IA Rs ;
ingen alg

re Ts
wy

4

fis

¥
hd,

Phe She
WO Pe
Wat

9/4 WN
ep eipatc

ny
HY) Mat
iat i

REVISION

OF THE

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF rHE GENUS

ie WC US

GEORGE ENGELMANN, M.D.
i)

(Prom the Transactions of the Acad. of Sci. of St. Louis, vol 2, Nos, 2 § 3.)

ST. LOUIS:
GRORGE KNAPP & CO., PRINTERS AND BINDERS.

1868.

ef: Y¥2¥- Ys3 pobrished | (SOc
¥S% —¥449 — 120F

ENGELMANN—STAGE OF MISSISSIPPI. 423

that mean elevation, and in August it is about equal to it.
The mean lowest stage takes place in December, and is not
quite six feet high; its greatest average volume of water is
reached in May, with more than twenty feet. The mean an-
nual stage in these seven years ranged from 7.7 feet in 1864
to 16.8 feet in 1844, and the mean monthly stage from 2.2
feet in December, 1863, to 33.2 feet in June, 1844.

It was thought best to add a second table, giving the
extremes of every month and every year in those seven
years, as the extremes are of more practical importance for
the boatmen, as well as the inhabitants of the banks, than the
means. The table shows that from September to February
the river has never been higher than 17 feet, from March
to July never lower than 6 feet, and in April, May, and
June never lower than 8 feet above low water mark. The
lowest stage, zero, was observed on December 21, 1863, and
the highest, 41.4 feet, on July 27, 1844.

In the subjoined table are given all the high water guages
and the dates of their occurrence which I could find. They
are partly taken from the above mentioned work of Hum-
phreys and Abbott, partly from Mr. Homer’s tables, and
those between the years 1838 and 1858 have been observed
by myself or by Mr. A. Kayser, when City Engineer. They
have all been reduced to the standard adopted at present,
the low water mark of December, 1863,

High water 1785, April, ab’t 42.0 ft. | High water 1852, May 20, 28.0 ft.
«1898, March, (?) 36.3 “ 1853, May 7, 30.0 “
cs CO 18385 Maya Grin 27. One iy “ 1854, June 29,
“1839, May 28, 27.5 “ “« 1856, May 9, 275 “
“ © 1843 May 2, 27.3“ « 1858, June 14, 37.0 “
“ & 1844, June 27, 41.4 “ “« « 1861, May 15, 25.4 “
“ 4845, June 27, 32.5 “ « "1862, April” 26, 31.4 ©
“ 1846, May 10, 25.0 “ & “1863, March 4, 18.0 “
¢ “ 1849, March10, 27.5 “ . « 1364, May 14, 24.4 “
« © 1851, June 10, 37.0 “ « « 1865, July 28, 268 ©

In this list, embracing twenty years, the highest rise
took place in March three times, in April twice, in ‘May
nine times, in June five times, and once (last year) in July ;
but all the greater floods, with the exception of that of 1785,
took place in June. 1

One word more about the rain curve on the diagram.
This curve was, in all those four years, much less regular
than it usually is with us. While, commonly, the greatest
quantity of rain descends in May and June, the rains of
those months in all those four years, and especially in the
last three, were unusually light, and sometimes even the
lightest of all the twelve months of the year. The meteo-
rological table for the year 1865 (p. 419) shows that we

have returned to a period of greater regularity and heayier
summer rains.

ae yar 2 t wer ary

424 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCRe! YY V@®
rol A Ake

GAR DAN

A Revision of the North American Species of the Genus
Juncus, with a Description of new or imperfectly known
Species. By Groree Encetmann, M.D.

The difficulty 1 found in arranging the species of Juncus
of my own herbarium, the doubts in which the authors left
me by incomplete and unsatisfactory descriptions and by
confusion in the names and synonyms, the want of confidence
which all my correspondents, even such as had paid a good
deal of close attention to it, seemed to place in themselves
and their own judgment when this genus was under discus-
sion—all this induced me to enter upon a critical study of our
Junci. I was greatly aided by the most liberal contribution
of specimens and of observations from all sides; among
those to whom I am thus indebted I mention Prof. Asa
Gray, of Cambridge, and Messrs. E. Durand, C. EK. Smith, and
Prof. Leidy, of Philadelphia, who sent me their own and the
herbaria of the institutions under their care; Dr. J. W. Robbins,
of Massachusetts; Rev. O. Brunet, of Quebec; Dr. H. P.
Sartwell, of New York; Prof. T. C. Porter, of Pennsylvania;
Mr. M.S. Bebb, of Washington; Rey. M. A. Curtis, of North
Carolina; Mr. W. H. Ravenel, of South Carolina; Dr. A. W.
Chapman, of Florida; Mr. E. Hall, of Illinois; and last, but
not least, Prof. W. H. Brewer, of the Calafornia State Sur-
vey, and my indefatigable and ever obliging friend, Mr. H.
N. Bolander, of San Francisco. In Europe I was greatly
assisted by Prof. Caspary, of Kcenigsberg, who compared
E. Meyer’s herbarium, and by Prof. A. Braun and Dr. Garcke,
of Berlin, who examined Willdenow’s and Kunth’s herbaria
for me. My very particular thanks are due to all of them.
Michaux’s and Lamarck’s plants have, thus far, been inac-
cessible to me, and thus some questions of synonymy must
remain unsettled for the present.

A very conscientious examination of over a thousand speci-
mens from all parts of the country, with careful dissections
of their flowers and fruits, and drawing of these details, has
enabled me, I believe, to place the proper value on the
characters derived from the different organs of these plants,
and to arrive at definite conclusions in regard to their species
and varieties and their affinities among themselves.

These investigations, to be sure, were all made “in the
closet” since the end of last summer, but I trust that they
are not the less reliable, and that those who have the oppor-
tunity will follow them up in the field, and will enable me
not only to improve upon this paper, but also to publish,
with their aid —which some have already promised me —an
Herbarium Juncorum Boreali-Americanorum normale,which

7- 1923

ENGELMANN—N. AM. SP. OF GENUS JUNCUS. 425

will stand in place of expensive plates, and will, it is believed,
be far preferable to them.

Arrangement.—The numerous species of the Genus Juncus*
have been divided into sections according to characters taken
from their organs of vegetation, their stems and leaves and
also their inflorescence, more than from the differences found
in their flowers or fruits. In these most essential parts all
the species show a remarkable uniformity, which will only
permit us to make use of them to characterize minor divisions,
and for specific diagnosis. Desvaux (Journ. Bot., Vol. L,
Paris, 1808) had already separated our Juncus repens, on
account of a peculiarity in the dehiscence of the capsule, and
some alpine species, because of their long-tailed seeds, as
two distinct genera, Cephaloxys and Marsippospermum.
But we know now that other species of far different alliance
form a transition from the ordinary loculicidal to the sep-
tifragal dehiscence, and that species of all forms and sections,
and otherwise very dissimilar among themselves, have tailed
seeds, and that others exhibit all the transitions from
the tailed and loosely tunicated to the merely pointed and
closely coated seed. From the following it will appear that
these genera cannot stand even as sections.

Vegetative Organs.—The different forms of the rootstalks,
and of the stems and leaves of these plants, are so well
known that I need not here dwell upon them; by their dif-
ferences the principal types of Junci are best characterized ;
those that produce no leaves or leaves equal to the stem itself,
those that have channelled or flattened leaves, and those that
bear knotted leaves. But I must say that we have forms that
seem to bridge over these apparently well marked distinctions,
and which again prove that nature knows nothing of our
systematic subtleties, and that our systems are only an imper-
fect aid for our limited comprehension. ‘To give an example
—no section of Juncus seemed to be better characterized and
more natural than that of the true Jwnci with naked stems
and so-called lateral inflorescence. To this section we are
bound to refer J, Drummondi and J. Hallii, while-/. biglu-
mis, which can scarcely be separated from them, is, in all our
systematic works, far removed from them. Again, J. Vaseyi
comes so close to J. Hallii that we would hesitate whether
to class it with this or with the similar looking but flat-leaved
J. tenuis, if J. Greenii did not unite it more directly with
the latter one.

The form of leaves is not quite constant. While those of the
articulate Junci are usually described as terete or compress-
ed-terete, the observations of our southern botanists prove

* Steudel, in his Plante Glumacez, 1855, enumerates 196 species, many
of them, however, undoubtedly nominal ones,

426 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

that in some species, at least, soil and moisture have a most
important influence on them, as they also have on the devel-
opment of the inflorescence ; the overgrown forms of J.
scirpoides, as I understand that species, have large, laterally
compressed, gladiate leaves, while in the forms grown on
drier and poorer soil the leaves become almost or entirely
terete. On the other hand, the peculiar tribe of articulate
Junci of the Pacific slope, which I have called Ensifolii
from their characteristic sword-shaped leaves, exhibits, in
alpine situations, such narrow leaves that they might inad-
vertently be mistaken for terete ones.

Inflorescence.—The inflorescence offers us important but,
to a surprisingly great extent, variable characters. All Junct
have, as is well known, a terminal inflorescence, even where
it is seemingly lateral. In the Californian sub-genus Jun-
cellus, and in a few South American and antarctic species
which form the sub-genus Rostkovia (gen. Rostkovia, Hook.
f., Rostkovia, Desv., and Marsippospermwm, Desy., in part),
a single flower terminates the stem or scape; but all the true
Junci have a more or less compound inflorescence of single
flowers or of flowers crowded into larger or smaller heads.

In the inflorescence we observe numerous bracts, usually
of a membranaceous texture; the uppermost bracts bear in
their axils the flowers, which are always lateral, though in
the species with single flowers they appear terminal. In
these the lower of the two highest bracts, which are always
found at the base of the flower and which were therefore
termed “calyx” by Rostkovius, bears the flower in its axil,
the upper one remaining sterile; but the trace of an axillary
product, an abortive flower or a leaf-bud, ought occasionally
to be found, as is regularly the case in J. pelocarpus. In the
single flowered forms of this species the uppermost bract
usually bears an abortive bud, or this bud grows out into a
leafy branch, or it becomes a second flower; and then a third
bract is formed, often again with a leat-bud, but never, so far
as I know, with a third flower. Thus we have the complete
transition from the single flowered to the species in which
the flowers are grouped into heads. In these each bract
bears in its axil a flower in centripetal succession, the upper-
most minute bracts remaining sterile in the center of the
head.

The single flowered Junci bear panicles, or, as E. Meyer
and many botanists after him called them, anthele, of difter-
ent form and development. In some species (¢. g. in the
common forms of J. tenwis and J. dichotomus) the panicle .
has often the shape of an almost regularly dichotomous cyme,
or at least the main branches are dichotomously divided; in
most other species this regularity is considerably obscured
by the development of many elongated branches from a short

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 437

axis, which often almost seem to constitute an umbel, but
which are mostly of very different length, the lowest ones
being by far the longest. These rays or branches often re-
peat the development of the main axis several times, or are
regularly dichotomously divided, or they assume the appear-
ance of one-sided spikes with lateral inflorescence, somewhat
atter the fashion of the Borraginew. A remarkable example
of this is furnished by J. tenwis, var. secundus, which form
also proves that this uni-lateral development of the inflores-
cence can by no means constitute specific distinction, as a
series of intermediate forms are not wanting. We observe a
similar condition in J. Balticus and the var. Pacificus,; the
eastern form has the ordinary panicle, while that of the
Pacific coast bears on the branches uni-lateral flowers.

In many others, and especially in all those that have knotted
leaves, the flowers are arranged in heads. These heads con-
sist of few, or are (often in /. pelocarpus) reduced to single,
flowers, or they bear a great many, and the different forms of
the same species often vary immensely in this respect. Thus
we find from 2 or 3 to 50 flowers in each head of the different
forms of J. pallescens, 6 or 9 to 100 in the forms of J. nodosus,
and 2 or 3 to 80 or 90 in J. Canadensis. These heads are
single, or composed of several heads crowded together, when
they appear lobed. I have seen the axis of the heads abnor-
mally elongated, thus changing them into spikes 9-12 lines
in length in three different species, all found in the southern
States. In all of them the lower flowers seem to remain
sterile, and only the uppermost ones bear fruit; or, after the
earliest flowers have performed their functions, the axis, per-
haps in a wet season, continues to grow and produces a sec-
ond crop of flowers. J. cylindricus, Curtis, is such a spicate
form of J. marginatus; I have also seen it in J. pallescens,
var. fraternus, and most beautifully developed in J. Canaden-
sis, var. longicaudatus. In this last specimen numerous rays
form a rather compact almost level-topped umbel, and each
ray bears a head ot 3 to 5 or 6 sessile, diverging spikes. The
heads-are either single, terminating the stem like the head
of an Allium, or they form a more or less compound inflores-
cence similar to that of the single flowers.

F'lowers.—The flowers of these plants consist normally of 5
circles, each of 3 component parts; 3 outer and 3 inner peri-
gonial leaves, which we call, on account of their herbaceous
texture, sepals ; 3 outer and 3 inner stamens and 3 carpellary
leaves; each of the circles alternating with the next one, so
that the 6 stamens stand before the 6 sepals, and the 8
carpels before the 3 outer sepals; but the 3 stigmas, as well
as the-valves of the capsule, before the 3 inner sepals. The
third circle, consisting of the 3 inner stamens, is some-
times wanting. Only in one instance, in the only species of

[May, 1866.] 28

428 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

the sub-genus Juncellus, I find each circle consisting of two
parts only, a curious and rare arrangement.in a monocotyl-
edonous plant.

, In place of flowers we find, in some species with articulate
leaves, leafy buds or shoots as the result of retrograde meta-
morphosis, or as the morbid product of the oviposition of the
Livia Juncorum or some allied insect. They are most com-
mon in -/. pelocarpus, which, from this peculiarity, has been
named viviparus and abortivus ; in J. pallescens, var. fra-
ternus, which therefore got the name /. paradowus, and in J.
nodosus genuinus.

Sepals.—The always persistent sepals furnish important
characteristics. The exterior and interior ones are sometimes
similar but more frequently dissimilar; the former usually
carinate or naviculate, more herbaceous, more strongly ribbed
and sharper pointed ; the latter more delicate, with a wider
membranaceous margin, flat or slightly concave but not navic-
ulate, and more frequently obtuse or only mucronate, but more
variable in their outline than the exterior ones. Both sets
of sepals are either equal in length or one exceeds the other,
but neither their proportion nor the form of the inner sepals
offer perfectly reliable characters in all species; in some they
are more constant, while in others they vary considerably.
In examining dried, and even living, specimens, the error of
mistaking an involute sepal for an acute one must be avoided,
an error into which even careful botanists have sometimes
fallen. The nerves of the sepals, which are of such diagnostic
importance in Gramineew and even Cyperacee, are of minor
value in Junei, as they vary considerably in different forms
of the same species.

Stamens.—E. Meyer had already paid attention to the
number of stamens and their proportion, and in many species
valuable characters are derived from them, but they alone
cannot constitute specific distinction. ‘They are generally
persistent, which permits us to examine them in all stages of
development of the flower and fruit; only in J. Smithii and
in J. Remerianus the anthers fall away early and the filaments
only persist. The number of stamens is normally six, but in
many, principally American, species, it is, by suppression of
the inner circle, reduced to three; those three stamens stand,
therefore, before the outer sepals and at the angles of the
ovary or capsule. We have only two species in which their
number regularly varies between three and six, J. Buckleyi
and J. caudatus; in them the inner circle of stamens is in-
completely present. In many tri-androus species we find
occasionally a fourth or fifth stamen, and that often smaller
than the rest ; but where both circles are regularly developed
I have never seen them unequal in size or shape, which we
notice so often in other allied families.

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 429

The proportion of stamens and sepals, and of anthers and
filaments, is often very constant, but in some species they
vary very much, as may be seen in-/. scirpoides, the different
forms of which bear stamens of different length and anthers
of different size without exhibiting other characters of sufli-
cient specific value.

In arare form of J. Remerianus I find both circles of
stamens suppressed or rather undeveloped and in a rudiment-
ary state, so that those plants become uni-sexual. Correspond-
ing male plants may perhaps yet be discovered.

Filaments are always present ; in some species they are
very short, in others elongated, in all dilated at base, and, at
least in the hexandrous ones, more or less united. Their
base, which in the young flower adheres to the base of the
pistil, after fecundation remains attached to the base of the
sepals.

The shape of the anthers is of slight importance; they are
longer or shorter, linear or oblong, in some species pointed
or cuspidate, in most others obtuse or emarginate, more or
less sagittate at base, but these characters show little con-
stancy.

Pistil.—The pistil exhibits great differences in its form and
furnishes good and generally constant characters. The ovary
is obtuse or acute, gradually or abruptly elongated into the
style; this organ is often very short but in many species it
has the length of the ovary, or even exceeds it; in a few spe-
cies only it is variable, e. g. in J. scirpoides, which in this as
in most other organs offers a degree of variability scarcely seen
in any other species. The stigmas are longer or shorter than
the ovary with the style, always (except in Juncedlus) three
in number, very slender and more or less twisted; in J. acutus
they are short and thick, and in J. stygius, as already Lin-
neus remarks, short and recurved. In just expanding flowers
the length of the stamens is often equal to that of the ovary
and style together, so that the stigmas only emerge from
between the anthers, or they are equal to the ovary alone
when the whole style with the stigmas protrudes over the
anthers. :

Capsule.—The capsule is diagnostically one of the most
important organs in Junct. It varies from globose to ovate,
obovate, prismatic, pyramidal or subulate, terete or angular,
retuse, obtuse or acute, mucronate or rostrate; it is shorter
or longer than the sepals or equal to them; but all these
characters vary within certain limits, in some species more
than in others, and only the examination of a large number
of specimens can decide about their constancy and value in a
given species. The capsule is always three-valved (excepting
again Juncellus), opening into the cells, the valves bearing

. - . 5 . . . . 5
on their median line the placentz either immediately (parie-

430 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

tal placente and one-celled capsule) or on a fold which
extends to the centre and forms the dissepiments (central
placente and three-celled capsule); shorter dissepiments
make semi-trilocular capsules. Very fragile dissepiments,
which break off when the capsule opens, leaving the placenta
central and detached (septifragal dehiscence), are found in
J. repens (therefore generically distinguished by Desvaux),
and to some extent also in J. Parryi, J. patens, and J.
setaceus. The placentz of J. Reamerianus are enormously
developed into a spongy mass, which fills the greater part
of the capsular cavity.

The capsule opens almost always from top to the middle or
to the base; only in some of our species with subulate capsules
(J. scirpoides, J. nodosus) the separation of the valves com-
mences in the middle, while at the top they remain united
for some time.

Seeds.—The seeds, when perfectly ripe, furnish some of
the most interesting and constant characters, but they are so
small and their markings so delicate that only a strong glass,
or, better, a microscope with a magnifying power of fifty or
sixty diameters, will properly exhibit them. It may not be
useless to caution botanists not to be deceived by seeds
loosely lying about with the specimens, as they very often
will be found mixed.

The seeds are ascending or (the elongated ones) more or
less erect, with a lower end at the insertion of the funiculus
and an upper one at the chalaza, both ends united by the
raphe and often by a distinct fold of the testa. The seeds
are usually obovate or oblanceolate, thicker at the upper than
at the lower end, mostly terete, or, in rare cases (/. trifidus),
angular, when a few large seeds are pressed upon one another.
The ends are sometimes obtuse (J. bufonius), but commonly
either abruptly or more gradually pointed, apiculate or even
fusiform (J. pallescens, nodosus, scirpoides). Very frequently
the testa is slightly elongated beyond both ends of the body
of the seed and forms a small, membranaceous appendage (¢/.
effusus, tenuis, marginatus); in such seeds the longitudinal
fold of the testa, mentioned above, also becomes more dis-
tinct. In many, and apparently more in American and in
alpine or arctic, species (J. Drummondii, Greenti, Canaden-
sis, etc.) these appendages become more conspicuous, and
extend beyond the seed itself as empty, shrivelled, tail-like,
white, or, rarely, reddish sacs. Such seeds have been called
scobiform ; their seed-coat is more loosely adhering and some-
times (J. stygius) can be readily removed. This elongation
of the testa is of great diagnostic value, but the absolute or
proportionate length of the appendages is extremely variable ;
even in the same capsule I find the lower seeds with shorter
tails than the upper ones, and in J. Canadensis we see forms

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 431

with such different length of tail that only the absence of
any other diagnostic characters can induce us to consider
them as belonging to one and the same species. Much less
can generic distinction be based upon this character, as was
done by Desvaux, who comprised in his genus Marsipposper-
mum all Junci with tailed seeds. Even E. Meyer’s (in Synop-
sis Juncorum, 1822, and in Ledebour’s Flora Rossica, 1853)
separation of the species with tailless seeds as a second section
is unnatural, as not only tail-seeded kinds are found in all the
great groups, but also species with intermediate seeds exist,
which it would be difficult enough to place properly. R. Brown
(Prod. Nov. Holl, p. 258) settles the whole question in the
following pithy sentence: Mee secernende sunt ee que
seminibus gaudent scobiformibus, testa silicit, que in pluri-
bus utrinque laxa, in hisce valde elongata.

The size of the seed varies from 0.1 to 2.0 lines in length,
it mostly ranges between 0.2 and 0.5 lines, and rarely reaches
0.4 lines; the tailed seeds are usually larger than the others,
averaging from 0.5 to 2.0 lines in length; even without the
appendage, J. trifidus has the bodies of the seeds of 0.5, J.
castaneus of 0.5-0.6, and J. stygius of 0.7-0.8 line in length.

The delicate markings of the seeds are so various, and in
the same species so constant, that it will be useful to dwell a
little longer on them. Their surface appears never quite,
and rarely nearly, smooth, when magnified fifty or sixty times.
We can almost always discover longitudinal ribs, more or less
close together, from 8 or 12 to 30 or 40 or more around the
seed; as it is difficult to count the ribs all around these small
bodies, and as an approximate designation is quite sufficient,
only the number visible on one side may be counted. These
ribs are very marked, sharply elevated, in J. marginatus (sem-
ina costata), or they are reduced to more delicate lines in J.
Canadensis and most tail-seeded species (semina multico-
stata and striato-costata). These ribs or lines are usually
united by very delicate transverse lines (lineole), when such
seeds may be termed costato-lineolata, or by fewer, more
prominent cross-bars, semina costato-reticulata.

When the ribs are fewer and wider apart, and united by
transverse ridges so as to form somewhat rectangular meshes,
I call the seeds semina reticulata. The area of these meshes
is sometimes quite smooth (J. militaris ), or crossed with very
few transverse or longitudinal lines (J. scirpoides )—semina
areis levibus reticulata—or it is distinctly marked by numer-
ous delicate transverse lines, sometimes, also, with one or
two perpendicular lines: semina areis lineolatis reticulata.
In very few instances I find an irregular and indistinct retic-
ulation: semina irregulariter sub-reticulata.

A large number of Junci exhibit a very delicate but regular
transverse reticulation without (in fully ripe seeds) very

432 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

distinct ribs—semina lineolata. In some species the marks
are coarser, in others more delicate.

We divide the seeds, then, into semina reticulata, lineolata,
and costata; to both the former belong the tailless, to the
latter the tailed seeds.

I arrange all the species, the seeds of which I have been
able to study, according to their surface markings, in the
following table. Our species are in italics, the foreign ones
in Roman type:

I. SEMINA RETICULATA, Vix seu distincte apiculata.,

1. Semina levissime irregulariter reticulata seu leviuscula, non costata
nec lineolata. Omnes e Juncorum genuinorum sectione.
J. Pacificus, compressus, filiformis, Smithii.

2. Semina regulariter reticulata, areis levibus seu levissime longitudi-
naliter lineolatis. Nostrates e Juncorum articulatorum sectione,
pauci exotici graminifoliz.

J. militaris, Elliottii, seirpoides, pheocephalus; J. Tasmanicus,* squar-
rosus capitatus.

3. Semina regulariter reticulata, areis tenuiter transverse lineolatis,
Omnes ad J. articulatos pertinent.

J. pelocarpus, articulatus, alpinus, pallescens, Bolanderi, brachycarpus,
nodosus, xiphioides, Mertensianus; J. sylvaticus, atratus, obtusiflo-
rus, rudis, oxycarpus, supinus, Leschenaultii.

IZ, SEMINA TRANSVERSE LINEOLATA, levissime costata ; vix seu distincte
apiculata seu breviter caudata.
1, Semina areis latioribus fere transverse reticulata. E Juncorum genut-

norum et graminifoliorum sectionbus.

J. Balticus, setaceus, dichotomus.

Semina areis angustissimis transverse lineolata. FH Juncorum gen-
uinorum et graminifoliorum sectionibus et Juncelli species unica.

J. effusus, patens, tenuis, Gerardi, bufonius, repens, sayinoides; J. glau-
cus, pauciflorus, bulbosus.

i)

HI. Semrna costatA, plus minus caudata.

1, Semina inter costas plerumque pauciores conspicuas lineolata; apicu-
lata seu breviter caudata, Juncorum genuinorum et graminifo-
liorum sectionibus. os

J. Remerianus, acutus, marginatus, longistylis, Buckleyi; J. mariti-
mus.

2. Semina inter costas plures distincte reticulata ; apiculata seu plus
minus caudata. Lx omnibus Juncorum sectionibus. i

J. arcticus, Drummondii, Hallii, biglumis, Greenii, Canadensis, var.
sub-caudatus.

3. Semina inter costas numerosissimas tenues seu tenuissimas trans-
verse lineolata seu levia; caudata. Ex omnibus Juncorum sectioni-
bus.

J. Parrui,-Vaseyr, triglumis, castaneus, stygius, trifidus, Canadensis,
caudatus, asper; J. Jacquini.

It will be observed that in this arrangement some forms
which I consider as belonging to one specific type had to be
separated; thus, the Pacific form has been removed from
J. Balticus, and the sub-caudate variety from J. Canadensis,
proving that differences in the surface or in the shape of the
seed alone are not sufficient to establish specific distinction.

* The Tasmanian J. falcatus, which I consider a distinct sepcies.

