 45.)

Abundant on hillsides in Ordgon, the Dalles iXeviun), John Day Val-
ley (Hoirf//), Wallowa region (Cuftick), Blue Mountains (HenderHon); Mon-
tana, near Bozeman (.SVnfeHer 66a). Little Belt Mts. («Scr/6ner 66), Belt
River Canon ( Wi}ltam>i 149). Bozeraan Pass and Little Blacltfoot Kiver
iCanhi/ 152); Yellowstone Park (Tirerdji 854); N. \V. Wyoming {Parry 120,i;
Dakota (3//.'<.s Elaine JiKfler), Jjitile Missouri iCniihi/ 152 a). Fl. May to
August.

J^ 2. Stout, glabrous only in P. Graiji. from largo roots (in P. macro-
carpum and F. eurycarpum ending in an oblong sometimes large tuber):
leaves mostly large and very finely dissected, ihe ultimate segments fili-
form or narrowly linear: fruit wings broader (from half as broad as body to
somewhat broader than body): oil-tubes 1 to 3 in the intervals (solitary in
two species).

* Floxccrs ycHoi.L' : fruit glabrous : acaulcscoit plants.

y. p. foeniculaceum Nutt. Torr. «& Gray, Fl. i. 627. Tomen-
tose or glabrous, v> ith peduncles 8 to 12 inches long: leaves finely
dissected, ternate-piiinate, with short filiform segments: umbel
rather equally 8 to 12-rayed, with gamophyllous involucels, 5 to
7-cleft and with conspicuouslv haiiv margins; rays 1 to 2j,2 inches

no

long; pciliccls ;} to T) lines loiio-; fruit hroaclh' oliloiio-^ ^yi to 8 lines
long, 'i lines broad, with wings half as broad as body, and pron-"!-
ncnt dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes 1 to H in the intervals,
2 to 4 on the commissural side.

From the Saskatchewan to Nebraska, Mibsoiui i Traci/u Kansas {Oijs-
ler), Indian Territory and Texas {Rererchoii). Fl. March and April.

The forms distributed under this name from New Mexico and Arizona
are mostly P. riUoKinn.

10. P. Grayi C. A: R. Hot. Ga/ette. xiii. 20V). Glabrous,
with peduncles 12 to 18 inches long: leaves ternate-pinnately de-
compound, the ultimate segments linear, elongated or short, cus-
pidate, very numerous: umbel rather equally () to KVrayed, with
involuccls of distinct linear-subulate bractlcts; rays 1 to 8 inches
long; pedicels 5 to H lines long: fruit oblong, 4 to 8 lines long,
2^ to 4j/^ lines broad, with wings usually more tiian half as
broad as body, and filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes
usually solitary in the intervals (sometimes 2 in the lateral intei'-
vals), 2 or 4 on the commissural side. (Fig. 46.) — P. 'fniUcfoliuni
Watson, King's Rep. v. 129, a name which must give way to the
older P. millefolium of Sonder from S. Africa.

Common on dry rocks, from N. Utah to Washington Territory. Fl.
March to May.

It has been questioned whether certain forms with short leaf-segments
are not entitled to rank at least as varieties, but we find the short and
elongated leaf-segments often upon the same plant. When the segments
become very much elongated and crowded the leaves strikingly resemble
those of Leplotirnia purpurea.

* * Ploxvcrs ivJiitc.

11. P. macrocarpum Nutt. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 627.
Somewhat caulescent or nearly acaulescent, foot or less high, more
or less iDubescent, from a long caudex terminating below in a fusi-
form tuber: leaves bipinnate, segments pinnately incised, ultimate di-
visions ovate or shortly linear: umbel somewhat equally 6 to 8-rayed,
with involucels of conspicuous somewhat foliaceous lanceolate or
linear biactlets, often united and unilateral; rays 1 to 8 inches long;
pedicels 2 to 5 lines long; flowers mostly white (rarely yellow):
calyx-teeth evident: fruit narrowly oblong, glabrous, 4 to 12 lines
long, 2 to 8 lines broad, with wings about half as wide as body,
and filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes solitary in the
intervals (often obscure, rarely 2 or 8), 2 or 4 on the commissural

(31

side: sccil-facc witli ;i slij^ht cciitr.il lon^itiKlinal ridj^f. (I'i*^. tT.)
N. Califoi.Miii uiid N. Novada to X. W. Tcnituiy ( .l/((<f>//(/ 1 and Sas-

kati'hevvun. Fl. May and Juno.

W(> (ind lliat a ^'ood d.-iil of this spct-ics has Im-cii disti ilnit.cd in Iht-

haiia as /'. hiclnr.

I -. P. eurycarpum. Canlcsccut, l)i;mcliin<;-, a foot or two
hii^li, more or less piihcscL-iil, frcciiicr.tly from a much enlarged
tuberous root: leaves teruate-pinnatcly decompound, with small
linear cuspidate segments: umbel 8 to 12-ra\ed, with involucels of
lanceolate acuminate often united bractlets; ra\s y, io \ inches
long; pedicels 1 to T) line^ lont;: fruit broadly elliptical, glabrous,
5 to \) lines long, ;5 to I lines broad, w ith w ings as broad as body
or broader, and liliform dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes
large, solitary in the intcrxals, "I on the eommissuial side. (Fig. 48.)
— P. tind iconic, var. (?) clliptictini Torr. iS: (iray, Pacif. R. Rep.
ii. 121. /'. Diacrocarpiiiii, var. ( r) ciirycarpuni (J ray, Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. HS-").

From the Sacramento in California to Or.'gon (//"</// 210) and British
Columbia (Mccnun).

The coarser foliage, shorter and broad-winged fruit, and less conspicu-
ous involucels, are the more prominent characters which seem to entitle
this form to rank as a species, rather than a variety of P. macrocar\uim.
"Skelaps" of the Spokane Indians, its very large starchy roots forming a
valuaUe food.

13. P. dasycarpum 'i'orr. & Gray, Fl. i. (j'-S. \'ery short
caulescent or acaulescent, with several stout peduncles (3 to 12
inches high from a common root, tomentosc-pubescent : leaves
rather small, pinnateU deeompour.d, with numerous short linear
segments: imibel somewhat ecjually <) to ]2-ra}ed, with involucels
of linear-lanceolate more or less tomentosc bractlets; rays 1 to 3
inches long; pedicels W to 5 lines long: fiuit nearly orbicular^
coarsely pubescent (sometimes beconning almost glabrous), 4 to 7
lines long, 3i/2 to () lines broad, with thin membranous wings
broader than thebod\, and liliform tlorsal and intermediate ribs:
oil-tubes large and solitary in the intervals (an occasional sccorulary
one in the lateral intervals), 4 on the commissural side: seed deepK
sulcate beneath the oil-tubes, with plane face. (Fig. 4y.)
P. Prill i^lci C. .S: R. Hot. Gazette, xiii. 209.

California, San Diego county iPn'ngie, Parrij, Vasrii), Lake and
Eldorado counties (3/. A'. Cun-un); New Me.xico, I'pper Gila U>reenn). Fl.
Apiil and May.

62

Distributed trecniontly as P. cKniifoliiiin- aii.l P. ficniculdrcinn. This
species liad become so confused with 7'. tometitoHum that in our first study,
p. fo)iie)ito.sum Bentii. being :accepted as a synonym of P. flas;jc(irpum,
it was taken as the type of P. da>(i/rarpiim. This leaving the true P.
<hi»ycarpum without a name we described it as P. Prin(flei. We have dis-
covered since that the true P. tomenicxum is abundantly distinct from the
much more abundant P. (Jaxiirnrpum, and hence P. Pr/Hr/?i"/ becomes a
synonym under the latter.

The Asiatic P. ila.Hnritrpnin Kegel k Schmalh. was not published until
1S71.

14. p. tomentosum Benth. PI. Hartw. 812. More or lesr,
densely villous-tomentose, somewhat caulescent or scarcely so, a
foot or so high: leaves finely dissected into narrow or filiform seg-
ments: umbel with 4 to 8 equal rays, with involucels of linear to
lanceolate or ovate acuminate bractlets; rays (fertile) 1 to 3 inches
long; pedicels 3 to (5 lines long: calyx-teeth evident: fruit ovate to
orbicular, densely tomentose, 5 to 9 lines long, 3 to 5 lines broad,
with thickish wings from not cjuite as broad as body to broader,
and prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs (concealed by the
tomentum): oil-tubes mostly 3 in the intervals, 4 on the commis-
sural side: seed-face somewhat concave. (Fig. 50.)

On dry hillsides, Central California. Sometimes distributed as P. vll-
JosttmNutt., but more usually as P. dasycarpum Torr. & Gray. This species
is by no means as abundantly collected as P dasycarpum. Fine fruiting
specimens collected at Elmira, California, by M. K. Curran, first called
our attention to the I'act that this is the original P. tomentoKum Benth. and
distinct from P. dasycarpum Torr. tt Gray,

15. P. Mohavense. Having the habit of the preceding
species, but with much more strigose pubescent leaves, which are
dissected into very small much crowded linear-oblong or obovate
obtuse segments: umbel somewhat unequally 6 to 10-rayed, with
involucels of linear to l?.nceolate acuminate bractlets; fertile rays 1
or 2 inches long; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long: calyx-teeth obsolete:
fruit broadly elliptical to almost orbicular, with close fine pubes-
cence, 4 to 5 lines long, 3 to 4 lines broad, with wings not as broad
as body, and prominent and approximate dorsal and intermediate
ribs: oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals, 8 to 10 on the commissural
side.

Yucca, Mojave Desert, California, June, 1884 (M. K. Curran).
The fruit of this species is quite different from that of P. tomentosum,
to which species it is most closely allied. It is only about half as large,

63

rounder, Avith u fino but nbuiidiiut puboscciKC, proiuinont dorsal ribs, and
the numerous oil-tubes superficially distinct. In P. toinenioHuin not only
the oil-tubes but the dorsal ribs are completely hidden by the tomentum.

i^ 3- Low and rather sl«nder, from elongated comparatively slender
roots: leaves rather small, more or less pinnately compound (the first
division sometimes ternate), with short segments: fruit-wings narrow
(never broader than body): oil-tubes :> to (i in the intervals (mostly solitary
in P. nndicaule).

* Flowers white: fniit-zcinos more thai/ half as zvide as .
body.

](). P. Nevadense WatsDU, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 148.
Glaucous, puberulent, shortly caulescent, peduncles 8 to 15 inches
high: leaves pinnately decompound, with small segments: umbel
unequally 5 to 10-rayed, with involucels of scarious-margined
linear-lanceolate bractlets; rays often 1 to 2 inches long ; pedicels
-J to 5 lines long: fruit rounded to ovate, somewhat pubescent
(rarely glabrous), 8 to 5 lines long, 'i to 4 lines broad, with wings
almost as broad as body, and evident dorsal and intermediate ribs:
oil-tubes 8 or 4 in the intervals, 4 to I) on the commissural side. —
P. irudicaitle of Watson, King's Rep. v. 180, and others, not Nutt.
ERst of the Sierra Nevada, from N. California and S. E. Oregon
(HoweU) to Nevada and Utah. Fl. >.pril to June.

17. P, nudicaule Nutl.Torr. iK: (ira\, Fl. i. ()27. Acaules-
cent or shortly caulescent, with peduncles 8 to <S inches high, pubes-
cent, from a thick elongated root (often swollen in places): leaves
bipinnate, the small oblong segments entire or toothed: umbel un-
equally T) to 8-rayed, with involucels of scarious-margined (often
purplish) lanceolate bractlets; rays ^ to li/< inches long; pedicels
2]4 to 8^2 l»'it-'s long; Hovvers white or pinkish: fruit almost round,
emarginate at base, glabrous, 2]4 lines long, 2 lines broad, with
v/ings not as broad as body, and indistinct or obsolete dorsal and
intermediate ribs: oil-tubes solitar\- in t!ie intervals (rarely 2 in
the lateral intervals), 4 on the commisMnal side: seed-face plane.

(Fig. rri.)

Arizona {I'dhner l,").s of l,s7<i, l.sl of Is77) and New MlxIlm) uurlhward Lo
the boundary, and extending eastward to Minnesota, Iowa and Kansas,
Fl. March to May.

This is one of our earliest bloomers and in this regard, in its own range,
it represents the more eastern Erigeniu. This is the ('i/moitlcrun moitlnnus
Porter A- Coulter's Flora Colorado, Irom iilnins near Denver.

64

* * Fknvers yclloxv : fritit-i.v'nigs narrower.

1'^. P. Parryi Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 148. Strictly
acaulescent, somewhat glaucous, with rather stout peduncles 6 to
8 inches high from a stout multicipital caudcx clothed with old
leaf-sheaths, puberulent or glabrous: leaves pinnate; leaflets short,
pinnatifid below to entire above; ultimate segments very small,
ovate and cuspidate: umbel 5 to 10-rayed, with involucels of n few
linear-acuminate bractlets; rays i^ to Xy^ inches long; pedicels 2
to 4 lines long: calyx-teeth evident: fruit oblong, puberulent or
glabrous, 3i^ to ^y lines long, 2 to 3 lines broad, with wings not
half as broad as body, and filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs:
oil-tubes 3 to ~^ in the intervals, 4 to 10 on the commissural side.
(Fig. r)2.) — P. niacrocarpuvi of Parry, Am. Naturalist ix. 271.
Mountains of Southern I'tah ( Parrij 7.") and 8,'), Pdhucr 178. Jones 18(14.)

I'l. P. Oreganum. vSimilar to the preceding species, but a
very much reduced cespitose form, not glabrous, with very slender
peduncles but 1 to 2 inches high, bearing a ver}' small simple um-
bel, or sometimes two nearly sessile umbellets, and one to few
matured jDuberulent fruits about 2 lines long; ultimate leaf -seg-
ments very small, linear-oblong, not cusjDidatc. (Fig. 53.)

Alpine rocks. Blue and Eagle Creek Mts., Oregon ( (^'«.s/r/,- 13!»(>, Aug.
1886-88.)

20. P. villosum Nutt. Watson, King's Rep. v. 131. Acau-
lescent, more or less tlcnscly pubescent, 3 to 8 inches high: leaves
finely dissected, with very numerous narrow crowded segments:
umbel som.ewhat e(|uall\- 4 to r)-rayed, with in\olucels of ovate to
linear usually ver\' tomentose bractlets; rays about an inch long;
pedicels 1 to 3 lines long: fruit oval, somewhat pubescent, 3>^
lines long, 2]^ lines brt)ad, with wings half as broad as body, and
piominent dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the in-
tei'vals, 4 on the commissural side: seed-face plane. (Fig. 54.)

From X. California (J/. K. Curran), W. Nevada, N. Arizona, and New
Mexico, to Nebraska, Dakota, and N- W. Teriitory {Macoun, Dmcson).

Specimens collected by Canby (no. 1 jO) in "Bad Lands," Little Mis-
souri, Dakota, June 30, 1883, and by Dawson (no. 218-1) along Pelly Kiver,
N. W. T., Juno 2s, 1883, for the first time bring the mature fruit to our
knowledge, from which we have drawn the above characters. The fruit
becomes smoother with age and may become but sparsely pubescent, in
whieli eondition it has been mistaken for P. firnicidaetum.

(>5

21. P. Donnellii C. tV K. Hot. (i;i/.cttc, xiii. 1 t:{. S imtlv
caulescent or acaiilesccnt, () to J 2 inches high, glabrous, from a
fusiform root: leaves ternate then pinnately decompouiul, with
segments pinnately cleft into short oblong or linear lobes: umbel
somewhat unequally (') to 12-raye(l, with involr.cels of linear
acuminate bractlets; rays 1 to + inches long; pedicels 2 to 8 lines
long: fruit ovate to broadly oblong, glabrous, 8^ to 4 lines long,
2 to 3 lines broad, with wings less than half as broad as body, and
prominent dorsal an.l intermediate ribs: oil-tubes small, 4 to 0 i:i the
intervals, 4 to 6 on the commissural side. (Fig, o7).)

Oregon, Union county (C««/(/c :>i;. in iss.i), Jolm Day \u.\[ny < Hmre 1 1
42(1 and 829, in 1885). Fl. April.

Most nearly resembling F. XerddeiiMc. Dedicated to John Donnell
Smith, in whose herbarium the .species was first detected.

22. P. Sandbergii C. &. R. Bot. Gazette, xiii. 71>. Caules-
cent, branching at base, an inch or two to a foot high, from an
elongated comparatively slender root, rough puberulent: petioles
wholly inflated, with a very conspicuous white scarious margin;
leaves ternately or pinnately dissected, the ultimate segments very
short linear: umbel very uneciuallv () to 15-rayed, with involucels
of distinct linear-lanceolate bractlets; rays 1 to 4 inches long;
pedicels a line or tv/o long; flowers bright yellow: fruit ovate,
puberulent, 2 to 2^4 ''"^s long, 1^4 lines Inroad, with very narrow
wings, and filiform dorsal and intermerliate ribs: oil-tubes 4 or T) in
the intervals, () on the commissural fide: seed-face phuie. (Fig. 7)().)

Bare mountain tops, ">.0()(i feet altitude, along snow drifts. Kootenai
county, N. Idaho (J. H. Samlbtrif 47); Upper Marias Pass, 7,300 feet
altitude, N. Montana {('anhj; ir>0>; North and Soutli Kootonai Pass ( />/»»•-
Koii S7()) and top of Crow's Nest Pass (Duunon !)2i, B. C.

This very distinct alpino species is remarkable for ith inllated petioles,
with very broad glistening s( arious margins, which form the most con-
spicuous feature of the plant. The pe<luncles are short when the plant lirst
blooms, rising but a few inches above the ground, but they rapidly elong-
ate, becoming as much as a fo(jt l.igh. The fertile rays also are often
very much elongated. Ix^cDming manv (ini<'s longer than tln> sterile rays.

28. P. microcarpum Howell i-i beib. Closely resembling
the precetling species, but diffeiing in its stouter habit, petioles
without conspicuous margins, somewhat equally-rayed umbels,
deeper yellow flowers, glabrous fruit which is oblong and 8 lines

66

On cliffs, Rosoburg, Uiiii>(|ua Valley, Oregon, April 20, 1S87 (IJoutll
700).

J; 4. Shortly caulescent, slender, from elongated comparatively slen-
der roots, glabrous (except P. Vaseui): leaves small, lanceolate or oblong
in outline, pinnate or bi pinnate, with ovate toothed segments: fruit-wings
half as broad as body or much broader: oil-tubes solitary in the intervals
(except P. Hallii).

* Frnit-zvitios ha/fas broad os body.

24. P. Hallii Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 141. The elon-
gated peduncles 6 to 15 inches high: leaves pinnate, oblong in out-
hne, the ovate segments half inch long, deeply toothed or pinna-
tifid: imibel equally 3 to6-rayed, with small involucels; rays about
an inch long; pedicels 3 or 4 lines long; flowers yellow: fruit
broadly elliptical, glabrous, 3 lines long, 2 lines broad, with filiform
dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes 3 in the intervals, 4 to 6 on
the commissural side. (Fig. 57.) — P. iiudicaide Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 385.

Oregon, "northern part" (Hall 211). above snow line on Mt. Hood (Mrn.
P. Cr. Barrett, in 18f<2); "Washington Territory, Mt. St Helens 1 3/r-s. Brirnfs,
in 1S85).

25. P. Austinae C. <S: R. Dot. Gazette, xiii. 208. Resemb-
ling the preceding species, but with leaf-segments larger and pin-
nate with nai'row often tooflicd (li\ isions, flowers piu-plish, fruit
3"j lines long. I ' _, lines Inoad, with oil-tubes soiitarx in the dor-
sal intervals, mostly 2 in tlie lateral, 1 on the con)inissur;il side,
and an additional one in each group of strengthening cells;
seed-face concave, with central longitudinal ridge. (Fig. 58.)

California, Plumas county {Mrs. R. M. Austin, in 1880), Humboldt
county (Greene 7.32). Distributed as P. Hallii.

* * Fri(it-%vi}igs ))iiich broader t/ia?i body.

26. P. Martindalei C. & R. Bot. Gazette, xiii. 142. Re-
sembling P. Hallii in habit and foliage, but differing in leaves
sometimes bipinnate, with toothed or pinnatifid segments, fruit 4
to 7 lines long, 3i/^ lines broad, with wings much broader than
body (which is but a line), and prominent dorsal and intermediate
ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side;
seed-face somewhat concave, with central longitudinal ridge.
(Fig. 50.)

Rocky places, Oregon, Cascade Mts. and Waldo (Howell, in 1880), Fl.
May.

«7

Distributed u.s /'.//(»//// Wulsoii. |)<-.li.at.'.l lo Mr. I. C. Maitm.lalH,
to whose collection of rmln llifi nr wf juf imn-li iiKlobtcd.

^'al•. angUStatum C". X: K. 1. c. 1 i:{. I'suMlly more caules-
cent aiul sometimes taller, \'. it h more dissected lea\es, and wings
of fruit but half a lii\e wide, maUiiig a fruit 2 lines wide.

Mountain peaks, California, Yoseniite {('urrnn), Mendocino county
(A>/?of/f7); Oregon, Cascade Mts. {llowrlD; Washington TeniUny [Unni-
(leffce :\2'S, Tweed ji 2«), Mt. Adams (N»/i.sf/o// :!H:j), and oth<M- mountain
peaks; Vancouver Island. Mt Aiiowsniith, ■'),.'>00 feet altitude [.\f(tr(tno l!i).
Distributed aw /'. Ilnllii.

27. P. Vaseyi C. iK: R. iiot. Gazette, xiii. ]44. Shortly
caulescent, (S to S inches hioh, jnibescent: petioles wholly inflated;
leaves small ( I to 2 inches long), bipinnate, with the small ovate
segments irregularly 8 to o-lobed: umbel equally 2 to 5-raycd,
with involucels of obovate petiolulate toothed bractlets; rays an
inch long; pedicels a line or two long; flowers yellow (?): fruit
liroadly oblong, emarginate, glabrous, (*) to 7 lines long, 4 lines
broad, with wings twice as broad as body, and mostly prominent
dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes solitary in tlie intervals,
4 on the commissural side.

California, San Bernardino Mts., May, 1880 (G. R. Vaney'lM}, Mesas
near San Bernardino, April, 1881 (S. B. iv W. F- Parinh 28(), in i)art). Fol-
soni, May, 188:^ (AA A'. Currnn)

Distributed by Vasey as P. maciovnrpum Nutt , var., and by Parish as
CymopteruM terebinthinuH Torr. & Gray.

J; .5. Caulescent, puberulent or pubescent (occasionally glabrous),
from elongated comparatively slender roots: leaves decompound, with nar-
rowly linear more or less elongated segments (excepting /'. Ptin'Mhii) and
usually wholly dilated petioles; bractlets of the involucel scarious-mar-
gined, more or less conspicuous.

* J^ruit--iX'in<rs nearly as broad as body^ t/iin : oil-tubes large
and solitary in tJic intervals: dorsal and intermediate ribs promi-
nent.

28. P. utriculatum Nutt. Torr. .K: (iray, Fl. 1. 028. Cau-
lescent or sometimes nearly acaulescent, from cespitose to a foot
or more high, from a more or less tuberous root, puberulent or
glabrous: petioles very broadly dilated; leaves tcrnately or pin-
m.tely decompound, with ultimate segments narrowly linear,
(') lines or less long: limbcl iMKH|u;dly .'» to 20-r;iycd, with involu-
cels of much dihited mostl\ obovate often toothed petiolubite
bractlets; j-ays 2 inches or less hmg; pedicels 2 to o lines btng;

08

Hovvcrs yellow: fiiiit hroutlh- elliptical, glabicnis, 2 to o lines lon<^,

1 to 8 J/2 li'ii-'^ broad: oil-tubes 4 to 6 on the commissural side,
sometimes 2 or 8 very short accessory ones in the dorsal intervals:
seed-face somewhat concave. (Fig. (50.)

From S. California to Briti'^h Columbia, and oxtending eastward to
Idaho. Fl. April to July.

* * Fniit-xvings narroxv a/id ihickish : oil-tubes obsolete or
very indistinct and numerous in the intervals: dorsal and inter-
mediate ribs obsolete or nearly so.

21). P. caruifolium Torr. & Gray, Fl. i . 628. Like the preced-
ing species, but often more caulescent, the elongated peduncles i^
to li/^ feet high, leaf-segments % to 2 inches long, dilated bractlets
not only obovate but often lanceolate, fruit 3 or 4 lines long, with
wings half as broad as body and obsolete dorsal and intermediate
ribs, oil-tubes indistinct, 2 or 8 in the inteivals, none on the com-
missural side. (Fig. (U.) — P. marginatum Benth. PI. Hartw. 312.

Central California, from San Luis Obispo county {Joues 3600),
through the central counties by numerous colle.'tors, to Butte county
{Mrft. R M. Ausfin).

80. P. bicolor Watson, King's Rep. v. 129. Caulescent or
scarcely so, 4 to 18 inches high, glabrous or slightly puberulent:
petioles wholly dilated; leaves ternate-pinnately decompound, tlie
ultimate segments very numerous and linear: umbel very unequall}'

2 to 10-rayed, with involucels of 1 to 8 linear-subulate bractlets;
rays 1 to 5 inches long; pedicels short; flowers yellow or white:
calyx-teeth obsolete: fruit oblong, glabrous, 5 to 6 hues long, 1 to
2i^ lines broad, with nenrly obsolete dorsal and intermediate ribs:
dorsal oil-tubes obsolete, 2 on the commissural side.

Utah, Wahsatch Mts. (irn/«o«. Pa rrj/ 21), City Creelv Canon iJoneH
1713, in 1880); Nevada, Empire City {Jonen, in 1882); Oregon, Hood River
[HenderHon).

This species resembles Leptotivnia in the thicliness of its wings.

81. P. Parishii C. & R. Bot. Gazette, xiii. 209. Caules-
cent, from a few inches to a foot high, glaucous, closely pubescent,
from a thick elongated root: leaves pinnate, with pinnatifid to
entire leaflets, the ultimate oblong-linear or linear segments cuspi-
date, somewhat toothed or entire; root-leaves sometimes nearly-
entire or few-cleft: umbel unequally 4 to 12-rayed, with involucels
of small linear-lanceolate acuminate bractlets; rays 1 to 5 inches

lon^; pcnliccls 2 to 4 lines lonj;-; llowcrs wliilc: fruit somewhat
obovate, glabrous, iU/^ to (5 lines long, 2 to 4 lines broad, the
usually narrow wings in robust specimens sometimes becoming
almost as broad as botly, filiform or obsolete dorsal and intermed-
iate ribs: oil-tubes exceedingly small, often obscure, () to 8 in the
intervals, 8 to 10 on the commissural side: seed-face concave.
(Fig.B2.)

California, San Bernardino county, high ridges north side of Oil Baldy
Ut. {Parish 1942, in June 1H8-), Bear Valley, 6,500 feet altitude (P«/(«/(
1828, in June ISSC), Colusa county, Bear Valley {M- K. Curran, in May
1884).

^ (5. Mostly tall and t)ften stout, from long fleshy roots: leaves not so
much divided, with usually broad or elongated segments: bractlets of the
involucel small or none: flowers mostly yellow: fruit glabrous, narrowly
winged (except in 3 species): oil-tubes mostly large and solitary in the in-
tervals (3 to 5 in a few species).

* Leaves XL'itli narrowly linear more or less elongated
leaflets.

•j* Low : Jlozcers w/iite.

82. P. Cusickii Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 453. Dwarf,
caulescent, glabrous, from a thick elongated root: stems 2 to o
inches high, bearing a single leaf: leaves 1 to 2-ternate, the seg-
ments with 3 to 5 linear acute lobes from 3 lines to an inch or
more long: umbel with 1 to 3 short fertile rays, and involucels of
narrow acuminate bractlets, which are distinct or more or less
united; pedicels very short: fruit oblong-elliptical, 4 to 5 lines
long, the thin wings as broad as the body or narrower: oil-tubes
1 to 3 in the intervals, 4 or 0 on the commissural side: seed-face
concave. (Fig. 63.)

Oregon, on the highest summits of Eagle Creek Mts., Union county
(CuHick, in 1885), subalpine ridges of Blue and Powder lliver Mts. ( Cn><irlc
1280, in 1886). Fl. July and August.

Resembles small forms of P. Himplex.

t t Taller -.flowers yellow.

33. P. simplex Xutt., Watson, King's Rep. v. 129. Cau-
lescent or acaulescent, jjuberulent, often tall and stout: leaves ter-
nate or biternate; leaflets from very narrowly linear (almost fili-
form) to linear-lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long: umbel unequally 3
to 15-rayed, with involucels of lanceolate or setaceous bractlets;
rays i^ to 3 inclu'slong; pedicels 1 to 3 lines long: fiiiit l)rc):ull\

70

oblong to nearly c)i!)iciilar, soniclinics cmaiginatc at each end, '4 to
6 lines long, 2 to 5 lines broad, with wings broader than bod)-
(also extending below body ), and prominent dorsal and intermed-
iate ribs: oil-tubes large and solitary in the intervals, 2 on the com-
missural side: seed-face slightly concave. (Fig. 64.) — P. tritcriia-
ttim^ var. •platycarpum Torr, Stansb. Rep. 389.

From Arizona and California (J/. K. Cnrran) to Washington Tcnitory.
Idaho, and Montana.

In determining this species it is important to remember that wings
develope lasit, and hence very mature truit must be obtained to show wings
of full width.

84. P. triternatum Nutt. Torr. & Gray, P^l. i. 026. Cau-
lescent or acquiescent, puberulent, 1 to 2}4 i^^^ high: leaves biter-
nate to triternate; leaflets from narrowly linear to linear-lanceolate,
2 to 4 inches long: umbel unequally T) to 18-rayed, with invol-
ucels of lanceolate or setaceous bractlets; rays % to 2% inches
long; pedicels a line or more long: fruit narrowly oblong,
glabrous (rarely pubescent), 8 to 6 lines long, 1 J^ to 2 lines
broad, with narrow v/ings, and somewhat prominent dorsal and
intermediate ribs: oil-tubes very large and broad, solitary in the
intervals, 2 on the commissural side: seed-face very slightly con-
cave. (Fig. 65.) — Incl. P. triternattim^ var. hptocarpuni Nutt.

From California to Washington Territory, Idaho, and British Columbia
(Mac.oun). Fl. April to June.

One of the most abundant and variable of our species. It shades off
towards P. Himplex sometimes in a most perplexing way. The following
are extreme forms:

Var. macrocarpum. A more robust form, with broader
leaflets, longer rays, and larger fruit (6 to 8 lines long).

Oregon (8M/.-.sr/o*-/r)02). Dalles [Kel'ofio, in 1869), Hood River (Hcmhr-
mn 390).

Var. brevifolium. vStouter and more rough puberulent, with
more compact leaves, having stout inflated petioles, and shorter
and broader often toothed leaflets.

Oregon, Klickitat county (Hovrll 379. in 18S1), and rocky hillsides near
the Dalles (HnkHdorf).

Var. alatum. Leaves with very narrowly linear and elon-
gated segments; fruit T) to 0 lines long, with broader wings (some-
times as broad as body or even broader), but the elongated form is
that of P. trUernahtin and not /'. siniflcs.

71

California, Folsoiu i .U. K. Ciirntn), Mixloc county (Mrs. h'. M.Au.Hlhn;
Oroyon (Ciisirk lOilS).

This form most cvi'lontly intergrades between /'. Irilenmlum and P.
simfilcv. Iiavingthc fniit outline of the former and the broad wings of the
hitter. As it merges into true P. IrUenmluin, however, by insensible
gradations, and is (|uite distinct in fruit outline from P..siinple.r, we include
it as a viuity of the former.

3o. P. laevigatum Null. Ton. A: (Jra), Fl. i. t]"i7. Closely
rcseiiihling the preceding species, but completely glabrous, a foot
or so high, with triternate leaves and much reduced leaflets or
segments, the latter but 8 to D lines long, and half a line wide; pedi-
cels 4 to 5 lines long; fruit 4 to T) lines long, 1 ]/i to 2 lines broad,
with wings as broad as body. ( Fig. (')<).)

Along bluffs of the Columbia Iliver in Oregon ( IfcnilciNoin and Wasli-
ington Teiritory (Hoirfll, Suksdorf).

3<). P. Kingii Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 474. Acau-
lescent, glabrous: scape () to 18 inches high, a little exceeding the
leaves: leaves pinnate or bipinnate; leaflets linear, elongated, cuspi-
date, sometimes 2 inches long: umbel somewhat ecpially 4 to 20-
rayed, with involucels of linear-lanceolate l)ractlets; ia\s 1 14 inches
long; pedicels 1 to 3 lines long: calyx-teeth exident: fruit oblong,
4 to r> lines long, 2 lines broad, narrowly winged, the dorsal and
intciiiK-diate ribs also sonu'tinirs irrcgularh winged: oil-lubes '.', Ik
•"• in thv inlerxals, ti t<> iO <<\\ the commissural side-: seed sdux'W bal
suleate on the back, wilh slii^htly concave f:ice. ( J-'ig. <»'i.) Srs,//
Nuttallii Gray, Proc. \\w. Acad. viii. 287, in part. Miiscuiuin
tcnuifoliuin Hook,, not Xutt. /'. gravcolcii.s Watson, King's
Rep. V. 128.

Mountains of Utah and Colorado. Fl July and August.

Var. alpina. Dwarf, with stems 4 to 0 inches l.igh, lea\ es 3
inches long, niosth- simplv jiinnale, with 3 to -") jiairs of leaflets :
umbel 3 to 6-rayed : fruit linear-o])long, 2 to 3 lines long: oil-
tubes very obscure, 1 or 2 in the intervals, 4 to (> on the commis-
sural side. — P. i^ravcolois^ \ar, a/pii////// Watson, King's Rep.
V. 12<.).

East Humboldt Mountains, Xevala, !i,0(h» feet altitu<le ( Witts,, h U\U.

* * Leaves ~cit/i lanceolate to orbicular segments.

37. P. leiocarpum Xutt. Ton. t\: (Jray, Fl. i. ()2(). Acaules-
cent, glabrous, 1 to 2 feet high, from a \ery long fleshy it)ot :

leaves biternate or teniate-quinatc or sometimes simply •.eriiate;
leaflets thickish, from ovate to narrowly lanceolate, 1 to 2 inches
long, petiolulate, entire or toothed at apex: umbel very unequally
6 to 15-rayed, with neither involucre nor involucels; peduncles
and rays dilated at summit; rays 1 to 8 inches long; pedicels var-
iable, 1 to 9 lines long; flowers yellow: fruit narrowly oblong, 5
to 7 lines long, Ij^ to 2}/^ lines bread, narrowly winged: oil-tubes
large and solitary in the intervals, 4 on the commissural side:
seed-face somewhat concave. (Fig. 68.)

From California to British Columbia, and eastward to Idalio. Fi May
to July.

38. P. Nuttallii Watson, King's Rep. v. 128. Like the
preceding, but smaller, leaves once or twice ternate, with ovate to
orbicular leaflets having cuneate to cordate base; fruit ovate to
oblong, 4 lines long, 3 lines broad, and very narrowly winged;
oil-tubes small, 3 in the intervals, 4 to 6 on the commissural side;
seed-face almost plane. (Fig. 69.) — P. latifolium Nutt. Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 625, not DC.