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 433

What constitutes a species.—The specific character lies not
in any single organ of the plant, however essential it may be ;
only sufficient and corresponding differences in a series of
organs can authorize us to recognize specific distinction.
But as such discrimination is of course left to individual
judgment, different investigators will arrive at different con-
clusions. Some species, to be sure, vary very little, and will,
by every botanist, be recognized as distinct from all others,
and as indivisible; such are, e. g., J. filiformis, J. militaris,
J. stygius, J. repens ; but other species exercise the botanists
considerably, some forms being held distinct by some, while
they are united by others; such are among our species,
especially J. paillescens, J. scirpoides, J. nodosus, and J.
Canadensis, all belonging to the group Articulati. I have
no doubt that some botanists, especially such as have not the
means of comparing the bewildering quantity of transition
forms now before me, will find my views in this respect too
contracted, but careful investigation in the field will, I trust,
bear me out.

After these preliminary remarks I submit a list of our
North American Junci and their principal varieties, as [
understand them, followed by an account of their geographi-
cal distribution.

Systematic Arrangement.
GENUS JUNCUS, Lin.
Sus-Genus I. JUNCUS.

I, Juncr cenvint, caule aphyllo basi vaginis aphyllis seu rarius fo-
lia ipso cauli similia gerentibus stipato.

A. Glomeruliflori.

1. J. acutus, Lin., California, New Jersey. (?)
2. J. Remerianus, Scheele (J. maritimus, Auct. Am.), New
Jersey to Texas.

FUL LUyY

B. Singuliflori.
a. Pluriflori, panicula plus minus composita.
a. Robustiores, capsulis ovatis seu ob-
ovatis.
l. Foliiferi.

3. J. compressus, H. B. K., California, Mexico.

2. Aphylli.
* Hexandri.
J. Breweri, n. sp., California.
J. Balticus, Dethard.
B. littoralis, coast of New England to the Mississippi.
y- montanus, Western deserts and Rocky Mountains.
Sub-species J. Pacificus, Pacific coast.

4.
5.

*souUnMIMOY

434 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

** Triandri.

6. J. procerus, E. Mey.(?), California.
7. J. effusus, Lin., over the whole country.*

@. Graciliores, floribus plerumque pau-
cioribus, spe viridulis, sepa-
lis fructiferis seepe patentibus,
capsula subglobosa.

1. Apbylli.
8. J. patens, E. Mey., California.
9. J. filiformis, Lin., northward.
2. Foliiferi,
10. J. Smithii, n. sp., Pennsylvania.
ll. J. setaceus, Rostk., Virginia to Louisiana.

*soUnTUIOD)

b. Pauciflori, panicula vyix usquam composita.
a. Apiculati.
12. J. arcticus, Willd., Greenland.
Sub-sp. J. Sitchensis, north-western coast. |
8. Caudati.
1. Aphylli.
13. J. Drummondii, E. Mey., Rocky Mountains and north-
westward. |
J

"TOIjO1Y

2. Foliiferi.
14. J. Hallii, n. sp., Colorado.
15. J. Parryi, n. sp., Rocky Mountains, and mountains of
California and Oregon.

II. Juncr Grammnrroui, caule nudo seu foliato; foliis planis seu
semi-teretibus canaliculatis seu raro sub-teretibus.

A. Macrospermi, alpini, seminibus paucis magnis cau-
datis, foliis fistulosis.
a. Pauciflori.

16. J. trifidus, Lin., north-eastern mountains.
17. J. biglumis, Lin., Arctic regions.
b. Capitellati.
18. J. triglumis, Lin., Rocky Mountains to Arctic regions.
19. J. stygius, Lin., Western New York to Maine and New

Brunswick.
20. J. castaneus, Smith, Rocky Mountains to Arctic regions.

“rudy

B. Singuliflori.
a, Simplices, nudicaules, erecti.
a. Caudati.

21. J. Vaseyi, n. sp., Lake Michigan to Colorado.
22. J. Greenii, Oakes & Tuck., New England.

‘sonua J,

* The triandrous J. Pylei, La Harpe, which is entirely unknown to mes
seems to belong here or near J. arcticus.

ENGELMANN— NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 435

B. Apiculati. )
23. J. tenuis, Willd. |
a. communis, all over the country. |

8. secundus, Pennsylvania to New England.
y- congestus, California. t
J

sonud Jy,

24. J. dichotomus, Ell., Dist. Columbia to Louisiana.
25. J. Gerardi, Lois., eastern sea and lake coasts, and salines

b. Ramosi, caulophylli, diffusi.
26. J. bufonius, Lin., all over the country.

C. Glomeruliflori.
* Hexandri (No. 30, 3-6-
andrus).

27. J. repens, Michx., Maryland to Louisiana.

28. J. falcatus, E. Mey., Pacific coast.

29. J. longistylis, Torr., Rocky Mountains and north- westward.
30. J. Buckleyi (J. filipendulus, Buckl.), Texas.

** Triandri.

31. J. marginatus, Rostk., Atlantic and central States to
Texas.

*LOULUTLL)

III. Joncr arricuari, caule folioso; foliis septis transversis inter-
ceptis inde nodoso-articulatis.

A. Articulati veri, foliis teretibus seu leviter (in No. 40
var. forte) tereti-compressis.
a. Apiculati.
1. Sub-singuliflori.
32. J. pelocarpus, E. Mey. (J. Conradi, Tuck.), Newfound- }
land to South Carolina, and along the great Lakes.
8. crassicaudex (J. abortivus, Chap.), Florida, |
y(2). subtilis, Canada.
2. Pauciflori (No. 37, var. 6, ad
multifloros accedens).

* Hexandri.
33. J. articulatus, Lin., Northern New York & New England.
34. J. alpinus, Vill. (J. pelocarpus, Gray), North-western |
New York to the Rocky Mountains and the Arctic re-
gions.

35. J. militaris, Bigel., New England and southward.

** Triandri.

36. J. Elliottii, Chapm., N. Carolina to Florida & Alabama.
37. J. pallescens, Lam.
a. diffusissimus, Texas.
p. debilis (J. acuminatus, Mx.), middle and southern
States east of the Mississippi.
- robustus, Mississippi valley from I]linois to Louisiana.
. fraternus (J. paradoxus, Mey.), Michigan and Mas-
sachusetts to the Rio Grande. J

“EVE TROT LY

o~Z

436 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

3. Multiflori.
* Triandri.
38. J. brachycarpus, n. sp-, Mississippi valley and to the Rio
Grande.
39. J. Bolanderi, n. sp., California.
40. J. scirpoides, Lam.
a. macrostemon.
A. macrostylus, South Carolina to Texas.
B. brachystylus, New Jersey to Arkansas and Texas.
8. brachystemon.
A. echinatus, Maryland to Florida and Texas.
B. gladiatus, North Carolina to Arkansas and Texas.

** Hexandri.
41. J. nodosus, Lin.
a. genuinus, Pennsylvania to Canada and to the north-
west coast.
Bb. Texanus, Texas.
y. megacephalus, Western New York, south-westward to
Texas and California.

b. Caudati.
* Hexandri (No. 43, 3-6-

andrus).
42. J. asper, n. sp., New Jersey.
43. J. caudatus, Chapm., S. Carolina to Florida & Louisiana.
** Triandri.
44. J. Canadensis, Gay.
a. brevicaudatus (J. acuminatus, Gray).
A. coarctatus, Pennsylvania, northward and _ north-
westward.
B. patulus, Pennsylvania to Western New York & Ohio.

8. subcaudatus, Connecticut to Georgia.

y- longicaudatus (J. paradoxus, Gray), Massachusetts
southward to Louisiana, and north-westward to
Minnesota.

B. Ensifolii, foliis iridaceis compressis equitantibus.

45. J. Mertensianus, Bong., Rocky Mountains north-west-
ward to the coast.
46. J. xiphioides, E. Mey.
a. auratus, California.
GB. littorals, California.
y- montanus, Rocky Mountains and eastward into the
lains.
é. abe anttiae, Oregon and to the north-west coast.
é. triandrus (J. ensifolius, Wick.), California to Una-
laschka.
47. J. orymeris, n. sp., California.
48. J. pheocephalus, n. sp., California.
49. J. chlorocephalus, n. sp., California.

Sus-Genvus Il. JUNCELLUS.
50. J. saginoides, n. sp., California.

i

|
|

"19RNITAY

"yUpney

"Typossug

*"snyjoouns

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 437

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

Of the fifty species above enumerated, thirty-three, or
two-thirds, are peculiar to our country, and seventeen, or
one-third, occur also in other parts of the world. Two of
these seventeen (J. effusus and bufonius) are cosmopolitan
species, which are found almost in all countries of our globe ;
six (J. arcticus, trifidus, biglumis, triglunis, stygius, and
castaneus) are alpine or arctic forms, which also inhabit
appropriate localities in the old world; three (J. acutus,
Balticus, and Gerardi) grow principally near salt water,
and also occur in Europe, and the former, also, in Africa and
South America; three others (J. filiformis, articulatus, and
alpinus) make their home in the northern parts of the north-
ern hemisphere; one (J. tenwis) is also found in middle
America and western Europe; and two extend southward
over our limits, J. compressus into Mexico, and J. procerus,
if our plant is correctly referred, to Chili.

The different forms of J. Balticus, nodosus, and Canaden-
sis, grow in difterent regions. The eastern and northern J.
Balticus is distinct from the form of the interior plains,
and very much so from that of the Pacific coast; the Texan
form of J. nodosus is very different from the northern one,
and that of the western States and territories is quite unlike
the others; J. Canadensis has a northern, an eastern, and
a third form, which is more generally distributed,

None of the eight southern species are found anywhere
else, and of the nine Pacific species only the two above men-
tioned extend beyond our territory to other parts of America,
adding another proof of the well known fact, that of all our
Floras that of the southern and that of the Pacific States are
the most peculiar and exclusive ones.

From their geographical distribution our species may be
arranged thus:

1. Over the whole country grow J. effusus, tenuis, bufont-
us, and nodosus. Of these only the last one does not extend
into other Floras.

2. Over the whole country, with the exception of the
western Plains and Mountains and the Pacific slope: J.
marginatus and pallescens, both peculiarly North American.

3. Over the whole country with the exception of the great
interior valley and the Pacific region: J. pelocarpus and
Canadensis ; both only found in North America.

4, In the great interior valley from Michigan to the Rio
Grande: J. brachycarpus, and, with more extensive limits,
one of the forms of J. nodosus (the var. megacephalus ).

5. Northward—J. jiliformis and the northern varieties of
J. nodosus and Canadensis; north-eastward—J. articulatus,

438 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

Greenii, and, very locally, J. Smithii ; north-westward, ex-
tending to the Rocky Mountains—J. alpinus and Vaseyi.

6. Southward, mostly south-eastward and to the Gulf,
some of the species extending south-westwardly to Arkansas
and Texas—J. setaceus, dichotomus, repens, Elliottii, scirpot-
des, caudatus, and asper, the latter only in the most north-
eastern limits of the region; J. scirpotdes as far north and
south-west as any of these species; south-westward, J. Buck-
leyi and a form of J. nodosus (the var. Texanus).

7. On the Pacific slope, in the low country—J. compres-
sus, Breweri, patens, arcticus (var.), Bolanderi, and oxrymeris.
The following extend from the coast to the mountains: J.
Mertensianus, xiphioides, and phawocephalus, the two former
spreading eastward to and beyond the Rocky Mountains.

&. Maritime species, north-east—J. Baiticus, Gerardi, and
militaris, the two former extending inland along the lakes,
the two latter also southward; south-east—J. Reamerianus;
Pacitic coast—J. acutus, procerus, Balticus, sup-sp., and fal-
catus.

9. Alpine and arctic species; eastern—J. arcticus, trifidus,
and stygius; western—J. Drummondii, Hallii, Parryi, tri-
glumis, castaneus, longistylis, chlorocephalus, saginoides ;
the two last only on the Californian Alps. J. biglumis has
been found thus far soley in the highest arctic regions of our
continent.

The following table exhibits at a glance the geographical
distribution of our species:

Peculiar | Common
to our with other | Total.
country. | countries.
ae WiROLGICOMMtTY iis enlotsieicier setters
e “ except Pacific region
“ “ “ G
and Mississippi Valley..........
BEM UCLION VAG Y sleenicictels tein islalnre miciolole
ANOLE WEG crests crsleieney toleeroiete cine :
PIS OUGDWALGE a ccck «eect ocibiie7~ aco
SPACING SlOPOs ci. elesetelles eect tt
. Maritime species..............2.-
. Alpine and Arctic species........

3

DONATE whe)
ipkts oo. ;

a

NWAIDODe bh noe

8 OwnNowrer nde

17

OL
oO

Nores on toe Nortu AMERICAN SPECIES OF JUNCUS.

1. J. acurus, Lin., has been found by Prof. Brewer near
San Luis Obispo, California, “where 1t is abundant in a
stream in the hills between the town and the landing of the
same name, a few miles from the sea, growing in dense tufts.”

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 439

His specimens were collected in April in full bloom; the
stem is nearly four feet high, the panicle six inches long;
the flowers, absolutely identical with European specimens,
are easily recognized by their broadly margined sepals, the
inner ones being deeply emarginate, and by their thick and
short subulate stigmas. I have also seen specimens said to
have come from the coast of New Jersey ; Baldwin collected
it on the La Plata in South America, and Chamisso and
Gaudichaud brought it from the same regions. J. macrocar-
pus, Nees, from the Cape of Good Hope is the same species.

2. J. Ramerianus, Scheele, Linnza, 22, 348; Walp. Ann.
3, 695: rhizomate longe repente; foliis caules (2-3 pedales)
robustos rigidos teretes equantibus; spatha paniculam supra-
decompositam patulo-effusam longe superante; glomerulis
3—5-floris; sepalis ovato-lanceolatis 5-nerviis exterioribus
acutatis, interioribus brevioribus obtusis sepe mucronatis;
antheris six late linearibus filamento ter quaterve longioribus
demum deciduis ; stylo ovario ovato multo breviore ; capsula
ovata obtusa mucronulata sepala exteriora zquante placentis
tumidis triloculari ; seminibus late obovatis obtusis vix apicu-
latis tenuissime (sub lente) costato lineolatis (J. maritimus,
auct. Amer.).

Atlantic coast of the United States from New Jersey to
Florida and Texas.—Closely allied to the European J. mari-
timus, for which it has always been taken, until Scheele,
without discovering its distinctive characters, gave it a new
name. It is well marked by an open spreading panicle with
slender, flexible branches, deciduous anthers; a very short
style, which is not half as long as the obtuse ovary; an obtuse,
short, deep brown capsule; remarkably large, spongy pla-
cent, which fill the greater space of the capsular cavity, and
the like of which I have not seen in any other species; and
obtuse, tailless seeds, marked with very slight, wavy ribs and
slighter cross lines—J. maritimus bears a rigid, fastigiate
panicle, persistent anthers, an ovary attenuated into a style
of nearly its own length, a greenish, acute capsule which
usually exceeds the sepals, placentz of. ordinary size, and
seeds with distinct tails and stronger ribs.

The light, brownish flowers are 1.5 lines, and the seeds 0.3
line, long, and nearly 0.2 line thick.

This is the only Juncus in which occasionally unisexual
specimens occur (Georgia, Le Conte, in Hb. Acad. Philad.,
and Florida, Chapman, in Hb. A. Gray); these plants, pistil-
late by abortion of the stamens, have a stricter but fewer
flowered panicle, and thus present a very unusual aspect ; our
southern botanists ought to find out under which conditions
this form occurs, and whether any corresponding staminate
plants grow with them.

440 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

3. J. compressus, H. B. K. nov. gen. 1, 285; Kunth.
En. 3, 317: rhizomate repente, caulibus (palmaribus sesqui-
pedalibus) compressis farctis siccis tenuiter striatis; vaginis
aphyllis muticis seu sepius folia culmo simillima breviora
gerentibus; spatha paniculam compositam seu decompositam
ad ultimos ramos secundifloram quante seu superante ;
sepalis lanceolatis, exterioribus acutis seu subulato-acutatis,
interioribus paulo brevioribus obtusiusculis stamina six di-
mida seu tertia parte superantibus; antheris late linearibus
filamento brevi multo (quadruplo quintuplo) longioribus ;
stigmatibus ovarium cum stylo fere equilongo subequantibus ;
capsula ovata acuta (inclusa ?) triloculari; seminibus ovatis
obtusis vix apiculatis laeviusculis.

Salinas valley, in sandy river bottoms, May 1 in flower;
Calif. State Survey No. 529, the only locality in our flora
known to me. Dr. J. Gregg collected the same species in
northern Mexico, smaller forms, eight inches high, with very
short spathe, and a stouter one, 12-18 inches high, with
longer spathe and larger panicle. The Californian specimens
are 10-15 inches high, with a spathe 2-4 inches long; panicle
small, rather simple, only the extreme branchlets with one-
sided flowers; the reddish streaks on the sepals very pale;
the only capsule seen (not ripe) was shorter than the sepals
and contained a few large seeds, 0.37 line long and apparent-
ly very slightly lineolate—This plant is evidently closely
allied to J. Balticus ; it bears very similar but paler flowers,
with the same stout anthers on very short filaments; but the
flattened stem and the frequent occurrence of leaves distin-
guish it. Among Fendler’s Sante Fé plants, however, I find
under No. 860, with the legitimate J. Balticus, var. montanus,
small specimens 6-7 inches high, with the darker flowers of
the former, but with a slightly compressed stem, and occa-
sionally with a leaf from the vagine. Is that a form interme-
diate between and connecting both species?

4. J. Brewenrt, n. sp.: rhizomate perpendiculari; caulibus
cespitosis (pedalibus) compressis levibus farctis ; vaginis
nervosis muticis; spatha paniculam paucifloram in ultimis
ramis secundam longe superante ; sepalis subequalibus ovatis
late marginatis abrupte acuminatis; antheris late linearibus
filamento brevi multo (quadruplo quintuplo) longioribus ;
stigmatibus ovarium cum stylo «qui-longo equantibus ex-
sertis; capsula ....

Wet, sandy soil, near Monterey, California, the same un-
fortunate locality that has so often been confounded by
botanical writers with Monterey in Nuevo Leon, Real del
Monte in Mexico, and even Montreal in Canada; Calif. State
Survey No. 651, in flower in the latter part of May.—The
perpendicular rhizoma (if a constant character) and the

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 441

strongly compressed stem, together with the broad and
apruptly acuminate sepals, distinguish it from the smaller
forms of J, Balticus, the absence of leaves and the form of
the sepals from J. compressus, with both of which it is closely
allied by the form of the stamens, so different from those of
any other American or European Juncus of this section.—
Stems a foot high, four or five inches of which belong to the
spathe ; inflorescence small, rather compact ; flowers 23 lines
long; sepals dark brown, greenish in the middle, membrana-
ceous on margin.—I have named this plant for Prof. Wm. H.
Brewer in acknowledgment of his services in the cause of
science in California.

5. J. Banricus, Dethard. ap. Willd., is well characterized by
its long and large anthers, which it has in common only with
the two last mentioned species, and its terete stem and
leafless vagine. Originally found on the shores of the Baltic,
it has been traced to those of north-western Europe and to
our north-eastern coasts from Newfoundland to Massachu-
setts; but here it leaves its seaside home and appears in
several swamps in Lancaster county in the interior of Penn-
sylvania; all along the great lakes it is a common plant, not
unexpected, to be sure, as on their shores we meet with many
other marine plants, such as Cakile, Lathyrus maritimus,
Euphorbia polygonifolia, and others, while they are quite
jree from saline matter. Is it the ocean-like spray of the
waves of these immense bodies of fresh water, is it the ever-
varying sand formation of.the downs, which invites sea-strand
plants, or are they the remnants of an ocean-coast vegetation
left from a period when the beds of these lakes were filled by
an immense arm of the sea? Be that as it may, our species
is not confined by the line of the lakes, but appears again
on the upper Mississippi and St. Peters rivers, hence north-
westward into the British possessions, and westward to
the Mauvaises Terres and to the head waters of the Mis-
sourl, and then southward along the Rocky Mountains to
Colorado and New Mexico, and tarther west to the Cascade
Mountains in Oregon. We find it again as a true maritime
plant on the Pacitic coast from the northern Russian islands
to California and in Chili. This Pacific form is so different
from the others that some will regard it as a distinct type.
The different forms may be thus characterized :

J. Balticus genuinus: caulibus tenuioribus rigidis farctis ;
panicule laxioris ramis dichotomis; floribus minoribus ; cap-
sula obtusa mucronata, seminibus grosse lineolatis.

Var. a. Huropeus: sepalis exterioribus acutioribus longio-
ribus capsulam late ovatam obtusam mucronulatam sube-
quantibus ; antheris minoribus filamento duplo longioribus ;

442 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

seminibus ovatis obtusis brevissime apiculatis. — Northern
Europe.

Var. 3. littoralis ; sepalis ut in Europzo capsulam angusti-
orem acutius angulatam longius mucronatam zequantibus ;
antheris majoribus filamento brevissimo quadruplo longiori-
bus ; seminibus ut in Kuropzo.—Atlantic coast to the upper
Mississippi.

Var. y. montanus: sepalis fere equilongis xqualibus seu
interioribus obtusioribus; antheris ut in littorali; capsula
ovato-pyramidata angulata rostrata; seminibus minoribus
angustioribus longius apiculatis—Western plains and moun-
tains.

Sub-sp. J. Pacificus: caulibus crassioribus mollioribus
seepe fistulosis; panicule densiflore ramis secundis; floribus
majoribus; sepalis exterioribus acutissimis interiora obtusa
paulo superantibus capsulam ovatam acutam mucronatam
subequantibus ; antheris majoribus filamento brevissimo quad-
ruplo quintuplo longioribus; seminibus magnis ovatis obtusis.,
breviter seu vix apiculatis tenuissime irregulariter reticulatis
seu levisculis.—J. Lesweurti, Bolander in Proc. Ac. Calif. 2,
179; J. Balticus, Benth. Pl. Hartw. p. 341; J. compressus,
FE. Mey. Pl. Chamisso in Linn. 3, 368, planta Chilensis.—J.
Henkei, E. Mey. Syn. June. p. 10, forma borealis pauciflora,

6. J. procerus, E. Mey.? Linn. 3, 367; Kunth En. 3, 322:
culmo erecto elato (tripedali) tereti striato farcto basi vaginis
atrofuscis obtusis breviter aristatis stipato; spatha paniculam
decompositam densifloram multiradiatam corymbiformem
longe superante ; sepalis «quilongis lanceolatis, exterioribus
acutato-subulatis, interioribus obtusis mucronatis capsulam
ovatam subacutam trilocularem equantibus; staminibus 3
sepalis quarto parte brevioribus, antheris linearibus filamento
paulo longioribus; seminibus majusculis ovatis.

In brackish marshes, San Francisco, Cal., /Z, Bolander—In
its technical character, especially in the form of the sepals and
the capsule, this plant corresponds well with Meyer’s Chilian
species, but a specimen in the royal herbarium at Berlin,
brought from Chili by D’Urville, has much smaller flowers, a
more compound, loose-flowered panicle; smaller flowers, and
smaller, narrow, long apiculate, tinely lineolate seeds, and is
in all respects similar to J. effusus, with the exception of the
inner sepals and the capsule. But unwilling to give a new
name to a plant so incompletely known, I provisionally refer
this Californian to the Chilian species ; I suggest, however, the
possibility of the Californian plant being a hybrid between J.
effusus and J. Pacificus, which both occur in its neighbor-
hood; it seems that only very few and imperfect seeds can
be found in the otherwise well developed specimens now

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNEUS. 443

before me, and that in size and form these seeds, as well as
the flowers, anthers and capsules, are intermediate between
those of the supposed parents, while the number of stamens
is that of J. effusus. The panicle is remarkably compact,
and consists of 10-15 secondary branches of nearly equal length.

7. J.eFFusus, Lin., is found from Maine to the Rio Grande
and to the Pacific, but is wanting in some districts. It has
always three stamens, the small anthers of which are of
nearly equal length with the filaments. The most prominent
and very constant character consists in the number of sta-
mens and in the obovate or even clavate, upwards almost
tricoccous, retuse capsule ; seeds apiculate and finely lineolate.

8. J. parens, E. Mey. Syn. Luzul. p. 28; Rel. Henk. 1.
141; Kunth. En. 3, 318; J. compressus, E. Mey. Syn. June,
p- 16, non H. B. K. This very distinct species seems not to
have fallen under the observation of botanists since about
seventy years ago Henke discovered it near Monterey, Cal.
until Mr. Bolander and Prof. Brewer again obtained it near
San Francisco and in the Santa Lucia mountains of that
State. Meyer’s description in Rel. Henk. 1. ¢. is so complete
that very little can be added. I find, however, the densely
cespitose, slender, but wiry stems, not compressed but terete,
and distinctly striate; they are 15 inches to 23 and 3 feet
high including the spathe, which has a length of 3 or 4 to 8
or 10 inches; their base is enclosed by elongated sheaths,
brownish-red below and greenish straw-colored upwards,
tipped with a conspicuous awn; the panicle, 1-2 inches long,
consists of 3-5 larger branches, with the ultimate branchlets
one-sided, spreading, or recurved, whence the specific name.
The flowers are not quite as large as those of J. Balticus,
and much lighter colored; sepals lanceolate, acute, exterior
ones subulate at tip, equalling, or slightly exceeding, the inner
ones, spreading in fruit ; stamens about half the length of the
sepals, and anthers nearly equal to the filaments; ovary with
the short style about the length of the stigmas. The sub-
globose, mucronate capsule, a little shorter than the sepals,
opens with septifragal dehiscence, the three placente with
their membranaceous wings, remnants of the dissepiments,
remaining in the center. The very numerous seeds are ovate,
obtuse, usually oblique, obliquely apiculate, delicately lineo-
late, 0.22-0.30 lines long.

9. J. rruirormis, Lin., which was formerly often taken for
J. setaceus by American botanists, extends from Oneida lake
in western New York to the White Mountains in New
Hampshire, and to Maine, is common in Lower Canada and
in the Hudson Bay region, and has also been found from the
northern’ Rocky Mountains to the Cascade Mountains. The

{May, 1866.] 29

444 - TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

American specimens are in nowise different from the Euro-
pean ones; the seeds are obovate, strongly apiculate, with a
very distinct raphe, and are irregularly and rather indistinetly
reticulated.

10. J. Smiran, n. sp.: rhizomate? vaginis? foliis? caulibus
bipedalibus teretibus farctis siccis striulatis; panicule laxze
subsimplicis pauciflore spatha longissima ; sepalis zequilongis,
exterioribus acutatis, interioribus obtusis ; staminibus 6; cap-
sulz exsertz subglobose acute mucronate (fuscate) trilocu-
laris dissepimentis tenuissimis fragilibus; seminibus magnis
obovato-oblongis obtusis vix apiculatis irregulariter reticu-
latis.

Pennsylvania, in a sphagnous swamp on Broad Mountain
near Pottsvillle, Schuylkill county, where Mr. Charles £E.
Smith, of Philadelphia, for whom this species is named (J.
Smithii, Kunth, is the English J. tenwis), discovered it in
June, 1865, with nearly ripe fruit, and where he expects to
obtain more complete specimens in the coming season, as it
grows in a very accessible, but, thus far, little explored part of
Pennsylvania. We will then learn whether I am correct in
my surmise that it is a leaf-bearing species, closely allied to
J. setaceus. The question may even arise, whether our plant
is not the true J. setacews of Rostkovius, as he eredits it to
Pennsylvania, and, so far as I know, the plant we take to be
setaceus has not lately been found so far north. The figure
of Rostkovius is too poor to decide the question, but his
description is full enough to point to our setaceus; the “three-
leaved calyx”—t. e., the three bracts under the flower by
which he distinguishes his species from J. filiformis—are
found in most flowers of both J. Smithii and J. setacews, and
also in some other species, e. g., J. tenuis, but not in J. filt-
Sormis; the lowest of those three bracts generally bears an
abortive bud in its axil, and has, therefore, another morpho-
logical value than the two upper ones.—The thin and wiry
stems before me are two feet high, eight or nine inches of
which belong to the spathe; the flowers are scarcely more
than one line long, not much more than half as long as those
of J. setaceus; the anthers had fallen off and only the six
filaments remained ; the thick but sharply angled and pointed
eapsule is light brown and shining; its valves seem to tear
away from the dissepiments when it opens. The seeds are
few and of large size, 0.4 line long, and irregularly ribbed
and reticulated.—The small flower, the form of the sepals,
the exsert, angular capsule, and the more elongated and
differently marked seeds distinguish it abundantly from the
next.

11. J. seraceus, Rostk. Mon. June. 15, t.1, f. 2, is a reg-
ularly leaf-bearing species, though neither its author nor

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 445

most of the later writers make mention of the leaves, while E. -
Meyer (Syn. June. 1822, p. 18) already describes them, and
Gray and Chapman are fully acquainted with them. Though
its author credits the species to Pennsylvania, it is not now
known to grow there; in all the herbaria examined by me I
have seen no specimens found north of North Carolina,
whence it extends as a common species to Florida and Loui-
siana.—It is well characterized by its terete leaves; a very
long spathe; a compact or, sometimes, spreading, few-flow-
ered panicle; smooth and shining sepals; a globose, scarcely
angled, but conspicuously rostrate capsule, the dissepiments
of which separate from the valves; and by the sub-globose,
obtuse, coarsely lineolate or almost transversely reticulate
seeds, with short appendages and distinct raphe, and sel-
dom over 0.3 line long.

12. J. arcricus, Willd. The only American specimens I
have seen were: brought from Greenland by Dr. Kane; they
differ in no respect from the European plant. The seeds are
0.4 line long, obovate, oblique, obtuse, with very short append-
ages and distinct raphe; 12-16 ribs are visible on one side,
with very faint cross lines.

Of the plant which is found on the Russian islands Kodiak
and Sitcha, on the north-west coast of America, I have seen
too few and too incomplete specimens to form a definite
opinion. It seems to me to constitute a sub-species of J.
arcticus, which might be designated as Sitchensis, and which
can be distinguished by the much elongated spathe, the
larger flowers, nearly equal sepals, turbinate pyriform capsules,
with very few and apparently smaller seeds.

13. J. Dkummonpu, E. Mey. in Ledeb. Flor. Ross. 4, 235:
ceespitosus; caulibus (pedalibus sesquipedalibus) teretibus
filiformibus; vaginis setaceo-aristatis; spatha paniculam sim-
plicem (subtrifloram) plus minus superante; sepalis lanceo-
latis acutis vel exterioribus interiora vix superantibus acutatis
stamina 6 plus quam duplo excedentibus; antheris linearibus
filamento paulo longioribus; stigmatibus ovario gracili pris-
matico stylo perbrevi coronato brevioribus inclusis; capsula
ovato-oblonga triangulari retusa triloculari sepala squante
seu eis breviore; seminibus ovatis striato-reticulatis longe
caudatis.—J. compressus, y subtriflorus, EK. Mey. Linn. 3, 368,
and Rel. Henk. 1, 141; J. arcticus, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2,
189; Gray, Pl. Hall & Harb. in Proc. Ac. Phil. 1863, p. 77.

Var. 8. humilis: caulibus digitalibus; spatha brevissima
1-2-flora; sepalis obtusiusculis.

On the alpine heights of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado,
Hall & Harb., 563; to California, Willebrand; the Cascade
Mountains, Lyall; and to Unalaschka ; the variety on Mount
Shasta, Calif, at an altitude of 8,400 feet, Brewer.— The

446 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

- soft, compressible stems are 8-17 inches high, and always, as
far as I have seen, leafless; and when Meyer (FI. Ross. 1. ¢.)
says that they occasionally bear leaves, he had probably one
of the allied leaf-bearing species before him, which are, at first
glance, so much like our plant that they have been almost
constantly confounded with it. The spathe is 3-13 inches
long and usually exceeds the flowers; in the variety it meas-
ures only 2 or 8 lines and is shorter than the flowers, of which
the primary one is sessile and the accessory one peduncled,
just as we see it in J. biglumis. Flowers 3 lines or more
long; sepals green on the back, brown on the sides, pale and
membranaceous on the mar gins; outer ones with 5-7 nerves ;
stamens less than one-half, often only one-third as long as the
sepals; capsule deep chestnut-brown and shining; seeds 0.3
line, or including the tails, about 1 line long; appendages as
long as, or longer than, the body of the seed, which is deli-
cately striate, with 10 or 12 ribs visible (on one side), and
distinctly cross-lined; it is one of the very few species in
which we find the appendages as long as, or longer than, the
seed itself,

14. J. Hain, n. sp.: ceespitosus; caulibus (spithameis pe-
dalibus) teretibus filiformibus folia teretia setacea longe
superantibus; spatha paniculam subsimplicem paucifloram
coarctatam vix seu parum superante; sepalis lanceolatis
acutis, exterioribus paulo longioribus stamina 6 bis superanti-
bus ; antheris linearibus filamento paulo brevioribus; stigma-
tibus subsessilibus ovarium ovatum eequantibus inclusis ; cap-
sula ovata angulata retusa triloculari vix exserta; seminibus
oblongo- linearibus striato-reticulatis longe caudatis.—J. are-
ticus, var. gracilis? Gray in Pl. Hall & Harb. l. c. p. 77, ex
parte.

Near Lake Ranch, Colorado, Hall & Harbour, Rocky
Mountain Flora, No. 562; for the former of whom, Mr. E.
Hall, of Athens, Menard county, Ill., who discovered this and
many other plants in that region, it is named. It seems to
be a rare plant, as neither Dr. Parry nor any one else, so far
as I know, has obtained it.—Stems very slender, 6-12 inches
high; leaves from 2-5 inches long, grooved just above the
vaginal part, terete upwards; spathe as long as, or a little
longer than, the compact inflorescence, which consists of 2-5
flowers about 2 lines long; capsule deep brown, as long as,
or lounger than, the acute but not subulate-pointed, chestnut-
brown, white-margined sepals; seeds 0.5-0.6, line long, the
body of the seed being about 0.3 line long, and the appenda-
ges half as long as the body, or often shorter; I notice on one
side of the seed about 10 delicate ribs.

15. J. Parryt, n. sp.: ceespitosus; caulibus setaceis humilibus
(digitalibus spithameis) folia suleata sursum teretia superanti-

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 447

bus; spatha paniculam simplicissimam (1-3-floram) superante;
sepalis lanceolato-subulatis, exterioribus longioribus aristatis
stamina 6 ter superantibus; antheris linearibus filamento bis
terve longioribus; stigmatibus ovarium lineari-prismaticum
in stylum attenuatum vix zquantibus inclusis; capsula pris-
matica acutata exserta triloculari; seminibus oblongis tenui-
ter striato-costatis longe caudatis.—J. arcticus, var. gracilis ?
Gray in Pl. Parry, p. 34, and in Pl]. Hall. & Harb. 1. c.gex parte.

On the western and north-western mountains; Dr. C. C.
Parry, the indefatigable explorer of those mountain regions,
who has been so often mentioned in the pages of these
Transactions, and for whom I have named this interesting
little plant, discovered it in Colorado in 1861 (coll. No. 360);
Messrs. Hall & Harbour tound it in the same region (No.
561), Dr. Hillebrand in the Sierra Nevada, and Dr. Lyall in
the Cascade Mountains; it is generally, as it seems, associa-
ted with J. Drummondii.cStems very thin and wiry, 4-8
inches high, leaves one-half to two-thirds as long, deeply
grooved for over half their length, terete upwards; spathe
usually overtopping the flowers, often 1 inch or more long;
flowers mostly two, very rarely three in number, 23-33 lines
long, larger than those of the two last species, and dis-
tinguished by their bristle-pointed exterior sepals, which are
greenish, with brown sides and white margin, and strongly
nerved. After maturity the placente of the slender and
very acute brown capsule become detached from the valves
and persist in the center. The whole seed is about 1 line,
and the body alone about 0.4 line long; longitudinal ribs 10-
12 on one side, cross-lines very faint. A Californian speci-
men before me has somewhat shorter capsules and smaller
and thicker seeds, but shows no other difference.

16. J. rriripus, Linn., apparently a rare plant in North
America; thus far found only on the highest mountains in
New York, New Hampshire, and Maine, and in Newfound-
land and Greenland.—American specimens do not differ from
those of Europe. The seeds are few and large, irregularly
compressed, very faintly striate, with very short appendages ;
0.7-0.8, or even as much as 1.1 lines long, and 0.3 line or
more in diameter.

17. J. sretumis, Linn.: the only American localities known
to me are those given by Hooker (FI. Bor. Am. 2, 192)—“Are-
tic sea coast and islands, Rocky Mountains north of Smoking
River, and Behring’s Straits.” A specimen from the Arctic
sea coast, which I had the opportunity of examining, does
not differ in any respect from the Norway and Lapland plant.
The body of the seed is ovate-oblong, 0.34-0.42 line, and
with the appendages ().66—-0.72 line, long; these are equal to,
or shorter than, the diameter of the seed. In a Scotch speci-

448 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

men I have seen a regularly tetramerous flower, with 8
sepals, 8 stamens, and a 4-valved capsule. The leaves, which
botanists do not seem to agree upon, appear to me fistulous,
on the lower half so deeply grooved as almost to present two
cavities, and upwards nearly terete or slightly flattened. Its
alliance with oJ. Parryi is indeed very close.

18. J. rrigtumis, Linn., on the Arctie coast and in the
Rocky Mountains; in Colorado, Parry, 395, and Hall &
Harbour, 557.—The seeds are of the same size as in the last
species, but the appendages are much longer, though only in
a specimen from Zermatt, Switzerland, I have seen them
longer than the body of the seed. The roundish leaves are
channelled below and flattened upwards, and really enclose
two, or even three, tubular passages.

19. J. sryerus, Linn. From North-western New York to
Maine, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland. The seeds of
this are the largest of any of our species; the body is 0.7-0.8,
and the whole seed 1.5 lines long; the seed-coat, extr emely
loose and easily removed, is scarcely striated. Mention has
already been made of the short and recurved stigmas which
are peculiar to this species; the filaments are 8 or 10 times
as long as the oval anther, and much longer than the pistil ;
the flowers, in the American specimens examined by me, are
5 lines long, while in one from Norway I find them only 2
lines long. A careful examination of the leaves proves them
to be somewhat laterally compressed, with a very shallow
groove on their lower part (generally a little on one side), and
the interior cavity filled with very loose tissue which divides
it into several (3-5) tubes.

20. J. casTanEvs, Smith; the lower part of the terete,
fistulous leaves is so deeply channelled that their base ap-
pears equitant, and that in the herbarium the pressed leaves
look like the averse and ensiform leaves of J. xiphioides; but
their back is rounded and not in the least carinate, and the
upper part of the leaf is only very superficially grooved. The
flowers are usually over 8 lines long, and the stamens, as well
as the elongated ovary with the short style, attain the length
of the sepals ; ; linear, pointed anthers half as long as the fila-
ments; stigmas exsert; oblong seeds, 0.4-0.5 line, or with the
appendages, which considerably exceed the seed in length,
1.6 lines or more, long, the longest of any of our species.—
From the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to*the north-west
coast, and eastward to the Hudson Bay regions and to New-
foundland.

21. J. Vasryi, n.sp.: cxspitosus; caulibus (1—-2-pedalibus)
tenuibus rigidis striatis basi fusco-vaginatis ; foliis elongatis
setaceis teretiusculis striatis versus basin suleatis faretis ;

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 449

spatha paniculam parvam contractam equante seu raro su-
perante; sepalis equilongis lanceolatis, exterioribus apice
subulatis, interioribus latioribus mucronatis stamina 6 plus
quam duplo superantibus; antheris filamenta equantibus;
stigmatibus ovarium ovatum cum stylo brevi vix z2quantibus
inclusis; capsula straminea ovata sursum tricocca retusa tri-
loculari sepala equante seu paulo superante; appendicibus
semini ipso lineari costato-lineolato paulo brevioribus.

On the banks of Fox river, near Ringwood, in Northern
Illinois, “a few years ago, in an open wood, now plowed
over,” Dr. George Vasey, who paid a good deal of attention
to this genus and to the botany of his neighborhood generally,
and for whom this species is named; on the Saskatchawan,
Bourgeau; in the Rocky Mountains, Drummond; and, mixed
with J tenuis, in Colorado, #. Hall.—The wiry stems, 1 or
14 to 2 or 24 feet high, are covered at base with brown
sheaths, the innermost of which bear very slender terete
leaves, shorter than the stem, and channelled only near the
base, so that our plant is thus most closely allied to those of
the first section; its inflorescence, however, is decidedly term-
inal, and connects it with J. tenuis and its relatives. The
compact panicle is 3-1 inch long, green, or, when fully ripe,
of a light brownish straw color; flowers 2 lines long; seeds
very slender, body about 0.3, and with the appendages, 0.5—
0.7 line long. This species is the western representative of
J. Greenti, trom which it is distinguished by the longer stems,
the terete, scarcely channelled leaves, the lighter colored
flowers, the shorter capsule, and by the slender seeds with
longer appendages.

22. J. Green, Oakes & Tuckerm. Sillim. Journ. 45 (1843),
p. 37; Steud. Glum. 2, 305; Gray Man. ed. 2, 483; czespitosus ;
eaulibus (pedalibus sesquipedalibus) rigidis strictis striatis basi
parce stramineo-vaginatis ; foliis caule brevioribus teretiuscu-
lis totis proefunde sulcatis; spatha paniculam contractam ad
ramos ultimos secundifloram plerumque longe superante ;
sepalis (stramineo-fuscis) lanceolatis subulatis subzequalibus
seu interioribus paulo brevioribus cuspidatis stamina 6 duplo
superantibus ; antheris filamenta aquantibus ; capsula ovato-
oblonga retusa sepala excedente (pallide fusca) triloculari;
seminibus obovatis costato-lineolatis breviter caudatis.

On the coast of Massachusetts and Rhode Island (to Long
Island?) and on the Saco river at the foot of the White
Mountains.—Few and pale sheaths at the base of the stem;
leaves deeply channelled all their length; panicle contracted,
with erect, one-sided branches, 1-14 inches long; flowers
1.7-1.8 lines in length; seeds 0.25-0.30 line, and with the
appendages, 0.37-0.40 line long, appendages about half as
long as the diameter of the seed.

450 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

23. J. renvuts, Willd., is one of the most common and best
known, but also one of the most variable species, and can
always be readily distinguished from all the allied ones by its
flat leaves, which only in the narrow-leaved forms are on the
margin slightly involute; by the lanceolate, subulate sepals
of equal length, which somewhat exceed the ovate, retuse
capsule, and principally by the small, mostly oblique, delicately
lineolate seeds, with distinct but short, whitish appendages;
they are very similar to those of J. effusus, and are mostly
0.25-0.28, rarely only 0.20 line long.

Notwitstanding the great variability in the size of the plant
(from a few inches to two feet), in the size and development
of the one, two, or even three spathes, and in the size and full-
ness of the inflorescence (1-5 or 6 inches in length), I ean
distinguish only the following well marked varieties :

Var. 3. secundus, ramis panicule spatham excedentibus
erectis incurvis; floribus minoribus secundis.—/. secundus,
Poir.

Var. y. congestus, ramis panicule spatha brevioribus abbre-
viatis ; floribus fere in capitulum congestis 5 sepalis fusco-stri-
atis; capsula e stramineo fusca.

The legitimate J. tenuis is found over the whole country,
from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and south into the tropical
parts of America, in the West Indies, and in western Europe.
—The interesting and quite distinct looking variety with
unilateral flowers has usually 4 or 5, but sometimes even 6
or 7, flowers on a single* branch, which is curved inward and
not backward, as is the case in Borraginee, the one-sided
inflorescence of which bears a great analogy to that of
our plant. Most of the specimens of this variety which fell
under my observation were obtained in Pennsylvania, and a
few in New England; forms approaching it are found in
other regions also.—The variety y, which occurs in California
(San Francisco, Bolander; Monterey, Brewer) and in Colo-
rado, Hall, is very striking; its apparent heads, 4-9 lines in
diameter and nearly as high, bear flowers a little larger than
ordinary, with darker colored sepals. The seeds of both
varieties are undistinguishable from those of the common
plant.

24. J.picnotromvs, Elliott, Sketch, 1,406; Chap. Flor. 493 ;
though closely allied to the preceding, is a well marked
species, and would not have so often been confounded with
it, if the characters, as given by Elliott, had not been over-
looked. The terete leaves, which are marked by a shallow
groove on their upper side, distinguish it at once, even when

* These branches are only apparently single axes, for in reality they
are formed of many short, successive branches.

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 451

the subglobose, mucronate, but never retuse, capsule is not
yet formed. The seeds are very similar to the smaller ones
of J. tenuis (0.22-0.23 line long), and have the same oblique
white appendages, but they are coarsely lineolate, the meshes
being about twice as wide as in the other species; the bulbous
base of the stem, indicated by Chapman, is perhaps not
always so well marked. Mr. Bebb remarks that about
Washington, where it is abundant, the contrast in the color
of the mature plants of this and the last species is quite
striking; the latter becomes pale throughout, while J. di-
chotomus remains dark green, and the ripe pods assume a
mahogany color.—The northern limit of this species seems to
be on the Chesapeake bay, whence it extends to Florida.

25. J. Gerarpt, Lois. notic. (1810) p. 60, ex Kunth En. 3,
352; Koch syn. Germ. 731, is well distinguished from J.
bulbosus, Linn., which has never, I believe, been found in
America, by the subterete stem, the much larger flowers,
which. are as long as the capsule; by the large linear anthers
and very short filaments, the long style, which is equal to the
ovary, and by the larger seeds. These are 0.31—0.53 line
long, while those of J. budbosus are only 0.23 line long;
both are delicately lineolate.—It is a salt water plant, and
is found in brackish marshes from the British possessions
to North Carolina, Curtis, and Florida, Ware (J. Plorida-
nus, Raf. in Hb. Durand); inland it has been found by
Judge Clinton about Salina, Western New York; and near
Chicago by Dr. Vasey. On the coast of New England it
is well known under the name of “black grass,” and is cut
in large quantities and makes pretty good hay (Oakes).

26. J. Burontius, Linn.; this well known weed, found all
over the globe, and, perhaps with the exception of J. sagi-
noides, the only annual Juncus of our Flora, is most variable
in its size, the size and disposition of the flowers, the propor-
tion of inner and outer sepals, and the size of the seeds. The
seeds are ovate, very obtuse, and commonly very slightly
apiculate, and delicately lineolate; 0.15-0.20 line is their
usual length; I have rarely seen them 0.22 1. long, and ina
Galveston specimen have found them only 0.13 1. long.

Only one marked variety has been distinguished under the
name of fasciculatus, Koch, or fasciculiflorus, Boiss., appa-
rently a southern form, common in our south-eastern States
and in the south of Europe; it is also found in the interesting
colony of southern plants near the Philadelphia navy-yard ;
the last three or four internodes of the branches of the inflo-
rescence are so much shortened that the flowers become
crowded into false heads, which gives the plant a very pecu-
liar aspect.

452 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

27. J. repens, Michx. Fl. 1, 191; Cephaloxys flabellata,
Desv.; Chapm. Flor. 496; a well marked south-eastern spe-
cies, found from Maryland, Candy, to Florida, Alabama, and
Louisiana; it is atrue Juncus, as I have shown above, and
evidently, notwithstanding its great difference, nearly allied
with the last species. Seeds obovate, somewhat pointed,
about 0.2 line long, and delicately lineolate.

28. J. ratcatus, E. Mey. gSynops. Luzul. p. 34; in Rel.
Henk. 1, 144, et in Led. Fl. Ross. 4, 228, exc. syn.; Kunth
En. 3, 360: rhizomate ascendente stolonifero ; caulibus (digi-
talibus pedalibus) erectis levibus compressis unifoliatis seu
nudis; foliis gramineis planis adversis plerumque oblique ad
latus deflexis inde falcatis; capitulis sub-singulis spatha sepi-
us brevioribus; floribus (majoribus castaneis) extus scabris
pedicellatis; sepalis ovatis, exterioribus acuminatis interiora
obtusa subinde mucronulata zequantibus seu eis brevioribus 5
staminibus 6 dimida sepala superantibus ovarium obtusum
cum stylo ei «quilongo squantibus, antheris late linearibus
filamento multo longioribus; stigmatibus elongatis exsertis 5
capsula obovata obtusa mucronata triloculari; seminibus (ex
Hooker) testa producta lineari-oblongis.—/. Menziesii, R.
Brown in Hook. FI. Bor. Am. 2, 192.

From the Russian island of Unalaschka, Chamisso, to
California, Hanke, “schscholtz, Douglas, Coulter 808, Bo-
lander, and on the Cascade Mountains, 49 deg., Lyall.—A
very striking and much controverted plant, as distinct from
J. castaneus as it is from J. ensifolius and J. Mertensianus,
with all of which different authors have thrown it together ;
the perfectly flat and adverse (7. e. the flat surface facing the
stem) leaves, the very broad and scabrous sepals, and the
long anthers on short filaments, distinguish it fully from all
these.—Eschscholtz’s specimens in Hb. Gray are only 13-3
inches, while those of Lyall are 15 inches high; 6 or 8 inches
is their usual size. The leaves are of different lengths, shorter
than, or sometimes exceeding, the stem, and are usually late-
rally bent so that even the stipular appendages of the sheath
are unequal. Heads mostly single, sometimes two or three,
4 inch in diameter, composed of from 8 to 18 large (3 lines
long) flowers ; sepals remarkably broad and rough on the
outside, chestnut-brown or (in Coulter’s and Lyall’s specimens)
green, with two lateral brown stripes; this roughness seems
to be constant in this species, and in no other have I seen it.
Meyer (Rel. Henk. 1. c.) says of the fruit in Chamisso’s speci-
men: trigono-pyriformis perianthio paulo longior trilocu-
laris; seminum testa laxior albicans sed non scobiformis ;
none of the specimens before me have ripe fruit, only one,
from the Cascade Mountains, shows a half developed capsule
with young seeds, and these are undoubtedly tail pointed and

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 453

already 0.6 line long; Dr. Hooker (Bot. Antarct. Voy. FI.
Tasm. 2, 64) speaks of the seed of this species as “ linear-
oblong, striate, with the testa produced beyond either end,”
and as the Tasmanian plant* has very different seeds, his
remark must refer to the Californian species.

Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, p. 402, distinguish from
the original J Menziesii, with obtuse sepals, the variety
Californicus, with acuminate ones; I have found, in all the
specimens, examined by me, the outer sepals acuminate and
the inner ones obtuse, with or without a mucro; but in some,
as stated before, the outer ones are much shorter than, in
others as long as, the inner ones.

29, J. tonaistyiis, Torrey in Bot. Mex. Bound. p. 223:
caulibus (pedalibus bipedalibus) czspitosis stoloniferis tereti-
usculis sursum szpius (sub lente) scabriusculis foliatis; follis
planis gramineis; capitulis paucis in paniculam contractam
ageregatis seu raro singulis; floribus (majoribus viridulis
fusco-striatis) levibus pedicellatis; sepalis equalibus ovato-
lanceolatis acutatis seu cuspidatis stamina 6 duplo superanti-
bus; antheris filamento sub-duplo longioribus; ovario stami-
na et stylum equante, stigmatibus exsertis; capsula ovata
obtusa mucronata seu rostrata castanea nitida triloculari
calycem equante seu paulo superante; seminibus oblanceo-
latis seu obovatis apiculatis costato-reticulatis—J. Menziesit,
Gray in Pl. Parry, p. 34, and Pl. Hall & Harb. p. 77, “the
var. Californicus, Hook & Arn., probably an unpublished
species.”

Rocky Mountains from New Mexico, Wright 1924, Fendler
857, to Fort Whipple, Arizona, Coues & Palmer 48, and
northward to Colorado, Parry 631, Hall & Harb. 566, to the
Saskatchawan, Bourgeau, and towards Oregon, Lyall. —
Stems cespitose, or, probably in richer soil, stoloniferous, 1-2
feet high; panicle usually 13-23 or 3 inches long, consisting
of 5-9 heads; heads 3-8 or 12-flowered, sometimes fewer or
single, and then 12-15-flowered; flowers 24-3 lines long;

* The Tasmanian J. falcatus, Hook. f. 1. ¢., of which I find a good
specimen with ripe fruit, collected by Gunn, in Hb. Gray, is certainly
very similar, but seems to be distinguished by smaller but also scabrous
flowers ; ovate, retuse capsules of the length of the equal, acutish sepals ;
and obovate, obtuse, abruptly apiculate reticulate seeds, the areee of which
are perpendicularly lineolate ; it might be distinguished by the name of se
Tasmanicus.