N. Nevada, Oregon, and Idaho (>V'i7ro.i-).

39. P. Brandegei C. & R. Bot. Gazette, xiii. 21(). Short
caulescent, glabrous, 6 inches to a foot high, from a thick elong-
ated root: leaves ternately decompound, the ultimate segments
lanceolate (6 to 12 lines long, Xy^ to 8 lines wide), cuspidate
pointed: umbel 6 to 12-rayed, with involucels of few linear or
setaceous bractlets; rays 3 to 6 lines long, pedicels not more than a
line, both reflexed at maturity; flowers yellow: calyx-teeth evident:
fruit (immature) oblong, about 4 lines long and 2 lines broad (un-
doubtedly becoming larger), with wings about half as broad
as body, and prominent or even slightly winged dorsal and inter-
mediate libs: oil-tubes 2 to 4 in the intervals, 4 to 6 on the com-
missural side.

Collected in Canbys N. TranconLinental Survey, in the Walla Walla
legion, Washington Territory, May, iss:; (linouler/ft' 7!)9, Tu-ceibj 8,')(i).

* * * yei'v stout and ta//, ivilh large decompoitnd leaves
and linear-oblong seg?nents : fruit the largest in the genus.

40. P. Suksdorfii Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 369. Gla-
brous, 2 to 8 feet high or more: leaf-segments 1 or 2 inches long,
entire or 2 to 8-clcft towards the top: umbel somewhat c([unlly 6

to rj-r;i\c'(l, with iii\ oIiul'Is of linear aiiiiniiiatc l>iactkis; rax'- 1 to
T) iiiclics l()n<j^; pedicels )i to S) lines Ioiil;^; Hovveis yellow: fruit nar-
rowly oblong, y to 14 lines lon<r, H to (> lines broad, witli winj^s
narrower tban boily, and very prominent dorsal and intermediate
ribs: oil-tubes solitar\-, \ery lar<^e (tilling tbe intervals), 'i on
tlie commissural side: seed-face somewhat conca\v'. (I'ig. 70.)
Dry rocky iiiouiaain bidos, Klickilal rouiiLy, Orcyoii iSiihstldif).

ij 7. Low, shortly caulescent or acaulescent. from a thick (slont^Mti- I
loot, glabrous: leaves ternate or pinnate, with broad oblong or louiid
coarsely cuspidate-toothed leaflets: (lowers yellow: fruit wings very broad,
often several times broader than body: oil-tubes solitary in the inter-
vals (except in I\ Hdircllih-

41. P. Euryptera Gray, Proc Am. Acad. vii. :US. Shortly
caulescent, rather stout, (j to 12 inches high: leaves ternate; leaflets
broadly cordate, somewhat lobod, coarsely n;ucronate-ti)othcd, i/j
to 1 inch long: umbel equally 8 to ir)-rayed, with involucels of
lanceolate bractlets; rays i4 to 2 inches long; pedicels 0 lines long:
fruit nearl\- orbicular, emarginate at each end, glabrous, 5 to 7
lines in diameter, witii wings more than twice as broad as bod\-,
and pi-omincnt obtuse dors;d and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes 2 to 4
on the commissural side. ( 1' ig- Tl.) — Eiiryftera Iticida \utt.
Torr. A: Gray, Fl. i. ()2y.

Gravelly hills. S. Califoruiii, and Tin son, Arizona iLeiniutm (i2i.

42. P. Howellii Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. )m\. Acau-
lescent, with peduncle 12 to 18 inches high: leaves biternatc to
biquinate; leaflets cuneate-orbicular to round-cordate, acutely
ilentate, often 8-lobed, (') to 12 lines long: umbel with few elon-
gated and divaricate fertile rays, with involucels of acuminate
lar.ceolatc bractlets; pedicels 4 lines long: fruit glabrous, broadly
elliptical or nearly orbicular, emarginate, with wings bioadcr than
body, 4 lines long: oil-tubes H or 4 in tbe intervals, 4 to 10 on the
commissural side. (Fig. 72.)

Near Waldo, Josephin<> county. Oregon i lion; Ih.

PI P. parrifolium Torr. A: Gray, Fl. i. (V^S. .Short caules-
cent, slender, with ;i solitarv peduncle 4 to 12 inches high: lea\ es
clustered near the base, usually huge (4 to (3 inches long), bipin-
nate (but the upper leaflets conlluent); leaflets broad, obtuse
(usuall) eniling truncately or emarginately between two divaricate
teeth), irregularly incised aiul with broad strongh cuspidate teeth:

74

umbel 8 to ]0-ra\cil, willi iiuohiLX'ls of linear or lanceolate acumi-
nate bractlets; rays J/^ to 1 ^ inches long; pedicels 3 to 4 lines
long: fruit broadly ellipt.'cal to orbicular, 3 to 8^4 lines loner,
scarcely emarginate, with wings broader than body, and rather
prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes 2 to 4 on the
commissuial side. /'. Califoniicitiii C tv: R. Hot. (ia/x-lte,
xiii. 14a.

California (Thos. Couller, Jlrdinhuo). [liiio wootlb ucar Monterey
(Ddiufhifi), San Luis Obispo (Joxcs).

'J'liis species luis been so frequently mistaiicn in collections that we
were uiisloail nntil the typo had been examined.

17. PSEUDOCYMOPTERUS. ^Mostly low (often ccspi-
tose) glabrous perennials from a thick elongated root, with bipin-
iiate leaves (shorter than the peduncles), no involucre, and invol-
ucels of narrow bractlets mostly longer than the white or yellow
Howers.

This genus is constructed to contain a species that has been refeired
doubtfully to Thanpiiim and Ligutificum, and t ;/o others that have been
referred to CymoptcruH. That P. montanuH should be referred to Thaspinm
is no longer held. It seems generically distinct from Lir/usilicum on ac-
count of its broad lateral fruit-wings and irregular dorsal and intermediate
ribs, dorsal flattening of the fruit, depressed stylopodium, often solitary
oil-tubes, and yellow flowers. P. hi/ihuuilKM and P. ttiil.s(ilns are distinct
from Cijinoplei-Ks on account of their smaller fruit, which does not have
broad dorsal and intermediate wings, is dorsally flattened, and contains
proraim^nt strengthening cells. The throe species form a well-defined
genus.

1. P. montanus. Stem erect, slender, 1 to 2 feet high:
lea\cs mostly with broad outline; leaflets cut into 3 or 5 oblong or
lanceolate segments, the upper often enliie: umbel 0 to 12-raycd,
with involuccls of linear or setaceous bractlets longer than the
yellow Howers; ra\s (> to U lines h^ig; j)edicels about a line long:
fruit broadly oblong, about 2 lines long, with lateral wings (not
cohering) almost as broad as body, the doisal and intermediates
very variable (either ribbed or narrowly winged): oil-lubes 1 to
4 in the intervals, 4 to 0 on the C(j:nmissural side: seed-face plane.
(Fig. 73.) — Thaspiiim {^i) montantini Gray, PI. FenJl. 57.
LigHsticitni nioxtanitin Benth. ^ Hook. Cien. Plant, i. 912 and 914.

Colorado. New Mexico, and Arizona.

Widely variable, especially in its folingc. Tll<^ following are the ex-
treme forms:

75

\';ii . tenuifolius. nflm Iiiil^ii .hkI mun.' In aiirliin-, w itii
ii:in<)\vl\- liiicnr k';itlL'l> ' _. lo 1 ' _. iinlii-s loii'^. '/'lias piiim ( ? )
iiKiiitaniini, \;ir. (?) Iriiiilfuliiiiii (ir;i\, I'l. W li'Ljht . ii. •'»'"'•. /.ii;/is-
tit'iiDi iiiDiilaiiKiii^ WW. tciiiiihiHiiin Walton, Uilil. IikKn I'oKpct.

S.-iiu.- laii-c as tl>r s|..-cirs.
\'ar. purpureus, Sl.oilh caulcsccMit, witli rather weak
;;sccii(liii<^ pediimlcs (':\ to •*» inclics lonj^j), aiul purple Hdwcis.

Saiuly soil, Arizona, Mt. Hiimpluoys. July, iss:; tUiishi/ (uVI), and
Fiaf-'staff (/^((.s/>.v G;;1. August, iHS'd; ■fonr.H. August, isst; Liniiiioii, Septem-
ber, 1S.S4; Trarii -i:!."), Juno 21, lSt<7).

2. p. bipinnatus. Ccspitosc, the short l)ianches of tho
rootstock covered witli the crowded remains of dead leaves, ghui-
coiis, puberulent or ghibror.s: leaves pinnate with few pairs of
short segments, which are pinnately divided into short linear lohcs:
scapes 4 to !S inches high, much exceeding the leaves; rays 1 to 4
lines long; involiicels of few linear-lanceolate bractlets; flowers
white: fruit nearly sessile, ovoid, 1 1^ to 8 lines long, niotler-
ately flattened dorsallv, the 5 thickish carpel wings equal and nar-
rov,' (often being but very prominent acute ribs), wMth obscure
strengthening cells: oil-tubes 8 or 4 in the intervals, I) to 8 on the
commissural side: seed-face concave. (I'^ig. 74.) — CynwptcrKS
hifiniiatiis Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. w. 8()8.

Montana, in the mountains south of Virginia City (Hin/drn, in IsTl.
under ('umnpfaniK /(Tiiiculaceux^, near Bannocii City ( Watson, in ISSO),
Mt. Helena (f'«H/>»/, in 18S:j), Shields River (Scrilnwr (K! c, in iss:!), along
X. P. R. R. {Tireedy 291, in 18.s2); Dakota, Black Hills iliusl,!,, in issTi.

8. p. anisatuS. Acaulescent, cespitost' from a much
branched caudex which is mure or less coveretl witli the remains
of old leaves: leaves on long petioles, narrow, somewhat rigid,
pinnate and the leaflets pinnately-parted into linear (sometimes
linear-oblong) pungently acute segments: peduncles () to 12 inches
high, exceeding the leaves; umbel unequally T) to l2-rayed, with
iuvoluccls of linear-subulate (sometimes lolied ) bractlets exceed-
ing the white or vellow flowers; ravs '4 to 8 inches long; pedicels

1 to 8 lines long: fruit about 2 lines long, the carpel irregularh

2 to r)-winged, with prominent group of strengthening cells in
each one: oil-tubes 1 to 8 in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commis-
sural si<le: seed-face plane. (Figs. 75, 70.) — Cvuiof^tcriis tercbin-

76

(hiiiKs^ \A\. j'iVi/ic///arc/ts Gra\-, Ain. jour. Sci. 2. xxxiii. 408.
C. a///sa///s Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1803, ()8.

Mountains, from Colorado and Utah to N. W. Wyoming and Oregon.
Fl. June to August Tiiis is Ifall ,(• Ifdrhanr 22.

18. CYMOPTERUS Raf. Jouni. Phys. 1819, 100.— Mostly
\i)\\ and glabrous perennials (often ccspitose) from a thick elong-
ated root, with more or less pinnately compound leaves, mostly no
involucre and prominent involucels, and white, purple, or yellow
flowers.

This genus has heretofore seemed polymorphous and perplexing on
aceount of having been made to contain species which hekl no relation to
it. As restricted here, it is quite definite and distinct, being easily recog-
nized by the broad thin wings of the fruit, which is not atalldoisally
llattened, the concave seed-face (often enclosing a central cavity), and the
entire absence of strengthening cells. At the same lime, the fruit charac-
ters are so diverse as to make the species easy of distinction. The genus
is confin-)d to Western North America, and especially the Great Basin,

* Seed-face slio/it/v co)icave.

f Floxvers zvhite.

^ Itivoliicrc //one.

Oil-t/(bcs /i/tnie/-o//s.

1. C, glomeratUS Raf. 1, c. Low ( ;j to 8 inches), with a
short cau.dex bearing leaves and peduncles, glabrous: leaves pin-
nate to bipinnatc; ultimate segments linear-oblong, entire or
toothed: rays and pedicels very short, making a rather compact
cluster; involucel of a single palmately 5 to 7-parted bractlct: fruit
globose, 8 to 4 lines in diameter, v/ith 8 to 5 broad thin wings on
each carpel: oil-tubes small, 4 or 5 in the intervals (or double the
number where a rib has been suppressed), 8 on the commissural
side: seed-face almost jilane. ( Fig. 77, )

From Colorado to British Columbia, east to Saskatchewan. Wisconsin
iLai)li(nii). Iowa (Bi'saeij}, and Arkansas iXutlall).

2. C. campestris Torr. <S: Gray, Fl. i. 024. Low (2 to 8
inches high), with short caudex from a tuberous root: leaves bipin-
natc, with oblong segments: peduncle scarcely as long as leaves;
umbels 8 to 4-rayed, with involucels of minute bractlets: fruit with
somewhat thickened wings, the dorsal or both intermediate ones

77

()I>s()k-tc (111 each c:;rpL-l : oil-lulics (S on llie coinmissmal sitic:
caip()i>li()ic free.

"Plains of Uio Platte, near the K(..-ky Mountains" iXidliilh.

In the type specimens of this uncertain species tlio fruit, u[ton whitli
its specific rank cliielly depends, has disappeared. It closely resembles
low forms of r. f/?()//(<'((//M.s, but difl'ers from that species in its free per-
sist(>nt carpophore, small invohicel bractlets, and few rays, besides the re-
markable fruit characters described by Nuttiill. Specimens collected by
1^. L. Greene, in ISTU, on the plains near Denver. Colorado, and liy Prof.
T. C. Porter, in ls71, near Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, all in llower,
have been leferred to this species, correctly so. it nmy be. However, they
are somewhat larger, the bractlets are larger, thougli much smaller than in
('. (jlomiratuH, and there is an elongated subterranean caudex from a deep-
seated fusiform root. Mature fruit alone can certainly determine the rela-
tionship.

Oil -tubes solitary in the intervals ( not known in i'.
nivalis).

3. C. globosus Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. \i. 141. With
a \cr}- short stcn.i hearing' a few lea\ es and pcthincles ( "l to 4
inches high), ghibrous: leaves ghuicous, pinnate or bipinnate with
broadly oblong pinnatitid segments; ultimate divisions oblong,
entire or toothed, often cuspidate: rays and pedicels obsolete, the
Howers and fruit being in dense globose heads, and the involucel-
bractlets \ery much reduced or \vantiiig: fruit :{ to 4 lines long,
the 5 thickish carpel \vings appro\imatcl\- c(|ual, becomir.g nar-
rower towards the base of the fruit: oil-tubes 'ion the commissural
side, and a small one in each wing. ( 1" ig. 7S. ) — C. inoiitatius
Torr. .K: (iray, Pac. R. Rep. ii. PiO; Watson, King's Rep. v. 128,
in part. C nioiitanus., var. o^lolntsns Watson, 1, c. 124, excl. fruit.

Northern Nevada, near Carson City (^7;v^■/(, Wdixiui). in the Goshoot
mountains ( Hcrkirith). near ICnipirc City t Joins), near Pyramid Lake
I Lrmiiiou). Fl. May and June.

4. C. corrugatus Jones, Am. Xal. 1888, 978. Like the
preceding species, but leaves simpler, witli broader more obtusely-
toothed segments: ra\s 1 to (> line- long; iiuohicels \ ei\- \ariable,
of large or small oblong or lanceol; te bractlets more or less
united: fruit (immature) apparently identical in section, the young
wings very much wrinkled.

Nevada, in the region of Humboldt Lake, June, 1hs2 {Jdhih :5,sS(;).
•hnnH \^\'^\. from Jual) and Sioux Uriilge. Utah, dislrilnitcd as ('. Fmdliti,

we hiivc also n-lfir.Ml to Uun simmIcs, (lioui-'li Ukto arc somr ^,ligllt <lil-
IViciiL-cs.

T1m> wriukled liuil-\viiig.>5 are \ cry striking; in the ininiatiiio stage tliat
has licoii collected. Imt many fruit-wings show the same sort of wrinkling
while immature and become plane enough when fully developed. The
characters of leaves and indorescence, however, s(M\e well to distinguish
this species from (' (flohosux.

T). C. nivalis Watson, Kint^'s Rep. v. Ti:*. VVitli lono- and
branching c-andcx, i^lancons, niinntely scabrons-pnlicrnlcnt to gla-
l)rons: leaves simply pinnate, with leaflets H to ^-lobed or pinnatel}'
dissected, the segments oblong-lanceolate: peduncle 2 to 4 inches
high, exceeding tlie leaves, bearing a small nearly capitate umbel;
involucels of broad obtuse membranous liractlets united at base
and nearly equalling the white or pinkish Howers: fruit-wings
eciual, thin: section unknown.

East Humboldt Mountains, \evada, !»()<»() to loooo feet altitude. July
and August ( WatMoin.

^ ;j; Involucre and iiivoliiceh botli conspicuous.

<». C. montanus Torr. (fc Cray, Fl. i. <)24, Leaves clustered
at the summit of the very short stem, glaucous and glabrous (rarely
slicrhtlv puberulent) : leaves pinnate or bipinnate; pinnie oblong,
jiinnatitid with oblong obtuse entire or toothed lobes: peduncles 1
to <) inches high: rays 3 to 9 lines long; pedicels very short; invol-
ucre and involucels of mostly broad membranaceous usually green-
veined bracts, more or less united: fruit oblong in outline, 8 to 0
lines long, the 8 to T) carpel wings broad and thin (thick at base):
oil-tubes ] to 8 in the intcr\als, 4 to 8 on the commissural side.

(Fig. 79-)

From New Mexico to Colorado, Utah, and Yellowstone Park (Twcfdj/),
east to Texas, Kansas (L. Wafsoti], and Nebraska (//«(/'/''«)• Fl. March
and April.

This is Ff «rf/e*- 27.') and Ifall A- llarlnur 211. The species] is «|Uite
variable in its involucre and involucels. While in some specimens they
are quite conspicuous and almost cup-like, in others they are narrow and
nearly distinct.

\'ar. purpurascens (ira\-, Ives Colorado Rep. 1 '">, With
\ ery broad and conspicuous involucels nearl} enclosing the flowers,
obtr.se and tinged or veined with purple and green: fruit large and
very broadly winged. -C. montanus \-a\\ glohosus Watson, King's
Rep. v. 124, as to fruit.

From New Mexico to S. California [PariHin and Nevada

79

T f /'7ozct'rs vvl/dic : (>i/-t///H's tiiinicroHs.

7. C. terebinthinus Ton. .\: (nay, Fl. i. (Vjl. Shortly
laiilcscciit, -lahroii^^, <) lo IS iacb.t-s hi;L(li, leafy at base: leaves
rather rij^itl, tb.iiee pinnate ( somctiiiies tcrnatc at llist); leaflets a
liiic loni;" or loss, linear of lincar-(»l)lonL,', entire or toothed, nnicro-
nalc: nniltcls with 4 to IT) fertile rays, mostly no involucre, and in-
\ohKt.'ls of shoit lineal- or lanceolate ])ractlets; rays >^ to 2 inches
lon,o-; pedicels 1 to") lines Ion--; fruit :5 to i lines lonj,^, the (mostly)
T) car[)el winj^s hroad aiid thin (sometimes wrinkled ), with a rather
indistinct j^roup of strenj^thcnin"^ cells in tlie base of cach:oil-
tuhes "J to T) in the intervals, T) to 10 on the commissural side.
( I''i<i^, SO.) Inch Cfa'tiicidaccits^ C alhijlonis^ ami C. t/iapsoidcs
of Xuttall in Torr. <!;: (iray, Fl. i. (321.

From the mountains of S. California to Britibli Columbia, and extend-
ing eastward through Nevada and t'tah to Colorado and S. W. Wyoming,
ri. April to June.

Tiiisis nnindci/i' siio and Tinr,!,/ s|i) of Canl.vs N". Trar..seontinrntal
Survey, distriljutod as ('..' (dii.salu.'i.

<S. C. Fendleri <'ra\ , PI. Fcndl. .■")(). Low, suhcaulcsccnt:
leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate in outline, e\ceedin<j; the jjcdun-
cles, *2 to ^{-pinnate, pinnu' and sej^ments o or 7, oblong and incised :
umbels few-rayed, with no involucre, and involucels of oblong or
lanceolate iiractlets united at base and exceeding the flowers: fruit
about 8 lines long, each carpel with 8 or 4 thin wings: t)il-tubcs
several in the intervals, 4 on the comniissural side.

Gravcllv hills, Arizona ( /^((.s/z/y I, and New Mexico [ h'l inlltr 'l'\. Xi ir-
Inrri/, Tlinrber), to W. Texas and Mexico iliiye.Uiir, ]V,i!il<l. in Mcx.
liound. Suiv.);also Fort Lyon, on the Arkansas {Pdliiier).

* * Sri\f-forc :•(•/']■ ihcply coi/cavc.
■V F/n:.;-rs vr/7o,v.

'•>. C. longipeS Wals-.n, KingV Kep. \. r,M. Siiortly cau-
lescent, glabrous: leaws pinnate to bipinnate, the ultimate seg-
ments o\al am' mucronulate: fruiting peduncles longer than the
lea\ esj I |(. 1(» inelies long: uinbeU r> lo 10-ra\id, with mosllvno
in\i)lncie, and involucels of subulate acuminate bractlets; rays t) to
15 lines long; peilicels 't lines long: iVuit ."{ to 4 lines long, the 5
cirixl wings broad ami tiiin, rather une(|ual: oil-tubes M in the in-
lerxals, (» on the i-onimissmal sidi: seed-fac-e stiongU iiut.luti-,
nearl\- I'Uilosing ;i central ca\il\. ( I'ig. S|.)

80

Utali, Wulifeatch Mts., near Halt Lake City, and on Antt-lopc Island,
:)()00 f€et altitude {Walficn. in 18(1!)), near Ogden ((Umllcr, in 1.S72), 8 Utah
{('apt. F.M. Bishop, in 187:i), Utah Valley (./o«r.s KISO, in 18S(I). Fl. May
and June.

t t F/oxccrs purple.

JO. C. purpureus Watson, Am. Nat. vii. ;}00. Whole plant
jjiirplish, nearly acaulesccnt, glabrous: leaves broadly triangular in
outline, 'Z to 8-pinnate, the broad segments coarsely mucronate-
dentate: peduncles stout, exceeding t/.e leaves: umbel unequall}'
8 to r2-rayed, with mostly no involucre, and involucels of lanceo
late bractlets united near the base and nearly equalling the yellow-
ish-purple flowers: fruit 4 lines long, each carpel with 3 to 5 broad
membranous wings: oil-tubes 4 or 5 in the intervals, S on the com-
missural side: seed-face deeply sulcate.

New Mexico {Palmer) and N. Arizona [Mrs. h'. I'. Thompson. Pahnci
177, in 1877) Palmer 177 may be from S. Utah.

11. C. Jonesii. Nearly acaulesccnt, glaucous and glabrous:
leaves ternate then pinnate to bipinnate, with ultimate segments
rather broad and mucronate-toothed : peduncles stout and longer
than the lea\es, *,' to 7) inciies high: umbels 5 to 12-rayed, with no
involucre and involucels of small lanceolate bractlets somewhat
united at base; rays about an inch long; pedicels 2 to 8 lines long;
fruit globose, 4 lines in diametei', the T) carpel wings broad and
thin ( ^•ery thick at base): oil-tubes solitary in the very narrow
intervals, 2 on the commissural side: seed-face deeply sulcate.
(Fig. 82.)

Frisco, Utah, altitude 8000 feet, June 22, is,s(i {Jones 1808).

Distributed as C. purpurms, but differing decidedly in its fruit, whicli
lias wings very thick at base, veiy narrow intervals in which are solitary
oil-tubes, and but 2 oil-tubes on the conunissui-al side.

12. C. cinerarius Gray, Froc. Am. Acad. vi. 585. Acau-
lesccnt, with subterranean creeping rootstock : peduncles (2 or 3
inches high) and petioles glabrous: lea\x's somewhat cordate in
outline, bipinnate with toothed segments, glaucous-cinereous with
a fine rough pubescence: rays few, short or almost none; involu-
cels of numerous united somewhat membranous long-acuminate
segments: fruit 8 lines long, with rather narrow undulate wings:
oil-tubes 8 in the interv:ds, several on the commissural side; seed
narrow, strongly curved, with a deep central channel.

81

California, at Soiioia Pass aiid abovo Mono Laki- in tJKj Siona Xovada,
al liiHH) to lO.OdO fi'ol altiUidi' {Brcin'r).

r T f /^7o-ccrs zc////r.

1'5. C. glauCUS Nutt. in Jour. Pliilail. Acatl. \ ii. 28. Leaves
ami peduncles clustered at the summit of a shoit (sometimes clon-
i^ated I caudex, more or less scabrous-puberuleiit: leaves tripinnaie,
the ultimate divisions crowded, linear-oblong, with revolute mar-
gins: peduncles at fiist short, elongating in fruit and exceeding
the leaves: umbels T) to 1 ."i-ras cd , with an involucre of setaceous
bi-acts. or none, and involucels of linear acute l)ractlets; rays 4 to
12 lines long; pedicels 2 to 8 lines long: fruit 2 to 3j^ lines long,
tiie 2 to T) carpel wings rather narrow: oil-tu])cs 3 to 5 in the
broad inter\als, (y to 8 on the commissural side: seed-face deepl\-
sulcate or involute. (Fig. 83.)

Nevada (Watson. Vu.<te!,'), Utah (./o/fcs lO^ss., Idaho iXt'lldli). and Mon-
tana, headwaters of .locko River (C'nnbii 147). Fl. April.

19. PIIELLOPTERUS Benth. Gen. Plant, i. 905.— Low
tomentose-villous herbs on the sands of the sea-shore, with once
or twice ternate or ternate-pinnate coriaceous leaves, ovate to
roundish more or less conHuent leaflets densely white tomentose
beneath, involucre and involucels of subulate bracts, and glomerate
whitish flowers.

The fruit of this genus differs in no respect from that of Cymopterux,
and we retain it only on aeroinit of its very peculiar habit and habitat. It
is one of the Japanese and Corean forms which have reached our western
coast.

1. P. littoralis Schmidt, Fl. Sachel. in Mem. Acad. Petrop.
7. 12.138. Subcaulescent: petioles elongated; leaflets callous-ser-
iate to dentate, with impressed veinlets above, 1 to 2 inches long:
umbels shorter than the leaves, 10 to 12-rayed; rays 6 to 12
lines long; umbellets capitate: fruit 1 to o lines in diameter, the
wings Ij^ lines bro;i(l. (Fig. <S4. ) — Cvn/opfcr/ts ( "' ) littoralis
(iray, Pac. R. Rep. xii.()2.

Sandy sea-shores, Oregon {Howell, Htmlernun); Washington Territory
I Cooper), Puget Soud fWilkes" Expedition); Vancouver Island {Macoun, in
IssTi. Fl. June.

The plant is said to scarcely rise above the surface of the shifting
sand^, the leaves lying prostrate.

82

20. THASPIUM Nutt. (irnera, i. 19f),— Perennials (2 to 5
feet high ), with ternately di\ide(l lea\es and broad serrate or
toothed leaflets (or lower leaves simple), mostl}' no involucre, in-
volucels of small bractlets, mostly yellow ilovvers, and all the fruits
pedicelled.

Tho species of Thaiipium are in great confusion. In Gray's Manual
T. avreum Nutt. and T, irifoUatnm Gray eacii have an apterous variety.
These apterous forms Avere taken from Koch's genus Zizia and placed
under the Tlia.spinm species apparently from the close resemblance of the
foliage. The fruit characters, however, are abundantly distinct, for the
Zizia forms have simply ribbed fruit flattened latterally, the central fruit of
the umbellets sessile, and flower in early spring; while T. auretim and
T. trifolialum of the Manual have winged fruit flattened dorsally, central
fruit pedicelled, and flower lat(> in summer, maturing fruit in the fall.
Bentham & Hooker have transferred these apterous Zizia forms to a sec-
tion 2>(2/a under C'«m/«, from which genus they differ in the absence of
stylopodia, central sessile fruit, more prominent ribs, and Thaspium-Vike
foliage. The same authors seem to have made no disposition of T. aurenm
of the Manual, unless it went with the apterous variety, while the group of
forms under T. trifaliadun Gray, of the Manual, hasbeentaken to represent
r. eordatum Torr. & Gray. For this latter species Bentham & Hooker
seem to have had in mind only Gray's apterous variety, and so referi-ed it
to Carum J^ Zizia as one of the two species. In "Watson's Bibliographical
Index the synonym Carum eordatum Benth. & Hook, under T. trifoUatum,
is correctly quoted so far as literature is concerned, but apparently should
be transferred to T. trifoUatum, var. apterum Gray, to express the real
form Bentham & Hooker had in mind. This loaves the Manual forms T.
aureum. and T. trifoiiatvm -with its var. o/ro/Jwrpm-eiu/i. unprovided for by
these authors, the two apterous varieties only having been used to form
the section Zizia under Carum. An explanation of this may be found in
the fact that most of the herbarium specimens labeled Thuspium aureum
are really the so-called apterous varieties. The true Thanpium forms, with
winged fruit, are quite uncommon in herbaria, while the apterous forms
are vei'y abundant.

1. T. aureum Nutt. I.e. Glabrous: radical leaves mostly cor-
date, serrate: stem leaves simply ternate (rarely biternate); leaflets
ovate to lanceolate, rounded or tapering at base, serrate: umbels 8
to l2-rayed; rays % to 1 inch long; pedicels about a line long;
flowers deep yellow: fruit globose-ovoid, about 2 lines long, all
the ribs equally winged. (Fig. 85. )

Thickets and woodlands, throughout the Atlantic States and westward
into the Mississippi Valley. Apparently not in Canada, all the specimens
so labelled from there being Zizia aurra. Fl. in summer and maturing
fruit in late summer or autumn.

83

This species has a wide range of variation in tiie division and toothing
of its leaves, but the variations are so inconstant tliat it seems inipos-
sible to found specific distinfjtions upon them. In characteiizing T.
aureiim, Nuttall lias laid- some stress upon "lateral divisions of the upper
leaves subsessile," a character which means nothing, as these divisions
may be sessile, subsesi-ile, or petioled upon Llu^ same plant, either in T.
<uireiim or the 7'. trifolialiini of fJray. So far as foliage chaiacters are con-
cerned, serrate leaflets point to Nuttall's form, while creuately-toothed
leaflets stand for Gray's 7'. trifoliafitin, exclusive of his vars. uptcrnm and
niropurpu renin. Further confusion in leaf characters has arisen by in-
cluding the so-called apterous varieties, which we have restored to
Zlzia. An extreme variation in leaf characters, but merging completely
into the type through intermediate forms, is

Var. trifoliatum C iK: K. Hot. Gazette, xii. 136, in which
the leaves or leaflets are crenate or crenately-toothed. — 7'. trifolia-
tum Gray, Manual, in part.

Ohio to Illinois, westward to Oregon and British Columbia (Macoun).

This seems to be the common western form of the species, as our
Pacific coast specimens are all distinctly this variety. From Ohio to Illi-
nois there is an interminable intermingling of species and variety, while
in Pennsylvania the specific form indistinctly represented-

Var, involucratum. Radical leaves twice to thrice ternate;
leaflets as in the species: umbel with conspicuous involucre of ser-
rate bracts, and involucels of numerous toothed bractlets often as
long as the pedicels, which are 2 to 3 lines long.

Mountain meadows, Kootenai county, Idaho, July, 1SS7 (./. W. Leiberff).

Var. atropurpureum C. A: R. Bot. Gazette, xii. 130. Petals
dark-purple. — 7^. atropurpnrc/ini Nutt. 7'. tri foliation ., ww. atro-
purpureum Gray, Manual.

Same range as the species.

This variety has the leaf characters of the species, and if var. trifolia-
tum had been retained as a species, var. atropurpurpum would have been
transferred to T. aureuyn.

In giving the range of the above group of forms it has been impos-
ftible to use published ranges, owing to the great confusion as to what
forms were intended. Discarding the apterous varieties, the true Thas-
piums of this group are but scantily represented in our herbaria, far more
so, probably, than their occurence would justify. The early spring and
summer flowers and fruits< of the apterous forms have probably too often
satisfied collectors that they had already secured good material of forms
which only appeared in collecting condition in late summer and autumn.
Therefore we can only cite such range as our material indicates, confident

84

at the same time that it cannot ropiesont the whole ran},'e. For example,
thespeciefc doubtless occurs in Canada, though we have seen no specimens.

'i. T. barbinode Nutt. 1. c. Loosely branched, pubescent
on the joints, sometimes puberulent in the umbels: leaves 1 to
8-ternate; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, acute, with cuneate base,
coarsely cut-serrate, often ternately cleft or parted; flowers light
yellow: fruit broadly oblong, about 8 lines long and 2 liner, broad,
with mostly 7 ribs prominently winged, the other 3 not at all
winged or but slightly so. (Fig. 8(5.)

Banks of streams, Canada and New York to Minnesota and southward.
Fl. May and June.

Var. angUStifolium C. & R. But. Gazette, xii. 137, has
smaller and narrower more sharply cut leaflets, and fruit more or
less puberulent.

Pennsylvania (W. W. Baileij), Ohio [SiilUrfdil], Indiana {Rose), and
Illinois (Bebb).

Var. pinnatifidum. Divisions of the 1 to 3-ternate leaves
inclined to be pinnate; leaflets small, more or less laciniate-toothed
with blunt teeth: fruit puberulent. — 7\ pinnaiijidiini of Chapman's
Manual.

Reported only from Florida (Chapman, Ciirti.'iH).

3. T. Walter! Shuttlew. Resembling the last, but puber-
ulent on branchlets, umbels, and fruit, with fewer lea\es: leaves 1 to
3-ternate; leaflets 1 to 2-pinnatifid, lobes linear or oblong; one or
two leaves near the base often \ei'y large and long petioled
(petioles sonietimes a foot long); flowers light yellow: fruit
oblong, li^ to 2% lines long, and 1 to 1 1^ lines broad, all the ribs
winged, generally 3 of them narrowly so. (Fig. 87.) — Zizia fin-
itatifida Buckley. 7\ pinnatifiduin of Gray's Manual, ed. 4. 155.

Barrens and mountains, North Carolina (Rugel, Buckley), Tennessee
{Buckteji), and Kentucky (Short, in herb. Durand).

21. LIGUSTICUM Linn. Gen. n. 346.— Smooth peren-
nials from large aromatic roots, with large ternately or ternate-
pinnately compound leaves, mostly no involucre, involucels of nar-
row bractlets (mostly wanting in L. Porlcri), and white flowers
in larsre manv-raved umbels.

85

* Lroi-i's tcntaU'ly dcro/i/po/iiu/, ic//// broad lea /lets simp! ,•
/ooi/u'd or scriurtc : seed- face flanc : eastern species (^f>r hli^h nort/i-
erii).

I. L. actasifolium Mirhv. I'l. i. I()(). Stem stout, bnmchcci
al)o\ c, LMo (') feet liii^h, le;if\-, with glabrous inflorescence: leaves
large, ;} to 4-ternate; leaflets l)roaclly oblong, "l to T) inches long,
coarsely senate: umbel 10 to 'iO-iayed, with iuvoluccls of few
short bractlets; rays ( fruiting ) 1 to 2 inches long; pedicels 1 to 'i
lines long: fruit ovate, 2 to ;} lines long, with ])r()niinent somewhat
winged ribs: oil-tubes 8 to 4 in the intervals, (> on the commissural
side: seed slightly flattened dorsally, with angled b;'.ck. (Fig. 88.)
Rich ground, S. Pennsylvania to Kentucky, and southward to tlie
Gulf. Fl. .July and August.