+ While this sheet was in the hands of the printer I received a most
interesting collection of Arizona Plants, made last year by Drs. Elliott
Coues, and Edward Palmer, in which I found good specimens of this
species, and also some of J. compressus, unfortunately again without fruit ;
the leaves of this last, however, are finely developed, thus adding another
proof for the opinion, that it is really a regularly leaf-bearing species.
(Compare p. 440.)

454 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

stamens as long as the ovary, so that the style, which is of
the same length, protrudes beyond them; seeds 0.25-0.27
line long, oblanceolate and acute, or, in the Fort Whipple
specimens, obovate and upwards obtuse; these specimens are
also distinguished by the absence of all traces of stolons, and
by the slightly roughened surface of the upper part of the
stem.—From the closely allied J. falcatus our plant is dis-
tinguished by the greater size, the paniculate heads, the
shape, proportion, and surface of the sepals, and the shape of
the seeds.

30. J. reprocauris, Torrey & Gray in Herb. Durand:
caulibus cespitosis erectis (spithameis pedalibus) gracilibus
compressiusculis fistulosis paucifoliis ; foliis planis caule brevi-
oribus ; capitulis singulis seu paucis (1-3) spatham fere equan-
tibus 3-6-floris; bracteis ovatis aristatis flore subpedicellato
plerumque brevioribus; sepalis ovato-lanceolatis acuminato-
aristatis equalibus seu exterioribus paulo brevioribus stamina
3-6 et capsulam obovatam tricoccam retusam mucronatam
trilocularem quarta parte superantibus; antheris oblongo
linearibus filamento bis terve brevioribus; stigmatibus ovari-
um obovatum cum stylo perbrevi equantibus inclusis; semi-
nibus obovatis apiculatis costato-lineolatis. — J. filipendulus,
Buckley in Proc. Acad. Phil. 1862, p. 8.

Arkansas, Herb. Durand, Western Texas, Lindheimer,
Wright, Buckley—Whole plant light green; gracile stems
6 or 8 to 12 and 14 inches high, growing in dense tufts from
very small but apparently perennial rhizomas; heads single
or, rarely, two or three, the secondary ones pedunculate and
overtopping the primary one, in fruit 4-5 lines in diameter,
consisting of 3-6 or 7 light green flowers; flowers not quite
23 lines long, remarkable for the elongated sharp points of
the inner as well as the outer sepals, and for the irregular
number of stamens; stamens sometimes 3, often 4 or 5, rarely
6, some of the inner ones commonly depauperate, with very
slender filaments and extremely small anthers; seeds very
similar to those of the next species, 0.22 line long, with about
6 strong and dark ribs visible on one side.

I had to change the only published name of this species,
J. filipendulus, because it is absolutely wrong, the fibrous
rootlets bearing no tubers at all ; intending to substitute the
name of the author and eall it J Buckleyi (p. 455), I dis-
covered, from a label in Mr. Durand’s herbarium, that Torrey
and Gray had already named the species, I therefore adopt
their very appropriate designation.

31. J. marainatus, Rostk. Mon. June. 38, t. 2, f. 2; a well
known species which grows all over the eastern and interior
States, and down to Texas as far as woodlands extend, but
has not been found in the western plains or mountains. It is

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 455

distinguished from all our other species by the purple, or, when
dry, red-brown color (already noticed by La Harpe) of its
three anthers, which usually exceed the outer sepals in
length; it is further characterized by the acute outer sepals
being much shorter than the obtuse or, sometimes, mucronate
inner ones; by the ovate, obtuse ovary, with the almost
sessile, enclosed stigmas of the same length; and the sub-
globose, obtuse, mucronulate capsule. The seeds are quite
variable in size and form, but always strongly pointed or
almost caudate and conspicuously ribbed, with few (4 or 5,
or, at most, 6) ribs visible, lineolate or, rarely, reticulate ;
they are commonly slender, obliquely lanceolate or fusiform,
but in Lindheimer’s FI. Tex. exsice. 193, which has been
named J. heteranthos, they are quite short, ovate obtuse and
abruptly apiculate. The length of the seeds varies from 0.22
to 0.55 line, and their thickness from } to } of their length.
—ZJ. aristulatus, Michx. 1, 191, and J. aristatus, Pers. Syn. 1,
385, are exactly the same; J. biflorus, Ell. Sketch, 1, 407,*
and J. heteranthos, Nutt. Pl. Arkans. in Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. V. 153, are forms of the same with fewer flowers in the
head. J. cylindricus, Curtis, Sillim. Journ. 44, 83; Steud.
Glum. 2, 304, is a form with heads elongated into spikes 6
lines long and 3 lines in diameter, sterile below, only the
uppermost flowers bearing fruit; outer sepals almost as long
as Inner ones.

We may distinguish the following forms:

Var. a. vulgaris, 14-3 feet high, with 5-8-flowered heads
in a compound or decompound panicle; the common form.

Var. 8. biflorus, as tall as the former, with 2-3-flowered
heads in a decompound, often very large, panicle; a southern
form, from Delaware, A. Commons, to Texas.

Var. y. paucicapitatus, 1-14 feet high, with few (2-6 or 8)
larger 8-12-flowered heads; Long Branch, New Jersey, C.
W. Short, and elsewhere.

32. J. pELocarpus, EH. Mey. Synops. Luzul. p. 30; La
Harpe Monog. 124; Kunth En. 3, 333, non Auct. Amer.:
rhizomate horizontali tenui pallido; caulibus (spithameis pe-
dalibus et ultra) gracilibus teretiusculis erectis paucifoliis ;
foliis teretiusculis indistincte nodulosis; paniculee decompo-
site laxw ramis plerumque elongatis secundifloris demum re-
curvis; floribus (parvis) singulis binisve sepe in gemmam
vel ramulum foliosum abortientibus; sepalis oblongis obtusis,
exterioribus plerumque brevioribus rarius mucronatis stamina
6 et ovarium acuminatum in stylum breviorem abiens vix
superantibus; antheris late linearibus filamento multo (duplo

* The inner sepals, however, are not the shortest, as the usually so
careful and reliable Elliott, probably by a lapse of the pen, says, but, as
in all the forms of this “species, the longest.

456 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

quadruplo) longioribus; stigmatibus exsertis; capsula ‘ tri-
quetra acuminato-rostrata 1-loculari exserta; seminibus obo-
vatis breviter apiculatis reticulatis, areis lineolatis.—/. Muh-
lenbergii, Spreng. Syst. 2, 106 (1825); J. viviparus, Conrad
in Journ. Ac. Phil. 6, old ser. part 1, p. 105; J. Conradi,
Tuckerm. in Torr, Fl. N. Y. 2, 328 (1843); Gray Man. ed. 2,
482; Chapm. Fl. 495; J. dichotomus in herb. plur.

Var. 8. crassicaudex, e rhizomate crasso caulibus foliisque
robustioribus.—/. abortivus, Chapm. FI. 1. ¢.

Var. y? subtilis, caule reptante vel fluitante radicante foli-
oso; foliis brevibus setaceis ex axillis proliferis ; floribus sub-
binis 3-andris.—J. fluitans, Michx, Fl. 1, 1915; J. subtilis, E.
Mey. Syn. Luz, 31; La Harpe Mon. 135.

From Newfoundland (ex La Harpe) and Canada, Macrae,
westward to Lake Superior, obdins, and southward, chiefly
along the coast, to South Carolina, Curtis; var. 3. in Florida,
Chapman; var. y. in Canada, Herb. Michaur.—A very pe-
culiar and, morphologically, very important plant, the synon-
ymy of which has been quite obscure. Meyer's original
diagnosis is too short, so that it permits strong doubts about
the identity of the plant he had in view, and his unfortunate
comparison of his species with J. lampocarpus and J. para-
doxus, “cujus habitum refert,” necessarily throws botanists
on the wrong track. But La Harpe,* who wrote oniy two
years after Meyer’s publication, and who seems to have been
well acquainted with Meyer and with his species, gives a full
description which can leave no doubt, even if Meyer’s herba-
rium did not settle the difficulty. Though originally the
species was described from specimens in C. Sprengel’s collec-
tion, which seem also to have been the originals of his /.
Muhlenbergii (most probably received from Muhlenberg him-
self), several specimens, obtained later from different sources
(e. g. E. Tuckerman and A. Gray) are preserved in Meyer's
herbarium with the name of “J. pelocarpus” in his own hand-
writing; and others, named by him, are found in the royal
herbarium at Berlin. Now, this plant is so peculiar that no
one who has ever examined it can confound it with any other;

* Jean de La Harpe’s ‘“‘ Monographie des vraies Joncees” seems to be
little accessible to botanists ; it was published, 1825, in the third volume
of Mémoires de la Société d’ Histoire Naturelle de Paris, p. 89-181, and is
a work of careful research, in which I believe I can trace the conscientious
investigation and the critical spirit of my old and highly esteemed, now
departed, friend, Jacques Gay, of Paris. La Harpe was the first to give full
and careful descriptions of these plants and of all their organs, and only
after the date of his publication we find in Meyer’s p>pers similar extended
accounts in place of the former short diagnoses, e. g. in the Junci of the
Reliquie Henkeane, published 1827. Not having been able to compare
Michaux’s original plants, I have with confidence relied on the critical
references of La Harpe, especially in regard to species about which doubts
had existed, such as J. fluitans, acuminatus, and polycephalus.

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 457

is it, then, at all probable that Meyer himself should have
done so in his own herbarium? His original specimens
may not have exhibited the foliaceous excrescences, so that
he could not mention them in his description of this species,
while he did allude to similar ones in his account of his J. pa-
radoxus; his diagnosis is so short that he does not even
mention the unusually small number of flowers.

The rhizoma is whitish and slender, often almost filiform,
and sends out few and distant, or sometimes more crowded,
slender and almost terete, not flattened, stems, 4 or 6 to 18 or
20 inches high; leaves slender, almost setaceous, scarcely
compressed, and incompletely knotted. ‘The panicle shows
very different forms in different specimens; sometimes, prob-
ably in the earlier part of the season, it is only 2 or 3 inches
long, and moderately spreading, with flowers more crowded;
but usually, at least-in the numerous herbarium specimens
examined by me, and perhaps later in the season, it attains a
length of 4 or 6 inches, with about the same diameter, the
few slender spreading or recurved branches bearing the dis-
tant flowers on one side. The flowers are green, with a
reddish tinge, especially on the inner sepals, usually 1.0-1.3
lines long, and generally single; sepals obtuse, sometimes
mucronate, or, rarely, the outer ones acutish; these are gene-
rally shorter than the inner ones; but in a Lake Superior
specimen the flowers are only 0.8 line long, and all the sepals
equal, broadly oval and obtuse. Stamens about the length
of the outer sepals, anthers always longer than filaments,
sometimes scarcely twice as long, in others fully four times
their length. Style shorter than the acuminate ovary. The
capsule ought not to have been described as Meyer and
(copying him) La Harpe did, as triguetro-ovata mucronata ;
it is rather, as Gray has it, taper beaked, and is completely
one-celled, the lateral placentze occupying only the lowest
third or fourth part of the commissure of the valves. Seeds
0.25 line long, delicately but distinctly reticulate, aree trans-
versely lineolate.

I cannot distinguish Dr. Chapman’s J. abortivus from the
northern plant except by the not essential characters given
above; the flowers are absolutely identical, and fruit I have
not seen.

With some hesitation I add J. subtilis as a procumbent or
floating variety with short internodes, and short leaves which
bear leaf-buds in their axils. In American collections this
form does not seem to exist, but La Harpe, who saw it in
Michaux’s herbarium in Paris, gives a full description of it,
from which I have extracted above ; the flowers are described
exactly like those of J pelocarpus, and there is, notwithstand-
ing the different habit, nothing in it that would specifically
distinguish it, except the smaller number of stamens, and the

458 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

single, two-flowered heads; fruit and seed are unknown. I
take it for a depauperate water form of our species, while
Hooker, Fl. Bor. Am. 2, 191, unites it with J. wliginosus,
which with him is what I have taken for J. alpinus; but
that is also a 6-androus species. The botanists of Canada
and of our northern border ought to find it again and clear
up these doubts.

I have already (p. 426) spoken of the great morphological
importance of this plant, which connects the single-flowered
with the head-flowered species, and proves, as certainly might
have been expected beforehand, that no absolute difference
exists between them; that the flowers in all of them are
really lateral; that in the former only one flower is formed,
while in the others a series of them, from two to an indefinite
number, are developed in centripetal order. In our species a
second flower is more commonly not present, and its place is
occupied by a bud, which often, and especially later in the
season, grows to a leafy excrescence (whence the name vivi-
parus); sometimes even the first flower is replaced by a leaf-
bud, and in rare instances a leaf-bud makes its appearance
between two flowers as a third axillary organ. I have
never seen more than two flowers, nor more than one leaf-
bud in a head. Botanists who have the opportunity ought
to investigate the variations in the inflorescence of this plant
according to locality, season, or other circumstances.

33. J. arTIcuLATUS, Linn.; that form of the Linnean spe-
cies which was distinguished by Ehrhart as J. dampocarpus,
and which is common in northern Europe, has a very limited
range in North America. All the specimens I have seen
came from the New England States (Boston, Pickering;
Amherst, Tuckerman; and Providence and Nantucket, O/-
ney) and from western New York (Penn Yan, Sartwell); to
these La Harpe adds Newfoundland.—Stems densely cespi-
tose from a creeping root-stalk, with us usually erect and
about one foot high; panicle short, dense-flowered, spreading,
brown ; sepals mostly equal, lanceolate acute and mucronate,
or inner ones slightly longer and sometimes obtusish ; stamens
about two-thirds the length of the sepals, and anthers as long
as filaments; ovary acuminate, terminating in a style about
half its length; capsule longer than the sepals, acute, or even
rostrate, at least in all the American specimens seen by me,
and imperfectly three-celled, the placente not meeting in the
centre. Seeds obovate, obtuse at the upper, acute at the
lower, end, and at both strongly apiculate ; 0.3 line or a little
less long, and about half as much in diameter; reticulate,
with are: finely cross-lineolate; 7 or 8 ribs visible.

34. J. atpinus, Villars, Delph. 2, 233 ex Koch Syn. Germ.
730; J. fusco-ater, Schreb. ex Kunth En. 38, 326, J. affinis,

ERRATA.

Page 304, line 7 from below, instead of “absolute,” read obsolete.

“e

425, ‘ 23
458, “ 15
432, “ 23
435, “ 16
483, “ 8

ce

ce

top,
below,
top,

ce

“ce

oe

oe

“reot-stalk,”’ “ root-stock.
“ce “ce “ce
“‘rudis,”? “« microcephalus.

“Buckleyi,” ‘ leptocaulis,T.&G.

nv Vv :

a } o, .° ne ! ; y iil i i d/h
ny is a eyit ‘;. = WBA. in : wy Phe a

- = : .
_ ee -_ _ >
— 9 i, ee — ae
- - a a a » —— al _ '
- ah a - ie ra “a Le il
‘(ss - i ri Yi f - : >
¢ i] a % a) ey 7
~ De! 7 , ea iy a
_ : rm ’ eo, _ *"
+ I ” =
ge ai” : patna - r. 4 com, .
ye - : _« 3 - wes + & Oe ;
nh oe nies ri) |! ae
r a Ui a a 7 ’ oe 1 hale it !
7 tye

ad
= —a

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 459

R. Brown, J. Richardsonius, Rem. & Schult., J. pelocarpus,
Gray Man. ed. 1, 507, in part, non Mey., J. articulatus, var.
pelocarpus, Gray Man. ed. 2, 482, in part; J. elongatus, Vasey,
in herb.—This form ought, perhaps, not to be separated from
the last species, but with us it is easily distinguished, and oc-
cupies a distinct geographical range; I, therefore, keep them
apart for the present, and leave the final decision to the botan-
ists of Europe, where both forms are much more abundant.—
With us this species is confined to the northern and western
parts of the continent, where it is usually found on the sandy
or gravelly banks of lakes or streams; from Lake Champlain,
Robbins, Macrae, and Seneca and Ontario lakes, Sartwell,
where it meets the eastern, J. articulatus, northward to the
Hudson Bay regions, Drummond and others, and the Arctic
shores, and westward along the great Lakes to Detroit, Bige-
low, Herb. norm. 51, northern Illinois, Vasey, and the upper
Platte, Hayden, Colorado, Hall & Harb. 558, and beyond the
Rocky Mountains toward Fort Colville, Lyali.

Stems erect from a creeping rootstock, 10-18 inches high;
branches of the meagre panicle, at least in the larger speci-
mens, strictly erect and much elongated, greenish and light
brown; sepals oblong, obtuse, outer ones mucronate or cuspi-
date, equal to, or exceeding, the rounded inner ones; stamens
same as in last; ovary ovate, with a very short style; capsule
as long as, or a little longer than, the sepals, obtuse, mucronate,
incompletely three-celled; seeds very similar to last, but usu-
ally more slender, oblanceolate and acute at both ends, rarely
obtuse at the upper one, 0.30-0.35 line long.—The alpine form
of this plant, the original type of Villars, is found in our Arc-
tic regions, and is only a few inches high, bearing very few
almost black heads, and has the slenderest and longest seeds.
The ordinary American plant is distinguished from the usual
European form by its lower stems, still stricter panicle, and
paler flowers and fruit. Fries has sent absolutely the same
from Sweden, formerly as J. sylvaticus, and as J. acutiflorus,
and later as J. alpinus, var. insignis, which name may be re-
tained for it.

35. J. DUBIUS, n. sp.: rhizomate crasso horizontali; caulibus
(13-3-pedalibus) erectis cum foliis tereti-compressis; pa-
nicula supradecomposita patula; capitulis pauci-(6-10)floris
stramineis; floribus subsessilibus; sepalis lanceolato-subulatis
acutissimis «equalibus stamina six fere duplo superantibus; an-
theris linearibus filamento sublongioribus ; capsula lineari-
prismatica acutata uniloculari exserta; seminibus obovatis
utrumque apiculatis areis lineolatis reticulatis.

Forming large tufts in wet granitic sand in Clark’s meadow,
near the Big Tree Grove, Mariposa, California, at an altitude
of 6,500 feet, ZZ. Bolander, fl. & fr. in July; Cal. State Surv.,

[April, 1868.] 30

460 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

6032, Hb. norm. 52. With a good deal of hesitation, express-
ed in the specific name given to this plant, I venture to sepa-
rate it 1rom the closely allied J. oxymeris of the same region.
Its rounded and only slightly compressed leaves certainly
seem to be very distinct from the flattened equitant leaves of
the latter species, but otherwise the whole appearance, the
rhizoma, the panicle, the flower, the stamens even, and the
fruit, show scarcely any difference; only the seed proves dis-
tinct, and as, I believe, we can safely rely on characters de-
rived from the sculpture of this organ, we must consider both
as really distinct species. The seeds of J. oxymeris show on
one side 7—9 ribs and a distinct reticulation, the aree being
smooth, and only the ribs slightly crenulate; J. dubius has
seeds of the same size (().22—0.25 line long), but with fewer
(5-7) ribs, and larger, strongly lineolate are. The panicle
of this plant is 3-5 inches long, the flowers slender, and with
the capsule nearly 2 lines long.

36. J. MILITARIS, Bigelow, Flor. Bost. ed. 2 (1824), p. 139;
Gray Man. ed. 2, p. 482, was “discovered by B. D. Greene at
Tewksbury,” and has since been traced from Maine, lake,
to Massachusetts, and southward to the Pocono Mountains
in Pennsylvania, 7. Green, New Jersey, Asa Gray, C. F.
Parker, Maryland, A. Commons, and, if there is no error in
the label, as far as Alabama, Drummond.—The stout stems,
2-4 feet high, spring from a creeping rootstock, and bear on
their lower half a single leaf, 3-33 teet long, which usually
overtops the inflorescence, and is mostly followed by a second
very short one, rarely developed beyond the vaginal part. The
decompound, rather crowded, and often somewhat contracted
light brown panicle is 2-5, usually about 3, inches long; the
heads are 5-12 flowered, only in a Maryland specimen I find
them 15-25 flowered. Flowers (in the North in August) 13
lines long; sepals lanceolate, outer ones subulate-pointed or
even aristate, mostly very little shorter than the acute inner
ones; stamens 6, two-thirds the length of the sepals; linear
anthers a little longer than the filaments; stigmas exsert, as
long as the ovate acuminate ovary and the distinct style to-
gether; capsule sharply triangular, ovate, acuminate, rostrate,
equalling or slightly exceeding the sepals, one-celled; seeds
obovate, obtuse, unusually thick, and abruptly apiculate,
0.25-0.30 line long, and three-fifths of their Jength in diam-
eter, neatly reticulate, the aree marked with few longitudinal
lines; 8-10 ribs visible.

Dr. Robbins has discovered a very curious peculiarity of
this plant, which abounds in the Blackstone river, near Ux-
bridge, Massachusetts, and its tributaries, and in the flumes
of the manufactories, but only in rapid parts of these streams,
and is there not found in sluggish streams or in stagnant

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 461

water. It seems that about the period of maturing the seeds,
at the end of August, the long horizontal rhizoma, which at
its end is to bear the flowering stem of next season, begins to
shoot forth, and from the axils of its scales produces a number
of extremely short or rudimentary branchlets which are again
branching and form short knobs on the rootstock. These
branchlets bear a number of capillary leaves of the thickness
of horsehair, and knotted like the ordinary leaves of this
species, at this time, end of August, few in number, and only
a few inches long. Towards the close of the season they in-
crease in number and length, and seem to live through the
winter wherever they are immersed deep enough to escape
the frost. They attain their full development about May
and June, when they are 2-3 feet long, and carpet the bottom
of those streams, at the depth of 2-4 feet below the surface,
with their dark green undulating masses, most beautiful to
look at, but quite obnoxious to the proprietors of the mill-
streams, the sluices of which they are apt to obstruct. These
leaves decay about the period the plant begins to bloom. The
beautiful specimens collected by Dr. Robbins for the Herba-
rium Normale (No. 53) exhibit them to perfection. The
twist and bend of the stem of many of Dr. Robbins’ flow-
ering specimens is caused by the strong current in which
they grew. The only thing approaching such submerged
leaves, Mr. Parker has found in the Delaware above Philadel-
phia, where this plant grows “in shallow water, extending to
the border of deep running water, the finest specimens grow-
ing at a depth of 3 or 4 feet.” How does this species grow
in stagnant ponds or swamps? It would be very desirable
that collectors of Junci should pay more attention to the
circumstances under which these plants occur, the process of
their vegetation, the time of flowering and of maturity, and,
of course, to the base of the stem and to the rootstock, which
is too often a vain desideratum in herbarium specimens.

37. J. SUPINIFORMIS, n. sp.: foliis vernalibus e basi latiore
subulatis capillaceis longissimis teretibus pallide virentibus
natantibus evanescentibus; caule florifero erecto humili
(digitali vel ultra) folia erecta teretia longiora gerente ;
panicula simplici; capitulis sub-5-floris; sepalis ovato-lan-
ceolatis cuspidatis nervosis zqualibus seu externis paulo bre-
vioribus inter se inzqualibus stamina 3 stigmataque paulo
excedentibus; antheris oblongis tilamento multo brevioribus;
stylo per-brevi; capsula prismatica obtusa mucronata unilo-
culari calycem fere excedente; seminibus obovatis utrumque
apiculatis.

Common in and around ponds near Mendocino City, Cali-
fornia; May and June, H. Bolander, Cal. State Surv. 4767.—
Mr. Bolander informs me that in spring these ponds are com-

462 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

pletely covered with the pale green capillary leaves of this
species, 1-2 feet long. As the water recedes with the ad-
vancing dry season, the erect flowering stems begin to farm,
and a little later the vestiges of the decayed vernal leaves
cover the remaining mud with grayish spiderweb-like fila-
ments. The flowers are nearly 2 lines long, the Gmmature)
capsule is prismatic with concave sides; the seeds, too imper-
fect to make out their sculpture, were 0.27-0.30 line long,
large for the size of the plant.

This species is closely allied to J. supinus of Europe, whence
the name, and appears to stand next to its var. fluitans; but
that species has smaller flowers, with obtuse sepals, an obtuse
capsule, and smaller seeds. These characters, however, do
not seem to be quite constant, so that further examination of
more complete specimens will be necessary.

38. J. Exriorri, Chapman Flor. South. St. 494: caulibus
(1-2-pedalibus) exspitosis erectis folia tenuia longe excedenti-
bus; panicula composita ve] decomposita subpatente; capitulis
3-9-floris globulosis; sepalis ovato-lanceolatis acutissimis equa-
libus stamina 8 tertia parte superantibus capsulam late ovatam
obtusam brevissime mucronulatam 1-locularem atrofuscam
lucidam fere squantibus; antheris linearibus filamento vix
longioribus; ovario ovato obtuso stigmatibus subsessilibus
subinclusis fere equilongo; seminibus oblanceolatis fusiformi-
bus utrinque attenuatis rufo-fuscis areis levibus reticulatis.

From North Carolina, Candy, to South Carolina, Ravenel,
Beyrich (distributed under the name J. acuminatus), Florida,
Chapman, Hb. norm. 54, Alabama, Suwliivant, and southern
Mississippi, 4. Hilgard.—Many slender stems spring from a
short rhizoma, which bears numerous long fibrous rootlets
(under water?) ; panicle usually 3-4 inches long, with a few
principal branches; fruit-heads (from the broad, blunt capsules)
obtuse, 2 or 23 lines in diameter; flowers 1.0-1.2 lines long,
greenish, turning brown; capsule usually very dark colored
and shining, rarely paler; seeds easily distinguished by their
dark color and slender form, mostly 0.23-0.27 line long and
one-third as much in diameter; 5 or 6 ribs quite conspicuous.
This is one of our earliest species, flowering in April and May.
The slender growth, the small, obtuse, dark colored heads and
dark seeds distinguish this plant at once, but whether Elliott’s
J. acuminatus is the same as this, as Chapman suggests, or
whether it belongs to one of the forms of the next species,
does not appear from his insufficient description.

39. J. acumMINATUS, Michx. 1, 192, non Gray, Man. nec auct.
Amer. plur.: caulibus czespitosis plerumque erectis; panicula
effusa plus minus composita; capitulis pauci- vel multifloris
pallidis seape demum stramineo-fuscatis; sepalis lanceolato-

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 463

subulatis acutissimis subequalibus stamina 3 dimida seu tertia
parte superantibus; antheris filamento plerumque brevioribus;
stigmatibus subsessilibus ovario ovato obtuso seu rarius acu-
tato sub-brevioribus inclusis; capsula prismatica mucronata
seu acutata uniloculari sepala equante seu excedente; semini-
bus minutis obovatis seu oblanceolatis utrumque acutis areis
lineolatis reticulatis.

Var. a. legitimus: caulibus (1-2-pedalibus) erectis gracili-
oribus; panicula simplici composita vel decomposita patula ;
capitulis pluri-seu multi-(5-12-30-50)floris demum e fusco
stramineis; floribus majoribus; sepalis eequalibus seu raro
exterioribus paulo Jongioribus capsulam prismaticam obtusi-
usculam mucronatam fere equantibus; antheris filamento
multo brevioribus; ovario ovato acuto.—J. acuminatus,
Michx. 1, 192; La Harpe, 136; Elliott, 1, 409? Kunth, 3, 535,
non Auct. Am. plur.; J. pallescens, E. Mey. Junc. 31, non
Lamarck; J. paradoxus, E. Mey. 1. c. 30; La Harpe, 141;
Kunth, 3, 341; non Auct. Am.; J. fraternus, Kunth, 3, 340;
J. debilis, Gray 1. ¢. ex parte; J. Pondii, Wood Bot. (1861)
724.

Var. 3. debilis: caulibus (spithameis sesquipedalibus) de-
bilibus erectis sen decumbentibus radicantibusve; capitulis
pauci-(3-6)floris; floribus minoribus pallidis; capsula acuta
breviter mucronata exserta.—J. debilis, Gray Man. ed. 2, 481.

Var. y. diffusissimus: caulibus (bipedalibus ultra) erectis
panicule ultradecomposite ramis numerosissimis filiformibus
elongatis; capitulis pauci-(3—7)floris pallidis; sepalis angusti-
oribus stamina fere duplo superantibus; ovario acutato; cap-
sula lineari-lanceolata acuta calyci fere duplo longiore.—J.
diffusissimus, Buckley, Pl. Tex. 1. ¢. p. 9.

Var. 6. robustus: caulibus elatis (2-4-pedalibus) erectis
foliisque elongatis robustis; panicula ultradecomposita patu-
la; capitulis pauci-(5—-8)floris stramineo-fuscis; floribus minori-
bus; antheris filamenta equantibus; capsula ovata obtusa mu-
cronata fusca sepala acutissima paulo excedente.

All over the States, from Massachusetts southward to the
Rio Grande, and westward to Missouri; var. ais the most
common form found in the whole territory indicated ; var. 3 I
have only seen from New Jersey, C. #. Smith; Pennsylvania,
Schweinitz, Moser, Porter; Ohio, Lea; Kentucky, Short (the
original of Gray’s J. debilis); Mississippi, . Hilgard, and
South Carolina, Ravenel, but it is probably more extensively
distributed; var. y, northwestern Texas, Lincecum, Buckley;
var. 6, in the Mississippi Valley from Illinois, Geyer, Mead,
Vasey, to Missouri! and to Louisiana, J. ale.—All the forms
of this species flower early in the season, according to latitude,
from April to June, and shed their numerous seeds from May
to July.

Through the kind liberality of Profs. Roeper of Rostock

464 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

and Decaisne of Paris I have now had the opportunity of
examining and comparing fragments of Lamarck’s original
J. pallescens and Michaux’s J. acuminatus. The former’s
name refers, as Prof. Roeper informs me, to two poor (more
suo) specimens collected by Commerson near Buenos-Ayres ;
the heads are apparently 5-flowered ; the flowers, not yet
open, are similar to those of our plant, but are 6-androus and
pedicelled. Lamarck gives North as well as South America
as the habitat of his plant, but adds that his specimens are
those above noticed; his reference to North America is evi-
dently based on quotations from Pluk. Alm. t. 92, f. 9, and
Moris. Hist. 3, sect. 8, t. 9. f. 5, which both represent rather
something like J. tenwis. Meyer was undoubtedly misled by
these references to North American localities to substitute
Lamarck’s to Michaux’s name. La Harpe, p. 136, suggests,
probably with more justice, that Commerson’s plant is an im-
mature J. Dombeyanus. Michaux’s specimen, collected in
South Carolina, is a rather small-flowered form of var. legiti-
mus, such as often occur south-eastward (comp. Hb. norm.
58), with only 5 flowers in a head (Michaux says 3 flowers),
the (unripe) capsule being about as long as the sepals. The
other synonyms of the older authors have not given any
less trouble, principally because both Meyer and Kunth have
described their J. paradoxus and J. fraternus with outer
sepals exceeding the inner ones (a very rare case in any form
of J. acuminatus); and in the former the capsule was said
to be longer, in the latter shorter, than the sepals; neither
mentions the seeds. Having been able to examine a frag-
ment of Kunth’s plant, which had been sent from Boston by
Boott, and is preserved in the Royal Herbarium at Berlin, I
can most positively assert that it is a scanty-flowered form of
what I have called var. legitimus, with the outer sepals very
slightly exceeding the inner ones, and with a not fully ripe
capsule about the length of the inner sepals. Meyer's -/.
paradoxus is more difficult to identify, because the original
specimen does not exist in his herbarium; he had examined
it, as a memorandum indicates, in Hb. Lehmann, to whom it
was given by Willdenow under the name of J. polycephalus,
and preserved only a drawing of it and a rough sketch of
some details. There are, however, in the sheet superscribed
by Meyer “J. paradoxzus,” ten dried specimens from different
parts of the United States and Mexico, perhaps rather unerit-
ically thrown together; flowers of only one of them have been
sent to me, and they belong to the ordinary form of var. Je-
gitimus. The figure of the original type represents a plant
with a decompound panicle about 4 inches high and as wide,
with numerous few-flowered heads, and leafy excrescences
from some of them; the other sketch shows an acute capsule
exceeding the lanceolate-subulate sepals of equal length, and

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 465

the inside of a valve with a parietal placenta on the lower
half. Meyer, therefore, had seen the ripe fruit, and could not
have failed to see some seeds, unless all had fallen out; but
as they did not differ from the common form of Juncus seeds,
he did not mention their shape, which he would certainly
have done, and would have placed the plant in his second
section, Marsippospermum, had they been at all appendicu-
late, as they are in the plant with us heretofore taken for J.
paradoxus. Besides this, the latter, which is enumerated
here as J. Canadensis, var. longecaudatus, never has the
inner sepals shorter, but almost always longer, than the
outer ones, and has rarely, if ever, as far as I am inform-
ed, those leafy degenerations of the flower-heads so com-
mon in var. legitimus. La Harpe, who describes “J. para-
doxus” from Pennsylvanian specimens, speaks of the sepals
us being nearly equal to the capsule, and of the seeds as ovoid.
Why both, Meyer as well as La Harpe, should have separated
their J. pallescens or acuminatus from this J. paradoxus is
not very clear; they have evidently seen very few or single
specimens only, and seem to have laid too much stress on the
slight difference in the length of the sepals.

The extreme forms of this variable plant might readily be
taken for distinct species were the intermediate ones want-
ing. All the forms produce from a short rootstock few or
many erect or somewhat ascending, rather weak (except in
var. 6) terete or slightly compressed stems, rarely (except in
var. y and 4) over two feet, and sometimes less than one foot
high. The bracts are broad, membranaceous, and (the outer
ones at least) awned; heads and flowers are of different sizes,
but the sepals always regularly lance-subulate and very acute
or almost awned but not rigid, and, with rare exceptions,
equal in length; only in some few specimens of var. legiti-
mus I have seen the outer alittle longer than the inner ones.
Capsules as long as, or longer than, the sepals, pale green
to straw-colored or light brownish, with parietal placentz on
the lower half of the valves. Seeds obovate or oblanceolate,
acute or apiculate at both ends, 0.20—0.25 line long, the length
being equal to about 2} diameters, of a yellowish or light
brown color and apparently semi-transparent, neatly reticu-
ted, and 6 or 7 ribs visible on one side.

Var. a. legitimus is the most variable of all the forms of
this species, but is always readily recognized by the larger
flowers, 1.5-2.0 lines long, and the ovate-prismatic obtusish
mucronate capsule of the length of the sepals. Stems scarcely
ever over 2 feet high; panicle, as well as heads, extremely
variable, the former apparently more compound and the lat-
ter fewer-flowered north and eastward, while some Illinois
(£. Hall, Hb. n. 55) and Texas specimens (“Hog bed prai-
ries” on the Guadaloupe, Wright, Guadaloupe to Matamoras,

466 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

Berlandier 1571 and 2556 in part) have few (3-8) large glo-
bose 20-50-flowered heads. Capsule rarely exceeding the
calyx, and then approaching var. 8, Seeds variable within
the limits of the species, slender, or sometimes thick. Hb.
n. 56 is a taller and 57 a slenderer form with fewer flowered
heads, from Michigan, Bigelow ; 58 and 59 are what Meyer
named J. paradoxus, the former a smaller-flowered form from
S. Carolina, Ravenel, the latter a larger-flowered one from
Delaware, Commons.

Var. 8. debilis is distinguished by the mostly very weak
stem, 3-1} feet high, sometimes reclining, and even decum-
bent and rooting; panicle loose-flowered, 3-6 inches long;
flowers 1.2-1.5 lines long; capsule very pale, more or less
protruding beyond the calyx; seeds the smallest in the spe-
cies. A rather small but rigid form comes from South Caroli-
na, Hb. n. 60, Ravenel, and a similar autumnal one, in which
the heads by renewed vegetation of their axis degenerate into
spikes, has been sent by the same botanist, ib. 61.

Var. y. diffusissimus, stouter, 2-21 feet high, with a panicle
8 or 9inches long and fully as wide; fruit-heads 5 lines in
diameter; flowers 1} lines, or, with the straw-colored radiating
capsules, fully 2} lines long; seeds as in last.

Var. 6. robustus is a very different looking plant, which in
the hot Nelumbium swamps of the Mississippi bottoms grows
even 4 feet high, with a stem 5 lines in diameter and leaves
in proportion, which, however, do not reach beyond the base
of the inflorescence; panicle 6-10 inches long and a little less
across, with fruit-heads only 2 lines in diameter; flowers
smaller than in the other forms, 1.1-1.2 lines long, and cap-
sules more obtuse than in the others, with a short mucro;
seeds among the larger ones.—The specimens distributed in
Hb. n. 62 are, owing to the very dry season, not so well de-
veloped as the plant is often seen, nor did the fruit mature at
all in that or the following year. It is an interesting fact ob-
served by me for many years, that, if not in the whole Mis-
sissippi Valley, at least in this neighborhood, our ponds and
lakes become lower every year, their rich vegetation is be-
coming extinct, and many have dried up altogether. Our
beautiful Nelumbium, which twenty and ten years ago was
an ornament to many sheets of water on hill as well as low-
land in this vicinity, hiding them under their broad velvety
leaves, and from the end of June to the middle of August dot-
ting them with their splendid cream-white flowers, is fast dis-
appearing in consequence of the retrocession of those waters,
and with it its companions the Sagittariz, the Spargania, the
Junci, the Scirpi, the Zizania, and many of their minor attend-
ants. But what botany and beauty loses, cultivation gains,
and, above all, the health of the neighborhood.

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 467

40. J. BRACHYCARPUS, n. sp.: caulibus e rhizomate crasso
horizontali paueis erectis (1-24-pedalibus) rigidis teretibus ;
panicula e capitulis globosis multi-(80-50-100)-floris paucis
seu pluribus simplice seu composita conferta; sepalis lanceo-
lato-subulatis, interioribus quam exteriora multo brevioribus
stamina 3 capsulamque tridngulato-ovatam acuminato-rostra-
tam unilocularem zequantibus seu paulo superantibus; anthe-
ris lineari-oblongis filamento multo brevioribus; stigmatibus
subsessilibus ovarium ovatum acuminatum fere equantibus
inclusis; seminibus parvis oblanceolatis obovatisve utrumque
acutatis areis leviusculis reticulatis.—J. eryptocarpus, Bebb
in litt.

In the Mississippi Valley from central Ohio, Sudlivant, Mich-
igan, J’olwell, Bigelow, Hb. n. 74, and Illinois, Bebb, Hail, Hb.
n. 63, to Missouri! Kentucky, Short, Mississippi, Hilgard,
Louisiana, Hale, and Texas, Berlandier 309, 313, 1569, 1573,
and 2556 in part, Lindheimer, also, if the locality is cor-
rectly reported, near Charleston, 8. C., Beyrich (distributed
as J. echinatus). — Flowers in May and June, in Texas in
April. — On one side this species is allied to the large-headed
forms of J. acuminatus, and on the other much more closely
to J. scirpoides, with both of which it has been confounded;
it has the rhizoma and the inflorescence of the latter, but its
very short inner sepals and short capsule at once distinguish
it from either—Stems from 8-10 inches (seen mostly in Texas
specimens) to 2-2} feet high, rather rigid; heads 4-5 lines in
diameter, single or 2-3 together, or more commonly 5-8, or
even 10, in ashort (1-2 inches long) contracted panicle; flow-
ers 1.8—-2.0, and capsule 1.2, lines long, so that, as Mr. Bebb
remarks, at maturity the arid sepals, protruding over the al-
most hidden capsule, give the plant an appearance of sterili-
ty. Filaments twice or three times as long as the anthers;
seeds 0.20—0.22 line long, in shape like those of the last spe-
cies, but the arez are scarcely lineolate, the ribs, however,
are crenulate and sometimes short, transverse lines extend
from them into the area. Among Lindheimer’s Texan speci-
mens are some, the heads of which are degenerated into leafy
excrescences.

41. J. sctrporpEs, Lamarck, Ene. 3, 267 (E. Meyer in Linn.
8, 370): caulibus (1—4-pedalibus) e rhizomate horizontali
crasso albido rigidis strictis (seu raro decumbentibus) foliosis ;
capitulis globosis multifloris paucis seu pluribus; sepalis
subulatis szepius aristato-acutissimis demum rigidis spinescen-
tibus; staminibus 3; capsula triangulato-pyramidata subulata
uniloculari; seminibus oblanceolatis obovatisve utrumque
acute apiculatis areis sublevibus reticulatis.—J. polycephalus,
Michx. Fl. 1, 192; Pursh, Fl. 1,237; Mey. Junc. 33.

Var. a. macrostemon: caulibus (1-2-pedalibus) foliisque

468 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

teretibus rigidis strictis; capitulis paucioribus minoribus in
paniculam strictam dispositis ; staminibus sepala fere «quan-
tibus, antheris lineari-oblongis filamento pluries (quater seu
ultra) brevioribus; capsula calyci equilonga seu rarius exser-
ta; seminibus minoribus.—J. scirpoides, Chap. 494 in part.

A. macrostylus : sepalis eequalibus seu sepius exterioribus
brevioribus ; stylo elongato, capsula plerumque lageniformi.—
J. macrostemon, Gay, in La Harpe, 140.

B. brachystylus: sepalis equalibus seu plerumque exteriori-
bus, longioribus, stylo perbrevi.—J. echinatus, Muhl. Gram.
207? J. scirpoides, Lamarck in Herb.! Gray, Man. ed. 2, 481.

Var. 3. echinatus: caulibus (14-3-pedalibus) foliisque tere-
tibus rigidis strictis ; capitulis paucioribus majoribus in pani-
culam simplicem dispositis; sepalis exterioribus plerumque
longioribus stamina dimidia seu tertia parte superantibus ;
antheris filamento (duplo triplove) brevioribus; stylis abbre-
viatis ; capsula sepalis equilonga seu rarius exserta; seminibus
minoribus.—J, echinatus, Ell. Sk. 1, 410; J. megacephalus,
Curtis, in Bost. Jour, N. H. 1, 182; J. polycephalus, a. La
Harpe, 140; J. scirpoides, Chap. 1. c. in part.

Var. y. polycephalus: caulibus (2-4-pedalibus) compressis
erectis seu flaccidis hine decumbentibus ; foliis a latere com-
pressis gladiatis; panicula effusa decomposita et ultra; capi-
tulis majoribus; stylis abbreviatis; capsula exserta.—J. poly-
cephalus, Ell. 1,409; Chapm. 494; J. polycephalus, a. Michx.
it Pursh, l. ¢.; Mey. June. 333; J. polycephalus, y. la Harpe,
140.

A. minor: caulibus capitulisque paulo minoribus; sepalis
equalibus trinerviis; antheris filamentum fere equantibus ;
seminibus majoribus fusiformibus.

B. major: caulibus eapitulisque majoribus sepalis uninerviis
exterioribus interiora tenuia superantibus ; antheris filamento
brevioribus ; seminibus obovatis abrupte apiculatis.

A southern species, which extends northeastward as far as
Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Var. a. a. I have only seen
from South Carolina, Hb. n. 67 (the form with lobed heads),
to Florida, Alabama and Texas; a. B. is distributed over the
whole range of the species, from New Jersey and Pennsyl-
vania, Hb. n. 65, to South Carolina, Hb. n. 66, Arkansas and
Texas. Var. . has been found from Maryland to Florida,
Hb. n. 68 and Texas; Var. y. a. from North Carolina to
Florida, Hb. n. 69, and var. y. B. from the same States west-
ward to Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas. There must be
some error in La Harpe’s statement that La Pylaie found J.
macrostemon in Newfoundland; perhaps he took the large-
headed form of J. nodosus for it.—It flowers, according to lat-
itude, from June to August.

I comprise under the name of J. scirpoides a number of
forms, several of which have often been taken for distinct

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 469

species. Michaux, who no doubt had seen a great deal of it
in the south-eastern States, had united all under his J. poly-
cephalus, in which he was followed by Pursh as well as by
Meyer; but the earlier name of Lamarck must take prece-
dence, though it seems to refer only to a single form, a speci-
men of which, brought by Frazer from South Carolina, is still
preserved in his herbarium, now in the hands of Prof. J. Roe-
per of Rostock. This proves to be var. macrostemon (the
form with longer exterior sepals), as has already been stated
by Meyer (Linn, 3, 370). The older authors appear to have
confounded it with J. nodosus, which latter Michaux does
not seem to have known or distinguished, and which, on the
other hand, is taken by Hooker in Flor. Bor. Am. for J. poly-
cephalus.

All the forms of this species have compact, globose, mostly
greenish heads, turning straw-color or light brown at maturi-
ty, on rigid or stout stems, rising, at least in var. a and /, from
thick white horizontal rhizomas; those of var. y I have never
seen in herbarium specimens; sheaths of the leaves, especially
in a and #, loose and open; stamens 3, very rarely, in var. a,
4 or 5 in number; seeds, though differing much in form and
size (from 0.2 to over 0.3 line long, and from an elongate fusi-
form to a thick ovate shape), with 5 or 6, very rarely 7,
ribs on one side, and smooth or delicately marked are; these
marks consist of one or a few perpendicular lines, sometimes
crossed by a couple of horizontal ones.——Our southern bot-
anists will have to find out whether one or the other of these
forms may not justly claim to be considered as a distinct
species.

Var. a is readily recognized by its wiry stem 1-2 feet high,
its strictly erect panicle of a few (5-9, rarely single) small
heads, 34-4 lines in diameter, and composed of 15-30-40
flowers,* the stamens of which are as long as the sepals, the
small anthers often protruding from between their tips; flowers
14-13 lines long; seeds 0.22-0.28 line long, their length being
equal to 2-23 diameters. The form with long protruding
styles has in flower a very curious aspect; in fruit it is often
of a deeper brown than any other variety, and its capsules are
not regularly subulate, as we find them in all other forms of
this species, but oblong and rostrate, almost bottle-shaped.
Another peculiarity of it is, that its heads are often lobed, as
already remarked by Dr. Chapman, i. e. composed of a num-
ber (8-5-7) of smaller heads, the axillary productions of the
lowest bracts of the primary head. Sometimes the panicles
become larger, 6 inches or more in length, and composed of
numerous heads; in some southern, especially Texan, speci-

* Muhlenberg describes his J. echinatus with 9-flowered heads, and La-
marck his J. scirpoides with heads bearing 12-18 flowers.

470 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

mens I find the inflorescence more spreading, and with some-
what larger heads, so that thus the transition to the following
varieties seems to be given.

Var. ? is 1-3 feet high, and stouter, and bears its larger
heads in an almost umbel-shaped, more compact panicle ;
heads 5-6 lines in diameter, consisting of 50-90 flowers, each
of which is 13-2 lines long; seeds 0.22-0.25 line long, slender,
their lengths being equal to 3 diameters, The inflorescence
is sometimes looser and more compound, making a transition
to the next.

Var. y is a very different looking plant, with a compressed,
tall, often inclined and even decumbent stem, which is said
to become 4 feet long; leaves laterally compressed, already
described by Elliott as gladiate, 3-6 lines wide; panicle
spreading, 8-12 or 15 inches long and about as wide, with
distant, sometimes one-sided (usually called sesstle) heads, i. e.
heads from the base of which a long axillary peduncle springs,
which bears a second head that often behaves in the same
manner. So far both forms of this variety agree, but in the
flowers and in the seeds they appear very different, and may
eventually have to be separated, though our best southern
botanists do not distinguish them, and seem to agree in the
view that it is the rich marshy soil of their ricefields, and sim-
ilar localities, which produces these “overgrown” forms.—The
fruit-heads of the smaller form have a diameter of 5-6 lines,
and are composed of 30 or 40 to 70 or 80 flowers; flowers, i. e.
calyx, 2-23 lines long, sepals about equal in length, and exte-
rior and interior ones not more different in structure than is
usually the case; anthers longer than in any other variety of
our species, and equal to the filament; seeds the longest and
most slender of all the forms, 0.30-0.33 line long, the length
equal to 3 or 34 diameters.—The subvariety major has fruit-
heads of 5-7 lines in diameter, the long pointed capsules radi-
ating conspicuously in all directions; 20-50 or 60 flowers,
24-21 lines long, in each head; sepals very unequal in length,
as well as in texture, the exterior ones triangular dagger-
shaped, and at maturity indurated; the interior ones much
shorter, and more or less membranaceous; seeds ovate or
almost globose-ovate, obtuse, very abruptly or sometimes
scarcely apiculate, 0.20-0.23 line long, the length being equal
to 14 or less than 2 diameters.

42. J. Bonanpert, n. sp.: caulibus (bipedalibus ultra) gra-
cilibus reetis compressis; foliorum teretiusculorum striato-
rum vaginis longe biauriculatis; capitulis multi-(30-50)-
floris singulis seu paucis in glomerulum congestis seu breviter
pedunculatis; florum (fuscorum) sessilium sepalis lineari-

lanceolatis subulatis eequilongis stamina 8 quarta parte su-
perantibus capsulam clavato-turbinatam obtusam mucronatam

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 471

unilocularem equantibus; filamentis anthera oblongo-lineari
apiculata bis terve longioribus; seminibus obovatis apiculato-
acutatis areis lineolatis reticulatis.

Swamps near Mendocino City, California, discovered in Oc-
tober, 1865, by H. MN. Bolander, and named for him, one of
the acutest and most zealous explorers of Californian Botany.
Rhizoma not seen; flattened stems very slender, terete leaves
strongly knotted; mature heads 4-5 lines in diameter, brown,
shining, single, or 2, or, usually, 83-5 together, either sessile
and crowded together into a large cluster, or, some of them,
peduncled; flowers 2 lines long, with very narrow and sharp
pointed sepals, and very slender stamens; shape of capsule
quite peculiar; seeds 0.25 line long, with about 8 ribs visible.
The flattened stems and the brown heads assimilate this spe-
cies to the Californian Ensifolii, but the rounded and strongly
knotted leaves and the sessile flowers seem to separate it from
them and place it with J. scirpoides and its allies.

43. J: Noposus, Lin. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1, 466, excl. syn.; Rostk,
Mon. 38, t. 2, f. 2, excl. syn. Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2, 325, excl. var.
2; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 482: caulibus teretibus erectis e basi
stolones tuberiferos emittentibus; panicule plerumque sub-
simplicis capitulis pluri vel multifloris; sepalis lanceolato-
linearibus subulatis stamina 6 fere duplo superantibus capsulam
pyramidato-rostratam unilocularem zquantibus seu plerumque
ea brevioribus; seminibus ovatis abrupte apiculatis lineolato-
reticulatis —J. Rostkovii, Mey. Junc. 26; La Harpe, Mon.
133; Kunth, |. c. 332; J. polycephalus, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2,
190.

Var. a. genuinus, caule humiliore (spithameo ultrapedali,
rarissime elatiori) foliisque tenuibus ; spatha erecta paniculam
subsimplicem coarctatam (raro capitulum singulum) super-
ante ; capitulig, minoribus pluri-(8-20)floris; floribus minori-
bus fuscatis; sepalis lanceolatis eequalibus seu exterioribus
paulo brevioribus; antheris oblongis seu oblongo linearibus
plerumque apiculatis filamento brevioribus; ovario ovato
stylo brevissimo coronato; capsula ovato-lanceolata rostrata
plus minus exserta.

Var. 3. Texanus: caule elatiore (pedali bipedali) foliisque
tenuibus; spatha patente paniculam plerumque compositam
decompositamve fere equante; capitulis majoribus multi-(15—
40)floris; floribus majoribus demum stramineis; sepalis lan-
ceolato-subulatis exterioribus brevioribus; antheris linearibus
obtusis filamento (hinc duplo) longioribus; ovario lanceolato
in stylum longiorem sensim abeunte; capsula pyramidato-
lanceolata subulata exserta.