L'. L. Scoticum L. Spec. 250. Stem simple, 1 to 2 feet
high, somewhat leafy, with glabrous inflorescence: leaves biternate;
leaflets ovate, 1 to 2 inches long, coarsely toothed: umbel 8 to 15-
ra3'ed, with involucels of several linear bractlets ; rays (fruiting)

1 to '-3 inches long: fniit narrowlv ol)long, 4 to 5 lines long, with
prominent somewhat winged ribs: cjil-tubes small, 2 or 3 in th'e
inter\als, (') cm the commissural side: seed flattened dorsally, with
with round back. ( Fig. 89. )

Salt marshes, along the east and west coasts of British America, and
extending into New England as far south as Cohasset, Mass. {\VnUvr Dei\n(ty,
also in Alaska.

* * T^cuvcs tcriiate-p'niiiatcly co/i/po/md^ with Icajiets iaciii-
iate/v toothed or piiuiatifid.

f Rocky Mountain species.

•5. L. SCOpulorum Gray, Free. Am. Acad. vii. 347. Stout,

2 to 3 feet high, more or less leafy, with puberulent inflorescence:
lower leaves often ver\ large, twice or thrice ternate, then once
or twice pinnate; segments (often small) ovate, laciniately pin-
natiMd; upper leaves often ternate-pinnate or simply pinnately
compound : umbel of numeious ra\s, with involucels of several
narrowly linear elongated bractlets; rays ( fruiting) 2 to 3 inches
long; pedicels 6 lines long: fruit oblong, about 3 lines long, with
somewhat prominent conical stylopodium, and prominent some-
what winged ribs: oil-tubes 3 to 5 in the intervals, 6 to 8 on the
commissural side: seed somewhat dorsallv flattened, with angled

or silicate back, and face with a broad sliallow concavity and cen-
tral longitudinal ridge. (Fig. 90. )

Common in the mountains of Colorado, and extending into Utah
(Ward), N. Arizona {Palmer 176, Lemmon 393, Rushy 630), and New
Mexico (Bigelow, Walcotf, RuHby). Fl. June to August. This is Hall ct-
Harbour 218.

So far as we can discover, this species does not occur outside of the
Eocky Mountains, and chiefly in Colorado, even the range widely separat-
ing it from L. apiifoUum, with whi.'h it has often been confused. Certain
Colorado forms, commonly referred to this species, are Conioselinum
Canadense. In some cases the fruit is necessary to distinguish these
species. Collectors should carefully note whether any so-called specimens
of L- Hcopulorum develop fruit with lateral wings.

4. L. Porteri. Rather stout, 2 to 8 feet high, more leafy,
with glabrous or puberulent inflorescence: leaves large, biternate
then bipinnate; the numerous rather crowded segments lanceolate
to lanceolate-ovate, laciniately pinnatifid, toothed or entire: umbel
of numerous rays, mostly with neither involucre nor involucels;
rays (fruiting) 1 to 2 inches long; pedicels 3 to 4 lines long;
flowers white or pinkish: fruit (immature) oblong-ovate, 2 lines
long, with more prominent winged ribs than in other species: oil-
tubes 4 to 6 in the intervals, 8 to 10 on the commissural side: seed
somewhat dorsally flattened, with very sharply angled back, and
face with a broad shallow concavity and central longi'tudinal ridge.

In the mountains and foothill* of Colorado, Bear Creek {Vasey 223, in
1868), headwater* of Platte Eiver {Coulter, in 1873, distribed as L. apiifol-
ium, and described as such in Fl. Colorado); Arizona (Palmer 176, in 1877),
Huachuca Mts {Pringle, in 1884, distributed as L. filicirmm); New Mexico,
mountains near Las Vegas (G. R. Vasey, in 1881, distributed as L. apiifnl-
ium), near top of mesa, Eaton (Tracy 52, in 1887)- Fl. June and July.

This is also the Colorado form referred doubtfully to L. apiifolmm by
Brewer & Watson in Bot. Calif, i. 264. It is a curious fact that this species
has always been referred to L apiifoUum or L. filicinum, two species with
which it cannot be confounded, and has never been referred to L scopu-
lorum, to which it is most nearly allied. It differs from that species chiefly
in its more leafy habit, more numerous crowded smaller and narrower leaf-
segments, naked often glabrous umbels, more ovate fruit, which is more
prominently wingei than in any other species, more numerous oil-tubes,
and seed with a very sharply angled back.

5. L. Canbyi. Stem about 2 feet high, leafy at base, with
a small cauline leaf or two, and glabrous inflorescence: leaves
large, biternate; leaflets lanceolate, 3 to 4 inches long, pinnately

87

parted below, then confluent, finally toothed above, the larger seg-
ments more or less laciniately toothed: umbel of numerous rays,
with involucels of elongated (half inch long) linear bractlets; rays
2 inches long; pedicels 5 or 6 lines long; fruit ( immature) with long
slender conical stylopodia as long as the styles, and prominent
winged ribs: oil-tubes 5 or (S in the intervals, 0 to 8 on the com-
missural side: seed strongly flattened dorsally.

Low grounds, near headwaters of Jocko Kiver, Montana, July Ki, lH8:i
{Canhu l'>o, distributed as L. »C()\ndorum, var. ?, with the herbarium note,
"perhaps a sp. nov.")

The foliage of this species is very different from that of any other
LiaustUum, but the mature fruit is needed to complete the description.

<>. L. filicinum Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 140. Stem
1]4 to 8 feet high, mere or less leafy, with glabrous inflorescence:
lower leaves often very large, once or twice ternate, then bipin-
nate;the narrow segments deeply pinnatifid to entire: umbel of
numerous rays, with involucels of one or fev; small linear bractlets;
rays (fruiting) 1 to 2 inches long; pedicels 3 to 5 lines long; fruit
narrowly oblong, 8 to 3^2 lines long, with somewhat prominent
conical stylopodia, and prominent somewhat winged ribs: oil-
tubes 3 to 5 in the intervals, (5 to 8 on the commissural side: seed
strongly flattened doryally, with angled back, and face slightly
concave, with no cer.tral ridge.

S. Utah, in the Wahsateh and Uintah Mts. {WtiLson 454. Parry 82,
JoncM 1170, Tracy ()8(i, Hooker it- Gray), northward to Wyoming (Porr^/
121). and Yellowstone Park {Tweedy 5). Fl. July.

In Watsons Repoit on Kirig'sExped. this wasrtfenedto L. apiifolium;
and in Am. Nat. ix. 291, it was referred by Parry to L. f<copulortim. It
differs from both of these species chiefly in its more- dissected foliage,
larger more oblong fruit, more dorsally flattened carpels, and the absence
of any central ridge upon the seed-face.

7. L. tenuifolium Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 293. Stem
slender, 1 to 2 feet high, naked alxnc the base or with a single leaf,
bearing 1 to 3 glabrous umbels: leaves small, icrnate then pin-
nately decoinpound, fineU dissected with laciniateh' (li\ ided leaf-
lets, the ultimate segments linear and short: umbel few-rayed ((3
to 12), with involucels of 1 or 2 narrovvly linear bractlets; rays
about an inch long ; pedicels 2 to 3 lines long: fruit oblong, 1 1^ to
2 lines long, with narrow ribs: oi'.-tubes 3 to 5 in the intervals, 6
to 8 on the commissural side.

88

Mountains of Colorado {Ilall d- Hiirbonr 21(>, in part, Prnry, Wolf d-

Holhrock 721); Oregon, Eagle Creek Mts. (Cu.'iick lO.")?). FL August.

The Hall <.{• Harbour plant was distributed as Conioselinum F^iKchcri.

f f Pacific species.

8. L. apiifolium Bcnth. & Hook. Gen. PI. i. 912. vStenis
2 to 4 feet high, fe\v-lea\ ed or almost naked, puherulent i;i tlie
inflorescence: leaves mostly radical, teruate or biternate, then once
or twice pinnate; the segments ovate, lachiiately pinnatifid (^ to
1]4 inches long): umbel of numerous rays, with involucels of
several narrowly linear elongated bractlets; rays (fruiting) about
2 inches long; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long: fruit oval, 1 \A to 2 lines
long, with short conical stylopodia, and narrow acute ribs: oil-
tubes 8 to 5 in the intervals, 4 to 8 on the commissural side: seed
with round back and more or less deeply concave face, and a
prominent central longitudinal ridge. (Fig. 91.) — Cynapiinn
apiifoliiiin Nutt. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 641.

Ch*iefly in the mountains ot Oregon (represented in older collections by
Hall 207, a!:d recently by Howell (i, Henderson 158!), Cusick lOoS and lo'Jl,
Kellogg d- Harford oU); and extending southward into California, Yose-
mite YaWeyl Bolander), Big Tree Eoad and Ebbett's Pass {Brewer), Conner
Lake (Torrey), Tsimal Pass (Bigelow), Siskiyou county {Priiigle, in 1882),
etc.; also probably in British Columbia {Macoun), Fl. June.

It is very evident, from a study of herbarium specimens, that this
species has been much misunderstood: for while we discover any number
of sheets labelled L. apiifolium, very few of them prove to be that species.
The small oval fruits, smaller than in any other species, with their narrow
ribs and reniform seed-section, easily separate it from other species. Its
range, apparently limited to the mountains of Oregon and N. California,
serves well to separate it trora the Colorado L. Hcopulorum, with which it
has been confounded. A form apparently near L. apiifolium was collected
by Henderson (no. ir)S8) at Oswego, (Oregon, May, 1887, and by Howell
(no. 121) near "Waldo. Oregon. The leaves are almost entirely wanting,
but the fruit is somewhat larger, the seed-face more deeply sulcate, and
and its central ridge wanting or nearly so.

9. L. Grayi. Stems 1 to 2 fe^t high, v/ith leaves all uea:-ly
radical, and glabrous infloi-escence : leaves ternatc then pinnate ;
the segments o\ate, laciniately pinnatiHd: umbel of numerous
rays, with in\olucels of se\ end nano\\l\- linear elongated bract-
lets; rays 1 to 2 inches long; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long: fruit nar-
rowly oblong, 2 to 2i^ lines long, Vv^ith short conical stylopodia,
and narrow prominent almost winged ribs: oil-tubes 8 to T) in the

so

iiitcr\:tls, S on the coiiiinissural side: seed stroiit^ly lliitlciied
dorsally, with angled back, and face but slightly concave, with
no central ridge. (Fig. 02.) - L. apiifolhim var. ( r ) wiinis Gray;
Rrcv/er tK: Watson, Hot. Calif, i. 2()4 and ii. XTA.

California, Ostrandors Meadows {lidhtiidi'i), Ebltott's Pass (lirtjim),
Mts. Sliasta and Stanford {Hooker A- Oraij). Donner Lake {Sonne), Sierra
county (Lenunon\, Plumas county {Mrn. Aiislin); Oregon, Portland
iHrndernon), Willamette Slough iHotrell); Washington Toiritory, Mt.
Adams (Henderson 37^. SnkHdorf). Fl. June.

Tho specidi' uanif inimix is pi coccupiiMl \,y Liiinsliriiin luiinis Lam.

22. OREOXIS Rat., Seringe, Indl. Hot. Soc. Genev. 1880,
214. — An alpnic cespitose glabrous perennial, with pinnate leaves
inostly shorter than the pedeuncles, no inxolucrc, and inxolucels
of narrow bracllets equalling the 3CII0W flowers.

The corky-ribbed rather than tiiin 7/inged fruit, as well as the well-
developed strengthening cells, are characters which do not belong to
C'//"'0P'e''M«> the genus to which this form has been referred. Tlie fruit
bears a closer resemblance to that of Apiinn or Cadoplennnn.

1. O. humilis Kaf. 1. c. Cespitose, from a somewi^at slen-
der elongated root: leaves pinnate, the leaflets cut into 8 to 7 linear-
lanceolate inucronate segments: peiluncles I to -"> inches high:
umbels few-rayed, with imolucels of linear oi" lanceolate bractlets:
fruit globose, 2 lines long, with T) very thick and prominent (but
not winged) carpel ribs: oil-tubes solitary in the \ erv nairow ip.-
tervals, 2 on the commissural side, and a small one in each dor-
sal rib: seed sulcate beneath the oil-tubes, witii face somewhat con-
cave. (Fig. 08.) — Cyinoptcnis alpinns Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 2.
xxxiii. 408.

High mountRins of Colorado, at 11,000 feet altitude and uiiwards. Fl.
July and August.

28. -ICTIIL'SA Linn. Gen. n. 8r)r). Poisonous annuals, with
2 to 8-ternate then pinnate leaves having small and man\-cleft
segments, no involucre, inxolucels of long narrow bractlets, and
white flowers.

JB.. CvNAPU M L. is a fetid poisonous European herb, in
cultivated grounds, from New ICngland and Peimsvlvania to Min-
nesota. (Fig. 94.) Fl. June to August.

90

2i. CUtLOTLEURUM Lcdcl^. Fl. Ross. ii. 8Hl.— Stout
glabrous sea-coast perennials (somewhat pubcrulent in the inflores-
cence), with 2 to 3-ternate leaves on very large inflated petioles,
few-leaved deciduous involucre, involucels of numerous small
linear-lanceolate bractlets (sometimes conspicuous or even like the
leaves), and greenish-white flowers in many-rayed umbels.

This genus is referred to Archungelica bv Bentham & Hooker, which
genus we have included under Angelica^, and in the same connection restor-
ed Cdilopleurum'^ to generic ranli. It differs from Angelica in the fact that
all the ribs are verv prominently thick and corky, and that the laterals are
not winged, although in C. maritimum they are broader than the dorsals.
The fruit is not at all dorsally flattened, the flattening being lateral, if any,
as in Liguslioum. The seed is soon loose in the pericarp, the oil-tubes
adhering to it. This fact, taken in connection with the vtry characteristic
ribs, serves to distinguish this genus from any Angelica, to which genus it
is nearly allied though Cfclopleurum maritimum and Angelica pinnata.

1. C. Gmelini Ledeb. 1. c. Stem 1 to 8 feet high: leaflets
ovate. (with acute or obtuse base), acute, irregularly cut-serrate,
2 to 2% inches long, 1 to 1^ inches broad: rays 1 to 1}4 inches
long; pedicels 8 to 4 lines long: fruit globose to oblong, 2 to 3i^
lines long, with ribs all nearly equal, and seed-face plane. (Fig.
95.) — Archaiigerica Gmclijii DC.

Itocky coasts, Massachusetts Bay {Moroiig), Isles of Shoals ((Uutby),
Shore of St. Lawrence {Priiigle), coast of Gaspe {3Iacoun), Labrador
(Allen, Mann), to Greenland; also Vancouver Island {Macoun\, Queen
Charlotte Islands (Daicson), to Alaska iRothrork, Ifitrriiuilon d- While);
besides reported stations of the earlier collectors.

This species very likely occurs on the coast of Washington Territory
and Oregon, but we have as yet seen no si)ecimens. So far as known it is
not found in the interior, the so-called Archaitgelica (imrlini of the Eocky
Mountains (so far as seen) being Selinum <,'ruyi. The plant from "Alpine
legion of White Mts. {()alie»)," in the Gray and Torrey herbaria, is probably
something else, but the specimens are much too young to determine.
l-fdU d- Harl)uur 21'.) h-oui the Colorado mountains, and IV'a /.son 459 from
the Uintas are the same, and have been doubtfully referred to this species,
but in the absence ot fruit it is impossible to determine the relationship,
and the range is presumptive evidence against this reference. They may
as well hi; aome Angelica. Arciiangelica pcregrina Nult., (juotedby Tor»ey
& Gray as a synonym of Archaitgelica Ci'melini DC . is Angelica genujle.va
Nutt. In Pringle's distribution from Temi.scouata, Canada (rocky shore ot
thi? St. Lawrence), the sh*>ot in J. Donnell Smith's herbarium contains de-

00. 7 L. c. p. (;•_'.

tarliod fniil.s wliicli (if thfv Ix'loii^' to tlii.s spoci.'s) iui; l.ni;,'..r lliiui any
known, boin« ."> lines long. Certain Alaskan forniH refoMed to this spoci^-s
show a remarkable devcdopnient of involueels. the bractlets being ovate,
very long acuminate, and 6ev<>ral times longei- than lii»' head. Th<-re has
been considerable mixing of this species with Liuii^lim m Sr,,ii<-,nii In lier-
liaria.

;i. C. maritimum C. .\: K. Hot. (in/.cttr, xiii. U,"). Sterns
'l to 8 feet high: leaflets broad, often round, usually Vvith cordate
base, very obtuse, dentate or crenate-dentate, 2y, to 8 inches long,
2i/< inches broad: rays 2 to 8 Inches long; pedicels (5 to 7 lines
long: fruit oblong, 8 to 81.3' lines long, with lateral ribs broader
than the others, and seed-face concave. ( Fig. VH).)

Washington Territory, wet oeean bluffs. Long Beach, Ihvaco, .July 24,
ISSti (/y. F. Hriidrrsini :;S4), Astoria {('onper).

25. OROGEMA Watson, King's Rep. v. 120, t. 15.-
Dwarf, glabrous, nearly acaulcsceiit plants, from tuberous or fusi-
form roots (underground part of the stem sheathed with large
scarious bracts), with ternatc leaves and linear segments, no invol-
ucre, involucels of few linear bractlets, and white flowers in sub-
compound umbels with very unequal ra\ s.

This very peculiar and distinct genus is like Erigenia in habit and
time of blooming, as is said in the original description, but it is far removed
from It in fruit structure.

1. O. linearifolia Watson, 1. c. Stem (or scape) slender,
rising 1 to 2 inches above ground from a deep-seated round tuber:
leaves 2 or 8, once or twice ternate, upon slender petioles; leaflets
entire, 1 to 2 inches long, 1 to 8 lines wide, obtuse: umbels 2 to
4-rayed, with nearly sessile flowers: fruit 1 1^^ to 2 lines long,
lateral ribs and commissural projection much m(^re strongly devel-
oped than in the next. (Fig. 97. )

Utah, in the Wahsatch (Watxoti, JoneH); Idaho (Wilcux); Oregon
(CuHick); and Washnigton Territory (SukfxJorf). Fl. in eaily spring.

2. O. fusiformis Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 474.
Stouter, 8 to 6 inches above ground, from a long fusiform root:
leaves more compounded, 2 or 8-ternate, with terminal leaflets
often 8-parted; leaflets an inch or less long: umbels (J to lO-rayed;
rays longer: fruit about 8 lines long, 1 j^ lines broad, lateral ribs
and commissural projection smaller. (Fig. {)H.)

California, Plumas county (Mrn. R. M. AttMtin), Nevada county (f. F.
Sonne). Fl. in early spring.

{)2

\av. Leibergi. A taller, more slender form, a footer more
high, with petioles correspondingly elongated.

Sandhills in the BiLteroot Mountains, Idaho, June, 1887 ('/. B. Leiherg)'
This is not only a much taller plant than the species, but it blooms
considerably later, and mature fruit may reveal speeifie characters.

2(). CRANTZIA Xutt. (jjnera, i. 178.— .Small glabrous
perennials, creeping and rooting in the mud, with leaves reduced
to hollow cvlindrical or awl-shaped petioles (jointed by transverse
partitions), minute involucral bracts, and simple few-flowered
umbels of white flowers.

1. C- lineata Nutl. 1. c. Leaves very obtuse, 1 to 3 inches
long (sometimes nearly a foot), 1 to 2 lines broad : fruit a line
long, the thick lateral wings forming a corky margin. (Fig. 99).

In brackish marshes along the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts to
Mississippi; on the Pacific coast, Oregon {Hall 20.'i. Meehan), Washington
Territory (//p/(f^'c.so/t 40:51, Puget Sound ( inVA-e-s" £'.17)^^7. ), Vancouver Is-
land uVocoh/o; also from Santa, Ciuz Valley, Arizona (Pr/Hgr/e, Lemwon).

The Arizona specimens arc somewhat peculiar, Pringle"s having un-
usually elongated filiform leaves, and Lemmon's having leaves of ordinary
width, hut in f.ome casos n inches to a foot long.

27. CEXANTIIE Linn. Gen. n. 352. — Mostly aquatic gla-
brous herbs, with succulent stems, pinnate or decompound leaves,
and usualh' involucrate umbels of white flowers.

L CE. sarmentosa Lresl. DC. Prodr. i\-. 188. Succulent
stems 2 to 5 feet high: leaves ternate and bipinnatc; leaflets ovate,
acuminate, toothed, often lobed at base, () to 12 lines long: umbels
many-rayed, with involucre of a few linear bracts or none, and in-
volucels of similar more numerous bractlets; rays an inch long or
less; pedicels numerous, short: fruit about 2 lines long, with com-
missural face (as well as ribs) very corky. ( Fig. 100.)

California {Lemmon), through Oregon and Washington Territory, to
British Columbia {Meehan. Maco%m). Fl. June to August.

\'ar. Californica. With usually larger more :^.pproximate
acute or acutlsh leaflets. - ffi". Californica Watson, Proc, Am.
Acad. xi. 189.

With the last in the southern part of its range, but extending south-
ward in California to San Diego county.

We can discover no good specific chaiactersin (.F4. Californica Watson.

0:{

JLs langc o\orla|i.s with lliiit i>f f/v. >!ti niiciiloHii, while tiic leaf oliaiaolors
depended upon to distinguisli it are not constant, but show cv*'!}- gradation
to the leaf characters of that species.

•is. CVXOSCIADII'I.I DC. Mem. rinl)c-l. 44. (ilahrous
annuals, with pinnatcly (li\itleil caulinc leaves (leaflets linear),
mostly undisi'lcd lower and ladical lea\ es, involucre and invol-
ucels of linear luacts, and white (lowers.

1. C. digitatum DC. 1. c. Slender, 1 to 2 feet hig^h: radi-
cal leaves linear-lanceolate, entire; caulinc leaves palmatcly 3 to
r)-parted: umbels irregular, mostly ){ to 8-rayed; rays about an
inch long; pedicels ver\' une(|ual, '4 to 1(1 lines long: fruit a line
long, contracted into a neck at summit, with very prominent ribs
and minute calvx-teeth. (I'ig. 101.)

Wot ground. Arkansas. Alahania, Louisiana, and Texas Fl May and
June.

~. C. pinnatum DC. 1. c. Smaller: cauline leaves pinnately
divided into few distant segments, terminal one much the largest;
radical leaves similar or often entire: umbels 5 to l(.)-rayed; rays J/4
to 1 inch long; pedicels 1 to 4 lines long: fruit li^ lines long, not
beaked at summit, with less prominent ribs and very j^rominent
calyx-teeth.' (Fig. 102.)

Wet ground, Arkansas, Indian Territory, and Texas. Fl. April.

Quite variable in size, often becoming very low and passing into

Var. pumilum Engfdm. tK: Gray, PI. Lindh. 10, which is a
cespitose form.
Texas.

2U. ERYNGIUM Linn. Gen. n. 824.— Glabrous peren-
nials, with leaves mostly rigid, coriaceous, spinosely toothed or
divided, and white or blue flowers sessile in dense bracteate heads.

The outer bracts form the involucre, the inner ones, bractlets^
intermixed with the flowers, represent the involucels. (Fig. 1(^8.)

* Stoxt^ xv/'t/i fia rail el -veined elongated linear coriaceous
leaves^ iL'hic/i arc mostly entire or ~L'it1i niaroiti sparingly bristly:
extending- north ward.

1. E. yuccaefolium Michx, Fl. i. 104. From 1 to (i feet
high, branching alcove: leaves broadly linear (from 2 lines to over
an inch wide), tapering to a point, with remotely bristly margins.

94

the lower ones sometimes hecoiniii;^ 2 or '■'> feet lon<j;-: heads pedun-
culate, ovate-globose ( i) lines long), with ox a'.e-lanceolate mostly
entire cuspidate-tipped bracts shorter th;.n the head, and similar
bractlets: fruit scaly, about a line long, with short o\ate calyx-
lobes, and long rigid styles. — £. aqiiatinon Linn., in part.

Dry or damp soil, from New Jersey to Florida, and vrestward In Min-
nesota, Missouri, and Texas. Fl. July to September.

Exceedingly variable in lieiglit and size of leaves.

Var. synchaetum (jra}' in herb. vSmaller, with leaves more
bristly margined, and bristles in clusters of 2 to 4.

Florida (C/(a/j //Iff I), Curli».s. Paimrv). Louisiana, near New Orleans
(7)/-. Ingullx, in 1S35").

2. E. longifolium Cav. Ann. ii. 188. .Stem dichotomously
branching: radical leaves (sometimes 8 or 4 feet long) parallel-
veined, linear, tapering to a point, entire or rarely with 1 or 2
bristle-teeth; stem leaves similar but shorter: heads oval, with
much shorter linear-lanceolate bracts and similar bractlets.

A Mexican species, collected in this country only by Wright, in 1S51,
at "Las Playas Springs, near the Sierra de los Animos," New Mexico,
October.

The original description calls for retlexed bracts, but Wright's speci-
mens show no such character.

* * Tall and often stout: leaves thick, linear to oblongs on
long Jistiilous petioles, entire or somewhat toothed i^not spiny):
chiefly southern.

8, E. Virginianum Lam. Diet. iv. 759. Slender, 1 to 3
feet high, branciiing above: radical and lower cauline leaves linear
to oblong-lanceolate (petioles sometimes a foot long), entire or
with remote small hooked teeth; upper cauline leaves sessile,
spiny-toothed or laciniate: heads ovate-oblong (6 lines long), with
lanceolate spiny-toothed or entire reflexed bracts mostly as long as
the head, and bractlets with 3 spiny cusps, the middle one largest:
fruit scaly, with prominent lanceolate acuminate-cuspidate calyx-
lobes equally or exceeding the bractlets.

Wet places, margins of ponds and streams, New Jersey to Florida and
Texas. Fl. August and September in the north, June and July in the
south.

Mr. Canby sends specimens from Delaware with bracts longer than the
heads, but in every other respect they conform to the species.

95

4. E. Mettaueri Wood, Cl.-IJook, 87U. Stem erect, sim-
ple, 4 to f) feet high, branching at top: stem leaves linear to linear-
I'.inceolate, entire or sparingly spinose toothed at base, the lower
linear (sometimes 1 to 2 feet long), on very long jointed petioles:
heads ovate-oblong (6 liijes long), with numerous reflexed linear-
lanceolate spinose-tipped and toothed bracts (whitish within and
greenish without) larger than the heads, and bractlets lanceolate,
with 3 strong and equal spiny cusps {^w-, \\\ Ji. Rave?icllii'): hmt
about a line long, with ovate acute cahx-teeth, and long stout
rigid styles,

III marshes and wet placfs, Florida, Newport (J/c/^nu'r). Fl. Auguf-t
and September.

Most of the herbarium material labeled H. Mellitufri is E. Floridarium.
This species is intermediate between E. Vir(iiniunnm and E. liavpvellii,
but stouter than either, having the bractlets of the latter and leaves of
intermediate character.

5. E. Ravenelli Gray, PI. Lindh. 209. vSlender, from 1 >^
to 8 feet high, branching above: leaves linear, elongated, nearly
terete (conduplicate), obscurely denticulate, the lower ones fro:n
12 to 18 inches long: heads as in the former species, with lanceo-
late spiny-toothed or entire reflexetl bracts as long as the head,
and bractlets with 8 strong and ec[ual spiny cusps: fruit with
short muci'onulate cahx-lobcs, and long rigiil styles.

Wet pine barrens, South Carolina, St. John'y Parish {.liar en el); Florida,
Apalachieola ((7(«/>ii((M(), St. Marks' iRiKjtl), TanqyA Bay (Lrorcnwor I h).
Fl. September and October.

Chapmans Florida specimens are those from which he described the
E. Virfiinidiuim of his Manual, of course moie or less modilied by pub-
lished descriptions. The narrow conduplicate nearly entire leaves, the
bractlets with :] strong and ci|ual spiny cusps, and the short-mucronate
calyx-lobes, siiould seive w(>li to (lislinguisli this species from E. Vinjiv-
iini II III .

<>. E. praealtum (iray, PI. Lii.dh. '.'10. Stout, 4 l.) () feet
high, bianciiing al)()\e: radical IcaM's ikhidw 1\ olilong (not ui^iike
those of a Rumcx), with strong niidrili, often 2 feet or more long
including the long petioles, entire or npand; >tem-lea\ e>^ lanceo-
late, veiny, serrate, tapering at both ends; lloi.tl Icaxcs similar to
the bracts, which arc lincar-lanccohile, spjiiulose-dcntate oi' incised,
2 or :Mimes longer than the ovate oblong head (») lines long);
bractlets with ;{ spin\' cusps, ibe middle one sonu-w hat the largest:

96

fruit with lanceolate acuniinate-cui-pidatc calvx-lobcs shorter than
the bracLiets. — E. Virginianum Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 005, in part.
In tide swamps, N. Carolina to Georgia. Fl. August.

7. E. Floridanum C. & R. Bot. Gazette, xiii. 140. Erect,
2 to 8 feet high: lower leaves narrowly oblong (1 to 4 inches
long), mostly entire, on long jointed petioles (sometimes a foot
long); upper ones becoming sessile, elongated-linear, usually
remotely serrulate: bracts linear-lanceolate, rigid, sharp-pointed,
entire or spiny-toothed, reflexed, longer tlian the subglobose heads;
bractlets linear, rigid, entire, tapering to a pungent tip, much
longer than the flowers: fruit with short ovate acute calyx-lobes
and very long rigid styles.

Brackish marshes, Florida (r'M/-//.s.s). Distributed as E. praui I turn and
E Mettaueri.

This is the only species of the group that has entire bractlets. Most
of the herbarium specimens labelled E. Mettaueri are this species, which
can be easily separated from the former by its entire bractlets.

* * * Weaker: leaves tJiiii^ toothed to laciniate i sometimes
spinoseJy tipped): zvestern species [exeept E. virgatuni^

8. E. virgatum Lam. Diet. iv. 757. Erect, 1 to 8 feet high,
branching above: leaves oblong or oblong-ovate, often subcordate,
on short petioles; loy/er one entire or crenately toothed; upper ones
becoming sharply serrate or e^•en laciniately toothed: bracts linear
and entire or with a few bristly teeth, longer than the subglobose
heads; bractlets equally 8-cuspidatc, little longer than the flowers:
fruit with lanceolate acuminate cal\x-lol:)es and long rigid styles.

Damp pine barrens, from N. Carolina to Florida, and westward to
Louisiana and Texas,

Certain Louisiana specimens become nai-rower-leaved than the type,
and merge gradually into the extreme foiin,

^'ar. Ludovicianum Alorong in litt., which has linear-lan-
ceolate or even linear leaves, — E. L//dovicia?nim jVIorong, Bull.
Torr. Bot. Club, xiv. 51.

Barrens of Louisiana i Ldiujlois. etc ) and Texas ( Wriffht, Xeally).

9. E, armatum C, cK: R. Bot. (iazette, xiii, 141. Diffuse,
branching tiiroughout, a foot or so high (sometimes quite tall):
radical leaves oblanceolatc (sometime broadly so), from serrate to
spinose-dentatc or incised, attenuate into a short more or less mar-

97

giiied petiole; stciii-lcavcs iiarrovvor and sessile: heads pediincled'
globose (about () lines in diaiietei), with involucre of triangulai-
lanceolate (broader at base) entire rigid tliick-niargined bracts
( soiiietiines an inch long) nuich longer than the head ; bractlets
the same and full}- as jironiinent: fruit with lanceolate acuminate
calyx-lobes longer than the short styles. H. pctiolatitm var.
arniatinn Watson, Hot. Calif, i. 255.

Californlii, from San Die^'o {Ormll). Kan Luis Obispo {Pahiur I.").'), in
l)!irLi, tlu'ough tlie central part of tlie state uuiniorous collectors) to Hum-
boldt (Ki'loiiu A- Harford 1142) and Butte counties iJ/c.s. Ji. M. Au>ili,i).

Distributed by Oreutt, Pringle, and Mrs. .\ustin as K- peliofufuni.
Hook., from wliieli it differs in its diffuse branching habit, short petioled
radical loaves, broad eiitiie rigid bracts and bractlets, all similar and con-
spicuously longer than the head, and short styles.

10. E. Vaseyi C. A: K. Hot. Gazette, xiii. 142. Stems a
foot or less high (sometimes reduced to 2 or 3 inches), several
from a common root and branching above: leaves oblanceolate,
unequally spinulose-serrate, attenuate below: involucre of narrow
thick and rigid spinose and spiny-toothed bracts (sometimes an
inch long) much longer than the head; bractlets the sair.e: fiuit
uith lanceolate acimiiiiatc-cuspidate calyx-lobes longer than the
short styles.

In wet ground. California, San Antonio Kiver, July. ISSO (/.'. J\. Vaxtif
•>22, d'isUihutod as K, ficlioUiluiii), near Chico, Butte rouniy i.Mr><. 1{. M.
Austin), near Merced. Merced county {RcdJieUl 2477). near Mt. ShasUi
( F. H. Miller, ill 188(i); S. W. Oregon, near Medford {Ifowrll. a much re-
duced form), also by the Wilkes" Expedition.

This spex^-ies is remarkable for its iiairow very spiny bracts and bract-
lets (often blue), much more rigid than in hj. (irnialitni, and spiny toothed.
The calyx-lobes also have str()ng(>r cuspidate tips than in that species.

11. E. petiolatum Ib-uk. Fl. r,.M-.-Ain. i. 2r)i». i:rect, l
to 5 feet high, l)ranching abox c ( oi' fiom the base in low forms):
radical leaves oblanceolate, spinosely and unequally serrate, attenu-
ate in an elongated fistulous petiole (submerged leaves only of the
terete jointed petiole); stem ka\cs mostly sessile: heads peduncled,
globose (C lines in diameter ), with involucre of linear-lanceolate
spinosoly-tipped and toothed bracts (sometimes an inch long) longer
than the head : bractlets lanceolate, cuspidate-tipped, but little longer
than the flowers, scarious-winacd bi-luw : fruit with lahx-lobcs

98

resembling; the bractletsj but smaller, muGh shorter than the long
styles.

Mostly ill iiiarshos; tluoughout Calilornhi {O'recne, Lctumon 108, (,'. /i".
\'aneif 223 and distributed as var. armalum. Cleveland, etc.)

The species varies greatly in size, and in drier places it passes into the
dwarfed

\'ar. minimum, which is but 1 to 8 inches high, with all
parts correspond! ngl\- reduced, and bracts about as long as the
heads.

Donner Lake ( C. F. Sonne).

12. E. discolor Watson, Proc. Am. Acad, xviii. 193. Stem
erect, slender, 1 to 2 feet high, bearing a single head (rarely
more): radical leaves on veiv long petioles, oblong to narrowly
oblanceolate, thin, slightly crenate; stem leaves few, sessile, linear-
lanceolate, acutely or spinosely-toothed : head ovate-oblong (about
f> lines long), with involucre of numerous linear-lanceolate spinose-
tipped bracts (white within and green without) longer than the
heads and entire or sparingly spinose-toothed ; bractlets narrow,
with a long spinose acumination: fruit with ovate abruptly cuspi-
date-tipped calyx-lobes and long slender styles.

Growing in water, at Cienega, Huachuca Mts., S. Arizona {Lenunon, in
1882); also in S. W. Chihuahua, Mexico {Pahner :>i)7). Fl. August to
November.

* * * * Simple to diffuse : leaves coriaceous., lohed or farted.,
spinosely tipped : soiitherti (except the first two species).