Var. y. megacephalus, Torr. 1. ¢.: caule elatiore (pedali
tripedali) foliisque robustis; spatha erecta seu paulo deflexa
foliove summo paniculam subsimplicem coarctatam sspius

472 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

superante; capitulis magnis densissime multi-(30-80)floris ;
floribus majoribus virescentibus demum stramineis; sepalis
lanceolato-subulatis exterioribus longioribus ; antheris linea-
ribus filamento paulo brevioribus; ovario lanceolato in sty-
lum brevem sensim abeunte; capsula pyramidato-subulata vix
exserta.—J. megacephalus, Wood, Bot. 724, non Curtis.

This species takes a much wider geographical range than
the last, including the whole of North America north of Mex-
ico, with the exclusion of the south-eastern States; but the
different forms occupy different geographical regions. Var. a.
is found throughout British North America from Canada and
the Hudson Bay regions to the Rocky Mountains and the
North-west coast, and extends southward to Pennsylvania,
Porter, Hb. n. 70, Ohio, Lapham, Michigan, Bigelow, Hb. n. 71,
and Wisconsin, Lapham, Hale; 1 have seen no specimens
from further south, though the older authors credit it to Vir-
ginia and Carolina, quoting, among others, Bose as their au-
thority. Var. 6 has been solely found in Western Texas, Lind-
" heimer, 545, Wright, Buckley. Var. y meets a on Lake Ontario,
where also J. alpinus and articulatus join, and extends from
thence westward to Michigan, Bigelow, Hb. n. 74, and south-
westward to Illinois, Missouri, the northern Red River, Hub-
bard, the Saskatchawan, Bourgeau, the Yellowstone, Hayden,
Colorado, Parry, Hb. n. 75 (a dwarfed form), New Mexico,
Fendler, 849 Wright, 696 & 1926, Texas, Lindheimer, 546, and
others; and to Arizona, Coues & Palmer, and California, Coul-
ter, 809. It flowers from July to August.

Our plant is very closely allied to the last one, and is often
confounded with it; but the number of stamens and the mark-
ings of the seeds will readily distinguish any of the forms which
may be mistaken for one another, e. g. J. scirpoides, p echina-
tus, and J. nodosus, y megacephalus ; besides, the slender sto-
lons which terminate in a chain of small bulbs, probably the
only part that sustains the life of the plant during winter, are
quite characteristic of all the forms of this species. Another
peculiarity of var. 6 and y is the direction of the leaves,
especially the upper ones, which are patulous, making a very
distinct angle with their sheathing base, while in var. a the
leaves are erect, forming an almost straight continuation of
the sheath. Var.a and more rarely var. y exhibit sometimes
that degeneration of the heads into bunches of sheaths or
leaves which has been spoken of in another place. The
seeds are 0.22-0.27 line long, the length being nearly equal
to 2, rarely to 24 diameters; commonly 8 ribs are visible on
one side.

The northern form, var. a, is the genuine J. nedosus of
Linnzus, who described it from specimens sent by Kalm
(most probably from Canada), as Prof. Gray ascertained in
the Linnean herbarium itself; he informs me that “ Linneus’

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 473

reference to Gronov. Virg. 15 [leg. 152] is a mistake, in copy-
ing from Gronovius of Gramen junceum elatius pericarpiis ova-
tis Americanum, Pluk. alm. That this is not the type of J.
nodosus is clear, because it does not, like all other Gronovian
plants, appear in the first edition of Spec. Plant. Linnzeus’
annotations prove that he was considering some plant in his
herbarium, and not a mere quotation.” The figure of Rostko-
vius is a very good representation of the ordinary appearance
of this variety.—It is by far the slenderest form, usually from
8-12 or 15 inches high, with 2-5 or 8 brown heads in a rather
compact and simple or slightly compound panicle; in the
Rocky Mountains a dwarf form occurs, with a filiform stem
3-5 inches high, bearing a single few-flowered head (J. poly-
cephalus, y, Hook. 1. ¢.); a similar variety was collected on
the mountains of Vermont by H. Mann, Hb. n. 72; Judge
Clinton and Dr. Bigelow, Hb. n. 73, send from the shores of
the northern lakes a taller form, 2-3 feet high, with a more
compound lighter colored panicle; and this makes a transition
to one which Dr. Vasey has sent from the northern border of
Illinois, a stout, large (nearly 2 feet high) green-headed plant,
with a decompound panicle of at least 30 greenish heads, each
composed of 25-35 flowers. This latter is an interesting form,
as it connects all three varieties.—The heads of the genuine
J. nodosus are 31-4 lines in diameter, and show a deeper brown
color than any of the other varieties; the flowers are 13-2
lines long, and the capsule, which is usually rostrate from an
oblong body and not regularly subulate, in most instances
considerably exceeds the sepals. The seeds are, as in all
other forms of this species, ovate or obovate, abruptly apicu-
late, and prettily reticulated with very distinct cross-lineola-
tion, 0.22-0.27 line long, their diameter being equal to about
one-half their length, or, in some forms with slender seeds,
much less.

Var, 2 is usually a taller plant, 12-20 inches high, but quite
slender; the compound or decompound rather lax panicle is
2-4 inches long, and the echinate fruit-heads have a diameter
of 5 or 6 lines. Flowers 2} lines long; obtuse anthers often
twice as long as the filaments; seeds usually a little smaller
than in the last, 0.22-0.24 line long.

Var. y is a stouter plant, 1-23 feet high, with the largest
heads of any Juncus known to me, in fruit 6-8 lines in diame-
ter, in a rather compact panicle; seeds like those of the last.
The Texan variety and Dr. Vasey’s specimens, mentioned
above, unite this with the genuine J. nodosus, from which I
cannot separate it, though looking so very distinct.

44. J. Canapensis, J. Gay in La Harpe, Mon. 134; Kunth,
1. c. 333; caulibus ceespitosis teretibus levibus ; panicule capi-
tulis pauci-multifloris; sepalis lineari-lanceolatis plerumque

474 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

acutis, exterioribus brevioribus stamina 3 vix seu paulo supe-
rantibus; antheris oblongo-linearibus filamento brevioribus ;
ovario in stylum brevem attenuato, stigmatibus vix seu bre-
viter exsertis; capsula triangulato-prismatica uniloculari ple-
rumque exserta; seminibus oblongis seu oblongo-linearibus
multi-costatis plus minus caudatis.

* Forme capitulis minoribus paucifloris.

Var. a. coarctatus: caulibus humilioribus (4-1}-pedalibus)
erectis; panicule minoris coarctatz ramis erectis; florum mi-
norum sepalis acutis seu raro obtusiusculis; antheris oblongis
filamento duplo brevioribus; capsula castanea acutata longius
exserta; seminibus oblongis lineolato-multicostatis, appendi-
cibus diametrum fere eequantibus.—J. Canadensis, 3. Gay, 1. ¢.;
J. acuminatus, Torr. N. Y. 2, 327; Gray, l. c. 481; Chap. FI.
464, et Auct. Am. plur. non Michx.

Var. 8. brachycephalus: caulibus elatioribus (15-2}-pedali-
bus) gracilibus erectis seu descendentibus; paniculz majoris
effusee ramis patulis; floruam minorum sepalis plerumque ob-
tusis; antheris linearibus filamento brevioribus; capsula e
stramineo fuscata obtusiuscula mucronata breviter exserta
seminibus ut in var. a.

* * Forme capitulis majoribus plurifloris.

Var. y. subcaudatus: caulibus (1—2}-pedalibus) gracilibus
erectis seu decumbentibus; panicule effuse ramis patulis spe
horizontalibus; capitulis pluri-(8-20)floris; floruam majorum
sepalis acutissimis ; antheris oblongo-linearibus filamento mul-
to brevioribus; capsulis demum stramineis plerumque acutatis
exsertis rarius mucronatis subexsertis; seminibus oblongis
reticulato-multicostatis in appendices perbreves attenuatis.

Var. 6. longecaudatus: caulibus (14-8-pedalibus) erectis
robustis rigidis; panicule abbreviate seu patule capitulis
pluri-multi-(5-8—20-50-90) floris ; florum majorum sepalis
acutis seu rarissime obtusiusculis; antheris oblongis seepe mu-
cronatis filamento plerumque duplo brevioribus; capsulis pris-
maticis obtusis mucronatis seu rarius acutatis szepe fuscatis
sepala excedentibus seu rarissime sequantibus ; seminibus ob-
longis seu oblongo-linearibus lineolato-multicostatis, appen-
dicibus diametro longioribus.—J. Canadensis, a. Gay, l.c.; J.
polycephalus, 8. paradoxus, Torr., N.Y. 2, 827: J. paradoxus,
Gray, l. c.; Chapm. 1]. ¢. et Auct. Am. plur., non Meyer.*

This species inhabits the eastern parts of North America
and extends westward in the region of the Great Lakes
to the Upper Mississippi and down to central Lllinois, and
again in the Gulf States to Louisiana, leaving out the

* This arrangement of the varieties differs somewhat from that previ-
ously adopted by me on p. 436, and in some herbaria labelled by me. No
confusion will arise from this if the reader will only substitute “ brachy-
cephalus” for brevicaudatus patulus.

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 475

central States of the Mississippi Valley, to which it seems
to be a stranger. It flowers in July and August, when
J. acuminatus, with which it might be confounded, has al-
ready shed its seeds.—Var. a is decidedly the most north-
ern form of this species, which extends from the north-
eastern States to Canada and the Lake Superior region,
Hb. n. 76 & 77, and southward to Pennsylvania, where
Prof. Porter finds it in the neighborhood of Lancaster; Dr.
Chapman gives Georgia as the southern limit of “J. acumina-
tus,” but I have seen no specimens from those southern parts.
—Var. ? has been observed from Pennsylvania, Porter, to
western New York, Gray, Sartwell, Vasey, Clinton, Central
Ohio, Swlivant, Central Illinois, Hall, Brendel, Michigan, Bige-
low, Hb. n. 79, and Wisconsin, Lapham.—Var. y is a form of
the Atlantic States, found from Connecticut, Eaton, to New
Jersey and Pennsylvania, Durand, Smith, Hb. n. 81, Leidy,
Porter, Hb. n. 80, Delaware, Commons, Hb. n. 82, District of
Columbia, Bebb, South Carolina, Nuttall, and Georgia, Beyrich
(distributed by him under the name of J. acuminatus).—V ar.
6 is the most common of all the form’, extending over the
whole region, with the exception, perhaps, of its north-east-
ern extremity. I have not seen any specimens from Canada,
or from the States north of Massachusetts. ‘The Herb. norm.
contains different forms of this variety from Michigan 84,
Pennsylvania 83, Maryland 88, and South Carolina 85, 86
and 87.

The different forms of this intricate species are as wide
apart in habit, as well as in artificial characters, as they pos-
sibly can be, but are connected by insensible. transitions, so
that even the different varieties cannot always be kept clearly
distinct. Its synonymy is in some confusion. It is quite im-
possible that specimens of so wide-spread and so easily accessi-
ble a species should not have been obtained by collectors long
since, and we do indeed find such among Michaux’s (La Harpe,
l. c.) and among Schweinitz’s plants, and no doubt in many
other old herbaria; but, somehow or other, its striking diag-
nostic characters were overlooked, and it was thrown together
with other species, such as the similar looking J. acumanatus,
especially its var. legitimus, under the name of J. polycephalus
or J. verticillatus (lege subverticillatus )—This and the follow-
ing two species are well distinguished from all the other
articulate ones by their tailed seeds and by the proportions
of their usually strongly nerved sepals, the inner of which
always exceed the outer ones. From its two allies it is dis-
tinguished principally by the shape and proportion of its cap-
sule, and the smaller and differently shaped seeds.

Varr. a and # are distinguished from the others by their
small, usually 3-4-flowered, heads, smaller flowers, which are
14-1} and only in Lake Superior specimens of a 12 lines long,

[April, 1868.] 81

476 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

and the form of the smaller seeds, These seeds are 0.25-0.83
line long, 24 diameters being equal to the length; appendages
about equal to the diameter, so that the whole seed has a
length of 0.40—0.60 line; 7-9 ribs visible, connected by deli-
cate cross-lines.

Var. ais readily known by its low stature, rarely over a
foot high, erect, dark colored panicle (1-4 inches long and
2-1} inches wide) and elongated capsules, and therefore
longer fruit-heads; the sepals are usually acute, but in some
forms from Pennsylvania and from New Hampshire I have
found them obtuse. American botanists have usually taken
this form for J. acwminatus, Michx.; but Michaux’s plant
is very different and, moreover, comes from South Carolina,
while the present variety is, I believe, not found south of
Pennsylvania. Prof. Porter gets in the mountains of tbat
State a low form with more patulous lighter colored panicles,
and more obtuse sepals, Hb. n. 78, which seems to form a
transition to the next variety.

Var. 8 stands in habit and stature nearest to var. y, but
its small, short heads,obtuse sepals and short capsules dis-
tinguish it at once from that and from var. a; our botanists
have sometimes confounded it with J. dedilis or with J. arti-
culatus, from both of which however the characters enumer-
ated readily distinguish it. Stem 1-2} feet high; panicle 4—9
inches long and proportionately wide. Mr. C. E. Smith gets
a form at Tinnicum, near Philadelphia, which unites this
with var. y, having the seeds of this, but the greater number of
flowers (10-12), the larger heads, and the pointed sepals, of
the other.

Var. y is a rather rare plant and does not seem to have at-
tracted the attention of botanists, though it had been collect-
ed especially about Philadelphia and in New Jersey, until
Mr. Bebb of Washington and Mr. Smith of Philadelphia stu-
died it with a great deal of attention; the shortness of the
appendages had induced some to place it away from its close
alliances and with or near J. acuminatus, but I cannot enter-
tain any doubt but that it is so closely allied to var. 6 that it
can barely be kept apart from it, the length of the append-
ages being quite variable even in seeds from the same capsule.
The whole plant, however, is more delicate, lighter green, the
stem weak, and more usually decumbent, the panicle very
loose, commonly with long and often horizontally-spreading
slender branches; heads pale, 8-15-20-flowered; flowers as
large as in the next, 1}—2 lines long; sepals always subulate and
very acute, and often only 1-nerved; capsule more commonly
acute or acutate, as long or mostly longer than the sepals;
seeds 0.25—-0.36 line long, thicker than in the next variety, the
length being equal to 2-2} diameters; seed with appendages
0.83-0.50 or very rarely 0-60 line long; appendages less than

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. ATT

the diameter of the seed, often only half as long; 7-8 ribs
visible, usually very distinct, with cross-striation and an ap-
proach to reticulation.—A slender form is distributed in Hb.
n. 80 and 81, a more rigid one is n. 82, but both run to-
gether.

Var. 6 is the most polymorphous of all the forms of this
species; it is stouter, taller and more rigid than the other
varieties, and thus approaches more nearly to the following
species. The panicle 3-6, or sometimes as much as 9 or 10,
inches long, and 2-5-7 inches wide, with somewhat spreading
but rarely horizontal rays, is either much branched and bears
smaller (5-8-20-flowered) but more numerous heads, or it is
more simple, with larger (80-40 and in some Delaware speci-
mens even 80 or 90-flowered) and fewer heads; it js usually
loose, but sometimes quite compact; specimens from South
Carolina, Hb. norm. &5, have large green heads in a de-
compound panicle. Flowers 14-2 lines long, greenish, at
last with the capsules light brown; sepals generally 1-3
or sometimes 5-nerved, very acute, or rarely somewhat ob-
tusish, usually quite unequal, or, as an exception, nearly equal
in length; capsule prismatic, and usually obtusish and mu-
cronate, as long as or mostly longer than the sepals, some-
times acutate and elongate. Seeds slender, and either large
with shorter appendages, or smaller and thinner and with
longer tails; the former are 0.30—-0.46 line long, length equal
to 2 diameters, with the appendages 0.60--1.00 line long;
the more slender seeds are of the same total length, but the
body of the seed is a little shorter (0.25-0.35 line long) and
its length is equal to nearly 3 diameters; 8-10 or 15 ribs or
striz are visible on one side of the seed.—A curious form
with branched heads, the single branches being elongated into
spikes, was found by A. Commons near Salisbury, Maryland
(see p. 427). Mr. Ravenel has collected this species in South
Carolina with often more than 3 stamens; Hb. n. 87.—This
variety is the plant which by most American botanists has
been taken for Meyer’s J. paradoxus; but I have shown above
(p. 462) that Meyer’s plant, sepalis “exterioribus longioribus,”
must be what I have designated as J. acuminatus, var. legiti-
mus, and cannot have been meant for our plant, the exterior
sepals of which are shorter. Meyer’s name was not given in
reference to the curious seeds, but to the frequent foliaceous
excrescences of his plant, which seem to be quite rare, if not
unknown, in the present species.

45. J. caupatus, Chapm. FI. 8. St. 495: caulibus (2-3-
pedalibus) czespitosis teretibus foliisque rigidis levibus; pa-
nicule composite seu decomposite ramis suberectis; capitulis
pauci-(2-5)floris; sepalis lanceolatis 3-5 nerviis, exterioribus.
brevibus acutis stamina 3-6 equantibus, interioribus subulatis

478 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

longioribus ; ovario lineari-lanceolato in stylum perbrevem
sensim abeunte, stigmatibus exsertis; capsula obtuse triangu-
lata pyramidata acutata atro-rubente lucida semitriloculari
longe exserta; seminibus lineari-oblongis multo-lineatis longe
caudatis.—J. erythrocarpus, Chapm. olim in sched.

South-eastern and southern States, from South Carolina,
Curtis, Ravenel, Hb. n. 89, to Florida, Chapman, Hb. n. 90,
Alabama, Bigelow, and Louisiana, Hale; fl. Sept. & fr. Oct.—
Similar to the next but with much smaller flowers, long pro-
truding pyramidal capsule, slender stamens inconstant in
number and larger seeds. Rigid cespitose stems “from a
thick and creeping rhizoma” (Chapman); panicles in most of
the specimens before me 2-6 inches in length and quite con-
tracted, the principal branch of the panicle being often strict-
ly erect and quite elongated,—in others more open ; fruit-
heads 2-4 lines in diameter, with 2-4 or 5 flowers; flowers
13 lines long, with very unequal strongly nerved sepals;
capsule much longer, sometimes twice as long as flowers,
regwarly pyramidal from an oval base, deep red brown or al-
most black. The number of stamens is quite variable, but
more frequently 3 than 6; in 40 flowers of eight different spe-
cimens, from all the localities mentioned above, I have found
only 4 with 679 with 5, 11 with 4, and 16 with 3 stamens,
and in no instance did all the flowers of one plant exhibit the
same number of stamens. Seeds, without the appendages,
0.45-0.50 line long, their length being equal to 25 or 23 diam-
eters; appendages straw-colored or white, upper one mostly
as long or longer than the seed, lower one stouter and short-
er, as is usually the case in the appendages of Juncus seeds;
whole seeds with the tails 1-12 lines long; striz of seed very
numerous and close.—This may possibly be the same as J. trt-
gonocarpus, Steud. Glum. 2, p. 308, of which I have not been
able to obtain a specimen or a satisfactory description.

46. J. asPER, n. sp.. caulibus (bipedalibus et ultra) caespi-
tosis teretibus cum foliis papilloso-asperatis; paniculze compo-
site seu decompositze ramis erecto-patulis; capitulis pauci-
(2-6)floris; sepalis late lanceolato-subulatis rigidis multiner-
viis ]eevibus, interioribus longioribus stamina 6 duplo super-
antibus; antheris late linearibus filamentum late subulatum
fere equantibus; ovario lanceolato in stylum eo breviorem
abeunte, stigmatibus exsertis ; capsula ovato-oblonga sursum
triangulari rostrata rufo- vel virescenti-fusca lucida semitri-
loculari sepala vix excedente; seminibus majusculis ovato-
oblongis costato-lineolatis longe caudatis.

Thus far only in New Jersey, where it was found many
years ago, at Quakerbridge, Pickering in Hb. Ac. Philad.,
Durand ; re-discovered within the last few years “in a sphag-
nous swamp at Griflith’s, 64 miles south-east of Philadelphia,

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 479

where it grows with several forms of J. Canadensis,” C. £.
Smith, Hb. n. 91; also at Quakerbridge, C. #. Parker; flow-
ering in August and in fruit in September.—An interesting
and well characterized species closely allied with the last
ones, with which it has in common the longer inner sepals
and the tailed seeds, distinguished from them by its rough
stem and leaves, its large flowers with 6 large stamens, and
its large dark seeds with (usually) purplish tails—Rough-
ness is a rare character in the genus Juncus, which I find no-
ticed only in the South American J. rudis, Kunth, and the
Portuguese J. rugosus, Steud.; in these the flowers are smooth
just as in our species, while in J. fulcatus the stem and leaves
are smooth and only the flowers rough (see p.452). All parts
of this plant are very rigid, the stems 13-2} feet high, the
panicle 2 or 3-6 or 7 inches long, less in expansion ; fruit-
heads 4-6 lines in diameter, usually with 3-5, sometimes only
with 2 flowers; flowers 2} lines long or more; capsule equal-
ing or scarcely exceeding the rigid and sharp pointed green
or darkish tipped sepals; outer sepals indistinctly 5-nerved,
inner ones (at least in the dry state) strongly 7-nerved; cap-
sule tough and hard, reddish or greenish brown, at base com-
pletely, upwards partially, 3-celled; seeds 0.5-0.6 line long,
their diameter being nearly equal to half their length, the
lower appendage thick and usually short, the upper one not
quite as long as the seed itself; whole seed, with the tail,
about 1! lines long; side of seed with 12 or 14 ribs, and usu-
ally distinctly cross-lineolate.

47. J. Merrenstanus, Bong. Veg. Sitcha in Mem. Ac. St.
Petersb., ser. 6, vol. 2 (1833), 167, ex Kunth, ].¢. 361: cauli-
bus e rhizomate crasso repente caespitosis humilioribus (spi-
thameis pedalibus) compressis debilibus; vaginis foliorum
averse compressorum auriculatis; floribus pluribus (15-25)
fusco-atris pedicellatis in capitulum laxius singulum seu rarius
bina ternave aggregatis spatha brevioribus; sepalis ovato-lan-
ceolatis, exterioribus acuminato-subulatis, interioribus ple-
rumque paulo brevioribus obtusis mucronatis seu rarius exte-
riora equantibus acutis, stamina (3—) 6 superantibus capsulam
late obovatam obtusam mucronatam equantibus seu super-
antibus; antheris oblongis seu oblongo-linearibus szepissime
mucronatis filamentum equantibus seu eo brevioribus; stylo
quam ovarium obtusum plerumque breviore; seminibus ob-
lanceolato-obovatis fusiformibus utrumque breviter caudatis
reticulato-costatis, arcis lineolatis.—J. ensifolius, Hook {Fl.
Bor. Am. 2, 191; Gray in Pl. Hall & Harb. 1. c.

_Var. 3. paniculatus : caule elatiore (ultra bipedal) ; vagi-
nis vix auriculatis; capitulis (6-9) minoribus (10-15-floris) in
paniculam compositam dispositis.

From the islands of the North-west coast, Sitcha, er-

480 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

tens, Unalaschka, Chamisso, to the Cascade Mountains, Ly-
all, and Rocky Mountains, Drummond, Big Horn Mountains,
Hayden, Medicine Bow Mountains, A. Engelmann, and
southward to Colorado, Hall & Harbour, 565, Huerfano Val-
ley, C. C. Parry, and to the Californian Sierras, //. Dolan-
der, at the Mono Pass, Hb. n. 923; var. 8 in the northern
Rocky Mountains, Bourgeau.

With some hesitation I refer the Rocky Mountain plant,
of which I have numerous and well preserved specimens be-
fore me, to J. Mertensianus of the North-west coast, the au-
thentic specimens of which, at my disposal, are rather incom-
plete; but they are distinct enough to prove Meyer wrong in
referring the Sitcha plant to his J. faleatus (Ledeb. Fl. Ross.
4, 228). Bongard, to be sure, describes the leaves as flat, but
they are not adverse like those of J. fulcatus, but averse like
those of J. xiphioides, and, besides, are slightly but distinctly
knotted.

Stems 7-14 inches high, compressed, but not ancipitous
except in var. 6, “weak and flaccid” (Hall), grooved below,
smooth upwards; leaves, as in all its allies, of very different
width, usually 3-1 or rarely 14, but in 2 13-23 lines wide;
heads 43-6 lines in diameter; flowers very distinctly pedi-
celled, 13 to (commonly) 2 lines long; inner sepals, as in this
whole section, quite variable, obtuse to acute and even acumin-
ate, usually shorter, but in some flowers of the Sitcha speci-
mens even longer than the outer ones. Stamens 3 or 3 the
length of the sepals, usually 6, but sometimes 3 (3, Bongard;
4—5, Kunth) in Sitcha and Cascade Mountain specimens, 6 in
all those from the Rocky Mountains or California, which I
have examined; anthers as long as, or, usually, shorter than
the filament, often apiculate. Ovary as well as capsule
broadly obovate and obtuse. The seeds make a near ap-
proach to those of the last section, their appendages being
sometimes quite conspicuous; in Hall’s Colorado specimens
I find them usually very short, while in a specimen of Dr.
Hayden’s they are almost equal to the diameter of the seed ;
the seed itself is 0.23-0.30 line long, the length being equal
to 2-2} diameters; with the appendages they are 0.30-0.35,
and in the abovementioned specimen of Dr. Hayden even
0.50 line long; 7-9 and in some Rocky Mountain specimens
(Drummond, Hall) 9-12 ribs are visible on the side; the sur-
face is regularly reticulated with more or less distinct cross-
lineolation.

Var. 8, with its tall stem, long and broad leaves, and a pan-
icle of 3 inches in length, looks quite distinct from the ordin-
ary form, but I cannot find any more essential differences.