13. E. articulatum Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. 232. Erect,
a foot or so high (rarely prostate), more or less branching through-
out: radical and lower stem leaves reduced to very long (some-
times a foot long) jointed petioles with or without a small lanceo-
late blade (from entire to laciniately toothed) ; upper stem leaves
sessile: involucre (^f linear cuspidate-tipped and spiny-toothed
bracts ( about 6 lines long) much longer than the heads; bractlets
tricuspidatc, the middle one much the largest, scarcely longer than
the flowers: fruit with lanceolate cuspidate-acuminate calyx-lobes
hardly longer than the styles. — E. petiolatum var, Jtincifolium
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 385.

Swamps and wet meadows, California, San Simeon {M. K. Curruii),
Plumas county (.V/.s. /»'. .v. Austin); Oregon (Xnllitll, Hall 200, Howell,

Ihinhr.^on}; Wasliiiigloii Tcniloiy, l-'.ikoii Vall.-y [Sk l.s,lnr_h, SiM.kim.-
Kivor iihyii- .">s:;, in part); Idaho. O'l-ur UAlciio {(ii-i/rr .">f<:5, in paiL).

Numerous very iiuniaturo spociinenH ol" this spoci«!S aro found in lier-
baria, in which tiie biacts simmu \my inominciit. I.iit it is simply oAvin;,' fo
the immaturity of the heads.

\'ar. microcephalum. A small slciulcr form, with sh<.rl
ovate ncuniiiiatc bracts (with somewhat spiiuilost.- maiLjins ) but
little longer than the \cr\ small heads ( *i or :'> lines in diameter),
and calyx-lobes short-imicroiiate.

Plumas eounty, California. ls7S(.ir/M. /,'. M. Aiislh,).

The braets have a liluisli lint.

14. E. Harknessii Curran, Hull. Calif. Acad. iii. 158. Like
the preceiling, but much simpler and taller, about 2 feet high; with
much larger ovate-oblong heads (half inch or more long) exceed-
ing the bracts; the proniinent bractlets blue.

California, Suisan Marsh. August {Holandt r, in isC. 1, fturh-itcus, in
1883), shores of Goose Lake, September, l^S-t (in herb. Martindale, labeled
E. pet tola In III); also probably, Washington Territory, Spokane Rivv*-r
(Cooper): also collected by Xeirhmn in Survey ot California and Oregon,
with neither station nor date.

15. E. aromaticum lialdwin; Elliott, i. ;U4. Stems de-
cumbent or erect, several from one root, simple to near the sum-
mit, very leafy, 1 to 2 feet high: leaves pinnately parted, with
entire segments and cartilaginous margins; the 3 upper segments
remote and broader, cuspidate; the lower ones scattered and seta-
ceous: heads globose (about o lines long), with involucre of 3-cleft
bracts longer than the head, and 8-toothed bractlets: fruit tuber-
culate, half a line long, with setaceous calyx-teeth a line long, and
long styles: oil-tubes large, 3 dorsal and 2 commissural: seed flat-
tened dorsally, with plane face. (Fig. 108.)

Dry pine barrens, Florida; also near Ft. King, Alabama i/.'. Ahle.t, in
1H3S). Fl. August and September.

H). E. fCEtidum L. Spec. 232, in part. A foot or more
high (said to be heavy-scented), branching above: radical leaves
oblong, spinulose-serrate; upper leaves sessile, paimately cleft with
segments more or less cuspidate-toothed: heads oblong (about
8 or 4 lines long), sessile, with involucre of large leaf-like bracts
many times longer than the head, deeply palmatcly j^arteil into
lanceolate more or less spinosely-tofttheil segments; bractlets

!()(»

small, entile, (>\ ate, cuspidate-tipped: fruit with small ovate cahx-
lohes.

A West Indian speeies, I'ound in dry fK-ld.s in Florida by Micliaux. and
not (ollofted since. Said by Pursli to occur in Georgia and Florida.

17. E. Hookeri Vv'alp. Rep. 11. 88*J. Stem erect, branch-
ing ab()\e', a foot or two high: radical leaves petioled, somewhat
dentate; lov/er stem leaves almost sessile, lanceolate, laciniatelv-
toothcd and spinulose, with a pair of small laciniate segments at
base; npper leaves palmately 5 to 7-parted, with narrow i^innatifid-
laciniate spinose-tipped segments: heads ovate-oblong (4 to G lines
long), with involucre of numerous narrov/h- lanceolate spiny-
toothed bracts longer than the head: bractlets lanceolate, entire,
spiny at tip, the terminal ones leafy and crowning the head: fruit
scaly, half a Ihie long, with ovate spiny-tipped calyx-lobes, and
short styles. — E. coronatnm Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 604.

Low grounds, Texas, on the Brazos {Drninmond, Lhulheimcr, Wright).
Matagorda county (7? f/. Bechdolt), near Houston {Joor). and neat Dal-
las {Revprchoii).

IS. E. Leavenworthii Torr. cK: Gray, Fl. i. 004. Stout, 1
to 8 feet high, branching above: lowest stem leaves broadly oblan-
ceolate, spinosely-toothed, gradually becoming more or less pal-
mately parted above to the ordinary stem-leavers which are sessile
and deeply palmately-parted into narrow incisely-pinnatifid spread-
ing pungent segments: heads pedunculate, ovate-oblong (1 to lj4
inches long ), with involucre of incisely-pinnatifid spinose bracts
about as long as the head; bractlets narrow, 3 to 7-cuspidate, the
terminal ones very prominent, resembling the bracts, and crown-
ing the head: fruit a line long, with oblong pinnatifid 3 to o-cus-
pidate calyx-lobes, more than twice as long as the fruit, and short
rigid styles: oil-tubes large, 3 dorsal and 2 commissural: seed flat-
tened laterally.

Dry .soil, Kansas (//«//), Arkansas {Nulhiil, Lea venirortfi), and Texas
[Drummond, Lhulheimcr, Wright, Thurher, Reverchon\.

Nuttali's plant, from "Plains of the Red River," and described as Zt.
htl<r<t}tln;}ln)h. is this species.

ly. E. Wrightii Gray, PI. Wright, i. 78. Glaucous: stem
erect, branching, 1 or 2 feet high: leaves rigid; radical oblanceo-
latc, pectinate-dentate or pimiatifld with triangular teeth tipped

101

with l()ii|4- liiislk's; sIlmu 1c;i\cs sessile, from l;iciiii:ilcl\ -toolhcd lo
piiuiately cut into liiic;;r-lanccol;ite cuspiihitc cliNisioiis: heads ovate
to oblong ( al)ont () lines long), witli inxolncic of numerous linear-
lanceolate entire to rcmotel}' toothed spiny-tipped bracts (whitish
within, green without) twice as long as the head; bractlets subu-
late, rigid, spiny-tipped, longer than the Howers, the terminal ones
verv prominent and crowning the head: fruit half a line long, with
short ovate mucronatc calyx-lobes, ;>.!id shoit 8t\les.

Hills and plains, E. Toxas (//f(?0, New Mexico ( t»'//V//i/i, aiiH Aii/.oiia
( Lemmnu): extending also into Mexico. Fl. August.

20. E. diffusum Torr. Ann, Lye. N. \'. ii. 207. Stem about
a span high, diffusely brandling from the base, with thick rigid
branches: leaves sessile, palmately parted, coriaceous, midrib ver\
prominent beneath and margins cartilagmous; segnients oblong,
inci,sely serrate and spinose: heads subglobose, about <> lines long,
on very short peduncles in the forks of the stem, with involucre of
leaf-like bracts longer than the head, and bractlets lanceolate, en-
tiro, spinosely-tipped : fruit clothed with imbricated pointed scales,
less than a lir.e long, with ovate long-pointed calyx-lobes twice as
long as the fruit, and long styles: oil-tubes very large, 8 dorsal
and 2 commissural, more or less sunken in the somewhat dorsally
flattened seed: seed-face plane.

Sandy plains, Arkansas, on tlie Canadian Kivor {Jumcs). Wichita Mts
( 7ViMr6e»-. in Marcy's Exped.); Texas (Up nrr lion :i">(i), and extending into
Mexico.

An excellent figure of this rnre plant is tc bo found in Marcy's Ke-
port, t 6.

***** l^o-L\ sJcndvr^ niosily prostrate : leaves sniall^fi'iin
and iiiiarnieJ : heads very small : southern.

21. E. Baldwinii Spreng. Syst. i. S70. Prostrate, often
rooting at the joints, diffusely branched: lower leaves oblong,
usually long-petioled, from entire to laciniately toothed ; upper
leaves much snialler, 8-partc:l, tlie divisions from lanceolate t»)
liliform, toothed or entire: heads usually narrowly oblong at
maturity ( about 8 lines long), witii involucre of subulate bracts,
and similar bractlets: fruit half a line long, with very jirominent
tubercles, ovate calyx-lobes shorter than the fruit, and styles a line
long; oil-tubes medium-sixed, 3 dors;d and 2 cnn-.missuial, with

102

plane face. ( Fii;'. l(>;3a ) — Intl. H. Ccrvaiilcsii of Chajjinau's
>[anual.

Saudy hioil, I'roiii (Tcorgiu aiul Florida lo Louisiana and Missouri ( Troci/).
Apparently (lowering from March through the season.

This species is very variahh^ in foliage, the extrenit- forms with fili-
form leaf-segments being the /-;. ('rri'ttiitesii of Chapman's Manual, but no
line of separation can be drawn to distinguish even a variety.

22. E. prostratum Nutt. DC. Piodr. iv. 92. Prostrate,
rooting at the joints, diffusclv hranched : lower leaves long-petioled,
oblong, entire, few-tootheJ, or lobed at base; upper leaves smaller,
clustered at the rooting joints, ovate, few-toothed or entire, with
some additional trifid ones: heads narrowh- oblong (about 8 lines
long), with involucre of reflexed lanceolate bracts longer than the
heads, f.nd very small bractlets: fruit tuberculate, half a line long.
— ^. Baldxvhiii var. />'. Torr. A: Gray, Fl. i. 605.

Wet places, Kentucky {Short), West Tennessee {Gattingcr). S. E. Mis-
souri (Engelmann), Arkansas {XuffaU. Harvey, Haase), Texas {Hall),
Louisiana {Dniiinnoiul, Joor, Lanr/ldis). Georgia {Boijkiu), and Florida
[('room, Rugef).

In PI. Wright, i. 78, Dr. Gray speaks of this species as probably dis-
tinct and the E. Amcriranum of Walter. In his Bibl, Index Mr. Watson
also refers Walter's E. Amerirannm doubtfully to E. proHfruium. The fact
is, there is no E. Americanum Walter. That name was first used by
Sprengel in Rccm. & Schult. 8yst. and referred by him to Walter, but he
copied the description of Walter's E. integrifolhon. Therefore all the £'.
Amrricannm Walter of our literature is E. integrifolium Walter, and what
that is seems impossible to determine. As Walter describes a prostrate
form with upper leaves trifid. he may have been referring to some form of
E.'Baldwinn, which seems to conform better to his description than E.
l>rostratain. But Walter's description is so meager, and the two species
in (juestion so variable, that there seems to be no way of positively deter-
mining which one of them is E. integrifolium Walter.

30. SANICULA Linn. Gen. n. 826. — Smooth perennials,
with almost naked or few-leaved stems, mostly palmate (pinnate
in two species) leaves with more or less pinnatifid or incised lobes,
involucre and involucels present, and greenish-yellow or purple
flowers in irregularly compound few-rayed umbels.

* Atlantic species: oil-tubes ahvays 5 (8 dorsal and 2 ccm-
niissiiral ) : leaves palmately divided.

1. S. Marylandica L. .Spec. 285. Mostly simple, 1 to 3

103

feet high: root-leaves loiig-petioled, palnialely 8 to 7-partecl, the
divisions mostly sharply cut and serrate, the teeth more or less
mucronate-tipped; caulinc leaves similar, short-petioled or sessile:
umhels ii regular, one to few-rayed, with involucre of few leaf-liUc
or small bracts, and involucels of few small bractlets: Howers
greenish-yellow, sterile ones numerous and long-petlicelled : fruit
sessile, prickly all over, y^ to 2 lines long; the styles longer than
the prickles: seed-face plane or slightly convex. ( Fig. lOl.)

Throughout the eastern United States and Caiuuhi. and westwmd to
th<> llocky Moinitains, Fl. May to August.

Var. Canadensis Torr. Fl. U. S. 8(VJ. Differs only in its
comparatively few short-pedicelled sterile flowers, and st\ les
shorter than the prickles. — 6". Canadensis L.

With tlie last, but extending westward only as tar as Minnosotii anil
Missouri.

In studying all our species ot Sanirula it becomes apparent that the
characters which have been nsed to separate .S. Mdrifhuidictt from S. Car.-
(nUnsiH are not specific. They can always be separated, but the distinc-
tions are only varietal. This .species is A'ery closely allied to S. Europira
L., and forms from the mountaiim of Georgia, considered by Dr. Chapman
as representing a new species, can scarcely be separated from it. If our
species is to be kept separate from the European one. the differences are
simply continental, such as slight differences in habit and fruit structure.

* * facipc species : oil -tubes irre<:;iilar in iiidiiber a)id dis-
tribution.

t Mature fruit pedirelled : leaves pahuaiely divided.

'.*. S. arctopoides Ih.ok. .V Arn. Hot. IJccchy, 141 and 8-17.
Stems \ cry siiorl, from thickened rootstocks, bearing a tuft of
leaves and several (often much longer) di\crgent scape-like
branches 2 to 8 inch-js long, each bearing an umbel of 1 to 8 elon-
gated rays: leaves deepl\- palmatelv 8-lobed, the cuneate divisions
once or twice laciniatcK cleft, uisseclcd with lanceolate acute
spreading segments: involucrr of 1 or '.* siniilai- leaf-like bracts;
unibellets large, 8 to ♦'» lines in diameter, w ith conspicuous invol-
ucels of 8 to Yl narrowK oblanceolate mostU entire bractlets:
flowers yellow: f i uit short pedicellate, ]'_; lines long, naked at
base, with strong i)rickles abo\e: seed-face almost plane. (Fig. 105).
On (he piaiiis and dry liillsidi's in ("alifoini.i. .iliout San Franci.sco and

104

eastward into the Sacramento Valley; aUo Vancouver and Queen Charlottp
Ihhiuds iMuroini. Dmrson]. and the northwest coast (J/ t'«^/f'.s). Fl. March
to May.

;l S. Howellii C A: R. Bot. (Jazette, \iii, SI. Stems coarse,
a foot or less high, more or less hurled in the sand, often bearing
tufts of stout elongated peduncles and leaves: leaves hroad and
palmately 3 to 5-lohed (often much modified by burial in the
santl), the upper inclined to be pinnately lobed, the divisions rather
sharply cut and toothed, the teeth mucronate-tipped : umbels
unequally few-rayed, with involucre of few leaf-like bracts, and
involucels of very prominent bractlets, sometimes much exceeding
the large globose head of fruit; fiowers yellow: fruit short pedicel-
late, prickly all o\er, 1^4 to 2 lines long: seed-face concave.
(Fig. lOB.)

Sandy shores, Tilaniook Bay and Ocean Beach. Oregon, July 15, 18S2
( Howell 1(). Henderson 1.584); Oreas Island, in 18.58 {LyalL on Oregon
Boundary Commission); Puget Sound {Wilkefi' E.rped. 71, distributed as
.S. Menziesii); Salinas Valley (J. C. Xeviit, in 1882); on Beacon Hill, Victoria,
Vancouver Island, May .">, 1887 {Macouii 5); also probably near San Fran-
cisco, Calitornia (Kellof/a d- Harford 2!)!), in l.sGS-O).

Exceedingly variable in its leaves and the length of its bractlets. This
sea-coast species is most nearly allied to .S'. ((rctopoldes H. & A., but the
habitat of that species, its almost stemless habit, its leaves so laciuiately
dissected as to appear fringed, its fruit naked at base, and its nearly plane
seed-face, are the more maiked characters which separate it from S.
HoireUii.

4. S. Menziesii llouk. t\: Arn. Bot. 13eechcy, 142 and 347.
Stem solitary, erect, 1 to 8i^ feet high, branching: leaves round-
cordate, 2 to 4 inches broad, very deeply '5 to 5-lobcd, the broad
segments sharply toothed or somewhat cleft, the teeth bristle-
tipped; upper leaves more narrowly lobed and laciuiately toothed:
umbel with 8 to 4 slender rays, involucre of 2 or 3 small leaf-like
bracts, and in\olucels of (5 to 8 small entire bractlets; flowers yel-
low, the sterile ones nearly sessile: fruit becoming distinctly
pedicellate and divergent, obovate, 1 to 2 lines long, covered with
v.'ith strong pickles: seed-face sulcate. (Fig. K)7).

Woods and meadows, S. California (Purinh, Orcutt) to Vancouver
Island {Macoan), British Columbia {Fhtchrr), and the northwest coast
(Mrnzir.^). Fl. April and May.

lOo

T t Mature f rint scssifr.
;|; Leaves pa/iiiatc/v i//vii/ci/ (muYwuWd in .S. iiiarih'/ra ).

5. S. laciniata Hook. iS: Aim. Hot. Bccchcy, 'U7. Stems
more or less branching, (> to 18 inches liigh, from a tliickened
rootslock: leaves mostly palmately 8 to a-parted, the divisions 1 to
2-pinnatifid, segments laciniately toothed, the teeth spinoselv
pointed: umbel 8 to a-rayed, with involucre of leaf-like bracts, and
involucels of lanceolate spinoscly pointed bractlets; flowers yel-
low, the sterile ones on long petlicels: fruit somewhat naked
below, more prickly above, 1 1/< lines long: seed-face ileeply sul-
cate, somewhat involute. (Fig. 108. )— ■5". niaHcaitlis Hook. &
Arn. 1. c.

Hills aud woods, California, from San Diego to HiiniboR county; also
in \. Oregon (.Vr.s. R. TV. SummerH). Fl. April and May.

We find in herbaria considerable confusion between this species and
S. bipinnotifidii, & good ilea\ of .S. Utciniuhi having been distributed as
S. bipinmtfifidct, as, for instance, Prhujh ol ]SS2, and Johcw :514'J. The
palmately parted leaves, spinoselv pointed teeth and bractlets, yellow
Hewers, less prickly fruit, and involute sulcate seed-face of S. laciiiiafa,
are well set off against the pinnately-paited leaves, merely acute or but
slightly pointed teeth and bractlets, purple flowers, densely prickly fruit,
and broadly concave i-ejitrally ridged seed- face of .S'. hipinnatifida. Nevin
& Lyon, in their exploration of San Clemente Island (off S. California),
collected this species with pedicelled fruit. The same form was also col-
lected on Catalina Island by Baker and Dall of the I'. S. Coast Survey, and
on Guadalupe Island by Palmer. In every other respect these plants are
identical with ,S'. hn-iiiidln.

(). S. Nevadensis Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 18U. Stem
slender, sometimes \cr\- short, si.nple or branching near the base,
a foot or less high: leaves ternate, the divisions oblong-ovate, 8 to
a-lobcd; the segments lobed or toothed: umbel with about 5 rays,
which are sometimes branched and become i< to i ]4 inches long
in fruit, involucre of pinn.Uitul leaf-like bracts, and Involucels of
small oblong acute bractlets: flowers yellow, the sterile ones pedicel-
led: fruit prickly all over, 1 1^ lines long: seed-face plane.
(Fig. 109.)

In dry sandy soil Ml- damp places, California (/•Vem (>/(/'.•< E.rprd.), So-
noma county (Coiujdun), Placer county ( C. F. Sonne), Plumas county {Mrx.
Anus, Mrs. Austin. Ltnnnon), Siskiyou county (Oreen 741); Oregon,
Siskivou Mis. ilhiid, rsiHi). near Hood lUver and the Dalles ( /fojr^?/^.

106

Union county {Cusick DUO); Washington Tcnitory ( WilkGti' ExpijL), Klick-
itat county (Sufikfidorf'ili)); Montana, upper waters of Jocko and Flathead
rivers (Canby 142); Vancouver Island (Macoun), British Columbia
(Fletcher). Fl. April to June.

The original description was drawn from Californian (Plumas Co.)
specimens, in which the stems are very shoit and peduncles mostly from
the base; while the northern forms, from Oregon northward, are slender-
stemmed, taller, and usually more simple.

7. S. maritima Kellogg, Watson in Bot. Calif, ii. 451.
Foot or more higli, from a thickened rootstock: radical leaves long
petioled, somewhat cordate, very obtuse, entire or sparingly dentic-
ulate or crenulate, 2 to 4 inches long, li^ to 3 inches broad; cau-
line leaves one or few, smaller and more or less lobed or parted:
umbel with about 8 elongated rays (often with bracts near the
middle), involucre of large leaf-like lobed or parted bracts, and
involucels of numerous small lanceolate bractlets: flowers yellow,
the sterile ones short-pedicelled: fruit somewhat naked below,
prickly above, 2 lines long: seed-face concave, with a very promi-
nent central longitudinal ridge. (Fig. 110.)

Near the coast about San Francisco, California (Kelloyrf, G. R. Vasey).

^ '^ Leaves more or less ^innately divided.

8. S. bipinnatifida Dougl. in Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 258.
Stems a foot or more high, from a thickened rootstock, with
usually a pair of opposite leaves at base, and 1 to 3 leaves above:
leaves pinnately 8 to 7-parted, the divisions incisely toothed or
lobed, decurrent on the toothed rhachis, teeth acute or slightly
pointed: umbel with 3 or 4 elongated rays, involucre of leaf-like
bracts, and involucels of small narrow merely acute bractlets: flow-
ers purple (rarely yellow), in dense heads, the sterile ones on long
pedicels: fruit prickly all over, 1 1^ lines long: seed-face broadly
concave, with a prominent central longitudinal ridge. (Fig. HI.)

Hills, woods, and dry plains, from S. California [Bigelow, Newberry,
Vasey, Puriah, Parry, Lemmon, Cleveland, etc.), to N. Oregon (Nuitall),
Puget Sound (Wilkes Exped.), and Vancouver Island (Maco^m). Fl. May
and June.

9. S. bipinnata Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 347. A foot
or more high, from a slender fusiform root: leaves twice or thrice
pinnate, with divisions not at all decurrent, cuneate-oblong to
ovate, incisely and mucronately toothed: umbel 3 to 4-rayed, with
involucre of leaf-like bracts, and involucels of a few small bractlets

1(»7

more or less united; llowers yellcnv: fiiiil tiil)erciihite at base,
prickly above, Ij^ lines long: seed-face deeply sulcate, more or
less involute (sometimes enclosinj? a central cavitv), with a central
longitudinal ridge. (Fig. 112.)

California, from Kern county (Parish I'.tt"), to the Upper Sacramento
Valley. Fl. February and March.

This species is said to have a very offensive odor. It seems to be rare
in hcibaria, and sometimes strangely confused with ,S'. hiphiunfiftda. .

10. S. tuberosa Torrcy, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 91. .Stem 8
inches to 2 feet high, from a small globose tuber: leaves twice or
thrice pinnate, usually very finely divided, ultimate segments very
small: umbel 1 to 4-rayed, with involucre of leaf-like bracts, and
involucels of small uneciually united bractlets: flowers yellow, the
sterile ones on long pedicels: fruit broader than long, more flat-
tened latterally than in any other species, a line long, strongly
tuberculate: seed somewhat laterally flattened, with plane face.
(Fig. 113.)

Dry hills and woods, California, from San Diego county { Cleveland i2l)
and San Bernardino county {PartMh !»82, VaMey). to Mendocino and Plumas
counties. Fl. February to May.

This species is also said to have a very offensive odor.

31. AMMO.SEL1NUM Torr. & Gray, Pacific. Rep. ii. 1«5.
— Low diffuse annuals, with ternately divided leaves, the small
ultimate segments linear to spatulate, involucre and involucels of
entire or dissected bracts, and white flowers in small sessile or
short-pedunculate unetiual umbels.

A very distinct genus, and one of doubtful aftinity, but holding no
relation whatever to Clueroithijllum, as was surmised in the original de-
scription and followed by Bentham k Hooker.

1. A. Popei Torr. & Gray, 1. c. About a span (sometimes
a foot) high, with stem-angles, rays, pedicels, and ribs of fruit
rough scabrous: leaf-segments narrowly linear: fruit ovate-oblong,
2 to 2i^ lines long, with thick corky commissure. — Apiutn Popei
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 348.

In sandy soil, W. Kansas (K. X Plank), Texas (Wright. Parry,
Rererchon, Misn Croft). New Mexico ( Wriyht). Arizona iPringle. in 1S82.
very large forms), and extending into Mexico. Fl. .\pril and May.

2. A. Butleri C. &. R. Hot. Ga/ette, vii. 2«4. Smaller,
nearly glabrous: Icaf-scgmcnts narrowly oblong or spatulate: fruit

108

ovate, about a line loiijj,-, v, ith rihs smooth or iriimitcl}' scabrous,
and corky coinmissurc much less prominent. (Fig. 114.) — Ap'nnn
Butlcri^ Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. x\i, 458.

In wet grounds, Indian Territory, soutli of the Arlcansas [Butler, in
187f>);and Texas, near Houston (Hall 24i. in ls72t, near Dallas (Reverekon,
in 1S74). Fl. March and April.

82. FCENICULUM Adans. Earn. PI. ii. 101.— Stout gla-
brous aromatic herb, with leaves dissected into numerous filiform
segments, no involucre nor involucels, and large umbels of 3'ellovv
flowers.

F. VULCJAKE Giertn., the cultivated fennel, from Europe,
seems to have become naturalized in some places, as shores of
Maryland and Virginia ( Canby)^ roadsides, Pointe-a-la-Hache
Louisiana [La)iglois)\ also on ballast sand near Philadelphia
[Parker^ Alartindale)^ and commonly escaped from gardens.

The fruit of this species (Fig. ll.>) is described under Cicuta bulbifera
in Bot. Gazette, xii. 263, and figured in the accompanying plate. The mis-
take arose from the tact that a fruiting head of Fmniculum was pasted
upon the herbarium sheet with specimens of Cicuta bulbifera, the mature
fruit of which species remains unknown.

88. PODISTERA Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 475.—
A dwarf cespitose acaulescent perennial, with pinnately parted
leaves, no involucre, involucels of foliaceous 8 to 5-cleft bractlets
(b)' the reduction of the rays often forming a false involucre), and
white or pinkish flowers.

1. P. Nevadensis W^atson, 1. c. Obscurely puberulent:
caudex Vvith numerous very short crowded branches bearing tufts
of leaves: leaves small, 8 or 4 lines long, rather thick, the 8 to 7
lanceolate segments acute and entire: peduncles very short; umbels
of 8 to 5 umbellets vvhtcb are either sessile or with very short rays;
involucels as long as umbellets: fruit little more than a line long,
nearly sessile. (Fig. 116.) — Cyiuoftenis {}) N'cvadensis Gray,
Proc' Am. Acad. vi. 58().

Near the top of Mt. Dana. California, at lo,()00 feet altitude, forming
large convex dense mats among the rocks { Rrewer.m \^i\?,, Lcmtnon, \n
1878i. Fl. June and July.

109

;U. P1MIMN1':LI.A Linn. (;cii. n. 8()().— Glabrous peren-
nials, with ternatcly or pinnately compound leaves, involucre and
involuccls scanty or none, and white or yellow flowers.

1. P. integerrima l>enlh. iK: Hook, Gen. PI. i. 8*.)4. Glaucous,
1 to 8 feet hi<rh, branching: leaves 2 to 8-ternatcly compound;
leaflets lanceolate to ovate, entire: umbels 10 to 20- rayed; rays 2
to 8 inches long; pedicels 4 to ♦) lines long: flowers yellow: fruit
broadly oblong, 2 lines long: stylopodium small or wanting: oil-
tubes mostly 3 in the intervals, 4 on the commissural side: seed-
face almost plane. (Fig. 117.) — Zizia integer ri)>ia DC.

Eoeky hillsides throughout Canada and the Atlantic States, as far west
as Minnesota, Missouri, and Arkansas. Fl. May.

2. P. apiodora Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. vii. 345. .Smooth,
rather stout, 2 to 8 feet high: leaves mostly radical, 2 to 8-ternate,
the cuneate-ovate leaflets laciniately pinnatifid and toothed, an
inch long: urnbels long peduncled, 6 to ir)-rayed; rays 1 to 2 inches
long, hispidly puberulent: flowers white or pinkish: fruit (imma-
ture) broadly ovate, Ij^ lines long: oil-tubes numerous in the
intervals (4 or 5 in the dorsal, (> in the laterals), 8 or more on the
commissural side.

From San Francisco, California, to E- Nevada ( WainoiA-
The plant is said to have a strong odor of celery. Mature fruit has
iiot yet been collected-

\'ar. nudicaulis (iray,l. c. \ iii. 885, Small, stem scapiform,
almost leafless, scarcely a foot high,

A high mountain form, Oregon (HaU 20(1).

P. Saxikra(;a L. var. majou Koch, a European species, has
been collected since 1877 by Prof. T. C. Porter and others along
rocky shores of the Delaware River, from Delaware Water Gap
i^Poggeiiburg^ to Easton, Penn., and along road-sides near the
latter plfce; also at Sycamore, Ohio, in 1878 (//. //. Rushy). It
has simply pinnate leaves with sharply-toothed leaflets, oblong
fruit a line long, with ribs sometimes almost obsolete, convex seed-
face, a cushion-like stylopodium, and white flowers, (Fig, 118,)

85, APIASTR.UM Nutt. in Torr. A: Gray, Fl, i. 648,—
\ Qvy slender smooth branching (somewhat dichotomouslv) an-
nuals, with llnely dissected leaves having iiliform or linear (some-

110

times a little broader) scj^iiicntv, and small white llowers in naked
unequally few-rayed umbels.

1. A. angustifolium Nutt. 1. c. 644. A span or two high:
leaves 1 or 2 inches long, biternately or triternately divided, with
linear or nearly filiform segments (rarely linear-oblong) : umbels ses-
sile; rays from an inch long to wanting; pedicels half inch long to
wanting: fruit with narrow commissure, cordate in outline, ^ line
long. (Fig. 119.) — Incl. A latifolhan Nutt. 1. c., which is the
coarser-leaved form. Helosciadiuin leptophylliiiu^ var. (?) latifol-
iitm Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 347.

Hillsides, California, from San Bernardino to Mendocino county; also
in Lower California (il//.s.s' F. E. FWi, Orcntt). Fl. April and May.

2. A. patens. One to two feet high, branching above:
leaves (1 or 2 inches long) ternately or biternately divided, with
long filiform segments: umbels long-peduncled; rays and pedicels
as in the last: fruit with broader commissure, ovate, slightly larger.
(Fig. l2{).)—Leptocaulis patens Nutt. in DC. Prodr. iv. 107.
?Z. inermis Nutt. in DC. Mem. Umbel. 39. Apiiim patens Wat-
son, Bibl. Index. Polypet. 413

From Missouri to Louisiana, Texas, and New Mexico ( Trr/(/7( Ml 0(1).
Fl. June.

In Bot. Gazette, xii. 2i)3, we referred this species provisionally to
LepiocauUs. From that genus it differs, as was pointed out, in its thinner
pericarp, absence of strengthening cells, frequent increase in the number
of oil-tubes, and suleate seel-face, all of which important characters asso-
ciate it with Apiasfrnm.

36. MUSENIUM Nutt. in Torr. cS: Gray, Fl. i. 642.—
Glabrous or scabrous dwarf resiniferous dry ground perennials,
from thick elongated roots, acaulescent or dichotomously branch-
ing at base, with pinnately decompound leaves, no involucre, in-
volucels of a few narrow bractlets, and yellow or white flowers.

This genus seems to be British American, extending into the United
States alocg the Eocky Mountains. Few specimens have been collected in
the United States, and hence herbarium material is very scanty. Prof.
Macounhas discovered the first two species abundantly represented on the
great plains of N. W. Terr., but M. tenuifolium remains veiy poorly known,
mature fruit of it not yet having been collected.

1. M. divaricatum Nutt. 1. c. Decumbent, glabrous: stem
short, dichotomously branching from base: leaves bipinnatifid,

Ill

with winged rhachis; segments 8 to a-f.oolhcd : pedimeles 2 to 5
inches long: umbel 10 to 'io-raycd; rays 3 to 9 lines long; pedicels
short: fruit smooth or nearly so, about two lines long: oil-tubes 8
in the intervals, with accessory ones beneath the ribs, 4 on the
commissural side: seed terete, with rather deeply concave face.
(Fig. 121.) — Scseii divaricatum Pursh, 782; DC. Prodr. i\-. 14().

From the plains of the Upper Missouri to Oregon, and extending into
N. W. British America. Fl. May and June.

2. M. trachyspermum Nutt. 1. c. Like the last, but more
or less scabrous throughout: fruit scabrous, smaller, 1 to 1 ^ lines
long, with more prominent ribs: oil-tubes mostly solitaay in the
intervals, often with smaller accessory ones in the intervals or
beneath the ribs, 2 on the commissural side: seed sulcate beneath
the oil-tubes, with more shallow concavit}'. (Fig. 122.)— J/.
divaricatiim Nutt. \ ar. Hookcri 'I'orr. <S: Gray, 1. c. M. angusti-
folium Nutt. 1. c.

Colorado (Hall a- Horbour 2H} to Montana {Wiilson, Caiibji) and
plains of British America. Fl. May and June.

8. M. (?) tenuifolium Nutt. 1. c. Acaulescent, somewhat
cespitose, glaucous: leaves tripinnatifid with narrowly linear seg-
ments: Howers said to be white: peduncles much longer than the
leaves; umbel 12 to 20-raycd: fruit nearly glabrous, with ribs
nearly obsolete: oil-tubes large, 2 or 8 in the intervals.

"Rocky Mountains" (Xultalh.

The type specimens of tliis very uncertain species liave been examined
at Cambridge, Philadielphia. and New York, but the fruit is so very im-
mature that the relationship cannot be determined. Very liliely it is not a
3/M.se/i('t(m at all. In general appearance it resembles Ihtihourin more
than anything else.

87. EULOPIIUS Xutl. in DC. Prodr. iv. 248.— Glabrous
perennials from deep-seated fascicled tubers, 1 to o feet high, with
pinnately or ternately compound leaves, narroul}- linear to oblong-
linear mostly entire leaflets (or segments), the terminal one elon-
gated, involucre (rarely wanting) and inxolucels of several lanceo-
late acuminate usually subscarious bracts, and long-peduncled um-
bels of white or pinkish flowers. Tncl. Podosc'iaJ'runi (irav, Proc.
Am. Acad. vii. 845.

This genus is rema)-i<ably Wfll (l.'fineii, biwng readily recognized by

112

such exteriial characters as its elongated linear entire leaflets, taseicled
tubers, conspicuous involucels, prominent calyx-teeth, conical stylopodiuin,
and long recurved styles. Its nearest alliance Is to PimpineUa, from
which it differs, not only in most of the characters just noted, but also in
the concavity of the seed-face. The broad concavity of the seed-face, as
well as its comparative shallowness, is one of the marked cha'actersof
this genus, and separates it not only from certain allied genera, but also
from some specif s which have been confused with it. This cannot include
the Mexican forms I'eferred to it.

1. E. Americanus Xutt. in DC. Mem. Umbel. 69, t. 2.
Three to five feet high : radical and lower cauHne leaves large, 1
to 2-pinnately compound, with leaflets cut into short narrow seg-
ments; upper cauline leaves ternate, with narrowly linear elongated
leaflets (1 to 2 inches long, a line wide): umbel 10 to 12-rayed,
Vi^ith involucre scanty or none, and involucels of numerous very
narrowly lanceolate bractlets (tapering from the bottom) but a
line long: fruit ovate or oblong, 2 to 3 lines long, 1^ to 2 lines
broad, with ribs almost obsolete: oil-tubes mostly 3 in the intervals,
■4 on the commissural side. (Fig. 123.)

Ohio (S'id^/y«n/), to Illinois iVaHey, Behh^, Missouri (i/. E. Hesse),
Arkansas, and Tennessee (Gattinger). Fl. July.

2. E. Parishii. One to two feet high: leaves ternate, on
petioles 2 to 4 inches long, with linear-lanceolate leaflets 1 to 3
inches long, 2 to 5 lines wide, terminal leaflet more or less dis-
tant; uppermost leaves simple: uml^el 8 to 10-rayed, with scanty
involucre or none, and involucels of 2 to 6 narrov/ly lanceolate
bractlets 2 lines long; rays i^ to 1 inch long; pedicels 2 to 4 lines
long: fruit ovate or oblong, 1% to 2 lines long, half to a line
broad: oil-tubes 2 to 4 in the intervals, 6 on the commissural side.
(Fig. \2A.)—Pimpmclla Parishii C. & R. Bot. Gazette, xii. 157.

Damp meadows, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto Mts., California
(.S. B. k W. F. Parish 987, in part); also "Rattlesnake Bar," Calif. {M. K.
Curran. Fl. July and August.

This species has found its way into herbaria under the name of Varum
Gairdneri, but chiefly as rudosciadiuiit Californicxm.

3. E. Bolanderi. Two feet high: leaf divisions more or
less pinnately compound; ultimate segments narrowly linear, ]4 ^^
1]4 inches long (terminal one sometimes 3 inches), 3^ to 1 line vv'ide
(lateral leaflets sometimes much reduced and toothed); uppermost
leaves simple: umbel 10 to 25-raycd, with prominent involucre.

113

and irivr^lucels of scnrioiis oxatc-hiiiccolntc ahruptly l(iii!:(-:tciimiii;itc
bractlcts loii^er than the pedicels; rays 7t to 10 hnes lonj^; pedicels
114 t" '^ I'"'-''' 1<>'>J?: f>"n>t oblony, I '; lines lon«^, '., line broad: oil-
tubes small, 2 to .*> in the interv als, (> on the coniMiissinal side: seed
more dorsally fl:ittened than in any othei- species. ( I'it;. 1 :ir».) —
Podojciadiinn Jiolaiuhrl (\x\\\ ^ Pioc. Am. Acad. \ ii. ;{4(); ISrewei'
iS: Watson, Hot. Calif, i. 'l^SW.

Califoniiii, anioiif,' rocks im Mariiios.i Tiiiil. Yoseiuitc ( />'r;/<(/M/. ,• t,s!i,s^
ill isiid tind l>s7."!). 13i,t; Jlcadows, i'lumas couiilv ^Mix. U. M. A ustiit, i]i
IssoV Eniigiaiit Gap i./f)((r.s :!(>o:!. in 1KS2); Nevaiia. wrslerii part ot slate
iSlrclcln. E. Hiniibolilt Mts. (Watson 112. nannwl Cuniiii (Idirdiifri hi Bot.
King's Exped.), "Goiger Grade" ( -I/. A'- Curniii. In 1884); Oregon, Vnion
i-<»unty (CuMick 1097. in l.s.s:;). Stein's Mt. ( lloinll. in iss.)). FI. May to July.
This species has been much contused with Cunnii i.'itinlntri and <'. Onj-
.r/fn»«»i by collectors, and under these names il is found in herbaria. A
glaucj at the conspieuous searious-bracted involucels, broadly concave
seed-face, and numerous oil-tube(s. should at once distinguish it from any
('arum. It is an interesting fad that a species thought to be so local is
now found to be somewhat widely dihti ibuted tiirough contiguous parts of
California. Nevada, and Oregon, having heretofore concealed its identity
under a general simihnity of habit to Ctiruni.

4, E. Pringlei. One to two feet high: leaves pinnately com-
j)(nnul, with broad inflated midrib and distinct divisions, which are
cnt into a few riarrowly linear almost Hliform segments: umbel 8
to (S-rayed, with scanty involucre, and involucels of numerous sub-
scarious lanceolate bractlets about a third as long as the pedicels
(sometimes nearly as long); rays about 'Z inches long; pedicels 8 to
H lines long: fruit oblong, 2 to 2]4 l'»es long, about half a line
broad: oil-tubes 3 to a in the intervals, 8 on the commissural side.

California {Piinglc Id, in I.S.S2), San Luis Obispo and Emigrant Gap
{JuiK'M, in 1882), Ft. T<'jon Warinli IIM."). in 1SS7), probably Tel.achapi {M.
K. Currun^; also collected by Fremont in lsis. and referred to ('((rum Ktl-
Inygii.

This very dibtinv-'t species has also been i-oJlected as a r'«(»««(. Its
leaf characters are so marked that it shoi.ld be readily recognized.

\'ar. simplex is a form with 3 to 5 linear-lanceolate entire
leaflets, and smaller involucels.

Sierra county, California (Lemmuu, in 1874.)

The fruit is immature, but the oil-tubes are 2 or :i in the intervals, and
I on the commissural side. Mature fruit may show specific distin«'tions.
Distributed as CxridK duirdiiiri.

114

'). E. Californicus. Thix-c or loiii- feet higli: leaf-divisions
piiiiKitel} compouiul; se<;iiients line:ir, half to an inch long, 1 to
1 f-2 lines broad, terminal one clonjj^atetl ('2 to -") inches long);
uppermost leaves simple: umbel U to I'i-rayed, with prominent in-
volucre, and involucels of numerous scarious lanceolate long-
acintiinatc bractlets 8 lines long; rays 2 irches long; pedicels 8 to
10 lines long: fiuit lineur-oMong, i lines long, 1]4 lines broad: oil-
tuV>es large, solitary in the intervals, 4 on the commissural side:
sulcus of seed-face deeper than in other species, and with more
proment central ridge. (Fig. ItiB. ) (Sluvropkyllum (?) Caf.ifor-
iiicum Torr. I*;;cif. R. Re}>. i\ . 98. Poif^sciadmm CaHfoniiciini
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 34().

California, Knight's Ferry, .Stanihiaus coiirily [IJiuihiw. in iHJo), Santa
Lucia Mtb. ((V. y^ VuHtu 227, in 1><80, dibtributed as Canim Krilotfffii).
Fl. May.

Until Vascy's collection in 1880, tliis specic6> was known only iiora the
single collection of Bigelow, iu 1853. In the character of single oil-tuV^os in
the intervals it differs from the other species, but so closely resembles
them in every other detail that it cannot well be separated from them.

38. AXTHRISCUS Hoffm. Umb. i. 88. -Resembling
CJuvrophyUum in vegetative characters.

A. Ckkki-oi-hm Hoffm. 1. c. 41. Mature fruit smooth and
shining. (Fig. 127.) — Chi.cropJiylhim sativum L.
Naturalized iu E. Pennsylvania ( Thon. C. Porter).

A. s^i.xicsriiis Hoffm., from Europe, has been collected on
ballast ground by 1. C. Martindale near Philadelphia, and bv Ad-
dison Brown near N. V. City.

A. \ri,(;.\ins Pres:., from 1-Lurope, is s;ad by Prof. Macoun to
be introduced at Bedford, X. vS.

3U. BUPLEIRI'M Linn. Gen. n. 82N. ^Annuals or peren-
nials, with simple entire clasping or perfoliate stem-leaves, with or
without an involucre, involucels of o or more ovate bractlets, and
yellow flowers.

The genus iluiilearam contains about !Mi desirribed species, which
Benthara Jc Hooker think should be reduced to about 60. Although it is
called by these authors "(jcua>i naturalissimuin," it contains the most
diverse characters. esj)ecially in fruit structure, characters which are
usually considered generic. Our generic description applies to the only
two species found in our flora, one introduced, and the other indigenous.

iir.

but lltt.'V art: bu widfly (JilTfit'iit tliiiL tlu'v si'i-iii L<i (Us-.frvr goin-ntr .scpuni ■
tiou. As this cHii b« determined. liowwtM-. only .ifter a delniled study of
the nuniorous foroij,'n species, we pirtVi- to l<'nvi' tliom as thoy are for tlie
prPi^ent.

* J*rrc.//i/iii/^ fro/// a hraiirliiiii^' tai(th\: i nvo iicrv of j to ■)"
iDicifnal bracis\ 'hivoIhccIs ofj^ to S rather small ovate hrartit ts :
carpel -vith ftroniinent rihs, oil-t/thes co)itiiiiioits about tJie se.it-
eavitv ami oite III each ril>: see^l -face ['lane.

I. B. Americanum. Radical Icnvos liiK-ar-lanccolatc; cmi-
linc ones very \ari:iMc, oblong to lincai", more or less clasplnj;:
r:ivs unequal % t<* '- inches lon^-; pedicels short. (V'\'^. I'iR. )
li. ranuHculohles of American authors, not L,

.\laska ( f/(/// iSc Colli ey hothrork, Se/ncathtt, Miiir. elt-.); niouiitainb of
X. W. Territory {Hooker. Dawxou): mountains of Montana and Yrilowstone
Park {Coiitler. ('aiihii. SrrHnnr. Tin;;!,,. I'linii. i>te.) Fl. July and
August.

This species is so variui)le in foliage tiiat varieties would seem admis^H-
ible. Ilesemblanee to the European li. rniiniui<'oiile.H \h yvoW shown l»y
low forms with rather snui 11 oblong thin leaves and <|uite prominent hraet-
lets; whilo more abundant in collections are the largei forms with elongated
linear-lanceolate rather rigid stem-leaves and smaller bractlets. In the
EuropeaJi species referred to, and to which our speei<;s has been heretofore
referred, the; oil-tubes are large and solitary, v.liile in our species thev aie
so numerous (about 2'>) as to be continuous about the seed-cavitv. In
habit there is a close resemblance to the European species.

* * Aiiunal: iiivolnrre iio>u\ involncels of ^ very eons plcn-
oiis ovate /Nuerouate />raetlets : carpels -lith very slender r/bsy anj
no oil tubes: secii-facc son/ezv/zat concave.

B. uoTUNOiior.irM L., with ovate perfoliate leaves, is intro-
diiced from Europe, and is very common in fields and cultivated
f^round, from New York to N. Carolina, and westward to Ar-
kansas and Missouri. ( Fig. 129.)

B. I'noTRAci r.M IJnk, wliich differs from the last chietly in
its tuberculate fruit, has been collected on ballast groi.ncl near
Philadelphia by Mr. Martindale.

40. CILlCROPHVLLrM Linn. (Jen. n. :{:.S. Annr.aU,
in moist ground, with ternatcly decompound lea\es, pinnatifid
leartets with oblong obtuse lobes, usnalU no iiuohicrc, in\olucels
of many bractlets, and white llosvtis.

lie.

I. C. procumbens Cianl/, I'mhcl, 77. More Of k-ss
haiiv: stems slender, sprejuliM<j^, (\ to IS inches high: umlwl sessile
or pedunclcd, few-rayed: rays 1 to "j inches long: pedicels from
4 lines long to almost wanting: fruit (in the type) narrowK
ohlong, 2 '2 to i\}4 lines long, glabrous, contracted but not taper-
ing at summit, intervals broader than the ribs: seed-face deeply
sulcate. (Fig. 180.)

\ew York to New Jersey niul \. Carolinji. and wcstwaid lo MichiKari.
Iowa, Arkansas, and Mississippi.

We consider this polymorplious species to inoliide all our forms of
Chtnopln/Hinti. The only characters that can be used to separate them
specifically nuist be drawn from the beaking of the fruit, the size of the
ribs, and the depth of the sulcus of the seed-face. Isolated specimens can
be selected wliich seem distinct enough in these particulars, but a study of
a great number of specimens from all regions shows an inextricable running
together, and it seems impossible to draw specific lines. Characters that
have been useil to define species are found displayed on the same plant.
Owing to intergrading forms even vjirieties cannot in all cases be distinctly
set apart, but the following extreme foims may. in some cases, be distin-
guished from the specific type by means of mature fruit.

Var. Shortii Torr. tK: Gray, Fl. i. (>87, has moje broadly
oblong to ovate (often somewhat pubescent) fruit, not at all con-
tracted at summit.

Kentucky lo Arkansas and Louisiana.

Var. Tainturieri C. t^ R. Bot. Gazette, xii. 1(50, has fruit
tapering at summit or beaked, ribs very prominent and mucii
))roader than the intervals, and seed-face with a shallower sulcus.
(Fig. 181.)— C. 7a/u/ffr/rr/ Hook.
From Florida to Texas.

^'ar. dasycarpum C iS: R. 1. c, differs from the preceding

Narictv in ha\ iiig ])ubcsccnt fruit, with ribs prominent but nar-
rower than the intei\als. ( I' ig. 18*i.) — C. Tainturieri^ var. Jasy.
carp inn Hook.

Tex'Ai^ (T{(tll 2M). "pubescent form," and /.//((//</ ///m/- inc.) and Louis-
iana, near New Orleans (Dnnmnotnl \'M\).

41. OSMORIIIZA Raf. in DC. Prod. iv. L^8*i.— Glabrous
to hirsute perennials, from thick aromatic roots, 1 to 8 feet high,
with ternatelv decompound leaves, ovate variously toothed leaflets,
involucre and involuccls few-leaved or wanting, and white
flowers in few-rayed and few-fruited umbels. — Incl. Glycos-

117

nut Null., I'oiT. <V (Jiiiy, I'l. i. <>;{«>: ivfrm.l I.. . I/, •/■/■///> l>v Ul-iuIi.
cV llook. (Jen. IMaiil. i. SU7. Myrr/iis ^ Clycsiiia (ir;i\. Proc.
Am. Ac:ul. vii. ;U(*..

Tliis t,'emis is woll rircumsi rilicd, iioL only liy il8 liiiit Ktniclur*'. but
also by its geiUMiil hahit. In the ()ii«iii;il drscnption of ^'/i/ro^Hin Xutt.
tlio autliors nolo its ilosi> rfhitionsliip to ()>iiiii>iliiz(i. p()intiiig out that it
ilinVis "ill its «lal»roiis fiiiit. .I(>presst-(1 stylopodiun). and the abstmce of
iiivoliicels." Tlio disfovcMV of sprcics since then liiis broki'ii down tliosf
tharaeters eomplotidv: for '•' niuhiiiiui lias fruit sonn-tinios Juistly. u.
Di-rifh iitnliK oftiMi has a conical stylopodiuni. O. hrtichuimihi a somewhat
depressed one, O. inula rarely has involnct-ls. and in (•'. (x-ciflfiiliiliM they
are sometimes found. In the description of O. hikIh Toir. I'acif. K. Iieji.
iv. !):,, tlie author remarks that "tliis species is intermediate between
<>Minnrliizii and (IhjvitHiini. Tlio two genera should peihaps be united."
This was said in view of the combination in the new sp^ ( ies of the bristly
fruit of the former with the stylopodiuni and .absence «)f involucre of the
latter. Bentham .V Hooker, in tlrnpia Plniitunim. refer the (.'hienMiini
species to Murrh'm Scop., but fail to modify their description so as to iii-
rlude them. The winK-liki> ribs, prominent involucels, numerous and much
cut lea\es of Marrliis do not apply to <ll!ic(t.siii<(: a dUTercnce whi( h is still
further emphasi/.ed by the internal structure of the fruit. Dr. Gray, to
reconcile this discrepancy, in Proc. Am. Acr.d. vii. :>4!i. proposed a ^ (iUfcon-
iitfi under Mi/rrln'M. characterized so as to includ(^ our (ili/rDMiiui speci ?s:
liut in Troc. Am. Acad. viii. :J8fi. he withdrew (,'lj/coMmii from Mi/rrhiH. and
affirmed a much closer alliance foi- it to Osmorhiza (also, see Watson. Bot.
Calif, i. 26:?). although still retaining it as an independent genus. This
view was obtained from the study of the ntnv (I'ljronnut (Dnhiftnuiii. That
^'/i/crwHi<» is distinct from .Vy/rcA/V* is abundantly evident for the reasons
given above, strengthened as they are by the fact that the prominent
groups of strengthening cells are not found in the pericarp t»f .>///»• rA/.s as
in OKworliiza ar.(\ ^7//co.s//(((, but almost in the tips ot the wing-like ribs.
In reference to the distinction between (lljicoHiKt and Osnunliizii, Di. Gray
(1. c) says "the cardinal characteristic of 0«hm)/-/m>« is the caudate atten-
uation of the base of the carpels. (•'Inroxma has none of this, but the base is
abrupt and obtuse." While this distinction is apparent between such
extreme species as (). hrKrislj/h's and ^'. nccidentalin, the "caudate atten-
\uition" of OA<»ior/(/.r(f becomes a very short stout hast} in (>. hrachi'podn.
while the "abrupt and obtuse base" of iilijcdsiiKi liocomes acute in (,'.
iiiiilii(iiittiH. A generic line drawn between O. In-ticlniiunlit and <!. nmhi-
tiiiiiiii would be extremely arbitraiy.

* Fritit -cil/i proiiiiiu'iit r(i//(/ir/c oNrin/ah'oi/ (_> to 4 liiifs
loiiii ) ot hasi\ very hristiy.

1. O. nuda Ton-. l':icif. K. Kcp. iv. '.i;'.. Rather slcmlcr,
somewhat pulK'scciit or j^hil)roiis: IcaNcs twice Icrnalc; Ifalk-ts ^2

UN

to 2 inches long, aciitt- oi' ()l)tii>c, tooti-jcd iiiul cleft: iiinhcl Imv^-
ped uncled, 8 to O-raycd, mostly naked; rays slender, spreading, *i
to 4 inches long; pedicels 2 to 12 lines long: fruit (not including
the attenuate hase ) ") to (3 lines long, about a line wide, with not \ erv
prominent ribs, and small groups of strengthening cells: stylopo-
dium and style but a quarter line long, the former short conical:
seed -face concave. ( Fig. 188. ) — O. i>revistv/Is Torr. A: Grn\-, Fl.
i. 038, in part.

In the mountains, from S. California to Alasiia. and eastward lo Itali.
Colorado. Montana, and Lake Winnipeg {Moronm. Fl May and Junr.

2. O. brevistylis DC. Prodr. iv. 282. Rather stout, vil-
lous-pubescent: leaves 2 to 8-ternate; leaflets 2 to 8 inches long,
acuminate, much cleft and toothed: umbel 4 to <)-rayed, with invol-
ucre and involucels of few bracts; rays stout, somewhat spreading,
1 to 2 inches long; pedicels 8 to 5 Viw^s long: fruit ( not including the
attenuation) 6 lines long, a line or mi)rc wide, with irore promi-
nent ribs, and large groui^s of strengthening cells: stylopodium
and style half line long, the former slender conical : seed-face
more deeply coiicave. (Fig. 184,)

Throughout the northern states and Canada, extending southward
akmg the mountains to N. Carolina. Fl. May and .Tune.

8. O. longistylis DC. Prodr. iv. 282. Stout, from sweet
aromatic roots, glabrous or slightly pubescent: leaves, umbels, and
fruit as in the preceding: stylopodium slender conical, half lijic
long, with style a line or more long: seed-face more deeply and
broadly concave. (Fig. 185.)

Throughout the northeastern states and Canada, extending southward
to Virginia and Tennessee, and westward to Dakota an<l N. W. Territory
{^faf■o^^u).

* * Pruit ii'/t/io/(t caudate atteitiiation at base.

4. O. brachypoda Torr. in Durand, Pi. Pratt. H\). Stout,
from sweet aromatic roots, pubescent or sometimes glabrous:
leaves ternate'.y compound (often appearing pinnate after the tlrst
di\ision); leaflets an inch or so long, acute, laciniately lobed or
toothed: umbel 1 to 4-rayed, with involucre and in\olueels of
linear bracts, the latter ecpialling or exceeding the flowers; rays
\]/2 to 4c inches long; pedicels about a line long: fruit C to 8 lines
long, 2 lines wide, short attenuate at b.ise, rough-bristly on the
very prominent ribs; groups of strengthening cells large: stylopo-

119

(liiini and st\ If half line l«>ii<4', the former somewhat (lei)resse(l:
seed-face very deeply concave, neaily enclosino- a central cavity,

( Fig. vm. )

California, Nevada Co. («/f/f:/«,r, I', a I ten), Sniit^i Clara Valley ( (Voof/-
ii'a), MonUney (P<(rrii. Lemmoit). Santa Barbara Co. ( Fon/), and Kerii Co.
( /'((/m/i itH.-i aiKl r.tl.".). Fl. May.

'■"). O. ambigua. (ilahrons, or hairy near the nodes: leaves
2 to ;}-ternate: leaHets 1 to 'J inciies long, acute, shortly toothed or
cleft: iimhcl \ to 8-rayed, naked; rays about 2 inches or more long,
somewhat spreading; pedicels 1 to ;i lines long: fruit H to 7 lines
long, \\A lines wide, acntisli at l)ase, sometimes bristly, with ribs
and groups of strengthening cells prominent: st\le hall' line long;
seed-face concave. Glytosiiia a/i/bio/t/aii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad,
vii. 38«.

California iK'IU>ilU a- Iln,j,n,h. Oregon ( //<W/ 1' 17, Ifinrrll, Ifcmlirsoin,
and Wabliinyton Territoiy, Falcon Valloy i Siil.-silorf. Hcinli rsoii). Fl.
Apiil to .Tune.

H. O. OCCidentalis Torr. Me\. Boi.md. "il. Kather stout,
puberulent or pubescent: leaves 'i or 8-ternate; leaflets 1 14 to 4
inches long, ;icute, coarselv serrate, rarely incised: umbel 5 to 12-
rayed, nxked or with 1 or 2 iinolucral bracts; rays 1 to T) inches
long, mostly erect; })cdicels 1 to :» lines long: fruit 7 to 12 lines
long, 1 14 lines wide, obtuse at base, glabrous, with prominent
acute ribs, and smaller groups of stiengthening cells: st\loj)odium
and st^'le ?.j to 1 line lonj^-, the foiiner mostly conical : seed-face
more concave. ( I'^ig. I'i7. ) • (i/yros'i.a orcidcNia/c Xutt. in Torr.
A: Gray, I'l. i. n8».t. A/vrr/tis orriJriitalis licnlh. .K; Hook. Gen,
PI. i. 8'.»7.

California, Oiogon i Sitahlin;/). and Wafiliington Jeiiitorv iHoinll.
ftnt.ideuef), eii.iii\viiu\ to Nevada ( Wultinii). S. Vtali ^ I'lifnj). Walisatrh
Mt.s- {Huokrr iv (iron)- and Montana (CunOii- Wn'smi). Fl. Jinit^ to August.

Very vHriable in puljoscenee. sizo of loatlcts, and length of pedieels.
An rxtrcMie. Init not distinct liinn is

\'.i\. Bolanderi, witl) widel\ spreading ra\'s, short pedicels,
and more obtuse ribs.- .)/v^/'///.v Bulandcr'i Cjr.i\-, Proc. Am.
Acad. \ ii. H4<*i. (tlycosnni /yo/atn/cri (irav. I.e. \ iii. 8S(k

M<Midocir.o couniv, Caliloinia ; llnhnnh r^.

120

42. VEL.EA DC. Prodr. iv. 230.— Glabrous or pubescent
perumiials, from thick elongated roots, with mostly radical pinnate
or ternate leaves, involucre present or wanting, conspicuous invol-
ucels, and yellow flowers. — Dcivcya Torr. and Gray, Fl. i. 641.
Arracacia iJenth. i\: Hook. (ien. Plant, i. S.S4, in part.

There is no doubt lliat our spt'cies that liave been dew-ribed und<'r
hcirvtjii are the .•saiuc geiieiically as the Mexiean Vchru, ar.d as such must
bear tlio older name. Beiitham A: Hooker have referred the j,'roup to Ai-
raraiio. from which it seems to us sullieiently distinct to be retained as an
independent genus. Watson (Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 4i:») unwillingly came to
tiie same conclusion and transferred the more recent species of Deireifu to
Arntcdciu. A study of the internal fruit-structures emphasis^es a distinc-
tion which seemed to be too sliglit upon external characters. The genus,
although somewhat polymorphous in habit, is consistent enough even in
that regard, with its thick elongated roots, mostly radical pinnate or ter-
nate leaves, and yellow flowers. The contrasting characters with A»ru-
rarid are as follows: Arnieinhi lias a som-^what beaked fruit, with broad
corky e<iually distant ribs (giving a i>entagonal carpel section), a prominent
well defined group of strengthening cells beneath each rib, single large oil-
tubes in the intervals, and a conical stylopodium. YeUca has beakless
fruit, with filiform unequally placed ribs (the dorsal being approximate),
very small ill-defined groups of strengthening cells, numerous oil-tubes
(in some cases almost continuous), and a depressed stylopodium. The
character of dorsally suleate or terete seeds has been used, but adds noth-
ing, as any large solitary oil-tube may have a sulcus developed beneath it.
Numerous intervallate oil-tube^ never are accompanied by a dorsally sul-
eate seed. The result is that Aintcurhi nnxy or may not have dorsally
hulcate seeds, whih; Velauiwyav has;butthis is only another way of saj'ing
that the former has large solitary oil- tubes in the intervals, and the latter
numerous oil-tubes.

I. V. arguta. One to 2 feet high, glabrous, mostly with a
few cai'line leaves: leaves simply pinnate; leaflets o to 7, ovate, 1 to
1 ^^ inches long, the lowest pctiolulate and often subcordate, finely
and sharply mucronate-serrate, the terminal often 3-lobed : umbel
12 to 10-rayed, mostly with no involucre, and involucels of few
linear acuminate bractlets; rays 2 to 8 inches lontr; pedicels short:
calyx-teeth prominent: fruit oblong, smooth, 2'.^ to 3i/2 lines long,
acutely ribbed: oil-tubes 3 to 5 in the intervals, 4 to 6 on the com-
missural side. — Dcxccya argitta Torr. <Jv: Gra} , Fl. i. 041. Arra-
cacia arguta Benth. «& Hook. Gen. Plant, i 8S'».

Mountains of S. California il'urrii a- Lemmini I-lSi. Bifieloic, Palmer
ll(»a, /'o;-/.s/( !)7!i): "N. Oalit." i Xulhill); also in Lower California ( 0/t»//
!M)7).

121

2. V. Hartwagi. Mostly acaulcscciil, 1 tw 2 feet hio|i,
ir.iiuitel} scaln-ous throughout: leaves bitcrnatc and cjuinatc (ulti-
mate segments more or less eonHuent); leaflets ovate, 1 to 2 inches
long, acute at base, more coarsely and deeply mucronate-serrate
and lobed: umbel If) to 20-rayed, mostly with no involucre, and
involucels of prominent foliaceous linear-oblong leHexed bractlets
on one side of the umbellets; lays 2l4 to 4 inches long; pedicels
short: fruit nearly orbicular, snu)oth, H or 4 lines long, 2i^ to 8
lines broad, sharply ribbed: oil-tubes ){ in the dorsal intervals, 5 to6
in the laterals, 8 to 10 on the commissural side. ( Fig. 138.) —
Dewcva Ilartxvegl Gray, Troc. Am. Acad. \ ii. 842. Arracacia
Hartzvegl Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 415.

Califoinia. Lower Sacramento yHarUv*y), near San Francisco {Kelloinn,
on Whipple Exped. {Bigeloici, lintte and Placer counties (3/(vs. R. M. Aun-
lin), Mariposa Co. (./. W. Coni/don), Kern Co. iPiuinh liCJ'J. distributed as
Deweya argutu), San Fclii)0 {Mik. A. K. Bnish). Fi. April to June.

8, V. Kelloggii. Acaidescent or nearly so, mostly pu-
bcrulent, more slender: leaves triternate; leaflets ovate, half to less
than an inch long, mostly 8-lobed : umbel 8 to l(i-rayed, mostly
with no involucre, and involucels of small linear bractlets; rays 1 to
8 inches long: fruit 1 or 2 lines long, almost as broad, somewhat
notched at base, with filiform ribs: otherwise like the last. (Fig.
189.) — Deweya Kelloggii Gray, Proc. Am. .Vcad. vii. 848.
Arracacia Kelloggii Watson, Proc. \m. Acad. xxii. 415.

California, about San. Francisco and BolinasBay (KvWogg i(- Boliimiir),
Veliihim-d (J. W. Congdon), San Luis Ubitpo (Jo/*r.s); Oregon, Waldo and
Gi-ave Creek Hills (HoweU). Glendale {Houell d- Ait<hrsoii).

Some of the Oregon forms are glabrous.

4. V. Parishii. (Jlalirous throughout, nearly acaulescent,
about a foot high: leaves thickish, ternate-pinnatifid, the segments
ovate, irregularly cuspidate-toothed and lobed, with rexolutc mar-
gins: umbel about 2()-rayed, with no involucre and involucels of
few setaceous bractlets; rays 2 inches or more long; pedicels about
4 lines long: calyx-teeth prominent: fruit (immature) oblong, gla-
brous, about 3 lines long, with prominent ribs: oil-tubes 3 or 4 in
the intervals, 4 or 5 on the commissural side.

Southern California {Parry A Lemmon, in 1876 >, San Bernardino Mts.
(.S. B. d- W. F. Parish !»78 and 1827, in June 18S1 and 188(;, distributed as
CymopleruM (erebinlhiniiH). Long Meadow, Tulare county, 8-!)00ti feet alt.
il)r. E. Pnhiu.: July. 18ss).

122

This specie'!? hus tlic most stronyly latoially llaltciicd caipols in the
genus.

'"). V. Howellii. Glabrous throughout, short caulescent, 2
or vj inches high: leaves I or 2, thickish, about 1 1/^ inches long,
with ovate outline, pinnatifid, the oblong segments irregularly cus-
jjidate-toothcd and lobed, with revolute margins: umbel 8 to 0-
ra} ed (sometimes with 1 or 2 sessile umbellets), with no involucre,
and involucels exceedingly prominent, being exactly like the
leaves and forming the principal part of the foliage of the plant;
rays fi to 8 lines long; pedicels about a line long: calyx-teeth
prominent: fruit (immature) oblong, glabrous, a line long: oil-
tubes several in the intervals,

Alpine, top of Siskiyou mountains, Oregon, July 2<t, 1S87 { lloinll 111).

Tliis interesting alpine Vehia closely resembles 1'. Parish iiC k 11.
in foliage. Its dwarf liabit and remarkable involucels well characterize it.

<*>. V. vestita. Acaulescent, 2 to 4 inches high, densely
clothed throughout with white soft spreading hairs: leaves pin-
nately compound, with numerous crowded confluent oblong seg-
ments: umbel 10 to Lj-rayed, with no involucre, and involucels of
numerous lanceolate bractlets; n;ys 4 to <S lines long; fruit
sessile or nearly so, the sterile pedicels i\ to i) lines long: fruit
ovate-oblong, pubescent, 2 to %]4 lines long, \% lines broad, with
inconspicuous ribs: oil-tubes 8 to 4 in the intervals, 8 on the com-
missural side. (Fig. \Jt().)~Dcu'cya vcstiia Watson, Proc. Am.
Acad. xvii. 87<3. Arracacia vestita Watson, 1. c. xxii. 415.

California, San Bernardino mountains ^^.S'. B. a- ^V. F. Purlnh), Long
MeadoAv. Tulare county, .S-!iOO(» feet alt. {J)r. K. I'uhinr, July, 1888).

48. MUSEXIOPSIS.— Glabrous perennials, from thick
elongated roots, with radical pinnate leaves, no involucre, involu-
cels of few small bractlets, and yellow flowers. — IJased upon
'Jaitschia {M/isotiopsis) Texatia Gray, PI. Lindh. ii, 211.

The fact that this can be made an outlying member of several genera
and a satisfactory member of none suggests the propriety of i-solating it
and thus making more consistent generic groupings. It bi-ings trouble into
every genus undei- which it can be placed, and thus seems to prove its
right to generic independence. First placed under 7't/«6c/'./a by Gray, it
differs from that genus ciiieHy in its numerous small oil-tubes, instead of
solitary large ones, and ir^ not having an involute seed-face, deferred to
Eulophiis by Benthani & Hooker, its deeply and narrowly sulcate seed^
face at once contradicts the broad and shallow sulcus of that genus, to say

12^

nothing ()f its lutmally llaltoiied cjiiix-ls. yt^lluw lluwcrs. ami gt-noial luiltit.
ft sct'ni>3 to LM>inci(le ill cliaracteis iiiuist with \'rl<rti, Iml i.s at vaiiaiic*' in
the most inipoitant cliaractcr in that gi.'iius, viz: a strongly involute .st'fd.
I'lU'losing a eeiitiai cavity. Ahiiost ichMitical in habit with .\[imf ninnt. its
t-aipels aro llattenc I laterally instead of dorsally, the seed-face is not so
l>rondly but more deeply concave, the intermediate ribs dike TV/rrn) are
much nearer the dorsal tlian the laterals, instead of iieing eipiidistant, its
oil-tubes arc more nniforin in size, and its calyx-teeth are obsolete. It also
simulates Alchx iicunHx in general api)earance, but differs radically in
fruit structure. Such a combination of resemblances and differences can
best be expressed by an indepeiident genus, and hence we us(» Grays
section name under Tini>«-lii(t and raise it to generic rank.

1. M. Texana. Acaulesccnt: scape 2 to H inches high,
longer than th(; lca\ es, somewhat scahrous at base of umbels:
leaves 5 to 7-pinnate; lower pinna- petiohilate, pinnatch' parted ;
segments cuneiform, 8 to r)-clcft: umbel ~) to S-rayed: fruit ^ ^j
lines long. (Fig. 141.) -'/'ausrliia Tcxaiia (»rav, PI. Liiulh. ii.
211. Eulofhns Tesaiiiis IJenth. .K: Hook. (Jen. Plant, i. SHri.
Western Texas, and extending iiito Mexico. Fl. .Tuly.

44. CONIUM Linn. Gen. n. 830, — Poisonous biennials,
with spotted stems, large decompond leaves with lanceolate pin-
natilid leaflets, involucre and imolucels of narrow bracts, and
white flowers.

C. MAcLLA'iiM L. A large branching l^uropean herb, in
waste places throughout the northeastern states and Canada; also
found in California. Fl. July. (Fig. 142.)

45. SIUM Linn. Gen. n. 848. — Smooth perennials growing
in water or wet places, with pinnate leaves and serrate or pinnatifid
leaflets, involucre and involuccls of numerous narrow bracts, and
white flowers.

Bonthani & Hooker refer our two species of .S'/»m to Apiittn; but they
seem abundantly distinct, as indicated by Watson, Bot. Calif, i. 261. The
oil-tubes are never solitary in all the intervals, and the prominent grou|i
of strengthening cells in the outer edge of each rib, as well as the broad
intervals, still further emphasizes the distinction. There is no better de-
fined generic group than that formed by our two species of Sium, being so
nearly identical in fruit and so easily separated from all other genera.

1. S. cicutaefolium Gmclin. Syst. ii. 482. Stout, 2 to (S
feet high: leaflets 3 t(j 8 pairs, linear to lanceolate, sharply serrate

124

and mcysly acuminate, 2 to 5 inches long (lower leaves sometimes
submersed and finely dissected, as in the next ): umbel many-rryed;
rays 1 to Ij^ inches long; pedicels 1 to 8 lines long: fruit li4 lines
long, with prominent ribs: oil-tubes 2 to 6 on the commissural
side. (Fig. 148.) — vS". linearc Michx. Y\. \. 1<)7. Aphnii I'meare
Henth. cS: Hook. Gen. Plant, i. 888 and 898.

Apparently throughout Noith America.