This species with the four following ones, the Mexican
J. brevifolius, Liebm., and the Asiatic J. Leschenaultii, Gay,
form a very natural group, united by characters as well as

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 481

geographical range. Their compressed or ancipitous stems
usually come from a creeping rhizoma, and bear laterally
compressed, or averse, equitant leaves, which in the larger
forms resemble greatly those of Sisyrinchium and other
iridaceous plants, and which are very imperfectly septate
or articulate; their sheath sometimes terminates with two
auricule or stipular appendages, or frequently, and in the
same species, imperceptibly runs out into the edge of the leaf.
The flowers, always pedicelled, are brown, mostly deep chest-
nut, rarely greenish or paler, and are arranged in few or many-
flowered heads ; in many species we find forms with single
or few large heads in clusters, and others with numerous
small heads disposed in compound panicles. The sepals are
mostly broad, the outer ones acute or acuminate, the inner
ones often shorter and obtuse, rarely longer, often variable
even in flowers of the same head. The number of stamens
also varies in the same species. The style is distinct, either
short, or sometimes very long. The mucronate capsule is
about as long or rarely longer than the calyx, nearly one-
celled. Seeds reticulate, with smoothish or lineolate aree.
They inhabit the western slope of North America and extend
to the Asiatic side of the Pacific.

48. J. xipnioipss, E. Meyer, Syn. June. 50 et Rel. Haenk.
1,143; Kunth, 1. ¢. 531: caulibus (1-4+pedalibus) e rhizo-
mate crasso repente erectis ancipitibus; capitulis pauci- vel
multifloris paucis plurimisve; floribus pedicellatis; sepalis
lanceolatis subulato-acuminatis eequalibus seu interioribus
obtusioribus brevioribus stamina 6 seu raro (in var. ec) 3 fere
duplo superantibus capsulam prismaticam acutam mucrona-
tam hine rostratam plerumque zquantibus; antheris oblongo-
linearibus filamentum fere zequantibus; ovario ovato in sty-
lum breviorem attenuato, stigmatibus subexsertis ; seminibus
ovato-oblanceolatis utrumque apiculatis lineolato-reticulatis.

Var. a. littoralis: caulibus robustis elatis (2-4-pedalibus);
foliis latis iridaceis, vaginis sxepius inappendiculatis ; paniculze
seepe supradecompositz capitulis pauci- vel pluri-(3—-20)floris
e stramineo fuscis; sepalis subzequilongis capsula acuta seu
rostrata vix brevioribus; antheris spe apiculatis filamento
paulo longioribus; seminibus oblanceolatis.—J. wiphioides,
Mey. l. c.

Var. 3. auratus: caulibus gracilibus elatis (3-pedalibus ul-
tra); vaginis in folia latiora sensim excurrentibus; panicule
supradecompositie capitulis pauci-(5-10)floris stramineis ni-
tentibus; sepalis equilongis capsula rostrata brevioribus ;
seminibus ut supra.

Var. y. montanus: caulibus humilioribus (spithameis ses-
quipedalibus ); foliis angustioribus basi plerumque auriculatis;

capitulis pauci-(3- 10)floris pallidioribus pluribus paniculatis

.
482 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

seu paucis (raro singulis) pluri-(12—20) vel multi-( 20-50) flo-
ris fuscis ; floribus paulo minoribus; sepalis interioribus bre-
vioribus plerumque acutis, exterioribus capsulam longe mu-
cronatam squantibus ; seminibus ut supra.—J. xiphioides,
Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 222; Gray, Pl. Hall & Harb. 1. ¢.

Var. 6. macranthus: caulibus mediis (sesqui-bipedalibus ) ;
vaginis in folia angustiora sensim excurrentibus; capitulis
paucis multi-(18-40)floris; floribus majoribus fuscis ; sepalis
fere equilongis, interioribus seepe obtusiusculis capsulam acu-
tam zequantibus; seminibus majoribus obovatis abrupte api-
culatis.—J. polycephalus, a. ex parte, Hook. Fl. B. Am. 1.¢.

Var. «. triandrus: caulibus humilibus seu mediis (spitha-
meis bipedalibus) ; vaginis in folia angustiora sensim excur-
rentibus ; capitulis singulis paucisve multi-(15-30)floris seu
pluribus pauci-(5-8 )floris paniculatis; floribus majoribus atro-
fuscis 3-andris 5 sepalis equilongis seu interioribus obtusi-
oribus subbrevioribus capsulam mucronatam sequantibus seu
ea brevioribus; seminibus fere ut in var. a.—d/J. ensifolius,
Wickstr. in Act. Holm. 1823, II. 1; Kunth, 1. c. 337.

On the Pacific slope of the continent from southern Califor-
nia to Unalaschka, extending eastward into the plains east of
the Rocky Mountains. Var. a seems peculiar to the fertile
lands of the California coast region: Monterey, H/aenke, San
Francisco, Bolander, Kellogg, Hb. n. 93, Fort Tejon, Xantus.
Var. 3 has been found on Monte Diablo, near San Francisco,
Brewer, Calif. St. Surv. 388. Var. y, the large-headed form in
the Rocky Mountains, from Oregon, Spalding, Lyall, to Colo-
rado, Hall & Harb. 564, and N. Mexico, Fendler, 85%, Wright,
1925, and into the plains, Saskatchawan, Drwmmond, and Ft.
Riley, HZ. Engelmann; the small-headed form is of more south-
ern origin—Arizona, Coues & Palmer, 70, N. Mexico, Wright,
1923 in part, and west Texas, Lincecum. Var. 6 only in Una-
laschka, H’schscholtz, on the “North-west coast,” Douglas,
and in the Cascade Mountains, Lyall Var. ¢ from Unalasch-
ka, E’schsholtz, Chamisso, Mertens, to the Cascade Moun-
tains, Lyall, and the Californian Mountains, Bolander, Hb.
n. 94; the panicled form, San Francisco, Bolander.

This species, the type of the group of Hnsifolii, is as vari-
able as any of its eastern congeners, and its extreme forms
are as widely apart in size of stems and leaves, and of flower-
heads, in their inflorescence and even in the number of sta-
mens, and transitions between the different varieties are not
wanting; but in flower and fruit they are remarkably uniform.
—The flowers are 1} lines long, rarely a little smaller, and
only in var. 6 and ¢ larger; the sepals are narrow, the outer
ones always long-pointed, but the inner ones quite variable
and often shorter; stamens scarcely more than half as long as
sepals; seeds 0.23-0.26 line long and attenuate at least at the
lower end, except in var. 6; their length is usually equal to

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 483

2} diameters; about 8 ribs are visible on the side; the net-
work of the surface and the cross-lines of the arew are very
delicate but quite distinct.

Var. ais often 4 feet high, with a stem 3 lines wide, and
leaves 3 or 4 or sometimes even 6 lines broad; panicle 4-8
inches long; heads in some forms, and also in the original
Haenkean specimen, few-flowered, in others _many-flowered ;
seeds usually slender and almost fusiform. Var. 8, similar to
the last, with leaves 2-3 lines wide, is distinguished by its
showy, glistening, golden-straw-colored panicles, about 4
inches in length; sepals almost nerveiess; capsules larger
than in the other forms and longer than the sepals, thus
approaching the following species. Var. y, the mountain
and eastern form of the species, is smaller, with fewer heads,
either few-flowered and in a small panicle (about 1} or 2
inches long), or many-flowered, 3-4 lines in diameter and
1-5 or 8 in number; leaves usually 3 to 1} lines wide. Var.
6 may be considered a large flowered north-western form
of the latter; flowers 12 lines or more in length; seeds 0.25—
0.26 line long, thicker than in the other forms and with short
and abrupt points. War. e, with its very flat and somewhat
curved, sword-shaped leaves, and, usually, few large dark-col-
ored heads of triandrous flowers, looks quite peculiar, but
flower, fruit and seed are the same asin the other forms. I
find plants of the same habit and with the same kind of leaves
and heads among the} different forms of J. Mertensianus and
of J. pheocephalus, but the fruit and flowers will always dis-
tinguish them. The seeds in this variety are intermediate
between those of the last and those of the other forms.—
Meyer (Linn, 3, 373) describes J. ensifolius with an obovate
obtuse capsule; I do not find it so, but suppose he had a spe-
cimen of J. Mertensianus in view, for which this shape of the
capsule is quite characteristic.

49. J. oxyMERIS, n.sp.: caulibus (2-3-pedalibus) e rhizo-
mate repente erectis seu ascendentibus compressis; foliis a
latere compressis plus minus distincte nodosis; panicula su-
pradecomposita patula seu stricta; capitulis pauci-(5—10)floris
pallidis; floribus pedicellatis; sepalis lineari-lanceolatis acu-
minato-aristatis, interioribus szpe paulo longioribus stamina
6 quarta parte superantibus capsula lanceolata rostrata unilo-
culari plerumque brevioribus; antheris longo-linearibus fila-
mento duplo longioribus; stigmatibus ovarium lanceolatum
apice attenuatum cum stylo ei equilongo equantibus exsertis ;
seminibus ovato-oblanceolatis apiculatis areis levibus reticu-
latis.—J. acutiflorus, floribus solito longioribus, Benth. PI.
Hartw. 341.

Sacramento Valley, Cal., Hartweg, 2017, San Francisco
and Mariposa, Cal., Bolander, Hb. n. 95.

484 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

This species is intermediate between J. xiphioides, var.
auratus, the paniculate form of J. phwocephalus and J. du-
dius; from the two first it is distinguished by the sharp
pointed sepals and their proportion, and the almost subulate
capsule, which is similar to that of J. nodosus, from the first
also by the long anthers, from the last by the flat leaves, and
from both these by the sculpture of the seed. Sheaths of the
leaves with or without auricular appendages, leaves 1-23
lines wide; panicle 4-6 inches long; flowers 13-2 lines long,
greenish straw-colored or sometimes reddish towards the
tip; seeds 0.22-0.24 line Jong, with the ribs (7-9 visible on
the side) slightly crenulate but the are smooth.

50. J. pH®OCEPHALUS, n. sp.: caulibus erectis compressis
apice capitulum singulum paucave multiflora seu rarissime
plura minora paniculata gerentibus ; foliis compressis basi
auriculatis seu inappendiculatis; floribus majoribus fusco-atris
pedicellatis ; sepalis lanceolato-ovatis squilongis omnibus
acuminatis acutis vel cuspidatis seu interioribus obtusatis sta-
mina 6 paulo superantibus capsulam obtusam seu acutam
mucronatam subunilocularem sequantibus seu ea paulo bre-
vioribus; antheris late linearibus filamento bis terve longi-
oribus; ovario lanceolato in stylum equilongum attenuato,
stigmatibus elongatis exsertis; seminibus ovatis utrumque
apiculatis areis sublevibus reticulatis—J. Rosthovii? Meyer
in Rel. Haenk. 1, 142.

Var. a. glomeratus: rhizomate longe repente, caule spitha-
meo sesquipedali; vaginis sine auriculis in folia latiora sensim
excurrentibus; capitulis multi-(15-25)floris paucis glome-
ratis.

Var. 8. paniculatus: caule bi-tripedali; vaginis foliisque
ut in a3 capitulis minoribus pauci-(8-12)floris composite pa-
niculatis.

Var, y. gracilis: cxespitosus caule digitali spithameo; va-
ginis auriculatis; foliis angustis seu angustissimis ; capitulis
multi-(15—20 )floris seepius singulis.

California, from the sea-coast into the Sierras; var. a near
the coast, from Monterey, Haenke, Brewer, to San Francisco,
Bolander, Kellogg, Hb. n. 96, and to Mendocino, Bolander ;
var. 8 also in the lowlands, Napa Valley, Bigelow, San Fran-
cisco, Bolander, Kellogg, Hb. n. 97, and in the mountains,
Bolander ; var. y in the higher mountains, about the “ Big
Tree Grove,” Hillebrand, Bolander, and especially in the
upper Tuolumne Valley, Brewer, Cal. St. Surv, 2339, 1709 &
1760, Bolander, 5062, Hb. n. 98, and Mono Pass, the same,
6013. — All the forms of this variable species are readily
recognized by their deep brown heads, large flowers, broad
sepals, large conspicuous anthers, long style, and by the mark-
ings of their seeds, whatever the height of the stem, width of

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 485

the leaves or nature of the inflorescence may be.—F lowers 2
—21 lines long; sepals broad and either obtuse, or, usually,
acute or acuminate and even with subulate tips, the inner
ones as long as the outer ones, but often more obtusish ;
anthers about 1 line (in a large-flowered specimen of var. y
even 13 lines) long, always much longer than the filament;
capsule long mucronate, scarcely exceeding the sepals, incom-
pletely 3-celled, by the projection of the placentz ; seeds 0.31-
(0.33 line long, their length being equal to 2 diameters; 8 or
9 ribs visible; reticulation close but distinct; arez smooth or
marked with one or two delicate perpendicular lines, and thus
similar to the seeds of J. scirpoides, which, however, have fewer
ribs.—E. Meyer (1. c.) describes the plant very correctly, but
suspecting that the flattened appearance of stem and leaves
might be owing to undue pressure in drying, places it with
doubt with J. Rostkovii, from which it is widely different.

Var. a has leaves 1-2 lines wide, as long or longer than
the stem; heads large, about 5 lines in diameter, usually 2 or
3 in a cluster, or sometimes as many as 6 or 8 in a short pan-
icle.—Leaves of var. 2 lines wide, shorter than the tall stem;
panicle loose-flowered, somewhat erect, sometimes 6 inches in
length. Some of the mountain forms collected by Mr. Bo-
lander (Yosemite Valley, Cal. St. Surv. 6036, and especially
“alpine meadows,” 6006, which is only a foot high) have
smaller flowers 13-1} lines long, and seem to approach closely
to J. oxymeris—— Under Hb. n. 97 two forms have been inad-
vertently mixed, one the real var. paniculatus, and the other
a tall (2-8 feet high) several-headed form of var. glomeratus.
—Var. y is asmall mountain form, which with its dark heads,
large flowers, and long protruding stigmas, resembles so
nearly the smaller forms of J. falcatus, that a close examina-
tion only will distinguish them ; leaves 4-3} line wide; heads
4—5 lines in diameter, single or two together.

51. J. CHLOROCEPHALUS, n. sp.: caulibus (pedalibus sesqui-
pedalibus) e rhizomate brevi repente cespitosis erectis et
foliis compressis ; capitulis multi-(15-25)floris singulis seu
paucis glomeratis spatham membranaceam subzequantibus ;
floribus magnis conspicue pedicellatis pallidis ; sepalis oblon-
gis obtusis seu exterioribus et rarissime interioribus mucrona-
tis equalibus seu interioribus paulo longioribus stamina vix
excedentibus ; antheris longe-linearibus filamento multo
longioribus ; stylo ovario ovato pluries longiore exserto;
stigmata equante vel iis longiore; capsula ovata obtusa mu-
cronata uniloculari sepalis breviore; seminibus ovatis utrum-
que apiculatis reticulatis.

In the higher mountains of California, Willebrand, Cal. St.
Sury. 23385; dry places on peaks near Mount Dana, 10,000 ft.
high, Brewer, Cal. St. Surv. 1804; along the rapid current

486 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

of streamlets in Yosemite Valley, 4,000 feet high, Bolander,
Cal. St. Surv. 6033, Hb. n. 99; mountains near Carson City,
Nevada, C. L. Anderson.— Allied to the last, but readily
distinguished by its pale flower heads, which look more like
those of some cyperaceous plant, its broad and obtuse sepals,
small ovary, very long style, shorter stigmata, and very short
obtuse capsule——The specimens before me are from 10 to 17
inches high, pale green, with the auriculate sheaths often rose
purple; leaves 3-1 line wide, like the stem compressed, but
not ancipitous, shorter than the stem; 1-3 heads, 6-7 lines
in diameter; flowers 23 lines long, pale or whitish-green,
shining; sepals very obtuse, often mucronate or cuspidate,
with broad membranaceous margins; stamens scarcely short-
er, and sometimes even a little longer, than sepals; anthers
twice to four times as long as filament, much exceeding the
ovary; style often twice as long as the ovary; capsule, in the
only fruiting specimen which I could examine, much shorter
than the sepals; seeds (immature) very similar to those of
the last species, 0.32 line long and more than half as wide,
7-8 ribs visible on the side, reticulation distinct, but, as yet
at least, no transverse lineolation visible.

During the two years which have passed since the first
part of this paper, pp. 424-458, was published, the attention
of many botanical friends has been directed to our Junci, and
their exertions have enabled me to add several new species
to the foregoing list, complete the history of others, and make
several additions and corrections. In the foregoing pages I
have already acknowledged the liberality of Professors Roe-
per and Decaisne, who have enabled me to study the Junci
of Lamarck and of Michaux; I have now also seen fragments
of those collected by Haenke on our western coast from the
Herbarium of Prague sent by Professors Kosteletzky and
Von Leonhardi, and those obtained on the north-west coast
by the Russian explorers, communicated by Director Regel
of St. Petersburg. Thus, I believe, I have had an opportu-
nity of examining all the original specimens of the older au-
thors; the single J. Pylwi, La Harpe, from the “little island
of Saint-Pierre-de-Miquelon, near Newfoundland,” remains
unknown to me.

The request for assistance in forming an Herbarium Jun-
corum Boreali-Americanorum Normale (p. 424) has been
generously responded to by twenty-three botanists, who have
sent sets of 99 plants, to be distributed by me among the
great standard herbaria of this country and of Europe and
among the contributing botanists themselves. They are quo-
ted in these pages as -/erb. norm. or Hb.n. The largest

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 487

number of species were sent by Messrs. Bolander and Kel-
logg of California, Ravenel of South Carolina, and Bigelow of
Michigan, and after them by Messrs. Porter and Smith of
Pennsylvania and Chapman of Florida. My own and the
whole botanical fraternity’s acknowledgments are due to all
of them.

The 99 numbers comprise 38 different species —among
them 10 described here for the first time and 12 very rare or
critical ones—and 20 important varieties; the balance con-
sist of minor varieties, different forms of the same species or
variety, and in a few instances the same plant from different
localities. The specimens are not all of equal value or beau-
ty, in some few instances they are inferior, or the different
specimens of the same number are sometimes not sufficiently
homogeneous for a collection that claims to be a standard
one; but on the whole they will be found satisfactory, and
-many of them very perfect and better and more complete
than they can be found in most herbaria. If my friends or
the friends of botany in this country will undertake the labor
of collecting and sending me specimens of the Junci not at
all or only incompletely represented in the Herbarium Nor-
male, I will cheerfully promise to do my best to arrange and
distribute them in the same manner as in the present collec-
tion. I would, in this case, urge the importance of getting
not only those species that are wanting in the Herb. Norm.,
but especially the intermediate and doubtful forms, that con-
nect the different forms of such polymorphous species as J.
scirpoides or J. Canadensis and similar ones.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Pag. 425. Among the vegetative organs, the roofstock (not
root-stalk, as misprinted) has been barely mentioned, while it
is a most important organ and exhibits many differences in the
different species of perennial Junci. Very few of our species
are annuals, and these all belong to the section graminifolii:
J. bufonius, triformis, Kelloggii, and, I believe, repens. The
others bring forth buds from the axils of the lowest scaly
leaves (Wiederblaetter) at or soon after the period of flower-
ing, and especially at the time the fruit ripens, in the form of
short leaf-buds or stolons or horizontal rhizomas, which pre-
serve the existence of the plant through winter while the old
stock is decaying, and in the following season produce the
new flowering stalks and die themselves in the succeeding,
summer or fall when their successors are forming, so that the
living part of the plant never gets more than a year old; but
in most species the rhizoma, otten bearing the vestiges of the
decayed flowering stems, continues to exist much longer, at-

488 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

tached to the living plant, but destitute of vitality. The
buds are very short and ascending in the cespitose species,
J. acuminatus, ete.; in the creeping ones they form shorter or
longer stolons, fibrous (J. faleatus, J. pheeocephalus) or fleshy
(J. scirpoides), and often bearing a bunch of leaves at their
end; in J. nodosus the stolons form thin fibres, which bear lit-
tle bulbs, and often a series of them, the source of the stems
of next season (see Herb. norm. 74, where in many specimens
the old withered stolons with the vestiges of the decayed
stems of last season and the new ones can be seen). The
species of the first section (Junct genuini) have stout hori-
zontal rhizomas, and none stouter than the maritime species
(J. acutus and Remerianus), which bear upright stems at
almost every node, and not at the end like most articulati ;
where the internodes are short, they become cespitose, where
they are long the plants are called creeping; difference in
soil and moisture, however, seem considerably to influence.
the length of the internodes in the same species.

Pag. 427. For “./. pallescens,” wherever that name is used
for one of our species, read J. acuminatus ; for “var. frater-
nus,” var. legitimus ; for “J. Buckleyi,” J. leptocaulis ; and
for “J. saginoides,” J. triformis, var. uniflorus.

Pag. 428. The “subgenus Juncelius” here and p, 436 must
be cancelled.

In J. pelocarpus and J. acuminatus the viviparous buds are
the result of retrograde metamorphosis ; in other cases they
may be produced by insects, and are then much larger de-
generations,

Pag. 430. It is evident, that the sculpture of the seeds is
the result of the structure of both the epidermis and the next
inferior layer of cells, which both together probably consti-
tute the ¢esta ; in some species it is more one, in others more
the other stratum, which gives character to the appearance of
the seed. My investigation of these points is not sufficiently
advanced to furnish definite results; but I may state, that,
what I have, in common with other authors, designated as the
testa, properly seems to be the epidermis only, consisting of
a single layer of cells, always larger than those of the layer
under it, and never transverse. In most species the epider-
mis is thin, transparent, and closely adhering to the body of
the seed; in others (J. Ramerianus, Balticus, arcticus, ete.)
it is thicker, swells up when moistened and may then be de-
tached; in others again, those with tailed seeds, it is quite
thick and loosely adhering to the body of the seeds, so as al-
*most entirely to obscure their proper sculpture. In the first
two classes the cells of the epidermis are about as wide as
they are long, and only in part correspond with the sculpture
of the seed; they seem, however, to cause the markings des-
ignated by me as “levissime irregulariter reticulata” (p. 482,

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 489

I. 1). In the third class these cells are narrow and much elon-
gated, sometimes as long as the seed itself, and their thick
walls form the ribs of these seeds.

Dr, F. Buchenau, the acute observer of the Junci, has pub-
lished the results of his observations on the seeds of the Ger-
man species in Botanische Zeitung 25, p. 201 (June 25, 1867).
He generally coincides with my views; but a new term for
the crossbars of the reticulated seeds, transtilla, seems to him
necessary, and for my semina lineolata he substitutes the
words transverse reticulata, which is correct in itself and was
used by me p. 431 and p. 482, II. 1. but does not seem to me
to express the predominant character of these seeds as well as
the former term. He also minutely describes the color of the
seeds, a character which I have occasionally mentioned, but
which seems to be in most species too slight, and even vary-
ing, to give it much importance.

Pag. 432. J. brachycarpus, oxymeris and falcatus ought
to be classed under I. 2. For “J. rudis” read J. microcepha-
lus. J. dubius comes under I. 3. J. acutus belongs rather be-
tween I. 1 and I. 2,and J. Kelloggii near J. marginatus, III.
1. J. longistylis together with J. obtusatus may be properly
classed under I. 2. The apparent necessity of these numerous
changes is a proof of the difficulty of properly classing the
seeds; only completely ripe and well developed seeds ought
to be used for these investigations.

Pag. 433. It ought to have been stated that in the sys-
tematic arrangement all the species not expressly marked as
belonging to 3-androus sections, are 6-androus.

Add: 5. b. J. Lesueurii for subsp. Pacificus.

Pag. 434. 10. J. Smithii comes under 1. Aphylli.

Pag. 455, 27. J. repens was inadvertently classed with
the 6-androus species. The Glomeruliflori would be better
arranged thus:

* Triandri. (No. 26 b. & c. sepius uniflori; No. 30, 3-6-andrus.)

J. Kelloggit, n. sp. California.
J. triformis, n. sp. California.
J. repens, Michx.
J. marginatus, Rostk.
J. leptocaulis, Torr. & Gr.

* * Hexandri.

J. falcatus, Mey.
J. obtusatus, n. sp. California,
J. longistylis, Torr.

The other changes, necessary on this and the following
page, the reader will please make for himself, following the
text from p. 459 onward.

Pag. 438. J. acutus. The specimens said to come from
New Jersey are from Z. Collins’ herbarium, and are, as Mr.

490 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

Durand informs me, undoubtedly of European origin; the
only certain locality in North America is the Californian
one.

Pag. 439. J. Remerianus. The New Jersey locality
rests on the doubtful authority of Pursh; I have seen no spe-
cimens collected farther north than Wilmington, N. Carolina,
whence Mr. Canby has sent it, Hb. norm. 1.

Pag. 441. J. Balticus has been distributed in Hb. norm.
4 from Pennsylvania, Porter; 3, Michigan, Bigelow; 2, Wis-
consin, Lapham, and 5, Californian Mountains, Bolander. It
also oceurs on the Pacific coast at least as far south as the
Dalles of the Columbia, Lyall ; J. Haenkei, Mey. June. p.10,
is a depauperate northern form. |

Pag. 442. In place of “subsp. J. Pacificus,” put:

5. b. J. Lesuzuri, Bolander, in Proc. Acad. Cal. 2, 179
(1863): rhizomate repente ; caulibus (2-3-pedalibus) crassio-
ribus mollibus sepe fistulosis; panicule ramis secundis; flo-
ribus (bruneo-striatis) majoribus; sepalis lanceolatis exterio-
ribus acutissimis interiora obtusa paulo superantibus, omnibus
supra capsulam ovatam vix obtuse angulatam acutam brevio-
rem vel equilongam conniventibus; antheris 6 late linearibus
filamento brevissimo quadruplo quintuplo longioribus ; semi-
nibus magnis ovatis obtusis breviter vel vix apiculatis tenuis-
sime irregulariter reticulatis vel leviusculis.—J. Balticus,
Benth. Pl. Hartw. 841; J. Balticus, subsp. Pacificus, p. 442;
J. compressus, E. Mey. Pl. Cham. in Linn. 3, 368, and J. pic-
tus, Philippi, ib. 33 (1864), p. 268 (planta Chilensis).

In saltmarshes and in saline sandy soil near the coast of
San Francisco bay, Bolander, Kellogg, Hb. n. 6.—FI. July
and August.—The plant certainly stands close to J. Balticus,
but may always be recognized by the characters given above,
and the habit is quite different. The stems of the larger spe-
cimens are much thicker, often 23-8 lines in diameter, and
softer ; inflorescence as in all its allies very changeable, some-
times loose but more commonly compact and with strikingly
1-sided branches; flowers larger than in J. Balticus, 23-3
lines long, and capsule from an oval base pointed ; seeds 0.30
—(0-37 and in Chamisso’s Chilian specimen even 0.40 line long,
smoothish or usually somewhat reticulate, the network cor-
responding with the cells of the epidermis, which when re-
moved leaves the seed, very similar to that of J. Balticus,
marked with a distinct but delicate transverse reticulation ;
something of this is also seen on the inside of the detached
epidermis, perhaps from adhering parts of the second layer
of cells. J. Balticus has usually smaller flowers, 13-2 lines
_ long, only in north Pacific specimens have I seen them nearly
as large as in J. Lesuewrii; its capsule is more prismatic
and abruptly mucronate, the seeds of the same size, but, evi-
dently owing to the greater transparency of the epidermis,

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 491

which otherwise exhibits the same structure, always marked
with regular transverse reticulation.

Pag. 443. J. effusus. Several forms are distributed in
Herb. norm.; the common one from Michigan, 7, and South
Carolina, 8, and an unusually slender one, 9, from the Cali-
fornian mountains, where the common one also grows. The
western botanists find in the saltmarshes near San Francisco
a brown flowered variety, which may be distinguished as var.
bruneus,; inflorescence somewhat looser and fastigiate, Herb.
n. 10, or more compact, ib. 11; other differences, if they ex-
ist, have escaped me.

J. patens was distributed by Dr. Kellogg in Herb. norm.
in two forms; 12 is a tall plant with loose panicles of green
flowers, 13 a low (8-15 inches high) rigid form with a more
compact darker colored inflorescence.

Pag. 444. J. Smirum: rhizomate longe repente; caulibus
(14-2-pedalibus) gracilibus teretibus farctis siccis striulatis
basi vaginis fusco-rufis breviter aristatis instructis; panicule
laxee vix composite pauciflore spatha longissima; sepalis
zequilongis, exterioribus laneeolatis acutatis, interioribus obtu-
sis stamina 6 fere duplo superantibus; antheris oblongis fila-
mentum equantibus; ovario ovato in stylum brevem attenu-
ato cum stigmatibus eo zquilongis fere incluso; cetera vide
p. 444.

Found abundantly by Messrs. Smith, Porter and Leidy on
Broadmountain, Pennsylvania (Herb. norm. 15), where it
had been discovered by the former the year before ; also in
Rausch’s Gap, Lebanon county.—The very complete speci-
mens sent by these gentlemen enable me to complete the
history of this, thus far, very rare plant, which proves to be
intermediate befween J. Balticus and J. filiformis, with the
rootstock of the former and the inflorescence of the latter,
and with almost the seeds of J. arcticus. Seeds 0.32-0.38 line
long, with short and broad appendages and a distinct rhaphe,
distinctly but somewhat irregularly reticulate and partly also
lineolate ; epidermis easily removed after soaking.

J. setaceus ; a larger and a smaller form from South Caro-
lina have been distributed in Herb. norm. 14 by Mr. Ravenel ;
internodes of the creeping rhizom short, stems cespitose.

Pag. 445. J. arcticus is more closely allied with /. Balli-
cus and Smithii than with J. Drummondii; more specimens
obtained from the coasts of the north Pacific show that the
var. Sitchensis is not rare there, and extends to Kamschatka;
its characters hold their own well.

J. Drummondii, Californian Alps, Bolander, Hb. norm. 16.

Pag. 446. J. Parryi; a form with the interior sepals ob-
tuse and much shorter than the exterior ones, which are as
long as the capsule, was found by Mr. Bolander on alpine
meadows, California.

[April, 1868.] 39

492 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

Pag. 448. J. stygius also on the north shore of Lake Su-
perior, O. B. Wheeler ; it seems rare everywhere, so that I
have not yet been able to obtain it in sufficient quantity for
the Herb. norm.

J. Vaseyi; while I was deploring the destruction of Dr.
Vasey’s original locality, Rev. Mr. Holzer and Dr. Bigelow
discovered this species in abundance in damp open woods on
both sides of the river near Detroit, growing together with
J. Greenti. Dr. Bigelow’s fine specimens are distributed in
Herb. norm. 17. Many of them are 2} feet high. .

Pag. 449. J. Greenii; Dr. Bigelow’s Detroit specimens,
Hb. n. 19, are 2-21 feet high, taller and’ stouter than those
found on the coast, Massachusetts, 27. Mann, Hb. n. 18,
Maine, E£. Tuckerman.—Both species hold their own per-
fectly well, and can always be readily distinguished by the
characters given above; J. Vaseyi is also a much more slen-
der plant and flowers earlier, maturing its fruit, near Detroit,
in the beginning of July, when the other is just in flower.

Pag. 450. J. tenuis; a form with long spathes, most spe-
cimens tall, is Hb. n. 20 from Pennsylvania, Porter ; another,
even taller, with the flowers often one-sided, is 21, from IIli-
nois, Hall ; 22 is the var. congestus, from California, Avellogg,
unfortunately in too few specimens; 23 is var. secundus, from
Pennsylyania, Porter.

J. dichotomus has been found as far north as Delaware and
New Jersey, Leidy, Commons, Parker, Hb. n. 24, and others.
Mr. Ravenel sends from South Carolina a taller form, Hb. n.
25, and a smaller, few-flowered one, 26.

Pag. 451. J. Gerardi, Massachusetts, Mann, Hb. n. 27.

J. bufonius, Hb. n. 28, is an erect form from the coast re-
gion of California, Bolander.—Prof. E. Hilgard found on the
sandy beach of Ship Island in the Mississippi Sound the var.
fasciculiflorus with perfectly smooth seeds; specimens of
the same sent by Lindheimer from Galveston show extremely
slight marks,

26. b. J. TRIFoRMIS, n. sp.: caule annuo brevissimo foli-
oso ramuloso ; pedunculis capillaribus scapiformibus numero-
sis (1-4 pollicaribus) folia brevia filiformia supra canaliculata
apicem versus plana longe excedentibus; floribus paucis capi-
tellatis vel singulis; sepalis lanceolato-subulatis <quilongis
capsulam ovatam obtusam mucronatam 2-3 locularem fere
zequantibus; seminibus ovatis obtusis breviter apiculatis te-
nuiter pauci-costatis et transverse lineolatis.

Var. a. stylosus: planta major (2-4-pollicaris); capitulis
3-5-floris ; sepalis stamina et capsulam longius mucronatam
paulo excedentibus ; antheris longe-linearibus filamento plus
quam duplo longioribus; stylo ovario ovato pluries longiore
exserto, stigmatibus elongatis.

Var. 3. brachystylus: planta minor (1-2-pollicaris) ; flori-

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 493

bus binis ternis rarius singulis; sepalis stamina fere duplo su-
perantibus; antheris oblongis filamento bis brevioribus; stylo
brevissimo cum stigmatibus brevibus incluso; capsula caly-
cem quante vel vix excedente obtusa brevissime mucro-
nulata.

Var. y. uniflorus ; planta minima (4-1-pollicaris) ; floribus
bracteis 2 suffultis singulis plerumque 2-meribus (sepalis 4,
staminibus stigmatibus carpellisque binis).— J. saginoides,
p. 436.

California, from the coast to the mountains; var. a. Yose-
mite Valley, alt. 4,000 feet, Bolander, Hb. n. 30; fl. July;
var. 6. Ukiah, Mendocino county, the same, Hb. n. 31, #1.
May, also “ Fort Bragg, near the coast” (1-3-flowered) ; var.
y: Sierra Nevada, among mosses, //illebrand; upper Tuolum-
ne River, Bolander, and in the lowlands, Anderson Valley,
the same, Hb. n. 82; fl. April and May.

A curious and suggestive little plant, which must consider-
ably undermine our confidence in certain characters, con-
sidered of specific value, already shaken by the variations of
other species from the same wonderful country ; it proves that
the singleness or plurality of flowers on the peduncle, the num-
ber of their parts, and, if my view is correct, even the propor-
tion of stamens and styles, are not sufficient to establish spe-
cific distinction. The first points are established beyond a
doubt by some of Mr. Bolander’s specimens from the moun-
tain region, intermediate between g and y with one or two
flowers, and often with a dimerous and trimerous one in the
same inflorescence. Var. @ may be considered a distinct
species by those that hold its differential characters to be of
paramount importance, but the similarity of the whole ap-
pearance of the plants and of most of their parts, and, above
all, the absolute identity of the well-marked seeds, convince
me that it must be united with the others, and that eventu-
ally intermediate forms will dispel all doubts.

Only the small dimerous form was known to me when the
first part of this paper went to press, and was then considered
as the type of a distinct subgenus, Juncellus, allied through
its single-flowered stems to Lostkovia, and distinguished by
its dimerism from any other known Juncus (see pp. 426, 428
& 436). Mr. Bolander, however, has since discovered other
forms of this plant which bear trimerous flowers, thus assimi-
lating it to the ordinary form of Junci and more particularly
to the European J. capitatus, and destroying the subgenus
Juncellus. Iam now convinced that it must be placed with
its Kuropean ally near J. marginatus, in the section Grami-
net, the dimerous variety constituting an anomaly not other-
wise observed in this genus, but again found among the
allied Restiacee and Lriocaulonee, where dimerism and

A94 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

trimerism occur in the same genus—whether in the same spe-
cies, is unknown to me.

In all the forms of this little plant the leaves are 2-12 lines
long and 4 line wide, filiform, but fleshy, on their lower part
strongly carinate below and grooved above, flattened towards
the tip; axillary stems, or properly peduncles, with one or
two leaves at their base, naked upwards and much longer
than the leaves, bearing at the apex 1-5 or 6 flowers in the
axils of membranaeeous bracts, half as long as the sepals or
smaller; flowers 1-1# lines long; sepals green with red, outer
ones sharp pointed, inner ones rather broader; seeds 0.23-
0.28 line long, their length being equal to 14 or 1} diameters ;
4 or 5 faint ribs visible and between them a well marked
cross-lineolation. The central peduncle is really terminal
and bears the earliest flowers, the lowest axillary one is the
next in the progress of development, and then follow the
others in ascending order, so that the one next to the termi-
nal one bears the latest flowers; in the smaller specimens the
leaves of the main stem and, consequently, the peduncles are
alternating, or in } order,

Var. a is the largest one with a remarkably long style, about
3 times as long as the ovary, and much exceeding the sepals
and the very long anthers; its seeds, however, are among
the smallest of the species ;—var. 3 is intermediate in size be-
tween both others; when the heads bear 2 flowers, these are
arranged exactly like those of J. pelocarpus, with 2 lower
bracts, bearing the flowers in their axils, and a third sterile
one at the inner base of the upper flower; sometimes this
upper flower is dimerous;—var. y is the smallest one only
1-1 inch high; its single flowers have 2 bracts at their base,
just as those of any other single flowered Juncus, and alter-
nating with the exterior sepals, the stamens, carpels and stig-
mas; the inner sepals and the valves of the capsule are
opposed to them.

26. ce. J. Kelloggii,n. sp.: caule annuo folioso brevissimo
ramosissimo; foliis e basi vaginali Jatiore filiformibus supra
canaliculatis; ramulis abbreviatis infra foliosis capitula laxa
pauci- (3-5)flora terminalia et subinde ex axillis inferiori-
bus pedunculos longiores bifloros gerentibus; sepalis lanceo-
lato-subulatis «qualibus medio herbaceis stamina 3 tertia
parte superantibus capsulam ovatam obtusam mucronatam
tenui-membranaceam 38-locularem fere squantibus; antheris
oblongo-linearibus filamento brevioribus; seminibus ovatis
vix apiculatis pauci-costatis lineolatis.

Sandy soil in San Francisco, in flower and fruit in April,
Dr. Albert Kellogg, for whom as the pioneer of modern Cali-
fornian botany, which he investigated and elucidated, at first
unaided and struggling with numerous impediments, this

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 495

plant has been named.—Nearly allied to the last but differ-
ing in many striking points, this little species represents a
glomerule of a few lines in diameter, pushing out in all direc-
tions a number of thread-like leaves; these are 6-10 lines
long, and }—} line wide; the short terminal heads are quite
loose, the flowers on such distinct peduncles that one would
be inclined to consider them as single, if the pair of bracts
were not wanting which always surround the base of sin-
gle flowers in this genus; the lowest axils of a branch often
produce longer peduncles, elevated above the glomerate
mass, but shorter than the leaves, and bearing small heads,
usually of two flowers only. Flowers pale green and whitish,
and, especially the capsule, of very delicate structure, 13-2
lines long; seeds 0.25 line long, 14 diameters equal to the
length, similar to the seeds of the last species, but with much
more prominent dark ribs, 4 of which are visible on the side.

Pag. 452. J. repens, Hb. n. 29, South Carolina, Ravenel.

J. faleatus ; add: capsula sepala subeequante; seminibus
lanceolato-ovatis epidermide plus minus producta subcauda-
tis irregulariter costato-reticulatis, areis elongatis levibus.—
Sandy soil near San Francisco, Kellogg, Bolander, Hb. n.
40. — Ripe seeds 0.35-0.40 line long, length equal to 2 or 23
diameters; tips slightly or rarely considerably elongated, or
the upper one wanting; surface palish and shining, with a
thick rather loose epidermis, the cells of which correspond
with the reticulation of the seed.—A form from the mouth
of the Columbia, Douglas, communicated by Dr. Hooker, has
an obtuse capsule and thick ovoid seeds.— The differences
between this and what I have named J. Tasmanicus, p. 4538,
note, seem to be almost too slight to be of specific value.

Mr. Bolander sends from sphagnous swamps near Mendo-
cino, California, a form which may be distinguished as var.
paniculatus ; analogous to the paniculate forms of J. phwo-
cephalus and others; the heads of the simple or somewhat
compound panicle are about 5-flowered; Hb. n. 41, not yet
in bloom in May; no stipular appendages at the base of the
leaves. Maturer specimens would be desirable.

Pag. 453. 28. b. J. oprusaTus, n.sp.: rhizomate repente
stoloniformi; caulibus (spithameis) erectis levibus plerumque
1-foliatis folia linearia plana tenuia fere equantibus; capitulis
pauci- seu pluri-floris paucis in paniculam simplicem dis-
positis ; floribus minoribus virescentibus extus leviter scabrel-
lis pedicellatis; sepalis ovatis equalibus, exterioribus spe
cuspidatis, interioribus obtusissimis capsula ovata obtusa bre-
vissime mucronulata 3-loculari multo brevioribus ; staminibus
6 dimidia sepala superantibus ovarium obtusum cum stylo
breviore zquantibus; stigmatibus elongatis exsertis ; semini-
bus ovatis obtusis seu vix apiculatis reticulatis.

Near the Big Tree Grove, Mariposa, California, growing in

496 TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

large tufts, 2-3 feet in diameter, on the sandy banks of stream-
lets, alt. 6,500 feet, H. Bolander, fl. in July.—In many re-
spects intermediate between the foregoing and the following
species, this plant is distinguished from both by its small ob-
tuse flowers, green with light brown margins (15, or in fruit
nearly 2, lines long), the elongated obtuse capsule, and above
all by the distinctly reticulated almost obtuse seeds, which
in both others are more or less pointed or even tailed and
differently marked; the seeds, I could examine, not quite ma-
ture, are 0.25 line long and half as much in diameter, and ex-
hibit 8 ribs on one side; their arez are apparently smooth.

J. longistylis also on the Red River of the North, /Zud-
bard in Hb. Lapham; Huerfano Valley of the Rocky Moun-
tains, Parry ; on the banks of Mono lake in the Californian
mountains, Bolander, Hb. n. 48.—Stem with several short
leaves, always considerably exceeding the linear foliage ;
seeds apiculate or short tail-pointed, with a distinct white
raphe, strongly ribbed, when not perfectly mature, like those
of J. marginatus; fully ripe seeds with very slight cross-bars
and a faint transverse lineolation.

Var.? latifolius: caule erecto (pedali) nudo seu basi uni-
foliato, folia brevia lineari-lanceolata longe excedente; pani-
cula simplici spatha membranacea rare foliacea longiori; ca-
pitulis pauci- (8-5-)floris ; antheris longe linearibus filamento
triplo quadruplo longioribus ; seminibus obovatis costato-sub-
reticulatis.

Californian Sierras on alpine meadows or along rivulets in
the Yosemite Valley, alt. 4,000 feet, Hb. n. 46; on the upper
Tuolumne, alt. 10,000 feet, and frequent on the eastern slope
of the mountains, HZ. Bolander. — Easily recognized by its
broad (2-3 lines wide) and short (2-4 rarely 5 inches long)
light green leaves, tew-flowered heads and long anthers. but
probably not specifically distinct ; seeds 0.25—-0.30 line long,
reticulate with faint cross-bars, are slightly lineolate or al-
most smooth; 7 or 8 ribs visible.

Pag. 454. J. leptocaulis; the Arkansas specimens have
been collected by Dr. Leavenworth; for the Texan localities
credit is also due to that ardent old gentleman, Dr. Gideon
Lincecum, who, in his 79th year, still continues an active
botanist, and is now seeking a new field in Mexico.—Mr.
Buckley protests against the change of his and the restora-
tion of an older manuscript name, and threatens to lay the
matter before the public for arbitration, in which I wish to
assist him, referring only to the remarks on page 454.

J. marginatus ; var. paucicapitatus ought to follow var,
vulgaris ; both are distinguished from the other variety by a
more slender growth, meagre panicle, and mostly smooth
edges of the leaves; in Herb, norm. only gracile forms are
represented, 83 Pennsylvania, Porter; 34 West Canada,

ENGELMANN—NORTH AM. SPECIES OF JUNCUS. 497
Bigelow ; 85 South Carolina, Ravenel ; var. biflorus is a
stouter plant with broader leaves, rough on the edges and a
larger panicle; Hb. n. 88 Delaware, Commons ; 39 8. Caro-
lina, Ftavenel. Intermediate forms do not seem to be rare
and are found in Hb. n. 36 and 87. Characters taken from
the relative lenoeth of the inner and outer sepals, or from the
differences in the shape of the capsule, seem to be entirely
inconstant. No species bears more abundant seed than this,
but in the collections it is rarely found fully mature.

Pag. 455. J. pelocarpus; as far west as the banks of the
St. Peters river, in Minnesota, C. C. Parry.—It seems that
the plant attains its normal development, and bears fruit only
in a northern climate, and grows then only 4-7 or 8 inches
high, Massachusetts, Tuckerman in Hb. n. 45, while the pro-
liferous forms usually become 1 or 2 feet high, New Jersey,
Smith & Leidy in Hb. n. 46; the interesting southern var.
crassicaudex, Florida, Chapman, Hb. n. 47, is often 2 feet or
more in height and bears a very large decompound panicle,
d-9 and even 11 inches long.

A specimen of Michaux’s J. fluitans, from his own her-
barium in Paris, bears me fully out in my supposition that it
is a depauperate water or mud form of this species; its short,
rooting stems, about 4 inches long, bear single terminal 2-
flowered heads; the flower I could examine was not fully
open yet, and leaves me in doubt whether it is 3- or 6-an-
drous. The description of La Harpe is not quite correct in so
far as he attributes to the head 2 external bracts; while they
have 3 as the 2-flowered heads of the regular form have, one
under each flower, and a third one above the upper flower.
Michaux found his plant, as Prof. O. Brunet of Quebec in-
forms me, on the Chicoutimi, about 100 miles north of Quebec.

Pag. 458. J. articulatus, as far west as the shores of Lake
Erie, G. W. Clinton ; in Herb. norm. 48 from Western New
York, Sartwell, and 49 from Massachusetts, Tuckerman.—A
form with obtuse 5-flowered green heads in a spreading and
often almost level-topped panicle, obtuse, mucronate sepals
and obtuse short mucronate capsule, which I designate as
var. obtusatus, has been found by Messrs. Diftenbaugh and
Burke on the river banks near Philadelphia; Hb. n. 50.

INDEX.
The names of the species are in Roman type, those of the synonyms in Italics.

J. abortivus, Chapm. ++++++ +++» 456 J. arcticus, Willd. +++--- 445, 491
acuminatus, Michx..-..++++ 462 arcticus, Hook. seers seers 445
acuminatus, Auct. Am. +++++ 474 arcticus, var. Gray +++++- 446, 447
acutiflorus, var. Benth, «+++» 483 aristatus, Pers. -+++++ e+eses 455
acutus, Lin. ++++ +++++. 438, 489 aristulatus, Michx. «+++ «+++ + 455
affinis, R. Br. serseee ecevee 458 articulatus, Lin..-..-. - 458, 497
alpinus, Nii kb, Sacdoemeoorior »- 458 asper, Eng. avatciwsletaNea'wls acre . 478

498

TRANS. OF THE ACAD. OF SCIENCE.

J. Balticus, Deth. -- +++ 441, 490 |J. megacephalus, Curtis++++ +++*
biflorus, Ell. «+seee + seeeee e+ 405 megacephalus, Wood «+++ ++ oe
piglumis, Lin. «+++ ++++ +++ 447 Menziesii, R. Br. eresee seee
Bolanderi, Eng. «++++ ssse++ 470 Menziesvi, var. Gray «+++ +++
brachycarpus, Eng. s++s eres 467 Mertensianus, Boug. -+ +++
Breweri, Eng. s++e++ sss: » 440 militaris, Big. «+++ ee
Buckleyi, Eng.+++++ +++ 435, 454 Muhlenbergii, Spr.everes ++
pufonius, Lin. «+++ «+++ 451, 492
bulbosus, var. sere vers cesses 401) Jd. nodosus, Lin. ++++e+ seeeee oe

J. Canadensis, Gay -++-+- eeee 473| J. obtusatus, Eng. -++++- seeree
castaneus, Smith s+++++ +++ 448 oxymeris, Eng.++++++ resere
caudatus, Chapm. «-+++++++ 477
chlorocephalus, Eng. ++++++ 485| J. Pacificus, subsp.++++ «+++442,
compressus, H. B. K.-- -440, 458 pallescens, Lam.+++++. s++s+-
compressus, Meyer ++++++ 442, 490 pallescens, Meyer -+++++ + +++
compressus, var. Meyer +++-+ 445 paradorus, Meyer +++++- sees
Conradi, Tuck. ++++++ -+ veee 456 paradoxus, Gray s++-+) sees
cryptocarpus, Bebb ++++ + +++: 467 Parryi, Eng, «+++ «+++ 446,
cylindricus, Curt. s++++> se+* 455 patens, Meyer -++++- +. 443,

pelocarpus, Meyer-++- + 455,

J. debilis, Gray +++*° scree eee 463 pelocarpus, Gray s+r+++ sees d
dichotomus, Ell. -:--:- 450, 492 pheocephalus, Eng.+++> +++ .
diffusissimus, Buckl.-+ +++++- 463 pictus, Phil. --++++ sees e+e :
Prummondii, Meyer -» 445, 491 polycephalus, Michx. ++++ ++++
dubius, Eng. «+++++ sees ere* 499 polycephalus, Hook ++++ ++++ ;

polycephalus, Auct. s+++ +++ :

J. echinatus, Muhl..++++- ++ ++++ 468 polycephalus, a. Hook + +++++s
echinatus, Ell. ++++- o ceneee oe 468 polycephalus, B. Torr. sesese
effusus, Lin. --»+++ «+ 448, 401 Pondii, Wood --++++ + s+++> :
Elliottii, Chapm. ++++++ +++ 462| Pprocerus, Meyer ?++++ --++« .
elongatus, Vasey «+++++ ss 459
ensifolius, Wickst. ++++ . sees 482\ J. repens, Michx. -+++++ +» 452,
ensifolius, Hook +++++* ++-* e- 479 Richardsonianus, Reem. & Sch.
erythrocarpus, Chapm. +++++s 478 Reemerianus, Scheele -+ 489,

Rostkovii, Meyer +++++ -++++5

J. faleatus, Meyer++++++ ++ 452, 495 Rostkovii? Meyer +s+2++ e++s
filiformis, Lin. «++++* «+++-* 443
filipendulus, Buckl. «+++ +++: 454 | J. saginoides, Eng. ++++++ «+ 486,
Floridanus, Raf. «++++ «seee8 461 scirpoides, Lam. ++++++ +++
fluitans, Michx. ++ +++++ 456, 497|~ scirpordes, Chap. ++++++ +++*
Jraternus, Kunth sooess seers 463 secundus, Poir--+++ eee recece
Sfusco-ater, Schreb.++++ -+++++ 458 setaceus, Rostk. «+++++ 444,

Sitchensis, subsp. --+++ 445,

J. Gerardi, Lois «+++ -++++: 451, 492 Smithii, Eng. ++++++ ++ 444,

Greenii, Oak. & Tuck.--449, 492 stygius, Linn. -+++++ -+ 448,
subtilis, Meyer +++++- sees A

J. Haenkei, Meyer s+++++ +++ - 442 supiniformis, Eng. «+++ +++s
Halli, Eng. --+-++ +++ weee 446
heteranthus, Nutt »+++++ +++++ 400) J. Tasmanicus, Eng. -+++-+ 458,

tenuis, Willd. «+++++ ++- 450,

J. Kelloggii, Eng. «+++++ --::: » 494 trifidus, Lin. -+++++ «+++ 5

triformis, Eng. +-++++ seers :

J. lampocarpus, Ehrh. ++++ ++** + 458 triglumis, Lin. ++++ e+++ ++ as
leptocaulis, Torr. & Gr. 454, 496 trigonocarpus, Steud. + +++++s
Lesueurii, Boland. ---- 442, 490
longistylis, Torr. +++++> 453, 496 | J. Vaseyi, Eng. --+++ +++» 448

verticillatus, Auct. «+++ sees .

J. macrostemon, Gay s+erss s+++ 468 viviparus, Conrad ++++++ see

marginatus, Rostk. +++ 454, 496

_ maritimus, Auct. Am.
Af

eseess 439| J. xiphioides, Meyer --++++ +++

lew York Botanical Garden Library

| N
QL 51.J8E5c.2 gen

THAI
0073 2857

3 5185 O