The forms with submersed dissected leaves are from S. Illinois
{Srhneck). Wisconsin (La}th<im), and Turtle Lake, Mt. Desert iRedfiela).

2. S. Carsonii Durand, Gray's Manual, 196. Weak, 1 to
2 feet high: leaflets 1 to 3 pairs, linear, sharply serrate. 1 to 2 inches
long; when submersed or floating, very thin, ovate to oblong,
usually laciniate-toothed or dissected, the leaf sometimes reduced
to the terminal leaflet: umbel fewer (10 to 15)-rayed; rays about
an inch long; pedicels 1 to 8 lines long: fruit smaller, about a line
long, with less prominent ribs: oil-tubes 2 to 4 on the commissural
side. (Fig. 144.) — Apium Carsonii Benth. & Hook. 1. c.
Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts.

46. APIUM Linn. Gen. n. 867. — Erect or prostrate gla-
brous herbs, with pinnately or ternately divided leaves, and umbels
of white flowers opposite the leaves.

1. A. leptOphyllum F. Muel., Benth. Fl. Austral, iii. 872.
A few inches to two feet high: leaves ternately divided into
filiform segments: umbels sessile or short-pedunculate: Iruit a
line long. (Fig. 145.) — Helosciadium leptophyllum DC.

Florida to Texas, extending north to "St. Louis" (NuttaU), and south-
Wfstward into Mexico. A very much reduced form (2 to 3 inches high) was
collected by Martindale near Long Branch, N. J., August, 1S(;4.

A. NdDiM.OKUM i3enth. & Hook., an introduced species from
Europe, was reported first by Walter as very abundant around
Charleston, JS. C, but was not afterwards found until recently col-
lected by Dr. J. H. Mellichamp. It has also been found on ballast
near Philadelphia liy Martindale. It grows in wet places, and
has simply pinn.ite leaves, the leaflets being oblong and serrate.

A. GUAVEoi.ENS L., the common garden celery, is a native
of the coasts of Europe, but has become widely naturalized, being
reported from California, in salt marshes from Santa Barbara to
San Diego, also from San Bernardino {^Parish) and Ft. Tejon;

125

also colleclcd on ballast near Piiiladclphia {Marliiulalc). It may
be recognlzetl by its l)ianching and rather leafy habit, pinnate leaves
of 1 or 2 pairs of broadly cnneate-obovatc or rhomboidal lobcd and
toothed leaflets. It is much changed li\- cultixation.

A. I'KTKOSKi.iNiM L.,the Cultivated parsley, anati\eof the
Mediterranean region, is reported by }. Donnell Smith from Anne
Arundel county, Maryland, May 29, 1878; and by Professor
NTacoun, as having become spontaneous in Canada.

A. iu<:iM<:.\s Reich., a ICuropean species, has been found on
ballast near Philadelphia ( Marlim/a/c).

47. HARBOTRIA.— Glabrous perennials, with 1 to 8
leaves which are ternately decompound and vvitii narrowly linear
or filiform segments, involucre and involucels of few subulate
bracts, and long-peduncled umbels (mostly in pairs) of yellow
flowers.

First collected by Hall A- Harbour, to the latter of whom it is dedi-
cated, as the name ffallia is preoccupied.

1. H. trachypleura. A foot or more higii: leat-segments
mucronnlate: umbels (mostly 2 long-peduncled ones) 15 to 25-raycd ;
rays an inch long; pedicels 2 to 8 lines long: fruit 2 lines long.
(Fig. 146.) — Thasfhnn trachyplcjirum Gray, Proc. Acad. Phi lad.
1868, 68. Cicnta (?) trachyphura Watson, Ribl. Index. Polypet.
417.

In the foot-hills of the mountains of Central Colorado (f/rt7/ tt- i/cn-
//ojtr 215, Pff ;•/•»/ loO, etc., etc.) to New Mexico (F^w*/?^/- 277). Fl. May to
July.

This plant, as the synomymy shows, has been referred doubtfully to both
TiKiMpiuin and Ciruf'M Its position in Tha><pium must have been among
the so-called "apterous" forms, which we have referred to Ziziu. from
which genus it is plainly separated by its much more prominent corky ribs,
narrow and prominently corky-thickened commissural face, and whole
general habit. It is distinct from Cicntu not only in these same characters,
but also in its more laterally llattened fruit, equal ribs, yellow lioweis. and
habitat.

48. ALETES. — An acaulescent glabrous perennial, with
pinnate leaves, broad sharply toothed or cut rather distant leaflets,
mostly no involucre, and involucels of lanceolate bractlets about
equalling the yellow fiowers.

Rep.

iv. VI4.

Orcos-

848.

Sesr

'i Hairu

V, 1. c

887.

Can/w

41('..

Zn/a IJallii

12G

1. A. acaulis. Cespitosc, with peduncles 4 to 10 inches
high, often much longer than the leaves: leaflets ovate, inegularlv
toothed and cut, soinetimes almost pinnatitid: umbel 8 to ir)-raved;
rays 5 to 10 lines long: fruit almost sessile, 1 '4 lines long. (Fig.
147.) — Dewcya { ?) aranlis Torrey, l*acif. R,
ciadhini acaulc Gray, Proc. .Vm. Acad. \\\
Gray, 1. c. viii. 288. Miiscninni (Ircowi Gr:i
(?) Hallii Watson, 15il>l. Index. Poly pet.
C. k. R. Bot. Ciazettcj xii. 187, foot-note.

In the fool-hills of Colorado and New Mexico. Fl. May.

The history of this species has been somewhat remarkable. Not only has
it been referred to six genera, but it has stood under three of them at the
same time, lleferred first doubtfully to Jhweiia by Torrey in \s:>{;, it was
transferred by Gray to OreoxciiuJiuin in ISCH. It then turned up in the Hall
X' Harbour collection and was described as SeseJi Hnllii Gray in 1S70. A
year or two later it was sent to Dr. Gray by E. L. Greene, and appeared in
1S72 as a new species of Mii-senium, M. Groenei Gray. At this time the
same plant was appearing in our publications under three names, Oreoft-
eiadium acaide, Sencli Hallii, and Muxe.ninm Groeiiei. all of Gray. In his
Bibliographical Index. Watson referred it doubtfully to Carnm, as ('. (?)
Hallii, at the same time recogniznig the identity of Sef<eli Hallii and
Mvseninm Greenci, and (luoting them as synonyms. In 1K87, however, in
Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 47.'), Watson records the identity of OreoHciadium
acatile with his Cam in (?) Hallii, ar.d so the names were at last reduced to
one. The fruit characters are those of Zizia, and if they are to dominate
over every other consideration this plant must be a Zizia, as we suggested
in Bot. Gazette, xii. i:i7. But no character should be used too arbitrarily,
and the complete disimilarity of habit between the recognized species ot
Zizia and this species seems something that cannot be neglected. If such
a thing is to be neglected in this case, consistency would demand a con-
solidation of genera such as we are not at present disposed to accept.
If this plant, then, is not a Zizia, nor any of the numerous genera pro-
posed for it, a genus must be made for it, for surely, if a plant
does not satisfy any genus, it must be sui r/eiwriH. That it does
not satisfy the den)ands of any recognized genus is to be inferred
from its strange history; but it may be proper to point out a few of the
reasons why it t^annot belong to any of the genera heretofore proposed for
it. It is hardly necessary to show why it cannot be a Velwu (Deweua).
From Orcu»('i(uliiiin it differs in its prominent calyx-teeth, pinnate leaves,
and yellow flowers; from Seneli in its laterally flattened fruit, yellow flow-
ers, and whole habit: from MitHnniuiii in its much more prominent ribs,
strengthening colls, solitary oil- tubes, almost plane seed- face, and simpler
leaves; from Varum in its depressed stylopodium, yellow flowers, and its
general habit. Taking its habit and fruit both into consideration it is more
nearly related to Mu/tenium than any other genus. For the reasons given,

127

wo propobo for it a new genus. Hit' nanit< of wliieli iiidifatcs itb changing
liibtoiy.

4'J. ZIZIA Koch, Umbel. IriU. Sinooth peicmiiiils (1 to 8
feet higli), with mostly Thaspium-like leases, no involucre, iiivol-
iicels of small bractlcts, yellow Howers, and central fruit of each
umbellct sessile.— Flowers in earl} spring-, in open praiiies and
Mi)laiul ir.eadows.

In separating tile species of Zizia from tlie Thiisiiiiun (nimnti gmuit
we are indebted to Mr. M. S. Bebb for liis field note.s. His observations
concerning Uioir decided differences in liabitat and time of bioomiiig very
strongly conllini tlic differences discovered in fruit structure.

I. Z. aurea Koch, 1. c Radical leaves \ cry lon^j-petioled,
all but the uppermost leaves 'J to ;5-ternate; leaflets ovate to lanceo-
late, sharply serrate: rays IT) to 2~), stout, 1 to 2 inches long: fruit
oblong, about 2 lines \ong. (I' ig. 148.) — Tkaspium aiircii'n^ var.
aptcndii Gray, Manual, T.to. Car/i/i/ aiirciun Benth. & Hook.
(tcu. Plant, i. SUl.

Tlirougliout Canada and tlie Atlantit States, extending westward as
far as Sasliateliewan and Texas.

Altliough Tlia-spiuiti aiireniit var. uphiiiin is tlie real synonym of tlie
species, botanists will find in tlieir lierbaria many specimens of Z'nla
iniri'ii lal)eled Thasjiiimi (iiiniuii aim 7'. Irifolialii m.

Viu: Bebbii C. A: K. lM)t. (Ja/ette, xii. 1:{S. A more slender
mountain form, witii leaflets nu)ie coarsch sei rate or even toothed,
the radical leaves sn.aller and more simple: rays 2 to S, slender,
2 to 3 inches long: fruit mostly smaller, oval, 1 to l'^' lines long.
West Virginia {('aiihi/), \'irgiiiia, N. ("aroiina (Huchhij. Curtiss,
('onbi/. Mi'ehdii, Porlir). and (ieoigia ( I'f/.sr//).

2. Z. COrdata Koch, 1. c. Radical lca\es mostly loiig-
petioled, cordate or e\en rt)under, cienatel\- toothed, ver\ rarelv
lobed or divided; stem-Iea\es simply leniale or cpiinate, the leaf-
lets ovate to lanceolate, serrate, incised, or e\en parted: fruit ovate,
ll4 lines long: seed-section larger than the preceding. (Fig. 14U.)
— VViasp/um /r//'o//a/uw, \ ar. aptcriiiii (Jiav, Manual, 195.
Car/nil rorJatum P'.enth. iV Ho(A. ( Jen. I'lanf. i. S'.tl.

Same range as last and extending to Oregon,

As in the lust species, herbarium specimens of Ziz'm lunthdi, will be
fouiirl labeled almost anything nndi-r tiie TluiMiiiKin nun tun section.

128

7)0. CAR I'M Limi. Gen, n. 3(')5. — Smooth erect slender
herbs, with tuberous or fusiform fascicled roots, pinnate leaves
with few linear leaflets, involucre r.nd involucels of few to many
bracts, and white flowers.

Our American species form tlie sei tion Kdosmia Bontli. it Hook, (ex-
(Opliiig C. Hoinllii). The roots are used as an article of food among the
Indians.

1. C. Gairdneri JJenth. A: Hook. Gen. Plant, i. 891. Stem
] to { feet hi^h, ivom fascicled tuberous or fusiform roots: leaves
few, usually simply pinnate, with 8 to 7 linear (sometimes almost
filiform) leaflets 2 to 6 inches long (the lower rarely pinnate);
upper leaves usually simple: umbels () to 15-rayed, with involucre
of several bracts or none, and involucels of linear acuminate bract-
lets; rays about li,2 inches long: fruit ovate, small, ^ to 1 line
long, with long styles: seed terete. (Fig. 150.) — Edcsniia Gaird-
neri Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 612.

From S. California to British Columbia, and eastward to Utah, Wyom-
ing and Montana. Very common on Vancouver Inland (Muccyun). Fl. June
and July.

Var. latifolium (iray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 844. Leaflets
broader, linear-lanceolate, about i^ inch broad.

California, Ebbett's Pass (Brewer), Yosemite (Bolandir); Ne\ada, near
Carson City [C. L. Aiiilcn^oin.

2. C. Oreganum Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 368.
Closely resembling the preceding, but with lower leaves more
divided, with shorter linear lobes: fruit oblong, larger, 1^4 to 2
lines long, with long styles: seed flattened dorsally, sulcate beneath
the oil-tubes, and slightly concave on the face, with central longi-
tudinal ridge. (Fig. 151.) — Edosmia Oreganum Xutt. in herb.

California, Siskiyou Co. {(ireene); Nevada, East Humboldt Mts. (Wal-
.soit 442, in part); Oregon (Hull 203), "Wappatoo Island" (A'(///«?0> Union
Co. (Cuttick); Vancouver Island and N. W. Territory (Mucoiiti, in ls87i.

This has been nuich confused by collectors with specimens of Eulophus
(Pof?f>.s(ua/ (■»»!.), especially h'. Bohitulcri; hence this species is very scarce
in herbaria.

3. C. Kelloggii Gra\ , Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 344. Resemb-
ling C. Gairdneri., but somewhat stout, from a fascicle of thick-
ened fibers, with lower le:ives ternate or biternate with pinnate
divisions and linear segments: in\-olucre and iinolucels more prom-
inent and ratlic)- scarious: fruit lai-gev, oblong, 1 j/< to 2^4 lines

12U

\o\\<^^ with \cn- pioiniiiL'Ut st\ loixxliiini, and stvk-s ahoiit the same
length: seed sulcate beneath the large oil-tubes.

Central Califoi'iia, near tlio coast i/f/f «•<•/•, linhnuhr, h'riinu;/. I'nhiiir
l.">(l aiul distributod as C. O'ainhii ri, etc.)

Tilt' Fremont specimen refeiT«<l to by Dr. (jruy in tlio <ti i^cinal dc-
siription of this species is Kul(>i>lniK I'rhujlei, and tliis specimen some-
wliiit affects tlie whole description. This species is veiy scarce in herbaria.

4. C. Howellii. Stem 8 to :J«/2 f«^^'t li'S'i, f'<>i" a fascicle
of thickened fibres: leaves few, ternate, then once or twice pin-
nate; leaflets lanceolate to ovate, strongly toothed or lobed: umbels
many-rayed (about 25), with involucre of long narrowly oblancco-
late bracts (becoming reflexed), nnd involucels of prominent
lanceolate scarious-margined bractlets; ra\s about 1 j/2 inches long;
pedicels 8 lines long: fruit (immature) with ver\ prominent stylo-
podium longer than the styles: oil-tubes very large.

Giant's Pass, Oregon, July i:5, 18S7 {Howell 710, distributed as C.
Kvlloygii Vi.

C. C.vuii L,, tlie common garden caraway from Europe,
has become naturalized in many places, especially in the north ami
northwest. It may be recognized b\- its pinnately compound
leaves with Hliform di\isions.

51. CICUTA Linn. (icn. n. 85-1. — Smooth poisonous marsh
perennials, with pinnately compound leaves and serrate leaHets,
involucre of few bracts or none, involucels of several slender biact-
lets, and white Howers.

1. C. virosa L. Spec. 255. Stout, 2 to (S feet high: leaves
twice or thrice pinnate, the lower on long petioles; leaflets nar-
rowly lanceolate, 1 to 2 inches long, acuminate, coarselv serrate,
with the veinlets conimonl}- running to tlie sinuses: umbel many-
rayed, with involucre mostly wanting, and involucels of few nar-
row lanceolate bractlets; rays 1 to 8 inches long; pedicels 2 to 4
lines long: fruit broadly ovate to ()\al, ] to 1 14 lines long, with
lateral ribs much larger than the others: oil-tubes broad and con-
spicuous, the commissural pair contiguous: seed neailv terete.
(Fig. 152.)

Quite common in marshes from the Saskatchewan region and Hudson
Bay (»/</•/•■<!), to the western coast, and northward [Jji/aH, bourgeon,
.\fiicoiin). T\. Hunnner.

130

ViW. maculata* Lcafk-ts broader, from hmceolatc to oblong-
lanccolatc, 1 to T) inches long. — C. inacitlata L.

Throughout the United States.

Wc can discover no other difler(>nce between f. lutuiihitu Ij and C
riroi-ta L. than the one in the leaves noted above.

\ ar. Californica. I ppcr Icaxcs siini)ly pinnate: fruit with
the more prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs nearly equalling
the laterals, and oil-tubes narrower. — C. Californica Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. vii. 844.

From California, 8an Francisco and northward to Oregon (HntreU),
Washington Territory iSiiksilorf. HciKhnson), and Vancouver Island
(M(i CO nil).

This variety seons to be confined to the western coast region, and is
coniniordy distributed as C. mucnlata. The tiuit differences between this
variety and the species depend only upon the development of the dorsal and
intermediate ribs, and are closely connected by intermediate forms. The
venation cluiracter, while tolerably constant in the species, cannot be used
to separate this variety from it. although in some specimens the veinlets
pass to the t<;oth instead ot the sinuses with considerable regularity,

2. C. bulbifera L. .Spec. 255. Rather slender, 1 to 8 feet
high: leaves twice or thrice pinnate ( sometimes appearing ternate);
leaflets linear, sparsely toothed, 1 or 2 inches long: upper axils
bearing clustered bulblets: mature fruit not seen, nor to be foi'nd in
herbaria.

Common in swamps, from Lower Canada and the Saskatchewan re-
gion, to Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Fl. July to September.

Immature fruit, clearly showing Ciciito characters, were found in herb.
Walter Deanc, collected by L- H. Bailey near Lansing, Michigan. Packets
of fruit reputed to be of this species had better be suspected unless seen
on the plant. The fruit described and figured in liot. Gazette, xii. 2(>:>,
under this name, is tiuit of Fivnirnhnn riilnnn^ put by mistake on the
sam(> sheet.

''">. C. Bolanderi Watson, Proc. An:. Acad. vi. 130. Leaves
bipinnate; leaflets narrowly lanceolate, nan-owly and sharply
acuminate, 2 inches long, very acutely serrate; lower leaflets petiol-
ulate, often deeply lobed: involucre of several linear bracts: fruit
nearly orbicular, 2 lines long, strongly ribbed, and with broad oib
tubes which are sunk in the channelled seed.

Jn salt marshes, at Snisnii. Califoi'nia t /IoIhikJit).

131

:^'l. CRVP roT.i:xiA dc. Mc-.u. riuwi. j-i. (;i;.i.r.,i:s

perennials, with Ihin iMbliolatc leaves, no in\ oliicie, iii\ oliieels of
minute biactlets or none, and white llowers.

B(Mithiim .V: Hooker eonsidt-r tliis j,'»miuk to bo too iirai I'iniiuiulht, but
the fruit charactors are very different. In ('ruiitnttniiti the ciiriteliarv wnli
is composed of two distinct layers, the outer beiny almost nuide up of tlie
very broad bundles of strenf^theniiiK cells, the iinier composed of a sin^h'
layer of large parenchyma <ells in \Yhicli the oil-tubes always occur. Ir,
I'impiueUit the bundles of strengtheniuK cells aic veiy small and
■widely separated, and there is no such inner layer.

1. C. Canadensis DC. 1. e. One to three feet hii^h: leaf-
lets large, ovate, 2 to i inches long, pointed, douhly serrate, often
lobcd: unibcis irregidar and nnecinally few -rayed; pedicels very
unec[ual, from a line or two to an inch long: fiuit '1 to 8 lir.es long,
often becoming curved. (Fig. ir)3. )

Canada to Minnesota, and south to N. Carolina, (teorj^ia, ^fississippi,
and Texas. Fl. June to September.

:rS. LEPTOCALLIS Xntl. in DC. Piodr. iv. 107.— Very
slender smooth branching annuals, with finely dissected leaycs
having fihform or linear .segments, and smrdl white flowers in in-
volucellate very unequally few-rayed pedunculate umbels.

This genus is referred to Apium by Beutham A- Hooker, but the dif-
ferences in its fiuit structure are so great that only similarity in habit
eould have suggested su( h an association.

1. L. echinatUS Nutt. 1. c, A span to a foot high: fruit
with rather narrow commissure, echinate \yith spreading hooked
bristles, about ^ line long; ribs obsolete. (Fig. \M.) — Apiicn
vcJihiatKin Benth. A: Hook. Gen. Plant, i. NS8.

Ahibama to Arkansas, westward to Texas (HalL Reiu-iu-him. J//.v.s
Tco/Zj, New Mexico (Wrifihl, Greene), Arizona [I'riimJe. /'«///.s/( I. and S.
California ( ir. F. I'drish). Fl. April and May.

2. L. divaricatus DC. Mem. Umbel. 81). t. 11). One to two
feet high, with spreading branches: umbels more diffuse than in
the last and usually with fewer rays: fruit with broader commis-
sure, tuberculate, i<, line long; ribs somewh.-.t prominent. (Fig.
155.) — Apf/i»i d'lvaricatiini Hentbi. <!v: Hook. 1. c.

North Carolina to Florida, and westward to Kansas {Ot/nl, ,), Arkansas
(.V«//«//), Indian Territory {Falinrr), and Texas; also rare on ballast near
Philadelphia (Parkers. Fl. April.

13:i

.J4. DISCOPLEL'RA DC. Men. Umbel. 3S.— Smooth
braricliinjif ;innuals, with finely dissected leaves (filiform or lanceo-
late divisions ), involucre of foliaceons bracts, involucels of promi-
nent or minute bractlcts, and v>hite fiowers.

1. D. capillacea DC. 1. c. A foot or two high, or even
reachin.2^ 5 or ♦) feet: leaves finely dissected into filiform divisions:
nmbel r> to 20-raved, with involucre of filiform bracts usually cleft
or parled, and involucels more or less prominent; rays ]^ to 1
inch long; pedicels \y, to 8 lines long: fruit y^ to 1 line long, with
filiform or thick dorsal and intermediate ribs, the laterals forming
a broad flat band about the fruit: seed-face convex. (Fig. 156.)

Wet ground. Massaehus<'tts to Florida, and westward to the plains.
Fl. June to October.

This species is an exceedingly variable one, so much so that while cer-
tain extreme forms have been considered as distinct varieties and even
species, they are so completely connected by intermediate forms that no
distinct separation can be made. For instance, the number of rays is very
inconstant, the involucrai bracts are frequently cleft and entire in diiTerent
umbels upon the same plant, the involucels may or may not be prominent
in any form, and the dorsal and intermediate ribs mav be filiform or prom-
inent with any other combination of characters. The prominent ribs fur-
nish the chief character of DeCandolle's var. roMtnla, but ribs just as prom-
inent occur in all other foiuns, and DeCandolle hiniself (Prodr. iv. 107) says
he is not able to separate many specimens of var. casta ta from the species.
An extreme form, completely connected with the species by intermediate
forms, is

Vm: Nuttallii C. X: R. Bot Gazette, xii. 292, which is
usually stouter, with more numerous rays, entire involucrai bracts,
and minute involucels.— />. X/iifa/ili T)(^.

In the Mississippi Valley, from S. Illinois (!>.'<»' i/i to Louisiana and
Texas.

2. D. laciniata r.enth. «.K: Hook. Gen. Plant, i. 907. Two
or three feet high: leaves dissected into lanceolate divisions, or the
uppermost linear-setaceous: umbel nearly equally many-rayed,
with involucre and involucels of numerous 8 to o-parted setaceous
bracts; rays ^ to 1 1^ inches long; pedicels 2 to 8 lines long: fruit
about 2 lines long, with broad and flattish dorsal and intermediate
ribs, the laterals forming a promint acute ridge about the fruit:
seed-face plane. (Fig. 1 57.)— /><7//r//.v lac'niiatns ICng., & Gray,
PI. Lindh. 21t).

Muibt piairie litiid ami aloiij^ iiuiigiubuf Uiickels. Wewtoiii Texas [Ijiml-
hfimtr, Wn'(fhl, Thitrhrr. Hi{itl(>u\ Pulinfi). FI. July to Soptftmber.
Tho wliolo i)Ianl is said to exliah^ a strong odor of rarrot.

,")-"•. jn-:RlLA Koch, Dcutsch. 1"1. ii. 4r>r).-- Smooth :icjii;itic
perennial, with simply pinnate leaves and \ariously cut leaflets,
usnallv conspicuous involucre and involucels of narrow bracts, and
wliite flowers.

IJentham .t Hooker n>ier tliis gtMius to Sinm. but it \>i very properly
restored in Bot. Calif, i. 2(;o.

1. B. angustifolia Koch, 1. c. l'2rect, 14 to 8 feet high or
even smaller: leaflets o to y paiis, linear to oblong or ovate, serrate
to cut-toothed, often laciniately lobed, sometimes creuate, J^ to 8
inches long: umbel many-rayed; rays *i inches long or less; pedi-
cels 2 to 8 lines long: fruit scarcely a line long. (Fig. 158.) —
S/'/nn aitgnstij'olintn L.

Throughout the Ignited States and Mexico, but not abundant: eoninion
in Euiope. Fl. July and August.

The size and foliage of this species aie excessively varialde.

ut>. . EGOPODIUM Linn, (ien. n. H<)8.- A coarse glabrous
percjinial, with creeping rootstock, liitcrnate leaves, sharply
toothed ovate leaflets, and rather large naked umbels of white
flowers.

iE. PoDACiKAKiA L., a common and troublesome weed in
Europe and Russian Asia, is sparingly introduced into this coun-
try, having been reported by Darlington in his Flora Ccstruo;
by Addison Brown (August, 1877) and others as occurring along
roadsides at Woodside, Long Island; by A. Commons from New-
ark, Delaware; by W. W. I^ailey, near Providence, R. L; and bv
se\eral collectors in the vicinity of X. ^'. Cit\-. (Fig. 159.)

ol. BOWLESIA Kuiz .V Pav. Prod. !• 1. Pcruv. 44. t. 84.
- Slender branchmg annuals, with stellate pul)escence, opposite
simple (lobed) leaves, scarious lacerate stipules, and simple few-
flowered umbels of white flowers on axillary peduncles.

Our generic characters are drawn chielly from our own species, and do
not entirely apply to all the South American foims.

I. B. lobata Rui/ iK: Pavon, Fl. Peruv. iii. 'i8. Weak, "J
inches to a foot or two h^ng, dichotomously branching: leaves

184

Lliiii coitlalc tt) iLMiifonii, half to oxer an inch broad, 8 to o-hihcd
(lobes entire or toothed), on long slender petioles: umbels J to 4-
flowered, on short peduncles: fruit about a line long, sessile or
nearly so. (I'ig. 1<>0. ) — B. tcncra Sprcno-. /,'. gcraii'ilfoJia
Cham. «I^ Schlecht. B. nodijiora Presl.

Damp shady places, from the Sacramento Vallpy, California, aiul south-
ward, extending into Arizona (Priiigle) and Texas (Hall, Wn'f/h'. Mins
f'roft). Fl. April and May.

58. IIYDROCOT^'LI-: Linn. Gen. n. 325.— Low herba-
ceous perennials, growing in or near water, with slender creeping
stems, orbicular-peltate or reniform leaves, and small white flow-
ers in simple or proliferous umbels.

The strong lateral llattening of the carpels and the prominent hypo-
dermal oil-bearing layer of tliis gtjnus are strilcingly different fronx those
of any other of our genera. In the European H. (•(*7(/.-f/-/.'* the oil-bearing
layer brealcs through the epidermis in places, covering the fruit with oil-
vesicles.

* Fruit with pericarp tJiiii except at the broad tJiiek corky
dorsal and lateral ribs: i/ivoh/crc of short ovate bracts: leaves
orbicular-peltate^ crcnate: peduncles as long as petioles^ both from
slender creeping rootstocks.

T Prnit )iotcJied'^ at base and apex ; intermediate ribs cork}'.

L H. umbellata L. Spec. 284 Descending branches of
the rootstock with round tubers: umbels many-Howcred, simple
(sometimes proliferous); pedicels 2 to 6 lines long: fruit strongly
notched, 1 line long, about 1^4 lines broad, with dorsal ribs prom-
inent but obtuse. ( Fig. 16L )

From Massachusetts to Florida, westward to Minnesota and Texas, and
extending into Mexico.

Forms collected on ballast near Philadelphia [Martiiididi'), Port Eads,
Louisiana (L(0(f//o/,s), and Vancouver Island iAfacoun), are unusually pro-
liferous, sometimes so much so as to give the impression of compound
umbels.

2. H. prolifera Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 15. Tuber-
ous as in the last: umbels mostly proliferous, with 5 to 2()-flovvered
whorls; pedicels 1 to 8 lines long: fruit but slightly notched, a line
long or slightly broader, with dorsal ribs prominent and more

7 This notchinic ii):iy not be uppurint t-xci-pt in

135

obtuse than in the hist. (Fig. 1(52.) — //. intvrnipla Toir. & Gray,
Fl. i. oUO, in part.

Tcxiibto Arizona and Califoinia, exU-nding also into Mexico.

A spcfioB very closely related to the last.

;{. H. Canbyi C. A: R. But. Gazette, xii. 10:5. Umbels 8 to
*.)- flowered, <;eiierall\ proliferous; pedicels very short, but distinct:
fruit shghtly notched, a line long, and about two lii^es broad, much
more flattened than in the precetling forms, dorsal and lateral ribs
much more prominent, the former acutish. (Fig. lf)8.) //.
Kiiibcllata., \ar ? anibigita (iray, Manual, lUO.

New Jersey to Maryland.

Distributed in the older eollcctions as a probable from of //. vnl-

1.1 HI- is L.

The three foregoing species, with //. ial(j((ii.s of Europe, form a very
natural group, closely resembling each other iii the anatomical details of
the fruit. H- vitt{i(irin is most nearly related in external appearance to
//. (Utnbiii. but differs in its smaller fruit more or less dotted with oil
vesicles. it« less flattened carpels, and less prominent dorsal and lateral
ribs, thus intermediating between //. Canbiii and the first two species.
There can be no doulitbut that our three species are the North American
repirsentatives of K. nihjui is.

T T I^'riiit }iot notchcii ; iiiCirnu'diati' ribs )iot corky { filiforiii).

\. H. verticillata Thunberg, Diss. II. IIT). t. 8. Umbels
few-flowered, proliferous, forming an interrupted spike; pedicels
very short or none: fruit a line long, 1 1^ t(j 'i lines broad, with
dorsal and lateral ribs ver\- prominent, tlic former acute. ( Fig.
I«4.)- If. iiiterntpta Muhl. Cat. 10.

Massachusetts to Florida and Texas; (extending into .\rii^ona {Lcmiiivn),
Viah { Pal iiifi). and near San Diego, California i Orcall); also in Mexico.

* * Pritit with pericarp uniformly corky tliickcncii and ribs
all jiliforin : leaves not peltate: peduncles much shorter than
petioles.

f Fruit small ( y'^ to 1 " , lines broad)., \^:ithout secondary
ribs or reticulations', involucral bracts small or -.(.'anting.

'"). H. Americana I>. Spec. 'I'-W. .Stems filiform, branching
and creeping, often bearing small fusiibrm tubers: leaves thin,
round-ienifoi ni, crcnate-lobed and lobes crenate, shining: few-
flowercij nnibcjs axillary ■,\\u\ almost sessile: fruit '< to 3^ line

136

Ijioad, with e\'icleiit ribs, ;nul no oil-bcariiiy^ la\er: seed-section
broadly oval. (Fig. Kjo. )

From Canada to Minnesota, and southward to the njouiitains of X.
Carolina.

<). H. ranunculoides L. f. Snppl. 177. Usually floating:
leaves thicker, round reniform, 8 to 7 -cleft, with crenatc lobes:
peduncles 1 to 8 inches long, reHexed in fruit: capitate umbel 5 to
10-flowered: fiuit I to 1^4 lines broad, with rather obscure ribs,
and no layer of strengthening cells about the scetl cavity : seed-
section oblong. (Fig. 1«16.) — //. //a tans Torr. iK: Gray, Fl. i. 591).

E. PonnsylTania to Florida, thtnt-e westward to Texas and California,
and up the coast to Oregon (Hotcell, HeinIcrHoti).

T T Fridt larger (2 to "l^A. Hi"^'^ broaif)^ zi'it/i proftiincttf
secondary ribs and reticulations : the 2 to \-floxvcrcd nnibcl sub-
tended by an involucre of t-^co conspicuous bracts.

7, H. Asiatica L. Spec. 284. Smooth or somewhat pubes-
cent: petioles (8 to 4 Inches or even a foot long) and peduncles
(2 inches or less long) clustered on creeping stems or runners:
leaves ovate-cordate, repand-toothed, thickish: seed-section nar-
rowly oblong. (Fig. 167.)- -//. repanda Pers.

Maryland to Florida, and west to Texas.

The petioles are verj' variable in length, an extreme form being

^'ar. Floridana, in which the petioles are an inch or less
long, making the leaves appear in rather close clusters along the
lootstock, and the petioles and somewhat larger fruit are more or
less pubescent,

Florida (A. H. Ci(rtin»), Polk county (./. IhnmtU ,'^'/(//7A ): and found also
in the West Indies and Guatemala ( Turrhhsiiu).

o{). 1:R1GEXIA Xutt. Genera, i. 1.S7.— Low glabrous
nearly acaulescent plant, from a deep-seated tuber, \vith ternately
decompound leaves and oblong segments, no involucre (unless a
reduced leaf), invobicels of leafy linear or spatulate bractlets, and
white flowers in small compact umbels.

1. E. bulbosa Xutt. 1. c. 18S. Span or so high: leaves
radical except those subtending the imperfect umbels: pedicels very
short: fruit 1 line long Ij^ lines broad. (Fig. 168.)

"NV. Canada to Mr'.ryland, and wi-stward into th** Mississipi)i Valley,

137

p.\tt'ii<liii,t,' suullnraid iiilo Tt'iiiiosscc {(.'(illiiif/rr), Aliiliuiiiii. in'iir Hunt;
villoi HV//.S. in isKh. and :\Iissouii.

Am Ml M All s L., ;is a North Amciicaii plant, rests solch' ii[);)n
she authority of DeCandolle, who reports it ( I'rodr. i\ . 1 ri)anion^-
the collections of Pylaic from Xewfoiuullaiid. Martindale and
Parker have also collected in hallasi near Philadelphia. It h.as
fiisifoi-ni roots, pinnateh di\ided iea\es with linear or lanceolate
sen-ate segments, componnd man\ -layed umhels of white flowers,
and small ohlon^- fiiiit with filiform and solitary oil-tubes. (Fi.y;.
1(U». )

A. \'is\A(.\ L., from the Mediterranean rey;ion, has been
collectetl l)y Martiiulale on ballast near IMiiladelphia (LS70), and
also by Henderson on ballast near Portland, Oregon (1887). The
numerous rigid rays from an enlarged reeaptacle becoming turned
inwards after anthesis, in the manner of Daiiciis^ make it easiK
recogni/ed.

188

LIST OF FIGURES (PLATES MX).

Fij,'iii'

L- 1.

Dauciis pubillus

Figure M.

I'eucL'danuiu ainbiguuiii

-•

Caut-iilis luicrocarpa
nodosa

Hi.

cireunidatum
Giayi

1.

'1 rcpocai'pus .Tithusa'

47.

luacroL-aipriia

.-..

Bifoia Aiiioricana

IS.

eurycarpum

c.

Kuryta'iiia Texana

1!).

dasy<.a]-i)uni

7.

Atigolica T)lmiata

.")0.

tomeiitosr.r.i

•S.

genuflexa

.■>1.

luulitaule

!».

Lyallii

;,2.

Piuryi

10,

aiguta

:.:;.

Dreganuiu

11.

Broweri

.■>!.

villosuiii

12.

lepoiina

r).-).

Donnellii

i:j.

Wheeleri

.J (J.

Sandbergi

14.

Caiibyi

.")7.

Haliii

1.-).

Ciirtissii

.">s.

Austiiu;-

Hi.

liirsuta

.'>!(.

Martiiidalel

17.

(lentata

(iO.

utrieulatum

is.

atropuipuroa

(il.

caruifolium

1!).

St'linuiu capitellatura

(12.

Parisliii

20.

Dawsoiii

(;;}.

Cuskkli

21.

Grayi

(-.4.

simplex

22.

Hookeri

(1.1.

trit(>ruatum

2:{.

Conioselinum Canadeiii^e

liii.

la'vigatuiu

24.

Tiedemannia teretifolia

(17.

Kingii

2.").

tf.rnata

(is.

ieioearpum

2(;.

rigida

(I!).

Nuttallli

27.

F(>ndl(n-i

70.

SuksdorMi

2s.

Heracleuiii laiiatuiu

71.

Euryptera

2!l.

Pastitiaea sativa

72.

Howellii

:;(i.
:;i.

Polyta-niaXuttallii
("'oloptcra Newberryi

73.

Pseudocyraopterus luoi!-
taiuis

'.VI.

•lonesii

74.

bipinnati'.s

:;:;.

I'aiiyi

-,:'>.

aiiisatus

:!i.

T.cptota.'iiia dist^cL-la

7(i.

anisatus

;!:..

iiiuKilida

77.

(,'yiiiopterus glonienvtus

:'.(;.

Eatoni

78.

globosus

:i7.

purpurea

7!l.

iiumtanus

:!S.

CalifoMiica

SO.

lerebinthi'.ius

.•J!».

aiioinala

si.

longipes

10.

rt'UcMMlaiuim Heiidcrsoni

S2.

•loiK'Si!

n.

Watsoni

s:;.

^,dau< r.o

42.

rarinosuni

S4.

Pliellopteius litturalis

43.

Cous

s.-,.

Thaspiuni aureuin

VM\

S(i.

■riijispiiim l.iiiliiiioilc

ST.

AViiltni

.SS.

Lij^Misticuni jiclM-il'oliiiin

iiW.

S''()ti;iiiii

!M).

s<-()|)iil<)niiii

!>1.

iipliloJilllM

!)2.

(iiiiyi

!»:>.

()r<>().\i.s hiiiiiiiis

!)i.

.Etliusa ('> imiiiiiiii

!»:>.

CJ.i'loplciiniin (iiiicliiii

!•(;.

inaiil iiiiiiiii

DT.

Orogciiia liiicaiit'olia

IIS.

fiisitoniii.s

;iii.

("laiit/ia liiioata

100.

(Kiiantl)t' sai mt'iito.'^a

101.

("yiios('ia<lium digilatuni

102.

piiinatuiii

lo:;.

Eryiii^ium aromatit iiiii

io:;</

lialdwiiiii

101.

San i (Ml la IMaryiaiulira

Id.-).

arctopoidos

loi;.

How.^Uii

107.

Men/.iosii

ION.

lacliiiata

Kill.

XcvadtMif: Is

1 III.

niaiitima

III.

l)ipinnatilida

1 12

bipiiiiiata

1 1.;.

tuboiosa

III.

.VnniioseJimini llutlcii

ll.V

Fcpniculum viilgarc

1 III.

I'odistera Xcvadensis

117.

riMii>inella intogoninia

lis.

Sa.xifrai^a. var.

I 111.

Apia^^t^llmaIlgu.sli folium

12(1.

patoiis

121.

Miisoniuni divark-atimi

122.

traohyspeniiuiu

12:;.

Kiilophus Anieiieaiui8

121.

Paii.shil

12.").

liolaiidcri

I2(;.

Californii'iis

127.

AnthrisciiH Coiofoliuiu

12S.

]>iMdouiiiin AiiK rieanuri)

'■-'•'■

liiiplt'iir Mill riidiiKlilol

i:;(i.

Ciiaiupli yiliiiii pHxiirii-

Ih.M.s

i:;i.

\af. Taliiliiiii'vi

i:;2.

\ai, dasyciii i»iiiii

i:;:;.

O.-'inoi lii/,a Hilda

l:il.

l,i.«vislylis

1. ■;.•..

longistylis

i:;(i.

liiacliyi.K)da

i:i7.

ocoideiitalis

\:',>.

Vt^la'a Hartwogi

i:;ii.

Ktdloggii

1 HI.

v<^htita

1 II.

.Muscniopsis Texaiia

112.

Couium niactilaliiiu

1 1::.

Siiiin cicuta't'oiium

1 1 1.

Carson ii

1 1."..

Apiiini Ifplophylluni

1 Hi.

TIarboiiria tiaciiyplciiia

1 17.

Alct.'s a«anlis

1 IS.

1 1 1 1

Zi/.ia aurca

.oidata
Caruni (iairdr.iMi

l.-)0.

l.-.l.

Oreganuri

l.v>.

Cit-uta virosa

1.-.:;.

CiyptotaMiia Canadensis

l.-.l.

Loplooaulis ochinatus

1. •..-..

divaricalvii-

i.-.n.

DLseopIeura capillacea

I.-.7.

laciniata

i.-.s.

B<'iula angustifolia

l.MI.

.Dgopodiuni Podagraiia

Kid.

liowle.sia lobata

Kil.

Hydroootyle unihellata.

I(i2.

prolitVia

Hi.-;.

Canbyi

1(11.

vt'i-tiPillata

Ki.-..

Aint'iicana

l(i(i.

ranunculoidrs

I(i7.

Afeiativti.

KiS.

]',rigtMiiii biilbosa

Kill.

.Viiiini riiaiiis

140
GENERAL INDEX.

S.\ii.,ii\iiui- :iic piinlrcl in ilnli.--. The iiimil.ci> in pMiciiIliCNi- irlVr (o I lie tl

.Kjioi.odiilin I,.. -iH. \-A:\. Anli(iiiii,lir,t.

Po-liifri-iiria I-. (l.-.SD. l:!;{. ,iln>i,iiri>iiniis llollni.. 4..'.

.Ktlitisii L.. -l-:. Sit. ilrntilld ClKipiii.. 41.

C.vnapiuni L. (!I4), Kii. dtiirliiii DC, 44. !i().

.Mctos ('. & l{.. '37. I'M. hirxitta T. & O., 41 .

ii«uilis C. \- l{. (147). l-.'ti. i>('ir(ni>i« Xiitl., :'.(!.

-Viiimi L.. i:ir. Archniiom.

H11I.JUS L. (Kiiti. I.i7. Fr 11(11 fri a i\i\. 4S.

Visniifrii \... i:!:. riiiifln IK'.. 47.

.ViiiiHOSolinuin T. \- (;.. •.':'., 1(I7. IniKitn Null.. 4 7.

Uullori ('. \- l{. 1 1141. 107. .\n-itr,tfi(i.

Popoi T. \- (!.. 1(17. (utiiilii IJ. \- H., 1 ■.'().

.Knjiflicii L.. IH, :!.->. HdHicnji Wats.. I'.'l.

mfjiita Null. (KM, ■.',7. l<i'Un\niii Wats.. I'.'l.

ati-opurpui-ca I.. (IKi. 41. trslilu Wats.. ■[■'■I.

Urowcri (ira.v(n). :!!». Atrnixi.

(•anl).vi ('. & H.(14), 40. Ainninniii I)(\:'.4

Cuitisii Hucki. (1.-,), 40.

Dawson! Wats.. :i8. Hciiila Koch. -.'S. I.!:!.

(Icntata C. & K. (17). 41. auj-ust ifolia Koch (1.->H). I.".."..

}reuuHo.\a Nutt. (H), .'{(i. MiloiM Hoflin.. 1 7. :!4.

Hoiifloi-soiii C. & H.. :5S. .^iiiciicana M. A H. (.">), .U.

hirsuta Mulil. (Ki). 41. ia<liaiis IJicb.. :!4.

Icpoi-iiia Wats. (I-.'). :(!i. liowlcsia Ituiz \- Pav. C-'Hi, i;i:i.

liiicariloba (ii-ay. :!!> <i('niiiiili>li<t ('. \- S.. i:i4.

Iiici'la L.. 4'.'. loliata l{. \- P. (1(50). i:!:'..

i-.vallii Wats. (in. :u: mMiflom Pi-csl.. i:!4.

l.iiiuata Wats. (7). .'iO trnn-a Sprcns'.. i:i4.

toniciilosa Wats.. ::' . Uuph'uruin I,.. '.'.->. 114.

Whc<-lcii Wats. (i:!). 40. .AnK'ricaiiKni ('. A; H. (I'-'Si. 11 .■

vciticillataJlooU.,4'.'. piotract uni Link. ll."..

Antlirisc-us M(jtt'in., '-.">. 114. idiiiDiniloiihs, ll.">.

("orcroliuni Hott'in. (I'i7), 114. t-ol unrlifoHuni I,. (I'.'ii), 11">.

sylvcstiisHotfTii., 114.

vnlyaiis I'lcs., 114. Caiuni I,., '.'7. r.'S,

.\piastiuni Null.. '.'4, !()!•. uinriini \i. \ H . r.'7.

anfiiistifoliuni Null. (I l!i). 110. Canii I... I'.'i*.

Idli/oliiim Xiitt.. no. ronliihim M. \- H.. 1-37.

patens C. cV^K.. no. (Jaiidneti M. \- U. (l.-.Oi. l-.'K.

.\l>iuni 1... '.'ti, l'-'4. Hall a Wals.. I'.'fi.

liiilln-i Wats., los. llowellii C. \- K.. I'.'O.

Cilisniii \i. \- H., I'M. Kellojjuii (iia.v. I'.'H.

(liriiriratinn H. \- U., i:il. (iic.i'aniini Wats. (1.71). l-.>s.

irhi until III H. & H.. i:!l. Caiicalis L.. 17. .'i.'!.

fiiaveolens L.. 1'.'4. .Xnlhiiscus Huds.. .!:!.

leptopli.vH\ini V. Muel. (I4.'>), l-.'4. latifolia I- . .'U.

linrair lY & H.. I'M. n.ieiocaipa II. \- .V. ('.•). :!:!.

iiodiHoi iini ii.ii H.. I'M. nodosa Muds. (.!). .'t:!.

Iiatfiis Wats., 110. (■hieroi)li.vnnm L.. '.'.".. 1 1.7.

pf'tiosoiii-.ini L.. I'.'.'.. ((iliiiiniiriiiii Toil-.. 1 14.

I'opii (ifa.\. 107. procuiiibcMs. Cianl/. (l.'tO). 11(1

lepeiis l{ci<li.. I-.'.-.. 'raiiiluiini Hook., IKi.

I II

lmll)ilVi;i I... l.!(i. ' iinjiil<iT.\(;., r.Mi.

tdlilnniini (,\it\. Kill. Hdrlirnji {'.y.iy. 1 ■.' 1

niiiriildhi 1... l.'.ii. A'<7/o(/(/(/(iiiiy. 1 •.' 1 .

Inii)i!ii<liiini \\':t\-^.. l-.''>. ri»l ilii \\i\i>.. T.'-.'.
vir..-;. I.. ,l.-.-.'i. I-.'!.. DiM-opl.-uiM DC. •-'S. i:;-.'.

■l-l'l<'niUM, l,...l,.|... •.-.•.I'D. ,Mpill:.<-'-;i IX'. M.-,<!). i;i

'iiiiclini I ■\<. ill.M.iMl. I:i,-iniiil;i I!. \- II. (l.".;;.

iM^iiiiiiiuiiii <■. \- li. (iiiii, ill. .\iin,iiiii DC. i::-;.

( ol..|.|ci;l C. \ l{.. -.'O. -IM.

. 1(111. -.ii ('. .V K.i;!-.'!. .-.().

.\(wlicir\i ('. \- li. (••!! I. »!
I'anyi C. \ H.C!.-!!. .".o.
('<iiiios('llmim I'isch.. IS. 4:,.
(•:in;i.l<-iiM''l'. \- (i. i--':!i. -I(

tfif-liilltliimis 'I'. \- (I. I HO).

npiitiiliiiiii Null .
('.Miosciiulliim DC. '.'.t. S.]

(iKinhif li'V \ (!. 1-

<)ir,i,iiilllil .Null.. I'.'

iMij-rniii Null.. -.Ml. l:!i;.

IlllllMlMI Nllll.(lliS).

Fisrhiri. 4.">. Ki\ iitiiiim I-.. •-•:!. H:l.

oniiiiii I,., •-'i;, ]•:::. ti<iiiatinnii I,.. !M.

maciilsiliini L. (Mi). I-':!. iiniiiiiimi C \- !«.. !»i.

(iiiiindiuiii I,.. 17. :!4. itninuil iciiin Miildw. (l():t). !•!

siili\iiin 1-.. :!•'.. iiiticiiliilmn ll.i.ik.. !is.

i"inly.ia Xult.. •.'•-'.!••.>. UaUlwinii Spivny. (l():i.(). Ht

liiioiitii Null. (!'!ii, ii-j. liiililiriiiii. lO-.'.

lyiifotirniil DC. •-';. J.U. C/rrm/.. s/(" Ciiipiii., Id.'.

Cmadflisi^ DC (l.'>:!). l:U iiniiiiiiliiin'W \ (;.. Kiu.

ymoptciiis Hal'.. -.'1. 7(). .litliiMiiii 'I'.iii-.. KU.

<tlhiniint!< XiiK.. r!». ilNcdloiWac. !'K

<ll|}inus^',vn\.Hi). l-jdiidanuiii ( . \ l( .nc.

(inixotii.t fira.x'. /•>. rtiMidimi f... !•!!.

Iiipiunalitx Wats.. 7."i. llarkncssii ( 'iii-ian, !•!).

<-amp(-.'^l i-is T. \- (i.. Td. llookcii Wal)... Kio.

ciiKM-ariiis (iiay. H(i. I-ca\i'inv(ii'tliii T. \- (C K'D

coiiiijiatiis .loiH's. TT. loiiffitViliiini ( :r. . 'U

I'cndlcri (iiaj. 7!i. I.ii<l<n-itiaiiiiiii >'ni<iiiv. '•">■

Jd'niriiltuius Niitt.. 7!'. .M<-Haii(Ml Wiiud, !>.">.

jrliiiiciis Xiitt. (S.*{), HI. pt'tiolatimi H(M)k., !•;.

{••lobosu.s Wats. (7Hi. 77. i,<th,lnluiii. it7. iiH.

{flomfiiilus Hal'. (77), 7t>. ina'altiini (iia.\. !•">.

.loiK'sii C & a. iS-.'), SO. pioslialiMu Niitl.. 10-.'.

littnralis Gray, 81. Kavi-noliii (iiay. !•.-..

loiiB-iiM's Wals. (HI). 7!i. VaM'.\iCA: M.. H7.

iiKintamis'lW (i. (70). 7S. \ ii-iat uiii Lam., 00.

inontaiiiix. 77, 7S. N'iij-ioiamiiii Lam.. 04.

Xn-adnisix (iviiv. lOS. ]'ii<iiiii(iiiiitn T. \- (i.. Oii.

nivalis Wats., 7S. Wii«litii (iiax , loo.

pnrpiircos Wals.. HO. \ ucfu-l.ilimii Miclix.. o:i.

Kiilopliii- Null.. -.'4. 111.

Ihr,i>s„i,lrs N,:li., 70. .\m.i i.aMii> Nolt. (1-J:M1-.'.

''"""'"■""•• |{.ilamlciiC\ l{. a-.'.V. 11-.".

\ ]{. f.'d . 1 M.
I'aiisliii C\- K. il'.'4\ 1 Tj.

di»itatumD('.(101).0:!. IVinjil.-i C \- H..

liii'ii" !»' '•"•-> ■' ■' Tr.riniiis M. \ II.. I-':!.

I\)triiiitint.

naiiii:s \. . 17, :!J liichla Xiiti., ;.!.

Ciifnta L.. .{;(. Kiiiyla-iiiii T. \- (i., IH. :i.-..

Itiiinialiiy Kii}.-. \ (ir., l.lj. i,i<irn>i,liiill,i Hiukl., :i.">.

piisilhis .Mlclix.(l). .li Te.xana T. \- (i. (d). :i.-i.

142

Fniihi

CdlUnlllirtl (U"\\. .".:;.

ilisxirlit (iniN , •">1.

(linxitliltn \V:its..."il.

miiltHhlit (^niy. r.l.

yrti-hrniii Wats.. .">0.

y„n-,„-,r<, \V:,ts.. .V.>.
l-.i-niciilimi A,l:iiis.. -.'4. 1

iniiliiiiiiiiiii (!ia\ . 1 1!'.
/{../(KiW-ri (I lay. llii.
„nhln)t,ih Xiiii.. 1 in.

Ilaihnmia < '. \ K.. -.'li. l-.'.",.

tiachyplcuia C. \ It. {14(ii. T

In'toplinlliDii. 11(1.
Hcniclcuiii l>.. l!i. 4,s.

laiiatumM.x. ci«). 4.s.

Spontlyliiim L.. 48.
Hy.liocotylc L.. -iS. i:i4.

Aincvicana L. (!<!.->). i:$r..

Asiatica L. (lf>7). i:{(i.

("anl.yi C \- K. (Ki:^. i:!.->.

i)iti'rni))tii. l.'i.').

titildiixT. \(i.. i:i(i.

l.iolircia Kcll().i>fi(H;-.'>. i:!4.

lammciiloiilcs L. f. a'><>). l^!'

)r,n(n<l(( Pits.. 1:!H.

nmlK'llata I,, din). l.!4.

iiitihrlUitit. i:i.">.

vci-licillata Tlnnili. (I<i4). i:i."

Lcploraulis XiiH., -17. V.'.l.

(livaricaluiii DC. (!.").">). i:!l.

(■(•liinatiisXiitt. (1.-.4!. i:!l.

hirrniix Xiitt., 1 10.

IMttrns Xutt., 11(1.
Lci.tdtu'iiiaXiilt.. ■-'(). .-)().

anoiiiala ('. \- K. (.iii). .">:t.

('alifori)icaNiitt. (:SK). .-■:;.

dissffla Xiilt. (:{4\.->l.

Katoui C. & H. (:5(i). ryl.

nmllitida Niitt. (:i.".t. .")1.

pui|)m-oa (". \- H., (.'{r). .",-.'.

AVatsoni ( '. .V K., r.-j.
l-ijiiisticimi I,., -n. S4.

acfii'ifolimii Micli.\. (K.S), S.")

apiifdlimii 15. \- II. (!U). SH.

<iliiifi>liiiiii. K!».

< anltyi ('. & U.. Kii.

tilicimiin Wats.. ST.

(iniyi ('. \- K.. SK.

ino)it(t»ii in l{. iV II., 74.

Poitc-ii ('. k K.,.S(i.

scoiniloniiti (Way (!»()>. s."..
S<.niicimi r,. iSii). S.-..
Iciuiirnliuiii Wats., sr.

.Musciii(>i.sis( .\- li..-.'i;. T.'-.'.

'n-xaiiaC. \ l{.(14 1.. M.-..
MiiscMiiim Xiitt.. -14. 110.

(iiiuiistiluliinii Xiill.. 111.

.lixaiicatiuii Xiill. (l-.Mi. 110

K'lmifoliiiin Xiill.. 11

tnillilnliKII, lluok.. ;

.V;/rr//(N.

/i.-/.(H./. (iCiax. no.
urriihiitnlis 1!. \ 11.. 1

joiiiiiiuiiKiii 'V. \ (;..4

Ciliuiniini Wals..O-.'.

saiiii«Mil(.--a l'ic-1. (lOOi. U-i.
(hrusriiiiliinn.

ilrdiilr (iiay. I'lii.
Oicoxis Haf.. ■-'•-'. Sit.

ImiiiilisHal". (it:!,. Hi).
(tiojiciiia Wats., •.'•.'. itl.

fiisiformi- Wats. i!tS), 0],

liiicaiifulia Wats, (it; I, itl.
Osiiioilii/.a Haf., ■-'.->, 110,

aiiiliiKua C, \- U„ Hit,

biacli.\p().la Toil-, (i:!(i), lis,

l.i'cvistylis DC, ii:!4), lis.

hirrisliilix. lis.

loiijiislylis DC. (i:t.">l. lis.

inidaToir. (i:{:{). 117.

ncci.lciilalis Ton-. (i:»7). Hit.

I'astina.a I,.. 10, 4S.

saliva I-, c.'iti, 4it.
I'ciifcdaimiu L.. •-'o, ,">:!.

ainbiji-iiuiti XiOl. (44). .')S.

.\ustinii'C. \- K. (.-.SI. till.

H)aiidc;>ciC. \- K.. ;•-'.
Cilli/iiniirlini C. \- ){.. 74.
Caid.yiC. \- U.. .".ti.
cai-uifoliiiiiiT. \<;.(til). lis.
cii-ciiindatmii Wats. (4.->i. .-.it.
(•(.lis Wats. (4:!i. .-.S.
Cusiclvii Wats. i(i:{i. Oil.
dasycaiiminT. \(;. (4ii). (il.
Doniiollii C. & H. (.">.")). (1.7.
ciiiycaipimi C. \- It. (48|. 01.
Kiirvptci-a(;iav(71i. 7:!.

U3

ucclaimin I,.
I'iirinosuiii (icvcr (4'i). ."i7.
fdjiiiculactMiiii Xiid., •">!».
(:c.V(Mi\Vi(ls...-.r.
.lidtrolctisWMs.. 71.
(liiixiC. \- H. (4(i). (id.
Ihillii \V;its. (.".;>, ti"i.
ll.>ii(lfi>.)iii<'. \ K. (4(1). .')(i
llowfllii \V;il>. i'.-'.K r:!.
Kiiij:ii \V;il>.. :i.
hrvi.-;ilinn .N ul I . ((KJl, Tl.
hilih'liinii Null.. V.'.
l..i,.r;in.uni NiiK. Hi;-*'. ' ' ■

M;ntiii(l:llci C. \- l{. (.'.itl.
niiiiiiiiKlhiin liclilli.. (iS.

Ilowi

niillifolililll Wills., (id.
MohilVi'liscC. \- K.. (i-i.
.\(\:l.|riisr Wills., (i:!.
\, irhniui W;Hv. ..-,().

(M/./(.rf((/-.lil.(i:l.l!(;.

NiilCillii W-.II-. Ki!"!. ;•>.
(tic,u:nniMi ( ■. \- K. i.'):!). (i4.

l';ni^l,iiC. \ l{. Ki-.'.. lis.
l';in\i W.•lt^. (.->-M. (i4.
pMiNiloliimiT. \(i., ;:'..
I'riiKjhUW H..r>\.
S;ni,llKM-Hi('. \- 1{. i.-.iii.ii.-..
Miiii-lcx Niill.((i4i. li'.i.
Suks.lni-lii W;il-. (^(Ii. ;•-'.
tnrtiinliinii li. \- ll.,4;.
icmiciiI.iMiiii It.iuli. (.".III. (
liilciiKiImii .Null. iii">i. :d.

tiih iiKiiiiiii. ;ii.

uiiiciihiiuni Null, iiiiii.ii;
\;isryi C. \- K.. U:.
\ill..Mlin Null. (.-.4 1, (!4.
Wiilx.iii C. \- l{.(4l I. :>',.

rlU.l.tciiis Hriilli.. -Jl.Sl.

Iill(>i-:ili> Scluniill (K4i, SI.
IH|lillcll!ll,., -.'4, Idit.

jpiodoia Ci-ii.v, i.dii.
iiiK'^crriiiiii It. \' II. (I 111.

I'iirishin: & u.. ir.'.

S;i\iri;i'':i I,. (1 ISi. 10!l.

.Iiv|<i;i W:ll-.. '.'I. ins.
Nr\,i(lcu-i- W.ils.il I'ii. 1

,l<,s,i,i,liiiin.
ll„hni<lni(Uu\. 1 :'.:!.
Cllilniliiriiiii (;i:i.\. 114.

.I.M;rni:i DC, l!i,4'.i.
Nuii;illii DC. i:iin. 4!i.

l's<-u.l..<\ iiioi.lciiis C. \ H.. •id. 14.

iiuiMiuisC. \ u.irr., 7iJi, ',:>.
i,ii>iiiiiiitu-c. \ i<.(r4). ;.-..

iiioMi i-C. \- Hi*:!!, 74.

,i,Usll.\ .\.(l().-.i. ld:J.
itiiH.\ A.dl-.'). 10(i.

l.ipiiinatiHdii DdiiKl. (Ill), ld»>

r<ii,(Ul<iisi.-< 1-., ld:i.

Uow.-lliic. \- U. (1 1"4.

laciiilala II. A: .V. (IdSi, 1<I">-

Muniliiiia Krlloyjidldi. Id'i.

Maivlaii.lira L. 1 104 1, 1 ()•.'.

McM/.icsii II.. V .\. (107). 1(14.

Xcvadciisis Wals. (Id'D, Id."!.

liiHlinnilis II. \- .\., Id.-..

tiilK-iosaTon-. lllMi. 107.
Scliiuiiii I-.. IS, 4"J.

Hcmliami Wats., 4."..

r,(//((W./i.s(>.Micli.\.,4H.

<-a|.it<4laluin M. \- II. (Id), 4:{.

DawsoniC. \- K. C-'d). 44.

(iiayiC. A: I{. C.'l ), 44.

jlooki'ii Wats.. (•.'•-'), 4.-..

Kiiiiiii Wals..4:!.

I'a.)li.-uMiWal-..4:!.
.V<si7i.

,lin,iir,ihn,i Pui>l). 111.

]l,illiH\i"iy. l-.'ii.

.\iill<illiHU"\y, 71.
Siiiiii l,..-iii. I-.':!.

.niuKstiiuliinii I... 1 :•.:'..

CaiM.nii Duiaii. 1(144). l.M.

.i.-uliclolium (iiii.-liiKM:!). 1 •.'

linnin Micli.x., l-.'4.
Si)Iiiril<>nriilililllll.

ni,,it<nitliiiil (iia.v. 4:t.

Tdiisrlihi.

Ti.niiiii <!ra.\. 1 •.':!.
Tlnspiiiiii Niitt.. n. s-.'.
j (ilriiiiiiriiiin inn Nut I ., s:;.

inn I inn. 1 '-' 7.

liarl.iiKi.lcNutt.iSii), S4.

uiiiiiliiiiinii (iia\ , 74, 7.-i.

piniiiililiiliiiii. S4.
I liiirlniiili ininii ('<yi\\ . l".'"..
! Iiifoliiilinii (;iav, s:!, r.'7.

Waltcii Sliulllw.(S;). H4.
•nclciiianiiia DC. Id. Hi.

lcii.ll.TiC\ l{.C.'7i, 4S.

lij-i.la C\ K.r.'ii), 47.

Ifivtilolia DCr.Mi. 47.

trnialaCvV l(., i'.'.-.». 4 7.
'l'i-.-|.<Kari>iisNiilt., 17, :»4.

.KllMis;r Null. (4), .14.

144

lu-a DC •>.-., 1'.'0. Zizia Koc-li. •-'?. l-:r.

argiita C. \- H.. r.'n. :uiit'!i Kot-li (148), i-r,.

Haifwi'Ki ('. \- H. (i;!!Si. 1-M. cunliila Kot-li (1401, ^•r,.

H.)wcllii ( '. & K.. l-i-3. ihillii ( '. \- J{.. 1 -iti

K(;llo«-}fii C. & K. aai»>, I'M. iitti'ninima DC. lO't.

J'arisliiiC. &li.. l-.'l. iiiinint ili'la Huckl . .S4
vrslila C.V H. (14(11, !•.>•;

-&k

Daucus

■epn carpus

Ca u c si 15

para

Elitu baenia

Angelica

Tiedemannia

era c I eu m

PdSt

d 5 c I n a c a

Pol M ha enia

LdI D p be ra

LBptataEnia

PL III.

Peucedanum

PeuCBdanurri

PseudDCLimDpbpruE

PL V

CqmnpberLiB

Phell D p teru

PL VI

Tha 5 p I u m

LiquEticum

c&^

Cyno^ciadium

Eryngiu m

5anicula

Ammosel mum

Foeniculur

Podl5^e^a

Pimpinella

Apiastrum

Musenium

PL VIII.

Eul Dphus

Anthriscus BuplEurum

ChaEraphijIIum

D^m n rh I z a

Mu5EniDp5l5

Canium

PL. IX,

Api u

Carum

Hdrhouna

Cicuba

AlEbe5

"^3 \\

CrypbohaEnia

Discopieura

B E r u I a

B

/E g D p D d I u m

Zizia

Leptocaulis

HydrDcabylE

EngEnia

Amm'i

78 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [April,

[ From the BotaKical Gazette, April, 188G.]

Revision of North American Hypericaoea*.— I.

JOHN M. COULTER.

Haviiiii; studied llic North Ainorioan sporics of Ilyporioacoio
with all the material to l)o had at Canihridgc, it seems to be
pro})cr, before i)iittin<2; the results into a more permanent shape,
to present them to botanists for tlieir critieisin, that they may test
them in the herbarium and field, and that the limitations of cer-
tain speeies may be better derined. It is with the earnest nvpiest

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 79

that botanists will thoroughly examine this work during the com-
ing season that this paper is presented, and any specimens which
will correct either the characters or ranges given will be received
as a great favor. Of course work done at the Harvard Herba-
rium is of itself an acknowledgment of the great courtesy that
prevails there, and the patient criticism given to these pages by
Dr. Gray has given to them probably their greatest value.

Our three genera may be grouped and characterized as fol-
lows :

•■■ Hypogynous glands none.

1. Ascyrum. Sepals 4, very unequal, decussate; the two outer very
broad and flat; the inner much smaller. Petals 4, oblique, convolute in aesti-
vation, deciduous. Stamens numerous, distinct. Ovary one-celled, with 2 to
4 parietal placent.T: styles 2 to 4, distinct or united below: stigmas not capi-
tate. Capsule ovoid.

2. Hypericum. Sepals 5 (rarely 4), similar. Petals 5 (rarely 4), ob-
lique, convolute in aestivation, deciduous or marcescent. Stamens numerous
(sometimes few), in 3 or 5 clusters : filaments distinct or united at the very base
into phalanges. Ovary one-celled with parietal placent.'v, or 3 to 5celled with
placentae in the axis : styles 3 to 5, distinct or united even to the apex : stigmas
often cai)itate. Capsule conical to globose.

■'•■ * Hypogynous glands three.

3. Elodea. Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, equal-sided, imbricate in aestiva-
tion, deciduous. Stamens 9 (rarely more), strongly triadelphous ; the large
orange-colored glands alternating with the phalanges. Ovary 3-celled : styles
3, distinct : stigmas not capitate. Capsule elongated-oblong.

1. ASCYRUM L. St. Peter's-wort.

Low suffruticose leafy plants ; with small black-dotted leaves and
nearly solitary light vellovv flowers ; pedicels bibracteolate. — Gen.
903; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 156 & 671; Gray, Gen. HI. i. 211, t.
91 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. Plant, i. 164, excl. syn. IsophyUim. —
A genus of 5 species, peculiar to Eastern North America and the
West Indies.

■• Ditl'use : branches somewhat two-edged and winged above : leaves nar-
rowed at the base, not clasping: inner sepals very small (about half line long)
or obsolete, petaloid : petals about as long as the outer sepals: styles two, dis-
tinct or united.

t Pedicels long (| to ^ inch), bibracteolate near the base: inner sepals
obsolete or nearly so : styles as long as the ovary.

1. A. puniilnm Miohx. Low (3 to 9 inches), with spreading
branches: leaves linear-oblong to oval, sometimes spatulate or
narrowly obovate, .2 to 4 lines long, about a line wide: pedicels
becoming more or less reflexed : petals obovate, little longer than

80 HoTAMCAi, (;a/i:tte. [-M"''^

the ovate, aciitiM)!' obtuse outer sc'})iils. — Fl. ii. 77; 'I'orr. tV' (iniv,
F\. i. 15(J.

A. paiicilhiiiini Nutt. (it'll, ii. 15; Chois. in DC. Pnxlr. i. 555.

Pine l):irrtMis of Ci(.'nr<,'ia and Florida.

The specimens e.\Mniined wore ail from Florida, collected by Canhy, Chap-
man, Curtiss, and J. I). Smith. Tiie original station given by Michaux is in
Georgia, in which lie is confirmed by Elliott and Nnttall, as well as by subse-
(juent collections.

t t Pedicels shorter (a line or two), bil)racteolate close to the flower : inner
sepals evident : styles short.

'2. A. Criix-Aiidreje I^. Low (half to a foot or less), much
hrjinehed at base, generally decumbent : leaves narrowly obovate-
oblong, I to \h inches long, 3 to 4 lines wide, more or less plainly
biglandular at base: pedicels about a line long: outer .sepals
ovate or cordate-ovate, mostly obtu.se: petals linear-oblong to
narrowly obovate. — Spec. ed. 2, 1107, excl. Pluk. syn. (which is
Hypericiuii mutilum), not ed. 1, 7S7, fide Torr. & Grav, Fl. i. G71 ;
Chois. in DC. Prodr. i. 155; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 156, in part.

A. viuUicaule Michx. Fl. ii. 77.

From Nantucket, Mass., through the pine-barrens of New Jersey to Vir-
ginia, E. Texas, and S. Illinois.

The narrow-leaved forms south of this range should be referred to the fol-
lowing species, with which A. Crux-Andre;ehas unfortunately been confounded.
The western forms all seem to be taller and more robust than those of the At-
lantic States. In reference to the confusion of the synonymy of A. Crux-An-
drete and A. hypericoides consult Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 671, where the best course
for settling the difficulty is suggested. The specimens examined were from
Nantucket {Mrs. Owen), New Jersey (Gray, Parker), Pennsylvania {Porta), Vir-
ginia {Curlm, Dana), S. Illinois {Vusey), W. Tennessee {Fendler), E. Arkansas
{Harvey, 52), E. Texas {Hall, 36 in part).

3. A. hypericoides L. Taller (1 to 2 feet), more erect,
branched above: leaves linear to linear-oblong, 3 to 10 lines
long, a line or two wide, eoiispieuously biglandular at ba.'^e : j)edi-
cels longer: outer sepals usually narrower, often acute. — Spec.
ed. 1, 788, as to Plum, syn., ed. 2, 1108, excl. Pluk. svn. ; Chois.
in DC. Prodr. i. 555, in 'part; Gri.seb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 112.

A. Crux-Anclre(r Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 156, in jtart ; Griseb. Plant. Cub. 40
Chapm. Fl. 38 ; indeed of all southern authors.

A. Omx-Andrece var. anffustifoHinu Nutt. Gen. ii. 16 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. 156.

A. Plumkii Bertol. Bot. Misc. xiii. ]•», t. 3, f. 3.

South Carolina to Florida, Ixnisiana and Texas.^ .\lso in the Rermudasi
W. Indies, and Mexico.

1886.] BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 81

Much uncertainty has arisen from attempting to reduce A. hypericoides lo a
form of A. Crux-Andre;v, but the larger more branching habit, narrower leaves
with conspicuous basal glands, as well as a decidedly more southern range, serve
to distinguish it. The Bermuda and Jamaica plants are typical forms of the spe-
cies, and can by no means be taken for forms of A. Crux-Andrese, but those of
the continent are more apt to be perplexing. The specimens examined were
from S. Carolina (Ravenel), Flor.'da {Curths, 243), Louisiana (Drummond, 90 and
92), Texas (Hall, 36 in part, Lindheimer) , Mexico (Beiiandier, 989, 2419, Botieri,
373), Cuba ( Wright, 2129), Jamaica {Alexander, Grisebach, 1497. 811), Bermuda
(Lane, 331 in part).

** Erect, stouter, a foot or two high : stems simple or branched above, con-
spicuously two-edged, even winged: leaves broader and thicker, more or less
clasping: pedicels 2 to 6 lines long: inner sepals 3 to 6 lines long, sometimes
as long as the outer, seldom petaloid : petals mostly much longer than the outer
sepals: styles 3 (rarely 4), generally distinct.

4. A. stalls MiCHX. Leaves oblong to oval, closely sessile ami
somewhat clasping, an inch or two long and 5 or 6 lines wide :
pedicels bibracteolate near the middle : outer sepals ovate to orbicu-
lar-cordate ; inner ones lanceolate : styles short. — FI. ii. 77 ;
Chois. in DC. Prodr. i. 555 (but not " 2-styled ") ; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. i. 157; Gray, Gen. 111. i. 212, t. 91.

A. hypericoides L. Spec. 788, as to Pluk. syn. ; Pursh, 373.

Barrens of New .Jersey and E. Pennsylvania to Florida, Louisiana, and W.
Texas,

lu a southern form (var. obovatum Chapm.) the lower leaves taper to the
base and become almost obovate. The specimens examined were from New
Jersey (many collectors), E. Pennsylvania (Porter), Florida (Curtiss, 244), Lou-
isiana (Drummond, 91, also Hale, a very large specimen), W. Texas ( Young).

5. A. aniplexicaule Michx. Leaves ovate -cordate, often
broadly so, clasping, half an inch or more long and nearly as wide :
pedicels with very small bractlets near the base or none : outer
sepals broadly ovate-cordate, resembling the leaves; inner ones
linear-lanceolate : styles about as long as the ovary. — Fl. ii. 77 ;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 157.

A. titans Willd. Spec. iii. 1473.
A. stans var. /S Chois. Prodr. Hyper. 61.
A. Cubense Griseb. Plant. Cub. 40 ( Wright, 2128).
Hypericum tetrapetalum Lam. Diet. iv. 153.
Georgia and Florida. Also in Cuba.

The specimens examined were from Florida (Buckley, Palmer, Curtiss, Gar-
ber), Georgia, and Cuba ( Wright, 2128).

2. IIYPEIUCUM Tourn., L, St. John's-wort.
Herbs or shrubs; with cymose yellow flowers; the sessile leaves

82 IJOTANICAL (JAZETTE. [ApHl,

more or less ])oIliuM(.l-[>iinctate and black-dotted: very variable
in size of leaves, sej>als, and flowers. — Gen. 902 ; Torr. <fc Gray,
Fl. i. 157; Gray, Gen. 111. i. 213, t. 92, 93: Benth. & Hook.
Gen. Plant, i. iOo, exel. Elodea. Sarothra L. Gen. 383. Bra-
thi/s, Braf/n/dinm, Myriandra, Roscyna, and hophiiUnni of Si)ach,
Ann. Sci. Nat. 2. v. 3()7. — A genus of about 160 species, widely
distributed, but chiefly of northern temperate regions; all bui
three of the 29 North American species restricted to the Atlantic
U.S.

H. selosum L. Spec. 787, with the character only " lioribus digynis, foliis
linearibus," represents no plant known to Linna>us, but is a complex wholly
founded on a phrase of Gronov. Fl. Virg., which belongs to H. pilomm Walt.,
and to one of Pink. Aim., which is H. nudicmde Walt., whence the "digynis"
and the suggestion of the specific name.

H. elatum Ait. Hort. Kew. iii. 104, proves to be //. hircinuvi L., or some
nearly related Old World species.

H. triplinerve Vent. Hort. Cels. t. 58, must also be an Old World species,
related to H. hyssopifolium L.

il. Sepals and petals 4, or occasionally 5: stamens numerous, distinct
styles 3, at first united into a long sharp beak, becoming distinct: capsule 1-
celled, the placentaj projecting : branching shrubs. — IsophyUum Spach.

1. H. inierosepaliiiu Gray. Decumbent or erect, half to a
foot high or more : leaves very small, oblong-linear, 3 or 4 lines
long, hardly a line wide, obtuse: flowers .showy, about an inch in
diameter, clustered at the summit of the branches : sepals slightly
unequal, linear to oblong, mostly obtuse, much shorter than the
somewhat unequal petals : capsule oblong-ovate, 2 to 3 lines long ;
seeds oblong, minutelv striate and fltted. — Watson, Bibl. Index,
Polypet. 456.

IsophyUum Drumnumdii Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2. v. 367.

Ascy7-um microsepcdum Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 157 ; Gray, Hen. 111. i. 212 ;
Chapm. Fl. 39.

Georgia and Florida.

This species is intermediate between Ascyrum and Hypericum, and Spach
separated it from both by founding the genus IsophyUum. The habit, small
and nearly equal .sepals, and long beak-like styles, all belong to Hypericum,
while the 4-merous Hower associates it with Ascyrum. As the Howers are also
sometimes 5-merous it seems most proper to consider it an outlying species of
Hypericum.

^2. Stamens very numerou.s, distinct, or more or less united into set,s.

*" Styles 5, united below, distinct above; stigmas capitate : capsule 5-cel led,
the placenta* turned far I)ack from the a.xis: tall perennial horlis with large
leaves anil flowers.

l.S.Sfi] BOTANICAL (iAZPyPTE. 83

2. H. Aseyi'on L. Usually branching above, 2 to 5 feet
high : leaves ovate-lanceolate, clasping, mostly acute, 2 to 5 inches
long, about an inch Avide, pellucid-punctate with elongated dots:
flowers an inch or two in diameter, solitary at the ends of branches
and in terminal cymes : sepals lanceolate to ovate, acute, 4 to G
lines long: capsule ovoid-conical, 9 lines long; seeds terete, with
slightly winged rhaphe. — Spec. 2 ed. 1102; Maxim. PI. Nov.
Asiat. iv. 162.

H. pyramidatum Ait. Hort. Kew. iii. 103 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 158 ; Gray,
Manual, 84.

H. aseyroides Willd. Spec. iii. 1448; Chois. in DC. Prodr. i. Mb, Hook. Fl.
Bor.-Am. i. 109.

if. macrocarpum Michx. Fl. ii. 82.

From Canada to Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and E. Pennsylva-
nia, westward to N. Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, the Winnipeg valley,
and probably farther northwest. Also throughout northeastern Asia, and in
Europe.

Our plant can not be distinguished in any way from the Asiatic, and was
included with it in the original Linmiean description {^'Habitat in Sibiria, Can-
ada, Pyrenseis.") Maximowicz (1. c.) has called attention to the identity of the
North American and Asiatic forms, and a careful comparison of specimens has
fully confirmed his opinion.

** Styles united iuto a long, sharp beak, becoming distinct; stigmas
minute, not capitate : more or less shrubby plants.

t Styles 5: capsule 5-celled : bushy shrubs with crowded leaves.

3. fl. Kalniianuni L. A foot or two high : leaves linear to
oblanceolate, tapering at base, one or two inches long, 2 to 4
lines wide, pellucid-punctate with round dots, glaucous beneath :
cymes few-flowered : sepals lanceolate to oval, half as long as the
petals: capsule ovate, about 3 lines long; seeds abruptly and mi-
nutely pointed.— Spec. 783; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 8G, t. 13; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 158.

Rocky shores, Canada, Niagara Falls, and about the Great Lakes.

1 1 Styles 3 : capsule completely 3-celled : branching shrubs.

4. H. Bu(;kleyi M. A. Curtlss. Low (half to a foot), widely
branching from the base : leaves oblong, obtuse, narrowed at base,
half to an inch long. 2 to 4 lines wide, paler beneath and more
or less black dotted : flowers solitary and terminal, on long
peduncles, .sometimes in threes, about an inch in diameter: sepals
obovate, not half as long as the petals : capsule conical, 4 to 5

84 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [April.

lines long: seeds striate, with jirominont rhaphe. — Am. Jour.
Sci. 1. xliv. 80; Chapin. Fl. 80.

Cliffs, mountains of North Carolina and Georgia.

5. H. prolificuin L. Ix'avcs linear-lanceolate to narrowly
oblong, narrowed at base, mostly obtuse and mucronulate, 1 to 3
inches long, 3 to 9 lines wide, with smaller ones in axillary
fascicles : flowers numerous, half to an inch in diameter : sepals
unequal, foliaceous, lanceolate to ovate, raucronate, much shorter
than the petals: capsule lanceolate to ovate, 4 to 6 lines long;
seeds striate. — Mant, 106; Chois. in DC. Prodr. i. 547; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 159, excl. var. y.

H. rosmarinifoHum Lam. Diet. iv. 159; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.

Myriandra ledifolia Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2. v. 36-5.

From New Jersey and District of Columbia, to Alabama, Arkansas, Mis-
souri, Kentucky, Illinois, and Minnesota.

This species varies greatly in size, and in width of leaves, the southern forms
often approaching the next species in appearance, but readily di-stingnished by
the much larger and fewer capsules and flowers.

6. H. (lensifloruni Pursil More shrubby and taller, some-
times 5 or 6 feet high, much more branching: leaves more
crowded, narrower and shorter : flowers much more numerous
and smaller: sepals smaller, not foliaceous: capsule 2 to 3 lines
long.— Fl. 376 ; Chois. 1. c.

H. galioides Pursh, 376, not Lam.

H. prolificum var.(?)^ Torr. & Gray, 1. c.

H.prolijicum var. deasiflornm Gray, Manual, 84.

Myriandra spathulata Si)ach, 1. c.

Pine barrens of New Jersey, to Floriila, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Texas.

Large leaved forms from New .Jersey {Canhy) seem to intergrade with the
last species, but the characters of capsules and flowers plainly indicate H. den-
siflorum. Between closely related species it is to be expected that intermediate
form.s will occur.

tttStyles 3: capsule 1-celled, or almost 3-celled by the projecting pla-
centae : shrubby at least at base.

X Placenta; projecting nearly to the center of the ovary.

= Sepals broad, ovate, foliaceous: Ho wers large and showy, solitary or in
leafy cymes: leaves rather broad and somewhat coriaceous: shrubby.

7. H. aureniii Bartram. Widely branched above, 2 to 4
feet high : leaves oblong, niore or less attenuate at base, obtuse or
acute, 1 to 3 inches long, 3 to 9 lines wide: flowers often solitary,

1886.] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 85

1 or 2 inches in diameter, very showy : sepals very unequal, often
enclosing the capsule : petals orange-yellow, firm, reflexed : sta-
mens excessively numerous: capsule ovate-conical, not lobed, 3
to 5 lines long.— Travels, 383; Torr. <S: (iray, Fl. i. 161.

H.frondosum Michx. Fl. ii. 81 ; Chois. in DC;. Prodr. i. 544.
H. ascyroides var. /? Poir. Suppl. iii. 694.
H. amnenum Pursh, 375 ; Nntt. Gen. ii. 10 ; Chois. 1. c.
South Carolina and Georgia, to Tennessee, Alabama, and Texas.
Varies much in the size of its leaves and sepals, the mountain forms usu-
ally having smaller leaves.

8. fl. niyrtifoliuiu Lam. More or less branching: leaves
cordate-oblong, clasping, obtuse, half to an inch long, 3 to 6 lines
wide, those of the cyme much smaller : flowers not an inch in di-
ameter, in compound cymes : sepals resembling the leaves, larger
than the floral bracts, often reflexed : capsule as in the last, but
coriaceous and 3 or 4-lobed or angled, — Diet. iv. 180; Chois. I.e.
547; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 162.

H. glaucum Michx. Fl. ii. 78; Chois. 1. c.

H. rosmarinifolium Chois. 1. c, not Lam.

H. sessiliflarum Willd. Spreng. Syst. iii. 346; Torr. & Gray, 1. c 166.

From South Carolina to Florida and Alabama.

=^ =^ Sepals small, very narrow : flowers small, axillary and terminal :
leaves narrow and much fascicled in the axils : shrubby and branching.

9. H. fasciculatura Lam. One to three feet high : leaves very
narrowly linear and revolute, coriaceous, crowded, closely sessile,
not tapering at base, usually with a line of large pellucid glands
upon each revolute edge, 2 to 8 lines long : sepals resembling
the leaves, shorter than the petals : capsule 3-lobed, oblong- to
ovate-conical, few-seeded, a line or two long. — Diet. iv. 160;
Chois. in DC. Prodr. i. 554; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 160.

H. nitidum Lam. 1. c.

H. aspalathoides Willd. Spec. iii. 1451 ; Pursh, 376.

H. fascicidatum var. aspalathoides Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 672.

Myriandra nitida, hrachyphylla, and galimdes of Spach.

Wet pine barrens, from North Carolina to Florida. Louisiana, and E.
Texas.

Very variable in length and fasciculation of leaves. Lamarck's original
specimen is our short-leaved form (var. aspalathoides), while his H. nilidum is a
loose, long-leaved form, approaching some forms of the next species.

10. H. galioides Lam. Like the last, but leaves longer and
broader, linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, generally mucronate,

86 HOTANtCAL fJAZETTE. [April,

always tapering and siibpotiolato at base, not so revoluto, half to
three inclies long, as many lines wide: sepals linear-lanecoiate,
acute, tapering at base, shorter or longer than the petals. — Diet.
iv. IGl ; Chois. 1. c. 550; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 159.

II. uxillare Lam. 1. c. 160, not Miclix.

Il.fasciculaium Michx. Wilkl. Spec. iii. 1452, not Lam.
? J/, ambiguum Elliott, ii. 30 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 102 and 073.

H. galioidef; var. ambujuum Chapm. Fl. 40.

Myriandra ^fi^■hau.rn Spach.

Wet ground, from Delaware to Georgia, E. Tennessee, and Louisiana.

These two species are inextricably connected by intermediate forms, and
it is a question whether H. galwidcs, should lie considered more than a variety
of H. fasciculatum. But the extreme forms are so remarkably difT'erent in ap-
pearance that for the present, at least, they are kept separate.

= =r = Sepals small : flowers small, in naked cymes : leaves rather broad,
thin and veiny: somewhat shi-ubby at base, a foot or two high, simple or
branching.

11. H. adpressuni Bartox. Leaves linear-lanceolate to nar-
rowly oblong, mostly acute, ascending, al)out two inciies long, 8 to
4 lines wide, revolute, pellucid-punctate without black dots, trans-
lucently veiny : cymes leafy only at base, dichotomal flowers very
short pedicclled: sepals linear to lanceolate, acute, half to two-
tiiirds as long as the petals, often reflcxed : capsule ovate to ob-
long, about 2 lines long; seeds oblong. — Fl. Philad. ii. 15; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 159.

H. Bonapart&v, Barton, Fl. N. Am. iii. 95, t. 100.
H. fadUjiatum Elliott, ii. 31 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 166.
H. adprexfium Vdr.fcuitUjialnm, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 673.

Moist ground, Nantu(!ket to Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and
Georgia.

12. H. cistifoliuin Lam. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
obtuse, 2 or 3 inches long, half an inch wide, })ellucid-])unctate with
very small crowded dots: cymes pedunculate, loosely-flowered,
dichotomal flowers pedicelled : sepals variable, linear to oblong,
about half as long as the petals: capsule ovate-conical, about -3
lines long; seeds cylindrical, with ])rominent rhaphe. — Diet, i v.
158, not of Torr. cS^. CJray, Fl. i. G74, Chapm. Fl. 41, etc.

//. nudijionnn Michx. Willd. Spec. iii. 1456; Torr. <t Gray, 1. c. 102;
Chapm. 1. c. ; Ciray, Manual, 84.

From North ("arolina through Georgia and Alaltaina to Texas.

As our //. niidijloniiii has proved to be Lamarck's //. ri-'llfoliinii, (lie latter
name as applicil in Watsdu's IJibiiographical Index, p. 125, must disappear.

1886.] BOTANICAL, GAZETTE. 87

This leaves, as the oldest unoccupied name, -H. opacum of Torrey & Gray, which
accordingly reappears as a specific name.

tt Placentiv projecting a little, or not at all : sepals unequal.

= Leaves mostly linear, with rather large and scattered pellucid dots : flow-
ers in somewhat leafy-bracted cymes: capsule conical or globose; seeds large,
oval, strongly rugose transversely.

13. H. spliarocarpuru Micnx. Simple or l)ranchcd, 1 to 3
feet high : leaves linear to narrowly oblong, mostly obtuse, 2 to 3
inches long, 3 to 6 lines wide: cyme loosely -flowered, dicho-
tomal flower mostly sessile: sepals varying from small and linear
to ovate and as long as the petals : capsule from depressed glo-
bose to ovoid, about 2 lines long ; rhaphe almost winged. — Fl. ii.
78; Torr. & Gray, Fh i. 163.

Kocky banks of the Ohio and its tributaries, southward to Arkansas.

This stands as a very good species, easily distinguished from any likely to
be confounded with it, by its strictly one-celled capsule and large very rough
seeds. In fact, the seeds are the most characteristic ones of the genus. By some
mistake the specific name has been often written H. sphcerocarpon, while the
original name is as above.

14. H. dolabrifornie Vent. Low, straggling, 6 to 18 inches
high: leaves linear to linear -lanceolate, widely sj)reading, about
an inch long, a line or two wide, mostly acute : cyme few-flowered,
dichotomal flower pedicelled: sepals large and foliaceons, lance-
olate to ovate, acute or acuminate, as long as the petals: capsule
ovate-conical, almost triquetrous, about 3 lines long, coriaceous.
— Hort. Cels. t 45; Pursh, 378; Chois. in DC. Prodr. i. 547;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 162.

H. procumbens Desf. Willd. Spec. iii. 1450; Michx. Fl. ii. 81; Pursh, 379;
Chois. 1. c.

Dry hills, Kentucky and Tennessee.

= = Leaves oblong, obtuse : flowers in nearly naked cymes: capsule ovate ;
seeds oblong, minutely striate and pitted.

15. H. opacum Torr. & Gray. One to four feet high :
leaves linear oblong, about an inch long, 2 to 4 lines wide, closely
sessile, ])ellucid-punctate with minute crowded dots: flowers 3 to
5 lines in diameter, in divaricate cymes, the dichotomal flowers
mo.stly sessile : sepals oblong to obovate, about half as long as
the bright yellow petals: capsule 2 to 3 lines long. — Fl. i. 163.

Ii. jiundulotium Ijertol. I'ot. Misc. xiii. 18, t. .'5, f. 2.

B. cislifnlium Watson, Bibl. Index, Polypct. 125, not Lam.

South Carolina to Georgia, Florida, and Mississippi.

8<S BOTANICAL GAZKTTE. [April,

16. H. ellipticuiii Hook. Mostly herbaceous, 10 to 20 inches
high : leaves elliptical-oblong, sessile or tapering at base, ^ to 1^
inches long, 3 to 5 lines wide, pellucid-punctate with large scat-
tered dots, translu{;ently veiny: flowers 4 to 6 lines in diameter,
in few-Howered cymes, the dichotomal flowers pedicelled : sej)als
mostly foliaceous and spreading, oblanceolate to narrowly obu-
vate, usually shorter than the pale yellow petals: capsule as in
the last.— Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 110; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 164.

H. Kpharocarpum Barton, Fl. Philad. ii. 14, not Michx.
In moist ground, from Caniula to Pennsylvania, westward to the Winnipeg
valley.

lOG BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [May,

[From the Botanil'ai, Gazkttic, May, ISSO.]

Revision of North American H) pericacese. — II.

JOHN M. COULTER.

« *» Styles 3 or 4, very long, distinct and spreading, stigmas capitate:
capsule ovate, strictly one-celled, a line or two long ; seeds minutely striate and
pitted : simple or branching herbs, 1 to 3 feet high, with small distant ascend-
ing sessile or clasping leaves, and the uppermost branches of the cyme bearing
alternate distant flowers.

17. H. virgatum Lam. Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
acute, half to au inch long, 2 to 4 lines wide : flowers bright yel-
low, 4 to 8 lines in diameter, in nearly naked cymes: sepals lan-
ceolate to ovate, acute or acuminate, keeled below, more or less
foliaceous and enclosing the small capsule. — Diet. iv. 158 ; Chois.
in DC. Prodr. i. 547; Torr. ct Gray, Fl. i. 166.

H. anrjulosum Michx. Willd. Spec. iii. 1453 ; Chois. 1. c. 546 ; Torr. & Gray,
1. c. 164 and 673 ; Gray, Manual, 85.

H. hedyolifolium Poir. Suppl. vii. 700.

Wet pine barrens of New Jersey, to Florida and Kentucky.

This species is exceedingly variable iu the size of its leaves, but this is a
characteristic of the whole genus, and has led to much confusion in attempt-
ing to construct species upon leaf characters. The broader-leaved, more nortli-
ern forms are to be referred to the species, while associated with it at the south
is

Var. acutifoliuiii. Usually taller and more branching: leaves
linear-lanceolate, tapering to a very acute apex, an inch or more
long, a line or two wide.

H. aculifoUiim Ell. ii. 26 ; Torr. cSiGray, Fl. i. 167.

18. H. pilosum Walter. Scabrous tomentose, mostly sim-
ple : leaves ovate-lanceolate, usually appresscd, 4 to 6 lines long,
about a line or two wide, sometimes much reduced : flowers 3 to
5 lines in diamater, iu few-flowered cymes: sepals ovate-lanceo-
late, acute: petals more than twice as long, involute when old. —
Fl. Car. 190; Chois. 1. c. 549; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 163.

H. setomim L. as to Clayton's plant in Gronov. Virg. 88.

H. simplex Michx. Fl. ii. 80 ; Chois. 1. c.

Ascyi-um villomm L. Spec. 788.

Wet pine barrens, South Carolina, to Florida and Louisiana.

l.SSI).] IJOTANICAL (JAZETTE. 107

* * •■■ * Styles 3, long, distinct ami usually spreading ; stigmas capitate: cap-
sule ovate, 3-celled, more or less glandular and exhaling a heavy odor when
crushed ; seeds as in the last: whole plant (including petals and anthers) more
or less black dotted: herl)s, with rather large leaves and flowers, the petals
much longer tlian the sepals.

t Eastern species: plants 1 to 4 feet high : capsules mostly not lohed.

19. H. PERFORATUM L. Much branched : leaves linear to
oblong, obtuse, mostly tapering at base, half to an inch long, 1
to 5 lines wide : llowcrs numerous in loose cymes, about an inch
in diameter: sej)als linear-lanceolate, very acute or acuminate:
petals bright yellow, black dotted along the margin : capsule
conical-ovate, 2 or 3 lines long.

Common everywhere in old fields as a weed difficult to extirpate. (Nat.
from Europe.)

20. H. niaculatum Walter. Simple below, more or less
branched above, conspicuously dotted all over: leaves oblong to
lance-ovate, obtuse or acute, more or less clasping, sometimes
tapering at base, 1 to 3 inches long, 4 to 9 lines Avide : flowers
smaller, 3 to 6 lines iii diameter, crowded : sepals lanceolate to
ovate, acute : petals pale yellow, with black lines as well as dots :
capside conical-ovate, 2 or 3 lines long. — Fl. Car. 189; Michx.
Fl. ii. 80; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 161 and (373.

H. Virffinicum Walter, 189.

H.pundaium Lam. Diet. iv. 164 : Chois. in DC. Prodr. i, 547 ; Reich. Hort.
Bot. i. 61, t. 88.

H. corymbosun Muhl. Willd. Spec. iii. 1457; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 1(;0; (Jray,
Manual, 85.

JI. micranlhnm Chois. Prodr. Plyper. 44, t. 5; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 100.

From Canada and Minnesota to Florida and Texas.

This species is quite variable in the length of its styles, and upon the char-
acters of short and long styles H. corymbosum and H. maculatum were form-
erly separated. This distinction, however, does not hold, as although the
northern forms are mostly shorter styled the same forms are also found at the
south associated with the longer styled forms. Besides it is only in extreme
cases that the styles are very different in length, and there is every gradation
between. The long styled forms of the south represent this species as formerly
defined, which must now be made to include also II. corymbosum. The south-
ern plants also usually have more glandular capsules.

21. H.^raveolen.s BrfKLEV. Simple, or somewhat branched
above: leaves large, elliptical-oblong, obtuse, closely sessile or
clasping, 2 or 3 inches long, about an inch wide: Howers an inch
or more in diameter, in few-Uowered cymes : sepals lanceolate,

108 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [^^7*

very aciito : petals very scantily black dotted, if at all: capsule
somewhat lobed, ovate, 3 to 5 lines long. — Am. Jonr. Sci. I. xlv.
174 ; Gray, Genera 111. i. 214, t. 02, Manual, 85 ; Cluipm. Fl. 41.

Mountains of North Carolina.

1 1 Western species: plants 3 inches to 2 feet high : capsules o-lobed, 3 or
4 lines long: petals bright yellow, often tinged with purple, with a few black
dots along the margin.

22. H. foniiosuni HBK. var, Scoiileri. From running root-
stocks, simj)le or somewhat brandling, often with numerous
small branchlets, a half to two feet high : leaves ovate-oblong,
obtuse, more or less clasping, about an inch long, half inch or
more wide (those of the branchlets much smaller and often ta})er-
ing at base), usually black dotted along the margin of the under
surface, veiny : flowers half to an inch in diameter, in loose
corymbs : sepals lanceolate to ovate, obtuse or acute : styles
mostly erect.

H. Scouleri Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. Ill ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 160; and of
all authors.

Throughout all our western mountain systems, and extending into British
Columbia.

Exceedingly variable. The species is Mexican, and differs from our va-
riety only in its narrower and acuminate sepals. It is really questionable
whether our forms deserve to rank even as a variety, as there are found among
them sepals which ai-e almost indistinguishable from those of H. formosum.

23. H. coueiiiuuin Bexth. Somewhat shrubby and branching
at base, 3 to 18 inches high : leaves linear to oblong, not clasp-
ing, usually folded, half to over an inch long, 1 to 4 lines wide,
acute : flowers over an inch in diameter, few, in rather close clus-
ters at the summit of the stem, with black lines as well as dots:
sepals ovate, mucronate-acute, or very acuminate, longer than the
capsule.— PI. Hartw. 300; Brewer & Watson, Bot. Calif, i. 81.

H. bradealum Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 65.

California. First collected by Hartwccj, in the " Sacramento Valley."

J3. Stamens 5 to 20, mostly in 3 clusters: styles 3 (sometimes 2), short,
distinct; stigmas capitate : capsules ovate to conical, one-celled ; seeds yellow,
more or less striate and pitted : small and slender annuals, with very small
flowers, and petals shorter than the sepals.

"•■•Procumbent or ascending, or forming dense mats, diffusely branching :
leaves rather broad, obtuse, clasping: capsule a line or two long.

188G.] ROTANIOAL fJAZETTE. 109

24. H. aiia^alloides Cham. S: ScHLEfirr. Often forming
dense mats: stenis an inch to a foot long: leaves oblong to
broadly ovate, very obtnse, 5 to 7-nerved at base, 2 to 6 lines
long, almost as broad : flowers 3 or 4 lines in diameter, in few-
flowered naked or leafy cymes: sepals foliaceons, nnecjual, lanc(!
olato to broadly ovate, longer than the ovate capsules: stamens
15 to 20. — Linntca, iii. 127; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 107 and (j74.

? H. mulilum Watson, King's Report, v. 46.

In wet ground from Southern California to Washington Territory, Mon-
tana ( WaUon), and British Columbia. Also in adjacent Mexico.
Possibly this is but a form of H. Japonicum Thunb.

25. H. iiiutiluiii L. Like the last, but more erect and dif-
fusely branching, a half to a foot (or even two feet) high : leaves
narrowly oblong to somewhat ovate, half to an inch long, 2 to 4
lines wide, 5-nerved at base: flowers in very loose leafy cymes:
sepals linear to lanceolate, usiiallv shorter than the ovate capsule :
stamens (J to 12 —Spec. 787; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 164.

//. quinquenervium Walter, Fl. Car. 190 ; Chois. in DC. Prodr. i. 550 ; Hook.
Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 110.

JI. parviflomm Willd. Spec. iii. 1456; Pursh. 377.

H. stellarioides HBK. Nov. Gen. v. 196.

Low grounds, from Canada to Florida and Texas. Also in adjacent
Mexico.

Quite variable in size, and in some forms closely resemblinj^ the last spe-
cies.

■** Almost simple, with strict stems and branches: (lowers in naked cymes:
sepals linear to linear-lanceolate, acuminate.

26. H. syiniianthiim Exgei-m. & Gray. A f)ot to three
feet high : leaves cordate-ovate, clasping, often quite distant, half
inch or more long, 5 to 7-nerved and 3 to 5 lines wide at base,
tapering to an acute or obtuse apex : flowers in strict mostlv few-
flowered elongated cymes: sepals a line or two long, about as
long as the ovate-conic capsule : stamens 10 to 12. — IM. Lindh.
4; Walp. Ann. ii. 188.

II. mulilum var. gymnanthum Gray, Manual, 86.

Delaware, Pennsylvania and Illinois, to Louisiana and Texas.

The strict habit and naked cymes reseml)K' tiic following species. Lithe
Bcrichle der DeulHchen ButuiiUchcn (IfxrlUrluift for Feb. 1SS5, R. v. I'echtritz and
P. Ascherson refer this species to //. Japonicum Tliunb. They well establish it
as a species distinct from H. miuilum, but an examination of many specimens
of II. .Japonicum shows it to be very distimt from that species also. If II.

110 P.OTAXICAL GAZETTE. [May,

Japoniciim is represented in our flora at all, it is our western II. anngalloides.
This last named species approaches very nearly our eastern H. mutilura, to
which species H. gymnanthum has been referred. This is the closest relation-
ship we can trace between H. Japonicum and H. gymnanthum. If these two
are one, then must H. mutilum and H. anagalloides follow, and with such a
limitation our species of Hypericum could be reduced to very few.

27. H. Caiiadense L. A half to a foot or more high: leaves
linear to linear lanceolate, glandular dotted beneath, mostly ta-
pering to the sessile 3-nerved base, half to an inch or more long,
a line or two wide: flowers in loose cymes: stamens 5 to 10:
capsule very acutely conical, 2 or 3 lines long, longer or shorter
than the sepals. — Spec. 785; Torr. Fl. N. Y. 1. 89; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 165.

//. thesiiffoHnm, paudflorum, and Momnense HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. v. 192
and l'j;5.

Wet sandy soil, from Canada to Georgia, Illinois, Wisconsin, and the Win-
nipeg valley.

Exceedingly variable in size. The extreme forms may he grouped under
ihe following varieties:

Yar. major Gray. Stems much stouter and taller: leaves
larger, an inch or two long, 4 to 6 lines wide, lanceolate, more or
less clasping, often very acute : flowers in larger more crowded
cymes: sepals long pointed: capsules larger. — Manual, 8G.

From Canada to Pennsylvania, Illinois, and about the Great Lakes.

Yar. miniinum Chois. Dwarf, 1 to 3 inches high, simple, few-
flowered : leaves oblong, obtuse, 4 to 5 lines long, a line or two
wide, smaller and more crowded below. — DC. Prodr. i. 550;
Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 110.

On wet rocks, Canada, to Wisconsin (Lapham), and "Cypress Hills," N. W.
T. (Macoun).

* «■ 5 Bnshy branching, with rigid erect black-dotted stems and branches:
leaves very slender and rigid or minute, erect or appressed: flowers scattered
nlong the upper part of leafy branches.

28. H. Drumniondii Torr & Gray. Stem and alternate
branches rather stout, 10 to 30 inches high : leaves linear-subu-
late, erect, a fourth to an incii long, one-nerved : Howers pedi-
cellate: stamens 10 to 20: capsule ovate, about 2 lines long, not
longer than the sepals ; seeds large, oval, strongly ribbed and
transversely lacunose, brownish yellow. — Fl. i. 165.

Sarothra Druvimnndii Grev. & Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 236, t. 107.
In dry soil, Georgia and Florida, to Illinois and Texas.

1880.] ROTANIfAT. r;A/KTTK. Ill

29. H. niidicanle Walter. Stem and opjwsito bnuu-lKs
foliforni, wirv, ai)|K'arin<>; naked from the very minute awl-
shajied appres.sed leaves, 4 to 20 inehes hi<j;li : Howors very small,
mostly sessile: stamens 5 to 10: eapsule very aeutely eonical, 1
to .'> lines long, mueh longer tlian the sejials ; seeds very iniidi
smaller, oblong, minuh^lv striate and pitted, light yellow. — l''l.
Car. 190.

H. setomin L. Spec. 7S7, as to I'liick. syn.

H. Sarolhra Michx. Fl. ii. 7!); Torr. .Si Oray, Fl. i. !().'); (Irny, (ion. III. i.
214, t. 93, f. 1-7, Manual, Sfi.

Sarotlira gentianoides L. Spec. 272; Lam. 111. t. 21'), f. 1.

S. Iiypa'ieoiden Niitt. Gen. i. 204; Barton, Fl. N. Am. iii. 5!», t. !)2, f. 1.

Dry sandy soil, Canada to Florida, and the Mississipjji valley.

:}. ELODHA -hss., Prusn.

Perennial herbs, in marsiies or shallow water; witli small
close clnsters of flesh-colored flowers in the axils of the leaves
and at the summit of the stem; sepals much shorter than the
acute capsules. — Juss. Gen. 255, partlv ; Pursh. Fl. 360; Torr.
& Gray,"Fl. i. 167; Gray, Gen. 111. "i. 216, t. 94. Not E/odcs
Adans., Spach, nor Ehdcn Michx. Triadcnium Raf. — A genus
of two species, peculiar to Eastern North America.

1. K. film pan u lata Pursh. A foot or two high, mostly
simple: leaves oblong to ovate, very obtuse or emarginate, clasp-
ing by a broad base, about an inch and a half long, half inch
wide, glaucous beneath and black dotted: axillary flower clus-
ters at the ends of elongated branches : sepals lanceolate to ovate :
filaments united below the middle: capsule 4 or 5 lines long. —
Fl. 379.

K. Virglnim Nult. Gon. ii. 17 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. Ku : (iray, (Jen. III. i
210, t. 94; Manual, S*!.

Hi/peririnn Virginicnin L. Spec. 2 ed. 1104; ("hois, in IX'. Prodr. i. .")U).

//. campanuldtnm Walter, Fl. Car. 191.

//. eniarginul 11)11 Lam. Diet. iv. l.')4.

From Hudson's Hay to New Jersey and North Carolina, westwanl to
Minnesota and the VViniiipep valley. AKso in adjacent Asia and .Japan.

2. K. petiolata Piusii. Resembling the last, but usually
taller and moi-c branching: leaves longer (2 to 5 inches), half to
an inch wide, ta|)ering to a sessile i)ase or petioled, not so glau-
cous or black dotted biMieath : axillarv (lower clusters almost

112 BOTANICAL (iAZKTTE. [May,

sessile: (ilaments united al)()iit to the middle. — Fl. 379 ; Torr. tV:
Gray, Fl. i. 168.

E. lubulosa Pursh [Hypericum tubulommi Walter) has not been identified,
but is probably this species, from which it differs only in its " tubular corolla,"
concerning which there must have been some mistake ; see Torr. & (Jray, Fl.
i. It)8.

Hypericum petiolatuvi Walter, Fl. Car. litl.

H.axillare Michx. Fl. ii. 81.

//. paludomm Chois. in DC. Prodr. i. 54(5.

From Virginia to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas.